World Mapping Today 9783110959444, 9783598115349

Table of contents :
1 Introduction
2 The state of world mapping
3 Availability and access
World mapping
The World
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo (Brazzaville)
Congo (Kinshasa)
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
The Americas
North America
Canada
Mexico
United States
Central America
Belize
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
The Caribbean
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Haiti
Jamaica
Martinique
Montserrat
Netherlands Antilles
Puerto Rico
St Kitts and Nevis
St Lucia
St Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States Virgin Islands
South America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
French Guiana
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Georgia
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Macao
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
North Korea
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Australasia
Australia
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Europe
Albania
Andorra
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia-Hercegovina
Bulgaria
The Channel Islands
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Eire
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Gibraltar
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Isle of Man
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Moldova
Monaco
The Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
Yugoslavia
The Oceans
Atlantic Ocean
Ascension Island
Azores
Bermuda
Bouvet Island
Canary Islands
Cape Verde Islands
Falkland Islands
Faroe Islands
Madeira
St Helena
St Pierre and Miquelon
São Tomé e Principe
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Tristan da Cunha
Indian Ocean
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Comoros
French Southern and Antarctic Territories
Heard and Macdonald Islands Territory
Maldives
Mauritius
Mayotte
Reunion
Seychelles
Mediterranean Sea
Cyprus
Malta
Pacific Ocean
American Samoa
Cook Islands
Easter Island
Fiji
French Polynesia
Galapagos Islands
Hawai’i
Kiribati
Micronesia
Nauru
New Caledonia
Niue
Norfolk Island
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tokelau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Wallis and Futuna
The Polar Regions
Arctic
Barents Sea and Franz Joseph Land Archipelago and Novaya Zemlya
Greenland
Jan Mayen
Svalbard
Antarctica
Antarctic Islands
Extra-terrestrial mapping
Geographical index
Publishers index

Citation preview

WORLD MAPPING TODAY SECOND EDITION R Β Parry Department of Geography, University of Reading, UK

C R Perkins School of Geography, University of Manchester, UK Graphic indexes prepared by Cartographic Unit, Department of Geography, University of Reading, UK

Κ · G · Saur München 2002

Reprint of the first edition, published by Bowker-Saur, East Grinstead, 2000

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Parry, Robert B.: World mapping today / R. B. Parry ; C. R. Perkins. - 2. ed.. - München : Saur, 2002 ISBN 3-598-11534-2

©

Printed on acid-free paper

© 2002 K. G. Saur Verlag GmbH, München All Rights Strictly Reserved N o part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without permission in writing from the publisher Cover design by John Cole Graphics Text design and Typesetting by Florence Production Ltd., Stoodleigh, Devon Printed and Bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd., Chippenham, Wiltshire ISBN 3-598-11534-2

To Mary, Sarah, Matthew, Helen, Rose and Robin

In preparing the new edition of this book we have once again depended heavily on the goodwill and helpful responses of a great number of people and organizations, too numerous to mention individually. Our publishers kindly facilitated an initial mailing to about 1500 addresses, and to these we added many more along the way, making contact by letter and, increasingly, by e-mail. Without their help, this book could not exist, so our thanks to all concerned. We must also thank the many survey organizations who provided us with the graphic indexes which have been redrawn for publication in the book. We owe an especial debt to Heather Browning and Judith Fox at the Department of Geography, University of Reading, who undertook this huge task. Thanks also to Graham Bowden at the School of Geography, University of Manchester, for creating the maps illustrating Chapter 2. We would particularly like to thank the curators of several libraries who allowed us access to their maps and/or their expertise. These include Mrs J.W. Thomson, head of the Mapping and Geographic Information Centre at the British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, Nick Millea, curator of the

iv

Acknowledgements

Map Room at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, James Flatness and staff at the Library of Congress, Washington DC, Russell Fox, and his predecessor Richard Porter at Ordnance Survey International, Southampton, Richard Sampson at the Library and Information Centre, Military Survey Defence Agency, Tolworth, and Ross Togashi, Hamilton Library, University of Hawaii. As usual, we have also relied heavily on the inter-library loan services of our respective universities, to whom we extend our thanks. Russell Guy of O M N I Resources was always ready with useful advice and welcomed one of us to Burlington to look at his map stock and discuss acquisition problems. Our long-suffering publishers have tolerated numerous delays to the delivery of our manuscript. In particular we thank Louise Tester, Steve Warriner, and Kristin Süsser for their help and their patience. Finally, to the biggest sufferers of all, our wives and children, we once more offer our thanks for their tolerance of the time taken to prepare this edition.

1 Introduction

I

R Β Parry and C R Perkins

2 The state of world mapping

7

R Β Parry

3 Availability and access

W o r l d mapping

27

The W o r l d

29

Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland

181 185 187 192 196 200

17

C R Perkins

frica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo (Brazzaville) Congo (Kinshasa) Djibouti

Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

51 59 63 65 68 73 76 78 81 83 86 89 92 94 98 99 100 103 107 109 112 114 116 120 125 127 129 131 135 139 141 143 147 150 153 156 160 162 165 167 169 176 179

T h e Americas North America Canada Mexico United States

205 207 210 234 242

Central A m e r i c a Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama

282 285 287 291 294 297 301 304

The Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe Haiti Jamaica Martinique Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Puerto Rico St Kitts and Nevis St Lucia St Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands

308 312 313 314 317 318 319 320 323 324 327 328 330 332 335 337 338 340 343 344 345 346 348 350

South A m e r i c a Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador

352 355 360 365 373 377 383

French Guiana Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macao Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen

387 391 394 397 403 407 411 419 428 430 432 434 435 438 440 441 443 451 453 457 465 472 477 479 483 495 498 501 504 506 508 512 515 517 523 526 528 533 535 538 540 544 546 549 551 556 558 561 563 568 572 574 576 578 582

Contents

ν

Australasia Australia N e w Zealand Papua N e w Guinea

587 589

Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia-Hercegovina Bulgaria

631 642 645 647 654 656 664 665 667 669 672

The Channel Islands Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Eire Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Isle of Man Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Moldova Monaco The Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine Yugoslavia The Oceans Atlantic O c e a n Ascension Island Azores Bermuda Bouvet Island Canary Islands Cape Verde Islands Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Madeira St Helena St Pierre and Miquelon Säo Tome e Principe South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

vi

Contents

614 624

Tristan da Cunha

933

Indian O c e a n Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Comoros French Southern and Antarctic Territories Heard and Macdonald Islands Territory Maldives Mauritius Mayotte Reunion Seychelles

934 937 938 939

678 683 688 692 700 714

Mediterranean S e a Cyprus Malta

950 953 956

Pacific O c e a n American Samoa

958 964

745 746 770 776 783 788 790 797

C o o k Islands Easter Island Fiji French Polynesia Galapagos Islands Hawai'i Kiribati Micronesia

965 966 967 972 974 975 978 980

800 801 803 806 807 809 810 818 822 829 835 842

Nauru N e w Caledonia Niue Norfolk Island Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna

982 983 985 986 987 989 993 994 996 997 999

846 857 858 862 866 881 888 895 899

T h e Polar Regions

1003

Arctic Barents Sea and Franz Joseph Land Archipelago and Novaya Zemlya Greenland Jan Mayen Svalbard

1005

903 908 91 I

Antarctica Antarctic Islands

1017 1028

912 914 916 917 921 923 925 927 929 930 931

Extra-terrestrial m a p p i n g

1031

Geographical index Publishers index

1039 1042

932

940 941 942 943 945 946 948

1008 1010 1014 1015

m

Λ

j £ . μ η Η Η Η Η κ Β Ρ '

'IP^aST

LIST OF GRAPHIC j f ^ P

INDEXES

WORLD 1:10 000 000 Carte generale du monde I: I 000 000 topographic International map of the w o r l d I: I 000 000 International map of the world I: I 000 000 aeronautical O N C ; 1:500 000 aeronautical TPC 1:10 000 000 geological, minerals, tectonic 1:5 000 000 soils AFRICA Countries 1:2 000 000 topographic 1:500 000 aeronautical, hydrogeological, administrative Algeria 1:500 000 topographic

Guinea 1:200 000 topographic Ivory Coast 1:200 000 topographic, geological, soils 1:50 000 topographic Kenya 1:250 000 topographic, geological 1: 100 000 topographic; 1:50 000 topographic Lesotho 1:50 000 topographic 1: 100 000; 1:50 000 geological Liberia 1:50 000 topographic Madagascar

1:50 000 topographic 1:50 000 geological Benin 1:200 000 soils 1:200 000 topographic; 1:50 000 topographic 1:100 000 vegetation Botswana 1:250 000 topographic, aeromagnetic, soils 1: 125 000 topographic, geological; 1:50 000 topographic; 1:100 000 image map Burkina 1:200 000 topographic, geological Burundi 1: 100 000 topographic, geological 1:50 000 topographic Cameroon 1:500 000 topographic 1:200 000 topographic Central African Republic 1:200 000 topographic, soils Chad 1:200 000 topographic, soils Congo (Brazzaville) 1:200 000 topographic Congo (Kinshasa) 1:200 000 topographic, geological, 1:100 000 topographic Djibouti 1: 100 000 topographic, geological Egypt 1:500 000 metallogenic, Bouguer anomaly; 1:250 000 image maps, geological Ethiopia 1:250 000 topographic Gabon 1:200 000 topographic, soils, geological 1:50 000 topographic Gambia 1:50 000 image maps, geological Ghana 1:50 000 topographic

1:500 000 topographic 1: 100 000 topographic; 1:50 000 topographic Malawi 1:250 000 topographic, geological 1: 100 000 geological 1:50 000 topographic Mali 1:200 000 topographic Mauritania 1:200 000 topographic Morocco 1:500 000 Cartes regionales routieres touristiques 1:250 000 topographic 1: 100 000 topographic, geological; 1:50 000 topographic, geological Mozambique 1:500 000 topographic 1:250 000 topographic, geological, aeromagnetic Namibia 1:250 000 topographic , geological Niger 1:200 000 topographic Nigeria States 1: 100 000 topographic; 1:50 000 topographic Rwanda 1: 100 000 planimetric, geological; 1:50 000 topographic Senegal Departments and Regions 1:200 000 topographic, geological; 1:50 000 topographic Sierra Leone 1:50 000 topographic South Africa 1:250 000 topo-cadastral, image maps, geological, metallogenic, land cover, land type 1:50 000 topographic, geological Sudan I: I 000 000 geological 1:100 000 topographic

List of graphic indexes

vii

Swaziland 1:50 0 0 0 topographic, geological Tanzania 1:250 000 topographic 1:50 0 0 0 topographic; 1:125 000 geological

British Virgin Islands 1:25 000 topographic Cuba 1:250 000 topographic, geological Dominican Republic Provinces

Togo 1:200 0 0 0 topographic, geological 1:50 000 topographic Tunisia

1:50 000 topographic Guadeloupe 1:25 000 topographic

1:200 0 0 0 geological 1: 100 000 geological 1:50 0 0 0 geological

Jamaica 1:50 0 0 0 topographic 1:50 0 0 0 geological Puerto Rico

Uganda 1:50 0 0 0 topographic; 1: 100 000 geological

1:20 000 topographic

1:250 0 0 0 geological, gravity

1:20 000 geological 1:40 000 surficial marine geology

Zambia 1:250 0 0 0 topographic, geological 1:50 0 0 0 topographic; 1: 100 000 geological Zimbabwe 1:250 000 topographic, geophysical, vegetation

Trinidad and Tobago 1:25 000 topographic Turks and Caicos Islands 1:25 000 topographic

1:50 000 topographic, geophysical South America AMERICAS North America N o r t h America Canada N T S Sheet numbering system I: I 0 0 0 0 0 0 bathymetric, gravity, geological, magnetic anomaly 1:250 000 topographic, Canada Land Inventory

South America Argentina Provinces 1:500 000 topographic; 1:250 0 0 0 topographic Bolivia Departments 1:250 000 topographic, geological 1: 100 000 topographic, geological; 1:50 0 0 0 topographic Brazil

Mexico States

States

1:250 0 0 0 topographic, thematic

I: I 0 0 0 0 0 0 topographic, R A D A M B R A S I L 1:500 0 0 0 topographic; 1:250 000 topographic

1:50 0 0 0 topographic, thematic United States 1:250 000 conterminous United States; topographic, land cover and associated maps States

Chile 1:500 0 0 0 topographic 1:250 000 topographic Colombia

I: I 0 0 0 000 Quaternary geology

Departments

1:250 0 0 0 Alaska: topographic, land cover

1:500 000 topographic 1:200 000 topographic

Central America Central America Belize

1: 100 000 topographic, geological Ecuador 1: 100 0 0 0 topographic, geological; 1:50 000 topographic; 1:25 000 topographic

1:50 0 0 0 topographic C o s t a Rica 1:50 000 topographic 1:200 0 0 0 topographic, geological El Salvador 1:50 000 topographic Guatemala Departments 1:250 000 topographic, geological 1:50 0 0 0 topographic, geological Honduras Departments 1:50 0 0 0 topographic, geological 1:250 000 topographic Nicaragua 1:50 000 topographic Panama 1:50 000 topographic 1:250 000 topographic

Provinces 1:250 0 0 0 topographic French Guiana 1:100 0 0 0 geological 1:25 000 topographic 1:100 000 geological; 1:50 0 0 0 topographic Guyana 1:50 000 topographic Paraguay Departments 1:250 000 topographic 1: 100 0 0 0 topographic; I :S0 0 0 0 topographic Peru Departments 1:500 0 0 0 topographic 1:250 0 0 0 topographic 1: 100 0 0 0 topographic; 1:50 0 0 0 topographic Suriname 1:200 0 0 0 topographic, soils; 1: 100 0 0 0 topographic, soils

Caribbean T h e Caribbean Bahamas 1:25 0 0 0 topographic

viii

List of graphic indexes

1:50 000 topographic Uruguay Departments 1:200 000 topographic

1:100 000 topographic 1:50 000 topographic Venezuela States 1:500 000; 1:250 000 topographic 1: 100 000 topographic ASIA Countries Armenia 1:200 000 topographic Azerbaijan 1:200 000 topographic Bangladesh 1:250 000 topographic, 1:50 000 topographic Bhutan 1:50 000 topographic Cambodia 1:250 000 topographic 1: 100 000, 1:50 000 topographic China Provinces I: I 000 000 topographic Georgia 1:200 000 topographic Hong Kong 1:20 000 topographic, geological India States, I: I 000 000 geological 1:250 000 topographic; 1:50 000 topographic; 1:253 440 / 1:250 000 geological Indonesia I: I 000 000 topographic 1:500 000 topographic 1:250 000 topographic, geological, Bouguer anomaly, Quaternary, hydrogeology, land systems, land status, land use Iran 1:250 000 geological, aeromagnetic 1:100 000 geological Israel 1: 100 000 topographic, geological; 1:50 000 topographic, geological Japan 1:200 000 topographic, geological, land use; 1:50 000 topographic, vegetation, land classification; 1:25 000 topographic 1:500 000 geological, neotectonic; 1:50 000 geological 1:200 000 land classification, natural environment, land conservation, plant and animal distribution 1:200 000 bathymetric, submarine structure, gravity anomaly Jordan 1:50 000 geological Kazakhstan 1:200 000 topographic Kyrgyzstan 1:200 000 topographic Laos 1:50 000 topographic 1:100 000 topographic 1:250 000 topographic Lebanon 1:20 000 topographic Malaysia (West) 1:50 000 topographic 1:63 360 geological

Mongolia I: I 000 000 thematic Nepal 1:50 000, 1:2S 000 topographic 1:50 000 land systems, land use, land capability, development regions 1: 125 000 geological Oman 1:250 000, 1:100 000 geological Pakistan 1:500 000 topographic Philippines 1:250 000 topographic, land cover 1:50 000 topographic, geological Saudi Arabia 1:500 000 geographic, geologic 1:250 000 geographic, geologic Singapore 1:100 000 Sri Lanka 1:63 360 topographic 1:50 000 topographic Syria 1:200 000 topographic Taiwan 1:50 000 topographic 1:50 000 geologic Tajikistan 1:200 000 topographic Thailand 1:250 000 topographic, geological 1:50 000 topographic Turkmenistan 1:200 000 topographic Uzbekistan 1:200 000 topographic Vietnam 1:250 000 topographic 1: 100 000, 1:50 000 topographic Yemen (Western part) 1:250 000 geological AUSTRALASIA Australia States I: I 000 000 topographic, magnetic contours, magnetic pixels, gravity 1:250 000 topographic, geological, aeromagnetic 1: 100 000 topographic, geological; 1:50 000 topographic, geological 1:250 000 bathymetric I: I 000 000 offshore resources New Zealand 1:250 000 topographic, aeronautical 1:50 000 topographic 1:200 000 bathymetric, sediments 1:250 000 geological, gravimetric, magnetic Papua New Guinea 1:250 000 topographic, geological 1:100 000 topographic EUROPE Countries 1:2 500 000 metamorphic 1:2 500 000 International Quaternary map of Europe I: I 500 000 International Geological map of Europe

List of graphic indexes

ix

Albania 1:200 000, 1: 100 000, 1:50 000 topographic Andorra 1:10 000 Austria

topographic

1:200 000 topographic, image maps 1:50 000 topographic, image maps, geological, aeromagnetic, heritage conservation Belarus 1:200 000 topographic Belgium 1:100 000 topographic 1:50 000 topographic 1:20 000 topographic; 1: 50 000 geological 1:40 000 geological; 1:25 000 geological; 1:20 000 soils, vegetation Czech Republic 1:200 000 geological, topographic; 1: 100 000, 1:50 000 topographic, geological Denmark 1:100 000, 1:50 000, 1:25 000 topographic Eire 1: 126 720 topographic, gravity; 1: 100 000 geological, gravity; 1:50 000 topographic Estonia 1:50 000 topographic 1:20 000 topographic Finland 1:50 000 topographic 1: 100 000 pre-Quaternary geology, Quaternary geology, geophysical; 1:50 000 Quaternary geology; 1:20 000 topographic, Quaternary geology 1:400 000 Quaternary geology 1:400 000 pre-Quaternary geology 1:200 000 roads, population France 1:250 000 topographic 1: 100 000 offshore geology 1: 100 000 topographic 1:250 000 geological, climate, magnetic 1:200 000 gravimetric, vegetation 1:50 000 topographic, geological, hydrogeological, geomorphological, magnetic, groundwater, useful minerals, agricultural land; 1:25 000 topographic 1:100 000 soils 1:125 000 Departments Germany States 1:200 000 topographic, geological, soils, minerals, water supply 1:100 000 topographic 1:50 000 topographic Great Britain

1: 150 000 county maps 1: 100 000 topographic 1:200 000 geological Iceland 1:250 000 topographic, geological 1:100 000 topographic 1:50 000 topographic 1:40 000 vegetation Italy Regions 1:200 000 soil utilization 1: 100 000 geological, administrative, archaeological 1:50 000 topographic, image maps, geological; 1:25 000 topographic Latvia 1:50 000 topographic Lithuania 1:100 000 topographic Luxembourg 1:20 000 topographic 1:25 000 geological, soils Moldova 1:200 000 topographic Netherlands 1:50 000 topographic, geological, geomorphological, soils 1:25 000 topographic Northern Ireland 1:50 000 topographic, soils 1:50 000 / 1:63 360 geological Norway 1:250 000 topographic, geological 1:50 000 topographic, geological 1:250 000 roads 1:250 000 aeronautical Poland 1:200 000 topographic, geological 1: 100 000 topographic; 1:50 000 topographic Portugal 1: 100 000 topographic; 1:50 000 topographic, geological, soils, land use capability 1:25 000 topographic, land use Romania 1:200 000 topographic, geological 1:50 000 geological, geomorphological Russia Administrative divisions I: I 000 000 topographic; 1:200 000 topographic 1:1 000 000 geological Slovakia

1:250 000 aeronautical 1:625 000 and 1:250 000 Travelmaster

1:200 000, 1: 100 000, 1:50 000 topographic Slovenia

1:50 000 topographic, soils (England and Wales), land capability (Scotland) 1:25 000 topographic

1:50 000 topographic 1:25 000 topographic Spain

1:50 000 / 1:63 360 geological; 1:63 360 soils 1: 100 000 groundwater vulnerability (England and

1:250 000 topographic

Wales) 1:250 000 geological

metallogenic, hydrogeological, industrial rocks, forests 1:200 000 provincial topographic, land use 1: 100 000 topographic

1:250 000 soils (England and Wales), soils and land capability (Scotland) 1:63 360 Agricultural land classification (England and Wales) Greece 1:250 000 topographic

χ

1:200 000 surficial sediments of the Aegean sea floor 1:200 000 provincial topographic 1:50 000 geological Hungary

List of graphic indexes

1:200 000 topographic, geological, geotechnical,

1:50 000 topographic, geological, land use, land capability 1:200 000 offshore geological Sweden 1:250 000 topographic 1:100 000 topographic

1:50 000 topographic, geological

THE POLAR REGIONS

Switzerland 1: 100 000 topographic, aeronautical, gravity; 1:50 000 topographic; 1:25 000 topographic, geological, soils Ukraine 1:200 000 topographic

Arctic Arctic Greenland 1:500 000 geological 1:1 000 000 I C A O , 1:250 000 topographic

OCEANS 1:10 000 000 General bathymetric chart of the oceans (GEBCO)

1:100 000 image maps 1:100 000 geological Svalbard 1: 100 000 topographic, geological

Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Azores 1:25 000 topographic

Antarctica Antarctica I: I 000 000, 1:500 000, 1:250 000 topographic

Bermuda 1:10 560 topographic Canary Island 1: 100 000 topographic 1:50 000 topographic 1:50 000 topographic (military)

EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL Moon I: I 000 000 geological Mars 1:5 000 000 topographic, geological; 1:2 000 000

1:50 000 land use Falkland Islands 1:50 000 topographic Faroe Islands 1:20 000 topographic

topographic Mercury 1:5 000 000 topographic Venus 1:5 000 000 topographic, geological

Madeira 1:25 000 topographic Indian Ocean Indian Ocean Mauritius 1:25 000 topographic Seychelles 1:10 000 topographic Mediterranean Sea I: I 000 000 bathymetric Cyprus 1:50 000 topographic 1:25 000 topographic, soils, land classification Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean I: I 000 000 bathymetric, sediments Fiji 1:50 000 topographic 1:25 000 topographic 1:50 000 geological Kiribati 1:25 000 image maps N e w Caledonia 1:50 000 topographic, geological Samoa 1:20 000 topographic Solomon Islands 1: 150 000, 1:50 000 topographic 1:50 000 geological Tonga 1:25 000 topographic Vanuatu 1:100 000 geological

List of graphic indexes

xi

CHAPTER I

Do you need a map? The first edition of World mapping today recognized the inherent difficulties in finding out about the availability of maps and spatial data. W h a t was published, what was any good, what was available and, if available, how could it be acquired or accessed? It is to these questions that we tried to provide answers, and map librarians welcomed the book's publication in September 1987, as a 'one stop shop' designed to cut corners in this process of finding out. For others, the book provided a comprehensive review of the state of mapping world-wide, and of national mapping programmes and progress. Since 1987 there have been profound changes in the nature of mapping, the digital transition has significantly advanced, the eastern block has collapsed, and in Europe and Asia there are now 14 more nation states than a decade ago. So much has changed that the data included in the first edition of this book are no longer as useful as they once were. Moreover, the means of finding out, while it has improved enormously with the arrival of the World Wide Web, still presents many problems. While those who are not familiar with maps undoubtedly need guidance, we have been encouraged to find that even experienced map librarians still perceive a need for a book of this kind. For both kinds of users a new edition was required, both to reflect the present state of the digital transition, and to provide up-to-date information and guidance. This edition has, therefore, been almost entirely re-written, but it builds upon the established formula of the first edition, pulling together within a single cover as much as is possible of the variety of kinds of information needed for finding out about the acquisition and accessing of current mapping and spatial data. It also represents a benchmark of the state of the art of mapping sciences at the turn of the millennium. Like all benchmark surveys it is out of date prior to publication — the target we are documenting moves onwards, and the goal is inevitably always over the horizon. In our introduction to the first edition of this book we acknowledged that no general source book existed in 1987

covering the nature and availability of world mapping. We recognized the value of specialist works and drew data from these into a single source. We have adopted a similar approach this time, taking the best from map dealers listings, published descriptive overviews, publishers' catalogues and data increasingly available on the World Wide Web. It is doubtful whether earlier sources discussed in the introduction to the first edition of this book, such as Lock (1969) or Winch (1976), still represent useful information about the current state of the art; they have been long superseded by technological and political changes. In the 13 years since the publication more sources have become available, but these are specialist and partial. No one has yet updated our work or attempted a comprehensive overview. Thus GeoKatalog has continued to be published (GeoCenter, current edition 1992—), now in English, and remains the world's most comprehensive retail map listing, with a far richer selection of material than we have included. It does not provide the user with guidance, context or address details. GeoKartenbrief remains a useful supplement, though now published only twice annually. A growing number of Web-based map listings are available, notably the Omni Resources Web site. A number of meta-databases and listings of cartographic sites now also exist on the Web, of which Oddens list at URL http://oddens.geog.uu.nl/ (Oddens, 1996-) is outstanding: an invaluable resource, with significantly more URLs than are included in this book, but without the focus to enable active use for acquisition and access. Several published works have offered alternative sources of information unavailable to us during the mid-1980s. Böhmes ICA-sponsored survey of the state of topographic mapping by national mapping authorities was published in three volumes by Elsevier in 1989-93. This survey described national progress, country by country, and included extensive bibliographic support, but it remained firmly anchored in the hard copy era, and appeared too early to form lasting assessments of the significance of the westernization of eastern block countries. Its narrow emphasis upon topographic detail was also a significant limitation. Rhind (1997)

Introduction

I

offered a more evaluative discussion of the changing role of national mapping agencies, but only for a few nations and without any listing of data or maps. N o comprehensive listings of address data have been published since the publication of the first edition of World mapping today, although useful, more specialized lists may be found on numerous Web sites. For bibliographic information Bibliographia cartographica (Saur, 1974-) remains by far the most comprehensive source for bibliographic information about cartography. We make no claim to replace any of these individual sources, but have attempted once again to mix a distinctive and unique cocktail which updates and brings together the disparate data found in these and other unpublished sources. It provides an overview of the changed state of world mapping at the beginning of the new millennium which we hope will be of interest to a wide cartographic readership. THE

NATURE

AND

SCOPE

OF

THE

BOOK

This book is about current maps and spatial data sets. We define current as a data source which is available, useful for solving contemporary problems and not superseded by more recent maps or data. A brief comparison with the first edition of World mapping today reveals an increase in the amount of listed material, more categories, more graphics and an increase in the number of thematic areas under which the characteristics of mapping are described. In many countries the nature of the cartographic enterprise has changed enormously, with printed output having become largely subservient to the production and distribution of data through electronic media. We have limited direct cataloguing of digital spatial data sets to those which have a clear cartographic expression, and are believed to be available to the public at large. Readers will notice a disparity between the slimness of some catalogue sections and the rich and innovative developments described in the text. Many of these developments are confined to government agencies, public utilities and private industry, and do not lend themselves to inclusion in the catalogue. Nevertheless, we have continued the practice established in the first edition of using textual sections to discuss the wider context in which mapping is published, including an evaluation of significant programmes which fall outside the remit of the catalogue sections. These include important regional or larger scale basic mapping programmes, and information on the formulation of national (and international) digital spatial data infrastructures. The map listings and accompanying graphics relate to materials available on the international market or accessible on the Web in 1997-9; it does not mean that these are all easy to acquire. Indeed there are additional complexities involved in accessing cartographic materials in the digital era which are explored in greater detail in Chapter 3. Just as in the first edition, we have limited the scope of the book so as to concentrate upon the kinds of material which a good general map collection (with unlimited funds!) might wish to acquire or access, in order to meet a very wide range of enquiries. These limitations are explored and explained in more detail below. SELECTION

OF

MATERIAL

Table 1.1 summarizes the kinds of mapping which have been included under thematic headings in the catalogue sections of this book. Despite continuity with headings established

2

Introduction

for the first edition there are significant changes. Our catalogues reflect the continuing usefulness of a subject-based approach and like the first edition there is an emphasis upon sheet maps, and in particular upon maps published in series, providing topographic frameworks (Rhind, 1997), earth scientific overviews or evaluations of resource potential. We have separated Atlases from gazetteers in this edition of the book. The atlas sections are somewhat larger than in the first edition and encompass national atlases and other high quality multi-thematic national overviews. For many African, South American and Asian nations, the contents of these atlases offer a better thematic coverage than is available from the other catalogue entries. This section also includes electronic atlases of a country where these exist. The Gazetteer section of our catalogue includes locally published listings of place names, as well as the national volumes maintained by the United States Board on Geographic Names and published for almost every mapping unit in this book. The General section includes smaller scale mapping of a nation published with a relief base, or general maps of the communications layout, in particular motoring maps. This section tries to pick out the most significant locally published material but often also includes commercially published mapping from European or North American commercial houses. N o attempt has been made systematically to list these commercially published sources, nor to repeat references to the Web-based general map sources described in Chapter 3. We acknowledge a continuing preference for English language sources. A new section in this book separates Image maps from the general category. These comprise satellite image maps published as true or simulated natural colour poster images, but we also list here those larger-scale map series using an image rather than a line map base. We have not included un-rectified aerial photographic material, nor raw satellite images, on the grounds that they are conceptually different from mapping and are not amenable to the same kind of listing or systematic procurement as maps. The Topographic section comprises the most significant series mapping from national mapping agencies, published at scales generally between 1:20 000 and 1:1 000 000. The printed maps listed in this section usually indicate relief with contours; digital entries here may focus upon only some of the layers available in a typical hard-copy map. For example, a product comprising a digital terrain model and mapping software will appear under this section, but is unlikely to include cultural detail, place names, hydrological information, communications or land cover information usually associated with topographic mapping. More detailed planimetric or cadastral mapping programmes not included in our listings are discussed in our text sections. The Bathymetric section lists significant mapping of coastal areas designed to depict water depth, as well as more extensive and smaller-scale bathymetric coverage of seas and ocean basins. Other thematic maps relating to oceans are listed elsewhere under the appropriate headings. A new section lists Aeronautical charts. This only includes en route charts and is present for only a few nations, since most national output in small-scale chart series is published to common specifications and listed under our World section. The Earth sciences category encompasses a very wide variety of geoscientific mapping largely produced by national earth

T a b l e 1.1

Listing of currently available maps and data

Atlases

National atlases and atlases of similar quality Significant other general atlases

Gazetteers

Major gazetteers

General

Small scale general and road maps

Image maps

Satellite image maps

Topographic

Officially published mapping depicting relief and generally at scales between 1:20 000 and 1:1 000 000

Bathymetric

Maps of the configuration of the seabed

Aeronautical charts

Major national series of en-route charts for aviation

Earth sciences

Geoscientific mapping encompassing geological, tectonic, hydrogeological, geochemical, magnetic, gravimetric, geomorphological and mineral maps

Environmental

Maps of climate, soils, land capability, land cover, vegetation, forest, and environmental hazards

Administrative

Maps of internal administrative divisions or planning regions, maps of census enumeration units, and maps of electoral divisions

Social, cultural and economic

Maps of population, industry, agriculture, communications other than roads, other socio-economic data and cultural aspects

Urban

Large-scale maps of major cities including street-finders

science mapping agencies and focusing upon the surface layers of the geosphere. This section includes all scales of mapping published in series or as monographic maps, with some electronic atlases and data sets also catalogued. Themes vary from the traditional geological map showing lithology and stratigraphy, to tectonic coverage of earth movements and vulcanism and the diversity of geophysical and geochemical mapped themes, such as magnetic, gravimetric, minerals and applied geological mapping. Regional mapping programmes within this category are discussed in the texts but are not catalogued.

The significant digital transition through which cartography has passed in the last decade is reflected in the proliferation of digital versions of mapping, or the creation of entirely new digital map data sets. Rather than establishing a separate category for these data we take the view that the thematic content of information remains significant and have included digital geological maps in the earth sciences section, whilst digital route-finding packages relating to navigation within a city are listed under the urban section. These digital versions are symbolized by the Θ symbol either in a note, or before the catalogue entry.

Resources mapping is described in the Environmental section. Often produced by a number of separate agencies, these maps and data sets include coverages of climate, soils, land use capability, forests and vegetation. Applied mapping of risks and hazards is also described here.

In this edition we have decided to include a section relating to Extraterrestrial maps, using similar subject classifications to elsewhere in the book and organizing the material by the planet being mapped.

The Administrative section includes maps and data emphasizing boundaries, whether these be small-scale maps of administrative units, depictions of postal geography, or of census or electoral units. The increasing diversity of Social, cultural and economic maps is described in the next section. Traditional population, industrial, agricultural, and economic themes are increasingly also matched by mapping of aspects of culture and health and this section often also includes atlases which concentrate upon a human theme and in particular upon census data and health issues. The final section offers a very selective introduction to the very great diversity of Urban mapping. Here we have tried to include examples of the mapping of a nation's capital city, including where possible examples of current street finder maps. Sometimes a larger-scale planimetric map or database relating to the urban area is also listed, and sometimes a significant urban multi-thematic atlas appears under this heading, but only a tiny percentage of urban maps are included under this category.

A number of categories of mapping left out of the first edition are still excluded this time. We have continued to exclude from our listings hydrographic charts, on the grounds that they are very hard to list. We have, however, included address details of national hydrographic mapping agencies, and hydrographic programmes are discussed in the texts. Early maps are not included, nor are historical atlases. With our continuing emphasis upon current mapping we have also again left out some superseded, but still available modern topographic series. Once again it is the selection of material which creates the value in this book. We may list less material than some, but the range is often greater, and we hope that the accompanying information gives the listed material greater value. COLLECTING

THE

DATA

Collecting information to compile this book was significantly time consuming! As a starting point we built upon methods used during the compilation of the first edition of the book and relied upon direct contact with publishers.

Introduction

3

We already had a database of verified organization names and addresses current to 1987 and beyond, and this was updated where possible following cross checking with more recent listings of organization names. This database was used as the basis for a first mailing of a questionnaire to each of the organizations. A standard letter, translated into several European languages, requested information about current programmes, catalogues of mapping and other information, and was sent to about 1500 organizations. The response rate was not as good for our survey this time as it had been in 1984-6. The overall response rate to the first mailing was only about 30 per cent, with striking regional variations once again Western European and North American survey organizations and publishers usually responded best, although even here there were some surprising gaps. Again the 'problem countries' where mapping was known to be less likely to be available were those that failed to reply to our letters. For example, very few responses were received from the newly independent nations formed after the breakup of the Soviet Union, or from the few remaining Marxist nations, or from 'international pariahs' such as Iraq, Libya or North Korea. The data revealed significant organizational change, with a surprising number of agencies altering names, responsibilities and locations! This process has continued throughout the writing of the book, for example the German Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie (IfAG) became the Bundesanstalt für Kartographie (BfK), the Dutch Geological Survey merged with the Institute of Applied Geoscience, and the Icelandic Survey moved from Reykjavik to Akranes. It was necessary to send out many further letters where clarification was needed, or where no response had been received. However, during our data collection we were able increasingly to rely upon new sources of information available in electronic form. Just as the maps we describe have passed through a technological transition, so have the information sources about these maps and data. The World Wide Web and electronic mail have made it significantly easier to find out about the state of the art of world mapping, at least in the developed and wired world, and we regularly consulted home pages whose URLs are listed throughout this book. Electronic mail also offered a rapid alternative to the sometimes unreliable (and expensive) world postal services. We are extremely grateful to the many people in mapping organizations who responded so helpfully to our questions. Where we received few replies we relied to a greater extent than elsewhere upon indirect sources, such as map dealers' listings, unpublished information, conference papers and other secondary sources. Böhme's survey of the state of topographic mapping, mentioned above, also provided useful bibliographic help. Often its chapters remain the best available published sources for the more difficult nations and these volumes are heavily cited in some of our further information sections. We have not provided complete bibliographies of our source material. Instead we have referred to key sources of further information for, just as in the first edition, the book is not intended to be a bibliographic guide to information about mapping. In the compilation of the regional sections we slightly changed our share of responsibilities from the first edition. CRP continued to take primary responsibility for the Asian, Australasian, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean sections. RBP worked primarily on North and South American, Polar, Caribbean, and Atlantic Ocean sections. The African and European sections, however, were divided equally between

4

Introduction

the two authors. Our practice this time was to read each other's material, revise where necessary and suggest changes. The contents of the book are, therefore, very much a joint responsibility, with authors sharing knowledge and discoveries as the data collection advanced. How

THE

BOOK

IS A R R A N G E D

The emphasis of this book is still upon the nation state which, despite globalization and standardization, continues to be one of the most significant influences upon map style and content. The major part of World mapping today is, therefore, arranged by country, each of which appears alphabetically within either a continental or oceanic section. General maps of larger areas appear directly under these continental units, which sometimes have further subdivisions. A typical country unit has five elements: •

First there is a text which identifies and describes the role of principal mapping agencies and discusses their policies and products. The emphasis of these sections is upon the current situation, revised where possible up to Autumn 1999, with some historical explanation to set the context.

•

A second section of each unit gives further information in the form of key references, publishers' catalogues, indexes and Web sites to help the user who needs to find out more about that nation's mapping. Like the first edition these sections are not designed as exhaustive bibliographies - they are practical guides to the most useful or accessible published works.

•

Thirdly there is a directory of organization address and contact details. A significant change from the first edition has been the inclusion of telephone, fax, Email and Web site addresses. These address lists are usually in alphabetic order according to the organization name. In a few of the more complex countries we have separated out commercial publishing houses, or have divided up address lists to reflect significant federal or state subdivisions in the mapping of the unit e.g. Germany, or Canada.

•

The fourth element is a listing of currently available maps or data, in print or in electronic form. This listing is, as described above and in Table 1.1, necessarily selective.

•

Finally there are monochrome graphic indexes to major map series, and again these are selective. These have been redrawn to a common format and standard. They do not show the extent of published coverage, and it is hoped they will as a consequence remain of use for some years, rather than becoming rapidly superseded as mapping advances. The function of these graphic indexes is twofold: to show the reader how sheets in a series are arranged and also to serve as a base for scanning and copying on which a map library might plot holdings. Many of these indexes serve several map series with different scales of themes, and there is a significant increase in the number included in this edition.

Introductory chapters for this edition of World mapping today have been kept to a minimum, reflecting reviewers reactions to the first edition of the book. In Chapter 2, Bob Parry discusses the changing status of the maps and data described in detail later in the book. In Chapter 3, Chris Perkins concentrates upon the new ways of accessing mapping which have been created by the changed contexts of publication of maps and spatial data, and in particular focuses upon the role of the internet, the World Wide Web and digital mapping.

USING THE

BOOK

The text, catalogue, graphic indexes, further information and addresses for each country in World mapping today are designed to be read as an integrated package. Excessive repetition of commonly occurring addresses has been avoided; these are listed in full under the home nation location of their headquarters, and users are cross referred to the full address details. There is also an index of publisher names and abbreviations of these organizations, so that anyone wishing to track an organization down can do so from a single source. The most significant agencies creating maps and spatial data in the world are all listed and where possible full contact details are given for each, with telephone, and fax almost always given, and Email and home page addresses also included where possible. Some addresses of book publishers who have issued a single listed item in mapped format are not included: these should be easy to trace in standard sources. Because of the simple alphabetic arrangement within continental sections countries can usually be found by flipping through the pages. It should be remembered, however, that the way mapping is organized has also been taken into consideration, so that we have not always adhered strictly to political or locational definitions of each unit. One criterion for including a separate unit is whether maps and mapping organizations of its territory differ significantly from adjacent areas. Thus the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, H o n g Kong and Macau are all described in separate units. Great Britain and Northern Ireland are also treated separately in this book, because of their distinct mapping systems, despite their political union and the existence of the United Kingdom. French overseas territories have, in contrast, been treated separately in spite of their mapping similarity with France, and appear under their rele-

Table 1.3

Table 1.2

Structure of catalogue entries

Line I

(a) Θ symbol indicates a digital product (b) Map tide (c) Scale ratio (d) Series designation (e) Edition (f) Map author

Line 2

(a) Place of publication (b) Publisher (c) Date of publication

Line 3

(a) Number of sheets in series (b) Number published (c) • symbol indicates that a graphic index is provided (d) Θ symbol indicates digital data also available

Line 4

(a) Additional notes

vant geographic locations, rather than integrated with France. Thus Reunion is described in the Indian Ocean section, and French Guiana under South America, because the geographic difference was judged to be more significant than the cartographic similarity. In contrast, a few of the newly independent Pacific nations are grouped together for example under Micronesia, since their mapping retains its pre-independence coherence. The reader may, therefore, need to refer to the geographic index at the end of the book, or to the contents at the start. It is important that the text and catalogue sections of each country are read together, since they complement each other. A slim catalogue section does not necessarily mean that few maps of the country have been created. Mapping may be out-of-print, restricted, or unavailable for other reasons, or it may be predominately published as monographs relating to parts of the country, or else many themes which m i g h t be separately published elsewhere, or drawn together into a

Elements of the catalogue format

Title Given in the language of the map wherever possible. Non-roman scripts are transliterated. Multi-lingual tides are given in two or three of the principal languages. Scale

Given as a representative fraction.

Series designation An alphabetical or numerical code or name used t o identify a map series. Edition

Used only when it is considered t o be helpful in identifying the map or map series

Author

Given when a significant individual author is identified

Place of publication May vary over the life of a series: the current or most recent name is usually given. Where shared responsibility for publication more than one place is named Publisher Organization names frequently change. The current name is given, from which the map may be acquired, even when the map was published in the past by a differently named organization. Abbreviations are often used and explained in the text and address sections Dote The date of publication or the date of initiation of a map series. If a series has gone through many editions, then the date is that of the oldest sheet prepared in the current specification. A dash with no subsequent terminating date indicates that the series is still active (i.e. either not yet complete for the whole of its area, or else still under revision). N o date may suggest a lack of data about publication, or else a regularly revised publication. Sheets

The number of sheets required to complete a series, or which are in the publisher's programme.

Sheets published The number or percentage of the series issued (generally up to 1998-9). If a large number of sheets are outof print, this is indicated in the notes or the text. Notes Used flexibly to give further information about the map content, the languages used, supporting literature or alternative formats of data. Maps are assumed t o be fully coloured unless otherwise stated.

Introduction

5

national atlas described in a single entry in our listings. In some Western countries, formerly printed map series are now maintained in digital form and printed on demand. Other digital mapping is more easily described in the text than in the catalogue. Our texts try to explain the unique variation in publication within each country and describe mapping which fails to be listed. The texts should also help the user to evaluate the suitability of a map, data set or series of maps or data. The texts themselves are arranged according to the organization carrying out the mapping. Where possible the same thematic sequence employed in the catalogues has been used and organization names have been highlighted to help the user to identify specific information.

brokers of spatial information who do (or do not!) feature in the book. Information should be sent directly to either of the authors, whose addresses are given below: M r R.B. Parry D e p a r t m e n t of G e o g r a p h y , T h e University of Reading, R E A D I N G R G 6 6AB, U K Tel + 4 4 118 9318735 Fax + 4 4 118 9755865 Email [email protected] M r C.R.Perkins School of Geography, University o f Manchester, M A N C H E S T E R Μ 1 3 9PL, U K Tel + 4 4 161 275 3651 Fax + 4 4 161 275 7878 Email C . P e r k i n s @ m a n . a c . u k

Within the catalogue we have used a simple set of rules for the identification of each map or series, so that they may be traced in a library, on the Web or ordered from a supplier. Table 1.2 explains the components of a catalogue record. Table 1.3 explains our working rules for each element of the catalogue record. We have tried to make the entries as consistent and helpful as possible. In some cases, of course, we have lacked the data to provide all the information we would have wished. THE

BOOK

AND

THE

FUTURE

This book has been constructed from a considerable database of information jointly collected by the authors. We would like to keep this database up to date against the possibility of future editions of this book, and in particular would welcome corrections and additions to addresses, telephone numbers and Web sites. We may consider publication of all or some of the contents in alternative formats. We, therefore, welcome constructive comments from users, and further information from survey organizations, map publishers and

6

Introduction

REFERENCES Bibliographic cartographica. ( 1 9 7 4 - ) München: K . G . Saur B ö h m e , R. ( 1 9 8 9 - 1 9 9 3 ) Inventory of world topographic

mapping.

(3 vols.)Barking: Elsevier for the I C A G e o C e n t e r ( 1 9 9 2 - ) GeoKatalog. Stuttgart: G e o C e n t e r Lock, C . B . M . (1969) Modern

maps and atlases. London: Clive

Bingley O d d e n s , R. ( 1 9 9 6 - ) Oddens list. Utrecht: O d d e n s U R L http://oddens.geog.uu.nl/ Parry, R.B. and Perkins, C . R . (1987) World mapping today. London: Butterworth Scientific Rhind, D. (1997) Frameworks for the world. Cambridge: Geolnformation W i n c h , K. (1976) International maps and atlases in print 2nd edn. London: B o w k e r

CHAPTER 2

In the first edition of World Mapping Today (WMT), we attempted to summarize the state of world mapping quantitatively in terms of topographic map cover, and also to outline the nature and range of contemporary thematic mapping which then existed, and which was included in our country text and catalogue sections. In this chapter we discuss the progress made in these areas, and identify some of the trends that have emerged in both national and international mapping initiatives. H o w AT

WELL

THE

IS T H E

TURN

OF

WORLD

THE

MAPPED

MILLENNIUM?

Most assessments of the state of world mapping since the first edition have been made from a pervasively Western viewpoint (e.g. Rhind, 1997), or have focused on new technological possibilities rather that the actual qualitative and quantitative state of map cover. Moreover, the regular quantitative assessments sponsored by the United Nations and undertaken by Brandenberger and Ghosh since 1968 appear to have come to an end a decade ago (Brandenberger and Ghosh, 1990; 1991), while Böhmes inventory (1989-93), prepared contemporaneously with our first edition, provides a benchmark which is no more recent. In 1998 the American Vice-President Al Gore called for the creation of a 'digital earth', a three-dimensional spatial database with a potential 1 metre resolution (Goodchild, 1999). A number of other upbeat papers have speculated on the future of the possible (for example Morrison, 1999). It is, however ironic that the largest scale mapping to offer complete world-wide coverage, remains as it did in 1987, a paltry 1:1 000 000! Moreover, the digital version of this mapping, represented by the VMap-0 database formerly known as D C W (Digital map of the world) has been compiled from conventional paper maps, in turn derived from a miscellany of larger scale sources of unequal quality and varying provenance. Although higher resolution VMap products are now being developed, as described in our World section, they are nonetheless derived from pre-existing

sources of data. This reflects the discrepancy between the Western technological view of what is possible globally, and the actual state of recorded spatial knowledge about our environment. Nevertheless, there has been enormous, if uneven, progress in mapping, or more generally in the capture of spatial environmental data, since publication of the first edition of WMT. And, as described below, new high resolution satellite imagery and the use of GPS for geodetic control are set to revolutionize the rapidity at which topographic scale mapping can be undertaken or revised. Finding out how well the world is mapped quantitatively is not a trivial problem, as we have found in preparing both editions of this book. In the first edition, we endeavoured to construct two maps: the first took the scale of 1:100 000 as a benchmark against which to test how much of the world had been mapped topographically at this or larger scales. The second, and perhaps more significant, map showed our evaluation of how accessible that mapping was to the public at large. Then, and still, a number of countries put restrictions on the availability of large and medium scale mapping. In some countries, notably the Soviet Union, those restrictions were so tight during the Cold War period that we could not be certain just how well that country had been mapped. Although it was believed that 1:50 000 scale cover was nearing completion, the most detailed maps available on the international market at that time were highly generalized administrative wall maps of oblasts and krais. We were soon to learn, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, that not only had the military cartographers of the USSR mapped the entire territory to a scale as large as 1:25 000 (North, 1990), but had also produced their own topographic map cover of much of the rest of the world at scales of 1:50 000, 1:100 000 or 1:200 000! In contrast, several advanced capitalist countries have completed first time basic scale topographic mapping only in recent times. The United States Geological Survey, for example, completed 1:24 000 scale maps of the conterminous United States in 1991 (Alaska is not yet quite complete at 1:63 360) , while Canada will probably not now complete

The state of world mapping

7

1:50 000 scale mapping in parts of the Canadian arctic. Orthophoto mapping at 1:100 000 scale covering the interior of Australia was only completed in 1988. Some of the most fervent mapping activity in recent years has been in the former Eastern European bloc countries. An early effect of glasnost was the release of previously restricted topographic mapping on to the international market. But this has been followed by the initiation of many new series both at topographic scales such as 1:50 000 and at much larger cadastral scales for use in the major processes of land reform which are currently taking place. Topographic series are in some cases being aligned with NATO standards, but many parallel series are being designed specifically for use by the general public and for tourism. Ironically, some Western countries still restrict the availability of their larger scale maps. In Europe, Greece continues to restrict the export of its 1:50 000 scale topographic maps, although nation-wide cover exists, and current topographic coverage of Turkey at scales larger than 1:500 000 is not available for sale outside the country, despite the existence of a well advanced digital 1:25 000 scale programme. In the formerly colonial countries of the developing world, a more complex situation has emerged. In the immediate post-war period, several Western governmental agencies, such as the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys and the French Institut Geographique National, had undertaken extensive topographic mapping in Africa, the Caribbean and the Far East. Some of the series were completed before independence, in the case of former French territories in Africa usually at 1:200 000 scale, more rarely at 1:50 000. In British West Africa, several countries achieved complete cover at 1:50 000 scale, while in East Africa only partial cover was achieved at this scale. Subsequently some countries have managed to extend or complete the existing cover, but other countries have been less fortunate, and as can be seen in Figure 2.1, Africa remains the continent with the most incomplete cover at topographic scales. In parts of South-East Asia, mapping also remains as a legacy of colonial and military involvement. American mapping of Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos established during the Vietnam war is still the best topographic coverage. Elsewhere in this region major recent investment has seen modern

65

F i g u r e 2.1

8

upgrading of topographic frameworks, with new digital programmes ongoing in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand and significant investment in mapping infrastructure. Other countries on the Pacific rim have also invested heavily in digital programmes, notably Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan, and this part of the globe has seen some of the most significant advances in topographic mapping in the last fifteen years. India is completely mapped at 1:50 000 scale, with over one-third of the country also covered at 1:25 000, but restrictions on availability of these maps within 200 miles of the national border (including the coast) remain in place. Many African countries now only release their mapping upon successful application to the government. Other restrictions on availability are more comprehensive: the rich Chinese archive of hard copy and digital mapping remains completely unavailable on international markets. However, several countries which have experienced recent civil war or internal unrest, no longer restrict their mapping, and good quality topographic cover is now available for Mozambique and Madagascar, while GeoCenter regularly offers new sheets in Algeria's Nouvelle cartographie. A reassessment of the state of indigenous mapping is given in Figure 2.1, while in Figure 2.2, we have attempted to summarize the current availability of official topographic map series at scales of 1:100 000 or larger. Shrikantia (1999) has drawn attention to the absurdity of putting any kind of restriction on topographic maps, in an age when satellites can return imagery of any part of the world with a ground resolution commensurate with the most detailed topographic maps. India itself has a satellite in orbit which returns imagery of 5.9 m resolution, and will be launching CARTSAT with a 2.5 m panchromatic resolution. IKONOS 2, successfully launched in late 1999, is now providing 1 m resolution panchromatic images, which are good for constructing 1:5000 scale maps. In 1987 we anticipated that the use of geometrically rectified and cartographically enhanced satellite imagery would become increasingly common as a quick and economic way of providing cover of unmapped or poorly mapped areas. Indeed, extensive 1:250 000 scale image map series of Nepal, Peru and parts of the United States had already been issued in the 1980s, and many experimental mapping projects were

Percentage cover

Topographic map c o v e r at scales 1:100 000 o r larger, 1999

T h e state of w o r l d mapping

gj Readily available J Some restrictions J Unavailable

Figure 2.2

Availability of topographic mapping at 1:100 000 scale or larger, 1999

undertaken with imagery from the LANDSAT Thematic Mapper and the French SPOT systems. Some extensive 1:100 000 scale conventional topographic mapping was also successfully achieved using SPOT imagery, for example the mapping of part of the Yemen Arab Republic by the British Overseas Surveys Directorate. But as Wright (1999) has pointed out, these were rare instances, and the use of SPOT required levels of equipment and training, unavailable to many of the developing countries which could have benefited from such mapping. In the late 1990s, this situation had begun to change. In the Dominican Republic and in several South American countries, major programmes of image mapping are under way. In North America and in Europe, ortho-rectified colour digital aerial photographs are increasingly used both in the production of new topographic line maps, and as parallel series issued in the same format as the topographic series. Examples include the 1:10 000 scale orthophotos commissioned for the new mapping authorities in the Walloon and Flemish Regions of Belgium, and the Digital orthophoto quadrangles (DOQs) of the United States Geological Survey. In the United Kingdom, the Millennial Mapping Company has produced a 1:10 000 scale seamless digital aerial photo cover of England which can be browsed on the Web and photo-quality images can be ordered on-line. A similar service has been launched for the world-wide IKONOS imagery mentioned above. The arrival of high resolution commercial satellite imagery globally has also been an outcome of glasnost, which resulted in the release of detailed Cold War low orbit satellite photography first by Russia and subsequently by the American Government (Petrie, 1999). QUANTITY

VERSUS

QUALITY

In recent papers (Perkins and Parry, 1997; Parry and Perkins, 1991) we have argued that today the state of world mapping is less important in terms of quantity than quality. When the will and the money exist it is now possible to produce high quality topographic maps with great rapidity. For example, a feasibility study into the production of 468 1:50 000 scale image maps to cover the Ivory Coast demonstrated that these could be produced from panchromatic SPOT scenes with GPS position fixing in as little as two years.

However, the quality of existing topographic cover needs to be considered. World mapping does not proceed simply as a two-dimensional expansion of area coverage. Maps have to be revised and map content redefined. Many Western countries possess a rich palimpsest of successive and increasingly detailed and accurate mapping. But even between Western countries there are disparities, so that some contemporary topographic map series, of Italy, Portugal, or even the United States for example, are very out-of-date. Of all the continents, our researches have again found Africa to be the most problematic, though even here the situation is not uniformly bad. For many African countries, however, the original post-war colonial mapping has not been updated. Further progress has depended on external technical and financial aid which, when delivered at all, has tended only to meet limited goals and over limited time scales. Consequently, much of the topographic archive of that continent now suffers from being not only incomplete, but obsolete or out-of-print. In their reports to the United Nations and elsewhere, the recurring plea of these countries is for aid funding to supply survey infrastructure and for training in necessary skills so that a national government can continue where an external aid package has ended. In many cases paper shortages preclude even the reprinting of existing maps. As Rhind has frequently reminded us (e.g. Rhind, 1999), the future of the global mapping initiative will depend on money and politics as much as technology. Some attempts have been made to identify countries which have had recently active revision programmes. Statistics collected by Brandenberger and Ghosh for 1980-7 and mapped by Chrisman (1997) are unfortunately incomplete and unreliable, however. In Figure 2.3, we have simply attempted to identify those countries which have recently launched new series or have a currently active revision programme. TRENDS

IN W O R L D

TOPOGRAPHIC

MAPPING

There is no doubt that the digital revolution has had a major, and continuing, impact on topographic mapping, and has made it possible to integrate thematic data sets, digital elevation models, satellite imagery and air photographs with topographic data within a GIS environment. Our catalogue sections reveal, with use of a new symbol for digital data, the huge number of digital data sets and electronic atlases

The state of world mapping

9

Figure 2.3

Countries with currently or recently active topographic mapping programmes

which have come on to the market since 1987. However, digital data rarely imply new mapping, and there is an important difference between the creation of intelligent vectorized data sets, and the copying of printed maps by raster scanning so that they may be displayed or printed in facsimile from an electronic m e d i u m such as a C D - R O M . Nevertheless, few of the developed nations now lack a digital mapping programme, and Figure 2.4 shows the distribution of countries with such a programme. The range of new electronic formats for maps is discussed in Chapter 3.

between private and public in the mapping industry with increasing co-operation and data sharing between sectors. In the U K , Ordnance Survey of Great Britain was reorganized in the mid-1990s into a series of business units and has directed its efforts to hard-nosed marketing of its products. In New Zealand, the statutory and regulatory responsibilities of state mapping have been retained by the government, but the commercial functions have been contracted to the private sector. This is a model which several European countries have begun to adopt.

There have been considerable organizational changes in the mapping industry over the last decade, often reflected in the changes in agency names to be found in our texts and address lists. In some East European countries, the former state-run military and civilian national mapping agencies (NMAs) have been considerably downsized and with reduced state funding have become competitors in a market economy. In some cases the military survey has captured the commercial market which was formerly the exclusive preserve of the state-run commercial and educational mapping agency. Many Western N M A s have also become more commerciallyorientated, and there has been a blurring of the distinction

A number of N M A s have been merged with other major mapping agencies, most commonly the cadastral services, as in Sweden where in 1996 the National Land Survey was merged with the Central Board for Real Estate Data, and in Denmark where the Geodetic Institute was merged with both the Cadastral Directorate and the Hydrographie Department. In a few countries, notably in Spain, Italy and Belgium, there has been a tendency to decentralize the mapping enterprise, at least in so far as the larger scale map series and thematic mapping are concerned. The Eastern Länder of Germany now follow the Western practice of decentralized larger scale topographic production.

Figure 2.4

10

Countries with digital mapping programmes

The state of world mapping

Interest in small-scale global data continues, in spite of the existence of D C W and its successor VMap. A new 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale ( 1 - k m resolution) global data set, Global map was proposed by the Geographical Survey Institute of J a p a n in 1 9 9 2 , and the idea has been pursued through a succession of U n i t e d Nations Regional Cartographic Conferences. Global map is linked to the development of a Global Spatial Data Infrastructure, and is being supported in Europe by C E R C O (Comite Europeen des Responsables de la Cartographie Officielle). Other small-scale data sets are referred to in the sections on thematic m a p p i n g below. In Europe there has been a continuing progress towards creation of pan-European geographical databases, and the establishment of standards for the exchange of geographical data. Several European u m b r e l l a organizations w i t h interests in geospatial information have been established. In 1 9 9 1 , C E R C O (founded in 1 9 8 0 to provide a forum for the directors of European N M A s ) spawned M E G R I N , the M u l t i purpose European Ground-Related Information N e t w o r k . Based at the Institut Geographique, Paris, w i t h a service centre at the Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt, M E G R I N provides metadata about national topographic data sets (available on the W e b at U R L http://www. ign.fr/megrin/), has constructed SABE, a pan-European database of administrative units, and is w o r k i n g on a 1:250 0 0 0 scale topographic database for Europe. In 1993, EUROGI (European U m b r e l l a Organization for Geographic Information) was founded to encourage co-operation and coordination between national and international agencies concerned w i t h geographical information (Burrough and Masser, 1998). In Canada, the government has established GeoConnections, a national partnership p r o g r a m m e which aims to develop a Canadian Geospatial Data Infrastructure, co-ordinate the work of the disparate national, provincial and territorial m a p p i n g organizations, and to put Canada's geospatial data on the internet. Numerous other countries are b u i l d i n g their own national spatial data infrastructures to facilitate the integration of d i g i t a l data sets. Other significant plans for continental geospatial infrastructures have been devised by the Australia N e w Zealand Land Information Council, Canberra. The g r o w i n g demand for spatial data in d i g i t a l form by a range of organizations both public and private has been accompanied by increasing commodification of these data, and a concern for intellectual property rights and copyright protection. T h i s has produced problems, not yet entirely solved, for those who wish to use d i g i t a l m a p p i n g for education or non-commercial research. A trend which will be more apparent from our texts than from the catalogue sections (which mostly do not list m a p p i n g at scales larger than 1:20 0 0 0 ) is the modernization of the cadastral systems of m a n y countries, and the reconditioning and d i g i t i z i n g of the associated maps. Large scale m a p p i n g (i.e. 1:10 0 0 0 and larger) has also become increasingly important not only for cadastral purposes, but for m a n y other applications, and there is a trend to produce national topographic series at increased scales, such as 1:10 0 0 0 or 1 : 5 0 0 0 . A decade or so ago, the driving force for topographic m a p p i n g resided in m a n y countries w i t h the m i l i t a r y authorities, who forced the pace of technological development, and provided the f u n d i n g for topographic survey through their national governments. Today demand is m u c h more led by users w h o require spatial data in d i g i t a l form for a m u l t i tude of civilian applications feeding both national and commercial interests.

BATHYMETRY

AND

CHARTING

In the first edition of this book we included information about bathymetric maps (i.e. maps of sea floor relief) but ignored navigational charts. In this edition we have included information about charting organizations and their products, although, given the variations in scale and the regular revision of hydrographic charting, it was not considered possible or necessary to include catalogue entries. The situation regarding aeronautical charting is rather different, since a n u m b e r of aeronautical chart series do conform to a regular scale and provide useful topographic cover of land areas. In Canada, for example, the 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 0 scale topographic series has been discontinued, but the scale is perpetuated in a complete and regular series of aeronautical charts. W e have therefore included some attention to aeronautical chart series in this edition. Of course, the function of a hydrographic chart is navigation at sea, and so relief of the sea floor is only of concern at depths shallow enough to coincide w i t h the draft of the largest shipping. Bathymetric m a p p i n g on the other hand a t t e m p t s to represent the entire relief of the sea floor. A l t h o u g h regional and local bathymetric charts have been made by a number of national hydrographic organizations, international co-operation in bathymetric m a p p i n g is carried out under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), and the m a i n source of global b a t h y m e t r y remains the series of GEBCO charts, which were d i g i t i z e d in the late 1 9 8 0 s and are also now available on C D - R O M (more information is g i v e n in the Oceans section). A recent project under the auspices of the IOC has been the development of 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 and 1 : 2 5 0 0 0 0 scale bathymetric maps of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. M a p p i n g of the coastal zone has been a continuing, and g r o w i n g , interest in the years since the first edition, and a number of new series have been launched. Most of these are included in country sections of the book rather than the ocean sections. In the United States, the bathymetric m a p p i n g p r o g r a m m e of the National Ocean Survey (NOS) was discontinued in 1992 in order to concentrate on the use of m u l t i b e a m systems for improving nautical charts of shallow waters, M u l t i b e a m sonar, sidescan sonar and airborne laser techniques are being increasingly used to improve detailed k n o w l e d g e of the sea floor. Nautical charting is co-ordinated internationally by the International Hydrographic Organization, which oversees the production of international specifications for charts (INT charts). M u c h charting has moved to a d i g i t a l environment both for compilation and for chart output. M a n y hydrographic offices have produced raster versions of their charts. More innovative has been the development of electronic chart display information systems (ECDIS) which require vector data and incorporate real-time navigational information. Another important source of both hydrographic and bathymetric information which has become available since the previous edition of W M T is the charting and ocean m a p p i n g of the former Soviet Navy: a third and final example of glasnost\ RESOURCE

MAPPING

Interest in m a p p i n g environmental resources at global or continent-wide scales has continued and increased since the first edition of W M T , and there have been a number of major new international initiatives. W i t h i n the United Nations Environment Programme, G R I D (Global Resource Information Database), established in 1985, has been of g r o w i n g

The state of world mapping

II

importance. G R I D consists of a headquarters in Nairobi and a number of co-operating centres in different parts of the world, and its mission is to develop and provide geo-referenced environmental data on issues of major international concern. The centres all have individual Web sites, and many of their projects and products are described further in our continental sections. In Europe, the C O R I N E programme, also initiated in 1985, with the aim of building a digital cross-border environmental database at a scale of 1:250 000, is still active. In 1991 its activities were expanded through the European Environmental Agency, and a number of Central European countries have joined the programme. The main products have been land cover maps generated from remotely sensed imagery. But other themes are also being exploited, such as biotope distribution, and mapping the dispersal of air pollution. For Africa, FAO's AFRICOVER initiative was introduced in 1995, and aims to provide the continent with digital reference base data at a resolution of 1:250 000 or 1:200 000 for most countries, and a companion land cover data set derived from remotely sensed imagery. At the national level, many of the standard paper-based environmental m a p series, such as land cover, land capability maps and soil maps, have not been maintained. In some cases they have been replaced by digital data sets interpreted from remotely sensed imagery. But many of the traditional resource mapping organizations, such as national soil surveys, have been severely downsized or privatized (as in the case of the soil surveys of Great Britain, for example). A consequence of this trend has been the demise of many national thematic m a p series to be replaced by services provided on the 'user pays' principle, and the disappearance of these kinds of maps from the international m a p market. We have attempted to chart the varying quality of environmental mapping in Figure 2.5. More resilient have been the national geological surveys, although their role too has been changing. Some governments (in the United States and Great Britain for example) have continued to invest in the completion or improvement of national geological map cover. But there has also been a redirection of the work of geological surveys into ad hoc mineral resource surveys, natural hazard mapping, geophysical and geotechnical mapping, rather than pure geological

mapping, and many have abandoned the lithographic printing of maps in favour of issuing limited runs of computer plotted maps, or printing on demand. Cook (1994) has discussed the present and future of geological surveys and concludes that their functions will vary according to the social and industrial needs of the particular country. Thus mineral resource exploration and mapping will continue to dominate in sparsely populated resource-rich countries (Cook cites Canada, Australia and Namibia). In other countries, especially those now in a post-industrial phase, the work of geological surveys will focus on such issues as groundwater protection, geological hazards, toxic waste disposal and postindustrial clean-up. These trends are already apparent. In Figure 2.6 we have attempted a qualitative representation of the varying levels of national activity in earth science mapping in the late 1990s. SOCIO-ECONOMIC

Many national governments now collect and analyse socioeconomic data digitally, and this has made possible the generation of many new and sometimes innovative thematic maps. Much census mapping has migrated to a digital environment. This can have two effects. In the one case, the conventional production of printed maps ceases and the international market for such products is the poorer. But in other cases, digital data opens the way for the production of many new and innovative products (such as the Social atlas of Britain (Dorling, 1995)) or the distribution of data-rich mapping packages on C D - R O M or on the Web. Of course, a prerequisite for mapping such statistics is the availability of digital outlines of the census enumeration districts, but these have become available for a number of Western countries over the last ten years. A number of C D - R O M packages incorporating data, boundary polygons and mapping software permit the user to make their own choropleth maps. Examples include the 1991 Census C D - R O M s of Great Britain from Chadwyck-Healey, and the European Community's Regiomap from EUROSTAT and Geoinformation International. In the United States, United States Census Bureau statistics can be mapped with the USCB's Census mapper, or with a number of proprietary packages. Australian census data are disseminated in the CDDATA product from Space-Time Research, and CD-based census mapping packages are also available for H o n g Kong and N e w Zealand.

Excellent (many series, themes and scales) G o o d (several series, themes and scales Average (some series, but mainly small scale) _ j Poor (only small scale coverage) No environmental mapping

Figure 2.5

12

Qualitative evaluation of national environmental mapping programmes

The state of world mapping

MAPPING

Excellent (many series, themes and scales) Good (several series, themes and scales) Average (some series, themes and scales) j Poor (only small scale coverage) No earth science mapping

Figure 2.6

Levels of national activity in earth science mapping in the late 1990s

Most national statistical agencies now have W e b pages, and a number of these provide on-line access to census data, downloadable maps and even an interactive mapping facility. TOPONYMS

AND

GAZETTEERS

Geographical names - of settlements, administrative areas and natural features - form an important element of map information, but finding them on the map often requires use of a separate list or gazetteer. Gazetteers have a variety of functions: when sanctioned by government, they provide authority on the standardization of place names; they also serve as an index to maps, or as a means of providing written locational and other brief information about places. Some gazetteers are linked to a specific set of maps (for example by giving a map or grid reference to the map sheet on which the name is found). Others are independent of particular maps and provide locations by latitude and longitude or by reference to other places. The highly respected Colombia-Lippincot gazetteer is one such independent gazetteer. Originally published in 1 9 5 2 , it appeared in a new three-volume edition in 1 9 9 8 . The editor aptly describes this as 'an encyclopedia of geographical places and features', since it includes extensive descriptive entries for many places. In 1 9 5 9 , the United Nations established a Group of Experts on Geographical Names ( U N G E G N ) and subsequently a series of United Nations conferences have been held to discuss the issues surrounding problems of the standardization of names and of the romanization of non-latin scripts. The most recent of these was held in New York in 1 9 9 8 . In 1 9 6 7 , the U N recommended that countries should prepare definitive gazetteers of standardized names for their territories, but only a handful of countries have produced gazetteers specifically to meet U N guidelines. Recent concerns of U N G E G N have been with the standardization of names on the internet, and with toponymic data exchange formats, and it has been recommended that countries should establish toponymic W e b sites and use them to promote standardized names and to handle geographical names enquiries. Several countries already have such sites. Canada's Geonames site is particularly good, and includes information about the recent work of U N G E G N . Other countries with domestic gazetteers on the W e b include Australia, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United States. The Ordnance Survey of Great Britain briefly offered its Land-

ranger gazetteer on the Web. This can still be found on Ordnance Survey's W e b pages, but only as a searching mechanism for finding map sheets in the Landranger series. In the United States, the US Board on Geographic Names ( U S B G N ) , established in 1 9 4 7 , has responsibilities for both domestic and foreign geographical names. The foreign geographical names approved by the Board, and published in numerous hard copy volumes, were brought together online on the W e b in 1 9 9 4 as the GEOnet names server (GNS). This is now offered as a public service, free and without restriction. As a result of the success of this service, it was announced in 1 9 9 9 , that the hard copy volumes will no longer be published (we have however retained them in our catalogue, as volumes are likely to remain available for some time to come). Major atlases often have useful gazetteers, although the question of whether to provide conventional or standardized names in atlases designed for general use in a home market has not always been satisfactorily resolved. As this book went to press, the new millennial edition of the classic Times comprehensive atlas of the world ( 1 9 9 9 ) was published. An important element of this work is the 2 2 0 000-word gazetteer, in which special attention has been paid to consistency in name standardization, but which also incorporates and cross-references alternative names, including conventional ones and ones which have changed in recent decades. The toponyms are held on an Oracle database and can be reworked for foreign editions of the atlas. A gazetteer of similar size, and also using standardized toponyms, is a feature of the A ties universal ( 1 9 9 9 ) published by the Institut Cartogräfic de Catalunya. NATIONAL

ATLASES

National atlases continue to occupy a prominent position in the cartographic output of many countries. National governments often regard the national atlas as an essential symbol of national identity as well as providing its citizens with a useful corpus of geographical information, and have therefore been willing to subsidize the high cost of production. Consequently not only Western countries but many emerging nations have published such atlases. More than 100 countries have produced national atlases, and as will be seen from Table 2.1, no fewer than 4 5 have been active in the production or preparation of new editions since 1 9 8 7 . W e have illustrated the spatial distribution of national

The state of world mapping

13

Table 2.1

National atlases: developments 1987-99

Begun before 1987

and still in progress

1983- Belgium, Norway 1985- Zambia 1986- Tunisia New or completed

since

1987

1988: Ethiopia, Panama, Sri Lanka, Suriname 1989: Cuba, Hungary, Peru 1990: Greenland, Japan, Kenya, Mongolia, Netherlands, Pakistan 1991: Andorra

crucial factor in the decision of the Department of Cartography at Utrecht University to proceed with the production of a new national atlas of The Netherlands following withdrawal of government funding after the completion of the second edition paper version. The accessibility of the Web as a new medium for cartography has also encouraged a number of educational institutions to develop Web-based atlases, often as part of an educational research project. Thus, for example, a number of United States universities have launched state atlases on the Web. In Canada, the maps of the fifth edition of the national atlas were made available on the Web as the national atlas information system (NAIS). Subsequently this has been developed to serve as an entry point for accessing and analysing more extensive spatial data sets, and in 1999 it was relaunched as an integral part of the Canadian Geospatial Information Structure.

1992: Brazil, Colombia, Finland, Mexico 1993: Canada, Italy, United Arab Emirates 1994: Iran, Philippines 1995: Korea (CD-ROM) 1996: China, Faroe Islands, Sweden, Vietnam 1998: Poland, Slovenia 1999: Finland, France Begun since 1987, and still in progress

1991- Spain (CD-ROM) 1994- Iran 1996- Switzerland (CD-ROM, Web) 1997- China (CD-ROM) 1998- Sweden (CD-ROM, Web) 1999- Canada (Web), Germany (CD-ROM), United States (CD-ROM, Web) In preparation

or

planned

Iceland (CD-ROM), Malaysia (Web), Russia (CD-ROM), Netherlands (Web) ( N B M o s t C D - R O M and Web-based atlases have earlier or parallel printed versions)

atlases (including some which are now out-of-print) in Figure 2.7. As mentioned in Chapter 1, we have been flexible in our definition of national atlas, and have included some high quality atlases by private publishers as well as those validated by government. Perhaps a rather surprising feature of these atlases is that the vast majority have been issued in paper rather than electronic format. However, most of those currently planned or in process of updating are also being designed for delivery in electronic (CD-ROM or Web-based) format, though usually with a printed edition as well. The advantages of Web-based publication have been recognized by the editors of a number of new atlases. These advantages include the low production costs, the ability rapidly to update the mapping (including the presentation of data in real-time), and the facility to link other Web sites to the atlas pages, giving access to other relevant sources of spatial data. The low cost of developing a Web-based atlas was a

14

The state of world mapping

COMMERCIAL

MAPPING

The dichotomy between governmental and commercial mapping agencies has become increasingly blurred over the last decade. Many government agencies have been forced to provide more targeted and ad hoc products in place of their former expensive nation-wide strategic surveys. With the downsizing of the cartographic industry in most Western and formerly Soviet-bloc countries, many experienced cartographers have found themselves redundant and have established their own highly competitive mapping businesses using low-cost computer hardware and software. In the United States, too, many new, small-scale cartographic enterprises have sprung up since the first edition of the book, and there is a wider and more innovative selection of recreational and educational mapping available than ever before. This reflects the growing availability of public domain spatial data in digital form in that country. We are also in the process of a major transition to Webbased mapping and map delivery, led by many new North American and European Web mapping agencies. A wide range of commercial and non-commercial sites fulfil thousands of requests per day - and it has been suggested that Mapquest.com is already the biggest map publishing house of all time, with nearly four million user-defined maps generated every day (Peterson, 1999)· Multimedia cartographic products are also being produced in abundance. A prime example is the development of the CD-ROM route-planning package, which has evolved from the highly expensive routing network software developed in the early 1980s to the cheap, multi-functional packages of the late-1990s. The latter now include street level mapping of towns and cities and an ambitious range of associated tourist and business information. They can be linked to realtime data on the Web, or to the GPS (Global Positioning System) while in transit. The next chapter explores the implications of these different commercially produced electronic map products for map acquisition and access. CONCLUSION

Although prediction is a foolish enterprise, there is ample evidence that the major trends outlined here (and in a growing literature) will continue and spread geographically during the first years of the new millennium. This means that mapping will continue to move into a digital environment, and that the lithographic printing of maps will be restricted to those which can reach a mass market, or where

National atlas published or in progress No available national atlas

Figure 2.7

Countries which have published a national atlas

there are other, political reasons for a fixed, tangible product. It means that technology will provide fast delivery of spatial data whenever it is required and can be afforded. It means that mapping organizations will continue to become more customer-orientated, with an increasingly regulatory role for the state, progressively supplanting the former emphasis upon production of maps and data. It means that there will be a continuing pursuit of compatible data exchange standards, and that more and more detailed multinational data sets will be created. And it means that digital spatial data will increasingly be incorporated into computerized geographical information systems (GIS), land information systems (LIS) and navigation systems such as ECDIS and in these contexts will become increasingly transparent to users. W h a t also seems certain, at least to the present authors, is that the m a p as a graphic image will continue to provide users with new and exciting ways to visualize the world.

19th International

Association

Conference.

Ottawa:

Morrison, J.L. (1999) Important initiatives in geographic information science and spatial data collection with implications for cartography, pp 43-49 In Touch the past visualize the future: proceedings

of the 19th

International

Cartographic Association Conference. Ottawa: Canadian Institute of Geomatics North, G. (1990) Cartographic glasnost. Meridian, S, 7-34 Parry, R. B. and Perkins, C.R. (1991) Measuring the state of world mapping, pp 844-855 In Mapping the Nations. Proceedings of the 15th Conference International

and 9th General Assembly

Cartographic

Association, Bournemouth

of the 1991.

Bournemouth: ICA Perkins, C.R. and Parry, R.B. (1997) Quality and quantity in world mapping, pp 1167-1 174 In Proceedings of the 18th International

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The state of world mapping

15

CHAPTER 3

VAILA

Since the first edition of this book, technology has not only transformed the production of maps, but the means by which they can be accessed and delivered. This chapter attempts to link the worlds of digital and analogue mapping within the context of new methods of access and acquisition. W h a t have been the impacts of technological changes on the acquisition and dissemination of map products? W h a t information is needed in the new millennium to help decide whether to acquire a map, access someone else's data, or else download those digital map data for use in your own system? And, what strategies are most likely to lead to an informed evaluation of all possible products? Perhaps above all else, what difference does the Web make? TECHNOLOGICAL

CHANGES

AFFECTING

MAPPING

In the last fifteen years technological changes have profoundly affected almost every aspect of map production and use (Calvert, Murray and Smith, 1997). Some of these changes have altered the way and the speed at which data are collected: for example the use of increasingly high resolution digital remotely sensed data and the radical reworking of geodetic control offered by the adoption of Global Positioning System satellite-based methods of control. Meanwhile continuing changes in information technology have led to a more decentralized and distributed installed base of networked desktop computers, replacing centrally controlled and rather more isolated mainframes. It is the implications of these technological changes for access to mapping, and the rising significance of digital mapping manipulated on computer systems, which are the focus for this chapter. The cost of computer processing power has fallen year on year, and revolutions in data storage technology have allowed more and more data to be stored for less and less investment. Networking of resources between client and server machines has relied increasingly upon ongoing changes in communications technology, which are themselves dependent upon

changes in digital computing. The replacement of analogue with digital data transmission, and the development of shared communication protocols allow machine to talk to machine. International phone communication is much more feasible in 2000 than in 1987, telecommunication costs have dramatically fallen and network efficiency has greatly improved. The fax message is almost ubiquitous in 2000, but was a recent innovation in 1987. Global electronic mail and transmission of data have come to dominate many aspects of commercial and international transaction and specialist Email communities allow interests to be shared. The most recent change to affect mapping is the dynamic growth of the internet. Until the late 1980s electronic mail, file transfer and logging in to remote machines dominated network traffic. By 1999 however, 68% of all internet traffic was generated from Web sites (Peterson, 1999). Many different indices can be used to chart the exponential growth of the Web. 130 Web servers in 1993 had grown to 23 500 by mid 1995, to 230 000 by 1996 and to 2.4 million by the middle of 1998 (Peterson, 1999)· Similar growth is apparent in domain names, and the rise of commerce on the Web is reflected in the preponderance of .com and .net domains. With the growth of the Web came a parallel increase in use. 61 million internet users in 1996 had grown to 148 million in 1998 and to 327 million in 2000. It is estimated that there will be 720 million by 2005. (Peterson, 1999). Of course there are huge geographical and social differences in access — Africa remains the 'heart of darkness', with very few internet hosts or Web users (Harpold, 1999)· Internet connectivity will continue to reflect power and access to technology, and world population growth is expanding faster than internet user growth. Software has evolved to support and further encourage these changes. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology has grown from the base of a few relatively simple pioneering mass market packages of the mid 1980s, running on large and costly machines, to the present situation of many hundreds of suppliers offering a wide range of applications, targeted increasingly at PC-based processors.

Availability and access

17

GIS development was one of the main factors encouraging the digital transition in the mapping industries. The early adoption of the computer as a way of reducing costs in the production of paper maps, has come to be replaced by digital production flow lines, generating many different outputs, released for different sectors of the market. Some of these outputs may be conventionally published as printed mapping, others may be published on demand as hard copy output from a digital database. Increasingly mapping agencies are releasing digital mapping in packages targeted at specific applications, or as raw digital map data coded in a number of different formats. The mix of products depends increasingly upon the nature of the users for whom the agency caters. It is worth dwelling in greater detail upon some of the implications of these changes in map product for acquisition and access. THE

N A T U R E OF T H E MAP

PRODUCT

Towards the end of the 1980s it was possible to speculate that digital map data would have significant impacts, but the implications of these changes could not have been charted in detail. The speed with which mapping organizations have moved away from conventional publication, and the complexity of alternative provision had not been recognised. Table 3.1 illustrates some of the range of possibilities opened by technological change during the 1990s.

Table 3.1

Diversity of possible map output

Hard copy Lithographic printed Fixed specification printed on demand User defined specification, printed on demand Electronic package: by medium of delivery Floppy CD-ROM Web Electronic package: by thematic function General reference atlases National thematic atlases Route planners Census atlases Urban atlases Earth science atlases National / regional atlas Gazetteers Digital data Raster data Vector data Attribute data Digital terrain data Gazetteer data

18

Availability and access

In 1987 hard copy published and printed mapping predominated in map markets, even in Europe and North America. Our acquisition chapter in the first edition of World mapping today focused largely upon this format and charted the difficulties of procuring conventionally published material (Perkins, 1987). Although printed maps remain important today, the rather different options involved in accessing or acquiring newer media are our main focus here. H a r d copy mapping Hard copy output from digital databases has become much more common, and is a useful way for map publishers and information brokers to target specific markets, and exploit the value of their digital data. For example in Great Britain Ordnance Survey generates site-centred graphic printouts from its large scale topographic database, such as Siteplan, a product catering specifically for the needs of the property transfer market. The fixed format of the sheet line is no longer a constraint, and the hard copy printout can be customized for a particular market. Publishers sometimes use an annual licence to regulate use of customized mapping, rather than selling on the data. An example is the Digimap service, which supplies Ordnance Survey data for higher education in the U K , including a facility to print hard copy maps, providing the institution has signed up to a five year licence deal with the national survey to use the data. A wide range of other customized graphic products may also be generated from the OS databases, and customers may negotiate with the data supplier, to establish their own specifications, rather than using a fixed format. The technology has brought with it a much more flexible range of options for acquisition. Electronic atlases The digital transition has also allowed new standard products to be created. Notable amongst these were collections of digital maps, packaged with user friendly software and aimed at the general map reader, rather than at the GIS-literate user. The term electronic atlas was coined in 1984 to describe these products (Siekierska, 1984). Early atlases were sold on floppy disks, but widespread publication had to wait until mass dissemination of C D - R O M , and the popular spread of the Windows interface (Andarzejewska, Baranowski and Okonek, 1999)· A recent trend has been to link these CD-based products to Web sites, and use the retrieval speed of the locally mounted C D - R O M for mapping, and the possibility of hyperlinks on the Web to support update, or links to associated and relevant information. Publishers' catalogues now increasingly document the publication of such electronic atlases, but often fail to distinguish the very different functions that they support. It is possible to classify such electronic products according to these functions, and this may be as important as their theme or genre in determining whether they should be acquired (Perkins, 1995). At the top end of the market are packages with almost full GIS functionality, requiring a substantial learning curve. In contrast inexpensive and mass market atlases offer a much more limited functionality and a proliferation of competing products. Unlike their printed cousins these electronic atlases may be much more ephemeral creatures, tied to a particular technology. Whatever the quality of the data they include, it may not be possible for future generations to access their mapping. For example the B B C Domesday Project in the U K was never ported to PC platforms, and despite the very

great value o f its mappable national and c o m m u n i t y data

F r o m 1 9 9 9 Microsoft has been including a m a p p i n g package

sets, it is almost completely inaccessible only a decade after

w i t h its Office suite, and desktop m a p p i n g packages like

its p u b l i c a t i o n (Perkins and Parry, 1 9 9 6 ) .

A r c View and M a p l n f o are increasingly disseminating into

J u s t as printed maps are designed to depict different features, so electronic atlases fit into a n u m b e r o f t h e m a t i c genres. Table 3 . 1 p i c k s out e i g h t key groups, which are well represented t h o u g h o u t the catalogue sections o f this book.

the business c o m m u n i t y . Nevertheless there remain significant barriers to widespread p u b l i c use o f raw digital m a p data, and it is in the professional and business applications that such data are visualized.

Maps and data on the World Wide Web

Digital map data N a t i o n a l topographic, cadastral and b a t h y m e t r i c

surveys,

environmental and earth science agencies, census organizations and c o m m e r c i a l bodies increasingly also m a r k e t digital m a p data themselves, for use in a n u m b e r o f kinds o f inform a t i o n systems. T h e format in which these data are available affects their use.

I t is clear that in less than a decade, the W e b has grown to deliver significant n u m b e r s o f maps and spatial data to users' desktops. Spatially referenced data on the W e b m a y describe features as diverse as species records in biological databases, geological boreholes, gridded relief models, socio-economic statistics and place names. O n - l i n e gazetteers illustrate the way in which W e b - b a s e d versions o f these data sets are

Raster scanned versions o f conventionally printed m a p p i n g

c o m i n g to replace their printed and published cousins, w i t h

are available from many m a p p i n g agencies. T h e s e data are

digital lists o f names now held by many agencies, listing

often relatively easy to use, b u t lack 'intelligence', sophisti-

features appearing on maps at local, regional, national and

cated data structure or associated a t t r i b u t e data. Raster data

international scales. Place name search facilities exploiting

usually require large a m o u n t s o f storage space, and m a y be

these data sets are available on many h o m e pages. T h e m o s t

used as backdrops in G I S packages, or linked with other

comprehensive global sources o f place names are provided

data formats. I m a g e analysis software m a y also be used to

in

manipulate displays. A n obvious advantage o f raster data lies

1 6 4 . 2 1 4 . 2 . 5 9 / g n s / h t m l , g i v i n g W e b access to 3 . 5 m i l l i o n

in the cartographic quality o f the visualization, t h o u g h this

feature names. O t h e r gazetteer data on the W e b are described

may be inappropriate for display on a b a c k - l i t

in our catalogue sections and in C h a p t e r 2 .

computer

monitor.

the

GEOnet

names

home

server

page

at

URL

http://

In addition to disseminating spatially referenced data, the

In contrast, vector data usually comprise structured geo-

W e b has rapidly grown to be a significant m e d i u m for the

m e t r i c i n f o r m a t i o n , often w i t h associated attributes, such as

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f maps on-line. In 1 9 9 7 Peterson estimated

feature coding, or cartographic e n h a n c e m e n t . D a t a are stored

that there were about 1 0 m i l l i o n maps downloaded from the

as co-ordinate pairs and m a p objects m a y be identified as

internet each day and by 1 9 9 9 it was estimated that this

points, lines, or polygons. V e c t o r data do not require the

figure

same storage overheads as raster data, and their structure

C o m p l e t e l y new agencies have grown in a very short period

m a y be exploited in G I S packages. To generate cartographic

visualizations

from

raw

vector

sensible

data

may,

however, require experience w i t h specialist software. Spatially referenced a t t r i b u t e data associated with

to

had

service

quadrupled huge

(Peterson,

numbers

1997

of requests

and

for m a p

1999). delivery.

M a p Q u e s t . c o m is already the m o s t significant publisher o f maps in the history o f cartography. Its site ( U R L http://

various

geographies m a y also be available. T h e s e m a y be

socio-

e c o n o m i c data sets which may be linked to boundary polygons, or l i t h o - s t r a t i g r a p h i c a t t r i b u t i o n s associated w i t h the geographies o f classified earth scientific units, for example. D i g i t a l terrain data may also be available at a n u m b e r o f different resolutions and are defined in a usefully updated and W e b - b a s e d listing ( G i t t i n g s , 2 0 0 0 ) . D i g i t a l versions o f

w w w . m a p q u e s t . c o m ) delivers four m i l l i o n maps each m o n t h to users and is able to deal with 2 5 0 0 requests a m i n u t e (Novak,

1999).

MapQuest

data are used in m a n y

other

corporate W e b - b a s e d m a p servers, including Yahoo, E x c i t e and Lycos. D e m a n d for m a p p i n g on the W e b is reflected in the surprising popularity o f the term m a p in the published lists o f m o s t frequently used terms s u b m i t t e d

to search

engines: this demand continues to grow.

place name data may also be available in databases struc-

Publishers

tured into a n u m b e r o f

m e d i u m for the dissemination o f m a p data. I t offers a very

fields.

A particular problem when acquiring m a p p i n g in a raw digital format is that the data supplier is unlikely to provide the data in the format m o s t convenient for use (Larsgaard, 1 9 9 8 ) . Conversion between formats m a y be necessary. M a n y potential users are unlikely to have the necessary experience or background in G I S to be able to exploit the full data value. T h e e c o n o m i c cost o f digital data may preclude use in the same context as hard copy or electronic atlas formats o f m a p p i n g (Perkins, 1 9 9 4 ) . Nevertheless library literature

increasingly regard the W e b as an

important

attractive way o f delivering cost effective update, w i t h a single current master version o f a digital m a p maintained and accessed by users over the W e b , instead o f p u b l i s h i n g a revised version on C D - R O M

or in hard copy. T h e r e are

however many different kinds o f m a p p i n g on the internet and K r a a k and H o o t s m a n s ( 1 9 9 9 ) have classified sites according to their functionality. T h e y identify maps on the W e b as b e i n g either static or dynamic, and further distinguish sites according to the level o f interaction offered in an interface.

includes m a n y articles discussing how such data m i g h t be

In 1 9 9 9 the m o s t c o m m o n m a p on the W e b remained a

integrated w i t h more conventionally published

static image, delivered as a b i t m a p and often derived as a

mapping,

e.g. M c G l a m m e r y and L a m o n t ( 1 9 9 4 ) . W h e r e federal digital

scan from a printed cartographic product. A good example

data are in the p u b l i c d o m a i n these e c o n o m i c barriers are

o f a site supplying such images is the University o f Texas

m u c h less significant and digital data have been made avail-

Perry-Castaneda Library M a p Collection w i t h scanned C I A

able to users on C D - R O M , or increasingly from data libraries

maps

on the W o r l d W i d e W e b . T h e second factor leading

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/Map_co

to

and

pointers

to

many

other

map

sites

(URL

fixed

l l e c t i o n . h t m l ) . O t h e r popular libraries o f small scale static

formats o f published m a p p i n g lies in the increasingly user

country and tourist maps include Atlapedia ( U R L http://

friendly and c o m m o n l y accepted nature o f G I S

www.atlapedia.com/online/map_index.htm),

increased use o f digital m a p data in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h

software.

Lonely

Planet,

Availability and access

19

(URL http://www.lonelyplanet.com/dest/), Magellan Geografix (URL http://www.maps.com/cgi-bin/magellan/Maps), and National Geographie (URL http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/). Interactive static maps offer users the capability to change the view on the map and customize its delivery. Sometimes this involves zooming and panning around an image: clicking on the map or a button retrieves an adjacent frame or a larger scale GIF or J P E G image. MapQuest, Mapblast and Multimap all use this approach in their map sites. User interaction is offered before a map is downloaded over the Web. Remote users can decide upon what to include in a map: this may involve choosing a scale for display, the features to be mapped and sometimes the graphic specifications for the mapping. Sometimes an interactive map may include 'hot' hyperlinks allowing the user to jump from part of the map to other sites. So the map itself becomes a kind of index to other sources of information. Dynamic maps on the Web may also be view-only, for example animated GIF images flashing on and off in a regular sequence, but not under the control of the user. More interactive versions of these animations support more complex and user-defined displays, in which users might be able to define travel paths and decide upon viewing angle or height. Clickable interactive animations offering increasingly immersive virtual environments can be expected to become more frequent as technology advances. In addition to function, other important features of Webbased mapping need to be distinguished. Very few national mapping agencies yet use the Web in a routine way for the delivery of their official map products (Kraak and Hootsmans, 1999). Nor do most thematic mapping agencies. The majority of map sites on the Web offer either commercially available and relatively crude larger scale mapping, often designed on the fly as customized map output, or else smaller scale national or global images. Map publishers still predominantly use the Web to sell hard copy maps or electronic mapping published in another medium, rather than as a dissemination service for products themselves. So maps on publishers' Web sites are often sample images, or index maps indicating coverage of conventional mapping: most users regard these images as they regard other graphics in the medium and are content with relatively crude J P E G images. The reasons for the small scale emphasis lie with the early history of the Web as a medium, in which data were freely available. In contrast most other published mapping outside the American federal domain remained a commodity, marketed and owned by commercial or governmental interests. By the end of 1999, however, the Web was becoming increasingly commercialized. The way the Web is used for mapping has shifted as the user base has expanded. In the early days of the Web the majority of users were from academic sites, but widespread public use of the medium from 1997 onwards has encouraged the growth of more commercially-orientated mapping sites. The spread of Web mapping packages such as Autodesk MapGuide, Intergraph Geomedia or ESRI MapObjects facilitated the design of a new generation of Web mapping sites, using JAVA applets and 'plug ins'. These interactive map servers are exemplified by sites such as MapQuest.com, which offer free services and recoup investment through banner advertising. A plethora of Web based routing packages, simple electronic atlases, tourist sites and Web maps as front-ends to other pages has developed, based upon these technologies and in response to the

20

Availability and access

growing demand. The latest information about these interactive map delivery sites and the software available to access them has been assembled in Limp (1999)· Web sites also add value to existing data sets. Many alternative front ends exist to exploit public domain federal American data, and the Web is an ideal medium for mounting these. A notable recent example is the TopoZone site (URL http://www.topozone.com/) launched in November 1999 and giving Web access to the whole archive of United States Geological Survey topographic coverage, in a seamless map database. Other sites sell access to on-line mapping in return for an on-line credit transaction. 'Data warehouses' were pioneered in academic sites, where free downloads from servers offered a cost-effective means of distributing scientific results. Commercial sites with data download facilities can be expected to become much more frequent, following in the wake of the dramatic success of Amazon.com, the bookselling Web site. These will increasingly protect commercial interests by charging for access to mapping. We can expect larger scale digital map data sets to become accessible over the internet from sites with a charging facility. An example is the National Land Survey of Finland's MapSite, which gives free access to raster data to users with a Finnish Email address and internet access, and higher level access for an annual fee. The explosive growth in numbers of Web users is predicted to continue, but users should be aware of some of the problems presented by the medium. The availability of Web sites poses major difficulties - many sites are ephemeral, and even the more established organizations change their URLs with a greater frequency than changes in physical addresses. Speed of retrieval may also be a significant problem for Web based map delivery. Low resolution GIF or J P E G images may load quite quickly, but larger file sizes required for higher resolution, or larger scanned maps may significantly delay map use. PDF files may be impractical for delivery over the Web given file sizes, despite the convenience of the format. The rest of the world may be reduced to accessing Web sites whilst America sleeps, in order to improve access times. Higher bandwidth, faster map servers and faster local networks and machines offer a partial solution, but at a cost. Another problem rests with advancing technology. Newer more interactive applications require 'plug ins' to operate, which must be downloaded from the Web, and are only supported by the more recent versions of Web browsers. Frames-based interactive mapping sites are therefore limited to the more recently installed user base. To continue to use the cutting edge of the Web we will need to continue to upgrade our computing power and software. ACQUIRING CONTEXT

THE OF

MAPPING: THE

MAP

CHANGING

DISSEMINATION

In the first edition of World mapping today we considered how the nature of map publishing agencies affected the chances of acquiring a printed map and evaluated many of the different sources of address data which had been used in the compilation of our listings. We identified a number of international map dealers, able to procure difficult material on international markets. We concluded that there is a continuum which ranges from the optimum (a public sector centralized official mapping agency in the western developed world, with civilian mapping responsibilities including the compilation of general and

topographic mapping of its own state, which sells direct to the customer), to the worst possible organization for map acquisition (a public sector decentralized official mapping agency in the third world in a pro-Eastern block country, with military responsibilities including a very wide range of mapping tasks, whose maps are compiled through overseas aid programmes and which either operates only a very indirect sales service or does not sell maps) (Perkins, 1987 pl6). Clearly some of these generalizations are still valid in the digital era. Military surveys are less likely to operate with a customer orientation, and mapping produced in aid programmes or covering other countries is likely to be harder to acquire than locally maintained products. It is generally still framework topographic data which are more available than specialist thematic coverages. There are probably more local and regional centres of map production than in 1987 and the difficulties posed by the degree of decentralization remain. The problems presented by commercial map products also continue to present a challenge. Catalogue descriptions are no better now than in 1987 and if anything an even greater turnover of organizations has taken place: our address lists in this edition document only just over a decade of change, but reveal profound differences in organization names, addresses and responsibilities. The digital era also means that it is very hard to assess whose data are being used in the compilation of different graphical products. There have, however, been significant changes in the international map market in the last thirteen years, reflected in rather different contexts for acquiring mapping. On the one hand there are many more agencies involved: we found 1173 organizations in 1987, and this time listed 2253. In 1987 we advised map users to order direct from publishers where this presented a realistic and pragmatic choice, but stressed that map dealers and wholesalers often represented a more realistic option. Difficult material from Third World countries is unlikely to be acquired by direct purchase. The nature of map dealing has also changed greatly in the 1990s. There is now much more of a global market in mapping, and significant dealers use the internet as a means for advertising their products. Table 3.2 provides an updated list of the most important map dealers active late in 1999, the International Map Traders'Association Web site offers one of the best sources of contact information together with links to the home pages of member map retailers, wholesales and dealers. Many of these dealers advertise newly arrived products on listservers such as MAPS-L ([email protected]), or else operate their own more customized electronic mailing lists to notify specific customers of mapping relevant to their particular needs. GeoCenter has recently been restructured into a mass market tourist wing and separate geoscientific agency, having been acquired first by the Bertelsmann group and subsequently in 1999 by the Mair Verlag combine. It remains the largest and most resourceful global map dealer with extensive stocks of the more popular maps and regular contacts with publishers. GeoCenter continues to publish the comprehensive hard copy loose leaf GeoKatalog, supplemented by regularly updated newsletters, which now appear in English language versions (Parry, 1999). It has also started to release monthly Web-based updates publicizing the existence of significant new mapping. Omni has grown into the most significant dealer in geoscientific mapping in the western hemisphere, with an extensive and regularly updated

on-line catalogue and ordering facility. It has developed from the former Geoscience Resources and expanded beyond its original earth sciences emphasis to encompass a comprehensive range of overseas tourist, earth scientific and topographic mapping, including material acquired from regular overseas visits. The Omni Web pages also advertise map stocks from the former Soviet Union, with extensive world-wide coverage. These ex-Soviet map stocks found their way on to international markets after the end of the Cold War era and form a significant part of the operation of several map dealers. They will, however, become progressively of less value since they are no longer being maintained and will become more difficult to acquire once stocks are exhausted. Other dealers with expertise in this area include Eastview, which specializes in the delivery of Russian material, including topographic and earth scientific mapping, nautical charts and regional and local atlas material. Eastview also advertises the existence of digital versions of these data from its Web site. In Europe Jana Seta, Latvia, and Topkart, Poland are probably the best sources for this material. A recent collaboration between GeoCenter and Eastview seeks to marry the best from both dealers, and bring the GeoCenter's long established European expertise and resources to the North American market. The other most significant North American dealers offering international services from the World Wide Web include Maplink, Treaty Oak who concentrate upon the commercial mapping sector and offer attractive library discounts, and the Canadian Four One Company, and World of Maps. A more recent European entrant into this market is Mapswap Groningen, who advertise new products with regular electronic mailings, and have been able to procure difficult material in advance of it being announced by some of the bigger and longer established map dealers. In Britain Edward Stanford Ltd operate one of the world's largest map shops and were planning an internet presence late in 1999. Global specialist dealers in digital map data include T h e Data Consultancy, now part of the Maplnfo Group, and ESRI whose home page supports download of many free digital data sets. Smaller dealers also offer valuable services. In Great Britain The Map Shop maintains an impressive stock of overseas mapping and a reputation for reliable mail order service, and is building a Web presence. GeoPubs specialize in earth scientific mapping, and Elstead Maps offer a Web site with on-line ordering, Email updates and specialize in the provision of multimedia and electronic mapping. The National Map Centre also offers hard copy mapping and on-line delivery of customized maps from its Web site. USING

THE WEB

TO

FIND

OUT

ABOUT

MAPPING

The Web may be a rich source of mapping itself, but it also increasingly serves as one of the richest sources for information about maps. Table 3.3 offers a classification of Web sites, devised in order to help the user wishing to find out about mapping. A basic distinction can be made between home pages offering mapping or data themselves (described above), and those Web sites which specialize in the provision of information about maps. Of course the Web as a medium exists to do more than simply inform: using home pages to find out about mapping means accepting that sites are also established to entertain and above all sell products or ideas (Kraak and Hootsmans, 1999)· Many sites comprise many of these functions: the larger organizational sites offer substantial

Availability a n d a c c e s s

21

Table 3.2

Map dealers

Maplnfo L t d Minton Place,Victoria Street, W I N D S O R , SL4 I EG, United Kingdom

Tel +44 1753 848300 Fax: +44 1753 621136 Email [email protected] URL http://www.datasets.com/

Tel +1 805 692 6777, Ext 114 Fax + I 805 692 6787 Email [email protected] URL http://www.maplink.com/

Eastview 3020 Harbor Lane N, MINNEAPOLIS, M N 55447, United States Tel + I 612 550 0961 Fax + I 612 559 2931 Email [email protected] URL http://www.eastview.com

Map Shop 15 High Street, UPTON-UPON-SEVERN, Worcs W R 8 OHJ Tel +44 1684 593146 Fax +44 1684 594559 Email [email protected] URL http://www.themapshop.co.uk/

Elstead Maps P O Box 52, Elstead, GODALMING, Surrey GU8 6JJ, United Kingdom Tel +44 1252 703472 Fax +44 1252 703971 Email [email protected] URL http://www.elstead.co.uk E S R I ( U K ) Ltd 23 Woodford Road, WATFORD, W D I IPB, United Kingdom Tel +44 1923 210450 Fax +44 1923 210739 Email [email protected] URL http://www.esriuk.com/ Four O n e Company L t d 523 Hamilton Road, L O N D O N , Ontario N5Z I S3, Canada Tel +1 519 433 1351 Fax +1 519 433 5903 Email [email protected] URL http://www.fourone.com GeoCenter PO Box 80 08 30, D-70508 STUTTGART, Germany Tel +49 711 788 9340 Fax +49 711 788 9354 Email [email protected] URL http://www.geokatalog.de Geopubs 4 Glebe Crescent, MINEHEAD, Somerset TA25 5SN, United Kingdom Tel +44 1643 7090001 Fax +44 1643 709002 Email [email protected] URL http://www.geopubs.co.uk Ι Μ Τ Ά International 105 E. Court St., PO Box 1789, KANKAKEE, IL 60901 United States Tel +1 815 939 4627 Fax +1 815 933 8320 Email [email protected] URL http://www.maptrade.org/ Jana S e t a 83/85 K2 Elizabetes ielä, LV ΙΟΙ I RIGA, Latvia Tel +371 7217384 Fax +371 8828039 Email [email protected] URL http://www.kartes.lv

resources in their o w n r i g h t and s o m e t i m e s act as gateways. Nevertheless u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p r i m a r y focus of a site and k n o w i n g a b o u t t h e best specialist sites allows a m u c h m o r e critical a n d effective use of t h e m e d i u m .

22

Map Link, Inc. 30 S La Patera Lane, Unit 5, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93117, United States

Availability and access

Mapswap P.O.Box 1476,9701 BL GRONINGEN,The Netherlands Tel + 31 50 527 85 00 Fax + 31 50 527 85 01 Email [email protected] URL http://www.mapswap.nl/ Rudolf Muller International Books P O Box 9016, 10-06 AA AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands Tel +31 20 6165955 Fax +31 20 6838651 National Map C e n t r e Whittington House, 764-768 Holloway Road, L O N D O N , Ν19 3JQ, United Kingdom Tel +44 020 7263 2444 Fax: +44 020 7272 3309 Email [email protected] URL http://www.mapsworld.com/ O m n i Resources P.O. Box 2096, BURLINGTON, N C 27216-2096, United States Tel +1 336 227 8300 +1 800 742 2677 (USA) Fax +1 336 227 3748 Email [email protected] URL http://www.omnimap.com/maps.htm Edward Stanford L t d 12-14 Long Acre, L O N D O N W C 2 E 9LR Great Britain Tel +44 020 7836 1321 Fax +44 020 7836 0189 Topkart PO Box 14,02-105 W A R S Z A W A 21 Tel + 48 22 659 29 64 Fax +48 22 659 62 95 Treaty O a k P O Box 50295, AUSTIN, T X 78763, United States Tel +1 512 326 4141 Fax +1 512 443 0973 Email [email protected] URL http://www.treatyoak.com W o r l d of Maps 1235 Wellington Street, OTTAWA, Ontario K I Y 3A3, Canada Tel +1 613 724 6776 Fax + I 613 724 7776 Email [email protected] URL http://www.worldofmaps.com

Searching strategies As a decentralized n e t w o r k of locally controlled h o m e pages t h e W e b represents an anarchic and a m o r p h o u s entity. If t h e a i m is to find a specific piece of i n f o r m a t i o n a m o n g s t this chaotic cornucopia, t h e n t h e user needs to spend a large a m o u n t of t i m e surfing a r o u n d , or else e m p l o y tools to c u t

Subject-specific listings Table 3.3

Types of Web site

Listings and search engines: gateway sites Organizational sites Map dealers: catalogues Commercial publishers National mapping agencies Earth science agencies Environmental agencies Census and statistical agencies Societies Libraries Data rich sites Maps, atlases and map data Gazetteers Place-based information Information and literature Training and learning resources

corners and impose order. Useful devices exist to structure the unplanned and rapidly expanding network. Perhaps the best way of understanding these devices is to use the metaphor employed by Staple (1996), who likened cyberspace to tribal space. Imposing structure onto the Web thus allows the user to become a member of a particular community of users, in our case to enter the map tribe. Two broad approaches create order: the search engine or database, and the subject-specific listing. Search engines Search engines rely upon indexing of Web pages in powerful and substantial database sites. Accessing an engine and entering a search term retrieves a number of relevant hits according to different search criteria. Results are subsequently displayed in a ranked listing of sites. Search engines may be general or specific to a local site or group of sites. The general search engines are amongst the most used home pages on the Web. Specialist local search engines will index a more limited but focused range of sites, for example the Russia- On-Line service at URL http://koi.www.online.ru/, or Ananzi South Africa at URL http://www.ananzi.co.za/. Search engines allow Boolean combination of search terms, and narrowing down by language, or domain type. Sometimes they support searching of other specified parts of the internet, such as limiting searches to internal organizational pages. Increasingly they will also search using natural language, or search for different types of file format, such as for images. Search engines can lead to very specific search results, and an interesting recent trend is to display these as hyperlinked graphics in map form, as at URL http:// www.newsmaps.com. The advantages of search engines lie in the coverage offered, the disadvantages often lie in the number of irrelevant sites retrieved, and that they sometimes fail to find what you want.

The alternative approach is to rely upon someone else's knowledge of a field and to use their classification of useful sites. The Web is particularly useful as a network of interrelationships, and Web browsers all allow easy bookmarking of favourite home pages. It is unsurprising that a significant number of map-related home pages focus upon lists of links to other related sites. The utility of these links varies very greatly, according to the nature of the links, the quality of any classification imposed by the Webmaster, the existence of browsing or search software, and whether they have been maintained. Such sites can be easily constructed, updated and disseminated and many map libraries or academic departments with research interests in spatial data or cartography maintain a listing of key 'jumping off points'. The best 'meta-list' sites offer valuable gateways in to the richest parts of the Web, vastly superior to more general search engine sites and offering significant advantages over other published sources of information. The largest gateway sites on the Web offer ways in to many fields of knowledge. Yahoo.com is the most frequently accessed suite of home pages and offers classified access to sites. Other general gateway sites with useful pointers to sites about mapping may be found through The Mining Company site at URL http://geography.miningco.com/ education/geography/ and the U K CTI Geo-Information Gateway site (URL http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/cti/cart.html). More specialist gateways also exist. In the world of mapping on the Web the Oddens list is pre-eminent in terms of the number of sites identified. The list was started in 1995 and its value lies in the regular addition of new sites, its focus and the range of tools it offers for accessing data. The value of this source is reflected in the way in which it helps to answer over 30% of the map enquiries in the University of Utrecht (Oddens, 1998). In December 1999 this list comprised over 9200 links, classified into thirteen categories, available for browsing or searchable from an on-line map by area, or according to natural language. National gateway sites are a valuable point of access for the user wishing to find out about the mapping of a particular country. For example national and local government agencies in the United Kingdom may all be accessed from the URL http://www.open.gov.uk/. Other general listing sites are also drawn from the library community. The Alexandria Digital Library at URL http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu/ includes spatial metadata relating to many different geographically referenced data sets, together with pointers to many useful Web sites holding spatial data (Buttenfield, 1997). More focused map gateways concentrate upon particular types of mapping. Bill Thoen's On-line resources for earth scientists at URL http://www.mtnswest.com/ores/whatsnew. htm#geog_html offers a valuable access to the world of geological mapping, and access to sites relating to the mapping of vegetation is provided through the checklist of Online vegetation and plant distribution maps compiled by Claire Englander and Philip Hoehn at URL http://www-sul.stanford. edu/depts/branner/vegmaps. h tm. Other listing sites provide access to data warehouses from which digital map data sets may be downloaded, such as the U N E P G R I D sites at URL http://www.grid.unep.ch/ mdd/home.htm, the Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) home page at URL http://www.ciesin.Org/#dres, or commercial sites such as the ESRI home pages at URL http://www.esri.com.

Availability and access

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Web sites providing address data or lists of agencies involved in the publication of maps and spatial data have also proliferated over the last five years and we have drawn extensively on these during the compilation of our address data sections in this book. Useful examples include the International Map Traders Association (see Table 3.2), with links to its members who are publishers or map sellers. Organizational sites The Web has become a powerful promotional tool for mapping agencies who use the medium to advertise their existence to the wider world. The different kinds of mapping agencies whose products are described in the previous chapter operate significantly differing Web sites. Commercial sites exploit the medium to sell their products, and are discussed in more detail below. In contrast national mapping agencies in the Western world tend to use the Web in a rather wider fashion, with a variety of material about the agency (Kraak and Hootsmans, 1999). For example the Ordnance Survey home pages offer information about the national mapping agency as an organization, and include its annual report, as well a catalogue of information about the map and data products it supplies. The site also has links to other resources, published papers and consultation documents and a specialist search engine: it offers data download facilities, and opportunities for customer feedback. Environmental and earth science agency sites tend to emphasize the scientific and research roles of their organization, buried within which there may be mapping responsibilities. Census and statistical agencies also operate to wider remits than mapping alone, and site users searching for map-related information may need to browse or search through many irrelevant pages to find their goal. Organizations not involved in map publication nevertheless may operate Web sites with significant amounts of map-related information. Notable amongst these are map libraries which offer useful sources for pointers to other sites, of map catalogues, and of map acquisition lists and map societies. National cartographic societies may also include useful links, sometimes including national reports to the International Cartographic Association, and specialist society sites offer some of the best sources of information about aspects of cartography, notably the History of Cartography gateway site at URL http://ihr. sas.ac.uk/maps/. Map dealers' on-line catalogues A particularly useful type of organizational home page for anyone concerned with accessing or acquiring mapping are the on-line catalogues of map publishers and dealers. These list products but also often offer valuable sources of information about mapping. The map dealers whose details appear in Table 3.2 almost all publicize their products from Web-based catalogues, and most of the major commercial publishers of mapping also now maintain home pages. Western official agencies also almost all operate Web sites. The amount of information they make available varies. Most include address and contact information, including electronic mail addresses. Information about maps and spatial data is usually accompanied by pricing information, and some form of description of the product. This may include samples of mapping available as thumbnail graphics, as well as index maps of series coverage. These indexes may themselves be hyperlinked to descriptive data relating to the mapping, or to other searching devices, such as a place name search. Many of the major Western mapping agencies use Web sites to offer major resources in their own right relating

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Availability and access

to mapping specifications and standards, which go well beyond the remit of a printed map catalogue. The Web also supports direct on-line ordering of material described on a home page. Major map dealers such as Omni already support internet-based acquisition of their listed products and more publishers are likely to build 'shopping baskets' into their home pages with the spread of e-commerce. Kraak and Hootsmans (1999) argue that the Web ought to allow a much more imaginative shop window for mapping agencies, in which the medium becomes more responsive to customer demand, rather than merely offering an alternative way of delivering information about the supply of data. Information sites The role of maps, atlases and gazetteers on the Web is discussed above. In addition, however there are sites offering rich data bases of information about mapping or places, whose remit is neither to act as a gateway to other sites, nor to offer mapping. A good example of a resource-based site is provided by the Japan GIS / mapping sciences resource guide (Pollard, 1998), by far the richest data base available on the current mapping of Japan. Other valuable Web sites identify learning resources for cartography. Good examples include the many GIS tutorial sites linked from the CTI Leicester home pages, and the Cartographic Communication home page at the University of Austin Texas at URL http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/gcraft/notes/cartocom/carto com.html. Electronic journals are also a valuable source of data about mapping, notably those accessed from the URL http:// www.geoplace.com. Searchable archives of published papers relating to GIS, digital mapping, and Web mapping are readily available for download from this useful site. A final reference may be made to place-based sites offering access to encyclopedic varieties of information about particular places, e.g. the CIA world fact book at URL http://www. odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html. C O N C L U S I O N

At the turn of the millennium the world of map acquisition has been completely altered by technological and organizational change. The digital transition has led to mapping being available in a greater diversity of media, and more specifically targeted to its user groups. Meanwhile new means of acquiring these maps and data have evolved to respond to these changes. The World Wide Web lies at the centre of this revolution, acting both as a conduit for the delivery of mapping, and as a source of information about the mapping enterprise. Follow up the URL address details to explore the diversity of mapped worlds which we describe in this book, and decide yourselves whether to rely upon a Web-based map, to acquire a CD-ROM, or to purchase a hard copy published map or atlas. World mapping today is your gateway! REFERENCES

Andarzejewska, M. Baranowski, M. and Okonek, M. (1999) Electronic atlases in Poland: concepts, development and present status, pp 307-314 in Touch the past- visualize the future: proceedings of the 19th International Cartographic Association Conference. Ottawa: Canadian Institute of Geomatics Buttenfield, B. P. (1997) Delivering maps to the information society: a digital library for cartographic data, pp 1409-1416 in Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the International Cartographic Association, Stockholm, Sweden, June 1997. Gävle: Swedish Cartographic Society

Calvert, C „ Murray, K. and Smith, N. (1997) N e w technology and its impact on the framework for the world, pp 133-159, in Rhind, D. (ed) Framework for the world. Cambridge: Geoinformation Gittings, B. (2000) Digital elevation data catalogue. Available online at U R L http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/ded.html HarpoldT. (1999) Dark continents: A critique of internet metageographies. Postmodern Culture, January 1999, 9, 2. Also available on-line at U R L http://www.lcc.gatech.edu/harpold/papers/dark_continents/ Kraak, M.-J. and Hootsmans, R. (1999) National mapping organizations and the W o r l d W i d e Web, challenges and opportunities, pp. 619-628, in Touch the past visualize the future: proceedings of the 19th International Cartographic Association Conference. Ottawa: Canadian Institute of Geomatics Larsgaard, M.L. (1998) Map Librarianship. 3rd Edition. Englewood, Co.: Libraries Unlimited Limp.W.F. (1999) Geofocus:Web mapping, GeoEurope, 8, ( I I ) . Also available on-line at U R L http://www.ge0place.c0m/ge/current/l 199gwm.asp, and at U R L http://www.geoplace.com/gw/1999/1 199/Webmapsites.asp#top McGlamery, P. and Lamont, M. (1995) N e w opportunities and challenges: geographic information systems in libraries. Database, 17, 35-42 Novak, I. (1999) H o w Mapquest.com delivered 1.6 billion maps over the Web. Mapping Awareness, 13, (8), 42—43 Oddens, R.P. (1998) Websurfing with 'The Fascinating W o r l d of Maps and Mapping', ρ 2 in Fairbairn, D. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Symposium of the British Cartographic Society and Map Curators' Group Workshop. London: British Cartographic Society Parry, R.B. (1999) Finding out about maps. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 232, (2), 265-271 Perkins, C.R. (1987) Map acquisition, pp 15-26 In Parry, R.B. and Perkins, C.R. World mapping today. London: Butterworth Scientific Perkins, C.R. (1994) Quality in map librarianship and documentation in the GIS age. The Cartographic Journal, 31, (2), 93-99 Perkins, C.R. (1995) N o longer doing it by the book: the rise of the electronic atlas. GIS Europe, A (10), 38-40 Perkins, C.R. and Parry, R.B. (1996) Mapping the UK: maps and spatial data for the 21st century. London: Bowker Saur Peterson, M.P. (1997) Trends in internet map use, pp 1635-1642, in Proceedings of the 18th International Cartographic Conference ICC 97. Gävle: Swedish Cartographic Society Peterson, M.P. (1999) Trends in internet map use: a second look, pp 571-580, in Touch the past visualize the future: proceedings of the 19th International Cartographic Association Conference. Ottawa: Canadian Institute of Geomatics Pollard, S. (1998) Japan GIS I mapping sciences resource guide. 3rd Edition Available on-line at U R L http://www.cast.uark.edu/jpgis Siekierska, E. (1984) Towards an electronic atlas. Cartographica, 21 (2/3), 110-120 Staple, G.C. (1996) Notes on mapping the Net : from tribal space to corporate space, TeleGeography 1995 : Global Telecommunications Traffic Statistics & Commentary, TeleGeography, Inc., October 1995. Available on-line at U R L http://www.telegeography.com/publications/mapping

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This section discusses maps offering world-wide coverage, published as monographic or map series, as paper copies and increasingly as digital data. Sheets in world series often also provide the best available coverage of continents or countries, but where this is the case we have not repeated catalogue descriptions under individual country sections. A range of intergovernmental organizations, national mapping agencies and commercial bodies undertake world-wide mapping responsibilities, and often collaborate in a complex pattern of production and distribution of global data sets. The United Nations (UN) and its related agencies have been responsible for the publication of much of the smallscale civilian world mapping and have co-ordinated or sponsored co-operative series. The U N itself has had most impact in encouraging the development of cartographic activities amongst member states, rather than direct map publication. Regional cartographic conferences sponsored by the U N represent a useful forum for sharing best practice and summarize the state of mapping progress in the different regions. Training courses and aid programmes are also supported. The U N has encouraged the standardization of place names, by sponsoring regular conferences and encouraging collaboration between the most significant national place name authorities. The U N also compiles maps for use in its own official publications and has prepared some separately published cartographic material. Of greater cartographic significance, however, have been the U N sponsorship of the International map of the world (IMW) and the thematic mapping activities of associated international bodies. The I M W was one of the most important civilian map projects in the first seven decades of the twentieth century. This programme can be traced back to 1891, when a proposal was made to the fifth International Geographical Congress in Berne to compile a world map at a scale of 1:1 000 000 to show both human and physical features. By 1913 agreement had been reached on specifications. The map was originally on a modified polyconic projection, and it was agreed that individual nations would be responsible for the compilation and publication of

mapping of their own areas. An office was established at Ordnance Survey in Great Britain to oversee the huge cooperative mapping task. Following World War II this bureau was relocated to New York and the U N assumed responsibility for overseeing publication. In 1962 it was agreed to amend specifications for relief depiction and symbology and to adopt the Lambert conformal conic projection to ensure conformity with the World aeronautical chart programme. Many sheets were released in the American military series 1301. Since 1970, however, the value of the programme has progressively declined, with increasingly few new editions of sheets released by western participating agencies. Despite the very great improvement in coverage after the break-up of the Soviet Union when Russian mapping on I M W sheet lines became available on international markets for the first time, I M W can no longer be regarded as an active international series. The currency of the map varies very greatly, with about half of the earth's land surface only inadequately mapped because of very old and inaccurate editions or a complete lack of modern coverage. Specifications also vary from publisher to publisher - sheets almost all cover 6° of longitude by 4° of latitude, with most issued as litho-printed colour maps, but relief depiction varies greatly, and whilst some sheets are gridded, many are not. Because of these inconsistencies, I M W has not been used as a source for world-wide digital mapping programmes, and has become increasingly superseded by larger scale digital programmes or publicly available military products. The value of IMW used to lie in the co-operation the programme fostered, and in the lasting legacy of I M W sheet lines. These have been used by several thematic series, offering very partial world coverage, for example the International map of world vegetation and the International map of the Roman Empire. More significantly many national mapping agencies publish larger scale series which nest within I M W quadrangles and use I M W derived numbering. Soviet mapping projects also strove for complete global coverage in the period after World War II. Some of the smaller-scale series were available on international markets

The W o r l d

29

prior to the break-up of the Soviet Union, notably the 1:2 500 000 scale Karta mira, which offered complete global terrestrial and marine coverage in 234 sheets, each of which covered the area of nine IMW quadrangles. Projection was azimuthal for high latitudes and conical for areas between the equator and 60°. The map was released in English and Russian language versions, with relief shown by contours and layer shading, but at varying intervals according to the terrain. Although stocks may still be available from some map dealers this series is going out-of-print and we have not listed it in our catalogue. Complete global coverage was also completed at 1:1 000 000 scale, and using IMW sheet lines. These maps became available following the break-up of the Soviet Union and are described in our catalogue with the rest of the series, but their depiction of place names uses cyrillic script and topographic depiction follows Russian standards, rather than conforming to western styles. A 1:500 000 scale world series may also now be available from map dealers. With four sheets compiled for each 1:1 000 000 scale IMW quadrangle this offers a more extensive and current global coverage than western civilian 1:500 000 scale mapping produced in Series 1404, and we have listed the Russian, rather than the western map in our catalogue section. Other more detailed Russian world mapping became available after the break up of the Soviet Union. Larger scales are described in our country sections, when no better locally produced mapping is available. Russian series dating from the 1970s and 1980s and published in Russian language at 1:200 000 and sometimes 1:100 000 or 1:50 000 scales often still represent the best available topographic coverage for some countries. From 1942 maps were published using the Krassovsky ellipsoid, the Gauss conformal projection and the Kronstadt datum. Sheet lines and numbering use subdivisions of the International map of the world. A standard specification for the symbolization of topographic features was fixed in 1940 and incorporated more landscape detail than almost any other officially produced mapping, including information about road widths and conditions, forest conditions, and the state of rivers. This has been used for 1:50 000, 1:100 000 and 1:200 000 scale series. Recent calls have been made, especially by the Japanese, for a new Global mapping initiative to support sustainable development, and based upon internationally standardized civilian digital mapping, initially at 1:1 000 000 scale, but subsequently at larger resolutions. A secretariat has been established attached to the Geographical Survey Institute, Tsukuba Japan. This International Steering Committee for Global Mapping is seeking a multi-thematic digital world map and global spatial data infrastructure, incorporating existing proven multinational digital standards such as the AFRICOVER project discussed in our African section. The Secretariat is encouraging national participation in the Global Mapping project, and holds regular international seminars and training courses. Small-scale, multi-sheet world coverage is available from several national mapping agencies. We have listed the recently revised mapping from the French Institut Geographique National (IGN) including a three-sheet 1:15 000 000 scale map, and the 1996 revision in twelve sheets of the Carte generale du monde at 1:10 000 000 scale. These maps are drawn on the Mercator projection. The United States National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) issued a revised version in 1996 of its 1:14 000 000 scale Series 1150 world coverage. Copies may still be avail-

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The W o r l d

able of the long established 16-sheet 1:5 000 000 scale world map compiled by the American Geographical Society (AGS) and revised by the United States Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) (now NIMA). This is on Miller's oblique stereographic projection, with the New World shown in a Bipolar oblique conic conformal projection. Very many agencies issue single-sheet world coverage, with bases showing relief, political boundaries, or image mapping. A selection is listed in our catalogue. Co-operation in modern small-scale, world-wide topographic mapping programmes has rather declined in the field of civilian products, but is increasingly important for military mapping agencies, who maintain digital databases conforming to the Digital Geographic Information Interchange (DIGEST) standard. These databases serve military needs for topographic, aeronautical and bathymetric data and their rapid development reflects the post-war evolution of standard chart series, conforming to graphic standards established by the International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO). ICAO was established in 1947 and acts as a clearing house for aeronautical information. It maintained international standards for the publication of sheets conforming to the World aeronautical chart (WAC) series, which developed as a co-operative project involving many different national aeronautical charting bodies. In some areas IMW sheets are used for the WAC, but like the topographic series international publication is no longer active. World-wide coverage of paper copies of aeronautical charts is maintained in a number of series. The 1:5 000 000 scale Global navigation and planning chart (GNC) requires 27 overlapping sheets; and the 1:2 000 000 scale Jet navigation chart (JNC) is complete in 119 sheets. Both cover the oceans and land masses. The Operational navigation chart (ONC) at 1:1 000 000 requires 271 sheets to cover continental areas and significant islands; and the 1:500 000 scale Tactical pilotage chart (TPC) is available to cover about 80 per cent of the earth's land masses. Neither offers coverage of oceanic areas without significant islands, and few place names are shown. All of these series like the IMW are well known by their acronyms and are published by the United States National Imagery and Mapping Agency (until 1996 Defense Mapping Agency (DMA)). Copies may be obtained through the Chart Sales Office of the United States National Ocean Service (NOS), in Riverdale, MD. ONC sheets are on a Lambert conical conformal projection, WGS 84 spheroid, with a polar stereographic projection for polar areas. Sheets are maintained in collaborative programmes with British, Canadian, New Zealand and Australian military mapping agencies. The graphical specification includes the graticule overprinted at 1° intervals, and relief shown by 500 ft contours and layer shading, as well as overprinted aeronautical data. New editions of the sheets are regularly issued. Tactical pilotage charts do not yet offer complete world-wide terrestrial coverage. Four sheets are published for each ONC, specifications are similar to the smaller scale chart, with relief shown by 500 ft contours, with subsidiary contours at 250 ft. The significance of the ONC and TPC projects increased in the 1970s and 1980s following stagnation in the International map of the world programme. Because of its consistent and world-wide coverage the ONC has formed the basis for the first detailed world-wide digital map coverage. Early experiments included data captured by Petroconsultants Geneva, who first released their Mundocart database in the early 1980s. A much more detailed and

consistent data capture exercise was carried out in the late 1980s by DMA in conjunction with military agencies in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Released in 1992 on four CD-ROMs the Digital chart of the world (DCW), was underwritten by military budgets and made detailed consistent digital data available for the first time, at media cost only, to the international civilian GIS market. D C W comprised 1500 megabytes of vector data in 10 thematic layers, packaged with viewing software. These data have been used by many third parties and are available in all of the standard GIS data formats from value added retailers. Building upon the D C W project a suite of topographic geospatial products are being developed by NIMA in the Vector smart map (VMap) programme. At least 14 nations had agreed by 1997 to participate in the programme, with the aim of creating world-wide coverage by Year 2000. VMap products all contain identical thematic coverages, but with differing resolutions. The World vector shoreline database, originally captured from 1:250 000 scale sources and comprising coastlines and maritime boundaries, is being restructured into Vector Product Format. VMap level 0, released in 1997, has replaced DCW, and comprises edited and cleaned data from its predecessor, complemented with the addition of generalized bathymetric detail. 1800 megabytes of vector data are available on four CD-ROMs in 10 thematic layers and with an index to place names. The data are structured in VPF format and packaged with viewing software. Military users can acquire VMap from NIMA, Bethesda, the Directorate of Military Geographic Information Army Australia, Military Survey UK, and J 2 Defense Geomatics Natural Resources Canada. Civilian users can acquire the database from United States Geological Survey, Denver, the National Data Centre Belconnen Australia, Military Survey UK, and the Earth Sciences Sector, Geomatics Canada. The release of D C W and VMap encouraged commercial vendors to add value to the data and several products are available and described in our discussion of commercial mapping below. Higher resolution VMap products were assembled from 1998. VMap level 1 will cover the world with 234 CD-ROMs comprising data derived from 1:250 000 scale mapping data and separated into 12 thematic layers. VMap level 2 consists of data with a resolution equal to 1:50 000 or 1:100 000 scale, but without complete world-wide coverage, and Urban VMap is intended to cover urban areas at resolutions ranging from 1:5000 to 1:50 000 in scale. In addition to these vector products a number of military raster data sets also conform to DIGEST standards, and provide 100 micron replicas of paper maps in which data are rectified, placed on a common projection and datum and edge matched with adjacent sheets. Examples include the ARC standardized raster product (ASRP) on the Equal arcsecond raster map/chart projection, and the UTM/UPS standardized raster product on the Universal Transverse Mercator and Universal Polar Stereographic projections. NIMA also maintains several global terrain models and plans to compile the highest resolution global digital terrain data yet collected. These will be derived from newly acquired space shuttle imagery, for areas between 60°N and 55°S, with a horizontal accuracy of 20 m and will be completed by Year 2000. Different branches of NIMA are involved in the maintenance of the most important source of place name data. The United States Board on Geographic Names acts as a standardizing

body and has authorized the production of overseas gazetteers since 1949. These list approved forms of name, together with co-ordinates and simple feature coding. Over 200 of these country volumes are in print, covering 175 nations and listed under their respective country sections elsewhere in this book, and include in total over five million toponyms. These place name data are also available on microfiche, and in machine readable versions, notably on the CD-based GE0NAME digital gazetteer from Marconi Integrated Systems, with annual update, query interface and a number of export capabilities. NIMA also maintains a place name search engine on the GEOnet names server home page at URL http://l64.2l4.2.59/gns/html, giving Web access to 3.5 million feature names. Alternative sources of machine readable place name data are the Global gazetteer with 2 500 000 place names available from ALLM Systems and Marketing, and the Bartholomew world gazetteer with 200 000 names available in English or French versions from HarperCollins. Other less exhaustively comprehensive sources of world-wide place name data are also listed in the catalogue, a notable addition in 1998 being the long-awaited threevolume revision of the Columbia gazetteer. A more structured source of place names is the G e t t y Information Institute (Gil) whose Thesaurus of geographic names (TGN) brings together over one million names representing 900 000 places. These data include locational information and hierarchical relationships between names and have been available with search software on the GII Web Site since 1997. It is planned to make the TGN available in a number of download formats. Three intergovernmental U N agencies have been most involved in map and data compilation and maintenance. These are the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the United Nations Educational and Scientific Organization (UNESCO). The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) headquarters are in Nairobi, Kenya. UNEP has been a very important funding agency in many of the recent initiatives concerned with global change and has been involved in the creation of many global digital data sets. The most important mapping project administered by UNEP itself is the Global Resource Information Database (GRID) established as part of the Global Environment Monitoring System network after the 1972 U N Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. GRID was formally established in 1985 and collects, manages and disseminates global and regional environmental geo-referenced data for the U N and intergovernmental bodies. It aims to enable all countries in the world to make use of GRID-compatible technology for national environmental assessment and management. As such it acts largely as a clearing house for data, rather than as a producer of data sets. A decentralized global network has been established with eleven nodal organizations. Two centres, in Nairobi and Geneva are funded through UNEP. Others are funded through a number of national agencies, to provide specialist expertise in regional issues or in thematic areas. These are based in the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Säo Jose de Campos, Brazil; in the Center for Global Environmental Research, Tsukuba, Japan; in ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal; in Merliniego, Warsaw, Poland; in the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok Thailand; in Arendal, Norway; in the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Ottawa; in the EROS Data Centre, NASA, Sioux Falls, USA; and in Esbjerg, Denmark. GRID data sets comprise a distributed global archive containing thousands

The World

31

of different digital environmental data for use in GIS. Their catalogue also includes references to data not held by GRID. Information about regional holdings of GRID nodes appears in the continental introductory sections, or under specific countries. The most developed of GRID nodes is located at Sioux Falls attached to the United States Geological Survey EROS D a t a C e n t e r (GRID Sioux Falls). Their home page allows users to download global data sets relating to population, topography, climate, soils and vegetation. USGS itself has collaborated in the production of important global data sets, accessible from the Global land information system home page. A 1 km resolution Digital Elevation Model for the entire earth's surface was completed in 1997. Designated the Global 30-arc-secondproject (GTOP030) these data are derived from best available terrain data, the Digital chart of the world and raster scanned mapping such as the International map of the world. They have replaced the ET0P05 data described below as the highest resolution available offering global terrain data. EDX Engineering have also released these data, compressed onto a single CD-ROM and available in 5 km tiles. USGS plans to use GTOP030 as a source for a number of different raster and vector data sets in the Hydro IK programme. Gridded data in this programme comprise hydrologically correct DEM, slope, aspect, flow direction, flow accumulation and a wetness index. In addition vector data are being distributed relating to stream networks and drainage basins. USGS is engaged in a staged programme of releasing continental Hydro IK data. By the end of 1998 North and South America and Africa were available, Asia, Australasia and Europe will follow. A Global land cover characteristics database has been derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data spanning the twelve months from April 1992 to March 1993, with data held for each continent on an Interrupted Goode Homolosine projection, and with a 1 km resolution. Common sets of derived thematic maps have been produced to depict seasonal land cover regions; global ecosystems; International Geosphere Biosphere Programme land cover classification; USGS land use/land cover; simple biosphere model data and two model classes; and biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme class. Data may be obtained from the EROS Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center home page. Other data are available via the USGS Global land information system Web site. These include N G D C data sets (described below); one degree global hydrography; the minerals resources data system with 111 955 records of metallic and non-metallic mineral occurrences; and the Olson world ecosystem data compiled in the O a k Ridge National Laboratories at half-degree resolution, and mapped at 1:30 000 000 scale. Since 1996 Microsoft has been making available rectified high resolution satellite imagery and aerial photographic coverage in its internet-based Terraserver project. These data comprise SPIN 2 imagery and data from USGS, along with impressive geographic search software, and together offer another important public domain global database. In 1999 links were made to Encarta, and coverage now comprises 950 GB of image data, available on the terraserver home page at URL http://terraserver.microsoft.com. Another significant global initiative has arisen from the American Vice President Al Gore, who coined the phrase 'Digital Earth' in a speech in January 1998. This ambitious

32

The World

ideal would be a multi-resolution, three-dimensional model of the planet in which vast quantities of geo-referenced data, such as image data, framework digital mapping and many other themes would be embedded and which could be used for multiple visualizations. The American National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is leading the effort to develop this concept, which would offer a Global Spatial Data Infrastructure. At the millennium it is envisaged as a long term goal, and initially the Digital Earth Initiative will comprise local and regional pilots to test how the scheme might be realized. The scientific community has also established mechanisms for sharing data, including the formal establishment of World Data Centres in different disciplinary fields. These initiatives date from the publication of instruction manuals during the International Geophysical Year, 1957, with centres distributed across the globe, and procedures for data acquisition are detailed in four volumes of Guides for data exchange and now linked by extensive home pages on the World Wide Web. The most comprehensive of these is at URL http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/wdc/wdcmain.html. The National Geophysical Data C e n t e r (NGDC), Boulder, CO houses world data centres concerned with glaciology, marine geology and geophysics, palaeo-climatology, solar terrestrial physics, and solid earth geophysics and maintains 300 digital and analogue databases, including important spatially referenced digital data sets. These data are available via the internet using anonymous ftp, Gopher and Web browsers and many are also released on CD-ROM, accompanied by the NGDC access software GeoVu. These include digital terrain, environmental, climatological and gravity data. The ET0P05 database comprises five-minute resolution terrain data for both land surface and the ocean floor of the entire globe, updated to 1988 and available by ftp or on the TerrainBase CD-ROM. TerrainBase also includes 26 regional models of varying resolution. A second CD-ROM from N G D C also incorporates terrain data sets packaged with digital continental coastlines and gridded oceanic gravity anomalies on the Global relief CD-ROM. The more detailed GTOP030 data assembled by USGS and described above are also being released by NGDC on CD-ROM in its Globe project. Other terrain data sets separately available from N G D C include ten-minute gridded data (but without sea depths) originally captured by the US Navy from ONCs and JNCs, and subsequently modified by NCAR, as well as one degree resolution data. Poster versions of some of these data are also released. A global ecosystems database was compiled and published by N G D C following collaboration with the US Environmental Protection Agency in the early 1990s. Two compilations from these data have been distributed in 1992 and 1997 on CD-ROM, including 30 different data sets relating to vegetation, climate, topography, and soils. These are mostly gridded global data, at differing resolutions, including the Matthew vegetation data sets, but are accompanied by vector coastlines, and formatted for use with IDRISI GIS software. N G D C also derives data from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite sources. Experimental calibrated normalized difference vegetation indices are released as bi-weekly and monthly data on CD-ROM. More comprehensive AVHRR derived data became available in 1997 on the Global AVHRR-dertved land climatology CDROMs. These include calibrated monthly values for six

climatological indices in Plate Carree grids for a 60-month period, which may be accessed by a Web browser, imported into GIS or viewed using the GeoVu software incorporated on the CD-ROMs. The second CD incorporates ancillary environmental data from TerrainBase and the Global ecosystems database.

Amongst other publishers of world-wide earth science mapping are the more significant national earth science mapping agencies, notably the United States Geological

NGDC also distributes a set of four CD-ROMs aimed at the climate and global change researcher and designated Global view. These comprise selections of environmental data from the Global Ecosystems database, with TerrainBase and experimental calibrated global vegetation index data.

W.H.Freeman and the British Open University have also compiled small scale geological world coverage.

Survey ( U S G S ) , the French Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres ( B R G M ) and the G e r m a n Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BfGR). T h e Geological Society of America, (GSA),

University New York. An ARC/INFO version of these data has also been released.

Sub-commissions, with secretariats based in the more significant national earth science agencies have been involved in the compilation of more specialist thematic earth resource mapping published by the Paris headquarters of CGMW. The Sub-Commission for the Tectonic Map of the World, established in 1956, operates from a secretariat based in the Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow. 1:5 000 000 scale tectonic mapping covers Africa, North and South America, and South and East Asia, with Europe covered in a 1:2 500 000 scale map. Russian mapping at 1:45 000 000, 1:25 000 000 (four sheets) and 1:15 000 000 offers complete world coverage. The best tectonic world series was, however, recently issued by the

The World Data Center A for Human Interactions with the

in a 21-sheet 1:10 000 000 scale map.

Gravity data from stations, networks, anomaly grid and satellite measurements are incorporated with vector shorelines, World Databank II (described below) and Digital Line graph data on the Gravity CD-ROM, last updated to 1994. Many of these public domain data are also available in a single format of data developed for the GRASS GIS, and released in the Global Grass CD-ROM set by the Center for

Remote

Sensing

and

Spatial Analysis,

Rutgers

Environment is the Center for International Earth Science Information Network, C o l u m b i a University

(CIESIN). It maintains many population and environment data sets, several Web-based interactive map browsers and operates a Web site acting as a frontend to other significant resources in the field. The United Nations agency most involved in thematic m a p p i n g has been the United Nations Educational and Scientific Organization ( U N E S C O ) .

In the field of earth science mapping UNESCO collaborates w i t h the C o m m i s s i o n for the Geological M a p of the

World (Commission de la Carte Geologique du Monde) (CGMW), Paris. CGMW is responsible to the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) for the promotion and international compilation and publication of small-scale earth science maps. It brings together work from national earth science agencies, universities and commercial bodies, with nine continental sub-commissions and six thematic sub-commissions. CGMW evolved in 1911 from the Commission for the Geological Map of Europe with the original task of preparing a geological map of the world at a scale of 1:5 000 000. A lack of suitable topographic bases precluded successful prosecution of this project, so the early years focused instead upon the work of regional sub-commissions carrying out mapping at a continental scale. In the 1970s, however, CGMW and UNESCO began to publish a single authoritative geological world series, using the AGS 1:5 000 000 scale map as a base. The Geological world atlas was completed in 1984, and comprises 15 continental sheets at a scale of 1:10 000 000, with six oceanic and polar sheets at scales between 1:16 000 000 and 1:36 000 000 and a legend sheet. Sixty different tints are used for sedimentary formations, organized by geological stage, with a further 40 tints for volcanic, plutonic and metamorphic rock types. Each sheet is accompanied by a textual description and the atlas is available in a binder. 1:5 000 000 scale continental coverage from CGMW is described in the continental introductory sections. Other world coverage includes a 1:25 000 000 scale map, released in a second edition in 1997 as a three-sheet wall map with accompanying legend sheet. Increasingly CGMW maps are becoming available as digital versions.

American Association of Petroleum Geologists ( A A P G )

The CGMW Sub-Commission for Metamorphic Maps was started following a 1965 IUGS resolution and is based in Leiden, Netherlands. Coverage includes 1:2 500 000 scale mapping of Europe, with 1:10 000 000 scale maps of Africa and South and East Asia. The Sub-Commission for the Metallogenic Map of the World is based in Orleans attached to the French Bureau de

Recherches

Geologiques

et

Minieres

(BRGM).

1:5 000 000 scale coverage has been completed for South and North America, South and East Asia, Australia and Africa, with Europe mapped at 1:2 500 000 scale. These programmes are described in our continental sections. A major new 1:10 000 000 scale minerals atlas programme started in the late 1990s and will result in digital and hardcopy world-wide coverages. Other agencies producing minerals mapping include specialist publishers of hydrocarbon and energy maps, such as Oilfield Publications Limited (OPL), PennWell and

Petroleum

Economist

(PE). Petroconsultants compiles mapping for the energy industry, with a very large number of paper and, increasingly, digital maps. The Sub-Commission for the Hydrogeological Map of the World is based in the BfGR, Hannover, and coverage includes 1:1 500 000 scale mapping of Europe, compiled in association with the International Association for Hydrological Sciences (IAHS).

UNESCO activities in oceanic mapping are described in our oceanic introduction, including the work of the SubCommission for the Sea Floor Map of the World. A subcommission for natural hazard maps is based in the Geological Survey of Japan. UNESCO also collaborated with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in the publication of a series of continental climatic atlases, published between 1970 and 1984 to cover Europe, South America, North and Central America and Asia. These multilingual volumes are still in print, but no further coverage is planned. Between 1971 and 1979 UNESCO collaborated with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to p u b l i s h the

1:5 000 000 scale Soil map of the world. The paper versions

The World

33

of these maps are issued in 18 sheets, using the American Geographical Society 1:5 000 000 scale topographic base, and are published with an accompanying legend sheet. A total of 106 different soil units in 26 major groupings are mapped, as well as the textural class of the dominant soil and the slope class for each association. Eleven different phases are distinguished and overprinted. Explanations of the units are given in English, French, Russian and Spanish. Ten monographs accompany the maps; each employs two of the languages used in the legend depending upon the area covered. The UNESCO classification has subsequently been applied to many larger scale national soils mapping programmes. These data are used to compile the 1:25 000 000 scale World soil map and as a source for digital soils data.

African, Asian and South American sections. A publication programme for releasing spatial data on CD-ROM is also in place, with products relating to tropical moist forests, and coral reefs also recently published. The data underlying these projects are held in an ARC/INFO GIS and are also available on the WCMC Web site.

In 1986 a gridded data set with one degree resolution was released and is available as the Zobler world soils data set from

International C e n t r e for Tropical Agriculture ( C I A T ) a n d t h e International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), M a n i l a .

t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s National Research ( N C A R ) .

Amongst their publications is an important digital agricultural and climatic atlas, which is being compiled by the IIMI in conjunction with Utah State University. Designated the World water and climate atlas for agriculture, it will comprise mapping of 10-day, monthly and yearly averages of many climatic variables, available on sets of CDROMs and from the Utah Climate Center Web site. Asian data were released in 1998.

The

International

Soil

Center

Reference

for

and

Atmospheric

Information

Centre (ISRIC) Wageningen acts as the World Data Center for soils. Founded in 1966 its remit is to collect, store and process soil and terrain information, with emphasis on soils of the developing countries. ISRIC has been developing a methodology for a world soils and terrain digital database (SOTER), under a UNEP project, for use at a scale of 1:1 000 000. Following testing, the SOTER programme has been implemented in Argentina, Uruguay, Kenya, Hungary, Syria and Jordan, and there are plans for continental level SOTER developments, at 1:5 000 000 scale. Other UNEPfunded projects have seen the publication of a three-sheet 1:10 000 000 scale global map of human induced soil erosion. Subsequently these data have been digitized and are available from ISRIC or GRID as the GLASOD (Global Assessment of Human Induced Soil Erosion Database) in ARC/INFO export format. Meanwhile the FAO 1:5 000 000 scale map is being updated and maintained. In the late 1980s UNEP contracted Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc (ESRI) to develop a digital cartographic soils database, in conjunction with ISRIC, and the FAO Land and Water Development Division. The 1:5 000 000 scale World soils map was used as the prime source, and data are held in ARC/INFO. Version 3.5 of these data are available as the Digital soil map of the world, in ARC/INFO export format on CD-ROM. This product also includes two scanned versions of the soils data, in ERDAS and IDRISI raster files, with half-degree resolution. The CD-ROM is completed with data derived from the ISRIC World inventory of soil emission potentials (WISE), which may be used to interpret the digital mapping, including tabulated country data. Probably the most important source of world wide climatic d a t a is t h e

National Climatic D a t a C e n t e r

(NCDC),

Asheville, NC, USA. A number of CD-ROM-based mappable climatic data sets are released, including the US Navy Marine climatic atlas of the world, the Global upper air climatic atlas and the Global tropical and extratropical cyclone climatic atlas. T h e W o r l d Conservation Monitoring C e n t r e ( W C M C ) ,

has developed into an important global source of data relating to biodiversity. It offers technical data management to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the World Wide Fund for Nature and UNEP. Its data have been generalized into the publication of IUCN regional forest and wetlands atlases from Macmillan, described in our

34

The World

Many of the international projects described above, and many of the development mapping initiatives elsewhere in this book have been funded through the World Bank Group. The Bank itself releases an annually revised atlas, including simple small-scale mapping of development indices. A number of agricultural research organizations with mapping interests are funded through the bank. These include

the

International

Irrigation

Management

Institute (IIMI), based in Sri Lanka, the Columbia-based

T h e U N Office for t h e Coordination of Humanitarian

Affairs produces mapping relating to human rights and relief operations. These are available on its ReliefWeb Web site. TeleGeography Inc is a specialist publisher of data relating to the new geographies being created by expanding electronic and telecommunications technologies. Their output includes wall maps relating to telecommunications infrastructure and traffic, including cable and satellite communications mapping. A very wide range of commercial publishers produce small scale world maps or publish general atlases of the world in different language versions. We have listed the most significant world reference atlases, and a selection of the increasing number of digital electronic atlases of the world, notably f r o m HarperCollins, National Geographic Society (NGS), Philip's, Rand McNally, Microsoft, I C C a n d Bertelsmann.

These publishers also release small scale world databases, notably the Bartholomew databases from HarperCollins, available at 1:20 000 000, 1:10 000 000 and 1:5 000 000 scales. Higher resolution products have been derived from DCW or Vmap in more convenient formats or with enhanced data. One of the more popular is ADC WorldMap™ now available in its second version from American Digital Cartography

Inc ( A D C I )

in

Maplnfo

format.

Europa

Technologies markets two important current global reference map data sets. Global insight is a 1:1 000 000 scale and 1:3 000 000 scale digital map database comprising boundaries, coastlines and 330 000 named places. An enhanced version of these data with additional layers for water features and communication is named Global insight plus. Unlike other comparable data new releases of these products are made every three months and are available in all major GIS and desktop mapping formats. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc (ESRI),

the producers of ARC/INFO, also market their own world digital data sets. These include ArcWorld, a 1:3 000 000 scale data set, an ARC/INFO version of DCW, and Arc Atlas a CD-ROM-based electronic atlas, including more than 40

t h e m a t i c m a p s of each c o n t i n e n t in t h e f o r m of A R C / I N F O coverages, p a c k a g e d w i t h satellite images a n d extensive text. Some of t h e earliest small scale d i g i t a l g l o b a l m a p p i n g was carried o u t by t h e A m e r i c a n Central Intelligence A g e n c y ( C I A ) w h o s e World Databank II offered low resolution a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d coastal o u t l i n e s of t h e w o r l d . T h e s e d a t a have been revised by ESRI, a n d are available f r o m G R I D sites. A selection of t h e m a n y single-sheet m a p s of t h e w o r l d w i t h relief, i m a g e or political bases are listed in t h e catalogue. A n u m b e r of official agencies p u b l i s h series of c o u n t r y m a p s , notably t h e A m e r i c a n C I A w i t h A 4 ( 2 1 0 m m X 2 9 7 m m ) f o r m a t c o u n t r y m a p s regularly revised and available as p a p e r copies, or in scanned versions on t h e W o r l d W i d e W e b . P K O Kartografija (formerly G U G K ) M o s c o w also m a i n tains a r a n g e of c o u n t r y m a p s , no longer as extensive as t h e very large r a n g e h e l d by G U G K p r i o r to t h e b r e a k - u p of t h e Soviet U n i o n .

•

Further

* •

information

W e b pages of almost all the international bodies described here offer the most diverse sources of information about world-wide mapping programmes and the availability of digital map data sets. Lenczowski, R.E. (1997) The military as users and producers of global spatial data, ed. D.W. Rhind, pp 85-110. In Framework for the world Cambridge: Geolnformation International, describes recent developments and plans for digital military developments. The most useful published source describing the development of the Digital chart of the world is Danko, D.M. (1992) The digital chart of the world project, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 58, (8), 1125-1 128. The best published description of the development of World Data Centers is Ruttenberg, S. and Rishbeth, H. (1994) World Data Centers: past, present and future, Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 56, 865-870. The Digital Earth initiative is best described in Mitchell, H. (1998) The digital earth: the coming data explosion, available at U R L http://digitalearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/handouts.html. The best sources of information about the G R I D programme are available on the Nairobi G R I D Web site. G R I D W e b pages at the Nairobi, Arendal, Sioux Falls andTsukuba sites include pointers to data sets which may be downloaded from the Web. The FAO, ISRIC, U N E S C O , and World Bank home pages are rich sources of data about their mapping projects. UNEP, ISRIC, and F A O (1993) Global and national soils and terrain digital databases procedures manual. Wageningen: ISRIC, summarises developments in digital soils mapping and the S O T E R project. Collins, M. and Rhind, J. (1997) Developing global environmental databases: lessons learned about framework information. In Framework for the world, ed. D.W. Rhind, pp. 120-129. Cambridge: Geolnformation International. A useful description of the role of the World Conservation Monitoring Centre.

Addresses A L L M S y s t e m s and Marketing 21 Beechcroft Road, Bushey, W A T F O R D W D 2 2JU, U K Tel +44 1923 230150 Fax +44 1923 211148 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.knowledge.co.uk/geodata A m e r i c a n Digital C a r t o g r a p h y Inc ( A D C I ) I I 5 W Washington Street,APPLETON,Wl 54911-4775, U S A Tel +1 920 733 6678 Fax +1 920 734 3375 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.adci.com Central Intelligence A g e n c y ( C I A ) Public Affairs Staff, W A S H I N G T O N D C , 20505, U S A Tel +1 703 482 0623 U R L http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/mapspub/countryframe.html C e n t e r for International E a r t h Science Information Network ( C I E S I N ) 61 Route 9W, P O Box 1000, PALISADES, N Y 10964, U S A Tel +1 914 365 8988 Fax +1 914 365 8922 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.ciesin.org C e n t e r for International Forest Research ( C I F O R ) P.O. B O X 6596, JKPWB, J A K A R T A 10065, Indonesia Tel +62 251 622 622 Fax +62 251 622 100 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.cgiar.org/cifor/ C e n t e r for R e m o t e Sensing and Spatial Analysis Box 231 C o o k College, Rutgers University, N E W B R U N S W I C K , NJ 08903-0231, U S A Tel +1 908 932 8631 Fax +1 908 932 8746 Email [email protected] U R L http://deathstar.rutgers.edu/global.html C o m m i s s i o n for the Geological M a p of the W o r l d ( C o m m i s s i o n de la C a r t e Geologique du M o n d e ) (CGMW) Maison de la Geologie, 77 rue Claude-Bernard, 75005 PARIS, France Tel +33 I 47 07 22 84 Fax +33 I 43 36 95 18 Email [email protected] E D X Engineering P O Box 1547, E U G E N E , O R 97440-1547, U S A Tel +1 541 345 0019 Fax +1 541 345 8145 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.edx.com/ Environmental S y s t e m s Research Institute, Inc ( E S R I ) 380 N e w York Street, R E D L A N D S , C A 92373, U S A Tel +1 909 793 2853 ext. I 2050 Fax +1 909 307 3049 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.esri.com E u r o p a Technologies 79 Claygate Lane, Hinchley Wood, ESHER, Surrey K T 10 O B Q , UK Tel +44 020 8398 3955 Fax +44 020 8398 3915 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.europa-tech.com

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35

Food and Agriculture Organization ( F A O ) Environmental Information and Natural Resources Service, Viale delleTerme di Caracalla, 00100 ROMA, Italy Tel +39 6 570 57971 Fax +39 6 570 55731 Email [email protected] URL http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/AGL/agls/ infolulc.html G e t t y Information Institute ( G i l ) 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 300, LOS ANGELES, C A 90049-1680, USA Tel +1 310 440 7300 Email [email protected] URL http://www.gii.getty.edu/tgn_browser/ Global Resource Information Database ( G R I D ) (Headquarters) UNEP Environment Assessment Programme, Box 30552, NAIROBI, Kenya Tel +254 2 62 1234 χ 3439 Fax +254 2 62 4274 Email [email protected] URL http://www.unep.org/unep/eia/ein/grid/nairobi.htm Global Resource Information Database ( G R I D ) (GRID Sioux Falls) EROS Data Center, United States Geological Survey, SIOUX FALLS, SD 57189, USA Email [email protected] URL http://grid2.cr.usgs.gov/data/download International Association for Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) Institute of Hydrology, WALLINGFORD, Oxfordshire OX 10 8BB.UK Tel +44 1491 692442 Fax +44 1491 692448 URL http://www.wlu.ca/~wwwiahs/index.html International A t o m i c Energy A u t h o r i t y ( I A E A ) PO Box 100, Wagramerstrasse 5, A-1400 WIEN, Austria Tel +43 I 2060 0 Fax +43 I 20607 Email [email protected] URL http://www.iaea.at/worldatom International C e n t r e for Tropical Agriculture ( C I A T ) A A 6713, CALI, Colombia Tel +57 2 445 0000 Fax +57 2 445 0073 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ International Civil Aviation A u t h o r i t y ( I C A O ) 999 University Street, MONTREAL, Quebec H3C 5H7, Canada Tel +1 514 954 8219 Fax +1 514 954 6077 Email [email protected] URL http://www.icao.int International Irrigation Management Institute ( I I M I ) P.O. Box: 2075, COLOMBO, Sri Lanka Tel +94 I 867404 Fax +94 I 866854 Email [email protected] URL http://www.cgiar.org/iimi/contadd.htm

International Steering C o m m i t t e e for Global Mapping Geographical Survey Institute, Ministry of Construction, Kitasatol,TSUKUBA-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305, Japan Tel +81 298 64 6910 Fax +81 298 64 1804 Email [email protected] URL http://wwwl .gsi-mc.go.jp/iscgm-sec/index.html International Union for Q u a t e r n a r y Research ( I N Q U A ) Agricultural University of Norway, Dept of Soil and Water Sciences, Section of Geology and Water, Ρ Ο Box 5028, N 1432 S, ÄS, Norway Tel +47 64 948 252 Fax +47 64 948 21 I Email [email protected] Marconi Integrated Systems 16250 Technology Drive, MZ: 6101-H, SAN DIEGO, C A 92127, USA Tel +1 619 592 5026 Email [email protected] URL http://www.marconi-is.com/products/ National Aeronautics and Space Administration 300 Ε St. SW, WASHINGTON, DC 20546-0001 Tel +1 202 358 0000 Fax +1 202 358 3251 Email [email protected] URL http://www.nasa.gov National Climatic D a t a C e n t e r ( N C D C ) 151 Patton Avenue, Room 120, Federal Building, ASHEVILLE, N C 28801-5001, USA Tel +1 704 271 4800 Fax +1 704 271 4876 Email [email protected] URL http://www.noaa.ncdc.gov/ National Geophysical D a t a C e n t e r ( N G D C ) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, EGC4, 325 Broadway, BOULDER, C O 80304, USA Tel +1 303 497 6826 Fax +1 303 497 6513 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ngdc.gov National Imagery and Mapping Agency ( N I M A ) 6501 Lafayette Avenue, RIVERDALE, MD 207371199, USA Tel +1 301 436 6990 Fax +1 301 436 6829 Email [email protected] URL http://www.nima.mil National Ocean Service ( N O S ) Chart Sales Office, 6501 Lafayette Avenue, RIVERDALE, MD 20737-1199, USA Tel +1 301 436 8301 Fax +1 301 436 6829 Email Distribution© 140.90.121.10] URL http://www.nos.noaa.gov O a k Ridge National Laboratories O A K RIDGE,TN 37831, USA Tel.+1 423 241 3952 Email [email protected] URL http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov /npp/npp_site_ols.html Petroconsultants S.A.

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) P.O. Box 933, 1099 MANILA, Philippines Telephone: +63 2 845 0563 Fax +63 2 845 0606 Email: [email protected] URL http://www.cgiar.org/irri/ International Soil Reference and Information C e n t r e (ISRIC) PO Box 353, 6700 A j W A G E N I N G E N , T h e Netherlands Tel +31 317 47171 I Fax+31 317 471700 Email [email protected] URL http://www.isric.nl/

36

The World

P.O. Box 152 - 24, chemin de la Mairie, CH-1258 PERLY, Switzerland Tel +41 22 721 17 17 Fax +41 22 721 19 19 Email [email protected] URL http://www.petroconsultants.com/ TeleGeography Inc 1730 Rhode Island Avenue, N W Suite 400, W A S H I N G T O N DC 20036, USA Tel +1 202 467 0017 Fax +1 202 467 0851 Email [email protected] URL http://www.telegeography.com

United Nations ( U N ) United Nations Building, N E W Y O R K , N Y 10017,USA

Catalogue

Tel +1 212 963 7680 Fax:+I 212 963 4910 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.un.org United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat) P O Box 30030, N A I R O B I , Kenya Tel +254 2 621234 Fax +254 2 624266 U R L http://www.unhabitat.org/

ATLASES

Grande atlante geografico de Agostini Novara: Agostini, 1996 475 pp The Times atlas of the world London: HarperCollins, 1999 514 pp

United Nations Educational and Scientific

Millennium edition

Organization ( U N E S C O )

Θ Encarta world atlas

7 Place de Fontenoy, 75352 PARIS 07 SP, France Tel +33 I 45 68 10 00 Fax +33 I 42 73 30 07 Email i n f o @ U N E S C O . o r g U R L http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/ United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( U N O C H A ) Palais des Nations, 121 I G E N E V E 10, Switzerland Tel +41 22 917 1234 Fax +41 22 917 0023

Microsoft CD-ROM Revised annually Θ Collins world map and database London: HarperCollins, 1996 CD-ROM Θ The Times electronic world map and database

Email [email protected]

London: HarperCollins

U R L http://www.reliefweb.int

C D - R O M - b a s e d electronic atlas

Utah State University

World atlas of resources and the environment

4825 University Blvd, L O G A N , Utah 84322-4825, U S A

Wien: Hoezel, 1998

Tel +1 435 797 2190 Fax +1 435 797 2117

2 vols

Email [email protected]

Prepared by Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of

U R L http://climate.usu.edu

Geography

World Bank Group 1818 Η Street, W A S H I N G T O N , D C 20433, U S A Tel +1 703 661 1580 Fax +1 703 661 1501 Email [email protected]

Thematic mapping Philip's atlas of the world London: Philip's, 1999 304 pp

U R L http://www.worldbank.org/

Millennium edition

World Conservation Monitoring Centre ( W C M C )

Reader's Digest illustrated atlas of the world London: Reader's Digest, 1997

219 Huntingdon Road, C A M B R I D G E C B 3 ODL, U K Tel +44 1223 277314 Fax +44 1223 277136 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.wcmc.org.uk

Oxford: OUP, 1993

World Health Organization ( W H O )

304 pp

288 pp Oxford-Hammond atlas of the world M.J.Feigenbaum

Avenue Appia 20, C H - I 2 I I G E N E V E 27, Switzerland

National Geographic atlas of the world Edition 7

Tel +41 22 791 21 11 Fax +41 22 791 0746

Washington D C : N G S , 1999

Email [email protected]

300 maps, 136 pp indexes

U R L http://www.who.ch/ World Meteorological Organization ( W M O ) 41 avenue Giuseppe Motta, C H - 1 2 1 1 G E N E V E 2, Switzerland Tel +41 22 730 8314 Fax +41 22 733 2829 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.wmo.ch For FB and Geospace, see Austria; for Universal, see Australia; for BGI, D E M R , and Inland Waters Directorate, see Canada; for B R G M , C N R S , G I P Reclus, ICITV, I G N , IFREMER, Michelin and

The new international atlas Chicago: Rand McNally, 1994 559 pp Bertelsmann Grosser Atlas der Welt München: Bertelsmann, 1994 552 pp Atles universal Barcelona: I C C , 1999

S N E A , see France; for Bertelsmann, BfGR, Gebrüder

552 pp

Borntraeger, Klett International, Mairs, RV, Ryborsch and

Meyers grosser Weltatlas Edition 6

Westermann, see Germany; for Chadwyck Healey.The Economist, GEOprojects, HarperCollins, Lascelles, Microsoft, OPL, O S , O p e n University, Oxford Cartographers, PE, Philip's, and Robertson Research, see Great Britain; for I G D A , see Italy; for Terralink, see N e w Zealand; for M G S S S R , M o s c o w State University, Roskartografija and VSEGEI, see Russia; for I C C , see

Mannheim: Meyer, 1997 537 pp Atlas of the world with geophysical boundaries showing oceans, continents and tectonic plates in their entirity A. Spilhaus Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1991

Spain; for A A P G . A G S , C I A , W.H.Freeman, Gousha, G S A , Map

92 pp

Appeal, N A S A , N C A R , N E I C , N G S , Nystrom, Office for Naval

Peters atlas Harlow: Longman, 1991 230 pp

Research, PennWell, Rand McNally, Raven, and USGS, see United States; for K+F, see Switzerland.

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37

GAZETTEERS

Θ GEONAME

digital gazetteer

San Diego: Marconi Integrated Systems, 1996C D - R O M with four million names from U S Board gazetteers The Columbia gazetteer of the world Editor Saul B.Cohen N e w York: Columbia University Press, 1998 3 vols Websters new geographical dictionary Springfield: Webster, 1988 1376 pp 47 000 entries The statesman's yearbook world gazetteer Edition 4 Editor J.Paxton London: Macmillan, 1991

Weit physikalische Karte 1:32 000 000 Bern: K + F Van der Grinten projection Also available at 1:23 000 000 scale The world physical 1:30 000 000 Collins world travel series London: HarperCollins, 1997 Modified Gall stereographic projection Welt physisch 1:30 000 000 Bern: K + F Mercator projection Also available at 1:20 000 000 scale The world 1:28 500 000 Paris: Michelin, 1995 Van der Grinten projection

693 pp

The world 1:27 000 000

8000 entries

Chicago: Nystrom

Gazetteer of conventional names Edition 3

Carte generale du monde 1:15 000 000 Paris: I G N , 1994 3 sheets, all published Mercator projection

Washington D C : N I M A , 1988 53 pp Chambers world gazetteer N e w York: Cambridge University Press, 1989

The world 1:14 000 000 Edition 3 Series 1150

856 pp

Reston VA: N I M A , 1996

20 000 entries

6 sheets, all published Mercator projection

GENERAL

The world physical 1: 13 040 000

The world 1:55 000 000

Washington D C : N G S , 1994

San Jose: Gousha, 1991

3 sheets, all published

Raised vinyl relief Welt physikalische Karte 1:50 000 000 Bern: K + F Van der Grinten projection Earth's fractured surface 1:48 000 000 Washington D C : N G S , 1995 Dymaxion air-ocean world 1:47 600 000 Los Angeles: Buckminster Fuller Institute, 1992

Robinson projection with bathymetry Also available at 1:20 450 000 and 1:33 120 000 Carte generale du monde 1:10 000 000 Edition 3 Paris: I G N , 1996 12 sheets, all published

•

Mercator projection IMAGE

MAPS

The cartographic satellite atlas of the world

Geo-physical world 1:45 000 000

Finchampstead: A N D , 1998

Chicago: Rand McNally, 1991

144 pp

3D-raised relief Die Welt 1:40 000 000 Berlin: RV, 1995 Also available at 1:31 000 000 The surface of the earth 1:40 000 000 Boulder, Co: N G D C , 1994 Computer generated color-shaded relief The world physical 1:35 000 000 Southampton: O S , 1993 Miller projection

Earth at night 1:45 000 000 Salt Lake City: Hansen Planitarium, 1994 The living earth 1:30 000 000 Oakville: Map Appeal, 1993 Also available at 1:46 810 000 and in Pacific centred version The earth from space T.van Sant Bad Ischl: Geospace, 1991 TOPOGRAPHIC

International map of the world I: I 000 000

The world physical 1:35 000 000

Various Publishers, 1912-

Southampton: O S , 1996

2122 published sheets

Eckert IV projection Die Welt / The world / Le monde / II mondo 1:35 000 000 Wien: FB, 1993 Van der Grinten projection The world / Le monde 1:35 000 000 M C R 46 Edition 4 Ottawa: D E M R , 1993 2 sheets Van der Grinten projection

38

The W o r l d

•

Mir 1:500 000 Moskva: Roskartografija, 1971c. 2500 sheets In Russian AERONAUTICAL

Global navigation and planning chart 1:5 000 000 G N C Washington D C : N I M A , 195727 sheets, all published

Jet navigation chart 1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 J N C

Frontier and unexplored basins of the world 1:35 0 0 0 0 0 0

Washington D C : N I M A , 1 9 5 7 -

London: PE, 1993

1 19 sheets, all published

World map of volcanoes and principal aeronautical features

Operational navigation chart I: I 0 0 0 000 O N C

1:34 268 0 0 0

Washington D C : N I M A

Reston.VA: U S G S , 1995

271 sheets, all published

•

Geological map of the world 1:32 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tactical pilotage chart 1:500 0 0 0 T P C

Milton Keynes: O p e n University and Esso, 1994

Washington D C : N I M A c. 1000 sheets, c. 75 per cent published EARTH

Rift-related basins and major tectonic alignments of the world

•

1:32 000 0 0 0 Geneve: Petroconsultants, 1990

SCIENCES

Adas litiologico-paleogeograficheskih kart mira / Adas of lithologicalpalaeogeographicai maps of the world

Significant earthquakes 1900-1979

ca 1:32 000 000

Boulder, C O : G S A , 1980

St Petersburg: VSEGEI, 1989

Sedimentary provinces of the world 1:31 368 000

79 pp

Tulsa, A Z : A A P G , 1984

In Russian with titles and introductions in English

World distribution of uranium deposits 1:30 000 000

Atlas of Mesozoic and Cainozoic coastlines A.G.Smith, D.G.Smith and B.M.Funnell

W i e n : I A E A , 1995 This dynamic planet World map of volcanoes, earthquakes, impact

Cambridge: CUP, 1994

craters and plate tectonics 1:30 0 0 0 000

99 pp

Reston.VA: U S G S , 1994

Earth's dynamic crust 1:78 890 000

Geological map of the world / Carte geologique du monde

Washington, D C : N G S , 1985

1:25 0 0 0 000 Edition 2

Bouguer gravity anomaly map of the world / Carte mondial des

Paris: U N E S C O and C G M W , 1997

anomalies gravimetriques de Bouguer 1:50 0 0 0 000

3 sheets and legend sheet

Ottawa: BGI, 1991

Tectonicheskajo karta mira / Tectonic map of the world

Seismicity of the earth 1960-1980

1:46 4 6 0 600 A.F.Espinosa,

1:25 0 0 0 000

W.Rinehart and M.Tharp

Moskva: M G S S S R , 1982

Washington D C : Office for Naval Research, 1982

4 sheets, all published

Tectonicheskajo karta mira / Tectonic map of the world

English and Russian legend

1:45 000 000

The bedrock geology of the world 1:23 230 0 0 0 Edition 2

Moskva: M G S S S R , 1984

N e w York: W.H.Freeman, 1994

Geodinamicheskaja

karta mira / Geodynamic map of the world

Includes seafloor geology

1:45 000 0 0 0

World seismicity 1979-1988

Moskva: M G S S S R , 1989

Denver, C O : N E I C , 1989

1:23 000 0 0 0

Geotermicheskaja karta mira / Geothermic map of the world

World sedimentary basins 1:23 0 0 0 000

1:45 000 0 0 0

Geneve: Petroconsultants, 1986

Moskva: M G S S S R , 1988

W i t h index

W i t h 4 0 pp Russian explanation The magnetic field of the earth, 1990

World-wide coal deposits 1:23 000 0 0 0 1:40 053 700

Geneve: Petroconsultants, 1979

Reston.VA: U S G S , 1993

2 sheets, both published

5 thematic sheets

W i t h 4 5 pp index

Map showing world distribution of seismicity 1:40 000 000

World natural resources map 1:23 0 0 0 0 0 0

Reston.VA: U S G S , 1988

London: PE, 1997

Map showing world distribution of focal mechanisms

1981-85

Free-air gravity anomaly map of the world 1:22 000 0 0 0

1:40 000 0 0 0

Boulder, C O : G S A , 1982

Reston.VA: U S G S , 1988

W i t h 13 pp text

2 thematic sheets Earthquake initiation

Geologicheskaja karta dokembrija kontinentov / Geological map of continental Precambrian 1:15 000 0 0 0

Map showing world distribution of carbon-dioxide springs and major

Moskva: M G S S S R , 1975

zones of seismicity 1:40 000 0 0 0

6 sheets, all published

Reston.VA: U S G S , 1984

Karta novesjshej tektoniki mira / Neotectonic map of the world

World seismicity 1:39 000 000

1:15 0 0 0 0 0 0

Reston.VA: U S G S , 1974

St Petersburg:VSEGEI, 1984

Charts of the earth's magnetic field 1:39 0 0 0 0 0 0

12 sheets, all published

Washington, D C : N I M A 6 thematic sheets Regularly revised The break-up and dispersion of Pangea 1:35 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pau and Brest: S N E A and I F R E M E R , 1987

The W o r l d

39

Karta anomalij sily tjazhesti zarubezhnyh territory i mirovogo okeana 1:15 000 000 Moskva: MGSSSR, 1986-1989 11 sheets, all published In Russian With 88 pp text Gravity anomalies Geomorfologicheskajo karta Moskva: M G S S S R 4 sheets, all published In Russian Geomorphology Geological world atlas / Adas geologique du monde 1:10 000 000 Paris: U N E S C O and C G M W , 1984 21 sheets, all published • Includes 6 oceanic and polar sheets at smaller scales and legend sheet Mineral atlas of the world 1:10 000 000 Paris: U N E S C O and C G M W , 199721 sheets, 3 published • Tectonic map of the world 1: 10 000 000 Tulsa: A A P G , 1 9 9 5 21 sheets, all published • Includes legend sheet ENVIRONMENTAL

World atlas of desertification Edition 2 London: Arnold, 1997 182 pp The state of the environment atlas J.Seager et al. London: Penguin, 1995 128 pp Atlas mondiale des peches Editors J.Chaussade and J-P.Corlay Rennes: Editions Ouest-France Adas of surface heat balance of the continents Berlin and Stuttgart: Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1989 402 pp Θ World climate disc Cambridge: Chadwyck Healey, 1993 CD-ROM-based electronic atlas of historical climatic data Biosphere reserves Paris: U N E S C O Double-sided Also available in French version Diversity of life 1:54 109 440 Washington D C : National Geographic, 1999 World snow cover / Enneigement mondial 1:50 000 000 Ottawa: Inland Waters Directorate, 1975 Endangered earth 1:45 000 000 Washington, D C : N G S , 1993 World map of natural hazards 1:35 000 000 München: Münchener Rück, 1988 Also available in German, French and Spanish versions World climate 1:32 000 000 Bern: K+F, 1990 Die Atmosphäre der Erde 1:30 000 000 Stuttgart: Klett 12 thematic sheets English and German language maps of climatic variables

40

The World

Map of world distribution of arid regions / Carte de la repartition mondiale des regions arides 1:25 000 000 Paris: U N E S C O , 1979 Available in English or French versions W i t h 55 pp explanatory booklet Erde Klima 1:25 000 000 Braunschweig: Westermann, 1996 World soil resources 1:25 000 000 Roma: FAO, 1993 W i t h 64 pp explanation Climatic map of the world 1:24 000 000 Alexanderkarte Stuttgart Klett, 1989 Also available in German version Die Erde Klimazonen 1:20 000 000 Stuttgart: Klett, 1993 Erde Klima 1:18 000 000 Braunschweig: Westermann, 1990 Vegetations Gebiete der Erde 1:18 000 000 Braunschweig: Westermann Climate of the earth / Klima der Erde 1: 16 000 000 Stuttgart: Klett, 1993 Present-day landscapes 1: 15 000 000 Moskva: Moscow State University, 1993 4 sheets, all published With 33 pp explanatory text World map on status of human-induced soil degradation / Mapa mundial del estado de la degradaciön de suelo inducida por el hombre / Carte mondiale de l'etat de la degradation du sol resultant des activities humaines 1:10 000 000 Nairobi and Wageningen: U N E P and ISRIC, 1991 3 sheets, all published W i t h 34 pp English explanation Soils map of the world / Carte mondiale des sols / Mapa mundial de suelos / Pochvennaja karta mira 1:5 000 000 Paris and R o m a : U N E S C O and F A O , 1981 18 sheets, all published • W i t h 10 accompanying text volumes and revised legend sheet ( 1 9 8 8 ) Θ Digital soil map of the world 1:5 000 000 Roma: FAO, Land and Water Development Division Vector A R C / I N F O export data, and two raster versions Carte international du tapis vegetale et des conditions ecologiques / International map of vegetation and of environmental conditions / Mapa internacional de la vegetaciön y de las condiciones ecologicos 1:1 000 000 Toulouse: ICITV, 195822 published sheets ADMINISTRATIVE

The world: equal area map Oxford: Oxford Cartographers, 1996 Peters projection Time zones of the world 1:50 000 000 Santa Barbara, C A : Maplink, 1992 Welt politische Karte 1:50 000 000 Bern: K+F Van der Grinten projection Down under map of the world 1:45 900 000 Macquarie Park: Universal, 1994 5 at top, Australia centred, Mercator projection

The world / Die Welt / le monde / el mundo 1:42 000 000

Atlas of international migration A.Segal

Obertshausen: Ryborsch, 1995

London: Bowker-Saur, 1993

Double-sided with 1:20 000 000 scale Oceania on reverse

233 pp

Pacific centred

Adas of the world's languages C.Moseley and R.Asher

Le monde des fuseaux horaires 1:40 000 000

London: Routledge, 1994

Montreuil: Blay-Foldex

372 pp

Time zones

1996 offshore atlas of world oil and gas theatres D.D.George Houston: PennWell, 1995

The world political 1:35 000 000 Southampton: O S , 1993

The state of women in the world atlas J.Seager Edition 2

Miller projection

London: Pluto Press, 1997

The world political 1:35 000 000

128 pp

Southampton: O S , 1996

Habitat atlas. Graphic presentation of basic human settlement

Eckert IV projection

statistics

Weif politische Karte 1:35 000 000

Nairobi: Habitat, 1996

Wien: FB

46 pp

Van der Grinten projection

An atlas of world affairs A.Boyd Edition 10

Le monde politique 1:33 700 000 Edition 5

London: Routledge, 1998

Paris: I G N , 1998

252 pp

Aitoff-Wagner projection

Atlas of world development Editor Tim Unwin Chichester: Wiley, 1994 346 pp

The world political 1:33 000 000 Washington D C : N G S , 1994 Robinson projection Also available at 1:20 450 000 and 1: 13 040 000 scales

Third world atlas Edition 2

Weltkarte 1:33 000 000

80 pp

Ostfildern: Mairs, 1995

Buckingham: O U Press, 1994

The state of the world atlas M.Kidron and R.Segal Edition 5

Welt politische Karte 1:32 000 000

London: Penguin, 1995

Bern: K + F

160 pp

Van der Grinten projection

The state of health atlas J.Mackay

The world political 1:30 000 000 Collins world travel series

London: Simon and Schuster, 1993

London: HarperCollins, 1993

128 pp

Modified Gall Stereographic projection Al-'alam as-siyasi 1:30 000 000 Tehran: Sahab Persian place names

The state of religion atlas J.O'Brian and M.Palmer London: Simon and Schuster, 1993 126 pp The state of war and peace atlas Dan Smith

Nations of the world 1:28 000 000

London: Penguin, 1997

Wellington: Terralink, 1994

128 pp

Pacific centred, Robinson projection

Atlas of AIDS M.Smallman-Raynor, A.CIiff and P.Haggett

Times map of the world 1:25 000 000

Oxford: Blackwell, 1992

London: HarperCollins, 1997

430 pp

SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

World Bank atlas Washington D C : W o r l d Bank, 1999 36 pp Revised annually The Economist atlas. The shape of the world today. London: The Economist, 1989 384 pp World oil and gas atlas Ledbury: O P L , 1995 36 pp Atlas mondiale des multinationales Montpellier: G I P Reclus, 1990-1 2 vols (168 pp, 219 pp) Atlas de la population mondiale D.Noin Edition 2 Montpellier: G I P Reclus, 1996 160 pp

Atlas of disease distributions A.D.CIiff and P.Haggett Oxford: Blackwell, 1988 500 pp Atlas de la repartition mondiale des schistosomiases / Atlas of the global distribution of schistosomiases J.P.Doumenge et al. Bordeaux: C N R S and W H O , 1987 401 pp World atlas of wine H.Johnson Edition 4 London: Mitchell Beazeley, 1994 320 pp Standard time zones of the world 1:85 000 000 Washington D C : C I A , 1998 World cities at night 1:55 000 000 Medford: Raven, 1991 World railway gauges 1:43 500 000 Pangbourne: Lascelles, 1994 W i t h 31 pp explanation The shipping world's map 1:43 000 000 Reigate: Shipping Guides, 1991

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41

Map of the Muslim world 1:40 000 000 Tehran: Sahab, 1985

World power map 1:30 000 000 Edition 2 London: PE, 1997

The Muslim world 1:35 000 000 Reading: GEOprojects, 1980

Oil and gas resources of the world 1:27 500 000 Edition 4 Ledbury: OPL, 1999 W i t h numerous larger scale insets

Energy map of the world 1:35 000 000 Edition 5 London: PE, 1996

Welt Bergbaukarte / World mining map 1:27 500 000 Obertshausen: Ryborsch, 1987 W i t h 79 pp explanatory text

World oil map 1:35 000 000 Edition 2 London: PE, 1996

World fruit map 1:27 000 000 London: PE, 1994

World gas map 1:35 000 000 Edition 3 London: PE, 1996

World grain map 1:27 000 000 Edition 2 London: PE, 1995

World LNG map 1:35 000 000 London: PE, 1997

World oilseed map 1:27 000 000

Major pipelines of the world 1:35 000 000 London: PE, 1993

London: PE, 1995 World sugars and sweeteners map 1:27 000 000 London: PE, 1996

World independent oil storage 1:35 000 000 Edition 2 London: PE, 1994

Global communications cable and satellite map 1:35 000 000 Washington, DC: TeleGeography Inc, 1999

Map of world oil and gas potential 1:15 000 000 V.I.Vysotsky and Yu.G.Namestnikov Moskva: MGSSSR, 1994 15 sheets, all published W i t h 178 pp explanatory text

Global communications traffic map 1:35 000 000 Washington, DC: TeleGeography Inc, 1999

Economy of the world 1: 12 000 000 Stuttgart: Klett, 1993

Telecommunications map of the world 1:35 000 000 London: PE, 1997

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47

British and French colonial mapping was carried out in 35 of Africa's states and, in many of these, standards continue to be influenced by past colonial practice. To a lesser extent Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy, the United States and South Africa have all influenced Africa's national surveying and mapping infrastructure and, after independence, the continent has continued to rely in large part upon external mapping, often funded through aid projects from Western or Eastern bloc donor nations. The mapping of Africa still reflects the colonial heritage, and only patchy progress has been made in the 13 years since the publication of the first edition of this book. In the years after World War II the British Directorate of Colonial Surveys, subsequently Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS) and now O r d n a n c e Survey International (OSI) was responsible for the creation of the modern mapping infrastructure in many former British colonies in Africa. Common mapping standards were adopted and series were compiled to similar specifications and numbering systems, but with some variation between countries or groups of countries according to local need. There was a progressive decrease in British involvement from the mid-1970s, one of the later initiatives being the completion of a regional 1:50 0 0 0 scale series for the Lake Chad Basin Commission, established in 1964 and involving the governments of Niger, Chad, Nigeria, Cameroon and subsequently the Central African Republic. These maps were published in the late 1970s and comprised 59 full-colour photomaps of the basin area. Only limited new mapping was published after 1984 when D O S was absorbed into Ordnance Survey, but the legacy remains of substantial areas covered in national 1:50 000 scale basic mapping, with quarter-degree sheet lines, in almost all of the former British colonies. Stocks of British mapping are in a few cases still available from OSI, Southampton, but most are only available from the respective country's national mapping agency. Independent African states have built upon the colonial mapping and adopted a number of different innovations using a variety of overseas aid donors. Some have altered specifications, some have

revised content and modernized production, but few have adopted new basic scales or radically changed mapping standards. Very few states have yet built upon British mapping by adopting digital production. D O S also carried out earth sciences and resources mapping of parts of the continent, often in conjunction with the British Geological Survey ( B G S ) or the Land Resources Development Centre, now Natural R e s o u r c e s Institute (NRI), Chatham. These programmes were also greatly scaled down in the 1980s. French involvement in the mapping of Africa focused upon the creation of map bases for its colonies in West, Central and Northern Africa. Institut G e o g r a p h i q u e National (IGN) mapped large areas of the continent in the post-war period, with small scale topographic series coverage. 1:500 000 scale mapping in the Carte de l'Afrique de l'ouest covered French West African territories with an 81-sheet series, which showed relief with 100 m contours and may still be acquired from map dealers, and I G N and its predecessors also produced sheets in the International map of the world covering French spheres of influence. 1:200 000 scale series were established for all areas of French interest, with 1:50 000 scale mapping for parts of francophone Africa. In the north and in Madagascar I G N disengaged following independence in the 1950s or 1960s, but continued to influence map design. Morocco for example upgraded the specification of its 1:50 0 0 0 scale topographic series to conform to French Serie orange specifications. In contrast, until 1985 I G N continued to provide mapping services for many former French central and western African states. After the mid1980s bilateral agreements have been made between France and some states such as Mauritania and French style topographic mapping continues to be maintained across much of Africa. Direct French involvement in the mapping of francophone Africa is, however, now restricted to the publication of single sheet national mapping, and though older series may be obtained from some international map dealers, maps are no longer sold by I G N itself. Geological mapping of the French African territories was carried out by the B u r e a u d e Recherches G e o l o g i q u e s

Africa

51

et Minieres (BRGM), and its predecessors. Fewer large or medium scale programmes comparable to IGN mapping were initiated, but small scale regional coverage may still be acquired along with a few local larger scale maps. Institut Frantais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation (ORSTOH) continues to be an active publisher of resources mapping, notably the multi-volume Atlas des structures agraires au sud du Sahara. Ecological coverage of Sahelian rangelands has been prepared by the Centre de Cooperation International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD), including the Livestock atlas of the Lake Chad Basin, distributed by the Centre Technique de Cooperation Agricole (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands. Belgian mapping was largely limited to the colonial era when mapping of its central African colonies was compiled, but these rather dated maps of Burundi, Rwanda and Zaire may still be acquired via the Musee Royale de I'Afrique Centrale (MRAC), Tervuren. South Africa established the modern mapping infrastructure of Namibia, and 1:50 0 0 0 and 1:250 0 0 0 scale coverage reflects South African practice in the 1970s. Earth science mapping also followed South African patterns. Other South African mapping covers much of Southern Africa, with aeronautical charting at 1:500 0 0 0 scale, and more recent sub-

52

Africa

continental image mapping projects from the Satellite Applications Centre (SAC) of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. American involvement in the mapping of Africa has focused upon the provision of smaller scale series, with some more detailed involvement in Liberia. The American Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center (DMATC), now National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), published 1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale continental coverage in 36 sheets in Series 2201, and maintained this map until the 1980s. These six-colour sheets depicted relief with 200 m contours and were on the International map of the world polyconic projection. Stocks may still be available from major map dealers. Other NIMA coverage of Africa is compiled for military requirements as part of world-wide aeronautical chart series, and as digital world mapping in the Digital chart of the world (DCW) and VMap projects described in our World section. A number of digital products relating to Africa have been derived from DCW, notably the Africa data sampler, released in 1996 by the World Resources Institute (WRI). This electronic atlas is available on CD-ROM with ArcView coverages for different African countries, and also incorporates biodiversity data from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC), and local census data.

For some parts of Africa the best available modern topographic mapping is Russian coverage produced in the 1970s and 1980s by Glavnoe Upravlenie Geodezii i Kartografii (GUGK), now Federal'naya Sluzhba Geodezii i Kartografii Rossii (Roskartografija). This comprised military series for the whole continent, on the Gauss-Krüger projection, Krassovsky ellipsoid at 1:200 000 scale, with 1:100 000 and 1:50 000 scale mapping of some areas. These maps became available from a number of map dealers on the international market after the break-up of the Soviet Union. More information about these series is provided in our Russian and World sections. Other colonial powers had a less lasting influence. Spain established the first mapping of Equatorial Guinea, and continues to be actively involved in mapping activities in the country; Italy has carried out some mapping during its colonial involvement in Libya and Somalia and Portugal established the first modern mapping of Angola and Mozambique. Despite significant mapping developments in some nations, where digital production flow lines have been established, notably in Egypt, South Africa and Botswana, national mapping progress in the last decade in Africa has been sporadic. Overseas aid continues to be essential for most new mapping, and in the 1980s and 1990s new aid donors have come to match and sometimes exceed the technical and financial commitment to Africa's national mapping infrastructure formerly provided by colonial powers. Notable in this list is Swedish, Japanese and German technical involvement. In addition to national mapping there have been a number of continental programmes. The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa in Adis Abeba organizes the Regional cartographic conferences for Africa, which are held every three or four years. These present essential background information about the state of the art of surveying and mapping in Africa and promote co-operation between different mapping agencies. The Organisation Africaine de Cartographie et de Teledetection (OACT), was established in 1975 and has also sought international standardization and co-operation amongst African nations. Its headquarters are currently based in Tripoli, Libya, with a permanent bureau attached to I G N in Paris. Another agency with continentalwide interests is the Regional Centre for Services in Surveying Mapping and R e m o t e Sensing (RCSSMRS), Nairobi. Petroconsultants, Switzerland has compiled many digital and hard copy map themes for African countries. An important co-operative thematic map series was started in the late 1960s by the German Research Society and distributed through G e b r ü d e r Borntraeger. This Afrika Kartenwerk employs four sample 1:1 000 000 scale quadrangles, in the north, west, east and south, selected to cut across national boundaries and illustrate the variation of natural and human phenomena. Data are presented for 16 themes for each of these areas, the atlas comprises 64 thematic sheets and 60 associated German language monographs, but with English and French summaries. United Nations agencies provide the most significant thematic international coverage of the continent. The United Nations Educational and Scientific Organization ( U N E S C O ) publishes thematic mapping of Africa in association with other scientific agencies. A nine-sheet 1:5 000 000 scale tectonic map and 1:10 000 000 scale geological map are published in association with the Association des Services Geologiques Africains (ASGA) Paris. Discussions have taken place about the revision of the tectonic map. The third edition of the 1:5 000 000 scale

International geological map of Africa was completed in 1990, in conjunction with the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW), and was being digitized in the mid-1990s by Simon Petroleum Technology. Another joint UNESCO/CGMW project involves the compilation of a 1:5 000 000 scale metallogenic map of Africa; only the first northwestern sheet has so far been published. UNESCO also co-publishes a four-sheet 1:5 000 000 scale vegetation map, compiled in 1983 in association with the Association de l'Etude Taxonomique de la Flore de l'Afrique Tropicale (AEFAT). This map is published with an extensive English language explanatory text. Other UNESCO mapping covering the African continent appears as sheets in world series, such as the Soil map of the world and is described in our World section. Other earth science programmes were sponsored by the Arab Organization for Mineral Resources, Rabat and carried out on contract by Robertson Research, Great Britain. Minerals and geological map sets of North Africa and the Middle East were published in the late 1980s, and copies may still be available from map dealers. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) headquarters are to be found in Nairobi, Kenya and U N E P has been actively involved in mapping projects across the continent. These include the Global Resource Information D a t a b a s e (GRID) established from 1985 as a decentralized global network of geo-referenced environmental data, and described in more detail in our World section. Notable African G R I D datasets include digital elevation data and a course resolution land cover dataset produced by the EROS Data Center from satellite imagery. Population data are also produced in conjunction with the World Resources Institute (WRI), Washington, DC and are mapped against 4700 boundary units, or as gridded raster data, with data from I960, 1970, 1980 and 1990. Other datasets relating to Africa, to regions of the continent and to individual nations are available for downloading from the USAID Africa Data Dissemination Service (ADDS) maintained by the American EROS Data Center Web site. These include many vegetation change maps derived from AVHRR satellite imagery, as well as digital map data such as reference maps and administrative boundaries. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has been involved in collaborative resources mapping of Africa. By far the most significant programme is the AFRICOVER land cover mapping system, which aims to establish a digital geo-referenced land cover database also incorporating significant geodetic, toponymic, cultural and hydrographic detail. It is intended to create these data at a 1:250 000 scale, with 1:100 000 scale resolution for small countries, and also to generalize data into 1:1 000 000 scale coverages. Land cover is being derived from visual interpretation of digitally enhanced high resolution satellite imagery, updated with GPS derived ground survey. National and regional approaches are being adopted, with FAO acting as the standardizing body, and funding being provided by a wide community of aid donors. The proposal was agreed in principle in 1994 and since 1996 data have been collected, with a view to completion of the project by 2001. Other international collaboration in resource management has resulted in an 11 volume agroclimatic atlas of the Sahel, published by the Centre Regional AG RH YM ET, Niamey. A number of commercial publishers issue small-scale general maps of the African continent. In the 1970s Editions Jeune Afrique (now Editions du Jaguar, Paris) issued 12 small

Africa

53

quasi national atlases of francophone African countries, which have not been updated and which are now out-ofprint. Their continental atlas has, however, been updated. Other political or relief-based general mapping of the continent is available from HarperCollins, International Travel M a p s ( I T M ) Vancouver, K a r t o Grafik (K+G), K ü m m e r l y + Frey (K+F), Macmillan, Michelin, N e w Holland, Ryborsch, the National G e o g r a p h i c Society, Hallwag, and the French Institut G e o g r a p h i q u e National ( I G N ) . Energy resources mapping of Africa is available from Petroleum E c o n o m i s t (PE) and Oilfield Publications Limited ( O P L ) .

C e n t r e de C o o p e r a t i o n International en Recherche A g r o n o m i q u e p o u r le D e v e l o p p e m e n t ( C I R A D ) , Campus internationale de Baillarguet, BP 5035, 34032 M O N T P E L L I E R Cedex I, France Tel +33 04 67 59 37 19 Fax +33 04 67 59 37 95 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.cirad.fr C e n t r e Technique de C o o p e r a t i o n A g r i c o l e ( C T A ) Postbus 380, 6700 A J W A G E N I N G E N , The Netherlands Tel +31 317 467100 Fax +31 317 460067 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.agricta.org/ctafr C o m m i s s i o n for the Geological M a p of the W o r l d

• •

•

Further information The best sources of information about African mapping are papers presented at the United Nations regional cartographic conferences for Africa, organized by the U N Economic Commission for Africa. W e have referred to papers presented at the three most recent conferences. Mestrallet, C. et al. (1990) L'Oeuvre de I'lnstitut Geographique National en Afrique au sud du Sahara et ä Madagascar (1945-1985). Bulletin d'Information de I'IGN, 58, is a useful introduction to the development of French mapping of Africa. British mapping of Africa is described in McDonald, A. (1996) Mapping the world: a history of the Directorate of Overseas Surveys. Southampton: OS, in Stone, J. (1995) A short history of the cartography of Africa. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellon Press, and in McGrath, G. (1983) Mapping for development. The contribution of the Directorate of Overseas Surveys. Cartographica, 20, Monograph 29-30. Mcllwaine.J. (1997) Maps and mapping of Africa: a resource guide. East Grinstead: Hans Zell also provides useful overviews. U N E S C O and C G M W provide useful catalogues of scientific maps and atlases. Information about the A F R I C O V E R programme is available at U R L http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/sustdev/Eldirect/ Elan0003.htm.

Addresses Africa D a t a Dissemination Service ( A D D S ) EROS Data Center, United States Geological Survey, S I O U X FALLS, S D 57198 United States Tel +1 605 594 6107 Fax +1 605 594 6589 Email [email protected] U R L http://edcintl.cr.usgs.gov/adds/adds.html Association des Services Geologiques Africains ( A S G A ) 103 rue de Lille, 75007 PARIS, France C e n t r e Regional A G R H Y M E T ( A G R H Y M E T ) BP I ΙΟΙ I, NIAMEY, Niger Tel +227 73 31 16 Fax +227 73 24 35 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.agrhymet.ne/

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Africa

(CGMW) Maison de la Geologie, 77 rue Claude-Bernard, 75005 PARIS, France Tel +33 I 47 07 22 84 Fax +33 I 43 36 95 18 Food and Agriculture O r g a n i z a t i o n ( F A O ) Environmental Information and Natural Resources Service, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 R O M A , Italy Tel +39 6 57971 Fax +39 6 570 55731 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/AGL/agls/ infolulc.html Global Resource Information Database ( G R I D ) U N E P Environment Assessment Programme, Box 30552, N A I R O B I , Kenya Tel +254 2 62 1234 χ 3439 Fax +254 2 62 4274 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.unep.org/unep/eia/ein/grid/nairobi.htm O r g a n i s a t i o n Africaine de C a r t o g r a p h i e et de Teledetection ( O A C T ) Ministere du Plan, BP 2403,TRIPOLI, Libya Fax +218 21833 Regional C e n t r e R e m o t e Sensing Kasarani Road, P O Tel +254 2 803320

for Services in Surveying M a p p i n g and (RCSSMRS) Box 18118, N A I R O B I , Kenya Fax +254 2 802767

United N a t i o n s E c o n o m i c C o m m i s s i o n for Africa (UNECA) Cartography and Remote Sensing Unit, P O Box 3 0 0 I . A D I S ABEBA, Ethiopia Tel +251 447000 United N a t i o n s Educational and Scientific Organization ( U N E S C O ) 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75352, PARIS 07 SP, France Tel +33 I 45 68 10 00 Fax +33 I 42 73 30 07 Email i n f o @ U N E S C O . o r g U R L http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/ For U N I D O see Austria, for Editions du Jaguar, B R G M , DEMVT, IGN, Michelin and O R S T O M , see France; for M R A C , see Belgium; for ITM, see Canada; for Gebrüder Bornträger, Karto+Grafik, Westermann and Ryborsch, see Germany; for OSI, BGS, HarperCollins, Macmillan, N e w Holland, OS, PE, Simon Petroleum Technology and NRI, see Great Britain; for FTM see Madagascar; for MGSSSR see Russia; for C D S M , G S S A and SAC, see South Africa; for K+F, Petroconsultants and Hallwag see Switzerland; for CIA, N I M A , PennWell, USGS, and W R I , see United States; for World Conservation Monitoring Centre, see World.

Afrique / Africa 1: 10 000 000

Catalogue

Paris: U N E S C O and A A G S , 1968 Geological background map

ATLASES

Also available reduced to 1:20 000 000

L'Atlas Jeune Afrique du continent africain Paris: Editions du Jaguars, 1993 175 pp

Carte minerale de I'Afrique / Mineral map of Africa 1:10 000 000 Paris: U N E S C O and C G M W , 1968 W i t h 18 pp text

Θ Africa data sampler: a geo-referenced database for ail African countries Washington D O W R I , 1995 C D and user guide

Carte geologique internationale de I'Afrique / International geological map of Africa 1:5 000 000 Edition 3 Paris: U N E S C O and C G M W , 1985-90 6 sheets, all published

Afrika Kartenwerk I: I 000 000 Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1976— 4 sheet areas

Carte tectonique internationale de I'Afrique / International tectonic map of Africa 1:5 000 000 Paris: U N E S C O and A A G S , 1968

64 sheets, all published

9 sheets, all published

W i t h explanations

W i t h 44 pp text

Atlas of African affairs L.I.Griffiths Edition 2 London: Methuen, 1993

Corte hydrogeologique internationale de I'Afrique / International hydrogeological map of Africa 1:5 000 000

233 pp

Algiers: A A C , 1988GAZETTEERS

6 sheets, I published

Africa and southwest Asia: official standard names gazetteer supplement Washington D C : N I M A , 1972 182 pp

Karta chetvertichnyh otlozhenij Afriki / Map of Quaternary deposits of Africa / Carte des depots quaternaires de I'Afrique 1:5 000 000 Leningrad: MGSSSR, 1986 9 sheets, all published Karta razlomnoj tektoniki Afriki i Arabii / Fault tectonics map of

GENERAL

Africa traveller's map 1: 15 000 000 Oxford: Macmillan, 1990 Inset political map 1:46 000 000

Africa and Arabia 1:5 000 000 Leningrad: MGSSSR, 1986 9 sheets and Russian language explanatory text Carte geologique des gftes mineraux de I'Afrique / International

Africa 1:14 220 000 Washington D C : N G S , 1994 Double-sided, with Threatened Africa map on reverse

mineral deposits map of Africa 1:5 000 000 Paris: U N E S C O and C G M W , 1 9 9 Ι ό sheets, I published

Africa 1:10 000 000 Collins world travel series London: HarperCollins, 1996

ENVIRONMENTAL

Africa: physical 1:10 000 000

The conservation atlas of tropical forests. Africa J.A.Sayer,

Southampton: O S

C.S.Harcourt and N.M.Collins

Afrika / Africa / Afrique 1:8 000 000 Obertshausen: Ryborsch, 1988 Africa south of the Sahara / Afrika suid van die Sahara 1:7 500 000

London: Macmillan, 1992 288 pp Solar radiation atlas of Africa Rotterdam and Brookfield: Elsevier

Mowbray: C D S M , 1993

Atlas des regimes pluviometriques de I'Afrique R.Emsalem

Africa 1:5 000 000 Collins world travel series

22 pp, 20 map plates

London: HarperCollins, 1993-6

Limoges: 1990

3 sheets, all published

Vegetation map of Africa / Carte de la vegetation de I'Afrique

Afrique / Africa / Ifriquiya 1:4 000 000

Paris: U N E S C O , 1983

Paris: Michelin 3 sheets, all published

1:5 000 000 4 sheets, all published W i t h 350 pp explanatory text

Africa 1:4 000 000 ADMINISTRATIVE

Stuttgard: RV 4 sheets, all published

Carte politique de I'Afrique 1: 13 850 000 Antanarivo: FTM, 1985

TOPOGRAPHIC

Afrika 1:12 000 000

Africa 1:2 000 000 Washington D C : N I M A , 1968-82 36 sheets, all published

•

Bern: K + F Afrique: carte politique 1: 10 000 000 Paris: I G N , 1984

EARTH

SCIENCES

African sedimentary basins and petroleum systems 1:15 000 000 Perly: Petroconsultants, 1994

The Times map of Africa 1: 10 000 000 London: HarperCollins, 1996

Africa

55

N o r t h Africa

Afrika / Afrique / Africa 1:9 000 000 Bern: Hallwag, 1993 SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

ATLASES AND

ECONOMIC

Atlas of African industry: iron and steel Wien: U N I D O , 1989 38 pp Atlas of African agriculture Roma: FAO, 1986 72 pp Atlas des structures agraires au sud du Sahara Bondy: O R S T O M , 1967-1987 22 vols

The Cambridge Atlas of the Middle East and North Africa by G.Blake, J.Dewdney and J.Mitchell Cambridge: CUP, 1987 124 pp, 58 maps GENERAL

Al-watan al-'arabi / Arab world 1: 10 000 000 Amman: RJGC, 1981 Al marghrib al'-arabi al-kabir 1:5 000 000 Rabat: Division de la cartographie, 1989 In Arabic

Atlas of cassava in Africa Cali: CIAT, 1992 83 pp

SCIENCES

Geological map of the arab world / Corte geologique du monde

Africa: ethnolinguistic groups 1:10 400 000 Washington, D C : C I A , 1996 Energy map of Africa 1: 10 000 000 Pretoria: GSSA, 1996 W i t h 4 2 pp monograph Energy map of Africa 1: 10 000 000 London: PE, 1993 Oil and gas map of Africa 1:8 000 000 Tulsa: PennWell, 1995 Afrika: Wirtschaft 1:6 500 000 Braunschweig: Westermann, 1989 Oil and gas map of Africa 1:5 000 000 Leningrad: MGSSSR, 1982 9 sheets, all published Central Africa EARTH

EARTH

SCIENCES

Carte geologique de l'Afrique equatoriale et du Cameroun 1:2 000 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1953 3 sheets, all published

arabe 1:2 500 000 Rabat: Arab Organization for Mineral Resources, 1987 8 sheets, all published In English French and Arabic Also available as two-sheet 1:5 000 000 scale map Mineral deposit map of the arab world / Carte des grtes mineraux du monde arabe 1:2 500 000 Rabat: Arab Organization for Mineral Resources, 1987 8 sheets, all published In English French and Arabic Also available as two-sheet 1:5 000 000 scale map SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Distribution of religions 1:20 000 000 Washington, D C : C I A , 1989 Middle East and North Africa: oil and gas activity and concession map 1:12 000 000 Ledbury: OPL, 1999 W i t h larger scale insets Energy map of Arab oil producers 1:5 850 000 London: PE, 1993 Maghreb rail 1:5 000 000 Heerlen:'t Nijvere Lezerke, 1998

ENVIRONMENTAL

Atlas d'elevage du bassin du Lac Tchad / Livestock atias of the Lake Chad Basin Wageningen and Montpellier: C T A and C I R A D , 1996 150 pp, 261 maps East Africa GENERAL

East Africa 1:4 000 000 S K 53 Nairobi: SK, 1963 East Africa 1:2 500 000 S K 80 Nairobi: SK, 1963 Kenya Tanzania Uganda 1:2 000 000 Wien: Freytag-Berndt

Southern Africa ATLASES

Road atlas Southern Africa Cape Town: Map Studio, 1998 GENERAL

Southern Africa. Globetrotter travel map. 1:3 725 000 London: N e w Holland, 1996 Südliches Afrika 1:2 500 000 Hildebrand's Urlaubskarte Frankfurt A M : K + G , 1998 Southern Africa 1:2 500 000 Mowbray: C D S M , 1993 Southern Africa 1:2 125 000 Vancouver: ITM, 1998

56

Africa

TOPOGRAPHIC

SOCIAL,

Suidelike Afrika / Southern Africa 1:500 000 Mowbray: C D S M , 197734 sheets, all published • Available as topo-cadastral and aeronautical editions. Namibia only published as aeronautical AERONAUTICAL

CHARTS

Suidelike Afrika / Southern Africa I: I 000 000 I C A O charts Mowbray: C D S M , 197716 sheets, all published EARTH

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Energy map of West Africa 1:5 850 000 London: PE, 1993 Also includes Central Africa With larger scale inset of Niger Delta West Africa oil and gas activity and concession map I: I 000 000 Edition 6 Ledbury: OPL, 1999 Extends from Ghana to Angola

SCIENCES

Geological map of Southern Africa 1:4 000 000 Pretoria: GSSA, 1986 With 2335 pp text The mineral deposits of Southern Africa ADMINISTRATIVE

SADCC countries 1:5 000 000 Lusaka: ZS, 1988 W e s t Africa GENERAL

Afrika Nord und West / Africa north and west / Afrique nord et ouest / Ifriqiya shimal wa gharb 1:4 000 000 Bern: K+F Road map Africa West 1:3 500 000 Bartholomew world travel series London: HarperCollins, 1993 TOPOGRAPHIC

Carte de l'Afrique de I'Ouest 1:500 000 Paris: IGN, 1940-1978 81 sheets, many out-of-print EARTH

SCIENCES

Carte geologique de l'Afrique de I'Ouest 1:2 000 000 Orleans: B R G M , I960 9 sheets, all published With single explanatory text Les mineralisations auriferes de l'Afrique de I'Ouest 1:2 000 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1989 ENVIRONMENTAL

Attas agroclimatique des pays de la zone du CILSS Niamey: A G R H Y M E T , 1992-1994 I I vols Afrique de l'ouest et centrale: precipitations moyennes annuelles (periode 1951-1989) I West and central Africa: mean annual rainfall (1951-1989) 1:6 000 000 Bondy: O R S T O M , 1996 Carte de potentialite des ressources en eau souterraine de l'Afrique occidentale et centrale / Map of groundwater resource potentiality of West and Central Africa 1:5 000 000 Organs: B R G M , 1986 Carte de planification des ressources en eau I: I 000 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1979 3 sheets, all published + text

Africa

57

20°E

ZAMBIA

— 25°S

AFRICA (Southern) 1:500 000 aeronautical 1:500 000 hydrogeological 1:500 000 administrative 200 miles

24°E

58

Africa

AD-DIMUQRATIYA ASH-SHABIYA)

Algeria became independent of France in 1962. French colonial mapping had been carried out by the Institut Geographique National (IGN), Paris, and its predecessor, the Societe Geographique de l'Armee. This involvement continued for several years after independence until in 1967, the Institut National de Cartographie, Algiers, was established and took over responsibility for mapping. The currrent name is Institut National de Cartographie et de Teledetection (INC). There is a long history of 1:50 000 scale mapping; the oldest version, Type Algerie Tunisie, published from 1897 was on a Bonne projection, but after 1942, the French Type 1922 specification was used, on a Lambert conformal projection. Some sheets were published in a standard edition printed in five colours with 20 m contours, and others appeared in a provisional five-colour edition (Üdition provisoire). These three versions together provided complementary cover of much of the northern part of the country, and sheets are still available, partly as photocopies, from the map dealer GeoCenter. Sheets in these series use a consecutive numbering system. In 1987, a new 1:50 000 scale series was launched by INC. This is a six-colour edition on the U T M projection, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid, and is intended to produce a national map of consistent quality. Sheet lines and designations follow the International map of the world system. This new cartography has a planned cover of northern Algeria in 507 sheets. These have 10 m or 20 m contours and some sheets are also hill shaded. Publication has continued steadily through the 1990s and about 160 sheets have been issued.

A 1:500 000 scale series in 43 sheets and printed in four to seven colours with 100 m contours and relief shading was published between 1961 and 1977, and a three-sheet 1:500 000 scale tourist map of northern Algeria has also been published by INC. 1:1 000 000 scale International map of the world cover is also complete. Planimetrie mapping of urban areas at 1:5000 and larger was undertaken with assistance from the former Czechoslovakia. The current objectives of the INC are to proceed with the completion of the 1:50 000 and 1:25 000 scale map series using classical photogrammetric mapping techniques, and to use satellite remote sensing techniques in the revision of 1:200 000 scale mapping. We received no information directly from INC and, given the current political situation in Algeria, acquisition may be a problem, but the new mapping is regularly listed by GeoCenter ILH, who also hold extensive stock. Cadastral mapping is the responsibility of the Agence Nationale du Cadastre, while the Office National des Statistiques is responsible for demographic and socioeconomic data, and was in process of producing an atlas in the early 1990s.

An extensive cover of the country has also been achieved at 1:200 000 scale in a series of 242 sheets. This mapping was begun by the French as the Carte d'Afrique and continued from 1983 by INC as Carte d'Algerie. Another 1:200 000 scale version was published in the Type 1922 specification in the early 1960s by I G N , Paris, and covered much of the north of the country in 37 sheets printed in six colours with 50 m contours and hill shading. A set of Soviet-produced 1:200 000 scale mapping is also available, covering the whole country in 367 sheets.

Earth science mapping is carried out by the Office National de la Recherche Geologique et Miniere ( O N R G M ) , established in 1984 within the Ministere de l'lndustrie Lourde. Previously, earth science mapping had been undertaken by several different departments within the Ministry, and French agencies had been responsible for geological coverage prior to independence. There is published mapping at a variety of scales, but none gives complete cover. The 1:500 000 scale Carte geologique however, provides cover as far south as 26°N. 1:200 000 scale geological mapping covers part of the north of the country using sheet lines of the Type I960 topographic series and of earlier series. In the south, mapping undertaken mainly in the 1980s and 1990s is published on the one-degree International map of the world sheet lines. The 1:50 000 scale series sheets are numbered sequentially using the old topographic sheet system. This is an active series with about 115 sheets published so far. There are also numerous local and regional maps and map sets covering smaller and greater regions of the country, such as a 1:500 000 Carte geologique du Sahara: Massif du Hoggar in 12 sheets, published by the French Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM) in the early 1960s. An energy map has been published by Petroleum Economist (PE).

Some 1:100 000 scale mapping was undertaken in the 1950s, and 88 sheets were published in a four-colour edition. The series was discontinued, but photocopies of some sheets are available from GeoCenter.

Several vegetation maps have been published by the Institut de la Carte Internationale du Tapis Vegetal, Toulouse, and are based on the principles of H . Gaussen. They include 1:1 000 000 scale vegetation map of the area around Alger,

1:25 000 scale mapping began in the coastal areas in 1961, using the specification designated 'Type I960'. The projection is UTM, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid. The mapping was relaunched in 1987 with sheet lines changed to conform to the I M W system, and each sheet now covers an area of 7' 30"x7' 30". This map is in four colours and has 10 m interval contours. There is a planned cover of about 900 sheets for northern Algeria, and some 365 sheets have been published.

Algeria

59

a 1:50 000 scale map of Ghardaia and 1:200 000 scale maps of Oran and Guelt-es-Stel-Djelfa. All are accompanied by booklets and are available as paper copies or as raster image files in TIFF format on CD-ROM from @ct'image.

Algeria 1:1 000 000

Small-scale tourist maps are published by INC and by several overseas commercial map publishers, including Michelin, Cartographia, and GEOprojects.

Algerie. Carte touristique 1:500 000

• •

•

Addresses Agence Nationale du Cadastre

Budapest: Cartographia, 1991 N o r t h e r n Algeria; inset administrative map and street maps of Alger, Constantine and Oran; index

Alger: I N C , 1991 3 sheets, covering northern Algeria Distance table TOPOGRAPHIC Carte d' Algerie 1:500 000 Alger: I N C , 196143 sheets, 38 published • Carte d'Algerie 1:200 000 Alger and Paris: I N C and I G N , 1961-

27 rue M'hamed Bouchakour, A L G E R

242 sheets, all published

Tel + 2 1 3 2 66 36 70

N o t all sheets are available to the public

Institut National de Cartographie et de Teledetection (INC)

Alger: I N C , 1987-

(Headquarters)

Carte d'Algerie 1:50 000 •

507 sheets, 160 published

123 rue de Tripoli, 16040 Hussein-Dey, BP 430, A L G E R

For northern Algeria only

Tel +213 2 23 43 76 Fax +213 2 23 43 81

M o r e extensive older series also available

Institut National de Cartographie et de Teledetection (INC)

Carte d'Algerie 1:25 000 Alger: I N C , 1987-

Agence Commerciale, 20 r u e A b a n e Ramdane, A L G E R

c. 900 sheets, c. 365 published

Tel + 2 1 3 2 73 92 60 Fax +213 2 73 73 05

Office National de la Recherche Geologique et Miniere (ONRGM)

EARTH

SCIENCES

Corte geologique de I'Algerie 1:500 000

18A Avenue Mustapha el Ouali, 16000 A L G E R

Alger and Orleans: O N R G M and B R G M , 1951-

Tel +213 2 74 34 64

6 large format northern sheets published by O N R G M , 9

Office National des Statistiques

southern sheets of Hoggar by B R G M

8 - 1 0 rue des Moussebiline, A L G E R

Carte des grtes miniraux de I'Algerie 1:500 000

Tel +213 2 64 77 90

Alger: O N R G M , 1965-

For N I M A , see United States; for Michelin, @ct'image and

6 sheets, 3 published

GEOprojects and PE, see Great Britain; for GeoCenter, see

Carte geologique de I'Algerie 1:200 000 Alger and Orleans: O N R G M and B R G M , 1924-

Chapter 3.

Sheets on various sheet lines or combined in packages

B R G M , see France; for Cartographia, see Hungary; for

Carte geologique detaillee de I'Algerie 1:50 000 Alger: O N R G M , 1904-

Catalogue GAZETTEERS Algeria. Official standard names approved by the United States

c. 115 sheets published

•

ENVIRONMENTAL Carte de la vegetatioη d'Algerie 1:1 000 000 J.P.Barry.J.C. Celles,

Board on Geographic Names

L.Faurel

Washington D C : N I M A , 1972

Toulouse: @ct'image, 1974

754 pp

+text Θ

GENERAL

SOCIAL,

CULTURAL AND

ECONOMIC

Algeria 1:4 600 000

Energy map of Algeria 1:1 670 000 Edition 2

Reading: GEOprojects, 1994

London: PE, 1999

Algerie - Carte touristique 1:2 300 000 Alger: I N C , 1997 Algerie-Tunisie / Algeria-Tunisia I: I 000 000 Paris: Michelin, 1995 W i t h larger scale insets of coastal regions Algerie (le Nord). Carte touristique I: I 000 000 Alger: I N C Algerie - Tunisie / Algeria - Tunisia I: I 000 000 Paris: Michelin, 1995 N o r t h e r n Algeria

60

Africa

ADMINISTRATIVE A/gerie. Limites administratives Alger: I N C Small two-sided map Carte administrative de I'Algerie 1:2 300 000 Alger: I N C Algerie du Nord: limites administratives 1:550 000 Alger: I N C , 1993

URBAN Alger. Plan d e rues Alger: I N C ,

1:7500

1991

2 sheets, b o t h published

ALGERIA

- NJ · 31 -

1:500 0 0 0 topographic

El Asnam

Mascara

. Oran NI-30:

>

Oglat Berabei NH- 29

Bechar

Tabelbala

Kerzaz

N^indoul Chenachane N G - 2 9 -

Κ

Adrar

Erg-Chech

Amguid

NG

lllizi

31

NG-32

—

l-N-Eker

Zaouatallaz

-Djanet

Anziz

Tamanrasset

Tazrouk

Inezzane'

,ln Dagouber

31

S ^ N F

1

NH- 32 Zaouiael | Kahla

Ouallene

J : -

N F - 3 0 —

Hassi Inifel

In Salah —

Touggourt^

H1 Messaoud^

N H 31

Timimoun

NG - 30 -

\

Ghardaia

El Golea —

Nl - 32

31

Laghouat

- j — NH- 30 Igma

Biskra

- N l

Ain Sefra Λ

- NJ • 32 Konstantine

NF-32"-

Ti-Ml-N-Azaoua Missaou ^ I

Tessalit 4 0 0 km

L . I-N-' Guezzam

2 5 0 miles

N E - 31

ALGERIA

NJ-

NJ-

3 2 - VIII

3ο 2 - V I I

1:50 0 0 0 topographic

tf

_Alger NJ31

— N J

-_

31-11

NJ3 1 - III

_ NJ - _ 31-IV

NJ - _ 31-V

NJ - _ 31 - V I

r

NJ-

NJ-

NJ-

32-1

" 3 2 - II

3 2 - III

r

r

35°N NI-

NI-

30-XXII

30-XXIII

NI30 - XXIV

Nl31 - XIX

Nl-

Nl-

31-XX

31 - XXI

Nl31 - XXII

Nl-

NJ-

NJ-

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32-XX

32 - XIX

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_

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31 - X V

Nl31 - XVI

NI-

30-XI

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Nl-

A -

NI30-VI

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160 k m 1 0 0 miles

Nl31-XVII

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NJ-

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(

NJ-

32 - X I V 3 2 - X V

32 -XIII

ZZ

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

S h e e t numbering example: Nl - 3 1 - X X I I - 6 (double sheet) • 31 - X X I I - 6 Q u e s t or Est (single sheets)

Algeria

61

2°E

ALGERIA

,2

1:50 000 aeoloaical 59

57, 102/ / 1,127 153

/ 180 208 238 268 299

356

\ 411

242

301 329 385

362

360 389 415

309

364

366 393

419

311

368 395

421

313 341

339

345 401 427

319

376 403

429

80 km 50 miles

62

Africa

325

380

327, 355

382 409

435

266 296

353

407 433

264

323

378

206 234

294

351

405 431

204

262

321

151, 177

232

292

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202

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101 124

175

230

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372 399

425

317

315

370

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99

147

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122

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228

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97 120

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198

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343

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254

95

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73

171

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118 143

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93

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116 141

194

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114 139

192

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391 417

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307 335

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24

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110

161 188

246

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333

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244

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83

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129

212

272

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182

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/

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/

1

T h e national m a p p i n g agency in A n g o l a is the I n s t i t u t o G e o d e s i a e C a r t o g r a f i a d e A n g o l a ( I G C A ) , Luanda. In the colonial period prior to independence in 1 9 7 5 Portuguese agencies established m a p series in the country. These were based upon the Polyconic projection, Clarke 1 8 8 0 ellipsoid, and included a 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 scale m a p compiled using aerial photography and modern geodetic control, which was to cover the country in 4 6 8 sheets. Photography was completed by 1 9 6 4 and slow progress was m a d e in the publication of five-colour m a p s , which each covered half-degree quadrangles and showed relief with a 50 m contour interval. It is not known whether this series was completed, but a derived 1 : 2 5 0 0 0 0 scale series in 6 0 sheets was available in the m i d - 1 9 7 0 s . Little is known about the post-independence topographic m a p p i n g in the country b u t officially published small scale administrative and relief m a p p i n g of A n g o l a , and urban coverage of Luanda were released for international sale early in the 1990s. T h e best available topographic m a p p i n g of the country is Soviet coverage published at 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 scale in 194 sheets, available from a number of m a p dealers. Earth science m a p p i n g of A n g o l a is carried out by D i r e c ? a o d e S e r v i c e s d e G e o l o g i a e M i n a s ( D S G M ) , which compiled full-colour geological m a p p i n g at 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 and 1 : 2 5 0 0 0 0 scales for some parts of the country prior to the civil war. There is no information about any larger scale geological m a p p i n g of the country in the last 2 0 years, but a number of smaller scale sheets have been published. In 1980-2 the Portuguese Instituto de Investiga^äo C i e n t i f i c a T r o p i c a l ( H C T ) published a coloured four-sheet 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale geological m a p of A n g o l a with accompanying booklet, and the South African C o u n c i l f o r G e o s c i e n c e was revising this m a p early in 1 9 9 8 . Russian geological coverage at this scale may also still be available from some dealers. Other I I C T m a p s have included singlesheet soils coverage of the country and some larger scale provincial soils m a p p i n g . Small-scale general m a p s of A n g o l a include a tourist sheet from C a r t o g r a p h i a , B u d a p e s t , and a sheet from Swedish commercial house Esselte, still available from some dealers.

• •

•

Further information The best introduction to the development of topographic mapping of Angola is still Böhme, R. (1991) Angola, pp 256-260, in Inventory of world topographic mapping: Vol. 2 South America, Central America and Africa. London: Elsevier.

Addresses D i r e c f a o de S e r v i f o s de G e o l o g i a e Minas Caixo Postal 1260-C, LUANDA Tel + 2 4 4 2 323024 Fax +244 2 321655 Email [email protected] Instituto G e o d e s i a e C a r t o g r a f i a de A n g o l a ( I G C A ) Caixo Postal 1206, Largo Bressante, LUANDA For NIMA, see United States; for Cartographia, see Hungary; for IICT, see Portugal; for Council for Geosciences, see South Africa; for Roskartografija, see Russia.

Catalogue GAZETTEERS Angola. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 2 Washington, DC: NIMA, 1986 549 pp GENERAL Repüblica Popular de Angola 1:3 000 000 Luanda: IGCA Angola 1:2 000 000 Budapest: Cartographia, 1989 Double-sided with 1:20 000 plan of Luanda Republica Popular de Angola I: I 400 000 Estocalmo: Ministerio de Educa?äo and Esselte, 1982 Shows landscape types and administrative boundaries Republica Popular de Angola carta rodoviäria I: I 000 000 Luanda: IGCA 4 sheets, all published Relief base TOPOGRAPHIC [Angola] 1:200 000 Moskva: Roskartografija 194 sheets, all published In Russian EARTH

SCIENCES

Geologia de Angola 1:1 000 000 Lisboa: HCT, 1980-82 4 sheets, all published With accompanying booklet

Angola

63

Geologie de Angola I: I 000 000 Moskva: MGSSSR, 1988 6 sheets, all published In Russian ENVIRONMENTAL

Carta generalizado dos solos de Angola 1:3 000 000 Lisboa: HCT, 1968 W i t h accompanying explanatory text Carta geral dos solos de Angola I: I 000 000-1:500 000 Lisboa: IICT, 19596 published sheets ADMINISTRATIVE

Republica Popular de Angola. Divisäo politico administratis 1:1 500 000 Luanda: I G C A , 1989 URBAN

Mapa planimetrico de Luanda 1:10 000 Luanda: I G C A , 1989 4 sheets, all published

64

Africa

DU BENIN)

The Republic of Benin (formerly Dahomey) was mapped by the French Institut Geographique National (IGN) in its three West African series in the 1950s and 1960s. The sheets in these series are all graticule-based with International map of the world(IMW) sheet numbering, and the projection is U T M , Clarke 1880 ellipsoid. The 1:200 000 scale series was compiled from aerial photography flown during the period 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 6 3 , and the 19 sheets had all been issued by 1972. The m a p is in four colours, with 4 0 m interval contours. The sheets are now very out-of-date, and a new series was planned in the 1980s on rationalized sheet lines which reduced the number of sheets to nine. Only one sheet, Abomey, has so far been published. 1:500 000 scale cover was completed in 1969. T h e 1:50 0 0 0 scale m a p requires over 160 sheets for complete cover, but only 77 have been published, mostly before 1980, and some are out-of-print. These sheets are also in four colours, and the contours are at 20 m intervals. Although Benin became fully independent in I 9 6 0 , mapping continued to be carried out by the I G N from Paris and from its centre at Dakar. In 1978, however, an Institut National de Cartographie was created in Benin, and assumed responsibility for geodetic, topographic and cadastral survey and cartography. The organization is now called the Institut Geographique National du Benin (IGNB), Cotonou. All recent mapping activity has been substantially dependent on overseas aid, principally from France, b u t there has also been technical assistance from Nigeria and World Bank support for large scale urban mapping. A series of 1:25 000 scale maps of the coastal zone was initiated in 1991 as a joint project with I G N , Paris. The maps are in six colours with 5 m interval contours, and are on a U T M projection. There are 4 8 sheets in the programme. The urban areas of Benin have grown enormously over recent decades, and French aid facilitated the production of urban plans at scales of 1:5000 and 1:10 0 0 0 in the 1980s. In 1986, the Societe d'Etudes Regionales d'Habitat et d'Amenagement Urbain, Cotonou, was founded with technical and financial support from France. Its remit includes thematic atlas mapping for the Region Sud and the Region Nord, and the production of maps and development plans for towns and cities. Urban cadastral registers are being established for Parakou, Cotonou and Porto Novo with French f u n d i n g , and an urban reconstruction and development project is being undertaken with funding from the World Bank. In 1993, the organization became SERHAUSEM (Societe d'Economie Mixte), and the following year acquired Maplnfo software. Since then, the organization has created a multi-thematic digital atlas as part of its Registre Fonder Urbain de Cotonou. Similar digital atlases are in preparation for Parakou and Porto Novo. The Office Beninois des Mines (OBEMINES), Cotonou, has been undertaking production of a 1:200 000 series of

geological maps to cover the country, to which the former USSR, France and Italy have all contributed. The first sheet, published in 1984, covered the breadth of the country between 9° and 10° N . In 1989, four further sheets were published, covering the north of the country. It is also intended to m a p the sedimentary basin (between 6° and 7 ° N ) at 1:50 0 0 0 scale. A summary m a p of the whole country at 1:500 0 0 0 is also planned, but in the meantime, the best available complete cover remains the 1:2 0 0 0 000 Carte geologique de l'Afrique Occidental, published by the French Bureau de Recherche Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM) in the 1960s (see under West Africa). Soil mapping of Benin has been carried out by the Institut Franfais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation (ORSTOM), and includes a complete cover with explanatory texts at 1:200 0 0 0 scale, some larger scale mapping of villages, and a single-sheet m a p of the country at 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale. O R S T O M has also compiled a bathymetric m a p of the continental shelf adjacent to Benin and Togo. An important series of environmental maps is the Carte de vegetation du Benin 1:100 000. This programme was initiated in 1993 and by 1997 was almost complete. It has been produced by the Centre National de Teledetection et de Surveillance du Couvert Forestier (CENATEL) using satellite image processing software and GIS. The Institut National de la Statistique et de l'Analyse Economique (INSAE) was created in 1973 in preparation for the first population census, held in 1979. INSAE has produced census tract maps of the six provinces at scales of 1:100 0 0 0 and 1:200 000. A street m a p of Cotonou was published in 1995 by the Institut Geographique National (IGN), France in association with I G N B . It includes a grid-referenced index to numbered buildings and to communes, roads and quartiers. For the whole country, there is a general m a p published by I G N in its Pays et villes d'outre mer series.

• • •

F u r t h e r information Recent developments in the provision of geographic information in Benin, and the problems of support and funding are described in Mama, D.J. (1996) L'information geographique au Benin, report given to the 9th United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Africa, Adis-Abeba, 1996. I n f o r m a t i o n

about the activities of SERHAU-SEM are obtainable from the organization.

Benin

65

ENVIRONMENTAL

Addresses

Carte pedologique du Dahomey I: I 000 000 C e n t r e National de Teledetection et de Surveillance

Bondy and Cotonou: O R S T O M , 1967

du C o u v e r t Forestier

Republique Populaire du Benin: carte pedologique de reconnaissance

(CENATEL)

COTONOU

1:200 000

Institut G e o g r a p h i q u e National du Benin ( I G N B )

Bondy: O R S T O M , 1975-8

Rue Colonna de Lecca, BP 360, C O T O N O U

9 sheets, all published

•

Tel +229 31 24 41 / 31 29 78

W i t h explanatory texts

Institut National de la Statistique et d e l'Analyse

Carte de vegetation du Benin 1: 100 000

Economique

(INSAE)

Bureau Central du Recensement, BP 323, C O T O N O U Tel +229 31 40 81 Office Beninois des Mines ( O B E M I N E S ) BP 249, C O T O N O U

39 sheets, 27 published SOCIAL,

•

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Republique du Benin. Carte linguistique c. 1:2 000 000 Cotonou: Centre National de Linguistique Appliquee, 1989

Tel +229 31 03 09 Societe d'Etudes Regionales d'Habitat et d'Amenagement Urbain

Cotonou: C E N A T E L

(SERHAU-SEM)

32-34 rue 390 (route de Lome), BP 2338 C O T O N O U Tel +229 30 02 09 Fax +229 30 06 26

URBAN Cotonou. Plan guide 1:15 000 Paris and Cotonou: I G N and I G N B , 1995 Indexed

For I G N , B R G M and O R S T O M , see France; for N I M A , see United States.

Catalogue

BENIN 1:200 0 0 0 soils

ATLASES

Karimama

Atlas cartographique de la Region Sud du Benin

4

Cotonou: S E R H A U - S E M , 1992

9 Kandi

GAZETTEERS Dahomey. Official standard names approved by the United States

./

Board on Geographic Names Washington D C : N I M A , 1965

•l·

89 pp

I

Porga

>

A-

\

6

Bembereke

v^ Natitingou

GENERAL

(

\

Republique du Benin - carte generale 1:600 000 Edition 2 Paris and Cotonou: I G N and I G N B , 1992 Inset maps of Cotonou, Porto-Novo, administrative

Djougou

departements Distances table

9°N

9°N

I

TOPOGRAPHIC

3

Republique Populaire du Benin 1:200 000 Paris and Cotonou: I G N and I G N B , 198718 sheets, 14 published • Republique Populaire du Benin 1:50 000 Paris and Cotonou: I G N and I G N B , 1956c. 160 sheets, 77 published • Republique Populaire du Benin 1:25 000 Paris and Cotonou: I G N and I G N B : I N C , 198748 sheets, 4 published Area south of 7°N only EARTH

SCIENCES

Save

2

80 km 50 miles

Abomey

J1

1

- Porto-Novo ^Porto-Novo·

Carte geologique du Benin 1:200 000 Cotonou: O B E M I N E S , 1984Five sheets published

66

Africa

Parakou /

\

2Έ

2°Ε

ND-31

BENIN 1:200 0 0 0 topographic 1:50 0 0 0 topographic

IV Sabongari

Kirtach

\ \ XX Arli

XIX Pama

XXI Kandi

XXII Gaya

-1

Λ

-y XIII Τ Sansanne-Mango^

XIV Natit ngou

XV Bembereke

XVI η Dunkassa

NC-31 IIIX Djougou

IX Parakou

II Sokode

Save

j Nikki

2Έ 160 km 100 miles

Τ

iL

'

BENIN

XX-XXI Abomey

45

1:100 0 0 0 vegetation

XV \ Porto-Novo

42' /

46 t-r-^ 44 43

«38 39

40

i31

32

33

34

35

Ά .

S 26

27

28

29

30

21

22

23

24

.18

19

JT

.37

41 >

iPorto-Novo^i..

NB-31

Sheet numbering example: 1:200 000 NB31 XV 1:50 000NB31 XV 3C

20

9°N •

I 16 I 14

I 17

25 y

9°N

1

15 |

1 I

12

I

10

13 I I " J

\

8

Μ

80 km 50 miles

Benin

67

BOTSWANA)

The national mapping agency of Botswana is the D e p a r t m e n t of Surveys and Mapping (DSM) in Gaborone. It was established with British support as the Department of Surveys and Lands (DSL) and has drawn extensively upon British aid in the creation of topographic mapping programmes in the country. After the end of World War II the Directorate of Colonial Surveys established 1:125 0 0 0 scale two-colour mapping of Bechuanaland Protectorate, which continued to be produced for the developed areas of the state until independence in 1966. The Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS) (now O r d n a n c e Survey International (OSI)) issued the first sheets in 1967 of what is now the national basic scale map. This 1:50 0 0 0 scale series is a photogrammetric map based upon the Transverse Mercator projection, modified Clarke 1880 ellipsoid. Sheets follow standard D O S numbering practice and cover quarterdegree quadrangles; nearly 900 would be needed for complete coverage, and efforts have concentrated upon the mapping of developed parts of Botswana with nearly half of the country now covered in maps conforming to a number of different specifications. The first D O S mapping comprised conventional five-colour line maps with a 50 ft contour interval, and some cadastral information. These were published for the developed south and east. In addition about 150 sheets were issued as uncontoured photomaps, covering more remote and flatter northern areas of the country. Monochrome planimetic maps have also been issued for some areas in an attempt to speed completion of the series, and D S M now revises about 25 sheets a year, to a metric specification, with 10 m contours. This programme has been financed by South African and Swedish aid. The remaining areas of Botswana are available as uncontrolled 1:70 0 0 0 scale photo-mosaics and as print laydowns based upon 1970s and 1980s aerial photographic coverage. Other photo-mapping has also been carried out, notably in a D O S series of full-colour 1:100 0 0 0 scale maps of northwestern areas, supplemented by monochrome 1:100 0 0 0 scale coverage using S P O T image bases compiled by D S M in the 1990s. These areas extend the coverage of controlled mapping. The country is completely covered by 41 maps published at 1:250 0 0 0 scale. Again a number of different specifications have been followed. D O S issued a single photomap, and DSM issued a further eight maps as conventional line maps with layer-coloured relief. In the east of the country maps are available as either ground or air editions of Joint Operation Graphic specifications, with relief depicted according to the reliability of available information as contours, form lines, hachures and colour tints. The sparsely settled areas of the Kalahari desert are published as monochrome sheets derived from L A N D S A T imagery. This series has been under revision over the last decade. Other national scales are 1:500 0 0 0 (11 sheets), also used for administrative mapping, 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 (two sheets) as well as single-sheet 1:1 500 0 0 0 and 1:2 000 0 0 0 scale coverage.

68

Africa

D S M publishes a wide variety of urban mapping. Settlements are mapped either as orthophoto plots or as line maps at 1:2500, 1:5000, or 1:10 0 0 0 scale. A special sheet covering Gaborone at 1:25 0 0 0 was issued in 1991· Since 1990 there have been significant changes in Botswana's mapping infrastructure. DSM was created out of the much larger DSL, with much more focused mapping responsibilities, and demand for modern mapping encouraged the introduction of digital production flow lines. The first phase in the modernization involved the creation of digital village mapping: initially by Swedesurvey, but increasingly in-house by D S M , and all large and medium settlements in Botswana are now mapped with 1:5000 scale digital coverage. A digital production flowline was also established by Swedesurvey for all scales smaller than 1:50 000, using SOS-MAP and O C A D . This has involved the capture of digital 1:50 0 0 0 data, and the redesign of the sheet format for the printed 1:50 0 0 0 map. There are recent plans for the production of a national atlas of the country, following the Swedish model of parallel hard copy and digital editions. Geological mapping of Botswana is the responsibility of the D e p a r t m e n t of t h e Geological Survey (DGS). A full colour 1:125 0 0 0 scale series is published for areas in the south and east of the country — coverage is being extended further into the desert and a revision programme is in operation. Sheets are issued with bulletins or district memoirs explaining the geology of the area. It is intended to cover the rest of the country by unpublished provisional 1:250 0 0 0 scale 'Kalahari' mapping, in a provisional and open file programme. In addition to these series D G S also issues a number of smaller scale earth science themes, including gravity, groundwater, hydrogeological and aeromagnetic maps at 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale as well as a number of scales of geological coverage. Current programmes include more detailed aeromagnetic mapping of the whole country, with data becoming available as hard copy at 1:50 0 0 0 and 1:500 0 0 0 scales, and in digital form. Soils mapping of the country was established in an aid project funded through FAO and U N D P and carried out in the early 1980s. 1:250 000 scale two-colour soils sheets began to be available in 1984 and 26 maps covering the non-desert areas were issued from the Soils Mapping and Advisory S e r v i c e in the Ministry of Agriculture. Smaller scales were also derived from the GIS established in this project, including 1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale carrying capacity, soils and vegetation maps, and 1:1 000 000 scale soils and land suitability for crop production coverages. The Ministry of Local Government Lands and Housing issued a single sheet 1:1 500 000 scale land use map of Botswana in 1996. Other resources mapping of Botswana was carried out in the 1960s by the British Land Resources Development Centre (now Natural R e s o u r c e s Institute (NRI)). These 1:500 0 0 0 scale land facet, irrigation potential, and vegetation maps of

eastern, central a n d s o u t h e r n p a r t s of t h e c o u n t r y m a y still be available o n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t . Small-scale general m a p s of B o t s w a n a have recently been p u b l i s h e d by Lonely Planet, N e w Holland, Macmillan, M a p Studio, and I T M , as well as t h e A m e r i c a n Central Intelligence A g e n c y ( C I A ) , a n d S o u t h A f r i c a n street directory p u b l i s h e r Intratex issues six indexed street m a p s of t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t s e t t l e m e n t s in its Braby range. B & T Directories p u b l i s h e d a u s e f u l street a n d p l o t index atlas of G a b o r o n e in 1 9 9 7 .

*

•

•

Further information D S M and D S G issue regular catalogues and annual reports. D S M (1993) Progress report 1989-1992: paper submitted to the 8th United Nations regional cartographic conference for Africa. Adis Abeba: U N ECA. Morebodi, B.B.H. (1997) The Botswana National Atlas, pp 1728-1734 In Proceedings of the 18th International Cartographic Conference ICC 97 Stockholm. Gävle: Swedish Cartographic Society. Mosweu, L. and Morebodi, B. (1997) Modernization of map production activities within Department of Surveys and Mapping, pp 1993-1999 In Proceedings of the 18th International Cartographic Conference ICC 97 Stockholm. Gävle: Swedish Cartographic Society.

Catalogue ATLASES

Travel atlas of Zimbabwe, Botswana, & Namibia. Various scales Hawthorn,Vic: Lonely Planet, 1996 72 pp GENERAL

Botswana mini map Johannesburg: Map Studio The Republic of Botswana 1:2 000 000 Edition 2 Gaborone: D S M , 1982 Botswana traveller's map I: I 750 000 Oxford: Macmillan, 1989 Double sided with many insets Botswana 1:1 700 000 Wien: Freytag-Berndt Double sided, with Okavango Delta on reverse Botswana. Globetrotter travel mop. I: I 600 000 London: N e w Holland, 1996 Double-sided with area and town maps on reverse Botswana: travel reference map I: I 500 000 Vancouver: ITM, 1997 The Republic of Botswana 1:1 500 000 Edition 8 Gaborone: D S M , 1998 The Republic of Botswana I: I 000 000 Edition 4 Gaborone: D S M , 1996 2 sheets, both published IMAGE

Addresses B & T Directories Ltd P O Box 1549, G A B O R O N E Tel +267 371 444 Fax +267 373 462 D e p a r t m e n t of Geological Survey ( D G S ) Ministry of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs, Private Bag 14, L O B A T S E Tel +267 330 327 Fax +267 332 013 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.gov.bw/government/geology.htm D e p a r t m e n t of Surveys and M a p p i n g ( D S M ) Private Bag 0037, G A B O R O N E Tel +267 353 251 Fax +267 352 704 URL http://www.gov.bw/government/ministry_of_local_ government_lands_and_housing.html Soils M a p p i n g A d v i s o r y Service Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 3, G A B O R O N E Tel +267 350 500 ext 671 U R L http://www.gov.bw/government/ministry_of_agriculture. html#agricultural_research For Lonely Planet, see Australia; for U N D P and FAO, see World; for C I A and N I M A , see United States; for N e w Holland, NRI, OSI, and Macmilllan, see Great Britain; for ITM, see Canada; for Freytag-Berndt, see Austria; for Map Studio and Intratex, see South Africa.

MAPS

Botswana 1:100 000 Gaborone: D S M , 198137 sheets published • TOPOGRAPHIC

The Republic of Botswana 1:500 000 Gaborone: D S M , 1965-69 11 sheets, all published Diazo copies, relief by spot heights The Republic of Botswana 1:250 000 Gaborone: D S M , 197441 sheets, all published • Published as: provisional monochrome versions; Joint operations graphics (ground or air) or conventional editions Botswana 1:125 000 Gaborone: D S M and D O S , 1955-66 104 sheets published • Shows relief by form lines Botswana 1:50 000 Gaborone: D S M , 1967856 sheets, c. 450 published • EARTH

Θ

SCIENCES

Distribution of the Karoo in Botswana 1:2 000 000 Lobatse: D G S , 1981 Provisional geological map of the Republic of Botswana 1:2 000 000 Lobatse: D G S , 1971

Botswana

69

Geological map of the Republic of Botswana I: I 000 000 Lobatse: D G S , 1984

SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

Gaborone: D S M , 1981

Photo-geological map of the Republic of Botswana I: I 000 000 URBAN

Lobatse: D G S , 1978 2 sheets, both published

B&T Gaborone map book

Groundwater resources map of the Republic of Botswana

Gaborone: B&T, 1997

1:1 000 000

115 pp

Lobatse: D G S , 1988

Gaborone 1:25 000

2 sheets, both published

Gaborone: D S M , 1991

Groundwater vulnerability map of the Republic of Botswana 1:1 000 000

Gaborone 1:5000

W i t h 32 pp bulletin text Bouguer anomaly map I: I 000 000 Lobatse: D G S , 1976 2 sheets, both published Published with The gravity survey of Botswana 1972-3, C.V. Reeves and D.G.Hutchins Anomalies of the magnetic total intensity of Botswana I: I 000 000 Lobatse: D G S , 1987 Mineral occurrences and metallogenic districts of Eastern Botswana 1:1 000 000 J.Baldock Lobatse: D G S , 1977 Basement interpretation map of Botswana 1:500 000 Lobatse: D G S , 1978 8 sheets, all published Superficial interpretation map of Botswana 1:500 000 Lobatse: D G S , 1978 8 sheets, all published Republic of Botswana: hydrogeological reconnaissance map 1:500 000 Lobatse: D G S , 1979-1987 11 sheets, all published Republic of Botswana: reconnaissance aeromagnetic survey 1:250 000 Lobatse: D G S , 1975-1978 •

Quarter degree geological map series of Botswana 1: 125 000 Lobatse: D G S , 1963104 sheets, c. 40 published

•

ENVIRONMENTAL

Botswana national land use map I: I 500 000 Gaborone: Ministry of Local Government Lands and Housing, 1996 Botswana soils map 1:250 000 Gaborone: Soils Mapping Advisory Service, 1985•

ADMINISTRATIVE

Republic of Botswana: political map I: I 000 000 Gaborone: D S M , 1989 2 sheets, both published Republic of Botswana: map of the districts Gaborone: D S M , 1970-75 8 sheets, all published

70

Africa

Gaborone city map 1:17 500 Gaborone: D S M , 1994

Lobatse: D G S , 1996

40 sheets, 26 published

ECONOMIC

MAPS

Republic of Botswana 1981 population census 1:1 500 000

2 sheets, both published

35 sheets, all published

A N D

Gaborone: D S M , 1996 5 sheets + booklet

25°E

Botswana

71

25Έ

•1821·

Φι

1822

1824

3

1921

4I

2127 C—I—D —

1825 r

Sheet numbering example: 1:50 000 topographic 2127 A2

Κ Okavango Delta i 1922 1923

I 2

- A

X

ΛΙ

1823

1

1725

1724-

1:100 000 image map 2127 A 1:125 000 topographic 2127 1:125 000 geological 2127

1924

1925

2024

τ 2025

1926-

/ /

2021

2022

2023

2027

I 2026 J '.J TlMak'gadikgädi;

21 °S 2121

•2122

2123

2124

2125

2126

2127 4

2221·

•2222

-2223

2224

2225

2226

2227

2321·

-2322

2323

2324

2325

2326

2421·

•2422

2423

2424

2425

/ 2426

Gaborone?

2521-

-2522

7 2621-

Μ

72

Africa

2622

/

-2523

2525

2524

±

±t

Τ

/

-2228

/

-2229

2327

BOTSWANA 1:50 000 topographic 1:100 000 image maps 1:125 000 topographic 1:125 000 geological

320 km

25° Ε

2129

-2128

200 miles

Formerly a part of French West Africa, Upper Volta gained independence in I960, and in 1984 changed its name to Burkina Faso (meaning roughly, the People's Republic of Burkina). The country had previously been mapped by the French Institut Geographique National (IGN) and its predecessors, and 1:200 000 scale mapping began as early as 1922. All the current sheets, however are based on post-1950 aerial photography and are in a regular four- or five-colour edition with 40 m contours. Projection is UTM, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid. Complete cover requires 34 of these one-degree sheets and all have been published. However, many are now out of print and most are out-of-date. Some sheets have been revised by the Institut Geographique du Burkina (IGB), Ouagadougou, which was established in 1976 to take over responsibility for national mapping, but at present the only complete in-print cover at this scale is the ex-Soviet mapping which covers the country in 54 sheets. A 1:500 000 scale cover in nine sheets was completed by the French in 1959. In 1979, a 1:50 000 series was begun. Some 328 sheets are required to cover the country, and progress has depended heavily on the availability of overseas aid. Initially a few sheets, including some around the capital, were published with French and with Dutch aid. A further 61 sheets were published by IGB in 1987-8. These cover the main river basins and were printed in the U K by the former Clyde Surveys. Further sheets are in the programme. The 1:50 000 scale sheets each cover an area of one-quarter degree latitude and longitude, and are in four colours with 10 m contours. Projection is UTM, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid. Larger scale mapping has been undertaken in a piecemeal way to meet the needs of urban development or specific rural development projects. IGB has also published a number of thematic maps, including a linguistic map, a wall map for use in schools, an administrative map of the provinces and departments, and, in association with the National Tourist Office, tourist maps of Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso. The latest general map of the country was published in 1994 in the IGN Pays et villes du monde series. It includes small insert maps of administrative areas and of ethnic groups. In 1990 the government prepared a Master Plan for Cartography which defined a series of priorities for improving the country's geodetic network (using GPS), levelling network, completing the 1:50 000 scale map coverage and revising the 1:200 0000 and 1:500 000 scale maps. Feasibility studies are also being carried out for the implementation of a cadastral system. A GIS has been established with World Bank aid, and is to be used for image processing, statistical work and thematic cartography, and a National Programme for Rural Land Development has been initiated. Earth science mapping is the responsibility of the Bureau des Mines et de la Geologie du Burkina (BUMIGEB), and

a 1:200 000 scale mapping programme was begun in 1969 with the assistance of the French Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM) and of the Belgian Musee Royale d e l'Afrique Centrale (MRAC), but has not been completed. A single sheet geological map was published in 1975. A soil map of the country was completed at 1:500 000 scale in 1969 by Institut Franfais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation (ORSTOM). Two sheets of this five-sheet series are out-of-print. There is also a five-sheet series by ORSTOM showing agronomic units derived from the soil map. Since 1975, soil mapping has been undertaken the Bureau National des Sols, Ouagadougou, which has produced various ad hoc local surveys at scales ranging between 1:2000 and 1:500 000. These maps are printed as dye-lines. A plan for a 1:100 000 scale series was adopted by the government in 1990, but implementation depends on the possibility of securing foreign aid. There are also plans to introduce a digital mapping programme in co-operation with the IGB. A remote sensing unit, the Centre Regional de Teledetection du Ouagadougou (CRTO), was established in 1977, but none of its products have been distributed on the international market. A 1995 map of vegetation and land use, based on LANDSAT MSS and Spot satellite imagery was prepared by the Institut d e la C a r t e Internationale Vegetal (ICIV), Toulouse and the University of Ouagadougou and is distributed by @ct'image. It is available as a paper copy or as a raster image file in TIFF format on CD-ROM. It includes inset maps of phytogeography, agriculture, bioclimate, soils and geology. An earlier map of natural regions was prepared by the Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivrieres (IRAT), based primarily on geological, physiographic and soil criteria. 1:500 000 scale maps of grazing potential for the north of Burkina and smaller scale maps on other agriculture-related topics are included in a report, Burkina - fclevage et potentialites pastorales saheliennes prepared in 1987 by the French Institut d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux (IEMVT) with the Netherlands-based Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation (CTA). The French publishing house Editions du Jaguar produced a small atlas of the country in 1975. The Geography Department of the University of Ouagadougou has been producing thematic maps for a new atlas which was to be printed by Jaguar, but we have received no recent news of this project.

•

•

*

Burkina

73

Addresses B u r e a u des Mines et de la G e o l o g i e du Burkina (BUMIGEB) BP 601 O U A G A D O U G O U Ol Tel +226 30 02 27 Fax +226 30 Ol 87 Bureau National des S o l s Ministfere de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Animales, OUAGADOUGOU C e n t r e Regional de Teledetection du O u a g a d o u g o u (CRTO) BP 182 O U A G A D O U G O U Tel +226 30 Ol 19 D e p a r t e m e n t de Geographie, Universite de Ouagadougou BP 7021, O U A G A D O U G O U Tel +226 30 73 18 Institut G e o g r a p h i q u e du B u r k i n a ( I G B ) 21 boulevard de la Revolution, 03 BP 7054 O U A G A D O U G O U 03 Tel +226 30 68 02 Fax +226 30 68 01 For IGN, IRAT, B R G M , @ct'lmage, O R S T O M , IEMVT and Editions du Jaguar, see France; for M R A C , see Belgium; for CTA, see The Netherlands; for N I M A , see United States.

Carte geologique de Haute-Voka 1:200 000 Ouagadougou: BUMIGEB, 196725 sheets, 13 published • 3 sheets in a Reconnaissance photogeologique version ENVIRONMENTAL

Burkina Faso. Carte de la vegetation naturelle et de l'occupation du sol, 1995 1:1 000 000 J. Fontes, A. Diallo, JA. Comaore Toulouse: ICIV / @ct'lmage, 1995 With text Θ Milieux naturels du Burkina Faso. 1:1 000 000 Montpellier: IRAT, 1985 Geomorphological map with inset maps of climate, natural regions and geology Carte pedologique de reconnaissance 1:500 000 Bondy: O R S T O M , 1968-73 5 sheets, all published Ripublique de Haute-Voka. Ressources en sols 1:500 000 Bondy: O R S T O M , 1976 5 sheets, all published ADMINISTRATIVE

Burkina Faso. Carte administrative 1:3 500 000 Ouagadougou: IGB Burkina Faso. Carte administrative I: I 000 000 Ouagadougou: IGB, 1985

Catalogue ATLASES

Adas de la Haute Votta Paris: Editions du Jaguar, 1975 48 pp GAZETTEERS

Upper Votta. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington D C : N I M A , 1965 168 pp GENERAL

Burkina Faso. Carte touristique et mutiere I: I 000 000 Paris and Ouagadougou: I G N and IGB, 1994 TOPOGRAPHIC

Burkina Faso 1:200 000 Paris and Ouagadougou: I G N and IGB, 195434 sheets, all published • Burkina Faso 1:50 000 Serie G 7 5 I Ouagadougou: IGB, 1984328 sheets, 67 published EARTH

SCIENCES

Carte geologique de Haute-Volta I: I 000 000 Ouagadougou: BUMIGEB, 1976 With 58 pp text Burkina Faso. Carte des gites mineraux I: I 000 000 Ouagadougou: BUMIGEB, 1995

74

Africa

SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

Burkina Faso. Carte linguistique Ouagadougou: IGB, 1988 URBAN

Ouagadougou Ouagadougou: IGB, 1991

ECONOMIC

BURKINA 1:200 000 topographic 1:200 000 geological

XXIV In Tillit XVI

XVII

Douentza ND-30

VIII San

Tougan

/

XVIII

' Djibo

XI

Ouahigouya

Dedougou

Dori XII

Kaya

IV Yorosso

XIII I ^Tera VII

Pissila

Sebba

Boulsa

FadaNgourma

XXI

BoboDioulasso XIV

Koudougou

XXII

Hounde

XV-XVI

Banfora

ND-31

VIII

14°S

N^Gotheye

VI

Ouagadougou XX

\

XXIII Leo

XXIV Pö

XIX

Tenkodogo

Kirtachi )κί \ XX

Pama

J

Arli

XXI /

Kandi

Τ

Gaoua

\ NC-31

VIII« Kong

IX-X'

-- N C - 3 0 1

Tehini-Bouna

160 km 100 miles

Burkina

75

Before becoming independent in 1962, the small central African Republic of Burundi was administered by Belgium, and was mapped by Belgian survey organizations. Monochrome planimetric maps in 52 sheets at 1:50 0 0 0 scale and 13 sheets at 1:100 0 0 0 scale were compiled in the 1930s and were reprinted between 1968 and 1971 by the Musee Royale de l'Afrique Centrale ( M R A C ) , Tervuren. However, after independence the Institut Geographique du Burundi ( I G E B U ) was established at Bujumbura, and a new 1:50 0 0 0 scale map series in 42 sheets was prepared by the French Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) jointly with I G E B U , which is now the principal topographic series. This map is in six colours with contours at 20 m intervals, and with bilingual French and Kirundi legend. The projection is Gauss, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid, and sheets each cover a quarter-degree square. In 1985, I G E B U moved to Gitega, the proposed new capital, but retains an office at Bujumbura. New aerial photography was obtained in 1984, but no new mapping has appeared. Several, mostly black and white small-scale thematic maps have been produced by I G E B U and those which may be available are listed in our catalogue. The best general maps of the country are the 1:250 0 0 0 scale map in the French Institut Geographique National's Pays et villes du monde series, published in 1994, and a map of Rwanda and Burundi published in 1998 by International Travel Maps (ITM). Geological and mineral resource mapping is the responsibility of the Departement de la Geologie ( D G B ) of the Ministry of Energy and Mines and a 1:100 000 scale geological series has been completed with the Belgian Musee Royale de l'Afrique Centrale (MRAC), while a general geological map of the country was published in 1981. Small-scale geological and metallic mineral deposit maps have also been produced with aid from the United Nations Development Programme. Extensive soil mapping, mainly at 1:50 000 scale, has been undertaken by the Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi (ISABU), but the availability of the sheets is not known. Provincial and commune maps have been prepared by the Departement de la Population in association with the censuses, and large scale city mapping has been undertaken by the Institut Superieur desTechniciens de I'Amenagement et du Urbanisme (ISTAU). The national atlas was published in 1981 by the Association pour l'Atlas du Burundi and comprises 30 thematic fullcolour plates, mostly at 1:750 000 scale. Although reported out-of-print, some dealers may have a few remaining stocks of this atlas. Given the political situation in Burundi, most of the maps cited in our catalogue section will be available only as residual stock held by map dealers.

• 76

Africa

*

•

...

Addresses Association pour l'Atlas du Burundi 3, Place des Chenes, La House Canejan, F-33170 GRADIGNAN, France Departement de la Geologie ( D G B ) Ministere de Travaux Publics, de PEnergie et des Mines, BP 745, BUJUMBURA Departement de la Population Ministere de I'lnterieur, GITEGA Institut Geographique du Burundi ( I G E B U ) BP 331, BUJUMBURA or BP 34 GITEGA Tel +257 402085 Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi (ISABU) Ministere de l'Agriculture et de I'Elevage, BP 136, BUJUMBURA Institut Superieur des Techniciens de I'Amenagement et du Urbanisme ( I S T A U ) Universite du Burundi, BUJUMBURA For NIMA, see United States; for IGN, see France; for MRAC, see Belgium; for ITM, see Canada.

Catalogue ATLASES

Atias du Burundi Gradignan: Association pour l'Atlas du Burundi, 1979-81 30 sheets GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of Burundi. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington DC: NIMA, 1964 44 pp GENERAL

Burundi - carte administrative et routiere 1:500 000 Bujumbura: IGEBU, 1990 Rwanda / Burundi. An international travel mop 1:400 000 Vancouver, BC: ITM, 1998 Burundi 1:250 000 Paris and Bujumbura: IGN and IGEBU, 1994 Includes map of Bujumbura 1:30 000, index of places and distance table

TOPOGRAPHIC Republique

du Burundi

BURUNDI 1:50 0 0 0

1:100 000 topographic 1:100 000 geological

Paris and Bujumbura: IGN and IGEBU, 198042 sheets, all published • EARTH

30°e I

SCIENCES

Busonl'

Burundi: carte geologique 'esquisse

metallogenetique'

1:500 0 0 0

)

Bujumbura: DGB, 1981 Carte geologique

du Burundi

1:250 0 0 0

V^ibitoke

Ngozi

Muyinga

Bujumbura

Gitega

Ruyigi

r

Bujumbura: DGB, 1990 Burundi: carte hydrologique

1:250 0 0 0

Bujumbura: IGEBU, 1991 Carte geologique

du Burundi

Bujumbura

J

1: 100 0 0 0

Bujumbura and Tervuren: D G B and MRAC, 1983-89 13 sheets, all published •

Cankuzo /

Mwishanga

ENVIRONMENTAL Republique

du Burundi: carte des regions naturelles

1:500 0 0 0

4°S

4°S

Bujumburu: IGEBU, 1979 SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

L. Tanganyika

ECONOMIC

Carte du Burundi - densiti de la population

a I'echelon

communal

1:500 000 Bujumbura: IGEBU, 1981 Burundi - carte energetique

30°E

80 km

1:250 0 0 0

50 miles

Bujumburu: IGEBU, 1987 ADMINISTRATIVE Burundi: carte administrative

BURUNDI

1:500 0 0 0

Bujumbura: IGEBU, 1990 d/e-line map Republique

1:50 000 topographic

du Burundi: carte judiciaire

SA 35

1:500 0 0 0

30Έ

SA 36

Bujumbura: IGEBU, 1982 Burundi: carte administrative

1:250 0 0 0

Bujumbura: IGEBU, 1985 URBAN Ville de Bujumbura. Plan touristique

1: 15 0 0 0

Bujumbura: IGEBU, 1984 Bujumbura

L. Tanganyika

80 km 50 miles

Burundi

77

CAMEROUN)

Cameroon assumed its present form in 1961, when it became a federal republic. In 1972 it became a unitary republic and was re-named in 1984 as the Republic of Cameroon. Some rudimentary mapping was carried out before 1916 when it was a German colony, and subsequently the British, who had a trusteeship of part of the territory prior to 1961, also undertook some mapping. But the modern mapping of Cameroon is essentially a product of French survey undertaken after World War II by the Institut Geographique National (IGN). Progress benefited from the establishment of an I G N mapping centre at Yaounde in 1959. In 1975 this became the Centre Geographique National, and in 1993, the current topographic mapping organization, the Institut National de Cartographie ( I N C C ) , was created.

A national atlas was compiled between I 9 6 0 and 1975 by the Institut de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, Yaounde and is available through O R S T O M , or from dealers, but a number of regional atlases published between 1965 and 1975 are now out-of-print. The recent Atlas regional du Sud- Cameroun covers an area around Yaounde in 25 sheets including a variety of themes on physical geography, culture and demographics. An Atlas de la province de l'Extreme-Nord Cameroun was due to be published in late 1999· A m a p of tribal areas of the Bamileke region (Les chefferies traditionelles. Bamilekedu Cameroun) was published in 1997 by C 4 Engeneering. This company specializes in computer-aided cartography and GIS, and in urban planning applications.

The country has been covered by a series of 4 6 one-degree sheets at 1:200 0 0 0 scale. Publication began in 1953 and was completed in the 1970s, and all sheets are in a sixcolour regular edition with 40 m contours. Projection is U T M , Clarke 1880 ellipsoid. Many of these sheets are now out-of-print, although black-and-white photocopies may be obtained. A 1:50 0 0 0 scale mapping programme also began in the 1950s and new sheets continued to be issued until the late 1970s. These quarter-degree sheets are in four colours with 20 m interval contours and are also on the U T M projection. Of a projected 667 sheets, 242 have been published. In the area bordering Lake Chad, some photomap sheets at this scale were also produced by the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys for the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC/CBLT). A 1:500 0 0 0 scale cover of Cameroon was published between 1963 and 1976 using sheet lines modified from the standard I M W format.

Small-scale general maps have been published by I G N and its Centre de Yaounde since I 9 6 0 , when a large 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale wall map was published. Later versions were issued in two sheets, and in 1994 a single-sheet road map at 1:1 500 000 scale was issued in the I G N Pays et villes du monde series. A new edition was published by I N C C in 1998, and an administrative map at the same scale in 1996. There is also a road m a p from Macmillan at this scale, which has 1:12 0 0 0 scale indexed maps of Yaounde and Douala on the reverse, and a similar one from Freytag-Berndt (FB).

Geological mapping of the country is the responsibility of the Institut de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, Yaounde, but we know of no recent mapping, and the best available geological maps are those produced in the 1950s by the French Bureau Recherches Geologiques et Minieres ( B R G M ) at scales of 1:2 000 000 and 1:500 000. These may still be obtained from B R G M . A geological m a p of west Cameroon by the Institut Fran^ais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation ( O R S T O M ) is also available.

• • *

Soil mapping has also been undertaken by O R S T O M , which maintains an office at Yaounde ( O R S T O M Yaounde), and includes a 1:1 000 000 scale m a p of the whole country supported by a substantial monograph and published in 1966. 1:500 0 0 0 scale soil and soil resource maps, together with land capability maps are presented with a 286 p p text Les sols et les ressources en terres du Nord-Cameroun by P. Brabant and M. Gavaud (1985). Larger scale soil mapping of discrete areas, mainly in the north of the country, was also completed by O R S T O M in the 1960s and early 70s.

78

Africa

1:10 0 0 0 scale urban maps of Yaounde were also published by I G N , Paris, in conjunction with the I G N centre at Yaounde. A fine contoured and shaded relief m a p of the city and environs was published in 1964, but the most recent m a p of the city itself was updated in 1972.

Further information Ngo.V.Viban (1987) Cartobibliography of the Cameroon,

Department of Geography, University of Aberdeen, provides chronological map listings up to 1984.

Addresses C 4 Engeneering BP 14576 YAOUNDi Tel +237 234236 Institut National de Cartographie ( I N C C ) 779 Avenue Mgr Vogt, BP 157,YAOUNDE Tel +237 222921

Institut de Recherches Geologiques e t Minieres BP 41 10, YAOUNDE Tel +237 210316 Fax +237 210316 O R S T O M Yaounde 782, rue 1095, YAOUNDE Tel +237 201508 Fax +237 201854

Carte geologique de reconnaissance du Cameroun 1:500 000 Orleans: BGRM 7 sheets available Each sheet accompanied by a text ENVIRONMENTAL

For NIMA, see United States; for Macmillan, see Great Britain; for IGN, ORSTOM and BRGM see France; for FB, see Austria; for LCBC/CBLT, see Chad.

Carte pedologique du Cameroun I: I 000 000 Bondy and Yaounde: ORSTOM, 1965-71 2 sheets, both published Carte phytogeographique du Cameroun 1:500 000 Rene Letouzey Yaounde and Toulouse: Institut de la Recherche Agronomique and ICIV, 1985 6 sheets + legend sheets + 5 vols text

Catalogue ATLASES

Atias du Cameroun Yaounde: Institut de Recherches Scientifiques du Cameroun, 1956-75 In 16 parts Atias regional du Sud-Cameroun 1:500 000 Ch. Santoir.A. Bopda Bondy: ORSTOM, 1995 55 pp (25 map sheets) GAZETTEERS

Les sols et les ressources en terres du Nord-Cameroun 1:500 000 Bondy: ORSTOM, 1985 2 sets of sheets; also Contraintes et aptitudes des terres 1:750 000 Accompanied by Notice 103, 286 pp Carte pedologique du Cameroun 1:200 000 / 1:100 000 I 1:50 000 Bondy: ORSTOM, 1961Discontinuous series of soil maps with memoirs

Dictionnaire des villages Yaounde: INCC, 1978In 49 volumes, 4 published

ADMINISTRATIVE

Cameroon. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington, DC: NIMA, 1962 255 pp GENERAL

Republique du Cameroun. Carte administrative / Republic of Cameroon. Administrative map I: I 500 000 Yaounde: INCC, 1996 URBAN

Yaounde plan 1:10 000 Edition 2 Paris and Yaounde: IGN and INCC, 1973

Cameroun. Carte routiere I: I 500 000 Yaounde: INCC, 1998

Kamerun / Cameroon / Cameroun / Camerun Wien: FB

Kousseri

CAMEROON

Road map of Cameroon / Carte routiere du Cameroun I: I 500 000 Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989 Double-sided map Includes map of Mount Cameroon and street maps of Yaounde and Douala, index and distance table

t s

1:500 000 topographic

— 12°E

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I 19

(JAMHURI JA K E N Y A )

T h e Survey of Kenya (SK) was founded in 1 9 0 6 and is

responsible for geodetic, topographic, photogrammetric and cadastral surveying and the publication of official topographic and cadastral maps of Kenya. Like other African countries Kenya has used overseas aid donors to establish and maintain its mapping, notably with British support until the 1980s and subsequently with Japanese technical aid. In 1947 a programme started to provide modern base mapping of the country in co-operation with the then Directorate of Colonial Surveys, (now Ordnance Survey International

(OSI)). Maps in these programmes followed the usual pattern of British overseas mapping, and continue to use a Transverse Mercator projection, modified Clarke 1880 ellipsoid. The 1:50 000 scale series was originally designated Y731, and older sheets are still sold under this designation by SK, which now labels the series SK61. The 1:50 000 scale map was originally intended to cover the more densely populated southwestern and central parts of Kenya in about 435 sheets. Early sheets appeared as monochrome planimetric editions; later versions were published in colour with contours every 50 ft. The current specification has replaced almost all of the imperial maps, and conforms to East African practice of neighbouring surveys in Tanzania and Uganda. Contours are at 10 m, 20 m or 40 m, and the maps are compiled from medium-scale vertical aerial coverage together with field update. To the north of the original area of 1:50 000 scale mapping the basic scale was a 1:100 000 scale map in 130 quadrangles, also compiled from aerial photography, but in conjunction with the British Directorate of Military Survey and with less field update. This was completed in 1970 and is no longer revised. Instead the aim is to extend the 1:50 000 scale series north and eastwards, and to withdraw 1:100 000 scale mapping once the area is remapped. This will produce a single basic scale for the whole country in 827 sheets. About 550 of these maps were compiled by 1999 and it is intended to revise this map base every five years should resources allow. Experiments with digital production were carried out with French aid in the mid-1990s, but in 1999 production still relied upon a conventional cartographic flow line. A 1:250 000 scale map covers Kenya in 48 sheets and is derived from best available 1:50 000 or 1:100 000 scale mapping. Border sheets are the joint responsibility of adjacent surveys. This map was compiled as a joint project between the British Directorate of Military Survey and SK and was completed between 1958 and 1970. First editions showed relief with layer colouring and imperial contour intervals. Revision has continued to depend upon the availability of updated larger scale parent sheets, and since 1979 has included metric contours. In 1984 experimental revisions of two sheets in sparsely settled parts of Kenya used LANDSAT imagery but were not contoured. 1:1 000 000 scale coverage of Kenya is used as a base by SK for many of its thematic maps, including tourist, adminis-

120 Africa

trative, road, vegetation, soils and geological coverage. The National atlas has appeared in several different editions, the fourth was bound and available for sale in 1993 and includes small scale thematic mapping of the country. Other mapping from SK includes tourist sheets of the national parks. Urban areas are mapped at 1:2500, 1:5000 and 1:10 000 scales. Because of rapid urban growth this topographic programme is unable keep up with change and much of the large scale map base is now very dated. Cadastral mapping is progressing rapidly and there are plans to establish an ARC/INFO-based land information system. Geological mapping of Kenya is carried out by the Mines and Geological Department ( M G D ) . A 1 : 1 2 5 0 0 0 scale

series covers much of the country, sheets are issued with accompanying geological reports and numbered in their order of appearance. Most cover quarter-degree quads but earlier sheets are not available. More recent full-colour 1:250 000 scale maps with texts have been published for parts of the centre and north, giving about 15 per cent coverage of the country. A single sheet 1:1 000 000 scale map of Kenya was compiled by the French Bureau d'Etudes Industrielles et de Cooperation de l'lnstitut Franfais du

Petrol (BEICIP-FRANLAB) and published in 1987. This is also available with Bouguer or structural contours. Soil surveying of Kenya is carried out by the Kenya Soil Survey (KSS). In the early 1980s they issued 1:1 000 000 scale soil and agroclimatic maps of the country using the FAO/UNESCO soils classification. These were issued with an explanatory text, a map of the information base and a land evaluation sheet and the project was carried out in conjunction with STIBOKA, the Dutch soil survey (now incorporated in the Winard Staring Centrum). KSS also compiles 1:100 000 and 1:250 000 scale reconnaissance soil surveys, and a few more local larger scale maps published mainly for parts of the south and east of the country. Some 1:50 000 scale soils mapping, incorporating surface geology, was carried out in the early 1980s, with Japanese technical aid. Other 1:50 000 scale soil mapping of parts of the country, carried out under British colonial programmes in the 1960s may also still be available. Amongst other officially sponsored surveys were the ecological, land use and vegetation maps produced by the Kenya Rangeland Ecological Monitoring Unit (KREMU), now the Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing.

This was set up in 1975 and has actively used remotely sensed imagery for land cover mapping of Kenya. Products have included a national map as well as more detailed district level summaries. A digital vegetation map of Kenya is available on CD-ROM or as hard copy from @ct'image Toulouse. The Population atlas of Kenya is an electronic atlas including 1989 population census data, which can be mapped against a number of different geographies captured at 1:1 000 000

scale. Data are held as A R C / I N F O coverages and users can create their own maps and tables using ArcView. This atlas is distributed by R.C.Fox in the Department of Geography Rhodes University South Africa. Nairobi is the base for a number of organizations with international or continental mapping interests. The Regional C e n t r e for Services in Surveying M a p p i n g and R e m o t e Sensing ( R C S S M R S ) is a major focus for research into cartography and image analysis across the African continent. The United N a t i o n s Environment P r o g r a m m e ( U N E P ) headquarters are also based in Nairobi. Within U N E P important digital mapping projects are administered in the G E M S , and G R I D programmes, and in the desertification unit. These are described under our world section. Amongst local commercial publishers are Interland M a p Services, Kenway Publications, who have both issued town maps of Nairobi, and M a c m i l l a n Kenya (Publishers) Limited, specializing in the educational market and producing atlases, wall maps and national park coverage. Overseas commercial publishers have also been active and maps are available for B e r n d t s o n & B e r n d t s o n (B&B), HarperCollins, Lonely Planet, Macmillan, N e w Holland, Freytag-Berndt, Nelles, and the American Central Intelligence Agency. W e s t C o l and O r d n a n c e Survey International ( O S I ) have produced tourist mapping of Mount Kenya.

• • •

Further information Kenya (1996) Kenya national report: paper presented to the 6th United Nations regional cartographic conference for the Americas. N e w York: U N , 1997.

Addresses Interland M a p Services P O Box 60692, N A I R O B I Kenway Publications P O Box 18800, N A I R O B I Tel +254 2 556763 D e p a r t m e n t of Resource Surveys and R e m o t e Sensing Ministry of Finance and Planning, P O Box 47146, N A I R O B I Tel +254 2 502223 Kenya Soil Survey ( K S S ) P O Box 14733, N A I R O B I Tel +254 2 482110 Macmillan Kenya (Publishers) Limited P O Box 30797, N A I R O B I Tel +254 2 220012 Fax +254 2 212179 Email [email protected] Mines and Geological D e p a r t m e n t ( M G D ) Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Kencorn House, Box 30009, City Hall Way/Moi Avenue, N A I R O B I Tel +254 2 229261 Fax +254 2 216951

Regional C e n t r e for Services in Surveying M a p p i n g and R e m o t e Sensing ( R C S S M R S ) Kasarani Road, P O Box 18118, N A I R O B I Tel +254 2 803320 Fax +254 2 802767 Survey of Kenya ( S K ) P O Box 30046, Ardhi House, First Ngong'Avenue Ngong' Road, N A I R O B I Tel +254 2 718050 Fax +254 2 803575 United N a t i o n s Environment P r o g r a m m e ( U N E P ) Box 30552, N A I R O B I Tel +254 2 621234 χ 3439 Fax +254 2 624274 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.unep.org/unep/eia/ein/grid/nairobi.htm For Lonely Planet, see Australia; for HarperCollins, Macmillan, N e w Holland, OSI, and West Col, see Great Britain; for Freytag-Berndt, see Austria; for B&B and Nelles, see Germany; for N I M A and CIA, see United States; for R.C. Fox, see South Africa; for @ct'image, and BEICIP-FRANLAB, see France.

Catalogue ATLASES

National atlas of Kenya Edition 4 Nairobi: SK, 1993 Road atlas of Kenya London: N e w Holland, 1995 64 pp Kenya travel atlas Hawthorn, Vic: Lonely Planet, 1997 71 pp GAZETTEERS

Kenya. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 2 Washington D C : N I M A , 1978 470 pp GENERAL

Kenya: physical map 1:3 000 000 S K 10 Nairobi: SK Kenya and Tanzania 1:2 500 000 Bartholomew world travel series London: HarperCollins, 1994 Tourist map of Kenya 1:1 750 000 SK83 Edition 4 Nairobi: SK, 1994 Kenya traveller's map 1:1 750 000 Oxford: Macmillan, 1993 Double-sided with inset maps of Nairobi (3), The Kenya Coast and Mombasa Kenya road map 1:1 500 000 Wien: Freytag-Berndt Kenya. Globetrotter travel map 1:1 300 000 London: N e w Holland, 1996 Double-sided with area and town maps on reverse Kenya route map I: I 000 000 SK81Β Nairobi: SK Kenya 1:1 000 000 München: Nelles

Kenya

121

Kenya and Northern Tanzania 1:1 000 000 S K 81 Edition 2

Kenya: parliamentary constituencies I: I 000 000 S K 8 1 C

Nairobi: SK, 1978

Nairobi: SK, 1987

Kenya 1:1 000 000

SOCIAL,

Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B IMAGE

MAPS

Kenya from space: an aerial atias

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Θ Population atias of Kenya R.C.Fox Grahamstown: Rhodes University, 1996 Electronic atlas, with 1989 census mapping

Nairobi: East African Educational Publications, 1992

Kenya: map of population density 1979 census 1:1 500 000 S K I 15

162 pp

Nairobi: SK, 1990 URBAN

TOPOGRAPHIC

Nairobi city map 1:25 000

Kenya 1:250 000 SK60 Nairobi: S K

Nairobi: Interland Map Services, 1999

41 sheets, all published

•

Nairobi: SK, 1948c. 850 sheets, c. 550 published • Available as 1: 100 000 scale quads for northern desert areas BATHYMETRIC

Kenya: territorial sea and economic zone I: I 000 000 S K 9 0 Nairobi: S K AERONAUTICAL

CHARTS

World aeronautical charts I: I 000 000 Nairobi: SK, 1981 2 sheets, both published EARTH

SCIENCES

Kenya mineral resources atlas 1:5 702 400 Nairobi: M G D , 1970 84 pp Geological map of Kenya I: I 000 000 Nairobi: National Oil Corporation of Kenya and BEICIPF R A N L A B , 1987 Also available as Bouguer gravity edition or with structural contour overprint Kenya Bouguer anomaly map 1:1 000 000 S K 8 I G Nairobi: SK, 1982 Kenya geology 1:250 000 Nairobi: M G D , 198657 sheets, 9 published

•

Kenya: geological map 1: 125 000 Nairobi: M G D , 1945ENVI RONMENTAL

A vegetation map of Kenya I: I 000 000 Toulouse: @ct'image, 1995 2 sheets, both published Θ Exploratory soil map and agro 18

23

24

25

26

27

28

Maseru ^ 32 31

33

34

35

36

!37

38

40

45

46

47

48J 49

55

56

57

58

,13

f

1:750 0 0 0

Maseru: LSPP, 1977 Lesotho minimap 1:750 000 Cape Town: Map Studio With Maseru street map on reverse Map of Lesotho

41

42

43

44

50 V 51

52

53

54

1:500 0 0 0

82

'83

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80 km 50 miles

28°E

MAPS

Satellite image map of Lesotho

1:250 0 0 0

Maseru: LSPP, 1989 2 sheets, both published TOPOGRAPHIC

LESOTHO 1:50 000 topographic

LESOTHO

1:50 0 0 0 L50 ( D O S 4 2 1 )

Maseru: LSPP, 1979-83 60 sheets, all published • EARTH

62

63 U 71 V 2 73

61»

Map of Lesotho 1:250 000 Edition 2 Maseru: LSPP, 1994 2 sheets, both published

Lesotho

39

• 30°S

30°S •

Maseru: LSPP, 1983

IMAGE

j RICA

PANAMA

282

The Americas

American Institute of Geography and History (PAIGH)), which was itself founded in 1928, becoming in 1949 a specialist body within the Organization of American States (OAS). Its headquarters are in Mexico City. Although not a map-making organization, PAIGH co-ordinates and promotes studies in cartography, geography, history and geodesy throughout the Americas. To that end it supported the preparation and publication of a series of research guides to individual Latin American countries (the series Gut'as para investigations, some of which were published in an English as well as a Spanish edition). These listed and indexed the contemporary geographic and cartographic materials relating to each country. Unfortunately the series was never completed, and although a guide was issued for each of the six Central American P A I G H members, they are now very out-of-date, most having been issued in the 1970s. Those still in print may be obtained from C P D P / P a n - A m e r i c a n Books, Washington, DC. More recently, however, P A I G H has been responsible for index maps showing the 'Status of mapping in the Americas'. These are now posted on the internet by United States Geological Survey and may be found at U R L http://edcintl.cr.usgs.gov/ An important initiative for the production and distribution of Latin American mapping was the sponsorship by P A I G H , through the auspices of the US Defense Mapping Agency (now National Imagery and Mapping A g e n c y (NIMA)), of a Unified hemispheric map series at 1:250 000 scale, which was intended to cover the whole of the Americas, making use of existing mapping, and stimulating new mapping where required. The programme began in 1980, but not all countries joined, and progress was slow. In 1989, the IAGS was eliminated as a component of the Defense Mapping Agency, and the hemispheric programme lapsed. Although briefly revived in 1993, no further sheets have been distributed. Only sporadic cover was achieved for Central and South America, but nevertheless the P A I G H programme gave an opportunity for map collections to acquire some 380 m a p sheets from 14 Latin American countries, with especially good cover of Peru, Mexico, Haiti, Costa Rica and Chile. For Central America, the programme also yielded some sheets of Panama and Guatemala. Many of these sheets can still be acquired from map dealers. Relatively few of the Central American countries have had extensive, country-wide programmes of resource mapping. Guatemala is a notable exception, with an integrated programme of 1:50 0 0 0 scale geological, land use and land capability mapping, established in the 1960s, although not completed. More recently, several countries have undertaken more general resource assessments, not necessarily involving conventional m a p production, and with a focus on agricultural development, the management of water resources, or the sustainable exploitation of forestry.

more recent geological map published by the Institut Franfais du Petrole (IFP) cover the entire Caribbean region including the seafloor.

• •

•

Further information In addition to the publications of PAIGH, mentioned above, the United Nations periodically holds Regional Cartographic Conferences for the Americas, the 6th and most recent in New York in 1997, which provide a forum for discussing and reporting on new mapping developments in the Western Hemisphere. The proceedings of these conferences usually include useful progress reports. In the future, the Inter-American Geospatial Data Network (IGDN), may provide a valuable source of information, especially about digital data sets. Established after the Summit of the Americas held in Miami in 1994, IGDN seeks to promote internet access to information about the existence and availability of geospatial data in the Western Hemisphere. IGDN is sponsored by USAID and is working in partnership with the United States Geological Survey. More information is given on the IGDN Web site at URL http://edcintl.cr.usgs.gov/igdn/igdn.html

Addresses C P D P / P a n - A m e r i c a n Books PO Box 66398, WASHINGTON, DC 66398-6398, USA Tel +1 202 458 3527 Fax +1 202 458 3534 Instituto C e n t r o a m e r i c a n o de Investigation y Tecnologia Industrial ( I C A I T I ) Ave. Reforma 4-47 Zona 10,01010 GUATEMALA CA Tel +502 331 0631/5 Fax +502 331 7470 Email [email protected] For OSI, see Great Britain; for PAIGH, see Mexico; for CIA, AAPG, PennWell, NGDC, NIMA and USGS, see United States; for K+F, see Switzerland; for Cartographia, see Hungary; for Ryborsch, Ravenstein and Nelles, see Germany; for INETER, see Nicaragua; for ITM, see Canada; for IGNH, see Honduras; for IFP, see France.

Catalogue ATLASES

Although tourism, and especially ecotourism, is a growth industry in most Central American countries, relatively few tourist maps have yet been published for this market. Some of the best maps of individual countries are published by foreign publishers such as International Travel Maps.

Atlas of Central America and the Caribbean New York: Macmillan, 1985 144 pp

Many small scale maps cover the greater Caribbean region as well as the Central American states. These include general maps by, K ü m m e r l y + Frey (K+F), Cartographia, Ryborsch and Ravenstein. Maps by International Travel Maps (ITM), Nelles and the Honduran Instituto Geogräfico Nacional ( I G N H ) , however, are focused on the isthmus states. Both the geologic-tectonic m a p published by the U n i t e d States Geological Survey ( U S G S ) and the

Central America and the Caribbean 1:12 500 000 Washington, DC: CIA, 1995

GENERAL

Mittelamerika / Central America / Amerique centrale 1:6 000 000 Bad Soden: Ravenstein Shaded relief map with small political inset map Central America 1:6 000 000 Budapest: Cartographia

Central America

283

Zentralamerika I Central America I Amerique centrale / Centroamerica 1:5 000 000 Bern: K + F Road map America Central 1:4 500 000 W o r l d travel map London: HarperCollins, 1996 Gazetteer on reverse Central America - Caribbean islands 1:4 500 000 Obertshausen: Ryborsch, 1995 America Central. Mapa escolar politico 1:2 534 000 Managua: INETER, 1993 Central America travel reference map I: I 800 000 Vancouver: ITM, 1997 Central America 1:1 750 000 München: Nelles W i t h Costa Rica 1:900 000 Mapa de America Central 1:1 500 000 Comayagüela: I G N H , 1996 Political map BATH YMETRIC

bathymetry of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea 1:3 289 283 Tulsa, O K : A A P G , 1984 EARTH

SCIENCES

Seismicity map of Middle America 1:8 000 000 Boulder, C O : N G D C , 1982 Mexico / Central America. Oil and gas map 1:3 700 000 Tulsa, O K : PennWell, 1993 Carte geologique des Caraibes / Geological map of the Caribbean 1:2 500 000 Rueil Maison: IFP with BEICIP, 1990 2 sheets + legend Geologic-tectonic map of the Caribbean region 1:2 500 000 I-1100 J.E. Case.T.L. Holcombe Reston: USGS, 1980 3 sheets, all published Mapa metalogenitico de Amirica Central / Metallogenic map of Central America 1:2 000 000 Guatemala: ICAITI, 1969 2 sheets + text ENVIRONMENTAL

Adas climatologico e hidrologico del Istmo Centroamericano Mexico City: PAIGH, 1976 13 pp and 11 maps The conservation atlas of tropical forests. The Americas Edited by C.S. Harcourt and J.A. Sayer N e w York: Simon and Schuster, 1995 335 pp Includes individual chapters on each Central American state

284

The Americas

Belize, formerly known as British Honduras, became an independent nation in 1981, after 17 years of full internal self-government under the British Crown. Modern topographic mapping of Belize was undertaken by the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)). Early, detailed mapping included a sketch map series at 1:50 000 scale (DCS Mise 8), issued from 1947 by the Directorate of Colonial Surveys (as it was initially called). This was superseded in the late 1950s by D O S 4 4 9 (Series Ε 757), constructed from aerial photographs and printed in three colours. In 1963 a new series of 1:50 0 0 0 scale maps on the current sheet lines was initiated in collaboration with the Directorate of Military Surveys (DMS), British War Office, and this was followed in the 1970s by a new edition based on air photography flown in 1969 and 1972, and with surveyed contours (previous editions used form lines). In 1992, a new revision began to be issued by the British Military Survey. These sheets are printed in six colours and include 4 0 m contours and shaded relief. Ten categories of vegetation are included in these latest sheets, and road distances are given along major roads. Nearly all sheets are now available in this improved specification. The series is constructed on a Transverse Mercator projection with a U T M grid, Clarke 1866 ellipsoid. Sheets are numbered 1—44, but some are combined in some editions as indicated in our graphic: thus a complete cover is available in 39 sheets. These sheets, including the Military Survey ones, are all available from OSI, Southampton, and from the Lands and Surveys Department of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Belmopan. The 1:250 0 0 0 series in two sheets supersedes an earlier three-sheet series. The second edition, published in 1991, shows relief by hypsometric tints at 200 m intervals. On the reverse of the two sheets are 1:7500 scale street maps of all the principal settlements. The projection is Transverse Mercator, and the U T M Grid is shown by marginal ticks. A variety of earth resource mapping has been carried out, initially by the Land Resources Division of DOS, now superseded by the Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Chatham, U K . Stocks of some of the 1:250 000 scale soil, vegetation and land capability maps published in 1958 may still be available from N R I . New land resource assessments were undertaken and published in the period 1 9 8 6 - 9 2 , and the whole country is covered by three reports which include 1:100 0 0 0 scale land systems and land use maps. The last of these, hand resource assessment of northern Belize, covers threequarters of the country. A revised soil classification developed during these assessments is also available as NRI Bulletin 59.

Surveys (now British Geological Survey) and published by the D O S in 1975. It accompanies IGS Overseas memoir N O 3. Detailed maps of towns using a photomap base with arbitrary grid have been produced by Military Survey, but are not readily available. There is also a set of 22 sheets at 1:1 000 scale of Orange Walk, published in 1980 and available as Xerox copies from OSI. The Atlas of Belize, published by Cubola and periodically revised, has simple coloured thematic maps as well as numerous coloured photographs. Several tourist maps are also available, including one produced by Cubola for The Belize Tourist Board, which includes maps and descriptive information on the main towns and archaeological sites, an indexed map by students of the University of California and published by Map Link, and an especially detailed one by International Travel Maps (ITM). In 1992, a small tourist map, with an inset map of Belmopan, the capital city, was issued by the Lands and Surveys Department.

•

•

•

Addresses Belize Tourism Board New Central Bank Building, Level 2, Gabourel Lane, PO Box 325, BELIZE CITY Tel +501 2 31913 Fax +501 2 31943 Email [email protected] URL http://www.travelbelize.org Cubola 35 Elizabeth Street, Benque Viejo del Carmen, BELIZE CITY Tel +501 93 2083 Fax +501 93 2240 Email [email protected] Lands and Surveys Department Ministry of Natural Resources, BELMOPAN Tel +501 8 22226 Fax +501 8 22333 Ordnance Survey International (OSI) Ordnance Survey, Romsey Road, SOUTHAMPTON, SO 16 4GU, UK Tel +44 2380 792139 Fax +44 2380 792230 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/ For NRI, see Great Britain; for ITM, see Canada; for OSI, see Great Britain; for Map Link, see Chapter 3; for NIMA, see United States.

A Geological map of the Maya Mountains, Belize at 1:130 000 scale was prepared by the British Institute of Geological

Belize

285

Land resource assessment of northern Belize 1:100 000 R.B. King

Catalogue

et al. Chatham: N R I , 1992

ATLASES

2 vols, 513 pp + 8 maps N R I Bulletin 43

Adas of Belize Belize: Cubola, 1988 35 pp GAZETTEERS Gazetteer of Belize. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Edition 2 Washington, D C : N I M A , 1993 91 pp GENERAL Belize 1:750 000 D O S 958 Edition 5 Southampton: O S I for Belize Government, 1991 Belize. Facilities map Belize City: Cubola, 1981 Belize 1:600 000 Belmopan: Lands and Surveys Department, 1992 Ancillary map of Belmopan 1:12 000 A traveller's reference map of Belize 1:350 000 Edition 4 Vancouver, BC: ITM, 1998 Belize 1:332 547 Santa Barbara: Map Link, 1988 TOPOGRAPHIC Belize 1:250 000 D O S 649/1 Edition 2 Southampton: O S I for Belize Government, 1991 In 2 sheets 1:7500 street maps of major towns on the reverse Belize 1:50 000 D O S 4499 Southampton and London: O S I and Military Survey, 199239 sheets, all published

•

Full revision by Military Survey of the original series ENVIRONMENTAL British Honduras: provisional soil map 1:250 000 D O S ( M i s c ) 2 4 I A Chatham: N R I , 1958 2 sheets, both published British Honduras: natural vegetation map 1:250 000 D O S (Misc)24l Β Chatham: N R I , 1958 2 sheets, both published N o r t h sheet out-of-print British Honduras: potential land use map 1:250 000 D O S (Misc)24IC Chatham: N R I , 1958 2 sheets, both published Land resources of Toledo District, Belize 1:100 000 R.B.King et al. Chatham: N R I , 1986 193 pp + 4 maps Land resource assessment of Stann Creek District, Belize 1: 100 000 R.B.King et al. Chatham: N R I , 1989 262 pp + 2 maps N R I Bulletin 19

286

The Americas

89'W

The Institute» Geogräfico, San Jose, was founded in 1944, but its origin can be traced back to 1889· It got its present name of Institute Geogräfico Nacional ( I G N C R ) in 1968. Systematic large-scale topographic mapping began in the mid-1940s in collaboration with the Inter-American Geodetic Survey (IAGS). Initially this was a 1:25 000 scale photogrammetrically produced map, issued from 1953, but this series was terminated in 1962 with only 99 sheets published. Although sheets are still available, they have not been revised and cover only part of Guanacaste Province and the Central Valley. The present basic topographic cover is a complete series of 1:50 000 scale maps (Series E762) in 131 sheets. These sheets are in five colours with a 20 m contour interval (and 10 m auxiliary contours). The projection is Lambert conformal conic and the ellipsoid Clarke 1866. The series was initially published between 1955 and 1971, and sheets are being revised at a rate of about eight per year. Sheet format is graticule-based with sheets covering 10 minutes of latitude and 15 minutes of longitude. A parallel series of 1:50 000 maps was prepared concurrently by the US Army Topographic Command in 137 sheets on a Transverse Mercator projection. There is also complete cover of the country at a scale of 1:200 000 (Series E561). This nine-sheet series was originally issued between 1955 and 1971, and is derived from the 1:50 000 scale mapping. A revised edition was published in 1988. It has 100 m contours and is on a Lambert conformal projection. There is also a special sheet, Gran Area Metropolitana, published in 1986. Most of Costa Rica is also covered in five sheets of the 1:250 000 scale PAIGH Unified hemispheric map series (described in the introduction to Central America), published by IGNCR in 1 9 8 1 - 7 . Urban mapping at scales of 1:5000 to 1:12 500 has also been undertaken by IGNCR. These maps have 10 m or 5 m contours. A small number of sheets in a general topographic series at 1:10 000 have been issued since 1974. Population censuses have been carried out in 1984 and 1996, and maps for census enumeration purposes and small-scale demographic maps based on census statistics are produced by the Direccion General de Estadistica y Censos ( D G E C ) . A GIS has recently been set up with Canadian assistance. Geological and other earth science maps have been issued by the Direccion de Geologia, Minas y Petrölio (DGMP), established in 1951. Many thematic maps of Costa Rica have gone out of print because of a paper shortage in the country. Nevertheless, the country has been well mapped, with a complete set of geological maps at 1:200 000 scale, and several smaller scale geoscience maps. It is planned to improve the resolution of geological maps to a scale of

1:50 000, but a shortage of funds during the 1980s resulted in little progress. However, a few sheets have been published since 1990. Some more detailed geological and geomorphological mapping of the country has been carried out by the Universidad de C o s t a Rica ( U C R ) , including a nine-sheet Carta geomorfologica de Valle Central de Costa Rica at 1:50 000 scale, published in 1981. A nine-sheet geomorphological map of the whole country at 1:200 000 scale was published in 1980 by the Secretaria Ejecutiva de Planificaciön Sectorial Agropecuaria ( S E P S A ) . In 1987, the United States Geological Survey ( U S G S ) , in co-operation with DGMP and UCR, published a mineral resources assessment (USGS 1-1865) and this has recently been issued in digital format on CD-ROM. A 1:500 000 scale geological map of the whole country is in preparation. A range of soil, land use and land capability mapping was undertaken in the 1970s by various government departments, including the Oficina de Planificaciön Nacional ( O F I C I N A ) and the Ministerio de Agriculturay Ganaderia (MAG), but these maps are likely to be difficult to obtain. More recently, the Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA) has funded the production of 1:10 000 scale topographic and soil maps of the Central Valley, and the Direccion General Forestal ( D G F ) plans to produce a forest cover map derived from satellite imagery. T h e Fundacion Neotropica is a private, non-profit organization founded in 1985 which supports resource conservation and sustainable development. It publishes educational materials, including maps of national parks, and is also supported by the ESRI conservation programme, and has produced maps of land use and ecological change using GIS. Environmentally sensitive tourism (ecotourism) is a growth industry in Costa Rica, and the Institute Costarricense de Turismo ( I C T ) not only distributes a number of general purpose maps but has begun to publish tourist maps. The Ministerio de Obras Publicas y Transporte ( M O P T ) is responsible for highway maintenance, and has published occasional maps, including a six-sheet map of traffic flows in 1989Although a comparatively well mapped country, new programmes continue to suffer from shortage of funds and lack of paper on which to print the maps. A new tourist map remains unprinted for this reason, and plans for a country place name gazetteer have been postponed. Tourist maps produced by commercial publishers include a road map of the country and a map of downtown San Jose by Jimenez and Tanzi (JITAN), and country maps by Berndtson and Berndtson (B&B) and International Travel Maps (ITM).

• •

•

Costa Rica

287

Further information A comprehensive listing of map resources up to 1977 is found in Research Guide to Costa Rica, prepared by I G N C R and published by the Pan American Institute of Geography and History. In 1989, I G N C R celebrated its 100th anniversary with an Anniversary Volume commemorating the I G N 1889-1989. I G N C R also issues a leaflet with indexes and sheet names for the topographic series.

Addresses Direccion de Geologia, Minas y Petrolio ( D G M P ) Apartado Postal 2549, S A N JOS£ Tel +506 223 6913 Direccion General de Estadistica y Censos ( D G E C ) Departamento de Cartografia Censal, Edificio Fuscaldo, 3° piso, Calle Central y Avenida 6, S A N JOS£ Tel +506 221 7778 Direccion General Forestal ( D G F ) Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Energia y Minas, Avenida 2, Calle 6 y 8 5° piso, S A N JOS£

Universidad de Costa Rica ( U C R ) Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, S A N JOS£ Tel +506 207 4410 Fax +234 04 52 For ITM, see Canada; for B&B, see Germany; for N I M A and USGS, see United States.

Catalogue ATLASES

Atlas didäctico de Costa Rica San Jose: JITAN, 1990 GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of Costa Rica. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 2 Washington, D C : N I M A , 1983 133 pp GENERAL

Costa Rica. Mapa turistico. 1:700 000 San Jose: I C T Street map of San Jose on the reverse Costa Rica road map 1:650 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B

Fundaciön N e o t r o p i c a Paseo de los Estudiantes, Apartado Postal 236-1002, S A N josi Tel +506 253 1394 Fax +506 253 4210 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.westnet.com/costarica/foundation/pics/ neotropica/neotropice.html

Costa Rica travel reference map 1:500 000 Edition 3 Vancouver, BC: ITM, 1998 Inset maps of Isla de C o c o 1:100 000 and Environs of San Jose 1:250 000

Institute Costarricense de Turismo ( I C T ) Apartado Postal 777, 1000 S A N JOS& Tel +506 223 1733 Fax +506 223 5452

Mapa de Costa Rica 1:200 000 Series E56I San Jose: I G N C R , 1988 9 sheets, all published •

Institute Geogräfico Nacional ( I G N C R ) Edificio del Ministerio de Obras Publicas y Transporte, Plaza Gonzalez Viquez, S A N JOSt Tel +506 257 7798

Costa Rica. Mapa topogräfico 1:50 000 Series E 7 6 I - 7 6 3 San Jose: I G N C R , 1955131 sheets, all published •

Jiminez and Tanzi ( J I T A N ) Apartado Postal 3553, 1000 S A N J O S t Fax +506 233 8294

Carta aeronautica de la Republica de Costa Rica / Aeronautical chart of the Republic of Costa Rica 1:500 000 Edition 4 San Jose: I G N C R and Direccion General de Aviaciön Civil, 1992

Ministerio de Agriculture y Ganaderia ( M A G ) Ave. Ctl y I, Calle I,Apartado Postal 10.094, 1000 S A N JOS£ Tel +506 232 4496 Fax +506 232 2108 Ministerio de Obras Riiblicas y Transporte ( M O P T ) Division de Obras Publicas, Direccion General de Mantenimiento Vial, Edificio MOPT, Plaza Gonzalez Viquez, Apartado Postal 10.176, 1000 S A N JOSE Tel +506 336 7311 Fax +506 227 1434 Oficina de Planificacion Nacional ( O F I C I N A ) Ave 3 y 5, Calle 4, Apartado Postal 10.127, 1000 S A N J O S i Tel +506 221 9524 Fax +506 253 6243 Secretaria Ejecutiva de Planificacion Sectorial Agropecuaria (SEPSA) Apartado 10094, S A N J O S i

288

The Americas

TOPOGRAPHIC

AERONAUTICAL

EARTH

SCIENCES

Mapa geomorfolögico de Costa Rica I: I 000 000 San Jose: I G N C R , 1978 Mapa geodinämico de Costa Rica 1:750 000 W. Montero San Jose: Edcuela Centroamericana de Geologia, U C R , 1990 Mapa de recursos minerales de Costa Rica 1:750 000 San Jose: DGMP, 1982 Costa Rica - Mapa del vulcanismo Plio-Pleistoceno 1:700 000 San Jose: U C R , 1980 Shows location of 69 volcanic centres Θ Geology and resource assessment of Costa Rica 1:500 000 P.G. Schruben Reston.VA: USGS, 1997 C D - R O M containing maps of the U S G S 1987 folio 1-1865

Mapa geolögico de Costa Rica 1:200 000 C R 2 C M San Jose: DGMP, 1982 9 sheets, all published • Mapa geomorfolögico de Costa Rica 1:200 000 San Jos6: SEPSA, 1980 9 sheets, all published • ENVIRONMENTAL

Costa Rica. Uso potencial de la tierra 1:750 000 J. Coto and J. Torres San Jose: M A G , 1970 Los Parques Nacionales y otras areas protegidas de Costa Rica 1:500 000

Mapa politico administrativo de la Repüblica de Costa Rica 1:1 000 000 San Jose: I G N C R , 1974 URBAN

San Jose 1:12 500 San Jose: JITAN, 1995 San Jose centra 1:12 500 San Jose: I G N C R , 1982 Costa Rica - San Jose 1: 10 000 San Jose: ICT, 1989 In Spanish

San Jos6: Fundacion Neotröpica, 1993 ADMINISTRATIVE

Costa Rica: provincias γ cantönes I: I 500 000 San Jose: I G N C R , 1991 Shows provinces in different colours Cantons, provinces and districts listed on the reverse

Costa Rica

289

84°W

290

The Americas

Topographic mapping in El Salvador is the responsibility of the Institute Geogräfico Nacional Mngeniero Pablo Guzman' (IGNES), located at Ciudad Delgado. The organization was founded as the Oficina de Mapa, in 1946. Modern topographical mapping was carried out in collaboration with the Inter-American Geodetic Survey (IAGS) from the early 1950s, following acquisition of a complete 1:40 000-scale air photo cover in 1949 and again in 1954 at scales of 1:30 000 and 1:60 000. The main printed series is the 1:50 0 0 0 scale topographic map in 54 sheets, issued since 1955. This five-colour map is on a Lambert conformal conical projection, Clarke 1866 ellipsoid, and has a 20 m contour interval. Sheets each cover an area of 10 minutes of latitude by 15 minutes of longitude. The first edition was completed in 1969 and currently all but a few sheets are in a third edition, based on photography obtained in 1981. After a long period of restriction, the series is now available to the public. A basic map series at 1:20 000 scale (1:30 0 0 0 in mountainous areas) was also undertaken using the 1954 air photography, and all 196 sheets were completed in 1969. These sheets are issued as dye-lines, and have a 10 m contour interval. Priority is now given to a new basic map of the country at 1:25 000 scale which is nearing completion in about 200 sheets, and will supersede the earlier series. This mapping is not currently available to the public. A six-sheet 1:100 000 scale series was published in 1974. It is on a Lambert conformal conic projection and has a 50 m contour interval. The I G N E S also produces city plans, aeronautical charts, some small-scale general maps, and a few thematic maps. Cadastral mapping has been completed for many urban areas at 1:5 0 0 0 scale and 1:10 0 0 0 for rural, but the registration of land is in need of a complete overhaul, and with the more settled political situation in the country, a programme has been initiated to modernize the cadastre, and to establish a digital land parcel database for the whole country. A Centra Nacional de Registros was created in 1994 to proceed with this mission, and there were plans to establish a new geodetic network adjusted to W G S 84 Datum, using G P S software. Geological mapping was undertaken in the 1970s by the West German Geological Mission to El Salvador in collaboration with the Centra de Investigaciones Geotecnicas (CIG), San Salvador, and a series of six 1:100 0 0 0 scale geological sheets was published by Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BfGR), together with a single sheet 1:500 000 scale map of the whole country. All are still available. A number of small-scale resources maps of the country were produced in the 1970s and are available as dye-lines from the Direccion General de Recursos Naturales Renovables ( D G R N R ) of the Ministerio de Agriculture y Ganaderia.

D G R N R also undertook fieldwork for a series of 1:200 000 scale agro-ecological maps and a six-sheet soil and agricultural land use series at 1:100 000 scale. From 1 9 9 4 - 8 , a project supported by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Dutch government was undertaken by the Centra Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria y Forestal ( C E N T A ) (Projecto CENTA-FAO-Holanda). This focused on the problems of sustainable agriculture in mountainous areas, and the development of participatory planning for soil and water conservation. Landscape, watershed, and soil mapping, together with other environmental information prepared for this project, has been incorporated in a digital Land Information System (Sistema de Information de Tierra). Digital elevation data have also been captured from 100 m contours. Proposals were in hand in 1998 to extend the C E N T A project for a further time period. Mapping for the demographic censuses is undertaken by the Direccion General de Estadistica y Censo ( D G E C ) , and new photography of urban areas was obtained in 1988 for this purpose. Good, recent general maps of the country are published by International Travel Maps (ITM) and by the Banco Agricola y Comercial, San Salvador (with cartography by Allan Cartography in the United States).

• •

•

Further information The map resources of El Salvador up to 1977 are listed and i n d e x e d in Guia para investigadores. Repüblica de Β

Salvador

prepared by IGNES for PAIGH. IGNES has issued a catalogue Republic of El Salvador. Native edition catalogue. Maps, charts and publications

1991.

An Asociaciön Salvadorena de Usuarios de Sistemas de Information Geogräfica ( A S U S I G ) has been established, whose bimonthly bulletin includes information on new developments in GIS.ASUSIG has also been compiling a metadatabase about geoinformation on El Salvador.

Addresses Asociacion Salvadorena de Usuarios de Sistemas de Information Geogräfica ( A S U S I G ) 9A Calle Poniente No 2-14, Santa Tecla, LA LIBERTAD Tel +503 338 4503 Fax +503 228 0459 Email [email protected] URL http://www.geocities.com/Baja/Dunes/4747/

El Salvador

291

C e n t r a de Investigaciones Geotecnicas ( C I G ) Apartado 109, Final Avenida Peralta, S A N S A L V A D O R Tel +503 22 9800 U R L http://www.geotecnico.com C e n t r a Nacional de Registros SAN SALVADOR Tel +503 260 6417 Fax +503 260 6409 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.cnr.gob.sv/ C e n t r a Nacional de Tecnologia A g r o p e c u a r i a y Forestal (CENTA) Oficina Central, San Andres, K m 33 1/2 Carretera a Santa Ana, San Andres, LA LIBERTAD Tel +503 338 4266 Fax +503 338 4278 Email [email protected] Direccion General de Recursos N a t u r a l e s Renovables (DGRNR) Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Apartado Postal 2265, Cantön el Matazano, Soyapango, S A N S A L V A D O R Tel +503 294 0566 Fax +503 294 0575 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.casapres.gob.sv/ministerios/mag/ Direccion General de Estadistica y C e n s o ( D G E C ) I Α Calle Poniente y 43 Avenida Norte, S A N S A L V A D O R Tel +503 245 2633 Fax +503 223 1520 Institute G e o g r ä f i c o Nacional 'Ingeniera Pablo Guzman' (IGNES) Avenida Jaun Bertis 79, Apartado Postal 247, S A N S A L V A D O R Tel +503 276 5900 Fax +503 276 4769 For N I M A , see United States; for BfGR, see Germany; for ITM, see Canada.

Catalogue GAZETTEERS Diccionario geogräfico de Β Salvador San Salvador: IGNES, 1985-6 In 2 volumes, 1458 pp Gazetteer of El Salvador. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington, D C : N I M A , 1982 189 pp

EARTH

SCIENCES

Mapa geologico general de la Repüblica de El Salvador 1:500 000 Hannover: BfGR, 1974 Mapa ftsiogmftco de El Salvador 1:300 000 San Salvador: D G R N R Dye-line map Mapa de las principales cuencas hidrogräficas de El Salvador 1:300 000 San Salvador: D G R N R Dye-line map El Salvador. Carta gravimetrica (Anomalias Bouguer) 1:300 000 San Salvador: IGNES, 1986 El Salvador. Carta magnetometrica. Lectures de intensidad total 1:300 000 San Salvador: IGNES, 1981 Mapa geologico de la Repüblica de El Salvador 1: 100 000 Hannover: BfGR, 1978 6 sheets, all published ENVIRONMENTAL Mapa de areas protegidas de Β Salvador San Salvador: D G R N R Dye-line map Mapa de riesgo de desastre en El Salvador San Salvador: D G R N R Dye-line map Mapa de precipitaciön normales anuales de El Salvador 1:400 000 San Salvador: D G R N R Dye-Iine map Mapa pedolögico de El Salvador 1:300 000 San Salvador: D G R N R Dye-Iine map Mapa ecolögico de El Salvador 1:300 000 J.Tosi San Salvador: D G R N R , 1978 Mapa de clases de tierras de acuerdo a su capacidad de uso

1:200 000 San Salvador: D G R N R Dye-Iine map Mapa de vegetaciön arbörea de El Salvador San Salvador: D G R N R ADMINISTRATIVE

GENERAL El Salvador travel reference map 1:375 000 Vancouver: ITM, 1996 Mapa oficial de la Repüblica de El Salvador 1:300 000 San Salvador: IGNES, 1984 El Salvador: un ricön magico 1:265 000 San Salvador: Banco Agricola y Comercial, 1998 Inset map of San Salvador area TOPOGRAPHIC El Salvador 1:100 000 San Salvador: IGNES, 1974-7 6 sheets, all published El Salvador 1:50 000 San Salvador: IGNES, 198454 sheets, all published •

292

The Americas

Repüblica de Β Salvador 1:500 000 San Salvador: IGNES, 1988 Mapa oficial de la Repüblica de El Salvador 1:200 000 San Salvador: IGNES, 1984 URBAN Piano de la ciudad de San Salvador 1:15 000 San Salvador: IGNES, 1994 Index of buildings and localities on the reverse Piano de la ciudad de San Salvador 1:7500 San Salvador: IGNES, 1985 4 sheets, all published

EL SALVADOR

El Salvador

293

(REPLJBLICA DE GUATEMALA)

Topographic mapping in Guatemala is the responsibility of the Institute Geogräfico National (IGNG) (formerly Instituto Geogräfico Militär), Guatemala City. Modern topographic mapping began in earnest only after 1945 with the establishment of a Department of Mapping and Cartography, and (in 1948) the initiation of Inter-American Geodetic Survey (IAGS) involvement in the mapping of this, one of the largest of the Central American republics. First order triangulation was completed about 1954 and tied in to Mexico, El Salvador and Honduras. Also in 1954, the Department was renamed the Direccion General de Cartografia, and the first air photo sorties were flown upon which the main topographic series were subsequently based. There are two principal topographic map series, at scales of 1:50 000 (E754) and 1:250 000 (E503), originally prepared in collaboration with the IAGS and the US Army Map Service. Both series are complete. The 1:50 000 Mapa topogrdfico is on a Transverse Mercator projection, Clarke 1866 ellipsoid. Sheets are in five colours, each covering an area of 10 minutes of latitude by 15 minutes of longitude. Contours are at 20 m intervals with supplementary contours at 10 m. Sheets covering El Peten are in the form of controlled radar mosaics. The 1:50 000 scale series was completed in 1977, but is currently being revised. The 1:250 000 Mapa basico (called America Central on the sheets) covers the country in 13 sheets in a 1.5 degrees of longitude by 1 degrees of latitude format. Sheet NE 16-14 (Stann Creek) includes also the coastal areas of NE 16—5, ND 16-2 and ND 16-9: thus the whole of Belize, formerly claimed by Guatemala, is also included in this series. The sheets are in five colours and the projection is UTM. Contours are at 100 m intervals with supplementary contours at 50 m. The series was completed in 1969, but some sheets have been partially revised during the 1970s and 1980s. Currently there are no digital mapping programmes in progress. Large-scale mapping has been undertaken in urban areas and in the populous regions south of 15°N. There are programmes of urban cadastral mapping at scales of 1:2 000 (photomosaics) or 1:1000 (line maps) while rural areas are mapped at 1:10 000 scale. IGNG also takes responsibility for earth science mapping. A 1:500 000 scale geological map was published in 1970, and detailed series at 1:250 000 and 1:50 000 on topographic series sheet lines, were initiated in 1962. The larger scale series was undertaken in collaboration with a number of universities in the USA: each published sheet was accompanied by a monograph in English representing an American doctoral thesis. This was intended only as a partial series and 36 sheets have been published. Three 1:250 000 scale sheets are also in print: Quezaltenago, Guatemala and Chiquimula.

294

The Americas

A 1:50 000 scale land use series published in the late 1960s covers a small part of the south of the country, and about half the sheets are available as eight-colour litho-printed productions, the others being produced as diazo prints. A 1:250 000 scale land cover map was begun in 1985, but only two sheets have been published. 1:50 000 scale land capability maps cover a rather larger area of southern Guatemala. These are produced as diazo prints, and use an eight-category capability classification based on soil, slope and drainage criteria. The Atlas national de Guatemala was published in 1972 by the then civilian Instituto Geogräfico Nacional. It includes 130 maps and diagrams in seven colours, as well as colour and black-and-white photographs, and is organized into eight chapters covering physical and human resources, economic activities, service industries and tourism. There were plans in the mid-1980s to update it, but no further news of this has been received. A 1:500 000 scale aeronautical chart was published in 1987, and there are plans to publish hydrographic charts of the Atlantic and Pacific coastal waters. The Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE) is responsible for providing enumeration maps for the population censuses, carried out most recently in 1981 and 1991. INE has also published an administrative map of the country (1982) and a road map (1986). The Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) has produced a series of monochrome volcanic hazard maps at 1:50 000 scale. A Geologic map of Tecuamburro Volcano and surrounding area at 1:50 000 scale (1-2197) was published by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 1991 Small-scale general maps of the country are published by IGMG and by International Travel Maps (ITM), Canada. A new 1:15 000 map of Guatemala City was published by IGMG in 1988. In the past there have been certain restrictions on the availability of the Guatemalan topographic and land use maps, but at the time of writing all the topographic maps were available for purchase.

*

•

•

Further information A list of topographic maps is available from I G N G . Published topographic and thematic mapping up to 1978 is described in Guia geogräfica de Guatemala para investigadores (Pan-American Institute of Geography and History, Publication 319, 1978).

Carta gravimetrica

Addresses

de la Repüblica

de Guatemala

1: 1000 0 0 0

Guatemala CA: IGNG, 1962

Institute Geogräfico National ( I G N G ) Avenida de las Americas 5-76, Zona 13, GUATEMALA CA Tel +502 2 3322611 Fax +502 2 3320982 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ign.gob.gt Institute Nacional de Estadistica ( I N E ) 8a Calle 9-55, Edificio America, Zona I, GUATEMALA C A

Mapa

geologico de la Repiiblica

de Guatemala

1:500 0 0 0

Guatemala CA: IGNG, 1970 4 sheets, all published Mapa

geolögico general de Guatemala

1:250 0 0 0

Guatemala CA: IGNG, 196613 sheets, 3 published • Mapa

geologico de Guatemala

1:50 0 0 0

Institute Nacional de Sismologia,Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e Hidrologia ( I N S I V U M E H ) 7a Avenida 14-57, Zona 13, GUATEMALA C A Tel +502 2 31 5944 Fax +502 2 31 5005

Guatemala CA: IGNG, 1966259 sheets, 36 published •

For ITM, see Canada; for NIMA and USGS, see United States.

Mapa

ENVIRONMENTAL climatologico

preliminar

de la Repiiblica

de

Guatemala

1:1 000 000 Guatemala CA: IGNG, 1975

Catalogue

Mapa

ATLASES Atlas nacional

Mapa de

Guatemala

Mapa

geogräfico

de Guatemala

Edition 2

Mapa

Guatemala CA: IGNG, 1983 4 volumes of Guatemala.

Board on Geographic

Names

Names

approved

by the United

States

Edition 2

Mapa

turistico

/ tourist

map

1:500 0 0 0

de cobertura

y uso actual de la tierra 1:500 0 0 0

arqueolögico

de la Repiiblica

de Guatemala

1:500 0 0 0

de uso y cobertura

de la tierra de Guatemala

1:250 0 0 0

de uso de la tierra de Guatemala

1:50 0 0 0

I: I 0 0 0 0 0 0

Guatemala CA: IGMG, 1994 On reverse: map of Guatemala City and other cities and tourist venues travel reference

map

Mapa

de uso potencial

de la tierra de Guatemala

1:50 0 0 0

Guatemala CA: IGNG, 1978259 sheets, 51 published •

1:500 0 0 0 E d i t i o n 3

Vancouver: ITM, 1998 Red Vial Repiiblica

de la tierra

Guatemala CA: IGNG, 1966259 sheets, 16 published •

GENERAL

Guatemala

productiva

Guatemala: IGNG, 198513 sheets, 2 published Mapa

Mapa

de capacidad

Guatemala, CA: IGNG, 1991 4 sheets, all published

Washington, DC: NIMA, 1984 350 pp

Guatemala.

1:500 0 0 0

Guatemala CA: IGNG, 1982 4 sheets, all published, + text

GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer

de Guatemala

Guatemala CA: IGNG, 1980 4 sheets, all published, + text

Guatemala, CA: IGNG, 1972 104 pp

Diccionario

de cuencas de la Repiiblica

Guatemala CA: IGNG, 1978

GUATEMALA

de Guatemala

1:250 000 topographic 1:250 000 geological

1:500 0 0 0

Guatemala CA: IGNG, 1999 4 sheets, all published TOPOGRAPHIC Mapa

basico de la Repiiblica

de Guatemala

1:250 0 0 0 Series

E503 Guatemala CA: IGNG, 195813 sheets, all published •

16°l\

16°N

Guatemala 1:50 000 Series E754 Guatemala CA: IGNG, 1960259 sheets, all published • I AERONAUTICAL Mapa

aeronautica

Ciudad de Guatemala

ND15-7

Quezaltenango

1:500 0 0 0

Guatemala CA: IGNG, 1987

ND 15-8

ND 16-5

Guatemala t

Chiquimula ν

ND 15-12 Puerto San Jose

EARTH Mapa

SCIENCES

de la Repüblica

de formas

Guatemala CA: IGNG, 1984

ND 16-9 El Colorado

I de la tierra

000 000

160 km 100 miles

90°W

Guatemala

295

Urban

Ciudad de Guatemala 1:15 000

77T~7 , , Ciudad de Guatemala 1:25 000 . Guatema a C A : G N G , 98

Guatemala C A : I G N G , 1988 . . „ ..... 4 sheets, all Kpublished

90°W

296

The Americas

The official mapping agency in Honduras is the Institute Geogräfico Nacional ( I G N H ) , Comayagüela (the twin town of capital Tegucigalpa), founded in 1946, although receiving its present name in 1966. Honduras was little mapped before the 1950s, when a 1:50 0 0 0 scale series was initiated by the H o n d u r a n Comision Geogräfica Especial in collaboration with the InterAmerican Geodetic Survey (IAGS) and the American Army Map Service (AMS) (Series E752). 1:60 0 0 0 scale air photo cover was obtained in 1954—6, and horizontal and vertical control for the mapping was established by the IAGS in the same period. T h e 1:50 0 0 0 series is in 279 sheets, the first edition having been completed in 1987, and sheets are currently available, many in a second edition. The projection is Transverse Mercator, Clarke 1866 ellipsoid. The sheets are in the usual 10' X 15' AMS format and printed in five colours, with a 20 m contour interval (10 m supplementary contours). The country has also been covered in a joint 1:250 0 0 0 scale series of 15 sheets, undertaken by the I G N H in co-operation with the United States Defense Mapping Agency (now National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)), but several of these are currently out-of-print. In the late 1980s, a series of departmental maps, one for each of the 18 departments, were completed at scales of 1:120 0 0 0 to 1:350 000. These provide the most up-to-date topographic mapping of the country, with many sheets now in a second edition. In 1984, five sheets at 1:100 000 scale were published in the border area with El Salvador, but no further sheets have been published at this scale. A 1:10 000 scale map in four sheets of the capital, Tegucigalpa, was published in 1985; it has 4 m interval contours. A new edition is in preparation. Other cities have also been mapped (Series E952) at scales of 1:12 500, 1:10 000 or 1:5000, and pictomaps have been produced for some of the smaller cities. Cadastral survey is the responsibility of the Direccion Ejecutiva de Catastro. The Direccion G e n e r a l de Minas e Hidrocarburos ( D G M H ) undertakes mineral resource surveys, but geological mapping is published by the I G N H . The principal series is at 1:50 000 scale using the corresponding topographic series as base maps. 31 sheets have so far been published at this scale. Some of these were prepared through a collaboration with the Honduran universities and the US Peace Corps. A new edition of the three-sheet 1:500 0 0 0 scale geological map of the country was published in 1991. Some hydrogeological maps were recently published, following collaborative work with the British Geological Survey, and a 1:1 000 0 0 0 geo-technical m a p was published in 1997.

Forest mapping has been undertaken by the C o r p o r a c i o n H o n d u r e n a de Desarrollo Forestal ( C O H D E F O R ) , and a 1:20 0 0 0 scale series started. Soil mapping has been undertaken by the C o n s e j o Superior de Planificacion E c o n ö m i c a ( C O N S U P L A N E ) under the Ministry of Natural Resources. Three 1:500 000 scale aeronautical charts cover the country and are issued by the Direccion G e n e r a l de A e r o n ä u t i c a Civil ( D G A C ) . Nautical charts of the principal ports have been prepared by the Empresa Nacional Portuaria and are available from I G N H . The I G N H publishes an official m a p of the country at 1:500 0 0 0 scale, and several smaller scale road and tourist maps, all of recent date. The Traveller's reference map of Honduras published by International Travel Maps (ITM), Vancouver, is an excellent general map of the country with layer tinted relief, an inset of Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela and a place name index on the reverse.

• •

•

Further information Guia para invesvgadores de Honduras, prepared by the IGNH and published by PAIGH in 1986, provides exhaustive listings, descriptions and indexes of both topographic and thematic maps published (but not necessarily available) before that date. It also includes some black and white thematic maps at 1:2 000 000 scale. IGNH published a booklet celebrating its 50th anniversary in 1996, and also publishes a regular ßo/et/n informative/. A new colour catalogue of published maps was issued in 1997.

Addresses C o n s e j o Superior de Planificacion E c o n ö m i c a (CONSUPLANE) Edificio Banco Atläntico, Apdo. Postal 1327,TEGUPIGALPA Tel +504 223 8738 C o r p o r a c i o n H o n d u r e n o de Desarrollo Forestal (COHDEFOR) Edificio Complex, Carretera del Norte, Apartado 1378, TEGUPIGALPA Tel +504 223 4324 Fax +504 223 4324 Email [email protected]

Honduras

297

Direcciön Ejecutiva de Catastro Edificio Shieb, Colonia el Prado, TEGUCIGALPA Direcciön General de Aeronäutica Civil ( D H A C ) Aeropuerto Toncantin, Apartado Postal T245, TEGUCIGALPA Direcciön General de Minas e Hidrocarburos ( D G M H ) Secretaria de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Boulevard Miraflores, Apartado Postal 98I.TEGUCIGALPA Tel +504 232 6721 Fax +504 232 7848 URL http://www.sdnhon.org.hn/serna.html Institute Geogräfico Nacional ( I G N H ) Barrio la Bolsa, Apartado Postal 20706, COMAYAGÜELA Tel +504 225 2759 Fax +504 225 2759 Email [email protected] For ITM, see Canada; for NIMA, see United States

Catalogue ATLASES

Atias de Honduras y del Mundo: el nuevo ordert geogräfico mundial y la naciente comunidad de est ados independientes J.M. Canales Tegucigalpa: Ediciones Ramses, 1995 64 pp GAZETTEERS

Diccionario geogräfico de Honduras Comayagüela: IGNH, 1976In 18 volumes by department, 6 or more published Nombres geogräficos de Honduras Comayagüela: IGNH, 1976— In 18 volumes by department, 10 or more published Gazetteer of Honduras. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 2 Washington, DC: NIMA, 1983 478 pp GENERAL

TOPOGRAPHIC

Honduras. Mapas departamentos scales vary Comayagüela: IGNH, 198618 maps of individual departments published Americas [Honduras] 1:250 000 Series E303 Comayagüela: IGNH, 196115 sheets, all published • Honduras 1:50 000 Series E752 Comayagüela: IGNH, 1961279 sheets, all published • AERONAUTICAL

Carta aeronäutica de la Repäblica de Honduras 1:500 000 Tegucigalpa: DGAC, 1985 3 sheets, all published EARTH

SCIENCES

Mapa geotectänico de la Republica de Honduras 1: 1:000 000 Comayagüela: IGNH, 1997 Mapa metalogenetico de la Republica de Honduras 1:500 000 Comayagüela: IGNH, 1988 Mapa geolögico de la Repäblica de Honduras 1:500 000 Edition 2 Comayagüela: IGNH, 1991 3 sheets, all published Text on reverse Mapa hidrogeologico de Honduras / Hydrogeological map of Honduras 1:500 000 Comayagüela: IGNH, 1996 In 3 sheets Mapa hidrogeologico de Honduras. Zona norte y sur y central 1:250 000 Comayagüela: IGNH, 1 9 9 3 ^ Mapa geolögico de Honduras 1:50 000 Comayagüela: IGNH, 195 7 279 sheets, 31 published • URBAN

Honduras. Mapa de relieve sombreado I: I 500 000 Comayagüela: IGNH, 1992 Shaded relief map

Tegucigalpa 1:12 500 Comayagüela: IGNH, 1978

Mapa vial de Honduras 1:1 000 000 Comayagüela: IGNH, 1997

Tegucigalpa 1:10 000 Comayagüela: IGNH, 1992 4 sheets, all published

Honduras travel reference map 1:750 000 Vancouver BC: ITM, 1996 Republica de Honduras. Mapa oficial 1:500 000 Comayagüela: IGNH, 1997

298

The Americas

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NICARAGUA (REPIJBLICA DE N I C A R A G U A )

Detailed mapping of Nicaragua, the largest of the Central American countries, was initiated in 1946 with the signing of an agreement with the Inter-American Geodetic Survey (IAGS) to establish geodetic control for a national survey, and with the foundation of an Office of Geodesy, subsequently becoming the Instituto Geogräfico Nacional (IGN), Managua. Mapping now falls within the remit of the Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER). In 1954, complete air photo cover of the Pacific western part of the country was flown by the USAAF, and this formed the basis for the first photogrammetric mapping. A basic series at 1:50 0 0 0 scale (Series E751) was published progressively from 1956 by the US Defense Mapping Agency (DMA, now National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)) and was almost complete when the DMA/I AGS pulled out in 1981. During the Sandinista government, mapping was p u t under military control, and was not released to the public. D u r i n g this period, the government received mapping aid from Cuba and the USSR, who flew new air photo cover and used this to update and complete the series. The 303 sheets in the series were all printed in the USSR during 1 9 8 8 - 9 0 . W i t h the establishment of the post-Sandinista government, the mapping authority returned in 1991 to civilian status under the Ministry of Construction and Transport. At the same time the 1:50 0 0 0 scale m a p was de-restricted, and made available for sale. T h e series retains the format and basic specification of the D M A series, with sheets each covering 10 minutes of latitude by 15 minutes of longitude. Projection and grid are U T M , Clarke 1866 ellipsoid, and contours are at 20 m intervals. The map has, however, been updated and sheets carry an extensive legend with particular attention given to land use and vegetation. T h e series is being digitized by I N E T E R . A 1:250 0 0 0 scale D M A series covering the country in 12 sheets (Series E503) was first published in the 1960s, and a second edition appeared in 1 9 8 0 - 2 b u t is now out-of-print. The series was updated for publication in 1996—7, but has not yet been advertised on the international market. A 1:525 0 0 0 scale general m a p of the country was published by I N E T E R in 1995. This is on the U T M projection with 200 m interval contours. 1:100 0 0 0 scale planimetric mapping (Series E651), begun in the 1950s by the D M A , covered mainly the Pacific west of the country. A few 1:25 0 0 0 scale sheets (Series E851) in the area of Managua were also published and a series of large-scale cadastral maps is in progress. In addition to the conventional mapping, radar maps were compiled in the 1970s, using SLAR imagery flown by Westinghouse Electric Corporation which was then converted

into 1:100 000 scale mosaics by H u n t i n g Surveys, Toronto. These were used to create interpretative maps of land cover, geomorphology and geology. A 1:250 0 0 0 scale land use m a p (Uso de suelo) interpreted from LANDSAT imagery was produced with the aid of the Italian company Geomap and published in 12 sheets in 1983. This m a p is advertised by GeoCenter as still being available. Water quality mapping of the Pacific coast has been undertaken in collaboration with the German aid organization G T Z . A further recent cooperative initiative between Germany and the Ministerio de Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales ( M A R E N A ) is a project concerned with environmental planning and conservation (Proyecto BOSAWAS M A R E N A - G T Z ) . The USSR co-operated in the production of a geological m a p in the 1980s, and this was eventually published by I N E T E R at 1:500 000 scale in 1995, but there is no information on its availability. The Direccion de Promocion y Desarrollo Minero is responsible for earth science mapping, although there appears to be little activity at the present time. A population census was carried out in 1995 by the Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos (INEC), and maps of all the departments and municipalities were prepared to facilitate this. Rural area maps are at scales of 1:12 500 or 1:25 000; urban areas are at scales of 1:1000, 1:2000 or 1:3000. These maps are also being digitized. A multi-sheet, contoured map of Greater Managua was published by I N E T E R in 1989, with sheets issued as diazos. Pictomaps of a number of cities were published in the 1970s by the I G N and some of these may still be available. Several tourist maps are available for the country and for the capital city of Managua. These include a 1996 tourist map from the Ministerio de Turismo (MITUR), which has the whole country on one side and Managua on the reverse, and guide maps from the Compania de Servicios Publicatarios Geogräficos ( S E R P U G E S A ) . A good tourist m a p of the country has been published by International Travel Maps (ITM), Vancouver.

• • *

Further information Cartographic publications up until about 1977 are included in t h e Guia de recursos basicos contemporaneos

para estudios de

desarrollo en Nicaragua, a PAIGH guide published in 1977. Maps of Nicaragua 1965-87, a cartobibliography by Claire Englander, may be found on the Web at URL http://www.lib.berkeley. edu/EART/nicaragua.html.

Nicaragua

301

Addresses C o m p a n i a de Servicios Publicatarios G e o g r a f i c o s (SERPUGESA) Carretera Vieja a Leon, K m 10, 700 Mts Al Norte, M A N A G U A Tel +505 2 650426 Direcciön de P r o m o c i o n y Desarrollo Minero Edificio Ministerio de Economia, Ctra a Masaya, M A N A G U A Tel +505 2 670051 Fax +505 2 670095 Email [email protected] Institute Nacional de Estadisticas y C e n s o s ( I N E C ) Hospital Lenin Fonseca, K m I y Ά al Sur, Lindavista, MANAGUA Tel +505 2 662825 Fax +505 2 660634 Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudios Territoriales (INETER) Ventas de Mapas, Apartado 2110, M A N A G U A Tel +505 2 496987 Fax +505 2 496987/41896 Email [email protected] Ministerio del A m b i e n t e y los Recursos Naturales (MARENA) Proyecto B O S A W A S M A R E N A - G T Z , K m 12 y Ά Carretera Norte, Apartado Postal 489, M A N A G U A Tel +505 2 331594/2 632370 Fax +505 2 331594/2 632370 Email [email protected] Ministerio d e T u r i s m o ( M I T U R ) Cerca de Restaurante Antojitos, M A N A G U A Tel +505 2 281238 For N I M A , see United States; for ITM, see Canada; for GeoCenter, see Chapter 3.

Catalogue ATLASES

Atlas escolar de Nicaragua Edition 2 Managua: INETER, 1995 32 pp GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of Nicaragua. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 3 Washington, D C : N I M A , 1985 193 pp GENERAL

Guia Mananic 96 Espanol-English Managua: SERPUGESA, 1996 Includes 1:967 000 scale map of the country Nicaragua travel reference map 1:750 000 Vancouver: ITM, 1995 Mapa de la Repüblica de Nicaragua 1:525 000 Managua: INETER, 1995 TOPOGRAPHIC

Nicaragua 1:50 000 Managua: INETER, 1988303 sheets, all published •

302

The Americas

EARTH

SCIENCES

Nicaragua: carta isogonica para 1975.0 1:1 000 000 Managua: INETER, 1978 ENVIRONMENTAL

Republica de Nicaragua. Mapa hidrogräfico I: I 000 000 Managua: INETER, 1971 Nicaragua. Uso de suelo 1:250 000 Managua and Firenze: INETER and Geomap, 1983 12 sheets, all published ADMINISTRATIVE

Repüblica de Nicaragua · division politico-administrativa 1989 1:1 000 000 Managua: INETER, 1989 Repüblica de Nicaragua. Mapa de la division politico-administrativa 1:750 000 Managua: INETER, 1993 URBAN

Guia Managua Managua: S E R P U G E S A Street map with index in booklet form Managua 1:17 500 Managua: MITUR, 1996 With general map of Nicaragua on reverse Managua 1:10 000 Managua: INETER, 1987 19 sheets, all published

85 °W

Nicaragua

303

(REPÜBLICA DE P A N A M A )

Detailed mapping of Panama began in the 19th century, receiving a stimulus from the need for topographic surveys to precede the construction of the Panama Canal. Notable maps of that century were those of H . Tiedermann (1851) and Agustin Codazzi (1855). These maps covered only limited areas, however, and accurate general maps of the whole country did not appear until early decades of the present century. A regular programme of topographic mapping began in 1946, when a Cartography Section was established for the Pan-American Highway. The modern topographic survey organization was founded in 1967 under the title Instituto Cartogräfico 'Tommy Guardia' (Tomas Guardia having been the first director of its antecedent, the Direcciön de Cartografia). In 1969, the name was changed to Instituto Geogräfico Nacional 'Tommy Guardia' ( I G N T G ) , and this institute now has responsibilities for topographic and geodetic survey, cadastral and hydrographic survey, and various development projects requiring cartographic work. Much of the initial basic scale mapping at 1:50 0 0 0 (Series E762) was carried out after 1946 in co-operation with the Inter-American Geodetic Survey (IAGS) and the American Army Map Service. A 1:25 000 scale map begun in the late 1950s was discontinued after the production of 4 6 sheets. Since 1962, most work has been undertaken independently by the Institute, which has facilities for aerial survey and photogrammetry. Air photo cover exists for almost all the country, while radar imagery of the Province of Darien was acquired in 1967—72, an area where persistent cloud makes conventional photography almost impossible to obtain. The 1:50 0 0 0 scale m a p is in five colours with 20 m contours, and is drawn on a Transverse Mercator projection with a U T M grid. The ellipsoid is Clarke 1866. Legends are in Spanish and English and the sheet format is 10' X 15'. T h e general map at 1:250 0 0 0 scale is also on a Transverse Mercator projection and has 200 m contours. A satellite image edition of this map is being published. A programme of digitizing the 1:50 0 0 0 scale series is under way, with 20 sheets digitized by the end of 1997, and there are plans to digitize the nine-sheet 1:12 500 scale cover of Panama City. Nautical charts have been published for all the coastal waters of Panama, with scales ranging from 1:300 0 0 0 to very large scale approach charts and port plans. Aeronautical charts have been prepared by the Direcciön de Aeronäutica Civil in collaboration with I G N T G and include visual flying charts at scales of 1:2 0 0 0 000, 1:1 000 000 and 1:500 0 0 0 and plans of airports. The Direcciön General de Recursos Minerales ( D G R M ) was founded in 1970 and undertakes various mapping activities in relation to the exploitation of mineral resources, but systematic geological mapping is provided by the regional maps, printed in colour, at 1:250 0 0 0 scale, and a new two-

304

The Americas

sheet 1:500 0 0 0 scale m a p produced with Swedish cooperation. It is planned to use recent geological work to update the 1:250 000 scale m a p also. A number of more detailed maps of selected areas have also been published. Numerous maps of soils, land capability and forest resources maps were prepared from the 1950s through to the 1980s, including 1:1 0 0 0 000 scale maps prepared for the national atlas, and large scale local maps. A complete listing is given in the P A I G H Research guide cited below. More recently, I G N T G has carried out an inventory and quantification of mangroves, and has subsequently begun to survey the primary and secondary forest resources of the country. Both studies are at 1:250 000 scale using a LANDSAT image base map. The Direcciön de Estadistica y Censo ( D E C ) has produced numerous plans and sketch maps for the population censuses, the most recent of which was held in 1990, and has compiled a listing of populated places. However, studies of place names have principally been carried out in the Department of Geography at the University of Panama. A new edition of the Diccionario geogräfico de Panama is expected soon. A national atlas was first published in 1965. The third edition of the Atlas nacional de la Repüblica de Panama, published in 1988 with the aid of the Japanese development agency, JICA, includes numerous thematic maps, many of them new in this edition, at scales of 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 and 1:2 000 000, and an index of geographical names. According to a 1993 report, plans were being prepared for a fourth edition. Large scale city plans are published by I G N T G for most major cities, including a nine-sheet cover of Panama City at 1:12 500 scale, and a monochrome map at 1:5000 in 64 sheets. The Instituto Panameno deTurismo (IPAT), distributes a 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale tourist map, and a pictorial m a p of the Panama Canal. Good general maps of the country are also published by International Travel Maps (ITM), Vancouver, and by Karlsruhe Polytechnic University.

•

*

•

Further information I G N T G issues a Catälogo de publicaciones

cartogrdficas.

An 'Informe tecnico de las activldades cartograficas en Panama' p r e s e n t e d a t t h e Fifth United Nations Regional

Cartographic

Conference for the Americas, N e w York 1993, gives a

comprehensive account of recent developments.

D E C has issued a 1990 listing of cartographic materials relating to the 1990 census of population: Inventario del material cartografico, segün provincia, distrito y corregimiento. A thorough listing of maps produced up to about 1985 is included in Cardoze, N.M. andTempone, C. (1985) Guide for research workers of Panama, Second edition, published by PAIGH.

Addresses Direccion de Estadistica y C e n s o ( D E C ) Apartado 5213, Panama 5 Tel +507 264 3734 Fax +507 269 7294 Email [email protected] Direccion General de Recursos Minerales ( D G R M ) Apartado 8515, Panama 5 Tel +507 236 2868/1825 Institute G e o g r ä f i c o Nacional ' T o m m y G u a r d i a ' (IGNTG) Apartado 5267, Panama 5 Tel +507 236 2444 Fax +507 236 1841 Institute P a n a m e n o d e T u r i s m o ( I P A T ) Apartado 4421, Panama 5 Tel +507 226 7000 Fax +507 226 3483 For N I M A , see United States; for ITM, see Canada; for Karlsruhe Polytechnic University, see Germany.

Catalogue ATLASES

Atlas nacional de la Repüblica de Panama Edition 3 Panama: I G N T G , 1988 222 pp GAZETTEERS

Diccionario geogräfico de Panama Panama: I G N T G , 19723 volumes Panama. Official names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 3 Washington, D C : N I M A , 1990 509 pp GENERAL

General map of the Republic of Panama 1:1 200 000 Karlsruhe: Karlsruhe Polytechnic University, 1989 Includes a special map of the Panama Canal Zone

Repüblica de Panama - mapa fisico 1:500 000 Panamd: I G N T G , 1994 2 sheets, both published IMAGE

MAPS

Panama Εdiciön LANDSAT 1:250 000 Panama: I G N T G , 199612 sheets, 2 published TOPOGRAPHIC

Panama (especial) 1:250 000 Edition 10 Panama: I G N T G , 1992 12 sheets, all published • Mapa topogräfica de Panamd 1:50 000 Panama: I G N T G , 1967co. 200 sheets, 157 published • AERONAUTICAL

Carta aeronäutica de la Repüblica de Panama 1:500 000 Edition 2 Panama: I G N T G and Direccion de Aeronäutica Civil de Panama, 1985 2 sheets, both published EARTH

SCIENCES

Repüblica de Panama - mapa geolögico 1:500 000 Panama: D G R M , 1991 2 sheets, both published Panama - mapa geolögico 1:250 000 Panama: D G R M , 1976 7 sheets (1-2, 3—4, 6 - 7 are paired) ADMINISTRATIVE

Repüblica de Panama - division politico-administrativa 1990 1:1 000 000 Edition 5 Panama: I G N T G , 1990 Repüblica de Panamd Mapa politico 1:500 000 Panama: I G N T G 2 sheets, both published URBAN

Ciudad de Panama 1: 12 500 Series E962 Panama: I G N T G , 1990 9 sheets, all published Mapa urbano de la ciudad de Panamd 1:5 000 Panama: I G N T G , 1975-76 64 sheets, all published Monochrome map

Repüblica de Panama - sintesis geogräfica I: I 000 000 Panama: I G N T G , 1991 2 sheets with numerous thematic maps Panama 1:1 000 000 Panama: I G N T G , 1994 Tourist map with ancilliary maps of Panama city, David and Colon A traveller's reference map of Panama 1:800 000 Vancouver, BC: ITM, 1996

Panama

305

306

The Americas

80°W

80°W

The cartography of the Caribbean islands is quite diverse, reflecting the mapping styles of several nations with former or continuing colonial interests in the area. These all initiated modern mapping programmes after World War II, and in most cases have also continued to help with surveying and mapping in those Caribbean states which are now inde-

308

The Americas

pendent. However, apart from some revision, there have been relatively few changes to the map series described in the previous edition of this book. In some countries, notably Haiti, mapping is practically moribund. The continuing spread of tourism, however, has stimulated the production of a number of new commercially-produced tourist maps.

As in mainland Latin America, the geodetic network of a number of countries has been linked to the Inter-American Geodetic Survey (IAGS) system, and co-operative mapping programmes with the US Defence Mapping Agency (DMA - now National Imagery and Mapping Agency) were carried out in Hispaniola, with the production of 1:50 000 and 1:250 000 scale series to the DMA specifications. Elsewhere, the mapping displays the varying styles of the French Institut Geographique National (Martinique, Guadeloupe, St. Martin), the United States Geological Survey (Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands), the Dutch Topografische Dienst (Netherlands Antilles), and the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (most of the remaining islands). In Cuba, a post-revolutionary national survey came into existence in 1967, but this too received outside help, in this case from the former USSR and Czechoslovia.

A few Caribbean states or territories, notably the Cayman Islands, Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Turks and Caicos Islands, have begun to digitize existing mapping and to create integrated GIS-based mapping systems. There have also been some tentative moves toward co-operation between Caribbean countries to build GIS-based mapping systems for specific purposes. For example, the Organization of American States (OAS) has implemented a Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project, funded by USAID, which includes risk mapping of natural hazards in its remit. The Island Resources Foundation (described under US Virgin Islands) has also promoted the idea of an Eastern Caribbean Mapping Co-operative, proposed as a non-profit, nongovernment digital mapping and GIS co-operative to help small eastern Caribbean island states to share the cost of developing such systems.

Of all the Caribbean islands, a majority have been mapped by Britain. Thus 15 out of the 23 islands or island groups identified in this section were originally mapped by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS). DOS survives as a small unit within Ordnance Survey, and is now called Ordnance Survey International (OSI), and the heyday of its mapping activities has long passed. Systematic survey by Britain began in the period immediately following World War II. The DOS (originally called the Directorate of Colonial Surveys) was formed in 1946 and began its work in Antigua, Barbados and Jamaica, initially using US Army Air Force (USAAF) photography and control, but subsequently contracting new photographic sorties to commercial air survey companies and establishing its own mapping control (the history of DOS mapping is thoroughly chronicled by McGrath, 1983).

With a few exceptions, thematic mapping of the Caribbean is quite scarce both at a regional and local scale. The geological-tectonic map published by USGS in 1980 is still available, but to this has been added the geological map published in 1990 by the Institut Frangais du Petrole (IFP) and the Bureau d'Etudes Industrielles et de Cooperation de l'lnstitut Frar^ais du Petrole (BEICIP) covering the whole Caribbean region. Its main focus is the sedimentary basins, and the offshore areas show bathymetry, and structural features including the thickness of sediments. It is available from Editions Technip, Paris. A striking map of Caribbean seismicity, using data from the United States National Earthquake Information Center, was published in 1998. It is distributed by the United S t a t e s Geological Survey (USGS). Other themes are best covered by world series, such as the Soils map of the World 1:5 000 000.

DOS mapping in the Caribbean falls broadly into three scale groups. The standard topographic mapping is normally at the scale of 1:25 000 (sometimes 1:10 000), and this provides a detailed, contoured and gridded map for scientific and general planning applications. More general maps have been produced usually at a scale of 1:50 000 (smaller for large islands or island groups, e.g. 1:250 000 for Jamaica). In the 1980s many of these were reworked into colourful, folded tourist editions often with descriptive information, indexes and inset maps of the capital town or city. In the early 1990s they were being marketed by Ordnance Survey as part of a series entitled OS Worldmaps. Subsequently, however, OSI disposed of the folded stocks of these maps to the Governments of the individual countries, although retaining limited stocks in the U K of the flat versions. The third scale group comprises large-scale planimetric (or sometimes contoured) mapping, most commonly at scales of 1:2500 or 1:5000. Maps at these large scales were initially prepared for urban or other densely populated areas, but were later extended and revised to support cadastral requirements. To this end, DOS ran a Regional Cadastral Survey and Registration Project in several islands in the 1970s. Most of these large scale maps were held as transparencies, from which diazo copies were made as required. Xerox copies of many of the series may still be obtained from OSI.

Few Caribbean states have their own hydrographic charting agencies; The United States National Ocean Service ( N O S ) has a chart of the waters around Cuba, and a range of charts covering the waters of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, the French Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine (SHOM) has charted Guadeloupe, Martinique and a number of other islands, while the British Hydrographic Office (HO) issues an extensive range of charts at many different scales covering all the Caribbean islands. Russian charts by Glavnoe Upravlenie Navigatsii I Okeanografii ( G U N O ) are also now available for the whole Caribbean area.

Since Guadeloupe and Martinique are overseas departments of France, French mapping in the Caribbean is simply an extension of the French metropolitan series published by Institut Geographique National. Thus the 1:50 000 scale series have been discontinued, and the basic scale mapping is the 1:25 000 Serie bleue. The mapping of Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin islands also closely reflects the standard (USGS) topographic products of the conterminous United States.

Atlases covering the Caribbean include the Atlas of Central America and the Caribbean which includes thematic chapters and descriptions of the history and geography of each country, accompanied by simple two-colour maps. The Atlas socioeconomic del Caribe dates from 1979 and was prepared by the Institute d e Geografia Tropical (IGT), Cuba, with help from the University of Warsaw. Maps of the Caribbean area as a whole are published by several overseas commercial publishers. Good general overviews of the region are provided by a Mairs map packaged by Institut Geographique National (IGN), France, and by HarperCollins. Some titles, such as the Bartholomew Caribbean holiday map (HarperCollins), and those of Karto+ Grafik, Nelles and the National Geographic Society (NGS) provide more detailed maps of individual islands assembled on a single sheet. Cartographie Cara'ibe, of Grand Bourg in Guadeloupe, is a small map-making enterprise specializing in the production of maps of islands. It has a map of the West Indies, and of Caribbean islands as well as maps of islands of the world and of the Mediterranean and the Pacific and Indian

The Caribbean

309

Oceans. C a r t o g r a p h e r s Ltd is a small c a r t o g r a p h i c c o m p a n y w h i c h is based in N e w Jersey, U S A , b u t has also operated f r o m t h e U n i t e d States V i r g i n Islands. Its p r i n c i p a l p r o d u c t s are small four-colour m a p s of m o s t C a r i b b e a n islands, m a n y also w i t h small inset m a p s of t o w n s and i m p o r t a n t t o u r i s t centres. T h e s e are d i s t r i b u t e d free t h r o u g h t o u r i s t agencies. It also r u n s several W e b sites, w h i c h carry copies of t h e m a p s , i n c l u d i n g C a r i b b e a n - O n - L i n e , B a h a m a s On-Line and USVI-On-Line.

• *

*

Further information The mapping by D O S in the Caribbean has been particularly well documented. The D O S annual reports gave information and mapping progress country by country until they ceased in 1984, with the move of the Directorate to Southampton. Summary reports have also appeared in the papers of the United Nations Regional Cartographic Conferences. The best overall account of the evolution of D O S mapping in the Caribbean (and elsewhere) remains McGrath, G. (1983) Mapping for development the contribution of the Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Cartographica, 20 (I and 2), 264 pp.

Atlas of the Caribbean basin Washington, D C : Bureau of Public Affairs, 1984 16 pp Atlas socioeconomico del Caribe La Habana: IGT, 1979 GAZETTEERS

US possessions in the Caribbean. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington, D C : N I M A 1976 116 pp British West Indies and Bermuda. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington, D C : N I M A , 1955 157 pp GENERAL

West Indies Scales vary Grand-Bourg: Cartographie Caraibe Includes tourist office addresses Caribbean Scales vary Grand-Bourg: Cartographie Caraibe Includes tourist office addresses The Caribbean Scales vary Hildebrand's travel map Frankfurt am Main: Karto+Grafik

A listing of the D O S map stock held at Southampton is available from OSI.

Bartholomew Caribbean holiday map Scales vary London: HarperCollins, 1995

Indexes of the mapping of Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands are available from U S G S and via the Web.

West Indies / Tourist islands 1:4 500 000 Washington, D C : N G S , 1994 Political map with island insets

Addresses

West Indies and the Caribbean 1:3 250 000 London: HarperCollins, 1998

C a r t o g r a p h e r s Ltd Caribbean Maps, 9 NTunesbrook Drive, T O M S RIVER, NJ 08753, U S A

Caraibes. Carte Generale 1:3 000 000 Paris: IGN, 1994

Email [email protected] U R L http://www.caribbean-on-line-com/ Cartographie Caraibe La Treille, 97112 G R A N D B O U R G , Marie Galante, Guadeloupe Tel +590 977395 Fax +590 977034 Editions Technip 27, rue Ginoux, FR-75737 PARIS Cedex 15 Tel +33 I 45 78 33 80 Fax +33 I 45 75 37 11 Email [email protected] For I G N and S H O M , see France; for A A P G , N G S , N I M A , N O S and USGS, see United States; for IGT, see Cuba; for H O and HarperCollins, see Great Britain; for Karto + Grafik and Nelles, see Germany; for G U N O , see Russia.

Lesser Antilles 1:2 500 000 München: Nelles, 1998 Bermuda, Bahamas, Greater Antilles 1:2 000 000 München: Nelles, 1998 BATHYMETRIC

Atlas of the United States Exclusive Economic Zone, Gulf of Mexico and eastern Caribbean U S G S Reston.VA: USGS, 1987 104 pp Bathymetry of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea 1:3 289 263 Tulsa, O K : A A P G , 1984 Caribbean region - bathymetric map 1:2 500 000 Riverdale, M D : N O S , 1981

Catalogue ATLASES

Atias of Central America and the Caribbean N e w York and London: Macmillan and Diagram Visual Information, 1985 144 pp

310

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EARTH

SCIENCES

Caribbean seismicity / Sismidicidad del Caribe / Sismicite des Caraibes 1990-1994 1:6 500 000 Colorado Springs: Pikes Peak Litho, 1998 Geologic-tectonic map of the Caribbean region 1:2 500 000 I-1100 Reston.VA: USGS, 1980 3 sheets, all published

Geological map of the Caribbean / Carte geologique des Caraibes 1:2 500 000 Paris: IFP/BEICIP, 1990 2 sheets, both published Caribbean - tectonic map of the Greater Antilles 1:500 000 1-732 Reston.VA: USGS, 1972

The Caribbean

311

Anguilla is a self-governing colony of Britain, but it was briefly linked in an independent union with St Kitts and Nevis. Following its secession in 1967, it returned to British rule in 1971, acquiring self-governing status in 1976. The original mapping by the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)), was a three-sheet series at 1:25 0 0 0 scale which included St Kitts and Nevis (DOS 343). This was published in 1961 and based on air photography flown in 1946 by the USAAF and in 1956 by H u n t i n g . New editions of the Anguilla sheet were published in 1986, with a choice of B W I grid (edition 5) or U T M grid (edition 6). The latest edition 7, also with B W I grid, was published in 1997. Contour interval is 25 ft and the projection is Transverse Mercator, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid (modified). A 1:50 0 0 0 scale topographic map (DOS 443) was published in 1973, but is out-of-print. In the early 1980s, densification of the survey control network was undertaken, and a revised and contoured 53sheet series (DOS 043) covering the whole island at 1:2500 scale and based on new air photography was published. Sheets are available as Xerox prints. Topographic maps may be obtained from Ordnance Survey agents in the U K or from the Department of Lands and Surveys, Anguilla. In 1995, a Coastal resources atlas of Anguilla was published by the U K Natural Resources Institute (NRI) for the Anguilla Government. A small format road map of the island is produced by Cartographers Ltd for free distribution.

• * •

Addresses Department of Lands and Surveys THE VALLEY, Anguilla Tel +1 809 497 2424 Fax +1 809 497 5424 Ordnance Survey International (OSI) Ordnance Survey, Romsey Road, SOUTHAMPTON SO 16 4GU, UK Tel +44 23 8079 2912 Fax +44 23 8079 2615 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/ For NRI, see Great Britain; for Cartographers Ltd, see United States.

312

The Americas

Catalogue GENERAL

Anguilla 1:80 000 OSD 943 Southampton: OSI, 1986 Small format map TOPOGRAPHIC

Lesser Antilles. Anguilla with Dog Island and Scrub Island 1:25 000 DOS 343 Edition 7 Southampton: OSI, 1997 Available with UTM grid in Edition 6 ENVIRONMENTAL

Coastal resources atlas of Anguilla Chatham: NRI for Anguilla Government, 1995

Antigua, together with neighbouring islands Barbuda and the uninhabited Redonda, formed a self-governing state in association with the UK in 1967. In 1981 the islands became a fully independent state. They were formerly mapped by the British Directorate of Colonial/Overseas Surveys (now

A small format map of Antigua and St Johns is published by Cartographers Ltd for free distribution.

• *

•

Ordnance Survey International (OSI)) b u t t h e Surveys

Division, St John's, is now responsible for the contemporary mapping of the islands. Antigua was one of the first Caribbean islands to be mapped by the Directorate of Colonial Surveys with publication of a 1:25 000 scale map (DCS 6) in 1946 based on US Army Air Corps air photography with military ground control. A second edition of this map (DOS 306) was published in 1962 but was not subsequently revised. DCS also published an early 1:10 000 scale contoured map of St John's, the capital (DCS 11) in 1947. New air photography was flown in 1968 by Fairey Surveys, and 1:2500 scale litho-printed contour mapping of the north part of the island including St John's was completed in 1970. This urban series (DOS 006) was revised in the late 1970s, based on 1975 air photography and the 53 sheets, published 1978-82 are currently available as Xerox copies. In addition, the whole island was mapped at 1:5000 scale (DOS 106), and currently seven sheets covering the centre of the island are available as Xerox copies. The 1:50 000 scale map of Antigua (DOS 406) was derived from the 1:5000 scale maps and was first published, as a tourist map, in 1973. The most recent editions were issued in 1980. They are printed in process colours with BWI grid (edition 7) or UTM grid (edition 8). Contours are at 50 ft intervals, and the entire land surface is shown in shades of green (distinguishing cultivation and grassland from bush and trees). Marsh and mangrove swamp are shown in shades of blue. The projection is Transverse Mercator, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid (modified). A map of Barbuda in nine sheets at 1:10 000 scale was published in 1970 (DOS 257) based on 1966 air photography, and stocks are still available from OSI. The sheets have contours at 25 ft intervals and vegetation cover is shown by annotation. The projection is Transverse Mercator, Clarke 1866 ellipsoid. A derived two-sheet 1:25 000 scale map in four colours, with vegetation type shown by coloured symbols, and with 25 ft contours, was issued in 1970-1 (DOS 357). The projection is Transverse Mercator with UTM grid.

Addresses N o r t h e r n Illinois University Department of Geology, Northern Illinois University, DEKALB, Illinois 60115-2854, USA Tel +1 815 753 1943 Ordnance Survey International ( O S I ) Ordnance Survey, Romsey Road, SOUTHAMPTON SO 16 4GU, UK Tel +44 23 8079 2912 Fax +44 23 8079 2615 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/ Surveys Division Ministry of Agriculture, St Mary's Street, PO Box 1282, ST JOHN'S Tel +1 809 462 4969 Fax +1 809 462 6104 For Cartographers Ltd, see United States.

Catalogue GENERAL

Antigua 1:100 000 DOS 993 Edition 3 Southampton: OSI, 1980 Includes Barbuda and Redonda Small format sheet TOPOGRAPHIC

Lesser Antilles: Antigua 1:50 000 DOS 406 Edition 7 Southampton: OSI, 1980 BWI grid; also available as Edition 8 with UTM grid Lesser Antilles: Barbuda 1:25 000 DOS 357 Southampton: OSI, 1970-1 2 sheets, both published

Redonda appears on the OSI map of Montserrat. Topographic maps may be obtained from Ordnance Survey agents in the UK or from the Surveys Division, St John's. A 1:40 000 scale geological map of the reefs and inshore sediments of Antigua by Weiss and Multer is available from t h e D e p a r t m e n t of G e o l o g y , N o r t h e r n Illinois University,

EARTH

SCIENCES

Map of modern reefs and sediments of Antigua, W.I. 1:40 000 M.P.Weiss, H.G. Multer DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University, Department of Geology, 1988

USA. The map shows no onshore geology.

Antigua and Barbuda

313

THE

BAHAMAS

(COMMONWEALTH

OF

THE BAHAMAS)

The Commonwealth of the Bahamas has been an independent nation since 1973. It consists of about 700 islands (only 22 of them inhabited) and numerous small cays, spread over a 1200 km stretch of ocean. Topographic survey was initiated by the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS) (now Ordnance Survey International), who began publishing a 1:25 000 series (DOS 358) from 1962. These map sheets were issued as multisheet sets for each island group, and the DOS completed mapping of Cat Island, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, Abaco and New Providence. The five-colour maps were all on a Transverse Mercator projection (Clarke 1866 ellipsoid) with UTM grid and, where there was sufficient relief, contours at 25 ft intervals. DOS also published, in 1961-3,11 sheets of contoured urban mapping at 1:2500 scale covering Nassau (DOS 158). Since 1972, topographic survey has been the responsibility of the Department of Lands and Surveys (BLS), Nassau, and mapping of all the remaining island groups was completed in the 1970s with new BLS series designations. Maps were compiled and drawn by Fairey (later Clyde) Surveys from 1967 air survey cover. The maps differ somewhat in specification from the DOS maps, and have 20 m interval contours. The maps are all at 1:25 000 scale with the exception of the Bimini Island Group, for which 1:10 000 scale maps were published. A total of 182 sheets at 1:25 000 scale and 10 at 1:10 000 are needed to give complete coverage of The Bahamas. BLS has also issued 1:10 000 scale maps of most islands, and Nassau and other built-up areas have been published at 1:2500 scale, mostly available as diazo prints. The BLS maps are listed in our catalogue in the island group series by which they were published. This mapping is now very out-of-date, and there has been no revision of these series due to a lack of funding. The most recent official mapping appears to be the large general map of the islands at 1:1 000 000 produced for BLS in 1988 by Clyde Surveys, together with a companion hydrographic chart at a slightly smaller scale. Both are on the Mercator projection. The 1:25 000 scale maps are available from BLS, or from some map dealers such as OMNI, but stocks are no longer available from Ordnance Survey International. Some sheets are only available as diazo copies, and the 1:1 000 000 sheet is currently out-of-stock at BLS. A number of resource surveys were carried out for the Bahamas Government in the 1970s by the UK Overseas Development Administration. These included an island-byisland survey of vegetation, land use/land capability and land ownership with associated maps at 1:50 000 or 1:25 000 (not now available), and summarized as Land resources of the Bahamas·, a summary (LRS 27) published in 1976 with several 1:1 000 000 scale maps of the island group.

314

The Americas

In 1971, the Directorate of Military Surveys, UK, conducted gravity and magnetic surveys for the Bahamas Government, and these were published at 1:250 000 scale. For up- to-date maps of the Bahamas, a number of good quality tourist maps are available. These include a 1:1 100 000 map by International Travel Maps (ITM) which includes more detailed maps of the main islands on the reverse, a Bartholomew holiday map from HarperCollins, a map by Nelles and a two-sheet map by Berndtson and Berndtson (B&B). Island Maps of Bermuda has a 1:31 680 scale map of Nassau and New Providence Island. A small road map with inset maps of major settlements is produced by Cartographers Ltd for free distribution.

• • *

Further information A Land resources bibliography of the Bahamas by N.W. Posnett and P.M. Reilly was published by the UK Land Resource Development Centre (now Natural Resources Institute (NRI)) in 1971, and is still available.

Addresses Department of Lands and Surveys (BLS) PO Box Ν 592, Bay and Armstrong Streets, NASSAU, New Providence Tel +809 32 22328 9 Fax +809 32 2256S For Island Maps, see Bermuda; for B&B and Nelles, see Germany; for ITM, see Canada; for Cartographers Ltd, see United States; for NRI and HarperCollins, see Great Britain.

Catalogue GENERAL

Bermuda, Bahamas, Caribbean, Greater Antilles area map 1:2 500 000 München: Nelles, 1998 Includes inset maps of Nassau, Grand Bahama, New Providence and North and South Bimini Bahamas. An international travel map 1:1 100 000 Edition 2 Vancouver: ITM, 1997 Inset map of Nassau and Paradise Island Individual islands on the reverse

Map of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas I: I 000 000 BLS R 000 Nassau: BLS, 1988

9 sheets, all published

Bahamas 1:720 000 Bartholomew holiday map

Nassau: BLS, 1972

London: HarperCollins

I sheet •

Bahamas road map 1:500 000

Samana Cay 1:25 000 BLS 324

Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B

Nassau: BLS, 1972

In two sheets: north and south

I sheet •

Both sheets also have general map at 1:2 250 000; north sheet has map of Nassau 1:20 000

Nassau: BLS, 1972

Rum Cay 1:25 000 BLS 321

San Salvador 1:25 000 BLS 319 Nassau: BLS, 1972 2sheets, both published

TOPOGRAPHIC

Abaco 1:25 000 BLS 31 I

•

•

BATHYMETRIC

Nassau: BLS, 1975 27 sheets, all published

•

Acklins Island 1:25 000 BLS 326

Hydrographie chart of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas 1:1 250 000 Nassau: Department of Lands and Surveys, 1988

Nassau: BLS, 1972 13 sheets, all published

•

Andros Island 1:25 000 BLS 315 Nassau: BLS, 1970 4 2 sheets, all published

•

URBAN

Bahamas. Nassau city atlas Nassau: BLS 308 pp

Berry Islands 1:25 000 BLS 312

Nassau and New Providence Island 1:31 680

Nassau: BLS, 1969

Warwick: Island Maps

4 sheets, all published

•

Bimini Island 1:10 000 BLS 213 Nassau: BLS, 1969 10 sheets, all published

•

Cat Island 1:25 000 BLS 318 Nassau: BLS, 1972-5 8 sheets, all published

•

Conception Island 1:25 000 BLS 320 Nassau: BLS, 1972 I sheet • £leuthera 1:25 000 BLS BLS 314 Nassau: BLS, 1969-75 11 sheets, all published

•

Exuma Island 1:25 000 BLS 317 Nassau: BLS, 1969 18 sheets, all published

•

Grand Bahama 1:25 000 BLS 310 Nassau: BLS, 1968-75 16 sheets, all published

•

Inagua Island 1:25 000 BLS 328 Nassau: BLS, 1972 • 14 sheets, all published

•

Long Island 1:25 000 BLS 322 Nassau: BLS, 1972 8 sheets, all published Mayaguana Island 1:25 000 BLS 327 Nassau: BLS, 1972 3 sheets, all published • New Providence 1:25 000 BLS 316 Nassau: BLS, 1972-5 5 sheets, all published

•

Includes 'Cays to Eleuthera' Plana Cay 1:25 000 BLS 325 Nassau: BLS, 1972 I sheet • Ragged Island 1:25 000 BLS 323

The Bahamas

315

BLS 328 Great Inagua 76°W

316

The Americas

O f Β' I :-4j

11,01

Barbados became an independent sovereign state within the British Commonwealth in 1966, and now has its own Lands and Survey Department at Christ Church.

Lands and Surveys Department Goodwood Park, CHRIST CHURCH Tel +1 809 427 5694 Fax +1 809 437 2817

The basic mapping of the island was carried out by the Directorate of Colonial Surveys (later Directorate of Overseas Surveys, now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)) at 1:10 0 0 0 scale in the early 1950s, and this was one of the earliest Caribbean series to be completed. The first 1:50 0 0 0 scale m a p was compiled from this. Subsequent editions were revised from air photographs, and the latest editions were published in 1993 (DOS 418) with the Barbados National Grid (Edition 6) and the U T M grid (Edition 7). Projection is Transverse Mercator, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid (modified), and contours are at 100 ft intervals. The 1:10 0 0 0 series was recompiled and revised in 1986 (DOS 218/1) and covers the island in 12 sheets. 1:2500 scale mapping covers the west of the island in 102 Xerox sheets (DOS 018) dating from 1976—81. 1:1250 scale maps cover the southwest in 102 sheets and south-east in 30 sheets (DOS 0018). These maps were issued between 1974 and 1979 and are available as Xerox copies through Ordnance Survey agents in Britain. The remainder of the island has also been mapped at scales of 1:2500 and 1:5000 with the aid of the Canadian International Development Agency. A new edition of the 1:5000 scale tourist m a p of Bridgetown was published in 1999.

Ordnance Survey International (OSI) Ordnance Survey, Romsey Road, SOUTHAMPTON SO 16 4GU, UK Tel +44 23 8079 2912 Fax +44 23 8079 2615 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/

A 1:50 000 scale geological m a p was prepared from a 1:10 0 0 0 scale diazo series produced in 1 9 8 0 - 1 (DOS 1227). It is a colour m a p with text printed in the margin. A special sheet, Geology of the Scotland area 1:20 000 (DOS 1228), was published in 1982.

For B&B, see Germany; for ITM, see Canada; for Cartographers Ltd, see United States.

Catalogue GENERAL Barbados

road map

1:60 0 0 0

Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B On the reverse: Bridgetown 1:7 500 Barbados travel reference

map

1:45 0 0 0

Vancouver: ITM, 1996 TOPOGRAPHIC

Barbados 1:50 000 DOS 418 Edition 6 Southampton: OSI for Government of Barbados, 1993 With Barbados grid; Edition 7 has UTM grid EARTH

SCIENCES

Geology of Barbados

1:50 0 0 0 D O S

1229

Management of the coastal zone is undertaken by the Coastal Zone Conservation Unit, which holds digital data on coastal resources and plans to acquire A R C / I N F O GIS software.

Southampton: OSI for Barbados Government, 1983

A good general m a p of Barbados is published by International Travel Maps (ITM), Vancouver, and a road and tourist map by Berndtson and Berndtson (B&B). There is also a small map for free distribution produced by Cartographers Ltd.

Southampton: OSI for Government of Barbados, 1990

•

* •

ADMINISTRATIVE Barbados electoral

boundaries

Barbados parish boundaries

1990

1:50 0 0 0 O S D 2 9 6 3

1:50 0 0 0 O S D

2960

Southampton: OSI for Barbados Government, 1989 URBAN

Bridgetown and environs 1:5000 DOS 118 Edition 2 Southampton: OSI, 1999

Addresses Coastal Zone Conservation Unit Oistens Government Complex, Oistins, CHRIST CHURCH Tel +1 809 428 5930 Fax +1 809 437 1378

Barbados

317

The British Virgin Islands are a British colony with internal self-government. They have been mapped by the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (now O r d n a n c e Survey International (OSI)). Some early mapping was done in the late 1940S using USAAF photography, but the principal series at 1:25 0 0 0 scale (DOS 346) was compiled in 1959 using 1953 air photography, and was published in I 9 6 0 . The current sheets in this series are in their third or fifth editions, having been revised from 1981 photography, from incomplete 1:2500 scale mapping and from field compilations. Sheet 6 Anegada, a low-lying coralline island, is a colour photomap published in 1977; the other five sheets are conventional five-colour line maps all published in 1984. They have 25 ft contours, U T M grid, and the projection is Transverse Mercator, Clarke 1866 ellipsoid. In 1982, a derived tourist map of the whole island group was published at a scale of 1:63 360 (DOS 446), superseding an earlier general m a p at 1:100 0 0 0 scale. This m a p has 250 ft contours and the relief is enhanced with layer tints and hill shading. There is an alphanumeric grid based on the U T M , and an inset map of Road Town. A new edition was published in 1991 · 1:2500 scale maps covering Tortola, Virgin Gorda and part of Jost Van Dyke (DOS 046) were published between 1972 and 1986 and are available from OSI as Xerox copies. Topographic maps are available from OSI and from the Survey Department, Road Town. Commercially produced tourist maps are published Berndtson and Berndtson (B&B), International Travel Maps ( I T M ) and C a r t o g r a p h e r s Ltd.

• •

318

The Americas

•

Addresses O r d n a n c e Survey International ( O S I ) Romsey Road, SOUTHAMPTON, SO 16 4GU, UK Tel +44 23 8079 2912 Fax +44 23 8079 2615 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/ Survey D e p a r t m e n t PO Box 142, ROAD TOWN, Tortola Tel +1 809 49 43459 Fax +1 809 49 43895 For B&B, see Germany; for ITM, see Canada; for Cartographers Ltd, see United States.

Catalogue GENERAL British Virgin Islands 1:200 000 DOS 997 Edition 3 Southampton: OSI, 1988 Small format map Virgin Islands - US and British 1:80 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B, 1994 British Virgin Islands 1:63 360 DOS 446 Edition 3 Southampton: OSI, 1991 Insets of Road Town, East End Tortola and Spanish Town TOPOGRAPHIC British Virgin Islands 1:25 000 DOS 346/346P Southampton: OSI, 1977-84 6 sheets, all published • Anegada is a photomap

The Cayman Islands are a British dependency, formerly under the administration of Jamaica. There are three islands in the group: Grand Cayman, Little Cayman and Cayman Brae. The Directorate of Overseas Surveys (now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)) first published a 1:25 000 scale map cover (DOS 328) in 1 9 6 5 - 6 , based on air photography flown in 1958. Complete air photo cover was again flown in 1 9 7 0 - 1 , and the 1:25 0 0 0 scale sheets were revised and published in a second edition in 1978 with planimetry derived from large scale cadastral plans, and swamp vegetation from an O D A survey carried out in 1976. The 1:25 0 0 0 scale m a p has 20 ft contours, and is on a Transverse Mercator projection with U T M grid, Clarke 1866 ellipsoid. In 1979, a single-sheet visitors' m a p using a photomap base was issued (DOS 428P). A second edition was revised by Ordnance Survey from information supplied by the Lands and Survey Department (LSD), Cayman Islands and published in 1989. It has an inset m a p of Georgetown. Large scale mapping includes 1:2500 scale maps of Georgetown (1965) and 1:2500 scale cadastral mapping carried out in the 1970s by the Lands and Survey Department, and revised in the late 1980s using new colour air photography. The latter comprises 200 land registry maps covering all three islands. In 1991, LSD began digitizing its cadastral m a p using A R C / I N F O software. This now forms the basis of the Cayman Islands Land Information System. Digital m a p data are linked to an Oracle database containing land parcel-related information. GPS-controlled colour air photography, flown in 1994, has also been scanned to provide a raster background to cadastral and survey m a p data. Other digital data include a roads database, buildings database, planning zones, soil maps, boundaries of protected areas such as National Trust and Ramsar sites, polling districts and census enumeration districts. The roads and buildings databases are used in a GPSguided Emergency Response System launched in 1996. It is planned to extend the land information system to include private sector utilities data and to create a comprehensive national GIS. There is a public counter service providing electronic access to the Land Registry and with facilities to plot maps from the various data sets at customers' request.

A Cayman street and dive site map has been published by International Map Services (IMS), Grand Cayman, and a tourist m a p by International Travel Maps (ITM), Vancouver, Canada. A small folded road map is also produced by Cartographers Ltd for free distribution.

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Addresses International Map Services Ltd (IMS) PO Box 2187, GRAND CAYMAN, Cayman Islands, BWI Tel +1 809 95399 Fax +1 809 97602 Lands and Survey Department PO Box 1089GT, GRAND CAYMAN, Cayman Islands, BWI Tel +1 809 949 7999 Fax +1 809 949 2187 Ordnance Survey International (OSI) Ordnance Survey, Romsey Road, SOUTHAMPTON SO 16 4GU, UK Tel +44 23 8079 2912 Fax +44 23 8079 2615 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/ For ITM, see Canada; for NRI, see Great Britain; for Cartographers Ltd, see United States.

Catalogue GENERAL

Cayman Islands visitor's map 1:50 000 DOS 4499P Edition 2 Southampton: OSI, 1989 Inset of Georgetown 1:10 000 Cayman Islands. A traveller's reference map 1:50 000 Vancouver: ITM, 1995 Cayman Islands street and dive site map 1:22 500 Grand Cayman: IMS TOPOGRAPHIC

The 1:50 0 0 0 and 1:25 0 0 0 scale topographic maps are available from Ordnance Survey m a p agents in the U K and from LSD, Grand Cayman, while digital maps in hard copy or on disk, C D - R O M or tape may also be purchased from the latter.

Cayman Islands 1:25 000 DOS 328 Edition 2 Southampton: OSI, 1978 4 sheets, all published

In 1981, three 1:25 0 0 0 scale swamp maps were published by the Land Resources Development Centre (now Natural Resources Institute (NRI)) based on work by the Mosquito Control and Research U n i t in the Caymans.

Cayman Islands. Swamp maps 1:25 000 Chatham: NRI, 1981 3 sheets Accompanies project report 75. Mangrove swamps of fine coralline islands: the Cayman Islands, West Indies

ENVIRONMENTAL

Cayman Islands

319

The Instituto Cubano de Geodesia y Cartografia (ICGC), Havana, was founded in 1967 to be responsible for all geodetic, cartographic, remote sensing and cadastral activities in Cuba. During the 1970s, first, second and third order triangulation networks were completed. Basic mapping programmes were initiated at scales of 1:10 000 and 1:25 000, and these were completed in 1980. Series at scales of 1:50 000, 1:100 000, 1:250 000 and 1:500 000 have also been completed. Topographic mapping is on a Lambert conformal conic projection, Clarke 1866 ellipsoid. Although formerly restricted, topographic sheets at scales of 1:250 000 and smaller are now available from some dealers. A series of regional maps is also available, all published in the 1990s, and city maps of Havana and other, smaller cities. Recently, ICGC was merged with the Instituto Cubano de Hidrografia to form the Grupo Empresarial G E O C U B A (GEOCUBA). This organization has taken responsibility for the national cartographic system, including the 1:25 000 scale topographic map, the 1:10 000 scale rural cadastre, and some 136 nautical charts of home waters and 68 regional charts of other parts of the world. GEOCUBA plans to commercialize Cuban cartographic and hydrographic information, and actively market the products both at home and overseas. However, we have found no evidence yet of these products appearing on the international market. In 1989 the Council of Ministers created a National Commission for Geographical Names, and a gazetteer was in preparation for publication in 1994, but no further information has been obtained about this. Earth science mapping is now the responsibility of the Centra de Investigaciones Geologicas (CIG), but most post-Revolution earth science mapping was undertaken by the Instituto de Geologia y Paleontologia (IGP) of the Cuban Academy of Sciences in collaboration with scientists from the former USSR and Eastern Europe. From 1972 to 1981, a 1:250 000 scale geological map was prepared, and this was published in 1989 in 40 sheets. A five-sheet geological map at 1:500 000 scale was published in 1985, maps of metalliferous and non-metalliferous mineral deposits in 1988 and a tectonic map in 1989. These map series have been recently advertised as available by several international map dealers including OMNI, Geopubs and GeoCenter (see Chapter 3). A series of 1:250 000 scale karst maps (Mapa carsolögico de Cuba) was begun in 1986 with co-operation from Czechoslovakia, but its current status is not known. Soil mapping was carried out by the Instituto de Suelos y Agroquimica of the Cuban Academy of Sciences in the period 1964-8, and a set of 19 coloured 1:250 000 scale sheets distinguishing 14 principal soil types was published in 1971. A separate explanation by A. Hernandez et al. was published to accompany the map, and a further report,

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Classification genetica de los suelos de Cuba, appeared in 1975. This map has been advertised as available from GeoCenter. The original Atlas national de Cuba, published in 1970 in both Spanish and Russian editions, was prepared by the Cuban Academy of Sciences in collaboration with the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1985, work began on a new national atlas, Nuevo atlas national de Cuba. Numerous Cuban organizations contributed to this sumptuous volume, and cartographic work was undertaken by the Department of Cartographic Modelling and GIS in the Instituto de Geografia Tropical (IGT). The new atlas was published in 1989 with the help of the Instituto de Geografia Nacional de Espana (IGNE), and supersedes the earlier volume. Data from this atlas are now incorporated in a Cuban GIS, and are being updated and used for other educational products. There is also a planned series of regional atlases, one for each Cuban state, but only that of Camaguey has so far been published (in 1991). Many single-sheet tourist maps have been published in recent years by overseas publishers, reflecting the growing tourist industry. These include maps by International Travel Maps (ITM), Cartographia, Freytag Berndt (FB), Institut Geographique National (IGN) and Karto+Grafik (K+G). In spite of the new interest in the commodification of cartography signified by the establishment of GEOCUBA, no replies were received from any Cuban sources known to us, and so at present the best sources for acquiring maps of Cuba are probably major map dealers, such as those mentioned above.

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Further information T h e d e v e l o p m e n t of geological mapping is outlined by Franco, G.L. ( 1 9 8 4 ) An historical outline of the geological cartography of C u b a , pp 2 0 5 - 2 1 8 in Contributions to the history of geological mapping, edited by E. Dudich, Budapest: Akademiai Kiadö.

Addresses Centra de Investigaciones Geologicas (CIG) Ministerio d e la Industria Basica, Avenida Salvador Allende 666, LA H A B A N A Tel + 5 3 7 7 0 7711

G r u p o Empresarial G E O C U B A

(GEOCUBA)

Direcciön General, N o 301, Miramar, PLAYA L A H A B A N A 11 300 Tel +53 7 23 8316/29 5995 Fax +53 7 33 2869/33 1682

Cuba. Mapa fisico 1:900 000 Edition 2 La Habana: IGP, 1987 TOPOGRAPHIC

Division C o m e r c i a l T E C N O T E X - G E O C U B A , Calle 6 N o 303, Miramar, PLAYA LA H A B A N A 11 300 Tel +53 7 22 2891 Fax +53 7 33 2869

Mapa topografico 1:500 000 La Habana: G E O C U B A 11 sheets, all published

Institute de Geografia Tropical ( I G T ) 13 N o 409 esquina F.Vedado, Plaza de la Revoluciön, LA H A B A N A 10400

Mapa topografico 1:250 000 La Habana: G E O C U B A , 1991 23 sheets, all published •

Tel +53 7 32 4293 Fax + 53 7 334616 Institute de G e o l o g i a y Paleontologia ( I G P ) Via Bianca y Linea de ferrocarril, San Miguel de Padron, L A HABANA Institute de Suelos y A g r o q u i m i c a ( I S A ) Calle 150 y 21A Siboney, L A H A B A N A For N I M A , see United States; for FB, see Austria; for Cartographia, see Hungary; for ITM, see Canada; for Karto+Grafik, see Germany; for VSEGEI, see Russia; for IGN, see France.

Catalogue ATLASES

Nuevo atlas nacional de Cuba La Habana and Madrid: G E O C U B A and IGNE, 1989 200 pp Cuba, Atlas de la cultura fisica y el deporte La Habana: G E O C U B A , 1991 67 pp GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of Cuba. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 3 Washington, D C : N I M A , 1991 948 pp in 2 volumes GENERAL

Cuba. Mapa de carreteras I: I 400 000 La Habana: G E O C U B A , 1988 Cuba. Mapa turistico I: I 250 000 La Habana: G E O C U B A , 1996

EARTH

SCIENCES

Mapa geologico de la Repüblica de Cuba I:500 000 J. Perez Oth6n,V.A.Yarmoliuk La Habana and St Petersburg: IGP and VSEGEI, 1985 5 sheets, all published Mapa tectönico de Cuba 1:500 000 La Habana and St Petersburg: IGP and VSEGEI, 1985 5 sheets, all published Mapa de yacimientos minerales, metälicos y aguas minerales de la Republica de Cuba 1:500 000 La Habana and St Petersburg: IGP and VSEGEI, 1988 5 sheets, all published Mapa de yacimientos y manifestaciones minerales no metälicos y combustibles de la Republica de Cuba 1:500 000 La Habana and St Petersburg: IGP and VSEGEI, 1988 5 sheets, all published Mapa geologico de Cuba 1:250 000 La Habana and St Petersburg: IGP and VSEGEI, 1989 40 sheets, all published • ENVIRONMENTAL

Repüblica de Cuba. Mapa genetico de suelos 1:250 000 La Habana: ISA, 1971 19 sheets, all published ADMINISTRATIVE

Cuba. Politico-administrativo 1:900 000 La Habana: G E O C U B A , 1986 URBAN

Mapa turistico de La Habana La Habana: G E O C U B A

Kuba I: I 250 000 Wien: FB, 1995 Cuba I Kuba 1:1 250 000 Budapest: Cartographia, 1988 With city insets and an index on the reverse Cuba 1:1 250 000 Paris and La Habana: I G N and G E O C U B A , 1997 Includes city maps and street indexing Pays et villes du monde series Cuba 1:1 100 000 Hildebrands Urlaubskarte Frankfurt am Main: Karto+Grafik Cuba. An international travel map I: I 000 000 Edition 2 Vancouver, BC: ITM, 1998 Cuba 1:1 000 000 La Habana: G E O C U B A 4 sheets, all published

Cuba

321

80°W

CUBA 1:250 000 topographic

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The Commonwealth of Dominica gained full independence from Britain in 1978, and is now a republic and a member of the British Commonwealth. The island has been mapped by the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)), with the principal map being the 1:25 000 scale series of three sheets (DOS 351), first issued in 1961 and plotted from air photography flown in 1956 with local information provided by the Crown Surveyor, Dominica. The latest Edition 4 was published in 1978 (reprinted 1988), and printed in process colours. The projection is Transverse Mercator, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid (modified), with BWI grid, and contours at 50 ft intervals. The 1:50 000 scale map (DOS 451) was first issued in 1963. This was conceived as a tourist map, and incorporated shaded relief. The third edition (1982) was considerably redesigned, with the adoption of a more practical road classification, and the addition of layer tints as well as shading to the 250 ft interval contours. The latest Edition 5 was revised by Ordnance Survey from materials provided by the Lands and Surveys Division (LSD), Roseau and published in 1991. Contoured 1:2500 scale maps (DOS 051) cover most coastal areas in 120 sheets, available as Xerox copies or dye-lines. They are in first or second editions dating from 1971 to 1986. 1:5000 scale sheets (OSD 151) also cover some coastal areas in 47 sheets published 1986—9, compiled from photography flown by J . A. Story in 1982-5. Eleven 1:10 000 scale sheets (DOS 251) cover the centre of the island. These were enlarged from the 1:25 000 scale, and were published during 1987-9. A 1:5000 scale full colour map of Roseau has an index of public buildings, and the second edition, published 1974, also has 50 ft contours printed in green. Resource mapping was undertaken in Dominica by the Overseas Development Administration of the British Government through its Land Resources Development Centre (now Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Chatham). 1:25 000 scale soil mapping was completed in 1972, and in the 1980s a project was completed on crop suitability mapping. The final report, LRDC Project Report 127, was published in 1983 and included six 1:30 000 scale land suitability maps. Topographic maps and plans are available from the Lands and Surveys Division, Roseau and from OSI agents in the United Kingdom.

F u r t h e r information A Land resource bibliography of Dominica by N.W.Posnett and P.M.Reilly w a s published In 1978 and is still available from NRI.

Addresses Lands and Surveys Division (LSD) Ministry of Agriculture, ROSEAU Tel +1 8 0 9 4 4 8 2401 e x t 3435 Fax +1 8 0 9 4 4 8 7 9 9 9

Ordnance Survey International (OSI) Romsey Road, SOUTHAMPTON SO 16 4GU, UK Tel +44 23 8 0 7 9 2 9 1 2 Fax +44 23 8 0 7 9 2615 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/

Catalogue GENERAL Dominica 1: 125 000 DOS 9 9 8 Edition 2 Southampton: OSI for Dominica Government, 1982 TOPOGRAPHIC Dominica 1:50 0 0 0 DOS 451 Edition 5 Southampton: OSI for Dominica Government, 1991 Dominica 1:25 0 0 0 DOS 351 Edition 4 Southampton: OSI for Dominica Government, 1978 3 sheets, all published ENVIRONMENTAL Land suitability for major crops in Dominica 1:30 0 0 0 Chatham: NRI, 1983 Set of six maps accompanying LRDC Project Report 127 URBAN Roseau and environs 1:5000 DOS 151 Edition 2 Southampton: OSI for Dominica Government, 1974

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Dominica

323

(REPÜBLICA D O M I N I C A N A ) An Instituto Cartogräfico Militär was established in Santo Domingo in 1955, and this was combined in I 9 6 0 with the Comision de Limites Geogräficos Nationales and placed under the authority of the University of Santo Domingo to form the Instituto Cartogräfico Universitario. This was subsequently renamed the Instituto Geogräfico Universitario (IGU). The Inter-American Geodetic Survey was active in the Dominican Republic from 1946, when it helped to establish a survey control network for topographic mapping, and subsequently a topographic series was prepared jointly by the US Army Map Service (later, Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) and now National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)) and the IGU. The principal topographic series is the 1:50 000 scale joint DMA/IGU series, issued between 1962 and 1968 in 123 sheets. This is a five-colour map with 20 m contours and the projection is UTM, Clarke 1866 ellipsoid. Sheets in this series have been difficult to obtain, although some major map dealers may have stocks. There is also a 1:250 0 0 0 scale series in five sheets based on the J O G 1501 specification, entitled Mapa topografico general, and prepared by the United States Army Topographic Command in co-operation with IGU in 1970, and reprinted several times. Contours are at 100 m intervals with supplementary contours at 20 m. There is also a series of city maps at scales of 1:50 0 0 0 or 1:10 000. Map production at the IGU had been moribund for many years, and in 1986 a new agency, the Instituto Cartogräfico Militär (ICM) was established in association with the Hydrographie Department to reactivate the mapping programmes. Its main task is to update the 1:50 000 topographic series described above, and a number of new sheets were published with the help of the DMA. Also in the programme is the revision of city plans, and a new 1:10 0 0 0 scale plan of Santo Domingo was due to be published in 1997, with plans of La Romana and Puerto Plata to follow. Some new hydrographic charts of the coastal waters are also in the programme. In 1997, the Institut Cartogräfic de Catalunya, Barcelona, and SPOT Image, Toulouse, began a project to produce orthorectified SPOT images of the whole country at 1:50 0 0 0 and 1:100 000 scales, radar imagery at 1:250 0 0 0 scale, and 12 sheets of orthorectified multispectral imagery in colour corresponding with standard topographic 1:50 0 0 0 scale sheet lines. Geological mapping is the responsibility of the Direccion General de Mineria (DGM). A 1:500 0 0 0 Mapa geologico was produced in 1956 and printed as a dye-line, and a 1:350 0 0 0 scale geological atlas appeared in 1969. Recent mapping collaboration has been with the German Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BfGR), Hannover. A new 1:250 0 0 0 scale map was published in 1991, and a 1:100 0 0 0 scale sheet of San Juan and the western part of the country appeared in

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1988. Further sheets at this scale are in preparation with Spanish assistance. A number of resource maps at scales of 1:250 0 0 0 and 1:500 0 0 0 were published in the 1960s by the Organization of American States (OAS). Themes covered included climate, ecology, soil associations, land cover, productive capacity, geology and transport. Some further resource mapping of the northeast was published in 1977 by the OAS (Desarrollo regional de la Linea Norsoeste). These are all out of print or unobtainable now. The Departemente de Inventarios de Recursos Naturales (DIRENA) undertook some soil and land use mapping during the 1980s, and recently a GIS facility has been established, and some of the 1:50 0 0 0 scale maps have been digitized. The Catastro Nacional has prepared cadastral maps of cities. There are several good single-sheet general and tourist maps of the country. Mapas Gaar, Santa Domingo, is active in the production of tourist maps and also offers an extensive list of diazo city maps, a complete set of provincial maps, and an atlas of Santa Domingo. The company is currently preparing to introduce digital mapping methods. Triunfo has a small scale road map of the country, with several city street maps, including a large indexed 1:24 0 0 0 scale map of Santa Domingo on the reverse. Maps from overseas publishers include those of Nelles (map of Hispaniola), International Travel Maps (ITM), and Berndtson &Berndtson (B&B). A small folded road map is produced by Cartographers Ltd for free distribution. Although there has been quite a lot of recent mapping activity in the country, maps of the Dominican Republic may still be difficult to obtain. Mapas Gaar is a promising source, as the company also acts as a vendor for other publishers and includes the 1:50 0 0 0 scale topographic maps in its listings.

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Addresses Catastro Nacional Mensures Catastrales.Tribua deTierras, Independencia y Winston Churchill, SANTA D O M I N G O

Departemente de Inventarios de Recursos Naturales (DIRENA) Secretaria de Estado de Agriculture, Centra de los Heroes, SANTA D O M I N G O Tel +1 809 547 2585

Direcciön General de Mineria ( D G M ) Edificio Gubernamental, Αν. Μέχίοο Esq. Leopoldo Navarro, SANTA D O M I N G O Tel +1 809 685 8191 Fax +1 809 686 8327 Institute C a r t o g r ä f i c o Militär ( I C M ) Avenida Jimenez Moya, Centro de los Heroes, S A N T A DOMINGO Tel +1 809 534 7390/75228 Fax +1 809 534 7276 Mapas Gaar Arzobispo Nouel 355, Apartado Postal 2708, S A N T A DOMINGO Tel +1 809 689 4830 Fax +1 809 682 5274 Triunfo P O Box 21388, S A N T A D O M I N G O Tel +1 809 566 0959 For N I M A and Cartographers Ltd, see United States; for ITM, see Canada; for BfGR, B&B and Nelles, see Germany.

ADMINISTRATIVE Mapa de la Republica Dominicana 'Division politico' 1:600 000 Santo Domingo: IGU, 1993 SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND

ECONOMIC

Una vision geogräfica de la poblaciön Dominicana - atlas demogräfico de la Repiiblica Dominicana T. Sagawa, F. Olivo Kallmünz and Regensburg: Universität München, 1992 92 pp URBAN Atlas de Santo Domingo Santo Domingo: Mapas Gaar Pianos de ciudades, Republica Dominicana 1:5 000/1:10 000 Series E93I Santo Domingo: I C M Mapas de ciudades Scales vary Santo Domingo: Mapas Gaar

Catalogue GAZETTEERS Gazetteer of the Dominican Republic. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Edition 2 Washington, D C : N I M A , 1994 708 pp GENERAL The Dominican Republic tourist map / La Repüblica Dominicana: mapa turistico 1:627 000 Santa Domingo; Triunfo, 1990 Street maps of Santa Domingo, Puerto Plata, Sosua, La Romana and Santiago Indexes and distance chart Dominican Republic road map 1:600 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B, 1991 Ancillary maps of Santa Domingo and Puerto Plata Travel reference map of the Dominican Republic 1:500 000 Edition 2 Vancouver, BC: ITM, 1998 TOPOGRAPHIC Mapa topografica general 1:250 000 Series 1501 Washington, D C and Santa Domingo: U S A T C and ICM, 1970 5 sheets, all published Dominican Republic / Republica Dominicana 1:50 000 Series E733 Washington, D C and Santa Domingo: U S A T C and ICM, 1962123 sheets, all published • Mapas provinciates Scales vary Santa Domingo: Mapas Gaar 28 sheets • EARTH

SCIENCES

Mapa de recursos minerales no metälicos identificados y facilidades industrielles de la Repüblica Dominicana I: I 000 000 Santo Domingo: D G M , 1986 Mapa geologico de la Republica Dominicana 1:250 000 Santa Domingo and Hannover: D G M and BfGR, 1991 Mapa geologico de la Republica Dominicana 1: 100 000 Santa Domingo and Hannover: D G M and BfGR, 1988

Dominican Republic

325

70°W

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The Americas

Formerly a British dependency, Grenada acquired full independence in 1974. The national territory includes the more southerly of the Grenadines (Grenada Grenadines), including Carriacou Island and Petite Martinique (for mapping of the northern Grenadines, see under St Vincent). Topographic mapping was undertaken by the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS - now O r d n a n c e Survey International (OSI)) in the 1950s based upon air survey, the first cover being flown in 1951. The 1:25 0 0 0 scale m a p (DOS 342) in two sheets was first published in 1958; currently, the north sheet is Edition 4 (1979) and the south sheet Edition 5 (1988). The m a p is in five colours with a 50 ft/25 ft contour interval. The projection is Transverse Mercator, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid (modified), with B W I grid. The southern Grenadines are represented on two 1:25 0 0 0 scale sheets (DOS 344), numbered 5 and 6, the last revisions of which date respectively from 1978 and 1969. These particular sheets were derived from contoured 1:10 0 0 0 scale sheets (DOS 244).

Catalogue GENERAL Grenada (with Carriacou) 1: 150 000 DOS 995 Edition 4 Southampton: OSI for Government of Grenada, 1988 Grenada. Island of spice 1:50 000 DOS 442 Edition 6 Southampton: OSI for Government of Grenada, 1992 Inset map of St George's 1:10 000 TOPOGRAPHIC Grenada 1:25 000 DOS 342 Editions 4 - 5 Southampton: OSI for Government of Grenada, 1979-88 2 sheets, covering the main island Grenadines 1:25 000 DOS 344 Edition 1-3 Southampton: OSI for Government of Grenada, 1969-78 2 sheets covering Grenada Grenadines

The derived 1:50 0 0 0 scale m a p of Grenada (DOS 442) was first published in 1966. This was subsequently redesigned as a tourist map, entitled Grenada island of spice, and printed in process colours with shaded relief and 200 ft contours. There is also a small format m a p at 1:150 0 0 0 scale (DOS 995) covering Grenada and the southern Grenadines. The D O S also mapped the St George's area as a contoured 1:2500 scale series (DOS 042), commencing in 1972 and reaching completion in 1978. These 39 sheets are available as dye-lines. Mapping is now the responsibility of the Lands and Surveys D e p a r t m e n t (LSD), St George's, but the most recent editions of all the maps mentioned above are also still in stock at OSI.

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Addresses Lands and Surveys D e p a r t m e n t ( L S D ) Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Forestry and Fisheries, Archibold Avenue, ST GEORGE'S Tel +1 809 440 2103 Fax +1 809 440 4191 O r d n a n c e Survey International ( O S I ) Ordnance Survey, Romsey Road, SOUTHAMPTON, SO 16 4GU, UK Tel +44 23 8079 2912 Fax +44 23 8079 2615 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/

Grenada

327

Guadeloupe is an overseas department of France. In addition to the main islands of Basse-Terre and Grande-Terre, it includes the dependencies of les Saintes, Marie Galante, la Desirade, Saint-Barthelemy and part of St-Martin. Topographic mapping of these islands was initiated by, and remains the responsibility of, the Institut National Geographique (IGN), Paris. The I G N first obtained an air photo cover in 1946, and this was followed by triangulation, levelling and photogrammetric work in the period 1947 to 1952. A basic 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 scale series was issued in 36 sheets in 1956, and revised in 1969. In 1985, a further revision took place and the series was edited into the style of the French Serie bleue and reduced to only eight sheets, published in 1987—8. The sheets are contoured with a 10 m interval, and the projection is U T M , International (Hayford) ellipsoid. A series of six 1:50 0 0 0 scale sheets, last revised in 1969 has been discontinued. A single-sheet 1:100 000 scale m a p was first published in 1958. In 1988 it was re-formatted as Edition 1 in the Pays et villes du monde series. This sheet has a legend in French and English and an overprint of tourist symbols. Latitude and longitude are marked, but there is no grid. Relief is by shading only. Guadeloupe was mapped geologically at 1:50 000 scale in the early 1960s by the Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM). A new edition of the sheet covering Marie-Galante and the tiers de la Petite-Terre was published in 1973, and Saint-Martin was published in 1989. In addition to these five sheets, there is a 1:25 0 0 0 scale geological map of La Desirade, and 1:20 000 scale maps of Les Saintes, Saint-Barthelemy and of the Soufriere volcano. These latter sheets are accompanied by explanatory memoirs. There is a local B R G M survey office on Guadeloupe, but maps may be obtained from B R G M in Orleans. A geomorphological m a p of the Isle Saint-Martin was made by the Centre for Applied Geography at the Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg and published by C N R S in 1970 (CNRS RCP 77), b u t is probably no longer available. Soil mapping has been carried out by the Institut Franfais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation ( O R S T O M ) . The principal series, at 1:20 0 0 0 scale, is in colour and comprises a set of 18 sheets covering Basse-Terre. Grande Terre is covered by a 1:10 0 0 0 scale monochrome soils m a p in 54 sheets. The atlas of Guadeloupe is one of a series covering the overseas departments of France, prepared by the Centre d'Etudes de Geographie Tropicale of the Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques ( C N R S ) , at Bordeaux-Talence, together with geographers from several other institutions. The atlas has 36 m a p sheets in colour at the principal scale of 1:150 000, accompanied by 80 pages of text and covering

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themes concerned with physical environment, and with social and economic geography.

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Addresses Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM) 3 avenue de Claude Guillemin, BP 6009, F-45060 O R L E N S , Cedex 2, France Tel +33 2 38 64 34 34 Fax +33 2 38 64 35 18 Email [email protected] URL http://www.brgm.fr/ B R G M Guadeloupe Villa d'Huy, Morne Notre Dame, 97139 ABYMES Cedex Tel +590 82 75 40 Fax +590 91 51 66 C N R S Editions 20/22 rue St-Amand, F-75015 PARIS, France Tel +33 I 45 33 16 00 Fax +33 I 45 33 92 13 Email [email protected] URL http://www.cnrs.fr/editions Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) Direction Generale, 136bis, rue de Grenelle, F-75700 PARIS, France Tel +33 I 43 98 80 00 Fax +33 I 43 98 84 00 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ign.fr Institut Fran?ais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation ( O R S T O M ) 32 Avenue Henri Varagnat, F-93143 BONDY Cedex, France Tel +33 I 48 02 56 49 Fax +33 I 48 47 30 88 Email [email protected] URL http://www.orstom.fr

Catalogue ATLASES

Atlas des departements franfois d'Outre Mer III. La Guadeloupe G. Lasserre Paris: CNRS/ORSTOM, 1982 150 pp GENERAL

Carte touristique. 510 Guadeloupe 1: 100 000 Paris: IGN, 1988

TOPOGRAPHIC

GUADELOUPE

Departement de la Guadeloupe

1:25 000 Serie bleue

61°30· W

Paris: I G N , 1987-8 8 sheets, all published EARTH

1:25 000 topographic

•

SCIENCES

Carte geologique du Departement de la Guadeloupe

1:50 0 0 0

ü^ 1

Orleans: B R G M , 1965-93 5 sheets, all published

Q - La Desirade

\{ Grande-Terre 4604 G 1 — - — ^

ENVIRONMENTAL

Ressources en eau de surface de la Guadeloupe 1: 100 000

-J 7 Pointe-ä-Bitre

Bondy: O R S T O M , 1982

lies de l a ' Petite Terre

In 4 sheets: I. Geomorphologie; II. Carte des sols; III.Vegetation et occupation des sols; IV. Reseaux hydrometrique et pluviometrique - isohyetes interannuelles - periode 1929-78 Carte des sols de la Guadeloupe 1:20 000 Bondy: O R S T O M , 1970 18 sheets + legend Carte des cultures et d'utilisation du sol de la Guadeloupe 1:20 0 0 0 Bondy: O R S T O M , 1980

16°N

^

Basse-Terre ^4606G

Les Saintes

28 diazo maps in an atlas format 16 km 61°30' W

10 miles

Guadeloupe

329

The Republic of Haiti occupies the western third of the mountainous island of Hispaniola, and has been independent since 1804. Topographic mapping is the responsibility of the Service de Geodesie et de Cartographie (SGC), Port-au-Prince. With Inter-American Geodetic Survey co-operation, a triangulation network was implemented in 1946 and tied in to the neighbouring Dominican Republic and to Cuba and Jamaica. Topographic map series at scales of 1:50 0 0 0 (Series Ε 732) and 1:100 0 0 0 (Series Ε 632) were completed for the whole country by the American Army Map Service (AMS) (later Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) and now National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)) during the period I 9 6 0 to 1965 using 1956 air photography. The eastern part of the country was also covered at 1:25 000 scale (Series Ε 832). The best mapping remains the 1:50 0 0 0 series, distributed by SGC, but it can rarely be acquired on the international market and has not therefore been listed in our catalogue.The projection is Transverse Mercator, Clarke 1866 ellipsoid, with UTM grid. Contours are at 20 m intervals. Four-colour maps of Port-au-Prince and several other provincial towns at 1:12 500 scale were also published in the early 1970s and small stocks may still be found at some dealers. Haiti is badly in need of new mapping however, and the establishment of a new mapping agency has been under discussion for some time, with the hope of some funding from USAID. In 1983, three 1:250 000 scale sheets were printed as part of the PAIGH Hemispheric Mapping Program (described in the introduction to Central America). These maps, on UTM projection with 100 m contours, are still available from map dealers and cover the whole country except the area adjacent to the border of the Dominican Republic. Geological mapping has been carried out in the past by the Ministere des Mines, Port-au-Prince. A number of resource surveys were also undertaken under the auspices of international or foreign agencies, including the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (1969), the Organization of American States (1972) and the United Nations Development Programme (1980), which all included the production of various ecological, hydrological, soil and geological maps for limited distribution. A hydrogeological map was published in 1990 by the Ministere de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Naturelles et du Developpement Rural with United Nations support. In 1981—2, an environmental mapping project was undertaken for the Direction de l'Amenagement du Territoire et de la Protection de la Environnement (DATPE), Portau-Prince by the Bureau pour le Developpement de la Production Agricole, Paris through an external aid programme. Numerous resource and infrastructural maps were produced as stable-base transparencies for diazo reproduction, and a few 1:250 000 scale maps were issued in small print

330

The Americas

runs as colour editions. Current availability of these maps is in doubt. Base maps for population censuses have been prepared in the past by the Institut Hai'tien de Statistique et d'lnformatique (IHSI), including 1:2 0 0 0 scale maps of the smaller settlements and 1:4 0 0 0 for the larger, but no recent information has been obtained from this organization. Portau-Prince has been mapped in a series of 51 sheets at 1:5000 scale, based on 1980 air photography, by the Bureau Cadastral de Port-au-Prince. Projection is UTM, Clarke 1866 ellipsoid, and the sheets were issued as dye-lines. A national Atlas d'Haiti was prepared by the Centre d'Etudes de Geographie Tropicale ( C E G E T ) at the University of Bordeaux, Talence. It includes 32 colour map plates with maps mostly at 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale, each with an accompanying text. These cover a range of historical, physical, biogeographical, demographic, economic, administrative and cultural themes. There is also a false-colour satellite mosaic of the country, and a short index of toponyms referenced to a relief map. Among the best general maps of the country are the Hildebrand map of Hispaniola published by Karto+Grafik, and a Travel reference map from International Travel Maps (ITM).

• * •

A J J Addresses

Bureau Cadastral de Port-au-Prince Delmas 16 N o I, PORT-AU-PRINCE Direction de l'Amenagement du Territoire et de la Protection de la Environnement (DATPE) Ministere du Plan, rue du Marron Inconnu N o 11, PORT-AUPRINCE Institut Hai'tien de Statistique et d'lnformatique ( I H S I ) Angle Rue Joseph Janvier et Boulevard Harry Truman, PORTAU-PRINCE Tel +1 509 22 101 I Ministere de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Naturelles et du Developpement Rural Route Nationale, N o I Damine, PORT-AU-PRINCE Ministere des Mines Delmas 19, PORT-AU-PRINCE

Service de Geodesie et de Cartographie (SGC) Boulevard Harry Truman, Cite de l'Exposition, PORT-AUPRINCE Tel +1 S09 22 322S For N I M A , see United States; for CEGET, see France; for ITM, see Canada; for Karto+Grafik, see Germany.

Catalogue ATLASES Atlas d'Harti Talence: CEGET, 1985 146 pp GAZETTEERS Gazetteer of Haiti. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 3 Washington, D C : N I M A , 1993 420 pp GENERAL Hispaniola 1:816 000 Hildebrands Urlaubskarte Frankfurt am Main: Karto+Grafik, 1995 Republique d'Ham 1:400 000 Port-au-Prince: H. Deschamps Haiti. Travel reference map 1:375 000 Vancouver: ITM, 1997 TOPOGRAPHIC Americas 1:250 000 Mexico DF: PAIGH, 1970-80 3 sheets published EARTH

SCIENCES

Carte hydrogeologique Republique d'Haiti 1:250 000 U N Map 3604 Port-au-Prince: Ministere de I'Agriculture, 1990

Haiti

331

Jamaica, independent from the United Kingdom since 1962, has its own Survey Department (JSD) at Kingston, which has worked in co-operation with the former British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS) (now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)) and other agencies in the topographic mapping of the country. In addition to topographic survey, J S D is responsible for hydrographic survey and control of the cadastral plans to ensure the integrity of the land registration system. The original 1:50 000 scale map of Jamaica was the first major mapping project of the Directorate of Colonial Surveys, as it was originally called when established in 1946, and it was based on work done before and immediately after World War II by the Royal Marine Survey Co. The provisional edition of this map was issued in 1952-3 (DCS 1) and was followed by several regular editions (DOS 410), but in spite of its scale it remained a feet and inches map. The current metric edition (Series 1, E725) in 20 sheets is printed in process colours and was issued between 1982 and 1991· It was prepared jointly by J S D and DOS and was based on air photography flown in 1968 and 1980. Contours are at 20 m intervals up to 80 m and thereafter at 40 m. The map distinguishes many vegetation types, including the various kinds of plantation agriculture. The Jamaica metric grid is shown, and there is a version with overprinted UTM grid. Several sheets of the 1:50 000 scale map are out-ofprint in Jamaica, although all were still in stock at OSI in the late 1990s, some only with 1992 UTM grid overprint however. Currently, a digital specification for the 1:50 000 scale topographic maps is being prepared. The modern basic scale mapping is a contoured series at 1:12 500, initiated in 1970 (Ja/DOS 201). Contours are at 25 ft intervals. The projection is a Lambert conical orthomorphic and the ellipsoid is Clarke 1880. Recently these 235 sheets have been converted to digital map data using ARC/ INFO and have also been converted to metric measurements. Contours are not yet available. The digital data are available as TIFF raster files, ARC/INFO files or D X F vector files. Other large scale mapping includes a 1:5000 scale series begun in 1963, and 1:1250 and 1:2500 scale maps of some areas. Kingston is covered by a 1:10 000 scale contoured map in six sheets with an additional special sheet of the central area. Also in progress is the creation of a cadastral index by digitizing 20 000 valuation plans. This programme was expected to reach completion in 1998. A special 1:25 000 scale map ofMontego Bay was published by DOS in 1971 (DOS 301/1) and is still available from JSD. The Mines and Geology Division (MGD) is responsible for geological mapping and mineral prospecting. The country has been mapped in a 1:50 000 scale geological series initiated by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys in co-operation

332

The Americas

with MGD in 1972, the latter supplying the geological information and the former the topographic base and the printing of the sheets. Most sheets are available only in monochrome provisional editions, and sheets 26-30 covering the eastern end of the island are only in a preliminary form. Sheets 22, 23 and 25 however are in full colour. A singlesheet 1:250 000 scale geological map was published by the DOS in 1959, but is out-of-print and has been superseded by a new monochrome edition by N. McFarlane in 1977 and a new colour edition published in 1986. Currently a resurvey of the 1:50 000 scale series is in progress. Other publications include a geotechnical map published in 1983 and a geochemical atlas published in 1993. A series of metallic mineral surveys was conducted in the 1980s and more recently some structural and geophysical mapping has taken place. This material is available as open file reports. The Ministry of Agriculture has a Soil Survey Unit and 1:250 000 soil and land cover maps were issued in 1985 and 1987 respectively, but may not be readily available. Single sheet maps of Jamaica, usually at or near 1:250 000 scale, are published both by J S D and by several commercial map publishers, including International Travel Maps (ITM), Macmillan, Karto+Grafik and Berndtson and Berndtson (B&B).

*

•

•

Further information A price list of available maps Is available from JSD, Kingston, and the 1:50 000 series and the 1:10 0 0 0 map of Kingston are available from OSI, Southampton. A list of geological publications is available from MGD.

Addresses Mines and Geology Division ( M G D ) PO Box 141, Hope Gardens, K I N G S T O N 6 Tel +1 8 0 9 927 1936 Fax +1 809 927 0350

Soil Survey Unit Ministry of Agriculture, 191 Old Hope Road, K I N G S T O N Tel +1 809 927 0441

Survey Department (JSD) PO Box 493, K I N G S T O N Tel +1 8 0 9 922 6630 5 Fax +1 8 0 9 9 6 7 1010 For Karto+Grafik and B&B, s e e Germany; for Macmillan and OSI, s e e Great Britain; for ITM, s e e Canada.

EARTH

Catalogue

SCIENCES

Geochemical atlas of Jamaica J.M. Siriunas

GENERAL

Kingston: M G D , 1993 Jamaica 1:400 000 Hildebrands Urlaubskarte

O p e n File Report N o I

Frankfurt-am-Main: K a r t o + G r a f i k Jamaica Road Map

Geological map of Jamaica 1:250 0 0 0

1:300 0 0 0

Kingston: M G D , 1977

Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B, 1999

Available in colour o r black and white

O n reverse: maps of Kingston 1:20 000, M o n t e g o Bay, O c h o Rios, Spanish T o w n and Port A n t o n i o

Jamaica. Geotechnical map 1:250 0 0 0

ITM Road map of Jamaica 1:250 000 Edition 2

Accompanies A geotechnical classification of Jamaican rocks. M G D

Kingston: M G D , 1983

Vancouver: ITM, 1998

Bulletin N o 10

O n reverse: 1:30 0 0 0 street map of Kingston with index

Jamaica geological sheets 1:50 000

Shell road map of Jamaica 1:250 000

Kingston: M G D , 1 9 7 2 -

Basingstoke: Macmillan

30 sheets, all published

•

Topographical map of Jamaica 1:250 000 Series Ja 11 URBAN

Kingston: JSD, 1982

Road map of Kingston and St Andrew 1:20 000 TOPOGRAPHIC

Kingston: J S D

Map of Jamaica 1: 100 0 0 0

Map of Kingston and environs 1:10 0 0 0 D O S 201 Edition 3

Kingston: J S D

Southampton: O S I , 1972

12 sheets

7 sheets including special Central sheet

Reduced from the 1:50 000 series Jamaica 1:50 0 0 0 Series I - J S D / O S D Southampton: O S I for Government of Jamaica, 1982-91 20 sheets, all published

•

G S G S edition with U T M grid overprint also available

^

Ν

5

γ

κ

2

3

6

7

8

11

12 18°N

18°N

16

JAMAICA 1:50 0 0 0 topographic

17

( 20.

40 km 25 miles

Jamaica

333

334

The Americas

Martinique is an overseas department of France, and topographic mapping is the responsibility of the Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) , Paris. Air photo cover was obtained in 1947 and, with subsequent precise levelling and revision of an earlier triangulation network, modern topographic maps were prepared, initially at the basic scale of 1:20 0 0 0 and the derived scale of 1:50 000. These were published respectively in 1955 and 1957. T h e two series were in the standard I G N style of the time (Type 1922). In 1985, the 1:20 000 scale m a p was superseded by a new Serie bleue 1:25 0 0 0 scale m a p in four sheets, and then in 1996 by a m a p in three larger sheets conforming to the TOP 25 series. This map is in six colours with 10 m contours and hill shading. T h e projection is U T M , International (Hayford) ellipsoid. These sheets have been produced by automated cartography using the IGN's BDTopo database. A general single-sheet tourist m a p of the island at 1:100 0 0 0 in the Serie Outre-Mer was issued in 1993, replacing the earlier Carte touristique at this scale. This map has shaded relief, but no contours, and latitude and longitude markings but no grid. In 1977, the I G N with the C e n t r e Nationale de Recherche Scientifique ( C N R S ) published the Atlas de la Martinique, one of a series of prestigious atlases of French overseas departments. The atlas has 37 m a p folios with maps at a scale of 1:500 000 on themes concerned with the natural environment, population, economic and cultural geography, and there are 100 pages of text and supplementary graphics. A 1:50 0 0 0 scale geological map was first published in 1962 by the French Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM), and a new edition was issued in 1990. It is in two sheets, sold together, and with an explanatory text. A 1:20 0 0 0 scale geological m a p of the volcano Mont Pelee together with an 11-page explanatory text was published in 1983. There is a local B R G M survey office at Fort-de-France, but maps may be obtained from B R G M in Orleans. Soil and land use mapping of Martinique was undertaken by F. Colmet Daage for the Institut Fran^ais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en C o o p e r a t i o n ( O R S T O M ) and published in 1970. The land use series is a monochrome diazo production. A multi-coloured Carte ecologique was published in 1978 by the Laboratoire de Biologie Vegetale, University of Grenoble. The map was described in Documents de cartographie ecologique 20 (1978).

•

•

•

Addresses Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM) 3 avenue de Claude Guillemin, BP 6009, F-45060 ORLEANS, Cedex 2, France Tel +33 2 38 64 34 34 Fax +33 2 38 64 35 18 Email [email protected] URL http://www.brgm.fr B R G M Martinique Croix de Bellevue, 3 avenue Condorcet, 97200 FORT-DEFRANCE Tel +596 71 88 68 Fax +596 63 30 46 C N R S Editions 20/22 rue St-Amand, F-75015 PARIS, France Tel +33 I 45 33 16 00 Fax +33 I 45 33 92 13 Email [email protected] URL http://www.cnrs.fr/editions Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) Direction Generale, 136bis, rue de Grenelle, F-75700 PARIS, France Tel +33 I 43 98 80 00 Fax +33 I 43 98 84 00 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ign.fr Laboratoire de Biologie Vegetale Universite I de Grenoble, Bibliotheque, BP 68, F-38402 STMARTIN-D'HERES, France Institut Franfais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation ( O R S T O M ) 32 Avenue Henri Varagnat, F-93143 BONDY Cedex, France Tel +33 I 48 02 56 49 Fax +33 I 48 47 30 88 Email [email protected] URL http://www.orstom.fr

Catalogue ATLASES Atlas des departements franfais d'outre-mer. II La Martinique Paris: IGN, CNRS, 1977 GENERAL Martinique. Carte touristique 1: 100 000 Paris: IGN, 1993 TOPOGRAPHIC Martinique 1:25 000 TOP 25 Paris: IGN, 1996 3 sheets, all published

Martinique

335

EARTH

SCIENCES

Carte geologique de Departement de la Martinique 1:50 000 D. Westercamp et al. Orleans: B R G M , 1990 2 sheets, both published W i t h 246 pp text ENVIRONMENTAL

[Ensemble sols - modele - occupation des terres] 1: 100 000 F. Colmet Daage Bondy: O R S T O M Carte ecologique de la Martinique 1:75 000 Jacques Portecop Grenoble: Laboratoire de Biologie Vegetale, 1978 Carte des sols de la Martinique 1:20 000 F. Colmet Daage Bondy: O R S T O M , 1970

336

The Americas

Montserrat, a British Crown Colony, has been mapped by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys (now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)) and the principal m a p is a single sheet at 1:25 000 scale (DOS 359). This was first published in 1963 and was compiled photogrammetrically from air photography flown in the 1950s. The subsequent editions incorporated revisions from large-scale mapping and local information. They have also been redesigned in a tourist style and printed in process colours. The projection is Transverse Mercator, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid (modified). The relief is shown by 50 ft contours supplemented by hill shading and layer tints. Edition 5 (1978) has a U T M grid, while the latest edition 6 (1983) has the B W I grid and an additional arbitrary alphanumeric labelling of the squares for local referencing. Large scale contoured mapping was first undertaken in the 1970s initially covering Plymouth and the west at 1:2500 scale and the eastern part of the island at 1:5000. Currently, 38 sheets at 1:2500 (DOS 059) are available in varying editions, revised to 1989, and cover much of the island. The remainder of the island is covered by seven sheets at 1:5000 scale (DOS 159), also revised to 1989· The large scale maps are all issued as Xerox copies and are available from the Lands and Surveys Department, Woodlands, and from Ordnance Survey agents in the U K . Clearly the recent volcanic eruptions on Montserrat and the disruption caused to its inhabitants will necessitate some new mapping in the near future.

• • •

Addresses Lands and Surveys Department PO Box 396, Palm Loop, W O O D L A N D S , Montserrat Tel +1 491 2669 Ordnance Survey International ( O S I ) Romsey Road, S O U T H A M P T O N S O 16 4GU, U K Tel +44 23 8079 2912 Fax +44 23 8079 2615 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/

Catalogue TOPOGRAPHIC

Tourist map of Montserrat 1:25 000 D O S 359 Edition 6 Southampton: OSI, 1983 Inset: Plymouth 1:5000

The Netherlands Antilles comprise two widely separated groups of islands: one, situated off the coast of Venezuela, includes principally the islands of Aruba, Curagao and Bonaire; the other, in the Windward Islands east of Puerto Rico, includes Sint Eustatius, Saba and the southern part of Sint Maarten (the northern part, St Martin, is administered by France). The Netherlands Antilles form an autonomous part of the Kingdom of The Netherlands, although Aruba acquired internal independence in 1986. The islands were mapped by the Dutch air survey company KLM-Aerocarto in the period 1 9 6 0 - 3 and the maps were published by the Dienst van het Kadaster van de Nederlandse Antillen (DKNA), Willemstad (printed at the Topografische Dienst of The Netherlands in 1971). The sheets covering Aruba, Bonaire, Curagao and Sint Maarten were at the scale of 1:25 0 0 0 and those of Sint Eustatius and Saba at 1:10 000. There was also a 1:10 000 scale town map of Willemstad. New editions were prepared in the late 1970s from 1977 air photography, and these sheets, printed in six colours, and published in 1985, have recently become available. The projection is UTM, International ellipsoid, and there is a 10 m contour interval. The legend is in Dutch and English, and there is much vegetation information, including mangrove, woodland, scrub, orchard, coconut plantations and aloe cultivation. These maps may be ordered from DKNA, as complete sets for each island, and in the late 1990s, colour copies were also in stock at Rudolf Müller, Amsterdam and OMNI Resources. Geomorphological and terrain classification maps of the volcanic islands of Sint Eustatius and Saba were published by the International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands in 1977, based on a 1972 survey by H.Th. Verstappen. They were issued as a supplement to the ITC Journal, but were obtainable as a separate. Their current availability is in doubt. Readily available tourist maps of Curagao, Aruba and Bonaire are published by Berndtson and Berndtson (B&B), Germany. These are quite detailed and include place name indexes and street maps of the principal settlements. There is also a detailed road map of Curagao by Van Dorp-Eddine, available from the Curasao Tourist Board. The Dutch publishers Uitgeverij Hebri have produced a set of wall maps of Aruba, Curagao, Bonaire and the Dutch Windward Islands (Sint Maartin, Saba and Sint Eustatius). They are screen-printed on poly-vinyl. These maps are also published as overhead projector sheets and as A3 (420 cm X 297 cm) size paper maps. Hebri have also published a tourist map of Bonaire and are publishing school atlases for use in the Dutch West Indies. Small, but useful folded tourist maps of some islands are also produced by Cartographers Ltd of Toms River, New Jersey for free distribution.

• • • 338

The Americas

Addresses Dienst van het Kadaster van de Nederlandse Antillen (DKNA) Pres. Romulo Bethancourt Boulevard 4, WILLEMSTAD, Curafao Tel +599 461 11 88 Fax +599 465 65 22 Curafao Tourist Board Schouburgweg z/n,WILLEMSTAD, Curafao For ITC and Hebri, see The Netherlands; for B&B, see Germany; for Cartographers Ltd and NIMA, see United States. Addresses for OMNI Resources and Rudolf Müller are given in Chapter 3.

Catalogue GAZETTEERS Preliminary gazetteer: Netherlands Antilles. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington, DC: NIMA, 1952 17 pp GENERAL Aruba road map 1:50 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B Bonaire 1:60 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B Maps of Kralendijk and Rincön on reverse Bonaire. Official road map with dive sites 1:50 000 Kralendijk: Gerharts Group, 1990 Curafao road map 1:85 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B Curafao. Dutch Caribbean. Roadmap 1:70 000 Cura?ao: Van Dorp-Eddine Two-sided map. On reverse: maps of Schottegat and surroundings, Christoffel Park and street map of Willemstad. Indexes Sint-Maarten - Saint Martin road map 1:30 000 Philipsburg:Van Dorp-Eddine, 1992 TOPOGRAPHIC Aruba 1:25 000 Willemstad: DKNA, 1985 4 sheets, all published Bonaire 1:25 000 Willemstad: DKNA, 1985 6 sheets, all published

Curafaa 1:25 000 Willemstad: D K N A , 1985 8 sheets, all published Saba 1:10 000 Willemstad: D K N A , 1985 Sint Eustatius 1:10 000 Willemstad: D K N A , 1985 Sint Maarten/Saint Martin 1:25 000 Willemstad: D K N A , 1985 Covers both Dutch and French parts of the island EARTH

SCIENCES

St Eustatius 1:25 000 Enschede: ITC, 1977 2 maps on same sheet: geomorphology and terrain classification Saba 1:25 000 Enschede: ITC, 1977 2 maps on same sheet: geomorphology and terrain classification

Netherlands Antilles

339

Puerto Rico is a self-governing Commonwealth in union with the United States. Both topographic and geological mapping have been undertaken by the United S t a t e s Geological Survey ( U S G S ) in association with the Puerto Rican government. There is also a local Puerto Rico Bureau of Geology, under the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, while topographic mapping is distributed by the USGS, or in Puerto Rico by G S A Center, Caribbean Aerial Surveys, and other dealers. The modern topographic mapping forms part of the regular USGS programme, although the basic scale used is 1:20 000 instead of the more usual 1:24 000 characteristic of most US states. The scale originally chosen was 1:30 000 and a complete series at this scale was published, but the 1:20 000 scale was adopted in the 1950s and only the sheets covering the islands of Culebra and Vieques are still at 1:30 000. The 64 sheets which cover the main island conform to the 7.5minute quadrangle format of USGS mapping and are on a Polyconic projection, Clarke 1866 ellipsoid. The sheets are in three colours with 1 m, 5 m or 10 m contour intervals, and show municipal and barrio boundaries as well as the usual cultural detail. The first photogrammetrically produced 1:20 000 scale sheets were issued in 1957 and the series was completed in 1972. Subsequent photorevision of most sheets was carried out in 1982. Since 1988, the USGS has developed a geographical information system for Puerto Rico, and the 1:20 000 topographic maps have been digitized to form a basis for this system. Soil, geology, land use and ground water data have also been entered into the system. Derived maps have been published by the USGS at scales of 1:120 000 and 1:240 000. They are in Spanish, and available in two-colour base or five-colour topographic versions. The later has contours at 50 m or 100 m according to scale, and there is also a shaded relief version of the 1:240 000 scale map. Puerto Rico comes under the policy for domestic area gazetteers produced by the United States Board on Geographic Names, and currently an interim gazetteer volume is available from the USGS as part of the National gazetteer of the United States of America. More information about this series is given in the section on the United States. Nautical charts of the seas around Puerto Rico are published by the National Ocean Service ( N O S ) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Chart 25640 covers Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands at a scale of 1:326 856, while a series of five 1:100 000 scale charts covers the islands in greater detail, and a number of larger scale charts cover ports and their approaches. Geological and other resource surveys were undertaken as early as the 1910s and 1920s as part of a scientific survey sponsored by the New York Academy of Sciences, the Puerto Rico Government and several other agencies. In 1952, the

340

The Americas

USGS began a project in co-operation with the Puerto Rican Industrial Development Corporation to assess the mineral resources of the island. This led to a detailed basic geological mapping programme and the production of a 62-sheet, multi-colour series at 1:20 000 scale, now complete except for one quadrangle. A digital 1:200 000 scale geological map of the whole island is in preparation. A series of 1:40 000 scale marine geological maps of the Puerto Rico insular shelf has been issued since 1991· The mapping has been undertaken by the USGS in co-operation with the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources in order to identify the potential sources of sand for the construction industry and for beach replenishment, and to understand better the movement of sediments between beaches and shelf. The maps show bathymetry as well as surficial geology. When the work is complete it is intended to produce a digital synthesis of geology and bathymetry of the entire shelf area on CD-ROM. Landslides are a common occurrence in the mountainous areas of the country and a general map of landslide hazard was published by the USGS in 1979· A more detailed study of areas prone to landslide was initiated by the USGS in 1987. Soil survey of Puerto Rico began in 1928, but a soil map of the whole island was not published until 1942. Later the Soil Conservation Service of the United States Department of Agriculture published land capability and soil erosion maps and a number of more detailed soil maps. A new general soil map of the island was published in 1990 by the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) (formerly Soil Conservation Service), and a State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database for Puerto Rico has also been developed by NRCS, and was published in 1994. STATSGO is a generalized database of soil-related data, with an input scale of 1:250 000 and a resolution of about 625 ha. It is available in digital formats only and is also available from NRCS, Fort Worth, as a CD-ROM which also includes the whole of the conterminous US and Hawaii. The local point of contact is the S t a t e Soil Scientist at the US Department of Agriculture, Hato Rey. The International Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF) of the US Department of Agriculture's Forest Service is located at Rio Piedras, and has undertaken or sponsored a number of land use mapping projects. The map of the Ecological life zones of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands, published in 1973, is no longer available, but a new digital land cover map based on interpretation of 1977-8 air photographs has recently been produced as a contribution to the natural resources inventory programme of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. The data are in ARC/INFO format, and are used in combination with the USGS topographic database mentioned above. It is

p l a n n e d to f u r t h e r refine this m a p a n d t o use recent S P O T i m a g e r y for analysis of l a n d use changes since t h e 1 9 7 7 - 8 period. Also sponsored by t h e I I T F and p u b l i s h e d w i t h an a c c o m p a n y i n g report by staff of t h e I n s t i t u t e is a set of six 1:20 0 0 0 scale m a p s of Land use and land cover Guanica Commonwealth Forest by L.L. Velez R o d r i g u e z i n t e r p r e t e d f r o m air p h o t o g r a p h s a n d d e p i c t i n g land cover in this biosp h e r e reserve at intervals f r o m 1 9 3 6 to 1 9 8 9 · T h e report was p u b l i s h e d in 1 9 9 6 .

U n i t e d States Geological Survey ( U S G S ) 507 National Center, RESTON.VA 20192, USA Tel +1 703 648 5545 Fax +1 703 648 5548 Email [email protected] URL http://mapping.usgs.gov/

A m a p of t h e Caribbean National Forest, Puerto Rico 1:25 0 0 0 is p u b l i s h e d by t h e U n i t e d States National Park Service (NPS) in their National Park and Recreation Series, a n d a n o t h e r m a p at t h e s a m e scale is available f r o m Trails Illustrated. T h e r e is a p a u c i t y of c o m m e r c i a l l y p r o d u c e d m a p s , b u t general t o u r i s t and road m a p s are p u b l i s h e d by K a r t o + Grafik, International Travel Maps ( I T M ) and Berndtson and Berndtson (B&B). T h e latter has street m a p s of San J u a n a n d P o n c e on t h e reverse.

For NPS, NOS and Trails Illustrated, see United States; for Karto+Grafik and B&B, see Germany; for ITM, see Canada.

• * +

U S G S Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center, DENVER, CO 80225 Tel +1 303 202 4700 Fax +1 303 202 4693 Email [email protected]

Catalogue GENERAL

Puerto Rico road map 1:300 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B, 1994 Street maps of San Juan and Ponce on the reverse Puerto Rico 1:290 000 Hildebrands Urlaubskarte Frankfurt-am-Main: Karto+Grafik, 1994

Further information

Puerto Rico travel reference map 1:250 000 Vancouver: ITM, 1997

A summary of Cartography in Puerto Rico by Rafael Pico was published in 1964 for the International Geographical Congress held in London that year. New mapping is notified in the USGS monthly listings and on their Website, and an index of topographic and geological maps is available from the USGS. A nautical chart index may be obtained from NOS.

Puerto Rico e is/as limitrofes 1:240 000 Reston.VA: USGS, 1952 Available in contoured, shaded relief and base map versions

A small printed version of the new digital land cover map is included in O.M. Ramos and A.E. Lugo (1994) Mapa de la vegetaciön de Puerto Rico, Acta Cientifica 8, pp 63-66.

TOPOGRAPHIC

Puerto Rico 1:20 000 Reston.VA: USGS, 195764 sheets, all published • Sheets of Culebra and Vieques are at 1:30 000 scale EARTH

Addresses Caribbean Aerial Surveys Inc Phtogrammetric Engineering, 1222 Americo Miranda Ave, RIO PIEDRAS, PR 00921 Tel +1 787 783 4901 GSA Center 651 Federal Drive, Suite 400-15, GUAYNABO, PR 00965 Tel +1 787 749 4346 Fax +1 787 749 4462 International Institute ofTropical Forestry ( I I T F ) Call Box 25,000, Rio PIEDRAS, PR 00928-5000 Tel +1 809 766 5335 Fax +1 809 766 6302

SCIENCES

Hydrogeologie map of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands 1:240 000 HA-0197 R.P.Briggs, J.P.Akers Reston.VA: USGS, 1965 Map showing landslides and areas susceptible to landsliding in Puerto Rico 1:240 000 I-1 148 W.H. Monroe Reston.VA: USGS, 1979 Metallogenic map of Puerto Rico 1:240 000 1-721 D.P. Cox, R.P. Briggs Reston.VA: USGS, 1973 + 6 pp text

N a t u r a l Resource Conservation Service ( N R C S ) National Cartography and Geospatial Center, PO Box 6567,

Marine geologic map of the Puerto Rico insular shelf 1:40 000 Reston.VA: USGS, 199115 sheets, 9 published •

FORT WORTH.TX 76115, USA Tel +1 817 334 5559 Fax +1 817 334 5469 URL http://www.ncg.nrcs.usda.gov

Geology. Quadrangle maps 1:20 000 Reston.VA: USGS, 196062 sheets, all published •

Puerto Rico Bureau of Geology Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, Box 5887, PUERTA DE TIERRA, Puerto Rico 00906 Tel +1 787 722 2526

ENVIRONMENTAL

Puerto Rico. General soil map c. 1:540 000 Fort Worth: NRCS, 1990

State Soil Scientist 150 Cardon Avenue, Federal Building, HATO REY, Puerto Rico 00918 Tel +1 809 766 5206 Fax +1 809 766 5987

Puerto Rico

341

PUERTO RICO

67°W

1:20 000 topographic

40 km 18-N

18°N

67°W

PUERTO RICO 1:40 000 surficial marine geology

342

The Americas

25 miles

Formerly these two islands were associated with Anguilla as a British crown colony, and were mapped by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys (now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)). Following the formal separation of Anguilla in 1980, St Kitts and Nevis became independent in 1983, as a sovereign democratic federal state within the British Commonwealth. St Kitts (formerly also known as St Christopher) and Nevis are represented on two 1:25 0 0 0 scale sheets of D O S 343, originally entitled Lesser Antilles and published as a threesheet series which included Anguilla. The first edition was published in 1 9 5 9 - 6 0 based on photography flown in 1946 by the USAAF and in 1956 by H u n t i n g Aerosurveys. The latest editions were revised from 1982 air photography with field revision by the Survey Division, Basseterre. The sheets are in five colours with 50 ft interval contours, and the projection is Transverse Mercator, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid (modified). Edition 5 has the B W I grid, while edition 6 has U T M grid. A 1:50 0 0 0 scale m a p of the two islands (DOS 443) on one sheet was published in 1979 in tourist style with 200 ft contours, but has not been revised since. A series of 1:2500 scale contoured maps was begun in 1982 (DOS 043) and completed in 1986. They cover the coastal areas of St Kitts (58 sheets) and the main road around Nevis (26 sheets). These are available as Xerox copies.

Survey Division Central Housing and Planning Authority, PO Box 190, BASSETERRE Tel +1 809 465 2521 Fax +1 809 465 5202 For NRI, see Great Britain; for Cartographers Ltd, see United States.

Catalogue TOPOGRAPHIC

Lesser Antilles 1:50 000 DOS 443 Edition 2 Southampton: OSI, 1979 Inset maps of Basseterre and Charlestown 1:12 500 Lesser Antilles

1:25 0 0 0 D O S 343 E d i t i o n 6

Southampton: OSI for St Christopher and Nevis Government, 1984 2 sheets: St Christopher, Nevis, both published With UTM grid; Edition 5 has BWI grid ENVIRONMENTAL Nevis: resource assessment

and zoning plan. Map

I Soils; Map

2

Land use; Map 3 Planning zones 1:25 0 0 0

Chatham: NRI, 1990 Accompanies NRI Bulletin 6 by I.R. Corker, 65 pp

Maps are available from the Survey Division at Basseterre, the Planning Unit, Charlestown, Nevis and from Ordnance Survey agents in the U K . In 1990, a Resource assessment and zoning plan for Nevis was published by the U K Natural Resources Institute (NRI). This includes soil, land use and planning maps. A small road m a p is produced by Cartographers Ltd for free distribution.

•

•

•

Addresses Planning Unit Division of Tourism, Trade, Industry, Planning and Development, The Cotton House, Market Street, CHARLESTOWN, Nevis Tel +1 809 469 5465 Fax +1 809 469 5485 Ordnance Survey International (OSI) Romsey Road, SOUTHAMPTON SO 16 4GU, UK Tel +44 23 8079 2912 Fax +44 23 8079 2615 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/

St Kitts and Nevis

343

St Lucia, formerly a British dependency, became fully independent in 1979, remaining a member of the British Commonwealth. Mapping was undertaken by the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (now Ordnance Survey International (OSI). The principal series is at 1:25 000 scale (DOS 345), first published in 1958 and subsequently revised from more recent air photo sorties and new field information. The most recent editions are printed in process colours. The contour interval is 25 ft (increasing to 50 ft above 250 feet), and the projection Transverse Mercator, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid, with the BWI grid. The latest editions were published in 1981 for Sheets 2 and 3, and 1988 for Sheet 1 (covering the north end of the island, including Castries). A 1:50 000 scale tourist map (DOS 445) is derived from the 1:25 000 scale mapping. It has layer-tinted and shaded relief, as well as 200 ft contours. There is an arbitrary alphanumeric grid, a 1:12 500 scale inset map of Castries, and descriptive text. The latest edition was published for the Government of St Lucia in 1991. Densification and adjustment of the survey network was carried out in the early 1980s. Some new aerial photography was acquired in 1981 and a partly new, partly revised series of 1:2500 scale maps (DOS 045) covering most of the coastal and developed areas in 153 sheets was completed by 1984. These are available as Xerox copies. Maps are available from the Land Survey, Registry and Mapping Department, Castries, or from Ordnance Survey agents in the UK.

•

•

•

Addresses Land Survey, Registry and Mapping D e p a r t m e n t N e w Government Building, P O Box 709, Conway, C A S T R I E S Tel +1 809 45 23688 Fax +1 809 45 22506 O r d n a n c e Survey International (OSI) Ordnance Survey, Romsey Road, S O U T H A M P T O N S O 16 4GU, U K Tel +44 23 8079 2912 Fax +44 23 8079 2615 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/

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The Americas

Catalogue GENERAL Saint Lucia 1:125 000 D O S 945 Edition 2 Southampton: O S I for the Government of Saint Lucia, 1982 Saint Lucia tourist map 1:50 000 D O S 445 Edition 6 Southampton: O S I for the Government of Saint Lucia, 1991 TOPOGRAPHIC Saint Lucia 1:25 000 D O S 345 Edition 5/7 Southampton: O S I for the Government of Saint Lucia, 1981-8 3 sheets, all published

St Vincent and the Grenadines became a fully independent state within the British Commonwealth in 1979. Mapping has been undertaken by the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS, now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)), with the first edition 1:25 000 scale map appearing in 1959 and the 1:50 000 in 1961. The organization responsible for mapping is now the Lands and Surveys Department (LSD), Kingstown. The 1:50 000 map (DOS 417) was redesigned as a tourist map in 1984 and is printed in process colours, with shaded relief and contours at 500 ft intervals. Projection is Transverse Mercator, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid (modified). The latest edition of 1991 is published as a two-sided map, with St Vincent and an inset of Kingstown on one side and the St Vincent Grenadines on the reverse. The 1:25 000 scale map (DOS 317) is in two sheets, covering St Vincent only, and was last revised in 1983. Contours are at 25 ft or 50 ft intervals, and the projection is Transverse Mercator with BWI grid. The Grenadines were originally mapped together in a 1:25 000 scale series of six sheets, and a 1:10 000 scale series (DOS 244). Following independence, sovereignty was split between St Vincent (incorporating the northern Grenadines) and Grenada (chiefly Ronde Island and Carriacou). Of the 1:25 000 scale series only two sheets are maintained, for the Grenada Grenadines, while the 1:10 000 scale mapping has been reorganized for the St Vincent Grenadines into a five-sheet series (DOS 217), dating from 1983-8. These sheets are in colour with a 20 ft contour interval.

Ordnance Survey International (OSI) Ordnance Survey, Romsey Road, S O U T H A M P T O N , S O 16 4GU, U K Tel +44 23 8079 2912 Fax +44 23 8079 2615 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/

Catalogue GENERAL

St Vincent and the Grenadines 1:200 000 D O S 917 Southampton: O S I for Government of St Vincent and the Grenadines, 1984 TOPOGRAPHIC

St Vincent and the Grenadines 1:50 000 D O S 417 Edition 8 Southampton: O S I for Government of St Vincent and the Grenadines, 1991 Double-sided map St Vincent 1:25 000 D O S 317 Edition 5 Southampton: O S I for Government of St Vincent and the Grenadines, 1983 2 sheets, both published St Vincent Grenadines 1: 10 000 D O S 217 Southampton: Government of St Vincent and the Grenadines, 1983-8 5 sheets, all published

1:2500 scale mapping (DOS 017) covers about 60 per cent of St Vincent, and was published in a revised edition in the period 1980-91. There are 134 sheets available as Xerox copies. Large scale mapping is also available for the St Vincent Grenadines: 29 sheets at 1:2500 cover the southern parts of Bequia and Canouan Islands, Mustique, Mayreau and eastern Union Island (DOS 044), while the northern parts of Bequia and Canouan islands are covered by five 1:5000 scale sheets (DOS 144). All these large-scale sheets are available as Xerox copies from OSI. A small-scale map covering the whole national territory (DOS 917) was published in 1984.

• •

•

Addresses Lands and Surveys Department (LSD) KINGSTOWN Tel +1 809 45 61 I I I

St Vincent and the Grenadines

345

BAG Ο IDAD A N D T O B A G O )

Until 1962 Trinidad and Tobago, now a Republic in which Tobago has semi-autonomous status, was a British Crown Colony, and topographic mapping was undertaken by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS, now O r d n a n c e Survey International (OSI)). This began in about 1950 and continued after independence until 1977. The present mapping authority is the Lands and Surveys D e p a r t m e n t (LSD), Port of Spain. The most recent DOS series of Trinidad was the 1:25 0 0 0 scale D O S 316/1, which covered the northern and southern parts of the island in 30 sheets. This programme terminated in 1977, but subsequently the eight sheets covering the central area were also completed by LSD with Canadian Government assistance. D O S 316/1 is on a Transverse Mercator projection, International 1924 ellipsoid, with U T M grid and 50 ft contours. It is litho-printed in seven colours. Copies of the DOS 316/1 maps, and a four-sheet cover of the centre of Trinidad (DOS 316) also at 1:25 0 0 0 scale are still available from OSI as well as from LSD, but have not been revised. There are plans for a new series of 1:25 000 scale sheets covering Trinidad and based on 1994 photography, but currently priority is being given to preparation of 1:25 000 scale cadastral sheets. General purpose maps of Trinidad are published by LSD at 1:150 0 0 0 and 1:75 0 0 0 scales. The latter has contours at 30 m and 100 m intervals and both are on the U T M projection, International 1924 ellipsoid. There is also a general road m a p of Trinidad, which includes distances and tourist information and which was last revised in 1990. Tobago is currently covered in three sheets in a 1:25 0 0 0 scale series (DOS 307) on the Cassini projection, Clarke 1858 ellipsoid, with 25 ft contours, and by a 1:50 000 scale m a p published by LSD in colour but without contours, and with a selection of tourist symbols. The D O S 307 sheets, published in a second edition in 1969 are also still in stock at OSI. There is also a 1:10 000 scale, 19-sheet cover of Tobago published by D O S in 1962 on the Cassini projection, and still listed as available from LSD. Cadastral maps have been compiled at scales of 1:10 000, and printed sheets have been updated to 1980 for Trinidad and 1975 for Tobago. 1:2500 and 1:1250 scale sheets cover urban areas. These maps are held at the LSD address at Knox Street, and copies may be purchased. The Ministry of Energy and N a t u r a l Resources ( M E N R ) is responsible for geological investigations. Geological maps by Kiigler and by Maxwell may still be obtainable. These covered only the land areas. The geologic-tectonic m a p published by the Robertson G r o u p covers both land and offshore areas, taking in the five hydrocarbon-producing sedimentary basins. This map is available from some major map dealers.

346

The Americas

Land use, land capability and soil maps were compiled jointly by the Ministry of Agriculture and the University of the West Indies. These colour-printed maps may be purchased from LSD. Four colour-printed city street maps, covering Port of Spain, San Fernando, Arima Borough and Scarborough, are published by LSD.

• • •

Further information A full listing of maps is available from LSD.

Addresses Lands and Surveys D e p a r t m e n t ( L S D ) Abercromby Street, PORT OF SPAIN Tel +809 627 9201 Fax +809 632 2658 Also at Red House, Knox Street, PORT OF SPAIN Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources ( M E N R ) Riverside Plaza, Box 96, PORT OF SPAIN Tel +809 623 6708 Fax +809 623 2726 Email [email protected] For OSI, see Great Britain.

Catalogue GENERAL

Trinidad and Tobago map 1:300 000 Port of Spain: LSD, 1989 Trinidad topographical map 1: 150 000 Port of Spain: LSD, 1989 The Trinidad road map 1:150 000 Edition 5 Port of Spain: LSD, 1990 Trinidad general purpose maps 1:75 000 Port of Spain: LSD, 1986 4 sheets, all published Tobago I :S0 000 Edition 2 Port of Spain: LSD, 1991 The Tobago road map 1:50 000 Port of Spain: LSD, 1991

TOPOGRAPHIC

ENVIRONMENTAL

Trinidad 1:75 000

Trinidad. Land use 1: 150 0 0 0

Port of Spain: LSD, 1986

Port of Spain: LSD, 1970

4 sheets, all published

Trinidad. Soils 1: 150 000

Trinidad 1:25 0 0 0 D O S 316

Port of Spain: LSD, 1971

Southampton and Port of Spain: O S I and LSD, 1 9 6 6 4 6 sheets, all published

•

Trinidad. Land capability 1: 150 000 Port of Spain: LSD, 1972

34 sheets available from O S I

Trinidad soil sheets 1:25 0 0 0

Tobago 1:25 0 0 0 D O S 307

Port of Spain: L S D

Southampton: O S I , 1969

38 sheets, all published

3 sheets, all published

Trinidad capability sheets 1:25 000 EARTH

Port of Spain: L S D

SCIENCES

Geologic-tectonic map of Trinidad and Tobago 1:200 000

38 sheets, all published

Llandudno: Simon Robertson, 1984

Tobago soil sheets 1:25 000

2 sheets (map and geological sections)

Port of Spain: L S D

Geological map of Trinidad 1: 100 0 0 0 H.G. Kügler

3 sheets, all published

Port of Spain: M E N R , 1959

Tobago capability sheets 1:25 000

Dye-line map

Port of Spain: L S D

Geological map of Trinidad 1:50 0 0 0 H.G. Kügler Port of Spain: M E N R , 1959

3 sheets, all published URBAN

Dye-line map Geological map of Tobago 1:25 0 0 0 after Maxwell Port of Spain: M E N R , 1965

Port of Spain 1: 10 0 0 0 Edition 6 Port of Spain: LSD, 1991

Dye-line map

60 40 W

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 1:25 000 topographic

12.5 miles 61°30'W

Trinidad and Tobago

347

The Turks and Caicos Islands, a British Crown Colony, comprise more than 40 islands, of which eight are inhabited. They were mapped by the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)) in the late 1960s in two parallel contoured series at 1:10 000 scale (DOS 209) and 1:25 000 (DOS 309). Mapping was based on air photography flown by the USAAF in 1943 and by Hunting Surveys Ltd in 1961. The first edition 1:25 000 series was a four-colour map on the Transverse Mercator projection (Clarke 1866 ellipsoid) with UTM grid and contours at 25 ft intervals. This series has been superseded by a colourful new edition using photomap techniques (DOS 309P) and based on air photography flown in 1980-1 by Clyde Surveys. Some of the original monochrome sheets of the 1:10 000 scale series were revised in the early 1980s and were issued in full colour editions. These sheets have 10 ft interval contours and the offshore coral reefs are also shown by a photomapping technique. 1:2500 scale maps of the capital Cockburn Town on Grand Turk and Cockburn Harbour on South Caicos were published in 1970-2 (DOS 009). The most recent general map of the two island groups on a single sheet is the 1:200 000 scale Tourist map of Turks and Caicos Islands (DOS 609) published in 1984. It includes an inset map of Cockburn Town, and some text giving tourist information. The Department of Land Surveys, Grand Turk is responsible for the management of Crown Lands and for executing, managing and co-ordinating all surveying and mapping information in the Turks and Caicos Islands. A geographical information system was being installed in 1997. Topographic maps are available from the Department of Lands and Surveys and some also from OSI agents in the United Kingdom.

•

•

•

Addresses Department of Land Surveys Ministry of Natural Resources, GRAND TURK,Turks and Caicos Islands Tel +1 809 946 2183

Ordnance Survey International (OSI) Room W103, Ordnance Survey, Romsey Road, SOUTHAMPTON, SO 16 4GU, UK Tel +44 23 8079 2912 Fax +44 23 8079 2615 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/

348

The Americas

Catalogue GENERAL

Tourist map of Turks and Caicos Islands 1:200 000 DOS 609 Edition 2 Southampton: OSI, 1984 Inset: Grand Turk (Cockburn Town) 1:10 000 TOPOGRAPHIC Turks and Caicos Islands 1:25 000 DOS 309P Edition 2 Southampton: OSI, 1984-5 15 sheets, all published •

TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS

Turks and Caicos Islands

349

The US Virgin Islands are an 'unincorporated territory' of the United States, purchased from Denmark in 1917. The main islands are St Thomas, St John and, widely separated to the south, St Croix. They have been mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) at the scale of

1:24 000. These maps are in five colours with contours at 40 ft or 20 ft intervals according to relief gradients. The projection is Polyconic (Clarke 1866 ellipsoid), to which a UTM grid has been added in revised versions. Five sheets cover the St Thomas-St John group and three cover St Croix. The original sheets were mapped by aerial photogrammetry and published in the period 1955-8. In 1982 they were all photorevised, with the revisions overprinted in purple. A geological map of St Croix was published in 1961 by Williams and Heintz for the Geological Society of America, but is probably out of print (it accompanied GSA Memoir 98). St John boasts the only National Park in the Caribbean (although Martinique has a Pare Regional, and the US National Parks Service (NFS) has a small m a p i n c l u d e d

in a double sided folder about the park. Island Resources Foundation (IRF) is an e n v i r o n m e n t a l

NGO which supports conservation issues in the islands. It is working with geographical information systems users within and beyond the Virgin Islands to encourage GIS use for environmental planning and management. Land use mapping of the islands was completed in 1989 and copies of the maps (mostly at 1:24 000 scale) are available from the IRF office in Washington, DC. A 1:326 856 scale nautical chart of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands is published by the National Ocean Service

Addresses Government of the Virgin Islands of the US CHARLOTTE AMALIE, St Thomas Email [email protected] Island Resources Foundation (Headquarters) 6296 Estate Nazareth 11, ST THOMAS VI 00802-1104 Tel +1 284 775 6225 Fax +1 284 779 2022 Email [email protected] URL http://www.irf.org/ Island Resources Foundation (Publications) 1718 Ρ Street NW, Suite T-4, WASHINGTON DC 20036 Tel +1 202 265 9712 Fax +202 232 0748 Email [email protected] United States Geological Survey (USGS) 507 National Center, RESTON.VA 20192, USA Tel +1 703 648 5545 Fax +1 703 648 5548 Email [email protected] URL http://mapping.usgs.gov/ USGS Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center, DENVER, CO 80225 Tel +1 303 202 4200 Fax +1 303 202 4695 Email [email protected] US Virgin Islands Division of Tourism PO Box 16400, CHARLOTTE AMALIE, St Thomas VI 00804 Tel +1 284 774 8784 Fax +1 284 774 4390 Philip A . Schneider 2109 Plymouth Drive, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820, USA For NPS, NOS and Cartographers Ltd, see USA; for ITM, see Canada; for B&B, see Germany.

(NOS).

A large number of cheap and simple tourist maps of the islands have been produced, many incorporating retailers' advertisements to attract cruising visitors: Charlotte Amalie on St Thomas is the main cruising centre. Among them are cartoon sketch maps by Linda Smith Palmer with 'views' of the main shopping and dining areas. Many of these are d i s t r i b u t e d by the US Virgin Islands Division of Tourism.

The Official road map of the Virgin Islands is published by the

Catalogue GENERAL The United

States Virgin Islands c. 1:82 0 0 0

Champaign, IL: P.A. Schneider, 1983 Two-sided map - index on the reverse. Ancillary street maps of Christiansted, Cruz Bay, Charlotte Amalie and Frederiksted

Government of the Virgin Islands, Charlotte Amalie, with

Virgin Islands

cartography by Gousha. There is also a well researched

Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B

tourist map by Philip A. Schneider of Urbana-Champaign,

USA, and other maps are published by Berndtson and Berndtson (B&B), Cartographers Ltd and International Travel Maps (ITM).

Virgin Islands. A traveller's

350

The Americas

•

reference

map

1:70 0 0 0

Vancouver: ITM, 1995 Includes both US and British Virgin Islands Official

• •

1:80 0 0 0

road map. US Virgin Islands

1:49 0 0 0

Charlotte Amalie: Government of the Virgin Islands Two-sided with ancillary street maps of towns.

TOPOGRAPHIC Virgin Islands of the United States

1:24 0 0 0

Reston.VA: USGS, 19558 sheets, all published ENVIRONMENTAL Virgin Islands: Virgin Islands National

Park, St John, US Virgin

Islands

1:50 000 Washington, D C : NPS, 1991 Map incorporated in descriptive folder c.

Land use maps of the Virgin Islands

1:24 0 0 0

Washington, D C : IRF, 1989

United States Virgin Islands

351

Detailed mapping of most of South America is of comparatively recent origin, and although many countries established national mapping organizations early in the twentieth (or in some cases the nineteenth) century, progress was at first slow, unsystematic and hampered by the lack of overall survey control and a multitude of problems associated with the primary survey of undeveloped and often unexplored lands.

In the 1930s there was a concerted attempt, under the auspices of the American Geographical Society (AGS), to produce a uniform map of the whole of Latin America at 1:1 000 000 scale. This 107-sheet Map of Hispanic America took 28 years to complete. It was essentially a compiled map and, due to lack of information about large areas of the Amazon Basin and elsewhere, the quality was by no means uniform. Indeed the mapping of many areas, even at this small scale, was rudimentary. Nevertheless, the map served as a complete small-scale continental series, which continued to be of some value until the 1980s. Most sheets are now out-of-print, and the AGS is no longer active in promoting this kind of mapping. A few countries have published sheets of their territories to International map of the world (IMW) specifications, notably Brazil. 1:1 000 000 scale cover is also available in the Operation navigational chart (ONC) series, distributed by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) of the United States, and at 1:500 000 scale as Tactical pilotage charts (TPCs), also distributed by NIMA. Further information about these series is given in the World section. As in Central America, the development of modern national topographic mapping programmes has been closely related in many countries to mapping agreements made with the Inter-American Geodetic Survey (IAGS), created in 1946 by the United States government to help Latin American countries develop an accurate geodetic survey control network and to carry out first-time topographic mapping. Only Argentina and Uruguay have not participated with the IAGS, but both these countries have their own mature survey programmes. During the 1980s, seven countries also participated in the PAIGH 1:250 000 scale Unified Hemispheric Mapping programme (which is described in the introduction to the Central America section), and small numbers of sheets became available for parts of Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Columbia, Uruguay and Venezuela, while a complete set of LANDSAT image maps of Peru was also released as part of the programme.

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In the cloudy inter-tropical regions, the use of airborne radar imaging techniques, introduced from 1969, has had an important role in supporting topographic mapping, mineral prospecting and resource inventory. The outstanding example of this was the production of multiple thematic maps of Brazil by the now defunct Projecto R A D A M BRASIL. More recently, radar imaging from satellites such as Radarsat has also come into use, while elsewhere, for example in Peru and Argentina, L A N D S A T and S P O T satellite imagery has been used to create cartographically enhanced image maps as an alternative to conventional line maps. Many countries, however, still lack a satisfactory, complete and contemporary topographic map base. A number of West European countries have been involved in co-operative resource mapping projects in the continent, especially in the earth science field. In Bolivia, for example, there has been British, Spanish, Swedish and American collaboration, and similarly in Peru and Ecuador, several overseas earth science and resource organizations have been active. At the continental scale, several thematic maps, mostly published under the auspices of U N E S C O , are available. These include the 1:5 000 000 scale vegetation map prepared by the Institut de la Carte Internationale du Tapis Vegetal (ICITV), Toulouse, and published in 1981, and a 1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale map of bioclimates, also produced by ICITV in 1990, and available as raster digital data from @ct'image. Metallogenic and tectonic maps at this scale are also still available, and a new geological map of the continent was published in 1997. N o further volumes of the Climatic atlas of South America have been or will be published. The sole published volume, with continental maps of mean monthly precipitation and temperature, was published in 1975 by U N E S C O . A general soil map of the continent is provided by two sheets of the 1:5 000 000 scale FAO Soil map of the world, published in the 1970s and now also available in digital format. Currently, a continental S O T E R (Soils and Terrain Digital Database) is being prepared for Latin America under the guidance of the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC), Wageningen. Additionally, Argentina and Uruguay are test sites for the application of S O T E R methodology at larger scales. S O T E R is described more fully in the World section. Co-operation between countries in developing resource inventories and sharing digital data has begun to take place. A partnership to promote integrated development, MERCOSUL, was established in 1991 between Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, and one of its outcomes will be a map of mineral resources and hydrogeology covering the Bacia do Prato and adjacent areas. In Colombia, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) carries out research in support of sustainable agriculture and maintains many digital databases for use in its GIS facility. A report on digital data sets of South America has been prepared for CIAT and may be found at U R L http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/land/ indicators/datawww.html Good general maps of the continent, some of which include Central America, are published by several commercial houses, including HarperCollins, International Travel Maps (ITM), National Geographic Society ( N G S ) and Kümmerly+Frey (K+F).

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Addresses International Center for Tropical Agriculture ( C I A T ) Apartad Aereo 6713, Recta Cali-Palmira, Km 17, CALI, Colombia Tel +57 2 445 0000 Fax +57 2 445 0073 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ For UNESCO and ISRIC, see World; for ICITV and @ct'image, see France; for PE and HarperCollins, see Great Britain; for ITM, see Canada; for Ryborsch, see Germany; for K+F, see Switzerland; for DNPM, see Brazil; for DGMG, see Venezuela; for NGS, NIMA, PennWell and USGS, see United States.

Catalogue ATLASES

Atlas of South America M. Brawer New York and London: Simon and Schuster and Macmillan, 1991 144 pp GENERAL

Collins South America 1:8 000 000 London: HarperCollins, 1998 The Times map of South America 1:8 000 000 London: HarperCollins (Times Books), 1996 Politically coloured South America / Südamerika / Amerique du Sud 1:8 000 000 Bern: K+F Südamerika und Karibik / America del Sur & Caribe / America do Sul & Caribe / Amerique du Sud - Carwbes 1:8 000 000 Edition 2 Obertshausen: Ryborsch, 1988 South America 1:7 927 000 Washington, DC: NGS, 1994 Kevin Healey's South America reference map. Memorial edition 1:5 000 000 Vancouver, BC: ITM, 1997 South America 1:5 000 000 Collins world travel map London: HarperCollins, 1995 3 sheets, all published South America physical 1:5 000 000 Southampton: OS, 1998 South America 1:4 000 000 Vancouver, BC: ITM, 19963 sheets: North West, North East and Southern EARTH

SCIENCES

Geologic map of South America 1: 15 000 000 MF-868A Reston.VA: USGS, 1977 Black and white map Carte geologique de l'Amerique du Sud / Mapa geolögico de America del Sur / Mapa geolögico da America do Sul 1:5 000 000 Edition 3 Rio de Janeiro: DNPM, 1997

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Tectonic map of South America / Mapa tectönico de Amirica del Sur / Mapa tectönico de Americo do Sul 1:5 000 000 Brasilia and Paris: DNPM and UNESCO, 1978 2 sheets + text Metallogenic map of South America / Mapa metalogenico de America del Sur / Mapa metalogenico da Americo do Sul 1:5 000 000 Caracas and Paris: DGMG and UNESCO, 1983 2 sheets + text Mapa tectönico norte de America del Sur 1:2 500 000 Caracas: DGMG, 1982 2 sheets + legend ENVIRONMENTAL

Adas climätico de America del Sur I Climatic atlas of South America / Adas climatique de l'Amerique du Sud / Atlas climatologico da America do Sul Paris, Budapest and Geneva: UNESCO, Cartographia and WMO, 1975 Volume I: maps of mean temperature and precipitation Satellite image atias of glaciers of the world: South America Reston.VA: USGS, 1998 206 pp USGS Professional paper 1386-1 Carte de la vegetation d'Amerique du Sud / Mapa de la vegetaciön de America del Sur / Vegetation map of South America 1:5 000 000 Paris and Toulouse: U N E S C O and ICITV, 1981 2 sheets + 189 pp text Carte des bioclimats de l'Amerique du Sud / Mapa biodimätica de America del Sur / ßioclimatic map of South America 1:5 000 000 Toulouse: ICITV, 1990 2 sheets, both published Θ Digital version published by @ct'image SOCIAL,

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AIDS and HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean 1:24 000 000 Washington, D C : CIA, 1993 Energy map of Latin America 1:10 000 000 Edition 2 London: PE and Price Waterhouse, 1994 Oil and gas map of South America 1:7 500 000 Tulsa, O K : PennWell, 1993 Coal map of South America 1:7 500 000 C-0145 Reston.VA: USGS, 1994

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The official topographic mapping authority in Argentina is the Institute Geogräfico Militär (IGMA), Buenos Aires, which is a technical branch of the Argentine Army. It has its origins in the Military Topographic Bureau created in 1879. The principal tasks of I G M A are to undertake the geodetic and topographic survey of the national territory and to co-ordinate all geo-topographic work required by the state. I G M A has also carried out mapping of areas claimed by Argentina in the Antarctic and South Atlantic. There are four official topographic m a p series. The 1:500 0 0 0 scale series is complete in 70 sheets for the whole country, and 1:250 000 scale mapping is almost complete; about 60 per cent of the country has been covered at 1:100 0 0 0 scale; while 1:50 000 scale mapping is 26 per cent complete, covering principally Buenos Aires province and adjacent areas to the north. A Gauss-Krüger projection, International ellipsoid, is used for all these series, and the country is divided into seven zones, each 3 degrees of longitude wide. The sheet system of these series is graticule-based, with the sheet lines of the larger series nesting within those of the smaller. The 1:500 0 0 0 scale sheets each cover 3 degrees of longitude and 2 degrees of latitude. 1:250 000 scale sheets each cover one-quarter of this area, while the 1:100 0 0 0 scale sheets fit nine to a 1:250 000 sheet. The graphic index included here shows only the 1:500 000/1:250 0 0 0 scale system. The 1:100 0 0 0 scale series uses the 1:500 0 0 0 scale sheet numbers with an additional number ( 1 - 3 6 ) to identify each sheet. 1:50 0 0 0 sheets each cover one quarter of a 1:100 0 0 0 scale sheet (15' X 10') and are indexed with the addition of a further digit. The 1:500 0 0 0 scale sheets vary in quality. Relief is layercoloured or shaded, and a graticule and grid is printed on the maps. T h e current series of 1:250 0 0 0 scale sheets was initiated in 1952. Sheets are in six or more colours with a contour interval varying from mountain to plain, and there is a 10 k m grid. A few sheets were issued in the P A I G H Hemispheric Mapping Programme. The 1:100 000 scale series is in three to five colours with a contour interval varying from 2.5 m to 100 m , and a 4 k m grid, while the 1:50 0 0 0 series has a 1 k m grid spacing and the more modern sheets are in five colours. The contour interval again varies, and may be as close as 1.25 m in areas of low relief. Many of the existing line maps have become out-of-date, but in recent years there has been a major programme in satellite image mapping, carried out in collaboration with the Institut Cartogräfic Catalunya, Spain. Image maps (SIMs) are published at scales of 1:250 000, 1:100 0 0 0 and 1:50 000 in pseudo-true colour and on the standard topographic sheet lines. They are based on LANDSAT T M and SPOT H R V imagery, and some cartographic enhancement is added, such as place names, improved road delineation and grid. The 1:250 0 0 0 SIMs have been produced very

rapidly and cover most of the country; 1:50 0 0 0 SIMs are so far mainly confined to a large area of Buenos Aires province, while 1:100 0 0 0 scale SIMs cover a larger area of the northeast. The intention is to use these larger scale SIMs as a means of updating the mapping of the more rapidly developing areas. A major digital mapping programme is also in progress. It is intended to complete and convert the whole of the 1:250 0 0 0 scale series to digital format. Progress with the 1:100 000 series is being focused on the areas close to the national borders, and there is also a programme of digitizing this series, with 265 sheets already converted. The digital data are available for purchase in D G N / D X F format. The Servicio de Hidrografia Naval ( S H N A ) was founded in 1879 as the Oficina Central de Hidrografia and published the first chart in 1883. Today it publishes over 140 nautical charts of Argentine coastal areas, and of the seas adjacent to Argentina's territorial claims in Antarctica. The Centra Argentino de Datos Oceanogräficos ( C E A D O ) holds and disseminates data files on the South Atlantic and Southern Ocean, including physical-chemical data, bathy-thermographic data and the IGOSS data file of the Southern Ocean. Aeronautical charting is undertaken by the Direcciön de Transporte Aereo (DTA) of the Argentine Air Force. In the 1980s, a series of 1:1 000 0 0 0 and 1:500 0 0 0 charts were produced, respectively the Carta aeronautica Argentina (13 sheets) and the Carta aeronautica Argentina tdctica (25 sheets). Earth science mapping is the responsibility of the Servicio Geologico Minero Argentino ( S E G E M A R ) , Buenos Aires, which was restructured under this name in 1996. An extensive series of 1:200 0 0 0 scale maps and monographs has been published, but these are now being allowed to go out of print. They are being replaced by a new series at the scale of 1:250 000, on the same sheet lines as the corresponding topographic series. The maps in this Programa National de Cartas Geological are accompanied by a series of bulletins for each department. About six bulletins have so far been issued. In 1993, a new series of provincial geological maps was also initiated at the scale of 1:500 0 0 0 or 1:750 000. By the end of 1996, 12 of these provincial maps had been published. There is also a series of mineral maps of the provinces at 1:750 0 0 0 scale. A new geological m a p of the whole country at 1:5 0 0 0 000 scale was published in 1996. A major co-operative geoscientific mapping project has been carried out in the Sierras Pameanas of Argentina by the Australian Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO) with SEGEMAR. Conventional mapping was combined with acquisition of airborne geophysical data, and products include second generation geological maps at 1:100 000 and 1:250 0 0 0 scales, geophysical image maps and mineral deposit maps. First products from this project were released in 1996 and are available from SEGEMAR. The Institut

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Cartogräfic Catalunya has also been involved in new 1:100 0 0 0 scale geological mapping by creating orthophoto images from SPOT imagery and combining fieldwork with image interpretation to provide a geological synthesis. Soil, land use and land capability mapping is the responsibility of the Centro de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales within the Institute Nacional deTecnologia A g r o p e c u a r i a (INTA). In the 1970s, the centre embarked on a programme of soil mapping at 1:100 000 scale, the maps being published on a photomap base. In addition, the centre has published a number of monographic soil and resource maps of small areas or of individual provinces. In 1985, an Atlas de suelos de la Republica Argentina was published, and in 1995 a digital version was released on C D - R O M , following a project to digitize and update the 1:500 0 0 0 and 1:1 000 000 scale soil mapping. This work was done in association with the company A e r o t e r r a S A , Buenos Aires. Soil classification is in accordance with the U S D A Comprehensive Soil Taxonomy. The C D - R O M also contains photographs of landscapes associated with different soil types, and soil profiles. Maps of relief, drainage, subterranean groundwater basins and climate are also included, and there is a file of LANDSAT 5 and LANDSAT T M data. T h e C D - R O M is packaged with Arc View Version 1.0, but the data can be imported for use with higher versions of ArcView. The Servicio Meteorologico Nacional, of the Argentine Air Force issues weather forecast maps and statistical data on climate and has a useful W e b site. It produced atlases of agro-meterological and climatic data in the 1960s, b u t no new climate mapping has been advertised. The Institute Nacional de Estadistica y C e n s o s ( I N D E C ) has published a C D - R O M Atlas estadhtico Republica Argentina also in association with Aeroterra S.A., and packaged with ArcView Version 1.0 software. The atlas presents general, economic and socio-demographic information about the country, and is accompanied by a book of printed maps. T h e C D - R O M however contains additional data which may be used for constructing further maps, and there are also eight LANDSAT and N O A A images. In 1997, the first of a series of provincial statistical C D - R O M s was issued covering the municipalities of the Province of Santa Fe. These include MapObject software permitting users to create their own thematic maps from the data. The Atlas total de la Republica Argentina, published in 9 volumes in the period 1981—3, had the breadth of scope of a national atlas, but is now unfortunately out-of-print. A few copies may still be in stock with m a p dealers. A smaller atlas, published by I G M A in 1999, has a text, maps and graphics for each of the provinces. A multi-media atlas on C D - R O M was also launched in 1999 by IGMA. Commercial companies include A u t o m a p a , which has published plans of Buenos Aires and other cities, as well as provincial and national road maps, and Automovil C l u b Argentino ( A C A ) , which also publishes a range of motorist and tourist maps and atlases, including provincial maps showing primary and secondary roads, road distances and various tourist information, and incorporating street maps of major cities. Editorial Filcar publishes excellent street maps and atlases of Buenos Aires, and has issued digital versions of street maps of the capital and of San Isidro. Z a g i e r y Urruty, Buenos Aires, have published a number of interesting and unusual maps, including 'ecomaps' of Tierra del Fuego, the Valdes Peninsula and the Antarctic Peninsula, and mountaineering and trekking maps of Monte

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Fitz Roy and Cerro Torre. The company also distributes maps by other commercial publishers including ACA. Overseas publishers of general maps of the country include International Travel Maps (ITM) and Reise- und Verkehrsverlag (RV). An energy m a p of the country has been published by Petroleum E c o n o m i s t L t d (PE). A selection of W e b maps may be found at U R L http://www.inventir. com/maps.html

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Further information Listings and graphic indexes of topographic and thematic mapping up until 1981 are given in Institute Panamericano de Geografia y Historia (1983) Guia de la Republica Argentina para investigaciones geogräficas, prepared by the IGMA. Reports on more recent developments in Argentine mapping were presented to the 5 th UN Regional Cartographic Conference, New York, 1993. A brief summary in English of recent developments is given in R.C. Rodriguez (1995) The development of geodesy and cartography in Argentina, Surveying and Land Information Systems 55 (2), 77-82. A catalogue and indexes of current topographic and digital map cover are available from IGMA, who also have a good Web site. A listing of earth science maps is available from SEGEMAR.

Addresses Aeroterra S A Avenida E. Madero 1020, I 106 BUENOS AIRES Tel +54 I 311 4127 Fax +54 I 311 8591 Email [email protected] URL http://www.aeroterra.com/ A u t o m a p a s.r.l. Arenales 3651 I °B, 1425 BUENOS AIRES Tel +54 I 833 3033 Fax +54 I 833 3033 A u t o m o v i l C l u b Argentino ( A C A ) Avenida del Liberador 1850, 1425 BUENOS AIRES Tel +54 I 801 5675 Fax +54 I 801 3972 URL http://www.aca.org.ar/ C e n t r o Argentino de Datos Oceanogräficos ( C E A D O ) Avenida Montes de Oca 2124, 1271 BUENOS AIRES Tel +54 I 301 0061 Fax +54 I 303 2299 Email [email protected] URL http://www.conae.gov.ar/~ceado/ Direccion de Transporte A e r e o ( D T A ) Fuerza Aerea Argentina, I 104 BUENOS AIRES Direccion G e n e r a l de Turismo Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 1551 Calle Sarmiento, 1042 BUENOS AIRES Editorial Filcar Castro Barros 230, BUENOS AIRES

Institute Geografico Militär ( I G M A ) Avenida Cabildo 381, 1426 B U E N O S AIRES Tel +54 I 773 9822/776 1611 Fax +54 I 773 9822 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.igm.gov.ar Institute Nacional de Estadistica y Censos ( I N D E C ) Centro Estadistico de Servicios, Avenida Julio A. Roca 615, 1067 B U E N O S AIRES Tel +54 I 349 9652 Fax +54 I 349 9621 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.indec.mecon.ar Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria ( I N T A ) Avenida Rivadavia 1439, 1033 B U E N O S AIRES Tel +54 I 383 5095 Fax +54 I 383 5090 U R L http://www.inta.gov.ar/ Servicio Geologico Minero A r g e n t i n e ( S E G E M A R ) Biblioteca, Avenida Julio Roca 651, Piso 9, 1322 B U E N O S AIRES Tel +54 I 349 3200/54 I 349 3198 U R L http://www.segemar.com/segemar/ Servicio de Hidrografia Nacional ( S H N A ) Avenida Montes de Oca 2124, 1271 B U E N O S AIRES Tel +54 I 301 0061 Fax +54 I 301 7797 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.hidro.gov.ar/ Servicio Meteorologico Nacional 25 de Mayo 658, 1002 B U E N O S AIRES Tel +54 I 32 4481 Fax +54 I 311 3968 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.faa.mil.ar/ Zagier y U r r u t y P O Box 94 Sucursal 19, 1419 B U E N O S AIRES Tel +54 I 572 1050 Fax +54 I 572 5766 For N I M A , see United States; for ITM, see Canada; for PE, see Great Britain; for RV, see Germany.

Mapa fisico-politico de la Republica Argentina 1:2 500 00 Buenos Aires: I G M A Rutas de la Argentina. Mapa carretero 1:2 500 000 Buenos Aires: Automapa, 1998 Double-sided road map, with index, distance table and ancillary maps of cities Repüblica Argentina. Atlas vial y turistico 1:2 500 000 Edition 4 Buenos Aires: A C A , 1991 112 PP Argentina 1:2 000 000 Stuttgart: RV TOPOGRAPHIC

Carta topogräfica de la Republica Argentina 1:500 000 Buenos Aires: IGMA, 196670 sheets, all published • Carta topografica de la Republica Argentina 1:250 000 Buenos Aires: IGMA, 1952229 sheets, 200 published • Carta nacional 1:100 000 Buenos Aires: IGMA, 191 Ι α. 1900 sheets, 1031 published Carta topografica de la Republica Argentina 1:50 000 Buenos Aires: IGMA, 19067197 sheets, c. 1475 published IMAGE

MAPS

Carta de imagen satelitaria de la Republica Argentina 1:250 000 Buenos Aires: I G M A , 1992229 sheets, 105 published Carta de imagen satelitaria de la Repiiblica Argentina 1: 100 000 Buenos Aires: IGMA, 1992c. 215 sheets published Carta de imagen satelitaria de la Repüblica Argentina 1:50 000 Buenos Aires: IGMA, 1994c. 160 sheets published

Catalogue BATHYMETRIC ATLASES

Atlas geografico de la Republica Argentina Buenos Aires: IGMA, 1999 95 pp Θ Atlas de la Republica Argentina multimedia Buenos Aires: IGMA, 1999 C D - R O M atlas GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of Argentina. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 3 Washington, D C : N I M A , 1992 1202 pp in 2 volumes GENERAL

Mapa fisico-polkico de la Republica Argentina 1:5 000 000 Buenos Aires: IGMA, 1998 Mapa fisico de la Republica Argentina 1:5 000 000 Buenos Aires: IGMA, 1998

Carta batimetrica del fondo continental Argentine 1:3 500 000 Buenos Aires: S H N A , 1975 AERONAUTICAL

Carta aeronautica Argentina I: I 000 000 Buenos Aires: DTA, 198113 sheets, all published Carta aeronautica Argentina tdctica 1:500 000 Buenos Aires: DTA, 198125 sheets, all published EARTH

SCIENCES

Mapa geologico de la Republica Argentina 1:5 000 000 Buenos Aires: S E G E M A R , 1996 Mapa hidrogeolögico de la Repüblica Argentina 1:5 000 000 Buenos Aires: SEGEMAR, 1963 Mapa geologico de la Repüblica Argentina 1:2 500 000 Buenos Aires: S E G E M A R , 1982 2 sheets, both published

Argentina travel map 1:4 000 000 Vancouver BC: ITM, 1993

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Mapas mineros de las provincias 1:750 000 Buenos Aires: S E G E M A R , 1966-79 20 sheets

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Argentina. Mapa geologico de provincias 1:500 000 /1:75 000 Buenos Aires: S E G E M A R , 1993- • Argentina. Hojas geolögicas 1:250 000 Buenos Aires: S E G E M A R , 1993229 sheets, 6 published ENVIRONMENTAL

Adas de suelos de la Republica Argentina 1:500 000 and 1:1 000 000 Buenos Aires: INTA, 1990 38 maps Θ Also available as a C D - R O M ECONOMIC,

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Energy map of Argentina c. 1:3 300 000 London: PE, 1996 Adas estadistico Republica Argentina Buenos Aires: I N E C , 1996 300 pp book with C D - R O M Θ C D - R O M may be purchased separately URBAN

Buenos Aires tourist map Buenos Aires: D G T , 1998 Gula Filcar. Capital γ Gran Buenos Aires Buenos Aires: Editorial Filcar, 1997 240 pp Θ Digital Buenos Aires Buenos Aires: Editorial Filcar, 1996 Buenos Aires 1:20 000 Buenos Aires: Automapa, 1996

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250 miles

Argentina

3S9

Topographic mapping in Bolivia is the responsibility of the Institute Geogräfico Militär (IGMB), La Paz. Although it was founded in 1936, detailed topographic mapping did not get under way until the post-war period, mainly under the stimulus of the Agrarian Reform Act which resulted in the establishment of a National Planning Secretariat. In 1948, a joint mapping agreement was signed with the InterAmerican Geodetic Survey and, following the establishment of a triangulation and levelling network, a 1:50 000 scale topographic series was initiated and the first sheets published in 1955. In the 1960s, IGMB was provided with modern air survey and photogrammetric equipment. The organization is a technical branch of the army, but is also now responsible for maintaining the cadastral archive. It produces topographic and urban maps, thematic maps and aeronautical charts. The basic 1:50 000 scale series is a five-colour map with 20 m contours and is now about 70 per cent complete. Each sheet covers an area of 10 minutes of latitude and 15 minutes of longitude. Cover is most extensive in the southern half of the country and in the most northerly area. The 1:250 000 scale series is in six colours with 100 m contours, and also covers all but the central part of the country. Three sheets are also available with a satellite image base. Sheets each cover 1° latitude and 1° 30' longitude. Until recently, these were the principal topographic series, although a 1:100 000 scale made a brief debut in 1980 (Series H631) with the publication of 9 sheets. In 1990, a new series of 1:100 000 scale topographic maps was launched (Series H632), published by the United States Defense Mapping Agency (now National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)). Progress of this series has been rapid with one-third of the country already covered. These sheets are in five colours with contours at intervals varying from 20 m to 80 m. The projection for all these topographic series is Transverse Mercator, International (Hayford) ellipsoid, and the maps have a U T M grid. New 1:50 000 scale sheets of the Quiquive River area have been completed by the Japanese overseas aid agency, JICA, using air photography flown in 1993. The 1:250 000 scale map (series H531) now covers all but the central part of the country. These sheets are on the usual 1° X 1°30' format, and are printed in six colours, with 100 m contours. Three sheets are also available with a satellite image base. IGMB has also published a number of departmental maps, mostly at scales of 1:500 000 or 1:250 000, and urban maps of La Paz, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Tarija, Trinidad, Ciudad de Potosi and Viacha. A number of IGMB maps have been digitized and the data may be obtained in DXF, D W G or D G N format, either complete or in separate data layers. The maps include the 1:250 000 topographic series, the 1:1 000 000 Mapa ftsico and Mapa politico, and the 1:15 000 Mapa topogrdfico de La Paz. Data are also available for the separate departments of

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The Americas

Bolivia, and can be delivered for sheets in the 1:250 000 and 1:50 000 topographic series. A national Atlas de Bolivia was originally published in 1985, containing a wide range of thematic mapping, as well as general and departmental maps. Numerous LANDSAT image maps were also a feature of this atlas. A second edition was published in 1997. Geological and mineral resource surveys are carried out by the Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria (SERGEOMIN), La Paz. In the 1960s a regular series of 1:100 000 scale geological maps was initiated, and about 50 sheets were published during that decade in the southwest of the country. After a hiatus, new sheets have been published at this scale during the 1990s with Spanish and Swedish aid, and a new project, Projecto BID-USGS-GEOBOL has been started with the Inter-American Development Bank and the United S t a t e s Geological Survey (USGS). More than 50 sheets have so far been published in this 1:100 000 scale 'new series', which have a text in Spanish and English printed in the map margin. Between 1976 and 1986, a co-operative undertaking with the British Geological Survey (BGS) in eastern Bolivia, Proyecto Precdmbrico resulted in the production of 15 published full colour sheets at 1:250 000 scale as the DOS Series 1224, and a 1:1 000 000 general sheet of the whole area was accompanied by an Overseas Memoir, The geology and mineral resources of the Bolivian Precambrian Shield by M. Litherland. A 1:1 000 000 geochemical atlas of eastern Bolivia by J . D . Appleton and A.Llanos was published in 1985, and is available either complete or as separate 1:1 000 000 scale sheets. In the mid-1970s, a Centro de Investigation y Aplicacion de Sensores Remotos (CAISER) was established within SERGEOMIN to apply satellite image processing technology to resource survey. A number of maps were produced in the late 1970s, some of which are still available. They included a 1:1 000 000 land cover map and a map of terrain types based on multispectral LANDSAT imagery, and some experimental digital 1:50 000 scale soil maps also based on LANDSAT. These were part of the Programa ERTS Bolivia (PEB). Currently, the unit needs a new infusion of funds. SERGEOMIN has also completed a number of multi-theme mineral resource studies at 1:250 000 scale, designated Mapas temdticos de recursos minerales de Bolivia. The maps show mining concessions, geology, tectonics, mineral occurrences and potential areas for mineral prospecting. A new 1:2 500 000 geological map is also planned. The Institute Nacional de Estadistica (INEB) is responsible for organizing the demographic census and has produced a number of urban plans, most of which are rather dated, but include a series at 1:5000 scale from 1983

covering La Paz. For rural areas I N E B has p r o d u c e d a series of 1:50 0 0 0 scale m a p s of cantons. T h e Atlas censal de Bolivia, p u b l i s h e d 1 9 8 2 , is now o u t of p r i n t . M a p s have been u p d a t e d in p r e p a r a t i o n for t h e 2 0 0 0 census, u s i n g satellite imagery. C D - R O M statistical p r o d u c t s are also available. Bolivia has b e c o m e an increasingly p o p u l a r d e s t i n a t i o n for tourists a n d for m o u n t a i n e e r s , a n d recently, s o m e g o o d q u a l i t y c o m m e r c i a l l y p u b l i s h e d m a p s have b e c o m e available for these visitors. H i g h q u a l i t y t o p o g r a p h i c m a p s have been p u b l i s h e d in t h e Alpenvereinskarte series f r o m t h e D e u t s c h e r Alpenverein, covering t h e Cordillera Real n o r t h (Illampu) a n d s o u t h (lllimani) issued in 1 9 8 7 a n d 1 9 9 0 , a n d A new map of the Cordillera Real de los Andes 1:135 0 0 0 scale has been p r o d u c e d by L.P.O'Brien, based o n t h e I G M B / N I M A t o p o g r a p h i c m a p s . A small-scale travel m a p of t h e w h o l e c o u n t r y has also been p u b l i s h e d by O ' B r i e n , and small-scale e d u c a t i o n a l m a p s are p u b l i s h e d by W a l t e r G u z m a n Cordova. G o o d q u a l i t y street m a p s of several cities are p r o d u c e d by Quipus, as well as by I G M B .

• • •

Catalogue ATLASES

Atlas de Bolivia Edition 2 La Paz: IGMB, 1997 236 pp GAZETTEERS

0iccionario geogräfico Boliviano La Paz / Cochabamba: Editorial 'Los Amigos del Libro', 1984 279 pp Gazetteer of Bolivia. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 2 Washington, D C : N I M A , 1992 719 pp GENERAL

Mapa de communicaciones de la Repüblica de Bolivia 1:3 000 000 La Paz: IGMB, 1990 Includes air routes and road distance chart Bolivia. Mapa fisico - politico - vial 1:2 250 000 Walter Guzman Cordova, 1991

Further information A catalogue and indexes of current topographic mapping and of digital maps is available from IGMB, and a comprehensive Catalogo de publicadones 1961-96 from S E R G E O M I N .

Addresses Institute G e o g r ä f i c o Militär (IGMB) Estado Mayor General, Avenida Saavedra 2303, Casilla 7641, L A PAZ Tel +591 2 360513/369586 Fax +591 2 368329/391912 Email [email protected] Institute Nacional de Estadistica ( I N E B ) Plazo Mario Guzman Aspiazu N o I, LA P A Z Tel +591 2 352338 Fax +591 2 354230 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.ine.gov.bo/ L. P. O ' B r i e n 28 Turner Terrace, N E W T O N V I L L E , M A 02160, U S A Los A m i g o s del Libro L t d a Av Heroinas E-0311, C O C H A B A M B A Tel +591 42 54114 Fax +591 42 411 5128 Servicio Nacional de G e o l o g i a y Mineria de Bolivia (SERGEOMIN) Federico Zuazo N o 1673, Esq. Reyes Ortiz, C P 2729, L A P A Z Tel +591 2 371174 Fax +591 2 391431 Email [email protected] Quipus LA P A Z Walter Guzman Cordova Casilla de Correo 10991, L A P A Z For N I M A and U S G S see USA; for Deutscher Alpenverein, see Germany; for BGS, see Great Britain; for O R S T O M , see France.

Bolivia. Mapa fisico 1:2 250 000 Walter Guzman Cordova, 1993 A travel map of Bolivia highlighting the National Park system 1:2 200 000 Newtonville, M A : L.P. O'Brien, 1997 Bolivia: red vial 1:2 000 000 La Paz: S N C , 1989 Mapa de Repüblica de Bolivia 1:1 500 000 Edition 4 La Paz: IGMB, 1990 4 sheets, all published Mapa de Bolivia fisico I: I 000 000 La Paz: IGMB, 1996 Θ IMAGE

MAPS

Fotomosaico LANDSAT de Bolivia 1:2 000 000 La Paz: S E R G E O M I N , 1980 TOPOGRAPHIC

Carta nacional de Bolivia 1:250 000 Series H531 La Paz: IGMB, 196785 sheets, 63 published • Θ Carta nacional de Bolivia 1:100 000 Series H632 La Paz and Washington, D C : I G M B and N I M A , 1990c. 460 sheets, 141 published • Carta nacional de Bolivia 1:50 000 Series H731 La Paz: IGMB, 19552357 sheets, 1728 published • Θ AERONAUTICAL

Carta aeronautica de la Repüblica de Bolivia 1:500 000 La Paz: IGMB, 198520 sheets, 6 published Carta aeronautica de la Repüblica de Bolivia 1:250 000 La Paz: I G M B 7 sheets published

Bolivia

361

EARTH

SCIENCES

Carte tectonique de Bolivie / Mapa tectönico de Bolivia 1:5 000 000 B. Ruben et al. Bondy and La Paz: O R S T O M and S E R G E O M I N , 1973 W i t h 7 pp text Bolivia. Mapa magnetico 1:4 000 000 La Paz: I G M B Bolivia. Mapa de anomallas Bouguer 1:2 000 000 La Paz: IGMB, 1993 Mapa geolögico de Bolivia I: I 000 000 La Paz: S E R G E O M I N , 1978 4 sheets, all published + text Mapa geolögico del area de Proyecto Precämbrico I: I 000 000 La Paz and Keyworth: S E R G E O M I N and BGS, 1984 Adas geoqulmico de Bolivia Oriental / Geochemical atlas of Eastern Bolivia 1:1 000 000 La Paz and Keyworth: S E R G E O M I N and BGS, 1985 Mapa de complejos de tierra del Oriente Boliviano I: I 000 000 La Paz: S E R G E O M I N , 1979 4 sheets, all published Mapas geologicos del Proyecto Precämbrico 1:250 000 La Paz and Keyworth: S E R G E O M I N and BGS, 1976-83 15 sheets published

•

Mapas tematicos de recursos minerales de Bolivia / Thematic maps of the mineral resources of Bolivia 1:250 000 La Paz: S E R G E O M I N , 1991-5 Carta geolögica nacional de Bolivia 1: 100 000 La Paz: S E R G E O M I N , 1960c. 620 sheets, 107 published

•

' N e w series' maps, 1991- with English and Spanish text in margin ENVIRONMENTAL

Mapa de fauna silvestre de Bolivia I: I 500 000 La Paz: IGMB, 1991 + text Mapa hidrogräfico de Bolivia I: I 000 000 Edition 2 La Paz: IGMB, 1990 9 sheets, all published + text Mapa de cobertura y uso actual de la tierra I: I 000 000 La Paz: S E R G E O M I N , 1978 4 sheets, all published + text ADMINISTRATIVE

Bolivia. Mapa politico 1:2 250 000 Walter Guzman Cordova, 1994 Mapa politico de Bolivia I: I 000 000 La Paz: IGMB, 1994 Θ 4 sheets, all published URBAN

La Paz y aldoredes 1: 15 000 La Paz: I G M B Mapa urbano de La Paz 1:10 000 La Paz: IGMB, 1993 3 sheets, all published

362

The Americas

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The topographic mapping authority in Ecuador is the Instituto Geogräfico Militär (IGME), Quito, founded in 1928. Its responsibilities were defined by law in 1978 as being those of surveying and mapping the national territory, and archiving geographical data about the country. Although part of Ecuador, the Galapagos Islands are included in the Pacific Ocean section. Early topographic mapping, undertaken in the 1930s, concentrated on the area around Quito and was at a scale of 1:25 000. In 1947, Ecuador entered a co-operative mapping agreement with the Inter American Geodetic Survey. Aerial photography was flown by the USAAF in 1961, and the following year the 1:50 0 0 0 scale topographic series was started. Subsequently, a 1:100 0 0 0 scale series was also initiated; about one-third of the country had been covered at this scale by the early 1990s, but this series has made little progress recently, since priority has been given to the 1:50 000 series. Except for a few areas in the east and the north, cover is now almost complete at this scale, although all mapping is confined to the area west of the line of the Protocol of Rio de Janeiro 1942. There is also now an extensive cover at 1:25 000, and a programme of digitizing the 1:50 000 and 1:25 000 scale series is in progress. New 1:50 0 0 0 scale sheets are issued as colour digital plots. The 1:100 0 0 0 scale mapping is in seven colours including a purple UTM grid, and has an 80 m contour interval and auxiliary contours at 4 0 m. The 1:50 000 scale map is in five colours with 20 m contours (40 m in the Sierra). Both series are on Transverse Mercator projection with UTM grid. The 1:100 0 0 0 scale sheets each cover 30' longitude by 15' latitude, while those at 1:50 0 0 0 have a 15' X 10' format. A 1:250 0 0 0 scale cover was initiated in the early 1980s under the PAIGH Hemispheric Mapping Programme, and although this programme is no longer operative, further sheets have been published and more are in preparation. General maps of the country are published by IGME at scales of 1:500 0 0 0 (in a wall map style) and 1:1 000 000. IGME has also published smaller scale provincial maps, tourist guide maps of Quito, Guayaquil and Loja, and undertakes urban mapping of numerous cities at scales ranging from 1:1 000 to 1:10 000 under contract to the municipal authorities. The Atlas del Ecuador, published in 1994 to mark the 50th anniversary of IGM, has 86 thematic maps at a scale of 1:2 0 0 0 000. A centre of integrated natural resource surveys, Centro de Llevantaminetos Integrados de Recursos Naturales por Sensores Remotos (CLIRSEN), was established within IGME in 1977. It has undertaken resource survey and inventory using satellite imagery, and has produced a range of thematic mapping for the Province of Guayas. A receiving station for LANDSAT, SPOT and ERS-1 satellite data was commissioned near Quito in 199Ι-

Α geological mapping programme, mainly at the 1:100 000 scale, was initiated in the 1960s by the Ecuadorian Department of Geology and Mines. The current organization is now the Direccion Nacional de Geologia ( D I N A G E ) , formed in March 1999· Sheets have been published covering much of the Cordilleras and coastal plain. There have been over two decades of co-operation with the British Geological Survey (BGS), with concentration on the exploration of mineral prospective areas. Between 1986 and 1994, the Cordillera Real Project focused on the Eastern Cordillera and the El Oro Metamorphic Complex, but in 1995 a new five-year Geological Information Mapping Programme began, with funding by the World Bank and the British Overseas Development Agency. The Western Cordillera is the focus of this programme, and one of its outcomes will be the production of five new 1:250 000 scale geological maps and associated databases. 1:500 000 scale maps of the metamorphic belts of Ecuador were published in 1994 as part of the BGS Overseas memoir no. 11. New 1:1 0 0 0 000 scale geological and tectono-metallogenic maps of the whole country were published in 1993. The Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Censos ( I N E C ) is responsible for the preparation of population censuses, including their map requirements. As well as numerous large-scale census tract maps, it produces maps of the 19 provinces at 1:250 0 0 0 scale, and a general map of the country's administrative divisions. These maps have been digitized using Microstation Version 5 software, but are not intended for sale to the public. Rural cadastral mapping is handled by the Nacional de Avalüos y Catastros ( D I N A C ) .

Direccion

The Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia ( M A G ) has produced a number of soil maps and has carried out resource mapping in collaboration with the French Institut Franfais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation ( O R S T O M ) . This includes several 1:1 000 000 scale maps published in the 1970s as part of a Programa Nacional de Regionalizacion Agraria. More recently, 1:1 0 0 0 000 scale land use and 1:750 0 0 0 scale physical, cultural and socio-economic maps were included in ORSTOM Travaux et documents no 212 by M.M. Thomassin, published in 1988. ORSTOM have also produced an innovative multi-thematic atlas of Quito in association with PAIGH and IGME. A 1:1 000 000 soil map of the country prepared by the Soil Science Society of Ecuador is available from IGME. Hydrographie charting is undertaken by the Instituto Oceanogräfico de la A r m a d a ( I N O C A R ) , while aeronautical charts have been published by the Direccion de Aviadön Civil (DAC). Ecotourism is a growth industry in Ecuador, and the Panamerican Center for Geographical Studies and

Ecuador

383

Research ( C E P E I G E ) has p u b l i s h e d The Ecotourist's guide to the Ecuadorian Amazon by Rolf W e s c h e . T h e g u i d e includes several folded I G M E t o p o g r a p h i c m a p s . I G M E has p u b l i s h e d e c o t o u r i s m m a p s of t h e volcanoes C h i m b o r a z o , Carihuayrazo a n d Cotopaxi. Ediguias C . Ltda p u b l i s h e s street m a p s of several Ecuadorian cities, and a small f o r m a t t h e m a t i c atlas of t h e country. In 1 9 9 9 it p u b l i s h e d a three-sheet m a p of t h e G a l a p a g o s Islands w i t h index a n d text. A u t o - M a p a has a Piano guia de Quito. M a p s p u b l i s h e d by foreign p u b l i s h e r s i n c l u d e a general m a p by International Travel M a p s (ITM).

• •

•

Panamerican C e n t e r for Geographical Studies and Research ( C E P E I G E ) C/o IGME, 3 piso, Apartado 17-01-4173, Q U I T O Tel +593 2 541200 Fax +593 2 509122 For N I M A , see USA; for BGS, see Great Britain; for O R S T O M , see France; for ITM, see Canada.

Catalogue ATLASES

Atlas del Ecuador. Geografia y economia Edition 3 Quito: Ediguias C. Ltda, 1994 M4pp GAZETTEERS

Further information I G M E published a useful Guia cartografica del Ecuador in 1983. List of maps and indexes may be obtained from IGME, and a Catalogo de cartas γ publicaciones nauticas de la Republica del Ecuador is published by I N O C A R .

Addresses

Irtdice toponömico Quito: I G M E 12 volumes, 8 published Ecuador. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 2 Washington, D C : N I M A , 1987 375 pp GENERAL

Auto-Mapa Calle Maria Tigsilema 644 y Av. Del Maestro, Q U I T O , Casilla 17-17-1122 Tel +593 2 531714

Mapa vial-turistico del Ecuador I: I 500 000 Quito: I G M E Inset map of Galapagos Islands Distance chart

Direccion de Aviaciön Civil ( D A C ) Servicio de Information Aeronautica, Av. 10 de Agosto y Buenos Aires, Q U I T O

Mapa fisico del Ecuador I: I 000 000 Quito: IGME, 1991

Direccion Nacional de A v a l ü o s y C a t a s t r o s ( D I N A C ) Santa Prisca γ Manuel Larrea, Edificio Banco Internacional, QUITO Direccion Nacional de G e o l o g i a ( D I N A G E ) , Avenida 10 de Agosto 5844 Pereira, Q U I T O Tel +593 2 254673 Fax +593 2 254674 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.mineriaecuador.com Ediguias C . Ltda. Av. Galo Plaza Lasso 9614, Apartado 17-08-8310 Q U I T O Tel +593 2 404037 Institute G e o g r ä f i c o Militär ( I G M E ) Apartado 17-01-2435, Seniergues s/n y General T. Paz y Mino, QUITO Tel +593 2 542155 Fax +593 2 569097 Email igm I @igm.mil.ec U R L http://www.travelecuador.com/igm/ Institute Nacional de Estadisticas y C e n s o s ( I N E C ) Juan Larrea N o 534 γ Riofrio, Q U I T O Tel +593 2 544146 Fax +593 2 509836 Email inec I @ecnet.ec U R L http://www.inec.gov.ec/ Institute Oceanogräfico de la A r m a d a ( I N O C A R ) Base Naval, G U A Y A Q U I L Ministerio de A g r i c u l t u r a y G a n a d e r i a ( M A G ) Av. Eloy Alfaro y Av. Amazonas, Q U I T O

384

The Americas

Ecuador travel reference map I: I 000 000 Vancouver, BC: ITM, 1996 Mapa geogräfico del Ecuador 1:500 000 Quito: IGME, 1993 4 sheets, all published TOPOGRAPHIC

Americas 1:250 000 Quito: IGME, 198431 sheets, 21 published • Ecuador 1: 100 000 Series J621 Quito: IGME, 1968151 sheets, 62 published • Ecuador 1:50 000 Series J721 Quito: IGME, 1962588 sheets, 507 published • Ecuador 1:25 000 Series J821 Quito: IGME, 19662352 sheets, 699 published • AERONAUTICAL

Carta aeronautica del Ecuador I: I 000 000 Quito: D A C , 1988 Carta aeronautica del Ecuador 1:500 000 Quito: D A C , 1988

EARTH

SCIENCES

ENVIRONMENTAL

Mapa geolögico de la Repöblica del Ecuador I: I 000 000 Quito and Keyworth: D I N A G E and BGS, 1993

Mapa general de suelos del Ecuador I: I 000 000 Quito: IGME, 1986

Mapa tectönico-metalogenico de la Republica del Ecuador 1:1 000 000

Mapa bioclimötico del Ecuador I: I 000 000 Quito and Bondy: M A G and O R S T O M , 1978

Quito and Keyworth: D I N A G E and BGS, 1993 Mapa hidrogeölogico nacional del Ecuador I: I 000 000 Quito and Keyworth: D I N A G E and BGS, 1983 Mapa gravimetrico del Ecuador I: I 000 000 Quito: I G M E Mapa vulcanolögico del Ecuador I: I 000 000 Quito: I G M E Mapa geolögico del estado de ... 1:250 000 Quito: D I N A G E , 19785 sheets published Mapa de los volcanes activos 1:250 000 Quito: D I N A G E , 1989 Mapa geolögico del Ecuador 1: 100 000 Quito: D I N A G E , 1968151 sheets, 78 published •

Mapa ecolögico del Ecuador I: I 000 000 Quito and Bondy: M A G and O R S T O M , 1978 ADMINISTRATIVE Republica del Ecuador. Mapa politico 1991 1:1 000 000 Quito: IGM, 1991 URBAN Β atlas infogräfico de Quito: socio-dinömica de espacio y politico urbana Bondy and Quito: O R S T O M , IPGH and IGME, 1992 297 pp Piano güia de la ciudad de Quito 1:17 500 Quito: IGM, 1991 Piano de la ciudad de Quito 1: 15 000 Quito: I G M E

ECUADOR

1:100 000 topographic 1:100 000 geological 1:50 000 topographic 1:25 000 topographic

I -3-Ϊ-4-

100 miles

C C 1 Γ-M V D -

-I— -t1 _ L Sheet numbering example: 1:100 000 CT-MIV A 1:50000 CT-MIV A1 1:25 000 CT-MIV Aid

Ecuador

385

ECUADOR 1:250 000 topographic Rio Verde

76°W I

San Lorenzo Ι Α -

— τ

Muisne

Esmeraldas

Ibarra

Manta

Santo Domingo

Quito

160 km

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V

Tuleän _

Nueva Loja

Quito Tena

1

Coca

Nuevo Rocafuerte

Curaray

Rio Cononaco

V

\

Portoviejo

Babahoyo

Ambato

Puyo

\

2°S k

2°S

Guayaquil

ΪΝΑ Santa Elena I1 Guayaquil

Azogues

Taisha

Montalvo

r l

Huaquillas

Machala

Gualaquiza

Zapotillo

Macara \

Zamora

r ι

/

Λ

V

N/

- C -

τ

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386

..

100 miles

The Americas

y

French Guiana is an overseas department of France. Although a small military survey office was established at Cayenne in 1934 (Le Service Geographique de l'lnini), systematic modern survey dates from 1945, and was undertaken by the Institut Geographique National (IGN), Paris. A reconnaissance m a p at 1:500 0 0 0 scale was first published in 1950 and revised in 1963. Trimetrogon photography flown by the USAAF in World War II was adjusted by I G N to rudimentary ground control and used to produce the planimetric sketch maps (esquisses photogrammetriques) which formed the early 1:100 0 0 0 scale series. The sheets were on a Gauss projection. Those covering the northern part of the territory were in three or four colours with form lines at 25 m or 50 m intervals; those in the south were in a provisional monochrome edition with 50 m form lines. The series covered most of the country, but is now obsolete. A 1:200 000 scale series of mostly monochrome photogrammetric sketch maps was based on I G N photography flown in the 1950s. This series has not been revised, but is still useful in the south of the country. Sheets 10 and 11 in the series were published in 1965 and are in three colours with contours. Projection and grid are U T M , International (Hayford) ellipsoid.

Planimetric control was propagated from the geometrically accurate coastal maps by block triangulation. This new series of maps was scheduled for publication at the end of 1997. The numerical D T M data are also available. A poster displaying the whole departement as a colour mosaic of ERS-1 imagery was issued by TELECOM Paris as part of the ERS-1 pilot project Coastal and fluvial environment of French Guiana. Geological mapping has been undertaken by the Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM), Orleans. The principal series is at 1:100 0 0 0 scale and multicoloured. The most recent sheet was published in 1981. There is also a 1:500 000 geological map of the whole country in two sheets, sold together, and a more recent sheet at the same scale of the south of the country, sold as a separate item and accompanied by a monograph. The Institut Fran^ais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation ( O R S T O M ) has published a few 1:50 000 scale soil maps, issued between 1968 and 1974, each accompanied by explanatory notes, and a 1:100 000 scale Carte des sols des Terres Basses, covering the lowlands south and east of Cayenne (Memoirs ORSTOM, N o 3, 1962).

In 1956, a new basic m a p at 1:50 000 was begun. This was a four colour m a p in U T M projection, with a 20 m contour interval. So far, these sheets cover only the areas indicated by the divided squares on the index on ρ 390. Since 1992, 14 of these sheets have been revised to the Serie orange specification.

Street maps of Kourou and Matoury at 1:5000 scale have been published by I G N . The latter includes a 1:25 0 0 0 scale locality map. A street m a p of Cayenne is included on the I G N 1:500 000 scale tourist map, La Guyane. Another tourist m a p of the whole country is published by International Travel Maps (ITM).

More recently, the coastal settled area has been mapped in 20 sheets to the 1:25 0 0 0 Serie bleue specification. This m a p is in five colours, with 5 m or 10 m contours. Projection is U T M (International Hayford ellipsoid).

An Atlas de la Guyane was published in 1979 in the series Atlas des Departements d'Outre-Mer, but is out of print.

Recently, new sheets have also been published at 1:100 0 0 0 scale. These include a special sheet covering the coastal strip from Cayenne to Kourou (Sheet 516), published in 1987 by I G N , which also has street maps of both towns. In 1996, several regular series 1:100 0 0 0 sheets began to appear. By the end of 1997, six of these had been published. It is not, however, planned to extend this series to the southern part of the country. Near permanent cloud cover and dense forest have always inhibited the production of high quality maps of the central and southern regions from aerial photography or S P O T imagery. However, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery has been successfully used for mapping such areas, and in 1995 Espace I G N was commissioned to map the whole country at 1:200 0 0 0 scale using SAR imagery from the European Space Agency's ERS satellite. This imagery has been rectified using a D T M constructed from existing elevation data (good in the north, but less reliable in the south).

• • *

Further information A graphic index of mapping progress of French overseas territories is available from IGN, Paris.

Addresses Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM) 3 avenue de Claude Guillemin, BP 6009, F-45060 ORLEANS, Cedex 2, France Tel +33 2 38 64 34 34 Fax +33 2 38 64 35 18 Email w.master.bogm.fr URL http://www.brgm.fr/

French Guiana

387

B R G M Guyane Domaine de Suzini, Route de Mantabo, BP 552,97333 C A Y E N N E Cedex 2 Tel +594 30 06 24 Fax +594 31 49 07 Espace I G Ν 107, rue La Boetie, F-75008 PARIS, France Email [email protected] U R L http://www.ign.fr/ Institut G e o g r a p h i q u e National ( I G N ) Direction Generale, 136bis, rue de Grenelle, F-75700 PARIS, France Tel +33 I 43 98 80 00 Fax +33 I 43 98 84 00 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.ign.fr/ Institut Fran^ais de Recherche Scientifique pour le D e v e l o p p e m e n t en C o o p e r a t i o n ( O R S T O M ) 32 Avenue Varagnat, F-93143 B O N D Y Cedex, France Tel +33 I 48 02 55 00 Fax +33 I 48 47 30 88 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.orstom.fr Societe I m m o b i l i e r e de K o u r o u ( S I M K O ) 33, avenue Jean Jaurfes, 97310 K O U R O U Tel 19 594 32 10 34 Fax 19 594 32 29 95 For N I M A , see United States.

Departement de la Guyane 1:25 000 Serie bleue Paris: IGN, 1991-6 In 20 sheets covering coastal zone only • EARTH

SCIENCES

Carte giologique de la Guyane 1:500 000 Orleans: B R G M , I960 2 sheets, both published Sheet 'Sud' in Edition 2, 1989 available separately Esquisse geologique de la Guyane franfaise septentrionale

1:200 000 B. Chaubert Orleans: B R G M 3 sheets, all published Carte geologique de la Guyane 1: 100 000 Orleans: B R G M , 195635 sheets, 21 published • ENVIRONMENTAL

Carte pedologique de la Guyane 1:50 000 Bondy: O R S T O M , 19699 sheets published URBAN

Kourou - plan-guide 1:5000 Paris and Kourou: I G N and S I M C O , 1994

Catalogue GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of French Guiana. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic names Edition 2 Washington, D C : N I M A , 1993 137 pp GENERAL

French Guiana. An internatonal travel map 1:500 000 Vancouver, BC: ITM, 1998 La Guyane - Corte touristique 1:500 000 Edition 2 Paris: IGN, 1995 Includes inset maps of Cayenne and Kourou and an index of places IMAGE

MAPS

French Guiana through the clouds / La Guyane ά travers les nuages Paris: T E L E C O M , 1992 Mosaic of ERS-1 images TOPOGRAPHIC

Guyane franfaise 1:200 000 Paris: IGN, 1954-65 11 sheets, all published Most sheets monochrome Guyane franfaise 1: 100 000 Paris: IGN, 19966 sheets published • Departement de la Guyane 1:50 000 Paris: IGN, 1956c. 120 sheets, 61 published • Revised sheets in Serie orange specification

388

The Americas

Matoury carte generale 1:25 000; plans guide 1:5000 3615 I G N Paris: IGN, 1996

53°W

53°W

French Guiana

389

FRENCH GUIANA 1:100 000 topographic 1:50 000 topographic

NO

NE

— Cayenne —

Sheet numbering example: 1:50000 Cayenne NO

390

The Americas

GUYANA)

Guyana, formerly British Guiana, became independent in 1966 and was declared a Co-operative Republic in 1970. In 1942, the United States Army produced some photomaps of British Guiana at 1:62 500 scale: these were restricted. In the mid-1940s a 1:125 000 series of conventional coloured maps was issued (AMS E691). The principal geodetic framework for the country was established by the Inter-American Geodetic Survey (IAGS), and from 1967 this was densified and extended by the British Directorate of Overseas S u r v e y s

(DOS,

now

Ordnance Survey

Inter-

national (OSI)). The basic scale of mapping for the entire country is 1:50 000, and provisional mapping at this scale was issued by DOS from the early 1950s, and by the mid1960s had covered about one-sixth of the country, mainly the densely settled coastal plain. A new programme was then started with Canadian assistance aimed at completing 1:50 000 scale cover of the country with 50 ft interval contoured mapping. The work was carried out by Terra Surveys of Ottawa in co-operation with the Lands and Surveys D e p a r t m e n t (LSDG), G e o r g e t o w n , a n d p l o t t i n g

was done from infrared air photography. This programme was completed in 1981. Sheets are monochrome and each covers a 15' square. Projection is Transverse Mercator, Hayford international ellipsoid, and an edition was produced with UTM grid added by DOS. In the period 1976 to 1987, DOS undertook a joint mapping project with LSDG in the coastal area, and issued a series of over 400 1:10 000 scale controlled photomosaics of the coastal plain (DOS 240M) and 120 sheets of controlled photomosaics at 1:5000 scale of Georgetown, New Amsterdam and part of the coast north of the Essequibo River mouth (DOS 140M). Then between 1987 and 1990, 44 1:50 000 scale sheets of the coastal plain (DOS 440) were re-compiled and published by OSI for LSDG. Contours are at 20 m intervals. 1:2500 scale mapping of Georgetown and other settlements (DOS 040) was issued in the late 1970s, and is available as Xerox copies. All the DOS mapping described here is available from OSI. Some geological mapping was conducted by the Land Resources Division of DOS in the early 1970s, resulting in particular in a 1:200 000 scale coloured photogeological map by J.P.Berrange, covering the whole of the country south of latitude 4° Ν in nine sheets. 1:500 000 scale tectonic and geomorphological maps of this area were also published and are included in LRD Overseas Memoir No 4 (1977). A more extensive printed series of 1:200 000 scale maps was issued i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 6 0 s by t h e Guyana Geology and Mines

Commission (GGMC), Georgetown, founded in 1933. The

monochrome sheets each cover a quarter-degree square and have a marginal descriptive text. Colour aeromagnetic survey maps at scales of 1:200 000 and 1:50 000 were produced by Terra Surveys, Ottawa, for GGMC in the 1970s. Geological and related publications are available from GGMC.

Soil survey was carried out by the Agricultural Department and United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in the early 1960s. A series of 1:60 000 scale maps of the coastal zone and immediate hinterland was produced by interpretation from aerial photographs, and a reconnaissance soil map of the whole country was also published at 1:1 000 000 scale. Small-scale general and administrative maps have been published by LSDG, and tourist maps of the country have been p u b l i s h e d by International Travel Maps ( I T M ) a n d Berndtson and Berndtson (B&B).

• *

•

Further information A list of maps and prices is available from LSDG.

Addresses Guyana Geology and Mines Commission ( G G M C ) 68 Brickdam Street, Box 1028, GEORGETOWN Tel +592 2 53047 Fax +592 2 53047 Lands and Surveys D e p a r t m e n t ( L S D G ) 22 Upper Hadfield Street, Durban Backlands, GEORGETOWN Tel +592 2 72582 Fax +592 2 64052 Ordnance Survey International ( O S I ) Ordnance Survey, Romsey Road, SOUTHAMPTON, SO 16 4GU, UK Tel +44 23 8079 2912 Fax +44 23 8079 2615 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/ For NIMA, see United States; for FAO, see World; for ITM, see Canada; for B&B, see Germany.

Catalogue GAZETTEER Gazetteer of Guyana Georgetown: LSDG, 1974 Gazetteer of Guyana. Names approved by the US Board on Geographic Names. Edition 2 Washington, DC: DMA, 1993 209 pp

Guyana

391

U N aeromagnetic maps 1:50 000

GENERAL

Georgetown: G G M C , 1963

Guyana 1:2 179 584

83 sheets published

Georgetown: L S D G , 1976

Dye-lines

Guyana I: I 584 000 Georgetown: L S D G , 1971

ENVIRONMENTAL General soil map of British Guiana 1:1 000 000

Guyana 1:1 000 000 Georgetown: L S D G , 1975

Roma: F A O , 1964

M o n o c h r o m e map

Included in 116 pp Report on the soil survey project British

A traveller's reference map of Guyana 1:850 000

Guiana.Vol VII Resource map of Co-operative Republic of Guyana. I: I 000 000

Vancouver: ITM, 1998

Georgetown: L S D G , 1976

Inset map of Georgetown Guyana 1:500 000 D O S Mise 17 Southampton: OSI, 1965-72 4 sheets, all published

Shows forest and mineral resources ADMINISTRATIVE Co-operative Republic of Guyana. Administrative map I: I 000 000

Hachured relief

Georgetown: L S D G , 1981 TOPOGRAPHIC

Co-operative Republic of Guyana. Administrative map 1:500 000 to

Guyana 1:50 000

1:100 000

Georgetown: L S D G , 1971-

Georgetown: L S D G , 1981-84

325 sheets, all published

10 sheets, all published

•

Monochrome and two colour maps, many out-of-print Guyana 1:50 000 D O S 440 Southampton and Georgetown: O S I and L S D G , 1987-90 44 sheets published

•

Series of recompiled sheets in 4 colours covering coastal plain EARTH

SCIENCES

Geological map of Guyana I: I 000 000 U N Map N o 3390 Georgetown: G G M C , 1988 Mineral exploration map of Guyana I: I 000 000 Georgetown: G G M C , 1987 Residual magnetic anomaly map of Guyana I: I 000 000 Georgetown: G G M C , 1973 Southern Guyana tectonic/geological map 1:500 000 D O S I 186 Georgetown: G G M C , 1973 Southern Guyana provisional geomorphological map 1:500 000 DOS

II86A

Georgetown: G G M C , 1974 Geological atlas of British Guiana 1:200 000 Georgetown: G G M C , 1961-2 92 sheets, 36 published Some copies dye-line only Southern Guyana 1:200 000 D O S 1182 Georgetown: G G M C , 1973-4 9 sheets published Aeromagnetic survey maps 1:200 000 Georgetown: G G M C , 1973 15 sheets published Colour, litho-printed maps UN electromagnetic maps 1:50 000 Georgetown: G G M C , 1964-5 36 sheets published Dye-lines Aeromagnetic survey maps 1:50 000 Georgetown: G G M C , 1973 140 sheets published C o l o u r litho-printed

392

The Americas

URBAN Street map of Georgetown Georgetown: L S D G Highlights places of interest Map of Georgetown 1:20 000 Georgetown: L S D G Plan of Georgetown 1: 10 000 Georgetown: L S D G

60°W

GUYANA

Guyana

393

The official mapping agency for Paraguay is the Direccion del Servicio Geografico Militär (DSGM) (formerly Instituto Geografico Militär), Asuncion, founded in 1941. D S G M is responsible for the surveying and mapping of the Republic and for geographical information. It supervises both topographic and thematic maps of the country. Detailed topographic mapping is of comparatively recent origin. A 1:100 0 0 0 scale photomap series of the south of the country was prepared by the United States Army Map Service in the 1960s, b u t the principal current Series H 7 4 1 is at 1:50 0 0 0 scale, and was begun in association with the IAGS. This now covers more than 80 per cent of the country. Sheets are in five colours with 10 m interval contours, and the projection is Transverse Mercator, International spheroid. There is also a cover of the southern two-thirds of the country in the 1:250 000 Series H 5 0 1 / H 5 4 1 . This series is on U T M projection, International spheroid, and is also in five colours, but with contour interval varying from 10 m to 50 m according to relief. The earliest sheets date from 1978, but some were issued under the P A I G H programme in the early 1990s (see introduction to Central America). There is also a series of topographic maps designed to cover each of the 19 departments, and produced with assistance from Argentina. Ten or more of these have so far been published; they vary in scale and contour interval. DSGM also publishes some small-scale general maps of the country, which are frequently revised, including a tourist m a p of Asuncion at 1:25 0 0 0 scale and a 1:10 0 0 0 m a p of the greater Asuncion area in 13 sheets. A series of maps of other cities - Mapa de ciudades Paraguay - has been in progress since about 1966 (Series H941). The scale is mostly 1:10 000 with contours at 10 m intervals. The projection is Transverse Mercator, International spheroid. There is a dearth of large-scale thematic mapping of Paraguay. A 1:50 0 0 0 scale geological programme was started in the early 1960s, b u t was soon discontinued. There are, however, a number of small-scale earth science maps, including geological and hydrogeological maps published in 1986, and a metallogenic minerals m a p reprinted in 1990. In 1975, several 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 0 scale resource maps were published covering the Region nororiental del Paraguay. The survey was sponsored by the Organization of American States, and the m a p themes included geology, soils, vegetation, soil capability and population. A new set of thematic maps on soils, land use and land development was published in 1995 also at 1:500 0 0 0 scale but covering the Region oriental. They are in colour and are a result of the Projecto de Racionalizacion del Uso de la Tierra, funded by the World Bank, Japan and the American Defense Mapping Agency (now National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)), as well as the Paraguay government. They are on a Transverse

394

The Americas

Mercator projection, W G S 8 4 d a t u m . They are published by the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia (MAG). Cadastral mapping is the responsibility of the Servicio Nacional de Catastro, while large scale cadastral mapping of Asuncion is issued by the Oficina de Desarrollo Urbana (ODU), Asuncion, and includes a 1:15 0 0 0 dye-line map of 1996. Larger scale planimetric maps of the city were produced with Japanese and Brazilian aid in the 1980s.

*

•

*

Addresses Direccion del Servicio Geografico Militär (DSGM) Avenida Artigas 920 casi Avenida Peru, ASUNCI0N Tel +595 21 I 139 Fax +595 21 1139/3812 Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia ( M A G ) Edificio Patria 4° piso.Tucuari 443.ASUNCI0N Oficina de Desarrollo Urbano ( O D U ) Avda. Meal. Lopez esq. Cap. Bueno,ASUNCI0N Tel +595 21 610563 Fax +595 21 610563 Servicio Nacional de Catastro Ministerio de Hacienda, Iturbe 175 c/Eligio Ayala,ASUNCI0N Fax +595 21 449904 For NIMA, see United States.

Catalogue GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of Paraguay. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 2 Washington, DC: NIMA, 1992 M7 pp GENERAL

Paraguay 1:2 000 000 Edition 11 Asuncion: DSGM, 1993 Republica del Paraguay. Mapa de rutas 1:1 250 000 Asuncion: DSGM, 1995 Distance chart Index and map of principal routes on the reverse

TOPOGRAPHIC

Mapas departamentales, Paraguay Scales vary Asuncion: DSGM, c. 198019 sheets, 12 published

•

[Paraguay] Mapa nacional 1:250 000 Series H 5 0 I / H 5 4 I Asuncion: DSGM, 197836 sheets, 27 published

•

Carta nacional, Paraguay 1: 100 000 Series H641 Asuncion: DSGM, 1982c. 168 sheets, 82 published

•

Carta nacional, Paraguay 1:50 000 Series H74I Asuncion: DSGM, 1968629 sheets, c. 510 published

•

AERONAUTICAL

Carta aerondutica, Paraguay 1:500 000 Asuncion: DSGM, 1980I I sheets, 6 published EARTH

SCIENCES

Paraguay. Mapa metalogenico 1:2 000 000 58°W

Asuncion: DSGM, 1986 Paraguay. Mapa geologico I: I 000 000

58°W

Asuncion: DSGM, 1986 4 sheets with text Paraguay. Mapa hidrogeologico I: I 000 000 Asuncion: DSGM, 1986 4 sheets, all published ENVIRONMENTAL

Repiiblica del Paraguay. Mapa de uso actual de la tierra de la region oriental (1992) 1:500 000 Asuncion: MAG, 1995 Repiiblica del Paraguay. Mapa de capacidod de uso de la tierra de la region oriental 1:500 000 Asuncion: MAG, 1995 Repiiblica del Paraguay. Mapa de ordenamiento territorial de la region oriental 1:500 000 Asuncion: MAG, 1995 Repiiblica del Paraguay. Mapa de reconocimiento de suelos de la Repiiblica del Paraguay 1:500 000 Asuncion: MAG, 1995 ADMINISTRATIVE

Mapa del Paraguay: division politico I: I 000 000 Asuncion: DSGM, 1996 4 sheets, all published Mapa del Paraguay: division politico 1:500 000 Asuncion: DSGM, 1995

PARAGUAY 1:250 000 topographic

URBAN

Piano de la ciudad de Asuncion 1:25 000 Asuncion: DSGM, 1995 Piano catastral de la ciudad de Asuncion 1:15 000 Asuncion: O D U , 1996 Dye-line Piano Gran Asuncion 1: 10 000 Series H942 Edition 3 Asuncion: DSGM, 1994 13 sheets, all published

Paraguay

395

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5082 ^5182

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4581 - -4681 +4781 +4881 +4981 +5081 +51815281 4480 4580--4680

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4780 4880- 4980- "5080

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IV 1 III II

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4478 -4578--4678--4778 4878 4978--5078

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4477" "4577" "4677" "4777" "4877" "4977" "5077" "5177" 5277 " 5377

22°S ·

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5175 5275 - 5375 - 5475 - 5575 - -5675 5775

4

V

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Μ

Η it

4872 4972 -5072+5172+5272 5372 5472 5572 - 5672 - - 5772 - 5872 5972+6072

Hg

A-

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-B?

A s u n c i:oί όnη Λ 160 km

V

f

5470 5570 5670 5770 5870 5970/"6070

5369 5469 5569 5669 5769 5869 5969

100 miles

I

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f

5768 5868 5968

>5267· 5367 5467 5567 5667 5767 5867 5967

A

Iff

366 + 5466 + 5566 + 5666 i 5766 5866 5166- 52661:5366

58°W

396

T h e Americas

5565J- 5665

I

The topographic mapping authority in Peru is the Institute Geografico Nacional (IGNP), Lima, which falls within the authority of the Ministry of Defence. The origins of the institute go back to the first decade of the century, and there have been several changes of name, most recently from Instituto Geografico Militär. The first national map to be undertaken was the 1:200 000 scale Carta nacional. This four-colour map was issued from 1922 to 1958, but only about 35 per cent of the country (mainly the coastal zone or costa) was covered. A 1:100 000 scale map, issued over the same time period, was merely an enlargement of this map. In 1948, a mapping agreement was signed with the InterAmerican Geodetic Survey (IAGS) and 1:60 000 scale air photography was obtained for most of the country in the late 1950s and early 1960s from sorties flown by the USAAF and by private companies. This photography was used to compile current map series. Thus in 1958, a new national base map at 1:100 000 scale could be initiated. This photogrammetric map was prepared by IGNP in collaboration with the IAGS. It is printed in five colours with a 50 m contour interval. The projection is UTM, International (Hayford) ellipsoid. Sheets each cover an area of 30 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude. The series has made rapid progress over the past 10 years and is now almost complete, although some of it is in the form of LANDSAT image maps with no contours. In 1990, GPS was introduced to provide geodetic control of this series and since 1993, sheets have been printed in a double quad format and the WGS 84 datum has been adopted. A programme of digitizing this series is now in progress. A conventional 1:250 000 scale series covers the coastal area, while a complete cover of the country in the form of LANDSAT satellite image maps was prepared by a German company in the mid-1980s. 88 sheets were distributed as part of the now defunct PAIGH Hemispheric Mapping Programme. These sheets have no heights or contours but they are in colour with UTM grid and some toponyms and added linework. A 1:50 000 scale series is also in progress, but covers only 14 per cent of the country, while 1:25 000 scale mapping is limited to a few agricultural areas. Small scale maps published by IGNP include a new 1:500 000 scale series in progress in 13 sheets. There is also a set of 1:500 000 scale aeronautical charts, for which the final cartography and publication was undertaken in Germany. Road, administrative and general relief maps are published at scales of 1:5 000 000, 1:2 000 000 and 1:1 000 000. A set of 24 colourful departmental maps at various scales and with layered relief were published during the period 1973 to 1986. They have been reprinted but have not been revised. IGNP publishes maps of Lima, the capital, at scales of 1:25 000, 1:10 000 and 1:5000. Some of this mapping is

available in digital format. A prestigious national atlas was published in 1989. The topographic map series are all publicly available with the exception of sheets covering the borders with adjacent countries. The Direcciön de Hidrografia y Navegacion de la Marina publishes medium scale nautical charts of the Peruvian coastal waters and large scale charts of bays and port approaches. The Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informätica (INEI) prepares maps for use in the censuses of population, and issues 1:5000 scale urban mapping and administrative maps of each department as diazo prints. Maps of the departments and provinces with associated statistical data are also included on the INEI Web pages. Cadastral mapping is carried out by the Oficina General de Catastro for rural areas, while for the city and province of Lima, computerassisted cadastral mapping is undertaken by the Empresa Municipal de Catastro Integral. Earth science mapping is the responsibility of the Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico de Peru (INGEMMET), formed in 1979 by the merging of two geological and mining institutes, but its origins go back to 1902. The current priority is the completion of the 1:100 000 scale Carta geoligica nacional, based on topographic sheet lines, for the whole national territory. Publication of new sheets in the series progressed very slowly for many years, with only about 75 sheets published by 1991. But it was decided from 1993 to accelerate production and by the end of 1995, 178 sheets had been published, covering all the coastal area, and many more were in preparation. Sheets are issued in groups, together with an accompanying monograph. In 1995, digital production of this series commenced. There is also a sixsheet geological map at 1:1 000 000 scale of the whole country, which is also available in digital format. Mineral deposit maps and 1:250 000 scale geological maps are available for some departments, and small scale tectonic and mineral occurrence maps of the whole country have also been published. A programme of natural hazard assessment (Programa Nacional de Riesgos Naturales) has resulted in publication of a number of maps and map sets classifying seismic, volcanic and climatic risks in various regions. Foreign earth science agencies have aided in the mapping of Peru, particularly in the geological mapping of the Andes, and 1:500 000 scale geological maps of the Peruvian Cordillera were published by the French Institut Franfais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation (ORSTOM) in 1978 and by the British Geological Survey. More recently, co-operative programmes have been undertaken with organizations from Germany, Japan and Canada, and in 1996 a project was initiated with

Peru

397

ORSTOM and the French Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM) to map and evaluate the mineral resources of 61 quadrangles in the Eastern Cordillera and 220 in the Llanura Amazonica. A digital mineral site database for Peru, INCA, has been assembled by an American company, Resource Science Inc (RSI). This incorporates the 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale geological mapping from INGEMMET, together with reference data from the Digital Chart of the World, and 9 0 0 0 mineral site records. It is available in ARC/INFO Arc View, Maplnfo and SPANS formats, and may be purchased as one-degree tiles. The Institute Nacional de Recursos Naturales ( I N R E N A ) was established in 1992 and incorporated the former National Office for the Evaluation of Natural Resources (ONERN). The latter produced ecological, soil and land use maps in the 1960s and 1970s, but these are probably no longer available. INRENA's current concerns are with the evaluation and management of natural resources for sustainable development, and the organization is working on forest management and anti-desertification programmes. There is a collaborative programme with the University of Turku, Finland, on using remotely sensed imagery for investigating biological resources in the Amazon region. The Servicio Nacional de Meteorologia e Hidrologia ( S E N A M H I ) has produced a number of climatic maps of the country, hydrological maps of river basins and an atlas of evaporation, but the availability of these is uncertain. Peruvian commercial map publishers of tourist maps and city street maps include Editorial L I M A 2000, Cartogräfica Nacional and Libreria Internacional del Peru. The Grupo G e o Graphos is a small company which provides a map making service to publishers. High quality mapping of the Cordillera Bianca and the Cordillera Huayhuash was undertaken during scientific expeditions by the Deutsche Alpenverein in the 1930s and the three sheets published (two at 1:100 000 scale and one at 1:50 000) are still available.

Direcciön de Hidrografia y Navegacion de la Marina Avenida G a m a r r a 5 0 0 , Casilla Postal 8 0 , C h u c u i t o , C A L L A O I Tel+51

14 6 5 8 3 1 2 F a x + 5 1

14 6 5 2 9 9 5

Email h i d r o n a v @ a m a u t a . r c p . n e t . p e U R L http://www.hidrobav.marina.mil.pe/

Editorial L I M A 2000 S.A. Av.Arequipa 2 6 2 5 , Lince, LIMA 14 Tel + 5 1

14 4 0 3 4 8 6 Fax +51

14 4 0 3 4 8 0

Empresa Municipal de Catastro Integral C o n s e j o Provincial d e Lima, Palacio Municipal, Plaza de A r m e s , LIMA

Grupo G e o Graphos Avenida Benavides 2 4 5 , Oficina 7 0 3 , LIMA 18 Tel+51

14 4 4 6 7 4 8 8

Email g e o g r a p h @ a m a u t a . r c p . n e t . p e

Instituto Geogräfico Nacional ( I G N P ) Avenida A. A r a m b u r u 1198, Surquillo, A p a r t a d o Postal 2 0 3 8 LIMA 3 4 Tel + 5 1

14 4 7 5 3 0 9 0 F a x +51

14 4 7 5 9 8 1 0

Email p o s t m a s t e r @ i g n p e r u . g o b . p e U R L http://ekeko.rcp.net.pe/IGN/

Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalürgico (INGEMMET) Avenida C a n a d a 1470, San B o r j a , LIMA Tel + 5 1

14 2 2 4 2 9 6 3 Fax +51

14 7 6 8 8 1 7

Email i n g e m m e t 2 @ c h a v i n . r c p . n e t . p e U R L http://www.mem.gob.pe/nuevo/ingemmet I /ingemmet.htm

Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informätica ( I N E I ) Avenida G e n e r a l G a r z o n 6 5 4 , LIMA 11 Tel +51

14 3 3 4 2 2 3 Fax +51

14 3 3 3 5 9 1

Email l n f o i n e i @ i n e i . g o b . p e U R L http://www.inei.gob.pe/

Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales ( I N R E N A ) Calle Los P e t i r r o j o s 3 5 5 , Urbanizacion El Paloma, San Isidro, LIMA Tel +51

14 41 0 4 2 5 Fax +51

14 41 4 6 0 6

Libreria Internacional del Peril S.A. Jr. d e la Union N o 8 9 2 , 2 d o Piso, LIMA

• * *

Tel + 5 1

14 2 7 7 8 9 7 Fax +51

14 2 7 9 2 3 7

Oficina General de Catastro Rural Ministerio d e Agricultura, C a h u i d e 8 0 5 , J e s u s Maria, LIMA

Further information

Resource Science Inc (RSI)

An annual r e p o r t is issued by I G N P which c o n t a i n s p r o g r e s s r e p o r t s and map i n d e x e s o f all t h e t o p o g r a p h i c s e r i e s . I N G E M M E T also publishes an informative annual r e p o r t and annual catalogues o f n e w publications. F u r t h e r information is available o n t h e s e organizations' W e b sites. A PAIGH Guide to cartographic

and natural resources

information

of Peru available in English o r Spanish w a s published in 1 9 7 9 by t h e f o r m e r National O f f i c e f o r t h e Evaluation o f Natural Resources.

15, W e s t W a s h i n g t o n S t r e e t , T U C S O N , A Z 8 5 7 0 1 - 1 0 0 9 , U S A Tel +1 5 2 0 6 2 8 9 4 2 0 Fax +1 5 2 0 6 2 8 9 4 1 8 Email i n f o @ r e s o u r c e s c i e n c e . c o m U R L http://www.primenet.com/~rsi/index.html

Servicio Nacional de Meteorologia e Hidrologia (SENAMHI) J r C a h u i d e 8 0 5 , O f i c i n a 4 0 1 , LIMA 11 Tel + 5 1

14 7 0 4 0 8 5 Fax +51

14 71 7 2 8 7

F o r NIMA, s e e United States; f o r O R S T O M , s e e France; f o r D e u t s c h e Alpenverein, s e e G e r m a n y .

Addresses Cartogräfica Nacional S.A. Jr. Carabaya 7 1 9 , O f i c i n a 2 0 6 , LIMA Tel+51

14 2 8 8 4 7 2

Catalogue ATLASES Atlas del Peru Lima: IGNP, 1 9 8 9 4 0 0 pp

398

T h e Americas

GAZETTEERS

Mapa

Gazetteer of Peru. Names Geographic

Names

approved

by the United States Board on

Edition 2

Washington, DC: NIMA, 1989 869 pp

Yacimientos metälicos del Peru I: I 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lima: INGEMMET, 1982 Yacimientos no-metalicos

GENERAL Mapa

del Perii I: I 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lima: INGEMMET, 1982

politico fisico vial de Peru 1:2 2 0 0 0 0 0

Lima: Libreria Internacional del Perii, 1995 General map with ancillary map of routes and distance chart Mapa vial del Peru 1:2 200 000 Edition 3 Lima: Editorial Lima 2000, 1996 Road map with distances Perύ. Mapa

geolögico de Peru 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lima: INGEMMET, 1977 4 sheets, all published

politico vial 1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Carta geologica

nacional

1: 100 0 0 0

Lima: INGEMMET, 1960501 sheets, 178 published • ADMINISTRATIVE Peru. Mapa

politico 1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lima: IGNP, 1994

Lima: IGNP, 1993 Mapa

URBAN

vial de Peril 1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lima: IGNP Peril. Mapa

Piano y guia de Lima 1:25 0 0 0 fisico politico 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lima: IGNP, 1993 4 sheets, all published

Piano de IJma

TOPOGRAPHIC

Mapas departamentales Scales vary Lima: IGNP, 1973-86 • 24 sheets published Carta nacional

1:500 0 0 0

Lima: IGNP, 199513 sheets, 4 published • Carta nacional

Lima metropolitana

1:10 0 0 0

Lima: I G N P 50 sheets, all published In colour 1:10 0 0 0

Lima: I G N P 11 sheets, all published Monochrome map

1:250 0 0 0

Piano de Uma 1:5000 Lima: IGNP 269 sheets published Monochrome map

1: 100 0 0 0

Lima: IGNP, 1960500 sheets, 433 published • Pew. Carta nacional

1:25 0 0 0

Lima: IGNP, 1995 6 sheets, all published In colour, with index of streets Also available on diskette

Piano de Lima

Lima: IGNP, 1982101 sheets, 34 published • Carta basica nacional

Lima: IGNP

1:50 0 0 0

Lima: IGNP, 19681865 sheets, 253 published • Peru. Carta nacional

1:25 0 0 0

Lima: IGNP, 19757148 sheets, 226 published IMAGE Mapa

MAPS

planimetricο

de imagenes

de satelite 1:250 0 0 0

Lima: I G N P , 1984

95 sheets, 88 available EARTH Mapa

SCIENCES

teaonico

del Pew

1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lima: I N G E M M E T , 1982 Mapa

de lineamientos

y fallas 1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lima: I N G E M M E T , 1982 Mapa

geolögico digitalizado

I: I 0 0 0 0 0 0

Lima: I N G E M M E T , 1994

6 sheets, all published Θ Digital version in D X F format for ARC/INFO or A u t o C A D Ocurrencias

minerales

de Peru

Lima: I N G E M M E T

Θ O n 5 diskettes

Peru

399

75°W

I

Tv

PERU 75=w ι

400

The Americas

1:500 0 0 0 topographic

75°W

Peru

401

75°W

io°s

10°S

PERU 1:100 0 0 0 topographic 1:100 0 0 0 geological 1:50 000 topographic

Sheet numbering example: 1:100 000 27-m 1:50000 27-m IV

320 km 200 miles

402

The Americas

Lake A W

Titicaca 3

"

(REPUBLIEK V A N S U R I N A M E )

Formerly a Dutch colony, Suriname became independent in 1975. Systematic mapping of the colony began after World War II, following the acquisition of air photo cover of the area north of the 4 ° parallel flown by K L M Aerocarto in 1947. The present topographic mapping authority is the Centraal Bureau Luchtkartering (CBL), Paramaribo, established in 1948. From 1949, the first topographic sheets were published at the scale of 1:40 000. These covered only the northern half of the country, and were based on controlled photo-mosaics constructed from the K L M photography, which was also at this scale. Initially these mainly monochrome maps were on a stereographic projection, Bessel ellipsoid. A 1:100 0 0 0 scale series was also initiated and this was extended to the south of the country following acquisition of aerial photography of this area in the late 1950s. This series was printed in monochrome for the north and in three colours for the area south of the 4 ° parallel. A series of derived 1:200 0 0 0 scale maps was published between I 9 6 0 and 1966. These maps are still available, but are unrevised. In the 1960S, it was decided to undertake a new primary triangulation network and re-mapping programme. The 1:40 000 scale series was, therefore, terminated, although sheets of this series are also still for sale. The new triangulation and levelling were completed over the period 1968-78. New photography was also flown at scales of 1:30 0 0 0 in the flatter areas and 1:55 0 0 0 in the mountains and a new series of 1:50 000 scale maps was issued, beginning in 1978. They cover over half of the country, mainly in the north, and are on a modified Transverse Mercator projection, International (Hayford) ellipsoid. Geological mapping has been undertaken by the Geologische Mijnbouwkundige Dienst ( G M D ) , Parimaribo, established in 1943. The basic scale adopted for geological mapping was 1:100 000, with maps produced primarily for internal use, although a number of monographic maps at scales of 1:100 000 and 1:200 0 0 0 have been published as part of the Mededthngen series of G M D . A series of five 1:100 0 0 0 scale geological sheets covering the northeast of the country was also published in the 1950s and these are still available. Aeromagnetic maps were prepared in 1 9 6 0 - 5 by the Aero Service Corporation at scales ranging from 1:40 000 to 1:500 000. The best modern geological synthesis is provided by the 1:500 0 0 0 scale map published in 1977 and described in Contributions to the geology of Suriname, 8. Soil mapping was pioneered in the 1950s by J . J . van der Eyck, and in 1958 the Dienst Bodemkartering ( D B K ) was established. A small reconnaissance soil map was published in 1963, and this was followed by reconnaissance soil surveys of north Suriname with sheets published at scales of 1:500 000, 1:200 000 and 1:100 0 0 0 (the whole area north of the 5° parallel has been mapped at this scale). The

1:200 0 0 0 scale maps extend the cover southwards to the 4 ° parallel. D B K was active in the 1980s, but no recent news of their activities has been obtained. A Reconnaissance map of the Surinam lowland ecosystems at a scale of 1:200 000 was published in 1978 in The Netherlands. It is in seven sheets plus a legend sheet, and is printed in 10 colours. It covers the coastal plain and savanna belt, and incorporates vegetation, soil and land use data. It is available from Rudolf Müller, Amsterdam, who are the sole distributors. In 1988, the Suriname planatlas was published by the National Planning Office of Suriname, Stichting Planbureau Suriname (SPS) with the technical assistance of the Organization of American States (OAS), Washington, DC. This is similar in concept to a national atlas and contains 25 plates of maps, many at the scale of 1:1 500 000 or 1:1 000 0 0 0 for the north, covering themes of physical geography, population, transport and economic activities and resources. The texts are in Dutch and English. This atlas can also be obtained from Rudolf Müller. The capital city, Paramaribo, was mapped by C B L in the late 1950s at 1:1000 scale and in 1963, a six-sheet map at 1:5000 and a single sheet at 1:12 500 were issued. Currently, maps of Paramaribo at scales of 1:25 000, 1:10 000, 1:12 500 and 1:5000 are available from CBL. A city street map was published in 1978 by the commercial publisher V A C O N V , but is believed now to be in short supply. Tourist maps of the country have been published by Uitgeverij H E B R I International ( H E B R I ) and by International Travel Maps (ITM).

• •

•

Further information The new triangulation and mapping is described in papers by J.B.C.Wekker (1980) Karteringen in Suriname, Geodesia, 22, 14-20, and by C. Koeman (1979) De kartografie van Suriname, Kartografisch Tijdschrift, 5 (4), 17-23. The latter also discusses thematic mapping. A bibliography of printed maps of Suriname

1671-1971

by C .

Koeman was published in 1973 by Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, Amsterdam. A catalogue of maps and air photos may be purchased from CBL, although this has not been revised since 1987. Geological and geophysical maps of Suriname (up to 1971) are described and listed by W. Bosma (1971) in Contributions to the geology of Suriname, 2, 137-143.

Suriname

403

Addresses Centraal Bureau Luchtkartering ( C B L ) Maystraat 39, P O Box 871, P A R A M A R I B O Dienst Bodemkartering ( D B K ) Hoek Coppernamestraat / Commissaris Weytinghweg, PARAMARIBO Geologische Mijnbouwkundige Dienst ( G M D ) Kleine Waterstraat 2-6, P A R A M A R I B O Tel +597 75941 Stichting Planbureau Suriname (SPS) D r Sophie Redmondstraat 118, P O B 172, P A R A M A R I B O Tel +597 476241 Fax +597 475001 Uitgeverij H E B R I International B.V. ( H e b r i ) Drakenstein 25, 1121 H B L A N D S M E E R , T h e Netherlands Tel +31 20 626 8549 Fax +31 20 638 8608 VACO NV Domineestraat 26, P O B 1841, P A R A M A R I B O Tel +597 472545 Fax +597 410563 For N I M A , see United States; for ITM, see Canada; for Rudolf Müller, see Chapter 3.

Catalogue ATLASES

Suriname planatlas Paramaribo and Washington, D C : SPS and O A S , 1988 25 plates GAZETTEERS

Suriname. Names approved by the United States board on Geographic Names Edition 2 Washington, D C : N I M A , 1993 127 pp

Suriname 1:50 000 Paramaribo: CBL, 1978385 sheets, c. 50 per cent published • EARTH

SCIENCES

Metallogenic map of Suriname I: I 250 000 Paramaribo: G M D , 1975 Explanatory note by E.H. Dahlberg (1976) published as Contributions to the geology of Suriname, 5 Geological map of Suriname 1:500 000 Paramaribo: G M D , 1977 2 sheets, both published Legend in English Text by S.B. Kroonenberg et α/., published in Contributions to the geology of Suriname, 8, 1984 ENVIRONMENTAL

Overzichtsbodemkaart van Noord-Suriname / Reconnaissance soil map of North Suriname 1:500 000 Paramaribo: D B K , 1977 Colour map covering country between 4° and 6°N Overzichtsbodemkaart van Noord-Suriname / Reconnaissance soil map of North Suriname 1:200 000 Paramaribo: D B K , 197721 sheets, 18 published • Monochrome maps Overzichtskaart Surinaamse laagland ecosystemen / Reconnaissance map of the Surinam lowland ecosystems 1:200 000 RA.Teunissen Zutphen: Wal burg, 1978 8 sheets, including legend sheet In Dutch and English Overzichtsbodemkaart van Noord-Suriname / Reconnaissance soil map of North Suriname 1: 100 000 Paramaribo: D B K , 1977 31 sheets published • Monochrome maps URBAN

GENERAL

Suriname. Touristen kaart met plattegrond Paramaribo 1:1 100 000 Landsmeer: Hebri, 1995 Two sided map with 1:13 500 street map of Paramaribo on reverse Kaart van de Republiek Suriname I: I 000 000 Edition 9 Paramaribo: CBL, 1992 A traveller's reference map of Surinam 1:750 000 Vancouver, BC: ITM, 1998 Inset maps of rainfall, population and Paramaribo street map Kaart van Suriname 1:500 000 Paramaribo: C B L Available in 2 or 4 sheets TOPOGRAPHIC

Suriname 1:200 000 Paramaribo: CBL, 1960-6 29 sheets, all published • Monochrome maps Suriname 1:100 000 Paramaribo: CBL, 1960104 sheets, all published •

404

The Americas

Kaart Paramaribo 1: 12 500 Paramaribo: C B L and V A C O , 1978 2 sheets + text

56°W

1:200 1:100 1:200 1:100

000 000 000 000

topographic topographic soils soils

Suriname

405

56°W

1:50 000 topographic

406

The Americas

(REPUBLICA O R I E N T A L DEL U R U G U A Y )

Topographic mapping in Uruguay is the responsibility of the Servicio Geogräfico Militär (SGMU), Montevideo, founded in 1913. Early work by the SGMU concentrated on the establishment of a geodetic network for the country. 1:20 000 scale sheets of the department of Montevideo were published in 1920, and in 1926, production of a 1:50 000 scale topographic map series commenced. By 1943, only 10 per cent of the country has been mapped in detail, but in that year the USAAF flew a complete cover of Trimetrogon air photographs from which a 1:500 000 scale map was compiled. Then in 1966 and 1967, air photography was acquired for the production of a series of 1:50 000 scale photomaps covering the whole country and sharing the sheet lines of the conventional 1.50 000 scale map. These sheets were issued between 1967 and 1973. Today, the national cartographic plan allows for the production of topographic maps at scales of 1:25 000, 1:50 000, 1:100 000 and 1:200 000. The projection is Gauss conformal, Hayford 1924 ellipsoid. Five sheets are also available at 1:250 000 scale as part of the now defunct PAIGH Americas programme, published between 1984 and 1990 (see the introduction to Central America for more about this programme). The 1:50 000 scale map remains the principal series. The current version, begun at the end of the 1970s, is based on aerial photography flown in 1966 and 1967, and was completed in the early 1990s. Sheets each cover 0.20° latitude by 0.40° longitude and have a 10 m contour interval. Gravimetric observations at the time of this photography resulted in publication of a provisional 1:1 000 000 scale gravimetric map in 1970. The 1:100 000 scale topographic map is complete in 87 sheets, but mostly in a three-colour series begun in 1974, and lacking contours. This planimetric edition was completed in 1980, and a new five-colour version with 20 m contours was started in 1984, but only a few sheets have been published. 1:200 000 scale sheets were derived from photographic reductions of the 1:100 000 scale mapping, but the published sheets cover only the northern half of the country. A new 1:25 000 scale series was begun in 1988, based on new air photography. This is a five-colour map with 5 m contours. Sheets each cover 0.20° of longitude and 0.10° of latitude. So far sheets have been published for the departments of Canelones and Montevideo. The Direccion Nacional de Topografia (DNT), under the Ministerio de Transportes y Obras Publicas, serves as the principal civilian mapping authority. DNT has published large scale urban maps and a series of 18 departmental maps at 1:200 000 scale. In 1992 it began a programme of digital cartography, and is developing a GIS which will offer the

opportunity to centralize and integrate the handling of spatially referenced data from a number of government organizations, including SGMU with which it is collaborating to digitize the 1:50 000 topographic series. Earth science mapping is the responsibility of the Direccion Nacional de Mineria y Geologie (DINAMIGA). The principal series is at 1:100 000 scale, based on topographic sheet lines, but only four sheets, with explanatory texts, have been published, although further sheets exist in manuscript. The latest edition of the 1:500 000 scale geological map was issued in 1985, and an Atlas del inventario de materias primas no metalicas en el Uruguay was prepared in 1982 in a collaborative programme with the German Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe. A first approximation of an inventory of soils of Uruguay was produced in 1962 as part of a National Agricultural Development Plan, and in 1965 a full soil mapping programme was initiated. A national 1:1 000 000 scale soil map was first published in 1967 and revised in 1976. From 1982, some 1:100 000 reconnaissance soil maps on a photomap base were issued. The current organization is the Direccion de Suelos y Aguas (DSA) (formerly Direccion de Suelos), operating under the Ministerio de Ganaderia, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP). A GIS was installed in 1991, but we have no information on any new detailed mapping except that a plan for a new 1:250 000 scale series was abandoned. However, Uruguay has been a test site for the development of the World Soil and Terrain Digital Database (SOTER), described in the World section, and 1:1 000 000 resolution SOTER databases are currently in preparation for Uruguay as well as adjoining parts of Argentina and Brazil. Bathymetric and hydrographic survey of Uruguay's coastal waters is undertaken by the Servicio de Oceanografia, Hidrografia y Meteorologia de la Armada (SOHMA). Products include coastal charts, charts of the Rio de la Plata and the Rio Uruguay, and a 1:4000 scale chart of Uruguay's scientific Antarctic base in the South Shetland Islands. The Institute Nacional de Estadistica (INE) produces departmental maps, 1:5000 scale planimetric maps of the departmental capitals, a multi-sheet 1:10 000 scale map of Montevideo and maps of census tracts. Large-scale urban maps of Montevideo have also been published by SGMU and DNT, and motoring maps of the country are issued by the Automovil Club del Uruguay (ACU). A general tourist map of the country has been published by International Travel Maps (ITM).

*

•

•

Uruguay

407

Further information The development of topographic, cadastral and urban survey up until about 1984 is described in Boletin del Servicio Geogrdfico Militär Volume 7. S O H M A has a comprehensive catalogue of its charts and nautical publications (4th edition, 1995). W e b sites are under construction for MGAP, including a soils page.

Addresses Automovil Club del Uruguay (ACU) Avenida de Liberatador 1532, M O N T E V I D E O Direcciön Nacional de Mineria y Geologia (DINAMIGA) Hervidero 2861, C P 11800, M O N T E V I D E O Tel +598 2 200 1951 Fax +598 2 209 1120 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.dinamige.gub.uy/ Direcciön Nacional de Topografla ( D N T ) Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Publicas, Rincon 561, 2° Piso, MONTEVIDEO Tel +598 2 96 09 20 Direcciön de Suelos y Aguas (DSA) Ministerio de Ganaderia, Agricultüra y Pesca, Garzon 456, MONTEVIDEO Tel +598 2 35 27 78 Institute Nacional de Estadistica (INE) Cerro Largo 1089, esq. Paraguay, M O N T E V I D E O Tel +598 292 73 03 U R L http://www.ine.gub.uy/ Servicio Geogräfico Militär (SGMU) Av. 8 de Octubre 3255, M O N T E V I D E O Tel +598 2 81 70 I I Fax +598 2 47 08 68 Servicio de Oceanografia, Hidrografia y Meteorologia de la Armada (SOHMA) Capurro 980, Casilla de Correos 1381, M O N T E V I D E O Tel +598 2 309 3861 Fax +598 2 309 9220 Email [email protected] http://www.ei.edu.uy/sohma/ TEC Asociados MONTEVIDEO Fax +598 2 92 58 79

Republica Oriental del Uruguay. Carta geogräftca I: I 000 000 Montevideo: S G M U , 1996 Relief map with 100 m contours Uruguay travel reference map 1:800 000 Vancouver: ITM, 1997 Republica Oriental del Uruguay. Carta geografica. Division politico 1:500 000 Montevideo: S G M U , 1992 2 sheets Relief map with 50 m contours; a similar map at I: I 000 000 also available TOPOGRAPHIC

Uruguay. Carta planimetrica 1:200 000 Montevideo: S G M U , 1978 25 sheets, 13 published • Uruguay. Cartas departamentales 1:200 000 Montevideo: D N T , 199218 sheets, all published • Uruguay. Carta planimetrica 1: 100 000 Montevideo: S G M U , 1978 87 sheets, all published • Uruguay 1:50 000 Montevideo: S G M , 1980300 sheets, all published • Uruguay 1:25 000 Montevideo: S G M U , 1988c. 1000 sheets, 45 published EARTH

SCIENCES

Republica Oriental del Uruguay. Carta hidrogeologica 1:2 000 000 Montevideo: D I N A M I G A , 1986 Carta geologica del Uruguay I: I 000 000 Montevideo: D I N A M I G A , 1975 Repüblica Oriental del Uruguay. Carta gravimetrica provisoria 1:1 000 000 Montevideo: S G M U , 1973 Republica Oriental del Uruguay. Carta geologica 1:500 000 Edition 2 Montevideo: D I N A M I G A , 1985 2 sheets, both published Carta geologica del Uruguay 1: 100 000 Montevideo: D I N A M I G A , 19694 sheets published

For N I M A , see United States: for ITM, see Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL

Catalogue GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of Uruguay. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington, D C : N I M A , 1993 295 pp GENERAL

Carta regional de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay I: I 000 000 Montevideo: SGMU, 1981

408

The Americas

Corto de reconocimiento de suelos del Uruguay I: I 000 000 Montevideo: DSA, 1976 Carta de reconocimiento de suelos de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay 1:100 000 Montevideo: DSA, 1982ADMINISTRATIVE

Mapa politico de la Repüblica Oriental del Uruguay Montevideo: T E C Asociados, 1994 URBAN

Montevideo 1:20 000 Montevideo: S G M U , 1989 4 sheets, all published

URUGUAY

56°W

1:200 000 topographic

URUGUAY Departments

32°S -

' 1 I 80 km | 2 J~ Bella Union Artigas^ \ 50 miles t5 4 ^ \ 3 Rio Arapey Rivera Salto f ( 8 6 9 Cuaro > Aceguä Quebracho Tacuarembo Γ\ \ 12 10 Paso de los-' ^Santa Clara Meio v - 7 Paysandu • ToroSjC^ 15 14τ/ > 16 Treinta y La Durazno Mercedes Tres Charqueada I, •V 20 19 18 Florida Minas Castillos Carmelo I r' λ 23 22 "Maldonado' Colonia M ontevideo Rocha

u

^MONTEVIDEO 56°W 56°W

URUGUAY 1:100 000 topographic

80

km

56°W

Uruguay

409

URUGUAY 56°w

410

The Americas

1:50 000 topographic

Topographic mapping in Venezuela is the responsibility of the Servicio A u t ö n o m a de Geografia y Cartografia Nacional ( S A G E C A N ) (formerly the Direccion de Cartografia Nacional) within the Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables ( M A R N R ) . The organization was founded in 1935 and photogrammetric survey of the country began in 1938. A basic mapping scale of 1:25 0 0 0 was selected, with contours surveyed at 20 m intervals. More than 5 000 sheets have been produced in this series, but they are all monochrome maps available only as dye-lines. Cover does not yet extend to the far south or east of the country, and in a few areas a basic scale of 1:50 0 0 0 has been preferred.

produced from colour air photography. A major project to help in the restructuring of the Venezuelan agricultural sector was begun in 1997. This will result in production of 1500 topographic m a p sheets at 1:25 0 0 0 scale covering states north of the Orinoco. This work has been commissioned by the Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, and is supported by the World Bank and the Inter-American Bank of Development. The maps are being prepared from orthoimages created from new panchromatic air photo cover, and georeferencing is being carried out using the GPS. The states of Amazonas and Bolivar, south of the Orinoco are to be covered by digital radar orthoimages at 1:50 0 0 0 scale in a contract with SAGECAN.

In 1946, technical assistance from the Inter-American Geodetic Survey was negotiated, and m a p series at scales of 1:100 0 0 0 and 1:250 0 0 0 were also started at about this time. The 1:100 0 0 0 scale series is currently perhaps the most useful of all the topographic series, covering about three-fifths of the country. A new version was started in 1962 to replace the preliminary edition, and sheets have a 30' longitude by 20' latitude format. This is a good quality, five-colour m a p with 4 0 m contours.

The first edition of the national atlas was prepared in 1969, and a second edition was published in 1979 but is now outof-print. A third edition is expected soon. A volume of thematic resource maps and studies, Imogen de Venezuela was published in 1992 by Petroleos de Venezuela. SAGECAN is responsible for the national register of geographical names, and since 1967 there has been a programme to compile a series of toponymic gazetteers of which about 11 have so far been published.

The 1:250 0 0 0 scale series was re-cast in its present form on I M W sheet lines in 1970, and published sheets cover all of the north and much of the south of the country, in the latter area partly as 'picto-radar' maps. The series is in seven colours with contours at 50 m or 80 m intervals. A complete cover of the country at the scale of 1:250 0 0 0 is also available as semi-controlled radar mosaics, and there is also a complete cover of maps at 1:500 0 0 0 scale, though in the south, these are described as copias heliograficas. SAGECAN has also published a number of large-scale maps of cities, and a complete set of general purpose maps of each state or federal territory (Entidades federates) with varying scales. The more recent topographic sheets are based on the U T M projection, except for the 1:500 0 0 0 scale series which is on a Lambert conformal conical projection. The ellipsoid is Hayford International. Older series mapping (before 1962) was on a secant conical projection. The sheet indexes of Venezuela include the disputed territory on the eastern side of the country - the Zona en reclamacion - but there are no published Venezuelan maps of this area which has not been included in our sheet counts. Although currently the best maps available on the international market are as described above, the quality of topographic mapping has begun to improve as a result of several collaborative projects between SAGECAN and the Institut Cartogräfic Catalunya (ICC), Spain. These include the production of a new 1:250 000 scale digitally-produced coverage of the country in 84 sheets and a set of 93 1:25 0 0 0 scale orthophotomaps of Caracas and the surrounding area

Geological mapping is undertaken by the Direccion de Geologia ( C A I G E O M I N ) of the Ministry of Energy and Mines, but we have received no information about recent mapping activity from this organization. Several small scale maps on earth science themes are available, and a structural geological map set in 30 sheets at 1:500 0 0 0 scale from 1976 may still be obtained, but very little more detailed geological mapping appears to be available apart from a handful of 1:100 0 0 0 quadrangle maps published since 1986. There have been a number of mapping initiatives undertaken in association with the petroleum industry, and an energy map of the whole country was published in 1993 by the Petroleum Economist (PE) of the U K in association with Petroleos de Venezuela. The United States Geological Survey ( U S G S ) has also undertaken geological surveys and mineral resource assessments of the Guayana Shield in co-operation with the Corporacion Venezolana de Guayana Tecnica Minera ( C V G T M ) , and several 1:500 0 0 0 sheets have been published by USGS in its Miscellaneous Investigations Series. A C D - R O M containing digital versions of this mapping was issued by USGS in 1997 (DDS0046). C V G T M has also carried out extensive resource inventories in Guayana using satellite image base maps and producing 1:250 0 0 0 scale maps of geology, soils, vegetation, climate and geology. Resource atlases of the Amazon Federal Territory (copublished with the Institut Frangais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation (ORSTOM)) of the Central and West-Central States and of the Orinoco River, Apure, have been published by M A R N R and are listed in the catalogue of m a p dealers O M N I .

Venezuela

411

The Servicio Autonomo de Conservation de Suelos y Cuencas Hidrogräfico, M A R N R , is responsible for soil survey and management, but we have no information about available mapping. The Direccion de Vegetacion, also within M A R N R , has produced 1:250 0 0 0 scale vegetation maps of the whole country and larger scale vegetation maps of the principal river basins. Nautical charts of Venezuelan waters are prepared by the D i r e c c i o n de H i d r o g r a f i a y Navegacion, and this agency is also responsible for hydrographic, oceanographic and meteorological data. Urban mapping of Caracas is undertaken by the O f i c i n a Metropolitana de P l a n e a m i e n t o U r b a n o ( O M P U ) and ranges from a 1:20 0 0 0 scale map in two sheets, to m u l t i sheet mapping at scales of 1:5000 and 1:1000. Census tract maps and a general administrative m a p of the country are produced by the O f i c i n a C e n t r a l de Estadistica y Informätica (OCEI). Private publishers include Ediciones A r m i s , which specializes in producing general and urban maps and guides for other publishers, and also has a number of maps under its own imprint, including a map guide of the country for tourists and maps of several states and cities. Its road and tourist map of Venezuela has been digitized and is to be issued on a C D - R O M . General tourist maps of the country are also published by International Travel Maps (ITM), Nelles and B e r n d t s o n and B e r n d t s o n ( B & B )

*

•

•

Further information SAGECAN issues an index of the topographic map series, and the Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables (MARNR) has a Web site, which gives general information about the responsibilities of its various departments.

Addresses C o r p o r a c i o n V e n e z o l a n a de G u a y a n a T e c n i c a Minera (CVGTM) Avenida Germania, CIUDAD BOLIVAR Direccion de Geologia ( C A I G E O M I N ) Ministerio de Energia y Minas, Information Geologica-Minera, Parque Central, Torre Oeste 8° Piso, CARACAS D i r e c c i o n de H i d r o g r a f i a y N a v e g a c i o n La Planicie, 23 de Enero, Zona Postal 1130, CARACAS Tel +58 2 483 1736 Fax +58 2 483 5878 Email [email protected] URL http://www.armada.mil.ve/dhn.html Ediciones A r m i s Calle Este 6, Centra Parque Carabobo, Torre A, piso 7, oficina 707, La Candelaria, CARACAS 1011-A, Distrito Federal Tel +58 2 577 2609 Fax +58 2 577 4630

412

The Americas

O f i c i n a C e n t r a l de Estadistica y I n f o r m a t i c a ( O C E I ) Departamento de Geografia y Cartografia, Avenida Boyaca, Edificio Fundaciön La Salle, CARACAS O f i c i n a Metropolitana de P l a n e a m i e n t o U r b a n o (OMPU) Torre Capiles, 10° Piso, Plaza Venezuela, CARACAS Servicio A u t ö n o m a de Geografia y Cartografia Nacional ( S A G E C A N ) Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables, Avenida Este 6, Esquina y Edificio Camejo, Piso I Centra SimCin Bolivar, CARACAS 1010 Tel +58 2 408 1719 / I 6 I 4 Fax +58 2 541 3079 Email [email protected] URL http://www.marnr.gov.ve/ For NIMA and USGS, see United States; for ITM, see Canada; for B&B and Nelles, see Germany; for PE, see United Kingdom; for CEGET and ORSTOM, see France.

Catalogue ATLASES Imogen de Venezuela: una vision espacial Caracas: Petröleos de Venezuela, 1992 271 pp GAZETTEERS Venezuela. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington, DC: NIMA, 1993 2 volumes, 701 pp Diccionario geogräfico del estado ... Caracas: SAGECAN, 1984Separate volumes for each state, I I published GENERAL Mapa de Venezuela, vial y turisticos Caracas: Ediciones Armis 40 pp in atlas format CD-ROM version in preparation Venezuela road map 1:2 500 000 München: Nelles, 1997 Mapa fisico y politico de la Repüblica de Venezuela 1:2 000 000 Caracas: SAGECAN, 1993 Mapa fisico de la Repüblica de Venezuela 1:2 000 000 Caracas: SAGECAN, 1995 Venezuela travel reference map I: I 750 000 Vancouver: ITM, 1997 Venezuela road map 1:1 750 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B Map of Caracas 1:17 000 on reverse Rutas de Venezuela I: I 500 000 Caracas: Lagoven, 1989 On reverse: large 1:20 000 map of Caracas IMAGE

MAPS

Mosa/cos de imägenes de satelites LANDSAT I y 2 de Venezuela 1:3 000 000 Caracas: CAIGEOMIN, 1977

TOPOGRAPHIC

Caracas: S A G E C A N ,

Repüblica de Venezuela. Mapas de las entidades federates Scales

Mapa de la vegetaciön actual de Venezuela 1:250 000

vary

Caracas: S A G E C A N , 1982

Caracas: S A G E C A N , 1976-

Available as a bound atlas

23 sheets published

• ECONOMIC,

Repüblica de Venezuela 1:500 000 Caracas: S A G E C A N , 197722 sheets, all published

AND

CULTURAL

Energy map of Venezuela I: I 600 000

•

London and Caracas: PE and Petröleos de Venezuela, 1993

Some as dye-lines

Available in both English and Spanish editions

Repüblica de Venezuela 1:250 000

ADMINISTRATIVE

Caracas: S A G E C A N , 197072 sheets, 45 published

SOCIAL

•

Mapa de las regiones administrativas de Venezuela 1:2 000 000

Including 8 radar image maps in south

Caracas: S A G E C A N , 1976

Repüblica de Venezuela 1: 100 000

Mapa politico de la Repüblica de Venezuela 1:2 000 000

Caracas: S A G E C A N , 1962-

Caracas: S A G E C A N , 1989

c. 500 sheets, 331 published

•

Repüblica de Venezuela 1:50 000 / 1:25 000

URBAN

Caracas: S A G E C A N , 1962-

Caracas 1:20 000

7260 sheets, c. 5000 published

Caracas: S A G E C A N , 1976

AERONAUTICAL

Carta aeronöutica de la Repüblica de Venezuela I: I 000 000 Caracas: S A G E C A N , 19874 sheets, 3 published EARTH

SCIENCES

Geomorphologie du Venezuela / Geomorfologia de Venezuela 1:4 000 000 Talence: CEGET, 1985 Mapa metalogenico de Venezuela 1:3 750 000 Caracas: C A I G E O M I N , 1976 Mapa hidrogeologico de Venezuela 1:2 500 000 Caracas: S A G E C A N , 1986 Mapa geolögico estructural de Venezuela 1:2 500 000 Caracas: C A I G E O M I N , 1984 Mapa sismico de Venezuela 1530-1980

1:2 000 000

Caracas: S A G E C A N , 1981 Venezuela. Carta isogönica 1:2 000 000 Caracas: S A G E C A N , 1985 Mapa de anomalias de Bouguer de la Repüblica de Venezuela 1:2 000 000 Caracas: S A G E C A N , 1988 Mapa hidrogeologico de Venezuela 1:500 000 Caracas: C A I G E O M I N , 1972 30 sheets, 13 published Mapa geolögico estructural de Venezuela 1:500 000 Caracas: C A I G E O M I N , 1976 30 sheets, all published Repüblica de Venezuela. Mapa geolögico 1: 100 000 Caracas: C A I G E O M I N , 1986c. 500 sheets, 12 published ENVIRONMENTAL

Mapa ecolögico de Venezuela 1:2 000 000 Caracas: S A G E C A N , 1976 Mapa de vegetaciön de Venezuela 1:2 000 000 Caracas: S A G E C A N , 1988 Mapa fitogeografico de Venezuela 1:2 000 000

Venezuela

413

66°W

66°W 66°W

414

The Americas

66°W

Venezuela

415

This section describes the mapping of a huge and diverse area, extending from Europe to the Pacific and from the Arctic to the Indian Ocean. N o Asia-wide topographic series is published, though Russian mapping described in our World and Russian sections offers complete coverage of the continent at a number of scales and has been available on the international market since the break-up of the Soviet Union. O t h e r international series covering the area are also described in our World section. A significant distributor of digital Asian m a p data operates from Australia. The Australian Centre of the Asian Spatial Information and Analysis Network ( A C A S I A N ) established in 1993 provides academic researchers with GIS data covering countries in East, Southeast and South Asia, often captured from locally published hard copy material and linked to Digital chart of the world data. The most significant holdings of this resource cover China and Russia and are described in these sections. Complementing the spatial coverage of the ACASIAN data warehouse are the digital m a p holdings available from G R I D Bangkok, the South East Asian node of the United Nations Global Resource Information Database. Raster and vector coverages are available for many themes for most countries in South and South East Asia. These data are especially rich in environmental themes, b u t resolution of data is seldom better than 1:1 0 0 0 000. Other global environmental data sets are available from the Japanese node of the G R I D network, established in the Center for Global Environmental Research ( G R I D TSUKUBA). The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ( E S C A P ) in Bangkok is one of the few agencies carrying out continental mapping programmes in the fields of economic mapping and in the last decade has shifted its emphasis with the publication of stratigraphic, geological and minerals series covering many Asian countries. Small scale earth science mapping programmes covering Asia form the most significant part of continental mapping, in particular for the southern parts of the continent.

The Commission for the Geological Map of the W o r l d ( C G M W ) in Paris has sponsored a number of initiatives, which have been carried out by local earth science agencies, notably the Geological Survey of India (GSI) in Calcutta, the Geological Survey of Iran in Tehran and the Korea Institute of Geology Mining and Materials ( K I G A M ) Taejon. Geological, metallogenic, tectonic and metamorphic maps of the southern parts of the continent are available and there are plans to release digital versions of these data. Russian and Chinese agencies have also released small scale m a p sets for a number of earth scientific themes. Energy mapping derived from data held by the Russian Ministry of Fuel and Energy has been used to compile a number of small scale energy maps and digital data sets, marketed in the west by Points East. O t h e r mapping concentrates upon sub-regional parts of the continent and is described below. Caucasia Caucasia comprises the newly independent states of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan and the mountainous regions between Caspian and Black Seas. Russian agencies established modern topographic and earth science mapping in the years after World War II and mapping systems remain little changed after the break-up of the Soviet Union. Regional Russian earth science coverage and national topographic series became more readily available after independence, but stocks of these maps held by m a p dealers are limited and local supply doubtful. Little indigenous mapping has yet emerged from this troubled region. Newly published commercial maps of Caucasia as a whole include an energy m a p from Petroleum Economist (PE), and small scale general maps from Gizimap, Gita Shenasi, and International Travel Maps (ITM). Central Asia Central Asia comprises the newly independent former Soviet Republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. These southern Soviet areas were

Asia

419

mapped by Russian agencies, in extensive topographic and earth science programmes, and many of these maps came onto the international market after the break-up of the Soviet Union, but stocks from map dealers are limited and future supplies doubtful. There has so far been little investment in new local mapping, and only limited revision of Russian mapping. Small scale mapping of Central Asia reflects interest in the region from Western developers, and from adjacent Islamic states. Petroleum Economist (PE) issued a map in 1993 in its Asian energy map series, whilst Persian commercial producers Gita Shenasi and Sahab have both issued general maps of the region immediately after independence. Gizimap recently issued a tourist road map of the area, in conjunction with Map Link and Freytag-Berndt (FB). Indian Subcontinent and Himalayas

The Indian Subcontinent comprises Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, bounded on the north by the great ranges of the Himalaya. The whole of this area was mapped by the Survey of India (SI) and mapping standards were established in the British imperial period prior to independence. These standards continue to influence map design and production 50 years after the creation of new separate national mapping organizations, and until the late 1980s and early 1990s a much greater degree of standardization existed in the area than in the Middle East or South East Asia. Indian, Bangladeshi, Bhutanese, and Pakistani mapping has maintained earlier SI sheet lines and designs. Elsewhere in the region injections of western capital have allowed mapping agencies to remake mapping specifications — for example in Sri Lanka and Nepal. In the last decade, however, little has changed in terms of the availability of locally produced topographic mapping of the subcontinent. Afghanistani series remain unobtainable, Bhutan has still not revised its topographic coverage and it is still difficult to procure topographic coverage of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. An increased amount of smaller scale mapping of the region has become available in the last 10 years, reflecting increased western long-haul tourism, and the opening up of large parts of the Himalaya to western trekkers. Small scale earth science themes have been sponsored by the C o m m i s s i o n for the Geological M a p of the W o r l d ( C G M W ) i n P a r i s a n d c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e Geological Survey

of India (GSI). Some progress has been made in the last 10 years in the local earth science mapping of the region, notably in Nepalese series mapping, but apart from India few states have very active geological mapping organizations. India is also the only state in the region to be involved in significant systematic thematic projects extending beyond national b o u n d a r i e s . T h e National A t l a s and T h e m a t i c M a p p i n g O r g a n i z a t i o n ( N A T M O ) a n d t h e C e n s u s of India c o m p i l e

significant environmental and socio-economic mapping of South Asia. The vegetation and bioclimatic maps produced b y t h e Institut Francais de Pondichery (IFP) i n t h e 1 9 7 0 s

and 1980s are still available. A revised edition of the Historical atlas of South Asia provides the most useful major thematic overview of the development of the sub-continent. Fewer overseas commercial cartographic houses issue small scale mapping of the subcontinent than for either the Middle East or South East Asia. Exceptions are British firms

HarperCollins, a n d Lascelles, C a r t o g r a p h i a f r o m

Hungary, and Nelles Verlag and RV from Germany. T h e Middle East

The term Middle East is used here to include all the countries between Europe and Afghanistan, to the south

of the border of the former Soviet Union. This comprises the Arabic states, Iran and Israel. Modern mapping of many of these nations was first established by the Survey of India (SI).

One common factor amongst this diversity is the difficulty of obtaining topographic mapping of Middle Eastern states. There has been some improvement in the last 10 years, (more Israeli series are released on the open market, Jordanian mapping is more available and Iranian mapping is increasingly issued outside Iran), but in some areas increasing restrictions have been applied. For example it is now harder to acquire hard copy mapping of Yemen and the smaller Gulf States than was the case a decade ago. Iraqi, Syrian, and Turkish official series are difficult or impossible to procure. Meanwhile there has also been a substantial investment in digital mapping, particularly amongst the wealthy Gulf states, in Iran and in Israel. Earth science mapping of the Middle East has reflected the development and exploitation of the region's hydrocarbon resources. The most extensive coverage is provided in Saudi and Iranian programmes, but outside the Gulf many states lack large scale mapping programmes, with the notable exception of Israeli mapping. General geological mapping of the area has been sponsored by the Commission for the Geological M a p of the W o r l d ( C G M W ) a n d d e l i v e r e d i n

1:5 000 000 themes issued by the Geological Survey of Iran (GSIr). Arabic parts of the region are also covered in the geological and mineral series at 1:2 500 000 and 1:5 000 000 scales compiled by British consultancy Robertson Research and published in the 1980s by the Arab Organization for Mineral Resources. These maps are described in our African section, but are out-of-print, though copies may still be available from dealers. Other small scale mapping of energy resources and infrastructure is provided by a number of western commercial firms, notably the B r i t i s h Oilfield Publications ( O P L ) , a n d Petroleum E c o n o m i s t (PE), a n d t h e A m e r i c a n PennWell.

There are few small scale regional thematic mapping projects in the Middle East. The significant exception to this generalization is the Tübinger atlas des Vorderen Orients (TAV0), plates from which often form the most useful thematic coverage of many areas in the Middle East. This major thematic atlas was completed in the period 1969-94, edited by the Special Research Division 19 of the University of T ü b i n g e n a n d p u b l i s h e d b y D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag,

Wiesbaden. The atlas is the result of co-operation between 14 departments in five faculties in the three universities of Tübingen, Mainz and Cologne. It comprises a set of 295 bilingual English and German map plates, issued in instalments in geographical and historical series. Areas covered by TAVO extend from Afghanistan to Turkey and from the Gulf to Egypt. Map sheets are published as small scale regional coverages, with larger scale case studies to illustrate key themes, and are sometimes accompanied by monographs. Many commercial houses have produced small scale general maps of the region. These include the Israeli Carta, Iranian Gita Shenasi and Sahab, as well as many of the major European cartographic publishers including Kümmerly + Frey (K+F), Hallwag, Ravenstein, Ryborsch, H a r p e r Collins, Freytag-Berndt, R V a n d by t h e A m e r i c a n National G e o g r a p h i c Society ( N G S ) a n d Central

Intelligence Agency (CIA). The most important commercial publisher in the region is however GEOprojects, with offices in Lebanon and Great Britain, whose Arab world map

Asia

421

library edition, comprising 30 different country and city maps, is distributed from Reading in the U K . S o u t h East A s i a and East A s i a South East Asia comprises the mainland Asian countries of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Burma, together with Malaysia, Singapore and the island nations of Indonesia and the Philippines. East Asia includes Japan, North and South Korea and China, as well as the local city states Macau and Hong Kong. There is little standardization in mapping across this region, national mapping agencies maintain their own series. W i t h the exception of the E c o n o m i c and Social C o m m i s s i o n for A s i a and the Pacific ( E S C A P ) in Bangkok (whose mapping is described above) the only significant regional mapping programmes in the area are series compiled under the auspices of the C o o r d i n a t i n g C o m m i t t e e for C o a s t a l and Offshore Geosciences ( C C O P ) , Bangkok, including a 1:2 5 0 0 0 0 0 scale coverage in seven sheets, and offshore sedimentary mapping in six sheets at 1:4 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale. Across the region as a whole there have been significant improvements in national map coverage and availability in the last decade, but large disparities exist between the map rich states, which have instigated well developed GIS and digital mapping programmes, (such as Japan, Hong Kong, or Singapore) and the poorer nations where very little mapping progress has been achieved in the 1980s and 1990s (such as Burma, Laos or North Korea). T h e biggest advances in the last decade have been achieved in China, Malaysia and Indonesia.

sophisticated digital mapping systems. Singapore now boasts one of the most advanced digital mapping infrastructures in the world; Hong Kong and Macau also offer very detailed and rich digital coverage. A steady and progressive development has taken place in the last decade in the mapping of Japan, with significant and wide applications of digital technologies across a very great variety of themes. The central state continues to sponsor basic data collection and dissemination, and Japanese-funded overseas aid mapping continues to be one of the most significant world-wide programmes. Mapping of North Korea remains difficult to obtain on international markets, with standards reflecting Soviet practice and almost no investment in digital conversion. In contrast mapping of South Korea, though also difficult to obtain has seen significant developments in the last decade, with major digital mapping programmes now well established. American agencies were involved in the small scale thematic mapping of South East Asia, notably the U n i t e d States Geological Survey ( U S G S ) in the geological mapping of Indonesia, and the A m e r i c a n Association of Petroleum Geologists ( A A P G ) who have issued a useful set of maps depicting the geology and structure of the region at 1:2 5 0 0 0 0 0 scale. Other programmes of regional earth science mapping from ESCAP in Bangkok are described under Asia. Energy mapping of South East and East Asia is issued by Petroleum E c o n o m i s t (PE), and Oilfield Publications Limited ( O P L ) . T h e vegetation and bioclimatic maps produced by the Institut Fran^ais de Pondichery (IFP) in the 1970s and 1980s are still available.

Topographic coverage of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos was compiled to similar American specifications dating from the years of the Vietnam War. These series were released onto international markets in the early 1990s. Vietnam has engaged in new mapping, including compilation of a significant new national atlas, but very little progress has been made in either Laos or Cambodia. General series covering Indochina comprise the only significant blocks of regional topographic mapping in the area and offer coverage at scales of 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 and 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 0 . Small-scale geological coverage of Indochina has also been issued from Vietnamese agencies such as the General D e p a r t m e n t of Mines and G e o l o g y ( G D M G ) Hanoi.

Several western commercial houses issue small scale mapping of the region for the tourist market. These include German K a r t o + Grafik, Neiles Verlag and RV; H a r p e r C o l l i n s and N e w Holland from Great Britain, Canadian International Travel M a p s ( I T M ) , K i i m m e r l y + Frey (K+F) from Switzerland and H e m a from Australia. Local publishers with active programmes across the region include Periplus

Mapping of Thailand and the Philippines also reflects an earlier American influence and continues to be readily available on the international market. Here significant investment has been made in digital technology, with incremental development of long standing topographic, and earth science programmes.

Further

Economic development has led to significant improvements in the coverage and availability of topographic programmes in Indonesia and Malaysia. Both have also invested heavily in digital mapping programmes. In the mid 1 9 9 0 s the major Indonesian topographic and resource mapping programmes were released for the first time onto the international market. Chinese mapping continues to expand and is characterized by a very rich diversity of thematic atlas coverage as well as significant geological and topographic programmes. Larger scales remain difficult to obtain outside the country, but digital development is progressing apace. Separate geological and topographic mapping of Taiwan continues to be available on the international market. The smaller city states in the region have all built upon substantial hard copy programmes by creating complex and

422

Asia

with headquarters in Singapore and Pembina in Indonesia. •

•

*

information

The best sources of information about Asian mapping are the papers presented at United Nations Regional Cartographic Conferences for Asia and the Pacific and the annual reports and catalogues of mapping agencies listed below. No single published work provides a comparative overview of the state of the art, with the exception of Böhme, R (1993) Inventory of World Topographic Mapping: volume 3 Eastern

Europe,

Asia, Oceania and Antarctica. London: Elsevier, whose country sections are often still the best sources of data for the more difficult countries in the continent. For further information about the Tübinger Adas des Vorderen Orients see Denk, W. and Rollig, W. (1979) Der Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, International Yearbook for Cartography, 54-77.

Addresses Australian Centre of the Asian Spatial Information and Analysis Network ( A C A S I A N ) Faculty of Asian & International Studies, Griffith University, N A T H A N , Q L D 411 I.Australia Tel +61 7 3875 5346 Fax +61 7 3875 6629 Email [email protected] URL http://www.asian.gu.edu.au/ Center for Global Environmental Research ( G R I D TSUKUBA) National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, T S U K U B A , Ibaraki ken, 105, Japan Tel +81 298 50 2533 Fax +81 298 58 2645 Email [email protected] URL http://www-cger.nies.go.jp/grid-e/index.html Coordinating C o m m i t t e e for Coastal and Offshore Geosciences ( C C O P ) 2nd Floor, Offshore Mining Organization Building, 110/2 Sathorn Nua Road, Bangrak, B A N G K O K 10500, Thailand Tel +66 2 234 3578 Fax +66 2 237 1221 Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) United Nations Building, Rajdamnem Avenue, B A N G K O K 10200, Thailand Fax + 66 2 288 1059 Email [email protected] URL http://unescap.org/enrm/ G R I D Bangkok Asian Institute of Technology, G P O Box 2754, B A N G K O K 10501, Thailand Tel +66 2 516 2124 Fax +66 2 516 2125 Email [email protected]

Nystom

raised relief map of Asia 1:10 7 0 0 0 0 0

Chicago: Nystrom Asia 1:8 000 000 Obertshausen: Ryborsch Regional economic

atlas of Asia and the Far East 1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bangkok: RTSD, 197030 published sheets Covers climate, population density, population distribution, topography, transportation, and forestry EARTH ESCAP

SCIENCES

atlas of stratigraphy

Bangkok: ESCAP, 197811 published volumes Map

of sedimentary

regions of the ESCAP

Metamorphic

map of South and East Asia

For Hema, see Australia, for FB and GBA, see Austria; for ITM, see Canada; for GPH and C C P H , see China; for @ct'image, see France; for Karto + Grafik, Ravenstein, Ryborsch, and Nelles, see Germany; for GEOprojects, HarperCollins, Lascelles, OPL and PE, see Great Britain; for Cartographia and Gizimap, see Hungary; for IFP, Census of India, SI, N A T M O and GSI, see India; for Pembina, see Indonesia; for Gita Shenasi, Geological Survey of Iran and Sahab, see Iran; for Carta, see Israel; for KIGAM, see Korea; for IRRI, see Philippines; for R A N and VSEGEI, see Russia; for Periplus, see Singapore; for Hallwag and K+F, see Switzerland; for RTSD, see Thailand; for HGK, see Turkey; for CIA, NGS, Nystrom, N O A A , AAPG, PennWell, and USGS, see United States; for G D M G and T C D C , see Vietnam; for C G M W . W M O and U N E S C O see World.

Catalogue

Geomorphological

map of Asia

1:8 0 0 0 0 0 0

Beijing: GPH Yazhou dadi gouzaotu

I Tectonic map of Asia

Asia West Pacific 1: 15 6 5 0 0 0 0

Logan City: Hema, 1998

1:8 0 0 0 0 0 0

Beijing: GPH, 1982 6 sheets, all published In Chinese and English With accompanying explanatory notes Geologicheskaja

karta Evrazii / Geological map of Eurasia

1:5 000 000 St Petersburg:VSEGEI, 1975 12 sheets, all published 1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0

Beijing: Academy of Geological Sciences and GPH, 1975 20 sheets, all published Chinese language with English language legend sheet Geological map of South and East Asia

1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Edition 3

Paris: C G M W and U N E S C O , 1990 4 sheets, all published Θ With accompanying explanatory notes Also available as ARC/INFO data Tectonic map of South and East Asia

1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Edition 3

Paris and Calcutta: C G M W and GSI, 1982 7 sheets, all published With accompanying explanatory notes Comprises 1:5 000 000 map (4 sheets), 1:10 000 000 scale map (2 sheets) and legend sheet Karta novejshej tektoniki juga Azii i sopredel'nyh Neotectonic

oblastej /

map of South Asia and adjoining areas

1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0

St Petersburg:VSEGEI, 1981 8 sheets, all published Russian language Karta raziomnoj

GENERAL

1:10 0 0 0 0 0 0

Paris and Seoul: C G M W and KIGAM, 1986 With accompanying text

Yazhou dizhitu / Geological map of Asia

D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag Tauernstrasse 11, D-65199 W I E S B A D E N , Germany Tel +49 611 46 18 51 Fax +49 611 46 86 13

region 1:10 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bangkok: ESCAP, 1980 2 sheets, both published

Asia

tektoniki juga Azii / Fault tectonics map of South

1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0

St Petersburg:VSEGEI, 1983 8 sheets, all published Russian language

Asia 1:12 0 0 0 0 0 0

Bern: K+F Asia 1: 12 000 000 Collins world travel series London: HarperCollins

Asia

423

Karta chetvertichnyh otlozhenij Aziatskoi chasü regiona ESKATO / Map of Quaternary deposits of the Asian part of the ESCAP region / Carte des formations quaternaires de la region CESAP 1:5 000 000 St Petersburg:VSEGEI, 1982-83 6 sheets, all published With accompanying Russian language explanatory booklet 3 language legend Metallogenic map of South and East Asia 1:5 000 000 Paris: C G M W and U N E S C O , 1985 4 sheets, all published With accompanying legend sheet Atlas of mineral resources of the ESCAP region Bangkok: ESCAP, 198510 published vols Volumes include country-based geological and mineral distribution mapping ENVIRONMENTAL

The conservation atlas of tropical forests - Asia and the Pacific London: Macmillan, 1991 256 pp

Caucasia ATLASES

Atlas geopolitique informatique du Caucase N.Beroutchachvili and J.Radvanyi Paris: Publications Langues' O, 1996 41 maps GENERAL

Road map of new independent countries of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia I: I 000 000 Tehran: Gita Shenasi, 1994 With inset of Ukraine, Moldova, Belerus, and Lithuania Caucasus I: I 000 000 Budapest: Gizimap, 1997 Available in HarperCollins Collins world travel series edition or as Freytag Berndt Autokarte Kafkaslar fiziki haritasi 1:1 000 000 Ankara: H G K , 1993 2 sheets, both published Physical base In Turkish

Climatic atlas of Asia / Atlas climatique de I'Asie / Kilimaticheskij atlas Azii Geneva: World Meteorological Organization, 1981 28 map plates

International travel map of Armenia and Azerbaijan 1:650 000 Vancouver: ITM, 1997

Agroclimatic and dry-season maps of South, South East and East Asia 1:6 336 000 Manila: IRRI, 1982 5 sheets, all published With accompanying explanatory booklet

Geologicheskaja karta Kavkaza I: I 000 000 St Petersburg:VSEGEI, 1978 2 sheets, both published

Pochvennaja karta Azii / Soil map of Asia 1:6 000 000 Moskva: Akademija Nauk, 1971 6 sheets, all published A vegetation map of tropical continental Asia 1:5 000 000 F.BIascoe and M.F.Bellan Toulouse: @ct'image, 1995 Θ Also available as digital data on C D - R O M ADMINISTRATIVE

The Times map of Asia 1: 12 500 000 London: HarperCollins, 1998 SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Human settlements atlas for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok: ESCAP, 1984-88 4 vols Energy map of Asia 1: 17 000 000 London: PE, 1997 Also includes Australia and N e w Zealand Offshore energy infrastructure map of Asia 1:14 000 000 London: PE, 1997 The economic and financial map of Asia 1:13 500 000 London: PE, 1997 011 and natural gas map of Asia 1:5 000 000 Bangkok: ESCAP, 1975

EARTH

SCIENCES

Tektonicheskaja karta Kavkaza I:I 000 000 St Petersburg:VSEGEI, 1974 2 sheets, both published Metallogicheskaja karta Kavkaza 1:1 000 000 St Petersburg:VSEGEI, 1978 2 sheets, both published Karta rudnikh formatzii Kavkaza 1:1 000 000 St Petersburg:VSEGEI, 1974 2 sheets, both published Map of ore-bearing formations Kafkaslar mülki idare bölümleri I: I 000 000 Ankara: H G K , 1993 2 sheets, both published Administrative boundaries In Turkish SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

Energy map of the Caspian Sea and Black Sea area 1:2 850 000 London: PE, 1995 Caspian Sea oil and gas activity map I: I 000 000 Edition 2 Ledbury: OPL, 1999 Central A s i a GENERAL

Central Asia and surroundings: main communications links

1:10 000 000

Asia

ECONOMIC

Ethnolinguistic groups of the Caucasian region 1:6 770 000 Washington D C : CIA, 1992

Rawalpindi: SP, 1992

424

AND

Road map of Central Asian countries: Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgistan, Kazakhstan 1:3 500 000 Tehran: Gita Shenasi, 1994

EARTH

SCIENCES

Seismotectonic map of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan 1:5 000 000 Paris and Calcutta: C G M W and GSI, 1984

In Persian and English

W i t h 24 pp explanatory text

Orto Azii zhana Kazakhstan / Central Asia and Kazakhstan 1:2 500 000

Geological map of the Himalaya 1:2 000 000 Calcutta: GSI, 1989

Tashkent: Uzgeodezia, 1995

4 sheets, all published

Central Asia: road map 1:1 750 000

3 sheets at 1:2 000 000; I geomorphological map 1:5 000 000;

Budapest: Gizimap, 1999

legend sheet Geologic-tectonic map of the Himalaya 1:2 000 000 Wien: G B A , 1982

ENVIRONMENTAL

Karta rasitel'nosti Kazakhstana i Srednej Azii / Vegetation map of Kazakhstan and Central Asia 1:2 500 000 St Petersburg: R A N , 1995 2 sheets, both published + legend sheet W i t h 130 pp Russian text

ENVIRONMENTAL

Carte des bioclimats du sous

13

Punakha 7 8 E βt Thimphu

15 >

77P

—

^Geylegphug

7

Mongar

11

15

12

16 ,13'

5

14

83A

I« Τ

83 Β 78J 90°30Έ

78N ^

40 km 25 miles

Bhutan

439

DARUSSALAM)

The Sultanate of Brunei became a fully independent nation in 1984. Its national mapping agency was first formed in 1952 and is now known as Juru Ukor A g o n g Negen (JUAN) (Survey Department Brunei), under the Ministry of Development. It is responsible for cadastral and topographic mapping and for the provision and maintenance of a national survey and land information system. A comprehensive and modern mapping infrastructure has been established, building on foundations started by the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys, whose 1:50 0 0 0 scale T735 Series offered complete coverage in 18 sheets with relief shown by 50 ft and 100 ft contours. A 14-sheet national map using the Brunei national grid (Series BR50) replaced this earlier mapping in the 1980s, and a new fourcolour 1:10 0 0 0 scale with metric relief was also started in 1987, with sheets covering 5 k m areas bounded by rectified skew orthomorphic grid squares, replacing a 1:12 500 scale imperial series compiled in the 1970s. These series are updated and revised using S P O T multi-spectral and panchromatic imagery. In the early 1990s 1:100 0 0 0 scale district mapping was redesigned and published in five sheets under the designation BR 100. Developed areas of Brunei are mapped at 1:1000 and 1:2500 scales, with photomaps produced for some areas of Bandar Seri Begawan. Cadastral data on the Törtens system are being captured along with topographic data to establish an integrated and automated land information system using ARC/INFO. Earth science mapping compiled in the 1960s by the Government Geologist and by the Survey Department of the Federation of Malaysia is also listed in the J U A N catalogue. W i t h the exception of a town map and tourist m a p of Brunei none of the larger-scale mapping is available outside of government organizations, but the Sultanate is covered on smaller scale Malaysian mapping and commercially published coverage of Borneo listed in the Malaysian section.

• •

•

Further information JUAN issues a map catalogue which includes comprehensive lists of all maps covering Brunei.

440

Asia

Addresses Juro Ukor A g o n g Negen (JUAN) Ministry of Development, BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN, 2070 Tel +673 2 382171 Fax +673 2 382900 Email [email protected] URL http://www.survey.gov.bn

Catalogue GENERAL Tourist map of Brunei 1:50 000 Bandar Seri Begawan: JUAN, 1997 Covers Bandar Seri Begawan and environs URBAN Road guide book and index map 1:5000 and 1:25 000 Bandar Seri Begawan: JUAN, 1997 Road mapping of Bandar Seri Begawan, Kuala Belait, Seria and Panaga

Modern mapping of Cambodia was first carried out by French colonial authorities as part of their Indo-Chinese surveys, with triangulation completed by 1939 and 1:100 0 0 0 basic scale mapping published and revised prior to French disengagement in 1955. American aid after independence assisted the development of the national mapping agency, the Service Geographique Khmer ( S G K ) in P h n o m Penh. Complete new photogrammetric 1:50 000 scale mapping was prepared, sheets covered 15' quadrangles, and conformed to US AMS mapping standards. French 1:100 0 0 0 scale coverage was revised and a 1:250 0 0 0 scale series was derived from the new 1:50 000 mapping to cover Cambodia in 19 sheets. These series all used the Transverse Mercator projection, Everest ellipsoid, and were published from the National Geographic Directorate, Dalat (now Tong Cue Dia Chin ( T C D C ) , Hanoi). Stocks of these series were released onto the international market in the mid 1990s, and they were still available from a number of dealers late in 1997. There is no published information about any current mapping activities in Cambodia; almost all public infrastructure was destroyed during the war, and no replies were received from our mailing. The best available earth science coverage of the country are the 1:1 500 0 0 0 scale geological and minerals sheets published in the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ( E S C A P ) Atlas of mineral resources. N o information is available about any local programmes of earth science mapping, but the responsible agency is the Department of Geology and Mines in the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy. A vegetation m a p of the country was published by Institut Fran^ais de Pondichery (IFP) in 1971 and depicted land cover prior to the significant deforestation of the war years. In 1996 new mapping depicting the huge changes in the wake of the war was published by French @ct'image in the Ecocarte series, and followed by a descriptive memoir a year later. T h e Mekong Secretariat (now Mekong River Commission Secretariat) in Bangkok issued a land use map in 1991. W i t h the return of stability, following withdrawal of Vietnamese forces in 1991 and democratic elections in 1993, a tourist industry has begun to develop and tourist mapping of the country has been published by International Travel Maps (ITM), the French Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) and Periplus, the latter also printed with a town m a p of Phnom Penh.

Further information The best western language introduction to the topographic mapping of Cambodia is Böhme, R (1993) Cambodia, pp. 1 2 3 - 1 2 6 , in Inventory of World Topographic Eastern

Europe, Asia, Oceania

Mapping:

volume 3

and Antarctica. L o n d o n : Elsevier.

Addresses Department of Geology and Mines Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy, 45, Preah Norodom Blvd., PHNOM PENH Tel +855 015914187 Fax +855 023 426283 Service Geographique Khmer 4 St 65 S/k, Srah Chak, PHNOM PENH Tel +855 23 360 467 Fax +855 23 430138 Email [email protected] For IFP see India; for @ct'image and IGN, see France; for ITM see Canada; for TCDC and CMI, see Vietnam; for Mekong River Commission Secretariat and ESCAP, see Thailand.

Catalogue GAZETTEERS Cambodia.

Official standard

Board on Geographic

names

Names

approved

by the United

States

Edition 2

Washington DC: NIMA, 1971 392 pp GENERAL Cambodia

1:1 100 0 0 0

Singapore: Periplus, 1995 Double-sided W i t h Phnomh

Penh

1: 17 0 0 0 a n d Angkor Temples

1:95 0 0 0 o n

reverse Cambodia:

international travel map

1:800 0 0 0

Vancouver and Hanoi: ITM and CMI, 1995 Cambodge: carte touristique 1:500 000 Pays et villes du monde Paris: IGN, 1997 TOPOGRAPHIC Cambodia

1:250 0 0 0

Da Lat:TCDC, 198319 sheets, all published

•

Cam pu chia 1:100 0 0 0

Da Lat: TCDC, 197787 sheets all published

•

Cambodia

441

Cam pu chia 1:50 000 Series L70I6 Da L a t T C D C , 1965260 sheets, all published • Earth

CAMBODIA 1:250 000 topographic 105°E

sciences

Cambodia I: I 500 000 ESCAP Atlas of Stratigraphy; 10 Bangkok: ESCAP, 1993 2 themes + text Maps cover geology and minerals Environmental Vegetation of Cambodia I: I 000 000 Toulouse: @ct'image, 1996 W i t h accompanying 1997 text Θ Available in hard copy and in various digital formats on CD-ROM Carte internationale du tapis vegeto/e et des conditions ecologique 1:1 000 000 Ponichery: IFP, 1971 W i t h accompanying explanatory text

160 km 100 miles

Reconnaissance land use map of Cambodia 1:500 000 Bangkok: Mekong River Commission Secretariat, 1991

CAMBODIA 1:100 000 topographic 1:50 000 topographic

13°N

13°N

Sheet numbering example: 1:100 000 5835 1:50 000 5835IV

105°E

442

Asia

GONGHEGUO)

Since 1956 the national survey authority in the People's Republic of China has been the National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (NBSM). I t is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r g e o -

detic, photogrammetric and gravimetric surveys, compiles and publishes official mapping of the country and directs the work of mapping agencies in China. These comprise national civilian and military map producers, and cartographic research agencies such as the Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping. NBSM also co-ordinates the work of a wider variety of surveying and mapping organizations in different national ministries, and also at provincial and municipal levels across the country. Mapping standards were set between 1956 and 1978, when a new triangulation of China was established based upon the Beijing co-ordinate system, and when new levelling based upon the Jingtao datum was fixed. Map specifications followed Soviet practice, series were on the Gauss cylindrical projection, Krassovsky ellipsoid, with sheet lines and numbering conforming to the I M W system, and symbolization also followed Russian styles, with relief shown by 5 m, 10 m or 20 m contours for plains, hills and mountains. These programmes resulted in the publication of modern photogrammetric topographic coverage of the whole country. 1:25 000 maps were the basic scale for major industrial and urban centres, 1:50 000 was used for all other densely populated and developed areas, with 1:100 000 scale mapping of deserts and mountainous areas. Complete 1:100 000 scale coverage was reached in 1969, and derived from 1:60 000 scale aerial photography; the 1:50 000 map was derived from 1:40 000 scale aerial photographs and finished in the 1970s. After the upheavals of the cultural revolution a continuous revision programme was instituted for the three basic scales, using a combination of photogrammetry and field checking. In 1991 it was decided to establish a new economic edition of the 1:50 000 map, with the publication of line maps, image maps, landform-type maps, land use status maps and a digital specification for international exchange. A 1:200 000 map was completed in 1970, and 1:500 000 scale coverage in 227 sheets was finished in 1980. In 1984 it was decided to replace the 1:200 000 scale series with 1:250 000 mapping, the 781 sheets required to cover China were published by 1991, and a programme to derive a new edition of 1:500 000 sheets started in 1988. Following completion of the first edition of the basic scale mapping increasing effort has been given to large-scale surveys of the country. A 1:10 000 scale programme was started in 1970 to cover developed eastern areas, with 1 m, 2 m and 5 m contours, whilst urban areas are mapped at 1:5000, 1:2000, 1:1000 and 1:500 scales. About 20 000 of these sheets were produced a year in the early 1990s. Centralized cadastral mapping was started in 1988, and is

progressing at a rate of about 2500 sheets a year, to cover 14 000 settlements across China. Sheets from all of these topographic and planimetric programmes are not issued to the general public and are not available for export. The largest scale of available topographic coverage of China are complete sets of 1:200 000 scale Soviet maps, available on the international market from a number of dealers and described in more detail in our Russian section. Soviet 1:100 000 coverage is also available for about 75 per cent of the country, in over 5000 sheets, but excluding south western areas. The first edition of a Chinese 1:1 000 000 scale map was completed in 1958, and subsequently a second edition incorporating data from satellite imagery was completed in 1983. The latest edition of this map is the best available Chinese topographic mapping and was issued between 1991 and 1993 to cover the country in 74 1:1 000 000 sheets conforming in specification to the International map of the world standard and published by Xian Cartographic Publishing House (XCPH). Many other states and cities throughout China also operate their own local map compilation and publication programmes, notably the Guangdong L a n d and Surveys D e p a r t m e n t .

In 1981 compilation of a national atlas series was approved by the State Council. Some 150 organizations under 20 different ministries, commissions and bureaus have participated in the project, which is supported by NBSM. It will result in the publication of five independent but integrated atlas volumes, published in a standard format. Agricultural, economic and general atlases had been published by 1997, a physical atlas and the first part of the historical volume by the end of 1998, and the project will be completed by the publication of two further parts to the historical volume around Year 2000. Electronic versions of these publications have also started to be published, with the 1997 release of the Electronic national economic atlas of China, available through International Scholars Press. China has made rapid progress in the last decade towards the capture of digital map data and the establishment of a national spatial data infrastructure. The National Fundamental Geographic Information System has been developed since 1 9 8 4 b y t h e C h i n e s e A c a d e m y of Surveying and Mapping,

and is used by NBSM for the integration of map, geographic name, gravity and geodetic databases. A 1:1 000 000 scale vector database was captured by scanning and manual digitizing, covers mainland China and the south China Sea, and structures information into 13 different thematic layers. The currency of these data is maintained using remotely sensed imagery, GPS data, statistical information and updated mapping. 80 000 names from 1:1 000 000 scale mapping are held in a separate relational database, and 1:4 000 000 scale data have been derived from the 1:1 000 000 database

China

443

by selection and generalization. A digital elevation model for the whole of China has been created based upon relief from more than 10 000 sheets of topographic map coverage and incorporates about 25 million points, with a mean square error of 75 m in mountains, 20—41 m in hilly areas and 1 m on the plains. These data are all held in ARC/INFO running on SUN workstations. Since 1995 all these data have been maintained by the National Geomatics Center of China, established by NBSM to oversee the development of the national spatial data infrastructure. National standards have been established and work is progressing on the capture of data from 1:50 000 and 1:250 000 scale mapping, leading to higher resolution topographic and name databases. Urban information systems have also been set up in several cities based upon larger scale digital coverages. T h e Cartographic Publishing House ( C C P H ) was founded

in 1954 and publishes 90 per cent of China's total map production, which amounted by 1999 to over 2.6 billion copies of 6000 titles. Based in Beijing it acts as the publication agent for NBSM and issues a very wide variety of smaller-scale maps and atlases, as well as tourist and town mapping. Available maps include Chinese-language political maps of provinces and autonomous regions and a wide range of smaller-scale wall maps for the educational market, including single-sheet coverage of countries of the world. Amongst the most notable of recent CCPH publications are the volumes of the Chinese national atlas described above. CCPH publications are distributed in the west by a number of different agencies, notably China International Book Trading Corporation.

Thematic mapping of China is carried out by various institutes of the Academia Sineca (AS), notably the Institute of Geography and the Commission for Integrated Survey of Natural Resources, but also by a number of different ministries. Geological surveying of China started in 1913, but not until after World War II were systematic programmes of series mapping started. Mapping is currently the responsibility of, and is co-ordinated

by, the Ministry of Geology

and

Mineral Resources, and basic surveys are carried out by many different units in the Regional Geological Surveying Division. By the end of 1995 1:1 000 000 scale geological coverage of the country had been completed and 1:200 000 scale coverage was well advanced, with over 90 per cent of the country surveyed. About 15 per cent of China had been mapped at 1:50 000 scale. Before 1994 all these series of colour-printed geological maps had been published using conventional production methods. Since then, however, a digital production flowline has been established using the MAPGIS suite of software, and the rate of publication has been increased. These series are published in the Chinese language and are for official use only. Regional geological coverage has also been completed for 30 provinces at scales between 1:500 000 and 1:1 000 000, and a wide variety of thematic earth science maps has been compiled. Up to five different map sets are published for each province: geological, tectonic and magmatic rock are the most common themes. A national geochemical mapping programme at 1:200 000 scale was started in the 1980s, resulting in computer-generated contour maps, and extensive geophysical surveys have also been automated. Just as with topographic surveying, constituent bodies of the Academy of Sciences play a significant role in the compilation of earth science mapping of the country, notably the

444

Asia

Institute of Geology. Some of the regionally compiled mapping is also available outside China, for example from Wuhan College of Geology, and Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources.

Many of the smaller-scale earth science maps of China are distributed by CCPH, but the most important Chinese publisher of earth science themes is the Geological Publishing House (GPH), established in 1954, which issues an impressive range of maps and atlases for the international market, many of which are published as bilingual, or as English language editions. 1:4 000 000 and 1:5 000 000 scale mapping of the country is available for over 30 different themes, nine-sheet 1:2 500 000 scale Quaternary and tectonic maps are published and 35 Chinese language provincial maps and memoirs are also sold. Perhaps the most significant recent publications are thematic earth science atlases, notably the Atlas of geophysics in China, and the new Geological atlas of China, which are also being produced on an automated flowline. Hydrographie charting of Chinese waters is carried out by t w o different agencies. T h e Maritime Safety Administra-

tion publishes 150 charts of harbours, channels and inland waterways for domestic use, whilst the Mapping Agency of the Guarantee Department of the Chinese Navy in

Tianjin is responsible for maintaining 116 coastal charts. Other thematic mapping of the country is published by Science Press. This includes image mapping of China c o m p i l e d by the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications

and available as false-colour LANDSAT maps published at four different resolutions. Other notable thematic coverages sponsored by Academia Sineca include land resources mapping of China at 1:1 000 000, and land capability mapping of the country, also published at 1:1 000 000 from the C o m m i s s i o n Resources.

for

Integrated

Survey

of

Natural

Numerous thematic atlases have also been produced presenting more generalized data, notably a number of medical atlases relating to disease distribution, and pedological atlases. Many are produced by the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences, but some of these atlases have been co-published with western agencies, for example The population atlas of China, with Oxford University Press and the Language atlas of China with Longman. Electronic versions of hard copy thematic atlases are increasingly being supported by the Academy and other agencies. For example demographic data from the State Statistical Bureau, which administers the Chinese censuses, have been released on CD-ROM in conjunction with the Institute of Geography and the State Planning Commission and are available from International Scholars Press, or Hong Kong-based Huang Kuan and Associates. This electronic census atlas incorporates data relating to four population censuses and presents data as electronic mapping or in database format. Other census data and digital versions of census and administrative boundaries are distributed by Huang Kuan, including national data, provincial coverage and more detailed treatment of major urban areas derived from State Statistical Bureau and NBSM vector data. Many of these data are combined in electronic atlases such as Superstat China. Another important source of digital map data for the People's Republic of China may be found at the Australian Centre of Asian Spatial

Information and Analysis

Network

(ACASIAN) at Griffith University. 1:1 000 000 resolution data sets are available for the whole country and derived

f r o m t h e official land use m a p . T h e s e i n c l u d e hydrology, land use p o l y g o n s , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e divisions, cities, roads a n d railroads. M a n y o t h e r d a t a sets are described on t h e A C A S I A N W e b p a g e at U R L h t t p : / / w w w . a s i a n . g u . e d u . a u / d a t a b a s e s / i n d e x . h t m l , i n c l u d i n g a d i g i t a l version of t h e L o n g m a n l a n g u a g e atlas. C o m m e r c i a l d a t a are also available f r o m this source i n c l u d i n g p r o d u c t s f r o m ERSIS Australia such as postal geography, provincial, c o u n t y a n d m u n i c i p a l b o u n d a r i e s t o g e t h e r w i t h u r b a n data. Petroleum Economist (PE) L o n d o n p r o d u c e s a regularly revised energy m a p of t h e country. M a n y western c a r t o g r a p h i c houses have p u b l i s h e d general m a p s of C h i n a . T h e s e i n c l u d e t h e relief m a p p u b l i s h e d by Esselte in collaboration w i t h C C P H , a m a p in t h e International travel map series f r o m I T M a n d Estate, and in t h e Bartholomew world travel series f r o m HarperCollins. Nelles Verlag covers t h e m o r e settled p a r t s of C h i n a w i t h a series of f o u r 1:1 5 0 0 0 0 0 scale m a p s . M a n y p u b l i s h e r s issue t o w n m a p s of B e i j i n g , notably I T M , Falk and Berndtson & Berndtson (B&B).

• •

•

Further information

Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources 82 3rd Section N o r t h Part 1st Ring Road, CHENGDU 610082 Tel +86 28 333 5030 ext 4028 Fax +86 28 333 2657 China International Book Trading Corporation PO Box 399, BEIJING Tel +86 10 6841 4284 Fax +86 10 6841 2023 Email [email protected] URL http://cibtc.com.cn/index Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping 16 Bei Tai Ping Road, BEIJING 100039 Fax +86 10 6821 8654 Commission for Integrated Survey of N a t u r a l Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Bei ShaTan Building, PO Box 767, BEIJING IOOIOI Tel +86 10 4465 51360 Fax +86 10 4914230 Geological Publishing House ( G P H ) 29 Xueyuanlu, Haidan District, BEIJING 100083 Tel +86 10 6232 5533 Fax +86 10 6231 6521 Guangdong Land and Surveys D e p a r t m e n t 468 Huanshi East Road, G U A N G Z H O U 510075 Tel +86 20 7775 18 χ 3305 Institute of Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences (AS) Bai ShaTan De Wai, Building 917, BEIJING 100012 Tel +86 10 4465 51387

Chinese Society of Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography (1999) Exploitation and progress of cartography and GIS in China 1995-1999. ICA.

Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Sciences (AS) 26 Baiwanzhuang Road, BEIJING 100037 Tel +86 10 6832 9504 Fax +86 10 6831 1293 Email [email protected]

Jiang, Zuoqin (1997) The development of computer-aided geological cartography and GIS in China, pp 2212-2219, in Proceedings of the 18th International Cartographic Conference ICC 97 Stockholm, Gävle: Swedish Cartographic Society.

Institute of R e m o t e Sensing Applications Chinese Academy of Sciences ( A S ) Academia Sineca. BEIJING 100101 Tel +86 10 6402 1947 Fax +86 10 6201 7326

Shubing, Li (1994) National charting in China: paper presented t o the 13 th United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific. New York: UN.

Mapping Agency of the Guarantee D e p a r t m e n t of t h e Chinese Navy 4 Kaifeng Road.TIANJIN Tel +86 22 339 0239

CCPH, GPH and Science Press publish map catalogues.

Jinkang, W u (1994) Compilation and publication of the national atlas series of China: paper presented t o the 13th United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific. New York: UN. Jiang, Jingtong (1994) New development of the national fundamental geographic information system of China: paper presented t o the 13th United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific. New York: UN. NBSM (1997) On China's national spatial data infrastructure: paper presented t o the 14th United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific. New York: UN.

Addresses A c a d e m i a Sineca ( A S ) 52 San Li He Road, BEIJING 100864 Tel +86 10 6859 7219 Fax +86 10 6352 9403 China Cartographic Publishing House ( C C P H ) 3 Baizhifang Xijie, BEIJING 100054 Tel +86 10 6353 4931 Fax +86 10 6352 9403 Email [email protected] URL http://www.chinamap.com

M a r i t i m e Safety Administration Ministry of Communications, I I Jianguomennei Avenue, BEIJING 100736 Tel +86 10 6529 2801 Fax +86 10 6529 2245 Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources 64 Funei Dajie, Xicheng Q, BEIJING 100812 Tel +86 10 6660 31144 Fax +86 10 6660 17791 Email [email protected] National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping ( N B S M ) 9 Sanlihe Rd, Baiwanzhuang, BEIJING 100830 Tel +86 10 6834 6614 Fax +86 10 6831 1564 Email [email protected] URL http://www2.sbsm.gov.cn Science Press 16 Donghuangchenggen N o r t h Street, BEIJING 100717 Tel +86 10 6401 9810 Fax +86 10 6401 0642 X i a n Cartographic Publishing House ( X C P H ) 124 Youyi Donglu.XIAN 710054 Tel +86 29 52831 For ACASIAN, see Asia; for ERSIS Australia, see Australia; for ITM, see Canada; for Estate, HarperCollins, PE and Quail, see Great Britain; for B&B, Falk, Nelles and Westermann, see

China

445

Germany; for Esselte see Sweden; for N I M A and PennWell, see United States; for Asian Research Service, Geocarto, Huang Kuan and Associates, Longman, Oxford University Press, Petroleum News South East Asia and PRS Publications, see Hong Kong; for Roskartografija, see Russia.

Catalogue ATLASES

National general atias of the People's Republic of China Beijing: CCPH, 1996 294 pp Chinese language with English language legend booklet

China and Mongolia 1:6 000 000 Collins world travel series London: HarperCollins, 1995 Double-sided with index Zhonghua renmin gongheguo ditu 1:4 500 000 Beijing: CCPH, 1993 In Chinese China 1:1 500 000 München: Nelles Verlag 4 sheets, all published Does not cover Tibet o r Xinjiang Sheng ditu Various scales Beijing: CCPH, 198431 sheets, all published

•

Chinese language relief-based provincial maps

Atlas of the People's Republic of China Beijing: CCPH and Foreign Languages Press, 1989 316 pp Also available in Pinyin and Chinese language versions Atlas of China Beijing: CCPH, 1996 108 pp

IMAGE

MAPS

Zhongguo weixing xingxiang ditu / NOAA AVHRR satellite photomap of China 1:6 000 000 Beijing: Science Press, 1993 In English and Chinese Zhongguo weixing xingxiang tu / LANDSAT image map of China

Zhongguo fen sheng gonglu jiaotong dituji

1:6 000 000

Beijing: CCPH, 1988

Beijing: Science Press, 1993

140 pp

In English and Chinese

Road atlas

Zhongguo weixing xingxiang tu / LANDSAT image map of China

Zhonghua renmin gongheguo dituji

1:4 000 000

Beijing: CCPH, 1984

Beijing: Science Press, 1993

75 pp

2 sheets, both published

In Chinese

In English and Chinese

The contemporary atlas of China N.Sivan

Zhongguo weixing xingxiang tu / LANDSAT image map of China

London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988

1:2 500 000

200 pp

Beijing: Science Press, 1993

China: a provincial atlas N e w York: Simon and Schuster, 1995 303 pp Relief-based maps of Chinese provinces Atlas of geo-science analysis of LANDSAT imagery in China Beijing: AS, 1986 228 pp Image maps t o interpret land cover and land use; hydrological

6 sheets, all published In English and Chinese Zhongguo weixing xingxiang tu / LANDSAT image map of China 1:1 500 000 Beijing: Science Press, 1993 15 sheets, all published In English and Chinese

dynamic phenomena; regional characteristics of landforms; and

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449

450

Asia

The mapping of Georgia still follows systems established when the country was one of the Republics of the Soviet Union. Topographic mapping conforms to the Soviet pattern with sheets designed along the 1942 system covering the whole country at 1:1 000 000, 1:500 000, 1:200 000, 1:100 000, and 1:50 000 scales. These series are on the Gauss conformal transverse cylindrical projection, Krassovsky ellipsoid. We have described this specification in greater detail in our Russian section, where some other smaller scale coverage of Georgia may also be listed, but mapping of the Republic is also described in the Caucasian section of our Asian introduction. After independence the map factory in Tbilisi formed the core of a new national mapping agency, now designated as the State Geodesy and Cartography Organization (SGCO). It continues to publish Russian mapping, including the 250-sheet 1:50 000 series listed in our catalogue. Copies of 1:50 000 mapping are listed as available by Eastview and OMNI, 1:200 000 Soviet coverage in 23 sheets is also readily available on the international market from a number of map dealers. Other official maps include a 1:500 000 scale single-sheet map of the country on a relief base and a town atlas of Tbilisi. Earth science mapping of Georgia was produced by Russian agencies, notably Vserossiiskoi nauchno-issledovatel'skii geologicheskii Institut (VSEGEI) in St Petersburg. The country was mapped in Soviet 1:200 000 and 1:1 000 000 scale programmes described in our Russian section. The 1:1 000 000 sheet covering Georgia and other smaller scale earth science themes relating to the Caucasus (which include Georgia) are still listed by a number of map dealers. Constituent bodies of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (now Rossiskaja Akademija Nauk (RAN)), also carried out thematic mapping of Georgia, and these responsibilities have been assumed by Institutes of the newly independent Georgian Academy of Sciences in Tbilisi, notably the Geological Institute. The geography department of the Ivan Dzhavakhiladze University of Tbilisi has compiled a number of maps and atlases, notably the Social atlas of Georgia, issued in 1992 with social, economic and crime mapping of the country published in Georgian and Russian languages, and a population atlas. GEINFO Company Tbilisi prepared a computer atlas of Georgia, published in English and Georgian, with data up to 1990. An English language town map of Tbilisi was published in 1994 by Meridiani at 1:30 000 scale. Western publishers have recently started to issue mapping of the country. An English language tourist map of Georgia was issued by International Travel Maps (ITM) in 1997 and the Polish agency P P W K has also published a general map of the country showing roads, railways and points of

interest. W e s t Col in Great Britain have published a useful series of topographic maps of the Caucasus Mountains which form the northern border of Georgia.

*

•

•

Further information S G C O is planning t o r e l e a s e a c a t a l o g u e describing its products.

Addresses GEINFO Company TBILISI

Geological Institute G e o r g i a n A c a d e m y of Sciences, 1/9 M.AIeksidze str., 3 8 0 0 9 3 TBILISI Tel + 9 9 5 32 293941 Email R O O T @ g e o l o g y . a c n e t . g e

Georgian Academy of Sciences P r Rustaveli 52, 3 8 0 0 0 8 , TBILISI Tel + 9 9 5 32 998891 Fax + 9 9 5 3 2 9 9 8 8 2 3

Ivan Dzhavakhiladze University of Tbilisi Pr Chavchavadzel, 3 8 0 0 2 8 TBILISI Tel + 9 9 5 32 3 1 4 7 9 2

Meridiani TBILISI

State Geodesy and Cartography Organization (SGCO) 2 7 G a m s a k h u r d i a A v e n u e , 3 8 0 1 1 3 , TBILISI Tel + 9 9 5 3 2 3 7 6 0 6 6 Fax + 9 9 5 32 9 4 2 9 0 8 Email n o r b i t @ n s . g l o b a l - e r t y . n e t For W e s t Col, s e e G r e a t Britain; f o r ITM, s e e C a n a d a ; f o r R A N , VSEGEI a n d Roskartografija, s e e Russia; f o r Eastview a n d O M N I , s e e C h a p t e r 3.

Catalogue GENERAL

Cruzja: mapa samochodowakrajoznawcza

1:750 0 0 0

W a r s z a w a : P P W K , 1996 Republic of Georgia Travel Map

1:625 0 0 0

V a n c o u v e r : ITM, 1997

Georgia

451

Georgia 1:500 000

GEORGIA

Moskva: Roskartografija

1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 topographic

In Russian TOPOGRAPHIC Georgia 1:200 000 Tbilisi: S G C O 26 sheets, all published

•

In Russian Georgia 1:50 0 0 0 Tbilisi: S G C O 235 sheets, all published In Russian URBAN Tbilisi atlas Moskva: Roskartografija, 1990 In Russian Tbilisi city map 1:30 0 0 0 Tbilisi: Meridiani, 1994

452

Asia

4 4°E

The Lands D e p a r t m e n t (LD) is responsible for the publication of all official mapping of Hong Kong and also distributes maps compiled by other non-commercial bodies. Within the Lands Department the Survey and Mapping Office (SMO) is the central authority for all land surveys and mapping of Hong Kong Island and the New Territories. Following transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997, Hong Kong was designated a Special Administrative Region and was probably the best mapped territory in Asia. The first modern basic scale mapping was commissioned by British military authorities in the 1920s and 1930s (one of the earliest examples of a photogrammetrically derived map series). GSGS series provided medium scale coverage until the 1960S, and larger scale plane table-based plans mapped Hong Kong until the advent of photogrammetrically derived new large scale mapping from the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS), now Ordnance Survey International (OSI). DOS also produced imperial medium scale series. LD took over responsibility for mapping in 1971 and two years later it was decided to move to metric specifications. A single grid system for all Hong Kong's mapping was adopted and was based upon the Gauss conformal projection, international ellipsoid. The current 1:1000 basic scale series HPIC was started, and now gives complete coverage of the territory in 3188 digital sheets, with 2 m contours and spot heights. This programme first published sheets for urban areas, then converted other areas from existing imperial specification plans, and finally mapped an additional 240 sheets for the first time to cover the more remote islands by the end of 1997. Between 1990 and 1995 the Land Information Centre of SMO captured data in a structured digital form from the HPIC series. These data form the geographic core of an integrated district-based land information system using ARC/INFO, available to both public and private sectors. Digital map revision has proved much more cost effective than earlier maintenance, and a continuous rolling programme is in operation. The digital data themselves are sold to the public in map sheet units, with 1:1000 scale topographic or boundary data available. From the 1:1000 scale information a range of smaller scale maps are derived, almost all of which are published with English and Chinese characters. 1:5000 scale coverage with 10 m contours is available in 162 sheets: this series was converted into a digital specification in the mid-1990s, and digital 1:5000 data became available by the end of 1997. 1:10 0 0 0 scale street maps have been produced for urban areas and new towns, and are also available as digital data. Two 1:15 0 0 0 scale special sheets have been photographically reduced from this source to show street names for Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, Tsen Wan and Sha Tin. Other street mapping is colour-printed, such as the regularly revised 1:30 0 0 0 scale Hong Kong guide map, and the best selling atlas format Directory of streets and places.

A 1:20 0 0 0 scale topographic series in 15 sheets with a separate legend was completed in 1977. This is printed in five colours with 20 m contours, and revised on a two to five year cycle. This series is produced by digital methods and both digital and hard copy map data are marketed. At 1:50 0 0 0 scale there is a two sheet eight-colour map, depicting relief with 50 m contours, hill shading and layer tinting, which is updated biennially and is also available as a two-colour version. Single-sheet 1:100 000 and 1:200 000 scale maps are regularly updated and are available as topographic or administrative editions, and a 1:300 0 0 0 scale overview sets Hong Kong into its regional context. In addition to these topographic maps LD issues a 1:25 0 0 0 series of countryside areas, printed double-sided and showing footpaths and leisure facilities. Small scale thematic maps are prepared for the Hong Kong annual report and are also available as separate editions to cover themes such as land use, geology, climate, communications, environmental protection and population. Earth science mapping of Hong Kong is compiled by the Geotechnical Control Office (GCO), established in 1977, in conjunction with LD. A full-colour 1:20 000 scale series on topographic sheet lines, depicting solid and superficial deposits was completed in 15 sheets in 1995: brief explanations of the geology are printed on the back of the maps and more comprehensive memoirs relating to these maps are also being published. A new 1:20 0 0 0 scale solid geology map series started in 1995. GCO also produced important two-colour geotechnical map sets accompanying regional volumes in the Geotechnical areas studies programme. A 1:5000 scale geological survey is also in progress: publication of sheets for solid (HGP5B) or superficial (HGP5A) geology started in 1989, concentrating upon the new airport areas. These map sets are available from LD. The Census and Statistics D e p a r t m e n t (HKCSD) collects census and other socio-economic statistics relating to the Special Administrative Region. The latest census was taken in 1996 and HKCSD publishes tabulated data and also issues boundary maps relating to district board and constituency areas (22 maps) and to tertiary planning units (five maps). Digital versions of these geo-demographic and boundary data are issued by Huang Kuan and Associates who also specialize in the distribution of vector data relating to census information and county and city boundaries of the People's Republic. They also produce a range of CD-ROM-based electronic atlases of Hong Kong including ArcView-based Supermap Hong Kong 1996. A hydrographic agency was set up in 1994, to be responsible for the collection of charting data in Hong Kong waters. Attached to the Hong Kong Marine Department the Hong Kong Hydrographic D e p a r t m e n t (HK HYDRO) maintains three charts of the Hong Kong harbour and in

Hong Kong

453

1998 produced an electronic nautical chart as a digital version of the paper product. Aeronautical charting of H o n g Kong is the responsibility of the H o n g Kong Civil Aviation Department. A 1:50 0 0 0 scale vegetation m a p of the territory is published by the W o r l d W i d e Fund for Nature H o n g Kong, and the H o n g Kong Planning Department publishes planning layout and zonation maps. All of these maps are also available from LD. There is also a thriving commercial mapping sector in H o n g Kong. A number of different firms produce town maps, including Universal Publications, and Periplus. Universal's range comprises bilingual town and tourist maps of H o n g Kong and adjacent Chinese cities. Other firms specialize in the distribution of maps of mainland China. These include Geocarto International Center, established in 1986, who compile and market remotely sensed data and image products, including an image m a p of H o n g Kong and a comparative atlas of space images from different platforms covering H o n g Kong and the Pearl River delta. Other distributors of Chinese mapping include P R S Publications, and Asian Research Service. Petroleum News SE Asia produces hydrocarbon mapping of the region. Western agencies producing town maps of the city include Berndtson and Berndtson (B&B), Nelles Verlag, International Travel Maps (ITM), Vancouver, and Rand McNally

*

*

•

Further information Regularly revised leaflets and catalogues from the Lands Department provide the most useful introduction to the mapping of Hong Kong, e.g. Lands Department (1999)Hong Kong: the facts mapping. Hong Kong: Government Information Services. The Government Information Service home page at URL http://info.gov.hk provides useful pointers to all official mapping agencies in the region. Empson, H. (1992) Mapping Hong Kong: a historical atlas. Hong Kong: Government Information Services is a bilingual introduction to the development of the mapping of the territory. Other sources include Lands Department (1994) Land surveying and mapping activities in Hong Kong, paper presented to the 13th UN regional cartographic conference on Asia and the Pacific. New York UN.

Addresses Asian Research Service GPO Box 2232, HONG KONG Tel +852 2570 7227 Fax +852 2312 8050 Census and Statistics Department ( H K C S D ) Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 21F Wanchai Tower, 12 Harbour Road, Wan Chai, HONG KONG Tel +852 2582 5073 Fax +852 2827 1708 Email [email protected] URL http://www.info.gov.hk/censtatd

454

Asia

Civil Aviation Department Queensway Government Offices, 46/F, 66 Queensway, HONG KONG Tel +852 2867 4332 Fax +852 2869 0093 Email [email protected] URL http://info.gov.hk/cad/english Geocarto International Center GPO Box 4122 HONG KONG Tel +852 2546 4262 Fax +852 2559 3419 Email [email protected] URL http://www.geocarto.com Geotechnical Control Office ( G C O ) Civil Engineering Building, 101 Princess Margaret Road, Homantin, HONG KONG Tel +852 2762 5380 Fax +852 2714 0247 Email [email protected] URL http://www.info.gov.hk/ced Government Publications Centre Ground Floor, Low Block, Queensway Government Offices, 66 Queensway, HONG KONG Tel +852 2537 1910 Fax +852 2523 7195 Email [email protected] URL http://info.gov.hk H o n g Kong Hydrographie Department ( H K H Y D R O ) 17th Floor, China United Centre, 28 Marble Road, North Point, HONG KONG Tel +852 2504 0723 Fax +852 2504 4527 Email [email protected] URL http://info.gov.hk/mardep Huang Kuan and Associates 604 Java Commercial Centre, 128 Java Road, North Point, HONG KONG Tel +852 2811 0079 Fax +852 2811 8103 Email [email protected] URL http://members.hknet.com Lands Department ( L D ) 2/F Murray Building Garden Road, Central, HONG KONG Tel +852 848 2198 Fax +852 868 4707 URL http://www.info.gov.hk/landssd/ Longman Group (Far East) 18/F Cornwall House,Tong Chong Street, Quarry Bay, HONG KONG Tel +852 811 8168 Fax +852 565 7440 Oxford University Press H o n g Kong 18/F Warwick House East.Taikoo Place, 979 King's Road, Quarry Bay, HONG KONG Tel+852 2516 3222 Fax +852 2565 1836 Periplus Editions ( H K ) 24/F HangWai Commercial Building, 231-233 Queen's Road, Wan Chai, HONG KONG Tel +852 2838 3117 Fax +852 2892 1516 Email [email protected] URL http://www.tuttle-periplus.com P R S Publications Block A 25/F, Wang Fai Mansion, 2-12 Wang On Road, North Point, HONG KONG Tel +852 5788434 Fax +852 8061634 Survey and Mapping Office ( S M O ) 14/F Murray Building, Garden Road, Central, HONG KONG Tel +852 848 2480 Fax +852 521 8726 URL http://www.info.gov.hk/landssd/mapping/index.htm

Universal Publications 505 Castle Peak Road, Flat Β, 10th Floor, Tong Yuen Gty Building, K O W L O O N Tel +852 2786 3004 Fax +852 2786 3766

World Wide Fund for Nature Hong Kong 10/F Wing on Life Bldg, 22 Des Voeux Rd, Central, H O N G KONG Tel +852 2526 4473 For B&B and Nelles, see Germany; for NIMA and Rand McNally, see United States; for ITM, see Canada, for OSI, see Great Britain.

Catalogue ATLASES Hong Kong thematic map series Various small scales Hong Kong: LD, 1979-96 13 sheets published Looseleaf map series, available in separate Chinese and English editions GAZETTEERS Hong Kong and Macao: official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington DC: NIMA, 1972 52 pp GENERAL All LD maps are dual language English and Chinese unless otherwise mentioned. Hong Kong in its regional setting 1:300 000 HM300C Hong Kong: LD, 1993 The territory of Hong Kong 1:200 000 HM200CL Hong Kong: LD English language: also available in Chinese language version Updated regularly Hong Kong, Kowloon and the New Territories 1: 100 000 HM 100CL Hong Kong: LD Updated regularly Hong Kong area and city maps Various scales Singapore: Periplus, 1995 Includes city maps of commercial and central districts, and area maps of Hong Kong 1:100 000 and Pearl River Delta area 1:1 000 000 Hong Kong official guide map 1:30 000 Hong Kong: LD, 1994 Updated regularly IMAGE

MAPS

TOPOGRAPHIC Hong Kong special administrative region 1:50 000 HM50CL Hong Kong: LD 2 sheets, both published Updated every t w o years Also available as two-colour version HM50CP (1990) Hong Kong countryside series 1:25 000 Hong Kong: LD, 1993-6 7 maps, all published Hong Kong 1:20 000 HM20C Hong Kong: LD, 1992-7 16 sheets, all published • Θ Updated every t w o t o five years BATHYMETRIC Hong Kong harbour 1:35 000 Hong Kong: HK Hydro, 1998 AERONAUTICAL

CHARTS

Hong Kong obstruction controls plan Hong Kong: Civil Aviation Department Hong Kong helicopter flying chart 1:50 000 Hong Kong: Civil Aviation Department, 1999 2 sheets, both published EARTH

SCIENCES

Geological map of Hong Kong, Kowloon and the New Territories 1:50 000 Hong Kong: LD, 1972 2 sheets, both published W i t h 107 pp accompanying text Hong Kong geological survey (solid and superficial) 1:20 000 HMG20 Hong Kong: GCO, 1986-5 15 sheets, and accompanying memoirs, all published • Also available as solid series (from 1996) Hong Kong geotechnical areas studies programme 1:20 000 Hong Kong: GCO, 1987-89 12 volumes and map sets, all published Maps cover geotechnical land use; engineering geology; physical constraints; and generalized limitations and engineering appraisal ENVIRONMENTAL Vegetation map of Hong Kong 1:50 000 Hong Kong: World Wide Fund for Nature ADMINISTRATIVE Hong Kong special administrative region 1:200 000 HM200SAR Hong Kong: LD, 1997

Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta as seen from space images Hong Kong: Geocarto International, 1997 120 pp Comparative camera, scanner and radar images

Hong Kong special administrative region 1:100 000 HMI00SAR Hong Kong: LD, 1997

Hong Kong as seen from space 1:86 000 Hong Kong: Geocarto International, 1991 Simulated natural colour image map

Land utilization in Hong Kong 1:75 000 LUMHK75 Hong Kong: LD, 1988

SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND

ECONOMIC

Land utilization in Kowloon and Hong Kong Island 1:30 000 LUMU30 Hong Kong: LD, 1987

Hong Kong

455

HONG KONG

URBAN

The Hong Kong guide: streets and places Hong Kong: L D 235 pp Indexed A - Z street guide

1:20 000 topographic 1:20 000 geological 114°E

I

Hong Kong street maps Various scales Kowloon: Universal 5 published sheets

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New Territories

Hong Kong city map 1:14 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B, 1997

Kowloon

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.

16

The Survey of India (SI) is the oldest official scientific department in India with a history that can be traced back to the appointment of James Rennell as Surveyor General of Bengal in 1767. Separate survey departments were set up in Bengal, Bombay and Madras by the first decade of the nineteenth century and the Survey of India grew from the Great Trigonometrical Survey, established in 1818. Throughout the nineteenth century complete coverage of the sub-continent was attained in the Indian atlas, published at 1:253 440 scale. Systems for revenue and cadastral surveys for land registration were also established, but it was not until 1905 that a single sub-continental standard was fixed for topographic survey. This set up 1:63 360 scale mapping on a conical conformal projection, Everest ellipsoid, with sheets following a quarter-degree sheet line system, and printed in full colour with contoured relief. More remote areas were to be mapped in a quarter inch series (1:253 440 scale). This standard still greatly influences specifications used for the mapping of South Asian countries. After independence SI became responsible for the mapping of India alone, following the establishment of separate survey offices in Sri Lanka and Pakistan. By then 3355 1:63 360 scale sheet areas had been published and 266 sheets at 1:253 440 scale covered newly independent India. The metric system was introduced in 1956, sheet lines were maintained and scales changed to metric equivalents. A 1:250 000 scale series had already replaced the 1:253 440 scale map and covers India in 394 sheets. Relief is shown by 100 m or 200 m intervals and sheets are revised on a 15year cycle, using data collected for larger scale programmes. Coverage of the country in 1:50 000 scale mapping was extended from 1956, earlier 1:63 360 sheets were progressively converted on revision and new areas were mapped in the metric series for the first time until the series was completed in 5106 sheets in 1982. This map shows relief with 5 m, 10 m or 20 m contours depending upon the nature of the terrain. The design still resembles the cartographic styles adopted by the early Survey of India, but the series has been produced using photogrammetric techniques for many years and a revision programme is in operation which aims to ensure no sheet is older than 15 years, whilst revising every five years for areas of highest priority. In 1956 a 1:25 000 scale series was started, and following completion of the 1:50 000 scale map emphasis has shifted to this programme. Complete coverage in the 1:25 000 scale map would require about 20 000 sheets; about 5000 of this total have been compiled and like the 1:50 000 scale sheets show relief with 5 m, 10 m or 20 m intervals. Amongst other maps produced by SI are small-scale road and tourist maps of the country, 1:1 000 000 scale state maps and the Indian sheets in the International map of the world and the World aeronautical chart. Twenty-one sheets conforming to

IMW specifications are maintained and ICAO aeronautical editions of these sheets are regularly revised. A road map at 1:2 500 000 scale is revised every two years, and a motoring map at 1:4 000 000 scale is also produced. SI also compiles large scale urban coverage, including a series of town guide maps of all the major urban centres. Largescale mapping programmes for development projects have been commissioned, but no central large scale programmes offer systematic coverage. Since 1905 the different Indian states have maintained their own separate organizations responsible for large scale cadastral mapping, which varies greatly in specification across the country. Some states have started to automate procedures, for example Orissa has recently set up a Land Information System to capture and maintain revenue, resettlement and development area data. In contrast very little topographic or thematic mapping of the states has been carried out by local agencies and SI maintains a monolithic position in Indian mapping, with most production centralized and carried out at a national level, a very big contrast to other large nations with federal administrative structures. Since the early 1980s SI has been investing in digital technologies, but most effort so far has been devoted towards automating conventional hard copy publication programmes, rather than creating databases for use in GIS. Three digital production centres have completed the capture of 1:250 000 scale cartographic data and a number of smaller scale maps are produced on the digital production flowline, including the 1:2 500 000 and 1:4 000 000 scale motoring maps. More recently attention has been given towards establishing national spatial databases. Digital terrain data from the 1:250 000 scale map are available for the whole of India and a 1:50 000 scale digital cartographic database is also being established. SI also maintains an ARC/INFO-based administrative boundary database. Experimental use has been made of SPOT and LANDSAT satellite data for the revision of topographic mapping, and it is planned to automate remote sensing based revision procedures for all three main topographic series, once the new generation of high resolution sensors on the IRS and CARTOSAT 1 platforms are operational. In theory in the years between independence and the late 1990s topographic mapping from SI was not available for export from India at scales larger than 1:1 000 000. The Ministry of Defence restricts the use of map and aerial photographic information within the country and prohibits export of larger scales. It also operates a separate military mapping agency, the Military Survey. It remains difficult to acquire topographic mapping in all three major series for many areas of the country, in particular for coastal and mountainous frontier areas of the country, and only designated agencies are authorized to digitize data from hard copy maps. But sheets are advertised as available from several major international map dealers, and we have included graphic indexes

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for major topographic series, and listed them in our catalogue section. Late in 1998 pressure was building from the GIS community for government to liberalize its policy towards m a p and spatial data acquisition, in particular following the successful development of government sponsored information policies aimed at better networking the country, including the establishment of the N I C N E T programme. Pressure groups such as the Centre for Spatial Database Management and Solutions ( C S D M S ) and the growing GIS information economy make a shift in policy more likely. Geological and other earth science mapping of India is the responsibility of the Geological Survey of India (GSI), Kolkata. A 1:250 0 0 0 scale series is on topographic sheet lines, with a generalized topographic base, and will cover the country in 394 five-colour sheets. Earlier sheets in the series were published at 1:253 4 4 0 scale. Some 200 sheets in this series have been compiled but many are restricted and not available on international markets. A 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale geological atlas has been in progress since 1976. Mineralogical and geological maps of the country are published at 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 and 1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 scales. Eleven 1:500 000 scale sea bed sediment maps have also been published but are also restricted. The National Geophysical Research Institute ( N G R I ) is the Indian centre for research into the physics of the earth and its interior. It carries out geophysical and geochemical surveys in support of mining and petroleum exploration industries, including magnetic, gravity, geothermal, and hydrogeological surveys and research. In the late 1970s N G R I published small scale gravity mapping of the country. The India Meteorological Department ( I M D ) publishes climatological and rainfall atlases, and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, has also issued climatological mapping in the 1990s. The National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization ( N A T M O ) was founded in 1956 and redesignated as N A T M O in 1978 with broad responsibilities for the thematic mapping of India. Its main task is the compilation, maintenance and publication of the National atlas of India. The preliminary H i n d i edition was completed in 1957, and for the next 25 years emphasis shifted towards the compilation of the English language edition which was completed and published in eight bound volumes in 1982. The atlas comprises 300 plates with a comprehensive thematic range published at scales between 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 and 1:6 000 000. Maps are either on regular sheet lines or cover a state and the emphasis is upon the agricultural resources of the country. Each plate may also be acquired as an individual sheet. Since 1982 effort has been devoted to the revision of certain sheets in the atlas, and the publication of a widening range of mapping. Other thematic atlases are published, often drawing together material also found in the National atlas, and covering topics such as irrigation, water resources, agriculture and forest resources. A tourist atlas of the country is available in hardback or paperback versions. Bengali and H i n d i language maps are also issued and a series of applied 1:6 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale themes is in progress, for example covering air pollution and natural hazards. N A T M O has also carried out land use mapping of development blocks. About 60 sheets have been published, most at 1:50 0 0 0 scale. A few medium-scale landform maps have been published. The latest initiative is a series of District planning maps, published at 1:250 0 0 0 scale, and showing basic divisions of land use, with many smaller scale thematic insets covering a wide variety of themes also included on each sheet. Over 100 of

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these maps are planned. From 1997 N A T M O has been establishing digital mapping flowlines and planning several new projects, notably the publication of a satellite atlas of India and a health atlas of the country. The Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India carries out census mapping activities in the country, with mapping of census results produced since the 1971 survey. Prior to each decennial census 1.2 million maps of enumeration units are prepared, on a standard size with English and H i n d i legends. These are used to prepare jurisdictional, urban schematic and Statistical Unit Area (SUA) maps for the census data collection. Districts, taluks and urban data collection units are covered in about 5000 sheets. Census results are tabulated b u t are also issued in cartographic form as smaller-scale, single-colour demographic and socio-economic maps published in census atlases. State and union territories are covered in a series of atlases with mapping at 1:2 500 0 0 0 and 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scales, showing data presented down to taluk and tahsil level. A national volume gives 1:5 0 0 0 000 scale coverage. Publications relating to the 1981 census are still available, tabulated data from the 1991 census are becoming available and the national volume from the latest census was issued in 1995. Data are presented on the census Web page, including administrative mapping of the different Indian states. It is planned to release data for the 2001 census in digital form. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning ( N B S S L U P ) was set u p in 1976 and carries out soil resource mapping, agro-ecological zoning and mapping of degraded soils at country, state and district levels. Soils data are collected at 1:250 000 scale for states and 1:1 0 0 0 000 scale for national mapping. Publications from these data include full-colour mapping of West Bengal, Pondicherry and Gujarat as well as national small-scale coverage of agro-ecological regions, soil degradation and soil resources. NBSSLUP issues these maps with accompanying bulletins in conjunction with Oxford and I B H Publishing New Delhi. T h e Forest Survey of India was established in 1981 and is responsible for the creation of a digital National Forest Inventory system. It updates a national forest vegetation m a p every two years and carries out thematic and vegetation mapping using image analysis. Other vegetation mapping is carried out by the Institut Fran^ais de Pondichery (IFP) who published a series of maps between I 9 6 0 and 1978 at 1:1 000 000 scale using I M W sheet lines which cover much of the subcontinent. IFP is also publishing a 1:250 000 scale Forest map of South India, in association with State Forest Departments, and larger scale forest, soils and land use maps of a few Indian national park areas. An environmental GIS has been established for the Western Ghats. Other areas of South East and South Asia have also been mapped by IFP, including bioclimatic mapping in conjunction with its associated vegetation survey agencies elsewhere in the region and in France. These include @ct'image who distribute vegetation coverage of the Nilgiri Hills. The National Remote Sensing Agency is the focal point for acquiring, processing, generating and disseminating satellite and aerial data products relating to India, including the Indian IRS series of resources satellites. Numerous mapping applications have been carried out in conjunction with national and state level agencies. Several GIS houses have grown over the last 10 years and now release a number of their own as well as federal and

locally generated digital maps. R M S I is the most significant supplier of these data. Its digital product range includes boundary and demographic data, road and rail networks, and a number of city data sets, as well as digital terrain data, supplied as grid or contour data, at 30-arc-second resolution, or in a high resolution product with a i m grid resolution. Another data supplier is M L Infomap, with a similar small scale product range, which includes a C D - R O M based rural market planner, incorporating the names and populations of over 600 0 0 0 villages with over forty socio-economic indicators; and the Pollmap package, which brings together boundary, census and electoral data. Other public organizations producing mapping at a national level include the Town and Country Planning Organization, the Central Board on Irrigation and Power (CBIP) (compiling irrigation and power maps and atlases) the Ministry of Agriculture (agricultural atlases) and the Central Pollution Control Board, who produced a water quality atlas of the country in 1994. There has also been a long tradition of regional thematic atlas publication, in particular involving the compilation of agricultural, resources and planning atlases. The most recent example of the genre is the ongoing Planning atlas of Haryana, two volumes of which were published in 1993 and 1996. The Naval Hydrographie Office was established as an independant agency in 1954 with headquarters in Dehra D u n . It builds upon over two centuries of British imperial nautical charting and is currently responsible for hydrographic and bathymetric charting of Indian coasts and for smaller scale charting covering much of the Indian Ocean area. It makes important contributions to the G E B C O programme and installed an automated cartographic system in 1996, with a view to converting from hard copy production to an electronic navigation chart database, by digitizing navigational charts over a three year period. Oceanographic studies of coastal and open ocean environments have been carried out by the National Institute of Oceanography (ΝΙΟ), Goa, including significant mapping of the Indian ocean described in our oceanic section. Commercial m a p publishers issue a variety of cheap tourist maps, mostly as administrative coloured state maps, or as urban mapping. These often mirror the tourist coverage from SI. The T T K Pharma Ltd range is readily available outside India and comprises mostly folded indexed guide maps to states and cities. Amongst overseas published coverage of the country are general maps from British commercial houses Estate Publications and HarperCollins, from Nelles Verlag, Karto+Grafik (K+G) and RV from Germany and from International Travel Maps (ITM) Canada. Lonely Planet, Australia recently issued a tourist atlas of India and Bangladesh. There is also a long-established tradition for the publication of 'gazetteers'. These comprise detailed descriptions of places in an area or district, rather than simple place name finding tools and many are distributed on the international market by D K Agencies.

• •

•

Further information Catalogues are available from SI, GSI, NATMO and the Census and these continue to provide the best introductions to the four most important mapping agencies in the country. Historical background to the development of the Survey of India is included in Cook, A. (1979) Maps, chapter in South Asian bibliography: a handbook and guide, e d i t e d by J . W . P e a r s o n .

London: South Asia Library Group. Regular reports on developments in the mapping of India have been submitted to UN Regional Cartographic Conferences, e.g. India (1997) Country report; paper presented to the Sixth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for the Americas.

New York: UN. N a g , P.( 1992) (Editor) Thematic mapping and remote sensing.

New Delhi: Concept Publishing is a useful introduction to the state of the art of thematic mapping in India. Increasingly Web sites offer useful points of contact for many Indian mapping agencies. Particularly useful examples are: the best sources of information about current census mapping programmes, available on the Indian Census home page at URL http://www.censusindia.net; and the information available on the CSDMS home pages at URL http://csdms.org, which includes technical conference papers relating to GIS in South Asia and the Indian online GIS journal GIS@development. The changing context of Indian map availability is summarized in Shrikantia, S.V. (1999) Modern maps but outrageous regulation, GIM International, July 1999,68-71.

Addresses K.P. Bagchi and Company 286 Ganguli Street, KOLKATA 700012 Tel +91 33 267474 Fax +91 33 2482973 Email [email protected] URL http://www.indiaaccess.com/kpbagchi Central Board on Irrigation and Power ( C B I P ) Malcha Marg, Chanakyapuri, NEW DELHI I 10021 Tel+91 II 3015984 Fax+91 II 3016347 Central Pollution Control Board Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar, Shahadara, DELHI Tel +91 I I 2217213 Fax +91 I I 2217079 Email [email protected] URL http://www.nic.in/envfor/cpcb Centre for Spatial Database Management and Solutions ( C S D M S ) Ρ-1, Sector XI, NOIDA 201301 Tel +91 0118 539573 Fax +91 0118 539673 Email [email protected] URL http://csdms.org Concept Publishing Company A/15-16, Commercial Block, Mohan Garden, NEW DELHI 110059 Tel + 9 1 1 1 550 4042 Fax +91 II 559 8898 D K Agencies A/15-17 Mohan Garden, Najafgarh Road, NEW DELHI I 10059 Tel + 9 1 1 1 559 8897 Fax +91 II 559 8898

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Forest Survey of India 21 Subhas Marg, D E H R A D U N 248006 Tel+91 135 625037 F a x + 9 1 135 629104 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.nic.in/envfor/fsi/fsi.html Geological Survey of India ( G S I ) 27 Jawaharlal Nehru Road, K O L K A T A 700016 Tel +91 33 24 96941 Fax +91 33 24 96956 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.gsi.gov.in India Meteorological D e p a r t m e n t ( I M D ) Lodi Road, N E W D E L H I 110011 U R L http://www.nic.in/snt/imd Indian Institute ofTropical M e t e o r o l o g y ( H T M ) PUNE Institut Francais de Pondichery ( I F P ) I I Saint Louis Street, PB 33, P O N D I C H E R Y 605001 Tel +91 413 341 70 Fax +91 413 395 34 Email instfran@giasmd0l .vsnl.net.in Military Survey Plot no 108 (WS), Church Road, N E W D E L H I 110001 Email [email protected] Ministry of Agriculture Krishi Bhavan, N E W D E L H I 110001 Tel + 9 1 1 1 338 2651 Fax +91 I I 338 6004 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.nic.in/agricoop/ M L Infomap C4,4064 Vasant Kunk, N E W D E L H I 110070 Tel +91 22 6135292 Fax +91 11 613 5293 U R L http://www.mlinfomap.com National A t l a s and T h e m a t i c M a p p i n g O r g a n i z a t i o n (NATMO) C G O Complex, D F Block, Salt Lake City, K O L K A T A 700064 Tel +91 33 46460 Fax +91 33 46460 National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land U s e Planning (NBSSLUP) Amravati Road, N A G P U R 440010 Tel +91 712 532664 Fax +91 712 532386 National Geophysical Research Institute ( N G R I ) Uppal Road, H Y D E R A B A D 500007 Tel +91 40 7171124 F a x + 9 1 40 7171564 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.ngri.com National Institute of O c e a n o g r a p h y ( Ν Ι Ο ) Miramar, Panaji, G O A 403004 Tel +91 832 221352 Fax +91 832 223340 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.nio.org

Office of the Registrar General and C e n s u s C o m m i s s i o n e r of India 2a Mansingh Road, N E W D E L H I 110011 Tel + 9 1 1 1 6981558 Fax +91 I I 6980295 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.censusindia.net O x f o r d and I B H Publishing 66 Janpath, N E W D E L H I 110001 Tel + 9 1 1 1 3324578 Fax +91 I I 3322639 RMSI A-7, Sector 16, N O I D A 201301 Tel +91 118 511 102 Fax +91 I 18 511 109 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.rmsinet.com Survey of India ( S I ) Ρ Ο Box 37, Haithibarka Estate, D E H R A D U N 248001 Tel +91 135 744268 Fax +91 135 744064 Email [email protected] Town and C o u n t r y Planning O r g a n i z a t i o n Ministry of Health Family Planning, Housing and Urban Development, N E W D E L H I T T K P h a r m a Ltd ( T T K ) 328 G S T Road, Chromepet, C H E N N A I 600044 Tel +91 44 2368824 Fax +91 44 404525 For Lonely Planet, see Australia; for @ct'image, see France; for Estate, HarperCollins, and PE, see Great Britain; for Karto+Grafik, Nelles and RV, see Germany; for ITM see Canada; for N I M A , see United States.

Catalogue ATLASES

National atlas of India Kolkata: N A T M O , 1982 8 thematic vols Individual sheets also published separately or as thematic collections Regularly revised Tourist atlas of India Kolkata: N A T M O , 1997 170 pp Road atlas of India Chennai:TTK 32 pp India and Bangladesh: travel atlas Hawthorn, Vic: Lonely Planet, 1995 164 pp GAZETTEERS

National R e m o t e Sensing A g e n c y Department of Space, Balanagar, H Y D E R A B A D 500037 Tel +91 40 278360 Fax +91 40 278648 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.nrsa.in

India. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington D C : N I M A , 1952 2 vols

Naval Hydrographie Office PB 75, 107-A Rajpur Road, Dehra Dun I, D E H R A D U N 248001 Tel +91 135 654873 Fax +91 135 658373

Alphabetical list of towns in India Mumbai: BCIS, 1991 Il2pp With district map of India

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Geotechnical map of India 1:2 000 000

GENERAL

Physical map of India 1:4 500 000 Edition 2 Dehra Dun: SI, 1979 Indian subcontinent I A 000 000 Bartholomew world travel series London: HarperCollins, 1995 Traveller's reference map of India 1:3 750 000 Tenterden and Vancouver: Estate and ITM, 1993 India and adjacent countries 1:2 500 000 Edition 2 Dehra Dun: SI, 1990

Geomorphological map of India 1:2 000 000 Kolkata: GSI, 1996 4 sheets, all published Geological map of India 1:2 000 000 Kolkata: GSI, 1996 4 sheets, all published Mineral atlas of India 1:2 000 000 Kolkata: GSI

4 sheets, all published

4 sheets, all published

Road map of India 1:2 500 000 Dehra Dun: SI, 1998

Geological and mineral atias of India I: I 000 000 Kolkata: GSI, 1976

General maps of India 1:2 000 000 Kolkata: N A T M O , 1965-74

48 sheets, 27 published

•

Geological and mineral map of the states Kolkata: GSI, 1971-

5 sheets, all published Indien 1:2 000 000 München: RV, 1993 3 sheets, all published

5 published sheets

•

Geological quadrangle map of India 1:250 000 Kolkata: GSI, 1980394 sheets, c. 150 published

Indien 1:1 500 000 München: Nelles Verlag 6 sheets, all published

•

Some sheets published at 1:253 440 scale

Also covers Bangladesh and Pakistan

ENVIRONMENTAL

Land resources atlas

TOPOGRAPHIC

Kolkata: N A T M O , 1997

India 1:250 000

1:6 000 000 scale mapping

Dehra Dun: SI, 1970394 sheets, all published

Kolkata: GSI, 1995 4 sheets, all published

Geothermal atlas of India Kolkata: GSI, 1991 144 pp

•

India 1:50 000 Dehra Dun: SI, 19595026 sheets, all published

•

BATHYMETRIC

Oceanographic atlas of the EEZ of India Goa: National Institute of Oceanography, 1988 47 plates

Radiation atlas of India N e w Delhi: India Meteorological Department, 1985 130 pp Agroclimatic atias of India N e w Delhi: India Meteorological Department, 1978 91 plates Climatalogical atias of India

EARTH

SCIENCES

Coal atlas of India Kolkata: Coal India, 1993 129 pp Geological map of India 1:5 000 000 Kolkata: GSI, 1993 Isotopic age map of peninsular India 1:5 000 000 Kolkata: GSI, 1989

N e w Delhi: India Meteorological Department, 1981 65 plates Atias of forest resources of India Kolkata: N A T M O , 1976 36 plates Selected from the national atlas Water resources development atlas of India Kolkata: N A T M O , 1996 33 pp

Coal and lignite fields of India 1:5 000 000 Kolkata: GSI, 1976

Water quality atias of India

Gravity map series of India 1:5 000 000

37 pp

Hyderabad: N G R I , 1974-78 5 thematic sheets Thematic set with explanatory text Mineralogical map of India 1:5 000 000 Kolkata: GSI, 1974 6 sheets, 2 available Sheets cover base metals and raw materials for fertilizer industry Geological and mineral map of the states 1:2 250 000 Kolkata: GSI, 1969-

N e w Delhi: Central Pollution Control Board, 1994

Probable maximum precipitation atias Pune: IITM, 1989 16 maps Severe rainstorms in India Pune: IITM, 1994 60 pp India: agro-ecological regions 1:5 000 000 Nagpur: NBSSLUP, 1992 W i t h 130 pp text

13 published sheets

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461

National parks and sanctuaries 1:5 000 000

India: regional power grids and generating stations Various scales N e w Delhi: CBIP, 1996

Dehra Dun: SI, 1990

5 regional maps tables and diagrams on double-sided sheet

Hill ranges and rivers 1:5 000 000

Irrigation map of India 1:4 500 000 N e w Delhi: CBIP, 1982

Dehra Dun: SI, 1990 India: soil degradation 1:4 400 000 Nagpur: NBSSLUP, 1994

Energy map of India 1:4 000 000

W i t h 80pp text

London: PE, 1997

Wildlife of India 1:4 000 000

Railway map of India 1:3 500 000 Edition 14

Chennai:TTK, 1991

Dehra Dun: SI, 1989

International map of vegetation and environmental conditions

India: archaeological monuments 1:2 500 000

1:1 000 000

Dehra Dun: SI, 1993-

Pondichery: IFP, 1961-

3 sheets, I published

21 sheets, 12 published Legend and title in English and French Accompanying thematic sheets on each sheet at 1:5 000 000 show administrative divisions and hypsometry, geology and lithology, soils, bioclimates, vegetation types and agriculture

Town maps covering major cities mostly at 1:10 000 or

1:20 000

India state maps 1:1 000 000 Dehra Dun: SI, 1971•

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

1981 Census atlas of India N e w Delhi: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, 198230 volumes, 22 published National volume and 29 state and union territory atlases Includes administrative and demographic mapping 1991 Census atias of India N e w Delhi: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, 1995 78 pp Socio-economic atlas of India Kolkata: N A T M O , 1999 12 maps Atias of the child in India N e w Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 1986 477 pp Atlas of women and men in India N e w Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 1999 100 maps Atias of tribal India N e w Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 1990 188 plates Atias of agricultural resources of India Kolkata: N A T M O , 1980 36 pp Selected from the national atlas An anthropological atlas: peoples of India K.S.Singh Oxford: OUP, 1993 156 pp Irrigation atias of India 1987 2 vols

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15 published sheets

15 published sheets

Dehra Dun: SI, 1988

N e w Delhi: CBIP, 1992

Chennai:TTK

Dehra Dun: SI, 1969-

Political map of India 1:4 000 000

SOCIAL,

City maps Various scales

Guide maps Various scales

ADMINISTRATIVE

14 sheets, all published

URBAN

India

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The National Coordinating Body for Survey and Mapping Badan

Koordinasi

Survey

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Pemetaan

Nasional

(BAKOSURTANAL) was founded in 1969 at the start of the first five-year Indonesian development plan. It is currently responsible for official geodetic, aeronautical and photogrammetric surveying, mapping and charting and acts as the national advisory and co-ordinating body for all surveying and mapping activities in the country. Prior to 1969 there was no systematic national civilian mapping programme. Topographic maps had been prepared by the Army Topographic Service, (now Direktorat Topografi (DIOTOP)), using the polyconic projection, with series published at 1:50 000, 1:100 000 and 1:250 000 scales, but coverage of the different islands was very patchy and for many areas preliminary colonial Dutch maps, or American wartime surveys remained the best available data. In the last 30 years substantial progress has been made towards the creation of an integrated and modern mapping infrastructure for the whole of Indonesia, as a necessary underpinning for economic development. This transformation has been achieved by a sustained state investment in mapping programmes, and has benefited from many different bilateral aid arrangements. The National Base Mapping Programme is carried out jointly by BAKOSURTANAL and the Army Topographic Directorate. An integrated programme on the UTM projection, Spheroid Nasional Indonesia employs a hierarchical numbering system and was initiated in 1969. Sheets are printed in a larger format than the older polyconic and TMbased series. Four 1:25 000 scale sheets cover the same area as a single 1:50 000 scale map, four 1:50 000 scale sheets comprise a 1:100 000 scale map, and six 1:100 000 scale sheets are required for each 1:250 000 scale quadrangle. Graticular sheet lines are used and the basic scale differs from island to island. The basic scale for Irian Jaya was fixed at 1:100 000 while 1:25 000 coverage is used for Jawa, Bali and the Nusa Tenggara islands. A project was started in 1992 with Norwegian technical aid, to compile updated 1:25 000 scale digital coverage of these areas, derived directly from photogrammetric data. Due for completion in Year 2001 this will establish digital coverage in about 1 600 1:25 000 sheets. However 1:50 000 is the standard National Base Map scale and is employed for Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Makalu, with a specification including 25 m contours. 1:100 000 scale high altitude aerial coverage is used as source material, with larger scale coverage flown for some areas. Hard copy mapping has been published in two stages: provisional versions without field checking issued as enhanced orthophotomaps or three-colour line editions; the second stage involves publication of full-colour field checked maps. Very rapid progress towards completion of this programme was achieved in the early 1990s, over 500 new sheets for example being issued in 1993.

Following completion of most of the Base Mapping, effort has shifted towards digital production and revision. A fouryear Franco-Indonesian project is establishing a digital image map production flowline in BAKOSURTANAL and concentrating upon the production of ortho space maps of parts of Irian Jaya and the Moluccas. A total of 240 1:50 000 scale maps will be derived from SPOT satellite data, 176 of which are the responsibility of SPOT Image in France, with the remaining 64 being generated locally in Cibinong. Digital marine resource mapping is also being compiled for the 10 eastern Indonesian provinces. Forty-five designated sea lane charts of 1:100 000 and 1:200 000 scale are being produced, and coverage of the Indonesian Economic Exclusive Zone at 1:200 000 and 1:1 000 000 was established over the period 1995—8. These projects are part of a strategy to establish a national Geographical Information System, and complement the ongoing conversion of hard copy mapping into digital formats. BAKOSURTANAL has established exchange standards for topographic data and is seeking to integrate topographic coverage with the numerous sectoral resources information databases described below. It is intended to use these central initiatives to encourage regional planning authorities to develop local GIS applications in the 18 provinces. BAKOSURTANAL also compiles derived coverage at 1:250 000, 1:500 000 and 1:1 000 000 scales. 1:500 000 scale mapping in the Ρeta lingungkan laut nasional series covers the country in 44 sheets issued between 1991 and 1993. A 34-sheet 1:1 000 000 scale coverage on International map of the world sheet lines was revised to 1992. Complete 1:250 000 coverage is not yet available, topographic mapping at this scale is not yet compiled for Irian Jaya and parts of Kalimantan. BAKOSURTANAL also produces a rich variety of smallerscale resources mapping, usually published in atlases. An Atlas of Indonesian resources presents national data at 1:7 500 000 scale for eight themes, with larger scale coverage of the different islands published in Regional resource atlases, the scales of which vary according to the size and extent of development of the area, from Bali at 1:250 000 to Sumatera at 1:2 250 000. In 1993 BAKOSURTANAL published the Atlas sumbar daya nasional, a smaller format paperback overview of resources with many small thematic maps of the country. A bilingual marine resources atlas was released in 1998, with 1:5 000 000 scale mapping, and 1:1 000 000 scale coverage has also recently been published in atlas format to show land use and minerals, with two Indonesian language series bound together in a paperback volume. A two volume digital oceanographic atlas, depicting the Indian Ocean and Eastern Indonesian waters, was published in 1997. The most useful summary of many of these regional and national data, and published in English, is the resource

Indonesia

465

inventory compiled for 14 themes and published in association with the British Natural Resources Institute (NRI). In the 1990s there have been significant improvements in the availability of BAKOSURTANAL products on the international market. Topographic and thematic coverage has been listed in map dealers' catalogues and is described in our catalogue section. Larger scale coverage of urban areas and development regions associated with transmigration schemes is not available, and is mainly produced for land registration, in association with the Directorate of Land Use. These programmes are described below. The Geological Research and Development C e n t r e (GRDC) in the Ministry of Mines and Energy carries out geological and geophysical mapping of Indonesia, including the publication of geological, geophysical, seismotectonic, geomorphological and Quaternary mapping of the Indonesian region. G R D C was established in 1979 and developed the programmes of the Geological Survey of Indonesia. Prior to this date aid from the United States Geological Survey had established small scale coverage and started the systematic geological mapping of Indonesia. Jawa and Madura are covered in 58 full-colour 1:100 000 scale geological sheets each covering a half-degree quadrangle. For the other islands the basic geological scale is usually 1:250 000, and maps are being published on topographic sheet lines each covering 1° 30' longitude by 1° latitude. Some local and more limited 1:100 000 scale mapping of key areas on the outer islands is also available. Regional geological mapping at 1:1 000 000 scale was nearly complete by 1997, and was on International map of the world sheet lines. Monochrome gravity coverage of Jawa and Madura is nearly complete at 1:100 000 scale, 1:250 000 scale derived gravity mapping is also compiled for these islands, and is progressing for the rest of the archipelago. The German Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BfGR) has assisted G R D C to compile 1:250 000 scale hydrogeological coverage of Jawa, and small scale coverage of the whole of Indonesia. A Quaternary 1:250 000 series is also published, but covers a less extensive area. In addition to these systematic programmes G R D C maintains a number of themes at smaller scales. The Australian agency Volcanex International has captured 1:250 000 digital earth science coverage of Sulawesi from G R D C mapping which have been merged with all available minerals related data for the island, in the ArcView-based Geoscience Information System Sularox, also available in Maplnfo format. The Directorate of Land Use (Badan Pertananhan Nasional (BPN)) has been responsible for extensive programmes of large scale land use mapping. Since the early 1970s land use data have been collected and published at 1:50 000, 1:100 000 and 1:250 000 scales and now cover most of Indonesia. Hard copy programmes included full colour 1:250 000 scale mapping of all of Bali and Java, derived from 1:25 000 scale coverage. Three 1:250 000 scale series are issued on topographic sheet lines in conjunction with BAKOSURTANAL, to show land use and forest status, land status (indicating development potential) and land systems, showing land capability. The 1:250 000 scale topographic map is used as a base for these series. Coverage is complete for the more developed western provinces, none of these maps yet extends to Irian Jaya or eastern parts of Kalimantan and only the land systems series covers Nusa Tenggara and Timor. B P N also acts as the cadastral mapping authority for the whole of the country apart from Jakarta. Urban coverage is

466

Asia

compiled in association with BAKOSURTANAL and has been based upon 1:1000 or 1:500 scale mapping, with developed rural holdings mapped at 1:2500 scale. Between 1982 and 1987 100 cities and towns were covered in 1:1000 scale photomaps, and subsequently line mapping has also been produced at this scale for significant urban areas. From 1994 B P N has been digitizing its cadastral data, and capturing digital coverage of non-forested development areas. It is intended to complete digital land registration by Year 2020. The Indonesian capital Jakarta is mapped at 1:5000 and 1:1000 scales by the Jakarta Mapping Centre. Census data and mapping are the responsibility of the Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). BPS releases census information in hard copy and as digital data, including detailed administrative mapping of census units from its home page on the World Wide Web. Hydrographie charting of Indonesia is the responsibility of Dinas Hidro-Oseanografi (DISHIDROS). Established in 1945 it maintains a range of 417 hydrographic charts of Indonesian waters and rivers, in addition to coverage of the principal sea lanes linking Indonesia to adjacent countries. The Agency for Inventorization and Forest Utilization (Badan Inventarisari dan Tata Guna Hutan) with offices in Bogor and Jakarta, has carried out extensive programmes of reconnaissance forest mapping in support of the logging industries. These have been derived from satellite imagery, aerial coverage and topographic mapping programmes, and often resulted in 1:50 000 scale forest maps. During the period between 1989 and 1996 a national survey was established which created national 1:250 000 scale ARC/INFO coverage in a database of forests and land use, updated from multiple sources of satellite imagery, and especially radar data. A total of 250 sheets were printed from these data and derived forest coverage at 1:1 000 000 and 1:2 500 000 scales was output for publication for Sumatra and Kalimantan. Vegetation and bioclimatic mapping of Indonesia has been compiled by the South East Asian Regional C e n t r e for Tropical Biology (SEAMEO BIOTROP) in conjunction with the Institut de la Carte Internationale du Tapis Vegetale (ICITV). BIOTROP was originally established in 1968 and now acts as the regional centre for research on assessing the impacts of global change and their implications for terrestrial ecosystems, with considerable GIS and remote sensing investment. Sumatra in covered in three full-colour 1:1 000 000 scale maps published with an explanatory text, which depict 80 natural vegetation types and are derived from 1:200 000 scale cartographic compilations. These maps are now marketed by @ c t ' i m a g e in its Ecocarte series, and are available as hard copy, but also as raster scanned data on CD-ROM. Earlier bioclimatic mapping of the whole of Indonesia is still available from the Institut Fran^ais de Pondichery (IFP). The Centre for Soil and Agroclimatic Research (Pusat Penelitian Tanah Sen Agroklimat) (PPT)) is responsible for the soils mapping of the whole of Indonesia. Exploration mapping at 1:500 000 and 1:1 000 000 scales covers about 75 per cent of the country, but in the 1970s and 1980s most effort was devoted to the production of reconnaissance coverage of Java and Sumatra at scales between 1:50 000 and 1:250 000. The first Land Resources Evaluation Planning Project led to the completion of 1:250 000 scale soils coverage of Sumatra in 46 sheets, which by 1994 had been captured as soils data in an ARC/INFO and ERDASbased resources information system. During the period of the second Project the emphasis has shifted to 1:100 000

and 1:250 000 scale coverage of high priority areas across the rest of the country. It was planned to complete this work by 1999. Many small commercial mapping companies issue maps of Indonesian cities, but PT Pembina is the most significant commercial publisher. They produce small scale maps of the different islands and provinces for the tourist and motoring market, as well as town mapping of Jakarta, administrative coverage of the country and a range of fifteen thematic maps of the country. Pembina also produces atlases and globes for the education market. Overseas commercial agencies publishing coverage of Indonesia include Estate/International Travel Maps (ITM), Falk, New Holland, Periplus, RV, Nelles Verlag, and the National Geographic Society (NGS). The most useful western mapping of the country is from Nelles Verlag who publish a seven-sheet tourist map.

*

*

•

Further information Indonesian mapping activities are well documented and official mapping is increasingly available on the international market. The establishment of the National Base Mapping Programme is described in Asmoro, P. (1982) developments in mapping in Indonesia, ITC Journal, 1982(2), 200-206. For a detailed consideration of the 1:50 000 mapping programme see Mastra, R. and Brown, M.H. (1981) Proposed specification for the new 1:50 000 topographic map series of Indonesia, Cartographica, 18(3), 66-73. Recent developments in topographic programmes are described in Bekkus, R„ Ovstedal, O., Roste, P.B. and Vinnes, Η (1996) Digital developments in Indonesia, Ceomatics Info Magazine, 10(1) 47-51; 10(2) 47-^9 and 10(3) 27-29. The introduction of systematic geological mapping programmes is covered by Voskuil, R.P.H.A. (1982) Nieuwe geologische kaarten voor Indonesie, Kartografisch Tijdschrift, Vlll(l), 35-39. Many papers relating to Indonesian mapping have been presented at UN Regional Cartographic Conferences for example: BAKOSURTANAL (1994) Country report: paper submitted to the Thirteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific. Beijing: UN. BAKOSURTANAL (1997) Country report: paper submitted to the Fourteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific. Beijing: UN. Detailed map catalogues are produced by BAKOSURTANAL and GRDC.

Badan Koordinasi Survey dan Pemetaan Nasional (BAKOSURTANAL) PO Box 46, Jalan Raya-Bogor, Bogor km 46, CIBINONG 16911.Jawa Barat Tel +62 21 8752062 Fax +62 21 8752064 Email [email protected] URL http://www.bakosurtanal.go.id/ Badan Pertananhan Nasional (BPN) (Directorate of Land Use) Jalan Sisingamangaraja 2, JAKARTA Selatan, JAKARTA Tel +62 21 121 10 Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Jl Dr Sutomo 6-8, JAKARTA 10710 tel +62 21 3507057 Fax +61 21 3857046 Email [email protected] URL http://www.bps.go.id Dinas Hidro-Oseanografi (DISHIDROS) Jalan Pantai KutaV No I.JAKARTA 14430 Tel +62 21 684809 Fax +62 21 684819 Direktorat Topografi (DIOTOP) (Army Directorate of Topography) Jalan Gunung Sahari 90, JAKARTA Geological Research and Development Centre (GRDC) Jalan Diponegoro 57, BANDUNG 0122 Tel +62 22 772601 Fax +62 22 702669 Email [email protected] URL http://www.dgtl.dpe.go.id PT Pembina Jalan Dl Panjaitan 45, JAKARTA Tel +62 21 8094894 Fax +62 21 8194557 Pusat Penelitian Tanah Sen Agroklimat (PPT) (Centre for Soil and Agroclimatic Research) Department of Agriculture, Jalan Ir. Η Juanda 98, BOGOR Tel +62 251 323012 Fax +62 251 31 1256 Email [email protected] URL http://www.deptan.go.id South East Asian Regional Centre for Tropical Biology (SEAMED BIOTROP) PB I 16, Jalan Raya.Tajur Km 6, BOGOR Tel +62 251 323848 Fax +62 251 326851 Email [email protected] URL http://www.biotrop.org For ITM, see Canada; for Estate, New Holland and NRI, see Great Britain; for B&B, Falk, Karto +Grafik, Nelles and RV, see Germany; for @ct'image, see France; for IFP, see India; for NIMA, NGS and USGS, see United States; for Periplus, see Singapore; for Volcanex, see Australia.

Catalogue ATLASES

Addresses Badan Inventarisari dan Tata Guna Hutan (Directorate General for Inventory and Land Use Planning) Ministry of Forestry and Estate Crops, Manggdu Wanabakti Building, Block I, Floor 7, Jalan Gatot Subroto, JAKARTA Tel +62 21 5730309 Fax +62 21 5736320 Email [email protected] URL http://www.mobrinet.cbn.id/english

Atlas sumbar daya nasional Indonesia / National resources atlas of Indonesia 1:7 500 000 Cibinong: BAKOSURTANAL, 1980c. 75 maps, 8 published themes Marine resources atlas of Indonesia 1:5 000 000 Cibinong: BAKOSURTANAL, 1998 90 pp Bilingual

Indonesia

467

Atias sumbar daya national Indonesia / National resources atias of

Indonesia: province and island maps Various scales

Indonesia

Jakarta: Pembina

Cibinong: B A K O S U R T A N A L , 1993

14 published sheets

124 pp Atias oseanografi digital Indonesia Jakarta: B K K Teknologi, 1996 2 vols (98 pp) The land resources of Indonesia: a national overview 1:2 500 000 Chatham: N R I , 1990

TOPOGRAPHIC

Peta rupabumi Indonesia I: I 000 000 Cibinong: B A K O S U R T A N A L , 1992 34 sheets, all published • Peta Lingkungan Laut Nasional 1:500 000

14 thematic maps

Cibinong: B A K O S U R T A N A L , 1991-3

W i t h 538 pp text volume

44 sheets, all published

Atlas sumbar daya nasional Indonesia I: I 000 000

Peta rupabumi Indonesia 1:250 000

Cibinong: B A K O S U R T A N A L , 1998

Cibinong: B A K O S U R T A N A L , 1986

75 pp

251 sheets, c. 170 published

Indonesian land use and minerals mapping Atlas sumbar daya regional / Regional resources atlas Cibinong: B A K O S U R T A N A L , 1980Bali 1:250 000 1984 15 published themes Jawa Madura I: I 500 000 1983 3 published themes Jawa Barat 1:500 000 1983 6 published themes Jawa Tengah 1:500 000 1983 6 published themes Jawa Timur 1:500 000 16 published themes Kalimantan 1:2 250 000 1983 I I published themes Sumatera 1:2 500 000 1980 10 published themes Sulawesi 1:1 500 000 1980-1 4 published themes Atlas Indonesia Dunia Jakarta: Pembina, 1996 72 pp Globetrotter road atlas of Indonesia London: N e w Holland, 1996 72 pp GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of Indonesia. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Washington D C :

•

•

Peta rupabumi Indonesia 1:50 000 Cibinong: B A K O S U R T A N A L , 1976c. 1500 published sheets Covering Sumatra, Kalimentan and Sulawesi, being extended to Irian Jaya Peta rupabumi Indonesia 1:25 000 Cibinong: B A K O S U R T A N A L , 1976877 sheets, c. 600 published Covering Jawa, Bali and Nusa Tenggara BATHYMETRIC

Bathymetric map of the Indonesian region 1:5 000 000 Reston.VA: U S G S , 1974 EARTH

SCIENCES

Peta geologi Indonesia / Geological map of Indonesia 1:5 000 000 Bandung: G R D C , 1992 Map of sedimentary basins of the Indonesian Region 1:5 000 000 Reston.VA: USGS, 1974

Ν I M A , 1982

Peta seismotektonik Indonesia / Seismotectonic map of Indonesia 1:5 000 000

2 vols

Bandung: G R D C , 1992

GENERAL

Indonesia 1:7 080 000 Washington D C : N G S , 1996 Double-sided with biogeographic map on reverse Indonesia 1:6 500 000 London: N e w Holland, 1996 Indonesia 1:4 500 000 Jakarta: Pembina, 1990 Indonesia. International travel map. 1:4 000 000 Vancouver and Tenterden: ITM and Estate, 1997

Tectonic map of the Indonesian region 1:5 000 000 Reston.VA: USGS, 1978 Also available with explanatory text Earthquake map of the Indonesian region 1:5 000 000 RestonVa: USGS, 1974 Bouguer gravity map of Indonesia 1:5 000 000 Bandung: G R D C , 1993 Sebaran arah kemagnetan purba di Indonesia / Distribution of palaeomagnetic direction in Indonesia 1:5 000 000 Bandung: G R D C , 1993 Sebaran umur radiometri di Indonesia / Distribution of radiometric

Indonesia 1:4 000 000

ages in Indonesia 1:5 000 000

München: Nelles

Bandung: G R D C , 1993

Indonesia 1:4 000 000

Peta hydrogeologi Indonesia / Hydrogeological map of Indonesia 1:2 500 000 Bandung: G R D C , 1981

Singapore: Periplus, 1995 Indonesien 1:2 000 000 München: RV, 1992

Peta geologi Indonesia / Geologic map of Indonesia 1:2 000 000

2 sheets, both published

Bandung: G R D C and U S G S , 1965

Indonesia 1:1 500 000 München: Nelles 7 sheets all published Sumatra; Java and Nusa tenggara; Bali (1:180 000); Kalimentan; Java and Bali (1:650 000); Sulawesi; Irian Jaya and Maluku

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Asia

2 sheets, both published Peta geologi Indonesia / Geologic map of Indonesia I: I 000 000 Bandung: G R D C and U S G S , 197516 sheets, all published

Peta anomali Bouguer / Bouguer anomaly map of Indonesia

Peta Land System 1:250 0 0 0

1:1 000 0 0 0

Cibinong: B A K O S U R T A N A L , 1 9 8 8 -

Bandung: G R D C , 1 9 8 6 -

251 sheets, 178 published

16 sheets, 3 published

S h o w s land suitability

Peta geologi / Geologic map 1:250 000

ADMINISTRATIVE

Bandung: G R D C , 1 9 7 3 251 sheets, c. I SO published

•

Indonesia 1:5 300 0 0 0

Sulawesi available as digital database

Jakarta: Pembina, 1987

Peta anomali Bouguer / Bouguer anomaly map 1:250 000 Bandung: G R D C , 1 9 7 3 251 sheets, c. 60 published

Political colouring by province W i t h marginal Indonesian language description of administrative divisions

•

Peta geologi kuater / Quaternary geologic map 1:250 000 Bandung: G R D C , 1 9 7 5 13 published sheets

SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Peta land status 1:250 0 0 0

•

Cibinong: B A K O S U R T A N A L , 1 9 8 8 -

C o v e r s Java

251 sheets, 129 published

Peta hydrogeologi Indonesia / Hydrogeological map of Indonesia 1:250 0 0 0

•

S h o w s recommended development areas Peta land use 1:250 0 0 0

Bandung: G R D C , 1 9 8 1 13 published sheets

•

Cibinong: B A K O S U R T A N A L , 1988-

•

251 sheets, 132 published

C o v e r s Java

•

S h o w s present land use and forest status

Peta seismotektonik Indonesia / Seisomotectonic map of Indonesia 1:250 0 0 0

URBAN

Bandung: G R D C , 1 9 8 1 15 published sheets

Jakarta 1:22 500

•

Fürstenfeldbruck: B & B

C o v e r s earthquake areas

Jakarta city plan 1:20 0 0 0 Jakarta: Pembina, 1996

ENVIRONMENTAL

Bioclimats du monde Indonesien / Bioclimats of the Indonesian

Städteatlas Jakarta 1:20 000

archipelago 1:2 534 400

München: Falk

Pondichery: IFP, 1978

Jakarta 1:20 000

4 sheets, all published

München: Nelles

W i t h explanatory text

114°E

INDONESIA 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 topographic

o° —

300 miles

Indonesia

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470

Asia

Indonesia

471

IRAN (JOMHOORI-E-ISLAMI-E-IRAN)

Mapping of Iran was established by the British in their Survey of India programmes with complete quarter-inch reconnaissance coverage of the country, and partial half-inch mapping. Not until after World War II were national bodies established with mapping responsibilities. The civilian official mapping agency is the National Cartographic Centre ( N C C ) first set up with U N assistance in 1953. Its responsibilities encompass the maintenance of geodetic and levelling networks, topographic base mapping, and the production of the national atlas and thematic mapping. Meanwhile military mapping had been the responsibility of the National Geographic Organization (NGO). For most of its history N C C has concentrated upon the larger scales and co-ordinated production, whilst N G O has produced restricted military small and medium scale series. The two organizations merged in 1968, but were separated again after the Islamic revolution. Military series covering Iran at 1:50 000, 1:250 000 and 1:1 000 000 scales have been compiled using photogrammetric methods following triangulation, levelling and aerial photographic coverage initiated in the late 1950s. These are all on the UTM projection, Hayford ellipsoid. The 1:50 000 specification includes complete coverage in 2670 six-colour sheets, with each covering a 15' X 15' area. The 1:250 000 series covers the whole country in 136 seven- or eight-colour sheets; 12 maps are published for each International map of the world sheet. Other series include a 1:500 000 map in 42 sheets. These maps are all complete, and limited work has been carried out to revise data. 1:250 000 scale coverage has been digitized but remains out-of date. 1:50 000 scale coverage is becoming available in digital form. Only the 1:1 000 000 scale map has been revised, and is fully available in a digital form. N C C initiated new projects after 1979 with a view to modernizing the civilian mapping infrastructure, but little progress was made during the years of the Islamic revolution and the Iran-Iraq war. A 1:25 000 series was planned and work started on analogue production in 1990. Over 500 fourcolour sheets were produced with U N support and published by the end of 1992. Meanwhile officially sanctioned plans for a national topographic database were launched and it was decided to produce digital 1:25 000 base maps for the whole country. The first phases of this project involved photogrammetric data capture, and a new national digital standard was developed. Over 10 000 sheets are needed for national coverage; these are derived from 1:40 000 scale black and white aerial coverage, and are based on the U T M projection and WGS84 spheroid. The database is organized into nine superclasses, hard copy map design is separated from the design of map displays for on-screen manipulation. It is intended to complete this project by 2007. In 1996 N C C started a project for an intermediate scale 1:100 000 base map of the country. Using GPS control

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established for the 1:25 000 map it is intended to cover the whole country in a three-year period with digital and hard copy image maps, derived from SPOT X S stereo images. By-products will include a national DEM and slope and aspect maps. In 1991 N C C became responsible for the compilation of a national atlas of the country. This project was conceived as running in two distinct phases, the first was completed with the publication of a single-volume atlas in 1994, including 140 maps, most at 1:6 500 000 scale. A second phase is generating more detailed thematic volumes, with a goal of producing about 20 different atlases. Health, energy, geology, and gardening were complete by 1997, and education, higher education, industry, agriculture, population and transportation had been published by 1999· These large format volumes are published in the Persian langauge. It is intended to complete the programme by Year 2000. A pilot multi-media version of the national atlas is also being designed. N C C is also responsible for the preparation of hydrographic charts of Iran, in conjunction with the Ports and Shipping Organization. Areas of interest extend beyond Iranian territorial waters to cover the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea, and N C C produces paper and digital versions of these data. Aeronautical charting of the country is also carried out by NCC. All of these official N C C maps and atlases are published in the Persian language. Whilst developments in the official mapping of Iran are extensively documented the maps and data have until recently not been available outside official circles in the country. Mapswap advertised complete 1:50 000 coverage as available late in 1998. We have also listed the Soviet topographic mapping of Iran, prepared at 1:200 000 and 1:100 000 scales and available as complete sets for the country from a number of international dealers. Cadastral mapping in Iran is carried out by the Iranian C a d a s t r e Centre in the Deed and Land Registration Organization. Geological and other earth science mapping of Iran is the responsibility of the Geological Survey of Iran (GSIr) and a rich variety of mapping has been produced often in conjunction with oil exploration activities. GSIr was founded in 1958 with assistance from the United Nations. National programmes at 1:250 000 and 1:100 000 scale were started in the 1970s, and have resulted in full-colour mapping of much of the country. 1:250 000 scale coverage is sometimes accompanied by an explanatory text. The whole country has been mapped, but all the sheets have not yet been published. 1:250 000 scale aeromagnetic coverage is available for almost all the country, with red or green overprints on a grey topographic base. National geological 1:1 000 000 scale coverage was completed by the National Iranian Oil Company in the

1970s, and magnetic intensity coverage was completed in 1989 on the same sheet lines. A wide variety of single-sheet themes are still available from GSIr. Progress in geological mapping was halted after the Islamic revolution during the Iran-Iraq war, but the publication programme has been resumed in the 1990s. Thematic atlases were published by a number of official agencies in the period prior to the national atlas project, but these were not widely available outside Iran. Small-scale national coverage of Iran appeared as sheets published in the Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (TAVO), available from Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden, and these remain the best available western language coverage of the country for several themes. In view of the continuing difficulty in obtaining officiallypublished topographic mapping of Iran, the commercial sector is perhaps more significant than the quality of its mapping would suggest. Two companies produce extensive and very similar ranges of tourist and educational maps. Sahab is a major commercial publisher of maps of Iran and the wider Middle East. The company was established in 1887 and has concentrated for many years upon the publication of tourist and educational maps, often also available in English language editions. These include a wide variety of maps and atlases of different countries using political and physical bases, a range of indexed city maps and a series of regional maps of the provinces of Iran. A number of thematic maps are also issued and a recent initiative has seen the publication of satellite image maps of the country as well as more detailed image mapping of the Tehran area and the Persian Gulf. Gita Shenasi was established in 1975 and now markets a very comparable range of maps for the tourist and educational market, including an increasing number of bilingual Persian and English editions. The Gita Shenasi range now exceeds Sahab in its coverage and complexity. About 30 province and area maps complement atlases, and small-scale country, continental and world mapping. Gita Shenasi has collaborated with the American Allen Cartography in setting u p a digital database, which is being used for the publication of many of its smaller scale Iranian output, including the Iran 1999 relief map. 70 town maps of Iranian cities are published, with 23 different versions for Tehran, including 1997 versions of a 10-sheet plan and single sheet map. A recent addition to the range is an electronic atlas of the capital on C D - R O M . Other mapping of Iran is published by the American Central Intelligence A g e n c y (CIA) and by RV from Germany, and GIP Reclus released a thematic atlas of the country in 1998.

Ghazanfari, B. (1997) Challenges in the production of the national atlas of Iran, pp 1836-1841 in Proceedings of the 18th International

Further information

Conference

ICC 9 7 , G ä v l e : S w e d i s h

Catalogues are available form GSI, Sahab and Gita Shenasi.

Addresses Geological Survey of Iran (GSIr) Azadi Square, Meraj Avenue, Ρ Ο Box 13185-1494, TEHRAN Tel +98 21 600 4353 Fax +98 21 600 9338 Gita Shenassi PO Box 14155-3441, N o 15 Arfe Street, TEH RAN 11337 Tel +98 21 679 335 Fax +98 21 675 782 Email [email protected] URL http://www.neda.net/gita/ Iranian Cadastre C e n t r e Deed and Land Registration Organization,TEHRAN National Cartographic C e n t r e ( N C C ) Ρ Ο Box 13185-1684, Azadi Square, Meraj Ave,TEHRAN Tel +98 21 600 1095 Fax +98 21 600 1971 Email [email protected] National Geographic Organization ( N G O ) PO Box 1844, Moallem Street, Shariati St, TEHRAN Tel +98 21 840 I 11-14 Fax +98 21 849 960 Ports and Shipping Organization 751 Enghelab Avenue, TEHRAN Tel +98 21 880 9280 9 Fax +98 21 880 9324 Sahab Geographic and Drafting Institute Ρ Ο Box 11365-617, TEH RAN Tel +98 21 753 5661 Fax +98 21 753 5876 For NIMA and CIA, see United States; for GIP Reclus, see France; for RV and Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, see Germany; for Roskartografija, see Russia; for Mapswap, see Chapter 3.

Catalogue ATLASES Adas e Iran / Atlas of Iran

Montpellier: GIP Reclus, 1998 192 pp GAZETTEERS Gazetteer

• • *

Cartographic

Cartographic Society.

of Iran. Official standard

States Board on Geographic

names

approved

by the United

Names.

Washington DC: NIMA, 1984 2 vols GENERAL Iran 1:3 7 5 0 0 0 0

The most useful background to current developments in the mapping of Iran is included in three papers presented to the 1997 International Cartographic Conference: Khorsandian, N. and Bushehrl, S.N. (1997) Production of national base maps of Iran at 1: 100 000 by satellite images, pp 11-19; Ghavamian, S. and Shamei, B. (1997) Development of standards for the Iranian national topographic database (INTDB) at 1:25 000 scale pp 1869-1876; and

Washington DC: CIA, 1996 Iran 99

1:3 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tehran: Gita Shenasi, 1999 Relief base Naqsheh-e-nahamvariha

va houzeh-e

rud-khanehha-ye

Iran

1:2 000 000 Tehran: Gita Shenasi, 1997 River basins and relief

Iran

473

Road map of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1:2 500 000

Geological map of Iran 1: 100 000

Tehran: Sahab, 1990

Tehran: GSIr, 1971-

Indexed Persian and English language

c. 600 sheets, 125 published

Iran 1:2 000 000 München: R.V, 1992

•

ENVIRONMENTAL

Also available double sided with Near East on reverse Map of the Islamic Republic of Iran I: I 800 000

Map of the vegetation of Iran 1:2 800 000 Tehran: Sahab, 1993

Tehran: Sahab, 1990

Naqsheh-e manabi ye ab e Iran 1:2 500 000

Also available in Persian edition

Tehran: Gita Shenasi, 1998

Map of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1:1 600 000

Water resources Νaqsheh-eabuhavai-ye Iran 1:2 200 000

Tehran: Gita Shenasi, 1984

Tehran: Gita Shenasi, 1993 Persian language climatic map

TOPOGRAPHIC

Naqsh-e rahnama-ye ostan Scales vary (mostly 1:300 000) Tehran: Gita Shenasi, 199233 sheets

General map of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1:2 800 000

Provincial series, I I sheets also published in English versions

Tehran: Sahab, 1990

Iran 1:200 000

Map of Iran: administrative divisions 1:2 500 000

Moskva: Roskartografija

Tehran: Sahab, 1978

277 sheets, all published

W i t h population insets

In Russian

ADMINISTRATIVE

Map of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1:2 000 000

Iran 1:100 000

Tehran: Gita Shenasi, 1997

Moskva: Roskartografija

Political base

1038 sheets, all published

In Persian

In Russian

Map of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1:1 600 000

[Iran] 1:50 000

Tehran: Gita Shenasi, 1984

Tehran: N C C

Political base

c. 2 500 sheets SOCIAL,

In Persian Θ EARTH

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

General map of railways and transit corridors 1:7 500 000 Tehran: Geeta Shenasi

SCIENCES

Geological map of Iran 1:2 500 000 Edition 2 Tehran: GSIr, 1989 Iran: Geomorphologie 1:2 500 000 T A V O AMI 3 Wiesbaden: D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1990 2 sheets, both published Naqsheh degarguni-ye Iran / Metamorphic map of Iran 1:2 500 000

Iran: Binnenwanderung/Iran natural migration 1:4 000 000 T A V O A VIII 5.3 Wiesbaden: D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1983 Carpets of Iran 1:2 800 000 Tehran: Sahab, 1992 Iran carpet 1:2 800 000 Tehran: Geeta Shenasi, 1997 Naqsheh-e shabakeh-e rahahane-e Iran / Carte du reseau de fer de

Tehran: GSIr, 1986 Naqsheh-e nahanjariha-ye meghnatis-e Iran / Magnetic anomaly map of Iran 1:2 500 000

I'lran 1:2 500 000 Tehran: Sahab, 1975 Railway map

Tehran: GSIr, 1989 Mineral distribution map of Iran 1:2 500 000 Tehran: GSIr, 1976 Geological map of Iran 1:1 000 000 Tehran: GSIr, 1973-80 6 sheets, all published Naqsheh-e sheddat koll meghnatis / Total magnetic intensity map

URBAN

City maps Various scales Tehran: Gita Shenasi 44 published sheets 23 cities in Persian and English bilingual maps 6 cities also in Persian only maps

1:1 000 000

Θ Atlas Tehran

Tehran: GSIr, 1989

Tehran: Gita Shenasi, 1999

6 sheets, all published

Available in general and GIS applied versions

English explanation on reverse Geological quadrangle map of Iran 1:250 000 Tehran: GSIr, 1969124 sheets, 79 published • Sometimes with explanatory text Aeromagnetic map of Iran 1:250 000 Tehran: GSIr, 1971 124 maps, 104 published

474

Asia

•

City maps Various scales Tehran: Sahab 15 published sheets Bandar Abbas, Isfahan, Tehran and Zahedan in English versions

54°E

Iran

475

54Έ

IRAN

1:100 000 geological

33°N

If~

200 miles 54Έ

476

Asia

W8

| Π , I V W \4081j-^4083 .-

The national civilian mapping agency in Iraq is the State Establishment for Surveying, with military mapping sponsored by the Military Survey Service of the Iraqi Armed Forces. Until the 1970s mapping continued to be based upon geodetic frameworks established under the Survey of India before World War II. Modern mapping of the country started in the 1950s when systematic aerial surveying of the country was carried out for the first time. 1:250 0 0 0 scale coverage was completed in the 1960s, on a Lambert conical conformal projection with sheets each covering 4 5 ' latitude X 1°30' longitude. In the 1970s a new triangulation was carried out and subsequent mapping has been based upon the Transverse Mercator projection, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid, with sheet lines divided according to the International system. Polish technical aid in the 1970s resulted in the compilation of new 1:10 0 0 0 scale mapping and the production of 1:25 0 0 0 scale coverage of desert areas, with about 1500 completed maps showing relief with 10 m contours. By the time of the Iran-Iraq war there was also complete coverage at 1:50 000 and 1:100 0 0 0 scales, as well as larger-scale coverage of Baghdad. N o n e of this mapping is available on the international market and in view of the lack of locally available topographic coverage we have listed Soviet mapping, which is available from several international dealers and covers Iraq in 88 sheets at 1:200 0 0 0 scale or 301 sheets at 1:100 0 0 0 scale. The specifications of these maps are described in our Russian section. Geological mapping of Iraq was carried out by the Directorate General of Geological Surveys and Mineral Investigation ( D G G S M I ) , including small-scale geological and tectonic mapping published in the 1980s. British consultancy Robertson Research also compiled a 1:1 000 0 0 0 scale geological map of the country, derived from satellite imagery and released in 1987, which is still available from m a p dealers. N o information is available about current activities or larger scale surveys. Western mapping of Iraq includes general coverage published by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) after the Gulf War, including a useful thematic m a p folio, as well as some thematic coverage from the Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, available from D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag. Iranian commercial mapmakers Sahab and Gita Shenasi issue general maps of the country and a town m a p of Baghdad is compiled by ESR.

Further information The best western language introduction to the topographic mapping of Iraq is Böhme, R (1993) Iraq, pp 167-169, in Inventory of world topographic mopping: volume 3 Eastern Europe, Asia, Oceania and Antarctica. London: Elsevier.

Addresses Directorate General of Geological Surveys and Minerals Investigations ( D G G S M I ) State Organization for Minerals, PO Box 986,Alwiyah, BAGHDAD Tel +964 I 719 5123 Fax +964 I 718 5450 State Establishment of Surveying Ministry of Irrigation, PO Box 5813, Gailani Square, BAGHDAD For Sahab and Gita Shenasi, see Iran; for NIMA and CIA, see United States; for ESR, see Great Britain; for Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, see Germany; for Roskartografija, see Moscow.

Catalogue ATLASES

Iraq: a map folio Various scales Washington, DC: CIA, 1994 GAZETTEERS

Iraq. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington, DC: NIMA, 1990 482 pp GENERAL

Iraq 1:4 000 000 Washington, DC: CIA, 1994 Mesopotamia: hydrogeography / Mesopotamien Hydrographie 1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 T A V O A V 4

Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1985 TOPOGRAPHIC

Irak 1:200 000 Moskva: Roskartografija 88 sheets, all published In Russian

Iraq

477

Irak 1:100 000 Moskva: Roskartografija 301 sheets, all published In Russian EARTH

SCIENCES

Geological map of Iraq I: I 000 000 Baghdad: D G G S M I , 1986 Geological map of Iraq and South-Western Iran I: I 000 000 Llandudno: Robertson Research, 1987 Tectonic map of Iraq 1:1 000 000 Baghdad: D G G S M I , 1984 ENVIRONMENTAL

Mesopotamia: land use / Mesopotamien: Landnutzung 1:2 000 000 TAVO A X 4 Wiesbaden: D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1985 ADMINISTRATIVE

Guide map of Iraq 1:2 000 000 Tehran: Sahab, 1971 In English and Arabic W i t h inset town maps of Baghdad, Erbil, Mosul and Karbala Map of Iraq 1:1 000 000 Tehran: Gita Shenasi, 1990 In English and Arabic URBAN

Baghdad 1:36 000 Tehran: Sahab, 1980 In English and Persian Baghdad 1:30 000 W e s t Byfleet ESR, 1983 Double sided Includes Baghdad 1: 10 000, Baghdad environs 1:750 000, index and tourist information

478

Asia

The Survey of Israel (SI) is the official organization responsible for geodesy, mapping and geographic information in Israel. It carries out cadastral, topographic and engineering surveys, and publishes topographic and thematic maps in hard copy and digital form. These cover areas controlled by Israel, including at present the West Bank and the Gaza strip. Its history can be traced back to the establishment of the Survey of Palestine in 1917, SI itself being formed in 1949. Topographic maps published by SI used the Cassini-Soldner transverse cylindrical projection, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid, but following readjustment of the geodetic control network a Transverse Mercator projection, GRS 1980 ellipsoid has been introduced. Sheets are printed with the Israeli kilometric grid, with an indication of the UTM grid at the margins. The basic scale for all developed areas of the country is a 340-sheet 1:10 000 scale topo-cadastral map. This series was started in the 1950s as a six-colour map with 10 m contours, a cadastral overprint, and Hebrew names. Coverage has extended southwards and mapping is now available for settled areas of Israel in a three-colour line map. Sheets cover 5 km quadrangles, but are only available for official purposes. The 88 sheet 1:50 000 scale map was started in 1958 as the basic scale map for the country as a whole. It is photogrammetrically derived and shows relief with 10 m contours: the current specification uses four-colour printing and includes names in Hebrew. There is a regular revision programme and the series became available on the international market for the first time in 1996. From this map is derived a tourist edition compiled jointly with the Society for the Promotion of Nature in Israel (SPNI), which uses a larger sheet format and includes a footpath overprint. The first sheet with new English place name orthography appeared in 1995 and covers the Eilat area. Sheets include tourist and walking information printed on the reverse. Until recently a 1:100 000 scale map covering Israel in 22 sheets was the largest publicly available scale. Its area of coverage includes the West Bank and its history can be traced back to a 16-sheet Survey of Palestine map, republished in 1958 to give 26 sheet coverage of the country. Recast in the 1970s, the current specification shows relief with 25 m contours and includes tourist information: this series is derived from 1:50 000 scale mapping and is also available with a partial overprint of names in Latin script. Sheets are revised at intervals between two and five years, depending upon the nature of the area and demand for the map. Large-scale town maps are published, the current specification incorporates street and institution indexes on the reverse. A range of eight towns are mapped in Hebrew versions at 1:12 500 scale, a further five are published at 1:10 000. English language editions are published for Jerusalem (also available at 1:2000 and 1:2500), Tel-Aviv-

Yafo and Nazerat. These maps are also available with computer-generated registration block overprints. Digital versions of these data are also available. 1:50 000 and 1:100 000 scale series are available as raster scanned layers with or without vegetation and contours, and raster scanned versions of town maps may also be acquired. DTM data have been captured from existing maps and are available at 25 m, 50 m or 100 m density for the whole country. As well as issuing digital data derived from hard copy mapping, a national GIS has been established and based upon direct input from analytical aerial photogrammetry at 1:40 000 scale. This is being used to generate custom-made and customer defined maps on both digital media and with plotted 'worksheet' output, but also for the creation of a new 1:25 000 scale national map series, published in Hebrew, with a 10 m contour interval. Sheets cover 15 km by 20 km blocks and are extending progressively across developed areas of the country. This new map is to replace the older conventional 1:50 000 scale mapping. Topographical layers from the national Geographical Information System were completed between 1994 and 1999, based upon digital photogrammetry with an accuracy of 2m, and data now cover the whole country. Cadastral boundary data are available in DXF or ARC/INFO formats, including administrative boundaries, block-key diagrams and block plans. Other digital map data sets include main road alignments for the whole country, street alignments for major urban areas and national boundaries. Work on a new hydrographic layer in the national GIS started in 1998 and is being used to create 'sea-land' maps, the first of which was released in 1999. SI also publishes a range of smaller scale maps. These include two-sheet 1:250 000 coverage available as a layer tinted or hill shaded edition, with 100 m contours, or as a tourist edition with place name index. These maps are available as English or Hebrew language versions. Single sheet 1:400 000 coverage is also published and SI also markets image maps and smaller scale soil and geological mapping of the country. The large format National atlas of Israel last revised in 1985 in English or Hebrew versions, still offers the best small scale thematic coverage of the country. A small format fourth edition was issued in 1995 in Hebrew language as a tool for the national school curriculum. The Geological Survey of Israel (IGS) was established in 1949. A 1:100 000 scale geological map used the sheet lines of the old topographic series at this scale, but has been withdrawn since the initiation of 1:50 000 scale mapping in 1970. The 1:50 000 scale map includes the publication of stratigraphic and structural maps, with accompanying explanatory notes for each area. About 20 areas have been issued; the mapping is derived from a digital thematic database, and uses a topographic base from SI 1:50 000 maps. Smaller scale IGS maps include geological mapping superimposed upon

Israel

479

satellite imagery of Israel and the Sinai, and a map of seismicity. IGS also maintains bathymetric mapping at different scales for coastal areas, the eastern Mediterranean, the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. Other earth science mapping of Israel is carried out by the Geophysical Institute of Israel (Gil), (formerly the Institute for Petroleum Research and Geophysics (IPRG)), whose publications include digital mapping of magnetic anomalies, a 1:500 000 scale earthquake map and a 1:750 000 scale seismic map.

(1999) National report Israel 1995-1999

submitted to the ICA

I Ith General Assembly. Tel Aviv:The Society.

Addresses Carta 16 Ha'uman St, Industrial A r e a T a l p i o t , P O B 2 5 0 0 , JERUSALEM 91024

Keren Kayemeth Israel (the Jewish National Fund) has used an ARC/INFO-based GIS since 1995 to manage and develop planted forests in Israel, with a number of thematic and customised map outputs generated. The Nature and National Parks Protection Authority also uses ARC/INFO to generate environmental mapping of areas under its jurisdiction.

Tel + 9 7 2 2 783 3 5 5 Fax + 9 7 2 2 7 8 2 373

The Central Bureau of Statistics administers Israeli census data collection and distributes geographically referenced social and economic data in hard copy and on magnetic media, including data accessed from its Web site.

Geological Survey of Israel (IGS)

A wide variety of themes relating to Israel have appeared in the Tübinger Atlas des Worderen Orients (TAVO), available from Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden, and described in our Middle Eastern section. The American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a useful source of current mapping relating to ethnic and demographic issues on the West Bank and Gaza, including a looseleaf map folio of different thematic coverages of the areas. Commercial mapping of Israel is issued by Carta, whose publications include motoring maps and atlases, tourist maps, town maps and historical atlases of the country. Carta also distribute the national atlas, market a useful bilingual gazetteer derived from the Survey of Israel digital toponymic database, and have prepared a digital road and touring map of Israel and Jordan at 1:500 000 and a range of CD-based electronic mapping. A more recent competitor for Carta is Map Mapping and Publishing (Map) established as a subsidiary of Tel Aviv Books in 1992 and specializing in the publication of Hebrew and English-language road and town maps and atlases. Map uses Apple Macintosh-based production methods and is developing a digital package linking urban and road route finding, and name searching to GPS data. It is planned to release a 1:40 000 scale map series to cover the whole of Israel and to develop an internet map server for the country. Yavneh Publishing House issues a range of atlases, wall maps and other educational products. Many western cartographic houses also publish mapping of Israel including Institut Geographique National (IGN), Paris, HarperCollins, New Holland and Kiimmerly + Frey (K+F).

•

•

ik-

Central Bureau of Statistics P O B o x 1301,JERUSALEM 9 1 1 3 0 T e l + 9 7 2 2 6 5 5 3 3 6 4 Fax + 9 7 2 2 6 5 2 1340 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.cbs.gov.il/

3 0 Malkhe Yisrael Street, JERUSALEM 95501 Tel + 9 7 2 2 5 3 8 0 6 8 8 Fax + 9 7 2 2 531 4 2 6 6 Email [email protected]

Geophysical Institute of Israel (Gil) P O B o x 1717, H O L O N Tel + 9 7 2 3 5 5 7 6 0 5 0 Fax + 9 7 2 3 5 5 0 2 9 2 5

Keren Kayemeth Israel (Jewish National Fund) I Keren Kayemeth St, P O B 283, JERUSALEM 9 1 0 0 2 Tel + 9 7 2 2 7 9 7 5 5 6 Fax + 9 7 2 2 2 4 3 3 8 3 Email info@http://www.kkl.org.il U R L http://www.kkl.org.il

Map Mapping & Publishing Ltd (Map) Map H o u s e , 18 Tchernikhovski Street, TEL AVIV 6 1 5 6 0 Tel + 9 7 2 3 6 2 0 3 2 5 2 Fax + 9 7 2 3 5 2 5 7 7 2 5 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.mapisrael.com/

Society for the Promotion of Nature in Israel (SPNI) 4 Hashfela Street, TEL AVIV 6 6 1 8 3 Tel + 9 7 2 3 3 7 5 0 6 3 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.macom.co.il/nature/info.html

Survey of Israel (SI) I Lincoln Street, P O B 14171, TEL AVIV 61 141 Tel + 9 7 2 3 623 1901 Fax + 9 7 2 3 561 0 8 6 6 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.mapi.gov.il/english.htm For Lonely Planet, s e e Australia; f o r IGN, s e e France; f o r B&B and D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag, s e e Germany; f o r HarperCollins and N e w Holland, s e e G r e a t Britain; f o r Cartographia, s e e Hungary; f o r K+F, s e e Switzerland; f o r CIA and NIMA, s e e United States.

Catalogue ATLASES

Further information C a t a l o g u e s and information is available f r o m all the agencies listed below, many of w h o m maintain useful h o m e pages on the W o r l d W i d e W e b . A m o n g s t the m o s t useful articles a b o u t the mapping of Israel are: Israeli C a r t o g r a p h i c Society (1995) National report of Israel for the period 1991-1995

submitted to the ICA 10th General

Assembly. Tel Aviv: T h e Society; and Israeli C a r t o g r a p h i c Society

480

Asia

Atlas of Israel Edition 3 Tel Aviv: SI, and Macmillan, 1985 2 4 8 p p (400 m a p s ) A l s o available in H e b r e w language version f r o m C a r t a 'Atlas Yisra'el Tel Aviv: SI 8 8 pp

The new atlas

IMAGE

Tel Aviv: Map, 1997

MAPS

Satellite photomap of Israel 1:750 000

104 pp Includes 1:100 000 scale road maps and place name index Also available as 1:150 000 o r 1:250 000 editions

Tel Aviv: SI, 1974 Satellite photomap of Israel 1:500 000 Tel Aviv: SI, 1988

Israel and the Palestinian territories

Hebrew language

Hawthorn, Vic: Lonely Planet, 1996 58 pp

ERETS Yisra'el be mabat livuyin 'SPOT' / SPOT view of Israel 1:500 000 Tel Aviv: SI, 1994

GAZETTEERS

Carta official guide to Israel. Complete gazetteer to all the sites in the Holy Land

Simulated natural colour poster, no place names TOPOGRAPHIC

Jerusalem: Carta, 1985 472 pp Gazetteer of Israel. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington D C : N I M A , 1983 178 pp Gazetteer of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington D C : N I M A , 1992 323 pp

Israel 1:250 000 Tel Aviv: SI, 1994 2 sheets, both published Available with layer tints, o r layer tints and hill shading and as Hebrew version Israel 1:100 000 Tel Aviv: SI, 197422 sheets, all published • Θ Also available in Hebrew only edition Israel 1:50 000 Tel Aviv: SI, 1987-95

GENERAL

79 sheets, all published •

Israel 1:1 000 000 Tel Aviv: SI, 1973

Θ

Israel hiking and touring maps 1:50 000 Tel Aviv: SI and Society for the Promotion of Nature in Israel, 1986-

Israel 1:750 000 Bern: K + F Road map

20 sheets, 13 published M o s t sheets in Hebrew

Israel 1:700 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B

BATHYMETRIC

Israel 1:500 000

Bathymetric charts of the Mediterranean coast of Israel and the

Budapest: Cartographia

Gulf of Eilat 1:250 000

Israel 1:500 000 Globetrotter travel map London: N e w Holland, 1998

Jerusalem: IGS, 1983 W i t h accompanying explanatory text; also available for Gulf of Eilat and for Dead Sea (1:100 000) and Sea of Galilee

Israel - Jordan 1:400 000

(1:50 000)

Tel Aviv: SI, 1995 In English o r Hebrew

EARTH

Carta's map of Israel and Jordan 1:350 000 Jerusalem: Carta, 1995

SCIENCES

Mapat mokedi re'idot'adamah be Yisra'el ve sevivah / Seismicity of Israel and adjacent areas 1:750 000

Israel with Jordan 1:350 000 Collins world travel series London: HarperCollins, 1998

Tel Aviv: Jerusalem and Holon: SI, IGS and Gil, 1994 Geological photomap of Israel and adjacent areas 1:750 000 Tel Aviv: SI, 1990

Israel road map 1:350 000 Tel Aviv: Map, 1997

Israel: geological map 1:500 000

Available with or without layer colours

Tel Aviv: SI, 1979

Carta's map of Israel - Holy Land 2000

1:300 000

Jerusalem: Carta, 1999

Israel: geological photomap 1:500 000 Tel Aviv: SI, 1979

Israel carte generale 1:300 000

Israel: geomorphological map 1:500 000

Tel Aviv and Paris: SI and I G N , 1994

Tel Aviv: SI, 1978

Israel: touring map 1:250 000

Earthquake epicentres in Israel and adjacent areas 1:500 000

Tel Aviv: SI, 1997

Holon: Gil, 1983

2 sheets, both published Regularly revised Available in English or Hebrew editions with accompanying gazetteer Israel: touring map 1:250 000 Tel Aviv: Map, 1997

Israel: geological map 1:250 000 Tel Aviv: SI, 1965 2 sheets, both published Also available as Hebrew edition Israel aeromagnetic map 1:250 000 Holon: Gil 2 sheets, both published

Israel

481

Israel: geological map 1: 100 000

ISRAEL

Jerusalem: IGS, 194924 sheets, 16 published

•

W i t h English overprint and associated ancillary maps Israel: geological map 1:50 000 Jerusalem: IGS, 197288 sheets, 21 published

•

W i t h English and Hebrew legends, structural map and accompanying explanatory booklet ENVIRONMENTAL

Soil map of Israel 1:500 000 Tel Aviv: SI, 1975 Distribution of soils affected by salinity in Israel 1:500 000 Tel Aviv: SI, 1969 Südliche Levant Vegetation 1:500 000 T A V O A VI 8 Wiesbaden: D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1981 ADMINISTRATIVE

Administrative map of Israel 1:250 000 Tel Aviv: Sl, 1972 2 sheets, both published SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Israel: immigration, emigration, internal mobility I: I 000 000 T A V O A VIII 5.5 Wiesbaden: D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1985 Südliche Levant ethnische Gruppen 1:500 000 T A V O A VIII 15 Wiesbaden: D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1984 Südliche Levant Landnutzung 1:500 000 T A V O A X 7 Wiesbaden: D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1981 Südliche Levant Landnutzung zu 1880 1:500 000 T A V O A X 9 Wiesbaden: D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1981 URBAN

Jerusalem: the new street atlas Tel Aviv: Map, 1997 72 pp Available as large format 1:8000 scale o r small format 1:12 000 scale versions W i t h street index Town map series Various scales Tel Aviv: SI 3 sheets Covers Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Nazareth in bilingual maps

482

Asia

35°E

The national mapping agency the Geographical Survey Institute (GSI) is responsible for fundamental surveys and for producing and maintaining a wide range of topographic and thematic hard copy and digital maps and databases. Its history can be traced back to the establishment of a survey division in the Ministry of Civil Services in 1869· Systematic modern surveying began in the 1880s and the Army Land Survey carried out basic surveying and mapping until the end of the World War II. After the war surveying was transferred to the Ministry of Construction, and the civilian GSI was established. The Japan Map Center (JMC) established in 1972 acts as the focal point for cartographic activities in Japan. It distributes GSI products and promotes surveying and mapping in the country. Other distributors of GSI products include Nagai Trading Company, Map House, and Nihon Chizu Kyöhan. Most of the paper maps published by GSI are issued as very small sheets, so large numbers are required to cover the Japanese islands. Topographic and thematic maps use the same sheet lines, and sheet numbering in different series is related in a hierarchical system. Maps published at scales between 1:10 000 and 1:200 000 are based upon the UTM projection, and all GSI maps use the Tokyo datum and the Bessel ellipsoid. Most GSI topographic and thematic programmes were completed in the 1980s and effort has now shifted towards maintenance of series and the release of digital cartographic products. Official mapping in Japan is characterized by close co-operation between public and private sectors, and a longevity of sustained mapping programmes established to meet national need, rather than market sector demand. There also continues to be an active involvement in overseas technical aid programmes, with Japanese mapping agencies assisting in establishing and developing surveying, mapping and charting systems in many third world countries, often sponsored by the Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA), and also in the promotion of the Global mapping proposal described in our World section. A large-scale topographic mapping programme was started by GSI in I960, and regulated with the creation of the National Base Map Programme in 1964. This comprises cyclical aerial photography at three yearly intervals for urban areas and five yearly intervals for other lowland areas, from which are derived map series at 1:2500 and 1:5000 scale on a Transverse Mercator projection. Mountainous areas are mapped by the Forestry Agency (see below). Urban mapping at 1:2500 is a cooperative project, in which local authorities compile mapping of their own areas, to an agreed specification, from the GSI aerial triangulated data. Almost all the 1:5000 scale maps are now being published as photomaps. Since 1988 most large scale maps in Japan have been produced to conform with a new GSI digital standard. National digital large scale mapping carried out by the many

different local public authorities has been brought together since 1989 in the Kokudokihonzu (KDB) project, which sought to avoid duplication, maintain accuracy and improve access to data. Since 1993 the digital data in the project have been made available to the public from this single source, and from 1998 GSI itself has released 1:2500 scale vector data. Other large scale digital projects have involved private sector capture of GSI and other public urban mapping. For example the Japan Construction Information Center (JACIC) has digitized 1:2500 scale mapping of more than 112 cities, and in the JACIC TOWN project has distributed these data on magnetic tapes for use in the construction industries. The latest topographic series initiative undertaken by GSI is the 1:10 000 scale programme. This five-colour production was designed as a new basic scale map for the major urban areas of the country: the first maps in the series were published in 1984 to cover Tokyo and nearly 300 sheets were available at the end of 1996, including complete coverage of the Tokyo, Nagoya and Ösaka metropolitan areas. Four 1:10 000 scale sheets cover the same area as a single 1:25 000 sheet, and are derived from locally produced larger scale mapping, and from 1:20 000 scale aerial photography. Relief is depicted with 2 m contours, and considerable urban detail is shown, including a classification of building heights and a large number of functional symbols. A five-year revision cycle operates. Boundaries, roads, railways, public buildings, shore lines, place names and control points from these maps are available as vector data, on floppy disc, in the Sogo (Integration) product, and are the most frequently used Japanese digital map data, with 168 of the sheet areas available in digital form by 1999· The basic scale map for the whole country is published at 1:25 000. Begun in 1964 and completed in 1983 this series comprises 4 392 sheets, derived from 1:40 000 scale colour aerial coverage. This series shows relief with 10 m contours, with supplementary contours at 2.5 m or 5 m and includes much more cultural detail than most other topographic series at this scale. Over 90 per cent of these maps have been compiled by private companies under contract to GSI. The series is maintained in a continuous revision programme according to the amount of unit change in the map sheet: this corresponds to revision at 10-yearly intervals in mountainous areas, three-yearly intervals in urban areas, and a five year cycle for intermediate areas. Complete recompilation is carried out after three or four revisions. In 1993 GSI adopted raster-based revision methods for this series and by 1997 all new editions were generated from the digital flowline. GSI also issues the 1:25 000 Topographic map of coastal areas, incorporating a mix of topographic and bathymetric data, with a projected coverage of the Inland Sea area. The 1:25 000 scale series has been used as source material for a number of different digital data sets. A project began

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in 1984 to capture 1:25 000 data to facilitate conventional map production and provide digital data, but progress has been slow. Vector data relating to administrative boundaries, rivers, lakes and shorelines cover the whole of the country on 86 floppy discs, and are updated annually. These 25 000 Gyosei-kai data are topologically structured and viewing software is provided with the data. Raster versions of 1:25 000 scale coverage were completed in 1998 in eight data layers, available on CD-ROM since 1999Three digital terrain data sets with differing ground resolutions are produced by GSI. The least accurate offers 1 km resolution coverage for each 1:200 000 quadrangle. 250 m resolution DEM data covers the whole country, and was captured by interpolating raster contours scanned from 1:25 000 scale base material. This was complete by 1995. The Digital map 50 m mesh is also derived from 1:25 000 contours and issued for topographical sheets, with elevations recorded in 10 cm units for each grid. Honshu was covered first, and complete national coverage was reached in 1997. Municipal place names from the 1:25 000 map are available in the Latitude longitude index, coded according to feature type and geographically referenced. PASCO Corporation distributes a translator for converting these various GSI digital data to ARC/INFO format. The 1:50 000 scale topographic map has been under continuous revision since its completion by the Army Map Service in 1925. It is now derived from 1:25 000 scale data, and about 100 sheets are revised each year at the same time as revision of the component 1:25 000 scale sheets. 1291 sheets give complete national coverage, contours are at 20 m, with supplementary intervals of 5 m or 10 m, and the map is printed in four colours. Each sheet covers 15' longitude by 10' latitude. In 1998 GSI adopted raster-based revision methods for this series, and it is planned to complete raster digital versions of these maps by 2001. Some composite sheets derived from 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 base material are issued by GSI for popular tourist areas with a much larger sheet format. A six-colour 1:200 000 scale Regional map covers Japan in 130 sheets. Each quadrangle covers 1° longitude by 4 0 ' latitude, and the series includes relief shading and 50 m contours. Data from this map were digitized in 1990 and are available for the whole of Japan as vector data relating to boundaries, roads, railways, settlement, coastlines, and place names. These data are updated on an annual basis. CD-ROM raster data from this series were released in 1997. The place name data set (Shizen chimeishu) comprises 20 000 names, but is not available with latitude longitude values. The eight sheet 1:500 000 District map is available in two different versions, a four-colour edition or a nine-colour map with layer shaded relief. Digital line and point data derived from the District map (supplemented by administrative boundaries and railways from the Regional map) are available for the whole of Japan on a single disk. At 1:1 000 000 a three sheet special version of the International map of the world is published, as twelve-colour English or Japanese language editions, revised to 1994. The 1: 3 000 000 scale map Japan and her surroundings is also available as an English language version. Unlike most other national surveys GSI is an active publisher of thematic mapping. A number of different Land condition maps are published. The 1:25 000 scale Land condition map is a general purpose geomorphological map series, which is intended to be published for the main habitable areas of the country. The map depicts landforms, elevation and the loca-

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tion of public facilities and is designed to help in disaster planning.About a third of the projected coverage (160 sheets) was available towards the end of 1996. Two other specialist geomorphological series are also available. The 1:25 000 scale Land condition map of coastal areas focuses upon land management issues around shallow sea margins, by presenting land and sea-bottom data relating to nearshore areas; 66 sheets were available in this series at the end of 1996, about a half of planned coverage. A more diverse and recent series is also in progress and relates to the special risks posed by the many Japanese volcanoes: the first sheet in this Land condition map of volcanic areas was issued in 1989· GSI also has a programme to publish lake charts at 1:10 000 scale for over 100 lakes: nearly three quarters of projected cover had been published by the end of 1996. GSI also publishes the National atlas of Japan. The first edition was published in 1977 and a major revision of this lavish and expensive thematic overview appeared in 1990 in English and Japanese versions, each weighing over 5 kg. Most of the maps in this revision were prepared using computer assisted methods, but a fixed hard copy medium was chosen for dissemination. In 1997 an electronic version of the atlas was published on CD-ROM. Other thematic atlases published by GSI include the Regional planning atlas, the Lake atlas and the Land subsidence atlas. GSI has also been developing a geographic information database since 1990 for different regions of Japan, collating spatial and other data from many government agencies, and merging these with a variety of digital mapping, in the main derived from 1:200 000 scale data sets, to provide customized regional electronic atlases aimed at different market sectors. Other thematic mapping is compiled by GSI in conjunction with the National Land Agency (NLA) which was established in 1974. The Land Bureau of NLA co-ordinates the compilation of Japanese language large scale cadastral mapping and also prepares land classification and use mapping for distribution by the Japan Map Center. Cadastral coverage itself is compiled by local authorities, and by the summer of 1999 about 41 per cent of national land was published in series varying between 1:250 and 1:5000 in scale, with 1:500 and 1:1000 being most commonly used. NLA is promoting the digital capture of this archive, and by 1999 over a quarter of completed cadastral surveys had been digitized. Since the end of the World War II there have been several land use surveys of the country, which have produced a number of different joint GSI and NLA products. A 1:50 000 scale series was compiled between 1953 and 1972, to cover nearly half the country. NLA produces the current 1:25 000 Land use map of Japan in conjunction with GSI on the same sheet lines as the topographic map. Work started in 1973, and this six-colour map distinguishes 35 different units of land use. This series was originally intended to offer complete national coverage, but its remit was changed to cover only the lowland, habitable areas of the country, in about 1300 sheets, which were completed by the mid 1980s. Since then, regular but limited revision has taken place for a few key sheets. A 1:200 000 scale land use map was published in 1984—5 on topographic series sheet lines to give complete coverage of Japan in 123 sheets. This series was derived from national digital land information, 1:25 000 scale land use cover, aerial photography and other local data and distinguishes 19 different categories of land use. The Digital national land information system (Kokudo Süchi J oho) has been developed since 1974 to provide access to land use

data captured from 1:25 000 scale mapping, GSI land use series, and colour aerial photography. Data are stored as grid values for 15 land use classes. Customized user-defined output may be generated from this system across a number of themes, and data are regularly updated. Related but more detailed land use data in digital form have been collected since 1981 by GSI, for urban areas of Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya in the Saimitsu Suchijoho programme.These data are available as 10 m gridded data sets at five-yearly intervals since 1974, with raster information also classified into 15 land use categories, and with tabulated output also available to the public. Land classification mapping is the second kind of thematic coverage compiled by NLA. These surveys present geomorphological data for different levels of administrative unit in Japan, so as to map land use capability and promote more effective land use planning. At 1:50 000 scale the Land classification map is in progress, and about 700 sets of maps were available at the end of 1996. Each set is published for a first order administrative unit and comprises three thematic maps: geomorphology, surface geology and soils. Six overlays are also available, mapping present land use, slope classification, relative relief, drainage and valley density, land use capability and disaster prevention. This series is compiled using computer assisted methods and is available through the Japan National Research Association, who also copy out of print earlier editions from the series. Progress was held up in the 1970s whilst effort was devoted to the completion of a second smaller scale land classification series. This 1:200 000 scale series was published on prefectural sheet lines between 1967 and 1978, to give complete national coverage. Four different themes were published as hard copies: geomorphology, surface geology, soils and land use capability. In addition, overlays were issued for slope classification, subsurface geology, soil productive capability and relief energy and valley density. Geomorphology, surface geology, soils and subsurface geological data from these sources have been digitized. NLA and GSI are also involved in the production of water use and river system mapping at 1:50 000 scale for the 109 most significant river systems in Japan. The Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) is responsible for the compilation of earth science mapping of Japan. Its output is not perhaps as diverse as some other major earth science mapping agencies, some marine earth science mapping being carried out by J H D , and hazard mapping being the responsibility of GSI. Nevertheless GSJ has diversified its range of mapping beyond the traditional basic geological survey. Over half the country is covered in three of these medium-scale basic geological series. Work on the 1:50 000 geological series started in 1951, some earlier basic sheets are still available at a scale of 1:75 000, and a total of nearly 600 basic sheets are now available. About 10 new maps are published each year, most of Hokkaido is now covered, but coverage of Honshu and Kyushu remains very patchy. The maps are printed on topographic bases and include bilingual legends; Japanese language explanatory texts are available for most sheets, with English summaries. A series of special sheets of important geological areas is published at 1:100 000 scale and significant volcanoes are mapped at 1:25 000 or 1:50 000. At 1:200 000 scale on the same sheet lines as the regional topographic map, there is more complete geological coverage which now extends to three-quarters of Japan. GSJ is currently digitizing data from this series. This and other smaller scale geological series are where possible derived from 1:50 000 scale geological data.

Two 1:500 000 series are available: a geological map and a neotectonic map on the same sheet lines. 1:1 000 000 and 1:5 000 000 scale mapping is also maintained by GSJ, and a new edition of the 1:1 000 000 Geological atlas of Japan was published in 1992. At 1:2 000 000 GSJ issues a useful thematic earth science series, encompassing mineralogical and resource mapping and including output from computer databases. Amongst a range of terrestrial resource mapping are series covering coalfields, oil and gas fields and hydrogeology. In addition to its terrestrial interests GSJ carries out a range of marine surveys, including the publication of offshore 1:1 000 000 scale geological and aeromagnetic coverage, and collaborates with J H D in many of their various offshore resource mapping activities described in the next paragraph. GSJ has also released two versions of its Digital geological map of Japan on CD ROM, in 1992 and 1995. This CD comprises digital versions of 1:1 000 000 scale geological mapping, together with yet another DEM data set, this time derived from GSJ source material. Raster data sets, and vector data in DLG and ARC/INFO format are packaged with several different types of viewing software. Other electronic earth science mapping on CD-ROM covers east and South East Asia. GSJ publications may also be purchased through Geoscience Information Service C o or from the Tökyö Geographical Society, whilst mapping of Hokkaido is available through the Hokkaido Mining Association. The Hydrographie D e p a r t m e n t (JHD) of the Japanese Maritime Safety Agency is responsible for the compilation and publication of oceanographic surveys of Japanese territorial waters, and the publication of nautical and aeronautical charts. A range of about 1800 charts is maintained, covering the Pacific and Indian oceans and some Antarctic waters. A programme designated the Basic map of the sea has been in production since 1967, to provide fundamental data in support of a variety of maritime activities. The largest scale charts in this programme cover waters within 12 miles of the coast and over 70 per cent of the coastal area around Japan is now covered at scales of 1:10 000, 1:25 000 and 1:50 000, in bathymetric and submarine structural chart editions. Basic maps of the sea in continental shelf areas are published at a scale of 1:200 000 in four different editions; these are the Bathymetric chart, the Gravity anomaly chart, the Total magnetic intensity chart, and the Submarine structural chart. Since 1994 the sheet size of newly published charts has been doubled and the specification changed to incorporate more colours. A 1:500 000 scale series has been in production since 1992, with separately published bathymetric and composite charts, the latter incorporating submarine structural, free air gravity anomaly and geomagnetic charts. 1:1 000 000 scale coverage started in 1995; the same four themes are to be published for 16 areas covering a much more extensive area. Other smaller scales are also published. In addition to basic mapping programmes J H D is also the agency responsible for the compilation of nautical charts of Japanese waters, which are prepared according to international specifications. Since 1992 J H D has had a digitizing programme in operation and plans to capture about 900 charts in digital form by the year 2005. The first electronic chart on CD-ROM was published in 1995 and a system for the generation of paper charts from the database has been established. A simplified Electronic chart reference database was completed in 1996 to cater for some of the navigational needs of small ships, and from 1998 chart updates have been released in digital form, in parallel with Notices to mariners. Second generation electronic charts incorporate a number of

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different scales of chart data, with larger scale coverage of port areas packaged with smaller scale E N C s from 1996. J H D products are distributed through the Japan Hydrography Association. The Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan (RESTEC) was established in 1975 and is the focal point for remote sensing activities in Japan. The Statistics Bureau (BS) of the Management and Coordination Agency attached to the Prime Minister's Office maps the results of the five-yearly demographic censuses in Japan. These thematic maps are usually published within three years of the latest census and regularly map population distribution, change, and density, and employment change. The frequently revised Atlas of the population census ofJapan is also issued by BS. Results from the 1990 census were available in 1997, with maps of the 1995 results expected soon. BS was also responsible for the publication of an English and Japanese language place name list, derived from census results, and for administrative mapping. Other boundary maps are compiled by the Facilities Division of the Postal Services Department in the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications and by various regional postal services bureau. These include 1:25 000 and 1:5000 scale postal zone maps. Soils in Japan are mapped by the Agricultural Administration Bureau, who maintain 1:50 0 0 0 scale coverage of cultivated areas, and by the Forestry Agency who completed soil coverage of public and private forest areas at 1:20 0 0 0 scale in the late 1970s. The Forestry Agency also maintains 1:5000 scale line-maps of forest and mountain areas, including relief with 10 m contours, and has also begun the publication of 1:5000 scale orthophoto maps. The Environmental Agency was established in 1971 and has carried out basic surveys of the natural environment every five years since 1973. Four major programmes of mapping have been produced as a result of these surveys. The 1:50 0 0 0 scale Actual vegetation map series covers all of Japan in 1293 sheets, and was completed between 1978 and 1989· It is revised every five years and the latest data were digitized in the mid-1990s. Two series are published at 1:200 0 0 0 scale on prefectural sheet lines, but with seven maps for Hokkaido, giving complete coverage of Japan in 53 sheets. The first maps plant and animal distribution, and was completed in 1978; a second prefectural map locates natural landscapes of geoscientific interest, and was published in 1989· These maps are distributed by the Japan Wildlife Research Center and all are published in Japanese, but the 1:50 0 0 0 map also includes an English abstract. The Natural environment in Japan was compiled by the Agency in 1981 and published as a bilingual environmental atlas which included small-scale computer-generated maps showing ecological and plant and animal distributions. In addition to these projects the Agency has collaborated with local governments to compile several regional environmental atlases. The Biodiversity Center of Japan (BIODIC-J) (established in April 1998 within the Environment Agency) provides access to the natural environment survey data from its home page. Many global environmental data sets are available from the Japanese node of the G R I D network, established in the Center for Global Environmental Research (GRID TSUKUBA). The Roads Bureau prepares 1:1 200 0 0 0 scale traffic volume maps. Other larger scale digital and hard copy road mapping is derived from the digital road map database prepared by

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the Japan Digital Road Map Association. These road data were digitized from 1:50 0 0 0 scale mapping, with urban areas captured from 1:25 0 0 0 scale maps, and give national digital road coverage: they are also used in a number of different commercial in-car navigation systems. There is a thriving commercial map publication sector in Japan, with over 50 commercial producers of maps and digital spatial data sets: the majority of these companies produce Japanese language maps for the home market. The following are the four most significant producers of English language mapping of Japan: Teikoku Shoin publishes English and Japanese language atlases for the reference and school markets, as well as producing a wide range of international maps; Shdbun-sha concentrates upon the leisure market, and the publication of Japanese language city maps, road maps and tourist atlases, as well as some English language maps; Buyö-dö publishes a similar range, with an emphasis upon motoring maps, whilst Kodansha International publishes bilingual road and street atlases and maps. In addition to generalist publishers of English material for the leisure and tourist market there are agencies which specialize in particular market sectors or regional output. For example Zenrin dominate the market for large scale 'residential' maps. These are published as double-sided B3 sized two colour plots at scales between 1:1000 and 1:5000, in atlases for almost every municipality in Japan, and depict the planimetric detail of the built environment. Annual revision cycles incorporate significant change and data are also made available in digital form on C D - R O M and floppy disk: facsimile output from central databases has also been available from 1990. ALPS Mapping Company publishes road maps, in particular of Aichi prefecture and Nagoya. It released a CD-based electronic atlas of Tokyo in 1996. Atlas RD the Tokyo metropolitan area, supports the usual range of electronic atlas functions, but was also one of the first atlases to incorporate direct links to Web sites appearing on the maps, and the capability to link with data from G P S receivers. Like many commercial publishers these map data are derived from GSI products. Giken Shoji Co. Ltd distribute census data for Demosphere International. These data are available for prefectures and cities in Japan in Mapinfo or A R C / I N F O format under the trade mark Japansite. Many overseas publishers issue general maps of the country and city maps of Tokyo. These include HarperCollins, the National Geographic Society (NGS) and International Travel Maps (ITM).

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Further information Catalogues are issued by most of the organizations described above: the Japan Map Centre is particularly useful as a source of information about Japanese mapping. These agencies have been particularly active is setting up sites on the World Wide Web which are listed in our address section. A unique World Wide Web site which provides invaluable contact details and descriptive information about a very wide range of current Japanese GIS, remote sensing and cartographic agencies is the JapanGIS/Mapping Sciences Resource Guide by Stephen Pollard, updated to June 1998 in its third edition and available at URL http://www.cast.uark.edu/jpgis.

The most comprehensive evaluations of the state of the art of mapping in Japan regularly appear as country reports to

Environmental Agency (Kankyöchö Shizen Hogo Kyöku)

International Cartographic Association Conferences and to

3-1-1 Kusumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, T 0 K Y Ö 100

United Nations Regional Cartographic Conferences. For

Tel +81 3 3581 3351 Fax +81 3 3595 1716

example Japanese papers submitted to the 14th Asian

U R L http://mx.eic.or.jp/eanet/index-e.html

conference in 1997 included a country report, a review of cadastral surveying and mapping, a summary of overseas technical co-operation, a discussion of the new basic map of the sea and a paper about the development of electronic charting. The latest I C A report is National Committee for Cartography of Japan (1999) Cartography in Japan

1995-1999.

Tokyo: Japan Cartographers Association. A useful English language introduction to digital map products and their use is Koberi, N. (1997) Present status for digital map data use in Japan, pp 1266-1269 in Proceedings of the 18th International Cartographic Conference ICC 97, Gävle: Swedish Cartographic Society. Warita,Y. and Nonomura, Κ. (1997) The national and global activities of the Japanese national mapping organization, pp 3 1 - 4 7 in Rhind, D.W. Framework for the world. Cambridge: Geolnformation is a rounded overview of current developments. The Bulletin of the Geographical Survey Institute, Tokyo: GSI, 1948-, is the English language GSI journal, reports on GSI activities, includes summaries of I C A and U N country reports

Forestry Agency Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 1-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, T 0 K Y Ö 100 Fax +81 3 3591 5747 U R L http://www.maff.go.jp/org/forestry.html

Geographical Survey Institute (Kokudo Chiri'in) (GSI) I, Kitasato,TSUKUBA-shi, Ibaraki-ken 305 Tel +81 298 64 1111 Fax +81 298 64 8087 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.gsi-mc.go.jp

Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) 1-1-3 Higashi Yatabe-cho, T S U K U B A - g u n , Ibaraki-ken 305 Tel +81 298 54 3606 Fax +81 298 54 3602 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.aist.go.jp/gsj

Geoscience Information Service Company 2 - 3 2 - 6 Umezono, 2-chome,TSUKUBA-ku, Ibaraki-ken 305 Tel +81 298 56 0561 Fax +81 298 56 0563

Giken Shoji Co. Ltd

and also includes other useful articles about the state of the

Soar Building 6F, 1-2-3 Izumi, Higashi-ku, N A G O Y A 461

art of mapping in Japan.

Tel +81 52 972 6544 Fax +81 52 972 6577

Chizu senta nyusa (Map Center News), Tokyo: Japan Map Center

U R L http://giken.com/

is the regularly published Japanese language report on mapping

Heibonsha Ltd Publishers

activities in the country, and Chizu (Map) Tokyo: Chizu Kyokai,

5 - 1 6 - 1 9 , Himonya, Meguro-ku, T Ö K Y Ö 152

1958- is the main Japanese language cartographic journal and

Tel +81 3 5721 1241 Fax +81 3 5721 1249

is published with English abstracts.

Hokkaido Mining Association Higashi 2-chome, Kita 21-jo, Higashi-ku, S A P P O R O 065

Addresses Agricultural Administration Bureau Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 1 - 2 - 1 Kusumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, T Ö K Y Ö 100

A L P S Mapping Company 2 - 2 4 Shochiku-cho, Chikusa-ku, N A G O Y A , Aichi-shi 464 Tel +81 52 762 2001 Fax +81 52 762 2006 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.alpsmap.co.jp/english/index.html

Fax +81 11 731 4534

Hydrographie Department Maritime Safety Agency (Kaijö choan-Chö Suiro-Bu) (JHD) 5-3-1 Tsukiji, Chüö-ku, T Ö K Y Ö 104 Tel +81 3 3541 4296 Fax +81 3 3545 2885 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.jodc.jhd.go.jp/inf.institute/msa/msa.html

Japan Construction Information Center (Nihon Kensetsu Jdho Sögö Senta) (JACIC) Akasaka Seventh Avenue, Bldg 6F, 7-!0-20,Akasaka, Minato-ku, Τ0ΚΥ0

107

Biodiversity Center of Japan (BIODIC-J)

Tel +81 3 3505 2981

Nature Conservation Bureau, Environmenr Agency, 5597-1,

U R L http://www.jacic.or.jp

Kenmarubi, Kamiyoshida, F U J I Y O S H I D A CITY,Yamana-shi 403-0005 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.biodic.go.jp

Buyd-dd 3-8-16 Nihonbashi, C h ü ö - k u , T Ö K Y Ö 103 Tel +81 3 3271 2651 Fax +81 3 3281 1811

Center for Global Environmental Research (GRID TSUKUBA) National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, T S U K U B A , Ibaraki ken 105

Japan Digital Road Map Association 1-3 13 Hirakawa-chö, Chiyyoda-ku, T Ö K Y Ö 102 Tel +81 3 3222 7990 Fax +81 3 3222 7991

Japan Forest Technology Association (Nihon Ringyö Gijutsu Kyökai) 7 Rokuban-chö, Chiyoda-ku, T Ö K Y Ö 102 Tel +81 3 3261 5281 Fax +81 3 3261 6849

Japan Hydrography Association (Nihon Suiryö Kyökai) I - 1 5 - 1 6 Toranomon, 5-3-1 Tsukiji, ChQö-ku, T Ö K Y Ö 105 Tel +81 3 3541 3811

Tel +81 298 50 2533 Fax +81 298 58 2645

Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA)

Email [email protected]

Shinjuku Maynds Tower, 2-1-1 Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, T Ö K Y Ö 151-8558

U R L http://www-cger.nies.go.jp/grid-e/index.html

Fax +81 3 5352 5414 U R L http://www.jica.go.jp/

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Japan Map C e n t e r ( N i h o n Chizu C e n t e r ) ( J M C ) 4-9-6 Aobadai. Meguro-ku.TÖKYÖ 153 Tel +81 3 3485 5414 Fax +81 3 3465 7689 Email [email protected]

URL http://www.iijnet.org.jp/jmc Japan National Research Association ( Z e n k o k u Kokudo Chösa Kyökai)

Tel +81 3 3262 1100 Japan W i l d l i f e Research C e n t e r ( N i h o n Yasei Seibutsu Kenkyü S e n t a )

2-29-3 Yushima, Bunkyö-ku.TÖKYÖ 113

Tel +81 3 3813 8806 Fax +81 3 3813 8898 Kodansha International

17-14 Otawa l-chome, Bunkyö-ku.TÖKYÖ 112

Tel +81 3 3944 6492 Fax +81 3 3944 6323 Map H o u s e

1 — 10 kanda Jimbo-chö, Chiyoda-ku.TÖKYÖ 101 Tel +81 3 3295 1555 Fax +81 3 3295 1686 Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications

3-2 Kasumgaseki I chome, Chiyoda-ku, T O K Y O 100

Tel +81 3 3504 4241

URL http://www.mpt.go.jp/index.html Nagai Trading C o . L t d 7-3-107 Hiroo l-chome, Shibuya-ku.TÖKYÖ 150

Tel +81 3 3400 2326 Fax +81 3 3400 2036

National L a n d Agency, Land B u r e a u (Kokudo-chd Tochi Kyd-ku Chdsaka) ( N L A ) 1-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku.TÖKYÖ 100 Tel +81 3 3593 3311 Email [email protected] URL http://www.nla.go.jp/welcome-e.html N i h o n Chizu Kyöhan

1-23 Kanda Jimbo-chö, Minato-ku, T Ö K Y Ö 106

Tel +81 3 3294 5206 8

N i h o n H ö s u Shuppan Kyökai

41-1 Udagawa-cho, Shibuya-ku.TÖKYÖ 150 Tel +81 3 3780 3356 Fax +81 3 3496 0123 Nippon Kokuseisha 18-24 Kohinatal chome, Nunkyo-ku, T Ö K Y Ö 112 Tel +81 3 3947 4611 Fax +81 3 3947 4611 P A S C O Corporation

2 13 5, Higashiyama, Meguro-ku.TÖKYÖ 153

Tel +81 3 3715 1616 Fax +81 3 3715 1718

Shöbun-sha Daini Seiko Building 5F-9F, 4-2-11 Kudan-Kita, Chiyoda-ku, T Ö K Y Ö 102 Tel +81 3 3262 2141 Fax +81 3 3262 2147 Email [email protected] URL http://www.mapple.co.jp Statistics B u r e a u ( S ö m u c h ö T ö k e i Kyöku) ( B S ) 19-1 Wakamatsu-cho, shinjuko-ku, T Ö K Y Ö 162

Tel +81 3 3202 I 111 Fax +81 3 5273 I 180 Email [email protected]

URL http://www.stat.go.jp/!.htm Teikoku Shoin

3-29 Kanda Jimbo-chö, Chiyoda-ku.TÖKYÖ 101

Tel +81 3 3262 5039 Fax +81 3 3262 7770 T ö k y ö Geographical Society

12-2 Niban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, T Ö K Y Ö 102 Tel +81 3 3261 0809 Fax +81 3 3263 0257 Zenrin

1-1-10 Shimoitazu, Kokurakita-ku, Kita Kyüshu-shi 803

Tel +81 93 583 0056 Fax +81 93 583 6200 URL http://www.zenrin.co.jp/

For HarperCollins, see Great Britain; for NGS, and NIMA, see United States; for ITM see Canada; for Nelles, see Germany.

Catalogue ATLASES

National atlas of Japan Edition 2 Tsukuba: GSI, 1990 218 pp Also available in Japanese Θ Published in 1997 on C D ROM Nihon dai chizu chd / Grand atlas of Japan Edition 2

Tökyö: Heibonsha, 1990 229 pp

Nihon ninka kokugo / Japan a bilingual atlas Tokyo: Kodansha, 1991 128 pp

Nihon keikan chizu (Landscape atlas of Japan) Edition 3 Tökyö: Teikoku 186 pp Teikoku's complete atlas of Japan Edition 14

URL http://www.pasco.cp.jp

Tokyo: Teikoku, 1997

R e m o t e Sensing Technology C e n t e r of Japan ( R E S T E C ) Roppongi Building, 7-15-7 Roppongi, Minato-ku,T0KYÖ 106 Tel +81 3 3403 1761 Fax +81 3 3403 1766 URL http://hdsn.eoc.nasda.go.jp/guide/

Japan: road atias 1:250 000 Edition 15 Tökyö: Shöbun-sha, 1997 272 pp

Roads B u r e a u Ministry of Construction

2-1-3 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, T Ö K Y Ö 100 Email [email protected]

URL http://www.road.moc.go.jp/road_e/index-e.html Sanseiso C o . L t d 2-22-14 Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku.TÖKYÖ 101

Tel +81 3 3230 9411 Fax +81 3 3230 9547

488

Asia

58 pp

W i t h maps of Hokkaido at 1:600 000 and city street maps GAZETTEERS

Japan. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington DC: NIMA, 1955 731 pp Kokaisu chimei jiten: Nihon hen (Concise dictionary of Japanese placenames) 3rd ed. Tökyö: Sanseido, 1987 1292 pp

GENERAL

BATHYMETRIC

Νihon to so no shuhen / Japan and her surroundings 1:3 000 000

Nihon kinkai kaitai chikei zu / Depth curve chart of the adjacent

Tsukuba, GSI 1995

seas of Japan 1:8 000 000

Also includes Manchuria, Korea and the Ryukyu group. In

Tokyo: JHD, 1971

English and Japanese

In English and Japanese

Japan 1:2 982 000

Nihon kinkai kaitai chikei zu / Bathymetric chart of the adjacent

Washington D C : N G S , 1986

seas of Japan 1:3 000 000

Japan 1:2 500 000 Bartholomew world travel series London: HarperCollins, 1994

Tokyo: JHD, 1968 4 sheets, all published In English and Japanese

Teikoku-Shoin's map of Japan I: I 800 000 Tokyo: Teikoku-Shoin Relief base Japan 1:1 500 000

Kaitai chikei zu / Bathymetric chart I: I 000 000 Tokyo: JHD, 1983 4 sheets, all published In English and Japanese

München: Nelles Verlag

Kaitai chikei zu / Bathymetric chart 1:200 000

Japan 1:1 500 000 Vancouver: ITM, 1991

Tokyo: JHD, 1969105 sheets, all published

Japan: a bilingual map / Nihon ninka kokugo matsa I: I 500 000 Tokyo: Kodansa, 1991 Relief base Great map of Japan 1:1 200 000 Tokyo: Japan Topography Association International map of the world: special sheets I: I 000 000

•

In English and Japanese AERONAUTICAL

Aeronautical route chart I: I 000 000 Tokyo: J H D 3 sheets, all published Annual revision

Tsukuba: GSI, 1994 3 sheets, all published

EARTH

Available as either Japanese o r English edition Japan / Nihon 1:1 000 000

SCIENCES

Unless otherwise mentioned main places, keys and titles are shown in English and Japanese

Tsukuba: GSI, 1998

Nihon chishitsu zu / Geological map of Japan 1:5 000 000 4th ed

3 sheets, all published Available in relief or natural environment editions

Tsukuba: GSJ, 1982 1990.0 nenchi jiki henkkö zu (Magnetic declination map for the

IMAGE

MAPS

year 1990) 1:4 000 000

Uchu kdmita Nihon rettö (The Japanese islands from space) Tokyo: Nihon Hösu Shuppan Kyökai, 1982 158 pp

Tokyo: Nihon Sokuryö Kyökai, 1990 W i t h explanatory text Nihon shOhen kaitei chishitsu zu / Marine geological map around the Japanese Islands 1:3 000 000

TOPOGRAPHIC

Tsukuba: GSJ, 1983

All topographic maps listed use Japanese character script, with

Chishitsu henshü zu / Geological map series 1:2 000 000

only sheet designations in English. 1:200 000, 1:50 000 and

Tsukuba: GSJ, 1953-

1:25 000 series are under continuous revision

32 sheets published

Chihö zu (District map) 1:500 000 Tsukuba: GSI, 1981-8

English language sheets published to date include: distribution maps of ore deposits (6 sheets); metallogenic; plutonism and mineralization; coal fields; hot and mineral springs; oil and gas

8 sheets, all published

fields; hydrothermal and hot spring deposits; computer

Nihon rittai chisei zu ( 3 D raised relief map) 1:250 000

generated geological map; volcanoes; radiometric age (2 maps);

Tsukuba: GSI, 1976-9

metamorphic; active faults; tectonic; metamorphic facies;

43 sheets, all published

geothermal fields; and magnetic

Chisei zu (Regional map) 1:200 000

Nihon chishitsu zu / Geological map of Japan I: I 000 000 Edition 3

Tsukuba: GSI, 1953130 sheets, all published •

Θ

Digital administrative boundaries available

Tsukuba: GSJ, 1992 4 sheets, all published

Chikei zu (Topographic map) 1:50 000

Nihon chishitsu zu / Marine geology map series I: I 000 000

Tsukuba: GSI, 1925-

Tsukuba: GSJ, 1977-

1249 sheets, all published

•

8 sheets, all published

Chikei zu (Topographic map) 1:25 000 Tsukuba: GSI, 19254430 sheets, all published •

Θ

Geomagnetic, free gravity and Bouguer anomaly overlays available for some sheets Nihon shuhen kaiiki kuchu jiki zu / Aeromagnetic map off the coasts of Japan I: I 000 000 Tsukuba: GSJ, 1982 3 sheets, all published

Japan

489

Chishitsu chösa tokoro / Geological survey of Japan 1:500 000 Tsukuba: GSJ, 195017 sheets, 10 published

ADMINISTRATIVE

Kokusei chösa: Shi, ku, machi, mura kai suzu (Population census

•

1990 shi, ku, machi and mura boundaries) I: I 000 000

Katsu közö zu / Νeotectonic map series 1:500 000

Tokyo: BS, 1991

Tsukuba: GSJ, 1982-

3 sheets, all published

17 sheets, 14 published

•

Chishitsu chösa tokoro / Geological survey of Japan 1:200 000

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Japan railway map Tökyö: Nippon Kokuseisha

Tsukuba: GSJ, 1956130 sheets, 96 published

SOCIAL,

•

JQryoku zu / Gravity anomaly chart 1:200 000

Traffic volume map of Japan 1:1 200 000

Tokyo: J H D , 1969-

Tökyö: Roads Bureau

105 sheets, all published

•

Also issued on same sheet lines: Submarine structural chart / Kaitai chishitsu közö zu and Total magnetic intensity chart / Chi jiki zen jiryoku zu

Nihon jinkö chizu / Population maps of Japan 1:500 000-1:4 000 000 Tökyö: BS 7 series, (73 maps), all published

In English and Japanese

Bilingual

Nihon chishitsu zu / Geological map of Japan 1:50 000 Tsukuba: GSJ, 1950c. 1400 sheets, c. 600 published

•

Sheets now issued with bilingual explanatory texts Includes some sheets issued at 1:75 000 and 1:100 000

Tochi riyö zu (Land use map) 1:200 000 Tsukuba: GSI, 1982123 sheets, all published

•

Tochi riyö zu (Land use map) 1:25 000 Tsukuba: GSI, 1975c. 1300 sheets published

ENVIRONMENTAL

Nihon dojö zu (Soil map of Japan) I: I 000 000 Tokyo: The Group of Japanese Pedologists, 1990 3 sheets, all published W i t h Japanese explanatory text

Tökyö: Environmental Agency, 1975-6 •

In Japanese Natural environment information maps by prefecture 1:200 000 Tökyö: Environmental Agency, 1989 53 sheets, all published • In Japanese Tochi bunruizo (Land classification map by prefecture) 1:200 000 Tökyö: NI_A, 1954-79 47 sets all published

•

Sets of maps in Japanese for each prefecture covering geomorphology, surface geology, soils, and land use capability, with overlays mapping slopes, subsurface geology, soil productive capability and relief energy and valley density Land conservation map 1:200 000 Tökyö: N L A 47 prefectures, 25 published

•

5 maps for each prefecture covering natural conditions, land conservation, natural disasters, valuable natural and cultural assets and conservation Actual vegetation map of Japan 1:50 000 Tökyö: Environmental Agency, 1978-89 1293 sheets, all published • In Japanese, English legends Tochi bunruizo (Land classification map) 1:50 000 Tökyö: N L A , 1974c. 1200 sheets, c. 700 published

•

3 editions for each map covering geomorphology, surface geology, and soils. 6 overlays for each map covering land use, slopes, relative relief, drainage system and valley density, land use capability and disaster prevention

490

Asia

URBAN

Tökyö bilingual atlas.

Plant and animal distribution maps by prefecture 1:200 000 53 sheets, all published

Covers main habitable areas of Japan

Tökyö: Kodansha Bilingual includes English and Japanese street index Tökyö metropolitan atlas Edition 9 Tökyö: Shöbun-sha, 1999 128 pp Regularly revised English atlas and index

JAPAN 200 000 topographic 200 000 geological 200 000 land use 50 000 topographic 50 000 vegetation 50 000 land classification 25 000 topographic

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Japan

491

492

Asia

135°E

Hokkaido

JAPAN 1:200 1:200 1:200 1:200

000 000 000 000

land classification natural environment land conservation plant and animal distribution

160 km 100 miles

36°N

36°N

135°E

Japan

493

135°E

36°N

JAPAN 1:200 000 bathymetric 1:200 000 submarine structure 1:200 000 gravity anomaly 240 km 150 miles

494

Asia

URDUNIYA AL-HASHEMIYAH)

The Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre (RJGC) (until 1984 the Jordan National Geographic Centre) was established as the national mapping agency in 1975, with French and later American aid. It carries out geodetic, aerial and topographic surveying of the country and publishes topographic and thematic maps, as well as providing maps for other official agencies in the country. R J G C serves both military and civilian mapping needs. The modern topographic mapping of Jordan was established by allied military forces during World War II, but geodetic frameworks and mapping remained unrevised until the new national mapping agency established primary and secondary geodetic control in the mid-1970s. Work continues to update a tertiary control network covering the whole country. A 1:50 000 scale series provides the basic mapping and is complete in 184 sheets. This photogrammetric series is on the Transverse Mercator projection, modified Clarke 1880 ellipsoid, and shows relief with 25 m contours. It is under regular revision, using aerial photographic coverage, and is being captured as digital data for inclusion in a national topographic database held in A R C / I N F O , which is scheduled for completion by Year 2000. An 84-sheet 1:100 000 scale map is derived from the basic scale, and 1:250 0 0 0 scale coverage is also available in 17 sheets, with 100 m contours - the 1:250 000 map is already captured as digital data. A new programme of topographic mapping of populated areas has also started, and is based upon the U T M projection and International ellipsoid, with maps being published at scales of 1:10 0 0 0 and 1:25 000. These official topographic series are restricted and unavailable on the international market, so our catalogue lists Soviet topographic coverage, available as complete sets at 1:100 0 0 0 and 1:200 0 0 0 scale from a number of international map dealers. Other mapping available and listed in our catalogue includes a recently revised English-language 1:750 000 scale road map of the country with hypsometric tints for relief, as well as 1:250 0 0 0 coverage of Palestine (in an Arabic language road map and English topographic map showing archaeological sites). Outline 1:250 000 scale Arabic language base mapping of the country is also available and Arabic administrative maps of the different Muhafaza are also issued. Two volumes of a projected national atlas series were issued in the early 1980s, one of which is still available. Other smaller scale world and Middle Eastern mapping is published, and a full-colour large-scale series of maps of archaeological and tourist sites is available in bilingual editions, including an indexed town map of the capital Amman, revised in 1996 and published in English and Arabic versions. Cadastral mapping of Jordan is the responsibility of the Department of Lands and Survey. It is involved in a major conversion project to establish an ARC/INFO-based digital land information system, which has included the capture of 23 000 cadastral maps in the period 1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0 .

In 1985 R J G C began to produce a 1:50 0 0 0 scale geological map of the country for the National Resources Authority (JNRA). Coverage of this full-colour series is concentrating initially upon the more western parts of Jordan, with about 20 per cent of the country mapped by 1997. J N R A also produces a number of other geoscientifk map themes. Other earth science mapping is still available from overseas agencies. Jordan was mapped in five 1:250 000 scale full-colour geological sheets published with English, German and Arabic texts in the late 1960s by the German Bundesanstalt fur Bodenforschung (now Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BfGR)) 1:100 0 0 0 scale geological coverage was compiled under the same aid agreement, three sheets covering the Jordan valley were taken to full-colour editions, the rest were issued as monochrome compilations in the Geologisches Jahrbuch. These maps may be acquired from the German publisher E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. In the early 1990s a national soil and land use survey of Jordan was carried out by Hunting Technical Services for the Jordanian Ministry of Agriculture, with funding from the European Development Fund of the European Community. L A N D S A T and SPOT satellite imagery were used for preliminary interpretation and supplemented by detailed soil sampling, with data held in a GIS. A soil survey section in the Ministry was established for this project, but no information has been received about the availability of data from these surveys. Other small scale mapping of the country is published by Lonely Planet, HarperCollins, Freytag-Berndt, and GEOprojects. Maps of Israel and of the Middle East also often offer useful small scale coverage of Jordan.

•

•

•

F u r t h e r information A general internet gateway to official Jordanian sites is available at URL http://www.nic.gov.jo. RJGC issues a useful booklet RJGC (1995) The Map at the Service of the Community. Amman: RJGC, and also maintains a useful Web page. Catalogues of publications are available from RJGC and JNRA. Progress in the establishment of a national GIS is described in Amer, M. (1997) GIS implementation at Jordan Department of Lands & Survey, paper presented at the Middle East GISIGPS Conference, March 1997. Qatar: QCGIS and available at URL http://www.gisqatar.org.qa/conf97/links/j3.html.

Jordan

495

Addresses Department of Lands and Surveys P O Box 70, A M M A N

Ministry of Agriculture

Jordan 1:200 000 Moskva: Roskartografija 22 sheets, all published In Russian Jordan 1:100 000 Moskva: Roskartografija

P O B 961 043, A M M A N

78 sheets, all published

Tel + 9 6 2 6 86151 Fax + 9 6 2 6 86310

In Russian

National Resources Authority (|NRA) P O Box 7, 2220, A M M A N Tel + 9 6 2 6 811300 Fax + 9 6 2 6 811866

Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre (RJGC) P O Box 20214, A M M A N , 11941

EARTH

SCIENCES

Geological map of Jordan 1:500 000 Amman: J N R A , 1975 Gravity maps of the Dead Sea Basin I:250 000

Tel + 9 6 2 6 845188 Fax + 9 6 2 6 847694

Reston: USGS, 1994

Email [email protected]

3 maps on sheet

U R L http://www.rjgc.gov.jo

Geologische Karte von Jordan 1:250 000

For Lonely Planet, see Australia; for Freytag Berndt, see

Hannover: BfGR, 1968

Austria; for HarperCollins and GEOprojects, see Great Britain;

5 sheets, all published

for BfGR and E.Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, see Germany; for Cartographia, see Hungary; for N I M A and U S G S see United States; for Roskartografija, see Russia.

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan: Geology 1:50 000 Amman: J N R A , 1985199 sheets, 51 published

•

W i t h accompanying explanatory bulletins

Catalogue ATLASES Jordan, Syria and Lebanon travel atlas

ENVIRONMENTAL National atias of Jordan: hydrology and agrohydrology Amman: RJGC, 1986 141 pp

Hawthorn,Vic: Lonely Planet, 1997 88 pp

ADMINISTRATIVE

GAZETTEERS

Muhufadhat Various scales Amman: RJGC, 1991-

Gazetteer of Jordan. Official standard names approved by the

9 sheets, all published

United States Board on Geographic names Edition 2

In Arabic

Washington D C : N I M A , 1990

District maps

337 pp GENERAL Jordan road map 1:800 000 W i e n : Freytag Berndt, 1995 The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan: road map 1:750 000 Amman: RJGC, 1995 Double sided, with index and five small maps on reverse Also available in Arabic language version Jordan 1:730 000 Reading: GEOprojects, 1996 Double sided, includes, addresses, text, town maps and photographs Jordan 1:700 000 Budapest: Cartographia, 1996 Israel with Jordan 1:350 000 Collins world travel series London: HarperCollins, 1995 TOPOGRAPHIC Al-mamlaka al-urdunniya al-hashimiya 1:250 000 Amman: RJGC, 1991 2 sheets, both published The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 1:250 000 Amman: RJGC, 1978-82 4 sheets, all published

496

Asia

URBAN Amman tourist map 1:20 000 Amman: RJGC, 1996 A l s o available in Arabic language version

Jordan

497

The Central Asian Republic of Kazakhstan is the largest nation to break away from the former Soviet Union and has been an independent state since 1991. Mapping still follows patterns established in the Soviet era. Topographic series use the 1942 specification with maps based on the Gauss conformal transverse cylindrical projection, Krassovsky ellipsoid, at 1:1 000 000, 1:500 000, 1:200 000, 1:100 000, and 1:50 000 scales. We have described this specification in greater detail in our Russian section. Other mapping of the Soviet Union also covered Kazakhstan and may be listed in our Russian section, whilst mapping of Central Asia described in the Asian introduction often also incorporates Kazakhstan. Following independence a national mapping agency was founded in Almaty based upon the Russian map production facilities. The Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazgeodezija) inherited Soviet military map stocks. 1:200 000 scale mapping has been released onto the international market with complete coverage in 585 sheets dating from the early 1980s, and near complete coverage at 1:50 000 scale in 6000 sheets has been advertised by Eastview. No information is available about revision programmes of these topographic series, but a set of 18 1:1 000 000 scale topographic maps giving complete coverage was available in 1997 from Polish map dealer Topkart. These use Soviet mapping repackaged into a provincial series on oblast sheet lines. Following the pattern of some other former Soviet republics a map distribution unit designated Kartografija has been established in Almaty, to sell small-scale educational and tourist mapping. Its recent publications include single-sheet maps using a political base, published with transliteration, as well as updated versions of Soviet administrative series, issued as doublesided 1:200 000 scale maps for areas around the administrative centre of each region and with an environmental map of the regional centre on the reverse side. A Russian town map of the capital was published in the 1980s by Glavnoe Upravlenie Geodezii Kartografii ( G U G K ) (now Federal' naya Sluzhba Geodezii i Kartografii Rossii (Roskartografija) and recently revised by Kazgeodezija. It is hoped to produce a multilingual atlas of the country in conjunction with a Western publisher, for world-wide distribution. Other recent initiatives include digital mapping in support of land registration, carried out by the S t a t e Land C o m m i t t e e , with funding from the World Bank, which started in 1997 with pilot projects in Almaty, Akmola and Almaty City. Earth science mapping of Kazakhstan was produced by Russian agencies in the Soviet era, notably Vserossiiskoi nauchno-issledovatel'skii geologicheskii Institut (VSEGEI) in St Petersburg, in conjunction with local branches of the Academy of Sciences. Geological and tectonic maps were compiled at 1:1 500 000 scale to cover Kazakhstan and Central Asia in two sets of eight sheets. Kazakhstan was also mapped

498

Asia

in the Soviet 1:200 000 and 1:1 000 000 scale programmes described in our Russian section, and 1:1 000 000 coverage may still be available for some themes. Other smaller scale geological themes may also still be acquired on the international market. We have listed hydrothermal and industrial minerals mapping; other coverage focuses upon hydrocarbon-rich areas of the country. Recent mapping has been encouraged by the minerals exploration boom following independence. In 1996 a significant minerals atlas was published by the Ministry of Geology and the Institute of Geological Sciences of the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences (Kazgeologija) and distributed on international markets, with mapping at 1:4 000 000 scale, generalized from 1:1 500 000 scale data, and information in Russian and English for 1000 mineral deposits. The Soviet Academy of Sciences (now Rossiskaja Akademija Nauk (RAN)) was involved in the production of many thematic maps of Kazakhstan, including a two-volume atlas prepared in the early 1980s in association with G U G K . Following independence, branches of the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences in Almaty have assumed these responsibilities. A greater diversity of themes has been mapped than for most of the Central Asian republics. Soils mapping continues to be compiled by the Soils Institute, with an increasing amount of applied mapping of erosion and pollution risks. The Ministry of Ecology and Bioresources co-ordinates all ecological and bio-resources research in Kazakhstan, and is collaborating with the Institute of Geography in the Academy of Sciences in the compilation of a medico-environmental atlas of the country. Vegetation mapping of Kazakhstan is carried out by the Botanical Institute, including a 1:2 500 000 scale coverage derived in 1991 from satellite imagery, in association with the Institute for S p a c e Research, and a planned 1:500 000 scale vegetation coverage, as yet unpublished. Groundwater mapping has been carried out by the Hydrogeology and Hydrophysics Institute, including 1:1 500 000 scale geothermal and resources mapping in six sheets. The Hydrometeorological Institute (KazNIGMI) acts as the main meteorological organization in the country and is a specialist avalanche and mudslide research agency, with many published and unpublished maps in these fields. The Kazakhstan S t a t e Institute for Drafting Land Managem e n t (KAZGIPROZEM) surveys and manages land resources in the country, including the compilation of a large number of land use and agricultural maps of the country. Very few of these recent thematic maps are available on the international market and no Western agencies have yet published commercial mapping of Kazakhstan, though the country forms a significant part of recent commercially published mapping of Central Asia described in the Asian section of this book.

•

•

•

Addresses Botanical Institute Boganbai-Batyr Street 103,480100 A L M A T Y Tel +7 3272 618019 H y d r o g e o l o g y and Hydrophysics Institute ALMATY Tel +7 3272 615612 Hydrometeorological Institute ( K a z N I G M I ) Seifullin Pr. 597,480072 A L M A T Y Tel +7 3272 624933 Fax +7 3272 696500 Institute of Geological Sciences (Kazgeologija) Ul Kalinina 69A, 480100 A L M A T Y Tel +7 3272 615608 Fax +7 3272 615043 Institute for Space Research 75 Al-Farabi, 480032 A L M A T Y Tel +7 3272 494274 Fax +7 3272 494355 Kartografija Ul Esenberlina 36,480007 A L M A T Y Kazakhstan A c a d e m y of Sciences Ul Shevchenko 28,480021 A L M A T Y Tel +7 3272 695150 Fax +7 3272 696116 Kazakhstan State Institute for Drafting Land Management ( K A Z G I P R O Z E M ) 107 Auezov Street, 480008 A L M A T Y Tel +7 3272 422927 Fax +7 3272 421422 M a i n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of G e o d e s y and C a r t o g r a p h y of the C a b i n e t of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazgeodezia) Ul Esenberlina 36,480007 A L M A T Y Tel +7 3272 301851 Fax + 7 3272 411457 Ministry of Ecology and Bioresources Panfilov Street 106,480091 A L M A T Y Tel +7 3272 632476 Fax +7 3272 635244 Soils Institute Academy of Sciences, 480032 A L M A T Y Tel +7 3272 480400 Fax +7 3272 631207 State Land C o m m i t t e e Ul Esenberlina 36,480007 A L M A T Y For R A N , Roskartografija, and VSEGEI, see Russia; forTopkart and Eastview, see Chapter 3.

Catalogue GENERAL

Respublika Kazakhstan 1:2 000 000 Almaty: Kazgeodezija, 1994 2 sheets, both published In Russian

Kazakhstan 1:200 000 Almaty: Kazgeodezija 585 sheets, all published • In Russian Kazakhstan 1:50 000 Almaty: Kazgeodezija c. 6000 sheets, all published In Russian EARTH

SCIENCES

Atlas of mineral resources of Kazakhstan Almaty: Kazgeologija, 1996 With 1:4 000 000 scale mapping In Russian and English Kazakhstan: karta 1:2 500 000 Tashkent: Geodezia, 1995 2 sheets, both published In Russian Industrial minerals map Geologicheskaja karta Kazakhstana i srednej Azii I: I 500 000 St Petersburg:VSEGEI, 1983 8 sheets, all published In Russian Geological map with 1:5 000 000 scale tectonic and location insets Metallogenicheskaja karta Kazakhstanskoj skladchatoj I: I 500 000 St Petersburg:VSEGEI, 1986 4 sheets, all published In Russian Metallogenic map Karta gidrotermal'no-metasomaticheskih formacij Kazakhstanskoi skladchatoj oblasti / Map of the hydrothermal-metasomatic formations of the Kazakhstan fold area I: I 500 000 St Petersburg:VSEGEI, 1993 4 sheets, all published With explanatory notes Map of ore and oil-gas fields of Kazakh SSR and adjoining areas 1:1 500 000 St Petersburg: VSEGEI, 1982 6 sheets, all published ADMINISTRATIVE

Kazakhstan 1:3 500 000 Almaty: Kartografija, 1996 Also published in Russian language version SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Respublika Kazakhstan: ekonomicheskaja karta 1:2 500 000 Moskva: Roskartografija, 1993 URBAN

Almaty 1:20 000 Almaty: Kartografija, 1996

TOPOGRAPHIC

Respublika Kazakhstan 1:1 000 000 Almaty: Kazgeodezija, 1992-5 18 sheets, all published Set of topographic oblast maps

Kazakhstan

499

1

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

XI

XII

XIII

XIV

XV

XVI

XVII

XVIII

XIX

XX

XXI

XXII

XXIII XXIV

S h e e t numbering e x a m p l e :

KAZAKHSTAN

M-43-XX

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Asia

The national mapping agency in Mongolia is the Ulsin Geodezi Zupag Züjn Gazar ( U G Z Z G ) (State Administration for Geodesy and Cartography), which was established under this name in 1970. Before its creation a number of different agencies had carried out mapping activities. Geodetic control and mapping specifications conform to Soviet standards and were established between 1935 and 1955. Topographic surveys are published on the Gauss conformal cylindrical projection and the Krassovsky ellipsoid. National coverage at 1:100 0 0 0 scale was compiled by stereo-topographic methods between 1946 and 1955, and was used to compile series at 1:200 0 0 0 , 1:500 0 0 0 and 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scales. The 1:100 0 0 0 scale series is under revision. Only after the rationalization of surveying and mapping in 1970 were resources shifted into larger scale programmes. U G Z Z G now maintains photogrammetric programmes at 1:50 0 0 0 , which covered 4 0 per cent of the country in 1999, and 1:25 0 0 0 (30 per cent). Larger scale programmes are in progress for urban areas, with coverage at scales between 1:500 and 1:10 000. None of this Mongolian produced mapping is available on the international market, so we have listed Soviet topographic coverage, published in the 1980s and available from a number of dealers. Complete sets are available to cover Mongolia at 1:200 0 0 0 scale in 295 sheets, or in 1 243 sheets at 1:100 0 0 0 scale. Specifications are described in more detail in the Russian section. U G Z Z G also publishes small and medium scale mapping and atlases for the education market, and collaborates with other Mongolian official agencies in the publication of thematic maps of the country, notably 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 coverage available for seven themes and covering the country in 14 sheets. Some of this smaller-scale material is distributed outside Mongolia. In the 1980s the National Atlas was compiled, with assistance from the Soviet Union, and co-ordinated by the Mongolian Academy of Sciences Shinzhleh Uhaany Akademi (SUA). The completed atlas was published in 1990, in Russian or Mongolian language editions, and included 276 thematic map plates. S U A has also been involved in many other thematic projects listed in our catalogue. The Institute of Geology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, (Geologi Erdes Bajalgijn Hureelen (GEBH)) was established in 1966, and has been involved in the compilation and publication of standard geological series mapping of the country, carried out by the Geological Survey of Mongolia in the Mineral Resources Authority. 144 1:200 0 0 0 scale sheets have been published, with 4 0 1:500 0 0 0 and nine 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale maps also maintained. None of these larger scales are available outside Mongolia. Small-scale coverage is available for a number of geological, minerals and tectonic themes. Amongst recent projects has been the publication of a 15-sheet hydrogeological map of the country at 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale, in conjunction with

U G Z Z G , and with the German Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BfGR) In 1996 S P O T Image signed an agreement to establish a national geological and mining information system, in collaboration with the French Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM). Other recent overseas involvement has included a project from the Swedish SSC Satellitbild for 16-class land cover and land use mapping of a block of 35 1:50 0 0 0 scale sheets near to Ulaanbaatar, in co-operation with the Mongolian Ministry of Nature and the Environment, which has resulted in the creation of a digital resources database for the area. International Travel Maps ( I T M ) has compiled a map of the country, and the best available town map of the capital is from the Polish agency B Ä K S .

*

•

ik-

Further information UGZZG issues a bilingual Mongolian and English descriptive leaflet about its activities. Mongolia (1994) Surveying and mapping activities in Mongolia: p a p e r p r e s e n t e d t o t h e 13th United Nations Cartographic

Regional

Conference for Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: U N .

The Swedish land-cover mapping programme is described in Malmberg, U. (1995) Land use/land cover mapping in Mongolia, International Journal of Geomatics, 9 (6), 3 2 - 3 5 .

Geologi Erdes Bajalgijn Hureelen (GEBH) (Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources) c/o Academy of Sciences, Sühbaatar Square 3, ULAANBAATAR 11 Tel +976 I 322 216 Fax +976 I 321 638 Geological Survey of Mongolia Mineral Resources Authority, Square of Barilpachdiin Bldg 13, ULAANBAATAR 211238 Tel +976 I 322940 Fax +976 I 310370 Email [email protected] Shinzhleh Uhaany Akademi (SUA) (Academy of Sciences) Sühbaatar Square 3, ULAANBAATAR I I Tel +976 I 322 216 Fax +976 I 321 638

Mongolia

523

Ulsin Geodezi Zupag Züjn G a z a r ( U G Z Z G ) (State Administration for Geodesy and Cartography) Ikh Toyruu 15 ,210644, U L A A N B A A T A R 44 Tel +976 I 324 047 Fax +976 I 322 683 Email [email protected] For ITM, see Canada; for N I M A , see United States; for S C C Satellitbild, see Sweden; for BfGR, see Germany; for B R G M , see France; for Roskartografija, see Russia; for BÄKS, see Poland.

Catalogue ATLASES

Biigd najramdah Mongol Ard Uls: Undesnij atlas (National atlas of Mongolia) Ulaanbaatar: SUA, 1990 276 maps Also available in Russian edition. Transport atlas Ulaanbaatar: U G Z Z G , 1991 48 pp Mongolskaja narodnaja respublika I: I 000 000 Ulaanbaatar: U G Z Z G , 19817 map sets, 14 sheets for each • For each area the following themes: natural regions; geology / structure; river discharge; crop distribution; forests; land use and planning Almgijn atlas Ulaanbaatar: U G Z Z G , 198518 volumes one for each Almag GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of Mongolia. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 2 Washington D C : N I M A , 1988 517 pp GENERAL

Mongolia: international travel map 1:3 000 000 Vancouver: ITM, 1995 Mongolia: physical map 1:3 000 000 Ulaanbaatar: U G Z Z G , 1992 Also available in Mongolian edition Ajalal zhuulchlalyn zurag / Tourist map of Mongolia 1:2 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: U G Z Z G , 1998 Relief base Double sided with Ulaanbaatar town map on reverse Bügd najramdah Mongol Ard Uls 1:2 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: U G Z Z G , 1984 Coloured byAjmags Biigd najramdah Mongol Ard Uls Gazar dürsijn zurag I: I 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: U G Z Z G , 1992 In 4 parts Relief base Physical maps of the provinces Various scales Ulaanbaatar: U G Z Z G , 1992-3 18 sheets, all published Provincial maps, relief bases

524

Asia

TOPOGRAPHIC

Mongol uls 1:1 000 000 Ulaanbaatar: U G Z Z G , 1997 8 sheets, all published Mongol uls 1:500 000 Ulaanbaatar: U G Z Z G 48 sheets, all published Mongol'skaja narodnaja respublika 1:200 000 Moskva: Roskartografija 295 sheets, all published In Russian [Mongolia] 1:100 000 Moskva: Roskartografija 1243 sheets, all published In Russian EARTH

SCIENCES

Karta orogennoj tektoniki Mongol'skoj Naradnoj Respubliki 1:3 000 000 Ulaanbaatar: SUA, 1988 Tectonics BNMAU-yn gjeologijn zurag 1:2 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: D G M M , 1985 Geology BNMAU-yn paljeonologijn zurag 1:2 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: D G M M , 1984 Palaeontology BNMAU-yn tjektonikijn zurag 1:2 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: D G M M , 1985 Tectonics BNMAU-yn maltmalyn zurag 1:2 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: D G M M , 1983 Minerals Karta metamorficheskih formacij I: I 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: SUA, 1992 4 sheets, all published Metamorphic map Karta mezozojskoj i kaznozojskoj tektoniki Mongol'skoj Narodnoj Respubliki 1:1 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: SUA, 1979 4 sheets, all published Tectonic map Karta poleznyh iskopaemyh Mongol'skoj Narodnoj Respubliki 1:1 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: SUA, 1973 4 sheets, all published Minerals Karta inzhenerni-geologicheskih uslovij Mongol'skoj Narodnoj Respubliki 1:1 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: SUA, 1985 Engineering geology Mongolyn gidrogeologijn zurag I: I 000 000 Ulaanbaatar: U G Z Z G and GEBH, 1996 15 sheets, all published Hydrogeology

ENVIRONMENTAL

MONGOLIA

BNMAU-yn uur am'sgal gadargyn usny nööcijn atlas Ulaanbaatar: UGZZG, 1985 73 pp

1:1 000 000 thematic

Climatic atlas BNMAU-yn zagasny tarhaltyn zurag 1:3 000 000 Ulaanbaatar: UGZZG, 1988 Distribution of fish BNMAU-yn bajgalijn büslüürijn zurag 1:2 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: UGZZG, 1984 Natural areas Map of Mongolian nature protection 1:2 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: UGZZG, 1991 BNMAU-yn urganalzhilt zurag 1:2 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: UGZZG, 1984 Vegetation BNMAU-yn us ziijn zurag 1:2 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: UGZZG, 1986 Hydrology BNMAU-yn oj-urgamalzhiltyn zurag I: I 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: SUA, 1983 2 sheets, both published Forest vegetation ADMINISTRATIVE

Biigd najramdah Mongol Ard Uls 1:2 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: UGZZG, 1984 Coloured byAjmags SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

BNMAU-yn zorchigch-teeverlekijn sülzhee 1:4 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: UGZZG, 1989 Passenger transport network BNMAU-yn hiin amyn zurag 1:2 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: UGZZG, 1985 Population distribution BNMAU-yn jeröhij edijn zasgijn zurag 1:2 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: UGZZG, 1984 Economic BNMAU-yn barilgyn matjerialyn üjldver zurag 1:2 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: UGZZG, 1985 Mining industries BNMAU-yn hödöö azh ahujn zurag 1:1 500 000 Ulaanbaatar: UGZZG, 1987 4 sheets, all published Agriculture URBAN

Ulanbaatar Warszawa: BÄKS

Mongolia

525

The national mapping agency of Myanmar (until 1989 Burma) is the Myanmar Survey Department (MSD) in Yangon. Mapping systems were established by the Survey of India between 1905 and 1944, with complete coverage at 1:126 720 and 1:253 440, and one-inch coverage for 85 per cent of Burma, excluding the mountainous north west regions. Since 1959 the one-inch map has gradually been converted into a 1:50 0 0 0 series, using the same Lambert conical conformal projection, Everest ellipsoid, and quarter degree sheet lines, but mapping progress has been at best sporadic since the late 1950s. By 1996 this map had been published for about 50 per cent of the country: coverage is best in the central regions between Yangon and Mandalay. English place names have been converted into Myanmar equivalents following United Nations Development Programme aid. 28 1:250 0 0 0 scale maps were derived from the completed metric mapping. A new 1:25 000 series was completed for the Irrawaddy delta, and 1:5000 and 1:10 0 0 0 scale maps of development areas have also been compiled, including 1:10 000 scale coverage of Yangon in 12 sheets, revised to 1995. Smaller scale series have also been compiled and the Myanmar Survey Department is also responsible for aeronautical charting of the country. All these official surveys are unavailable outside government and military circles and no replies were received from Myanmar agencies, so we have listed Soviet topographic coverage available as complete sets from a number of international dealers and published at 1:200 0 0 0 and 1:100 0 0 0 scale. Cadastral mapping of Burma is the responsibility of the Settlement and Land Records Department in the Ministry of Agriculture. 75 0 0 0 record sheets are maintained, at 16-inch scale for rural areas, and 64-inch for urban properties. Many of these maps were very outdated by 1996, but a project started in the mid-1990s to capture records for Yangon in a Maplnfo-based land information system. Hydrographie charting is carried out by Hydrographie Office established in 1957.

the

The most significant recent mapping advances in Myanmar have been in the field of resources mapping. The Department of Forestry received United Nations Development Programme aid to establish a national forest survey between 1981 and 1993, which led to the compilation of about 100 1:50 000 scale forest land use maps, derived from inter-

Asia

A useful small-scale general map of the country was published in 1990 by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and tourist mapping of Myanmar is also published by Myanmar Travels and Tours (MTT), the official tourist agency, including city maps of Yangon and Mandalay and a general map of Myanmar. Commercially published tourist mapping is available in the Globetrotter series from New Holland, from Nelles Verlag and from Berndtson & Berndtson (B&B).

•

•

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Further information Myanmar Survey Department (1991) Report: paper presented t o t h e 12th United Notions Regional Cartographic

Conference for

Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: U N .

Addresses

Naval

Earth science mapping of Myanmar is the responsibility of the Department of Geological Survey and Exploration (DGSE). Some of their smaller scale mapping may still be available, including a three-sheet 1:1 000 000 scale geological coverage. The British Geological Survey (BGS) carried out some earth science mapping of the northern Shan states in the late 1970s, at scales of 1:100 000 and 1:125 000, but there is no information about any current D G S E programmes.

526

pretation of L A N D S A T T M imagery. A more extensive programme of forest resources mapping was also started, with 319 of 650 1:50 000 scale sheets completed. These results were generalized into the publication in 1991 of a 1:1 0 0 0 000 scale general forest map of the country. By 1996 a well-founded GIS laboratory was in place, and Japanese aid led to the establishment of digital 1:250 0 0 0 land cover mapping of the central parts of the country, derived from L A N D S A T T M data. It was intended to extend this coverage to the whole country by the end of 1998, but neither hard copy nor digital forest mapping was available in 1999 on the international market.

Department of Forestry Ministry of Forests, W Gyone, Insein, YANGON Tel +95 I 664381 Department of Geological Survey and Exploration (DGSE) Ministry of Mines, Kanbe Road.Yankin PO, YANGON Tel +95 I 565083 Fax +95 I 577455 Myanmar Survey Department (MSD) Ministry of Forests, Thiramingala Lana, KabaAye, Pagoda Road, YANGON Tel +95 I 667841 Myanmar Travels and Tours ( M T T ) Ministry of Hotels and Tourism, 77-91 Sule Pagoda Road, YANGON Tel +95 I 280317 Fax +95 I 280321

Naval Hydrographie Office Myanmar Navy, 5 5 / 6 1 Strand Road, Y A N G O N Tel +95 I 77437 Settlement and Land Records Department Ministry of Agriculture, Thiramingala Lana, KabaAye, Pagoda Road,YANGON Tel +95 I 665359 For C I A and N I M A , see United States; for B&B and Nelles, see Germany; for Roskartografija, see Russia; for N e w Holland, see Great Britain

Catalogue GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of Burma. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington D C : N I M A , 1983 2 vols, 859 pp GENERAL

Burma 1:2 000 000 Washington D C : C I A , 1990 Burma (Myanmar) 1:2 000 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B Myanmar. Globetrotter travel map I: I 750 000 London: N e w Holland, 1998 Double sided with town maps and tourist information on reverse Burma I: I 500 000 München: Nelles Myanmar tourist map I: I 000 000 Yangon: Μ TT, 1992 TOPOGRAPHIC

Birma 1:200 000 Moskva: Roskartografija 131 sheets, all published In Russian Birma 1:100 000 Moskva: Roskartografija c. 500 sheets, 317 available In Russian EARTH

SCIENCES

Geological map of the Socialist Republic of Burma I: I 000 000 Yangon: D G S E , 1977 3 sheets, all published ADMINISTRATIVE

Myanmar political 1:2 000 000 N e w Delhi: Prakashan, 1994 URBAN

Yangon: guide map 1:20 000 Yangon: M S D

Myanmar

527

The Survey D e p a r t m e n t Nepal ( N S D ) in the Ministry of Land Reform and Management is the central organization for all mapping services in the country and undertakes cadastral, geodetic and topographic surveys. It was founded in 1958, compiles cadastral, topographic, administrative and land resource mapping and is establishing an active digital mapping programme with new topographic coverage, following substantial Canadian, German, Japanese and Finnish technical aid programmes. Until the 1960s mapping of the country was carried out in conjunction with the Survey of India, and conformed to standard specifications established across the sub-continent. A one-inch map of Nepal in 266 15' quads was started under the Colombo plan in the 1950s, based upon survey data completed by N S D in 1962. This series was on a polyconic projection, Everest ellipsoid, and showed relief with 100 ft contours, but like other Survey of India series it was never publicly available. The series was completed in 1980, and photographically enlarged to 1:50 000 scale as an interim measure pending modernization of the mapping infrastructure. Meanwhile American 1:250 000 scale Series U 5 0 2 maps were compiled from Survey of India quarter-inch coverage, and remain available on the international market, despite an often inaccurate depiction of high mountain terrain. Three initiatives have substantially altered the official Nepalese map base in the 1980s and 1990s. The first arose from a Canadian aid project initiated in 1977, which funded new aerial photographic coverage of the whole country. This aerial coverage has been used to compile important resource map bases. Three 1:50 000 scale monochrome series were completed and are available from N S D : a land utilization map; a soils map (designated as a land system series) and a map of land capability. All give national coverage in 266 sheets on topographic sheetlines. Climatalogical mapping, in seven sheets covering the Western part of the country, was completed at 1:250 000 scale, and a black and white 1:125 000 scale geological map covering Nepal in 82 sheets was also compiled, in association with the Nepalese earth science mapping agency, the D e p a r t m e n t of Mines and Geology (DMG) in Kathmandu. D M G had completed provisional geological mapping of all lowland parts of the country, on one-inch sheet lines in programmes started in the 1960S. A five-sheet 1:250 000 scale geological map was derived from the Canadian data in the 1980s, and a new single-sheet 1:1 000 000 scale map was published in 1994. The current earth sciences programme includes new 1:50 000 scale mapping. Coverage of the Pokhara valley has been extended to the area around Kathmandu, and it is planned to have compiled over 20 sheets, by Year 2000. A second initiative involved the use of satellite imagery and was initiated by the Nepal National R e m o t e Sensing C e n t r e in conjunction with the International C e n t e r for Integrated Mountain D e v e l o p m e n t (ICIMOD) in

528

Asia

Kathmandu. In 1986 a full colourl:250 0 0 0 scale image map was produced with funding from the World Bank and the German technical aid programme GZT. This national resources and mapping project used rectified L A N D S A T MSS coverage, to produce a 19-sheet coverage of Nepal on series U 5 0 2 sheet lines, but sheets are not available on the international market. The final initiative is to update the topographic coverage and establish a new geodetic framework for topographic mapping. New basic scale mapping of the country has been started by N S D , which will offer metric 1:25 000 scale coverage of the terai and lower mountain ranges and 1:50 000 scale coverage of the more mountainous parts of Nepal. This programme will result in polychrome hard copy mapping on the U T M projection and was started in 1989. 1:25 000 scale coverage of the Lumbini zone has been compiled in a co-operative arrangement with the Japanese technical aid agency J I C A and completed in 1992, whilst Finland has been assisting in the compilation of 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 scale coverage of the eastern and central development regions. This area has been used as a pilot for the introduction of a new digital mapping system, and there are plans to capture the whole of the new topographic mapping and to institute a policy of continuous update based upon recent aerial photography. Hard copy map publication of the remaining western parts of the country should have been completed by Year 2000. N S D has also published smaller scale mapping of Nepal and a wide variety of administrative series. These include a fivesheet bilingual 1:500 000 scale map of the regions, and a number of larger scale series in Devanagiri script: zonal mapping in 15 sheets at 1:250 000; 76 sheets at 1:125 000 scale mapping district boundaries and nearly 4000 sheets at scales between 1:10 000 and 1:50 000 providing mapping down to the village level. Census mapping of Nepal is carried out by the Central Bureau of Statistics (established in 1959). Other administrative mapping is carried out by the National Planning C o m m i s s i o n (NPC) which is establishing digital thematic image coverage for each district development commission in Nepal. N P C is capturing topographic data as a backdrop for A R C / I N F O and ERDASbased digital mapping. N S D also maintains cadastral information in Nepal. Surveying was started in 1964 to support land reform and was completed in 1996, resulting in 1:2400 and 1:4800 scale manuscript mapping. It is intended to move from this graphical cadastre towards a multi-purpose record and land information system, in an eight-year project started in 1997. Overseas involvement in mapping projects in Nepal has resulted in a wide variety of different map themes. Vegetation mapping of Nepal was compiled by the French C e n t r e National d e la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).

This Carte ecologique du Nepal was started in 1970 and completed in 1985, and included multicolour 1:50 0 0 0 and 1:250 0 0 0 scale maps covering most of the country and issued with explanations. More recent vegetation mapping initiatives have been sponsored by Forest Research and Soil Survey Centre (FRSSC) K a t h m a n d u and a GIS-based digital national forest inventory is being created with aid from Finnmap.

Shah.Y. (1997) Status of mapping in Nepal and progress in the implementations of Beijing Conference: a country report, paper presented to the 14th United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: UN.

Other environmental mapping of the country has been prepared as part of the Mountain Hazards Mapping Project funded through the United Nations University. Prototype land use, hazards, geomorphic damage and base maps of three test areas in different environmental zones have been compiled and published.

Central Bureau of Statistics Ramshah Path.Thapathali, KATHMANDU Tel +977 I 212606

H i g h quality topographic mapping of East Nepal has been carried out by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Vergleichende Hochgebirgsforschung. These were issued in the Nepal Kartenwerk series at first by Freytag-Berndt and subsequently by Nelles Verlag, mostly at 1:50 000 scale, in German and English and with 4 0 m contours. The major Himalayan summits and trekking areas are covered and the series extends down to Kathmandu, with the valley and K a t h m a n d u itself covered. Other western agencies have compiled and published modern high quality topographic mapping of the high mountains, notably of the Everest area, including the National Geographic Society, the Royal Geographic Society, the German Alpine Club (Deutscher Alpenverein (DAV), the Austrian Alpine club (Österreichischer Alpenverein (ÖAV)) and the Swiss SSAF.

Forest Research and Soil Survey Centre ( F R S S C ) Ministry of Forestry and Soil Conservation, Babar Mahal, KATHMANDU Tel +977 I 213254

Commercial tourist mapping has increased with the growing popularity of Nepal as a destination for long haul western holidaymakers. Small scale maps of the country are available from companies such as Berndtson & Berndtson (B&B), Nelles, I T M , the French Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) and Mairs. Specialist trekking maps are published by Western companies such as W e s t Col who distribute the Leoman ridge line series, and Cartoconsult who have started to publish a series of satellite image based trekking maps of Nepal. Nepa Maps, K a t h m a n d u publish an extensive trekking range with mapping derived from Soviet 1:200 0 0 0 scale coverage, or for some areas, from Nepali 1:50 000 scale mapping. Several local mapping agencies, notably Mandala Maps and Himalayan Booksellers, publish lower quality trekking maps and the Suspension Bridge Division of the Ministry of Works and Transport has also published a 1:250 0 0 0 scale six-sheet trekking series of the whole country. These and other trekking maps are available from the S M Trading Company in Kathmandu.

• * *

Further information The Nepal Survey Department has compiled three useful papers: Singh, R.N. (1994) Future activities on Surveying and Mapping of Survey Department Nepal, paper presented to the 13th United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific. Beijing: UN; Survey Department (1996) An introduction to Survey Department Nepal. Kathmandu: NSD; and

Addresses

Department of Mines and Geology ( D M G ) Ministry of Industry, Lainchaur, KATHMANDU Tel +977 I 414700 Fax +977 I 414806

Himalayan Booksellers Ghantaghar, GPO Box 528, KATHMANDU Tel +977 I 225484 International Center for Integrated Mountain Development ( I C I M O D ) 4/80 Jawalakhal, PO Box 3226, KATHMANDU Tel +977 I 525313 Fax +977 I 524509 Email [email protected] URL http://www.icimod.org.np Mandala Maps Kantipath, GPO Box 4573, KATHMANDU National Planning Commission ( N P C ) Singah Durbah, KATHMANDU Tel +977 I 228000 ext 245 Fax +977 I 226500 Nepa Maps KATHMANDU Nepal National Remote Sensing Centre PO Box 3103, Babar Mahal, KATHMANDU S M Trading Company PO Box 4782, Baneshwor, KATHMANDU Survey Department N E P A L ( N S D ) PO Box 10304, Min Bhawan, KATHMANDU Tel +977 I 482736 Fax +977 I 482957 Email [email protected] Suspension Bridge Division ( S B D ) Ministry of Works and Transport, Babar Mahal, KATHMANDU Tel +977 I 213245 For B&B, DAV, Mairs, and Nelles Verlag, see Germany; for Cartconsult, Freytag-Berndt and ÖAV, see Austria; for ITM, see Canada; for National Geographic Society, see United States; for CNRS, and IGN, see France; for Royal Geographical Society and West Col, see Great Britain.

Catalogue ATLASES

Adas of Nepal in the modern world M.Sill and J.Kirby London: Earthscan, 1991 159 pp

Nepal

529

GIS database of key indicators of sustainable mountain

Geological map of Nepal 1:250 000

development in Nepal

Kathmandu: D M G , 1984-7

Kathmandu: I C I M O D , 1996

5 sheets, all published

Thematic environmental atlas

Nepal: geological map 1: 125 000 Kathmandu: N S D , 1982-5

GAZETTEERS

82 sheets, all published

•

Index of geographical names of Nepal Kathmandu: N S D , 1988

ENVIRONMENTAL

5 volumes

Carte ecologique du Nepal 1:250 000 and 1:50 000 Paris: C N R S , 1971-85 11 sheets, all published W i t h explanatory texts

GENERAL

Nepal 1:1 500 000 München: Nelles Verlag Double sided, with East Nepal 1:500 000 and Kathmandu Valley on reverse

Climatological map of Nepal 1:250 000 Kathmandu: N S D , 1981 19 sheets, 7 published

Nepal 1:1 000 000

Nepal: land capability map 1:50 000

Kathmandu: N S D , 1986

Kathmandu: N S D , 1982-5

Nepal 1:1 000 000

266 sheets, all published

Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B

Also published as land systems and land use editions

Nepal: international travel map 1:800 000 Vancouver and Tenterden: ITM and Estate, 1994 Nepal: carte generale 1:750 000 Paris: I G N , 1995 Nepal: Shell roadmap 1:750 000 Ostfildern: Mairs, 1994

•

ADMINISTRATIVE

Nepal administrative 1:2 000 000 Kathmandu: N S D , 1982 Nepal administrative I: I 000 000 Kathmandu: N S D , 1985 Central services map of districts 1: 125 000

Nepal 1:500 000

Kathmandu: N S D , 1989

Kathmandu: N S D , 1989

57 sheets, all published

3 sheets, all published

District sheetlines

Main trail map 1:250 000 Kathmandu: SBD, 1989

SOCIAL,

6 sheets, all published IMAGE

147 pp. Nepal population density maps 1: 125 000 Kathmandu: SBD, 1989 57 sheets, all published Bound into atlas format

TOPOGRAPHIC

Nepal: anchal 1:250 000

URBAN

Kathmandu: S B D

City Maps 1:10 000

15 sheets, all published

Kathmandu: N S D , 1986-

Zonal sheetlines

Kathmandu city 1: 10 000 München: Nelles Verlag, 1980 •

Nepal 1:25 000 Kathmandu: N S D 604 sheets, c. 400 published

•

SCIENCES

Ceotectonic divisions & mineral deposits of Nepal 1:2 000 000 Kathmandu: D M G , 1982 Atlas of mineral resources of the ESCAP Region Volume 9: Nepal N e w York: U N , 1993 I: I 000 000 scale coverage Geological map of Nepal I: I 000 000 Kathmandu: D M G , 1982 Minerals of Nepal 1:1 000 000 Kathmandu: N S D , 1985

530

Asia

ECONOMIC

Kathmandu: N S D , 1984

Nepal 1:500 000 Tolworth: D O S , 1982 2 sheets, both published

EARTH

AND

Nepal: atlas of economic development

MAPS

Nepal 1:50 000 Kathmandu: N S D I 13 sheets, 37 published

CULTURAL

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INMIN K O N G H W A - G U K )

Modern topographic mapping of North Korea was established after the end of the Korean War and following partition of the peninsula. A new national triangulation was carried out between 1958 and 1965 and the Gauss conformal transverse cylindrical projection, Krassovsky ellipsoid, was adopted by the National Bureau of Geodesy and Cartography, which assumed responsibility for official map publication. Mapping was carried out with Russian aid by Glavnoe Upravlenie Geodezii Kartografii ( G U G K ) (now Federal'naya Sluzhba Geodezii i Kartografii Rossii (Roskartografija), and specifications followed Soviet practice, but with cyrillic names replaced by Korean characters. Basic scale mapping at 1:25 0 0 0 was carried out and completed for all of the country with a 10 m contour interval relative to the Wonsum Gulf datum. This map was compiled using photogrammetry, apart from a few areas close to the border with the south. Smaller scale series were derived from this survey and published at 1:50 000, 1:100 000, 1:200 000, 1:500 0 0 0 and 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scales. A revision programme was implemented using aerial photography and satellite imagery. In 1997 a two-volume atlas of North Korea was released onto the international market by the South Korean KyungIn Publishing Company which included complete 1:50 0 0 0 scale North Korean coverage. Flat topographic maps themselves are not available outside official circles and no replies were received from North Korean addresses. The catalogue section therefore includes Soviet topographic coverage of the country, which is available on the international market from dealers such as Eastview, O M N I and GeoPubs. Hydrographie charting of North Korean coastal waters has been carried out by the Hydrographie Department in Pyongyang. A range of 200 charts for domestic use are maintained, with 15 charts for foreign vessels. The best available charting of these waters is Russian coverage compiled by the Soviet Chief Administration for Navigation and Oceanography Glavnoe Upravlenie Navigatsii i Okeanografii ( G U N O ) , which is available through Eastview. Small scale mapping of the whole Korean Peninsula is the best available earth science coverage of North Korea. This includes a geological map from the Russian Ministry of Geology (Roskomnedra) and South Korean coverage from the earth science mapping agency in the South the Korea Institute of Geology Mining and Materials ( K I G A M ) in Seoul. N o information is available about larger scale earth science mapping programmes which in the past have been sponsored by the Geology and Geography Research Institute of the North Korean Academy of Sciences in Pyongyang. The north is also covered on commercially published general maps of the whole Peninsula from Chungang, and Nelles Verlag.

• •

Further information The best western language introduction to the topographic mapping of North Korea is Böhme, R (1993) Korea, Democratic People's Republic, pp 188-192, in Inventory of world topographic mapping, volume 3 Eastern Europe, Asia, Oceania and Antarctica. London: Elsevier.

Addresses Geology and Geography Research Institute Academy of Sciences, Ryonmot-dong, Jangsen Street, Sosong District, PYONGYANG Tel +850 2 51956 Hydrographie Department of the People's Republic of Korea Sopo-2 Dong, Hyongjesan District, PYONGYANG Tel +850 2 831850 Fax +850 2 812100 National Bureau of Geodesy and Cartography PYONGYANG For Nelles, see Germany; for NIMA, see United States; for GUNO, Roskartografija and Roskomnedra, see Russia; for Chungang, KIGAM, and Kyung-ln Publishing Company, see South Korea; for Eastview, GeoPubs and OHNI, see Chapter 3.

Catalogue GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of North Korea. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 2 Washington DC: NIMA, 1982 598 pp GENERAL

Korea 1:1 500 000 München: Nelles The map of Korea 1:1 100 000 Seoul: Chungang, 1996 Relief base covers all Korea TOPOGRAPHIC

North Korea 1:200 000 Moskva: Roskartografija 40 sheets, all published In Russian

* North Korea

533

North Korea 1:100 000 Moskva: Roskartografija 117 sheets, all published In Russian North Korea 1:50 000 Moskva: Roskartografija 410 sheets, all published In Russian North Korea: Atlas 1:50 000 Seoul: Kyung-ln Publishing Company 2 vols Includes complete official 1:50 000 topographic coverage EARTH

SCIENCES

Geologicheskaja karta Korejskogo poluostrova / Geological map of the Korean Peninsula I: I 500 000 Moskva: Roskomnedra, 1992 In Russian, with English legend Geological map of Korea I: I 000 000 Seoul: K I G A M , 1981 Covers north and south Published with English language explanation Metallogenic map of Korea 1:1 000 000 Seoul: K I G A M , 1983 Covers north and south Published with English language explanation

534

Asia

The National Survey Authority ( N S A ) of the Sultanate of O m a n was established in 1985 as a unit within the O m a n Ministry of Defence and is responsible for military and civilian surveying and mapping of the state. The Sultanate is covered in 137 1:100 0 0 0 maps on the Transverse Mercator projection, International ellipsoid, published in Series K 6 6 1 1 . This British military series was started by the Directorate of Military Survey (DMS), as a joint English and Arabic script version. NSA now maintains and updates the mapping. In this series 72 maps have been available for wider civilian use within the country but are not available on the international market. Limited field revision and general update of the series is being carried out and a programme was completed in 1996 involving the conversion of place names into Arabic versions. A programme of 1:50 000 scale mapping has been started, based upon new 1:60 000 aerial coverage, to support military and geological exploration requirements. A long term large scale digital mapping programme for civilian ministries is in progress and includes 1:2000, 1:5000 and 1:10 0 0 0 scale hard copy m a p compilation and generation of A U T O C A D data. Urban areas and areas with development potential are being mapped, and A R C / I N F O coverages of 1:20 000 scale mapping are being produced as part of the new National Geographic Database. N o n e of these maps or data are available outside Oman, so the best available topographic coverage remains the m a p sets compiled at 1:100 000 and 1:200 0 0 0 scale by the Soviet military and available since the break-up of the Soviet Union from a number of international dealers. 1:20 000 scale hard copy maps of Muscat and Salalah are available on the international market and NSA also publishes a regularly revised tourist m a p at 1:300 000, available in English or Arabic versions. In 1993 the Supreme Committee for Town Planning assumed responsibility for civilian mapping of the country, including the compilation of urban digital coverages. Cadastral surveying and mapping is carried out by the Ministry of Housing who are examining how their National cadastral database can be integrated with the national GIS. Hydrographie charting of O m a n is carried out by the O m a n National Hydrographie Office, established in 1992. A fully digital chart production system has been in operation since 1995 and a series of 50 paper charts and accompanying products is in progress. Earth science mapping of O m a n is the responsibility of the Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals (MPM). Modern geological series mapping of the country was established by the French Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres ( B R G M ) between 1985 and 1994. A 1:250 0 0 0 scale series covers the whole country in 28 sheets, available with separate explanations. 1:100 0 0 0 mapping covers parts

of Northern and Southern O m a n and a 1:50 0 0 0 series is published for limited northern high priority areas. A number of smaller-scale themes are also available, and other western earth science mapping of parts of the country is still available on the international market, notably coverage of the ophialite areas compiled at the beginning of the 1980s by the British Open University. The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries has compiled a general soil map of O m a n , which covers the whole country on 1:100 000 scale topographic bases. This project was completed in 1990 and sponsored by the United National Development Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. More detailed case study surveys have been carried out for some areas, but none of these maps are available outside the country. Commercial coverage of O m a n is available in the Arab world map library from GEOprojects, and in the Hildebrands Urlaubskarte series from Karto + Grafik.

• •

•

Further information The most useful sources about current mapping programmes in Oman are: National Survey Authority (1995) Annual report; and National Survey Authority (1993) Mapping activity in the Oman National Survey Authority: paper submitted to the 5th United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for the Americas. New York: UN. N S A and MPM both issue catalogues.

Addresses Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries P O Box 457, MUSCAT Tel +968 696281 Ministry of Housing PO Box 273, MUSCAT Tel +968 708812 Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals ( M P M ) PO Box 551, P.C. 113, MUSCAT Tel +968 603333 Fax +968 696972 National Survey Authority ( N S A ) PO Box 113, MUSCAT, Postal Code I 13 Tel +968 312229 Fax +968 312443

Oman

535

O m a n National Hydrographie Office Bait al Falaj, P O Box 113, M U S C A T , Postal C o d e 113 Tel + 9 6 8 312281 Fax + 9 6 8 312460

Supreme C o m m i t t e e for Town Planning P O Box 834, M U S C A T Tel + 9 6 8 698900 For B R G M , see France; for GEOprojects, and O p e n University, see Great Britain; for N I M A , see United States; for Karto+Grafik see Germany; for Roskartografija, see Russia.

Catalogue GAZETTEERS Gazetteer of Oman. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Washington D C : N I M A , 1983 140 pp GENERAL Oman: pictorial heritage map I: I 800 000 Muscat: Ministry of National Heritage and Culture, 1995 United Arab Emirates - Oman I: I 500 000 Hildebrands Urlaubskarte Frankfurt: Karto+Grafik, 1996 The Sultanate of Oman 1:1 320 000 Edition 3 Reading: GEOprojects, 1998 Double sided map with city maps of Muscat, Mutrah, Q u r m , Ruwi, Salalah and the capital area, indexes, introductory notes and businessman's guide Also available as Arabic language edition Map of the Sultanate of Oman I: I 300 000 Edition 4 Muscat: N S A , 1995 Includes distance chart. Also available as Arabic language version TOPOGRAPHIC Oman 1:200 000 Moskva: Roskartografija 39 sheets, all published In Russian Oman 1:100 000 Moskva: Roskartografija 121 sheets, all published In Russian EARTH

SCIENCES

Potential industrial rock and minerals resources I: I 500 000 Muscat: M P M , 1992 Geological map of Oman I: I 000 000 Muscat: M P M , 1993 W i t h 93 pp explanation Mineral occurrence and metallogenic map of Oman I: I 000 000 Muscat: M P M , 1992 Sultanate of Oman: geological map 1:250 000 Muscat: M P M , 1992 28 sheets, all published • Sultanate of Oman: geological map 1: 100 000 Muscat: M P M , 1986150 sheets, 28 published

536

Asia

•

URBAN Sultanate of Oman town plans: Muscat 1:20 000 Edition 2 Muscat: N S A , 1994 4 sheets, all published

56Έ

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537

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PAKISTAN

(ISLAMI JAMHURIYA-E-PAKISTAN)

Surveying and official mapping of Pakistan are the responsibility of Survey of Pakistan (SP), which was created from Survey of India (SI) after independence in 1947. SP was at first based in Karachi but headquarters are now located in Rawalpindi. Like other countries in the subcontinent mapping systems are derived from standards established during the imperial era by Survey of India. The basic scale is a 1:50 000 scale topographic map using the same sheet lines as earlier SI one-inch mapping and based upon a Lambert conical conformal projection, Everest ellipsoid. 1:50 000 sheets are photogrammetric maps, cover 15' quadrangles and metric editions have been published since 1975. A 1:250 000 scale series is complete in 119 sheets and derived from the 1:50 000 map. Neither of these series is publicly available, so we have listed Soviet map sets published at 1:200 000 and 1:100 000 scales and available from a number of dealers on the international market.

Further information Catalogues are available from SP

Addresses Geological Survey of Pakistan ( G S P ) Ρ Ο Box 15, Sariab Road, Q U E T T A 7300 Tel + 9 2 81 44458 Fax +92 81 40010

Hydrographie D e p a r t m e n t Naval Headquarters, I S L A M A B A D Tel +92 51 82003256 Fax +92 51 928897

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council P O B 1031, I S L A M A B A D

A 26-sheet 1:500 000 scale series was completed between 1968 and 1986 on a polyconic projection, and shows relief with hypsometric tints. SP also publishes a number of general maps of the country, including province maps at 1:1 000 000 scale. An atlas of Pakistan was issued in 1990, with mapping at 1:1 000 000 scale and a variety of themes published at 1:5 000 000. Larger scale programmes from SP include guide maps to towns and cities, but these are no longer advertised as being available.

Tel + 9 2 51 9203966 Fax +92 51 9202968

Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) in Quetta is responsible for the earth science mapping of the country. A 1:50 000 programme on topographic sheet lines includes about 45 maps published between 1978 and 1986, mostly near to the Afghanistani border in Baluchistan. Other overseas agencies have compiled large scale geological mapping of parts of the country, notably the United S t a t e s Geological Survey ( U S G S ) which also released complete image map coverage of the country in 1997, and the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)). A number of single-sheet themes are still available on the international market and a 1:1 000 000 scale coverage of the country in four sheets was revised in 1993.

Verlag and RV, see Germany; for O S I see Great Britain; for

The Hydrographie D e p a r t m e n t in Islamabad is responsible for the publication and maintenance of a range of 34 nautical charts relating to coastal and offshore Pakistani waters. Soils mapping of Pakistan was carried out in the late 1970s by the Soil Survey of Pakistan, including the publication of 1:1 000 000 scale state maps. The Pakistan Agricultural Research Council has been working on the production of an atlas of agricultural conditions, and by the mid 1990s about 70 mapping plates had been created. Commercial mapping of the country is issued by Nelles and RV, with a railway map published by Röhr Verlag.

•

538

Asia

*

•

Soil Survey of Pakistan LAHORE

Survey of Pakistan (SP) Ρ Ο Box 1068, Murree Road, R A W A L P I N D I Tel + 9 2 51 9290216 Fax +92 51 9290229 Email [email protected] For N I M A and USGS, see United States; for Nelles, Röhr Roskartografija, see Russia.

Catalogue ATLASES

Atlas of Pakistan Rawalpindi: SP, 1990 105 map plates GAZETTEERS

Pakistan. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 3 Washington D C : N I M A , 1983 723 pp GENERAL

Afghanistan, Pakistan 1:2 000 000 Stuttgart: RV, 1994 Map of Pakistan: general information 1:2 000 000 Rawalpindi: SP, 1982 Map of Pakistan 1:1 500 000 Rawalpindi: SP, 1995 Also available in Urdu (1:3 168 000)

Road map of Pakistan 1:1 500 0 0 0

Pakistan: main industries minerals and fuels 1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Rawalpindi: SP, 1992

Rawalpindi: SP, 1983

Pakistan 1:1 500 000

Pakistan: railway map 1:2 000 000

München: Nelles Verlag

Krefeld: R ö h r Verlag

W i t h small inset t o w n maps Map of Pakistan 1:1 000 000

69°E I

Rawalpindi: SP, 1990 2 sheets, both published IMAGE

PAKISTAN NJ 42

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MAPS

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—

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Pakistan 1:100 0 0 0 Moskva: Roskartografija 525 sheets, all published

69°E

In Russian EARTH

SCIENCES

Geological map of Pakistan 1:2 000 000 Quetta: GSP, 1964 A l s o covers Bangladesh Tectonic map of Pakistan 1:2 0 0 0 000 Quetta: GSP, 1982 Preliminary seismo-tectonic map of Pakistan 1:2 000 0 0 0 Quetta: GSP, 1979 Minerals map of Pakistan 1:2 000 000 Quetta: GSP, 1978 Geological map of Pakistan I: I 000 000 Quetta: GSP, 1993 4 sheets, all published ADMINISTRATIVE Map of Pakistan showing political divisions 1:3 0 0 0 000 Edition 3 Rawalpindi: SP, 1995 A l s o available in Urdu (l:3 168 000) Map of Pakistan showing administrative divisions 1:2 500 0 0 0 Edition 2 Rawalpindi: SP, 1991 Province maps I: I 000 000 Rawalpindi: SP, I 9 9 I 5 published sheets SOCIAL,

CULTURAL A N D

ECONOMIC

Fuel resources map of Pakistan 1:2 000 000 Quetta: GSP, 1966 O n outline base

Pakistan

539

The National Mapping and Resource Information Agency ( N A M R I A ) was created in 1987 as a unified national mapping and resource agency for the Philippines, following the merger of the National Cartography Authority, the Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Natural Resources Management Center and the Land Classification Division of the Bureau of Forest Development. It carries out aerial photographic, topographic, resources, hydrographic, oceanographic and geodetic surveys and publishes maps and charts of the Philippines. The armed forces Philippines Mapping Centre carries out military surveying and mapping in cooperation with NAMRIA. Modern mapping of the Philippines was started under American colonial rule in the first decade of the twentieth century when a geodetic network for the islands was established. Current topographic series are all photogrammetric and were started after the second world war. The national basic scale map is a 972-sheet 1:50 000 scale series on the Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Clarke 1866 ellipsoid, sheets covering 1 0 X 1 5 minute quadrangles. This fivecolour map was originally compiled from aerial photographs by the US Army Map Service and published as five series, for the five main island groups. It was completed in the early 1970s and shows relief with 20 m contours. It is being replaced by new mapping, recast onto larger, quarter-degree sheets, which will result in a 641-sheet series. Revision of the 1:50 000 scale map base has used 1:25 000 photogrammetric data and increasingly has incorporated data from SPOT panchromatic satellite images. The Swedish Space Corporation prepared the first of this mapping in 1992 for the islands of Cebu, Bohol and Siquijor, using satellite orthophoto maps as an interim product. Production of line maps is migrating to a digital flowline: ARC/INFO export files of layered digital data are becoming available as and when map sheets are revised. The island of Luzon is also covered by a 1:50 000 scale series prepared from 1979 aerial coverage in conjunction with the US Defense Mapping Agency. A 1:250 000 scale topographic map covers the islands in 55 sheets and is derived from the national 1:50 000 map. This series was also established by the Americans and completed in the 1970s, shows relief with 100 m contours and hill shading, and is currently being updated with improved symbolization. NAMRIA is also compiling larger scale mapping of urban growth areas, compiled from aerial coverage and since 1993 available as digital data. These surveys have been published in conjunction with German and Japanese aid projects. The Cagayan Valley was mapped in 72 1:25 000 scale sheets, with a further 19 1:10 000 scale orthophoto maps of urban areas. The area around Manila was mapped in the 1980s in cooperation with the Japan International Co-operation Agency using 1:32 000 scale aerial coverage. Several parallel map series were issued as a result of this work: 57 planimetric

540

Asia

two-colour maps and five-colour 1:10 000 scale topographic sheets, with a 2 m contour interval; 33 seven-colour land use maps; and a 12-colour land condition series in 16 sheets have been published. Cebu City was mapped at 1:5000 scale from 1988 aerial coverage in conjunction with the German Agency for Technical Co-operation, who also assisted in the compilation of 1:10 000 scale mapping of the Ilocos North region. Digital large scale coverage derived from 1:10 000 and 1:5000 scale programmes is published for 10 different urban centres. NAMRIA has also published a 1:250 000 scale monochrome land cover map derived from 1987 SPOT imagery and using the topographic series as a base. This 43-sheet series was funded through the World Bank and Swedish Space Corporation: marine sheets from the topographic map are not covered in this thematic series, which uses the same sheet lines as topographic mapping. Digital data have been produced as a side product from this mapping and are available as ARC/INFO or DXF format files, and a generalized colour map of the Philippines at 1:2 000 000 scale was also produced. Land use and forest-type mapping was compiled in 1994, by digital classification of LANDSAT TM imagery, in a project commissioned by the Japan Forest Technical Association. User-defined mapping is available for 29 different provinces. Administrative mapping of the Philippines is also published by NAMRIA. Seventeen regional maps are issued, on regional sheet lines, and a series of 76 provincial maps with scales between 1:50 000 and 1:250 000 is maintained. This provincial map is also available as ARC/INFO export files, national data captured from the 1:1 600 000 scale map are also available in digital form with regional and provincial boundaries. NAMRIA's hydrographic responsibilities include the publication and updating of a range of about 180 nautical charts of Philippine coastal waters. These increasingly conform to I H O specifications. Cadastral mapping of the Philippines is the responsibility of the Bureau of Lands whilst census mapping is the responsibility of the National Statistical Office. Pre-census mapping of enumeration districts is output from an ATLASbased GIS, and results of the censuses are issued as atlases of thematic maps and as an interactive electronic atlas product, the 1997 Family Income and Expenditures Survey Public Use Files (PUF) CD-ROM. Official mapping of the Philippines road network is carried out by the Development Planning Division of the Department of Public W o r k s and Highways, including a 78-sheet provincial series as well as a 1:1 000 000 scale general network map. Geological mapping of the Philippines has been carried out by the Bureau of Mines and Geosciences (BMG). In the 1970s a number of full colour map series were compiled.

C o m p l e t e cover is still available in an e i g h t - s h e e t 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale m a p w i t h I M W sheetlines. Provincial m a p p i n g at 1 : 2 5 0 0 0 0 scale was issued to a c c o m p a n y reports of geological investigations m o n o g r a p h s . Since 1981 1:50 0 0 0 scale geological m a p p i n g has been in progress, and by 1 9 9 9 a b o u t 150 1:50 0 0 0 t o p o g r a p h i c q u a d r a n g l e areas had been m a p p e d . Resources m a p p i n g of t h e P h i l i p p i n e s is carried o u t by divisions of t h e Bureau of Soils and W a t e r M a n a g e m e n t ( B S W M ) . A n A R C / I N F O database r e l a t i n g t o soils and land m a n a g e m e n t was c o m p l e t e d in 1 9 9 5 for Luzon, and 12 atlas v o l u m e s have been p u b l i s h e d i n c l u d i n g o u t p u t f r o m t h e resource database. O t h e r soils m a p p i n g is also c o m p i l e d c o n f o r m i n g t o U S D A soils classification standards. Pedro B . A y u d a and C o p u b l i s h e d t h e m o s t useful small scale t h e m a t i c overview of t h e islands in 1 9 9 4 , in t h e large f o r m a t t w o - v o l u m e Regional natural resources atlas, w h i c h includes 1:500 0 0 0 a n d 1:2 5 0 0 0 0 0 scale m a p p i n g for several envir o n m e n t a l t h e m e s . T h e International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in M a n i l a has c o m p i l e d small-scale agric u l t u r a l m a p p i n g of S o u t h a n d S o u t h - E a s t Asia since its e s t a b l i s h m e n t in I 9 6 0 . T h e m o s t significant c o m m e r c i a l m a p p u b l i s h e r is Philippine G u i d e s Inc w h i c h has p u b l i s h e d m a p s for t h e leisure, business a n d t o u r i s t m a r k e t s since t h e 1970s. T h e s e i n c l u d e a regularly revised atlas of M e t r o Manila, coverage of over 5 0 o t h e r u r b a n centres, as well as road m a p s and atlases. I n 1 9 9 6 it was p l a n n i n g to c o m p i l e a national atlas of t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , i n c o r p o r a t i n g 2 5 0 m a p s and associated textual descriptions. O t h e r c o m m e r c i a l m a p p i n g is carried o u t by M a p h o u s e Marketing, i n c l u d i n g a w i d e r a n g e of regularly revised provincial and city m a p s . T h e Publication and Circulation D e p a r t m e n t of t h e D e p a r t m e n t of T o u r i s m also issues m a p s for t h e t o u r i s t m a r k e t . A n u m b e r of overseas c o m m e r c i a l p u b l i s h e r s also issue general t o u r i s t and road m a p s of t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . T h e s e i n c l u d e t h e National G e o g r a p h i c Society ( N G S ) , Karto+Grafik, Nelles Verlag, and RV.

• •

•

Further information A catalogue of products and services is available from

B u r e a u of Mines and Geosciences ( B M G ) N o r t h Avenue, Diliman, Q U E Z O N CITY Tel +63 2 928 8642 Fax +63 2 920 1635 Email [email protected] URL http://antaios.psdn.org.ph/denr/mgb/mgb-inx.htm Bureau of Soils and W a t e r M a n a g e m e n t ( B S W M ) D e p a r t m e n t of Agriculture, SRDC Building, Elliptical Road, C o r n e r Visayas avenue, Dilliman, Q U E Z O N CITY Tel +63 921 8925 D e p a r t m e n t of Public W o r k s and Highways D P W H Building, Bonifacio Drive, Port Area, METRO MANILA Tel +63 2 527 411 I Fax +63 2 527 635 International Rice Research Institute ( I R R I ) P.O. Box 933, 1099 MANILA Telephone: +63 2 845 0563 Fax +63 2 845 0606 Email: [email protected] URL http://www.cgiar.org/irri/ M a p h o u s e Marketing 625 M.V.Delos Santos Street, Sampalac, MANILA Tel +63 2 731 6548 Fax +63 2 731 6548 National M a p p i n g and Resource Information A g e n c y (NAMRIA) Lawton Avenue, Fort Andreas, Bonifacio, Makati, METRO MANILA Tel +63 2 810 4831 Fax +63 2 810 5468 Email [email protected] URL http://www.psdn.org.ph/namria National Statistical Office Solicovel Building, Ramon Magasaysay Boulevard, MANILA Tel +63 2 61 0809 Fax +63 2 61 0794 Email [email protected] URL http://www.census.gov.ph/ Philippine G u i d e s Inc 5th Floor, Federated C e n t e r Building, Muelle de Binonto Street, MANILA Tel +63 2 42 2389 Fax +63 2 42 6193 Publication and Circulation D e p a r t m e n t P O Box 3451, D e p a r t m e n t of Tourism, TM Kalaw Street, Rizal Park, MANILA Tel +63 2 523 8411 Fax +63 2 521 7374 URL http://www.dotpc.gov.ph/main/dot For CIA and National Geographic Society, see United States; for Karto+Grafik, Nelles Verlag and RV, see Germany; for SSC, see Sweden.

NAMRIA. Regular progress reports on mapping in t h e Philippine are submitted t o UN regional cartographic conferences: t h e latest paper is NAMRIA (1994) C o u n t r y report: paper presented t o t h e 13th United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific. N e w York: UN. Information a b o u t Swedish-aided topographic and land cover mapping is available from t h e Swedish Space Corporation.

Addresses Pedro B . A y u d a and C o 43 Guevarra Street, Paliok, Q U E Z O N CITY Tel +63 741 6086

Catalogue ATLASES

Philippines regional natural resources atlas Q u e z o n City:Ayuda, 1994 2 volumes Philippines road atlas 1997 Manila: Philippine Guides, 1997 W i t h road maps, t o w n maps and index GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of the Philippines. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington DC: NIMA, 1989 2 vols

Philippines

541

GENERAL

The Philippines 1:2 860 000 Hildebrands Urlaubskarte Frankfurt-am-Main: Karto+Grafik The Philippines 1:2 844 000 Washington D C : N G S , 1986 Philippines 1:2 000 000 Berlin: RV, 1992 Includes tourist notes and Manila town map Republic of the Philippines 1:2 000 000 Manila: N A M R I A The Philippines I: I 750 000 Washington D C : CIA, 1990 Includes 1:250 000 inset map of Manila Philippines 1:1 500 000 Manila: N A M R I A , 1978

SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Republic of the Philippines: conditions for Azolla 1:2 000 000 Manila: IRRI, 1988

Metro Manila street finder 1:12 500 Manila: Philippine Guides, 1997 Θ

SCIENCES

Geological map of the Philippines 1:2 500 000 Manila: BMG, 1981 With text: The geology of mineral resources in the Philippines Mineral distribution map of the Philippines 1:2 500 000 Manila: BMG, 1973 Geological map of the Philippines I: I 000 000 Manila: BMG, 1963 8 sheets, all published Geology and mineral resource maps of the provinces 1:250 000 Manila: BMG, 197476 sheets, 28 published Geological map of the Philippines 1:50 000 Manila: BMG, 1981972 sheets, c. 150 published • ENVIRONMENTAL

Agrodimatic map of the Philippines 1:2 500 000 Manila: IRRI, 1980 Philippines: land classification map I: I 600 000 Manila: N A M R I A , 1989 Philippines; land cover series 1:250 000 Manila: N A M R I A , 1987-8 43 sheets, all published • ADMINISTRATIVE

Philippines: administrative divisions 1:9 600 000 Washington D C : CIA, 1993 Republic of the Philippines 1:3 651 400 Manila: N A M R I A , 1981 Outline map of the Philippines 1:2 500 000 Manila: N A M R I A , 1987

Asia

Provincial administrative map series Various scales Manila: N A M R I A , 198974 sheets, all published

Manila 1:17 500 München: Nelles

Philippines 1:250 000 Manila: N A M R I A , 195455 sheets, all published •

542

Regional administrative map series 1:250 000 and 1:300 000 Manila: N A M R I A , 198917 sheets, all published Regions 1-8 at 1:250 000; regions 9 - 1 2 at 1:300 000

City map series Various scales Manila: Philippine Guides 56 published centres

TOPOGRAPHIC

EARTH

Outline map of the Philippines I: I 600 000 Manila: N A M R I A , 1976

URBAN

Philippines I: I 500 000 München: Nelles Verlag

Philippines 1:50 000 Manila: N A M R I A , 1964972 sheets, all published •

Republic of the Philippines: administrative map 1:2 000 000 Manila: N A M R I A , 1984

121Έ

1

:

V q ·

PHILIPPINES 1:250 000 topographic 1:250 000 land cover

121Έ

PHILIPPINES

3382

o d

1:50 000 topographic 1:50 000 geological

3

3481

Sheet numbering example: 3164

320 km 200 miles

Philippine

Sea

South China Sea

Palawan 2649

2344 Π / ρ - ! 2343 1

12443

121Ε

Philippines

543

Mapping of the wealthy Gulf state of Qatar is co-ordinated through the C e n t e r for G e o g r a p h i c Information S y s t e m s ( Q C G I S ) , established by the Cabinet of Ministers in 1990. The m a p base of the peninsula was created in the period between 1947 and 1984 by H u n t i n g Surveys in response to oil exploration needs. Modern photogrammetric surveys were carried out in the 1970s and a new geodetic framework was established, including the Qatar national grid, and mapping standards based upon the use of U T M specifications. Gridbased sheet lines have been used for series at scales from 1:100 0 0 0 through to 1:500 urban mapping. Basic scale mapping in the 1980s was carried out by the Engineering Services Department which produced maps at 1:5000, 1:2000, 1:1000 or 1:500 scales depending upon the area. 1:5000 and 1:2000 scale maps showed relief with 1 m contours; the larger scale plans used spot heights and were uncontoured. Data were revised on a regular basis. Derived printed maps were in four colours with English and Arabic lettering. National coverage at 1:10 0 0 0 scale required 281 sheets, with 2 m contours, 1:50 0 0 0 scale maps covered Qatar in 15 sheets with contours at 2 m or 4 m intervals, whilst 1:100 000 scale mapping needed four sheets and showed relief with 4 m contours. A single 1:200 0 0 0 scale map of the state was also maintained. From 1988 an ambitious programme of digital conversion was started by the Ministry of Industry and Public Works Survey U n i t , which led to Qatar being the first country in the world with a nation-wide and completely integrated GIS. QCGIS now co-ordinates all mapping activity carried out by 16 different government agencies and maintains the ARC/ I N F O and ORACLE-based national on-line base map, captured from hard copy maps and 1:5000 scale aerial photography. Regularly flown aerial coverage is used to maintain the currency of these data. Digital elevation models of the country were captured from 1:30 0 0 0 and 1:54 000 scale aerial coverage flown in 1995, with a vertical accuracy of 1 m , and digital ortho-imagery of the country has been captured, with 1 m pixel resolution. The system was fully operational by the end of 1998, and is being updated on a daily basis. A PC-based electronic place finder for Doha, with English or Arabic place names is also derived from the digital data. Topographic hard copy and digital mapping of Qatar from these databases are not available outside the state. The best available topographic coverage listed in our catalogue is provided by Soviet series covering Qatar in six 1:200 000 and 15 1:100 000 scale sheets, and available from a number of international dealers. Hydrographie charting of Qatari waters is provided on charts from the British H y d r o g r a p h i e O f f i c e ( H O ) , Taunton. Some thematic mapping of Qatar dating from the 1980s and early 1990s may also still be acquired from international m a p dealers, for example the LANDS AT image atlas of Qatar

544

Asia

from the Ministry of Information and C u l t u r e , in association with the University of Qatar. This atlas includes topographic, geological, water depth, and sea bathymetry mapping with accompanying 1:250 0 0 0 scale false-colour composite LANDSAT imagery and includes an index to geographical names. Separate earth science coverage is not available, but the national body responsible for earth scientific activities is the D e p a r t m e n t of Industrial Developm e n t in the Ministry of Energy and Industry. Other thematic coverage from the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and A g r i c u l t u r e ( M M A A ) (formerly Ministry of Industry and Agriculture) may still be acquired. This includes hydrological and hydro-chemical mapping and an atlas presenting results of a detailed coastal resource survey. More recent resources mapping has not been released for public sale. Commercially published hard copy mapping from G E O projects provides the best overview of the state.

*

*

•

Further information The background to the establishment of modern mapping of Qatar is provided by Leatherdale, J. and Kennedy, R. (1975) Mapping Arabia, Geographical Journal, 142,(2), 240-251. Baumann.J. (1997) Putting Qatar on the map, GIS Europe, February 1997, 28-29 is a useful introduction to the radical remaking of Qatar's mapping infrastructure which has been carried out since 1990. The QCGIS Web site provides detailed information about current specifications, and includes the Explore Qatarmap server, allowing the user t o create customized mapping locating addresses and landmarks.

Addresses C e n t e r for G e o g r a p h i c Information S y s t e m s ( Q C G I S ) PO Box 22088, DOHA Tel +974 337556 Fax +974 444036 Email [email protected] URL http://www.gisqatar.org.qa D e p a r t m e n t of Industrial D e v e l o p m e n t Ministry of Energy and Industry PO Box 2599, DOHA Tel +974 832121 Fax +974 832024

Ministry of Information and Culture P O Box 5147, D O H A Fax +974 445070 Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Agriculture ( M M A A ) Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, D O H A Tel +974 433400 URL http://www.mmaa.gov.qa For GEOprojects and HO, see Great Britain; for Roskartografija, see Russia; for N I M A see United States.

Catalogue ATLASES Atlas of Qatar from L A N D S A T Images

M.A.A.Yehia

Doha: University of Qatar and Ministry of Information, 1983 166 pp In English and Arabic GAZETTEERS Gazetteer

of Qatar. Official standard

States Board on Geographic

names

approved

by the United

Names

Washington D C : N I M A , 1986 65 pp GENERAL

Qatar 1:270 000 Edition 2 Reading: GEOprojects, 1993 With city map of Doha and tourist information TOPOGRAPHIC Katar

1:200 0 0 0

Moskva: Roskartografija 6 sheets, all published In Russian Katar

1:100 0 0 0

Moskva: Roskartografija 15 sheets, all published In Russian ENVIRONMENTAL State of Qatar

1:500 0 0 0

Doha: M M A A , 1971-88 8 published themes Hydrological and hydrochemical mapping

Qatar

545

AS-SA'UDIYA)

The first modern mapping of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established after an inter-governmental agreement with the United States in 1954. 1:500 000 scale mapping was compiled from aerial photographs by United States Geological Survey (USGS) and published in two parallel series, each covering Saudi Arabia in 21 sheets. These maps comprised a four-colour geographical edition and a geological map, prepared with ground interpretation by the Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO), and were used as sources for the compilation of 1:2 000 000 scale coverage of the Kingdom. The maps have been revised and are available from the civilian earth science and topographic mapping agency of the Kingdom, the Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources (DMMR) in the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources in Jiddah. 1:50 000 and 1:100 000 scale topographic programmes were established in the 1960s on the UTM projection, International ellipsoid, by Clyde Surveys Great Britain, in a contract with the Aerial Survey Department, another branch of the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources. This work also saw the creation of numerous large scale city and wadi maps of the country. Since 1975 topographic coverage of Saudi Arabia has also been produced by the Military Survey Department, in the Ministry of Defence and Aviation. These civilian and military programmes were compiled on contract by a number of different western agencies and published as six-colour photomaps (for desert areas) or as full-colour line mapping. Maps are on the Transverse Mercator projection, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid, with a U T M grid. Each 1:50 000 sheet covers a 15' X 15' quadrangle, while 1:100 000 scale sheets cover areas of 30' X 30'. Coverage has progressively extended starting from the areas of greatest economic interest where petroleum exploration is taking place. Larger scale topographic mapping has been carried out in some parts of the country, notably a 1:25 000 scale survey of the Jiddah and Riyadh region, and urban mapping has been issued at a number of larger scales. None of these larger scales of topographic coverage are available outside Saudi Arabia, so the best available mapping is Soviet coverage compiled by Glavnoe Upravlenie Geodezii Kartografii (GUGK) (now Federal'naya Sluzhba Geodezii i Kartografii Rossii (Roskartografija), at 1:200 000 scale for the whole country, and at 1:100 000 scale for coastal areas. Specifications are described in our Russian section. The maps are available on the international market from several dealers. USGS and the French Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM) have participated in DMMR mapping programmes and both maintain headquarters attached to the DMMR building in Jiddah. In addition to the restricted topographic maps D M M R releases a wide range of topographic and geological maps. Many of these maps use a satellite image base. Since 1963 a 1:100 000 scale geological

546

Asia

programme has been carried out and is now completed in 253 sheets for all of the oil-rich Arabian shield. The current specification is an image map printed in 30' quads, or on demand as Open File Reports or Technical Records. Other 1:100 000 scale geoscience maps are also issued for some areas, as mineral investigation sheets and industrial mineral resources maps. Satellite data have also been used since the mid-1970s in the production of 1:250 000 scale mapping and geodetically controlled two-colour LANDSAT image mosaics are used as bases in topographic and geological programmes. These series now cover most of Saudi Arabia, apart from the most remote and unsettled desert areas, with sheet sizes of 1° latitude by 1° 30' longitude. Three editions are published: a full colour geological printing, a geographic edition with settlement, drainage and communication information overlaid on a LANDSAT image base, and a combination of geology and image map. These maps are derived from six 1:100 000 scale quads, supplemented by field checking and are accompanied by explanatory notes. Other 1:250 000 scale mapping on the same sheet lines includes hydrogeological and aeromagnetic mapping available as Open File reports. These maps appear in the DMMR catalogue and may be available on the international market. A digital 1:2 000 000 scale map of the Kingdom has been captured, though this and other digital data are not available for external use. DMMR is using digital mapping in internal information systems, and for the compilation of other products, for example the Kingdom-wide Atlas of mineral resources published in 1993. A revised version of the 1:2 000 000 scale map of the Arabian Peninula has been prepared in conjunction with A R A M C O and the former United States Defense Mapping Agency, (now National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)) on a LANDSAT image base, showing cultural and physical features. E D X Engineering an American commercial vendor has captured digital terrain data for Saudi Arabia, which are available on CD-ROM with a point spacing of 2-arc-seconds. Cadastral mapping of Saudi Arabia is the responsibility of the Director General for Surveying in the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs, Deputy Ministry for Town Planning. A historical gazetteer of Arabia was started in the late 1970s under the editorship of A.A.Scoville, and follows the pattern of Iranian and Afghanistani multi-volume works also published by Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria. Other thematic mapping of Saudi Arabia has been published, mostly at 1:2 000 000 scale in the Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. These sheets are described in our Middle Eastern section and are available from D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag Germany.

Farsi M a p s J i d d a h is t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c o m m e r c i a l p u b l i s h e r in t h e K i n g d o m w i t h a r a n g e i n c l u d i n g t o w n m a p s of R i y a d h , J i d d a h and Mecca, i m a g e m a p s , atlases a n d road a n d t o u r i s t m a p s . A m o n g s t o t h e r c o m m e r c i a l l y available m a p p i n g of A r a b i a are regularly revised m a p s f r o m G E O p r o j e c t s , and K ü m m e r l y + F r e y (K+F), a n d f r o m Iranian p u b l i s h e r Sahab.

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: national road atlas and touring guide Z.M.A. Farsi Jiddah: Farsi, 1994 130 pp Includes 1:500 000 image map coverage and town maps Text in English and Arabic GAZETTEERS

• • •

Further information Useful information about official topographic and earth science mapping of Saudi Arabia is included in Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (1995) Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources activities and achievements 1990-1994. Jiddah: The Ministry and in the regularly revised DMMR Publications Ust. Other information about the mapping of the Kingdom is reviewed in El Leithy, M.A. (1986) Maps of Saudi Arabia, Geo Journal, 13 (2), 183-187.

Addresses Aerial Survey D e p a r t m e n t Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, P O Box 2880, JIDDAH D e p u t y Ministry for Mineral Resources ( D M M R ) Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Ρ Ο Box 345, J I D D A H 21191 Tel +966 2 667 1524 Fax +966 2 665 6023 Director General for Surveying Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs, Deputy Ministry for Town Planning, P O Box 59973, R I Y A D H 11535 Tel +966 I 456 9999 Fax +966 I 456 5842 Farsi M a p s P O Box 7114, J I D D A H 2142 Tel +966 2 653 4385 Fax +966 2 651 1039 Military Survey D e p a r t m e n t Ρ Ο Box 8652, R I Y A D H 11492 For GEOprojects, see Great Britain; for N I M A and USGS, see United States; for B R G M see France; for D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag, see Germany; for K+F, see Switzerland; for Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt, see Austria; for Roskartografija, see Russia; for E D X Engineering, see World.

Catalogue ATLASES

National guide and atlas of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Z.M.A.Farsi Jiddah: Farsi, 1989 380 pp Includes 1:500 000 image map coverage and 1:2 250 000 scale thematic mapping Text in English and Arabic

Saudi Arabia. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington, D C : N I M A , 1978 374 pp Gazetteer of Arabia edited by A.A.Scoville Graz: Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt, 19794 vols GENERAL

Saudi Arabia 1:3 500 000 Reading GEOprojects, 1995 Double sided with index, town maps and guide Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: national road map and details of metropolitan areas 1:3 250 000 Jiddah: Farsi Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: geographic map 1:500 000 Jiddah: D M M R , 1973-84 21 sheets all published • In English and Arabic IMAGE

MAPS

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: atlas of satellite graphics maps Various scales Jiddah: Farsi 36 image maps 24 1:500 000 maps, 7 1:1 000 000 maps and 2 1:3 250 000 maps Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1:2 000 000 Jiddah: Farsi Image base Also available in 4 sheets, enlarged to I: I 500 000 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: geographic map 1:250 000 Jiddah: D M M R , 1973-84 1 10 sheets, 59 published • Image base with overprint TOPOGRAPHIC

Arabija 1:200 000 Moskva: Roskartografija 325 sheets, all published In Russian EARTH

SCIENCES

Geology of the Arabian Peninsula Various scales Reston.VA: USGS, 1989 188 pp Includes I: I 000 000 geological and Cenozoic maps (2 sheets each) and physiographic provinces of Saudi Arabia 1:4 000 000 A preliminary lithofacies map of the Saudi Arabian shield I: I 000 000 Jiddah: D M M R , 1983 2 sheets, both published

Saudi Arabia

547

Mineral occurrence base map of the Saudi Arabian shield

City map and guide to Makkah Various scales

1:1 000 000

Jiddah: Farsi

Jiddah: D M MR, 1983

In English and Arabic

2 sheets, both published

Double-sided: 1:32 000, 1:15 000 and 1:5500 scale maps

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: geologic map 1:500 000

SAUDI ARABIA

Jiddah: D M M R , 1979-82 21 sheets all published

•

1:500 0 0 0 geographic 1:500 0 0 0 geologic

In English and Arabic Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: geologic map 1:250 000 Jiddah: D M M R , 1977110 sheets, c. 50 published

•

In English and Arabic, with o r without topographic base URBAN City map and guide to Greater Jeddah 1:20 000 Jiddah: Farsi In English and Arabic Double-sided: with 1:52 000 scale map of Greater Jeddah on reverse City map and guide to Riyadh 1:22 500 Jiddah: Farsi In English and Arabic Double-sided with 1:60 000 scale map of Greater Riyadh on reverse Also available as A - Z atlas

548

Asia

|

I 45°E

400 km 250 miles

|

Prior to 1965 mapping of the island of Singapore was carried out by British and Malay agencies, b u t after independence responsibility passed to local organizations. Topographic and aerial photographic surveys are carried out by the Mapping Unit (SMU), part of the Ministry of Defence, which acts as the island's national mapping agency. The Survey Department (SSD), part of the Ministry of Law, is the civilian mapping and charting authority and distributes some SMU maps for public sale. It is also responsible for geodetic triangulation, levelling and cadastral surveying and mapping. Since 1990 digital data derived from SMU and SSD mapping have been distributed through the Singapore Land Data Hub (SLDH), attached to the Land Systems Support Unit of the Ministry of Law, which acts as an integrated infrastructure for sharing digital land data. Digital coverages available in SLDH comprise cadastral, topographic, outline and boundary maps, together with street centre line data and the Singapore street directory. The basic scale topographic survey of Singapore is at 1:5000, and a series of 114 line maps gives complete coverage. These are derived from aerial photographic coverage, and are updated on a three-yearly cycle. These large scale data are also available from SLDH in digital form giving a complete coverage of Singapore. A 1:10 000 scale series (SMU1168) is available as a two-colour map road m a p indicating names of streets and buildings, complete in 24 sheets. The fourcolour 5 m contoured 1:10 0 0 0 scale SMU 10 series of 30 sheets is not publicly available. Cadastral surveys of Singapore at a scale of 1:1000 are carried out by the private sector, co-ordinated by SSD. Data have been captured in digital form and are available through SLDH. Derived smaller scale mapping includes 1:25 000 coverage, published as a four-sheet road map and revised to 1997, or as orthophoto maps revised to 1995, and various single-sheet 1:50 0 0 0 scale maps on the Cassini Söldner Rectangular projection, Everest ellipsoid. SMU075 is a seven-colour topographic map, last revised in 1993; S M U 1 2 0 0 is an outline version of this map. Earlier recreation and locality editions may still be available, and an outline m a p at 1:100 0 0 0 is also published. The Hydrographie Department in the Maritime and Port Authority was established in 1965 and is responsible for hydrographic survey of Singapore waters and the Strait of Malacca, and the publication of a range of 30 nautical charts. Since 1994 the Department has been producing Electronic Navigational Chart data, and in 1998 first released these data for use in electronic chart display and information systems, following collaboration with the U K Hydrographic Office in the SHARED programme integrating vector and raster chart data. The Geological Unit of the Public Works Department compiled 1:25 0 0 0 full colour geological coverage of Singapore

in the 1970s, with assistance from the U N and from New Zealand. This series was issued with accompanying reports. Hydrogeological mapping of the island was compiled by the German Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BfGR) and published with explanations in Geologisches Jahrbuch. The 1:63 360 scale soils m a p of the island from N e w Zealand Soil Bureau (NZSB) remains the best available soils coverage of Singapore, and is available through Landcare, but vegetation mapping of the island is no longer available. T h e Singapore street directory digital data from SLDH collates land data from a number of official bodies. This comprises 12 digital locality maps at 1:50 000, and 253 sectional digital maps at a number of larger scales, as well as a gridbased street directory index and map. Many features of the townscape are extractable in a number of different formats on disk, cartridge and tape. Commercial agencies have used these data to generate a number of digital m a p products, for example the Intelligent travel guide from Knowledge Engineering. Conventionally published streetfinders are issued by a number of European commercial publishers, for example Berndtson and Berndtson (B&B), Freytag-Berndt (FB) Macmillan and Lascelles. E R A Maptech International, Dublin, publishes an image m a p of Singapore. Two locally based publishers also maintain active ranges of commercial mapping. A P A Publications issues tourist guides and maps, often in conjunction with German m a p and guide publishers Nelles Verlag. Periplus Editions produces probably the most comprehensive range of town and tourist mapping for countries in the South East Asian region. Smaller scale coverage and other thematic mapping

of

Singapore are listed under Malaysia or South East Asia. •

•

•

Further information The government information gateway at URL http://www.gov.sg provides useful pointers to the Web sites of official mapping agencies in Singapore. Catalogues and information are available from SSD, SMU and SLDH. Singapore (1997) Surveying, mapping and charting activities 1994-1996: paper presented to the 14th United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: UN. Singapore (1994) mapping and Surveying activities 1991-1993: paper presented to the 13th United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: UN.

Singapore

549

Addresses A P A Publications 38 Joo Koon Road, SINGAPORE 628990 Tel +65 865 1629 Fax +65 862 0694

IMAGE

MAPS

Singapore: satellite image from 870km 1:100 000 Dublin: ERA Maptech, 1987 Simulated true colour image poster TOPOGRAPHIC

Geological U n i t Public Works Department, National Development Building, 5 Maxwell Road, SINGAPORE 069110 Tel +65 325 8939 Fax +65 325 8957 Email [email protected] URL http://www.gov.sg/mnd/pwd/ Hydrographie D e p a r t m e n t Maritime and Port of Authority of Singapore, 7B Keppel Road, # 13-07 Tanjong Pagar Complex, SINGAPORE 089055 Tel +65 3252443 Fax +65 224 8454 Email [email protected] URL http://www.mpa.gov.sg Mapping U n i t ( S M U ) Ministry of Defence, 506 Airport Road, 01-12 Departure Building, Paya Lebar Airport, SINGAPORE 534395 Tel +65 381 4322 Fax +65 285 0023 Email [email protected] Periplus Editions 5 Little Road,#08-01, SINGAPORE 536983 Tel +65 280 3320 Fax +65 280 6290 Email [email protected] URL http://www.tuttle-periplus.com Singapore Land D a t a H u b ( S L D H ) Land Systems Support Unit, Ministry of Law, I Colombo Court, #06-12/16, SINGAPORE 179742 Tel +65 332 4503 Fax +65 334 2654 Email [email protected] URL http://www.gov.sg/molaw/lssu/ Survey D e p a r t m e n t ( S S D ) 3rd Floor, 8 Shenton Way, 28-01 Temasek Tower, SINGAPORE 068811 Tel +65 323 9797 Fax +65 320 9801 Email [email protected] URL http://www.gov.sg/molaw/svy/ For BfGR, B&B and Nelles, see Germany; for Landcare, see New Zealand; for ERA-Maptec International, see Eire; for Lascelles and Macmillan, see Great Britain.

Topographic map of Singapore 1:50 000 SMU075 Singapore: SSD, 1993 Road map of Singapore 1:25 000 SMU I 169 Singapore: SSD, 1988 4 sheets, all published Singapore road map 1: 10 000 SMU 1168 Singapore: SMU, 199024 sheets, all published • EARTH

SCIENCES

Hydrogeological map of Singapore 1: 100 000 Hannover: BfGR, 1975 W i t h accompanying explanatory text Geological map of Singapore 1:25 000 Singapore: Geological Unit, 1976 8 sheets, all published W i t h accompanying explanatory text ENVIRONMENTAL

Soil map of the Kingdom of Singapore 1:63 360 (NZSB soils map 169) Lincoln, NZ: Landcare, 1977 W i t h Soil Survey Bulletin 36 URBAN

Θ Singapore street directory Singapore: SDLH, 1999 Digital mapping and indexes Includes 1:5 000, 1:10 000 and smaller scale mapping Numerous output scales Singapore 1:22 500 München: Nelles Singapore 1:12 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B

103°50'E

Catalogue GENERAL

Outline map of Singapore 1:100 000 SMU 1201 Singapore: SSD, 1993 Singapore 1:80 000 Singapore: Periplus, 1997 W i t h larger scale city plan and map of Sentosa Island Singapore traveller's map 1:70 000 Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1989 W i t h 1:17 000 scale indexed town maps Also published by Freytag-Berndt Outline map of Singapore 1:50 000 SMU 1200 Singapore: SSD, 1993

550

Asia

8 km 5 miles

1:100 000 topographic I 103°50'E

SAMAJAVADI JANARAJAYA)

The Sri Lanka Survey Department (SLSD) carries out geodetic, cadastral and topographical surveying and publishes official mapping of Sri Lanka. Its history can be traced back to the establishment of a survey office in Colombo in 1800. Survey of India mapping of the island in the nineteenth century included quarter-inch coverage and larger scale cadastral mapping, and following reorganization of mapping in 1897 a one-inch topographic map was started. This series on a Transverse Mercator projection, Everest ellipsoid was completed in 1924, and revisions of these maps are still available. The current specification uses 100 ft contours, updated from aerial photographic coverage and is published in seven colours. New 1:50 0 0 0 scale maps started to appear in 1983 in the Agricultural base mapping project. This series covers Sri Lanka in 89 sheets and also uses the Transverse Mercator projection, Everest ellipsoid, with relief shown by 10 m contours in flatter areas and 20 m contours in hilly regions. This series serves as a topographic map, but also gives a detailed breakdown of land cover and land use. 1:10 0 0 0 scale mapping of Sri Lanka has also been started. Some 25 sheets are published for each 1:50 0 0 0 quadrangle; complete national coverage would comprise 1 835 sheets. By May 1997 334 sheets had been published, covering areas of highest development potential. These multi-colour maps also feature a detailed land use classification, and show relief with a 2 m contour interval on the plains and a 5 m interval in hilly regions. A new 1:250 0 0 0 scale map in four sheets was recently published to replace the regularly revised quarterinch map. SLSD also publishes larger scale town survey maps for over 100 urban areas in the country, many of which are now issued to new metric specifications at 1:2000 scale. The capital area is covered in a greater number of urban scales, including 1:1 000, (two series), 1:2000, and administrative coverage at 1:12 672, with single-sheet tourist town maps also published. A variety of thematic maps have also been issued. A one-inch scale monochrome map series depicting soils and land forms, and a series of maps showing land use and forest cover were compiled in the 1960s but are no longer listed as available. Smaller scale coverage concentrates upon environmental and agricultural themes. The national atlas of Sri Lanka was issued by SLSD in 1988, and provides the best thematic overview, with maps at 1:1 000 0 0 0 scale. A full-colour 1:100 0 0 0 scale series depicts land use on administrative district sheet lines, and has been in progress since the early 1980s. This map was compiled in conjunction with the SLSD's Centre for Remote Sensing, who have also produced a forest cover map, and an image map of the country. All of these maps are advertised as being available from SLSD, and most are published in English language versions, but all maps at scales of 1:63 360 and larger are issued only with the authority of the Ministry of Defence.

We have included graphics for these series since they are also listed in map wholesalers catalogues. Hydrographie charting of Sri Lankan waters is carried out by the Hydrographie Office within the National Aquatic Resources Agency (NARA). The Geological Survey Department, renamed the Sri Lanka Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (SLGSMB) in 1993, has been responsible for geophysical and geological surveying and mapping. By 1975 reconnaissance level detail at a oneinch scale had been collected for the whole of Sri Lanka, and these data were reduced to a published 1:500 0 0 0 scale map, issued with Australian assistance in 1982. Further themes at this scale were issued in 1983, but plans for any systematic larger scale of earth science map publication have not come to fruition and no information has been received about the availability of the small scale mapping. Other thematic mapping of Sri Lanka is compiled by the Land Use Division of the Sri Lanka Irrigation Department. 1:50 0 0 0 scale soil and land classification series were compiled on provincial sheet lines in the early 1990s and are available as ozalid prints. A useful soft cover atlas of the country was published in 1997 by Arjuna Consulting Company, including many full colour thematic maps at 1:1 650 0 0 0 scale. Arjuna also publish the best recent A - Z street atlas of Colombo. Several overseas commercial publishers issue tourist maps of the country, including Indian town and tourist publisher T T K , and maps from German firms Berndtson & Berndtson (B&B), Karto + Grafik, Nelles Verlag and Ryborsch.

• *

•

Further information A 1997 catalogue was available from SLSD. The best overall source of information about the historical development of Sri Lankan topographic mapping is included in Böhme (1993) Inventory of world topographic mapping volume 3: Eastern

Europe,

Asia Oceania and Antarctica. London: Elsevier.

Addresses Arjuna Consulting Company 60 School Ave, Off Station Lane, DEHIWELA Email [email protected]

Sri Lanka

551

Geological Survey and Mines Bureau ( S L G S M B )

Sri Lanka 1:250 000

4 Senanayake Building, Galle Road, D E H I W E L A

C o l o m b o : SLSD, 1992

Tel +941 725745 Fax +941 735752

4 sheets, all published A l s o available in outline base map version

Land U s e Division Irrigation Department, 11 Jawatte, Road, C O L O M B O 5 Tel +941 583474 National A q u a t i c Resources A g e n c y ( N A R A ) C r o w Island, Mattakkuliya, C O L O M B O 15 Tel + 9 4 1 522009 Fax +941 522699 Survey D e p a r t m e n t ( S L S D ) P O B o x 506, 150 Kirula Road, Narahenpita, C O L O M B O 5 Tel +941 585111 Fax +941 584532 Email sgsurve@sri lanka-net For B&B, Karto+Grafik, Nelles and Ryborsch, see Germany; for N I M A , see United States; for IFP and T T K , see India.

IMAGE

MAPS

Sri Lanka: satellite image mosaic 1:500 000 C o l o m b o : SLSD, 1994 TOPOGRAPHIC Sri Lanka 1:63 360 Colombo: S L S D 7 2 sheets, all published

•

A l s o available in coloured o r outline administrative edition Sri Lanka: agricultural base mapping project 1:50 000 C o l o m b o : SLSD, 1 9 8 3 89 sheets, all published

•

Sri Lanka 1:10 000

Catalogue

Colombo: SLSD 1834 sheets, 334 published

ATLASES The national atlas of Sri Lanka Colombo: SLSD, 1988

EARTH

SCIENCES

Hydrogeochemical atias of Sri Lanka

141 pp Includes 58 thematic sections, mostly at I: I 000 000 scale Arjuna's atlas of Sri Lanka

Dehiwela: S L G S M D , 1987 106 pp Geomorphological map of Sri Lanka I: I 000 000

Dehiwela: Arjuna, 1997

Enschede: I T C , 1987

220 pp W i t h 1:1 650 000 scale mapping

Geological map of Sri Lanka 1:500 000 Dehiwela: S L G S M D

Road atlas of Sri Lanka Colombo: SLSD, 1996

Mineral resources map of Sri Lanka 1:500 000

W i t h 1:500 000 scale mapping, town maps and index

Dehiwela: S L G S M D , 1983 Tectonic map of Sri Lanka 1:500 000

GAZETTEERS

Dehiwela: S L G S M D , 1983

Ceylon gazetteer. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic

Names

Washington D C : N I M A , I960 359 pp GENERAL Sri Lanka: physical I: I 000 000 Colombo: SLSD, 1983 Sri Lanka 1:750 000 Hildebrands Urlaubskarte Frankfurt: Karto + Grafik, 1985 A road guide to Sri Lanka 1:680 000 C h e n n a h T T K , 1992 Tourist map of Sri Lanka 1:500 000 C o l o m b o : SLSD, 1996 Sri Lanka: road map 1:500 000 Colombo: SLSD, 1996 A l s o available in atlas format Sri Lanka 1:500 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B & B Sri Lanka 1:450 000 München: Nelles Strassen und Touristenkarte Sri Lanka 1:400 000 Obertshausen: Ryborsch

552

Asia

Metamorphic map of Sri Lanka 1:500 000 Dehiwela: S L G S M D , 1983 ENVIRONMENTAL Climate map of Sri Lanka I: I 000 000 C o l o m b o : SLSD, 1972 Sri Lanka: mean annual temperature I: I 000 000 Colombo: SLSD Sri Lanka: seasonal pressure and winds I: I 000 000 Colombo: SLSD Sri Lanka: irrigation development potential I: I 000 000 C o l o m b o : SLSD, 1983 International map of vegetation and environmental conditions: Sri Lanka 1:1 000 000 Pondichery: IFP, 1964 W i t h accompanying explanatory leaflet Climate map of Sri Lanka 1:506 880 C o l o m b o : SLSD, 1972 Sri Lanka: general soil map 1:506 880 C o l o m b o : SLSD, 1975 Sri Lanka showing approximate distribution of great soil groups 1:506 880 C o l o m b o : SLSD, 1984

Bottom sediment

map of the continental shelf of Sri

Lanka

1:506 880 Colombo: NARA, 1985 Sri Lanka: forest cover 1:500 0 0 0

Colombo: SLSD, 1981 Sri Lanka: tea 1:500 0 0 0

Colombo: SLSD, 1988 Sri Lanka: chena cultivation in the dry zone and dense

natural

forest 1:500 0 0 0

Colombo: SLSD, 1988 Sri Lanka: water resources development

plan 1:253 4 4 0

Colombo: SLSD, 1978 4 sheets, all published ADMINISTRATIVE Sri Lanka: provinces and districts I: I 0 0 0 0 0 0

Colombo: SLSD, 1983 Sri Lanka: electoral districts map

1:750 0 0 0

Colombo: SLSD Sri Lanka: electoral districts map

1:500 0 0 0

Colombo: SLSD, 1980 Sri Lanka showing D.S. Divisions

1:250 0 0 0

Colombo: SLSD 4 sheets, all published SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Sri Lanka: land utilization I: I 0 0 0 0 0 0

Colombo: SLSD, 1972 Sri Lanka: land use map series by district 1: 100 0 0 0

Colombo: SLSD, 197924 sheets, 13 published URBAN Tourist map of Colombo

and suburbs

1:30 0 0 0

Colombo: SLSD Colombo

and suburbs: A - Z street atlas 1:12 5 0 0

Colombo: SLSD A - Z guide of Colombo

and suburbs

1: 10 0 0 0 and 1:20 0 0 0

Dehiwela: Arjuna, 1997 44 pp maps, 30pp street index

Sri Lanka

553

81°E

554

Asia

81Έ

SRI LANKA

1 : 5 0 OOO topographic

19 Silawatturai

Madhu Road

21 Vavuniya

22 Pankulam

fl 24 Wilpattu

25 Tantirimale

26 Medawchchiya

27 Horowupotana

Kalpitiya

30 Kalaoya

31 Anuradhapura

32 Kaudulia

33 \ Kathiraveli

\34 Puttalam

35 Galgamuwa

36 Kekirawa

37 Polonnaruwa

38 Vakeneri

39 iKalkudah

40 Battulu Oya

41 Nikaweratiya

42 Dambulla

43 Elahera

44 Aralaganwila

Batticaloa

Λ.« Chilaw

47 Kurunegala

48 Matale

49

50 Mahaoya

52 Kochchlkade

53 Kegalla

54 Kandy

55 Mahiyangana

56 Padiyatalawa

57 Ampara

60 Attanagalla

61 Gampola

62

Hanguranketa

63 Bibile

64 Tirrukkovil

68 Nuwara Eliya

Badulla

70 Monaragala

71 Pottuvil

75 Balangoda

76 Haputale

π

Kalutara

74 Ratnapura

Buttala

78 Panama'

79 Alutgama\

80 Matugama

81 Rakwana

82 Timbolketiya

83 Kataragama

,84 Yala

85 Balapitiya

86 Ambalangoda

87 Morawaka

88 Hambantota

89 Tissama~^harama

tV

59 Negombo

67 Colombo 66 Avissawella Colombo

• x

N T

Galle~

23 Nilaveli

λΑTrincomalee

c

AL

8°N

Paddiruppu V' 58 Kalmunai 65

72 Komari

J

JL

91 - Matara

Sri Lanka

555

AS-SURIYA The Syrian national mapping agency Service Geographique de I'Armee (SGA) was founded in 1935. It established new geodetic networks with a re-triangulation of the country and new levelling, and started a 1:25 000 scale basic topographic coverage of Syria in 1962. Mapping extended to cover the developed western parts of the country in 7.5' quadrangles. Other topographic coverage at this scale was compiled with Russian aid in the 1970s, with sheets conforming to Soviet mapping standards, and published for the Euphrates valley. A 1:50 000 scale map was derived from these surveys and extended to desert areas in the east of Syria, where mapping was compiled from 1:70 000 scale aerial coverage. Six-colour published mapping on the UTM projection, International ellipsoid, with relief shown by 20 m contours, was completed for the whole country in the 1980s.These officially published series all have Arabic script, but basic scales of topographic maps are not available on the international market. 1:200 000 scale mapping of Syria was first produced with French aid prior to World War II, this 28-sheet series has been regularly revised, sheets are on the Lambert conformal conic projection, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid and some sheets are still are available on the international market from Omni and Geocenter. Soviet military coverage at this scale has also been available since the break-up of the Soviet Union. Other small-scale mapping from SGA includes recently revised single-sheet relief maps published at 1:1 000 000 (available in a French language version) and at 1:750 000 scale, both of which were advertised as available from map dealers in 1999-

The Ministry of Tourism in Damascus issues general tourist maps of Syria in English, French, German and Arabic language versions. Commercially published mapping of Syria includes a general map for the tourist market and recently published town map of Damascus from Cartographia, Budapest, and a map in the Arab world map library series from GEOprojects, revised in 1997 and issued double-sided with town mapping, tourist information and indexes on the reverse. Freytag-Berndt, Vienna issues a useful road map of the country which is also mapped in a recent Lonely Planet travel atlas. Other general and thematic coverage of the country is listed in the Middle Eastern section of this book.

• • •

Further information T h e best western language introduction t o the topographic mapping of Syria is Böhme, R ( 1 9 9 3 ) Syria, pp 2 7 9 - 2 8 4 , in Inventory of world topographic mapping: volume 3 Eastern Europe, Asia, Oceania and Antarctica. London: Elsevier.

Addresses General Establishment for Geology and Mineral Resources (GEGMR) P O B o x 7 6 4 5 , Khatib Street, Adawi, DIMASHQ

Earth science mapping of Syria has been carried out by the General Establishment of Geology and Mineral Resources (GEGMR). From 1958 to 1962 Soviet geologists compiled a number of small-scale sheets issued by GEGMR as full-colour English language maps of the country. 1:1 000 000 scale geological, tectonic, mineral, Quaternary sediment and hydrological maps were published, a four-sheet 1:500 000 scale geological series and 19 sheet 1:200 000 scale map were also issued. Work also started on a 1:50 000 scale series, using topographic bases and sheet lines, and was further extended from the late 1970s to cover much of the developed part of the country. English annotation is used to aid geological interpretation of these series. We received no replies from Syria about earth science mapping and map dealers only occasionally list limited supplies of some of these maps, so it is likely that most may no longer be obtained.

Tel + 9 6 3 11 4 4 3 8 2 4 Fax + 9 6 3 I I 4 5 7 7 8 6

In the mid-1990s image mapping of Syria was published by Austrian remote sensing consultancy Geospace, with simulated true colour poster maps at 1:1 000 000 and 1:750 000 scales and an image atlas of the country, compiled in association with the General Organization of Remote Sensing, Damascus.

Catalogue

556

Asia

General Organization of Remote Sensing Sultan Salim Street, DIMASHQ

Ministry ofTourism Abou Firas El Hamadani Street, DIMASHQ Tel + 9 6 3 11 2 3 3 1 8 3

Service Geographique de I'Armee (SGA) Ministere de la Defense, BP 3094, DIMASHQ For Lonely Planet, see Australia; for GEOprojects, see Great Britain; for NIMA, see United States; for Freytag-Berndt and Geospace, see Austria; for Cartographia, see Hungary; for Omni and G e o C e n t e r see Chapter 3.

ATLASES Jordan, Syria and Lebanon travel atlas Hawthorn, Vic: Lonely Planet, 1997 8 8 pp

GAZETTEERS

Syria. Official standard names approved by the United States Board

IMAGE

MAPS

Space atlas of Syria

on Geographic Names Edition 2

Bad Ischl: Geospace, 1996

Washington D C : N I M A , 1983

Simulated true-colour image maps

734 pp

In Arabic and English

GENERAL

Syrie: carte rouüere et tourisüque I: I 000 000 Dimashq: S G A , 1996 In French Double-sided, with index photographs and distance table on reverse GEOprojects map of Syria I: I 000 000 Edition 3 Reading: GEOprojects, 1997 Double sided W i t h text, indexes and city maps of Damascus, Aleppo and Palmyra

Syria from space I: I 000 000 Bad Ischl: Geospace, 1995 Simulated true-colour image map Syria from space 1:750 000 Bad Ischl: Geospace, 1995 Simulated true-colour image map TOPOGRAPHIC

Suriya / Syrie 1:200 000 Dimashq: S G A , 195028 sheets, all published

•

In Arabic

Syria 1:1 000 000 Budapest: Cartographia

EARTH

SCIENCES

Syria road map 1:800 000

Geological map of Syria I: I 000 000

Wien: Freytag Berndt, 1991

Dimashq: G E G M R , 1964

W i t h indexed street map of Damascus and Aleppo Syria 1:750 000

URBAN

Dimashq: S G A , 1995

Damascus

In Arabic

Budapest: Cartographia, 1997

I: I I 000

Syria

557

( C H U N G - H U A MTN-KUO)

The national mapping agency in Taiwan, the Republic of China, was established as the China Map Service (CMS) in the Ministry of Interior, which began to compile mapping in 1949 after the relocation of the Republic's map making activities from the mainland following the establishment of the People's Republic. Responsibility now falls to the Department of Land Administration in the Ministry of Interior (Neicheng-pu (NCR)). Complete topographic coverage of Taiwan is maintained in five-colour 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 scale series, based on the Transverse Mercator projection, International ellipsoid and with a U T M grid. The 1:25 000 map shows relief with 5 m or 10 m contours and is complete in 261 7.5' quads. The 1:50 000 series needs 79 15' sheets to cover Taiwan, with relief shown by 10 or 20 m contours. Other mapping at 1:500 000 and 1:1 000 000 scale is also issued. All these topographic series use Chinese characters. Since 1993 it has been possible to acquire topographic mapping on the international market from a number of dealers. In the last decade digital mapping systems have been extensively developed in Taiwan. Urban mapping of Taipei for example, is maintained in an AUTOCAD-based GIS and captured from 1:1000 scale urban coverage by the City Planning Commission of the Taipei government. Geological mapping of Taiwan is carried out by the Central Geological Survey (CGS) in Taipei. A number of earth science themes are available at 1:500 000 scale or in twosheet or four-sheet 1:250 000 scale maps, with accompanying English and Chinese language sheet explanations. A 1:50 000 scale geological map is in progress on topographic sheet lines, but with different and sequential numbering; coverage is best in the north of the island. The Council of Agriculture was an active map publisher in the 1970s and 1980s, including many different thematic coverages of the island. The organization has not been involved in mapping in the 1990s, and its publications are no longer available. The Bureau of Statistics, Taipei carries out census mapping to support the 10-yearly population censuses, with digital data and mapping released for the 1990 census. Nun Hua is a long established commercial map publisher, maintaining a range of over 80 maps of Taiwan, mostly published in Chinese and depicting administrative units, but also including town maps and a few bilingual maps of the country. A recent entrant into the commercial market is International Travel Press in Taipei, who publish useful single sheet maps of the island for the tourist market, as well as a range of town maps. Overseas agencies producing maps of Taiwan include the German commercial publishers Nelles and Karto+Grafik, and the Chinese People's Republic Cartographic Publishing House (CCPH).

Further information T h e m o s t useful w e s t e r n language introduction t o t h e topographic mapping of Taiwan is B ö h m e , R ( 1 9 9 3 ) Taiwan, p p 2 8 5 - 2 8 9 , in Inventory of World Topographic Mapping: volume 3 Eastern Europe, Asia, Oceania and Antarctica. London: Elsevier. T h e Yam Taiwan Index site a t U R L http://www.yam.com.tw/en is a useful starting point f o r searching t h e many governmental W e b sites relating t o mapping of Taiwan.

Addresses Bureau of Statistics Executive Yuan, 2 Kwang C h o u Street, TAIPEI Tel + 8 8 6 2 311 7 1 4 7 Fax + 8 8 6 2 381 8 2 4 6 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.dgbasey.gov.tw.

Central Geological Survey ( C G S ) Ρ Ο B o x 968,TAIPEI Tel + 8 8 6 2 9 4 6 2 7 9 3 Fax + 8 8 6 2 9 4 2 9 0 4 2 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.moeacgs.gov.tw/

Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, 3 7 N a n Hai Road, TAIPEI Tel + 8 8 6 2 3 1 2 6 0 3 6 Fax + 8 8 6 2 331 0341 U R L http://www.coa.gov.tw/eindex.htm

International Travel Press N o 4, 7th Floor, 181 Fushing N o r t h Road,TAIPEI Tel + 8 6 6 2 7 1 3 9 2 3 5 Fax + 8 6 6 2 7 1 2 7 2 5 5

Nei-cheng-pu (NCP) D e p a r t m e n t of Land Administration, Ministry of the Interior, 39 Chang An W Road, TAIPEI Tel + 8 8 6 2 363 4 6 3 6 Fax + 8 8 6 2 3 6 2 5 2 9 3 U R L http://2IO.69.76.IOO/

Nun Hua Publishing C o 9 4 SuangYuen Road, TAIPEI Tel + 8 8 6 2 3 0 4 3561 Fax + 8 8 6 2 3 0 8 4681 For NIMA, s e e United States; f o r C C P H , s e e China; f o r K a r t o + G r a f i k and Nelles, s e e Germany.

Catalogue ATLASES Taiwan sheng ditu Beijing; C C P H , 1993 69 pp

•

558

Asia

*

ik-

C h i n e s e language small f o r m a t provincial thematic atlas

Taiwan ti-chi tu / Geological map of Taiwan 1:50 000

GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of the Republic of China. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington DC: NIMA, 1974 789 pp

Taipei: CGS, 198176 sheets, 15 published

•

In English and Chinese W i t h separate Chinese language sheet explanations URBAN

GENERAL

Taiwan sheng ditu 1:750 000 Beijing: CCPH, 1980

Taipei Taipei: International Travel Press, 1994

In Chinese Taiwan 1:700 000 Hildebrands Urlaubskarte Frankfurt A m Main: Karto+Grafik Taiwan 1:555 555 Taipei: International Travel Press, 1994 W i t h inset t o w n maps of Taipei and Kaohsiung In English and Chinese Taiwan 1:400 000 Taipei: International Travel Press, 1994 In English and Chinese Taiwan 1:400 000 München: Nelies TOPOGRAPHIC

Chung-hua min-kuo Taiwan ti-tsu ti-hsing-tu / Topographic map of Taiwan 1:50 000 Taipei: NCP, 1989-90 79 sheets, all published

•

In Chinese Chung-hua min-kuo Taiwan ti-tsu ti-hsing-tu / Topographic map of Taiwan 1:25 000 Taipei: NCP, 1985-91 261 sheets, all published In Chinese EARTH

SCIENCES

Taiwan ti σιΟϊ CO , σ> C D CO 00' α CO > C o - CT)

628

Australasia

\

Γ I

\

1 ^

Europe has a greater quantity and diversity of mapping than any other continent, with many long established national mapping agencies and a rich history of the development of modern mapping following initiation of systematic topographic surveying in the 18th and 19th centuries. This is reflected in the texts and catalogues of the individual countries. In the decade since the publication of the first edition of this book the diversity of western European topographic programmes has increased, with a progressive publication of digital map data, at national, and European regional level. Following the break up of the Soviet Union and the eastern European bloc, modernization of programmes has taken place, with major advances in the mapping programmes of former command economies of Eastern Europe, but with a decline in the number of projected regional Eastern programmes. Significant improvement in international availability of national printed maps and digital map data for these areas has taken place. Most topographic mapping in Europe is still carried out by the survey organizations of the individual nation states. Hard copy printed mapping continues to differ in style and specification from nation to nation, reflecting diverse and long histories of data collection and publication. N A T O mapping standards in the post-war period have influenced a greater conformity of style for printed products and the trend towards a greater conformity of mapping standards has continued and increased with digital developments. Thirty-two different European national mapping agencies are members of the Comite European des Responsables de la Cartographie Officielle ( C E R C O ) which has sponsored a long tradition of informal co-operation. Amongst C E R C O initiatives was the creation of a GPS-based European geodetic network from the late 1980s, which has allowed known transformations from national geodetic standards to be established. A second initiative has led to increased co-ordination of mapping activities between the different national mapping agencies in Europe, under the aegis of the Multi-Purpose European Ground Related Information Network ( M E G R I N ) , with headquarters attached

to the French Institut Geographique National (IGN), but representing the commercial interests of 19 European national surveys. It aims to inform users about the availability of European geographical data via its G D D D Web site, which offers metadata about different national data sets. In addition M E G R I N provides geographic data at a panEuropean level. Its Seamless administrative boundaries of Europe (SABE) project now offers digital boundary data relating to 26 European countries, at two different resolutions: 30 m resolution data corresponding to 1:100 0 0 0 scale mapping and 200 m resolution data, corresponding to 1:1 000 000 scale. These data comprise polygons for low level administrative units, down to N U T S 5 level, and corresponding to wards in the U K , communes in France and Gemeinden in Germany, together with unique identifiers, names and hierarchical information. The currency and completeness of these data vary between countries, but data are available with annual update on C D - R O M in A R C / I N F O export format. Another supplier of pan-European administrative and postcode boundary data is G E O D A N BV, Amsterdam. Other pan-European projects sponsored by M E G R I N include Pathfinder towards a European topographical information template (PETIT). This had reached prototype stage by 1999 and was examining issues in the creation of a multi-national 1:250 000 scale data set. A Web based demonstrator of this project is available on the EU Info 2 0 0 0 Web site at URL http://www.echo.lu. Different agencies of the European Community have also been active in the compilation and publication of pan-continental maps and spatial data, or have sponsored others to produce mapping. General small-scale maps have been regularly updated with the progressive enlargement of the Community and comprise an administrative map, a farming map and a m a p of European forests. The latest editions of these date from 1995 and are available at 1:4 000 000 and 1:10 000 000 scales from the Office for Official Publications of the European

Europe

631

Communities (EUR-OP), Luxembourg. In 1985 a Soil map of the European Communities at a scale of 1:1 000 000 was published by EUR-OP. This draws upon national soil surveys of the various member countries and unifies them using the UNESCO/FAO soil map of the world classification. Fiftyone dominant soil classes are shown with a further break down into 312 numbered soil associations This map is still available as a boxed set or as flat sheets. Groundwater resources of the European Community is published as a series of 10 reports with 152 1:500 000 scale maps. These depict aquifers and their hydrogeological characteristics and may be acquired from dealers as a complete atlas for the European Community, or for individual countries. The Commission of the European Community has been an important player in the development of community-wide digital mapping and geographic information. The CORINE programme, initiated in 1985, was its first major digital initiative. This intergovernmental programme aimed to gather information about the state of the European environment, co-ordinate national initiatives and ensure consistency for the comparison of data. Priority areas in the programme included the protection of biotopes, transfron-

632

Europe

tier air pollution, coastal erosion, land cover, the marine environment, soil erosion and quality and water resources. Data in the CORINE programmes have been derived from satellite imagery and from digitizing the best available and relevant map sources. Projects have been subcontracted to local mapping agencies, and are described in greater detail in the respective country sections. The most significant CORINE mapping outputs have been land cover data sets. Responsibility for the programme has now passed to the European Environment Agency which distributes publications relating to CORINE standards. Statistical data relating to the European Community nations are maintained by the Eurostat organization. The Regio database comprises statistical data for Europe at a regional level, whilst vector geographical information are held in the GISCO database. These data may be acquired through the EUROSTAT data shop network. Regiomap is a CD-ROMbased electronic product co-published by the European Union and Geolnformation International Cambridge, and comprises demographic and statistical data from 1970 through to 1993, together with boundary polygons, interactive mapping software and a trilingual user guide.

More recent effort has been devoted to standardization of geographic data across the Community and the sponsoring of outside research. Directorate General X I I I ( D G X I I I ) of the Community is charged with encouraging research and product development concerned with geographic information. Between 1993 and 1996 eight major projects were funded which created information services or products based on GIS technologies. The multimedia INFO 2000 prog r a m m e running from 1 9 9 6 - 9 includes five projects taken to implementation stage with value added pan-European GIS data becoming available. These include the AIDA Multimedia Alpine guide which will provide CD-based fixed and user-defined tours of German, Austrian and Italian Alpine areas; and the Territorial multimedia system on industrial areas (TEMES1A) which provides a Web-based interactive mapping of industrial development potential. In 1997 D G XIII released Gl 2000 towards a European policy framework for geographic information in an a t t e m p t to address the political and economic barriers to the standardization of geographic data sets across Europe. A recent multimedia project aiming to connect remote communities using internet m a p servers has also been sponsored by the Commission under its Integrated Applications Digital Sites initiative. Designated Tactical integration of telematics applications across intelligent networks (TITAN) this will be tested in Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Norway and brings together a pan-European consortium of regional service providers and industrial partners. There are a number of multi-thematic map series covering all or most of Europe. Most significant are the many earth science series sponsored by U N E S C O and the Commission for the Geological Map of the W o r l d (Commission de la Carte Geologique du Monde) ( C G M W ) , Paris, whose programmes are described in more detail in the World section. Many of these European series are still in progress with early sheets now up to 30 years old, and co-published with Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BfGR), Hannover, with Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM), Orleans, or the Academy of Sciences of the former Soviet Union. The longest established of these series and one of the earliest examples of international scientific co-operation is the International geological map of Europe 1:1 500 000, which has been compiled under the authority of a special commission of the International Geological Congress set u p in 1881. This series has been released in its third edition since 1964 by BfGR for C G M W , and when completed 4 8 sheets will be published. Forty of the 4 8 sheets were available in 1999. Since 1970 an International hydrogeological map has also been in progress. This is on the same sheet lines but coverage is more restricted and only 21 of the projected 30 sheets were available in 1999. These sheets are in three languages, usually English, French and German, or sometimes another language according to the area covered. Earth science coverage at 1:2 500 000 scale is available in tectonic, metallogenic, Quaternary, metamorphic and natural gas, and iron ore deposits map series, and U N E S C O has also sponsored a number of smaller scale themes. A new digital version of 1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale geological coverage of Europe is under compilation by BfGR for C G M W . Climatic mapping of the continent is available in the U N E S C O Climatic atlas of Europe with 1:10 000 000 scale precipitation and temperature maps. Other collaborative thematic mapping projects were carried out in Eastern Europe prior to the break-up of the Soviet bloc. T h e Land use map of Europe 1:2 500 000 was published in 1980 by Cartographia, Budapest and copies may still

be acquired. This used U N Food and Agriculture Organization land use categories and was published in 14 colours, following collaboration between 22 European countries. Copies of the Types of agriculture map of Europe 1:2 500 000 compiled by the Polish Academy of Sciences in the 1980s may also still be available and classify types of agriculture according to the classification devised by the International Geographical Union Commission on Agricultural Typology. Other smaller scale mapping has been published by specialist publishers as separate sheets or in thematic atlases or databases. Image maps of the continent are available from RV, the National Remote Sensing Centre ( N R S C ) , Geospace, the French Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) and Robas, Amsterdam. PennWell, Petroleum Economist (PE) and Verlag Glückauf Essen (VGE) issue mineral, and energy mapping of Europe; regularly revised railway maps are available from RV, Ian Allan and Thomas Cook. The standard geological atlas of Europe is Peter Ziegler's Geological atlas of Western and Central Europe, which was completely revised in 1990 and published as a text volume with accompanying small scale tectonic, palaeogeographic, and isopach maps and stratigraphic correlation charts, bound together in a second volume. GeoForschungsverlag published a geothermal atlas of the continent in 1992. The multi-volume Atlas florae Europaeae project sponsored by the Finnish Museum of Natural History has been underway since the mid-1960s. Eleven printed volumes have so far been published and since 1992 a database of species data has been built up. After the twelfth volume it is intended to widen the scope of AFE with a continuing programme of printed atlases, digital updates of distribution data, and an online version available from the AFE Web site at URL http://www.helsinki.fi/kmus/afe. Many commercial m a p publishers are based in Europe. We have included only a sample in the catalogue of their many general, road, political or relief maps; information about their publishers is included in greater detail in out individual country sections. In the 1980s and 1990s there has also been an increasing amount of commercially available digital pan-continental mapping, making available seamless single specification data for the whole continent. A N D Mapping concentrates upon road databases and maintains a cartographic publishing division in the United K i n g d o m , a data division in Ireland and corporate headquarters in The Netherlands. Its data are also used by Mapinfo Ltd whose Cartique™ product offers seamless and consistent digital vector coverage across the whole of Europe, and is designed for graphic o u t p u t , backdrop mapping and route planning. Twenty-six layers of data are available, including roads structured into link and node format and a gazetteer of 320 0 0 0 place names. These data are suitable for display at a notional scale of 1:300 000. A second multinational grouping is owned by the Navtech group, with European headquarters in Best, The Netherlands. Amongst its data sets are AA Automaps Europe from Automobile Association (AA) which provides vector or raster data sets for the whole of Europe from the Atlantic to the Black Sea. These data are available at three levels of detail, and are updated on an annual basis. Tele Atlas, is the third major player in the market for panEuropean commercially published data sets. Founded in 1984 it is the leading European supplier of digital vector urban maps on C D - R O M . W i t h offices in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark,

Europe

633

Italy, France and Spain, it offers up-to-date urban coverage and also holds digital road data for the whole of Europe.

Further information

A number of publishers currently issue CD-based routefinding or multimedia travel packages covering the whole of the continent and based upon these continental data, notably Microsoft (whose Autoroute express Europe product uses AND mapping), AA, AND itself (with AND Route Europe), Route 66 Geographic Information, Falk and Mairs. In 1998 AND and Tele Atlas agreed to combine data sets for the transport and travel market, with Tele Atlas urban data complementing AND expertise in road maps. New electronic publications incorporating both resolutions of data are likely to be available early in the new millennium.

T h e MEGRIN homepage at URL http://www.megrin.org

In addition to pan-continental mapping there are regional initiatives mapping large areas of Europe.

the Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra and may be listed on its

The Balkans and South Eastern Europe continue to be mapped by the Österreichisches O s t - u n d SüdosteuropaInstitut ( O O S I ) , Vienna which has sponsored the publication of thematic mapping of these areas since 1970. In 1989 ÖOSI completed the major international Atlas der Donauländer, published over a 20 year period in 48 sheets, in German, English, French and Russian languages. A second atlas project from the Institute was started following completion of the earlier project. The Atlas Ost- und Südosteuropa follows a similar pattern of publication by instalment, with about four maps issued a year. The projected completion of this more recent atlas has not yet been fixed. Both projects cover a range of themes and are distributed by F r a n z Deuticke Verlagsgesellschaft.

The best recent summary of the state of the art of

The Baltic Sea drainage basin is the focus for a United Nations Environment Programme Global Resource Information Database (GRID) project. A substantial GIS database for thematic mapping of the area has been established and operated from G R I D - A r e n d a l , Norway. The GIS database, mainly focusing upon land cover/land use and population was developed as a joint effort between the Beijer Institute, Stockholm, the Department of Systems Ecology Stockholm University and GRID-Arendal. The database was first released in August 1995 and its archive includes both digital data sets and hard copy published mapping of the region. Other publishers of thematic mapping of the Baltic include the Geological Survey of Lithuania Lietuvos G e o logijos Tarnyba ( L G T ) , who released Quaternary, geomorphological and geological coverage of the Baltic Sea bottom and adjacent land areas in 1993. The national survey organizations of Scandinavia have cooperated in the production of a 1:2 000 000 scale vector data set. This is available in raster format on CD-ROM from Kort-og MatriKelstyrelsen (KMS), Denmark and includes a 6000 name gazetteer. Earth science mapping of the Scandinavian region has also been published, following collaboration between the earth science mapping agencies of Norway, Finland and Sweden. Eastern Europe was covered in a number of Russian sponsored thematic maps and atlases, and after the break-up of the Soviet bloc is increasingly the focus of western atlas publishers. Many commercial firms produce maps of Alpine areas for recreational markets, notably Freytag Berndt (FB).

includes description of SABE data and information about national digital data set coverage. T h e W e b pages of European organizations offer the best introductions t o continental mapping programmes. T h e EU Gl 2 0 0 0 home pages offer useful pointers t o many pan-European mapping and geographic information programmes and projects and is t o be found at URL http://www2.echo.lu/gi/en/intro/intro.html. O t h e r European-wide GIS initiatives have been sponsored by home page at URL http://www.jrc.org/jrc/index.asp.

multinational European data sets is provided in Masser, I. and Burrough, P. ( 1 9 9 8 ) European infrastructures:

opportunities

geographic

information

and pitfalls, London: Taylor and

Francis which also includes case studies of regional applications such as the GRID Baltic basin initiative described on pp 3 1 - 4 3 by Langaas, S. (1998) (Transboundary European GIS databases: review of the Baltic Sea Region experiences). Detailed summaries of the current state of the art of C O R I N E land cover programmes are available in the C O R I N E land cover directory at URL http://www.mdc.kiruna.se/projects/ corine/.

Addresses A N D Mapping B.V. Schiedamsedijk 44, 3011 ED ROTTERDAM, T h e Netherlands Phone: +31 10 4 3 3 3 4 4 0 F a x + 3 1

10 4 1 4 0 6 6 0

Email: [email protected] URL http://www.and.nl/

C a t e n a Verlag Ärmelgasse I I . D - 3 5 4 4 7 REISKIRCHEN, Germany Tel + 4 9 6 4 0 8 6 4 9 78 Fax + 4 9 6 4 0 8 6 4 9 7 8 Email [email protected] URL http://user.aol.com/catenaverl/

C o m m i s s i o n for the Geological Map of the W o r l d ( C o m m i s s i o n de la C a r t e Geologique du Monde) (CGMW) Maison de la Geologie, 77 rue Claude-Bernard, 7 5 0 0 5 , PARIS, France Tel +33 I 4 7 07 2 2 8 4 Fax +33 I 4 3 3 6 95 18

C o m i t e Europeen des Responsables de la Cartographie Officielle ( C E R C O ) c/o Ordnance Survey International, Romsey Road, S O U T H A M P T O N S O 16 4 G U Tel + 4 4 2 3 8 0 7 9 2 1 3 9 Fax +44 2 3 8 0 7 9 2 2 3 0 Email [email protected] URL http://www.megrin.org/cerco

Directorate G e n e r a l X I I I (DGIII) Info-13, BU 2 4 -1 /47, European Commission, Rue de la Loi, 200, Β - 1 0 4 9 BRUSSELS, Belgium Tel + 3 2 2 2 9 9 93 9 9 Fax +32 2 2 9 9 9 4 9 9 Email l n f o - l 3 @ b x l . d g l 3 . c e c . b e

• • •

634

Europe

URL http://europa.eu.int/redirect/dgl 3.htm

European Environment Agency Kongens Nytorv 6, DK-1050 KOBENHAVN, Denmark Tel +45 33367203 Fax +45 33367199 Email [email protected] URL http://www.eea.eu.int/ EUROSTAT Eurostat Data Shop, P. 453, L - 2014 LUXEMBOURG, Luxembourg Tel +352 43 35 22 51 Fax : +352 43 35 22 221 Email [email protected] URL http://europa.eu.int/en/comm/eurostat G E O D A N BV Jan Luykenstraat 10, AMSTERDAM 1071 CM, The Netherlands Tel +31 20 6757705 Fax +31 20 6762794 Email [email protected] URL http://www.geodan.nl GRID-Arendal PO Box 1602, Myrene, N-4801 ARENDAL, Norway Tel +47 370 35650 Fax +47 370 35050 Email [email protected] URL http://www.grida.no Joint Research C e n t r e (JRC) Space Applications Institute, ISPRA 2l020Varese, Italy Tel +39 332 786166 Fax +39 332 785230 Email [email protected] URL http://www.jrc.org/jrc/index.asp Multi-Purpose European Ground Related Information Network (MEGRIN) 6-8, Avenue Blaise Pascal, Cite Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77455 MARNE LA VALLiE Cedex 2 .France Tel +33 I 64 15 32 40 Fax +33 I 64 15 32 19 Email [email protected] URL http://www.megrin.org Navtech de Waal 15,5684 PH BEST,The Netherlands Tel +31 499 331 452 Email [email protected] URL http://www.navtech.com

United Nations Educational and Scientific Organization ( U N E S C O ) 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75352, PARIS 07 SP, France Tel +33 I 45 68 10 00 Fax +33 I 42 73 30 07 Email [email protected] URL http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/ For Franz Deuticke, see Austria; FB, Geospace and OBB, see Austria; for KMS, see Denmark; for Finnish Museum of Natural History, see Finland; for BRGM, IARC and IGN, see France; for Cartographia, see Hungary; for BfGR, Binnenschiffahrtverlag, Falk, GeoForschungsverlag, Haack, Mairs, Ravenstein, RV,VGE and Westermann, see Germany; for AA, Geolnformation International, HarperCollins, Ian Allan, Mapinfo Ltd, Microsoft Mining, NRSC, OS, PE and Thomas Cook, see Great Britain; for JS, see Latvia; for LGT, see Lithuania; for Robas, see Netherlands; for NGU, and SK, see Norway; for MGSSSR, Roskomnedra and VSEGEII, see Russia; for GSSR, see Slovakia; for Liber Kartor, LMV, and SGU, see Sweden; for K+F, see Switzerland; for HGK, see Turkey; for CIA, NGS, and PennWell, see United States; for U N and W M O , see World.

Catalogue ATLASES

Θ Routenplanner Europa Ostfildern: Mairs Regularly updated CD-ROM electronic route-finder Θ Euroroute München: Falk Regularly updated CD-ROM electronic route-finder Θ Autoroute Express Europe Bristol: Microsoft Regularly updated CD-ROM electronic route-finder Θ AND 1999 Rotterdam: A N D Regularly updated CD-ROM electronic route-finder Europe road atias Bern: K+F

Office for Official Publications of t h e European Communities (EUR-OP) 2, rue Mercier, L-2985 LUXEMBOURG, Luxembourg Tel +352 29 29 42053 Fax +352 29 29-42025 Email: [email protected] URL http://www.eur-op.eu.int/indexen.htm

Collins road atlas Europe London: HarperCollins W i t h 1:1 000 000 scale mapping

Österreichisches Ost-und Südosteuropa-Institut (ÖOSI) Josefplatz 6, A-1010 WIEN, Austria Tel +43 I 512 18 95 0 Fax +43 I 512 18 95 53

Washington, DC: NGS, 1993

Route 66 Geographic Information Systems B V Postbus 393,6710 BK EDE.The Netherlands Tel +31 318 691966 Fax +31 318 645569 Email [email protected] URL http://www.route66.nl Tele Atlas Reitscheweg 7F, NL-5232 BX 'S-HERTOGENBOSCH,The Netherlands Tel +31 73 642 91 00 Fax +31 73 642 44 08 Email [email protected] URL http://www.teleatlas.com/

GENERAL

Europe 1:5 419 000

Europe Afrique 1:5 000 000 Paris: IGN, 1991 Raised relief Europa / Europe 1:5 000 000 Bern: K+F Relief base Europe physical 1:5 000 000 Southampton: OS, 1997 Europe 1:5 000 000 Collins world travel maps London: HarperCollins Europa 1:3 500 000 EuroCart München: RV

Europe

635

Europe 1:3 000 000 Bartholomew European travel maps London: HarperCollins, 1996 2 sheets both published Sheets cover Central and Western Europe Europa physikalische Karte / Europe physical map 1:2 750 000 Bern: K + F

International map of natural gas fields in Europe / Corte internationale des champs de gaz nature! en Europe / Mezhdunarodnaja karta mestorozhdenij prirodnogo gaza ν Evrope 1:2 500 000 Edition 2 Hannover and Geneve: BfGR and ECE, 1984-6 9 sheets, all published W i t h 175 pp explanatory text

Relief base

Metamorphic map of Europe / Carte metamorphique de I'Europe IMAGE

1:2 500 000

MAPS

Leiden and Paris: S C M B W and U N E S C O , 1978

Satellitenbildatias Europa

16 sheets, all published

München: RV, 1993

•

W i t h explanatory brochure

256 pp Simulated natural colour image maps Europe. A portrait from space 1:8 100 000 Farnborough: N R S C , 1992 Satellitenbildkarte Europa 1:6 000 000 Salzburg: Geospace, 1993

International map of iron ore deposits in Europe / Carte internationale des gisemants de fer de I'Europe 1:2 500 000 Hannover and Paris: BfGR and C G M W , 1970-3 16 sheets, all published • Two volumes of explanatory text Carte tectonique de I'Europe 1:2 500 000

Simulated true-colour

Paris: U N E S C O , 1981

L'Espace European 1:5 380 000

20 sheets, all published

Paris: I G N , 1991

In Russian and French

Satellitenkarte Europa 1:3 000 000

International geological map of Europe and the Mediterranean

Amsterdam: Robas, 1988

regions / Carte geologique internationale de I'Europe et des regions mediterraneennes I: I 500 000

EARTH

Paris: C G M W and U N E S C O , 1964-

SCIENCES

Geothermal atlas of Europe

48 sheets, 40 published

•

Gotha and Potsdam: GeoForschungsverlag, 1992

International hydrogeological map of Europe / Carte

3 vols

hydrogeologique internationale de I'Europe / Mapa hidrogeologico

36 map sheets and 156 pp text

internacional de Europa I: I 500 000

Geological at/as of Western and Central Europe P.A.Ziegler Edition 2

Hannover and Paris: BfGR, C G M W and U N E S C O , 197036 sheets, 21 published W i t h 600 pp bilingual text

The Hague: Shell, 1990 2 vols

South west border of the East European platform: lithologic-

Includes 1:7 000 000 scale palaeogeographic maps

palaeogeographical maps I: I 500 000

Tektonicheskaja karte Evropy i smezhnyh oblastej / Carte tectonique de /'Europe et des regions avoisinantes 1:10 000 000 Moskva: MGSSSR, 1979

Hannover: BfGR, 198516 thematic sheets ENVIRONMENTAL

International tectonic map of Europe 1:5 000 000 Paris: C G M W , 19965 sheets, all published Europe et bassin mediterraneen. Carte sismotectonique 1:5 000 000 Paris: IPGP, 1986 French and English legend

Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world: Europe. Edited by R.S.Williams Jr. and J.G.Ferrigno Reston VA: USGS, 1993 164 pp Atlas florae Europaea Helsinki: Finnish Museum of Natural History, 1972-

International geological map of Europe and the Mediterranean

I I published volumes

region / Carte geologique internationale de /'Europe et des regions riverains de la Mediterranee 1:5 000 000

Θ Digital versions available at U R L

Hannover and Paris: BfGR and U N E S C O , 1971 2 sheets, both published W i t h 67 pp explanatory booklet International Quaternary map of Europe / Carte internationale Quaternaire de I'Europe 1:2 500 000

http://www.helsinki.fi/kmus/afe/database.html Climatic atlas of Europe / Atlas climatique de I'Europe / klimaticheskij atlas Evropy / Atlas climätico de Europa Paris, Geneve and Budapest: U N E S C O , W M O and Cartographia, 1970 27 maps

Hannover and Paris: BfGR and U N E S C O , 1967-95

Mainly at 1:5 000 000 and 1:10 000 000

15 sheets, all published

Shows mean temperature and precipitation

•

Includes legend sheet Metallogenic map of Europe / Carte metallogenique de I'Europe 1:2 500 000 Orleans and Paris: B R G M , C G M W and U N E S C O , 1983 9 sheets, all published W i t h 560 pp explanatory memoir

636

Europe

European wind atlas I.Troen and E.L.Petersen Roskilde: Riso National Laboratory, 1989 656 pp Remote sensing forest map of Europe 1:6 000 000 Noordwijk: ESA, 1992

Soil erosion map of Western Europe 1:6 000 000 J. de Ploey et al. Reiskirchen: Catena Verlag, 1989 Image base

Atlas of the European mineral industry Edited by Andrew Robertson London : Mining Journal Books, 1991

The European community: forests I:4 000 000 Luxembourg: EUR-OP, 1997

The offshore field development atlas of north west Europe Edition 2 Ledbury: OPL, 1998 48 pp

Carte de la vegetation naturelle des etats membres de la Communaute Europeenne et du Conseil de /'Europe I Map of natural vegetation of the member states of the European Community and the Council of Europe 1:3 000 000 Edition 2 Luxembourg: EC, 1993 4 sheets, all published With 78 pp French explanation Europe: climate and vegetation 1:3 000 000 Gotha: Haack

Das Erdgas-Verbundsystem in Europa 1:8 250 000 Essen: VGE, 1999 Natural gas Mineralversorgung in Europa 1:8 250 000 Essen: VGE, 1995 Oil and gas in Western, Central and Eastern Europe 1:7 000 000 London: PE, 1995

Land use map of Europe 1:2 500 000 Budapest: Cartographia, 1980 4 sheets, all published

Energy map of Europe 1:6 500 000 Edition 3 London: PE, 1994

Types of agriculture map of Europe 1:2 500 000 Warszawa: D H N , 1984 9 sheets, all published

Herrien Europas / Europa de los pueblos / l'Europe des peuples / Europe of the peoples 1:6 000 000 Neguri-Getxo: COINPASA, 1994 Ethnic mapping

Soil map of the European communities I: I 000 000 Luxembourg: EU, 1985 7 sheets, all published With 2 legend sheets and 124 pp text Groundwater resources of the European Community 1:500 000 HannoverVerlagTh. Schäfer for the Commission of the EU, 1982-6 10 reports and 152 maps Maps also available separately ADMINISTRATIVE

Europa politisch 1:7 500 000 Braunschweig: Westermann

The European pulp and paper industry 1:5 000 000 Bruxelles: PPI, 1991 European inland waterways / Voies navigables europeennes / Evropejskie vnutrennie vodnye puti 1:4 700 000 New York: UN, 1994

The European community: population 1:4 000 000 Luxembourg: EUR-OP

Times map of Europe 1:5 500 000 London: HarperCollins, 2000 Available flat, folded or laminated

The Thomas Cook rail map of Europe 1:3 750 000 Peterborough: Thomas Cook, 1998

Europa / Europe 1:5 000 000 Bern: K + F Political base Europa: Verwaltungskarte 1:4 500 000 München: RV Θ Also available as C D ROM C O M C A R T with gazetteer and search function The European Union: member states, regions and administrative units 1:4 000 000 Luxembourg: EUR-OP, 1995 Also available in other EU languages Also available at 1:10 000 000 scale Postleitzahlenkarte Europa 1:3 600 000 Ingolstadt: Stiefel Postcodes Europa politische Karte / Europe political map 1:2 750 000 Bern: K+F CULTURAL

Radio amateur's map of Europe 1:6 000 000 Edition 3 Budapest: Cartographia, 1995 With VHF/UHF beacon list

Eisenbahnkarte Europa 1:4 500 000 München: RV, 1996

Europe political 1:5 000 000 Southampton: OS, 1996

SOCIAL,

Die Elektrizitäts-Verbundsysteme in Europa 1:6 000 000 Essen: VGE, 1992

AND

Eisenbahn-Übersichtskarte für den Internationalen Gütenverkehr / Carte synoptique des chemins de fer pour le service international des marchandises / Cara sinottica ferroviara per il servicio merci inernazionale 1:3 500 000 Wien: ÖBB, 1989 Oil and gas map of Europe 1:3 500 000 Tulsa: PennWell. 1995 Karte der Flugplätze Europas / Chart od European aerodromes / Carte des aerodromes d'Europe / Carta de aeropuertos de Europa 1:3 000 000 Obertshausen: Ryborsch, 1987 Gas in the CIS and Europe 1:2 700 000 Edition 5 London: PE, 1998 Oil in the CIS and Europe 1:2 700 000 London: PE, 1997 Europa: Eisenbahnkarte I Europe carte ferroviere / Europe: railway map 1:2 570 000 Bern: K+F

ECONOMIC

European railway atias M.G.Ball Shepperton: Ian Allan, 19915 vols

Europe

637

GENERAL

Balkans ATLASES

Atlas Ost- und Südosteuropa / Atlas of East and Southeastern Europe Wien: Ö O S I , 1989c. 100 sheets, 22 published Atlas der Donauländer / Atlas of the Danubian countries / Atlas Dunajskih stran J.Breu Wien: Ö O S I , 1970-89 10 instalments, 48 map sheets Each map with text sheet In English, German, French and Russian GENERAL

The Balkans 1:2 500 000 Washington, D C : CIA, 1993 Europa südosteuropäische Länder / Countries of Southeastern Europe / Europe pays au sud est d'Europe / Europa paises del Sudeste de Europa 1:1 500 000 Gotha: Haack, 1991 Balkanlar fiziki haritasi I: I 000 000 Ankara: H G K , 1994 4 sheets, all published Physical base EARTH

SCIENCES

Tectonic map of the Carpathian-Balkan system / Carte tectonique du systeme Carpates-Balkans I: I 000 000 Paris and Bratislava: U N E S C O and GSSR, 1973 9 sheets, all published With French and English language 44 pp text Also available as ore formations map with 237 pp Russian text ADMINISTRATIVE

Balkanlar mülki idare bölümleri 1:1 000 000 Ankara: H G K , 1993 4 sheets, all published Administrative boundaries SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Energy infrastructure map of the Balkans 1:4 500 000 London: PE, 1999 Baltic States and S e a ATLASES

Atlas Morza Baltyckiego Warszawa: IMGW, 1994 214 pp, 164 maps Road atlas of the Baltic States 1:500 000 Riga: JS, 1996 GAZETTEERS

The Scotia Reference gazetteer of the Baltic States by David Munro Edinburgh: Scotia, 1996 144 pp

638

Europe

Lithuania Latvia and Estonia 1:850 000 Bartholomew European travel series London: HarperCollins, 1994 Baltic States and Kaliningrad region 1:750 000 Riga: JS EARTH

SCIENCES

Komplekt kart geologicheskogo soderzhanija Respublik Sovietskoi Prebaltiki / set of maps of the geological contents of the Soviet Baltic Republics 1:500 000 St Petersburg: VSEGEI, 1980-2 10 map sets, each comprising 4 - 6 sheets and with explanatory notes In Russian Maps cover: geology: Quaternary deposits; geology of crystalline basement; tectonics; minerals; geomorphology; structural formations; neotectonics; hydrogeology of preQuaternary; and hydrogeology of Quaternary With Russian summarizing monograph Geologicheskaja karta dna Baltiiskogo morja i priiegajushchej sushi / Geological map of the Baltic Sea bottom and adjacent land areas 1:500 000 Vilnius: LGT, 1993 6 sheets, all published Geologicheskaja karta chetvertichnyh otlozhenij dna Baltiiskogo morja i priiegajushchej sushi / Geological map of Quaternary deposits of the Baltic Sea bottom and adjacent land areas 1:500 000 Vilnius: LGT, 1993 6 sheets, all published Geomorfologicheskaja karta dna Baltiiskogo morja i priiegajushchej sushi / Geomorphological map of the Baltic Sea bottom and adjacent land areas 1:500 000 Vilnius: LGT, 1993 6 sheets, all published Central Europe and the A l p s GENERAL

Alpen: Übersicht I: I 200 000 Innsbruck: Wagner, 1996 Collins Austria and Switzerland road map I: I 000 000 London: HarperCollins, 1998 The Alps: Switzerland, Austria and adjacent countries 1:800 000 München: RV Alps / Alpen / Alpes lAlpi 1:750 000 Bern: K+F Alps IAlpen /Alpes lAlpi 1:600 000 Wien: FB Road map IMAGE

MAPS

La chaine des Alpes vue de satellite / Die Alpen vom Satelliten ausgesehen / La catena delle Alpi vista dei satellite I: I 000 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1978 Die Alpen 1:1 000 000 Bad Ischl: Geospace, 1998 Simulated natural colour

Die Alpen / Les Alpes/ Le Alpi 1:600 000 Braunschweig: Westermann, 1982

ECONOMIC

3 sheets, all published Electric power, oil and gas and coal

Geologische Karte von Mitteleuropa 1:2 000 000 Hannover: BfGR, 1972 Carte metamorphique des Alpes / Metamorphic map of the Alps 1:1 000 000 Paris: U N E S C O , 1973 W i t h 61 pp English text

Energy map of Central and Eastern Europe 1:3:000 000 London: PE, 1993 Northern Europe ATLASES

Θ CULTURAL

AND

Washington, D C : C I A , 1991

SCIENCES

SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

Eastern Europe energy maps 1:4 100 000

Simulated natural colour EARTH

SOCIAL,

AND

ECONOMIC

Atlas of cancer mortality in Central Europe Editors W.Zatonksi et al.

Nordenkart

Henefoss: SKV, 1995 CD-ROM Θ Nordens Kortvxrk

Lyon: I A R C , 1996

Kebenhavn: KMS, 1996

175 pp

CD-ROM

Mitteleuropäische Wassersrassen 1:10 000 000

GENERAL

Dulsberg: Binnenschiffahrts-Verlag, 1995 Eastern Europe

Europa. Nördlicher Teil. 1:3 000 000 Gotha: Haack, 1991 Includes Ν Germany, Baltic States and Poland

ATLASES

Osteuropa autoatlas / Eastern Europe road atlas / Europe de I'est atlas routier

Norden 1:2 000 000 Gävle: LMV, 1996

Bad Soden: Ravenstein

Scandinavia I: I 750 000 European travel map

127 pp

London: HarperCollins, 1995

Atlas of Eastern Europe in the twentieth century R.Crampton and

Skandinavien 1:1 500 000

B.Crampton

Stockholm: Liber Kartor, 1991

London and N e w York: Routledge, 1996 297 pp

Skandinavien 1:800 000 München: RV

Atlas of Eastern Europe Washington, D C : C I A , 1990 39 pp

2 sheets (north and south) Also available as European travel atlas IMAGE

Fragments d'Europe: atlas de I'Europe mediane et Orientale M.Foucher

MAPS

Norden fran Satellit / The Nordic countries from satellite

Paris: Fayard, 1993

1:2 000 000

328 pp, 260 maps

Gävle: LMV, 1981

GENERAL

Osteuropa Eastern Europe / Europe Orientale 1:2 000 000 Wien: FB, 1993 Ukraine Belorussia and Western Russia 1:2 000 000 Bartholomew

EARTH

SCIENCES

Geomagnetic maps of Scandinavia 1:5 000 000 Uppsala: SGU, 1976 4 themes and 8 pp text

European travel map

Aeromagnetic anomaly map of Scandinavia 1:2 500 000

London: HarperCollins, 1996

Uppsala: SGU, 1983

EARTH

SCIENCES

Geologicheskaja karta vostochnaja Evropejskoj platformy i ee skladchatogo obramlenija 1:2 500 000 St Petersburg: Roskomnedra, 1996 4 sheets, all published Available in two themes

Gravity anomaly map of northern and central Fennoscandia 1:2 000 000 Espoo.Trondheim and Uppsala: GSF, N G U and S G U , 1997 Aeromagnetic anomaly map of northern and central Fennoscandia 1:2

000 000

Espoo.Trondheim and Uppsala: GSF, N G U and S G U , 1997 Scandinavian Caledonides gravity anomaly map 1:2 000 000

ENVIRONMENTAL

Karta podzemnogo stoka Central'noj i Vostochnoj Evropy / Groundwater and run-off map of Central and Eastern Europe 1:1 500 000 St Petersburg:VSEGEI, 1983 16 sheets, all published

Uppsala: SGU, 1985 Scandinavian Caledonides magnetic anomaly map 1:2 000 000 Uppsala: SGU, 1985 Scandinavian Caledonides tectonostratigraphic map 1:2 000 000 Uppsala: SGU, 1985 Scandinavian Caledonides: stratabound sulphide deposits 1:1 500 000 Uppsala: SGU, 1986

Europe

639

Ν orthern Fennoscandia I: I 000 000 Espoo.Trondheim and Uppsala: GSF, N G U and SGU, 1986-88 14 thematic sheets Includes Geochemical atlas of Northern Fennoscandinavia 1:4 000 000

EUROPE 1:2 500 000 metamorphic 20Έ

Central Fennonscandia I: I 000 000 Espoo, Trondheim and Uppsala: GSF, N G U and SGU, 1996-97 6 thematic sheets

A i

k

ENVIRONMENTAL

5

Jordbunnskart over Danmark, Finland Norge og Sverige / Soil map of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden 1:2 000 000 K.Rasmusson Oslo: Landbruksforlaget, 1989-91 W i t h 16pp text SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

Λ r5

ECONOMIC

EUROPE 1:2 500 000 International Quaternary Map of Europe 15Έ I

2 Bodo

V i ^ ο A' 4 Nord kapp r Vorkuta

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640

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12

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Nordic power map 1:1 115 000 London: PE, 1998

^ ,·

V f

1

Norden. Järnvägskarta 1:1 500 000 Stockholm: Liber Kartor, 1984

1 Reykavik

8

16

(

EUROPE 1:1 500 000 International Geological Map of Europe

15°E

Europe

641

•ι

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ALBANIA

V

(REPUBLIKA Ε SHQIPERISE)

Since the first edition of this book, Albania has become a member nation of the International Cartographic Association and information about its maps and mapping systems has become more freely available. A basic topographic survey at 1:25 0 0 0 scale was started in the 1950s by the former USSR, and renewed and completed by the Chinese during the period 1 9 6 5 - 7 5 . 1:10 0 0 0 scale maps of the lowland areas were also compiled. The present government mapping organization is the Army Topographic Institute, Institutin Topografik te Ushtrise (ITU), Tirane, established in 1975. The country is completely covered by topographic maps at scales of 1:25 000, 1:50 000, 1:100 0 0 0 and 1:200 000, and 1:10 0 0 0 scale mapping currently covers the western part of the country. Maps are in six colours, with contour intervals ranging from 8 0 m on the 1:200 0 0 0 scale series, via 4 0 m on the 1:100 0 0 0 and 20 m on the 1:50 0 0 0 to 10 m on the 1:25 000. Sheets are graticule-based with a 7 . 5 ' X 5' format for the 1:25 0 0 0 scale sheets, 15' X 10' for 1:50 0 0 0 and doubling again for 1:100 0 0 0 and 1:200 000 scales. The projection is Gauss, Krassovsky ellipsoid. Most of this mapping has recently been available for sale through various international map dealers. Recently, NIMA and NATO made agreements with the Albanian government to aid revision of the 1:50 0 0 0 mapping. A new national rural cadaster is in progress with funding from the European Union and USAID. It is called the Immovable Property Registration System (IPRS) ('immovable' because it is parcel-based, not owner-based), and is in the form of a GIS which will record information about ownership and property rights for about three million land parcels in order to effect and control the redistribution of land nationalized at the end of World War II by the communist government. In 1994, a company specializing in digital mapping and GIS, G e o C o m p C o m p a n y ( G C C ) , was established, and has been contracted to create a digital cadastral map and design a database to link cadastral records with the map. Prior to the moves towards democracy, only small scale maps of the country were readily available. The main source of these was the government's educational publisher Mjetve Mesimore Kultorore e Sportive 'Hamid Shijaku', established in 1950. This organization is now called Byroja e Studimeve dhe e Projektimeve te Mjeteve Didaktike ( B S P M D ) - the Enterprise of the Production of Teaching, Sports and Cultural Means. It continues to publish useful general and educational maps, and a number of thematic maps on environmental themes. The Institute of Geology and Geodesy, Tirane, has been mainly concerned with urban rather than geological mapping. Other thematic mapping, including the climatic atlas, has been published by the Academy of Sciences, A k a d e m i a e Shkencave (ASh).

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The Forest and Pastures Research Institute, Ministria e Bujkesise, produces forest management plans, and a general map was issued in 1988. A new project to produce more detailed forest inventories may go ahead with support from the German aid organization, GTZ. A map of the rail network is published by the Quail Map Company, and tourist maps are published by HarperCollins, Cartographia, and Ravenstein.

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Further information E. Samimimi and E. Seferi ( 1 9 9 3 ) Atlas cartography in Albania, Proceedings

16th Cartographic Conference, Köln, pp 8 2 9 - 8 3 7 ,

includes a useful history of Albanian mapping. A description of IPRS by Rachel Evans appears in CIS Europe . v o l u m e 5, 10, pp 3 3 - 3 4 .

Addresses A k a d e m i a e Shkencave ( A S h ) Rruga'M.Toptani'

11,TIRANE

Tel + 3 5 5 4 2 2 7 9 8 5

Byroja e Studimeve dhe e Projektimeve te Mjeteve Didaktike ( B S P M D ) Ministria e Arsimit, Rr. Kongresi i Permetit 7 9 , T I R A N E Tel + 3 5 5 4 2 2 3 6 9 1

G e o C o m p Company ( G C C ) e. punes: Rruga Myslym Shyri, Pallati 54, Shk 2 Apt 20, TIRANE Tel + 3 5 5 4 2 2 5 7 3 4

Institutin Topografik te Ushtrise ( I T U ) Rruga Myslym Keta,TIRANE Tel + 3 5 5 4 2 3 3 4 2 7 Fax + 3 5 5 4 2 2 7 9 4 4

Institute of Geology and Geodesy TIRANE Tel + 3 5 5 4 2 2 6 5 3 0

Ministria e Bujkesise RR Haili Bega, TIRANE Tel + 3 5 5 4 2 3 3 3 4 3 Fax + 3 5 5 4 2 3 3 3 4 3

Publimedia 2000 Kongresi I Permetit S t r e e t 5/11,TIRANE Tel + 3 5 5 4 2 2 3 9 4 6 For NIMA, s e e United States; for HarperCollins and Quail, s e e G r e a t Britain; for RV and Ravenstein, s e e Germany.

Harta e rajonizimit sizmik te RPS te Shqiperise 1:500 000 Tirane: A S h and BSPMD, 1980 Seismic regions

Catalogue ATLASES

Atlas gjeografik I RPS te Shqiperise Tirane: BSPMD, 1990

Harta gjeologjike e RPS te Shqiperise 1:200 000 Edition 3 Tirane: BSPMD, 1989

28 pp

Harta metalogjenike e RPS te Shqiperise 1:200 000 Edition 3

Thematic atlas

Tirane: BSPMD, 1999 Harta hidrogjeolojike e RPS te Shqiperise 1:200 000 Edition 3

GAZETTEERS

Tirane: BSPMD, 1985

Gazetteer of Albania. Names approved by the United States Board

Hydrogeological map

on Geographic Names. Edition 2 Washington, D C : N I M A , 1992 514 pp

ENVIRONMENTAL

Adas klimatik I RPS te Shqiperise / Climatic Atlas of the PSR of Albania / Atlas climatique de la RPS d'Albanie

GENERAL

Tirane: ASh, 1988

Albania map and guide

200 pp

Tirane: Shtepia Botuese 'Gurra', 1995

Text in Albanian, English and French

Tourist map with 15 pp text

Harta pyjore e RPS te Shqiperise 1:200 000 Tirane: Ministria e Bujkesise, 1988 3 sheets

RPS e Shqiperese 1:500 000 Tirane: ITU, 1990-2 In 3 sheets

Forest map of Albania

Albania. 1:450 000 W o r l d travel map

Harta e kullotave te Shqiperise 1:200 000

London: HarperCollins, 1995

Tirane: BSPMD, 1973

Map by Cartographa, Budapest

3 sheets

Albanien, grosse Reisekarte / Albania road map / Albanie, carte

Pasture map of Albania Harta e kafsheve dhe e shpendeve te gjuetise ne RPS te Shqiperise

routiere 1:400 000

1:200 000

Bad Soden: Ravenstein Shqiperia - harta rrugore / Albania - road map 1:400 000 Tirane: ITU, 1993

Tirane: BSPMD, 1982 3 sheets W i l d animals map of Albania

Relievi I Shqiperise 1:400 000 ADMINISTRATIVE

Tirane: ASh, 1998 Shaded relief map

Republika se Shqiperise - organizimi administrativ / Republic of

Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqiperise. Harta fizike 1:200 000 Tirane: BSPMD, 1990

Albania - administrative organization 1:400 000

Wall map in 3 sheets, with layer coloured relief

Includes inset map of population density

Harta e rrjetit rrugor te republike se Shqiperise 1:200 000 Tirane: Ministria e Transporteve and ITU, 1991 Road map in 3 sheets

Tirane: ITU, 1993 Map of prefectures and index on the reverse Harta e njardes administrative e Republika e Shqiperise 1:200 000 Tirane: ASh, 1998 SOCIAL,

TOPOGRAPHIC

CULTURAL

AND

Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqiperise 1:200 000

Albania railway map 1:800 000

Tirane: ITU, 1988

Exeter: Quail, 1990

15 sheets, all published

•

ECONOMIC

Shqiperia etnike 1:550 000 Ahmet Ghasi

Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqiperise 1:100 000

Map of ethnic Albania including areas outside the national

Tirane: ITU, 1976-

boundary

48 sheets, all published

•

Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqiperise 1:50 000

Tirana, Albania

Tirane: ITU, 1979103 sheets, all published

URBAN

•

Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqiperise 1:25 000

Tirane: Publimedia 2000, 1993 Street map with street index

Tirane: ITU, 1959-

Tirana 1:10 000

384 sheets, all published

Tirane: G e o C o m p Co, 1996 Indexed street map

EARTH

SCIENCES

Θ Also available in digital A R C / I N F O format

Tipat gjentike te relievit 1:500 000 Tirane: ASh, 1992 Geomorphological map

Albania

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The Principality of Andorra, with an area of only 468 k m 2 and a population of 4 9 0 0 0 inhabitants, lies between Spain and France. A fine selection of maps has been produced by the Seccion d e Topografia I Cartografia (STC) under the Minister! d'Ordenament Territorial of the Andorran Government (M.I. Consell General). This mapping was begun in 1969 with the initial aim of fulfilling the requirement for large scale plans. Such plans now cover the settled areas at scales of 1:500, 1:1000 or 1:2000, and the 1:500 and 1:1000 scale maps are available in digital format as D G N and D X F files. The first complete basic scale mapping was at 1:10 000, and was made from a photogrammetric survey of 1972 and published in 1976. This 19-sheet series is printed in four colours with 10 m contours. The projection is a Lambert conic conformal and the ellipsoid is Clarke, 1880. In 1 9 9 7 - 8 , the Institut Cartogräfic d e Catalunya (ICC), Barcelona, was commissioned by the Andorran Government to produce a new digital topographic base map for the Principality at 1:5000 scale together with a set of 74 orthophotomaps at the same scale. A single sheet covering Andorra at 1:50 0 0 0 scale was published in 1977, and a second edition issued in 1987. The map is printed in six colours with contours at 20 m intervals. In 1989, a 1:25 0 0 0 scale topographic map, derived from the 1:10 0 0 0 series was also published. This also has 20 m contours and shaded relief and shows mountain refuges and long distance walking routes (GRs). There is also a three-dimensional relief m a p of Andorra at 1:50 000 printed in six colours on PVC material. Seven four-colour town maps at scales of 1:2000 to 1:5000 were published in 1986 and cover the main settlements of the seven parroquias. Official road maps of Andorra at scales of 1:50 0 0 0 and 1 100 0 0 0 have also been published by STC. Both include distance tables, and the 1:50 0 0 0 scale m a p also has ancillary maps of the main settlements. The book Vails besides offering a has a substantial toponymy of the

d'Andorra. Geografia i dkcionari geografic, brief geography of the country (in Catalan), gazetteer of place names taken from the 1:10 0 0 0 series.

Geological mapping of Andorra was undertaken for the Instituto de Geologia Economica, Madrid, by N . Llopis Llado, and an eight-sheet cover at 1:25 0 0 0 scale was issued in 1967 by the Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona, but is probably out-of-print. This m a p showed solid geology in colour with Quaternary deposits in black and white. A single-sheet 1:50 000 geological m a p by Sabaris and Llado was also published.

Environmental and resource mapping of Andorra is represented by a set of three 1:50 0 0 0 scale maps accompanying El patrimoni natural d'Andorra, a book about the natural systems of Andorra and their utilization. These maps are of vegetation, geomorphology and land evaluation. The publisher is Ketres Editora, Barcelona, and the work was produced with the support of the Department of Agriculture and the Andorran Government. A broader range of small scale thematic maps is to be found in an excellent educational Atlas d'Andorra, published in 1991 by the Conselleria d'Educacio, Cultura i Joventut (MEJE), Andorra la Vella. This volume has many high quality maps, graphics and photographs in colour, covering physical geography, demographics and economic activities, and includes a five-page version of the 1:50 000 scale topographic map. The text is in Catalan. Other map cover of Andorra includes a sheet in the 1:100 0 0 0 scale orthoimage map series published by the ICC, and the sheet Andorra in the series of Pyrennean sheets published by Editorial Alpina, Granollers, Spain. ICC also has a 1:50 0 0 0 scale series published in association with Randonnees Pyreneennes, Map excusionista / Carte de randonnees, which includes Andorra.

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Further information A n Official cartographic catalogue of Andorra is available f r o m

STC.

Addresses Ketres Editora Diputaciö 113-115, BARCELONA 15, Spain Conselleria d'Educacio, Cultura i Joventut (MEJE) Govern d'Andorra, ANDORRA LA VELLA Seccion d e Topografia i Cartografia (STC) Ministeri d'Ordenament Territorial, Carrer Prat de la Creu, 62-64, ANDORRA LA VELLA Tel +376 829 345 Fax +376 861 313 For ICC and Editorial Alpina, see Spain; for Randonnees Pyreneennes, see France.

Andorra

645

1°40'E

Catalogue ATLASES

Λ

Atlas (/'Andorra Andorra la Vella: Conselleria d'Educaciö, Cultura i Joventut, 1991 131 pp In Catalan GAZETTEERS

Vails d'Andorra. Geografia i Diccionari Geografie Andorra la Vella: STC, 1977 286 pp In Catalan

42°30'N

< •v

Andorra - Mapa oficial de carreteres 1: 100 000 Andorra la Vella: S T C , 1992 Andorra - Mapa oficial de carreteres 1:50 000 Andorra la Vella: STC, 1992 Andorra 1:40 000 Granollers: Editorial Alpina, 1999 With 24 pp text TOPOGRAPHIC

Andorra. Mapa topogrdfic 1:50 000 Edicions del M.I. Govern Andorra la Vella: STC, 1987 Andorra. Mapa topografic 1:25 000 Edicions del M.I. Govern Andorra la Vella: STC, 1989 Andorra. Mapa topografic 1:10 000 Edicions del M.I. Govern Andorra la Vella: STC, 1972 19 sheets, all published • EARTH

SCIENCES

Mapa geologico de Andorra 1:50 000 L. Sole Sabaris, N. Llopis Llado Barcelona: Instituto de Estudios Lerdenses, n.d. ENVIRONMENTAL

El patrimoni natural d'Andorra Barcelona: Ketres Editoria, 1984 446 pp text volume and 1:50 000 scale maps of lithology and geomorphology, vegetation, and land capability. URBAN

Parrdquia d'Andorra 1:2000 Edicions del M.I. Govern Andorra la Vella: STC, 1985 I of 7 folded town maps

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Europe

5

.3

6

7

10

11

Ν

-

18 I

J

—

19

4

12

• Andor a la Vella 14

\ l 7 GENERAL

— —

1

(

V

1°40'E

ANDORRA 1:10 000 topographic

10 km 6 miles

(REPUBLIK Ö S T E R R E I C H )

The Bundesamt für Eich-und Vermessungswesen (BEV) is the civilian national mapping agency in Austria. It was established under that name in 1945, but Austria has a long history of officially sponsored systematic surveys which can be traced back to 1764 and the first Landesaufnahme. Topographic mapping of the country is compiled at 1:50 0 0 0 scale, the mapping is based upon the Gauss-Kriiger projection, and the series started in the 1920s. It is now derived from photogrammetric survey, with relief shown with 20 m contours and hill shading. Two hundred and thirteen sheets are needed to provide complete coverage, the series is divided on a graticular basis, each sheet covers 15' longitude by 15' latitude and is numbered sequentially. This system has supplanted an experiment with grid-based Bundesmeldenetz numbering in the early 1980s. Most sheets are available in four different versions', a seven-colour map without footpaths or road fills; an edition with coloured roads; a version with marked footpaths shown in red and a three-colour base map. The revision programme for this map generates new editions on average every six to eight years. A 1:25 0 0 0 scale photographic enlargement of the 1:50 000 m a p is also published by BEV, as a double-sided map, in a walkers edition, or as a three-colour base map. Data capture and release of vector data derived from the Ö K 5 0 series is progressing and an increasing number of themes are becoming available as structured data: road and railway information, boundaries, hydrology and the 120 0 0 0 geographical names were available by 1996. Data from the 1:50 000 scale m a p are also available in a number of different colour and black and white raster formats. Different layers in the map may be purchased separately or in combination. The whole country is also mapped at 1:5000 and 1:10 0 0 0 scales. The Österreichische Luftbildkarte (ÖLK10) is a 1:10 000 scale orthophotomap fitted to the Gauss-Kriiger net. Sheets cover 5 x 5 k m and comprise black and white photomaps derived from 1:30 0 0 0 scale aerial coverage, overprinted with a 1 km grid, some names and limited cartographic enhancement. The series comprises 3630 sheets, available as paper or film copies, and is based on aerial coverage flown since 1976. For some higher priority areas the 1:5000 scale Basiskarte (ÖBK5) has been published since 1983, but there are no plans to offer a national coverage comparable to the 1:10 0 0 0 scale series. Like Ö L K 1 0 the Basiskarte is an orthophotomap, however cadastral and contour data are also available as transparent overlays with orthophoto coverage. Orthophoto mapping has been produced using a digital flowline since 1993, and digital orthophoto data are gradually becoming available on EXABYTE, D A T or C D - R O M in a variety of formats. A byproduct of the orthophoto mapping was been the derivation of a digital terrain database, completed between 1976 and 1988, and available at resolutions of u p to 50 m. From 1989 1:15 0 0 0 scale aerial coverage has been used, and more accurate D T M data are

being collected, 4 0 per cent national coverage having been reached by late in 1996. The 23-sheet 1:200 0 0 0 scale Österreichische Karte was completed in 1992 having replaced the earlier Generalkarte von Mitteleuropa. It is compiled by generalization of 1:50 000 scale map data, uses a 100 metre contour interval and hill shading, and is available with or without a coloured road fill, and as a four-colour base map. Sheets cover degree quadrangles. There is also a photographic enlargement of this scale to 1:100 000, and a larger format sheet covering Burgenland. Raster scanned data from the 1:200 0 0 0 scale map are also available, with similar specifications to those used for 1:50 000 scale information. Other maps produced by BEV include the single sheet 1:500 0 0 0 scale Übersichtskarte von Österreich, on the Lambert conformal conic projection. Three main printed versions of this m a p are available, each in several different forms, which are described in greater detail in our catalogue. The first is published as a topographic edition, with or without an index to place names and grid, as a two-colour topographic base with a red and yellow roads overprint. It is also available as a political edition, without the roads, in four different versions, and finally as a base map, with various overprints. The Übersichtskarte von Österreich has been digitized and like the 1:50 000 map is available in a variety of vector and raster formats. BEV also publishes a number of regional maps of tourist areas. The Austrian military mapping agency Institut für Militärische Geowesen (IMG) collaborates with BEV in the production of military topographic mapping. Plans were released in 1999 for the generation of new digital mapping, conforming to N A T O Joint Operation Graphic standards and on the U T M projection, W G S 84 spheroid. This will result in 191 1:50 0 0 0 scale m a p sheets produced using sixcolour printing, with overlaps to adjacent sheets. A new 1:250 0 0 0 scale series is replacing military editions of the 1:200 0 0 0 map and will be available from 2001. Earth science mapping of Austria is the responsibility of the Geologische Bundesanstalt (GB). Its history can be traced back to the founding of the Geologische Reichsanstalt in 1849. Modern systematic geological mapping onto 1:25 000 scale base maps (from 1891), led to the publication of the 1:75 0 0 0 Spezialkarte which was the standard scale until adoption of 1:50 0 0 0 mapping on topographic sheet lines in the 1950s. A few 1:75 000 scale sheets are still available. Publication of the 1:50 0 0 0 programme accelerated in the 1980s, about 10 sheets a year are currently being completed, and 70 per cent of the country was covered by 2000. Sheets are published with accompanying explanatory monographs and a few are issued at 1:25 000 scale. Since 1993 G B has been issuing digital versions of these maps as A R C / I N F O based data sets. Along with most other western earth science

Austria

647

agencies policy changes in GB from the late 1970s have seen a greater emphasis upon research and applied earth scientific mapping projects including the publication of hazard and engineering geology maps. An aeromagnetic series on 1:50 000 sheet lines covers the western half of the country. A variety of smaller-scale mapping is also issued including several themes at 1:500 000 and 1:1 000 000, such as the Geochemischer Atlas der Republik Österreich which presents 35 1:1 000 000 scale mineral distribution maps of the country. Administrative maps and place name lists of Austria are prepared by the Österreichisches Statistisches Zentrala m t (ÖSTZ). These include census enumeration boundary mapping for the 10-yearly censuses. The 1981 maps, (which are still available) have overprinted boundaries in violet on 1:50 000 scale topographic bases. The 1991 boundaries are available as transparent overlays to be used in conjunction with the topographic sheet, and have also been digitized. Built-up areas with small census units are available at 1:25 000, to supplement the majority of 1:50 000 scale coverage. These printed hard-copy boundary maps are sold for complete Länder, in packages with two types of overprint, a five-colour map illustrating types of boundary, tabulations of key census data, a textual explanation, and a general settlement map. Digital versions of these boundaries and the census data relating to them are available in a variety of formats. ÖSTZ also prepares smaller scale administrative mapping. The 1:750 000 scale Karte der Stadtregionen Österreichs 1991 appeared late in 1996 and mapped the extent of urban development and influence. The 1:1 000 000 scale political map and 1:500 000 scale Karte der Gemeindegrenzen are revised annually, as is 1:2 000 000 scale administrative coverage. A new map was published in 1995, in hard copy or as digital ARC/INFO format data, and shows NUTS 1, 2 and 3 level boundaries. ÖSTZ also publishes lists of place names derived from the census. The latest Ortsverzeichnis 1991 is available for each Land and in an overview volume, as hard copy or as digital data. Many of these census boundaries and attribute data are also available from WIGeo-GIS on CD-ROM, exabyte tape or floppy disk. Their ArcAustria product range packages ÖSTZ census data derived from their ISIS database, with digital Länder, Bezirke and Gemeinde boundaries, and road, railway, waterways and settlement coverages from the BEV 1:500 000 scale vector database. Raster data geo-referenced to BEV 1:500 000 vectors are also available. More detailed coverage of Wien is released, derived from 1:2000 scale mapping. A range of customized CD-based products is available, catering for the geo-demographic and market analysis and planning sectors. The Institut für Bodenwirtschaft (IB) is responsible for 1:5000 and 1:25 000 scale basic soils mapping of agricultural areas. 1:25 000 scale maps are being issued for the 200 Gerichtsbezirke (the internal judicial districts), along with a monograph for each map. The fieldwork programme was completed by 1992 and about 140 Bezirke were available in 1997, as fully published editions, most of the others being available as interim versions. The current specification is a five-colour map. IB is capturing the soils data in digital form, developing BZIMAP as a visualizing medium, in conjunction with the soil monitoring agencies of the different Länder, and integrating these data with the CUBIS system, an ARC/INFO-ORACLE-based computer-aided soil information system. The Bundesministerium für Land - und Forstwirtschaft (BLF) has been active in the compilation of a variety of

648

Europe

hydrological mapping projects. These have included water quality coverage for each Land at 1:200 000 scale, and water use mapping. Digital water quality data from BLF are available with other spatially referenced environmental data from the Umweltbundesamt Web page, in an interactive Intergraph-based map browser. The Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZMG) has published a variety of climatic mapping of the country, including the ongoing series Klimakarten von Österreich at 1:1 500 000 and a number of different editions at 1:500 000 scale covering themes such as snow cover, temperatures, precipitation and wind distribution. Aeronautical charting of Austria is published by Bundesministerium für Öffentliche Wirtschaft und Verkehr (BMWV) to conform with ICAO standards. A single 1:500 000 scale sheet covers the country. Since the end of World War II atlas cartography has played a significant part in the Austrian cartographic enterprise. The national atlas of Austria was published in instalments over a 20-year period by the Kommission für Raumforschung of the Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAkW) following compilation and printing by Freytag Berndt und Artaria. A standard range of themes were mapped, mainly at 1:1 000 000 scale, progressing from physical background through natural resources to human, social, economic and cultural geography. The 12 sections were completed in 1980 and are still available. Other thematic national coverage is provided in Atlas zur räumlichen Entwicklung Österreichs, a looseleaf planning atlas in progress since 1984 from Österreichisches Institut für Raumplanung (ÖIR). Plans are well advanced for a revision to the national atlas. The Institut für Kartographie und Reproduktionstechnik of the University of Wien is producing the printed volume, and is designing a parallel electronic interactive cartographic information system, which will include view-only topographic and thematic maps, and data with photos animations and videos, as well as cartographic analysis and searching tools to manipulate data sets from ÖSTZ. In addition to national overviews more detailed regional atlas projects have also been carried out. Thematic regional atlases of the different Bundesländer were particularly popular in the 1950s, when projects for Niederösterreich, Oberösterreich, Kärnten, Salzburg and Steiermark were started or completed. More recently this tradition has continued in Tirol and Wien. The Tirol Atlas from the Institut für Geographie of the University of Innsbruck was completed in 1998, after 29 years of publication by instalment, and comprises over 100 map sheets available though Universitätsverlag Wagner. Another recent initiative still in progress is the Plannungsatlas für Wien, from the Magistrat der Stadt Wien, which will result in twelve 1:100 000 scale thematic sections. Other parts of the Magistrat also publish mapping, notably the Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv which issues historical atlases of the city and of a number of other Austrian historical towns. The City Surveying Department also compiles a wide range of digital mapping of Wien, output at scales between 1:200 and 1:10 000. Many of these regional initiatives have been underwritten by their respective regional governments. The Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut (ÖOSI) is a significant regional research institute whose remit includes the thematic mapping of large areas of

Southeast Europe. ÖOSI has completed one major international project (the Atlas der Donauländer) and a second is in progress (Atlas Ost- und Südosteuropa ). These are described in greater detail in the Europe section. There have been a number of experiments with the use of satellite imagery in cartographic production, notably sponsored by O A k W , but none has resulted in large programmes of published image map series of the country. The Abteilung für Raumbezogene Informationsverarbeitung of Ö A k W continues the work of the Komission für Kartographie, but is mainly concerned with research into the interpretation and visualization of spatial information from remotely sensed data, and has only rarely published mapping. Geospace Verlag (Geospace) launched a 1:200 000 series of image maps on topographic sheet lines in 1983, but only five sheets had been published by 1999· Geospace has also chosen to publish sample image sheets for twelve popular areas at 1:50 0 0 0 on BEV sheet lines, and concentrates its publication efforts on the production of image atlases and poster products for the education market, in addition to being the most important distributor in Austria for remotely sensed data. Recent initiatives include the publication of C D - R O M based image atlases of Austria and Germany. Geospace offers a service for generation of customized 1:50 000 scale mapping of anywhere in the world, derived from SPOT data, and also publishes an international range of image maps, posters and atlases. LANDSAT imagery has been used as bases in several atlases, notably the Landeskundlicher Luftbildatlas Salzburg, in the Linzer Atlas and in some sheets of the Tirol Atlas. There are a number of commercial mapping organizations in Austria, catering in particular for the Alpine tourist market. Freytag Berndt (FB) publish extensive ranges of walking maps at 1:25 000, 1:50 000 and 1:100 0 0 0 scales, covering the whole country in over 100 sheets. FB is the most significant general commercial publisher in the country with a wide general range of products, such as town maps and international road and tourist maps, as well as serving cartographic printing needs. They also recently released a range of CD-based electronic atlases. The Österreichischer Alpenverein publishes topographic mapping of mountain areas, in particular a range of about 70 maps of the Eastern Alps. These maps build on a 130 year history of publication, and are high quality products, usually at 1:25 0 0 0 scale, with a 20 m contour interval, and overprints showing marked walking or ski routes. The Alpenverein also publishes a range of expedition maps covering massifs in the Andes and Himalayas. Cartoconsult also concentrates upon maps of mountainous areas, with satellite image mapping of mountainous areas. The Kompass Wanderkarten series of hiking maps from Fleischmann und Mair extends throughout the eastern Alps to cover large areas of Austria, Germany and Northern Italy mostly at 1:50 000. Other Kompass products include specialist cycling maps, a range of town maps, panorama maps of the Alps and 1:250 0 0 0 scale administrative mapping of Austria. Mayr Verlag Innsbruck also issues a number of Wanderkarten of the Tirol region. Eduard Holzel concentrates upon the educational market and atlas publication, and the Austrian Press Agency (APA) issues a C D - R O M of small scale world maps.

• • *

Further information By far the most useful current overview of the state of the art of cartography in Austria is Kretschmer, I and Kriz, K. (1996) Editors, Kartographie in Österreich '96. Wien: Institut für Kartographie der Universität Wien, Ordinariat für Geographie und Kartographie, 1996. (Wiener Schriften zur Geographie; 9). This includes evaluations of map production at BEV, Magistrat der Stadt Wien, IB, GB, ÖSTZ, and ÖIR, as well as chapters describing cartographic work in universities, atlas publication, and commercial mapping from ÖAV, Eduard Holzel, and FB. A useful and comprehensive annotated listing of all the atlases ever published in Austria is Kretschmer, I. and Dörflinger (1995) Atlantes Austriaci. Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 1995, 2 vols. The design of the new national atlas is described in Ditz, R. (1997) An interactive cartographic information system for Austria: conceptual design and requirements for visualizations on screen, pp 571-578 in Proceedings of the 18th International Cartographic Conference ICC 97. Gävle: Swedish Cartographic Society. Annual catalogues with sample map excerpts and indexes to coverage are issued by BEV, who also provide detailed specifications of their various digital products. Catalogues and map listings are also available from IB, GB, ÖSTZ and from the various commercial publishers.

Addresses Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt Schönaugasse 6, Postfach 598.A-80I0 GRAZ Tel +43 316 813 460 Fax +43 316 813 460 24 Austrian Press Agency (APA) Gunoldstrasse 14, A-1 199 WIEN Tel +43 I 360 5200 Fax +43 I 360 60 3099 Email [email protected] URL http://www.apa.co.at Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen (BEV) Krotenhallergasse 3, A-1080 WIEN Tel +43 I 401 46 Fax +43 I 406 9992 Email [email protected] URL http://www.austria.eu.net/bev/ Bundesministerium für Land - und Forstwirtschaft (BLF) Stubenring I,A-I0I2WIEN Tel +43 I 71100 0 Email [email protected] URL http://www.bmlf.gv.at Bundesministerium für Öffentliche Wirtschaft und Verkehr ( B M W V ) Radetzkystra 2, A-1030 WIEN Tel +43 I 71 I 62 81 57 Fax +43 I 711 6281 99 Email [email protected] URL http://www.bmv.gv.at Cartoconsult Felix Dahn Platz 4.A-80I0 GRAZ Tel +43 316 472582 Fax +43 316 329322 URL http://www.cis.tu-graz.ac.at/IAM/kostka.html Eduard Holzel c/o Lukas Birsak, Jochan Rindt-Strasse 9,A-1230 WIEN Tel +43 I 615 46 70 45 Fax +43 I 615 46 70 30 Email [email protected]

Austria

649

Franz Deuticke Verlagsgesellschaft Hegelgasse 2l,A-1010 W I E N Tel +43 I 514 05 0 Fax +43 I 514 05 289 Fleischmann und Mair Kaplanstrasse 2, Postfach I I Ι,Α-6063 RUM/INNSBRUCK Tel +43 512 26 55 61 0 Fax +43 512 26 55 61 8 Freytag Berndt ( F B ) Brunner Strasse 69,A-123I.WIEN Tel +43 I 869 90 90 Fax +43 I 869 88 55 Email [email protected] URL http://live.onstage.co.at/freytag&berndt/mainpage.shtml Geologische Bundesanstalt (GB) Rasumofskygasse 23, A-1031 W I E N Tel +43 I 71 25 674 Fax +43 I 71 25 674 90 Email [email protected] URL http://www.geolba.ac.at GeospaceVerlag (Geospace) POB 22, Marie-Louiseen-Strasse, A-4820 BAD ISCHL Tel +43 I 6132 55120 Fax +43 I 6132 7187 Email [email protected] URL http://geospace.co.at G O F Verlag Stoss im Himmel 3, Postfach 223, Α-1010 W I E N Tel +43 I 638 619 Institut für Bodenwirtschaft (IB) Bundesamt und Forschungszentrum für Landwirtschaft, PO Box 400, Spargelfeldstrasse 191, A-1226 W I E N Tel +43 I 288 15 Fax +43 I 288 16 2106 URL http://www.bfl.at/bfl_en.htm Institut für Geographie Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52.A-6020 INNSBRUCK Tel +43 512 507 5430 Fax +43 512 507 2895 URL http://geowww.uibk.ac.at/lamd/index.html Institut für Kartographie und Reproduktionstechnik Technische Universität Wien, Karlsgasse I l,A-1040 W I E N Tel +43 I 588 013 812 Fax +43 I 505 62 68 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ikr.tuwien.ac.at Institut für Militärische Geowesen ( I M G ) Bundesminlsterium für Landesverteidigung, Rossauerlände I , Α Ι 090 W I E N

Österreichischer Alpenverein ( Ö A V ) Wilhelm-Greil Strasse 15, Postfach 318, A-6010 INNSBRUCK Tel +43 512 59 547 Fax +43 512 57 55 28 Email [email protected] URL http://www.oav.at Österreichisches Bundesbahn (ÖB) Elisabethstrasse 9, Α-1010 W I E N Tel +43 I 5800 0 Fax +43 I 5800 0 Email [email protected] URL http://www.oebb.at Österreichisches Institut für Raumplannung (ÖIR) Franz-Josephs-Kai 27, Α-1010 W I E N Tel +43 I 533 87 47 Fax +43 I 533 87 47 66 Österreichisches Ost-und Südosteuropa-Institut (ÖOSI) Josefplatz 6, A-1010 W I E N Tel +43 I 512 18 95 0 Fax +43 I 512 18 95 53 Österreichisches Statistisches Z e n t r a l a m t ( Ö S T Z ) Hintere Zollamtstrasse 2b, Postfach 9000, A-1033 W I E N Tel +43 I 71128 Fax +43 I 714 62 51 URL http://www.oestat.gv.at Umweltbundesamt Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 W I E N Tel +43 I 313 04 0 Fax: +43 I 313 04 54 00 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ubavie.gv.at Universitätsverlag W a g n e r Andreas-HoferStrasse 13, Postfach 165, A-6010 INNSBRUCK Tel +43 512 58 77 21 Fax +43 512 58 22 09 WIGeo-GIS Hansalgasse 3 , A - I 0 3 0 W I E N Tel +43 I 715 19 87 Fax +43 I 715 83 92 Email [email protected] URL http://www.via.at/wigeogis/ Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZMG) Hohe Warte 38.A-I 190 W I E N Tel +43 I 222 36 0 26 Fax +43 I 222 36 912 12 33 URL http://www.univie.ac.at/zamg/welcome.html For Städte Verlag, see Germany; for Michelin, see France.

Tel +43 I 5200 40801 Fax +43 I 5200 17057 Magistrat der Stadt W i e n

Catalogue

Abteilung 41, Stadtvermessung, Rathausstrasse 14-16, A-1082 WIEN Tel +43 I 4000 89 I 19 Fax +43 I 4000 72 41 Email post@m41 .magwien.gv.at URL http://www.magwien.gv.at/

Atlas der Republik Österreich

Abteilung 8, Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv, A-1082 W I E N Tel. +43 I 4000 84 808 Fax +43 I 4000 72 38 Email: [email protected]

Grosser Autoatlas Österreich Wien: FB

W Mayr Verlag St Bartlmä 2a,A-6020 INNSBRUCK Österreichische A k a d e m i e der Wissenschaften, Abteilung für Raumbezogene Informationsverarbeitung ( Ö A k W ) Sonnenfelsgasse 19/1 Ι,Α-ΙΟΙΟ W I E N Tel +43 I 515 81 313 Fax +43 I 512 89 01 Email [email protected] URL http://www.iinform.oeaw.ac.at

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ATLASES

Wien: Kommission für Raumforschung der Ö A k W , 1961-80 12 parts, 120 sheets

Road atlas with 1:250 000 scale cover 348 pp Θ CD-ROM Österreich Wien: FB, 19981:250 000 scale raster mapping and electronic routeplanner Θ Austrian map Wien: BEV, 1999 2 CD-ROMs Includes digital mapping at 1:50 000. 1:200 000 and 1:1 000 000 with place name search

GAZETTEERS

Österreichische Karte 1:50 000 Ö K 50

Geographisches Namenbuch Österreichs Joseph Breu W i e n : Ö A k W , 1975

W i e n : BEV, 1969213 sheets, all published •

Θ

Available w i t h path, road, o r no overprint and as three-colour

323 pp

w o r k i n g map

Ortsverzeichnis von Österreich

Raster and vector data available

W i e n : Ö S T Z , 1991

Österreichische Karte 1:25 000 Ö K 25V

8 volumes and combined index Issued in volumes f o r each Land GOF Ortsverzeichnis von Österreich

W i e n : BEV, 1976213 sheets, all published

•

Enlargement of Ö K 50

W i e n : G O F Verlag, 1992 AERONAUTICAL

376 pp

Luftfahrtkarte

GENERAL

CHARTS

Österreich ICAO 1:500 000

Wien: BMWV

Österreich Ostalpen 1:800 000

Revised annually

W i e n : FB EARTH

Relief base

SCIENCES

Österreich / Austria / Autriche 1:600 000

Geologische Karte von Österreich 1:1 500 000

W i e n : FB

W i e n : GB, 1980

Road map

Geologische Übersichtskarte

Übersichtskarte

von Österreich 1:500 000 Ö K 500

der Republik Österreich mit

tektonischer Gliederung 1:1 000 000

W i e n : BEV, 1997

W i e n : GB, 1986

Available w i t h o r w i t h o u t index t o placenames, and also as

1990 explanatory t e x t also available

t w o - c o l o u r hydrological o r orographic editions Θ Also available as raster o r vector data Austria 1:400 000

Schwerekarte von Österreich Bouguer-Isoanomalien

Paris: Michelin Übersichtskarte

Hydrogeologische Karte der Republik Österreich I: I 000 000 W i e n : GB, 1980

von Österreich 1:300 000 Ö K 300

W i e n : BEV, 1986

35 maps

Enlargement of Ö K 500 Österreich 2000

Geochemischer Atias der Republik Österreich I: I 000 000 W i e n : GB, 1988

4 sheets, all published

Karte der Lagerstätten mineralischer Rohstoffe der Republik

1:200 0 0 0

Österreich I: I 000 000

W i e n : FB, 1997-

W i e n : GB, 1964

7 sheets, all published

Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich und der IMAGE

MAPS

Satellitenbildatlas

Nachbargebiete

1:500 000 W i e n : GB, 1980

Österreich

München and Bad Ischl: RV and Geospace, 1994 Il2pp Satellitenbildkarte

I: I 000 000

W i e n : GB, 1965

2 sheets and supplementary sheet, all published Karte der LANDSAT-Bildlineamente von Österreich 1:500 000

Österreich 1:500 000

Bad Ischl: Geospace, 1990 Österreichische Satellitenbildkarte

1:200 000

Bad Ischl: Geospace, 199023 maps, 5 published

W i t h explanatory t e x t Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich I:50 000 W i e n : GB, 1955213 sheets, c. 75 published •

•

Θ

Some sheets published at 1:25 000

Österreichische Satellitenbildkarte

1:50 000

Bad Ischl: Geospace, 199012 published sheets

W i e n : GB, 1984

•

W i t h accompanying explanatory notes Aeromagnetische Karte der Republik Österreich 1:50 000 W i e n : GB, 1979213 maps, 56 published

TOPOGRAPHIC

•

Covers W e s t e r n Austria

Österreichische Karte 1:200 000 Ö K 200 ENVIRONMENTAL

W i e n : BEV, 196723 sheets, all published •

Θ

Also available w i t h o u t road overprint, as 4 colour map o r in raster data Also available w i t h provincial sheet lines Österreichische Karte 1:100 000 Ö K 100V W i e n : BEV, 1967-92 23 sheets, 19 published Enlargement o f Ö K 200

•

Klimakarten

von Österreich 1:1 500 000

W i e n : Z M G , 196515 thematic sheets Strahlenkarte Österreichs: terrestrische und kosmische Strahlung 1:1 000 000 W i e n : Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und Umweltschutz, 1975 5 maps, all published W i t h explanatory t e x t

Austria

651

Übersichtskarte Österreichische Bundesforste 1:500 000 Wien: BLF, 1989

URBAN

Städteatlas Österreich

Federal forest overprint

Wien: FB, 1999

Wasserwirtschaftlich relevante Schutzmassnahmen und Widmungen

300 pp

Wien: BLF, 1969-

Plans of towns in Austria

9 volumes

Wien: Städteatlas mit Grossraum 1:20 000 Wien: FB 248 pp

Gütebild der Fliessgewässer 1:200 000 Wien: BLF, 19699 sheets, all published

Revised annually

Österreichische Bodenkartierung 1:25 000

Wien 1:12 500

Wien: IB, 1971-

Fellbach: Städte Verlag

c. 200 maps, all published Published for administrative districts with accompanying texts ADMINISTRATIVE

Karte der Stadtregionen 1:1 000 000 Wien: Ö S T Z Einteilung Österreichs in politische Bezirke und Gerichtsbezirke I: I 000 000 Wien: Ö S T Z Updated annually Karte der Gemeindegrenzen der Republik Österreich 1:500 000 Wien: Ö S T Z Updated annually Übersichtskarte yon Österreich: politische Ausgabe 1:500 000 Wien: BEV, 1997 Available with o r without index to place names Organizationskarte Österreich 1:500 000 Wien: FB Political and road map Postleitzahlenkarte Österreich 1:500 000 Edition 3 Wien: FB, 1993 Postal districts Kompass Bundeslandkarte 1:250 000 Rum: Fleischmann & Mair Voralberg published at 1:125 000 Karten der statistischen Zählsprengel 1:50 000 Wien: Ö S T Z , 1993-6 288 sheets, all published Θ SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Statistik-Atlas Österreich Wien; Ö S T Z , 1987-90 Österreichischer Todesursachenatlas 1978/84 Wien: Ö S T Z , 1989 180 pp ÖROK Atlas zur räumlichen Entwicklung Österreichs W i e n : : Ö I R . 1984I: I 000 000 scale planning maps issued in instalments Eisenbahn-Übersichtskarte von Österreich 1:500 000 Wien: Österreichische Bundesbahn, 1993 Postverkehrskarte Österreich 1:500 000 Edition 2 Wien: Generaldirektion für die Post- und Telegraphenverwaltung, 1984 Kulturgüterschutzkarte 1:50 000 Wien: BEV, 1973213 sheets, 180 published

•

Historical monuments and conservation areas

652

Europe

14°E I

AUSTRIA 1:200 0 0 0 topographic 1:200 0 0 0 i m a g e m a p s 49/13 Passau

49/14 Budweis

j

49/17 Lundenburg

49/16 Brünn

. «49/15 Iglau

)

QOI^ 48°N —

48/9 Konstanz

48/10 Ulm

/ 47/9 Chur

I

48/11 München

48/12 ( l 48/13 Kufstein 'Salzburg

Iv

U,

47/10 • s-lms,_ .

48/14 Linz

( -a) 47/11 . .47/12 Innsbruck' Bruneck

47/13 Spittal a.d. Drau

s 47/15 Graz ~>

80 km 50 miles

' •

\f

- 48° Ν

1

{

47/14 Klagenfurt

^

I

;48/17'— Preßburg

48/16 Wien

48/15 St. Pölten

47/16 Steinamang er ^

S,

I

46/14 Laibach

14Έ

AUSTRIA :50 :50 :50 :50 :50

000 000 000 000 000

topographic image maps geological aeromagnetic heritage conservation

80 km 50 miles

Austria

653

The mapping of Belarus still follows patterns established when the country was one of the Republics of the Soviet Union. Topographic mapping follows the Soviet pattern with series conforming to the 1942 system, published on the Gauss conformal transverse cylindrical projection, Krassovsky ellipsoid. We have described this specification in greater detail in our Russian section, and some smaller scale coverage may be listed there or also in the Eastern European section of the European introduction. Maps cover the whole country at 1:1 000 000, 1:500 000, 1:200 000, 1:100 000, and 1:50 0 0 0 scales. This coverage is available on the international market, 1:200 0 0 0 mapping in particular may be acquired from a number of different m a p dealers discussed in Chapter 3 of this book. Since independence in 1991 a national mapping agency has been established in Minsk (Belaruskae KartohrafaHeadezichnae (BKHP)) which has inherited Soviet military map stocks and has begun to revise its topographic coverage. 1:200 0 0 0 scale coverage began to become available on the international market in 1993 and is complete in 60 sheets. 1:50 0 0 0 scale mapping from the Soviet era may still be acquired and covers the country in 721 sheets. Other recent publications include updated versions of the Soviet administrative series, issued as double-sided maps for each region and with an environmental m a p of the regional centre on the reverse. Tourist maps are also published and a m a p indicating the extent of radioactive pollution from the Chernobyl accident is available in an English language version. Other thematic mapping depicting the results of the accident, but with a greater spatial coverage extending across eastern Europe and Ukraine, is listed under our European section. Earth science mapping of Belarus was produced by Russian agencies, notably Vserossiiskoi nauchno-issledovatel'skii geologicheskii Institut ( V S E G E I ) in St Petersburg. The country was mapped in Russian 1:200 0 0 0 and 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 programmes described in our Russian section, and other smaller scale themes may still be available on the international market. We have listed geomorphological, Quaternary and solid geological mapping at 1:500 000 scale. N o information has been received about progress after independence in the earth science mapping of the country, but the agency responsible for earth scientific research is Belarus Committee of Geodesy, Minsk. Commercial publishers have also begun to produce mapping of Belarus. These include Ravenstein, and Quail (who produce a useful railway atlas).

•

654

Europe

* •

Addresses Belarus Committee of Geodesy 9 Sovetskaya St, 220029, MINSK Belaruskae Kartohrafa-Headezichnae (BKHP) 14 Ul. Bersona, 22010, MINSK Tel +375 172 296962 For Ravenstein, see Germany; for Quail, see Great Britain; for Roskartografija, see Russia.

Catalogue GENERAL

Respublika Belarus' I: I 000 000 Minsk: BKHP, 1997 Welcome to Belarus 1:800 000 Minsk: BKHP, 1993 Tourist map with 5 town maps on reverse Belorussia 1:750 000 Bad Soden: Ravenstein, 1995 Road map with 15 pp index TOPOGRAPHIC

Topograficheskaja karta 1:200 000 Minsk: BKHP, 199360 sheets, all published • In Russian Topograficheskaja karta 1:50 000 Moskva: Roskartografija 721 sheets, all published In Russian EARTH

SCIENCES

Geologicheskaja karta Belorusskoj SSR 1:500 000 St Petersburg:VSEGEI 4 sheets, all published Pre-Quaternary sedimentary deposits In Russian Belarus: karta pochvertichnikh obrazovanii 1:500 000 St Petersburg:VSEGEI 4 sheets, all published Quaternary deposits In Russian Geomorfologicheskaja karta Belorusskoj SSR 1:500 000 Moskva: Roskartografija, 1990 4 sheets, all published In Russian

ENVIRONMENTAL

BELARUS

Respublika Belarus: with data on radioactive contamination 1:1 000 000 Minsk: BKHP, 1994 Also available in Russian version ADMINISTRATIVE

Respublika Belarus I: I 000 000 Minsk: BKHP, 1997 In Russian Belarus: oblast' i akrescnosci Various scales Minsk: BKHP, 1994In Russian SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Ukraine, Belarus Moldova: railway atlas Exeter: Quail, 1995 40 pp URBAN

Minsk 1:10 000 Moskva: Roskartografija In Russian

Belarus

655

BELGIUI (ROYAUME DE B E L G I Q U E / K O N I N K R I J K BELGIE)

As the birthplace of Mercator, who produced a m a p of Flanders in 1540, Belgium has a long and eminent tradition of topographic mapping, and large-scale cover had been achieved by Fricx and by Ferraris by 1744 and 1778 respectively. Facsimile copies of these maps are still available. The national survey authority, located in Brussels, owes its origin to the Depot de la Guerre, founded in 1831, which became successively the Institut Cartographique Militaire (1878), and the Institut Geographique Militaire (1947). Finally, the military authority became a semi-civilian one in 1976, under the trusteeship of the Ministry of Defence, and the present title of Institut Geographique National ( I G N B ) (or Nationaal Geografisch Instituut in Flemish) was adopted. The Institute is responsible for geodetic survey, official mapping and air photography. It is not, however, responsible for cadastral mapping. Basic scale mapping at 1:20 000 scale was accomplished for the whole country by 1871, and derived maps were subsequently published at scales of 1:40 000, 1:100 000, 1:200 0 0 0 and 1:320 000. The current family of scales is, however, entirely the product of post-World War II survey, and has been compiled using aerial photography. The basic scale of this mapping was originally 1:25 000. There was also a 1:10 000 scale map, but this was produced by enlargement from the 1:25 0 0 0 scale. In 1989, it was decided to replace this map with a new basic, fully digital 1:10 0 0 0 scale m a p to meet contemporary requirements. The data are collected from 1:21 0 0 0 scale aerial photography, and are plotted using analytical or pseudo-analytical photogrammetry. The stereo plots are then converted to a structured vector database. The specification is designed for easy adaptation to scales of 1:20 000 and 1:5000. The first hard copy sheets of the new 1:10 0 0 0 scale m a p were published in 1991. A separate, detailed legend in four languages was published in booklet form in 1994. The m a p is printed in six colours and is extremely detailed. Contours are at 2.5 m intervals, roads are classified by status and width, a large number of land cover categories are shown by coloured area and point symbols, and buildings are classified according to use. Sheets use the same numbering as the old 1:10 0 0 0 scale series, i.e. divisions of the 1:25 0 0 0 series, b u t are further divided into a north (nord/noord) and south (sud/zuid) sheet. The projection is Lambert conformal conical with two standard parallels (Lambert Beige 72) datum, Hayford 1924 ellipsoid. By mid-1999, sheets covering more than one-third of the country had been published, and I G N B was also meeting a growing demand both for the digital vector data underpinning this map, and for raster products. 1991 marked the end of conventional cartography at I G N B , and the initiation of a programme to create a totally digital production environment for all topographic mapping. Digital databases are being developed at three scale resolutions: 1:10 000, 1:50 000 and 1:250 000. The new 1:10 000

656

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vector database is also being used to produce new sheets in the 1:20 000 series, which will progressively replace the 1:25 000, former basic scale map series, and for selective urban mapping at 1:5000 scale. The 1:20 0 0 0 scale map uses the same sheet lines as its predecessor, and is printed in six colours. Contours are at 2.5 m intervals, and in most respects the m a p content is identical to the 1:10 0 0 0 scale map. A version with U T M grid overprint is available. In 1993, digital production of a new 1:50 0 0 0 m a p began, and for this, a separate, more generalized database is being developed. The programme is projected for completion by the Year 2000. This map was being published on sheet lines which are slightly modified from the earlier edition, and these are shown on our index map. It will result in the number of sheets in the series being reduced from 74 to 61 or fewer. Most cover the area of four 1:20 0 0 0 scale sheets. Contours are at 5 m intervals and a version with U T M grid overprinted in purple is available. The legend is given in four languages, and the projection is Lambert conformal conic, W G S 1984 datum. T h e third database is at a resolution of 1:250 0 0 0 and is used in the production of a general m a p of Belgium, usually now published as a single sheet printed back-to-back. This serves as an excellent road m a p of the country, and a version published in 1988 was adapted to show points of traffic congestion and suggested alternative routes, while in 1989 it formed the basis of a map of long-distance footpaths. Since 1993, the digital data have themselves been available in a structured format. T h e 1:250 000 m a p is on the U T M projection. Of particular value to tourists is the series of maps at 1:100 000 originally produced between 1986 and 1989, and subsequently issued in a new edition. The 19 overlapping sheets are printed on two sides, one side presenting a conventional, contoured topographic map and the other showing cultural and tourist locations, long distance footpaths and suggested itineraries. The sheets are each packaged with a text explaining the geography of the area. In 1992 these maps were assembled into an atlas, printed in seven colours, and including an index to more than 11 000 places. A digital version of this m a p will be launched in Year 2000. I G N B has prepared a digital elevation model from contours on the existing 1:50 0 0 0 scale map, which has been used to produce the Relief map of Belgium, and a 1:10 0 0 0 scale digital elevation model is in preparation. Formerly, large-scale mapping of the urban areas was carried out by the Service Topographique et de Photogrammetrie of the Ministry of Public Works. However, following the moves towards regional devolution which have taken place over the last decade culminating in the declaration of a federal state in 1993, authorities in the three regions of Wallonia, Flanders and Brussels Capital, have assumed this responsibility. In

Flanders, GIS-Vlaanderen has been established under the Ministerie Vlaamse Gemeenschap with the aim of integrating the supply of geographical information in the region. 1:1000 scale maps of agricultural areas, used for land consolidation schemes, are prepared by Vlaamse Landmaatschappij (VLM), while those required for areas of industrial development are contracted to a private company, CARDIB e.V.. The Flemish government also commissioned a set of 682 digital colour orthophotos of the whole region which were supplied by Eurosense Belfotop N.V., Wemmel, an international company specializing in aircraft remote sensing and mapping. The orthophotos also cover the Brussels Capital Region and are distributed on 27 CD-ROMs. The Support Centre (Ondersteunend Centrum - OC) of GIS-Flanders has also prepared a digital regional zoning map, and is developing a metadata management system for the region. The main task for the future is the construction of a large-scale digital base map for Flanders. In the Walloon Region, the Direction de la Topographie et de la Cartographie of the Ministere Walion de l'Equipement et des Transports (MET), is preparing a digital base map for the whole region at 1:1000 scale (Projet Informatique de Cartographie Continue - PICC). The data are being captured from air photography flown at scales of between 1:4000 and 1:6000, and the work is being done jointly with private companies. This map is in the Belgian Lambert co-ordinate system, and comprises more than 100 vector layers. The intention is to provide a seamless digital database rather than printed maps, and is being made available to Walloon administrative departments and public services. 1:10 000 scale orthophoto cover has also been acquired from the company WALPHOT, Namur. For the Brussels Capital Region (Region de BruxellesCapitale), the Centre d'lnformatique pour la Region Bruxelloise (CIRB) is undertaking a project called UrbIS, which involves the creation of a multi-level GIS comprising the digitized parcels of the cadastral plans, referenced to the new IGNB 1:10 000 scale base map, street network data and postal information. The initial version comprises an administrative database, and a road network database. Version 2, currently being introduced, provides a much more planimetrically accurate database (UrbIS Top), which is being plotted photogrammetrically from 1996 and 1999 photography. 1:4000 scale colour aerial photographs covering the whole Brussels Capital Region, have been digitized (but not ortho-rectified) and form another element (UrbIS Fot) in Version 2. These GIS data are available to all the local authorities within the Brussels Capital Region, and further data layers may be added in the future. Coastal charting is undertaken by the Hydrografische Dienst der Kust, while an internal navigation chart of the rivers Escaut and Rupel is published by the Dienst der Zeeschelde. Earth science mapping is undertaken by the Service Geologique de Belgique (SGB), which is a division of the Ministere des Affaires Economiques. Mapping at 1:40 000 scale was completed as early as 1911, and sheets in this series are still available either as originals or as colour copies. A national 1:25 000 scale series was started in 1958, but only nine sheets have been published, and these are on the older sheet lines also used for the soil and vegetation maps described below. New mapping has been initiated by the regional administrations. In 1993 a new series of 1:50 000 scale geological maps of Flanders was begun and now covers most of the region. In the Walloon Region a new 1:25 000

scale geological series was commissioned in 1992 and is available from the Direction Generale des Ressources Naturelles et de l'Environnement (DGRNE), Ministere de la Region Wallone, Jambes. A geomorphological mapping programme was initiated in 1965 by the Centre National de Recherches Geomorphologiques (CNRG) under the direction of Professor P. Macar, but only nine 1:25 000 scale sheets have been published. They conform with the modern topographic sheet layout. C N R G is based at the University of Liege. A major programme of soil mapping began in 1947 with the foundation of the Comite pour l'Etablissement de la Carte des Sols et de la Vegetation de la Belgique (CECSVB). The survey was undertaken by units associated with several universities and was co-ordinated at the University of Gent. The publication scale is 1:20 000, field work was completed in 1974, and national published cover is almost complete. Sheets are accompanied by explanatory booklets. The committee was also responsible for a parallel series of vegetation maps, of which 27 sheets were published before the series was discontinued. Soil maps of Flanders are distributed by the Laboratorium voor Agrarische Bodenkunde, University of Gent, while those of the Walloon Region are the responsibility of the Centre de Cartographie, Faculte des Sciences Agronomiques de I'Etat-Gembloux. The soil maps of Flanders have been digitized by the Departement Leefmilieu en Infrastruktuur, Vlaamse Landmaatschappij. At the University of Leuven, a computerized national soils database has been constructed (the COBIS project) which incorporates soil profile data and information derived from the soil maps, but has not involved digitizing the boundaries of the soil series. There are plans to produce a 1:250 000 scale soil map of the country as part of a European project. In 1977, the former Ministry of Public Health and Environment in collaboration with eight universities and two scientific institutions began preparation of a 1:25 000 scale Carte devaluation biologique, which was intended to identify areas of prime ecological importance and to serve as a tool in environmental impact studies and planning. Sheets were compiled from existing resource data and published in groups of four together with a text and legend. A handbook was published in 1979- In 1986, the funds were terminated with only about 40 per cent of the maps published, but the Flemish maps have been incorporated in the GIS being developed by the Ministerie Vlaamse Gemeenschap. The 1:50 000 scale land use map of the Walloon Region was prepared from LANDSAT TM and SPOT remotely sensed data. This series is complete in 47 sheets and was commissioned by the Direction Generale des Ressources Naturelles et de l'Environnement. The 13 land use categories are shown on an image map background. Similarly, GIS-Vlaanderen has prepared a digital land use map of the Flemish Region from LANDSAT TM data. The Institut National de Statistique (INSB), Brussels, distributes maps of census tracts at 1:10 000 scale, available in both digital and hard copy, and has also produced numerous thematic maps based on census statistics. A number of coloured maps at a scale of approximately 1:1 100 000 are currently available for purchase, illustrating population characteristics by commune from the 1991 census and an Atlas du recensement de la population et des logements en 1991 is in preparation. INSB has also produced a CD-ROM of statistical data, which includes 1981 census data at the

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statistical sector level, and annual chronological data for the period 1 9 8 0 - 9 at the commune level. These data are packaged with S U P E R M A P for Windows mapping software. The Ministere des Classes Moyennes et de l'Agriculture ( M C M A ) published a new map of agricultural regions in 1 9 9 3 , and in 1 9 9 6 issued A4 size colour maps of agricultural regions and provinces, types of agriculture, and of horticulture. The first edition of the Belgian national atlas, Atlas de Belgique, was issued over the period 1 9 5 0 - 7 5 . It is out-ofprint as a complete volume, although some individual sheets are still available. Since 1 9 7 8 , a second national atlas, Tweede Atlas van Belgie/Deuxieme Atlas de Belgique, has been in progress. The new edition is in similar format to the old, except that text (in Flemish, French, German and English) is normally incorporated on the reverse of the map folios, and sheets are issued either flat or with guards for inserting into a binding. The atlas is produced under the direction of a Commission de l'Atlas National, under the Comite National de Geographie. Publication has proceeded slowly, and of a projected 9 6 sheets, only 3 4 have so far been published. They may be obtained singly. Most maps are at a scale of 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 0 . Recent sheets include maps of economic activity, a satellite image map, a land use map and a foursheet, 1 : 2 5 0 0 0 0 scale map of Quaternary geology. In 2 0 0 0 it was announced that no further sheets will be published. Topographic and geological mapping of the African states of Congo (formerly Zaire, and before that the Belgian Congo), Rwanda and Burundi has been carried out by the M u s e e Royale de l'Afrique C e n t r a l e ( M R A C ) , Tervuren. M R A C distributes the old colonial series compiled by official Belgian agencies, and is currently engaged in geological programmes in association with the earth science survey agencies in these and other African states. Belgian commercial map publishers include G e o c a r t and D e R o u c k Cartographie, both of which now produce their mapping digitally. De Rouck's publications include a road atlas of Belgium and Luxembourg, regional and provincial maps and atlases of the country, street maps of major towns, and a street level C D - R O M of the whole of Belgium. It also publishes road maps of other European countries, and wall maps for the school and office. A large number of individual large scale maps and guides for hikers, cyclists and car tourists have been produced collaboratively by the I G N B and local authorities and tourist offices. These are available from local outlets. Tele Atlas, based in Gent, has developed a vector database of the European road network for use in car navigation systems. Many general road maps are also published by foreign publishers, including Michelin, Ravenstein and K i i m m e r l y and Frey (K+F). The Dutch publisher A N W B has a map of inland waterways.

• • •

Further information IGNB issues a catalogue of Its maps, and excellent brochures in both French and English about its work. A general review of digital mapping in Belgium is given by J-P. Donnay and J. Sanders (1992) Digital mapping and GIS in Belgium, Mapping Awareness, 6 (2), pp 4-1 I.

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The 1:100 000 scale topographic map is described in B.Jouret and D. Mendel (1988) La nouvelle carte topographique ä 1:100 000 de I'lnstitut Geographique National, Revue Beige de Geographie, 112, pp 113-135. Preparation of the specifications for the geomorphological map were described by P. Macar in Travaux preparatoires a I'elaboration d'une carte geomorphologique du Belgique, Annales de la Societe Geologique de Belgique 1960-1, volume 84, pp 179-198. The programme of soil mapping is described by J. Van Orshoven et al. (1991), Soil mapping in Belgium. In Hodgson, J.M. (ed) Soil survey: a basis for European soil protection, Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications of the European Community. A leaflet describing the national atlas is available from A t l a s de Belgique.

Addresses A d m i n i s t r a t i o n du C a d a s t r e C.A.E.Tour Finances, Boulevard du Jardin Botanique SO, BRUXELLES 1010 A t l a s de Belgique Campus Plaine ULB, CP 246, Β-1050 BRUXELLES Tel +32 2 650 50 67 Fax +32 2 650 50 92 Email [email protected] C A R D I B c.v. Koningstraat 55 bus 10, B-1000 BRUXELLES Tel +32 2 223 13 67 Fax +32 2 217 58 73 C e n t r e d'lnformatique p o u r la Region Bruxelloise (CIRB) Avenue des Arts 20 Β 10, Β-1000 BRUXELLES Tel +32 2 282 47 74 Fax +32 2 230 31 07 Email [email protected] URL http://www.cirb.irisnet.be/ C e n t r e National de Recherches G e o m o r p h o l o g i q u e s (CNRG) Departement de Geographie Physique et du Quaternaire, Universite de Liege, SartTilman Bl I, B-4000 LIEGE Tel +32 4 366 54 78 Fax +32 4 366 57 22 D e Rouck Cartographie Rue F.J. Navez 91-93, Β-1030 BRUXELLES Tel +32 2 216 91 00 Fax +32 2 216 60 53 Dienst der Zeeschelde Tavernierkaai 2, B-2000 ANTWERPEN Tel +32 3 222 08 11 Fax +32 3 231 09 01 Direction Generale des Ressources Naturelles et de l'Environnement ( D G R N E ) 15 Avenue Prince de Liege, B-5100 JAMBES (NAMUR) Tel +32 81 33 51 49 Fax +32 81 33 51 33 Email [email protected] URL http://mrw.wallonie.be/dgrne/ Editions de l'Universite de Bruxelles Avenue Paul Heger, Β-1050 BRUXELLES Eurosense Belfotop N . V . Nervierslaan 54, Β-1780 WEMMEL Tel +32 2 460 70 00 Fax +32 2 460 49 58

Faculte des Sciences Agronomiques de l'EtatGembtoux Centre de Cartographie, Avenue Marechal Juin 27, B-5030 GEMBLOUX

For Michelin, see France; for Raverstein, see Germany; for A N W B , see The Netherlands; for K+F, see Switzerland; for NIMA, see United States.

Tel +32 81 61 00 65 Fax +32 81 61 45 44 Geocart A.G. Claus b.v.b.a., Breedstraat 94, B-9100 SINT-NIKLAAS Tel +32 3 760 14 60 Fax +32 3 760 IS 28 Email [email protected] URL http://www.geocart.be/ GIS-VI aanderen Guldenvlieslaan 72, Β-1060 BRÜSSEL Tel +32 2 543 69 02 Fax +32 2 543 73 95 URL http://www.vlm.be/oc Hydrografische Dienst der Kust Sir Winston Churchill Kaai 2, B-8400 OOSTENDE Tel +32 59 55 28 I I Fax +32 69 70 32 28 Institut Geographique National ( I G N B ) Abbbaye de la Cambre 13, B-1000 BRUXELLES Tel +32 2 629 82 82 Fax +32 2 629 82 83 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ngi.be/ Institut National de Statistique ( I N S B ) Rue de Louvain 44, B-1000 BRUXELLES Tel +32 2 548 62 11 Fax +32 2 548 62 62 URL http://statbel.fgov.be/ L a b o r a t o r i u m voor Agrarische Bodenkunde Rijksuniversiteit Gent, Krigslaan 281 (S8), B-9000 GENT Tel +32 9 264 46 26 Fax +32 9 264 46 97 Email [email protected] Ministere des Classes Moyennes e t de l'Agriculture (MC MA) Tour Sablon, Rue J. Stevens 7, 23eme etage, Β-1000 BRUXELLES Tel +32 2 504 62 I I Fax +32 2 502 64 12 Ministere W a l l o n de l'Equipement et des Transports (MET) Direction de la Topographie et de la Cartographie, CA-MET, Boulevard au Nord, 8, B-5000 NAMUR Tel +32 2 208 33 40 Fax +32 2 208 33 36 Email [email protected] URL http://rainbow.met.be/rainbow/ Musee Royale de l'Afrique Centrale ( M R A C ) Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 TERVUREN Tel +32 2 7695420 Fax +32 2 7695432 Email [email protected] Service Geologique de Belgique ( S G B ) Rue Jenner 13 (Pare Leopold), B-1000 BRUXELLES Tel +32 2 627 03 50 Fax +32 2 647 73 59 Tele Atlas Mountstraat 92, B-9000 GENT Tel +32 81 30 24 01 Fax +32 81 30 41 67 Email [email protected] URL http://www.teleatlas.com Vlaamse Landmaatschappij ( V L M ) Dept. Leefmilieu en Infrastrukrur, W T C 3, S. Bolivarlaan 30, B1210 BRÜSSEL WALPHOT Rue Van Opre 97, B-5100 NAMUR Tel +32 81 30 24 01 Fax +32 81 30 41 67

Catalogue ATLASES

Tweede Atlas van Belgie / Deux/eme Atlas de Belgique Bruxelles: Commission de I'Atlas National, 1978-99 34 sheets Topografische atlas Belgie / Belgique atlas topographique 1: 100 000 Brüssel and Tielt IGNB and Lanoo, 1992 51 double pages of 1:100 000 series mapping, with introduction and gazetteer GAZETTEERS

Belgium. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington, DC: NIMA, 1963 401 pp GENERAL

Θ Alle Straten van Belgie op CD-ROM / Toutes des rues de Belgique sur CD-ROM Bruxelles: De Rouck, 1998 Includes street level mapping, administrative map, geomarketing and route planning software Belgium, Luxembourg 1:350 000 Paris: Michelin, 1999 Relief de la Belgique / Relief van Belgie 1:300 000 Bruxelles: IGNB, 1991 Belgie. Topografische kaart / Belgique. Carte topographique 1:250 000 Brüssel: IGNB, 1993 Θ Two-sided map Belgie / Belgique / Belgien, Luxembourg 1: 175 000 Bruxelles: De Rouck, 1996 Place name index with postal codes IMAGE

MAPS

La Belgique vue de I'espace / Belgie vanuit de ruimte waargenomen 1:300 000 Bruxelles: IGNB, 1991 Colour composite classified image map from LANDSATTM scenes of 1989 and 1990 In 4 languages TOPOGRAPHIC

Topografische kaart van Belgie / Carte topographique de Belgique

1:100 000 Bruxelles: IGNB, 198619 sheets, all published • New edition 1992Belgie / Belgique 1:50 000 Series M736 Bruxelles: IGNB, 197974 sheets, all published • New edition 1994- in 61 sheets in progress Θ

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659

Belgie / Belgique 1:20 000 Bruxelles: IGNB, 1990238 sheets, c. 37 published • Θ Supersedes the 1:25 000 scale series AERONAUTICAL

CHARTS

Carte Low Air de la Belgique 1:250 000 Bruxelles: I N G B EARTH

SCIENCES

Carte aeromagnetique Belgique-Luxembourg, champ total / Aeromagnetische kaart Belgie-Luxembourg, total veld 1:500 000 Bruxelles: SGB, 1996 Carte aeromagnetique Belgique-Luxembourg, champ reduit au pole / Aeromagnetische kaart Belgie-Luxembourg, herleid tot de pool 1:500 000 Bruxelles: SGB, 1996 Carte spectromitrique Belgique-Luxembourg, synthese U-Th-K / Spectrometrische kaart Belgie-Luxembourg, sythese U-Th-K 1:500 000 Bruxelles: SGB, 1996 Maps of the three individual elements also published Carte spectrometrique Belgique-Luxembourg, radioactivite total / Spectrometrische kaart Belgie-Luxembourg totale radioactiviteit 1:500 000 Bruxelles: SGB, 1996 Carte aeromagnetique Belgique-Luxembourg, champ total / Aeromagnetische kaart Belgie-Luxembourg total veld 1:300 000 Bruxelles: SGB, 1996 Carte spectrometrique Belgique-Luxembourg synthese U-Th-K / Spectrometrische kaart Belgie-Luxembourg, sythese U-Th-K 1:300 000 Bruxelles: SGB, 1996 Kwartairgeologie - lithologie van de oppervlakkige lagen / Geologie du Quaternaire - lithologie des terrains superficiels 1:250 000 R. Marechal Bruxelles: Atlas de Belgique, 1992 In 4 sheets. Forms part of the national atlas Nieuwe geologische kaarten Vlaams Gewest' / Carte geologique 1:50 000 Bruxelles: SGB, 199320 sheets, 14 published

•

Carte geologique du Royaume de la Belgique 1:40 000 Bruxelles: SGB, 1893-1911 226 sheets, all published • Carte geologique de la Belgique / Geologische kaart van Be/gie 1:25 000 Bruxelles: SGB, 1958238 sheets, 9 published • Carte geologique de Wallonie 1:25 000 Jambes: D G R N E , 1992I I sheets published Geomorfologische kaart van Be/gie / Corte geomorphologique de Belgique 1:25 000 Leuven: C N R G , 1965238 sheets, 9 published ENVIRONMENTAL

Carte 'aptitude des sols' de Belgique / Bodemgeschiktheit van Belgie 1:500 000 Bruxelles: Atlas de Belgique, 1988

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Couverture des sols de la Belgique / Bodembedekking 1:300 000 Bruxelles: I G N B Carte de Γoccupation du sol de la Region Wallone 1:50 000 Jambes: D G R M E , 1989-92 47 sheets, all published Biologische waarderungskaart van Belgie / Carte devaluation biologique de la Belgique 1:25 000 Brüssel: MSPF, 1983238 sheets, 51 published Bodenkaart van Belgie / Carte des sols de la Belgique 1:20 000 Gent: C E C S V B , 1958457 sheets, 385 published • Vegetatiekaart van Belgie / Carte de la vegetation de la Belgique

1:20 000 Gent: C E C S V B , 1957457 sheets, 27 published • ADMINISTRATIVE

Belgique administrative / Administratief Belgie 1:300 000 Bruxelles: IGNB, 1995 A reduced version at 1:500 000 also available Postzones van Belgie met register / Cantons postal de la Belgique avec index 1:300 000 Bruxelles: D e Rouck Industrie zones van Belgie met register / Zonings industriels avec index 1:300 000 Bruxelles: D e Rouck Administratieve kaart van Belgie met register en postcodes / Carte administrative de la Belgique avec index et codes postaux 1:250 000 Brüssel: D e Rouck CULTURAL,

SOCIAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Atlas economique de la Belgique / Εconomische atias van Belgie / Economic atlas of Belgium A. Colard, Ch.Vandermotten Bruxelles: Irditions de l'Universite de Bruxelles, 1995 165 pp Carte de reseau / Netkaart 1:300 000 Bruxelles: S N C B and N M B S , 1996 Map of the rail network Cartes des regions agricoles de la Belgique 1:300 000 Bruxelles: M C M A , 1993 URBAN

Bruxelles plan / Brüssel plattegrond 1:17 500 Paris: Michelin, 1998 W i t h index booklet Bruxelles / Brüssel city tripper 1:10 000 Bruxelles: Geocart Small pocket map with index on reverse

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(REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE)

The state in France has been actively involved in the mapping of the nation since the publication of the Cassini surveys in the eighteenth century. This long heritage of topographic and thematic mapping has been accompanied by active collaboration between public and private sectors, and a continuing, dynamic and diverse range of published products. The official mapping agency in the country, Institut Geographique National (IGN) is responsible for the topographic and geodetic survey of France, and its overseas territories. It was founded in 1940 as a successor to Service Geographique des Armees, and was designated a public agency in 1967. IGN compiles and maintains 1:25 000 scale topographic coverage of the country, publishes derived smaller scale maps, commissions and carries out aerial photography, and co-operates with other French agencies in the compilation of thematic mapping. Its overseas operations, including mapping carried out under technical aid programmes, are the responsibility of a subsidiary company I G N France Internationale. The 1:25 000 scale map is the national basic scale. It was introduced in 1956 as a military map to conform to NATO standards, being compiled initially by reduction from a 1:20 000 scale series initiated after World War I. Meanwhile 1:50 000 scale mapping of the whole country conforming to the Type 1922 specification was being maintained. Following a 1969 study it was recommended that a common specification for 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 scale mapping be adopted, the 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 scale series having been largely independent prior to this decision. This specification included four-colour printing, standard simplified symbols for both maps, a new classification of roads, some generalization of detail for the 1:50 000 scale series, a single revision cycle, and single arabic numbering systems (1:25 000 scale sheets being designated est and ouest depending upon whether they covered the east or west halves of their corresponding 1:50 000 scale map). Having completed publication of the 1:50 000 Serie orange maps it was decided to withdraw the series from public sale and from 1990 until late in 1997 these maps were not available from IGN. They were, however, still maintained as a military edition, their index (using roman sheet numbering) was still used for thematic series such as the geological survey and in 1998 I G N once again released the complete topographic Serie orange coverage. The current hard copy specification of the 1:25 000 scale map started to appear in 1976 and is designated Serie bleue. Maps are based upon new photogrammetric survey and are on the Lambert conformal conic projection, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid. The standard sheet size covers an area of 0.2 grad longitude by 0.2 grad latitude, places being fixed in grads relative to the Paris meridian. French and international graticular systems, and Lambert and UTM grid are indicated in the sheet margins. Relief is shown with a 5 m

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contour interval, except for mountainous areas, where 10 m intervals and hill shading are used. From 1996 IGN embarked on a new programme to produce 30 Serie bleue maps a year in a digital production flow line. It is intended that the 1:25 000 scale map base of the country will be revised every eight years, using the BD TOPO database (see below). A small format 1:100 000 scale topographic series is no longer maintained by IGN, but is still used as a base map for some thematic series. The 1:100 000 scale is now used as a tourist map, covering France and Corsica in 74 overlapping, large format sheets and first introduced in 1970. This is the Serie verte, incorporating a trilingual legend, road distances and a four to five year revision cycle. The Serie verte was redesignated from 1998 as the TOP 100 with additional tourist information. At 1:250 000 scale IGN publishes a second tourist series, currently designated TOP250. This is revised every second year, is overprinted with tourist information and covers the country in 16 sheets, also available in bound atlas format. For the last twenty years IGN has published an increasing number of maps to cater for the recreational market. Larger format 1:25 000 scale coverage is being published for tourist areas, as the T0P25 series, which currently runs to about 200 sheets. Conventional Serie bleue maps are withdrawn following publication of the new mapping, which incorporates a wide range of tourist information, and from 1999 includes an overprinted UTM grid to assist in GPS-based position finding. I G N also publishes tourist mapping with specialist information overprinted onto a variety of I G N base maps and issued in the series Decouvertes regionales (at scales between 1:80 000 and 1:250 000); Ρ lein-Air (a range of about 25 1:50 000 scale outdoor activity maps) and Cultures & environnement (a diverse coverage of wine growing areas and some national parks). A new series of cartes departementales was started in 1998. These will cover each of the 96 departments, with most published at a scale of 1:125 000. The specification includes a road map with commune, cantonal and arrondissement boundaries, together with an index to prefectures, as well as inset plans of towns with more than 50 000 inhabitants, and 22 sheets were available by summer 1999· Also in 1998 I G N started to publish a town plan series covering the major French conurbations, with nine cities covered by 1999. Other tourist mapping of mountain areas is commercially published and uses IGN bases overprinted with recreational information. These include coverage of the Vosges mountains from ClubVosgien, an extensive range of Alpine maps from Didier-Richard, and mountain mapping of the Pyrenees from Randonnees Pyreneennes. 1:1 000 000 scale tourist coverage is also published by IGN and in 1999 fourteen different themes were available.

I G N is unusual amongst national surveys in publishing a wide variety of raised-relief maps of the mountainous areas of the country, offering complete 1:100 0 0 0 scale coverage of the French Alps and Pyrenees, as well as smaller scale coverage of these and other massifs and a single sheet map of the whole of France. Other small scale I G N maps are marketed as single sheet posters, including relief images derived from digital terrain data and published as a poster map, as well as a more conventional physical map of the country. I G N also publishes aeronautical charting in a four sheet 1:500 000 scale series conforming to ICAO specifications, designed for visual flight and incorporating regularly updated aeronautical information provided by the Direction Generale de l'Aviation Civile. Dissemination of all other aeronautical charting is the responsibility of the Service de l'lnformation Aeronautique (SIA). En-route products include four sheet 1:1 0 0 0 000 scale coverage, various larger scales of the Parisian area, as well as charting of French overseas territories. I G N has invested heavily in the development of digital production of hard copy mapping, and in the capture of map data for the creation of a range of digital databases. Experiments in the 1970s applied new technologies for the publication of digitally derived large scale urban mapping. Emphasis shifted from the mid-1980s to the marketing of digital m a p data and I G N now maintains and updates a wide range of digital products. Five main data sets are marketed. BD ALTI comprises relief data captured from 1:25 000 scale contour information and is available for the whole of France. These data are available at different ground resolutions, ranging from 75 m to 2 km. BD CART0 has been captured from 1:50 000 scale mapping, and is used in the compilation of 1:100 000 scale TOP 100 maps, with land cover from SPOT satellite data and relief from BD ALTI. This vector database also gives complete coverage and seven different layers may be acquired, priced per kilometre square as database objects in E D I G e O format, or as a cartographic version in D X F format. BD Τ0Ρ0 is a larger scale data set captured from 1:25 000 scale m a p detail. More than 250 classes of object are included. Roads data are packaged as the G^OROUTE product. These are derived from BD CART0 in rural areas and from BD Τ0Ρ0 in urban areas and have been released since 1994. All towns with populations greater than 100 0 0 0 were available by the end of 1997. This data set conforms to European route navigation standards and was developed in partnership with European Geographic Technologies (EGT). It is available in three different versions, for individual agglomerations and for the interurban network. ROUTE 500 is equivalent to 1:250 0 0 0 resolution mapping, is derived from BD CART0 data and marketed in the main as a road network database. It is updated on an annual basis. Other lower resolution data sets are also available, including layered data from the France 901 tourist map, marketed as the ROUTE 120 database. Administrative boundary data are available down to commune level, and the MiDIAPOSTE data set includes postcode boundaries for the 6000 postal distribution centres and the 36 000 communal postal boundaries, with their INSEE codes. Geo-referenced place name data captured from the Serie bleue are available by m a p sheet or departemnt. Other new data sets are being developed, including SCAN 50, a raster scanned version of 1:50 000 scale base material. The lower resolution digital data and metadata are used on the I G N Web pages. For example a digital gazetteer is interfaced to m a p indexing and allows searching by, or for, commune name.

More than 50 towns now have a digital m a p derived from 1:14 500 scale aerial photographic coverage. Larger scale cadastral mapping has been the responsibility of the various local survey authorities across the country, coordinated through the work of the Sous-Direction des Affaires Foncieres Cadastrales et Domaniales, in the Direction Generale des Impots. A new general cadastral revision started in 1990, the cadastral record includes 590 000 large scale plans, with about 20 0 0 0 of these being captured each year as digital data. Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques ( I N S E E ) is the French national statistical agency. It has been responsible for the compilation of a number of hard copy atlases, especially focusing upon regional social and economic volumes. INSEE has developed a digital mapping system in collaboration with I G N (Cartographie Infracommunale Numerisee (C1CN)). The national earth science agency in France, the Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM), was founded in 1959 and is based in Orleans. In 1995 it was reorganized to fulfil a public service and research role, including the collection and publication of geological information about the country. B R G M also acts as a distributor for geoscientific maps produced by other agencies in the country, and also operates an extensive international mapping programme. The current basic geological scale is the Carte geologique at 1:50 0 0 0 scale, about 90 per cent of the country is now mapped in this series, sheets being published with separate geological notes and using the 1:50 000 scale topographic sheet lines and map bases. This series is replacing a 1:80 0 0 0 scale map, with many sheets based upon surveys dating from the late nineteenth century. Complete coverage in first edition 1:50 0 0 0 scale sheets is planned by 2005 and maps are being published at a rate of 20 sheets a year. A recent innovation has been the release of raster scanned and geo-referenced versions of many 1:50 000 scale maps, which are available in TIFF format on C D - R O M . B R G M publishes four other series on 1:50 000 sheet lines, but the spatial coverage of these themes is local or regional rather than national. An impressive diversity of smaller scale earth science mapping is also published, including a 1996 edition of the Carte geologique de la France au millionieme, also available as vector data, and a 1:250 000 scale series for on and offshore geology. Amongst the themes published and listed in our catalogue are magnetic and gravity maps, tectonic coverage, a number of hydrogeological themes, offshore mapping, and minerals maps. Since December 1998 these and other B R G M data may be accessed from the B R G M lnfoterre W e b site. Many more local programmes are also published, such as the Carte zermos series (mapping slope failure hazard areas in the French Alps), or departmental thematic surveys. These programmes emphasize more applied themes, including geothermal mapping. B R G M is also active in overseas mapping programmes described elsewhere in this book, and notably in Saudi Arabia, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Mauritania, Djibouti and Oman. A nation-wide vegetation mapping programme was initiated in 1947 by the Service de la Carte de la Vegetation. This series of 1:200 000 scale colour maps shows actual land cover, including human induced changes, as well as potential vegetation and ecological regions. Mapping was completed a decade ago, some sheets were issued with explanations, but several are already out of print. Available maps may be acquired through C N R S Editions in Paris. Another C N R S laboratory has carried out geomorphological mapping of

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France. The Centre d'Etudes et de Realisations Cartographiques Geographiques (CERGG) in Paris produced a number of thematic maps in the 1970s and 1980s, including 1:50 000 scale geomorphological mapping of France on topographic sheet lines, published folded and with explanatory texts. Fourteen of these sheets are still available from CNRS. Created in 1946, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( I N R A ) is the largest European research institute in its field and supports 22 regional research centres across France, concerned with a wide diversity of agricultural research. I N R A carries out soils mapping of the country: 22 1:100 0 0 0 scale sheets have been published, using the sheet lines of the old 1:100 0 0 0 scale topographic survey, each with an extensive separately published sheet explanation. I N R A also publishes a 1:1 0 0 0 000 scale twosheet soils m a p and a 1:250 000 scale coverage of the area around Paris. Agricultural land capability mapping is carried out by different Directions Departementales de l'Agriculture et de la Foret (DDAFs), located in the administrative centres of Departements across France. This programme is co-ordinated from the Ministere de l'Agriculture et de la Foret, Paris and has led to the publication of many 1:50 000 scale maps, with yield-capacity shown in six classes defined on the basis of both physical and socio-economic criteria. Since its establishment in 1958 Inventaire Forestier National (IFN) has been responsible for the production of forest mapping of France. I F N is currently funded through the Ministere de l'Agriculture et de la Foret. A programme of resurvey on a ten year cycle has been instituted, which is used to compile 1:200 0 0 0 scale full colour forest mapping on departmental sheet lines; the third update cycle is now well under way, and the whole country is available in either second or third cycle maps. Maps are compiled from aerial photographic coverage, supplemented by extensive ground survey and show forest vegetation, classified by age and type, on an I G N 1:250 000 scale outline base. Smaller scale coverage is also published on a national basis and at 1:500 000 scale for eight regions, showing forested areas, and departmental or forest region maps have recently been published in two versions of atlases published in four regional parts. I F N has developed an ARC/INFO-based digital mapping system for resource management, and forest data are available for purchase in A R C / I N F O or EPPL7 format, including ownership information, and density of tree coverage, at a number of different resolutions. Derived mapping may be output from these data. Editions O P H R Y S distributes the 1:250 000 scale climatic map of France prepared by Environnement Climatique in the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. This ninecolour series with accompanying notices was started in 1972 and covers the Alps and Rhone Valley, Britanny, the J u r a and Vosges, using a 1:250 0 0 0 scale I G N base. Only 12 of the projected 41 sheet national coverage have been published. 1:500 0 0 0 scale coverage of areas of low relief with less climatic variation was planned but in the 1990s emphasis shifted to climatic modelling rather than m a p publication. The national focal point for the EU C O R I N E land cover programme is the Institut Fran?ais de I'Environnement (IFEN), established in Orleans in 1991 as the statistical service for the Ministry of the Environment. C O R I N E data are available at 1:100 0 0 0 scale as digital data, or as hard copy and as regional images on the IFEN W e b site, and

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depict 4 4 land cover categories, with a ground resolution down to 25 m. Meteo the French meteorological agency publishes weather forecast and climatic mapping. Until the 1990s there was no current in-print national atlas of France. A multi-volume collection, designated Atlas de France, is being completed in 14 volumes and published by G I P Reel us in association with Documentation Fran^ais. Each thematic volume is co-ordinated by specialist academics and comprises between 100 and 200 maps and analytical texts; the first three volumes in the series were issued in 1995 and the project was completed in 1999. G I P Reclus was established in 1984 and brings together expertise from diverse public organizations, government ministries, universities and private agencies in multi-disciplinary regional research. An active publication programme has included atlases of other states as well as specialist thematic atlases of France or French regions, in association with such publishers as Fayard, and Publisud. Reclus also distributes electronic atlas products, several of which run under the Choroscope software for PC Windows or Macintosh, developed in association with O R S T O M (see below). Reclus also published the four-sheet 1:1 000 000 scale geomorphological map of France. The lack of a national atlas in the 1970s and 1980s was partly compensated for by a large number of high quality regional atlases. The Delegation ä l'Amenagement du Territoire et ä I'Action Regionale (DATAR) sponsored various university-based institutes to compile these volumes many of which were published by Berger-Levrault. Other recent notable regional atlas coverage includes the evolving electronic atlas of Languedoc-Roussillon from G I P Reclus, as well as an ongoing programme of very well designed departmental and regional social and economic atlases from Cartographie et Decision (C & D), which incorporate mapping of a number of socio-economic variables in association with INSEE and departmental or regional authorities. In 1996 C & D experimented with the publication of an English language version of its Rhone-Alpes regional volume. Regional atlases of Aquitaine and the Loire are still available from EditionsTechnip which was founded in 1956 to publish scientific and technical work of the Institut Frangais du Petrole. Technip also publishes a number of small scale earth science maps of continental or sub-continental scale (described under the areas they cover) and bathymetric mapping of the Rhone delta area, in association with the cartographic unit of Bureau d'Etudes Industrielles et de Cooperation de l'lnstitut Fran^ais du Petrole ( B E I C I P - F R A N L A B ) which continues to compile many thematic earth science maps for other agencies. Several French agencies have been active in overseas resource mapping. Institut Franfais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation ( O R S T O M ) has been responsible for the publication of a very wide variety of environmental maps in support of development in numerous African, Asian, South American and Oceanian states. Multi-colour maps and associated research reports continue to be produced and are described under each relevant country section. O R S T O M has recently invested heavily in GIS technology and has developed the S U N based SAVENNE system. In 1999 O R S T O M changed its name to Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD). The Institut de la Carte Internationale de la Vegetation (ICIV) within C N R S collaborated in the publication of small scale vegetation mapping of several third world countries, a

programme which is now administered by the Laboratoire d'Ecologie Terrestre in Toulouse. @ c t ' i m a g e now publishes these maps, which are marketed as the Ecocart series of international vegetation and ecology maps. These African, South American and Asian maps and digital data on C D R O M are described under the areas they cover. The D e p a r t e m e n t d'Elevage et de Medecin Veterinaire Tropicales ( D E M V T ) includes a cartographic section established in 1 9 6 4 and a remote sensing applications laboratory established in 1 9 7 8 . It has published pasture and range monitoring maps and atlases, predominantly in former French territories in Africa, and is now based in Montpellier. Other thematic mapping of tropical countries is carried out by C e n t r e d'Etudes de Geographie Tropicale ( C E G E T ) . An important publisher of thematic atlases of former French colonial territories was Editions du Jaguar. The national hydrographic surveying and charting authority in France is Service Hydrographique et O c e a n o graphique de la Marine ( S H O M ) . It collects and maintains nautical information for civilian and military purposes, and carries out oceanographic surveys. Its headquarters are based in Paris, but the S H O M main establishment handling all information processing activities is located in Brest. Nearly 1 3 0 0 nautical charts are maintained, an increasing percentage of which conform to international chart standards: coastline, depth contours and soundings are held in digital form. Two hundred and ten 'P' charts aimed at the small boat market are also updated on an annual or biennial basis, and a new series of paper 'S' charts was launched in 1995. The production of new electronic charts began in 1 9 9 7 with the first electronic chart data released at the end of 1 9 9 8 . Institut Fran9ais de Recherche pour ('Exploitation de la M e r ( I F R E M E R ) , the French Institute of Research and Exploitation of the Sea, was established in 1 9 8 4 from the merging of C N E X O (Centre National pour l'Exploitation des Oceans) and I S T P M (Institut Scientifique et Technique des Peches). It maintains four bases on the French coast and its publications are available from Editions Ifremer at Plouzane. These include more than 2 0 0 bathymetric charts compiled between 1971 and 1 9 9 1 , as well as a number of thematic oceanographic and climatic atlases. I F R E M E R has also collaborated with B R G M in the publication of a number of offshore geological surveys of the French coast, and recent publications have focused upon the mapping of exclusive economic zones. Other thematic oceanographic mapping is compiled by G E O L I T T O M E R UMR 6554, Nantes, including two volumes of a coastal atlas published by C N R S , and coastal mapping of Andalucia described under Spain. This complements other coastal inventory mapping prepared in the Inventaire Permanent du Littoral and now the responsibility of Conservatoire de I'Espace Littoral et des Rivages Lacustres. This inventory includes four-colour process printed mapping at 1:25 0 0 0 and 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 scales derived from air photography, as well as land use and land holding data with associated census statistics held in a relational database. These data were generalized and published in atlas format in the Atlas des espaces naturels du littorel, issued in 1 9 9 1 . S P O T I M A G E markets a wide range of products derived from the S P O T series of earth resource satellites. Most of its product range lies outside the remit of this book, though its influence upon digital and hard copy map production is increasing. S P O T has, however, launched the SPOTMap product, a mosaiced and geometrically corrected customized image map available in a number of different projections,

at 1:25 0 0 0 , 1:50 0 0 0 and 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 scales, and with optional map enhancements such as place names, boundaries and contour lines, on film, paper print or offset printed paper copies. Several significant international mapping bodies have their headquarters in France. These include the C o m m i s s i o n for the Geological M a p of the W o r l d (Commission de la Carte Geologique du Monde) ( C G M W ) , and U N E S C O . Their programmes are described in our World section. France has an active commercial mapping sector. The largest publisher is Michelin, one of Europe's most important commercial map-makers. Its extensive range of tourist, motoring and town maps and guides dates back to the publication of the first guide rouge in 1 9 0 0 and of the first carte routiere au 1/200 000 in 1 9 1 0 . The 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 scale series is still at the centre of Michelin's hard copy publication programme and is available in the standard 4 0 sheet series or as larger format 17 sheet cartes regionales. In addition Michelin publishes extensive map and atlas coverage of other European countries, as well as smaller scale mapping of other continents, and town maps of world cities. A wide range of town and suburb maps with differing overprints give coverage of Paris. Michelin has always printed road distances on its published mapping and has invested heavily in a conversion programme to capture these and other digital map data. Since 1 9 8 9 it has offered a route planning service le 3615 Michelin on the French Videotext system Minetel, a system which was extended in 1 9 9 4 in the 3617 Michelin service to offer a customized itinerary calculation service on fax, which includes distances, route planning and accommodation planning facilities. Seven million itineraries were issued in 1 9 9 5 . Three complete digital map databases are available, and regularly updated. BD France is derived from 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 scale cartes regionales; BD Europe from the 1 : 4 0 0 0 0 0 scale serie orange coverage and BD Paris Banlieue from 1:10 0 0 0 and 1:15 0 0 0 scale mapping. These data are available as raster maps on C D - R O M in T I F F or B M P format, or as vector data in G D F 2.0 or E D I G e O formats, and are used in a very wide variety of value-added G I S products from over twenty different software houses. From April 1997 a number of services have been available on the Michelin home page. The most comprehensive range of town maps is issued by Blay-Foldex, Montreuil, part of the Kiimmerly + Frey group, and formed from the merger of the former Recta Foldex and Plan Guide Blay companies. These maps are available in hard copy and digital versions. 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 scale motoring coverage competes with the Michelin product range. Editions Grafocarte publishes two ranges of commercial maps. The Bleu & Or series comprises about 7 0 'plan guides' to French towns, comprising street maps, various indexes and larger scale city centre insets. Regional town atlases bring together town maps for a range of five departements. In addition Grafocarte specializes in the leisure boat navigation market. The navicarte range charts coastal waters, including Spanish and Italian seas, and a range of 23 maps covers inland waterways. Editions Geographiques et Touristiques Gabelli compile the annually revised network map for French railways ( S N C F ) , as well as a range of world-wide maps, maps of Paris and road and leisure maps of France. Other commercial houses include Edi-Service which produces a variety of tourist mapping of the south eastern departments, and M e d i a C a r t e s which concentrates upon statistical cartography, and maintains a digital 1:10 0 0 0 scale

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p l a n of Paris, and d i g i t a l 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale m a p of France. Editions Massin also p r o d u c e s t o w n m a p s of Paris, i n c l u d i n g a C D - R O M - b a s e d place and r o u t e finder in its L'lndispensables range. Editions Ponchet P l a n - N e t has been p u b l i s h i n g m a p p i n g since 1 9 5 0 a n d n o w m a i n t a i n s a r a n g e of 9 3 m a p s relating t o Paris a n d its region. I t also operates an interactive W e b m a p and g u i d e to t h e city f r o m its h o m e page. C a r t e s Tarides is a l o n g established t o w n m a p specialist. O b e r t h u r Editions issues t h e regularly u p d a t e d Index atlas de France, w h i c h includes d e p a r t m e n t a l m a p s , street m a p s and an extensive g a z e t t e e r of place names. A n u m b e r of c o m m e r c i a l suppliers specialize in t h e p r o v i sion of d i g i t a l d a t a sets. G e o 3 D is t h e leading c o m m e r c i a l d i s t r i b u t o r of d i g i t a l terrain d a t a in t h e country, w i t h a r a n g e of p r o d u c t s at 10 m , 5 0 m , 100 m a n d 2 5 0 m resolution, also increasingly available for a n u m b e r of overseas countries. T h e Teleatlas r a n g e of d i g i t a l road m a p s covers France w i t h d a t a available in three d i f f e r e n t road p r o d u c t s — StreetNet, RoadNet, and MultiNet. A d m i n i s t r a t i v e d a t a are available in BoundaryMap, a i m e d at t h e g e o d e m o g r a p h i c m a r k e t . A D D E is t h e m a j o r spatial d a t a d i s t r i b u t o r in France, w i t h its o w n value a d d e d d a t a in a d d i t i o n to m a r k e t i n g p r o d u c t s described elsewhere in t h e French section. It m a i n t a i n s an o n - l i n e m a p store o n its W e b site, i n c l u d i n g t h e Cartographes Associes catalogue. A n o t h e r s u p p l i e r of d i g i t a l data is A r t i q u e Informatique. O n e of t h e l e a d i n g providers of W e b - b a s e d on-line m a p p i n g of France is S G C I Planfax.

• * •

Further information Almost all of the official map producing organizations in France distribute useful catalogues and further information about their mapping programmes. Many of these data are also available on W e b sites listed below. The C N I G W e b Site at U R L http://www.cnig.fr is particularly useful for contact details of French map publishers, cartographers, GIS houses and digital data suppliers and as a listing of digital data set availability. Many French mapping agencies also maintain a presence on the French Minetel system. The Bulletin du Comite Franfais de Cartographie is the best single source of information about the state of the art of cartographic production in France. It regularly publishes the French national reports to I C A Conferences, including the 1991-5 report which appeared in Bulletin 144, June 1995, and the 1995-9 report which appeared as Bulletin 164, June 1999. The journal Mappemonde (1986- Paris: Belin) also includes many useful articles about the state of cartography in France. A useful English language summary of recent moves towards a more market oriented approach in I G N is provided by Grelot, J.P. (1997) The French approach, pp 226-234, in Rhind, D.W. (1997) Framework for the world. Cambridge: Geolnformation. Inventaire Forestier National (1999) La France a la Carte. Paris: I F N is the best introduction to forest mapping. Information about French earth scientific mapping appears regularly in the periodical Geochronique.

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Addresses @ct'image 3 avenue Didier Daurat, 31400 T O U L O U S E Tel +33 5 61 34 64 76 Fax +33 5 61 34 66 47 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.confluent/actimage ADDE 17 rue Louise Michel, BP 29, 92301 LEVALLOIS PERRET Cedex Tel +33 I 41 05 37 05 Fax +33 I 47 58 76 46 U R L http://www.adde.fr A r t i q u e Informatique Les Roches, 37239 F O N D E T T E S Tel +33 47 49 90 49 Blay Foldex 4 0 - 4 8 rue des Meuniers, 93108 M O N T R E U I L Tel +33 I 49 88 92 10 Fax +33 I 49 88 92 09 U R L http://www.geoshop.com/Blayfoldex/ B u r e a u d'Etudes Industrielles et de C o o p e r a t i o n de I'lnstitut Francais du Petrole ( B E I C I P - F R A N L A B ) 232 avenue Napoleon Bonaparte, 92500 RUEIL M A L M A I S O N Tel +33 I 47 08 80 00 Fax +33 I 47 08 41 85 Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM) 3 Avenue de Claude Guillemin, BP 6009,45060 O R L E A N S , Cedex 2 Tel +33 2 38 64 30 28 Fax +33 2 38 64 36 82 Email [email protected] U R L http://infoterre.brgm.fr C a r t e s Tarides 2 bis, Place du Puits de l'Ermite, 75005 PARIS Tel +33 I 44 08 78 10 Fax +33 I 47 07 27 16 C a r t o g r a p h i e et Decision ( C & D ) 14 rue Cardinal de Polignac, 43000 LE PUY E N V E L A Y Tel +33 71 05 76 33 Fax +33 71 05 95 76 C e n t r e d'Etudes de G e o g r a p h i e Tropicale ( C E G E T ) Domaine Universitaire de Bordeaux, 33405 T A L E N C E Cedex Tel +33 56 84 68 30 Fax +33 56 84 68 55 C l u b Vosgien 4, rue de la Douane, 67000 S T R A S B O U R G Email [email protected] U R L http://perso.wanadoo.fr/markrei Conseil National d'lnformations G e o g r a p h i q u e s (CNIG) 136 bis Rue de Grenelle, 75700 PARIS SP07 Tel +33 I 43 98 83 12 Fax +33 I 43 98 85 66 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.cnig.fr C N R S Editions 20/22 rue St.-Amand, 75015 PARIS Tel +33 I 45 33 16 00 Fax +33 I 45 33 92 13 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.cnrs.fr/editions Conservatoire de l'Espace Littoral et des Rivages Lacustres 36 Quai d'Austerlitz, 75013 PARIS Cedex Tel +33 I 44 06 89 00 Fax +33 I 45 83 60 43

Delegation ä l ' A m e n a g e m e n t du Territoire e t ä l'Action Regionale ( D A T A R )

I ave Charles Floquet, 75343 PARIS Cedex 07

Tel +33 I 40 65 12 34 Fax +33 I 43 06 99 Ol Email [email protected]

URL http://www.datar.gouv.fr D e p a r t e m e n t d'Elevage et de Medecin V e t e r i n a i r e

Tropicale ( D E M V T )

G E O L I T T O M E R U M R 6554

Faculte des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, BP 81227,44312 N A N T E S Cedex 3

Tel +33 2 40 14 13 08 Fax +33 2 40 74 60 69 Email [email protected]

G I P Reclus

Maison de la Geographie, 17 rue Abbe de l'tpee, 34000 MONTPELLIER

Centre de cooperation international en recherche

Tel +33 67 14 58 58 Fax +33 67 72 64 04

Baillarguet, BP 5035, 34032 MONTPELLIER Cedex I

URL http://www.mgm.fr

Didier-Richard

61, Bd Alexandre Martin 45058 O R L E A N S Cedex

agronomique pour le developpement, Campus international de Tel +33 04 67 59 37 29 Fax +33 04 67 59 37 95 I I PI Victor Hugo, 38000 G R E N O B L E

Tel +33 76 43 43 88 Fax +33 76 43 38 47 D o c u m e n t a t i o n Fran^ais

124 rue Henri Barbusse, 93308 AUBERVILLIERS

Tel +33 48 39 56 00 Fax +33 48 39 56 01 E D F Production Transport

6 rue de Messine, 75384 PARIS Cedex

Tel +33 I 40 42 26 95 Edi-Service

10 rue du Repos, BP 100 A U C H Cedex

Tel +33 62 05 40 13 Fax +33 62 05 86 02 Email [email protected] Editions Belin

8 rue Ferou, 75278 PARIS Cedex 06

Tel +33 I 46 34 21 42 Fax +33 I 43 25 18 29 Editions du Jaguar

57 bis rue d'Auteuil, 75016 PARIS Tel +33 I 44 30 19 70 Fax +33 I 44 30 19 79 Editions Geographiques et Touristiques Gabeiii 141 rue de Picpus, 75012 PARIS

Tel +33 I 43 44 79 89 Fax +33 I 43 43 34 61 Editions G r a f o c a r t e

125 rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau, BP 40, 92132 ISSY LES

M O U L I N E A U X Cedex

Tel +33 I 41 09 19 00 Fax +33 I 41 09 19 22 Editions Massin 16-18 rue de l'Amiral Mouchez, 75686 PARIS Cedex 14

Tel +33 I 45 65 48 48 Fax +33 I 45 65 47 00 URL http://www.massin.fr Editions O P H R Y S

6 Avenue Jean Jaures, BP 87,05003 G A P Cedex

Tel +33 92 53 85 72 Fax +33 92 53 35 60 Editions Ponchet Plan-Net

7 rue Theodore de Banville, 75017 PARIS

Tel +33 I 47 63 32 81 Fax +33 I 47 63 22 53 Email [email protected] URL http://www.paris-plan-net.com Editions Technip 27 rue Ginoux 75737 PARIS Cedex 15

Tel +33 I 45 78 33 80 Fax +33 I 45 65 37 I I Email [email protected]

G e o 3D

140 Bd de Creac'h Gwen 29561 QUIMPER Cedex 09

Tel +33 2 98 82 87 95 Fax +33 2 98 82 87 88 URL http://www.geo3d.com

Email [email protected]

Institut Franfais de l'Environnement ( I F E N ) Tel +33 2 38 79 78 78 Fax +33 2 38 79 78 70 Email [email protected]

URL http://www.ifen.fr/ Institut Franfais de Recherche Scientifique pour le D e v e l o p p e m e n t en C o o p e r a t i o n ( O R S T O M )

Headquarters 209-213 rue la Fayette, 75480 PARIS Cedex Tel +33 I 48 02 55 00 Fax +33 I 48 47 30 88 Orders

32 avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 B O N D Y Cedex

Tel +33 I 48 02 56 49 Fax +33 I 48 47 30 88 Email [email protected]

URL http://www.bondy.ird.fr/carto Institut Franfais de Recherche pour ('Exploitation de la M e r ( I F R E M E R )

Centre de Brest, BP70, 29280 P L O U Z A N E

Tel +33 98 22 40 40 Fax +33 98 22 45 45 Email [email protected]

URL http://www.ifremer.fr Institut Geographique National ( I G N )

Direction Generale, 136 bis, rue de Grenelle, 75700 PARIS

07 SP

Tel +33 I 43 98 80 00 Fax +33 I 43 98 84 00 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ign.fr

I G N France Internationale

39 ter, rue Gay-Lussac, 75005 PARIS

Tel +33 I 43 54 19 21 Fax +33 I 46 33 30 37 Service de Documentation Geographique 2 avenue Pasteur, 94160 SAINT-MANDi

Tel +33 I 43 98 80 00 Fax +33 I 43 98 84 03 Institut National d e la Recherche A g r o n o m i q u e

(INRA)

Route de Saint-Cyr, 78026 VERSAILLES Cedex

Tel +33 I 30 83 34 06 Fax +33 I 30 83 34 49 Email [email protected]

URL http://www.inra.fr/

Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques ( I N S E E )

18 Boulevard Adolphe Pinard, 75675 PARIS Cedex 14

Tel +33 I 41 17 50 50 Fax +33 I 41 17 66 66 Email [email protected] URL http//www.inse.fr

Inventaire Forestier National ( I F N )

Chateau des Barres, 45290 N O G E N T S U R V E R N I S S O N

Tel +33 33 38 28 18 00 Fax +33 38 28 18 28 Email [email protected]

URL http://www.ifn.fr

France

705

Laboratoire d'Ecologie Terrestre 13 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4403, 31405 T O U L O U S E Tel +33 61 55 85 43 Fax +33 61 55 85 44 Email [email protected] Media Cartes 18 rue Claude Tillier, 75012 PARIS Tel +33 40 24 24 48 Fax +33 40 24 24 68 Email [email protected] Meteo 1 Quai Branly, 75340 PARIS Tel +33 I 45 56 71 40 Fax +33 I 45 56 71 70 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.meteo.fr Michelin Service Tourisme, 46 avenue de Breteuil, 75324 PARIS Cedex 07 Tel +33 45 66 12 34 Fax +33 I 45 66 13 70 Email [email protected] URL http://www.michelin-travel.com Ministere de l'lndustrie et du C o m m e r c e Exterieur Direction des Hydrocarbures, 97-99 rue de Grenelle, 75353 PARIS Cedex 07 Fax +33 I 43 19 48 67 O b e r t h u r Editions 21 Sud est rue des Charmilles, BP 219, 35514 C E S S O N S E V I G N E Cedex Tel +33 99 26 01 99 Fax +33 99 32 01 65 Publisud 15 rue du Cinq Diamants, 75013 PARIS Tel +33 I 45 80 78 50 Fax +33 I 45 89 94 15 Randonnees Pyreneennes 4 rue Maye-Lane, BP 24, 65420 TARBES-IBOS Tel +33 62 90 09 90 Fax +33 62 90 90 91 Service de ('Information Aeronautique ( S I A ) Direction Generale de I'Aviation Civile, 91205 A T H I S - M O N S Cedex Tel +33 I 69 57 69 69 Fax +33 I 69 57 69 69 Service Hydrographique et O c e a n o g r a p h i q u e de la Marine ( S H O M ) 3 Avenue Octave Greard, 75007 PARIS Tel +33 I 44 38 41 16 Fax +33 I 44 38 40 76 BP426, 13 rue du Chatellier, 29275 BREST Cedex Tel +33 98 22 IS 97 Fax +33 98 22 12 08 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.shom.fr S G C I Planfax 2 rue du Bac, 92158 S U R E S N E S Cedex Tel +33 I 41 38 38 39 Fax +33 I 41 38 38 39 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.planfax.com Skol Vreizh 29 rue de Kerscoff, 29600 M O R L A I X Tel +33 98 62 17 20 Fax +33 98 62 02 38 SNCF 88 rue Saint-Lazare, 75436 PARIS Cedex 09 Tel +33 53 25 63 13 Fax 3 53 25 63 16 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.web.sncf.fr

Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine 31360 B U S S E N S Tel +33 61 97 86 24 Fax +33 61 97 80 49 Email [email protected] U R L http://194.2.31.231/en Sous-Direction des Affaires Foncieres Cadastrales et Domaniales Direction General des Impöts, 139 rue de Bercy, 75574 PARIS Cedex 12 Fax +33 I 53 18 95 05 SPOT IMAGE 5 rue des Satellites, BP 4359, 31030 T O U L O U S E Cedex Tel +33 5 62 19 40 54 Fax +33 5 62 19 40 89 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.spotimage.fr Teleatlas 47 Avenue Carnot, 94230 C A C H A N Tel +33 I 49 08 53 53 Fax +33 I 49 08 53 50 Email ifor@teleatlas U R L http://www.teleatlas.com For Relief und Profil Verlag, see Germany; for HarperCollins, see Great Britain; for K+F, see Switzerland; for C G M W and U N E S C O , see World.

Catalogue ATLASES

Atlas de France Montpellier: GIP Reclus, 1995-9 14 vols, all published Atlas IG Ν routier de France Paris: IGN, 1999 252 pp Includes 1:250 000 scale mapping, town plans and index Tourist and motoring atlas France 1999 Paris: Michelin, 1999 With 1:200 000 scale mapping GAZETTEERS

Code officiel geographique Paris: INSEfc 800 pp Index atlas de France Cesson-Sevinge: Oberthur, 1997 990 pp GENERAL

Relief de la France 1:2 000 000 Paris: IGN, 1990 France physique I: I 400 000 Paris: IGN, 1992 Collins France I: I 250 000 London: HarperCollins, 1997 France: carte en relief 1:1 200 000 Paris: IGN, 1998 Raised relief map France 1:1 000 000 Paris: Michelin Available as reversible version and as route planner

706

Europe

Carte de France 1:1 000 000

EARTH

Paris: I G N , 1993

SCIENCES

Carte geologique de la France et de la marge continentale

Special I M W edition

1:1 500 000

France: routes, autoroutes I: I 000 000

Orleans: B R G M , 1980

Paris: I G N

W i t h accompanying explanatory text

Annually revised Θ Also available as Route 120 digital data France 1:500 000 Bern: K + F Double-sided IMAGE

W i t h accompanying explanatory text Carte miniere de la France I: I 500 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1980 W i t h accompanying explanatory text

MAPS

La France vue de satellite I: I 000 000 Orleans: B R G M and BEICIP, 1974

Orleans: B R G M , 1980

Paris: I G N , 1973-

W i t h accompanying explanatory text

•

Regularly revised Also available as Atlas routier & touristique France 1:200 000 Montreuil and Bern: Blay-Foldex and K + F 15 sheets, all published Departement 1: 125 000 / 1: 140 000 Paris: I G N , 1998-

Sites mineralogiques de la France et de la marge continentale I: I 500 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1980 Sismicite de la France I: I 500 000 Bruyeres-Ie-Chätel: Laboratoire de Geophysique, 1995 Carte des courbes d'egale declinaison magneüque au Janvier I 1990 1:1 400 000

•

Orleans: B R G M , 1990

TOP 100 1:100 000

Carte geologique de la France I: I 000 000

Paris: I G N , 197074 sheets, all published

1:1 500 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1986

Carte hydrogeologique de la France I: I 500 000

Top 250 1:250 000

95 sheets, 22 published

Teneurs en nitrates des nappes phreatiques de la France

W i t h accompanying explanatory text

TOPOGRAPHIC

16 sheets, all published

Teneurs en nitrates des eaux souterrains en France I: I 500 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1994

Orleans: B R G M , 1996 •

2 sheets, both published

Regularly revised, replacing Serie verte Serie orange 1:50 000 Paris: I G N , 19771102 sheets, all published • Θ Also available as digital BD CARTO

W i t h accompanying explanatory text Θ Also available as vector data Carte tectonique de la France I: I 000 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1980 2 sheets, both published W i t h accompanying explanatory text

Serie bleue 1:25 000 Paris: I G N , 1979c. 1750 sheets, all published •

Θ

Regularly revised, being replaced in tourist areas by larger format TOP25 Also available as vector data BD TOPO and as digital terrain data BD ALTI

Carte geologique du Quaternaire et des formations superficielles de la France I: I 000 000 Besanfon: Universite de Besanfon, 1974 4 sheets, all published Relief structural de la geologie de la France et des regions voisines 1:1 000 000 Garching: Relief & Profil Verlag, 1992

BATHYMETRIC

Corte hydrogeologique de la France I: I 000 000

Atlas permanent de la mer et du littorel Paris: C N R S , 1994-6 2 vols

La France: curiosites geologiques I: I 000 000

Coastal zone mapping

Orleans: B R G M , 1985

AERONAUTICAL

CHARTS

Carte aeronautique I: I 000 000 Athis-Mons: SIA, 1997 4 sheets, all published Revised twice a year Carte aeronautique 1:500 000 O A C I 3615 Paris: I G N , 1998 4 sheets, all published Revised annually

Orleans: B R G M , 1970

Carte sismotectonique de la France I: I 000 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1981 W i t h accompanying text Carte des lineaments de la France d'apres les images des satellites LANDSAT

1:1 000 000

Orleans: B R G M , 1980 W i t h accompanying text Cartes des gisement de fer de la France I: I 000 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1962 2 sheets, both published

France

707

Corte de la qualite clinique des eaux souterraines de la France

Carte de vulnerabilite (des eaux souterraines) a la pollution

1:1 000 000

1:50 000

Orleans: B R G M , 1978

Orleans: B R G M , 1973-

W i t h accompanying text

1060 sheets, 32 published

Carte du debit moyen des nappes d'eau souterraine de la France

Carte geomorphologique de la France 1:50 000

1:1 000 000

Paris: C N R S , 197114 published sheets

Orleans: B R G M , 1970 Carte des eaux minerales de la France I: I 000 000

W i t h explanatory text and separate legend booklet Cartes magnetique detaillees du champ total 1:50 000

Orleans: B R G M , 1994 Carte des eaux minerales et thermales de la France I: I 000 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1973

Orleans: B R G M 1060 sheets, 62 published

•

Covers Massif Central

Carte gravimetrique de la France I: I 000 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1974-5

Cartes des substances utiles 1:50 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1969-

2 sheets, both published

1060 sheets, 10 published

Bouguer anomalies Carte geomorphologique de la France I: I 000 000 Montpellier: GIP Reclus, 1987-93 4 maps all published W i t h accompanying sheet explanations Carte miniere de la France metropolitaine I: I 000 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1995 W i t h accompanying explanatory text

•

ENVIRONMENTAL

Atlas des espaces naturels du littorel Paris: Conservatoire de I'espace littoral et des rivages lacustres, 1991 95 maps Atlas des Forets de la France Paris: IFN, 1995-8

Carte magnetique de la France I: I 000 000

4 vols

Orleans: B R G M , 1980

Also available by Forest regions

2 sheets, both published Each area available in five different themes Carte de vulnerabilite a la pollution des nappes d'eau souterraines de la France I: I 000 000

Paris: Meteo, 1988

Carte des gites mineraux de la France 1:500 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1979-86 8 sheets + texts, all published Carte geologique de la France 1:250 000 Orleans: B R G M , 197944 sheets, 17 published

•

Carte magnetique de la France 1:250 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1974•

Some sheets on irregular sheet lines Carte geologie et structure de la marge continentale 1:250 000 Orleans: B R G M , 197019 sheets, 6 published Offshore continental shelf maps Carte gravimetrique de la France 1:200 000 Orleans: B R G M 66 sheets, 38 published • Carte de la nature des depots meubles sous-marins 1: 100 000 Orleans: B R G M , 197048 sheets, all published

•

Offshore continental shelf maps Carte geologique de la France 1:50 000 Orleans: B R G M , 19601060 sheets, c. 950 published • Θ Text with each sheet Some sheets available as raster and vector data Carte hydrogeologique de la France 1:50 000 Orleans: B R G M , 19631060 sheets, 17 published •

708

Europe

Paris: SFF, 1990 442 pp Precipitations en France 1:2 200 000 Edition 2

Orleans: B R G M , 1970

44 sheets, 7 published

Atlas partiel de la flore de France Ρ Dupont

Carte de la vegetation de la France I: I 500 000 par Ρ Ozenda & M.J.Lucas Paris: C N R S , 1986 Carte des regions forestieres de la France I: I 000 000 Paris: IFN, 1996 Regularly revised France forestiere I: I 000 000 Paris: I F N Carte pedologique de la France I: I 000 000 Paris: I N R A , 1967 2 sheets, both published W i t h accompanying explanation Carte des zones exposes ά des glissements, ecroulements, effondrements et affaissements de terrain en France I: I 000 000 Orleans: B R G M , 1983 W i t h accompanying text Carte climatique detaillee de la France 1:250 000 Paris: Ed. Ophrys, 197112 published sheets

•

Carte de la vegetation de la France 1:200 000 Paris: C N R S , 1947-91 67 sheets, 56 published • Inventaire forestier national 1:200 000 Paris: IFN 89 sheets, all published Departmental sheet lines Regional versions also becoming available

Carte pedologique de la France 1: 100 000

Plan de ville de Paris et son agglomeration 1:12 000

Paris: INRA, 1969

Paris: IGN, 1998

22 published sheets

•

Paris street atias 1:10 000

W i t h sheet explanations

Paris: Michelin Available in large o r small format and as 4 sheets

ADMINISTRATIVE

Regularly revised

Corte administrative 1:2 200 000

France city maps 1:10 000

Paris: Michelin

Montreuil: Blay-Foldex

Carte administrate

de la France I: I 400 000 Edition 2

124 published cities

Paris: IGN, 1997 France administrative 1:1 100 000

FRANCE

Montreuil: Blay-Foldex

1:250 000 topographic SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

La population de la France Paris: INS£E, 1995 40 pp Adas de la population frangaise Le Puy: C&D, 1996 Atlas de la criminalite en France G.Camilleri & C.Lazerges Montpellier: GIP Redus, 1992 159 pp Adas demographique Le Puy: C & D &

1991 —

46°N

Departmental and regional demographic atlases La France et ses regions Paris: INS££ 1993 191 pp The wine atlas of France Η Johnson & Η Duijker Edition 4 London: Mitchell Beazley, 1997 280 pp Adas des peches et cultures marines en France Montpellier: GIP Reclus, 1988 100 miles Adas de /'Industrie Paris: Ministere de l'lndustrie de la Poste et des Telecommunications, 1996 153 pp France: itineraires fluvaires I: I 500 000 Issy les Moulineaux: £ditions Grafocarte

FRANCE 1:100 000 offshore geology

Reseau generale d'energie electrique de France I: I 000 000 Paris: EDF France 1:1 000 000 Paris: IGN, 199514 published thematic sheets Map themes: roads: historical routes; long distance footpaths; canoe-kayak facilities; mountain biking and cycle touring; forts and citadels; battle sites; natural climbing sites; golf courses; Cistercian abbeys and sites; France by train; sailing on French rivers and waterways; theme parks and French wines Le reseau SNCF 1:1 000 000 Paris: SNCF, 1996 Railway map Carte departmental des terres agricoles 1:50 000 Paris: DDAF, 1982-8 URBAN

Θ Paris interactif Paris: L'lndispensables-Massin, 1997

150 miles

CD-ROM based electronic atlas

France

709

4Έ

320 km

46°N

42° Ν

FRANCE 1:250 000 geological 1:250 000 climate 1:250 000 magnetic

FRANCE 200 miles

710

Europe

1:200 000 gravimetric 1:200 000 vegetation

FRANCE 1:50 1:50 1:50 1:50 1:50 1:50 1:50 1:50 1:25

000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000

topographic geological hydrogeology geomorphological magnetic groundwater useful minerals agricultural land topographic

21 22 23 24

43 47 80 km

20 50 miles

31

ο

e

Sheet numbering example: 1:50 000 2031 1:25 000 2031 ο

γ-ΦΤ

49J2L-U 5orr_L_L 51Γ Γ { - L l 42°N 52TLJ—1/ 53Ll_l—\ 54U4-7t 551—JW-1 CORSE 56l—1 | 9°E

France

711

712

Europe

4Έ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Ain Aisne Allier Alpes de Haute-Provence Hautes-Alpes Alpes-Maritimes Ardeche Ardennes Ariege Aube Aude Aveyron Bouches-du-Rhöne Calvados Cantal Charente Charente-Maritime Cher Correze Corse Cöte-D'Or Cötes-du-Nord Creuse Dordogne

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Doubs Drome Eure Eure-et-Loir Finistere Gard Haute-Garonne Gers Gironde Herault Ille-et-Vilaine Indre Indre-et-Loire Isere Jura Landes Loir-et-Cher Loire Haute-Loire Loire-Atlantique Loiret Lot Lot-et-Garonne Lozere

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

Maine-et-Loire Manche Marne Haute-Marne Mayenne Meurthe-et-Moselle Meuse Morbihan Moselle Nievre Nord Oise Orne Pas-de-Calais Puy-de-Döme Pyrenees-Atlantique Haute-Pyrenees Pyrenees-Orientales Bas-Rhin Haut-Rhin Rhone Haute-Saöne Saöne-et-Loire Sarthe

73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

Savoie Haute-Savoie Ville-de-Paris Seine-Maritime Seine-et-Marne Yvelines Deux-Sevres Somme Tarn Tarn-et-Garonne Var Vaucluse Vendee Vienne Haute-Vienne Vosges Yonne Ter.-de-Belfort Essonne Hauts-de-Seine Seine-Saint-Denis Val-de-Marne Val-D'Oise

France 713

GERMANY

ΛWmi*>

*

(BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND)

Germany supports one of the most diverse surveying and mapping industries in the world with over 300 private sector organizations and about 250 federal and state agencies actively producing maps listed in the latest version of Kartographisches Taschenbuch from the German Cartographic Society. Uniquely in Western Europe official mapping is the responsibility of each state in the Republic, only smaller scales are published by federal agencies. The other unique feature of German mapping is the inevitable difference between mapping standards in the former Federal and Democratic Republics, which maintained independent series and specifications in the years between 1945 and 1990. Prior to unification the 10 state survey offices, (Ländervermessungsamte) of the Federal Republic were wholly responsible for publication of topographic mapping at scales of 1:100 000 and larger, and also contributed to the federally produced smaller scale series. On the other side of the Iron Curtain, however, mapping was centralized, with military (Ausgabe Staat (AS)) and sanitized civilian (Ausgabe für die Volkswirtschaft (AV)) editions in scale ranges from 1:10 000 through to 1:1 000 000, following Soviet practice and completely unrelated to Western maps. These maps used sheet numbering and breakdown derived from the International map of the world and were printed as small format editions. The larger scales in these Eastern series became available for the first time in 1990. In the years since reunification considerable progress has been made to integrate and update mapping of the five eastern Länder, with the AV editions gradually being replaced by AS versions, but with sheet lines and numbering being revised to comply with Western standards. This programme has been carried out by state survey offices established in 1991 in each new Land, Eastern central agencies having been abolished, but it will be many years before a single national and uniform system is in place. Larger scale mapping may now be acquired through the local ländesvermessungsamt, whose addresses are listed below, but for the purposes of this book the larger scales are listed as national series in both catalogue and indexes. Co-ordination of activities between the different Länder is carried out from the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Vermessungsverwaltungen

der

Länder

der

Bundesrepublik

Deutschland, a non-governmental committee of the state administrations attached to the Hessen survey office. The civilian federal national mapping agency is Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (BfKG), u n t i l 1 9 9 7 I n s t i t u t f ü r

Angewandte Geodäsie (IfAG), with headquarters in Frankfurtam-Main, offices in Berlin, Leipzig, and Potsdam and a satellite observation station at Kötzting. BfKG publishes the smaller scale topographic mapping of the Republic, carries out overseas mapping and geodetic cartographic and topographic research and acts as the national place name authority. It took over the small scale programmes of the former East German Verwaltung für Vermessungs- und Kartenwesen ( W K ) , which mapped the area of the Democratic Republic in the

714

Europe

years between World War II and 1991. BfKG also distributes unrevised copies of the topographic maps published before 1945 and covering the whole of the German Reich, including monochrome copies of 1:25 000 scale mapping, 1:100 000 Grossblätter, and sheets published in the 1:300 000 scale Übersichtskarte von Mitteleuropa. Three current scales are maintained. The Topographische Übersichtskarte 1:200 000 (TÜK 200) covers Germany in 59 sheets, 12 of which are prepared by the Bavarian survey office. This map uses the Gauss-Krüger projection, with the graticule and Gauss-Krüger net shown at the margins, and shows relief with 25 m or 12.5 m contours. The 44 sheets covering the area of the former federal states are available as a normal edition, with relief shading and coloured road infill, or as a four-colour outline map without hill shading or coloured roads. An orographic edition is also published to show only relief and hydrology with names of physical and water features. Four larger format Umgebungskarten are also published including through-route town maps for the areas around Bremen, Hamburg, Frankfurt-am-Main and Stuttgart. Preliminary versions of the 15 sheets covering the eastern Länder have been issued, by adjusting and revising the small sheet East German topographic map formerly published by VVK, into the sheet system of the West German series. Two digital data sets are available at this resolution; raster scanned layered data and the structured data in the Digital Landschaftsmodell Deutschland. Military mapping of the united Germany is carried out by the federal Armed Forces Geographic Office (Amt für Militärisches Geowesen (AMILGeo). BfKG collaborates with AMILGeo in the production of 1:250 000 scale mapping of Germany in Series 1501. The BfKG 1:500 000 Übersichtskarte (ÜK 500) uses the Lambert conformal conic projection and is published in four large-format sheets in conjunction with the AMILGeo. The normal edition is issued without U T M grid, a working map is published without hill shading, and an oro-hydrographic version shows only relief and hydrology with names of physical and water features. In addition a threecolour administrative edition is issued. Raster versions of seven layers of data in this map are also available. Germany is covered in a single sheet BfKG map at 1:1 000 000. Five versions are available and have been extended to 15°E to cover the eastern Länder. These are a normal edition, an oro-hydrographic map, an administrative version, a landscape edition and a map showing the 1990 triangulation network. Raster versions of the layered data are available, and four different structured data sets are derived from this scale: administrative data sets for Landkreisen (NUTS 3 level) and Gemeinde (NUTS 5 level), a digital terrain model with 1 m grid resolution and a digital gazetteer. BfKG also still issues two sheets conforming to the International map of the world specification and five in a 1:2 500 000 scale world series.

Civilian topographic mapping at 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 , 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 and

coverage o f the former Democratic Republic was attained in

1:25 0 0 0 is available for the whole of the western Lander.

1 9 6 9 in 6 1 5 0 five-colour line maps, relief is shown in 1 m

T h e specification is based upon the Gauss-Kriiger projec-

or 2.5 m contours.

tion with sheet lines following the graticule. Series have been colour coded according to scale, (green for 1:25 0 0 0 , blue for 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 and yellow-orange for 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 ) but are packaged differently by each state. There is usually a fiveyear revision cycle for these maps.

T h e 1 : 5 0 0 0 scale map is the most important source for the compilation of the national medium-scale digital database Amtliches (ATKIS). 1990,

Topographische-Kartographisches Work

and

to

capture

progressed

Informationssystem

structured

fastest

in

data

began

in

Nordrhein-Westfalen,

T h e 1:25 0 0 0 scale map ( T K 2 5 ) started as a basic scale

Rheinland-Pfalz

series in the former Federal Republic and shows relief with

digital landscape model D L M 25/1, built up on a national

and Niedersachsen.

ATKIS

comprises

a

10 m contours. It is usually issued in different versions; the

basis, and completed for object positions in 1 9 9 5 . Digital

monochrome

terrain data in this first stage were held in separate data-

outline edition ( T K 25 E); a Wanderwegen edition ( T K 2 5

bases, and by the end o f 1 9 9 7 D L M 25 data were available

W ) ; a version with administrative overprint ( T K 2 5 V ) and

for the whole o f Germany. T h e second stage of A T K I S will

an orthophotomap ( T K 25 L ). T h e Normalausgabe is avail-

see the merging of data sets, so as to facilitate the genera-

three-colour

Normalausgabe

(TK

25

N);

a

able flat or folded for the whole of Western Germany, other

tion o f hard copy mapping from the database, and a new

editions may not be available for all areas. T K 25 sheets

specification is being fixed for the 1:25 0 0 0 graphic product,

each cover an area of 1 1 . 5 k m X 11 k m on the ground and

with more colours and a more open and legible design. Some

are numbered by a four-digit co-ordinate reference, with

of the first graphic products using this specification and

northings appearing before eastings. In Eastern states conver-

incorporating urban building height data were released by

sion to full T K 25 specification mapping is taking place;

the Brandenburg mapping agency in 1999-

small sheet AS and AV editions are being recast on to western sheet lines and some state surveys are issuing new maps conforming fully to western symbolization. Much T K 2 5 coverage of the East is, however, completely different mapping, being derived from four parent 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 scale sheets, and with 5 m contours. AS formatted series also continue

to

be

available

from

eastern

Ländervermes-

sungamte, but are likely to be withdrawn as conversion progresses.

Länder authorities also maintain cadastral frameworks. A diversity of hard copy scales have been used, and

Flurkarten

as large as 1 : 1 0 0 0 in scale are maintained by state surveying offices and by city authorities across Germany. Digital developments are facilitating the linking o f property registers and household data to land information systems. Since the late 1 9 7 0 s an automated real estate map o f Germany has been built up by digitizing of cadastral plans. This was designated and standardized in 1 9 9 2 as the Automatisierte Liegenschaft-

There is a similar pattern with 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 mapping, which

skarte ( A L K ) project,

requires 7 8 2 sheets for complete coverage. T K 5 0 maps cover

mapping with numerical survey information, so as to allow

2 3 km X 2 2 k m

blocks corresponding

to four

and merges

data

from

published

1:25 0 0 0

more efficient maintenance of the property cadastre and

sheets, and are numbered with a four-digit co-ordinate and

generation of hard copy mapping. A L K will be completed

the prefix L. T h e western specification has 10 m contours.

for the whole o f Germany by 2 0 0 5 .

T h e T K 5 0 series is also issued in a number of different versions: the Normal edition ( T K 5 0 N , a four-colour map with green used for woodland); a footpath and cycling version ( T K 5 0 W R ) ; a footpath map ( T K 5 0 W ) ; a monochrome edition ( T K 5 0 E); an administrative map ( T K 5 0 V ) and an oro-hydrographic version ( T K 5 0 O). N o t all of these are available for each Land. In addition there is a military edition from A M I L G e o . Its 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 military coverage (Series M 7 4 5 ) conforms to N A T O specifications and uses the civilian T K 5 0 map, but also incorporates a U T M grid and trilingual legend. T h e 2 1 6 sheets covering the eastern Lander were converted from military maps published in the

former

Democratic Republic, in the two years after unification. T h e content and symbol key were retained, including

10 m

contours, but eastern sheet lines and numbers were adjusted to

conform

to

M745

specifications.

Civilian

1:50 0 0 0

mapping o f the east has been given a lower priority than other topographic scales, a similar conversion process to T K 2 5 programmes is being carried out by eastern states.

T h e federal earth science mapping agency in Germany is the Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BfGR) in Hannover. It compiles and publishes geoscientific mapping of Germany including mapping programmes at scales of 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 and smaller. T h e 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 scale map is a collaborative project between B f G R and the provincial geological mapping agencies and is approaching completion for the western Länder. Eastern Germany was covered in 1:200 000

scale series from

the

Zentrales

Geologisches

Institut ( Z G I ) , with complete coverage of the former D D R in 2 9 sheets, published for six different themes: Quaternary cover; geology without Quaternary cover; a combination of drift and solid geology; hydrogeology and two hydrochemical editions. Sheets from these eastern series are no longer being maintained and are going out o f print. Remaining stocks may be available

through

the eastern

provincial

geological mapping offices (described below) or from map dealers such as Geocenter. New mapping o f eastern areas conforming to the Western specification is being carried out

Larger scale mapping operates from different basic scales

by B f G R and two sheets have so far been published. Two-

in east and west. Since 1 9 3 7 data have been collected in

sheet 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale solid geological coverage has been

map

regularly revised; the latest ( 1 9 9 3 ) edition covers the whole

( D K G 5) is nearing

o f the united Germany and is also available as digital data.

Western Germany for publication of a basic scale at 1 : 5 0 0 0 . This Deutsche Grundkarte

in

This is the first geoscientific map at this scale, more digital

Niedersachsen, this is used as a base for the compilation of

themes are planned and a hydrogeological map has already

other derived series. Sheets cover 2 k m X 2 km areas, relief

been published. Other small scale mapping of the area o f

is usually shown with 5 m contours. Different styles are

the

published, many states are now compiling

tectonic, and geophysical maps. A tectonic atlas of North-

completion

for

many

Lander.

Where

complete,

1:5000

as

scale

former

DDR

includes

1:500 000

scale

geological,

orthophotomaps, as well as Grundkarte line-maps. In the five

West Germany at 1 : 3 0 0 0 0 0 scale has also recently been

eastern states basic scale mapping is published by the state

published. In addition to its national role B f G R continues

survey

to

offices

at

1:10 0 0 0 .

Complete

photogrammetric

participate

in

international

earth

science

mapping

Germany

715

programmes, including U N E S C O European series, and also publishes many maps of third world countries, issued with Geologisches Jahrbuch, and available through E.Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Most BfGR maps are, however, sold through Geocenter Stuttgart. Larger scale earth science mapping is carried out by the geological survey offices of the different Länder, as well as single-sheet smaller scale mapping of each state. Geological coverage is less comprehensive than in topographic programmes and specifications are more varied. The most extensive mapping is published at 1:25 000. Nearly 2000 of the 3000 sheets required for complete coverage have been published, but a third of these are out of print, and many other sheets are very old. We have described these and other locally published maps under the relevant Länder. Thematic earth science programmes have also been carried out, especially in former East Germany. The Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landeskunde und Raumordnung (BfLR) monitors spatial developments and is responsible for regional planning in the Federal Republic. It prepared the 11-volume Atlas zu Raumentwicklung published in instalments throughout the 1980s, and has also issued administrative mapping of Landkreise and Bezirke. A long-established 1:200 0 0 0 scale series mapping natural regions onto a topographic base is also still available. The Deutscher Wetterdienst ( D W D ) publishes meteorological mapping of Germany, including daily weather m a p coverage. Smaller scale publication include provincial climate atlases. The Institut für Länderkunde (IfL) (formerly the Zentralanschluss für Deutsche Landeskunde) was reformed in Leipzig after unification and is charged with the study of changing regional geographies of central Europe. It is preparing plans for a new national atlas of Germany, which will comprise 12 published thematic parts, to be released over a six to eight year period. The first volume covering German society and the German nation was published late in 1999. A parallel programme of electronic atlas publication is envisaged: the first pilot version of an electronic edition was released in October 1997. The electronic versions of the atlas on C D - R O M will comprise static versions of the maps published in the printed atlases and also interactive mapping of data. The Federal Hydrographie Agency is the B u n d e s a m t für Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH). It maintains a range of about 1000 nautical charts covering the N o r t h and Baltic Seas as well as the Atlantic, Red Sea and Mediterranean. Data from charts have been brought together into a GIS which provides a common source for the derivation of new customized chart types and for the release of Electronic Chart and Display and Information data. BSH is an active partner in work on the International Chart Series of the International Hydrographie Organization. Civilian aeronautical charting of Germany is the responsibility of the D e u t s c h e Flugsicherung, Offenbach. Publication includes eight sheet 1:500 0 0 0 coverage conforming to ICAO specifications. The Statistisches B u n d e s a m t ( S B A ) is the federal agency responsible for the collection and dissemination of official statistical information. It publishes several series of A3 sized maps to illustrate tabulated statistical themes. SBA also p u b lishes CD-ROM-based statistical products, including two recent land cover databases, for the former Federal Republic, and the new Länder and Berlin, with vector mapping, aerial photographic and satellite data to 1:100 0 0 0 scale.

716

Europe

The A k a d e m i e für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (AfRL) carried out a number of thematic mapping projects between I 9 6 0 and 1982 including the publication of a multi-volume regional planning atlas, with volumes for the different western Länder. AfRL no longer produces separate maps, and many sheets in the Deutsche Planungsatlas are now out of print. The Bundesanstalt für N a t u r s c h u t z (BfN) (formerly the Bundesforschungsanstalt für Naturschutz und Landschaftsökologie) is based in Bonn and is responsible for nature conservation and landscape management, including the publication of several vegetation maps of parts of Germany. The U m w e l t b u n d e s a m t ( U B A ) is the federal environment agency and the focal point for Germany's contributions to the C O R I N E programme (see Europe). Its environmental GIS supports thematic mapping of the state of the environment, and the visualization of multiple data combinations. Maps are o u t p u t for publication in regular U B A series. Deutsche Bahn in Mainz publishes a wide range of maps of the German railway network, which are distributed through Bahnshop 1435 in Hannover. Their range includes a series of 34 1:300 0 0 0 scale operations maps.

C o m m e r c i a l publishers A D A C Verlag G m b H publishes a large range of maps and atlases for motorists including the annually revised Autoatlas Deutschland Europa. Complete European coverage is maintained at several scales. A large range of over 500 street maps is published mapping every German town with more than 30 0 0 0 inhabitants. A D F C Bundesverband e V publishes cycling mapping at 1:150 000 scale covering Germany in 27 sheets, which employs an enlarged 1:200 0 0 0 scale official base enhanced with cycling route data collected by members. Since 1995 a range of 1:50 0 0 0 or 1:75 0 0 0 scale regional maps has been in progress. B a c h e r Verlag G m b H concentrates upon customizing commercial maps for marketing, and markets the Regiograph GIS. Berndtson & Berndtson (B&B) publish travel maps and town maps of overseas cities. The Bertelsmann publishing group owns Falk Verlag and RV (see below) and continues to publish a range of internationally respected reference atlases in the New world edition, also available with C D - R O M , or as multi-media interactive electronic versions. Bollmann Bildkarten Verlag G m b H issues a range of about 125 isometric city maps, covering German towns and a few other cities. C A S Software G m b H collaborate with P T V in the provision of digital route planning software and data. C C V C e n t r u m Cartrographie Verlag G m b H produces a wide range of conventional m a p products for the recreational market and offers internet based m a p design solutions. D D S Digital D a t a Services publishes digital data sets relating to postcodes and administrative geographies of Germany, as well as road networks and a range of three digital gazetteers. The Deutscher Alpenverein ( D A V ) produces high quality topographic mapping of German and Austrian Alpine areas,

in association with the Austrian Alpine Club. These are mostly at 1:25 000, with 20 m contours and show walking routes and/or ski-touring routes. In addition a range of Himalayan and Andean mapping is also published. Falk Verlag AG was formed by the merger in 1997 of RV Reise und Verkehrsverlag (see below) and the town map specialist Falk Verlag. The Falk range continues to be published under the label Falk, and includes an internationally respected range of city maps with domestic and international coverage, and motoring maps of Germany and Europe. An increasing number of these products are now also available as electronic versions on CD-ROM in the StreetPilot, City Guide and Euroroute ranges. Since the merger Falks Hamburg headquarters have been closed down, and operations concentrated in Munich. In December 1998 the group was sold to Mairs Geographischer Verlag (see below). Fritsch Landkartenverlag publishes outdoor recreation maps, including walking maps, winter-sports maps and cycling maps, concentrating upon the Bavarian countryside between Frankfurt AM and Innsbruck. Gebrüder Borntraeger publishes overseas mapping sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, including the Afrika Kartenwerk series Geocenter the world's largest map wholesaler also acts as the main or sole distributor for several German commercial publishers, including RV and Falk-Verlag AG, and for some official earth science and topographic products. GEODATA markets a range of digital map data, and GIS products. GISCAD Institut also publishes digital map data. GSV Städteatlas Verlag issues atlases of 91 historic towns across Germany. Harms-IC-Verlag publishes winter sports mapping and other tourist maps, notably of the Greek islands. Hartmann-Plan specializes in the commercial mapping of Hamburg, Schleswig Holstein and Niedersachsen, with a range of town maps, road maps, Kreiskarten and walking maps available as printed maps and on its Web page. Haupka Verlag issues complete 1:100 000 coverage of Germany for cyclists as well as other tourist and road maps of the country, and administrative mapping of Austria. Heinz Fleischmann G m b H issues Kompass walking maps, which extend over much of Germany, Austria and Northern Italy. Other products include smaller scale cycling maps. Kartenwerk Heide compiles local mapping of Schleswig Holstein for the leisure market, including coastal and island maps and town mapping. Karto + GrafikVerlagsgesellschaft G m b H publishes a very useful range of tourist maps of overseas areas in the Hildebrands Urlaubskarte series. Kartographischer Verlag Reinhard Ryborsch (Ryborsch) publishes a range of maps of tourist destinations, and small scale continental and world maps. Klett-Perthes International publishes maps for the educational market, including a very large international coverage of contemporary and historical wall maps. Its catalogue includes mapping published by Haack and the Justus Perthes organization in Gotha. We have listed the very useful physical mapping of different Länder in our catalogue section.

Landkarten-Verlag J. Kronast concentrates upon the compilation and publication of administrative area and town maps of Bayern and Baden Württemberg. Mairs Geographischer Verlag is one of the largest commercial map publishers in Germany. Its long established and renowned 1:200 000 Generalkarte is annually revised, and maintained for the whole of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Denmark, and Benelux, with an extending coverage of other tourist destinations. Standard and large sheet versions are available. Mairs produces Shell road maps and atlases, including the Grosse Shell Atlas issued from 1997 with an accompanying CDROM-based electronic routeplanner. A wide variety of Marco Polo road and city maps are issued and include single-sheet coverage of each European country, and 1:100 000 Freizeitkarte covering Germany in 64 sheets. Panorama maps and J R O globes are also published and Mairs issues a wide variety of products on CD-ROM, packaging route-planning software with raster mapping, place names from Müllers Grosses Ortsbuch, and multi-media tourist information. A seven set CD-based product offers higher resolution mapping based on Generalkarte data. Mairs also distributes products from other publishers, notably ADFC, ADAC, Haupka, Ravenstein, and Kompass, and bought the Falk group in 1998. Microm Gesellschaft für Mikromarketing G m b H markets raster versions of officially published 1:50 000 scale coverage of urban areas, and 1:200 000 scale mapping of the whole country on CD-ROM. Digital boundary maps and marketing data sets are also produced. Nelles Verlag publishes an important range of tourist mapping, first established in 1982 and concentrating upon relief-based mapping of Asian countries, but with an increasingly world-wide coverage. Nelles also distribute the Schneider trekking maps of Nepal, and a few city maps. Pharus Verlag publishes town mapping of Berlin. Pietruska Verlag und Geodatenbank GmbH concentrates upon the publication of leisure maps for walkers and cyclists covering the south-western parts of Germany and in 1996 launched a range of CD-ROM based town maps and information systems for towns in Baden Württemberg. Post und Ortsbuchverlag Müller produces the most useful place name listing in Germany, the annually revised Müllers Grosses Deutsches Ortsbuch which includes 125 000 names, together with population data, postal codes and administrative geographies. PTV Planungsbüro Transport und Verkehr G m b H maintain a number of CD-based route planning products, for Germany and Europe, also available on-line from the PTV Web site. R V Reise und Verkehrsverlag is part of the Falk-Verlag AG group owned by Bertelsmann (see above). They publish one of the most comprehensive ranges of maps for the tourist and motoring markets, including 1:200 000 mapping of Germany published as separate sheets, or in Autoatlas Deutschland. RV also issues walking and cycling maps and a wide variety of tourist maps, with 1:300 000 and 1:800 000 coverage of European countries and world-wide coverage in series at 1:4 000 000 and 1:2 000 000 scales. Town mapping of major centres in Germany is also published, as well as European capitals. Digital versions of Autoatlas Deutschland are published on CD-ROM, with some separate versions for different Länder becoming available, and CD-ROM versions of four urban atlases are also published.

Germany

717

Ravenstein Verlag G m b H publishes a 1:250 000 road m a p of Germany, Northern France and the Benelux countries, available as atlases or m a p sheets, as well as smaller scale maps for motorists and postcode mapping of Germany. A range of about 70 international travel maps is also issued. R E C O concentrates upon the publication of a range of town maps.

Series of Kreiskarten or Bezirkskarten are published with topographic or administrative boundary data issued for each administrative unit in the state. There is a greater diversity amongst the products of the 16 state earth science mapping agencies, with less central control over specifications. Other significant official mapping at a state level is carried out by a number of environmental, resource or planning agencies, with even greater variation in practice.

Regio Relief Edition established in 1994 is a producer of 3 - D raised-relief maps.

Baden-Württemberg

D r Ludwig Reichert Verlag distributes the Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, prepared at the University of Tübingen. Relief & Profil Verlag compiles raised relief mapping of a number of European countries. E.Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung publishes a variety of thematic maps, including important international geological coverage described in the B f G R catalogue, and the major regional programme appearing in the Atlas Ostund Südosteuropa series. S t a d t l N F O Verlag G m b H compiles urban mapping of Berlin and Brandenburg, published as printed plans and atlases, on C D - R O M and as Web maps. Städte-Verlag Ε ν W a g n e r und J Mitterhuber is probably the most important publisher of town mapping in Germany. It maintains a range of over 900 indexed and regularly revised town maps covering most urban centres in Germany and Austria. In addition to these streetfinders Städte-Verlag issues about 250 Kreis- und Freizeit karten, mostly at 1:75 000 scale and showing walking, cycling or skiing routes, but also including larger-scale town maps. Stiefel Wandkartenverlag publishes a wide range of wall maps including double sided coverage of each Land featuring political and relief maps Verlag G l ü c k a u f Essen G m b H ( V G E ) produces mapping of minerals and energy resources and facilities in Germany and Europe. Verwaltungsverlag publishes a large range of town and Kreiskarten and town maps with particular emphasis upon southern Germany, and with mapping also available on its home pages. W e n n i n g e r G m b H . Is a commercial GIS vendor concentrating upon the Bavarian market. W e s t e r m a n n Verlag publishes maps and atlases for the educational market, including the Diercke reference atlases, school atlases, reference maps of some of the Lander and a large range of wall maps.

Map publishing by the L ä n d e r authorities Official agencies in the different Länder publish topographic coverage at scales of 1:100 000 and larger. These series are described above in our German section, because specifications are shared across the whole of Western, or Eastern Germany. The state authorities also maintain differing ranges of Ubersichtskarten (general maps), and repackage topographic material into a number of Sonderkarten aimed at different markets and with varying overprinted data. Gebietskarten usually involve recasting of smaller scale topographic coverage onto more convenient regular local sheet lines.

718

Europe

Landesvermessungsamt B a d e n - W ü r t t e m b e r g ( L V A B W ) is responsible for topographic and cadastral surveying in the state and also distributes some geological maps. LVAB-W publishes sheets conforming to national standards in scales between 1:5000 and 1:200 000. Ranges of Übersichtskarten at 1:200 000 and 1:500 000 are maintained in a number of different editions, and small scale relief maps and a state gazetteer are issued. There is a complete state coverage of specially overprinted versions of standard topographic mapping aimed at walkers and the tourist market and a number of different tourist themes are available at 1:200 0 0 0 scale. A complex range of digital products is also available, offering D T M data, digital orthophotos, digital raster data from topographic maps, as well as ATKIS vector data from 1:200 000 and 1:25 000 mapping. A C D - R O M of raster versions of the 1:50 000 and 1:200 000 coverage of the Land is packaged with interrogation software. A limited amount of vegetation mapping is also published including 1:50 0 0 0 Moorkarte and 1:25 000 Vegetationskundliche Karte coverage of some areas in the Land. The state earth science mapping agency is the L a n d e s a m t für Geologie Rohstoffe und Bergbau B a d e n - W ü r t t e m b e r g ( L G R B B W ) . 1:25 0 0 0 geological coverage is almost complete, but mapping standards vary across the state. Preliminary new digital mapping is being compiled and is available in hard copy or as A R C / I N F O format data. Amongst smaller scale o u t p u t the 1:500 000 scale map has been digitized and are also available as digital data at scales between 1:300 000 and 1:2 000 000. A soils mapping programme was started in 1986 and has resulted in complete 1:200 000 scale state wide coverage as well as an active 1:25 0 0 0 scale programme. Many L G R B B W maps are also available from LVAB-W. The Institut für Angewändte Forschung has compiled a CDbased digital environmental atlas of Baden-Württemberg, which brings together 29 ecological and landscape map layers with viewing and interrogation software. This is published by Springer Verlag. Other environmental mapping is carried out by the Landesanstalt für U m w e l t s c h u t z BadenW ü r t t e m b e r g ( L f U B - W ) including 1:50 000 scale coverage of wetland conservation areas, an atlas of alternative energy and small scale coverage of vegetation and nature conservation. The Statistisches L a n d e s a m t B a d e n - W ü r t t e m b e r g ( S L A B - W ) publishes statistical mapping. Bayern The state mapping authority, the Bayerisches Landesvermessungsamt (BLVA), publishes 751 sheets in the national topographic programmes. Amongst its larger scale programmes are a 1:5000 scale digital orthophoto map derived from 1:15 0 0 0 scale aerial coverage which was completed in 1998. Thirty-five special Umgebungskarten are published with overprinted tourist information, the 1:50 000 scale sheets offer about 50% coverage and include a U T M grid for leisure GPS use. A 40-year old 38-sheet 1:100 000

scale land condition map is still available. Smaller scale single sheet mapping of the Land is available at five different scales. Digital data from these maps include C D - R O M versions of vector-based ATKIS 500 and ATKIS 25 data, raster versions of all published maps and D T M data from 1:25 0 0 0 mapping. BLVA publishes a particularly wide range of facsimile historical mapping, and since 1995 all of its printed products have been distributed through Geocenter. Cadastral data from BLVA in the Digital Flurkarte is made available from a central internet hub, in a collaboration with commercial vendor Wenninger GmbH. Wenninger's home page in the Terra Bavaria project makes these data available using an Autodesk MapGuide application. The Bayerisches Geologisches Landesamt (GLAB) was established in München in 1948 and carries out geological and soils mapping. About half of the Land is covered in its active 1:25 0 0 0 scale geological programme; other large scale geological series offer more partial coverage, but include hydrogeological mapping. More limited soils coverage was established in the 1970s. A new version of GLAB's singlesheet state geological map was recently published. The Bayerisches Landesamt für Wasserwirtschaft (BLW) and other divisions of the Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen publish a number of small scale hydrological themes.

versions of almost all topographic mapping; 1:25 000 DLM vector data; D T M relief models at 1:50 0 0 0 and 1:25 000; as well as 1:200 000 resolution boundary vectors. A C D R O M has also been published, bringing together rasterscanned 1:500 0 0 0 topographic coverage, examples of larger scale digital mapping, tourist information, photographs and searching software, including place name search software. T h e Landesamt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Brandenburg (LGRB) was founded in 1992 and, like other earth science state agencies, it distributes mapping prepared by central East German agencies prior to reunification. Complete coverage of the state is available at 1:25 000 scale in the Bodenschätzungskarte and three versions of 1:50 000 scale earth science mapping are also published; the hydrogeological map is complete and some areas are available in Quaternary or solid geological editions. 1:200 0 0 0 scale geological, hydrogeological and engineering series are still distributed. New smaller scale mapping has been prepared by LGRB, including 1:300 0 0 0 coverage for geology, environmental geology, and industrial minerals. 1:200 000 scale environmental planning coverage of the area around Berlin has been compiled by the Ministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Raumordnung des Landes Brandenburg (MUNRLB). Bremen

Berlin Abteilung V- Vermessungswesen of the Senatsverwaltung für Bauen Wohnen und Verkehr (SfBWV) carries out surveying and mapping of Berlin. Its responsibilities include the remapping of eastern areas of the city and the maintenance of an impressive range of hard copy and digital plans with current scales at 1:1000, 1:5000, 1:10 000 and 1:50 000. S f B W V collaborates with its surrounding state surveying authority the Landesvermessungsamt Brandenburg in the provision of other mapping of the city. Raster versions of 1:5000, 1:10 0 0 0 and 1:50 0 0 0 maps are available on C D R O M packaged with viewing and interrogation software. Amongst the range of special maps are geological coverage at 1:10 000, 1:50 0 0 0 and 1:100 000, a water use m a p and a variety of administrative and urban redevelopment mapping. The Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung Umweltschutz und Technologie (SSUT) was established in 1981 with a remit of ecological planning in West Berlin. It published a two-volume environmental atlas of the city in the mid-1980s, which was updated and extended to East Berlin with the publication of a three-volume hard copy set between 1994 and 1996. These data are also available as an electronic digital atlas on C D - R O M and on the SSUT W e b site, which includes other mappable environmental data relating to Berlin. Brandenburg The Landesvermessungsamt Brandenburg (LVAB) publishes digital and hard copy topographic mapping. Amongst the Gebietskarten are two repackaged versions of 1:100 0 0 0 scale topographic coverage, 13 Kreiskarten cover the 14 Landkreise in Brandenburg, and are published as sixcolour maps or outline versions. The second m a p at this scale is the six-colour and eight-sheet Regionalkarte. Administrative mapping is published at 1:300 000 and 1:500 000. Water sports, and walking maps at 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 scales are also available for significant areas of Brandenburg. Digital product ranges include programmes for issuing raster

T h e area of the Freiehansestadt Bremen is mapped by the Kataster- und Vermessungsverwaltung (KVB) in the Senator für das Bauwesen. The history of land surveying in the city can be traced back to the establishment of a cadastral office in 1835. There is now complete 1:2500, 1:5000, 1:10 0 0 0 and 1:20 000 scale coverage; the latter is available with various overprints including administrative, cadastral and distance data. There are three 1:10 000 scale engineering geology series and four themes of 1:25 0 0 0 scale hydrological mapping. All of these maps are also available as digital data. KVB also distributes facsimiles of historical mapping of the city. The area of the city state may also be covered in mapping from various Niedersachsen agencies, and in national topographic programmes. Hamburg The A m t für Geoinformation und Vermessung Hamburg (AGVH) is responsible for topographic and cadastral surveying and mapping of the area of the city. A wide variety of urban, administrative, thematic digital and facsimile maps are published. 1:5000 mapping is available as conventional Grundkarte and as an orthophoto m a p series. 1:10 0 0 0 scale mapping is issued as full-colour or three-colour versions and five different kinds of 1:20 000 and 1:50 000 maps are p u b lished. A 1:25 0 0 0 scale land use map is also maintained. Regional and Übersichtskarten are also issued. Complete digital coverage is maintained in five product ranges: four offer vector coverage: the Stadtgrundkarte (DSGK) captured from 1:1000 mapping, the D K 5 digital m a p from the D K 5 Grundkarte, DISK from 1:20 0 0 0 coverage, and a regional m a p from 1:150 0 0 0 mapping. In addition TIFF format digital aerial photographic data are derived from 1:5000 aerial coverage. The Stadtkarte von Hamburg on C D - R O M is an electronic atlas of the city bringing together raster versions of 1:20 0 0 0 scale mapping with 1:150 000 coverage, viewing and search software and numerous indexing. Amongst the thematic mapping of the city is a traffic m a p of the city centre, a seven-sheet land use planning series, as well as single-sheet coverage of major roads and nature conservation sites.

Germany

719

The

Geologisches

Landesamt

Hamburg

(GLAH)

produces a 1:10 0 0 0 scale engineering geology m a p as well as 1:50 000 Übersichtskarten for engineering geology, Quaternary stratigraphy and hydrogeology. A seven-sheet 1:25 0 0 0 scale geological series is in progress, and is accompanied by sheet explanations. These maps are distributed by A G V H . In

1997

the

Umweltbehörde

Hamburg

released

the

Digitaler Umweltatlas Hamburg an electronic environmental atlas of the city on C D - R O M . Hessen T h e Hessisches Landesvermessungsamt (HLVA) is t h e

state agency responsible for topographic and cadastral surveying in Hessen. In addition to the usual range of national topographic maps and digital data sets HLVA issues three smaller scales of Topographische Gebietskarten, four versions at 1:200 000, administrative and normal versions at 1:500 0 0 0 and 1:1 0 0 0 000. A special series of 1:50 000 maps with tourist overprints provides complete Land coverage. A complex variety of historical facsimiles of earlier series mapping of Hessen is also available. T h e Hessisches Landesamt für Bodenforschung (HLfB)

carries out basic scale geological and soils mapping of Hessen and has also published a range of smaller scale mapping of the state. 1:25 0 0 0 geological coverage is being published at about 10 new maps a year and is nearly complete; experimental digital versions of recent sheets are being issued. Little progress has been made on the soils map of the same scale. Small scale digital mapping of the state has been compiled to show soils, geology, heavy ores, and hydrogeology. T h e Hessisches Ministerium für Wirtschaft Verkehr und

Landesentwicklung (HMWVL) produces regularly updated state development plans which are published on photoreduced 1:50 000 topographic bases and map settlement, land use, environmental and transport planning. Other environmental mapping of Hessen is prepared by the Hessisches Landesanstalt für Umwelt (HLFU), i n c l u d i n g

drinking

water protection

zonation

maps, and

by

the

Hessische Landesanstalt für Forsteinrichtung Waldforschung und Waldökologie ( H F L W W ) . Mecklenburg-Vorpommern T h e Landesvermessungsamt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

(LVAM-V) has been responsible for official mapping since 1992. In addition to the usual range of topographic series it publishes Gebietskarten extracted from standard bases and rebadged in larger format sheets with different overprints. 1:100 0 0 0 scale Kreiskarten are published for the whole of the state and single sheet coverage at 1:250 000 is published as a general map, a road map, a m a p of natural protected areas, and as two administrative versions. Other monochrome small scale administrative mapping shows only boundaries rivers and settlements. All of these maps are available as raster-scanned digital data. Phase 1 ATKIS coverage of the Land was completed in 1998. Fewer special editions of topographic maps are issued by Mecklenburg-Vorpommern than for other Länder. T h e Geologisches Landesamt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

(GLAM-V) is the provincial agency responsible for earth science research, including the publication of geological mapping. Old 1:25 000 scale coverage is still available for some areas and a new programme at this scale has been started. Other new mapping includes an eight-sheet 1:200 000 Quaternary series, completed for half of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and

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Europe

small scale coverage of the state published as single sheets for Quaternary deposits, solid geology and soils. Niedersachsen

The Lower Saxony state mapping agency is the Landesvermessung

+

Geobasisinformation

Niedersachsen

(LGN) (formerly Niedersächsisches Landesverwaltungsamt Landesvermessung), which moved to a new headquarters in 1998. The usual range of Western topographic series are published, and an active digital programme is in progress, including raster versions of scales between 1:5000 and 1:500 000, available at three different resolutions. A C D R O M brings together a number of these digital maps, including complete 1:100 000, 1:500 000, and 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 coverage, as well as 15 0 0 0 place names and interrogation and viewing software. The first stage of ATKIS DLM data is now complete for the state, and D G M 50 digital terrain data are also available. D G M 5 terrain data have been captured from orthophoto maps and Grundkarte and were to be completed by the millennium. Amongst the Gebietskarten are a 16-sheet 1:100 0 0 0 regional series, repackaging T K 100 mapping. A photographically enlarged version of this base material is used in the 1:75 000 scale cycling m a p of the state, published in 28 sheets. Other tourist mapping is also available for some areas of Lower Saxony, including 1:50 0 0 0 scale maps for walkers. Übersichtskarten include 1:500 0 0 0 coverage available as a normal edition, with administrative overprint and as a hill-shaded edition. 1:200 0 0 0 scale mapping derived from national coverage includes a four-sheet Bezirkskarte, together with a recently published coastal waters map. Raster versions of data from these maps are issued. Niedersächsisches

Landesamt

für

Bodenforschung

(NLfB) shares headquarters, and publication infrastructure with the national earth science mapping agency Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BfGR) in Hannover. It also carries out geological mapping for the federal state of Bremen. Its joint catalogue documents a wide variety of regional mapping. 1:25 000 scale geological and soils mapping programmes are in progress, both use the T K 25 topographic base and sheet lines and were started towards the end of the 1950s. A geoscientific map of natural resources in Lower Saxony was completed between 1978 and 1991· Sheets use the T K 200 topographic sheet lines and are published for up to 12 different themes and maps for each quadrangle. 1:500 000 single sheet coverage of the state is published for general geology, Quaternary deposits and soils. Other local mapping at a variety of different scales is also issued. T h e Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Ökologie (NLÖ)

brings together a wide variety of environmental research carried out from five different headquarters across the state. Three divisions compile mapping which may be obtained from N L Ö at Hildesheim. The Abteilung Naturschutz in Hannover maintains 1:50 0 0 0 programmes for the whole of Lower Saxony to show specially protected environments and habitats in the state. The Abteilung Wasserwirtschaft, Gewässerschutz und Abfallwirtschaft in Hildesheim publishes catchment management plans, a 1:50 000 hydrographic map of the state and several smaller scale single-theme maps relating to water pollution and quality. The Forschungsstelle Küste in Norderney publishes maps of marshland areas at 1:25 000 and 1:5000 scales. Nord rhein-Westfalen The

Landesvermessungsamt

Nordrhein-Westfalen

(LVANR-W) participates in the standard federal topographic production programmes and has been very active in digital

conversion. All sheets in scales from 1 : 5 0 0 0 through to 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 0 are also available as raster data. Administrative boundary vector data and digital terrain data are also complete and A T K I S coverage in the D L M 25 is available for the whole of Nordrhein-Westfalen. There are a number of non-standard mapping programmes, including a 1:10 0 0 0 scale enlargement of T K 25 mapping. A 1:50 0 0 0 scale Freizeitkarte is published in 2 6 sheets for the whole state with tourist overprint and this scale is also used in a specially formatted series for Nature Parks. 32 Kreiskarten are published giving complete coverage. 1 : 2 5 0 0 0 0 single-sheet coverage of the state is available in four different themes and six different versions of a 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 0 state map are also published. Amongst the more recent digital products is a C D - R O M packaging complete raster scanned 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 , 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 , 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 0 and 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale coverage with administrative boundaries, 25 0 0 0 place names and search and viewing software. T h e Geologisches Landesamt Nordrhein-Westfalen ( G L A N R - W ) established in 1957 carries out geoscientific mapping of the state. Amongst all the state geological mapping agencies it is probably the most active in digital map compilation and publication. 1:25 0 0 0 scale mapping now covers about 8 0 % of the state, with about five new sheets appearing every year. 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 scale geological coverage with sheet explanations was completed in 1 9 9 3 , and these 2 0 hard copy maps are currently being captured for release as digital data. The eight-sheet 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 scale Geologische Übersichtskarte is also complete. A new programme of tourist geological mapping has also been started for national park areas. G L A N R - W also carries out soils mapping of NordrheinWestfalen. T h e 72 sheet 1:50 0 0 0 soil map was completed in 1995 and all sheets are also available in digital form. A digital hydrological series at this scale is in progress. Other mapping includes large scale engineering geological coverage and several small scale themes for the state. The Landesumweltamt Nordrhein-Westfalen ( L U A N R W ) has been in operation since 1 9 9 4 and brings together a wide variety of environmental functions formerly carried out by different state agencies. It issues maps relating to surface water and discharge, groundwater, water quality and air pollution. A 1:25 0 0 0 scale series on an outline topographic base is available for the whole state to show gauging stations and catchments, 1 : 3 0 0 0 0 0 scale water coverage is mapped with major places or administrative boundaries and as a numbered catchment map, or with gauging stations overprinted on a hill-shaded base. Precipitation maps are also published. Hydrological 1:25 0 0 0 coverage is maintained for the flatter western parts of the state and groundwater levels have been mapped on 1:50 0 0 0 scale base maps for 3 different dates. More recent mapping has used digital techniques, including 1:50 0 0 0 scale water conservation maps and seven-colour water quality mapping at 1 : 3 0 0 0 0 0 .

a variety of Sonderkarten of the state, as well as collaborating in the publication of official mapping of its smaller neighbour Saarland. Coverage of Rheinland-Pfalz includes 4 9 special 1:25 0 0 0 tourist maps,12 1:50 0 0 0 special sheets and complete coverage in a three-sheet bicycle map. In addition a range of 18 smaller scale state maps is maintained, including recent image maps also covering Saarland, as well as a very wide variety of facsimiles of historical maps of the state. Good progress has been made on digital coverage, D L M 25/1 digital landscape model data are complete and 1 : 5 0 0 0 orthophoto coverage of the whole Land is being used for compilation of ATKIS data. Raster versions of topographic mapping are also available. The Geologisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz (GLAR-P) moved to new headquarters in Mainz in March 1 9 9 7 . Two large scale series are compiled, both offer only partial 1:25 0 0 0 coverage. Geological mapping at this scale is more widely dispersed than 1:25 0 0 0 soils coverage which focuses upon southwestern areas of Rheinland-Pfalz adjoining the Rhine valley. These maps and other smaller scale earth science coverage are available though Geocenter. Other official thematic coverage of Rheinland-Pfalz includes environmental conservation and water quality maps from the Landesamt für Wasserwirtschaft Rheinland-Pfalz (LAWR-P) Saarland The Landesvermessungsamt des Saarlandes (LVAS) is responsible for official topographic surveying and mapping. The state publishes the usual range of standard topographic products, and in addition 1:10 0 0 0 scale enlargements of 1:25 0 0 0 scale mapping. A special single 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 scale map is regularly revised and the state is covered in a 1 : 2 5 0 0 0 0 scale image map compiled jointly with LVAR-P. Raster data for the whole state is available at 1:25 0 0 0 , 1:50 0 0 0 and 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 scales and a digital relief model ( D G M 5 ) , derived from the Grundkarte, is well advanced. The Landesamt für Umweltschutz Abteilung Geologie (LUS) maintains 1:25 0 0 0 scale earth science mapping of Saarland and is the provincial geoscientific authority. Singlesheet 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 hydrogeological mapping is published for four themes and a hydrological map of Saarland is also published. Sachsen

Rheinland-Pfalz

Landesvermessungsamt Sachsen (LVASa) publishes topographic and cadastral mapping of the State and also issues other thematic mapping. Like other Eastern Länder, Sachsen is covered in a mix of pre-unification, amended eastern maps and entirely new products. Topographische Gebietskarten include 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 scale Übersichtskarte in normal and outline editions, and 1 : 3 0 0 0 0 0 administrative coverage. Kreiskarten are published at 1:50 0 0 0 or 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 in topographic or administrative editions. 1:25 0 0 0 walking maps are published for southern areas. A recent initiative has been a fourcolour land use map of the state, derived from digital satellite data and complete in 18 sheets. Active digital programmes are in progress. Raster versions of different layers from 1:10 0 0 0 , 1:25 0 0 0 , 1:50 0 0 0 , 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 and 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 scales may be acquired and vector data from 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 administrative mapping are also available. D T M data coverage from 1:25 0 0 0 source material was completed for the whole state in 1 9 9 7 .

The Landesvermessungsamt Rheinland-Pfalz (LVAR-P) participates in national topographic programmes and issues

The Sächisches Landesamt für Umwelt und Geologie (SLAUG), established in 1 9 9 1 , is responsible for the

The Landesanstalt für Ökologie, Landschaftsentwicklung und Forstplanung ( L Ö L F N R - W ) compiled forest mapping of Nordrhein-Westfalen in the 1980s, which may still be available from Landesanstalt für Ökologie, Bodenordnung und Forsten Nordrhein-Westfalen (LÖBFNR-W). The statistical agency Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik Nordrhein-Westfalen (LDSNR-W) has published administrative and thematic mapping.

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publication of state geological mapping, but its products are printed and sold through LVASa. Most available series are excerpts from series covering the former Democratic Republic. 1:25 0 0 0 scale coverage was completed in 1 9 7 2 in the Spezialkarte and most sheets are still available. Colour copies of Z G I 1:50 0 0 0 hydrogeological mapping are also still available for the whole state and 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 hydrogeological mapping covers Sachsen in eight sheets, with up to four themes available for each area. More recent effort has been devoted to updated state-based single sheet soils, Quaternary, seismic, magnetic, gravity and geological coverage, larger scale themes for mineraliferous areas, and the publication of thematic earth science mapping such as a 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 scale water map of the state. Recent larger scale initiatives include 1:50 0 0 0 mapping areas in the north of Sachsen. Sachsen-Anhalt The Landesamt für Landesvermessung und Datenverarbeitung Sachsen-Anhalt (LAVuDS-A) carries out topographic and photogrammetric surveying of the state and publishes the usual range of standard Eastern topographic series. It is one of the most advanced of the eastern Länder in terms of digital conversion. Amongst the Gebietskarten are general maps of the state at 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 issued in three sheets in normal and administrative editions, and a single-sheet 1 : 3 0 0 0 0 0 Übersichtskarte published as a normal edition, and as four-colour administrative editions with violet Kreise or Gemeinde boundaries. These boundaries come from A T K I S vector data, which are also available in digital form as the Digital geführte Verwaltungsgrenzen product. 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 sixcolour Regionalkarten cover Sachsen-Anhalt in six sheets and tourist mapping at 1:50 0 0 0 and 1:75 0 0 0 are also available for limited areas. First stage ATKIS D L M coverage was completed in 1 9 9 6 , and by Year 2 0 0 0 , second stage conversion with 118 objects was available for the whole state. Digital relief data are available and captured from the 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 topographic map. Raster versions of all topographic series are also published in T I F F format and digital cadastral mapping is also well advanced. The Geologisches Landesamt Sachsen Anhalt (GLAS-A) was established in 1 9 9 1 . It markets earth science coverage established during the period of central Z G I mapping, with 1:25 0 0 0 scale coverage of almost all Sachsen-Anhalt, various 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 sheets, 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 hydrogeological coverage and several themes published at 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 0 for the whole of the former D D R . New 1:25 0 0 0 sheets are also being compiled since 1 9 9 1 , to update the often superseded coverage of the state, most of which dates from the period between 1 9 0 0 and 1 9 4 5 . Initial emphasis in the GLAS-A publication programme was given to producing small-scale state earth science coverage. Five themes have been published since 1 9 9 1 at 1 : 4 0 0 0 0 0 to cover geology, soils, geotopes, gravity and hydrogeology and are all issued double-sided with an explanation on the reverse of the sheet. Other new programmes include Quaternary mapping at 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 and 1:50 0 0 0 , a 1:50 0 0 0 bedrock geology map covering the Halle area and two engineering geology maps at 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 scale, one of which is issued as a digital product. A hard copy agricultural atlas of the state was released in 1 9 9 6 by the state agricultural ministry Ministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, and in 1 9 9 9 the digital data used in its compilation were being modified with a view to interactive map access.

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Schleswig-Holstein The Landesvermessungsamt Schleswig-Holstein (LVASΗ) issues the usual range of topographic series and participates in the development of the A T K I S and A L K programmes. Its small scale output includes 1 : 2 5 0 0 0 0 scale mapping issued as a specially formatted general map of the state, as a road map, and as an administrative version and a 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 0 scale general map. Five colour Kreiskarten at 1:75 0 0 0 or 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 scale cover the whole state and are available with or without U T M grid, and administrative boundaries. Much of Schleswig-Holstein is covered in specially formatted tourist maps overprinted onto T K 25 and T K 50 bases. The Landesamt für Natur und Umwelt ( L A N U S - H ) is responsible for the publication of several map programmes. These include both geological and soil surveys carried out by the former Geologisches Landesamt. 1:25 0 0 0 scale geological and soils programmes are well advanced, with more patchy coverage at this scale also available for land use capability and in a map showing the extent of post-Ice Age deposits. Larger scale soils and engineering geological coverage is also issued. Amongst smaller-scale geoscientific coverage are five themes available at 1 : 2 5 0 0 0 0 , four-sheet coverage of hydrogeology and pre-Quaternary deposits at 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 scale and singlesheet mapping of several themes at 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 0 scale. Other thematic mapping includes a water quality map from the Landesamt für Wasserhaushalt und Küsten (LAfWKS-H). Thüringen The Thüringer Landesverwaltungsamt-Landesvermessungsamt (TLVA) in the Ministry of the Interior compiles and publishes hard copy and digital topographic mapping and aerial coverage of the state and like other state survey offices also distributes a wide range of historical facsimiles. The usual range of Eastern topographic series are published: 1:10 0 0 0 scale AS coverage is available as normal, monochrome and orthophoto editions. 1:25 0 0 0 coverage is also available as raster scanned layers, and scanned data are also derived from 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 scale coverage. First stage DLM 25 coverage was completed by 1997 and a digital terrain model of the state from 1 : 5 0 0 0 0 data is complete. Only a limited range of Sonderkarten is available, but a wide range of Gebietskarten is published including 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 scale Kreiskarten and large format Regionalkarten, both of which use the Eastern style topographic base. Übersichtskarten are published at 1 : 2 5 0 0 0 0 in normal, administrative and Gemeinde editions. Thüringer Landesanstalt für Geologie (TLG) was established in 1 9 9 1 as the state earth science agency. It distributes the very long established 1:25 0 0 0 scale Geologische Karte, published in 166 sheets, and is issuing newly revised coverage of some sheets of this map. Most series were established as part of centrally produced East German geological coverage and are still available. These include 1 : 1 0 0 0 0 0 and 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 scale coverage for geology, and engineering geology and 1:50 0 0 0 Quaternary, geological and hydrogeological coverage. Small-scale mapping of a number of human themes is available in Thüringen in Karten from the Landeszentrale für Politische Bildung Thüringen (LZT).

• • •

Further information A very wide variety of comprehensive catalogues from the different federal and state mapping agencies provide the best overview of the state of the art of official mapping in Germany. The Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Vermessungsverwaltungen der Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland issues a regularly revised overview of official state mapping, which details differences between the programmes of the different state survey offices. There is also a huge literature about current maps and spatial data. The most concise summaries are the country reports prepared by the German Cartographic Society, for submission t o International Cartographic Conferences e.g. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kartographie (1995) Report on the cartographic activities of the Federal Republic of Germany. Many in depth German language sources are also very useful, notably listings and articles appearing in the journal Kartographische Nachrichten and in the regularly revised Kartographisches Taschenbuch. For example, the best overview of the development of German geological mapping is Zitzmann, A (1994) Das Geologische Kartenwerk in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Kartographisches Taschenbuch 1994/95,45-71. A recent English language overview of progress in ATKIS mapping is Herdig E. (1997) The official cartographic information system ATKIS: paper presented t o the 14th United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific. New York: UN. The best overview of the new national atlas project is Lamprecht, C. and Tzschaschel, S. (1999) The national atlas of the Federal Republic of Germany, pp 289-297 in Touch the past visualize the future: proceedings of the 19th International Cartographic Association Conference. Ottawa: Canadian Institute of Geomatics,

Addresses FEDERAL A k a d e m i e für Raumforschung und Landesplanung (AfRL) Hohenzollernstrasse I I . D - 3 0 1 6 1 HANNOVER Tel +49 51 I 348 42 0 Fax +49 511 348 42 41 Email [email protected] URL http://sun I .rrzn.uni-hannover.de/arl/ A m t für Militärisches Geowesen ( A M I L G e o ) Mercator-Kaserne, Frauenberger Strasse, 250, D-53879 EUSKIRCHEN Tel +49 2251 709 I Fax +49 2251 709 231 I Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Vermessungsverwaltungen der Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Niedersächsiche Minister des Innern, Lavesallee 6, Postfach 221, D-30002 HANNOVER Tel +49 51 I I 20 79 04 Fax +49 511 I 20 7990 Email [email protected] URL http://www.adv-online.de Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (BfKG), Richard-Strauss-Allee I I, D-60598 FRANKFURT-AM-MAIN Tel +49 69 6333 I Fax +49 69 6333 235 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ifag

Bundesamt für Naturschutz ( B f N ) Konstantinstrasse I 10, D-53179 B O N N Tel +49 228 8491 0 Fax +49 228 8491 200 Email [email protected] URL http://www.bfn.de Bundesamt für Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie ( B S H ) Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 78, Postfach 30 12 20, D-20305 HAMBURG Tel +49 40 31 90 0 Fax +49 40 31 90 50 00 Email [email protected] URL http://www.bsh.de Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BfGR) Stilleweg 2, D-30655 HANNOVER Tel +49 51 I 643 0 Fax +49 51 I 643 2304 Email [email protected] URL http://bgr.de Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau ( B f W ) Kussmaulstrasse 17, D-76187 KARLSRUHE Tel +49 721 9726 0 Fax +49 721 9726 454 Email [email protected] URL http://www.karlsruhe.baw.de/home.html Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landeskunde und Raumordnung (BfLR) Am Michaelshof 8, Postfach 20 01 30, D-53131 B O N N Tel +49 228 826 0 Fax +49 228 826 266 Bundesministerium für Verkehr ( B f V ) Robert-Schumann-Platz I, D-53175 B O N N Tel +49 228 3000 Fax +49 228 3000 3428 URL http://www.bmv.de Deutsche Bahn A G Bahnshop 1435, Garvensstrasse 4, D-30159 HANNOVER Tel +49 51 I 86 04 653 Fax 49 51 I 86 04 666 Email [email protected] URL http://bahn.de Deutsche Flugsicherung ( D F S ) Kaiserleistrasse, 29-35, Postfach 100561, D-63005 OFFENBACH AM MAIN Tel +49 69 8054 0 Fax +49 69 8054 1296 Email [email protected] URL http://www.dfs.de/ Deutscher Grenzverein Waitzstr. 3, D-24937 FLENSBURG Tel +49 461 8606 100 Fax +49 461 8606 155 Deutscher W e t t e r d i e n s t ( D W D ) FrankfurterStrasse 135, Postfach 185, D-63067 OFFENBACH A M MAIN Tel +49 69 80620 Fax +49 69 8062 2484 URL http://www.dwd.de Gessellschaft für Konsumforschung ( G f K ) Nordwestring I 0 I . D - 9 0 3 I 9 NÜRNBERG Tel +49 9 I I 395 0 Fax +49 9 11 39522 09 Email [email protected] URL http://www.gfk.cube.net/website/englisch/ Institut für Länderkunde (IfL) Schongauer Strasse 9, D-04329 LEIPZIG Tel +49 341 255 6500 Fax +49 341 255 6598 Email [email protected] URL http://www.uni-leipzig.de/ifl/oz/projekt.htm

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Statistisches Bundesamt ( S B A ) Gustav-Stresemann Ring I I, D-65189 WIESBADEN Tel +49 611 75 24 05 Fax +49 61 I 75 33 30 URL http://www.statistik-bund.de Umweltbundesamt ( U B A ) Bismarkplatz I . D - I 4 I 9 3 BERLIN Tel +49 30 8903 0 Fax +49 30 890 32285 URL http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/ Vereinigung Deutscher Elektrizitätswerke ( V D E W ) Stresemannallee 23, D-60596 FRANKFURT A M MAIN Tel +49 69 63 04 I Fax +49 69 63 04 289 URL http://www.strom.de/index.htm Wasser und Schiffahrtsdirektion ( W S D ) Am Waterlooplatz 5, D-30169 HANNOVER Tel +49 511 9115 0 Fax +49 511 91 15 - 4 0 0 Email [email protected] URL http://[email protected]/home/wsdmitte COMMERCIAL A D A C Verlag G m b H Am Westpark 8, D-81373 MÜNCHEN Tel +49 89 7676 6454 Fax +49 89 7676 4621 URL http://www.adac.de A D F C Bundesverband e.V. Hollerallee 23, Postfach 107747, D-28077 BREMEN Tel +49 421 34629 0 Fax +49 421 34629 50 Email [email protected] URL http://www.adfc.de Bacher Verlag G m b H Osterbachstrasse 4, D-72186 EMPFINDERN Tel 49 74 85 97 88 0 Fax +49 74 85 97 88 55 Email [email protected] URL http://www.bacher.de/ Berndtson & Berndtson ( B & B ) Hauptstrasse la, D-82256 FÜRSTENFELDBRÜCK Tel +49 8141 3241 11 Email [email protected] URL http://www.berndtson.de Bertelsmann Carol-Bertelsmann-Strasse 161, Postfach 7600, D-33311 GÜTERSLOH Tel +49 52 41 80 54 74 Fax +49 52 41 4 69 70 Email [email protected] URL http://www.bertelsmann.de

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EIDGENOSSENSCHAFT)

The national Swiss mapping agency is the Federal Office of Topography in the Ministry of Defence (Bundesamt für Landestopographie (BLT)). Its history can be traced back to the establishment of a survey office in Geneva in 1838. The country was mapped in the nineteenth century at 1:100 000 scale in the Dufourkarte and at 1:2 5 000 / 1:5 0 000 scale in the Siegfriedkarte, issued as the Topographische Atlas. BLT headquarters are now located in Wabern and it is responsible for geodetic and topographic surveying of the country and publication of national topographic map series. The basis of this modern mapping of the country was defined in a 1935 federal law which fixed integrated official mapping scales at 1:25 000, 1:50 000, 1:100 000 1:200 000, 1:500 000 and 1:1 000 000. 1:50 000 scale series mapping was completed in I960, 1:100 000 in 1964 and 1:25 000 in 1979. All use a conformal conic projection and incorporate very effective use of hill shading. BLT's principal role is the maintenance of a six-year revision cycle for the 350 photogrammetric maps in these series. The 1:25 000 scale series comprises 249 eight-colour maps, with 10 m contour interval (20 m in mountainous areas); the 1:50 000 scale series in six-colours has 20 m contours and the 1:100 000 scale in 10 colours with a 50 m contour interval is available with or without a kilometric grid overprinted in violet. A separate legend is published to explain the symbols used on these maps. A range of larger format composite maps of tourist areas are published in all three scales, and overprinted ski and walking editions of the 1:50 000 scale map are available for many areas, in association with the Schweizerische Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Wanderwege and the Schweizerische Skiverband. The 1:200 000 scale map completed in 1976 is regularly revised, and covers the country in four sheets, with relief shown by hill shading and 100 m contours. These maps incorporate a legend, and some tourist information, and are also used to produce the single sheet 1:300 000 map of the country. A new 1:1 000 000 map was started in 1985, replacing the long established map at this scale. This single sheet was printed in 1994 with hypsometric tints from a Scitex system in two versions: a ten-colour normal edition and an eight-colour geophysical version without cultural features and names. Since 1994 all existing topographic maps of Switzerland have been available in scanned versions, marketed under the Pixelkarten label. The grey hill shading tint is not available in these digital maps which may be acquired for standard sheet areas. Symplan Map market the Swiss map CD-ROM, which includes 1:100 000, 1:200 000 and 1:300 000 scale Pixelkarten, packaged with 1990 census data, land use and a place name database. Two digital height models for the country have also been established: the RIMINI model with 250 m resolution; and a new product DHM25, completed in 1996, with a 25 m resolution and 1600 height values per

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kilometre, captured from 1:25 000 scale contours. Two structured digital map databases are also available: the VECT0R200 database, with complete coverage of the country in 11 layers from the 1:200 000 scale series; and the VECT0R25 captured from 1:25 000 scale mapping, which is still in progress, but which has been captured for the plateau areas of the country. As a by-product of the digital data capture a digital production flowline has been implemented, and national hard-copy map series are currently updated in hybrid raster/vector mode. Vector-based production of new topographic and thematic maps is also planned. BLT is also involved in the production and publication of three important thematic atlases. The national Atlas of Switzerland is an ongoing atlas project, commissioned by the Swiss Federal Council and published by BLT as a series of looseleaf folio instalments in its first series from 1965 to 1978 under its Editor in Chief Eduard Imhof. Since 1981 a second series has been in progress, under Ernst Spiess, which updates and expands the earlier mapping. The thirteenth instalment in the atlas programme was published in 1997, and the atlas now contains about 600 maps, mostly at 1:500 000. From 1995 plans have been made for a new dual version of the national atlas comprising a printed component serving as an illustrated booklet with map section, and a multi-media interactive component on CDROM. The new edition is published in the three national languages and English and is maintained by the Institute of Cartography, ΕΤΗ in Zurich, where an experimental internet version of the data was also available from July 1997 at URL http://geod.ethz.ch/karto/atlas/atlas.html. The first release of this new atlas on CD-ROM was published in Autumn 1999T h e Schweizerische Meteorologische A n s t a l t is c o l l a b o -

rating with BLT in the publication of the Klimaatlas der Schweiz. Like the national atlas this thematic work is being published in instalments, five parts have been issued from 1982 to 1995, under the overall editorial control of Dr Walter Kirchhofen The overall aim of the project is to collate the results of investigations into regional climatic variation in the country. The most recent atlas project is the Hydrologischer Atlas der Schweiz, this too is being issued in instalments and involves the collaboration of researchers from the Geographisches Institut Universität Bern, t o g e t h e r w i t h

BLT's experience in cartographic printing and the publication and distribution expertise of the Eidgenössischer D r u c k s a c h e und Materialzentrale ( E D M Z ) . T h e first t h r e e

instalments were published in 1992, 1995 and 1997, and the project includes mapping in English, French, German and Italian languages, with 1:500 000 chosen as the standard map scale. Aeronautical charts of the country are compiled and updated on a r e g u l a r basis for B u n d e s a m t für Zivilluftfahrt ( B A Z L ) .

These include a single sheet ICAO-specification 1:500 000

scale visual chart, a 1:300 0 0 0 scale glider chart and a series of 22 1:100 0 0 0 scale obstacle charts. Large scale mapping of Switzerland has been carried out by many different cantonal and municipal surveying authorities. 97 per cent of the country is covered by 1:5000 / 1:10 0 0 0 scale base mapping, with 10 m contour intervals, itself often in part derived from larger scale cadastral mapping varying in scale from 1:200 in some urban areas to 1:10 0 0 0 in some more remote mountainous parts of the country. These maps are updated irregularly and are gradually being captured as digital data by the different cantons: some have been scanned, others established as a vector component to structured land information databases. Digital capture of these cadastral data however, progressed only slowly until the middle of the 1990s. Geological mapping of Switzerland was the responsibility of Commissions of the Swiss Academy of Sciences, the Schweizerische Geologische Kommission (SGK), Schweizerische Geotechnische Kommission (SGtK), the Schweizerische Geophysikalische Kommission (SGpK) and the Hydrologische Kommission. In 1986 a major reorganization of these responsibilities was carried out. Landeshydrologie und -geologie (LHG) is now responsible for the main geological series and for hydrological mapping, and falls administratively within the national environmental office Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL). The main series is the 1:25 0 0 0 scale Geologischer Atlas der Schweiz but progress in extending the coverage of this national basic earth science map has been slow. Recent work carried out by LHG has involved the establishment of a digital 1:500 000 database of the country, with coverages captured from geological, tectonic and hydrogeological maps. Experimental digital 1:100 0 0 0 geological coverage for a single test sheet was compiled in 1995. Earth science series maps are also sold by BLT. Other divisions of BUWAL administer a wide variety of machine readable environmental inventories, some of which are available as ARC/INFO coverages through the BS GE0STAT service. BUWAL has also published a conservation atlas of Swiss vegetation. The Schweizerische Geotechnische Kommission (SGtK) was founded in 1899 and publishes mapping relating the industrial use of minerals and rocks. It maintains a 1:200 000 scale geotechnical map of the country, the latest edition of which was published on CD-ROM between 1997 and 2000. SGtK is also compiling a four-sheet 1:200 000 scale map of mineral resources as well as 1:100 0 0 0 scale hydrogeological mapping of selected areas and 1:10 000 scale soil maps of Baden, Schaffhausen and Bern. All these maps are issued with explanatory texts. Geophysical mapping of the country is carried out by the Schweizerische Geophysikalische Kommission (SGpK) including a 1:100 0 0 0 scale Bouguer anomaly series started in 1994 and 10 thematic maps at 1:500 000 scale. The publications of all these agencies are described in a joint catalogue. Soils mapping of Switzerland was started by Eidgenössischer Forschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaftliche Planzenbau in 1981 and is currently the responsibility of the Eidgenössischer Forschungsanstalt für Agrarökologie und Landbau (EFAL). EFAL has so far published about 15 fullcolour maps in a 1:25 0 0 0 scale series as well as smaller scale land capability mapping. Programmes of regional earth science and environmental mapping are also carried out by some of the cantonal authorities, notably for Bern by the A m t für Gewässerschutz und Abfallwirtschaft and the Wasser und Energiewirt-

schaftsamt who jointly publish 1:100 0 0 0 scale groundwater and hydrothermal maps and a 32-sheet 1:25 0 0 0 scale water protection series. The Bundesamt für Statistik (BS) compiles small scale statistical mapping of Switzerland using Apple Macintosh-based desktop mapping software. A 1:300 0 0 0 scale land use map of the country was published in 1994. In addition BS has developed the GEOSTAT GIS, from a system initially based upon planning data sets, into a national GIS integrating a very great diversity of thematic data. Whenever possible the system uses vector data derived from 1:25 0 0 0 scale mapping, or captured in grid units of 1 ha. This system includes digital data sets relating to administrative boundaries, land use, population (including 389 attributes from the latest census for all the municipalities in the country), planning constraints, land classification information, and land suitability, in addition to relief, hydrological and topographic data. These data may be acquired from BS as point or vector data sets, and are also generalized into a range of desktop products, including four levels of administrative divisions, equivalent to scales between 1:350 000 through to 1:2 0 0 0 000. Five simplified raster images are also released. Many of the private sector cartographic houses in Switzerland have renowned reputations for their small-scale tourist, motoring and educational map publications. Kümmerly + Frey (K+F) was founded in 1852 and has grown into one of Europe's most important commercial mapmakers. It moved into new purpose-built accommodation in 1996 and maintains a range of general maps of Switzerland, town maps, and two series of 1:60 000 scale for hikers and cyclists. In addition K+ F produces physical and political country maps, and sells a wide variety of maps for motorists covering most of Western Europe at scales of 1:250 000 or larger. A new product marketed from 1996 was the Swiss tour guide on CD-ROM, with the Swiss road map, eight city and transit maps for the major cities, together with linked tourist information. Other CD-ROM initiatives include TraficPac, an automated route-finder with 5000 destinations, and RadPac, aimed at the leisure cyclist. K+F has also provided the mapping for the Web-based national information service Swissguide. Other electronic route-finding packages are available from Amadeus Informatik, Finajour, and Stänz Informatik AG. Hallwag publishes road maps, continental reference maps and a range of panoramic maps of Alpine areas. It distributes the City Flash series and other town maps of the world's major cities. Orell Füssli Kartographie AG publishes motoring and general maps of Switzerland and a wide range of Swiss town maps, under the Photoglob label. Topmap Kartenverlag publishes mapping derived from aerial coverage and often using satellite image or air photo bases. Their range includes the Helveticus CD-ROM a multimedia electronic atlas of Switzerland, including a wide range of interactive image-based mapping supplemented with cultural and physical detail. In addition they publish town maps for eleven Swiss towns, and by the end of 1999 had published a range of 70 birds-eye-view walking maps. InterSurvey Consultants, Geneva maintains urban vector digital databases of Geneva and Ziirich, which it markets under the Urba carta label for the desktop mapping market. Other small commercial cartographic houses include Schad + Frey, who issue a range of walking maps including coverage of Liechtenstein, Zubler-Ohler, which produces raised relief models of the Alps and other significant mountainous areas, Karto Atelier Arne Rohweder which concentrates

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upon the publication of panoramic and walking maps of mountainous areas, W a e g e r & Partner, and Fahrplancenter, a specialist railway publisher.

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Bundesamt für Landestopographie (BLT) Seftigenstrasse 264, CH-3084 WABERN Tel +41 31 963 21 I I Fax +41 31 963 24 59 Email [email protected] URL http://www.swisstopo.ch Bundesamt für Raumplanung Einsteinstrasse 2, CH-3005 BERN Tel +41 31 322 40 62 Fax +41 31 322 78 69

Further information The most useful overviews about the state of the art of map production and publication are the regularly produced volumes published in English by the Swiss Society for Cartography as National reports for the International Cartographic Association Conferences e.g. Swiss Society for Cartography (1995) Cartography in Switzerland 1991-1995. Zürich: SSC. Summaries of the latest reports are also available on the Society's Web site at URL http://www.geod.ethz.ch/karto/sgk/. The Swissguide GIS available at URL http://www.swissguide.ch/gis includes Web-based digital mapping of the country with searchable indexes and hot links to Web sites and Email addresses. The major publishers all issue useful catalogues as well as more detailed information, often in English about their products. The Swiss Society of Cartography regularly updates a report on the state of cartography in the country, which includes fullcolour extracts of a range of Swiss mapping, and is prepared for General Assemblies of the International Cartographic Association. Information about the latest national atlas project is available on the ΕΤΗ Web site at URL http://www.geod.ethz.ch/karto/ and in two papers presented to the 1997 ICA Conference: Bär, Η. and Sieber, R. (1997) Atlas of Switzerland-multimedia version: concepts, functionality and interactive techniques, pp 1141-1 149; and Richard, D. and Oberholzer, C. (1997) Development of an Internet Atlas of Switzerland, pp 989-995, In Proceedings of the 18th International Cartographic Conference ICC 97, Gävle: Swedish Cartographic Society. The most recent published account of progress in this project is Hurni, L„ Bär, Η. and Sieber, R. (1999) The atlas of Switzerland as an interactive atlas information system, In Cartwright.W. Peterson, M. and Gartner, G. (Eds) Multimedia cartography. Springer Verlag. Another useful Web resource at URL http://www/swisstopo.ch describes the availablity of Swiss digital cartographic data.

Addresses Amadeus Informatik Sarbachstrasse 5, CH-6345 NEUHEIM ZG Tel +41 757 51 I I Fax +41 757 51 59 Email [email protected] URL http://www.amadeus-informatik.ch/ A m t für Gewässerschutz und Abfallwirtschaft des Kanton Bern Reiterstrasse I I, CH-301 I BERN Tel +41 31 633 38 23 Fax +41 31 633 38 50

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Bundesamt für Statistik (BS) Schwarztorstrasse 96, CH-3003 BERN Tel +41 31 322 69 84 Fax +41 31 992 05 62 Email [email protected] URL http://www.admin.ch/bfs/eindex.htm Bundesamt für U m w e l t , W a l d und Landschaft (BUWAL) Hallwylstrasse 4, CH-3003 BERN Tel +41 31 322 80 05 Fax +41 31 322 99 81 Email [email protected] URL http://www.admin.ch/buwal/e/index.htm Bundesamt für Zivilluftfahrt ( B A Z L ) Zentraler Luftfahrtinfodienst, Maulbeerstrasse 9, CH-3003 BERN Tel +41 31 325 99 48 Fax +41 31 325 80 62 Eidgenössischer Drucksache und Materialzentrale (EDMZ) CH-3000 BERN Fax +41 31 324 76 81 Eidgenössischer Forschungsanstalt für Agrarökologie und Landbau ( E F A L ) Reckenholzstrasse 1 9 1 / 2 1 I.CH-8046 ZÜRICH Fax +41 I 377 71 11 Fax +41 I 377 72 Ol Fahrplancenter Teil Strasse 45, CH-8400 WINTERTHUR Tel +41 52 213 12 20 Fax +41 52 213 12 20 Finajour Drosselstrasse 20, Postfach 455, CH-4106 THERWILL Tel +41 61 721 72 92 Fax +41 61 721 73 40 URL http://www.finajour.ch/ Geographisches Institut Universität Bern Hallerstrasse 12, CH-3012 BERN Tel +41 31 631 88 22 Fax +41 31 631 85 44 Email [email protected] URL http://www.guib.unibe.ch/cde/ Hallwag Nordring 4, CH-3001 BERN Tel +41 31 332 31 31 Fax+41 31 331 +41 33 Email [email protected] URL http://www.hallwag.ch Institute of Cartography Ε Τ Η Hönggerberg, CH-8093 ZÜRICH Tel +41 I 633 3095 Fax +41 I 633 11 53 Email [email protected] URL http://www.geod.ethz.ch/karto/ Inter-Survey Consultants Rue du Mont-Blanc I I , CH-1201 GENEVE Tel +41 22 741 28 03 Fax +41 22 741 28 30 Email [email protected] URL http://web.eunet.ch:80/business/inter-survey/ps200.htm

Karto Atelier Arne Rohweder Forschstrasse 101, C H - 8 1 2 7 F O R S C H

Catalogue

Tel +41 I 980 24 54 Fax +41 I 980 2454 ATLASES

Email [email protected] Kümmerly + Frey (K+F)

Atlas der Schweiz

Alpenstrasse 58, C H - 3 0 5 2 Z O L L I K O F E N - B E R N

First edition 1965-78 edited by E. Imhof

Tel +41 31 915 22 11 Fax +41 31 915 22 20

Second edition 1981- edited by E.Spiess

Email [email protected]

Wabern: BLT

U R L http://www.kuemmerly-frey.ch/

c. 600 map sheets, in instalments

Landeshydrologie und -geologie ( L H G ) CH-3003 B E R N

Θ Atlas der Schweiz - interacts / Atlas de la Suisse - interactif / Atlante delle Svizzera - interattivo / Atlas of Switzerland -

Tel +41 31 324 76 85 Fax +41 31 324 76 81

interactive

Email [email protected]

Wabern: BLT, 1999

U R L http://www.admm.ch/buwal/hydrogeo/e/geolog.htm

C D - R O M electronic national atlas

Orell Füssli Kartographie A G

Schweiz: Strassenatlas mit Ortsverzeichnis Bern: K + F 144 pp

Dietzingerstrasse 3, C H - 8 0 3 6 Z Ü R I C H Tel +41 I 451 20 40 Fax +41 I 451 20 45 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.hsoie.ch/ofv/bin/easyweb.welcome Schad + Frey Solothurnstrasse I 7 . C H - 3 4 2 2 K I R C H B E R G Tel +41 34 447 49 49 Fax +41 34 447 49 47 U R L http://www.sf-ag.ch/ Schweizerische Geophysikalische Kommission (SGpK)

Strukturatlas Schweiz / Atlas structure! de la Suisse M.Schuler et al. Edition 2 Zurich: Ex Libris, 1986. 296 pp 0 Swiss Tour Guide Bern: K+F, 1996Electronic C D - R O M tourist atlas

ETH-Hönggerberg / Η PR C H - 8 0 9 3 Z Ü R I C H GAZETTEERS

Tel +41 I 633 26 05 Fax +41 I 633 10 65 Schweizerische Geotechnische Kommission (SGtK) ΕΤΗ-Zentrum, C H - 8 0 9 2 Z Ü R I C H

Neues schweizerisches Ortslexikon

Tel +41 I 632 37 28 Fax +41 I 632 12 70

347 pp

München/Luzern:Verlag C.J.Bucher G m b H , 1984

Email [email protected] GENERAL

U R L http://www.erdw.ethz.ch/~gtk Schweizerische Meteorologische Anstalt Krähbühlstrasse 58, C H - 8 0 4 4 Z Ü R I C H Tel +41 I 256 91 I I Fax +41 I 256 92 78 Schweizerische Nationalfonds

Landeskarte der Schweiz mit umliegenden Ländern I: I 000 000 Wabern: BLT, 1992 Political base

Wildhainweg 20, P O Box 3001 B E R N

Landeskarte der Schweiz 1:500 000

Tel +41 31 308 22 22 Fax +41 31 301 30 09

Wabern: BLT, 1994

U R L http://www.snf.ch/ Stänz Informatik A G Bruggweierstrasse 14, C H - 8 3 6 0 E S C H LI K O N Tel +41 971 24 74 Fax +41 971 31 39 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.sin.ch Symplan Map A G

Relief base Also available enlarged to 1:300 000 Θ Schweiz 1:500 000 Bern: K + F Raised relief map Schulkarte Schweiz 1:500 000

Schlössli Schönegg Wilhelmshöhe, C H - 6 0 0 3 L U Z E R N

Zurich: Orell Füssli, 1985

Tel +41 249 2424 Fax +41 249 24 25

Reverse includes thematic maps and satellite images

Email [email protected]

Schweiz: Bodenbedeckung 1:500 000

U R L http://www.symplan.ch Topmap Kartenverlag Schlössli Schönegg Wilhelmshöhe, C H - 6 0 0 3 L U Z E R N Tel +41 375 00 40 Fax +41 375 00 55 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.topmap.ch Waeger & Partner Rheinstrasse I, Postfach C H - 8 5 0 1 F R A U E N F E L D Tel +41 052 722 2791 Fax +41 052 722 2791 Email [email protected] Zubler-Ohler Obere Dorfstrasse 8, C H - 5 0 3 4 S U H R For RV, see Germany; for N R S C , see Great Britain; for

Bern: K+F, 1988 Includes thematic maps on reverse Relief der Schweiz 1:300 000 Kartengemalde von E.lmhof Wabern: BLT, 1982 Raised relief map Schweiz 1:250 000 Bern: K + F Official road map of the Swiss Alpine Club Revised annually Strassenkarte der Schweiz 1:200 000 Wabern: BLT, 1998 2 sheets, both published Θ W i t h 60 pp index to place names

Geospace, see Austria.

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IMAGE

Geothermal map of Switzerland 1:500 000

MAPS

Bern: SGpK, 1995

Satellitenbildatlas Schweiz

2 maps

München: RV, 1996

W i t h accompanying memoir

80 pp

Geotechnische Karte der Schweiz 1:200 000

Schweiz 1:500 000

Bern: SGtK, 1997-

Farnborough: N R S C , 1994 Simulated true colour satellite image base Schweiz / Suisse / Svizzera / Svizra 1:350 000 Bad Ischl: Geospace, 1998 Simulated true colour satellite image base Schweiz / Suisse / Svizzera / Svizra 1:350 000 Luzern: Topmap, 1997

4 sheets, all published Θ Digital edition on C D - R O M Karte der mineralischen Rohstoffe der Schweiz 1:200 000 Bern: SGtK, 19904 sheets, 3 published Mineral resources Geologische Generalkarte der Schweiz 1:200 000 Edition 2

Schweiz / Suisse I Svizzera 1:300 000

Bern: L H G , 1942-64

Wabern: BLT, 1998

8 sheets, 3 still available

Simulated true colour image

Hydrogeologische Karte der Schweiz 1: 100 000 Bern: L H G , 1980-

TOPOGRAPHIC

5 sheets published

Landeskarte der Schweiz 1:200 000 Wabern: BLT, 1984-

Gravimetrischer Atlas der Schweiz Bouguer Anomalie 1: 100 000 Bern: SGpK, 1994-

4 sheets, all published Θ Town plans printed on reverse Also available without contours reduced to 1:300 000. Landeskarte der Schweiz 1: 100 000 Wabern: BLT, 195423 sheets, all published •

Θ

Also published in 10 large-format composite special sheets Landeskarte der Schweiz 1:50 000 Wabern: BLT, 193878 sheets, all published •

Θ

Some sheets also available as Wanderkarte or as Skiroutenkarten, and in 23 composite special sheets Landeskarte der Schweiz 1:25 000 Wabern: BLT, 1952249 sheets, all published •

Θ

Some areas also available in 14 composite special sheets

23 sheets, 7 published

•

Geologischer Atlas der Schweiz 1:25 000 Bern: L H G , 1930249 sheets, c. 80 published • W i t h separate sheet explanations ENVIRONMENTAL

Klimaadas der Schweiz edited by W.Kirchhofer Wabern: Schweizerische Meteorologische Anstalt, 19828 instalments, 5 published Hydrologischer Adas der Schweiz Bern: L H G , 19923 instalments published, more to follow Adas schutzwürdiger Vegetationstypen der Schweiz c. I 000 000 Bern: B U W A L , 1993 26 maps, 4 overlays and I col. map

AERONAUTICAL

CHARTS

W i t h 160 pp explanation

Lufifahrkarte ICAO 1:500 000

Übersichtskarte der Radioaktivitätsmessungen, radiometrischen

Bern: B A Z L

Anomalien und LIranvorkommen in den Schweizeralpen 1:500 000

Revised annually

Bern: L H G , 1988

Segelflugkarte GLDK Schweiz 1:300 000

Strahlungskarte der Schweiz 1:400 000

Bern: B A Z L

Wabern: BLT, 1990

Revised annually

2 sheets

Luftfahrhinderniskarte 1: 100 000 Wabern: BLT, 199823 sheets, all published • EARTH

SCIENCES

Geologische Karte der Schweiz 1:500 000 Edition 2 Bern: L H G , 1980 Tektonische Karte der Schweiz 1:500 000 Edition 2 Bern: L H G , 1980 Geophysikalische Karte der Schweiz 1:500 000 Wabern: SGpK, 1979-83 10 themes Maps show: declination; inclination; total intensity; Bouguer gravity anomalies; isostatic gravity anomalies; geoid; earthquake risk; seismicity; aeromagnetism (2 maps); and geothermal resources

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Maps show winter and summer solar radiation levels Karte der lawinengeßhrdeten Gebiete 1:300 000 Zürich: Institut für O r t s - Regional- und Landesplannung an der Ε Τ Η Ζ , 1972 Avalanche risk map W i t h explanatory brochure Landwirtschaftliche Bodeneignungskarte der Schweiz 1:300 000 Bern: EJPD, 1975 Land capability Die Bodennutzung der Schweiz 1:300 000 Bern: B A S Land use Wärmegliederung der Schweiz 1:200 000 Bern EJPD, 1977 4 sheets, all published Temperatures

Bodeneignungskarte der Schweiz 1:200 000

URBAN

Zürich: EFAL, 1980

Städteplan Atlas

4 sheets published W i t h 145 pp explanation and 3 sample 1:50 000 scale regional maps Land capability

Bern: K + F 92 pp Berne I: I I 500 Photoglob Karte Zürich: Orell Füssli

Bodenkarte 1:25 000 Zürich: EFAL, 1981249 sheets, 13 published

Zürich 1: 15 000 Photoglob Karte •

Zürich: Orell Füssli

Soils ADMINISTRATIVE

Schweiz: politische Karte 1:600 000 Bern: K + F Coloured by Canton, includes statistical data on reverse Büro und Organisationskarte Schweiz 1:301 000 Bern: K+F, 1997 W i t h booklet listing postcodes Schweiz: Postleitzahlenkarte / Suisse numeros postaux d'acheminement / Svizzera numeri postali d'awiamento 1:300 000 Bern: K+F, 1997 Postcodes Die Gemeinden der Schweiz 1:200 000 Wabern: BLT, 1994 4 sheets, all published Available unfolded only and also available as single sheet, reduced to 1:300 000 or 1:400 000 SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Adas der Krebsmortalität in der Schweiz 1970-1990

G.Schüler

and M.Bopp Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1997 4 vols (107, 135,227, 145 pp) Cancer mortality Atlas der schweizerischen Volkskunde Basel: Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Volkskunde, 1950-89 17 instalments, 280 maps, 2000 pp Folklore Bahnkarte Schweiz: offizielle Karte der Schweizerischen Bundesbahnen 1:301 000 Bern: K+F, 1996 Railways Schweiz: Karte der Kulturgüter 1:300 000 Wabern: BLT, 1988 W i t h 48 pp explanatory booklet Cultural monuments Schweiz und Fürstentum Liechtenstein: Museumskarte

1:300 000

Wabern: BLT, 1991 W i t h 72 pp explanatory booklet Zonengrenzen der Schweiz 1:300 000 Bern: Eidgenössisches Volkwirtschaftsdepartement, 1991 Agricultural zonation map Zollkarte der Schweiz 1:300 000 Bern: Eidgenössisches Oberzolldirektion, 1990 Custom zones Burgenkarte der Schwieζ und des angrenzenden Auslandes

1:200 000 Wabern: BLT, 1981-90 4 sheets, all published Castle map with explanatory booklet

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ο < 0 υ Ο η \sz ο Q. 3 !c 'sz m Ω. CL Q Ζ 2 ( 0 2 2 D) σ>C ο ο > δ) Ο) Ο Q. ο Ο « 2 ο cc ο ω ο. π Ο) α. Ö ο ο ω LU CDω ο ο ο Ν ο ο ο ο ο ο ο 1- ο ο ο ο ο ο ο ο ο ο ο ο ο ο ο ο ο ο to ΙΟ ίο ι ΙΟ 0J C N J(Ν (0 τ— τ— — 1- τ- 1- τ- -ι- τ- ι-


S T PIERRE A N D ΜIQ U ET"OW

T h e islands of St Pierre and Miquelon lie only a score of kilometres from the coast of N e w f o u n d l a n d , but they form an overseas department of France. Triangulation of the islands was carried out in the early 1 9 5 0 s and linked to N e w f o u n d l a n d , and the Institut G e o g r a p h i q u e N a t i o n a l ( I G N ) , Paris, published a four-colour 1:20 0 0 0 scale m a p in six sheets in 1 9 5 5 . Following the acquisition of new air photography in 1 9 8 5 and survey revision in 1 9 8 6 , these sheets were superseded by a two-sheet cover in the 1:25 0 0 0 scale Serie bleue (sheets 4 7 9 8 S and 4 7 9 9 S J , published in 1 9 8 8 . T h e projection is U T M , International ellipsoid. Contours are at 5 m intervals with the addition of relief shading, and there is an overprint of tourist information.

Addresses Institut G e o g r a p h i q u e N a t i o n a l ( I G N ) Direction Generale, 136 bis, rue de Grenelle, F-75700 PARIS 07 SP, France Tel +33 I 43 98 80 00 Fax +33 I 43 98 84 00 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.ign.fr

Catalogue Miquelon; St Pierre Langlade 1:25 000 Serie bleue Paris: IGN, 1988 2 sheets, both published

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The Oceans

S Ä O T O M E Ε PRINCIPE (REPÜBLICA

DEMOCRÄTICA

D E S Ä O T O M E Ε PRINCIPE)

Säo Tome e Principe, two islands off the coast of West Africa in the Gulf of Guinea, have been an independent republic since 1975. Formerly they were an overseas province of Portugal, and topographic maps were published by the Junta de Investigagöes do Ultramar, Lisbon. A 1:25 0 0 0 scale cover was published in 1961—4 in seven sheets, together with a general map at 1:75 0 0 0 scale. The projection was Transverse Mercator, International ellipsoid. These maps are still available from the Institute de Investigate CientificaTropical (IICT), subject to permission being obtained from the Embassy of the Republic. The current mapping authority is the Missäo GeogräficaHidrogräfica, Säo Tome but we know of no new mapping activity. Soil mapping of both islands was also undertaken by the Junta de Investigagöes do Ultramar prior to independence, and two 1:50 000 scale sheets were prepared, but are no longer available. Some small-scale maps have recently been compiled for tourists. These include two dye-line maps of the islands and their principal cities by A m a r o Guadencio Mendes Em, and a general 1:100 0 0 0 scale map with layer coloured relief and legend in four languages by Fernando Lima de Trindade.

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Catalogue GENERAL

Säo Tome e Principe 1: 100 000 Säo Tome: Fernando Lima da Trindade, 1992 Carta turistica das llhas de Säo Tome e a do Principe 1:75 000 Säo Tome: Amaro Guadencio Mendes Em, 1994 Dye-line map with hand colouring TOPOGRAPHIC

Carta topogrdfica da llha de S. Tome 1:75 000 Lisboa: IICT, 1961 Carta topogräfica da llha de S. Tome e de Principe 1:25 000 Lisboa: IICT, 1961-4 7 sheets, all published URBAN

Carta da cidade de S. Tome 1: 10 000 Carta de Santo Antonio 1:5000 Säo Tome: Amaro Guadencio Mendes Em, 1994 Dye-line Includes maps of S.Tome at 1:200 000 and Principe at 1:100 000

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Further information Jose Farinha da Concei?äo (1970) Α evolufäo da geodesia e a ocupafäo geodesica do untramar portugues em Africa. Lisboa: Junta de Investigaföes do Ultramar.

Addresses A m a r o Guadencio Mendes E m CP 67, SÄO TOME Tel +239 22865 / 20134 Fernando Lima de Trindade CP 202, SÄO ΤΟΜέ Institute de Ιηνβ5ΰ^3ςΕο Cientifica Tropical ( I I C T ) Rua Junqueira 86, 1300 LISBOA Tel+351 I 3645071 Fax+351 I 3631460 URL http://www.mct.pt/inst/IICT.htm Missäo Geogräfica-Hidrogräfica CP 67, SÄO TOME

Säo Tome e Principe

931

SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS

South Georgia is situated in the South Atlantic, some 8 0 0 miles (1280 km) southeast of the Falkland Islands, while the South Sandwich Islands, a string of small volcanic islands, form part of the Scotia Arc between South Georgia and the Antarctic Peninsula. Early exploratory surveys of South Georgia were carried out between 1951 and 1957 by t h e South Georgia Survey Expeditions, and resulted in the publication in 1958 of a 1:200 0 0 0 scale, contoured m a p which accompanies a British Antarctic Survey Report on The history of place-names in the Falkland Islands Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands). 1:500 0 0 0 scale maps were also published by the former British Directorate of Colonial Surveys (as DCS 701) in 1 9 4 9 - 5 0 , but are out-of-print. Subsequently, the islands have been included in the mapping programme of t h e British A n t a r c t i c S u r v e y ( B A S ) , Cambridge, but no more recent topographic maps have been published, although 1:1 0 0 0 000 scale insets of both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands appear on t h e 1:3 000 000 scale BAS m a p of the Antarctic Peninsula. A geological m a p of South Georgia at 1:250 0 0 0 scale (GEOM A P 1) was published in 1987 and shows the geology of outcropping rocks and of the inferred sub-glacial geology. Partial mapping of South Georgia includes a 1:25 0 0 0 scale map of Royal Bay surveyed by t h e Combined Services Expedition in 1 9 6 4 - 5 , printed in colour with 100 ft interval contours. Two 1:50 0 0 0 scale geomorphological maps, of Stromness-Cumberland Bay and of the St. Andrews Bay-Royal Bay area, based on field work by the University of Aberdeen were published in 1971 and 1980 respectively. A general geological m a p of the South Orkney and South Sandwich Islands as well as South Georgia (BAS 500G) was published in 1984 as one of a series of six geological maps covering also the Antarctic Peninsula. The official agents for sale of BAS maps are E d w a r d Stanford L t d , London. A 1:500 0 0 0 scale m a p of South Georgia has been published by the Instituto G e o g r ä f i c o Militär ( I G M A ) , Buenos Aires.

•

• •

Further information Information about BAS mapping of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is included on the BAS Web site.

932

The Oceans

Addresses British A n t a r c t i c S u r v e y ( B A S ) UK Antarctic Mapping Centre, High Cross, Madingley Road, CAMBRIDGE, CB3 0ΕΤ Tel +44 1223 251400 Fax +44 1223 362616 URL http://www.nerc-bas.ac.uk Instituto G e o g r ä f i c o Militär ( I G M A ) Avenida Cabildo 381, 1426 BUENOS AIRES, Argentina Tel +54 I 773 9822/776 161 I Fax +54 I 773 9822 Email [email protected] URL http://www.igm.gov.ar For Edward Stanford Ltd, see Chapter 3; for OSI, see Great Britain.

Catalogue GENERAL British Antarctic Territory (North of 82 °S) with South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands 1:3 000 000 BAS(Misc) 2 Cambridge: BAS, 1981 Inset maps of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands South Georgia 1:700 000 OSD 950 Southampton: OSI, 1995 Outline map with place names Isias Georgias del Sur 1:500 000 Buenos Aires: IGMA, 1971 Falkland Island Dependencies. South Georgia 1:200 000 DOS 610 Southampton: OSI, 1958 Sheet in colour; a monochrome version with names revision published 1979 is also available EARTH

SCIENCES

Geological map of South Orkney islands with South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands 1:500 000 BAS 500G Cambridge: BAS, 1984 Geological map of South Georgia 1:250 000 BAS GEOMAP I Cambridge: BAS, 1987 With 63 pp text

Tristan da Cunha is a volcanic island in the South Atlantic, settled in the nineteenth century having been annexed by Britain in 1816. The island has been mapped by the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS) (now O S International (OSI)), and a small map at 1:140 0 0 0 scale with shaded relief is available. A sketch m a p at 1:30 000 was also issued in 1962 with some minor annotated revision added in 1971. It is contoured at 100 ft intervals. This m a p was republished in 1997 at the enlarged scale of approximately 1:20 000. There are three neighbouring uninhabited islands: Nightingale, Inaccessible and Gough. Inaccessible Island was surveyed accurately for the first time in 1983 by an expedition from Denstone College, U K and the island's position fixed by satellite navigation equipment on the ship which landed the party. A m a p at 1:10 0 0 0 scale was compiled by ground survey. A geological m a p of G o u g h Island was published by D O S in 1958 at the scale of 1:50 000. This accompanied a monograph, The geology of Gough Island, South Atlantic, by R. LeMaitre, published in the series Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources, Volume 7. A topographic survey was carried out by a research team which visited in 1955, and a 1:40 0 0 0 form-lined m a p accompanies the report of the expedition given in the Geographical Journal in 1957, but is not available separately.

Addresses O r d n a n c e S u r v e y International ( O S I ) Romsey Road, SOUTHAMPTON SO 16 4GU, UK Tel +44 2380 792139 Fax +44 2380 792230 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/ For Hydrographie Office, see Great Britain.

Catalogue GENERAL

Tristan da Cunha 1:140 000 DOS 978 Southampton: OSI, 1972 TOPOGRAPHIC

Tristan da Cunha 1:20 000 OSD 2965 Southampton: OSI, 1997 EARTH

SCIENCES

Cough Island 1:50 000 DOS(Geol) 1095 Southampton: OSI, 1958 Geology map

U K Admiralty Chart 1769, published by the H y d r o g r a p h i e Office, Taunton, covers islands and anchorages of the South Atlantic, including Tristan da Cunha and G o u g h island. Scales vary.

•

* *

F u r t h e r information The surveying of Inaccessible Island is described in Siddal, C.P. (1985) Survey of Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha Group, Polar Record, 22, 528-531. The survey of Gough Island mentioned above is described in Heaney, J.B. and Holdgate, M.W. (1957) The Gough Island scientific survey, Geographical Journal, 123, 20-32.

Tristan da Cunha

933

Mapping of the Indian Ocean island states has been carried out by French, British and Australian agencies; few of the independent states have yet produced their own island maps. For example British aid funded the mapping by Directorate of Overseas Surveys (now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)) to cover the Seychelles, Mauritius, and the Maldives. French style topographic mapping has recently been updated for Reunion, Mayotte, The Comoros, and for the various island territories comprising the French Southern and Antarctic Territories by Institut Geographique National (IGN). Australian maps have been compiled for Christmas Island, the Cocos/Keeling Group and Heard Island, by Australian Surveying and Land Information Group ( A U S L I G ) and its predecessors. Hydrographie charting of coastal waters around island groups is shared between the British Hydrographie Office (HO), the French Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine ( S H O M ) , the Royal Australian Navy Hydrographie Service ( R A N H S ) , the Indian Naval Hydrographie Office and Russian Chief Administration for Navigation and Oceanography in the Ministry of Defense, Glavnoe Opravlenie Navigatsii i Okeanografii ( G U N O ) . G U N O charts are available through American map dealer Eastview. Small scale maps and charts of the ocean as a whole have mainly been produced by Russian and American agencies, but internationally accepted bathymetric coverage of the Indian Ocean is published in hard copy as three 1:10 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale sheets in the General bathymetric chart of the oceans, from the International Hydrographie Organization ( I H O ) and in digital form in the GEBC0 digital atlas from British Ocenographic Data Centre ( B O D C ) which are described in greater detail in our oceanic section. Russian work focused upon the compilation of several atlases, most of which appeared in the 1970s. For example wide ranging thematic coverage of the ocean was published in Volume 2 of the Russian language Atlas okeanov, prepared by G U N O in collaboration with the Soviet Ministry of Defence and many research institutes in the USSR Academy of Sciences. Copies

934

The Oceans

of this and other Soviet hydrographic coverage of the Indian Ocean were available in 1999 from Eastview. American mapping includes geological, physiographic and geophysical maps of the ocean, published by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Geological Society of America (GSA), and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG). The Indian National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization ( N A T M O ) has also compiled small scale thematic coverage of the ocean including a recently published atlas collection. Glavnoe Upravlenie Geodezii i Kartografii ( G U G K ) (now Federal'naya Sluzhba Geodezii i Kartografii Rossii (Roskartografija)) and the Soviet Ministry of Geology were also both involved in several mapping projects some of the results of which are still available and are listed below. For example, the Russian Geological geophysical atlas of the Indian Ocean, presenting results of the International Indian Ocean expedition, is still available from P K O Kartografija Moscow. Other thematic atlases still available were compiled by Indian agencies and the French Institut Franfais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation ( O R S T O M ) . Resources and environmental mapping of the ocean and its islands has also been carried out by O R S T O M and by other French agencies such as Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres ( B R G M ) , and Centre National de Recherches Scientifique (CNRS). In summary much less cartographic activity has taken place in the Indian Ocean than in either the Pacific or Atlantic and little progress has been made in the decade since the first edition of this book.

*

•

*

INDIAN OCEAN

Further information For information about the mapping and charting of the Indian Ocean see catalogues available from organization listed below.

Addresses

GAZETTEERS

Indian ocean islands. Official standard names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Washington, D C : N I M A , 1957 54 pp GENERAL

AND

BATHYMETRIC

Indian Ocean 1:25 720 000

For B O D C , H O , O S I and Macmillan, see Great Britain; for

Washington, D C : N G S , 1992

B R G M , C N R S , I G N , O R S T O M , and S H O M , see France; for

Indian Ocean 1:25 000 000

A U S L I G and R A N H S , see Australia; for Akademija Nauk, G U N O , Ministerstvo O b o r o n y SSSR, P K O Kartografija and

Calcutta: N A T M O , 1978

Roskartografija, see Russia; for A A P G , C I A , G S A , N I M A , N G S ,

Indian Ocean 1: 19 200 000

and U S G S , see United States; for I M D and N A T M O see India;

Washington, D C : C I A , 1996

for International Hydrographie Organization, see Oceans; for

Indijskij okean 1: 15 000 000 Moskva: Roskartografija, 1984 In Russian

Eastview, see Chapter 3.

W i t h two small ancillary thematic maps showing

Catalogue

geomorphology and currents Physiographic diagram of the Indian Ocean 1:10 000 000

ATLASES

Indian ocean atlas Calcutta: N A T M O , 1999 19 maps

Boulder, C O : G S A Bay of Bengal Arabian Sea 1:6 000 000 Calcutta: N A T M O , 1977

1:50 000 000 and 1:25 000 000 scale coverage

Indian Ocean

935

EARTH

SCIENCES

Geologo-geofizicheskij atlas Indijskogo Okeana / Geological-geophysical atlas of the Indian Ocean Moskva: Akademija Nauk, 1975 167 pp Maps compiled for the International Indian Ocean expedition Maps at 1:20 000 000 and 1:5 000 000 Geological map of the Indian Ocean 1:29 000 000 Washington: A G U , 1978 From geological world atlas The Indian Ocean: the geology of its bordering lands and the configuration of its floor 1:13 650 000 Reston,VA: USGS, 1963 Indijskij okean 1: 10 000 000 Moskva: Institut Fiziki Zemli, 1977 4 sheets, all published Includes smaller scale thematic inset maps ENVIRONMENTAL

Climatic atlas of the Indian Ocean S.Hastenrath et al. London: Macmillan 3 vols Tracks of storms and depressions in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea 1877-1970

Edition 2

N e w Delhi: IMD, 1979 Isopach map of sediments in the Indian Ocean 1:14 000 000 Tulsa: A A P G , 1988 Atlas hydrologique du Canal de Mozambique (Ocean Indien) Bondy: O R S T O M , 1981 Includes 30 I: I 000 000 scale maps

936

The Oceans

Since 1958 Christmas Island has been administered by Australia and mapped as part of the external territories programme. The Australian Surveying and Land Information Group (AUSLIG) currently publishes three maps of the island on the U T M projection, Australian National spheroid, W G S 1972. A 1:25 000 sheet with 10 m contours covers the whole island. A 1:10 0 0 0 scale two-colour orthophotomap also shows relief with 10 m contours, and covers the settlement area, and a second orthophotomap with very similar specification maps the national park area.

*

*

•

Addresses Australian Surveying and Land Information Group (AUSLIG) PO Box 2, BELCONNEN.ACT 2616, Australia Tel +61 6 201 4300 Fax +61 6 201 4367 Email [email protected] URL http://www.auslig.gov.au

Catalogue TOPOGRAPHIC Christmas

Island

1:25 0 0 0

Belconnen: AUSLIG, 1988 URBAN Christmas

Island settlement

1:10 0 0 0

Belconnen: AUSLIG

Christmas Island

937

ISLANDS

The Cocos or Keeling group in the eastern Indian Ocean has been mapped by Australian agencies. The Australian Surveying and Land Information Group ( A U S L I G ) includes the islands in its mapping of external territories, with maps published on the U T M projection, Australian National spheroid, W G S 1972. A single-sheet 1:50 0 0 0 scale map dates from the early 1970s, revised to 1986, and a two-sheet 1:25 0 0 0 scale six-colour map was compiled by the Royal Australian Survey Corps (RSvy) and published in 1979· Both show relief with 10 m contours. An image map of the islands derived from SPOT imagery and incorporating tourist information was also recently published by AUSLIG.

•

•

•

Addresses Australian Surveying and Land Information Group (AUSLIG) PO Box 2, B E L C O N N E N . A C T 2616, Australia Tel +61 6 201 4300 Fax +61 6 201 4367 Email [email protected] URL http://www.auslig.gov.au

Catalogue TOPOGRAPHIC Cocos (Keeling) Island 1:50 000 Edition 2 Belconnen: AUSLIG, 1986 Cocos Island 1:25 000 Belconnen: AUSLIG, 1979 2 sheets, both published IMAGE

MAPS

Cocos Island satellite image map Belconnen: AUSLIG, 1991 SPOT image base

938

The Oceans

ISLAMIQUE DES C O M O R O S )

The Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros comprising the islands of Grande Comore, Anjouan and Moheli gained independence from France in 1975. A mapping agency exists in the capital Moroni (the Direction de l'Urbanisme et de I'Habitat), which maintains 1:2500 scale photomaps of the main settlements, but almost all the topographic coverage of the islands has been carried out by French agencies. A 1:50 000 scale photogrammetric series from Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) was recently published for each island. These maps are on the UTM projection, International ellipsoid, and show relief with 20 m contours. Institut Frantais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation ( O R S T O M ) distributes soils mapping of Anjouan dating from the 1950s, and ecological mapping of Grand Comore was carried out by Institut Franfais de Pondichery (IFP). Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine ( S H O M ) publishes nautical charts of the islands. A commercially published map of the islands from German publisher Hiittinger became available in 1997.

Catalogue GENERAL

Komoren / Comoros / Comores 1: 150 000 Kirchseeon: Hüttinger, 1997 With inset town maps TOPOGRAPHIC

Archipel des Comores: carte routiere 1:50 000 Paris: IGN, 1995 3 sheets, all published ENVIRONMENTAL

Carte pedologique d'Anjouan 1: 100 000 Bondy: ORSTOM, 1952 La Grand Comoro dimat et vegetation 1: 100 000 Pondichery: IFP, 1969 With accompanying explanatory text

• * •

Addresses Direction de l'Urbanisme et de I'Habitat Hudjudja, MORONI Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) Direction Generale, 136 bis, rue de Grenelle, 75700 PARIS, 07 SP, France Tel +33 I 43 98 80 00 Fax +33 I 43 98 84 00 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ign.fr Institut Fran^ais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation ( O R S T O M ) 32 avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 B O N D Y Cedex, France Tel +33 I 48 02 56 49 Fax +33 I 48 47 30 88 Email [email protected] URL http://www.orstom.fr Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine ( S H O M ) BP426, 13 rue du Chatellier, 29275 BREST Cedex, France Tel +33 98 22 15 97 Fax +33 98 22 12 08 Email [email protected] URL http://www.shom.fr For IFP, see India.

Comoros

939

FRENCH SOUTHERN A N D ANTARCTIC TERRITORIES

The isolated and almost un-populated Southern Indian Oceanic islands of the Kerguelen and Crozet groups and the islands Amsterdam and St Paul comprise the French Southern and Antarctic Territory. Only the islands are described here; for Adelie Land on the mainland of Antarctica, see Antarctica. Mapping has been carried out by the French Institut Geographique National (IGN), and the islands are covered by photogrammetric maps at a number of different scales dating from the late 1960s, with some more recent activity, lie Amsterdam and St Paul have been mapped to French S e r i e bleue specifications at 1:25 000 scale, the latest edition being published in 1992. lie aux Cochons in the Crozet group has also been mapped in this series, but Possession Island appears on a 1:50 0 0 0 scale map with 20 m contours. The Kerguelen group is covered in three 1:100 000 sheets, with 50 m contours and hill shading, dating from the late 1960s. Derived six-colour general maps at 1:200 000 also cover Kerguelen and Crozet and have 100 m contours and hill shading. All these scales are on the U T M projection, International ellipsoid. N o other thematic mapping of the group remains in print, but Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine ( S H O M ) maintains several nautical charts of the islands.

*

*

*

Addresses Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) Direction G6n6rale, 136 bis, rue de Grenelle, 75700 Paris, 07 SP, France Tel +33 I 43 98 80 00 Fax +33 I 43 98 84 00 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ign.fr Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine ( S H O M ) BP426, 13 rue du Chatellier, 29275 BREST Cedex, France Tel +33 98 22 15 97 Fax +33 98 22 12 08 Email [email protected] URL http://www.shom.fr

940

The Oceans

Catalogue GENERAL

Terres Australes et Antarctiques franfaises: carte de reconnaissance 1:200 000 Paris: IGN, 1971-3 2 sheets, both published TOPOGRAPHIC

Terres Australes et Antarctiques frangaises: carte de reconnaissance lie Kerguelen 1:100 000 Paris: IGN, 1967 3 sheets, all published fie de la Possession 1:50 000 Paris: IGN, 1977 Terres Australes et Antarctiques frangaises 1:25 000 Serie bleue Paris: IGN, 1986-92 2 published sheets

HEARD AND L^CDONALD ISLANDS TERRITORY

Heard and Macdonald Islands in the South Indian ocean are administered by Australia and mapped by the Australian Surveying and Land Information Group (AUSLIG). A four-colour topographic m a p was last revised t o 1985 and published on the U T M projection, with relief shown by 20 m contours and hill shading. More recently a satellite image m a p of the islands has been issued by AUSLIG, also at 1:50 0 0 0 scale, and with the Macdonald group shown in an inset at 1:25 000.

• • *

Addresses Australian Surveying and Land Information Group (AUSLIG) PO Box 2, BELCONNEN, ACT 2616, Australia Tel +61 6 201 4300 Fax +61 6 201 4367 Email [email protected] URL http://www.auslig.gov.au

Catalogue IMAGE

MAPS

Australian External Territory of Heard Island and Macdonald Islands; satellite image map 1:50 000 Belconnen: AUSLIG, 1991 Includes inset covering Macdonald Islands at 1:25 000

Heard and Macdonald Islands Territory 941

i

MALDIVI (DHIVEHI JUMHOORIYYA)

Little official mapping is available in the Republic of the Maldives, but increasing tourist interest in the chain of 1200 coral atolls in the eastern Indian Ocean has encouraged recent small-scale commercial mapping. British agencies have been responsible for most mapping prior to independence in 1965, and a legacy of large scale plans has been left. For example in 1974 the Directorate of Overseas Surveys (now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)) compiled large scale coverage with funding from the World Health Organization, to cover Male, the most important island in the group. These comprised nine sheets at 1:1000 scale, with street names, and 23 sheets at 1:500 scale without the names but with spot heights. The Maldives agency currently responsible for surveying and mapping of the islands is the Ministry of Construction and Public Works, but there is no information about recent programmes. Charting of the islands has been carried out by the British Hydrographie Office ( H O ) Two German commercially published maps for the tourist market from Berndtson and Berndtson (B&B) and Ryborsch provide the best overviews, both include numerous larger scale insets and descriptive guides to tourist islands.

• • •

Addresses Ministry of Construction and Public W o r k s Izzudheen Magu, MALE 20-02 Tel +960 32 3474 Fax +960 32 8300 Email [email protected] For B&B and Ryborsch, see Germany; for H O and OSI, see Great Britain.

Catalogue GENERAL

Maldiven / Maldives I: I 000 00 Obertshausen: Ryborsch, 1992 With inset maps Plan of Male on reverse Maldives tourist map 1:300 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B, 1993 With inset maps and 1:800 000 scale locator

942

The Oceans

MAURITIUS^;^

Mapping of Mauritius is the responsibility of the Survey Department in the Ministry of Housing Lands and Town and Country Planning (MHLTCP) but almost all of the topographic mapping of Mauritius and Rodrigues Island has been carried out by British and French agencies. A 1:25 000 scale series covers Mauritius in 13 sheets, and has been regularly revised. The latest sixth edition is published jointly by MHLTCP and the British Ordnance Survey International (OSI), uses the Lambert conical orthomorphic projection, Clarke 1880 ellipsoid, and maps relief with 10 m contours. It is compiled from aerial photographic coverage of the island. A number of smaller-scale single-sheet maps are published, catering in particular for the tourist market. These include a 1:100 000 scale map from Institut Geographique National (IGN) Paris, revised to 1990, and the 1994 version of an Ordnance Survey 1:100 000 scale map, which has 40 m contours and also covers Rodrigues Island. I G N also issues a special 1:1 000 000 sheet conforming to I M W specifications. Larger scale mapping of parts of Mauritius is still available from OSI, including 1:2500 and 1:5000 scale mapping carried out in the 1980s. MHLTCP has started a programme to digitize these large scale plans and is capturing data from the north of the island and for large villages. Geological mapping of Mauritius is no longer available, but 1:50 000 scale soils mapping from the Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute (MSIRI) is distributed by the French resource mapping agency Institut Franfais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation (ORSTOM) to cover the island in two sheets with an accompanying explanation. MSIRI also collaborated with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to map Mauritius in a two-sheet 1:50 000 scale land resources and agricultural suitability map, also issued with an explanatory text. No more recent resources mapping has been carried out. Hydrographie charting of Mauritius is carried out by the French Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine (SHOM). Commercially published maps for the tourist market are issued by Karto+Grafik in its Hildebrands Urlaubskarte series, Freytag-Berndt (FB), Macmillan and N e w Holland.

Addresses Institut de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation (ORSTOM) 32 avenue Henri Varagnat, 9 3 1 4 3 B O N D Y C e d e x Tel +33 I 4 8 0 2 56 4 9 Fax +33 I 4 8 4 7 30 8 8 Email b o u t e t @ b o n d y . o r s t o m . f r URL h t t p : / / w w w . o r s t o m . f r

Institut Geographique National (IGN) Direction G e n e r a l e , 136 bis, r u e d e Grenelle, 7 5 7 0 0 PARIS, 0 7 SP, France Tel + 3 3 I 43 9 8 8 0 00 Fax +33 I 43 9 8 8 4 0 0 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ign.fr

Mauritius Sugar Indistry Research Institute (MSIRI) LE REDUIT Tel + 2 3 0 4 5 4 1061 Fax + 2 3 0 4 5 4 1971 Email [email protected]

Ministry of Housing Lands and Town and Country Planning (MHLTCP) Edith Cavell St, P O R T LOUIS Tel + 2 3 0 2 0 8 2831 Fax + 2 3 0 212 9 3 6 9

Ordnance Survey International (OSI) Romsey Road, S O U T H A M P T O N S O 16 4 G U , UK Tel + 4 4 2380 7 9 2 1 3 9 Fax + 4 4 2380 7 9 2 2 3 0 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/

Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine (SHOM) BP426, 13 r u e du Chatellier, 2 9 2 7 5 BREST C e d e x , France Tel + 3 3 9 8 22 15 9 7 Fax + 3 3 9 8 22 12 0 8 Email w e b m a s t e r @ s h o m . f r URL http://www.shom.fr For FB, s e e Austria; f o r K a r t o + Grafik, s e e Germany; f o r Macmillan, and N e w Holland, see G r e a t Britain.

Catalogue GENERAL

*

*

•

Mauritius

1: 120 0 0 0 Edition 2

O x f o r d : Macmillan, 1994 W i t h inset maps of P o r t Louis and Rodrigues

Further information

Mauritius

Catalogues and map indexes a r e available f r o m French and

lie Maurice

British publishers and f r o m MHLTCP.

Paris: I G N , 1990

1:120 0 0 0

W i e n : FB carte generale

1: 100 0 0 0 Edition 3

Mauritius

943

Mauritius and Rodrigues 1: 100 000 Edition 5 (Series Y682 ( D O S 529) Port Louis and Southampton: M H L T C P and OSI, 1994

MAURITIUS 1:25 000 topographic

Mauritius. Globetrotter travel map 1:80 000 London: N e w Holland, 1996 Double sided with town maps and tourist information on reverse

16 km 10 miles

TOPOGRAPHIC

Mauritius 1:25 000 Series Y881 (DOS329) Port Louis and Southampton: M H L T C P and OSI, 1989-91 13 sheets, all published • ENVIRONMENTAL

Land resources and agricultural suitability map of Mauritius 1:50 000 Le Reduit: MSIRI and FAO, 1973 2 sheets, both published With accompanying explanatory booklet

20°15'S

20°15'S

Carte pedologique de file Maurice 1:50 000 Le Reduit and Bondy: MSIRI and O R S T O M , 1984 2 sheets, both published With 1:200 000 scale geological and hydrological map 57°30'E

944

The Oceans

The island of Mayotte is administered as a French overseas territory, and mapped by official French agencies using slightly different specifications to mapping of the other independent islands in the Comoros group.The Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) covers Mayotte in two 1:25 0 0 0 scale sheets conforming to Serie bleue specifications, on the U T M projection, International ellipsoid, and with 10 m contours. A single-sheet tourist m a p at 1:50 0 0 0 scale with 20 m contours is also available. The Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres ( B R G M ) completed a geological m a p of the island in 1996 and the Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine ( S H O M ) publishes a nautical chart of the island.

+ •

EARTH

SCIENCES

Carte geologique de Hie de Mayotte 1:50 000 Orleans· BRGM 1996

•

Addresses Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM) 3 Avenue de Claude Guillemin, BP 6009,45060 O R L E N S , Cedex 2, France Tel +33 02 38 64 30 28 Fax +33 02 38 64 36 82 Email [email protected] URL http://www.brgm.fr Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) Direction Generale, 136 bis, rue de Grenelle, 75700 PARIS, 07 SP, France Tel +33 I 43 98 80 00 Fax +33 I 43 98 84 00 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ign.fr Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine ( S H O M ) BP426, 13 rue du Chatellier, 29275 BREST Cedex, France Tel +33 98 22 15 97 Fax +33 98 22 12 08 Email [email protected] URL http://www.shom.fr

Catalogue GENERAL

Mayotte: carte touristique 1:50 000 Paris: IGN, 1993 TOPOGRAPHIC

fie de Mayotte: Serie bleue 1:25 000 Paris: IGN, 1993 2 sheets, both published

Mayotte

945

The French overseas Department of Reunion is mapped by French agencies. The Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) compiles the basic scale for the island, a 1:25 0 0 0 scale series, recast in six sheets in 1992 and conforming to the French T O P 2 5 specifications. This photogrammetric series uses the U T M projection, International ellipsoid, shows relief with 10 m contours and has replaced earlier 1:50 000 scale and 1:25 0 0 0 scale Serie bleue coverage. I G N also publishes a regularly revised 1:100 000 scale tourist map, and a raised plastic relief map of the island. The national atlas was compiled by I G N and distributed by C N R S Editions in the mid-1970s, with nearly 200 maps of Reunion mostly at 1:150 0 0 0 scale, and may still be acquired. C N R S has also recently published a detailed linguistic and ethnographic atlas of the island in its regional linguistic atlas project. Earth science maps of Reunion from Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres ( B R G M ) include a four-sheet 1:50 0 0 0 scale geological map (no longer in print) and 1:100 0 0 0 geological map also available with raised relief. Volcanic mapping has also been carried out. Resources mapping of the island from Institut Fran^ais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation ( O R S T O M ) has included single-sheet soils coverage (now no longer available), and some 1:40 0 0 0 scale mapping of the northwestern part of the island. Hydrographie charting of the island may be acquired from Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine ( S H O M ) who publish two 1:60 0 0 0 scale charts of the island (with 1:10 0 0 0 scale insets) and a 1:175 000 scale overview chart. Indexed street guides to the major settlements are locally published by S A R L Azalees Editions, Ste -Marie.

*

•

*

Addresses Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres (BRGM) 3 Avenue de Claude Guillemin, BP 6009,45060 O R L i A N S , Cedex 2, France Tel +33 02 38 64 30 28 Fax +33 02 38 64 36 82 Email [email protected] URL http://www.brgm.fr C N R S Editions 20/22 rue St.-Amand, 75015 PARIS, France Tel +33 I 45 33 16 00 Fax +33 I 45 33 92 13 Email [email protected] URL http://www.cnrs.fr/editions

946

The Oceans

Institut Franfais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation ( O R S T O M ) 32 avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 B O N D Y Cedex, France Tel +33 I 48 02 56 49 Fax +33 I 48 47 30 88 Email [email protected] URL http://www.orstom.fr Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) Direction Generale, 136 bis, rue de Grenelle, 75700 PARIS, 07 SP, France Tel +33 I 43 98 80 00 Fax +33 I 43 98 84 00 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ign.fr S A R L Azalees Editions Pare d'activitees economiques de la Mare Hot 7, bätiment 46, 97438, STE-MARIE Service Hydrographique et Oceanographique de la Marine ( S H O M ) BP426, 13 rue du Chatellier, 29275 BREST Cedex, France Tel +33 98 22 15 97 Fax +33 98 22 12 08 Email [email protected] URL http://www.shom.fr

Catalogue ATLASES

Atlas des departements franfais d'outre mer I.: La Reunion Paris: IGN and CNRS, 1975 192 pp GENERAL

La Reunion: carte touristique 1: 100 000 Edition 2 Paris: IGN, 1996 Reunion 1:100 000 Paris: IGN, 1987 Raised relief edition TOPOGRAPHIC

fie de la Reunion 1:25 000 TOP25 Paris: IGN, 1992 6 sheets, all published English and French legend, tourist information and index on reverse EARTH

SCIENCES

Carte geologique du departement de la Reunion 1: 100 000 Orleans: BRGM, 1967 With explanatory booklet Also available as raised relief edition

SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de la Reunion M.Carayol & R.Chaudenson Paris: C N R S , 1996 304 pp URBAN

Reunion: guides urbaines Ste Marie: S A R L Azalees £ditions

SEYCHELLES^ ( T H E R E P U B L I C O F T H E SEYCHELLES)

The Republic of the Seychelles comprises over 100 small coralline and granite islands to the north of Madagascar in the western Indian Ocean. Mapping has mainly been carried out by Ordnance Survey International (OSI) and its predecessors, under Commonwealth aid programmes. The Lands and Infrastructure Division (LID) is now responsible for the maintenance of the islands' m a p base. Mahe, Praslin and La Digue are the largest islands and the best mapped. A six-colour topographic series at 1:10 0 0 0 scale has been published and updated several times, the latest editions were published towards the end of the 1980s. This series shows relief with 10 m contours. From this basic scale is derived a regularly revised 1:50 0 0 0 scale tourist map of Mahe, published with 50 m contours, and now available in its 11th edition. A similar specification is published for Praslin at 1:30 000 scale. A full-colour photomap series, overprinted with vegetation and cultural detail, is published for all the important islands in the group. Scales vary according to island size and importance, with maps issued at 1:5000, 1:10 000, 1:12 500 or 1:25 000 scales. Smaller islands in the group are published as large scale diazo prints and many large-scale line maps were compiled by Directorate of Overseas Surveys, OSI's predecessor in the 1970s, to cover parts of Mahe, La Digue and Praslin at 1:2500 or 1:1250. In addition to these topographic and image maps OSI and LID collaborate in the publication of small-scale maps of the archipelago, notably a useful overview with a 1:200 000 scale map of the central islands. There is no comparable depth to thematic mapping of the group, the only maps available are copies of four-sheet Geological Survey of Kenya geological coverage, and British Directorate of Overseas Surveys soil mapping, both at 1:50 000 and still available from LID. The islands appear on hydrographic charts issued by the British Hydrographie Office (HO), Taunton. Smaller scale tourist mapping of the Seychelles is published by several commercial houses, notably Berndtson & Berndtson (B&B), Macmillan/Freytag-Berndt, Karto+ Grafik and New Holland.

• * •

Addresses Lands Division and Infrastructure ( L I D ) PO Box 199,Victoria, MAHE Tel+ 248 2 25333 Fax +248 2 25187 Ordnance Survey International ( O S I ) Romsey Road, SOUTHAMPTON SO 16 4GU, UK Tel +44 2380 792139 Fax +44 2380 79 2230 Email [email protected] URL http://www.ordsvy.gov.uk/services/osi/ For HO, Macmillan and New Holland, see Great Britain; for Freytag Berndt, see Austria; for B&B and Karto+Grafik, see Germany.

Catalogue GENERAL Seychelles

1:3 0 0 0 0 0 0 D O S 9 8 0

Victoria and Southampton: LID and OSI, 1977 Seychelles

1:2 0 0 0 0 0 0 / 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 D O S 6 0 4

Victoria and Southampton: LID and OSI, 1983 2 maps on I sheet Larger scale for the inner islands and Mahe Seychellen Various scales Hildebrands Urlaubskarte Frankfurt-am-Main: Karto+Grafik, 1989 9 maps on I sheet With tourist notes Macmillan

traveller's map of t h e Seychelles V a r i o u s s c a l e s

Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994 14 maps on I sheet With tourist notes Seychelles

1:50 0 0 0

Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B Seychelles. Globetrotter travel map

IMAGE

Further information A catalogue describing products is available from LID, OSI also still distributes mapping of the Seychelles.

948

The Oceans

1:33 0 0 0

London: New Holland, 1997 Double sided, with town maps, many inland maps and tourist information MAPS

Republic of Seychelles

1:10 0 0 0 / 1:12 5 0 0 / 1:25 0 0 0 D O S

204P and 304P Victoria and Southampton: LID and OSI, 1978-93 22 published sheets

I04P,

TOPOGRAPHIC

55°30'E

Seychelles: Mahe 1:50 000 D O S 404 Edition I I Victoria and Southampton: L I D and OSI, 1989

SEYCHELLES

1:10 000 topographic

Praslin

Praslin with La Digue & Adjacent islands 1:30 000 Edition 2 Victoria and Southampton: L I D and OSI, 1986 Republic of Seychelles 1: 10 000 D O S 204 Victoria and Southampton: L I D and OSI, 1978-90 17 published sheets EARTH

•

SCIENCES

tb

ρ

La Digue

Ο

Silhouette 4°30'S

4°30'S

Geological maps of Mahe, Praslin and neighbouring islands 1:50 000 Nairobi: Geological Survey of Kenya, 1961-3 2 sheets, both published

Mahe

ENVIRONMENTAL

20 km

Soil survey of the Seychelles 1:50 000 D O S LR 3023

12.5 miles

Tolworth: D O S , 1968 4 published sheets W i t h accompanying explanatory text

55°30'E

Seychelles

949

The term Mediterranean includes both a sea and a region, and while some maps concentrate on the bathymetry or the marine environment of the sea itself, others focus on the adjacent land areas. This section includes examples of both, though users should also note that many maps and m a p series with a broader European remit, and therefore described in our introductory section to Europe, include useful Mediterranean material. We have also included the islands of Cyprus and Malta in this section, but the mapping of other Mediterranean islands is included under the countries of which they are part. Two of the best general maps to cover the whole Mediterranean basin were published by the French Institut Geographique National, but are now out-of-print. But a similar map, including some bathymetric information as well as land area detail, was published by the Servicio Geogräfico del Ejercito (SGE) of Spain in 1986, and is still available. A colourful general m a p of the seafloor and land area relief is Les fonds de la Mediterranee, published by Hachette-Guides Bleus, with painted seabed landforms based on IBCM data (see below) and with land relief based on LANDSAT imagery. This is similar to an earlier map by the National Geographic Society, now out-of-print. The primary bathymetric data set of the Mediterranean is the International bathymetric chart of the Mediterranean (IBCM) compiled by Glavnoe Upravlenie Navigatsii i Okemo-grafil ( G U N O ) , published by Ministerstvo Oborony SSSR, St Petersburg, under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, in 10 sheets and also incorporated in the digital version of G E B C O ( G E B C O - 9 7 ) on C D R O M , described in the introductory section to the Oceans. Isobaths are at intervals of 50 m , 100 m, 200 m , 300 m , 4 0 0 m, 500 m and 1 000 m. This series also serves as a base for several thematic series, including Bouguer anomalies, seismicity, and Plio-Quaternary sediment thickness. A number of bathymetric maps have been published by the French Institut Fran^ais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), including one of the

950

The Oceans

western Mediterranean at 1:1 500 000. In 1997, the digital MEDATLAS, a hydrological database and atlas of temperatures and salinity for the Mediterranean, was released. This is produced and maintained by Systemes d'Informations Scientifiques pour le Mer (SISMER), a branch of IFREMER, and is available on three C D - R O M s . The Institute Idrografico della Marina (MM), Genova, has published five bathymetric maps covering the Adriatic and other areas adjacent to Italy, and the eastern end has been mapped by the Geological Survey of Israel (IGS). Considerable interest in the geology of the Mediterranean seabed has been shown by oil prospecting companies, particularly in the Tertiary deltaic deposits lying offshore from major river mouths. Much of this ad hoc mapping is geophysical and held in digital format, and is not widely available. Small scale mapping of the Tertiary basins, however, was published by the Institut F r a ^ a i s du Petrole in co-operation with other organizations, and is distributed by Editions Technip. A general tectonic map has been published by Akademija Nauk Rossijskaja (ANR), while a map of oil and gas concessions is published by Oilfield Publications Ltd (OPL). The Mediterranean Oceanic Data Base (MODB) includes historical hydrographic data, seasonal gridded data sets, climatological charts and gridded bathymetry. It is maintained by GeoHydrodynamics and Environment Research (GHER), a research department at the University of Liege, Belgium, and is accessible online at URL http://modb.oce.ulg.ac.be/. A Climatological atlas of the western Mediterranean Basin has been published by the Comitato Nazionale per la Ricerca e lo Sviluppo dell'Energia Nucleare e delle Energia Alternative (ENEA), using a data set held at the Santa Teresa Centre for Energy and Environmental Research at La Spezia. Hydrographic charting has been undertaken by several nations possessing a Mediterranean coast, and by the British Hydrographic Office (HO). The American Defence Mapping Agency (now National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)) has also published a series of 11 contoured charts covering the whole of the Mediterranean on Mercator

p r o j e c t i o n and w i t h average scales close t o 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 . I m r a y has p u b l i s h e d recreational charts of t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n . A m a p of t r a n s p o r t i n f r a s t r u c t u r e for t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n region was prepared by t h e Institut Cartogräfic de Catalunya ( I C C ) w i t h several o t h e r p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n s t i t u tions in 1 9 9 0 . A n interactive m u l t i m e d i a atlas of t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n countries, Atlas en Reseau des Espaces Mediterraneens Multimedia ( A R E M M ) , has been p r e p a r e d by t h e C e n t r e I n t e r n a t i o n a l des Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Mediterraneennes (CIHEAM), an i n t e r g o v e r n m e n t a l organization of 14 M e d i t e r r a n e a n countries w h i c h p r o m o t e s a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t in t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n region t h r o u g h e d u c a t i o n a n d research. It is available o n C D - R O M f r o m t h e Institut A g r o n o m i q u e Mediterraneen de Montpellier ( I A M M ) , w h i c h incorporates t h e French C I H E A M office.

• * •

Addresses C o m i t a t e Nazionale per la Ricerca e lo Sviluppo dell' Energia Nucleare e delle Energia Alternative ( E N E A ) Direzione REL.Viale Regina Margherita 125,1-00198 R O M A , Italy G e o H y d r o d y n a m i c s and Environment Research (GHER) Universite de Liege, Sart Tilman B5, B-4000 LIEGE, Belgium Tel +32 4 366 3358 Fax +32 4 366 2355 Institut A g r o n o m i q u e Mediterraneen de Montpellier (IAMM) 3191, Route de Mende, BP 5056, FR-34033 M O N T P E L L I E R Cedex I, France Tel +33 67 04 60 00 Fax +33 67 54 25 27 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.iamm.fr/ For I C C and SGE, see Spain; for K&F, see Switzerland; for H O , Imray and OPL, see Great Britain; for Editions Technip, IFREMER and C N R S see France; for Cartographie Caraibe, see Guadeloupe; for N I M A and CIA, see United States; for MM, see Italy; for IGS, see Israel; for G U N O and A N R , see Russia; for DFULR, see Germany.

Catalogue ATLASES

Θ Atlas en Reseau des Espaces Mediterraneens Multimedia (AREMM) Montpellier: C I H E A M - I A M M , 1993 Multimedia atlas on C D - R O M GENERAL

AND

BATHYMETRIC

Mediterranean. Mediterranean islands Grand Bourg: Cartographie Caraibe, 1993 Small map of Mediterranean Sea, with ancillary maps of individual islands The Mediterranean basin 1:6 500 000 Washington, D C : CIA, 1998

Les fonds de la Mediterranee 1:4 250 000 Paris: Hachette-Guides Bleus, 1987 Mapa del Mediterräneo 1:4 000 000 Madrid: SGE, 1986 Mittelmeerländer / Mediterranean countries 1:4 000 000 Bern: K+F Road and tourist map Carte bathymetrique de la Mediterranee occidentale I: I 500 000 Brest: IFREMER, 1979 International bathymetric chart of the Mediterranean / Carte bathymetrique internationale de la Mediterranee I: I 000 000 St Petersburg: Ministerstvo Oborony SSSR, 1981 10 sheets, all published • Θ Includes inset of Black Sea 1:2 000 000 Mare Mediterräneo. Carta batimetrica 1:750 000 Genova: IIM, 1969 5 sheets published Bathymetric chart of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea 1:625 000 Edition 3 Yerusalem: IGS, 1994 2 sheets, both published EARTH

SCIENCES

Tectonic map of the Mediterranean Sea 1:5 000 000 Moskva: A N R , 1994 Carte geologique et structural des bassins tertiaires du domains mediterraneen 1:2 500 000 Paris: IFP et o/„ 1974 2 sheets, both published + text 7 regional transparent overlays are available separately, showing the structural lineaments derived from the next entry Esquisse photogeologique du domaine mediterraneen. Grands traits structuraux ά partir des images du satellite LANDSAT-I 1:2 000 000 Paris: IFP et al„ 1976 2 sheets, both published + text International bathymetric chart of the Mediterranean: thickness of the Plio-Quaternary sediments / Carte bathymetrique internationale de la Mediterranee: epaisseur des sediments plio-quaternaires 1:1 000 000 St Petersburg: Ministerstvo Oborony SSSR, 1993 10 sheets, all published • Includes inset of Black Sea 1:2 000 000 International bathymetric chart of the Mediterranean: unconsodidated bottom surface sediments / Carte bathymetrique Internationale de la Mediterranee: sediments superficiels non consolides 1:1 000 000 St Petersburg: Ministerstvo Oborony SSSR, 1996 10 sheets, all published • International bathymetric chart of the Mediterranean: Bouguer gravity anomalies / Carte bathymetrique internationale de la Mediterranee: Anomalies gravimetriques de Bouguer 1:1 000 000 St Petersburg: Ministerstvo Oborony SSSR, 1989 10 sheets, all published • Includes inset of Black Sea 1:2 000 000 International bathymetric chart of the Mediterranean.seismicity / Carte bathymetrique internationale de la Mediterranee: sismicite 1:1 000 000 St Petersburg: Ministerstvo Oborony SSSR, 1991 10 sheets, all published • Includes inset of Black Sea 1:2 000 000

Mediterranean

951

Vegetation map of the Mediterranean region 1:5 000 000

ENVIRONMENTAL

Climatological atlas of the western Mediterranean Edited by Paulo Pico

Carte de la vegetation potentialle de la region mediterraneenne

Roma: E N E A , 1990

1:2 500 000

224 pp Atlas of Mediterranean environments in Europe. The desertification context P. Mairota, J.Thornes Chichester: Wiley, 1997

CULTURAL

infrastructures 1986-8

Brest: IFREMER, 1987

AND

ECONOMIC

1:3 500 000

Barcelona: I C C for C E D R E , 1990

Mediterranean Sea - surface temperatures and atmospheric structures

The Mediterranean. Oil and gas activity and concession map 1:3 000 000

Oberpfaffenhofen: D F U L R

Ledbury: OPL, 1992

Poster

The Oceans

4 sheets, I published

Map of the Mediterranean regions. Accessibility to transport

Atlas hydrologique de la Mediterranee

MEDITERRANEAN S E A 1:1 000 000 bathymetric

Paris: C N R S , 1985

SOCIAL,

168 pp

952

Paris: U N E S C O , 1970 2 sheets + text

n-w I

The official mapping organization in the Republic of Cyprus is the D e p a r t m e n t of Lands and Surveys (DLS) in Nicosia. DLS was established in 1961 and is responsible for geodetic, cadastral and topographic surveying and for the publication and dissemination of the results of these surveys, as well as the distribution of a wider range of military and civilian mapping including thematic maps. Since 1969 DLS has been able to produce its own maps using photogrammetric methods. Smaller scale mapping covers the whole island, but in practice DLS is unable to map northern areas under Turkish control to the same accuracy as the rest of the island. The basic series is the 1:5000 scale National topographic map DLS 17, which would require 1293 sheets to cover the whole island. Only the 61 per cent of the island under Greek Cypriot control and to the south of the Green Line has been published. This four-colour map is compiled from aerial photography dating from 1969-76, with field checking, and shows relief with 2 m contours. It was established with the assistance of the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS) (now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)). DOS also mapped the island at scales of 1:10 000 in the contoured series DOS 255 (K818), and 1:25 000 in series DOS 355 (K8110). Partial coverage of both of these series is still available for some southern areas, but neither series has been maintained. A 24-sheet military map at 1:50 000 scale (Series 717) is compiled as a joint British and Cypriot project and is also available for civilian purchase. This was based upon aerial photography dating from the 1970s and has been updated using 1986-8 satellite imagery. At 1:100 000 scale a four-sheet map with 100 m contours was revised to 1991 and is available in English (DLS 18) or Greek (DLS 6) versions. Two-colour mapping on district sheet lines at this scale depicts administrative boundaries down to village level (DLS 29). Several different versions of 1:250 000 scale maps are published to cover the whole island. A layer tinted relief base is used in the nine-colour administration and road map, which is also available as a tourist map, printed with town maps and tourist information on the reverse side. English, and Greek and uncoloured flat editions of these maps are available. Ethnic mapping at this scale is also published. DLS also publishes a 1:500 000 scale general map of the island, and distributes aeronautical charts conforming to standard international specifications. It has taken on responsibility for the maintenance of the 1:250 000 scale hydrographic chart of the island, and maintains a range of town maps in the Street Plan series, most of which are issued at the scale of 1:7500. Large-scale cadastral mapping of Cyprus is also carried out by DLS, which until recently has operated on a manual basis in a graphical multipurpose cadastre. A major project was carried out to establish an integrated digital land information system for the Republic, and completed by 1998. This has involved the establishment of a new control network, flying 1:8000 scale aerial photography, systematic cadastral

resurvey, and computerization of land records. A digital cadastral database will allow current continuous cadastral data to be integrated in a GIS with thematic overlays, and topographic data. Vector data from the 1:100 000 scale topographic map have been captured and are available, in addition to digital cadastral data. A number of different thematic mapping activities have been undertaken by other government agencies, but DLS publishes these maps. The Geological Survey D e p a r t m e n t (GSD) founded in 1950 has used British and German bilateral aid to produce 1:250 000 scale maps of geology (revised to 1995 and also available in a Greek language version), hydrogeology, and mineral resources. 1:25 000 scale programmes include several themes for Nicosia, and a 1:100 000 scale set is published, mapping groundwater quality in the Nicosia, Larnaca, and Limassol areas. Larger scale applied engineering mapping is also available. Other mineraliferous areas were mapped at two-inch scale in a 1959-62 DOS project, and maps and memoirs are still available. Environmental mapping compiled in association with the Ministry of Agriculture is also available from DLS. Forests, soils, land use and precipitation are mapped at 1:250 000 and selected areas have been published in 1:25 000 scale series on DOS 355 sheetlines, in land use and land suitability for irrigation series. N o further mapping in these series is planned. Several publishers issue tourist maps of the island. These include the Cyprus Tourism Organization, who publishes useful large scale plans of resort areas in association with DLS which show tourist information overprinted onto doublesided town maps and 1:50 000 scale area maps. A number of commercial publishers also issue general maps, such as HarperCollins, GEOprojects, AA, New Holland, B&B, Freytag-Berndt, Karto + Grafik and RV. Turkish controlled areas are mapped by A N D , Istanbul.

*

*

•

Further information D L S publishes a useful catalogue of ail its available mapping. T h e b e s t overviews of surveying and mapping in the country a r e D e p a r t m e n t of Lands and Surveys ( 1 9 9 6 ) ΝαϋοηαΙ

report

Nicosia: D L S and D e p a r t m e n t of Lands and Surveys ( 1 9 9 6 ) Policy and development as regards an Integrated Land Information System for the Year 2000

and Beyond. Nicosia: DLS.

G S D also issues a catalogue describing its mapping programmes.

Cyprus

953

Addresses

Cyprus 1:25 000 D O S 355 K8110 Tolworth: D O S , 1960-6 59 sheets, 21 published •

C y p r u s Tourism O r g a n i z a t i o n 19 Limassol Avenue, P O B 4535, 21 12 N I C O S I A Tel +357 2 337715 Fax +357 2 331644 Email [email protected] U R L http://www.cyprustourism.org D e p a r t m e n t of Lands and Surveys ( D L S ) 29 Michalacopoullou Street, 1075 N I C O S I A Tel +357 2 302029 Fax +357 2 446056 Email [email protected] Geological Survey D e p a r t m e n t ( G S D ) Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1415 N I C O S I A Tel +357 2 309 220 Fax +357 2 316873 For Freytag Berndt, see Austria; for B&B, Karto + Grafik and RV, see Germany; for Hallwag, see Switzerland; for A A , GEOprojects, HarperCollins, New Holland and OSI, see Great Britain.

BATHYMETRIC

Cyprus Mediterranean Sea 1:250 000 Nicosia: DLS, 1984 AERONAUTICAL

CHARTS

Cyprus aeronautical chart 1:500 000 I C A O Nicosia: DLS, 1997 Cyprus: joint operations graphic (air) 1:250 000 Series 1501 Nicosia: DLS, 1997 EARTH

SCIENCES

Geological map of Cyprus 1:250 000 Nicosia: DLS, 1995 Available flat of folded in Greek or English versions Hydrogeological map of Cyprus 1:250 000 Nicosia: DLS, 1970

Catalogue GENERAL

Survey of Cyprus: general use map 1:500 000 D L S 20 Nicosia: DLS, 1976 Also available in Greek (DLS 24) North Cyprus tourist map 1:330 000 Istanbul: A N D Tourist information on reverse Cyprus: holiday map 1:300 000 London: HarperCollins Cyprus 1:275 000 Fürstenfeldbruck: B&B Survey of Cyprus: administration and road map 1:250 000 D L S 14 Nicosia: DLS, 1984 Available flat of folded in Greek or English versions Cyprus touring map 1:250 000 D L S 25 Nicosia: DLS, 1981 Town plans and tourist information on back Cyprus: Globetrotter travel map 1:250 000 London: N e w Holland, 1998 Cyprus: road map 1:250 000 Wien: FB 13 inset maps, tourist text on reverse Zypern 1:250 000 Stuttgart: RV, 1991 Text on reverse GEOprojects Cyprus 1:250 000 Reading: GEOprojects, 1982 Double sided with city maps and indexes TOPOGRAPHIC

Cyprus: topographical map 1: 100 000 D L S 18 Nicosia: DLS, 1997 4 sheets, all published Also available in Greek (DLS 6) Cyprus 1:50 000 Series 717 Nicosia: DLS, 197324 sheets, all published •

954

The Oceans

ENVIRONMENTAL

Cyprus state forests 1:250 000 D L S 4 Nicosia: D L S Average annual precipitation map of Cyprus 1:250 000 Nicosia: DLS, 1972-83 2 sheets by date

(1951-1980)

Calcareous soils of Cyprus 1:250 000 Nicosia: GSD, 1987 Cyprus: game reserve areas 1:250 000 Nicosia: DLS, 1997 Revised annually Mineral resources of Cyprus 1:250 000 Nicosia: DLS, 1982 General soil map of Cyprus 1:200 000 Nicosia: DLS, 1987 Cyprus land suitability for irrigation purposes 1:25 000 Nicosia: DLS, 196559 sheets, 10 published • Cyprus soil series 1:25 000 Nicosia: DLS, 196559 sheets, 10 published • ADMINISTRATIVE

Survey of Cyprus: administration and road map 1:250 000 D L S 36 Nicosia: DLS, 1991 Includes classification of places by ethnic group Also available as D L S 14, Showing position of the invading Turkish forces Cyprus districts 1:100 000 D L S 29 Nicosia: DLS, 1984 7 sheets, all published SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

Cyprus distribution of population by ethnic group 1960 and positions of the invading Turkish forces 1:250 000 Edition 2 D L S 19 Nicosia: DLS, 1976

Cyprus: major water development works Nicosia: DLS, 1987

:250 000

URBAN Street plan series Various scales Nicosia: DLS, 19749 towns covered, most at 1:7500

34° Ε

Cyprus

955

Formerly a British Crown Colony, Malta became fully independent in 1964, and in 1974 was constituted a Republic within the British Commonwealth. Modern mapping of the three islands of Malta, Gozo and Comino had previously been undertaken by the British Government in cooperation with the Office of Public Works, Valletta. Early in the present century, large-scale GSGS series at scales of 1:2500 and 1:10 560 were published, together with a general m a p at 1:31 6 8 0 (GSGS 3859) which has served as a base map for soil and geological maps. In the late 1950s, a new survey was initiated by the British Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS) (now Ordnance Survey International (OSI)). Air photography was flown from which provisional 1:2500 scale mapping was compiled, while a 1:25 000 scale map in three sheets (DOS 352) was issued in 1 9 6 2 - 3 . 1:2500 scale sheets of Gozo and Comino (DOS 152) with 10 ft interval contours were published between 1 9 6 2 - 5 . New aerial photography was flown in 1970 by the RAF and between that year and 1975, DOS issued a contoured series at 1:2500 scale covering the island of Malta itself in 154 sheets. The last DOS edition of the 1:25 000 scale map, from 1972, is still available from OSI. This m a p was subsequently further revised by the Department of Works, Malta, in co-operation with the Italian Mission and published in 1984. A new revision is expected soon. The current m a p is on the U T M projection, International (Hayford) ellipsoid and has 25 ft interval contours. In 1988, a new Mapping Unit was established within the Planning Services Division of the Department of Works, and now operates within the Planning Authority, Floriana. The Institut Geographique National, Paris, was contracted to provide new digital mapping of the country, and digital base maps now cover all the islands at 1:2500 scale and partially at 1:1000, based on photography flown in 1988. The data are available in AutoCAD, D X F or Maplnfo MIF/MID formats, and are used in the Planning Authority as a basis for a GIS system based mainly on Maplnfo for Windows. Plots of the digital m a p data can also be supplied on paper or film. In 1993, a new geodetic network was observed using GPS and recorded in W G S 84 co-ordinates, and new aerial photography was also flown in 1 9 9 3 - 4 . The 1:25 000 m a p and plots of the large scale digital maps may be obtained from the Mapping Shop at the Planning Authority. The 1:31 680 scale soils m a p of Malta and Gozo was published in I 9 6 0 by the DOS and may be still available from some m a p dealers. A geological survey of the Maltese islands was carried out in 1955 for BP at 1:10 560, and published at 1:31 6 8 0 scale by Ordnance Survey. Resurvey was undertaken in the 1970s and again in the 1990s and a new m a p in two sheets, scale 1:25 000, was published by the Oil Exploration Directorate, Valletta in 1993.

956

The Oceans

The Department of Geography, University of Keele, U K produced an atlas of the 1985 census for the Central Office of Statistics, with computer-drawn maps using the GIMMS mapping package. This is out-of-print, but a social and economic atlas produced subsequently in their Occasional Paper series is still available from the Department. A new census was conducted in 1995, but no atlas has so far been produced. R M F Publishing and Surveys Ltd publishes road maps and gazetteers of Malta, and good quality tourist maps of Malta are also published by several foreign commercial companies, including Ktimmerly and Frey (K+F), A A / Macmillan, HarperCollins, Cartographia, Karto+Grafik and Ravenstein.

• •

•

The Planning Authority's Web site has useful information about digital mapping and GIS.

Department of Geography, University of Keele NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK Tel +44 1782 583160 Fax +44 1782 584144 Email [email protected] Oil Exploration Directorate Office of the Prime Minister, Auberge de Castille, VALLETTA Tel +356 237 921 Fax +356 240 815 Planning Authority Mapping Unit, St Francis Ravelin, Floriana, PO Box 200, VALLETTA CMR 01 Tel +356 240 976 Fax +356 224 846 Email [email protected] URL http://www.pa-malta.org/ R M F Publishing and Surveys Ltd Guardamangia Hill, PI ETA MSD 07 For OSI, HarperCollins, and AA/Macmillan, see Great Britain; for Cartographia, see Hungary; for Kümmerly and Frey, see Switzerland; for Karto + Grafik and Ravenstein, see Germany; for NIMA, see United States.

Catalogue GAZETTEERS

Gazetteer of Malta. Names approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names Edition 2 Washington, DC: NIMA, 1994 122 pp GENERAL

Macmillan/AA Malta and Gozo Traveller's Map 1:50 000 Basingstoke: Macmillan andAA, 1991 Double-sided map with indexes and ancillary maps of Valletta and Sliema, Mdina and Rabat, Victoria, and St Paul's Bay and Bugibba Bartholomew. Malta and Gozo holiday map 1:40 000 London: HarperCollins, 1994 Gozo and Comino at 1:50 000 Double-sided map with indexes and ancillary maps ofValletta and Sliema, Mdina and Rabat and Victoria Malta. Große Reisekarte 1:40 000 Bad Soden: Ravenstein, 1994 TOPOGRAPHIC

Malta 1:25 000 Series M898 Edition 2 Valletta: Planning Authority, 1984 2 sheets, both published Mo/to and Gozo 1:25 000 D O S 352 Southampton: OSI, 1972 3 sheets, all published EARTH

SCIENCES

Geological map of the Maltese Islands 1:25 000 Valletta: Oil Exploration Directorate, 1993 2 sheets, both published SOCIAL,

CULTURAL

AND

ECONOMIC

A social and economic adas of Malta and Gozo D.G. Lockhart and K.T. Mason Keele: Department of Geography, University of Keele, 1989 88 pp Occasional paper 16

Few of the island states in the Pacific Ocean have sufficient resources to devote to surveying and mapping. They have relied upon colonial powers and subsequent aid programmes to create and maintain mapping systems and standards, and many smaller islands in the Ocean remain unmapped. The small-scale mapping and charting of the Ocean has also been carried out in the main by overseas agencies with an interest in the region. Thus the map base of the Pacific Ocean has been created by agencies from New Zealand, the United States, France and Great Britain, and to a lesser extent by Australia, the former Soviet Union, Chile and Ecuador. The only significant indigenous and local mapping capability across the Pacific comes from Hawai'i and from Fiji, where a Pacific-wide mapping programme the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) has developed bathymetric and coastal programmes for many island groups, in response to increasing awareness of the need for resource evaluations and the definition of exclusive economic zones across the region. The technological changes in ocean mapping referred to in the oceanic introduction have also begun to alter the nature of larger scale mapping of the Pacific Ocean floor - in the decade since the first use of sidescan sonar and the start of G L O R I A programme an increased amount of digital data relating to the Pacific Floor has become available, with an improved resolution relative to previous hard-copy map and chart publication programmes. Few of these data have yet been published as hardcopy maps or charts, and there have been few other advances in the mapping of the Pacific since the publication of the last edition of this book. Topographic mapping of New Zealand dependencies, of the Cook Islands and of Western Samoa was established by the New Zealand Department of Lands and Survey (now Land Information N e w Zealand ( L I N Z ) and Terraiink), who also compiled small-scale mapping of the South-West Pacific and of the Pacific as a whole in the 1 9 7 0 s and the 1980s. There has been some more recent activity to update these surveys, as well as active participation in aid programmes, for example in the establishment of digital mapping and land informa-

958

The Oceans

tion infrastructure in Fiji. Charting of waters in areas with New Zealand interests was the responsibility of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute (now National Institute of W a t e r & Atmospheric Research Ltd ( N I W A ) ) . Oceanic bathymetric charting at 1:1 0 0 0 0 0 0 scale is still available for substantial areas of the South-West Pacific Ocean. Soils mapping of the island groups in this area was carried out by the New Zealand Soil Bureau and these maps with associated monographs are still available from Landcare Research. In contrast little geological mapping of the Pacific has been carried out by New Zealand agencies. British mapping of the Pacific led to the creation of topographic bases for Fiji, Kiribati, The Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Many of these series were established as 1:25 0 0 0 scale full-colour photomaps in the 1 9 7 0 s by the British Directorate of Overseas Survey (DOS), now Ordnance Survey International (OSI) Southampton. D O S also compiled geological mapping of Vanuatu, and Kiribati, in association with the British Geological Survey (BGS), but with the exception of recent mapping in Kiribati little new work has been carried out in the last decade. Charting of many islands in the Pacific has been carried out by the British Hydrographie Office ( H O ) . French interests in the Pacific Ocean have concentrated upon the mapping of New Caledonia, Vanuatu, French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna. Institut Geographique National ( I G N ) established topographic coverage conforming to French styles and has revised some of the mapping in the 1990s to conform to more recent specifications, for example in the T O P 2 5 coverage of French Polynesia and the remapping of New Caledonia at 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 scale. There has been little small-scale mapping of the basin as a whole carried out by French agencies. The Bureau de Recherches Geologiques e t Minieres ( B R G M ) has compiled earth scientific bases for local geological surveys in New Caledonia and French Polynesia, but only a few French small scale geological maps offer oceanic coverage. Resources mapping of areas of French interest has been carried out by Institut Franfais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en

Pacific Ocean

959

Cooperation (ORSTOM). Hydrographie charting has been c a r r i e d o u t b y Service Hydrographique graphique de la Marine ( S H O M ) .

et

Oceano-

American territorial interests in the Pacific Ocean include many of the Northern and Western islands, formerly administered in the Pacific Islands Trust Territory, as well as Hawai'i and American Samoa. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is r e s p o n s i b l e for t h e t o p o g r a p h i c

survey and mapping of Hawai'i, where the diversity of mapping approaches some mainland American states, and where in the last decade considerable investment has taken place in the automation of procedures and in Geographical Information Systems. Some commercial mapping of Pacific States and of the ocean is also published from Hawai'i, by University of Hawai'i Press, Manua Mapworks, a n d t h e Hawaii Geographical Society (HGS). U S G S m a p p i n g of

the newly independent Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, the Marshall Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands and Palau was updated by USGS prior to independence, and the map base of American Samoa has also been revised. USGS has also compiled earth science mapping of Hawai'i. The American

Natural

Resource

Conservation

Service

(NRCS) compiles soils mapping of a few islands, whilst hydrographic charting of the Pacific has been carried out by

carbon and structural geomorphological mapping of the ocean floor, with larger scale coverage of areas adjacent to Russian territory in the north of the ocean. Australia established the map base of Norfolk Island, with t h e Australian Surveying and Land Information Group

(AUSLIG) and its predecessors maintaining image coverage. More recently there has been an increase in Australian mapping of the Pacific, with several environmental GISs set up under Australian aid programmes, notably in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. Earth scientific coverage of the ocean h a s been c o m p i l e d b y t h e Australian Geological Survey

Organization (AGSO), who have also recently contributed to geological programmes in Fiji. The Australian commercial firm Hema maintains probably the most important range of tourist maps of Pacific States. Ecuador is responsible for the mapping of the Galapagos Islands, and Chile for the mapping of Easter Island. Japanese agencies have compiled small scale mapping of the northwestern Pacific, with the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) producing earth science maps and the Hydrographic D e p a r t m e n t M a r i t i m e Safety Agency (Kaijö choan-Chö

Suiro-Bu) (JHD) carrying out hydrographic and bathymetric charting of the seas around Japan.

t h e A m e r i c a n National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( N O A A ) a n d its National O c e a n Service

*

*

•

(NOS), which has compiled geophysical Seamaps of parts of the ocean at a scale of 1:1 000 000. The Geological Society of A m e r i c a (GSA) a n d

t h e A m e r i c a n Association

of

Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) have also compiled small scale earth scientific mapping of the ocean floor. The most significant basin-wide international mapping initiative has also been based in the United States and led by American agencies. This is the Circum-Pacific Map Project (CPCEMR), established in 1973 and led by USGS and AAPG, with a range of scales published for six different themes. Up to six 1:10 000 000 scale quadrant maps of parts of the basin are published, (also sometimes covering the Arctic and Antarctic), as well as a Pacific-wide 1:17 000 000 scale general map and sometimes published with associated explanatory texts. A geographic series was the first to be published, with two-colour mapping and overprinted two-degree grids. Subsequent themes to be issued comprise geological, plate tectonic, geodynamic, mineral resources and energy resources maps. The programme was largely completed by the end of the 1980s and involved the participation of almost all Pacific states, as well as every other significant overseas power in the region, a total of 47 different nations. Russian involvement in the mapping of the Pacific has been largely limited to the compilation of small scale mapping and charting of the ocean, with the notable exception of the larger scale hydrographic charting carried out by the Chief Administration for Navigation and Oceanography Glavnoe Upravlenie Navigatsii i Okeanografii ( G U N O )

in

the

Ministerstva Oborony. The best single source of thematic data about the ocean a whole remains the Pacific volume of the Russian Ocean atlas, compiled by GUNO in association with many other Soviet scientific agencies. This presents numerous small-scale themes covering the whole ocean as well as larger-scale coverage of significant ports and islands. Copies of this and other Soviet hydrographic coverage of the Pacific Ocean were available in 1999 from Eastview. Russian earth scientific coverage of the Pacific has been published by Vserossiiskoi

nauchno-issledovatel'skii

geologicheskii

Institut (VSEGEI) and other parts of the Ministry of Geology USSR. Coverage includes geological, gravity, seismic, hydro-

960

The Oceans

Further information For background Information about the mapping of the Pacific see the annual reports and catalogues issued by the organizations listed below. SOPAC programmes are described in SOPAC annual report summaries. For more detailed information about the Circum Pacific Map Project see Addicott, W.O. (1985) Scope and status of the Circum-Pacific Map Project. Reston: USGS. A useful guide t o the publication of geological mapping of the area is Thompson, B.N. (1984) Geological maps of the islands of the South Pacific. Wellington: NZGS.

Addresses Circum-Pacific M a p Project ( C P C E M R ) C/o United States Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 952, MENLO PARK, C A 94025-3591, United States Tel +1 415 329 4002 Fax +1 415 329 4013 South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) Private Mail Bag, GPO, SUVA Tel +679 381139 Fax +679 370040 Email [email protected] URL http://www.sopac.org.fj For AGSO, AUSLIG, Hema and RANHS, see Australia; for Cartographie Caribe, see Caribbean; for BRGM, CNRS, GIP Redus, IGN, ORSTOM, and SHOM, see France; for HarperCollins, HO, OSI and BGS see Great Britain; for HGS, Manoa Mapworks and University of Hawai'i Press, see Hawai'i; for JHD and GSJ, see Japan: for IGNS, Landcare, LINZ, NIWA, and Terralink see New Zealand; for Akademija Nauk, GUNO, PKO Kartografija, Roskartografija and VSEGEI, see Russia; for

A A P G , G S A , N E I C , N I M A , N G S , N O S and USGS, see United

Islands of the South Pacific 1:10 000 000 Infomap 275

States; for Eastview, see Chapter 3.

Wellington: L I N Z , 1989 Western Pacific 1: 10 000 000 Wellington: L I N Z , 1979

Catalogue

Geographic map of the Circum-Pacific basin 1:10 000 000 Tulsa, O K : C P C E M R , 1977-90

ATLASES

7 sheets, all published

Atlas okeanov: tikhi okean

6 quadrant sheets at 1:10 000 000; I total area map at

St Petersburg: Ministerstvo Oborony SSSR, 1975

1:17 000 000

340 pp

Also covers Arctic and Antarctic

In Russian

Also available as two-colour base maps

W i t h English language translation to contents and title

Geophysical atlas of the Southwest Pacific 1:6 442 192

Atlas of the South Pacific Edition 2

Suva: S O P A C , 1983

Wellington: L I N Z , 1986

2 sheets published

48 pp

Bathymetric mapping

Atlas des iles et etats du pacifique sud B.Antheaume and j.Bonnemaison

Bathymetry of the Pacific 1:6 442 192

Montpellier: G I P Reclus, 1988

21 sheets, all published

126 pp

La Jolla, C A : N O A A , 1970 and 1974

Bathymetry of the south

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Port Jackson

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