Works of John Dryden. Volume 6 Poems: The Works of Virgil in English 1697 [Reprint 2020 ed.] 9780520905269

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T H E

W O R K S

OF

J O H N

General

Editor

DRYDEN

ALAN ROPER

Textual

Editor

VINTON A. DEARING

VOLUME

SIX

EDITOR

William Frost T E X T U A L EDITOR

Vinton A. Dearing

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And what the Men; but give this Day to Joy. ) Now pour to Jove, and after Jove is blest, 180 Call great Anchises to the Genial Feast: Crown high the Goblets with a chearful Draught; Enjoy the present Hour, adjourn the future Thought. Thus having said, the Heroe bound his Brows With leafy Branches, then perform'd his Vows: Adoring first the Genius of the Place; Then Earth, the Mother of the Heav'nly Race; T h e Nymphs, and native Godheads yet unknown, And Night, and all the Stars that guild her sable Throne: And ancient Cybel, and Idcean Jove; i9o And last his Sire below, and Mother Queen above. Then Heav'ns high Monarch thundred thrice aloud, And thrice he shook aloft, a Golden Cloud. Soon thro' the joyful Camp a Rumor flew, T h e time was come their City to renew: Then ev'ry Brow with chearful Green is crown'd, T h e Feasts are doubl'd, and the Bowls go round. When next the rosie Morn disclos'd the Day, T h e Scouts to sev'ral parts divide their Way, T o learn the Natives Names, their Towns, explore 200 T h e Coasts, and Trendings of the crooked Shore: Here Tyber flows, and here Numicus stands, Here warlike Latins hold the happy Lands. The Pious Chief, who sought by peaceful Ways, T o found his Empire, and his Town to raise; A hundred Youths from all his Train selects; And to the Latian Court their Course directs: (The spacious Palace where their Prince resides;) And all their heads with Wreaths of Olive hides. 183 205

Brows] F1-2. selects] F2; elects F i .

188 Throne:] — F1-2.

577

The Works of Virgil in English

578

T h e y go c o m m i s s i o n ' d to r e q u i r e a Peace; 210 A n d c a r r y P r e s e n t s t o p r o c u r e A c c e s s . T h u s while they speed their Pace, the P r i n c e designs H i s n e w elected Seat, a n d draws the Lines: The

Trojans

r o u n d t h e p l a c e a R a m p i r e cast,

A n d Palisades a b o u t the T r e n c h e s plac'd. M e a n t i m e the T r a i n , p r o c e e d i n g o n t h e i r way, F r o m far the T o w n , a n d lofty T o w ' r s survey: At length approach the Walls: without the Gate T h e y see t h e B o y s , a n d

Latian

Youth debate

T h e M a r t i a l Prizes o n the dusty P l a i n ; 220 S o m e d r i v e t h e C a r s , a n d s o m e t h e C o u r s e r s r e i n : S o m e b e n d the stubborn B o w for Victory; A n d s o m e w i t h D a r t s t h e i r a c t i v e S i n e w s try. A posting Messenger dispatch'd from hence, O f this fair T r o o p advis'd their aged P r i n c e ; T h a t foreign Men, of mighty Stature, came; U n c o u t h their Habit, and unknown their Name. T h e K i n g ordains their entrance, a n d ascends H i s R e g a l Seat, s u r r o u n d e d by his F r i e n d s . T h e Palace built by

Picus,

vast a n d P r o u d , \

230 S u p p o r t e d b y a h u n d r e d P i l l a r s s t o o d

>

A n d round incompas'd with a rising W o o d . ) T h e Pile o'relook'd the T o w n , and drew the sight; Surpriz'd at once with R e v e r e n c e a n d Delight. T h e r e Kings receiv'd the Marks of Sov'raign Pow'r: \ I n State the Monarchs march'd, the Lictors bore

>

T h e i r Awful Axes, and the Rods before.

/

H e r e the T r i b u n a l stood, t h e H o u s e of Pray'r; A n d here the sacred Senators repair: A l l a t l a r g e T a b l e s , i n l o n g o r d e r set, 240 A R a m t h e i r O i f ' r i n g , a n d a R a m t h e i r M e a t . A b o v e the Portal, Carv'd in Cedar W o o d , Plac'd in their Ranks, their Godlike Grandsires stood:

Saturn, w i t h h i s c r o o k e d S c y t h e , o n h i g h ; I talus, t h a t l e d t h e C o l o n y : A n d a n c i e n t Janus, w i t h h i s d o u b l e F a c e , Old

And

¡¡42

stood:]

Fi—2.

The Seventh

250

260

270

280

Book

of the

/Eneis

And Bunch of Keys, the Porter of the place. There good Sabinus, planter of the Vines, J On a short Pruning-hook his Head reclines: > And studiously surveys his gen'rous Wines: ) Then Warlike Kings, who for their Country fought, And honourable Wounds from Battel brought. Around the Posts hung Helmets, Darts, and Spears; And Captive Chariots, Axes, Shields, and Bars, And broken Beaks of Ships, the Trophies of their Wars. Above the rest, as Chief of all the Band, ) Was Picus plac'd, a Buckler in his hand; > His other wav'd a long divining Wand. / Girt in his Gabine Gown the Heroe sate: Yet could not with his Art avoid his Fate. For Circe long had lov'd the Youth in vain, T i l l Love, refus'd, converted to Disdain: Then mixing pow'rful Herbs, with Magic Art, She chang'd his Form, who cou'd not change his heart: Constrain'd him in a Bird, and made him fly, With party-colour'd Plumes, a Chattring Pye. In this high Temple, on a Chair of State, T h e Seat of Audience, old Latinus sate; Then gave admission to the Trojan Train, And thus, with pleasing accents, he began. Tell me, ye Trojans, for that Name you own, Nor is your Course upon our Coasts unknown; Say what you seek, and whither were you bound? Were you by stress of Weather cast a-ground? Such dangers as on Seas are often seen, And oft befall to miserable Men? Or come, your Shipping in our Ports to lay, Spent and disabl'd in so long a way? Say what you want, the Latians you shall find Not forc'd to Goodness, but by Will inclin'd: For since the time of Saturn's holy Reign, His Hospitable Customs we retain. 249 263

Wines:] heart:]

F1-2. F1-2.

258 266

Gabine] Gabin F1-2. In] Fi errata, F2; On F i .

579

The

Seventh

Book

of the /Eneis

I call to mind, (but T i m e the Tale has worn,) T h ' Arunci told; that Dardanus, tho' born On Latian Plains, yet sought the Phrygian Shore, And Samothracia, Samos call'd before: From Tuscan Coritum he claim'd his Birth, But after, when exempt from Mortal Earth, From thence ascended to his kindred Skies, A God, and as a God augments their Sacrifice. 290 He said. Ilioneus made this Reply, O King, of Faunus Royal Family! Nor Wint'ry Winds to Latium forc'd our way, Nor did the Stars our wand'ring Course betray. Willing we sought your Shores, and hither bound, T h e Port so long desir'd, at length we found: From our sweet Homes and ancient Realms expell'd; Great as the greatest that the Sun beheld. T h e God began our Line, who rules above, And as our Race, our King descends from Jove: 300 And hither are we come, by his Command, T o crave Admission in your happy Land. How dire a Tempest, from Mycence pour'd, Our Plains, our Temples, and our Town devour'd; What was the Waste of War, what fierce Alarms Shook Asia's Crown with Europcean Arms; Ev'n such have heard, if any such there be, Whose Earth is bounded by the frozen Sea: And such as born beneath the burning Sky, And sultry Sun, betwixt the Tropicks lye. 310 From that dire Deluge, through the wat'ry Waste, Such length of Years, such various Perils past: At last escap'd, to Latium we repair, \ T o beg what you without your Want may spare; > T h e common Water, and the common Air: ) Sheds which our selves will build, and mean abodes, Fit to receive and serve our banish'd Gods. Nor our Admission shall your Realm disgrace, 28a (but Time] but (Time F1-2. 309 Sun,] ~ A Fi—2.

295 found:] —. F1-2. 314 Air:] r^. Fi—2.

581

582

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of Virgil in

English

Nor length of time our Gratitude efface. Besides, what endless Honour you shall gain 320 T o save and shelter Troy's unhappy Train. Now, by my Sov'raign, and his Fate I swear, Renown'd for Faith in Peace, for Force in War; Oft our Alliance other Lands desir'd, And what we seek of you, of us requir'd. Despise not then, that in our Hands we bear These Holy Boughs, and sue with Words of Pray'r. Fate and the Gods, by their supreme Command, Have doom'd our Ships to seek the Latian Land. T o these abodes our Fleet Apollo sends; 330 Here Dardanus was born, and hither tends: Where Thuscan Tyber rowls with rapid Force, And where Numicus opes his Holy Source. Besides our Prince presents, with his Request, Some small Remains of what his Sire possess'd. This Golden Charger, snatch'd from burning Troy, Anchises did in Sacrifice employ: This Royal Robe, and this Tiara wore Old Priam, and this Golden Scepter bore In full Assemblies, and in solemn Games; 340 These Purple Vests were weav'd by Dardan Dames. Thus while he spoke, Latinus rowld around His Eyes, and fix'd a while upon the Ground. Intent he seem'd, and anxious in his Breast; Not by the Scepter mov'd, or Kingly Vest: But pond'ring future Things of wond'rous Weight; Succession, Empire, and his Daughter's Fate: On these he mus'd within his thoughtful Mind; And then revolv'd what Faunus had divin'd. This was the Foreign Prince, by Fate decreed 350 T o share his Scepter, and Lavinia's Bed: This was the Race, that sure Portents foreshew T o sway the World, and Land and Sea subdue. At length he rais'd his chearful Head, and spoke: The Pow'rs, said he, the Pow'rs we both invoke, 337

Tiara] Tiara F1-2.

The Seventh Book of the yEneis T o you, and yours, and mine, propitious be, And firm our Purpose with their Augury. Have what you ask; your Presents I receive, Land where, and when you please, with ample Leave: Partake and use my Kingdom as your own; 360 All shall be yours, while I command the Crown. And if my wish'd Alliance please your King, T e l l him he shou'd not send the Peace, but bring: T h e n let him not a Friend's Embraces fear; T h e Peace is made when I behold him here. Besides this Answer, tell my Royal Guest, I add to his Commands, my own Request: One only Daughter heirs my Crown and State, Whom, not our Oracles, nor Heav'n, nor Fate, Nor frequent Prodigies permit to join 370 With any Native of th' Ausonian Line. A foreign Son-in-Law shall come from far, (Such is our Doom) a Chief renown'd in War: Whose Race shall bear aloft the Latian Name, And through the conquer'd World diffuse our Fame. Himself to be the Man the Fates require, I firmly, judge, and what I judge, desire. He said, and then on each bestow'd a Steed; Three hundred Horses, in high Stables fed, Stood ready, shining all, and smoothly dress'd; 380 Of these he chose the fairest and the best, T o mount the Trojan Troop; at his Command, T h e Steeds caparison'd with Purple stand; With Golden Trappings, glorious to behold, And champ betwixt their Teeth the foaming Gold. T h e n to his absent Guest the King decreed A pair of Coursers born of Heav'nly Breed: Who from their Nostrils breath'd Etherial Fire; Whom Circe stole from her Coelestial Sire: By substituting Mares, produc'd on Earth, 390 Whose Wombs conceiv'd a more than Mortal Birth. These draw the Chariot which Latinus sends; And the rich Present to the Prince commends.

583

The

584

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of Virgil in

English

Sublime on stately Steeds the Trojans born, T o their expecting Lord with Peace return. But jealous Juno, from Pachynus height, \ As she from Argos took her airy Flight, > Beheld, with envious Eyes, this hateful Sight. ) She saw the Trojan, and his joyful Train Descend upon the Shore, desert the Main; 400 Design a Town, and with unhop'd Success T h ' Embassadors return with promis'd Peace. Then pierc'd with Pain, she shook her haughty Head, Sigh'd from her inward Soul; and thus she said. O hated Off-spring of my Phrygian Foes! 0 Fates of Troy, which Juno's Fates oppose! Cou'd they not fall unpity'd, on the Plain, But slain revive, and taken, scape again? When execrable Troy in Ashes lay, Thro' Fires, and Swords, and Seas, they forc'd their Way. 410 Then vanquish'd Juno must in vain contend, Her Rage disarm'd, her Empire at an end. Breathless and tir'd, is all my Fury spent, Or does my glutted Spleen at length relent? As if 'twere little from their Town to chase, 1 thro' the Seas pursu'd their exil'd Race: Ingag'd the Heav'ns, oppos'd the Stormy Main; But Billows roar'd, and Tempests rag'd in vain. What have my Scyllas and my Sirtes done, When these they overpass, and those they shun? 420 On Tyber's Shores they land, secure of Fate, Triumphant o're the Storms and Juno's Hate. Mars cou'd in mutual Blood the Centaurs bath, And Jove himself gave way to Cynthia's Wrath; Who sent the tusky Boar to Calydon: What great Offence had either People done? But I, the Consort of the Thunderer, Have wag'd a long and unsuccessful War: With various Arts and Arms in vain have toil'd, 395

Pachynus]

Fi (corrected state), F2; Pachynu's Fi (uncorrected state) 418 Scyllas] Scylla's Fi-a.

416 Heav'ns] F2; Heavn's Fi.

The

Seventh

Book

of the

/Eneis

And by a Mortal Man at length am foil'd. 430 If native Pow'r prevail not, shall I doubt T o seek for needful Succour from without? If Jove and Heav'n my just Desires deny, Hell shall the Pow'r of Heav'n and Jove supply. Grant that the Fates have firm'd, by their Decree, T h e Trojan Race to reign in Italy; At least I can defer the Nuptial Day, And with protracted Wars the Peace delay: With Blood the dear Alliance shall be bought; And both the People near Destruction brought. 440 So shall the Son-in-Law, and Father join, With Ruin, War, and Waste of either Line. O fatal Maid! thy Marriage is endow'd With Phrygian, Latian, and Rutulian Blood! Bellona leads thee to thy Lover's Hand, ) Another Queen brings forth another Brand; > T o burn with foreign Fires another Land! / A second Paris, diff'ring but in Name, Shall fire his Country with a second Flame. Thus having said, she sinks beneath the Ground, 450 With furious haste, and shoots the Stygian Sound; T o rowze Alecto from th' Infernal Seat Of her dire Sisters, and their dark Retreat. This Fury, fit for her Intent, she chose; One who delights in Wars, and Human Woes. Ev'n Pluto hates his own mishapen Race: Her Sister-Furies fly her hideous Face: So frightful are the Forms the Monster takes, So fierce the Hissings of her speckled Snakes. Her Juno finds, and thus inflames her Spight: 460 O Virgin Daughter of Eternal Night, Give me this once thy Labour, to sustain My Right, and execute my just disdain. Let not the Trojans, with a feign'd Pretence Of proffer'd Peace, delude the Latian Prince: 431 446

without?] Fi—2. 439 another] Fi errata, F2; her native F i .

near] F2; to F i .

585

5

86

The Works of Virgil in

English

Expel from Italy that odious Name, And let not Juno suffer in her Fame. 'Tis thine to ruin Realms, o'return a State, \ Betwixt the dearest Friends to raise Debate; > And kindle kindred Blood to mutual Hate. ) 470 Thy Hand o're Towns the fun'ral Torch displays, And forms a thousand Ills ten thousand Ways. Now shake from out thy fruitful Breast, the Seeds Of Envy, Discord, and of Cruel Deeds: Confound the Peace establish'd, and prepare Their Souls to Hatred, and their Hands to War. Smear'd as she was with black Gorgonean Blood, The Fury sprang above the Stygian Flood: And on her wicker Wings, sublime through Night, She to the Latian Palace took her Flight. 48o There sought the Queen's Apartment, stood before The peaceful Threshold, and besieg'd the Door. Restless A mata lay, her swelling Breast \ Fir'd with Disdain for Turnus dispossest, > And the new Nuptials of the Trojan Guest. / From her black bloody Locks the Fury shakes Her darling Plague, the Fav'rite of her Snakes: With her full Force she threw the pois'nous Dart, And fix'd it deep within A mata's Heart: That thus envenom'd she might kindle Rage, 490 And sacrifice to Strife her House and Husbands Age. Unseen, unfelt, the fiery Serpent skims Betwixt her Linnen, and her naked Limbs. His baleful Breath inspiring, as he glides, Now like a Chain around her Neck he rides; Now like a Fillet to her Head repairs, And with his Circling Volumes folds her Hairs. At first the silent Venom slid with ease, And seiz'd her cooler Senses by degrees; Then e're th' infected Mass was fir'd too far, 500 In Plaintive Accents she began the War: 488 500

Heart:] — F 1 - 2 . Plaintive] Fi (corrected

state), F2; Plantive Fi (uncorrected

state).

The Seventh Book of the /.Eneis And thus bespoke her Husband; Shall, she said, A wandring Prince enjoy Lavinia's Bed? If Nature plead not in a Parent's Heart, Pity my Tears, and pity her Desert: I know, my dearest Lord, the time will come, You wou'd, in vain, reverse your Cruel doom: T h e faithless Pirate soon will set to Sea, And bear the Royal Virgin far away! A Guest like him, a Trojan Guest before, 510 In shew of friendship, sought the Spartan Shore; And ravish'd Helen from her Husband bore. Think on a King's inviolable Word; And think on Turnus, her once plighted Lord: T o this false Foreigner you give your Throne, And wrong a Friend, a Kinsman, and a Son. Resume your ancient Care; and if the God Your Sire, and you, resolve on Foreign Blood: Know all are Foreign, in a larger Sense, Not born your Subjects, or deriv'd from hence. 520 T h e n if the Line of Turnus you retrace; He springs from Inachus of Argive Race. But when she saw her Reasons idly spent, And cou'd not move him from his fix'd Intent; She flew to rage; for now the Snake possess'd Her vital parts, and poison'd all her Breast; She raves, she runs with a distracted pace, And fills, with horrid howls, the public Place. And, as young Striplings whip the T o p for sport, On the smooth Pavement of an empty Court; 530 T h e wooden Engine flies and whirls about, Admir'd, with Clamours, of the Beardless rout; They lash aloud, each other they provoke, And lend their little Souls at ev'ry stroke: Thus fares the Queen, and thus her fury blows Amidst the Crowd, and kindles as she goes. Nor yet content, she strains her Malice more, And adds new Ills to those contriv'd before: She flies the Town, and, mixing with a throng

587

The Seventh Book of the

/Eneis

Of madding Matrons, bears the Bride along: 540 Wand'ring through Woods and Wilds, and devious ways, And with these Arts the Trojan Match delays. She feign'd the Rites of Bacchus; cry'd aloud, And to the Buxom God the Virgin vow'd. Evoe, O Bacchus! thus began the Song, And Evoe! answer'd all the Female Throng: O Virgin! worthy thee alone, she cry'd; O worthy thee alone, the Crew reply'd. For thee she feeds her Hair, she leads thy Dance, And with thy winding Ivy wreaths her Lance. 550 Like fury seiz'd the rest; the progress known, All seek the Mountains, and forsake the Town: All Clad in Skins of Beasts the Jav'lin bear, ) Give to the wanton Winds their flowing Hair: > And shrieks and showtings rend the suff'ring Air. ) T h e Queen, her self, inspir'd with Rage Divine, Shook high above her head a flaming Pine: Then rowl'd her haggar'd Eyes around the throng, And sung, in Turnus Name, the Nuptial Song: Io ye Latian Dames! if any here 560 Hold, your unhappy Queen, Amata, dear; If there be here, she said, who dare maintain My Right, nor think the Name of Mother vain: Unbind your Fillets, loose your flowing Hair, And Orgies, and Nocturnal Rites prepare. Amata s Breast the Fury thus invades, And fires with Rage, amid the Silvan Shades. T h e n when she found her Venom spread so far, T h e Royal House embroil'd in Civil War: Rais'd on her dusky Wings she cleaves the Skies, 570 And seeks the Palace where young Turnus lies. His Town, as Fame reports, was built of old By Danae, pregnant with Almighty Gold: 542 549 559

Bacchus;] F1-2. wreaths] Fi errata, F2; crowns Fi Damesl] F1-2.

544 554 564

Bacchus!] — A F 1 - 2 . suff'ring] F2; passive F i . Orgies] Orgies F 1 - 2 .

589

The Works of Virgil in English Who fled her Father's Rage, and with a Train Of following Argives, thro' the stormy Main, Driv'n by the Southern Blasts, was fated here to reign. 'Twas Ardua once, now Ardea's Name it bears: Once a fair City, now consum'd with Years. Here in his lofty Palace Turnus lay, Betwixt the Confines of the Night and Day, 58o Secure in Sleep: The Fury laid aside \ Her Looks and Limbs, and with new methods try'd, > The foulness of th' infernal Form to hide. ) Prop'd on a Staff, she takes a trembling Meen, Her Face is furrow'd, and her Front obscene: Deep dinted Wrinckles on her Cheek she draws, Sunk are her Eyes, and toothless are her Jaws: Her hoary Hair with holy Fillets bound, Her Temples with an Olive Wreath are crown'd. Old Calibe, who kept the sacred Fane ) 590 Of Juno, now she seem'd, and thus began, / Appearing in a Dream, to rouze the careless Man.) Shall Turnus then such endless Toil sustain, In fighting Fields, and conquer Towns in vain: Win, for a Trojan Head to wear the Prize, Usurp thy Crown, enjoy thy Victories? The Bride and Scepter which thy Blood has bought, The King transfers, and Foreign Heirs are sought: Go now, deluded Man, and seek again New Toils, new Dangers on the dusty Plain. 6oo Repel the Tuscan Foes, their City seize, Protect the Latians in luxurious Ease. This Dream all-pow'rful Juno sends, I bear Her mighty Mandates, and her Words you hear. Haste, arm your Ar deans, issue to the Plain, With Fate to friend, assault the Trojan Train: Their thoughtless Chiefs, their painted Ships that lye In Tyber's Mouth, with Fire and Sword destroy. The Latian King, unless he shall submit, 575

Southern] Southern

Fi-s.

589

Calibe] F2; Chalibe Fi.

The Seventh

Book

of the /Eneis

Own his old Promise, and his new forget; 61« Let him, in Arms, the Pow'r of Turnus prove, And learn to fear whom he disdains to Love. For such is Heav'ns Command. The youthful Prince With Scorn reply'd, and made this bold Defence. You tell me, Mother, what I knew before, T h e Phrygian Fleet is landed on the Shore: I neither fear, nor will provoke the War; My Fate is Juno's most peculiar Care. But Time has made you dote, and vainly tell Of Arms imagin'd, in your lonely Cell: 62o Go, be the Temple and the Gods your Care, Permit to Men the Thought of Peace and War. These haughty Words Alecto's Rage provoke, And frighted Turnus trembled as she spoke. Her Eyes grow stiffen'd, and with Sulphur burn, Her hideous Looks, and hellish Form return: Her curling Snakes, with Hissings fill the Place, And open all the Furies of her Face: Then, darting Fire from her malignant Eyes, \ She cast him backward as he strove to rise, > 630 And, ling'ring, sought to frame some new Replies.) High on her Head she rears two twisted Snakes, ) Her Chains she rattles, and her Whip she shakes; > And churning bloody Foam, thus loudly speaks. ) Behold whom Time has made to dote, and tell Of Arms, imagin'd in her lonely Cell: Behold the Fates Infernal Minister; War, Death, Destruction, in my Hand I bear. Thus having said, her smould'ring Torch impress'd, With her full Force, she plung'd into his Breast. 64o Aghast he wak'd, and, starting from his Bed, Cold Sweat, in clammy Drops, his Limbs o'respread. Arms, Arms, he cries, my Sword and Shield prepare; He breaths Defiance, Blood, and Mortal War. So when with crackling Flames a Cauldron fries, T h e bubling Waters from the Bottom rise: Above the Brims they force their fiery way;

591

592

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Works

of Virgil in

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Black Vapours climb aloft, and cloud the Day. The Peace polluted thus, a chosen Band He first commissions to the Latian Land; 650 In threatning Embassy: Then rais'd the rest, T o meet in Arms th' intruding Trojan Guest: T o force the Foes from the Lavinian Shore, And Italy's indanger'd Peace restore. Himself alone, an equal Match he boasts, T o fight the Phrygian and Ausonian Hoasts. The Gods invok'd, the Rutuli prepare Their Arms, and warm each other to the War. His Beauty these, and those his blooming Age, T h e rest his House, and his own Fame ingage. 66o While Turnus urges thus his Enterprise; T h e Stygian Fury to the Trojans flies: New Frauds invents, and takes a steepy Stand, Which overlooks the Vale with wide Command; Where fair Ascanius, and his youthful Train, \ With Horns and Hounds a hunting Match ordain, > And pitch their Toils around the shady Plain. ) The Fury fires the Pack; they snuff, they vent, And feed their hungry Nostrils with the Scent. 'Twas of a well grown Stag, whose Antlers rise 670 High o're his Front, his Beams invade the Skies: From this light Cause, th' Infernal Maid prepares The Country Churls to Mischief, Hate, and Wars. T h e stately Beast, the Two Tyrrheidce bred, Snatch'd from his Dam, and the tame Youngling fed. Their Father Tyrrheus did his Fodder bring, Tyrrheus, chief Ranger to the Latian King: Their Sister Silvia cherish'd with her Care T h e little Wanton, and did Wreaths prepare T o hang his budding Horns: with Ribbons ty'd 680 His tender Neck, and comb'd his silken Hide; And bath'd his Body. Patient of Command, In time he grew, and growing us'd to Hand, 668

feed] Fi errata, F2; fill Fi.

68a

Hand,]

Fj-s.

The Seventh

Book of the

/Eneis

He waited at his Master's Board for Food; T h e n sought his salvage Kindred in the Wood: Where grazing all the Day, at Night he came T o his known Lodgings, and his Country Dame. This household Beast, that us'd the Woodland Grounds, Was view'd at first by the young Hero's Hounds; As down the Stream he swam, to seek Retreat 690 In the cool Waters, and to quench his Heat. Ascanius young, and eager of his Game, Soon bent his Bow, uncertain in his Aim: But the dire Fiend the fatal Arrow guides, Which pierc'd his Bowels thro' his panting sides. T h e bleeding Creature issues from the Floods, J Possess'd with Fear, and seeks his known abodes; > His old familiar Hearth, and household Gods. ) He falls, he fills the House with heavy Groans, Implores their Pity, and his Pain bemoans. 700 Young Silvia beats her Breast, and cries aloud For Succour, from the clownish Neighbourhood: T h e Churls assemble; for the Fiend, who lay In the close Woody Covert, urg'd their way. One with a Brand, yet burning from the Flame; Arm'd with a knotty Club, another came: What e're they catch or find, without their Care, Their Fury makes an Instrument of War. Tyrrheus, the Foster-Father of the Beast, T h e n clench'd a Hatchet in his horny Fist: 710 But held his Hand from the descending Stroke, \ And left his Wedge within the cloven Oak, > T o whet their Courage, and their Rage provoke.) And now the Goddess, exercis'd in 111, Who watch'd an Hour to work her impious Will, Ascends the Roof, and to her crooked Horn, Such as was then by Latian Shepherds born, Adds all her Breath; the Rocks and Woods around, And Mountains, tremble at th' infernal Sound. 717

Breath;]

F1-2.

593

The Seventh Book of the ALneis T h e Sacred Lake of Trivia from afar, \ 720 T h e Veline Fountains, and sulphureous Nar, > Shake at the baleful Blast, the Signal of the War. ) Young Mothers wildly stare, with Fear possess'd, And strain their helpless Infants to their Breast. T h e Clowns, a boist'rous, rude, ungovern'd Crew, With furious haste to the loud Summons flew. T h e Pow'rs of Troy then issuing on the Plain, With fresh Recruits their youthful Chief sustain: Not theirs a raw and unexperienc'd Train, But a firm Body of embattel'd Men. 730 At first, while Fortune favour'd neither side, T h e Fight with Clubs and burning Brands was try'd: But now, both Parties reinforc'd, the Fields Are bright with flaming Swords and brazen Shields. A shining Harvest either Host displays, And shoots against the Sun with equal Rays. T h u s when a black-brow'd Gust begins to rise, J White Foam at first on the curl'd Ocean fries; > T h e n roars the Main, the Billows mount the Skies: ) ' T i l l by the Fury of the Storm full blown, 740 T h e muddy Bottom o're the Clouds is thrown. First Almon falls, old Tyrrheus eldest Care, Pierc'd with an Arrow from the distant War: Fix'd in his Throat the flying Weapon stood, And stop'd his Breath, and drank his vital Blood. Huge Heaps of slain around the Body rise; Among the rest, the rich Galesus lyes: A good old Man, while Peace he preach'd in vain, Amidst the Madness of th' unruly Train. Five Heards, five bleating Flocks his Pastures fill'd, 750 His Lands a hundred Yoke of Oxen till'd. Thus, while in equal Scales their Fortune stood, T h e Fury bath'd them in each others Blood: T h e n having fix'd the Fight, exulting flies, And bears fulfill'd her Promise to the Skies. 732 745

reinforc'd] Fi errata, F2; reinfor'd Fi. around] F2; above F i . 752

Blood:] —. F 1 - 2 .

595

596

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T o Juno thus she speaks; Behold, 'tis done, T h e Blood already drawn, the War begun; T h e Discord is compleat, nor can they cease T h e dire Debate, nor you command the Peace. Now since the Latian and the Trojan Brood 7ao Have tasted Vengeance, and the Sweets of Blood; Speak, and my Pow'r shall add this Office more: T h e Neighb'ring Nations of th' Ausonian Shore Shall hear the dreadful Rumour, from afar, Of arm'd Invasion, and embrace the War. Then Juno thus; T h e grateful Work is done, T h e Seeds of Discord sow'd, the War begun: Frauds, Fears, and Fury have possess'd the State, And fix'd the Causes of a lasting Hate: A bloody Hymen shall th' Alliance join 770 Betwixt the Trojan and Ausonian Line: But thou with Speed to Night and Hell repair, \ For not the Gods, nor angry Jove will bear > Thy lawless wand'ring walks, in upper Air. ) Leave what remains to me. Saturnia said: ] The sullen Fiend her sounding Wings display'd; Unwilling left the Light, and sought the neather Shade. J In midst of Italy, well known to Fame, There lies a Lake, Amsanctus is the Name, Below the lofty Mounts: On either side 780 Thick Forrests, the forbidden Entrance hide: Full in the Centre of the sacred Wood An Arm arises of the Stygian Flood; Which, breaking from beneath with bellowing sound, Whirls the black Waves and rattling Stones around. Here Pluto pants for Breath from out his Cell, And opens wide the grinning Jaws of Hell. T o this Infernal Lake the Fury flies; Here hides her hated Head, and frees the lab'ring Skies. Saturnian Juno now, with double Care, 790 Attends the fatal Process of the War. T h e Clowns return'd, from Battel bear the slain, Implore the Gods, and to their King complain.

The Seventh

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of the

/Eneis

T h e Corps of Almo?i and the rest are shown, Shrieks, Clamours, Murmurs fill the frighted Town. Ambitious Turnus in the Press appears, And, aggravating Crimes, augments their Fears: Proclaims his Private Injuries aloud, A Solemn Promise made, and disavow'd; A foreign Son is sought, and a mix'd Mungril Brood. 8oo Then they, whose Mothers, frantick with their Fear, In Woods and Wilds the Flags of Bacchus bear, And lead his Dances with dishevell'd hair, Increase the Clamour, and the War demand, (Such was Amata's Interest in the Land) Against the Public Sanctions of the Peace, Against all Omens of their ill Success; With Fates averse, the Rout in Arms resort, T o Force their Monarch, and insult the Court. But like a Rock unmov'd, a Rock that braves 8io T h e rageing Tempest and the rising Waves, Prop'd on himself he stands: His solid sides Wash off the Sea-weeds, and the sounding Tides: So stood the Pious Prince unmov'd: and long Sustain'd the madness of the noisie Throng. But when he found that Juno's Pow'r prevail'd, And all the Methods of cool Counsel fail'd, He calls the Gods to witness their offence, Disclaims the War, asserts his Innocence. Hurry'd by Fate, he cries, and born before 820 A furious Wind, we leave the faithful Shore: 0 more than Madmen! you your selves shall bear T h e guilt of Blood and Sacrilegious War: Thou, Turnus, shalt attone it by thy Fate, And pray to Heav'n for Peace, but pray too late. For me, my stormy Voyage at an end, 1 to the Port of Death securely tend. T h e Fun'ral Pomp which to your Kings you pay, Is all I want, and all you take away. He said no more, but in his Walls confin'd, 830 Shut out the Woes which he too well divin'd:

597

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Nor with the rising Storm wou'd vainly strive, But left the Helm, and let the Vessel drive. A solemn Custom was observ'd of old, Which Latium held, and now the Romans hold; Their Standard, when in fighting Fields they rear \ Against the fierce Hircanians, or declare > The Scythian, Indian, or Arabian War: ) Or from the boasting Parthians wou'd regain Their Eagles lost in Carrhce's bloody Plain: 84« Two Gates of Steel (the Name of Mars they bear And still are worship'd with religious Fear;) Before his Temple stand: The dire abode, And the fear'd Issues of the furious God, Are fenc'd with Brazen Bolts; without the Gates, T h e wary Guardian Janus doubly waits. Then, when the sacred Senate votes the Wars, \ The Roman Consul their Decree declares, [ And in his Robes the sounding Gates unbars.) The Youth in Military Shouts arise, 850 And the loud Trumpets break the yielding Skies. These Rites of old by Sov'raign Princes us'd, Were the King's Office, but the King refus'd, Deaf to their Cries, nor wou'd the Gates unbar Of sacred Peace, or loose th' imprison'd War: But hid his Head, and, safe from loud Alarms, Abhor'd the wicked Ministry of Arms. Then Heav'ns Imperious Queen shot down from high; At her Approach the Brazen Hinges fly, The Gates are forc'd, and ev'ry falling Bar, 860 And like a Tempest issues out the War. The peaceful Cities of th' A usonian Shore, Lull'd in their Ease, and undisturb'd before; Are all on Fire, and some with studious Care, Their restiff Steeds in sandy Plains prepare: Some their soft Limbs in painful Marches try, And War is all their Wish, and Arms the gen'ral Cry. 840-841 bear . . . Fear;)] 852 refus'd,] F1-2.

. . . ~ ; A F1-2.

857

shot] F2; came Fi.

The Seventh

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/Eneis

Part scour the rusty Shields with Seam, and part New grind the blunted Ax, and point the Dart: With Joy they view the waving Ensigns fly, 870 And hear the Trumpet's Clangor pierce the Sky. Five Cities forge their Arms: th' Atinian Pow'rs, Antemnte, Tybur with her lofty Tow'rs, Ardea the proud, the Crustumerian Town: All these of old were places of Renown. Some hammer Helmets for the fighting Field, Some twine young Sallows to support the Shield; T h e Croslet some, and some the Cuishes mould, With Silver plated, and with ductile Gold. T h e rustick Honours of the Scythe and Share, 880 Give place to Swords and Plumes, the Pride of War. Old Fauchions are new temper'd in the Fires: The sounding Trumpet ev'ry Soul inspires. T h e Word is giv'n, with eager Speed they lace T h e shining Head-piece, and the Shield embrace. T h e neighing Steeds are to the Chariot ty'd, T h e trusty Weapon sits on ev'ry side. And now the mighty Labour is begun, Ye Muses open all your Helicon. Sing you the Chiefs that sway'd th' Ausonian Land, 89o Their Arms, and Armies under their Command: What Warriours in our ancient Clime were bred, What Souldiers follow'd, and what Heroes led. For well you know, and can record alone, What Fame to future times conveys but darkly down. Mezentius first appear'd upon the Plain, Scorn sate upon his Brows, and sour Disdain; Defying Earth and Heav'n: Etruria lost, He brings to Turnus Aid his baffled Host. T h e charming Lausus, full of youthful Fire, soo Rode in the Rank, and next his sullen Sire: T o Turnus only second in the Grace Of Manly Meen, and features of the Face. A skilful Horseman, and a Huntsman bred, 898

Turnus]

Turnus's F 1 - 2 .

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With Fates averse a thousand Men he led: His Sire unworthy of so brave a Son; Himself well worthy of a happier Throne. Next Aventinus drives his Chariot round T h e Latian Plains, with Palms and Lawrels crown'd. Proud of his Steeds he smoaks along the Field, 910 His Father's Hydra fills his ample Shield. A hundred Serpents hiss about the Brims; \ T h e Son of Hercules he justly seems, [ By his broad Shoulders and Gigantick Limbs: ) Of Heav'nly part, and part of Earthly Blood, A mortal Woman mixing with a God. For strong Alcides, after he had slain The triple Geryon, drove from conquer'd Spain His captive Herds, and thence in Triumph led; On Tuscan Tyber's flow'ry Banks they fed. 920 Then on Mount Aventine, the Son of Jove The Priestess Rhea found, and forc'd to Love. For Arms his Men long Piles and Jav'lins bore, And Poles with pointed Steel their Foes in Battel gore. Like Hercules himself, his Son appears, In Salvage Pomp a Lyon's Hide he wears; About his Shoulders hangs the shaggy Skin, The Teeth, and gaping Jaws severely grin. Thus like the God his Father, homely drest, He strides into the Hall, a horrid Guest. 930 Then two Twin-Brothers from fair Tybur came, (Which from their Brother Tyburs took the Name,) Fierce Coras, and Catillus, void of Fear, Arm'd Argive Horse they led, and in the Front appear. Like Cloud-born Centaurs, from the Mountain's height, With rapid Course descending to the Fight; They rush along, the ratling Woods give way, The Branches bend before their sweepy Sway. Nor was Prceneste's Founder wanting there, Whom Fame reports the Son of Mulciber: 913

Limbs:]

F1-2.

The

Seventh

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of the /Eneis

940 Found in the Fire, and foster'd in the Plains; J A Shepherd and a King at once he reigns, > And leads to Turnus Aid his Country Swains. / His own Praneste sends a chosen Band, With those who plough Saturnias Gabine Land: Besides the Succour which cold Anien yields, T h e Rocks of Hernicus, and dewy Fields; Anagnia fat, and Father Amasene, A num'rous Rout, but all of naked Men: Nor Arms they wear, nor Swords and Bucklers wield, 950 Nor drive the Chariot thro' the dusty Field: But whirle from Leathern Slings huge Balls of Lead; And Spoils of yellow Wolves adorn their Head: T h e Left Foot naked, when they march to fight, But in a Bull's raw Hide they sheath the Right. Messapus next, (great Neptune was his Sire) Secure of Steel, and fated from the Fire; In Pomp appears: And with his Ardour warms A heartless Train, unexercis'd in Arms: T h e just Faliscans he to Battel brings, 96o And those who live where Lake Ciminia springs; And where Feronia's Grove and Temple stands, Who till Fescennian or Flavinian Lands: All these in order march, and marching sing T h e warlike Actions of their Sea-born Ring: Like a long Team of Snowy Swans on high, Which clap their Wings, and cleave the liquid Sky, When homeward from their wat'ry Pastures born, They sing, and Asia's Lakes their Notes return. Not one who heard their Musick from afar, 970 Wou'd think these Troops an Army train'd to War: But Flocks of Fowl, that when the Tempests roar, With their hoarse gabling seek the silent Shoar. T h e n Clausus came, who led a num'rous Band Of Troops embody'd, from the Sabine Land: And in himself alone, an Army brought, 946

dewy] F i errata, F2; rosie F i .

964

King:]

F1-2.

601

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'Twas he the noble Claudian Race begot: T h e Claudian Race, ordain'd, in times to come, T o share the Greatness of Imperial Rome. He led the Cures forth of old Renown, 980 Mutuscans from their Olive-bearing Town; And all th' Eretian Pow'rs: Besides a Band That follow'd from Velinus dewy Land: And Amiternian Troops, of mighty Fame, And Mountaineers, that from Severus came: And from the craggy Cliffs of Tetrica, \ And those where yellow Tyber takes his way, > And where Himella's wanton Waters play. / Casperia sends her Arms, with those that lye By Fabaris, and fruitful Foruli: 990 The warlike Aids of Horta next appear, And the cold Nursians come to close the Reer: Mix'd with the Natives born of Latine Blood, Whom A Ilia washes with her fatal Flood. Not thicker Billows beat the Lybian Main, When pale Orion sets in wint'ry Rain; Not thicker Harvests on rich Hermus rise, Or Lycian Fields, when Phoebus burns the Skies; Than stand these Troops: Their Bucklers ring around, Their Trampling turns the Turf, and shakes the solid Ground. 1000 High in his Chariot then Halesus came, A Foe by Birth to Troy's unhappy Name: From Agamemnon born; to Turnus Aid, A thousand Men the youthful Heroe led; Who till the Massick Soil, for Wine renown'd, And fierce A uruncans from their Hilly Ground: And those who live by Sidicinian Shores, And where, with shoaly Foords Vulturnus roars; Cales and Osca's old Inhabitants, And rough Saticulans inur'd to Wants: IOIO Light demi-Launces from afar they throw, Fasten'd with Leathern Thongs to gaul the Foe. Short crooked Swords in closer Fight they wear, 982

Velinus] Velinum's F1-2.

984

came:]

F1-2.

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603

A n d on their warding A r m light Bucklers bear.

Oebalus, s h a l t t h o u b e l e f t u n s u n g , Sebethis a n d o l d Telon s p r u n g : t h e n i n Teleboan Capri r e i g n ' d ,

Nor

From Nymph Who

B u t that short Isle th' a m b i t i o u s Y o u t h disdain'd;

Campagnia s t r e t c h ' d h i s a m p l e S w a y ; Sarnus s e e k s t h e Tyrrhene S e a : Batulum, a n d w h e r e Abella s e e s ,

A n d o're

W h e r e swelling 1020 O ' r e

F r o m her high Tow'rs, the Harvest of her Trees.

Teuton

A n d t h e s e (as w a s t h e

use of old)

W i e l d Brazen Swords, a n d Brazen Bucklers hold: S l i n g weighty Stones w h e n f r o m afar they fight; T h e i r Casques are Cork, a Covering thick and light. N e x t these in R a n k , the warlike

Ufens w e n t , Nursia s e n t .

A n d led the M o u n t a i n T r o o p s that T h e rude

Equicolce

his R u l e obey'd,

H u n t i n g t h e i r S p o r t , a n d P l u n d ' r i n g was t h e i r T r a d e . 1030 I n A r m s t h e y p l o u g h ' d , t o B a t t e l s t i l l p r e p a r ' d ; T h e i r S o i l was b a r r e n , a n d t h e i r H e a r t s w e r e h a r d .

Umbro By King

Marrubians Turnus a i d ;

the Priest the proud

Archippus

sent to

led, ) >

A n d p e a c e f u l Olives c r o w n ' d his h o a r y h e a d .

/

H i s W a n d a n d holy W o r d s , the Viper's rage, A n d v e n o m ' d w o u n d s of Serpents, c o u ' d asswage. H e , w h e n he pleas'd with powerful J u i c e to steep T h e i r T e m p l e s , shut their Eyes in pleasing Sleep. B u t vain were

Marsian

Herbs, and Magick Art,

Dardan D a r t . Angitian W o o d s I n s i g h s r e m u r m u r ' d , t o t h e Fucine F l o o d s . T h e S o n o f f a m ' d Hippolitus was t h e r e ;

1040 T o c u r e t h e W o u n d g i v ' n b y t h e Y e t his u n t i m e l y Fate, th'

F a m ' d as h i s S i r e , a n d as h i s M o t h e r f a i r : W h o m in

Egerian

Groves

Aricia

bore,

A n d nurs'd his Y o u t h along the M a r s h y S h o r e : W h e r e great

Diana's

peaceful Altars flame,

I n fruitful Fields, a n d 1015

Sebethis]

1044 fair:]

Semethis

F1-2.

Virbius

F1-2.

was his N a m e .

1022 And] F2; All Fi.

The

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605

Hippolitus, as old Records have said, 1050 Was by his Stepdam sought to share her Bed: But when no Female Arts his Mind cou'd move, She turn'd to furious Hate her impious Love. T o r n by Wild Horses on the sandy Shore, ) Another's Crimes th' unhappy Hunter bore; > Glutting his Father's Eyes with guiltless gore. / But chast Diana, who his death deplor'd, With /Esculapian Herbs his life restor'd. T h e n Jove, who saw from high, with just disdain, T h e dead inspir'd with Vital Breath again, 1060 Struck to the Center with his flaming Dart T h ' unhappy Founder of the Godlike Art. But Trivia kept in secret Shades alone, Her care, Hippolitus, to Fate unknown; And call'd him Virbius in th' Egerian Grove: Where then he liv'd obscure, but safe from Jove. For this, from Trivia's Temple and her Wood, \ Are Coursers driv'n, who shed their Master's Blood; > Affrighted by the Monsters of the Flood. ) His Son, the Second Virbius, yet retain'd 1070 His Fathers Art, and Warrior Steeds he rein'd. Amid the Troops, and like the leading God, High o're the rest in Arms the Graceful Turnus rode: A triple Pile of Plumes his Crest adorn'd, On which with belching Flames Chimcera burn'd: T h e more the kindled Combat, rises high'r, T h e more with fury burns the blazing Fire. Fair Io grac'd his Shield, but Io now With Horns exalted stands, and seems to lowe: (A noble charge) her Keeper by her side, 1080 T o watch her Walks his hundred Eyes apply'd. And on the Brims her Sire, the wat'ry God, Rowl'd from a Silver Urn his Crystal Flood. A Cloud of Foot succeeds, and fills the Fields With Swords and pointed Spears, and clatt'ring Shields; 1075 1076

kindled Combat, rises high'r] F2; Winds his kindled Course inspire F i . burns] F2; burn'd F i .

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Of Argives, and of old Sicanian Bands, And those who Plow the rich Rutulian Lands; Auruncan Youth and those Sacrana yields, And the proud Labicans with painted Shields; And those who near Numician Streams reside, \ loso And those whom Tyber's holy Forests hide; > Or Circes Hills from the main Land divide: ) Where Ufens glides along the lowly Lands, Or the black Water of Pomptina stands. Last from the Volscians fair Camilla came; And led her warlike Troops, a Warriour Dame: Unbred to Spinning, in the Loom unskill'd, She chose the nobler Pallas of the Field. Mix'd with the first, the fierce Virago fought, Sustain'd the Toils of Arms, the Danger sought: 1100 Outstrip'd the Winds in speed upon the Plain, Flew o're the Fields, nor hurt the bearded Grain: She swept the Seas, and as she skim'd along, Her flying Feet unbath'd on Billows hung. Men, Boys, and Women stupid with Surprise, Where e're she passes, fix their wond'ring Eyes: Longing they look, and gaping at the Sight, Devour her o're and o're with vast Delight, Her Purple Habit sits with such a Grace On her smooth Shoulders, and so suits her Face: mo Her Head with Ringlets of her Hair is crown'd, And in a Golden Caul the Curls are bound. She shakes her Myrtle Jav'lin: And, behind, Her Lycian Quiver dances in the Wind.

1086 1087 yield 1088 1091 1098 1107

Rutulian] Sutulian FI-2. yields] Fa; yieilds Fi (according to Fi errata, some copies of Fi read yied); Fi errata. Shields;] — F1-2. divide:] F1-2. Virago] Virago F1-2. Delight,] Fi—2.

The Eighth

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609

The Eighth Book of the /Eneis THE ARGUMENT.

The War being now begun, both the Generals make all possible Preparations. Turnus sends to Diomedes. .¿Eneas goes in Person to beg Succours from Evander and the Tuscans. Evander receives him kindly, furnishes him with Men, and sends his Son Pallas with him. Vulcan, at the Request of Venus, makes Arms for her Son .¿Eneas, and draws on his Shield the most memorable Actions of his Posterity.

W

HEN Turnus had assembled all his Pow'rs; His Standard planted on Laurentum's Tow'rs; When now the sprightly Trumpet, from afar, Had giv'n the Signal of approaching War, Had rouz'd the neighing Steeds to scour the Fields, While the fierce Riders clatter'd on their Shields, Trembling with Rage, the Latian Youth prepare T o join th' Allies, and headlong rush to War. Fierce Ufens, and Messapus, led the Crowd; 10 With bold Mezentius, who blasphem'd aloud. These, thro the Country took their wastful Course; T h e Fields to forage, and to gather Force. Then Venulus to Diomede they send, T o beg his Aid Ausonia to defend: Declare the common Danger; and inform T h e Grecian Leader of the growing Storm: /Eneas landed on the Latian Coast, With banish'd Gods, and with a baffled Hoast; Yet now aspir'd to Conquest of the State; 20 And claim'd a Title from the Gods and Fate. What num'rous Nations in his Quarrel came, And how they spread his formidable Name: What he design'd, what Mischiefs might arise, If Fortune favour'd his first Enterprise,

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Was left for him to weigh: whose equal Fears, And common Interest was involv'd in theirs. While Turnus and th' Allies thus urge the War, \ T h e Trojan floating in a Flood of Care, [ Beholds the Tempest which his Foes prepare. ) This way and that he turns his anxious Mind; Thinks, and rejects the Counsels he design'd: Explores himself in vain, in ev'ry part, And gives no rest to his distracted Heart. So when the Sun by Day, or Moon by Night, Strike, on the polish'd Brass, their trembling Light, T h e glitt'ring Species here and there divide; And cast their dubious Beams from side to side: Now on the Walls, now on the Pavement play, And to the Cieling flash the glaring Day. 'Twas Night: And weary Nature lul'd asleep T h e Birds of Air, and Fishes of the Deep; And Beasts, and Mortal Men: T h e Trojan Chief ) Was laid on Tyber's Banks, oppress'd with Grief, > And found in silent Slumber late Relief. / Then, thro' the Shadows of the Poplar Wood, Arose the Father of the Roman Flood; A n Azure Robe was o're his Body spread, A Wreath of shady Reeds adorn'd his Head: Thus, manifest to Sight, the God appear'd; And with these pleasing Words his Sorrow chear'd. Undoubted Off-spring of Etherial Race, O long expected in this promis'd Place, Who, thro the Foes, hast born thy banish'd Gods, Restor'd them to their Hearths, and old Abodes; T h i s is thy happy Home! T h e Clime where Fate Ordains thee to restore the Trojan State. Fear not, the War shall end in lasting Peace; And all the Rage of haughty Juno cease. And that this nightly Vision may not seem T h ' Effect of Fancy, or an idle Dream, 31 49

design'd:] appear'd;]

Fi-g. (raised period or broken semicolon) F i ;

Fg.

The Eighth

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A Sow beneath an Oak shall lye along; A l l white her self, and white her thirty Young. When thirty rowling Years have run their Race, T h y Son, Ascanius, on this empty Space, Shall build a Royal T o w n , of lasting Fame; Which from this Omen shall receive the Name. T i m e shall approve the Truth: For what remains, And how with sure Success to crown thy Pains, With Patience next attend. A banish'd Band, Driv'n with Evander from th' Arcadian Land, Have planted here: and plac'd on high their Walls; T h e i r T o w n the Founder, Palanteum calls: Deriv'd from Pallas, his great Grandsire's Name: But the fierce Latians old Possession claim: With War infesting the new Colony; These make thy Friends, and on their Aid rely. T o thy free Passage I submit my Streams: Wake Son of Venus from thy pleasing Dreams; And, when the setting Stars are lost in Day, T o Juno's Pow'r thy just Devotion pay. With Sacrifice the wrathful Queen appease; Her Pride at length shall fall, her Fury cease. When thou return'st victorious from the War, Perform thy Vows to me with grateful Care. T h e God am I, whose yellow Water flows Around these Fields, and fattens as it goes: Tyber my Name: among the rowling Floods, Renown'd on Earth, esteem'd among the Gods. This is my certain Seat: In Times to come, My Waves shall wash the Walls of mighty Rome. He said; and plung'd below, while yet he spoke: His Dream Aineas and his Sleep forsook. He rose, and looking up, beheld the Skies With Purple blushing, and the Day arise. Then, Water in his hollow Palm he took, From Tyber's Flood; and thus the Pow'rs bespoke. Laurentian Nymphs, by whom the Streams are fed, And Father Tyber, in thy sacred Bed

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Receive /Eneas; and from Danger keep. 100 Whatever Fount, whatever holy deep, Conceals thy wat'ry Stores; where e're they rise, And, bubling from below, salute the Skies: Thou King of horned Floods, whose plenteous Urn Suffices Fatness to the fruitful Corn, For this thy kind Compassion of our Woes, Shalt share my Morning Song, and Ev'ning Vows. But, oh! be present to thy Peoples Aid; And firm the gracious Promise thou hast made. Thus having said, two Gallies, from his Stores, no With Care he chuses; Mans, and fits with Oars. Now on the Shore the fatal Swine is found: Wond'rous to tell; she lay along the Ground: Her well fed Offspring at her Udders hung; She white her self, and white her thirty young, yEneas takes the Mother, and her Brood, And all on Juno's Altar are bestow'd. The foil'wing Night, and the succeeding Day, Propitious Tyber smooth'd his wat'ry Way: He rowld his River back; and pois'd he stood; 120 A gentle Swelling, and a peaceful Flood. T h e Trojans mount their Ships; they put from Shore, Born on the Waves, and scarcely dip an Oar. Shouts from the Land give Omen to their Course; And the pitch'd Vessels glide with easie Force. T h e Woods and Waters, wonder at the Gleam Of Shields, and painted Ships, that stem the Stream. One Summer's Night, and one whole Day they pass, Betwixt the green-wood Shades; and cut the liquid Glass. T h e fiery Sun had finish'd half his Race; 130 Look'd back, and doubted in the middle Space: When they from far beheld the rising Tow'rs, The Tops of Sheds, and Shepherds lowly Bow'rs: Thin as they stood, which, then of homely Clay, Now rise in Marble, from the Roman Sway. These Cots, (Evander's Kingdom, mean and poor) T h e Trojan saw; and turn'd his Ships to Shore.

The

140

150

160

170

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'Twas on a solemn Day: T h ' Arcadian States, T h e King and Prince without the City Gates, Then paid their Off'rings in a sacred Grove, T o Hercules, the Warrior Son of Jove. Thick Clouds of rowling Smoke involve the Skies: And Fat of Entrails on his Altar fries. But when they saw the Ships that stemm'd the Flood, And glitter'd thro' the Covert of the Wood, They rose with Fear; and left th' unfinish'd Feast: ' T i l l dauntless Pallas reassur'd the rest, T o pay the Rites. Himself without delay A Jav'lin seiz'd, and singly took his Way: Then gain'd a rising Ground; and call'd from far. \ Resolve me, Strangers, whence, and what you are; > Your Buis'ness here; and bring you Peace or War? / High on the Stern, /Eneas took his Stand, And held a Branch of Olive in his Hand; While thus he spoke. T h e Phrygians Arms you see; Expell'd from Troy, provok'd in Italy By Latian Foes, with War unjustly made: At first affianc'd, and at last betray'd. This Message bear: T h e Trojans and their Chief Bring holy Peace; and beg the King's Relief. Struck with so great a Name, and all on fire, T h e Youth Replies, Whatever you require,' Your Fame exacts: Upon our Shores descend, A welcome Guest, and what you wish, a Friend. He said; and downward hasting to the Strand, Embrac'd the Stranger Prince, and join'd his Hand. Conducted to the Grove, /Eneas broke T h e silence first, and thus the King bespoke. Best of the Greeks, to whom, by Fates Command, I bear these peaceful Branches in my hand; Undaunted I approach you; though I know Your Birth is Grecian, and your Land my Foe: From Atreus tho' your ancient Lineage came; 141 148

Skies] Sky F i ; Sky's F2. Way:] — F 1 - 2 .

142

fries] fry F i ; fry's Fa.

613

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And both the Brother Kings your Kindred claim: Yet, my self-conscious Worth, your high Renown, Your Vertue, through the Neighb'ring Nations blown, Our Fathers mingl'd Blood, Apollo's Voice, Have led me hether, less by Need than Choice. Our Founder Dardanus, as Fame has sung, And Greeks acknowledge, from Electra sprung: i8o Electra from the Loins of A tlas came; Atlas whose Head sustains the Starry Frame. Your Sire is Mercury; whom long before On cold Cyllene's top fair Maja bore. Maja the fair, on Fame if we rely, Was Atlas Daughter, who sustains the Sky. Thus from one common Source our Streams divide: Ours is the Trojan, yours th' Arcadian side. Rais'd by these Hopes, I sent no News before: \ Nor ask'd your leave, nor did your Faith implore; ; 190 But come, without a Pledg, my own Ambassador. ) The same Rutulians, who with Arms pursue The Trojan Race, are equal Foes to you. Our Host expell'd, what farther Force can stay The Victor Troops from Universal Sway? Then will they stretch their Pow'r athwart the Land; And either Sea from side to side command. Receive our offer'd Faith: and give us thine; Ours is a gen'rous, and experienc'd Line: We want not Hearts, nor Bodies for the War; 200 In Council cautious, and in Fields we dare. He said; and while he spoke, with piercing Eyes, Evander view'd the Man with vast surprize, Pleas'd with his Action, ravish'd with his Face, Then answer'd briefly, with a Royal grace. O Valiant Leader of the Trojan Line, In whom the Features of thy Father shine; How I recall Anchises, how I see His Motions, Meen, and all my Friend in thee! 202

surprize,]

Fi-a.

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/Eneis

615

Long tho it be, 'tis fresh within my Mind, 210 When Priam, to his Sister's Court design'd A welcome Visit, with a friendly stay; And, through th' Arcadian Kingdom took his way. Then, past a Boy, the callow Down began T o shade my Chin, and call me first a Man. I saw the shining Train, with vast delight, And Priam's goodly Person pleas'd my sight: But great Anchises, far above the rest, With awful Wonder fir'd my Youthful Breast. I long'd to join, in Friendship's holy Bands, 220 Our mutual Hearts, and plight our mutual Hands. I first accosted him: I su'd, I sought, And, with a loving force, to Pheneus brought. He gave me, when at length constrain'd to go, A Lycian Quiver, and a Gnossian Bow: A Vest embroyder'd, glorious to behold, ) And two rich Bridles, with their Bits of Gold, > Which my Son's Coursers in obedience hold. ) T h e League you ask I offer, as your Right: And when to Morrow's Sun reveals the Light, 230 With swift Supplies you shall be sent away: \ Now celebrate, with us, this solemn Day; > Whose Holy Rites admit no long Delay. ) Honour our Annual Feast; and take your Seat With friendly Welcome, at a homely Treat. Thus having said, the Bowls (remov'd for Fear) T h e Youths replac'd; and soon restor'd the Chear. On sods of T u r f he set the Souldiers round; A Maple Throne, rais'd higher from the Ground, Receiv'd the Trojan Chief: And o're the Bed, 240 A Lyon's shaggy Hide for Ornament they spread. T h e Loaves were serv'd in Canisters; the Wine In Bowls, the Priest renew'd the Rites Divine: Broil'd Entrails are their Food; and Beefs continu'd Chine. But, when the Rage of Hunger was repress'd, Thus spoke Evander to his Royal Guest. These Rites, these Altars, and this Feast, O King,

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From no vain Fears, or Superstition spring: Or blind Devotion, or from blinder Chance; Or heady Zeal, or brutal Ignorance: 250 But, sav'd from Danger, with a grateful Sence, The Labours of a God we recompence. See, from afar, yon Rock that mates the Sky; About whose Feet such Heaps of Rubbish lye: Such indigested Ruin; bleak and bare, How desart now it stands, expos'd in Air! 'Twas once a Robber's Den; inclos'd around With living Stone, and deep beneath the Ground. T h e Monster Cacus, more than half a Beast, This Hold, impervious to the Sun, possess'd. 260 T h e Pavement ever foul with Human Gore; Heads, and their mangled Members, hung the Door. Vulcan this Plague begot: And, like his Sire, Black Clouds he belch'd, and flakes of livid Fire. Time, long expected, eas'd us of our Load: And brought the needful Presence of a God. T h ' avenging Force of Hercules, from Spain, \ Arriv'd in Triumph, from Geryon slain; > Thrice liv'd the Gyant, and thrice liv'd in vain. / His Prize, the lowing Herds, Alcides drove 270 Near Tyber's Bank, to graze the shady Grove. Allur'd with Hope of Plunder, and intent By Force to rob, by Fraud to circumvent; T h e brutal Cacus, as by Chance they stray'd, Four Oxen thence, and four fair Kine convey'd. And, lest the printed Footsteps might be seen, He drag'd 'em backwards to his rocky Den. T h e Tracks averse, a lying Notice gave; And led the Searcher backward from the Cave. Mean time the Herdsman Heroe shifts his place: 280 T o find fresh Pasture, and untrodden Grass. The Beasts, who miss'd their Mates, fill'd all around With Bellowings, and the Rocks restor'd the Sound. One Heifar who had heard her Love complain, Roar'd from the Cave; and made the Project vain.

The Eighth Book of the/Eneis

290

300

310

320

Alcides found the Fraud: With Rage he shook, And toss'd about his Head his knotted Oak. Swift as the Winds, or Scythian Arrows flight, He clomb, with eager haste, th' Aerial height. T h e n first we saw the Monster mend his Pace: Fear in his Eyes, and Paleness in his Face, Confess'd the Gods approach: Trembling he springs, As Terror had increas'd his Feet with Wings: Nor stay'd for Stairs; but down the Depth he threw His Body; on his Back the Door he drew: T h e Door, a R i b of living Rock; with Pains His Father hew'd it out, and bound with Iron Chains. He broke the heavy Lincks; the Mountain clos'd; And Bars and Leavers to his Foe oppos'd. T h e Wretch had hardly made his Dungeon fast; T h e fierce Avenger came with bounding haste: Survey'd the Mouth of the forbidden hold; And here and there his raging Eyes he rowl'd. He gnash'd his Teeth; and thrice he compass'd round With winged speed the Circuit of the Ground. Thrice at the Cavern's Mouth he pull'd in vain, And, panting, thrice desisted from his Pain. A pointed flinty Rock, all bare, and black, Grew gibbous from behind the Mountains Back: Owls, Ravens, all ill Omens of the Night, Here built their Nests, and hether wing'd their Flight. T h e leaning Head hung threat'ning o're the Flood: And nodded to the left: T h e Heroe stood Adverse, with planted Feet, and from the right, Tugg'd at the solid Stone with all his might. Thus heav'd, the fix'd Foundations of the Rock Gave way: Heav'n echo'd at the ratling Shock. Tumbling it choak'd the Flood: On either side T h e Banks leap backward; and the Streams divide. T h e Sky shrunk upward with unusual Dread: And trembling Tyber div'd beneath his Bed. T h e Court of Cacus stands reveal'd to sight; 294 drew:]

F1-2.

617

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T h e Cavern glares with new admitted Light. So the pent Vapours with a rumbling Sound Heave from below; and rend the hollow Ground: A sounding Flaw succeeds: And from on high, T h e Gods, with Hate beheld the neather Sky: T h e Ghosts repine at violated Night; And curse th' invading Sun; and sicken at the sight. T h e graceless Monster caught in open Day, 330 Inclos'd, and in Despair to fly away; Howls horrible from underneath, and fills His hollow Palace, with unmanly Yells. T h e Heroe stands above; and from afar Plies him with Darts, and Stones, and distant War. He, from his Nostrils, and huge Mouth, expires Black Clouds of Smoke, amidst his Father's Fires: Gath'ring, with each repeated Blast, the Night: T o make uncertain Aim, and erring Sight. T h e wrathful God, then plunges from above, 340 And where in thickest Waves the Sparkles drove, There lights; and wades thro Fumes, and gropes his Way; Half sing'd, half stifled, 'till he grasps his Prey. T h e Monster, spewing fruitless Flames, he found; \ He squeez'd his Throat, he writh'd his Neck around, > And in a Knot his cripled Members bound: / Then, from their Sockets, tore his burning Eyes; Rowld on a heap the breathless Robber lyes. T h e Doors, unbarr'd, receive the rushing Day; And thorough Lights disclose the ravish'd Prey. 350 T h e Bulls redeem'd, breathe open Air agen; Next, by the Feet, they drag him from his Den. T h e wond'ring Neighbourhood, with glad surprize, Behold his shagged Breast, his Gyant Size, His Mouth that flames no more, and his extinguish'd Eyes. From that auspicious Day, with Rites Divine, 332 336 337 342 345 350

Palace] F i (corrected state), F2; Pallace Fi (uncorrected state). Fires:] — F1-2. Blast,] Fi (corrected state), F2; ~ A F i (uncorrected state). stifled] Fi (corrected state), F2; stiffled Fi (uncorrected state). bound:] Fi-a. breathe] Fi (corrected state), F2; breath Fi (uncorrected state).

The Eighth

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We worship at the Hero's Holy Shrine. Potitius first ordain'd these annual Vows, As Priests, were added the Pinarian House: Who rais'd this Altar in the Sacred Shade; S60 Where Honours, ever due, for ever shall be paid. For these Deserts, and this high Virtue shown, Ye warlike Youths, your Heads with Garlands crown. Fill high the Goblets with a sparkling Flood: And with deep Draughts invoke our common God. This said, a double Wreath Evander twin'd: And Poplars black and white his Temples bind. T h e n Brims his ample Bowl: With like Design T h e rest invoke the Gods, with sprinkled Wine. Mean time the Sun descended from the Skies; 370 And the bright Evening-Star began to rise. And now the Priests, Potitius at their Head, In Skins of Beasts involv'd, the long Procession led: Held high the flaming Tapers in their Hands; As Custom had prescrib'd their holy Bands: T h e n with a second Course the Tables load: And with full Chargers offer to the God. T h e Salij sing; and cense his Altars round With Saban Smoke, their Heads with Poplar bound: One Choire of old, another of the young; 380 T o dance, and bear the Burthen of the Song. T h e Lay records the Labours, and the Praise, And all th' Immortal Acts of Hercules: First, how the mighty Babe, when swath'd in Bands, T h e Serpents strangled, with his Infant Hands: Then, as in Years, and matchless Force he grew, T h ' Oechalian Walls, and Trojan overthrew. Besides a thousand Hazards they relate, Procur'd by Juno's, and Euristheus Hate. T h y Hands, unconquer'd Heroe, cou'd subdue 390 T h e Cloud-born Centaurs, and the Monster Crew. Nor thy resistless Arm the Bull withstood: 377 378 378 388

cense] F i (corrected state), F2; cence F i (uncorrected state). Poplar] F i (corrected state), F2; poplar F i (uncorrected state). bound:] F1-2. 382 Hercules:] F1-2. Euristheus] Euristheus's F 1 - 2 .

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Nor He the roaring Terror of the Wood. \ T h e triple Porter of the Stygian Seat, With lolling Tongue, lay fawning at thy Feet: > And, seiz'd with Fear, forgot his mangled Meat. ) T h ' Infernal Waters trembled at thy Sight; Thee, God, no face of Danger cou'd Affright; Not huge Typhceus, nor th' unnumber'd Snake, Increas'd with hissing Heads, in Lerna's Lake. 400 Hail Jove's undoubted Son! An added Grace T o Heav'n, and the great Author of thy Race. Receive the grateful Off'rings, which we pay, And smile propitious on thy solemn Day. In Numbers, thus, they sung: Above the rest, The Den, and Death of Cacus crown the Feast. T h e Woods to hollow Vales convey the Sound; T h e Vales to Hills, and Hills the Notes rebound. T h e Rites perform'd, the chearful Train retire: Betwixt young Pallas, and his aged Sire 410 T h e Trojan pass'd, the City to survey; And pleasing Talk beguil'd the tedious Way. The Stranger cast around his curious Eyes; New Objects viewing still, with new Surprise: With greedy Joy enquires of various Things; And Acts and Monuments of Ancient Kings. Then thus the Founder of the Roman Tow'rs: These Woods were first the Seat of Silvan Pow'rs, Of Nymphs, and Fauns, and salvage Men, who took Their Birth from Trunks of Trees, and stubborn Oak. 420 Nor Laws they knew, nor Manners, nor the Care \ Of lab'ring Oxen, or the shining Share: > Nor Arts of Gain, nor what they gain'd to spare. ) Their Exercise the Chase: the running Flood Supply'd their Thirst; the Trees supply'd their Food. Then Saturn came, who fled the Pow'r of Jove, Robb'd of his Realms, and banish'd from above. 397 Affright;] Fs; Fi. 408 retire:] F1-2. 417 Silvan] Silvan F1-2.

402 413

grateful] F2; gratful F i . Surprise:] F1-2.

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T h e Men, dispers'd on Hills, to Towns he brought; And Laws ordain'd, and Civil Customs taught: And Latium call'd the Land where safe he lay 430 From his Unduteous Son, and his Usurping Sway. With his mild Empire, Peace and Plenty came: And hence the Golden Times deriv'd their name. A more degenerate, and discolour'd Age, Succeeded this, with Avarice and Rage. T h ' Ausonians, then, and bold Sicanians came; And Saturn's Empire often chang'd the name. Then Kings, Gygantick Tybris, and the rest, With Arbitrary Sway the Land oppress'd. For Tybers flood was Albula before: 440 Till, from the Tyrants Fate, his name it bore. I last arriv'd, driv'n from my native home, By Fortune's Pow'r, and Fate's resistless Doom. Long toss'd on Seas I sought this happy Land: Warn'd by my Mother Nymph, and call'd by Heav'ns Command. Thus, walking on, he spoke: and shew'd the Gate, Since call'd Carmental by the Roman State; Where stood an Altar, Sacred to the Name Of old Carmenta, the Prophetick Dame: Who to her Son foretold th' /Enean Race, 450 Sublime in Fame, and Rome's Imperial Place: Then shews the Forest, which in after times, Fierce Romulus, for perpetrated Crimes, A Sacred Refuge made: with this, the Shrine Where Pan below the Rock had Rites Divine: Then tells of Argus death, his murder'd Guest, Whose Grave, and Tomb, his Innocence attest. Thence, to the steep Tarpeian Rock he leads; Now Roof'd with Gold; then thatch'd with homely Reeds. A Reverent fear (such Superstition reigns 460 Among the rude) ev'n then possess'd the Swains. Some God they knew, what God they cou'd not tell, Did there amidst the sacred horrour dwell. 429 454

lay] Fi—2. Divine:] F1-2.

450 Place:]

F1-2.

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T h ' Arcadians thought him Jove; and said they saw T h e mighty Thund'rer with Majestick awe; Who shook his Shield, and dealt his Bolts around; And scatter'd Tempests on the teeming Ground. Then saw two heaps of Ruins; once they stood T w o stately Towns, on either side the Flood: Saturnia's and Janiculum's Remains: 470 And, either place, the Founder's Name retains. Discoursing thus together, they resort Where poor Evander kept his Country Court. They view'd the ground of Rome's litigious Hall; Once Oxen low'd, where now the Lawyers bawl. Then, stooping, through the Narrow Gate they press'd, When thus the King bespoke his Trojan Guest. Mean as it is, this Palace, and this Door, Receiv'd A Icides, then a Conquerour. Dare to be poor: accept our homely Food 480 Which feasted him; and emulate a God. Then, underneath a lowly Roof, he led \ T h e weary Prince; and laid him on a Bed: > T h e stuffing Leaves, with Hides of Bears o'respread. / Now Night had shed her silver Dews around, And with her sable Wings embrac'd the Ground, When Love's fair Goddess, anxious for her Son, (New Tumults rising, and new Wars begun) Couch'd with her Husband, in his Golden Bed, With these alluring Words invokes his aid: 490 And, that her pleasing Speech his Mind may move, Inspires each accent with the Charms of Love. While Cruel Fate conspir'd with Grecian Pow'rs, T o level with the Ground the Trojan Tow'rs; I ask'd not Aid th' unhappy to restore: Nor did the Succour of thy Skill implore; Nor urg'd the Labours of my Lord in vain; 468 469 483 489 495

Flood:] — Fi—2. Janiculum's] Janicula's F 1 - 2 . with] F2; which F i . aid:] F 1 - 2 ; see collation for different text in implore;] O1-2; F1-2.

O1-2.

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A sinking Empire longer to sustain: T h o ' much I ow'd to Priam's House; and more T h e Dangers of ALneas did deplore. 500 But now by Jove's Command, and Fates Decree, His Race is doom'd to reign in Italy; With humble Suit I beg thy needful Art, O still propitious Pow'r, that rules my Heart! A Mother kneels a suppliant for her Son. By Thetis and A urora thou wert won T o forge impenetrable Shields; and grace, With fated Arms, a less illustrious Race. Behold, what haughty Nations are combin'd Against the Relicks of the Phrygian Kind; 510 With Fire and Sword my People to destroy; And conquer Venus twice, in conqu'ring Troy. She said; and strait her Arms, of snowy hue, About her unresolving Husband threw. Her soft Embraces soon infuse Desire: His Bones and Marrow sudden Warmth inspire; And all the Godhead feels the wonted Fire. Not half so swift the ratling T h u n d e r flies, Or forky Lightnings flash along the Skies. T h e Goddess, proud of her successful Wiles, 520 And conscious of her Form, in secret Smiles. T h e n thus, the Pow'r, obnoxious to her Charms, Panting, and half dissolving in her Arms: Why seek you Reasons for a Cause so just; Or your own Beauties, or my Love distrust? Long since, had you requir'd my helpful Hand, T h ' Artificer, and Art you might command, T o labour Arms for Troy: Nor Jove, nor Fate, Confin'd their Empire to so short a Date. And, if you now desire new Wars to wage, 530 My Skill I promise; and my Pains engage. Whatever melting Metals can conspire, Or breathing Bellows, or the forming Fire, Is freely yours: Your anxious Fears remove: 497

sustain:]

F 1 - 2 ; different text in

O1-2.

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And think no Task is difficult to Love. Trembling he spoke; and eager of her Charms, He snatch'd the willing Goddess to his Arms; 'Till in her Lap infus'd, he lay possess'd Of full Desire, and sunk to pleasing Rest. Now when the Night her middle race had rode; 540 And his first Slumber had refresh'd the God; T h e time when early Housewifes leave the Bed; When living Embers on the Hearth they spred; Supply the Lamp, and call the Maids to rise, With yawning Mouths, and with half open'd Eyes; They ply the Distaff by the winking Light; And to their daily Labour add the Night: Thus frugally they earn their Childrens Bread; And uncorrupted keep the Nuptial Bed: Not less concern'd, nor at a later Hour, 550 Rose from his downy Couch the forging Pow'r. Sacred to Vulcan's Name an Isle there lay, Betwixt Sicilia's Coasts and Lipare; Rais'd high on smoaking Rocks, and deep below, In hollow Caves the Fires of /Etna glow. T h e Cyclops here their heavy Hammers deal; Loud Strokes, and hissings of tormented Steel Are heard around: T h e boyling Waters roar; And smoaky Flames thro' fuming Tunnels soar. Hether, the Father of the Fire, by Night, 560 Through the brown Air precipitates his Flight. On their Eternal Anvils here he found T h e Brethren beating, and the Blows go round: A load of pointless Thunder now there lies Before their Hands, to ripen for the Skies: These Darts, for angry Jove, they dayly cast: Consum'd on Mortals with prodigious waste. Three Rays of writhen Rain, of Fire three more, Of winged Southern Winds, and cloudy Store 542 547 568

When] F2; And F i . Bread;] F1-2. Southern] Southern F 1 - 2 .

546 548

Night:] Bed:]

F1-2. F1-2.

625

The Eighth Book of the /.Eneis As many parts, the dreadful Mixture frame: 570 And Fears are added, and avenging Flame. Inferior Ministers, for Mars repair His broken Axeltrees, and blunted War: And send him forth agen, with furbish'd Arms, T o wake the lazy War, with Trumpets loud Alarms. T h e rest refresh the scaly Snakes, that fold T h e Shield of Pallas; and renew their Gold. Full on the Crest the Gorgon's Head they place, With Eyes that rowl in Death, and with distorted Face. My Sons, said Vulcan, set your Tasks aside, 58o Your Strength, and Master Skill, must now be try'd. Arms, for a Heroe forge: Arms that require Your Force, your Speed, and all your forming Fire. He said: They set their former Work aside: And their new Toils with eager haste divide. A Flood of molten Silver, Brass, and Gold, And deadly Steel, in the large Furnace rowl'd; Of this, their artful Hands a Shield prepare; Alone sufficient to sustain the War. Sev'n Orbs within a spacious round they close; 590 One stirs the Fire, and one the Bellows blows. T h e hissing Steel is in the Smithy drown'd; T h e Grot with beaten Anvils groans around. By turns their Arms advance, in equal time: By turns their Hands descend, and Hammers chime. They turn the glowing Mass, with crooked Tongs: T h e fiery Work proceeds, with Rustick Songs. While, at the Lemnian God's Command, they urge Their Labours thus, and ply th' /Eolian Forge: T h e chearful Morn salutes Evander's Eyes; eoo And Songs of chirping Birds invite to rise. He leaves his lowly Bed; his Buskins meet Above his Ankles; Sandals sheath his Feet: He sets his trusty Sword upon his side; And o're his Shoulder throws a Panther's Hide. Two Menial Dogs before their Master press'd: 5g8

/Eolian] Eolian F i - 2 .

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Thus clad, and guarded thus, he seeks his Kingly Guest. Mindful of promis'd Aid, he mends his Pace: But meets ALneas in the middle Space. Young Pallas did his Father's Steps attend; 610 And true Achates waited on his Friend. They join their Hands; a secret Seat they chuse; T h ' Arcadian first, their former Talk renews. Undaunted Prince, I never can believe T h e Trojan Empire lost, while you survive. Command th' Assistance of a faithful Friend: But feeble are the Succours I can send. Our narrow Kingdom, here the Tyber bounds; \ That other side the Latian State surrounds; > Insults our Walls, and wastes our fruitful Grounds. ) «20 But mighty Nations I prepare, to join Their Arms with yours, and aid your just Design. You come, as by your better Genius sent: And Fortune seems to favour your intent. Not far from hence there stands a Hilly Town, Of ancient Building, and of high Renown; Torn from the Tuscans, by the Lydian Race; Who gave the Name of Care, to the Place Once Agyllina call'd: It flourish'd long In Pride of Wealth; and warlike People strong: 630 'Till curs'd Mezentius, in a fatal Hour, Assum'd the Crown, with Arbitrary Pow'r. What Words can paint those execrable Times; T h e Subjects SufFrings, and the Tyrant's Crimes? That Blood, those Murthers, O ye Gods replace On his own Head, and on his impious Race! The living, and the Dead, at his Command Were coupled, Face to Face, and Hand to Hand: 'Till choak'd with Stench, in loath'd Embraces ty'd, The ling'ring Wretches pin'd away, and dy'd. 6« Thus plung'd in Ills, and meditating more, T h e People's Patience tyr'd, no longer bore T h e raging Monster: But with Arms beset 629

strong:]

F1-2.

633

Crimes?]

F1-2.

The Eighth

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His House, and Vengeance and Destruction threat. T h e y fire his Palace: While the Flame ascends, T h e y force his Guards; and execute his Friends. He cleaves the Crowd; and favour'd by the Night, T o Turnus friendly Court directs his flight. By just Revenge the Tuscans set on Fire, With Arms, their King to Punishment require: 650 T h e i r num'rous Troops, now muster'd on the Strand, My Counsel shall submit to your Command. T h e i r Navy swarms upon the Coasts: T h e y cry T o hoist their Anchors; but the Gods deny. A n ancient Augur, skill'd in future Fate, With these foreboding Words restrains their Hate. Ye brave in Arms, ye Lydian Blood, the Flow'r Of Tuscan Youth, and choice of all their Pow'r, W h o m just Revenge against Mezentius arms, T o seek your Tyrant's Death, by lawful Arms: 660 Know this; no Native of our Land may lead T h i s pow'rful People: Seek a Foreign Head. Aw'd with these Words, in Camps they still abide; A n d wait with longing Looks their promis'd Guide. Tarchon, the Tuscan Chief, to me has sent T h e i r Crown, and ev'ry Regal Ornament: T h e People join their own with his Desire; And All, my Conduct, as their King, require. But the chill Blood that creeps within my Veins, And Age, and listless Limbs unfit for Pains, 670 A n d a Soul conscious of its own Decay, Have forc'd me to refuse Imperial Sway. My Pallas were more fit to mount the Throne; And shou'd, but he's a Sabine Mother's Son; And half a Native: But in you combine A Manly Vigour, and a Foreign Line. Where Fate and smiling Fortune shew the Way, Pursue the ready Path to Sov'raign Sway. T h e Staff of my declining Days, my Son, 647 669

Turnus] Turnus's F1-2. listless] F i errata, F2; lifeless F i .

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Shall make your good or ill Success his own: «so In fighting Fields from you shall learn to dare: And serve the hard Apprentiship of War: Your matchless Courage, and your Conduct view; And early shall begin t' admire and copy you. Besides, two hundred Horse he shall command: Tho' few, a warlike and well chosen Band. These in my Name are listed: And my Son As many more has added in his own. Scarce had he said; Achates and his Guest, With downcast Eyes their silent Grief exprest: 690 Who short of Succours; and in deep Despair, Shook at the dismal Prospect of the War. But his bright Mother, from a breaking Cloud, T o chear her Issue, thunder'd thrice aloud. Thrice, forky Lightning flash'd along the Sky; And Tyrrhene Trumpets thrice were heard on high. Then, gazing up, repeated Peals they hear: And, in a Heav'n serene, refulgent Arms appear; Red'ning the Skies, and glitt'ring all around, The temper'd Metals clash; and yield a Silver sound. 700 The rest stood trembling, struck with awe divine: /Eneas onely conscious to the Sign, Presag'd th' Event; and joyful view'd, above, T h ' accomplish'd Promise of the Queen of Love. Then, to th' Arcadian King: This Prodigy (Dismiss your Fear) belongs alone to me. Heav'n calls me to the War: T h ' expected Sign Is giv'n of promis'd Aid, and Arms Divine. My Goddess-Mother; whose Indulgent Care, Foresaw the Dangers of the growing War; 710 This Omen gave; when Bright Vulcanian Arms, Fated from force of Steel by Stygian Charms, Suspended, shone on high: She then foreshow'd Approaching Fights, and Fields to float in Blood. 679 own:] 681 War:] 701 Sign,]

Fi—2 (dirty type gives F2 appearance of colon). F1-2. F1-2. 700 divine:] Fi—2.

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Book of the

/Eneis

Turnus shall dearly pay for Faith forsworn; And Corps, and Swords, and Shields, on Tyber born, Shall choak his Flood: Now sound the loud Alarms; And Latian Troops prepare your perjur'd Arms. He said; and rising from his homely Throne, T h e Solemn Rites of Hercules begun: 720 And on his Altars wak'd the sleeping Fires: T h e n chearful to his Household-Gods retires: There offers chosen Sheep: T h ' Arcadian King And Trojan Youth the same Oblations bring. Next of his Men, and Ships, he makes review, Draws out the best, and ablest of the Crew. Down with the falling Stream the Refuse run: T o raise with joyful News his drooping Son. Steeds are prepar'd to mount the Trojan Band; Who wait their Leader to the Tyrrhene Land. 730 A sprightly Courser, fairer than the rest, T h e King himself presents his Royal Guest. A Lyons Hide his Back and Limbs infold; Precious with studded work, and Paws of Gold. Fame through the little City spreads aloud T h ' intended March, amid the fearful Crowd: T h e Matrons beat their Breasts; dissolve in Tears; And double their Devotion in their Fears. T h e War at hand appears with more affright: And rises ev'ry Moment to the sight. 740 Then, old Evander, with a close embrace, Strain'd his departing Friend; and Tears o're-flow his Face: Wou'd Heav'n, said he, my strength and youth recall, Such as I was beneath Prceneste's Wall; T h e n when I made the foremost Foes retire, And set whole heaps of conquer'd Shields on Fire. When Herilus in single Fight I slew; Whom with three lives Feronia did endue: And thrice I sent him to the Stygian Shore; T i l l the last Ebbing Soul return'd no more: 721 743

retires:] Praneste's]

F1-2. Preneste's

F1-2.

631

632

The

Works of Virgil in

English

750 Such if I stood renew'd, not these Alarms, Nor Death, shou'd rend me from my Pallas arms: Nor proud Mezentius, thus unpunish'd, boast His Rapes and Murthers on the Tuscan Coast. Ye Gods! and mighty Jove, in pity bring Relief, and hear a Father, and a King. If Fate and you, reserve these Eyes, to see My Son return with peace and Victory; If the lov'd Boy shall bless his Father's sight; If we shall meet again with more delight; 760 Then draw my Life in length, let me sustain, In hopes of his Embrace, the worst of Pain. But if your hard Decrees, which O I dread, Have doom'd to death his undeserving head; This, O this very Moment, let me die; While Hopes and Fears in equal ballance lye: While yet Possest of all his Youthful Charms, I strain him close within these Aged Arms: Before that fatal news my Soul shall wound! He said, and, swooning, sunk upon the ground; 770 His Servants bore him off: And softly laid His languish'd Limbs upon his homely Bed. The Horsemen march; the Gates are open'd wide; /Eneas at their head, Achates by his side. Next these the Trojan Leaders rode along: Last, follows in the Reer, th' Arcadian Throng. Young Pallas shone conspicuous o're the rest; Guilded his Arms, Embroider'd was his Vest. So, from the Seas, exerts his radiant head The Star, by whom the Lights of Heav'n are led: 780 Shakes from his rosie Locks the perly Dews; Dispels the darkness, and the Day renews. The trembling Wives, the Walls and Turrets crowd; And follow, with their Eyes, the dusty Cloud: Which Winds disperse by fits; and shew from far The blaze of Arms, and Shields, and shining War. The Troops, drawn up in beautiful Array, 750 Such]

Fi—2.

765 lye:]

F1-2.

The Eighth

Book

of the

JEneis

O're heathy Plains pursue the ready way. Repeated peals of showts are heard around: J T h e Neighing Coursers answer to the sound: > 790 And shake with horny Hoofs the solid ground. ) A greenwood Shade, for long Religion known, Stands by the Streams that wash the Tuscan Town: Incompass'd round with gloomy Hills above, Which add a holy horrour to the Grove. T h e first Inhabitants, of Grecian Blood, That sacred Forest to Sylvanus vow'd: T h e Guardian of their Flocks, and Fields; and pay Their due Devotions on his annual day. Not far from hence, along the River's side, 8oo In Tents secure, the Tuscan Troops abide; By Tarchon led. Now, from a rising ground, /Eneas cast his wond'ring Eyes around; And all the Tyrrhene Army had in sight, Stretch'd on the spacious Plain from left to right. Thether his warlike Train the Trojan led; Refresh'd his Men, and weary'd Horses fed. Mean time the Mother Goddess, crown'd with Charms, Breaks through the Clouds, and brings the fated Arms. Within a winding Vale she finds her Son, 8io On the cool River's Banks, retir'd alone. She shews her heav'nly Form, without disguise, And gives her self to his desiring Eyes. Behold, she said, perform'd, in ev'ry part My promise made; and Vulcan's labour'd Art. Now seek, secure, the Latian Enemy; And haughty Turnus to the Field defy. She said: And having first her Son embrac'd; T h e radiant Arms beneath an Oak she plac'd. Proud of the Gift, he rowl'd his greedy sight 820 Around the Work, and gaz'd with vast delight. He lifts, he turns, he poizes, and admires T h e Crested Helm, that vomits radiant Fires: His hands the fatal Sword, and Corslet hold: 810

River's] F2; Rivers' Fi.

6

33

The Eighth Book of the ¿Eneis One keen with temper'd Steel, one stiff with Gold. Both ample, flaming both, and beamy bright: So shines a Cloud, when edg'd with adverse Light. H e shakes the pointed Spear; and longs to try T h e plated Cuishes, on his manly thigh, But most admires the Shields Mysterious mould, 830 And Roman Triumphs rising on the Gold. For those, emboss'd, the Heav'nly Smith had wrought, (Not in the Rolls of future Fate untaught,) T h e Wars in Order, and the Race Divine Of Warriors, issuing from the Julian Line. T h e Cave of Mars was dress'd with mossy Greens: There, by the Wolf, were laid the Martial Twins. Intrepid on her swelling Dugs they hung; T h e foster Dam loll'd out her fawning Tongue: They suck'd secure, while bending Back her Head, 840 She lick'd their tender Limbs; and form'd them as they fed. Not far from thence new Rome appears, with Games Projected for the Rape of Sabine Dames. T h e Pit resounds with Shrieks: A War succeeds, For breach of Publick Faith, and unexampl'd Deeds. Here for Revenge the Sabine Troops contend: T h e Romans there with Arms the Prey defend. Weary'd with tedious War, at length they cease; And both the Kings and Kingdoms plight the Peace. T h e friendly Chiefs, before Jove's Altar stand; 850 Both arm'd, with each a Charger in his Hand: A fatted Sow, for Sacrifice is led; With Imprecations on the perjur'd Head. Near this, the Tray tor Metius, stretch'd between Four fiery Steeds, is dragg'd along the Green; By Tullus doom: T h e Brambles drink his Blood; And his torn Limbs are left, the Vulture's Food. There, Porsena to Rome proud Tarquin brings; And wou'd by Force restore the banish'd Kings. One Tyrant, for his fellow Tyrant fights: 860 T h e Roman Youth assert their Native Rights. Before the T o w n the Tuscan Army lies:

635

636

The Works of Virgil in

English

T o win by Famine, or by Fraud surprise. Their King, half threat'ning, half disdaining stood: While Cocles broke the Bridge; and stem'd the Flood. The Captive Maids there tempt the raging Tide: Scap'd from their Chains, with Clcelia for their Guide. High on a Rock Heroick Manlius stood; T o guard the Temple, and the Temple's God: Then Rome was poor; and there you might behold 870 The Palace, thatch'd with Straw, now roof'd with Gold. The Silver Goose before the shining Gate There flew; and by her Cackle, sav'd the State. She told the Gauls approach: Th' approaching Gauls, Obscure in Night, ascend, and seize the Walls. The Gold, dissembl'd well their yellow Hair: And Golden Chains on their white Necks they wear. Gold are their Vests: Long A Ipine Spears they wield: And their left Arm sustains a length of Shield. Hard by, the leaping Salian Priests advance: 880 And naked thro' the Streets the mad Luperci dance: In Caps of Wool: The Targets dropt from Heav'n. Here modest Matrons in soft Litters driv'n, To pay their Vows in solemn Pomp appear: And odorous Gums in their chast Hands they bear. Far hence remov'd, the Stygian Seats are seen: Pains of the damn'd, and punish'd Catiline: Hung on a Rock the Traytor; and around, The Furies hissing from the neather Ground. Apart from these, the happy Souls, he draws: 890 And Cato's holy Ghost, dispensing Laws. Betwixt the Quarters, flows a Golden Sea: But foaming Surges, there, in Silver play. The dancing Dolphins, with their Tails, divide The glitt'ring Waves; and cut the precious Tide. Amid the Main, two mighty Fleets engage Their Brazen Beaks; oppos'd with equal Rage. Actium, surveys the well disputed Prize: 866

88I

Clcelia] Clelia F i - a .

Wool: . . . Heav'n.]

...

FI-2.

The Eighth Book of the yEneis

900

910

920

930

Leucate's wat'ry Plain, with foamy Billows fries. Young Gasar, on the Stern, in Armour bright; Here leads the Romans and their Gods to fight: His beamy Temples shoot their Flames afar; And o're his Head is hung the Julian Star. Agrippa seconds him, with prosp'rous Gales: And, with propitious Gods, his Foes assails. A Naval Crown, that binds his Manly Brows, T h e happy Fortune of the Fight foreshows. Rang'd on the Line oppos'd, Antonius brings Barbarian Aids, and Troops of Eastern Kings: T h ' Arabians near, and Bactrians from afar, Of Tongues discordant, and a mingled War. And, rich in gaudy Robes, amidst the Strife, His ill Fate follows him; th' Egyptian Wife. Moving they fight: With Oars, and forky Prows, T h e Froth is gather'd; and the Water glows. It seems, as if the Cyclades again Were rooted up, and justled in the Main: Or floating Mountains, floating Mountains meet: Such is the fierce Encounter of the Fleet. Fire-balls are thrown; and pointed Jav'lins fly: T h e Fields of Neptune take a Purple Dye. T h e Queen her self, amidst the loud Alarms, With Cymbals toss'd her fainting Souldiers warms: Fool as she was; who had not yet divin'd Her cruel Fate; nor saw the Snakes behind. Her Country Gods, the Monsters of the Sky, Great Neptune, Pallas, and Love's Queen, defy. T h e Dog Anubis barks, but barks in vain; Nor longer dares oppose th' iEtherial Train. Mars, in the middle of the shining Shield Is grav'd, and strides along the liquid Field. T h e Dirce sowse from Heav'n, with swift Descent: And Discord, dy'd in Blood, with Garments rent, 900 fight] Fi (corrected state), F2; figkt Fi (uncorrected state). 908 Barbarian . . . Eastern Kings:] Barbarian . . . Eastern Kings. F1-2. 922 warms:] F1-2.

637

638

The

Works

of Virgil in

English

Divides the Preace: Her Steps, Bellona treads, And shakes her Iron Rod above their Heads. This seen, Apollo, from his Actian height, Pours down his Arrows: At whose winged flight The trembling Indians, and Egyptians yield: And soft Sabeeans quit the wat'ry Field. The fatal Mistress hoists her silken Sails; 940 And, shrinking from the Fight, invokes the Gales. Aghast she looks; and heaves her Breast, for Breath: Panting, and pale with fear of future Death. The God has figur'd her, as driv'n along, By Winds and Waves; and scudding thro' the Throng. Just opposite, sad Nilus, opens wide His Arms, and ample Bosom, to the Tide: And spreads his Mantle o're the winding Coast; In which he wraps his Queen, and hides the flying Hoast. The Victor, to the Gods his Thanks express'd: 950 And Rome triumphant, with his Presence bless'd. Three hundred Temples in the Town he plac'd: With Spoils and Altars ev'ry Temple grac'd. Three shining Nights, and three succeeding Days, T h e Fields resound with Shouts; the Streets with Praise: The Domes with Songs, the Theatres with Plays. All Altars flame: Before each Altar lies, Drench'd in his Gore, the destin'd Sacrifice. Great Ccesar sits sublime upon his Throne; Before Apollo's Porch of Parian Stone: 960 Accepts the Presents vow'd for Victory; And hangs the monumental Crowns on high. Vast Crowds of vanquish'd Nations march along: Various in Arms, in Habit, and in Tongue. Here, Mulciber assigns the proper Place For Carians, and th' ungirt Numidian Race; Then ranks the Thracians in the second Row; With Scythians, expert in the Dart and Bow. And here the tam'd Euphrates humbly glides; 946 Tide:]

Fi-a.

947

Coast;]

F1-2.

The Eighth

Book of the

/Eneis

And there the Rhine submits her swelling Tides; 970 And proud A raxes, whom no Bridge cou'd bind: The Danes unconquer'd Offspring march behind; And Morini, the last of Human Kind. These Figures, on the Shield divinely wrought, 1 By Vulcan labour'd, and by Venus brought, With Joy and Wonder fill the Hero's thought. Unknown the Names, he yet admires the Grace; And bears aloft the Fame, and Fortune of his Race. 969 977

Tides;] FI-2. 971 Offspring] FI-A. aloft] imperfect inking makes some copies of Fi appear to have alost.

639

The Ninth

Book of the /Eneis

641

The Ninth Book of the /Eneis T H E ARGUMENT.

Turnus takes Advantage of .¿Eneas5 Absence, fires some of his Ships, (which are transform'd into Sea-Nymphs) and assaults his Camp. The Trojans reduc'd to the last Extremities, send Nisus and Euryalus to recall .¿Eneas; which furnishes the Poet with that admirable Episode of their Friendship, Generosity, and the conclusion of their Adventures.

W

these Affairs in distant Places pass'd, The various Iris Juno sends with haste, T o find bold Turnus, who, with anxious Thought, T h e secret Shade of his great Grandsire sought. Retir'd alone she found the daring Man; And op'd her rosie Lips, and thus began. What none of all the Gods cou'd grant thy Vows; That, Turnus, this auspicious Day bestows. /Eneas, gone to seek th' Arcadian Prince, 10 Has left the Trojan Camp without defence; And, short of Succours there, employs his Pains In Parts remote to raise the Tuscan Swains: Now snatch an Hour that favours thy Designs, Unite thy Forces, and attack their Lines. This said, on equal Wings she pois'd her Weight, And form'd a radiant Rainbow in her flight. HILE

T h e Daunian Heroe lifts his Hands and Eyes; And thus invokes the Goddess as she flies. Iris, the Grace of Heav'n, what Pow'r Divine 20 Has sent thee down, thro' dusky Clouds to shine? See they divide; immortal Day appears; And glitt'ring Planets dancing in their Spheres! 5 Generosity,] Fi-s. 1 1 there,] F1-2.

642

The

Works of Virgil in

English

With Joy, these happy Omens I obey; And follow to the War, the God that leads the Way. Thus having said, as by the Brook he stood, He scoop'd the Water from the Crystal Flood; Then with his Hands the drops to Heav'n he throws, And loads the Pow'rs above with offer'd Vows. Now march the bold Confed'rates thro' the Plain; Well hors'd, well clad, a rich and shining Train: Messapus leads the Van; and in the Reer, The Sons of Tyrrheus in bright Arms appear. In the Main Battel, with his flaming Crest, The mighty Turnus tow'rs above the rest: Silent they move; majestically slow, Like ebbing Nile, or Ganges in his flow. The Trojans view the dusty Cloud from far; And the dark Menace of the distant War. Caicus from the Rampire saw it rise, Blackning the Fields, and thickning thro' the Skies. Then to his Fellows thus aloud he calls, What rowling Clouds, my Friends, approach the Walls? Arm, arm, and man the Works; prepare your Spears, And pointed Darts; the Latian Hoast appears. Thus warn'd, they shut their Gates; with Shouts ascend The Bulwarks, and secure their Foes attend. For their wise Gen'ral with foreseeing Care, Had charg'd them not to tempt the doubtful War: Nor, tho' provok'd, in open Fields advance; But close within their Lines attend their chance. Unwilling, yet they keep the strict Command; And sourly wait in Arms the Hostile Band. The fiery Turnus flew before the rest, \ A Pye-ball'd Steed of Thracian Strain he press'd; > His Helm of massy Gold; and Crimson was his Crest. ) With twenty Horse to second his Designs, An unexpected Foe, he fac'd the Lines. Is there, he said, in Arms who bravely dare, His Leader's Honour, and his Danger share? Then, spurring on, his brandish'd Dart he threw,

The Ninth Book of the /Eneis In sign of War; applauding Shouts ensue. Amaz'd to find a dastard Race that run Behind the Rampires, and the Battel shun, He rides around the Camp, with rowling Eyes, And stops at ev'ry Post; and ev'ry Passage tries. So roams the nightly Wolf about the Fold, Wet with descending Show'rs, and stiff with cold; He howls for Hunger, and he grins for Pain; His gnashing Teeth are exercis'd in vain: And impotent of Anger, finds no way In his distended Paws to grasp the Prey. T h e Mothers listen; but the bleating Lambs Securely swig the Dug, beneath the Dams. Thus ranges eager Turnus o're the Plain, Sharp with Desire, and furious with Disdain: Surveys each Passage with a piercing Sight; T o force his Foes in equal Field to fight. Thus, while he gazes round, at length he spies Where, fenc'd with strong Redoubts, their Navy lies; Close underneath the Walls: T h e washing T y d e Secures from all approach this weaker side. He takes the wish'd Occasion; fills his Hand With ready Fires, and shakes a flaming Brand: Urg'd by his Presence, ev'ry Soul is warm'd, And ev'ry Hand with kindled Firrs is arm'd. From the fir'd Pines the scatt'ring Sparkles fly; Fat Vapours mix'd with Flames involve the Sky. What Pow'r, O Muses, cou'd avert the Flame Which threaten'd, in the Fleet, the Trojan Name? T e l l : For the Fact thro' length of T i m e obscure, Is hard to Faith; yet shall the Fame endure. 'Tis said, that when the Chief prepar'd his flight, A n d fell'd his T i m b e r from Mount Ida s height, T h e Grandam Goddess then approach'd her Son, A n d with a Mother's Majesty begun. Grant me, she said, the sole Request I bring, 61 War;]

F1-2.

89 Name?]

F1-2.

643

The Ninth

Book

of the

jEneis

Since conquer'd Heav'n has own'd you for its King: On Ida's Brows, for Ages past, there stood, With Firrs and Maples fill'd, a shady Wood: 1«« And on the Summit rose a Sacred Grove, Where I was worshipp'd with Religious Love; Those Woods, that Holy Grove, my long delight, I gave the Trojan Prince, to speed his flight. Now fill'd with Fear, on their behalf I come; Let neither Winds o'reset, nor Waves intomb The floating Forests of the Sacred Pine; But let it be their Safety to be mine. Then thus reply'd her awful Son; who rowls T h e radiant Stars, and Heav'n and Earth controuls; 110 How dare you, Mother, endless Date demand, For Vessels moulded by a Mortal Hand? What then is Fate? Shall bold /Eneas ride Of Safety certain, on th' uncertain Tide? Yet what I can, I grant: When, wafted o're, T h e Chief is landed on the Latian Shore, Whatever Ships escape the raging Storms, At my Command shall change their fading Forms T o Nymphs Divine: and plow the wat'ry Way, Like Doto, and the Daughters of the Sea. 120 T o seal his sacred Vow, by Styx he swore, T h e Lake of liquid Pitch, the dreery Shore; And Phlegethon's innavigable Flood, \ And the black Regions of his Brother God: > He said; and shook the Skies with his Imperial Nod.) And now at length the number'd Hours were come, Prefix'd by Fate's irrevocable Doom, When the great Mother of the Gods was free T o save her Ships, and finish Jove's Decree. First, from the Quarter of the Morn, there sprung 13« A Light that sign'd the Heav'ns, and shot along: Then from a Cloud, fring'd round with Golden Fires, Were Timbrels heard, and Berecynthian Quires: And last a Voice, with more than Mortal Sounds, 119

Doto] Dotis

Fi—2.

645

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Both Hosts in Arms oppos'd, with equal Horrour wounds. O Trojan Race, your needless Aid forbear; And know my Ships are my peculiar Care. With greater ease the bold Rutulian may, With hissing Brands, attempt to burn the Sea, Than sindge my sacred Pines. But you my Charge, 140 Loos'd from your crooked Anchors lanch at large, Exalted each a Nymph: Forsake the Sand, And swim the Seas, at Cybele's Command. No sooner had the Goddess ceas'd to speak, When lo, th' obedient Ships, their Haulsers break; And, strange to tell, like Dolphins in the Main, They plunge their Prows, and dive, and spring again: As many beauteous Maids the Billows sweep, As rode before tall Vessels on the Deep. The Foes, surpriz'd with Wonder, stood aghast, 150 Messapus curb'd his fiery Courser's haste; Old Tyber roar'd; and raising up his Head, Call'd back his Waters to their Oozy Bed. Turnus alone, undaunted, bore the Shock; And with these Words his trembling Troops bespoke. These Monsters for the Trojans Fate are meant, And are by Jove for black Presages sent. He takes the Cowards last Relief away; \ For fly they cannot; and, constrain'd to stay, j Must yield unfought, a base inglorious Prey. ) 160 T h e liquid half of all the Globe, is lost; Heav'n shuts the Seas, and we secure the Coast. Theirs is no more, than that small spot of Ground, Which Myriads of our Martial Men surround. Their Fates I fear not; or vain Oracles; 'Twas giv'n to Venus, they shou'd cross the Seas, And land secure upon the Latian Plains: Their promis'd Hour is pass'd, and mine remains. 'Tis in the Fate of Turnus, to destroy With Sword and Fire the faithless Race of Troy. 163 165

Myriads] Millions Fi; Myryads F2. Seas,] F1-2.

163 166

Men] F2; Troops Fi. Plains:] Fi-2.

The

Ninth

Book

of the

JEneis

170 Shall such Affronts as these, alone inflame T h e Grecian Brothers, and the Grecian Name? My Cause and theirs is one; a fatal Strife, And final Ruin, for a ravish'd Wife. Was't not enough, that, punish'd for the Crime, They fell; but will they fall a second Time? One wou'd have thought they paid enough before, T o curse the costly Sex; and durst offend no more. Can they securely trust their feeble Wall, A slight Partition, a thin Interval, 180 Betwixt their Fate and them; when Troy, tho' built By Hands Divine, yet perish'd by their Guilt? Lend me, for once, my Friends, your valiant Hands, T o force from out their Lines these dastard Bands. Less than a thousand Ships will end this War; Nor Vulcan needs his fated Arms prepare. Let all the Tuscans, all th' Arcadians join, Nor these, nor those shall frustrate my Design. Let them not fear the Treasons of the Night; \ T h e robb'd Palladium, the pretended flight: > 190 Our Onset shall be made in open Light. ) No wooden Engine shall their Town betray, Fires they shall have around, but Fires by Day. No Grecian Babes before their Camp appear, Whom Hector's Arms detain'd, to the tenth tardy Year. Now, since the Sun is rowling to the West, Give we the silent Night to needful Rest: Refresh your Bodies, and your Arms prepare, T h e Morn shall end the small Remains of War. T h e Post of Honour to Messapus falls, 200 T o keep the Nightly Guard; to watch the Walls; T o pitch the Fires at Distances around, And close the Trojans in their scanty Ground. Twice seven Rutulian Captains ready stand; And twice seven hundred Horse these Chiefs command: All clad in shining Arms the Works invest; Each with a radiant Helm, and waving Crest. 195

West] West F 1 - 2 .

196

needful] F2; neeedful F i .

647

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648

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S t r e t c h ' d at their length, they press t h e grassy

Ground;

T h e y laugh, they sing, the jolly Bowls go r o u n d : W i t h Lights, and chearful Fires renew the Day; 210 A n d p a s s t h e w a k e f u l N i g h t i n F e a s t s a n d The

Trojans,

from

above,

Play.

their Foes

beheld;

A n d with a r m ' d L é g i o n s all the R a m p i r e s Seiz'd with Affright, their Gates they

fill'd:

first

explore,

J o i n W o r k s to W o r k s with Bridges; T o w ' r to T h u s all things n e e d f u l for Defence,

Mnestheus,

and brave

Seresthus

Tow'r:

abound;

walk the

round:

Commission'd by their Absent Prince, to share T h e c o m m o n Danger, and divide the Care. T h e S o u l d i e r s d r a w t h e i r L o t s ; a n d as t h e y fall, 220 B y t u r n s r e l i e v e e a c h o t h e r o n t h e

Wall.

Nigh where the Foes their utmost Guards T o watch the Gate, was warlike His Father

Hyrtacus

of Noble

Nisus

Blood;

H i s M o t h e r was a Hunt'ress of the

Wood:

A n d sent h i m to the Wars; well cou'd he His Lance in

fight,

advance,

chance.

and dart the

flying

bear

Spear:

B u t better skill'd u n e r r i n g Shafts to send: Beside h i m stood

Euryalus,

Euryalus

than w h o m the

his

Friend:

Trojan

Hoast

230 N o f a i r e r F a c e , o r s w e e t e r A i r c o u l d b o a s t . Scarce h a d the D o w n to shade his C h e e k s

begun;

O n e was their Care, a n d their Delight was one. O n e C o m m o n hazard in the W a r they shar'd; A n d n o w were both by choice upon the Then

Nisus,

thus: O r do the Gods

T h i s warmth, or m a k e we Gods of our A gen'rous ardour boils within m y

Guard.

inspire Desire?

Breast,

Eager of Action, E n e m y to Rest: T h i s urges m e to 240 T o

fight,

and

fires

leave a m e m o r a b l e N a m e

my

Mind,

behind.

T h o u see'st t h e F o e s e c u r e : h o w faintly s h i n e T h e i r scatter'd Fires! the most in Sleep

supine;

A l o n g the g r o u n d , a n easie C o n q u e s t lye;

328

Friend:]

O1-2, F1-2.

The Ninth Book of the

jEneis

T h e wakeful few, the fuming Flaggon ply: All hush'd around. Now hear what I revolve; A Thought unripe; and scarcely yet resolve. Our absent Prince both Camp and Council mourn; By Message both wou'd hasten his return: If they confer what I demand, on thee, 250 (For Fame is Recompence enough for me) Methinks, beneath yon Hill, I have espy'd A way that safely will my passage guide. Euryalus stood list'ning while he spoke; With love of Praise, and noble Envy struck; Then to his ardent Friend expos'd his Mind: \ All this alone, and leaving me behind, > Am I unworthy, Nisus, to be join'd? ) Think'st thou I can my share of Glory yield, Or send thee unassisted to the Field? 260 Not so my Father taught my Childhood Arms; Born in a Siege, and bred among Alarms! Nor is my Youth unworthy of my Friend, Nor of the Heav'n-born Heroe I attend. T h e thing call'd Life, with ease I can disclaim; And think it over sold to purchase Fame. Then Nisus, thus; Alas! thy tender years Wou'd minister new matter to my Fears: So may the Gods, who view this friendly Strife, Restore me to thy lov'd Embrace with life, 270 Condemn'd to pay my Vows (as sure I trust,) This thy Request is Cruel and Unjust. But if some Chance, as many Chances are, And doubtful Hazards in the deeds of War; If one shou'd reach my Head, there let it fall, And spare thy Life; I wou'd not perish all. Thy bloomy Youth deserves a longer date; Live thou to mourn thy Love's unhappy Fate: T o bear my mangled Body from the Foe; Or buy it back, and Fun'ral Rites bestow. 280 Or if hard Fortune shall those Dues deny, 266

Alas!] alas! F 1 - 2 ; alas, O1-2.

649

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650

Works of Virgil in

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T h o u canst at least an empty T o m b supply. O let not me the Widows Tears renew; Nor let a Mother's Curse my Name pursue; T h y Pious Parent, who, for love of thee, Forsook the Coasts of friendly Sicily, Her Age committing to the Seas and Wind, When ev'ry weary Matron staid behind. T o this, Euryalus, you plead in vain, And but protract the Cause you cannot gain: 290 No more delays, but haste. With that he wakes T h e nodding Watch; each to his Office takes. T h e Guard reliev'd, the gen'rous Couple went T o find the Council at the Royal Tent. All Creatures else forgot their daily Care; And Sleep, the common Gift of Nature, share: Except the Trojan Peers, who wakeful sate In nightly Council for th' indanger'd State. They vote a Message to their absent Chief; Shew their Distress; and beg a swift Relief. 300 Amid the Camp a silent Seat they chose, Remote from Clamour, and secure from Foes. On their left Arms their ample Shields they bear, T h e right reclin'd upon the bending Spear. Now Nisus and his Friend approach the Guard, \ And beg Admission, eager to be heard: [ T h ' Affair important, not to be deferr'd. / Ascanius bids 'em be conducted in; Ord'ring the more experienc'd to begin. Then Nisus thus. Ye Fathers lend your Ears; 310 Nor judge our bold Attempt beyond our Years. T h e Foe securely drench'd in Sleep and Wine, Neglect their Watch; the Fires but thinly shine: And where the Smoke, in cloudy Vapours flies, Cov'ring the Plain, and curling to the Skies, Betwixt two Paths, which at the Gate divide, J Close by the Sea, a Passage we have spy'd, > Which will our way to great ALneas guide. ) 286

Age] O 1 - 2 ;

F1-2.

The Ninth

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/Eneis

Expect each Hour to see him safe again, Loaded with Spoils of Foes in Battel slain. 320 Snatch we the lucky Minute while we may: Nor can we be mistaken in the way; For hunting in the Vale, we both have seen T h e rising Turrets, and the Stream between; And know the winding Course, with ev'ry Ford. He ceas'd: And old Alethes took the Word. Our Country Gods, in whom our Trust we place, Will yet from Ruin save the Trojan Race: While we behold such dauntless Worth appear In dawning Youth; and Souls so void of Fear. 330 Then, into Tears of Joy the Father broke; ) Each in his longing Arms by Turns he took: > Panted and paus'd; and thus again he spoke. ) Ye brave young Men, what equal Gifts can we, In recompence of such Desert, decree? T h e greatest, sure, and best you can receive, T h e Gods, and your own conscious Worth will give. T h e rest our grateful Gen'ral will bestow; And young Ascanius 'till his Manhood owe. And I, whose Welfare in my Father lies, 340 Ascanius adds, by the great Deities, By my dear Country, by my household Gods, By hoary Vesta's Rites, and dark Abodes, Adjure you both; (on you my Fortune stands, T h a t and my Faith I plight into your Hands:) Make me but happy in his safe Return, Whose wanted Presence I can only mourn; Your common Gift shall two large Goblets be, Of Silver, wrought with curious Imagery; And high emboss'd, which, when old Priam reign'd, 350 My conqu'ring Sire at sack'd Arisba gain'd: And more, two Tripods cast in antick Mould, With two great Talents of the finest Gold: Beside a costly Bowl, ingrav'd with Art, Which Dido gave, when first she gave her Heart. 350

gain'd:]

O1-2, F1-2.

651

652

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of Virgil in

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But if in conquer'd Italy we reign, When Spoils by Lot the Victor shall obtain; Thou saw'st the Courser by proud Turnus press'd, That, Nisus, and his Arms, and nodding Crest, And Shield, from Chance exempt, shall be thy Share; 360 Twelve lab'ring Slaves, twelve Handmaids young and fair, All clad in rich Attire, and train'd with Care: And last, a Latian Field with fruitful Plains; And a large Portion of the King's Domains. But thou, whose Years are more to mine ally'd, No Fate my vow'd Affection shall divide From thee, Heroick Youth; be wholly mine: Take full Possession; all my Soul is thine. One Faith, one Fame, one Fate shall both attend; My Life's Companion, and my Bosom Friend. 370 My Peace shall be committed to thy Care, And to thy Conduct, my Concerns in War. Then thus the young Euryalus reply'd; Whatever Fortune, good or bad betide, The same shall be my Age, as now my Youth; No time shall find me wanting to my Truth. This only from your Goodness let me gain; (And this ungranted, all Rewards are vain) Of Priam's Royal Race my Mother came; And sure the best that ever bore the Name: 380 Whom neither Troy, nor Sicily cou'd hold From me departing, but o'respent, and old, My Fate she follow'd; ignorant of this Whatever Danger, neither parting Kiss, Nor pious Blessing taken, her I leave; And, in this only Act of all my Life deceive. By this right Hand, and conscious Night I swear, My Soul so sad a farewel could not bear. Be you her Comfort; fill my vacant place, (Permit me to presume so great a Grace) 390 Support her Age, forsaken and distress'd, 361 382

Care:] F 1 - 2 ; see collation for different text in this] O i - 2 ; F1-2.

O1-2.

The

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/Eneis

653

T h a t hope alone will fortifie my Breast Against the worst of Fortunes, and of Fears. He said: T h e mov'd Assistants melt in Tears. Then thus Ascanius, (wonder-struck to see T h a t Image of his filial Piety;) So great Beginnings, in so green an Age, Exact the Faith, which I again ingage. T h y Mother all the Dues shall justly claim Creusa had; and only want the Name. 400 Whate're Event thy bold Attempt shall have, 'Tis Merit to have born a Son so brave. Now by my Head, a sacred Oath, I swear, (My Father us'd it) what returning here Crown'd with Success, I for thy self prepare, That, if thou fail, shall thy lov'd Mother share. He said; and weeping while he spoke the Word, From his broad Belt he drew a shining Sword, Magnificent with Gold. Lycaon made, And in an Iv'ry Scabbard sheath'd the Blade: 410 This was his Gift: Great Mnestheus gave his Friend A Lyon's Hide, his Body to defend: And good A leth.es furnish'd him beside, With his own trusty Helm, of Temper try'd. Thus arm'd they went. T h e Noble Trojans wait T h e i r issuing forth, and follow to the Gate With Prayers and Vows; above the rest appears Ascanius, manly far beyond his Years, And Messages committed to their Care, Which all in Winds were lost, and flitting Air. 420 T h e Trenches first they pass'd: Then took their Way Where their proud Foes in pitch'd Pavilions lay; T o many fatal, e're themselves were slain: They found the careless Hoast dispers'd upon the Plain: Who gorg'd, and drunk with Wine, supinely snore; Unharnass'd Chariots stand along the Shore: Amidst the Wheels and Reins, the Goblet by, 415 417

Gate] O1-2, F1-2. Years,] .— Oi-2, F1-2.

416 423

Vows;] Ox-2; Plain:] ~ A O1-2;

F1-2. F1-2.

isfll Y/fOryo (oíatuíoi

fù*

«

Htt/ì.ttìfs

(fua tnù & Q róeme op ,/

And now advancing, sought the Leader's T e n t . ) T h e y saw the Pair; for thro' the doubtful shade J His shineing Helm Euryalus betray'd, > On which the Moon with full reflexion play'd. / 'Tis not for nought, cry'd Volscens, from the Crowd, sio These Men go there; then rais'd his Voice aloud: Stand, stand: why thus in Arms, and whither bent; From whence, to whom, and on what Errand sent? Silent they scud away, and haste their flight, T o Neighb'ring Woods, and trust themselves to night. T h e speedy Horse all passages belay, And spur their smoaking Steeds to Cross their way; And watch each Entrance of the winding Wood; Black was the Forest, thick with Beech it stood: Horrid with Fern, and intricate with Thorn, 520 Few Paths of Humane Feet or Tracks of Beasts were worn. T h e darkness of the Shades, his heavy Prey, And Fear, mis-led the Younger from his way. But Nisus hit the Turns with happier haste, And thoughtless of his Friend, the Forest pass'd: And Alban Plains, from Alba's Name so call'd, Where King Latinus then his Oxen stall'd: T i l l turning at the length, he stood his ground, And miss'd his Friend, and cast his Eyes around; Ah Wretch, he cry'd, where have I left behind 530 T h ' unhappy Youth, where shall I hope to find? Or what way take? Again He ventures back: And treads the Mazes of his former track. He winds the Wood, and list'ning hears the noise 504 509 526 531

prevent] F2; outwent F i ; different text in O1-2. Crowd] O 1 - 2 , F2; Crow'd F i . stall'd:] — O1-2, F 1 - 2 . take? Again] again O1-2, F 1 - 2 (Again O2).

657

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Of trampling Coursers, and the Riders voice. T h e sound approach'd, and suddenly he view'd T h e Foes inclosing, and his Friend pursu'd: Forelay'd and taken, while he strove in vain, T h e shelter of the friendly Shades to gain. What shou'd he next attempt, what Arms employ, 540 What fruitless Force to free the Captive Boy? Or desperate shou'd he rush and lose his Life, With odds oppress'd, in such unequal strife? Resolv'd at length, his pointed Spear he shook; And casting on the Moon a mournful look, Guardian of Groves, and Goddess of the Night; Fair Queen, he said, direct my Dart aright: If e're my Pious Father for my sake Did grateful Off'rings on thy Altars make; Or I increas'd them with my Silvan toils, 550 And hung thy Holy Roofs, with Salvage Spoils; Give me to scatter these. Then from his Ear He poiz'd, and aim'd, and lanch'd the trembling Spear. T h e deadly Weapon, hissing from the Grove, Impetuous on the back of Sulmo drove: Pierc'd his thin Armour, drank his Vital Blood, And in his Body left the broken Wood. He staggers round, his Eyeballs rowl in Death, And with short sobs he gasps away his Breath. All stand amaz'd; a second Jav'lin flies, 560 With equal strength, and quivers through the Skies; This through thy Temples, Tagus, forc'd the way, And in the Brain-pan warmly bury'd lay. Fierce Volscens foams with Rage, and gazing round, Descry'd not him who gave the Fatal Wound: Nor knew to fix Revenge: But thou, he cries, Shalt pay for both, and at the Pris'ner flies, With his drawn Sword. Then struck with deep Despair, That cruel sight the Lover cou'd not bear: 539 546 565

attempt,] O1-2; F1-2. Fair] F2; F i ; different text in But] O1-2; but Fi—2.

O1-2.

The Ninth Book of the ALneis But from his Covert rush'd in open view, 570 And sent his Voice before him as he flew. Me, me, he cry'd, turn all your Swords alone On me; the Fact confess'd, the Fault my own. He neither cou'd nor durst, the guiltless Youth; Ye Moon and Stars bear Witness to the T r u t h ! His only Crime, (if Friendship can offend,) Is too much Love, to his unhappy Friend. T o o late he speaks; the Sword, which Fury guides, Driv'n with full Force, had pierc'd his tender Sides. Down fell the beauteous Youth; the yawning Wound 580 Gush'd out a Purple Stream, and stain'd the Ground. His snowy Neck reclines upon his Breast, Like a fair Flow'r by the keen Share oppress'd: Like a white Poppy sinking on the Plain, Whose heavy Head is overcharg'd with Rain. Despair, and Rage, and Vengeance justly vow'd, Drove Nisus headlong on the hostile Crowd: Volscens he seeks; on him alone he bends; Born back, and bor'd, by his surrounding Friends, Onward he press'd: and kept him still in sight; 590 T h e n whirl'd aloft his Sword, with all his might: T h ' unerring Steel descended while he spoke; Pierc'd his wide Mouth, and thro' his Weazon broke: Dying, he slew; and stagg'ring on the Plain, With swimming Eyes he sought his Lover slain: T h e n quiet on his bleeding Bosom fell; Content in Death, to be reveng'd so well. O happy Friends! for if my Verse can give Immortal Life, your Fame shall ever live: Fix'd as the Capitol's Foundation lies; 600 And spread, where e're the Roman Eagle flies! T h e conqu'ring Party, first divide the Prey, T h e n their slain Leader to the Camp convey. With Wonder, as they went, the Troops were fill'd, 591 594 602

unerring] O1-2, F2; unnerring F i . swimming] F2; smimmingFi; different text in Leader] F2; General F i .

O1-2.

659

The Ninth

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661

T o see such Numbers whom so few had kill'd. Serranus, Rhamnes, and the rest they found; \ > Vast Crowds the dying and the dead surround: And the yet reeking Blood o'reflows the Ground. ) All knew the Helmet which Messapus lost; But mourn'd a Purchase, that so dear had cost, eio Now rose the ruddy Morn from Tithon's Bed; And with the Dawns of Day the Skies o'respread: Nor long the Sun his daily Course withheld, But added Colours to the World reveal'd: When early Turnus wak'ning with the Light, All clad in Armour calls his Troops to fight. His Martial Men with fierce Harangues he fir'd; And his own Ardor, in their Souls inspir'd. This done, to give new Terror to his Foes, T h e Heads of Nisus, and his Friend he shows, «20 Rais'd high on pointed Spears: A ghastly Sight; Loud peals of Shouts ensue, and barbarous Delight. Mean time the Trojans run, where Danger calls, They line their Trenches, and they man their Walls: In Front extended to the left they stood: Safe was the right surrounded by the Flood. But casting from their Tow'rs a frightful view, They saw the Faces, which too well they knew; Tho' then disguis'd in Death, and smear'd all o're With Filth obscene, and dropping putrid Gore. 630 Soon hasty Fame, thro' the sad City bears T h e mournful Message to the Mother's Ears: An icy Cold benums her Limbs: She shakes: Her Cheeks the Blood, her Hand the Web forsakes. She runs the Rampires round amidst the War, \ Nor fears the flying Darts: She rends her Hair, > And fills with loud Laments the liquid Air. / Thus then, my lov'd Euryalus appears; Thus looks the Prop of my declining Years! Was't on this Face, my famish'd Eyes I fed? 611 639

o'respread:] F1-2. fed?] Fi—2.

613

reveal'd:]

F1-2.

662

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640 A h how unlike the living, is the dead! And cou'dst thou leave me, cruel, thus alone, Not one kind Kiss from a departing Son? N o Look, no last adieu before he went, In an ill-boding Hour to Slaughter sent? Cold on the Ground, and pressing foreign Clay, T o Latian Dogs, and Fowls he lies a Prey! Nor was I near to close his dying Eyes, T o wash his Wounds, to weep his Obsequies: T o call about his Corps his crying Friends, 650 O r spread the Mantle, (made for other ends,) On his dear Body, which I wove with Care, Nor did my daily Pains, or nightly labour spare. Where shall I find his Corps, what Earth sustains His T r u n k dismember'd, and his cold Remains? For this, alas, I left my needful Ease, Expos'd my Life to Winds, and winter Seas! If any pity touch Rutulian Hearts, Here empty all your Quivers, all your Darts: Or if they fail, thou Jove conclude my Woe, 66o And send me Thunder-struck to Shades below! Her Shrieks and Clamours, pierce the Trojans Ears, Unman their Courage, and augment their Fears: Nor young Ascanius cou'd the sight sustain, Nor old Ilioneus his Tears restrain: But Actor and Idaus, jointly sent, T o bear the madding Mother to her Tent. And now the Trumpets terribly from far, With rattling Clangor, rouze the sleepy War. T h e Souldiers Shouts succeed the Brazen Sounds; 670 And Heav'n, from Pole to Pole, the Noise rebounds. T h e Volscians bear their Shields upon their Head, And rushing forward, form a moving Shed; These fill the Ditch, those pull the Bulwarks down: Some raise the Ladders, others scale the T o w n . But where void Spaces on the Walls appear, Or thin Defence, they pour their Forces there. 642 672

Son?] F1-2. form] F2; from F i .

644

sent?]

F1-2.

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663

With Poles and missive Weapons from afar, T h e Trojans keep aloof the rising War. Taught by their ten Years Siege defensive fight; «so They rowl down Ribs of Rocks, an unresisted Weight: T o break the Penthouse with the pond'rous Blow; Which yet the patient Volscians undergo: But cou'd not bear th' unequal Combat long; For where the Trojans find the thickest Throng, T h e Ruin falls: T h e i r shatter'd Shields give way, And their crush'd Heads become an easie Prey. They shrink for Fear, abated of their Rage, Nor longer dare in a blind Fight engage: Contented now to gaul them from below 690 With Darts and Slings, and with the distant Bow. Elsewhere Mezentius, terrible to view, A blazing Pine within the Trenches threw. But brave Messapus, Neptune's warlike Son, \ Broke down the Palisades, the Trenches Won, > And loud for Ladders calls, to scale the Town. ) Calliope begin: Ye sacred Nine, Inspire your Poet in his high Design; T o sing what Slaughter manly Turnus made: What Souls he sent below the Stygian Shade; 700 What Fame the Souldiers with their Captain share, And the vast Circuit of the fatal War. For you in singing Martial Facts excel; You best remember; and alone can tell. There stood a Tow'r, amazing to the sight, Built up of Beams; and of stupendous height; Art, and the nature of the Place conspir'd, T o furnish all the Strength, that War requir'd. T o level this, the bold Italians join; T h e wary Trojans obviate their design: 710 With weighty Stones o'rewhelm their Troops below, Shoot through the Loopholes, and sharp Jav'lins throw. Turnus, the Chief, toss'd from his thund'ring Hand, Against the wooden Walls, a flaming Brand: 682 699

undergo:] — F 1 - 2 . Shade;] F1-2.

688

engage:]

F1-2.

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It stuck, the fiery Plague: T h e Winds were high; T h e Planks were season'd, and the Timber dry. Contagion caught the Posts: It spread along, Scorch'd, and to distance drove the scatter'd Throng. T h e Trojans fled; the Fire pursu'd amain, Still gath'ring fast upon the trembling Train; 720 T i l l crowding to the Corners of the Wall, Down the Defence, and the Defenders fall. T h e mighty flaw makes Heav'n it self resound, T h e Dead, and dying Trojans strew the Ground. T h e Tow'r that follow'd on the fallen Crew, Whelm'd o're their Heads, and bury'd whom it slew: Some stuck upon the Darts themselves had sent; All, the same equal Ruin underwent. Young Lycus and Helenor only scape; Sav'd, how they know not, from the steepy Leap: 730 Helenor, elder of the two; by Birth, On one side Royal, one a Son of Earth, Whom to the Lydian King, Lycimnia bare, j And sent her boasted Bastard to the War: > (A Priviledge which none but Free-men share.) ) Slight were his Arms, a Sword and Silver Shield, No Marks of Honour charg'd its empty Field. Light as he fell, so light the Youth arose, And rising found himself amidst his Foes. Nor flight was left, nor hopes to force his Way; 740 Embolden'd by Despair, he stood at Bay: And like a Stag, whom all the Troop surrounds Of eager Huntsmen, and invading Hounds; Resolv'd on Death, he dissipates his Fears, And bounds aloft, against the pointed Spears: So dares the Youth, secure of Death; and throws His dying Body, on his thickest Foes. But Lycus, swifter of his Feet, by far, Runs, doubles, winds and turns, amidst the War: Springs to the Walls, and leaves his Foes behind, 750 And snatches at the Beam he first can find: 729

Leap:]

F1-2.

750

find:]

Fi-a.

665

666

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Looks up, and leaps aloft at all the stretch, In hopes the helping Hand of some kind Friend to reach. But Turnus follow'd hard his hunted Prey, (His Spear had almost reach'd him in the way, Short of his Reins, and scarce a Span behind,) Fool, said the Chief, tho' fleeter than the Wind, Coud'st thou presume to scape, when I pursue? He said, and downward by the Feet he drew T h e trembling Dastard: at the T u g he falls, 760 Vast Ruins come along, rent from the smoking Walls. Thus on some silver Swan, or tim'rous Hare, Jove's Bird comes sowsing down, from upper Air; Her crooked Tallons truss the fearful Prey: Then out of sight she soars, and wings her way. So seizes the grim Wolf the tender Lamb, In vain lamented by the bleating Dam. Then rushing onward, with a barb'rous cry, The Troops of Turnus to the Combat fly. T h e Ditch with Faggots fill'd, the daring Foe 770 Toss'd Firebrands to the steepy Turrets throw. Ilioneus, as bold Lucetius came T o force the Gate, and feed the kindling Flame, Rowl'd down the Fragment of a Rock so right, It crush'd him double underneath the weight. Two more young Liger and Asylas slew; \ T o bend the Bow young Liger better knew; > Asylas best the pointed Jav'lin threw. ) Brave Cceneus laid Ortygius on the Plain, The Victor Cceneus was by Turnus slain. 780 By the same Hand, Clonius and Itys fall, Sagar, and Idas, standing on the Wall. From Capys Arms his Fate Privernus found; Hurt by Themillas first; but slight the Wound; His Shield thrown by, to mitigate the smart, He clap'd his Hand upon the wounded part: T h e second Shaft came swift and unespy'd, 767 783

barb'rous] F2; barbr'ous F i . Themillas] Themilla F 1 - 2 .

781

Idas] Ida F 1 - 2 .

The Ninth Book of the /Eneis

667

And pierc'd his Hand, and nail'd it to his side: Transfix'd his breathing Lungs, and beating heart; The Soul came issuing out, and hiss'd against the Dart. 790 T h e Son of Arcens shone amid the rest, In glitt'ring Armour, and a Purple Vest. Fair was his Face, his Eyes inspiring Love, Bred by his Father in the Martian Grove, Where the fat Altars of Palicus flame, And sent in Arms to purchase early Fame. Him when he spy'd from far, the Thuscan King, Laid by the Lance, and took him to the Sling: Thrice whirl'd the Thong around his head, and threw: T h e heated Lead half melted as it flew: BOO It pierc'd his hollow Temples and his Brain; T h e Youth came tumbling down, and spurn'd the Plain. Then Young Ascanius, who before this day Was wont in Woods to shoot the salvage Prey, First bent in Martial Strife, the twanging Bow; And exercis'd against a Humane Foe: With this bereft Numanus of his life, Who Turnus younger Sister took to Wife. Proud of his Realm, and of his Royal Bride, ) Vaunting before his Troops, and lengthen'd with a Stride, ) 8io In these Insulting terms, the Trojans he defy'd. ) Twice Conquer'd Cowards, now your shame is shown, Coop'd up a second time within your Town! Who dare not issue forth in open Field, But hold your Walls before you for a Shield: Thus threat you War, thus our Alliance force! What Gods, what madness hether steer'd your Course? You shall not find the Sons of A treus here, Nor need the Frauds of sly Ulysses fear. Strong from the Cradle, of a sturdy Brood, 820 We bear our new-born Infants to the Flood; 793 Grove,] F1-2. 796 Him . . . far,] . . . F1-2. 805 Foe:] Fi—2. 816 Gods, . . . Course?] ~ A . . . F 1 - 2 (in some copies of F2 exclamation printed as period).

point

668

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There bath'd amid the Stream, our Boys we hold, With Winter harden'd, and inur'd to Cold. They wake before the Day to range the Wood, Kill e're they eat, nor tast unconquer'd Food. No Sports, but what belong to War they know, T o break the stubborn Colt, to bend the Bow. Our youth, of Labour patient, earn their Bread; Hardly they work, with frugal Diet fed. From Ploughs and Harrows sent to seek Renown, «so They fight in Fields, and storm the shaken Town. No part of Life from Toils of War is free; No change in Age, or difference in Degree. We plow, and till in Arms; our Oxen feel, Instead of Goads, the Spur, and pointed Steel: Th* inverted Lance makes Furrows in the Plain; Ev'n time that changes all, yet changes us in vain: T h e Body, not the Mind: Nor can controul T h ' immortal Vigour, or abate the Soul. Our Helms defend the Young, disguise the Grey: 8« We live by Plunder, and delight in Prey. Your Vests embroyder'd with rich Purple shine; In Sloth you Glory, and in Dances join. Your Vests have sweeping Sleeves: With female Pride, Your Turbants underneath your Chins are ty'd. Go, Phrygians, to your Dindymus agen; Go, less than Women, in the Shapes of Men. Go, mix'd with Eunuchs, in the Mother's Rites, Where with unequal Sound the Flute invites. Sing, dance, and howl by turns in Ida's Shade; 850 Resign the War to Men, who know the Martial Trade. This foul Reproach, Ascanius cou'd not hear With Patience, or a vow'd Revenge forbear. At the full stretch of both his Hands, he drew, And almost join'd the Horns of the tough Eugh. But first, before the Throne of Jove he stood; And thus with lifted Hands invok'd the God. My first Attempt, great Jupiter succeed; An annual Off'ring in thy Grove shall bleed:

The Ninth

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A snow-white Steer, before thy Altar led, 860 Who like his Mother bears aloft his Head, Buts with his threatning Brows, and bellowing stands, And dares the Fight, and spurns the yellow Sands. Jove bow'd the Heav'ns, and lent a gracious Ear, And thunder'd on the left, amidst the clear. Sounded at once the Bow; and swiftly flies T h e feather'd Death, and hisses thro' the Skies. T h e Steel thro' both his Temples forc'd the way: Extended on the Ground, Numanus lay. Go now, vain Boaster, and true Valour scorn; 870 T h e Phrygians twice subdu'd, yet make this third Return. Ascanius said no more: T h e Trojans shake T h e Heav'ns with Shouting, and new Vigour take. Apollo then bestrode a Golden Cloud, \ T o view the feats of Arms, and fighting Crowd; [ And thus the beardless Victor, he bespoke aloud.) Advance Illustrious Youth, increase in Fame, And wide from East to West extend thy Name: Offspring of Gods thy self; and Rome shall owe T o thee, a Race of Demigods below. 880 This is the Way to Heav'n: The Pow'rs Divine From this beginning date the Julian Line. T o thee, to them, and their victorious Heirs, The conquer'd War is due; and the vast World is theirs. Troy is too narrow for thy Name. He said, And plunging downward shot his radiant Head; Dispell'd the breathing Air, that broke his Flight, Shorn of his Beams, a Man to Mortal sight. Old Butes Form he took, Anchises Squire, Now left to rule Ascanius, by his Sire: 890 His wrinkled Visage, and his hoary Hairs, ) His Meen, his Habit, and his Arms he wears; > And thus salutes the Boy, too forward for his Years. ) Suffice it thee, thy Father's worthy Son, T h e warlike Prize thou hast already won: T h e God of Archers gives thy Youth a part 877

Name:]—F1-2.

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Of his own Praise; nor envies equal Art. Now tempt the War no more. He said, and flew Obscure in Air, and vanish'd from their view. T h e Trojans, by his Arms, their Patron know; 900 And hear the twanging of his Heav'nly Bow. Then duteous Force they use; and Phcebus Name, T o keep from Fight, the Youth too fond of Fame. Undaunted they themselves no Danger shun: From Wall to Wall, the Shouts and Clamours run. They bend their Bows; they whirl their Slings around: Heaps of spent Arrows fall; and strew the Ground; And Helms, and Shields, and ratling Arms resound. T h e Combate thickens, like the Storm that flies From Westward, when the Show'ry Kids arise: 910 Or patt'ring Hail comes pouring on the Main, When Jupiter descends in harden'd Rain: Or bellowing Clouds burst with a stormy Sound, And with an armed Winter strew the Ground. Pand'rus and Bitias, Thunder-bolts of War, Whom Hiera, to bold A Icanor bare On Ida's Top, two Youths of Height and Size, Like Firrs that on their Mother Mountain rise; Presuming on their Force, the Gates unbar, And of their own Accord invite the War. 920 With Fates averse, against their King's Command, Arm'd on the right, and on the left they stand; And flank the Passage: Shining Steel they wear, And waving Crests, above their Heads appear. Thus two tall Oaks, that Padus Banks adorn, Lift up to Heav'n their leafy Heads unshorn; And overpress'd with Nature's heavy load, Dance to the whistling Winds, and at each other nod. In flows a Tyde of Latians, when they see T h e Gate set open, and the Passage free. 930 Bold Quercens, with rash Tmarus rushing on, Equicolus, that in bright Armour shone, And Hcemon first, but soon repuls'd they fly, 911

Rain:]

F1-2.

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of the

Mneis

Or in the well-defended Pass they dye. These with Success are fir'd, and those with Rage; And each on equal Terms at length ingage. Drawn from their Lines, and issuing on the Plain, T h e Trojans hand to hand the Fight maintain. Fierce Turnus in another Quarter fought, When suddenly th' unhop'd for News was brought; 940 T h e Foes had left the fastness of their Place, Prevail'd in Fight, and had his Men in Chace. He quits th' Attack, and, to prevent their Fate, Runs, where the Gyant Brothers guard the Gate. T h e first he met, Antiphates the brave, But base begotten on a Theban Slave; Sarpedon's Son he slew: T h e deadly Dart Found Passage thro' his Breast, and pierc'd his Heart. Fix'd in the Wound th' Italian Cornel stood; Warm'd in his Lungs, and in his vital Blood. 95« Aphidnus next, and Erymanthus dies, \ And Meropes, and the Gygantick Size > Of Bitias, threat'ning with his ardent Eyes. / Not by the feeble Dart he fell oppress'd, A Dart were lost, within that roomy Breast; But from a knotted Lance, large, heavy, strong; Which roar'd like Thunder as it whirl'd along: Not two Bull-hides th' impetuous Force withhold; Nor Coat of double Mail, with Scales of Gold. Down sunk the Monster-Bulk, and press'd the Ground; 960 His Arms and clatt'ring Shield, on the vast Body sound: Not with less Ruin, than the Bajan Mole, (Rais'd on the Seas the Surges to controul,) At once comes tumbling down the rocky Wall, Prone to the Deep the Stones disjointed fall, Of the vast Pile; the scatter'd Ocean flies; Black Sands, discolour'd Froth, and mingled Mud arise. T h e frighted Billows rowl, and seek the Shores: Then trembles Prochyta, then Ischia roars: Typhceus thrown beneath, by Jove's Command, 958

Mail] Male F1-2.

960 sound:]

F1-2.

671

672

The

Works

of Virgil in

English

970 Astonish'd at the Flaw, that shakes the Land, Soon shifts his weary Side, and scarce awake, With Wonder feels the weight press lighter on his Back. The Warrior God the Latian Troops inspir'd; New strung their Sinews, and their Courage fir'd: But chills the Trojan Hearts with cold Affright; Then black Despair precipitates their Flight. When Pandarus beheld his Brother kill'd, T h e Town with Fear, and wild Confusion fill'd, He turns the Hindges of the heavy Gate »so With both his Hands; and adds his Shoulders to the weight: Some happier Friends, within the Walls inclos'd; The rest shut out, to certain Death expos'd: Fool as he was, and frantick in his Care, T ' admit young Turnus, and include the War. He thrust amid the Crowd, securely bold; Like a fierce Tyger pent amid the Fold. Too late his blazing Buckler they descry; And sparkling Fires that shot from either Eye: His mighty Members, and his ample Breast, 990 His ratt'ling Armour, and his Crimson Crest. Far from that hated Face the Trojans fly; All but the Fool who sought his Destiny. Mad Pandarus steps forth, with Vengeance vow'd For Bitias Death, and threatens thus aloud. These are not Ardea's Walls, nor this the Town Amata proffers with Lavinia's Crown: 'Tis hostile Earth you tread; of hope bereft, No means of safe Return by flight are left. T o whom with Count'nance calm, and Soul sedate, 1000 Thus Turnus: Then begin; and try thy Fate: My Message to the Ghost of Priam bear, Tell him a new Achilles sent thee there. A Lance of tough ground-Ash the Trojan threw, Rough in the Rind, and knotted as it grew, With his full force he whirl'd it first around; g8o weight:] F1-2. 994 Bitias] Bitias's F 1 - 2 .

982

expos'd:]

F1-2.

The

1010

1020

1030

1040

Ninth

Book

of the

/Eneis

675

But the soft yielding Air receiv'd the wound: Imperial Juno turn'd the Course before; And fix'd the wand'ring Weapon in the door. But hope not thou, said Turnus, when I strike, T o shun thy Fate, our Force is not alike: Nor thy Steel temper'd by the Lemnian God: T h e n rising, on his utmost stretch he stood: And aim'd from high: the full descending blow Cleaves the broad Front, and beardless Cheeks in two: Down sinks the Giant with a thund'ring sound, His pond'rous Limbs oppress the trembling ground; Blood, Brains, and Foam, gush from the gaping Wound. Scalp, Face, and Shoulders, the keen Steel divides; And the shar'd Visage hangs on equal sides. T h e Trojans fly from their approaching Fate: And had the Victor then secur'd the Gate, And, to his Troops without, unclos'd the Barrs; One lucky Day had ended all his Wars. But boiling Youth, and blind Desire of Blood, Push'd on his Fury, to pursue the Crowd: Hamstring'd behind unhappy Gyges dy'd; T h e n Phalaris is added to his side: T h e pointed Jav'lins from the dead he drew, And their Friends Arms against their Fellows threw. Strong Halys stands in vain; weak Phegeus flies; Saturnia, still at hand, new Force and Fire supplies. T h e n Halius, Prytanis, Alcander fall; (Ingag'd against the Foes who scal'd the Wall:) But whom they fear'd without, they found within: At last, tho' late, by Linceus he was seen. He calls new Succours, and assaults the Prince, But weak his Force, and vain is their Defence. Turn'd to the right, his Sword the Heroe drew; And at one blow the bold Aggressor slew. He joints the Neck: And with a stroke so strong T h e Helm flies off; and bears the Head along. loiü his] F2; is Fi.

1030

Phegeus] Phlegys F1-2.

1013 high:] F2;

Fi.

The Ninth

Book of the ALneis

Next him, the Huntsman Amycus he kill'd, In Darts, invenom'd, and in Poyson skill'd. T h e n Clytius fell beneath his fatal Spear, And Creteus, whom the Muses held so dear: He fought with Courage, and he sung the fight: Arms were his buis'ness, Verses his delight. T h e Trojan Chiefs behold, with Rage and Grief, T h e i r slaughter'd Friends, and hasten their Relief. 1050 Bold Mnestheus rallies first the broken Train, Whom brave Seresthus, and his Troop sustain. T o save the living, and revenge the dead; Against one Warriour's Arms all Troy they led. O, void of Sense and Courage, Mnestheus cry'd, Where can you hope your Coward Heads to hide? Ah, where beyond these Rampires can you run? One Man, and in your Camp inclos'd, you shun! Shall then a single Sword such Slaughter boast, And pass unpunish'd from a Num'rous Hoast? 1060 Forsaking Honour, and renouncing Fame, Your Gods, your Country, and your King you shame. This just Reproach their Vertue does excite, They stand, they joyn, they thicken to the Fight. Now Turnus doubts, and yet disdains to yield; But with slow paces measures back the Field: And Inches to the Walls, where Tyber's Tide, Washing the Camp, defends the weaker side. T h e more he loses, they advance the more; And tread in ev'ry Step he trod before. 1070 They showt, they bear him back, and whom by Might They cannot Conquer, they oppress with Weight. As compass'd with a Wood of Spears around, T h e Lordly Lyon, still maintains his Ground; Grins horrible, retires, and turns again; Threats his distended Paws, and shakes his Mane; He loses while in vain he presses on, Nor will his Courage let him dare to run: 1056 run?] Fi—2. 1073 Ground;] F1-2.

1065 Field:]

F1-2.

675

676

The

Works

of Virgil in

English

So Turnus fares; and unresolv'd of flight, Moves tardy back, and just recedes from fight. 1080 Yet twice, inrag'd, the Combat he renews; Twice breaks, and twice his broken Foes pursues: But now they swarm; and with fresh Troops supply'd, Come rowling on, and rush from ev'ry side. Nor Juno, who sustain'd his Arms before, Dares with new strength suffice th' exhausted store. For Jove, with sour Commands, sent Iris down, T o force th' Invader from the frighted Town. With Labour spent, no Longer can he wield T h e heavy Fauchion, or sustain the Shield: 1090 O'rewhelm'd with Darts, which from afar they fling, T h e Weapons round his hollow Temples ring: His golden Helm gives way: with stony blows Batter'd, and flat, and beaten to his Brows. His Crest is rash'd away; his ample Shield Is falsify'd, and round with Jav'lins fill'd. T h e Foe now faint, the Trojans overwhelm: And Mnestheus lays hard load upon his Helm. Sick sweat succeeds, he drops at ev'ry pore, With driving Dust his Cheeks are pasted o're. 1100 Shorter and shorter ev'ry Gasp he takes, And vain Efforts, and hurtless Blows he makes. Arm'd as he was, at length, he leap'd from high; Plung'd in the Flood, and made the Waters fly. T h e yellow God, the welcome Burthen bore, And wip'd the Sweat, and wash'd away the Gore: Then gently wafts him to the farther Coast; And sends him safe to chear his anxious Hoast.

The Tenth

Book of the

¿Eneis

679

The Tenth Book of the ALneis THE ARGUMENT.

Jupiter calling a Council of the Gods, forbids them to engage in either Party. At iEneas'5 return there is a bloody Battel: Turnus killing Pallas; iEneas, Lausus and Mezentius. Mezentius is describ'd as an Atheist; Lausus as a pious and virtuous Youth: The different Actions and Death of these two, are the Subject of a Noble Episode.

T

HE Gates of Heav'n unfold; Jove summons all The Gods to Council, in the Common Hall. Sublimely seated, he surveys from far The Fields, the Camp, the Fortune of the War; And all th' inferior World: From first to last T h e Sov'raign Senate in Degrees are plac'd. Then thus th' Almighty Sire began. Ye Gods, Natives, or Denizons, of blest Abodes; From whence these Murmurs, and this change of Mind, 10 This backward Fate from what was first design'd? Why this protracted War, when my Commands Pronounc'd a Peace, and gave the Latian Lands? What Fear or Hope on either part divides Our Heav'ns, and arms our Pow'rs on diff'rent sides? \ A lawful Time of War at length will come, (Nor need your haste anticipate the Doom,) > When Carthage shall contend the World with Rome:) Shall force the rigid Rocks, and Alpine Chains; And like a Flood come pouring on the Plains. 20 Then is your time for Faction and Debate, For partial Favour, and permitted Hate. Let now your immature Dissention cease; caption T H E A R G U M E N T . ] F2; omitted, from Fi. 11 War, when] War? When F1-2. 12 Lands?] — FI-2. 17 contend] F2; contest F i .

68o

The

Works

of Virgil

in

English

Sit quiet, and compose your Souls to Peace. T h u s Jupiter in few unfolds the Charge: B u t lovely Venus thus replies at large. O Pow'r immense, Eternal Energy! (For to what else Protection can we fly?) Seest thou the proud Rutulians, how they dare In Fields, unpunish'd, and insult my Care? H o w lofty Turnus vaunts amidst his T r a i n , In shining Arms, triumphant on the Plain? Ev'n in their Lines and Trenches they contend; A n d scarce their Walls the Trojan T r o o p s defend: T h e T o w n is fill'd with Slaughter, and o'refloats, W i t h a red Deluge, their increasing Moats. /Eneas ignorant, and far from thence, Has left a C a m p expos'd, without Defence. T h i s endless outrage shall they still sustain? Shall Troy renew'd be forc'd, and fir'd again? A second Siege my banish'd Issue fears, A n d a new Diomede in Arms appears. One more audacious Mortal will be found; A n d I thy Daughter wait another W o u n d . Yet, if with Fates averse, without thy Leave, T h e Latian Lands my Progeny receive; Bear they the Pains of violated Law, A n d thy Protection from their A i d withdraw. B u t if the Gods their sure Success foretel, If those of Heav'n consent with those of Hell, T o promise Italy; who dare debate T h e Pow'r of Jove, or fix another Fate? W h a t shou'd I tell of Tempests on the Main, Of AEolus usurping Neptune's Reign? Of Iris sent; with Bachanalian Heat, T ' inspire the Matrons, and destroy the Fleet? N o w Juno to the Stygian Sky descends, Sollicites Hell for Aid, and arms the Fiends: 27 54 57

fly?)] Fi—2. Bachanalian] Bachanalian Fiends:] F1-2.

F1-2.

53 55

/Eolus] Eolus F1-2. Fleet?] F1-2.

The

Tenth

Book of the /Eneis

T h a t new Example wanted yet above: A n Act that well became the Wife of Jove. Alecto, rais'd by her, with Rage inflames T h e peaceful Bosoms of the Latian Dames. Imperial Sway no more exalts my Mind: (Such hopes I had indeed, while Heav'n was kind) Now let my happier Foes possess my place, \ Whom Jove prefers before the Trojan Race; > And conquer they, whom you with Conquest grace.) Since you can spare, from all your wide Command, N o spot of Earth, no hospitable Land, Which may my wand'ring Fugitives receive; (Since haughty Juno will not give you leave) T h e n , Father, (if I still may use that Name) By ruin'd Troy, yet smoking from the Flame, I beg you let Ascanius, by my Care, Be freed from Danger, and dismiss'd the War: Inglorious let him live, without a Crown; \ T h e Father may be cast on Coasts unknown, > Strugling with Fate; but let me save the Son. / Mine is Cythera, mine the Cyprian Tow'rs; In those Recesses, and those sacred Bow'rs, Obscurely let him rest; his Right resign T o promis'd Empire, and his Julian Line. T h e n Carthage may th' Ausonian Towns destroy, Nor fear the Race of a rejected Boy. What profits it my Son, to scape the Fire, Arm'd with his Gods, and loaded with his Sire; T o pass the Perils of the Seas and Wind, Evade the Greeks, and leave the War behind; T o reach th' Italian Shores: If after all, Our second Pergamus is doom'd to fall? Much better had he curb'd his high Desires, And hover'd o're his ill extinguish'd Fires. T o Simois Banks the Fugitives restore, And give them back to War, and all the Woes before. Deep indignation swell'd Saturnia's Heart: And must I own, she said, my secret Smart?

681

The

682

Works

of Virgil in

English

W h a t with m o r e decence were in silence kept, A n d b u t for this u n j u s t R e p r o a c h h a d slept? D i d G o d , o r M a n , y o u r Fav'rite S o n advise, W i t h W a r unhop'd the

Latians

to surprise?

100 B y F a t e y o u b o a s t , a n d b y t h e G o d s H e left his Native L a n d for Confess the T r u t h ; by m a d

Decree,

Italy: Cassandra,

more

T h a n Heav'n, inspir'd, he sought a foreign D i d I perswade to trust his s e c o n d

Troy,

T o the raw C o n d u c t of a beardless

Boy?

Shore!

W i t h W a l l s unfinish'd, which himself forsakes, A n d thro' the Waves a wand'ring Voyage

takes?

W h e n have I urg'd h i m meanly to d e m a n d

Tuscan I o r Iris

The no D i d

Aid, and arm a quiet

Land?

give this m a d Advice,

O r m a d e the Fool himself the fatal Choice?

Latians s h o u ' d d e s t r o y Trojans, a n d w i t h F i r e s y o u r

Y o u t h i n k it h a r d , t h e W i t h Swords your

Troy:

H a r d a n d unjust indeed, for M e n to draw T h e i r Native Air, nor take a foreign That

Turnus

Law:

is p e r m i t t e d s t i l l t o l i v e ,

T o w h o m his B i r t h a G o d a n d G o d d e s s give: B u t y e t 'tis j u s t a n d l a w f u l f o r y o u r

Line,

T o drive their Fields, a n d F o r c e with F r a u d to j o i n : 120 R e a l m s , n o t y o u r o w n , a m o n g y o u r C l a n s d i v i d e , A n d from the Bridegroom tear the promis'd Petition, while you publick Arms

Bride:

prepare;

P r e t e n d a Peace, a n d yet p r o v o k e a W a r . ' T w a s giv'n to you, y o u r d a r l i n g S o n to shrowd, \ T o draw the Dastard from the fighting Crowd;

>

A n d for a M a n obtend an empty Cloud.

)

From

flaming

Fleets you turn'd the Fire away,

A n d chang'd the Ships to Daughters of the Sea. B u t 'tis m y C r i m e , t h e Q u e e n o f H e a v ' n

offends,

130 I f s h e p r e s u m e t o s a v e h e r s u f f ' r i n g F r i e n d s . Y o u r Son, n o t k n o w i n g w h a t his Foes decree, Y o u s a y is a b s e n t : A b s e n t l e t h i m b e . 107

takes] F a ; makes F i .

119

join:]

F1-2.

The

Tenth

Book

of the

ALneis

Yours is Cythera, yours the Cyprian Tow'rs, T h e soft Recesses, and the Sacred Bow'rs. Why do you then these needless Arms prepare, And thus provoke a People prone to War? Did I with Fire the Trojan Town deface, Or hinder from return your exil'd Race? Was I the Cause of Mischief, or the Man, 140 Whose lawless Lust the fatal War began? T h i n k on whose Faith th' Adult'rous Youth rely'd; Who promis'd, who procur'd the Spartan Bride? When all th' united States of Greece combin'd, T o purge the World of the perfidious Kind; T h e n was your time to fear the Trojan Fate: Your Quarrels and Complaints are now too late. Thus Juno. Murmurs rise, with mix'd Applause; Just as they favour, or dislike the Cause: So Winds, when yet unfledg'd in Woods they lie, 150 In whispers first their tender Voices try: T h e n issue on the Main with bellowing rage, And Storms to trembling Mariners presage. T h e n thus to both reply'd th' Imperial God, Who shakes Heav'ns Axels with his awful Nod. (When he begins, the silent Senate stand With Rev'rence, list'ning to the dread Command: T h e Clouds dispel; the Winds their Breath restrain; And the hush'd Waves lie flatted on the Main.) Coelestials! Your attentive Ears incline; \ 160 Since, said the God, the Trojans must not join > In wish'd Alliance with the Latian Line; / Since endless jarrings, and immortal Hate, \ T e n d but to discompose our happy State; > T h e War henceforward be resign'd to Fate. ) Each to his proper Fortune stand or fall, Equal and unconcern'd I look on all. Rutulians, Trojans, are the same to me; And both shall draw the Lots their Fates decree. 140 147

fatal] F2; bloody F i . Juno.] the period failed to print in some copies of Fi.

683

The

684

Works

of Virgil in

English

L e t these assault; if F o r t u n e b e t h e i r F r i e n d ; 170 A n d i f s h e f a v o u r s t h o s e , l e t t h o s e d e f e n d : T h e Fates will find their way. T h e T h u n d ' r e r said; A n d shook the sacred H o n o u r s of his H e a d ; Attesting

Styx,

th' Inviolable

Flood,

A n d the black R e g i o n s of his B r o t h e r G o d : T r e m b l e d the Poles of Heav'n; a n d Earth confess'd the N o d . T h i s e n d t h e Sessions h a d : T h e S e n a t e rise, A n d to his Palace wait their Sov'raign thro' the Skies. M e a n time, intent u p o n their Siege, the Foes W i t h i n their Walls the

Trojan

Hoast

inclose:

i8o T h e y w o u n d , t h e y k i l l , t h e y w a t c h a t e v ' r y G a t e : R e n e w the Fires, a n d urge their happy Fate. Th'

sEneans

Hopeless of

wish in vain their w a n t e d

flight,

Chief,

m o r e hopeless of Relief:

T h i n on the T o w ' r s they stand; and ev'n those few, A feeble, fainting, and dejected Crew: Y e t in the face of D a n g e r some there stood:

Sarpedon's B l o o d ; Acmon; b o t h t h ' Assaraci; Y o u n g Hamon, a n d tho' young, resolv'd to dye. W i t h t h e s e w e r e Clarus a n d Thymcetes join'd; Tibris a n d Castor, b o t h o f Lycian K i n d . F r o m Acmon's H a n d s a r o w l i n g S t o n e t h e r e c a m e , T h e two bold Brothers of

Asius,

190

and

So large, it half deserv'd a M o u n t a i n ' s

Name:

Strong sinew'd was the Y o u t h , a n d big of B o n e , His Brother

Mnestheus

\

cou'd not more have done: >

O r the great Father of th' intrepid Son. Some Firebrands throw, some

flights

)

of Arrows send;

A n d some with Darts, and some with Stones defend. A m i d the Press appears the beauteous 200 T h e C a r e o f

Venus,

and the H o p e of

Boy,

Troy.

H i s lovely F a c e u n a r m ' d , his H e a d was bare, I n ringlets o're his S h o u l d e r s h u n g his H a i r . His Forehead circled with a Diadem; Distinguish'd from the Crowd, he shines a G e m , 174 188

God:] ~ Acmon;]

A

Fi-a. F1-2.

187 190

Blood;] Thymcetes]

F1-2. Thymcetes

F 1 ; Thy me tes F 2 .

The

Tenth Book of the

685

/Eneis

E n c h a s ' d i n G o l d , o r P o l i s h ' d I v ' r y set, A m i d s t the m e a n e r foil of sable Jett. Nor

Ismarus

was w a n t i n g to the W a r ,

D i r e c t i n g O i n t e d Arrows from afar; A n d Death with Poyson arm'd: In

Lydia

born,

210 W h e r e p l e n t e o u s H a r v e s t s t h e f a t F i e l d s a d o r n : W h e r e proud

Pactolus

floats

the fruitful Lands,

A n d leaves a rich m a n u r e of G o l d e n Sands. There

Capys,

A u t h o r of the

A n d t h e r e was Since

Turnus

Mnestheus

Capuan

Name:

\

too increas'd in F a m e :

>

f r o m the C a m p H e cast with s h a m e . /

T h u s M o r t a l W a r was w a g ' d o n e i t h e r side, M e a n time the H e r o e cuts the Nightly T y d e .

Evander w h e n h e w e n t , Tyrrhene C a m p , a n d Tarchon's

For, anxious, from H e sought the

Tent;

220 E x p o s ' d t h e C a u s e o f c o m i n g t o t h e C h i e f ; His N a m e , a n d C o u n t r y told, and ask'd R e l i e f : P r o p o s ' d t h e T e r m s ; his o w n small strength declar'd, W h a t Vengeance proud What

Turnus,

Mezentius

had prepar'd:

bold a n d violent, design'd;

T h e n shew'd the slippry state of H u m a n e - k i n d , A n d fickle F o r t u n e ; w a r n ' d h i m to b e w a r e : A n d to his w h o l s o m C o u n s e l added Pray'r.

Tarchon,

w i t h o u t delay, t h e T r e a t y signs;

A n d to the 230

Trojan

Troops the

Tuscan

joins.

T h e y s o o n set sail; n o r n o w t h e F a t e s w i t h s t a n d ; T h e i r Forces trusted with a Foreign

/Eneas

T w o L y o n s c a r v ' d , w h i c h r i s i n g Ida

Ida,

Hand.

leads; u p o n his S t e r n appear,

to wand'ring

Trojans

U n d e r their grateful Shade

J bear: >

ever dear.

/Eneas

/

sate,

Revolving W a r s Events, and various Fate. H i s left y o u n g

Pallas

k e p t , fix'd to his side,

A n d oft of W i n d s enquir'd, and of the T y d e : O f t of the Stars, a n d of t h e i r wat'ry W a y ; 240 A n d w h a t h e s u f f e r ' d b o t h b y L a n d a n d S e a . N o w , sacred Sisters, o p e n all y o u r Spring, 241

Now, . . . Sisters,]

.. .

F1-2.

686

The Works of Virgil in

English

The Tuscan Leaders, and their Army sing; Which follow'd great /Eneas to the War: Their Arms, their Numbers, and their Names declare. A thousand Youths brave Massicus obey, Born in the Tyger, thro' the foaming Sea; From Clusium brought, and Cosa, by his Care; For Arms, light Quivers, Bows, and Shafts they bear. Fierce Abas next, his Men bright Armour wore; 250 His Stern, Apollo's Golden Statue bore. Six hundred Populonea sent along, All skill'd in Martial Exercise, and strong. Three hundred more for Battel Ilva joins, An Isle renown'd for Steel, and unexhausted Mines. Asylas on his Prow the third appears, Who Heav'n interprets, and the wand'ring Stars: From offer'd Entrails Prodigies expounds, And Peals of Thunder, with presaging Sounds. A thousand Spears in warlike Order stand, 260 Sent by the Pisans under his Command. Fair Astur follows in the wat'ry Field, Proud of his manag'd Horse, and painted Shield. Gravisca noisom from the neighb'ring Fen, And his own Care sent three hundred Men: With those which Minio's Fields, and Pyrgi gave; All bred in Arms, unanimous and brave. Thou Muse the Name of Cyniras renew, And brave Cupavo follow'd but by few: Whose Helm confess'd the Lineage of the Man, 270 And bore, with Wings display'd, a silver Swan. Love was the fault of his fam'd Ancestry, Whose Forms, and Fortunes in his Ensigns fly. For Cycnus lov'd unhappy Phaeton, And sung his Loss in Poplar Groves, alone; Beneath the Sister shades to sooth his Grief; Heav'n heard his Song, and hasten'd his Relief: And chang'd to snowy Plumes his hoary Hair, And wing'd his Flight, to chant aloft in Air. 247

Clusium] Asium F 1 - 2 .

264

Care] Coere F 1 - 2 .

The

Tenth

Book

of the

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His Son Cupavo brush'd the briny Flood; 280 Upon his Stern a brawny Centaur stood, Who heav'd a Rock, and threat'ning still to throw, With lifted Hands, alarm'd the Seas below: They seem'd to fear the formidable Sight, And rowl'd their Billows on, to speed his Flight. Ocnus was next, who led his Native Train, Of hardy Warriors, thro' the wat'ry Plain: T h e Son of Manto, by the Tuscan Stream, From whence the Mantuan Town derives the Name. An ancient City, but of mix'd Descent, 290 Three sev'ral Tribes compose the Government: Four Towns are under each; but all obey T h e Mantuan Laws, and own the Tuscan Sway. Hate to Mezentius, arm'd five hundred more, Whom Mincius from his Sire Benacus bore; (Mincius with Wreaths of Reeds his forehead cover'd o're.) These grave Auletes leads. A hundred sweep, With stretching Oars at once the glassy deep: Him, and his Martial Train, the Triton bears, High on his Poop the Sea-green God appears: 300 Frowning he seems his crooked Shell to sound, And at the Blast the Billows dance around. A hairy Man above the Waste he shows, A Porpoise T a i l beneath his Belly grows; And ends a Fish: His Breast the Waves divides, And Froth and Foam augment the murm'ring Tides. Full thirty Ships transport the chosen Train, For Troy's Relief, and scour the briny Main. Now was the World forsaken by the Sun, And Phoebe half her nightly Race had run. 310 T h e careful Chief, who never clos'd his Eyes, Himself the Rudder holds, the Sails supplies. A Choir of Nereids meet him on the Flood, Once his own Gallies, hewn from Ida's Wood: But now as many Nymphs the Sea they sweep, As rode before tall Vessels on the Deep. 286

Plain:]

F1-2.

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They know him from afar; and, in a Ring, Inclose the Ship that bore the Trojan King. Cymodoce, whose Voice excell'd the rest, Above the Waves advanc'd her snowy Breast, 320 Her right Hand stops the Stern, her left divides T h e curling Ocean, and corrects the Tides: She spoke for all the Choir; and thus began, With pleasing Words to warn th' unknowing Man. Sleeps our lov'd Lord? O Goddess-born! awake, Spread ev'ry Sail, pursue your wat'ry Track; And haste your Course. Your Navy once were we, From Ida's Height descending to the Sea: 'Till Turnus, as at Anchor fix'd we stood, Presum'd to violate our holy Wood. 33« Then loos'd from Shore we fled his Fires prophane; \ (Unwillingly we broke our Master's Chain) [ And since have sought you thro' the Tuscan Main. ) The mighty Mother chang'd our Forms to these, And gave us Life Immortal in the Seas. But young Ascanius, in his Camp distress'd, By your insulting Foes is hardly press'd. T h ' Arcadian Horsemen, and Etrurian Hoast Advance in order on the Latian Coast: T o cut their way the Daunian Chief designs, 340 Before their Troops can reach the Trojan Lines. Thou, when the rosie Morn restores the Light, First arm thy Souldiers for th' ensuing Fight: Thy self the fated Sword of Vulcan wield, And bear aloft th' impenetrable Shield. T o Morrow's Sun, unless my Skill be vain, Shall see huge heaps of Foes in Battel slain. Parting, she spoke; and with Immortal Force, Push'd on the Vessel in her wat'ry Course: (For well she knew the Way.) Impell'd behind, 350 T h e Ship flew forward, and outstrip'd the Wind. The rest make up: Unknowing of the cause The Chief admires their Speed, and happy Omens draws. 349 Way.) Impell'd]

impell'd Fi-2.

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Then thus he pray'd, and fix'd on Heav'n his Eyes; Hear thou, great Mother of the Deities! With Turrets crown'd, (on Ida's holy Hill, Fierce Tygers, rein'd and curb'd, obey thy Will.) Firm thy own Omens, lead us on to fight, And let thy Phrygians conquer in thy right. He said no more. And now renewing Day 360 Had chas'd the Shadows of the Night away. He charg'd the Souldiers with preventing Care, J T h e i r Flags to follow, and their Arms prepare; > Warn'd of th' ensuing Fight, and bad 'em hope the War. / Now, from his lofty Poop, he view'd below His Camp incompass'd, and th' inclosing Foe. His blazing Shield imbrac'd, he held on high; T h e Camp receive the sign, and with loud Shouts reply. Hope arms their Courage: From their Tow'rs they throw T h e i r Darts with double Force, and drive the Foe. 370 Thus, at the signal giv'n, the Cranes arise Before the stormy South, and blacken all the Skies. King Turnus wonder'd at the Fight renew'd; 'Till, looking back, the Trojan Fleet he view'd: T h e Seas with swelling Canvass cover'd o're; And the swift Ships descending on the Shore. T h e Latians saw from far, with dazl'd Eyes, T h e radiant Crest that seem'd in Flames to rise, And dart diffusive Fires around the Field; And the keen glitt'ring of the Golden Shield. 380 Thus threatning Comets, when by Night they rise, Shoot sanguine Streams, and sadden all the Skies: So Sirius, flashing forth sinister Lights, Pale humane kind with Plagues, and with dry Famine frights. Yet Turnus, with undaunted Mind is bent T o man the Shores, and hinder their Descent: And thus awakes the Courage of his Friends. What you so long have wish'd, kind Fortune sends: In ardent Arms to meet th' invading Foe: You find, and find him at Advantage now. 368

Courage] F2; Anger Fi.

388 ardent] F2; equal Fi.

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390 Yours is the Day, you need but only dare: Your Swords will make you Masters of the War. Your Sires, your Sons, your Houses, and your Lands, And dearest Wifes, are all within your Hands. Be mindful of the Race from whence you came; And emulate in Arms your Fathers Fame. Now take the Time, while stagg'ring yet they stand With Feet unfirm; and prepossess the Strand: Fortune befriends the bold. Nor more he said, But ballanc'd whom to leave, and whom to lead: 4«o Then these elects, the Landing to prevent; And those he leaves to keep the City pent. Mean time the Trojan sends his Troops ashore: Some are by Boats expos'd, by Bridges more. With lab'ring Oars they bear along the Strand, Where the Tide languishes, and leap a land. Tarchon observes the Coast with careful Eyes, And where no Foord he finds, no Water fryes, Nor Billows with unequal Murmurs roar; But smoothly slide along, and swell the Shoar; 410 That Course he steer'd, and thus he gave command, Here ply your Oars, and at all hazard land: Force on the Vessel that her Keel may wound This hated Soil, and furrow hostile Ground. Let me securely land, I ask no more, Then sink my Ships, or shatter on the Shore. This fiery Speech inflames his fearful Friends, They tug at ev'ry Oar; and ev'ry Stretcher bends: They run their Ships aground, the Vessels knock, (Thus forc'd ashore) and tremble with the shock. 420 Tarchon's alone was lost, that stranded stood, Stuck on a Bank, and beaten by the Flood. She breaks her Back, the loosen'd Sides give way, And plunge the Tuscan Souldiers in the Sea. Their broken Oars, and floating Planks withstand Their Passage, while they labour to the Land; And ebbing Tides bear back upon th' uncertain Sand. Now Turnus leads his Troops, without delay,

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Advancing to the Margin of the Sea. T h e Trumpets sound: /Eneas first assail'd 430 T h e Clowns new rais'd and raw; and soon prevail'd. Great Theron fell, an Omen of the Fight: Great Theron large of Limbs, of Gyant height. He first in open Field defy'd the Prince, But Armour scal'd with Gold was no Defence Against the fated Sword, which open'd wide His plated Shield, and pierc'd his naked side. Next, Lycas fell; who, not like others born, Was from his wretched Mother rip'd and torn: Sacred, O Phoebus! from his Birth to thee, 440 For his beginning Life from biting Steel was free. Not far from him was Gyas laid along, Of monst'rous Bulk; with Cisseus fierce and strong: Vain Bulk and Strength; for when the Chief assail'd, Nor Valour, nor Herculean Arms avail'd; Nor their fam'd Father, wont in War to go With great A Icides, while he toil'd below. T h e noisie Pharos next receiv'd his Death, /Eneas writh'd his Dart, and stopp'd his bawling Breath. T h e n wretched Cydon had receiv'd his Doom, 450 Who courted Clytius in his beardless Bloom, And sought with lust obscene polluted Joys: T h e Trojan Sword had cur'd his love of Boys, Had not his sev'n bold Brethren stop'd the Course Of the fierce Champion, with united Force. Sev'n Darts were thrown at once, and some rebound From his bright Shield, some on his Helmet sound: T h e rest had reach'd him, but his Mother's Care Prevented those, and turn'd aside in Air. T h e Prince then call'd Achates, to supply 460 T h e Spears, that knew the way to Victory. Those fatal Weapons, which inur'd to Blood, In Grecian Bodies under Ilium stood: Not one of those my Hand shall toss in vain Against our Foes, on this contended Plain. He said: T h e n seiz'd a mighty Spear, and threw;

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Which, wing'd with Fate, thro' Maori's Buckler flew: Pierc'd all the brazen Plates, and reach'd his Heart: He stagger'd with intolerable Smart. Alcanor saw; and reach'd, but reach'd in vain, 470 His helping Hand, his Brother to sustain. A second Spear, which kept the former Course, From the same Hand, and sent with equal Force, His right Arm pierc'd, and holding on, bereft His use of both, and pinion'd down his left. T h e n Numitor, from his dead Brother drew T h ' ill-omend Spear, and at the Trojan threw: Preventing Fate directs the Lance awry, Which glancing, only mark'd Achates Thigh. In Pride of Youth the Sabine Clausus came, 48o And from afar, at Driops took his Aim. T h e Spear flew hissing thro' the middle Space, And pierc'd his Throat, directed at his Face: It stop'd at once the Passage of his Wind, And the free Soul to flitting Air resign'd: His Forehead was the first that struck the Ground; Life-blood, and Life rush'd mingl'd thro' the Wound. He slew three Brothers of the Borean Race, \ And three, whom Ismarus, their Native Place, > Had sent to War, but all the Sons of Thrace. ) 490 Halesus next, the bold Aurunci leads; T h e Son of Neptune to his Aid succeeds, Conspicuous on his Horse: On either Hand These fight to keep, and those to win the Land. With mutual Blood th' Ausonian Soil is dy'd, While on its Borders each their Claim decide. As wint'ry Winds contending in the Sky, With equal force of Lungs their Titles try, They rage, they roar; the doubtful rack of Heav'n Stands without Motion, and the Tyde undriv'n: 500 Each bent to conquer, neither side to yield; They long suspend the Fortune of the Field: Both Armies thus perform what Courage can: 497 try,] Fi errata;

F1-2.

501 Field:]

F1-2.

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Foot set to Foot, and mingled Man to Man. But in another part, th' Arcadian Horse, With ill Success ingage the Latin Force. For where th' impetuous Torrent rushing down, Huge craggy Stones, and rooted Trees had thrown: They left their Coursers, and unus'd to Fight On Foot, were scatter'd in a shameful flight, sio Pallas, who with Disdain and Grief, had view'd His Foes pursuing, and his Friends pursu'd; Us'd Threatnings mix'd with Pray'rs, his last Ressource; With these to move their Minds, with those to fire their Force. Which way, Companions? Whether wou'd you run? By you your selves, and mighty Battels won; By my great Sire, by his establish'd Name, And early promise of my Future Fame; By my Youth emulous of equal Right, T o share his Honours, shun ignoble Flight. 520 Trust not your Feet, your Hands must hew your way Thro' yon black Body, and that thick Array: 'Tis thro' that forward Path that we must come: There lies our Way, and that our Passage home. Nor Pow'rs above, nor Destinies below, \ Oppress our Arms; with equal Strength we go; > With Mortal Hands to meet a Mortal Foe. / See on what Foot we stand: A scanty Shore; The Sea behind, our Enemies before: No Passage left, unless we swim the Main; 530 Or forcing these, the Trojan Trenches gain. This said, he strode with eager haste along, And bore amidst the thickest of the Throng. Lagus, the first he met, with Fate to Foe, Had heav'd a Stone of mighty Weight to throw: Stooping, the Spear descended on his Chine, Just where the Bone distinguish'd either Loin: It stuck so fast, so deeply bury'd lay, That scarce the Victor forc'd the Steel away. Hisbon came on, but while he mov'd too slow 503

mingled] F2; crowded Fi.

514

Companions?] .—I F1-2.

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540 T o wish'd Revenge, the Prince prevents his Blow: For warding his at once, at once he press'd; And plung'd the fatal Weapon in his Breast. T h e n leud Anchemolus he laid in Dust, Who stain'd his Stepdam's Bed with impious Lust. And after him the Daucian Twins were slain, Laris and Thimbrus, on the Latian Plain: So wond'rous like in Feature, Shape, and Size, As caus'd an Error in their Parents Eyes. Grateful Mistake! but soon the Sword decides 550 T h e nice Distinction, and their Fate divides. For Thimbrus Head was lop'd: and Laris Hand Dismember'd, sought its Owner on the Strand: T h e trembling Fingers yet the Fauchion strain, And threaten still th' intended Stroke in vain. Now, to renew the Charge, th' Arcadians came: Sight of such Acts, and sense of honest Shame, And Grief, with Anger mix'd, their Minds inflame. Then, with a casual Blow was Rhceteus slain, Who chanc'd, as Pallas threw, to cross the Plain: 560 T h e flying Spear was after Ilus sent, But Rhceteus happen'd on a Death unmeant: From Teuthras, and from Tyres while he fled, T h e Lance, athwart his Body, laid him dead: Rowl'd from his Chariot with a Mortal Wound, And intercepted Fate, he spurn'd the Ground. As, when in Summer, welcome Winds arise, T h e watchful Shepherd to the Forest flies, And fires the midmost Plants; Contagion spreads, And catching Flames infect the neighb'ring Heads; 570 Around the Forest flies the furious Blast, \ And all the leafie Nation sinks at last; > And Vulcan rides in Triumph o're the Wast; ) T h e Pastor pleas'd with his dire Victory, Beholds the satiate Flames in Sheets ascend the Sky: So Pallas Troops their scatter'd Strength unite; 558, 561 Rhceteus] Rhceteus F1-2. 575 Pallas] Pallas's F 1 - 2 .

561

happen'd] F2; hapen'd F i .

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And pouring on their Foes, their Prince delight. Halesus came, fierce with desire of Blood, (But first collected in his Arms he stood) Advancing then, he ply'd the Spear so well, 580 Ladon, Demodocus, and Pheres fell: Around his Head he toss'd his glitt'ring Brand, And from Strimonius hew'd his better Hand, Held up to guard his Throat: Then hurl'd a Stone At Thoas ample Front, and pierc'd the Bone: It struck beneath the space of either Eye, And Blood, and mingled Brains, together fly. Deep skill'd in future Fates, Halesus Sire, Did with the Youth to lonely Groves retire: But when the Father's Mortal Race was run, 590 Dire Destiny laid hold upon the Son, And haul'd him to the War: to find beneath T h ' Evandrian Spear, a memorable Death. Pallas th' Encounter seeks, but e're he throws, T o Tuscan Tyber thus address'd his Vows: O sacred Stream direct my flying Dart; And give to pass the proud Halesus Heart: His Arms and Spoils thy holy Oak shall bear: Pleas'd with the Bribe, the God receiv'd his Pray'r. For while his Shield protects a Friend distress'd, eoo The Dart came driving on, and pierc'd his Breast. But Lausus, no small portion of the War, Permits not Panick Fear to reign too far, Caus'd by the Death of so renown'd a Knight; But by his own Example chears the Fight. Fierce A bas first he slew, A bas, the stay Of Trojan Hopes, and hind'rance of the Day. The Phrygian Troops escap'd the Greeks in vain, They, and their mix'd Allies, now load the Plain. T o the rude shock of War both Armies came, eio Their Leaders equal, and their Strength the same. The Rear so press'd the Front, they cou'd not wield Their angry Weapons, to dispute the Field.

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Here Pallas urges on, and Lausus there, \ Of equal Youth and Beauty both appear, > But both by Fate forbid to breath their Native Air. / T h e i r Congress in the Field great Jove withstands, Both doom'd to fall, but fall by greater Hands. Mean time Juturna warns the Daunian Chief Of Lausus Danger, urging swift Relief. 62o With his driv'n Chariot he divides the Crowd, And making to his Friends, thus calls aloud: Let none presume his needless Aid to join; Retire, and clear the Field, the Fight is mine: T o this right Hand is Pallas only due: Oh were his Father here my just Revenge to view! From the forbidden Space his Men retir'd; Pallas, their Awe, and his stern Words admir'd: Survey'd him o're and o're with wond'ring sight, Struck with his haughty Meen, and tow'ring Height. 630 T h e n to the King; Your empty Vaunts forbear: Success I hope, and Fate I cannot fear. Alive or dead, I shall deserve a Name: Jove is impartial, and to both the same. He said, and to the void advanc'd his Pace; Pale Horror sate on each A rcadian Face. T h e n Turnus, from his Chariot leaping light, Address'd himself on Foot to single Fight. And, as a Lyon, when he spies from far A Bull, that seems to meditate the War, 640 Bending his Neck, and spurning back the Sand; Runs roaring downward from his hilly Stand: Imagine eager Turnus not more slow, T o rush from high on his unequal Foe. Young Pallas, when he saw the Chief advance Within due distance of his flying Lance; Prepares to charge him first: Resolv'd to try If Fortune wou'd his want of Force supply: 630 640

Your] your F1-2. Sand;] F1-2.

639 647

War,] supply:]

F1-2. Fi-a.

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And thus to Heav'n and Hercules address'd. A lcid.es, once on Earth Evander's Guest, «so His Son adjures you by those Holy Rites, That hospitable Board, those Genial Nights; Assist my great Attempt to gain this Prize, And let proud Turnus view, with dying Eyes, His ravish'd Spoils. 'Twas heard, the vain Request; Alcides mourn'd: And stifled Sighs within his Breast. Then Jove, to sooth his Sorrow, thus began: \ Short bounds of Life are set to Mortal Man, > 'Tis Vertues work alone to stretch the narrow Span.) So many Sons of Gods in bloody Fight, 860 Around the Walls of Troy, have lost the Light: My own Sarpedon fell beneath his Foe, Nor I, his mighty Sire, cou'd ward the Blow. Ev'n Turnus shortly shall resign his Breath; And stands already on the Verge of Death. This said, the God permits the fatal Fight, But from the Latian Fields averts his sight. Now with full Force his Spear young Pallas threw; And having thrown, his shining Fauchion drew: The Steel just graz'd along the Shoulder Joint, 670 And mark'd it slightly with the glancing Point. Fierce Turnus first to nearer distance drew, And poiz'd his pointed Spear before he threw: Then, as the winged Weapon whiz'd along; See now, said he, whose Arm is better strung. The Spear kept on the fatal Course, unstay'd By Plates of Ir'n, which o're the Shield were laid: Thro' folded Brass, and tough Bull-hides it pass'd, His Corslet pierc'd, and reach'd his Heart at last. In vain the Youth tugs at the broken Wood, 680 The Soul comes issuing with the vital Blood: He falls; his Arms upon his Body sound; And with his bloody Teeth he bites the Ground. Turnus bestrode the Corps: Arcadians hear, Said he; my Message to your Master bear: 666

sight] some copies of Fi read fight.

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Such as the Sire deserv'd, the Son I send: It costs him dear to be the Phrygians Friend. T h e lifeless Body, tell him, I bestow Unask'd, to rest his wand'ring Ghost below. He said, and trampled down with all the Force Of his left Foot, and spurn'd the wretched Corse: Then snatch'd the shining Belt, with Gold inlaid; T h e Belt Eurytion's artful Hands had made: Where fifty fatal Brides, express'd to sight, ) > All, in the compass of one mournful Night, Depriv'd their Bridegrooms of returning Light. / In an ill Hour insulting Turnus tore Those Golden Spoils, and in a worse he wore. O Mortals! blind in Fate, who never know T o bear high Fortune, or endure the low! T h e Time shall come, when Turnus, but in vain, Shall wish untouch'd the Trophies of the slain: Shall wish the fatal Belt were far away; And curse the dire Remembrance of the Day. The sad Arcadians from th' unhappy Field, Bear back the breathless Body on a Shield. O Grace and Grief of War! at once restor'd With Praises to thy Sire, at once deplor'd: One Day first sent thee to the fighting Field, Beheld whole heaps of Foes in Battel kill'd; One Day beheld thee dead, and born upon thy Shield. This dismal News, not from uncertain Fame, But sad Spectators, to the Heroe came: His Friends upon the brink of Ruin stand, Unless reliev'd by his victorious Hand. He whirls his Sword around, without delay, And hews through adverse Foes an ample Way; T o find fierce Turnus, of his Conquest proud: Evander, Pallas, all that Friendship ow'd T o large Deserts, are present to his Eyes; His plighted Hand, and hospitable Ties. Four Sons of Sulmo, four whom Ufens bred, 688 rest] Fa; please F i .

707 deplor'd:]

F1-2.

The Tenth Book of the /Eneis He took in fight, and living Victims led, T o please the Ghost of Pallas; and expire In Sacrifice, before his Fun'ral Fire. At Magus next he threw: He stoop'd below T h e flying Spear, and shun'd the promis'd Blow: T h e n creeping, clasp'd the Hero's Knees, and pray'd: By young lulus, by thy Father's Shade, O spare my Life, and send me back to see 730 My longing Sire, and tender Progeny. A lofty House I have, and Wealth untold, In Silver Ingots, and in Bars of Gold: All these, and Sums besides, which see no Day, T h e Ransom of this one poor Life shall pay. If I survive, will Troy the less prevail? A single Soul's too light to turn the Scale. He said. T h e Heroe sternly thus reply'd: T h y Barrs, and Ingots, and the Sums beside, Leave for thy Childrens Lot. T h y Turnus broke 740 All Rules of War, by one relentless Stroke When Pallas fell: So deems, nor deems alone, My Father's Shadow, but my living Son. T h u s having said, of kind Remorse bereft, He seiz'd his Helm, and drag'd him with his left: T h e n with his right Hand, while his Neck he wreath'd, Up to the hilts his shining Fauchion sheath'd. Apollo's Priest, ALmonides, was near, His holy Fillets on his Front appear; Glitt'ring in Arms he shone amidst the Crowd; 750 Much of his God, more of his Purple proud: Him the fierce Trojan follow'd thro' the Field; T h e holy Coward fell: And forc'd to yield, T h e Prince stood o're the Priest; and at one Blow, Sent him an Off'ring to the Shades below. His Arms Seresthus on his Shoulders bears, Design'd a Trophee to the God of Wars. Vulcanian Caculus renews the Fight; 726 Blow:] F1-2. 747 &monides\ Emonides

Fi-a.

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And Umbro born upon the Mountains Height: T h e Champion chears his Troops t' encounter those: 760 And seeks Revenge himself on other Foes. At Anxur's Shield he drove, and at the Blow, Both Shield and Arm to Ground together go. Anxur had boasted much of magick Charms, And thought he wore impenetrable Arms; So made by mutter'd Spells: And from the Spheres, Had Life secur'd, in vain, for length of Years. Then Tarquitus the Field in Triumph trod; A Nymph his Mother, and his Sire a God. Exulting in bright Arms he braves the Prince; 770 With his protended Lance He makes defence: Bears back his feeble Foe; then pressing on, Arrests his better Hand, and drags him down: Stands o're the prostrate Wretch, and as he lay, Vain Tales inventing, and prepar'd to pray, Mows off his Head; the Trunk a Moment stood, Then sunk, and rowl'd along the Sand in Blood. The vengeful Victor thus upbraids the slain; Lye there, proud Man unpity'd, on the Plain: Lye there, inglorious, and without a Tomb, 78o Far from thy Mother, and thy Native Home: Expos'd to salvage Beasts, and Birds of Prey; Or thrown for Food to Monsters of the Sea. On Lycas and Anteeus next he ran, Two Chiefs of Turnus, and who led his Van. They fled for Fear; with these he chas'd along, \ Camers the yellow Lock'd, and Numa strong, > Both great in Arms, and both were fair, and young: ) Camers, was Son to Volscens lately slain; \ In Wealth surpassing all the Latian Train, [ 790 And in A mycla fix'd his silent, easy Reign. ) And as /Egeon, when with Heav'n he strove, Stood opposite in Arms to mighty Jove; Mov'd all his hundred Hands, provok'd the War, 778 down:] 775 Head;]

Fi-2. Fi-2.

774 pray,]

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Defy'd the forky Lightning from afar: At fifty Mouths his flaming Breath expires, And Flash for Flash returns, and Fires for Fires: In his right Hand as many Swords he wields, And takes the Thunder on as many Shields: With Strength like his the Trojan Heroe stood, \ 800 And soon the Fields with falling Corps were strowd, > When once his Fauchion found the Taste of Blood. J With Fury scarce to be conceiv'd, he flew Against Niphceus, whom four Coursers drew. They, when they see the fiery Chief advance, And pushing at their Chests his pointed Lance; Wheel'd with so swift a Motion, mad with Fear, They threw their Master headlong from the Chair: They stare, they start, nor stop their Course before They bear the bounding Chariot to the Shore. 8io Now Lucagus, and Liger scour the Plains, ) With two white Steeds, but Liger holds the Reins, > And Lucagus the lofty Seat maintains. ) Bold Brethren both, the former wav'd in Air \ His flaming Sword; ALneas couch'd his Spear, > Unus'd to Threats, and more unus'd to Fear. ) T h e n Liger thus. T h y Confidence is vain T o scape from hence, as from the Trojan Plain: Nor these the Steeds which Diomede bestrode, Nor this the Chariot where Achilles rode: 820 Nor Venus Veil is here, nor Neptune's Shield: T h y fatal Hour is come; and this the Field. Thus Liger vainly vaunts: T h e Trojan Peer Return'd his answer with his flying Spear. As Lucagus to lash his Horses bends, Prone to the Wheels, and his left Foot protends, Prepar'd for Fight, the fatal Dart arrives, And thro' the borders of his Buckler drives: Pass'd through, and pierc'd his Groin; the deadly Wound, 820 Venus] Venus's F1-2. 827 drives:] F1-2. 828 through, . . . Groin;]

825 protends,] ...

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Cast from his Chariot, rowl'd him on the Ground: 830 Whom thus the Chief upbraids with scornful spight: Blame not the slowness of your Steeds in flight; Vain Shadows did not force their swift Retreat: But you your self forsake your empty Seat. He said, and seiz'd at once the loosen'd Rein, (For Liger lay already on the Plain, By the same Shock;) then, stretching out his Hands, The Recreant thus his wretched Life demands. Now by thy self, O more than Mortal Man! By her and him from whom thy Breath began, 840 Who form'd thee thus Divine, I beg thee spare This forfeit Life, and hear thy Suppliant's Pray'r. Thus much he spoke, and more he wou'd have said, But the stern Heroe turn'd aside his Head, And cut him short. I hear another Man, You talk'd not thus before the Fight began; Now take your turn: And, as a Brother shou'd, Attend your Brother to the Stygian Flood: Then thro' his Breast his fatal Sword he sent, And the Soul issu'd at the gaping Vent. 850 As Storms the Skies, and Torrents tear the Ground, Thus rag'd the Prince, and scatter'd Deaths around: At length Ascanius, and the Trojan Train, Broke from the Camp, so long besieg'd in vain. Mean time the King of Gods and Mortal Man, Held Conference with his Queen, and thus began: My Sister Goddess, and well pleasing Wife, Still think you Venus Aid supports the Strife; Sustains her Trojans: Or themselves alone, With inborn Valour force their Fortune on? 860 How fierce in Fight, with Courage undecay'd; Judge if such Warriors want immortal Aid. T o whom the Goddess, with the charming Eyes, Soft in her Tone submissively replies. Why, O my Sov'raign Lord, whose Frown I fear, 829 Ground:] F1-2. 849 gaping] F2; bloody F i . 864 Sov'raign] Fi errata, F2; loving F i .

836 857

Shock;)] ~ A ) F 1 - 2 . Venus] Venus's F1-2.

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of the

JLneis

And cannot, unconcern'd, your Anger bear; Why urge you thus my Grief? When if I still, (As once I was) were Mistress of your Will: From your Almighty Pow'r, your pleasing Wife Might gain the Grace of lengthning Turnus Life: 87o Securely snatch him from the fatal Fight, And give him to his aged Father's sight. Now let him perish, since you hold it good, And glut the Trojans with his pious Blood. Yet from our Lineage he derives his Name, And in the fourth degree, from God Pilumnus came: Yet he devoutly pays you Rites Divine, And offers daily Incense at your Shrine. T h e n shortly thus the Sov'raign God reply'd; Since in my Pow'r and Goodness you confide; 88o If for a little Space, a lengthen'd Span, You beg Reprieve for this expiring Man: I grant you leave to take your Turnus hence, From Instant Fate, and can so far dispense. But if some secret Meaning lies beneath, T o save the short-liv'd Youth from destin'd Death: Or if a farther Thought you entertain, T o change the Fates; you feed your hopes in vain. T o whom the Goddess thus, with weeping Eyes, And what if that Request your Tongue denies, 890 Your Heart shou'd grant; and not a short Reprieve, But length of certain Life to Turnus give? Now speedy Death attends the guiltless Youth, If my presaging Soul divines with Truth: Which, O! I wish might err thro' causeless Fears, And you, (for you have Pow'r) prolong his Years. Thus having said, involv'd in Clouds, she flies, And drives a Storm before her thro' the Skies. Swift she descends, alighting on the Plain, Where the fierce Foes a dubious Fight maintain. 900 Of Air condens'd, a Spectre soon she made, 869 Turnus] Turnus's F1-2. 893 Truth:] F1-2.

8gi

give?]

F1-2.

yo6

The

Works of Virgil in

English

And what /Eneas was, such seem'd the Shade. Adorn'd with Dardan Arms, the Phantom bore His Head aloft, a Plumy Crest he wore: This Hand appear'd a shining Sword to wield, And that sustain'd an imitated Shield: With manly Meen He stalk'd along the Ground; Nor wanted Voice bely'd, nor vaunting Sound. (Thus haunting Ghosts appear to waking Sight, Or dreadful Visions in our Dreams by Night.) 9io T h e Spectre seems the Daunian Chief to dare, And flourishes his empty Sword in Air: A t this advancing Turnus hurl'd his Spear; T h e Phantom wheel'd, and seem'd to fly for Fear. Deluded Turnus thought the Trojan fled, And with vain hopes his haughty Fancy fed. Whether, O Coward, (thus he calls aloud, Nor found he spoke to Wind, and chas'd a Cloud;) Why thus forsake your Bride? Receive from me T h e fated Land you sought so long by Sea. «20 He said, and brandishing at once his Blade, With eager Pace pursu'd the flying Shade. By chance a Ship was fasten'd to the Shore, Which from old Clusium King Osinius bore: T h e Plank was ready laid for safe ascent; \ For shelter there the trembling Shadow bent: > And skip'd, and sculk'd, and under Hatches went. ) Exulting Turnus, with regardless haste, Ascends the Plank, and to the Gaily pass'd: Scarce had he reach'd the Prow, Saturnia's Hand »30 T h e Haulsers cuts, and shoots the Ship from Land. With Wind in Poop, the Vessel plows the Sea, A n d measures back with speed her former Way. Mean time ¿Eneas seeks his absent Foe, And sends his slaughter'd Troops to Shades below. T h e guileful Phantom now forsook the shrowd, And flew sublime, and vanish'd in a Cloud. T o o late young Turnus the Delusion found, 924

Plank was] Fi errata, F2; Planks were F i .

The

Tenth

Book

of the

/Eneis

Far on the Sea, still making from the Ground. T h e n thankless for a Life redeem'd by Shame; 940 With sense of Honour stung, and forfeit Fame: Fearful besides of what in Fight had pass'd, His Hands, and hagger'd Eyes to Heav'n he cast. 0 Jove! he cry'd, for what Offence have I Deserv'd to bear this endless Infamy: Whence am I forc'd, and whether am I born, How, and with what Reproach shall I return? Shall ever I behold the Latian Plain, Or see Laurentum's lofty Tow'rs again? What will they say of their deserting Chief? 950 T h e War was mine, I fly from their Relief: 1 led to Slaughter, and in Slaughter leave; And ev'n from hence their dying Groans receive. Here over-match'd in Fight, in heaps they lye, There scatter'd o're the Fields ignobly fly. Gape wide, O Earth! and draw me down alive, \ Or, oh ye pitying Winds, a Wretch relieve; > On Sands or Shelves the splitting Vessel drive: ) Or set me Shipwrack'd on some desart Shore, Where no Rutulian Eyes may see me more: 960 Unknown to Friends, or Foes, or conscious Fame, Lest she should follow, and my flight proclaim. Thus Turnus rav'd, and various Fates revolv'd, T h e Choice was doubtful, but the Death resolv'd. And now the Sword, and now the Sea took place: T h a t to revenge, and this to purge Disgrace. Sometimes he thought to swim the stormy Main, By stretch of Arms the distant Shore to gain: Thrice he the Sword assay'd, and thrice the Flood; But Juno mov'd with Pity both withstood: 970 And thrice repress'd his Rage: strong Gales supply'd, And push'd the Vessel o're the swelling Tide. At length she lands him on his Native Shores, And to his Father's longing Arms restores. Mean time, by Jove's Impulse, Mezentius arm'd; 974 arm'd;]

F1-2.

707

The

7O8

Works of Virgil in

English

Succeeding Turnus: with his ardour warm'd His fainting Friends, reproach'd their shameful flight, Repell'd the Victors, and renew'd the Fight. Against their King the Tuscan Troops conspire, Such is their Hate, and such their fierce desire 98o Of wish'd Revenge: On him, and him alone, A l l Hands employ'd, and all their Darts are thrown. He, like a solid Rock by Seas inclos'd, T o raging Winds and roaring Waves oppos'd; From his proud Summit looking down, disdains Their empty Menace, and unmov'd remains. Beneath his Feet fell haughty Hebrus dead, T h e n Latagus; and Palmus as he fled: A t Latagus a weighty Stone he flung, His Face was flatted, and his Helmet rung, ago But Palmus from behind receives his Wound, Hamstring'd he falls, and grovels on the Ground: His Crest and Armor from his Body torn, T h y Shoulders, Lausus, and thy Head adorn. Evas and Mymas, both of Troy, he slew, My mas his Birth from fair Theano drew: Born on that fatal Night, when, big with Fire, T h e Queen produc'd young Paris to his Sire. But Paris in the Phrygian Fields was slain, Unthinking Mymas on the Latian Plain. 1000 And as a salvage Boar on Mountains bred, With forest Mast, and fatning Marshes fed; When once he sees himself in Toils inclos'd, By Huntsmen and their eager Hounds oppos'd: He whets his Tusks, and turns, and dares the War: T h ' Invaders dart their Jav'lins from afar; A l l keep aloof, and safely shout around, But none presumes to give a nearer Wound: He frets and froaths, erects his bristled Hide, And shakes a Grove of Lances from his Side: IOIO Not otherwise the Troops, with Hate inspir'd, 975

Turnus:]

FI; ~ A Fü.

1007 Wound:]

Fi-a.

The Tenth

Book of the

A n d just Revenge, against the T y r a n t

/Eneis

fir'd;

T h e i r Darts w i t h C l a m o u r at a distance drive: A n d only keep the languish'd W a r From

Coritus

came

Acron

alive.

to the

Fight,

W h o left his Spouse betroath'd, a n d u n c o n s u m m a t e

Mezentius

P r o u d of t h e P u r p l e F a v o u r s of his T h e n , as a h u n g r y L y o n , w h o

Night.

ride,

sees h i m thro' t h e S q u a d r o n s

Bride.

beholds

A G a m e s o m Goat, w h o frisks a b o u t the 1020 O r b e a m y s t a g t h a t g r a z e s o n t h e

Folds;

Plain:

H e runs, h e roars, h e shakes his rising

Mane;

H e grins, a n d o p e n s w i d e his greedy Jaws, T h e P r e y lyes p a n t i n g u n d e r n e a t h his

Paws:

H e fills h i s f a m i s h ' d M a w , his M o u t h r u n s

o're

W i t h u n c h e w ' d Morsels, while he churns the So p r o u d

Mezentius

And

unhappy

first

rushes o n his

Acron

Gore:

Foes,

overthrows:

Stretch'd at his length, he spurns the swarthy

Ground,

T h e L a n c e b e s m e a r ' d w i t h B l o o d , lies b r o k e n i n t h e 1030

T h e n with Disdain the haughty Victor

Orodes

flying,

nor the Wretch

view'd

pursu'd:

N o r thought the Dastard's Back deserv'd a B u t r u n n i n g g a i n ' d th' A d v a n t a g e of t h e

Wound,

Ground.

T h e n t u r n i n g short, h e m e t h i m Face to Face, T o

give his Victory the better

Orodes f a l l s , i n Mezentius f i x ' d

equal Fight

grace.

oppress'd:

his Foot u p o n his

Breast,

A n d rested L a n c e : A n d t h u s a l o u d h e cries, L o h e r e t h e C h a m p i o n of m y R e b e l s 1040 T h e F i e l d s a r o u n d w i t h

Io Pcean

lies.

ring,

A n d p e a l s of S h o u t s a p p l a u d t h e c o n q u ' r i n g

King.

A t this the vanquish'd, with his dying

Breath,

T h u s faintly spoke, a n d prophesy'd in

Death:

N o r thou, p r o u d M a n , u n p u n i s h ' d shalt L i k e D e a t h attends thee o n this fatal

remain;

Plain.

T h e n , sourly smiling, thus the King reply'd, F o r w h a t b e l o n g s to m e let

Jove

provide:

B u t d y e t h o u first, w h a t e v e r C h a n c e

ensue:

wound.

7io

The

Works

of Virgil in

English

He said, and from the Wound the Weapon drew: i«5o A hov'ring Mist came swimming o're his sight, And seal'd his Eyes in everlasting Night. By Ccedicus, A Icathoiis was slain, Sacrator laid Hydaspes on the Plain: Orses the strong to greater Strength must yield; He, with Parthenius, were by Rapo kill'd. Then brave Messapus Ericetes slew, Who from Lycaon's Blood his Lineage drew. But from his headstrong Horse his Fate he found, \ > Who threw his Master as he made a bound, i«6o T h e Chief alighting, stuck him to the Ground: ) Then Clonius hand to hand, on Foot assails, T h e Trojan sinks, and Neptune's Son prevails. Agis the Lycian stepping forth with Pride, T o single Fight the boldest Foe defy'd: Whom Tuscan Valerus by Force o'recame, And not bely'd his mighty Father's Fame. Salius to Death the great Antronius sent, But the same Fate the Victor underwent: Slain by Nealces Hand, well skill'd to throw 1070 T h e flying Dart, and draw the far-deceiving Bow. Thus equal Deaths are dealt with equal Chance; By turns they quit their Ground, by turns advance: Victors, and vanquish'd, in the various Field, Nor wholly overcome, nor wholly yield. The Gods from Heav'n survey the fatal Strife, And mourn the Miseries of Human Life. Above the rest two Goddesses appear Concern'd for each: Here Venus, Juno there: Amidst the Crowd Infernal A te shakes 1080 Her Scourge aloft, and Crest of hissing Snakes. Once more the proud Mezentius, with Disdain, Brandish'd his Spear, and rush'd into the Plain: Where tow'ring in the midmost Ranks he stood, Like tall Orion stalking o're the Flood: 105a A Icathoüs] Alcathousf 1064 defy'd:] Fi-a.

1-2.

1060

Ground:]

F1-2.

The

Tenth

Book of the JEnexs

When with his brawny Breast he cuts the Waves, His Shoulders scarce the topmost Billow laves. Or like a Mountain Ash, whose Roots are spread, Deep fix'd in Earth, in Clouds he hides his Head. T h e Trojan Prince beheld him from afar, 1090 And dauntless undertook the doubtful War. Collected in his Strength, and like a Rock, Poiz'd on his Base, Mezentius stood the Shock. He stood, and measuring first with careful Eyes, T h e space his Spear cou'd reach, aloud he cries: My strong Tight Hand, and Sword, assist my Stroke, (Those only Gods Mezentius will invoke.) His Armour from the Trojan Pyrate torn, By my triumphant Lausus shall be worn. He said, and with his utmost force he threw iioo T h e massy Spear, which, hissing as it flew, Reach'd the Ccelestial Shield that stop'd the course; But glancing thence, the yet unbroken Force Took a new bent obliquely, and betwixt T h e Side and Bowels fam'd Anthores fix'd. Anthores had from Argos travell'd far, Alcides Friend, and Brother of the War: ' T i l l tir'd with Toils, fair Italy he chose, And in Evander's Palace sought Repose: Now falling by another's Wound, his Eyes 1110 He casts to Heav'n, on Argos thinks, and dyes. T h e pious Trojan then his Jav'lin sent, T h e Shield gave way: Thro' treble Plates it went Of solid Brass, of Linnen trebly rowl'd, And three Bull-hides which round the Buckler fold. All these it pass'd, resistless in the Course, Transpierc'd his Thigh, and spent its dying Force. T h e gaping Wound gush'd out a Crimson Flood; T h e Trojan, glad with sight of hostile Blood, His Fauchion drew, to closer Fight address'd, 1120 And with new Force his fainting Foe oppress'd. His Father's Peril Lausus view'd with Grief, 1096

invoke.)] O1-2; ~ A ) F1-2.

1114

fold] Oi-a; rowl'd F1-2.

711

The

Tenth

Book

of the ¿Eneis

He sigh'd, he wept, he ran to his Relief. And here, Heroick Youth, 'tis here I must T o thy immortal Memory be just; And sing an Act so noble and so new, Posterity will scarce believe 'tis true. Pain'd with his Wound, and useless for the Fight, T h e Father sought to save himself by Flight: Incumber'd, slow he drag'd the Spear along, 1130 Which pierc'd his thigh, and in his Buckler hung. T h e pious Youth, resolv'd on Death, below \ T h e lifted Sword, springs forth to face the Foe; > Protects his Parent, and prevents the Blow. ) Shouts of Applause ran ringing thro' the Field, T o see the Son the vanquish'd Father shield: All fir'd with gen'rous Indignation strive; And with a storm of Darts, to distance drive T h e Trojan Chief; who held at Bay from far, On his Vulcanian Orb sustain'd the War. 1140 As when thick Hail comes ratling in the Wind, T h e Plowman, Passenger, and lab'ring Hind, For shelter to the neighb'ring Covert fly; Or hous'd, or safe in hollow Caverns lye: But that o'reblown, when Heav'n above 'em smiles, Return to Travel, and renew their Toils: /Eneas thus o'rewhelm'd on ev'ry side,

713

\

T h e storm of Darts, undaunted, did abide; > And thus to Lausus loud with friendly threat'ning cry'd. ) Why wilt thou rush to certain Death, and Rage 1150 In rash Attempts, beyond thy tender Age: Betray'd by pious Love? Nor thus forborn T h e Youth desists, but with insulting Scorn Provokes the ling'ring Prince: Whose Patience tyr'd, Gave Place, and all his Breast with Fury fir'd. For now the Fates prepar'd their sharpen'd Sheers; And lifted high the flaming Sword appears: Which full descending, with a frightful sway, J T h r o Shield and Corslet forc'd th' impetuous Way, ; And bury'd deep in his fair Bosom lay. / 1155

sharpen'd] F2; cruel O1-2, Fi.

714

The Works of Virgil in

English

1160 T h e purple Streams thro' the thin Armour strove, And drench'd th' imbroider'd Coat his Mother wove: And Life at length forsook his heaving Heart, Loath from so sweet a Mansion to depart. But when, with Blood, and Paleness all o'respread, T h e pious Prince beheld young Lausus dead; He griev'd, he wept, the sight an Image brought Of his own filial Love; a sadly pleasing Thought: T h e n stretch'd his Hand to hold him up, and said, Poor hapless Youth! what Praises can be paid ii7o T o Love so great, to such transcendent Store Of early Worth, and sure Presage of more? Accept what e're /Eneas can afford, Untouch'd thy Arms, untaken be thy Sword: And all that pleas'd thee living still remain Inviolate, and sacred to the slain. T h y Body on thy Parents I bestow, \ T o rest thy Soul, at least if Shadows know, > Or have a sense of human Things below. / There to thy fellow Ghosts with Glory tell, 1180 'Twas by the great /Eneas hand I fell. With this his distant Friends he beckons near, Provokes their Duty, and prevents their Fear: Himself assists to lift him from the Ground, With clotted Locks, and Blood that well'd from out the Wound. Mean time his Father, now no Father, stood, And wash'd his Wounds by Tyber's yellow Flood: Oppress'd with Anguish, panting, and o'respent, His fainting Limbs against an Oak he leant. A Bough his Brazen Helmet did sustain, 1190 His heavier Arms lay scatter'd on the Plain. A chosen Train of Youth around him stand, His drooping Head was rested on his hand: His grisly Beard his pensive Bosom sought, And all on Lausus ran his restless thought. Careful, concern'd his Danger to prevent, He much enquir'd, and many a Message sent 1167

Thought:]

O1-2, F1-2.

The Tenth Book of the jEneis

7*5

T o warn him from the Field: Alas! in vain; Behold his mournful Followers bear him slain: O're his broad Shield still gush'd the yawning Wound, 1200 And drew a bloody Trail along the Ground. Far off he heard their Cries, far off divin'd T h e dire Event, with a foreboding Mind. With Dust he sprinkled first his hoary Head, \ T h e n both his lifted hands to Heav'n he spread; > Last, the dear Corps embracing, thus he said. ) What Joys, alas! cou'd this frail Being give, T h a t I have been so covetous to live? T o see my Son, and such a Son, resign His Life a Ransom for preserving mine? 1210 And am I then preserv'd, and art thou lost? How much too dear has that Redemption cost! 'Tis now my bitter Banishment I feel; T h i s is a Wound too deep for time to heal. My Guilt thy growing Virtues did defame; My Blackness blotted thy unblemish'd Name. Chas'd from a Throne, abandon'd, and exil'd For foul Misdeeds, were Punishments too mild: I ow'd my People these, and from their hate, With less Resentment cou'd have born my Fate. 1220 And yet I live, and yet sustain the sight Of hated Men, and of more hated Light: But will not long. With that he rais'd from Ground His fainting Limbs, that stagger'd with his Wound: Yet with a Mind resolv'd, and unappal'd With Pains or Perils, for his Courser call'd: Well mouth'd, well manag'd, whom himself did dress, 1 With daily Care, and mounted with Success; His Aid in Arms, his Ornament in Peace. , Soothing his Courage with a gentle Stroke, 1230 T h e Steed seem'd sensible, while thus he spoke. O Rhcebus we have liv'd too long for me, (If Life and long were Terms that cou'd agree)

1197 vain;] 1231

O1-2;

FI-2.

Rhcebus] Rhcebus O1-2, F1-2.

1223 Wound:]

O1-2, F1-2.

7i6

The Works of Virgil in English

This Day thou either shalt bring back the Head, And bloody Trophees of the Trojan dead: This Day thou either shalt revenge my Woe For murther'd Lausus, on his cruel Foe; Or if inexorable Fate deny Our Conquest, with thy conquer'd Master dye: For after such a Lord, I rest secure, mo Thou wilt no foreign Reins, or Trojan Load endure. He said: And straight th' officious Courser kneels T o take his wonted Weight. His Hands he fills With pointed Jav'lins: On his Head he lac'd His glitt'ring Helm, which terribly was grac'd With waving Horse-hair, nodding from afar; Then spurr'd his thund'ring Steed amidst the War. Love, Anguish, Wrath, and Grief, to Madness wrought, Despair, and secret Shame, and conscious thought Of inborn Worth, his lab'ring Soul oppress'd, 1250 Rowl'd in his Eyes, and rag'd within his Breast. Then loud he call'd /Eneas thrice by Name, The loud repeated Voice to glad ¿Eneas came. Great Jove, he said, and the far-shooting God, Inspire thy Mind to make thy Challenge good. He spoke no more, but hasten'd, void of Fear, And threaten'd with his long protended Spear. T o whom Mezentius thus. Thy Vaunts are vain, My Lausus lies extended on the Plain: He's lostl thy Conquest is already won, 1260 The wretched Sire is murther'd in the Son. Nor Fate I fear, but all the Gods defy, ) Forbear thy Threats, my Bus'ness is to dye; > But first receive this parting Legacy. ) He said: And straight a whirling Dart he sent: Another after, and another went. Round in a spacious Ring he rides the Field, \ And vainly plies th' impenetrable Shield: [ Thrice rode he round, and thrice /Eneas wheel'd: ) Turn'd as he turn'd; the Golden Orb withstood 1268 wheel'd:] O1-2; — Fi-2.

The

Tenth

Book of the

/Eneis

717

1270 T h e Strokes, and bore about an Iron Wood. Impatient of Delay, and weary grown, Still to defend, and to defend alone: T o wrench the Darts which in his Buckler light, Urg'd, and o're-labour'd in unequal Fight: At length resolv'd, he throws with all his Force, Full at the Temples of the Warrior Horse. Just where the Stroke was aim'd, th' unerring Spear Made way, and stood transfix'd thro' either Ear. Seiz'd with unwonted Pain, surpriz'd with Fright, 1280 T h e wounded Steed curvets; and, rais'd upright, Lights on his Feet before: His Hoofs behind Spring up in Air aloft, and lash the Wind. Down comes the Rider headlong from his height, His Horse came after with unweildy weight: And flound'ring forward, pitching on his Head, His Lord's incumber'd Shoulder overlaid. From either Hoast the mingl'd Shouts, and Cries, Of Trojans and Rutulians rend the Skies, yEneas hast'ning, wav'd his fatal Sword 1290 High o're his head, with this reproachful Word. Now, where are now thy Vaunts, the fierce Disdain Of proud Mezentius, and the lofty Strain? Strugling, and wildly staring on the Skies, With scarce recover'd Sight, he thus replies. Why these insulting Words, this waste of Breath, T o Souls undaunted, and secure of Death? 'Tis no Dishonour for the Brave to dye, Nor came I here with hope of Victory: Nor ask I Life, nor fought with that design, 1300 As I had us'd my Fortune, use thou thine. My dying Son contracted no such Band; T h e Gift is hateful from his Murd'rer's hand. For this, this only Favour let me sue, (If Pity can to conquer'd Foes be due) Refuse it not: But let my Body have, T h e last Retreat of Human Kind, a Grave. 1286

Shoulder] F i errata, F2; Sholuder F i ; see collation for different text in O1-2.

The Tenth Book of the ALneis T o o well I know th' insulting People's Hate; Protect me from their Vengeance after Fate: This Refuge for my poor Remains provide, J 1310 And lay my much lov'd Lausus by my side: > He said, and to the Sword his Throat apply'd. ) T h e Crimson Stream distain'd his Arms around, And the disdainful Soul came rushing thro' the Wound. 1311

the Sword his Throat] Oi-g, Fi errata, F2; his Throat the Sword Fi.

719

É¿

ÌÀÌÌM k* i^i ií Ir

| J j1 riftjjf

- . • .a» .*J

imasm „/$Gr>mM,rif •wvt íie/é ir~Pr*vv

)i

.vY/J/Vv.

(bamajbrnnpaif „! And their mix'd mourning rends the vaulted Sky. ) T h e Town is fill'd with Tumult and with Tears; Till the loud Clamours reach Evander's Ears: Forgetful of his State, he runs along, With a disorder'd pace, and cleaves the Throng: Falls on the Corps, and groaning there he lies, With silent Grief that speaks but at his Eyes: Short Sighs and Sobs succeed; 'till Sorrow breaks A Passage, and at once he weeps and speaks. 230 O Pallas! thou hast fail'd thy plighted Word! T o fight with Caution, not to tempt the Sword: I warn'd thee, but in vain; for well I knew What Perils youthful Ardour wou'd pursue: That boiling Blood wou'd carry thee too far; Young as thou wert in Dangers, raw to War! O curst Essay of Arms, disastrous Doom, Prelude of bloody Fields, and Fights to come! Hard Elements of unauspicious War, Vain Vows to Heav'n, and unavailing Care! 240 Thrice happy thou, dear Partner of my Bed, Whose holy Soul the Stroke of Fortune fled: Praescious of Ills, and leaving me behind, T o drink the Dregs of Life by Fate assign'd. Beyond the Goal of Nature I have gon; 224

along,] some copies of Fi have a period.

727

The Eleventh

Book of the /.Eneis

My Pallas late set out, but reach'd too soon. If, for my League against th' Ausonian State, Amidst their Weapons I had found my Fate, (Deserv'd from them,) then I had been return'd A breathless Victor, and my Son had mourn'd. 250 Yet will I not my Trojan Friend upbraid, Nor grudge th' Alliance I so gladly made. 'Twas not his Fault my Pallas fell so young, But my own Crime for having liv'd too long. Yet, since the Gods had destin'd him to dye, At least he led the way to Victory: First for his Friends he won the fatal Shore, ) And sent whole Herds of slaughter'd Foes before: > A Death too great, too glorious to deplore. ) Nor will I add new Honours to thy Grave; 260 Content with those the Trojan Heroe gave. T h a t Funeral Pomp thy Phrygian Friends design'd; In which the Tuscan Chiefs, and Army join'd: Great Spoils, and Trophees gain'd by thee, they bear: Then let thy own Atchievments be thy share. Even thou, O Turnus, hadst a Trophy stood, Whose mighty Trunk had better grac'd the Wood, If Pallas had arriv'd, with equal length Of Years, to match thy Bulk with equal Strength. But why, unhappy Man, dost thou detain 270 These Troops, to view the Tears thou shedst in vain? Go, Friends, this Message to your Lord relate; T e l l him, that if I bear my bitter Fate, And after Pallas Death, live ling'ring on, 'Tis to behold his Vengeance for my Son. I stay for Turnus; whose devoted Head Is owing to the living and the dead: My Son and I expect it from his Hand; 'Tis all that he can give, or we demand. Joy is no more: But I would gladly go, 280 T o greet my Pallas with such News below. T h e Morn had now dispell'd the Shades of Night; 270 vain?]

F1-2.

729

The Eleventh

Book

of the /Eneis

731

Restoring Toils, when she restor'd the Light: The Trojan King, and Tuscan Chief, command T o raise the Piles, along the winding Strand: Their Friends convey the dead to Fun'ral Fires; \ Black smould'ring Smoke from the green Wood expires; [ The Light of Heav'n is choak'd, and the new Day retires. ) Then thrice around the kindled Piles they go: (For ancient Custom had ordain'd it so) 290 Thrice Horse and Foot about the Fires are led, And thrice with loud Laments they hail the dead. Tears trickling down their Breasts bedew the Ground; And Drums and Trumpets mix their mournful Sound. Amid the Blaze, their pious Brethren throw The Spoils, in Battel taken from the Foe: Helms, Bitts emboss'd, and Swords of shining Steel, One casts a Target, one a Chariot Wheel: Some to their Fellows their own Arms restore; The Fauchions which in luckless Fight they bore: 300 Their Bucklers pierc'd, their Darts bestow'd in vain, And shiver'd Lances gather'd from the Plain. Whole Herds of offer'd Bulls about the Fire, And bristled Boars, and wooly Sheep expire. Around the Piles a careful Troop attends, T o watch the wasting Flames, and weep their burning Friends: Ling'ring along the Shore, 'till dewy Night New decks the Face of Heav'n with starry Light. The conquer'd Latians, with like Pious Care, Piles without number for their Dead prepare; 310 Part, in the Places where they fell, are laid; And part are to the neighb'ring Fields convey'd. The Corps of Kings, and Captains of Renown, Born off in State, are bury'd in the Town: The rest, unhonour'd, and without a Name, Are cast a common heap to feed the Flame. Trojans and Latians vie with like desires: \ T o make the Field of Battel shine with Fires: > And the promiscuous Blaze to Heav'n aspires. ) 305

Friends:] — F1-2.

306 Night]

F1-2.

732

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Now had the Morning thrice renew'd the Light, 320 And thrice dispell'd the Shadows of the Night; When those who round the wasted Fires remain, Perform the last sad Office to the slain: They rake the yet warm Ashes, from below; These, and the Bones unburn'd, in Earth bestow: These Relicks with their Country Rites they grace; And raise a mount of Turf to mark the place. But in the Palace of the King, appears A Scene more solemn, and a Pomp of Tears. Maids, Matrons, Widows, mix their common Moans: 330 Orphans their Sires, and Sires lament their Sons. All in that universal Sorrow share, And curse the Cause of this unhappy War. A broken League, a Bride unjustly sought, A Crown usurp'd, which with their Blood is bought! These are the Crimes, with which they load the Name Of Turnus, and on him alone exclaim. Let him, who lords it o're th' Ausonian Land, Engage the Trojan Heroe hand to hand: His is the Gain, our Lot is but to serve: 340 'Tis just, the sway he seeks, he shoud deserve. This Drances aggravates; and adds, with spight, His Foe expects, and dares him to the Fight. Nor Turnus wants a Party to support His Cause and Credit, in the Latian Court. His former Acts secure his present Fame; And the Queen shades him with her mighty Name. While thus their factious Minds with Fury burn; The Legats from th' /Etolian Prince return: Sad News they bring, that after all the Cost, 350 And Care employ'd, their Embassy is lost: That Diomede refus'd his Aid in War; Unmov'd with Presents, and as deaf to Pray'r. Some new Alliance must elswhere be sought; Or Peace with Troy on hard Conditions bought. Latinus, sunk in Sorrow, finds too late, A Foreign Son is pointed out by Fate:

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A n d till /Eneas shall Lavinia

Book

wed,

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/Eneis

The wrath of Heav'n is hov'ring o're his Head. The Gods, he saw, espous'd the juster side, 360 When late their Titles in the Field were try'd: Witness the fresh Laments, and Fun'ral Tears undry'd. Thus, full of anxious Thought, he summons all The Latian Senate to the Council Hall: The Princes come, commanded by their Head, And crowd the Paths that to the Palace lead. Supream in Pow'r, and reverenc'd for his Years, He takes the Throne, and in the midst appears: Majestically sad, he sits in State, And bids his Envoys their Success relate. 370 When Venulus began, the murmuring Sound Was hush'd, and sacred Silence reign'd around. We have, said he, perform'd your high Command; And pass'd with Peril a long Tract of Land: We reach'd the Place desir'd, with Wonder fill'd, The Grecian Tents, and rising Tow'rs beheld. Great Diomede has compass'd round with Walls T h e City, which Argyripa he calls; From his own Argos nam'd: We touch'd, with Joy, The Royal Hand that raz'd unhappy Troy. 380 When introduc'd, our Presents first we bring, Then crave an instant Audience from the King: His Leave obtain'd, our Native Soil we name; And tell th' important Cause for which we came. Attentively he heard us, while we spoke; Then, with soft Accents, and a pleasing Look, Made this return. Ausonian Race, of old Renown'd for Peace, and for an Age of Gold, What Madness has your alter'd Minds possess'd, T o change for War hereditary Rest? 390 Sollicite Arms unknown, and tempt the Sword, (A needless 111 your Ancestors abhorr'd?) We (for my self I speak, and all the Name 392

We

]

F1-2.

753

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Of Grecians, who to Troy's Destruction came;) Omitting those who were in Battel slain, Or born by rowling Simois to the Main: Not one but suffer'd, and too dearly bought T h e Prize of Honour which in Arms he sought: Some doom'd to Death, and some in Exile driv'n, Out-casts, abandon'd by the Care of Heav'n: 400 So worn, so wretched, so despis'd a Crew, As ev'n old Priam might with Pity view. Witness the Vessels by Minerva toss'd In Storms, the vengeful Caphareean Coast; T h ' Eubcean Rocks! T h e Prince, whose Brother led Our Armies to revenge his injur'd Bed, In Egypt lost; Ulysses, with his Men, Have seen Charybdis, and the Cyclops Den: Why shou'd I name Idomeneus, in vain \ Restor'd to Scepters, and expell'd again? > 410 Or young Achilles by his Rival slain? ) Ev'n he, the King of Men, the foremost Name Of all the Greeks, and most renown'd by Fame, T h e proud Revenger of another's Wife, Yet by his own Adult'ress lost his Life: Fell at his Threshold, and the Spoils of Troy, T h e foul Polluters of his Bed enjoy. T h e Gods have envy'd me the sweets of Life, My much lov'd Country, and my more lov'd Wife: Banish'd from both, I mourn; while in the Sky 420 Transform'd to Birds, my lost Companions fly: Hov'ring about the Coasts they make their Moan; And cuff the Cliffs with Pinions not their own. What squalid Spectres, in the dead of Night, Break my short Sleep, and skim before my sight! I might have promis'd to my self those Harms, Mad as I was, when I with Mortal Arms Presum'd against Immortal Pow'rs to move; And violate with Wounds the Queen of Love. 397 sought:] — Fi-a.

404

Eubcean] Eubcean F 1 - 2 .

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Such Arms, this Hand shall never more employ; 430 No Hate remains with me to ruin'd Troy. I war not with its Dust; nor am I glad T o think of past Events, or good or bad. Your Presents I return: What e're you bring T o buy my Friendship, send the Trojan King. We met in fight, I know him to my Cost; With what a whirling force his Lance he toss'd: Heav'ns what a spring was in his Arm, to throw: How high he held his Shield, and rose at ev'ry blow! Had Troy produc'd two more, his Match in Might, 440 They would have chang'd the Fortune of the Fight: T h ' Invasion of the Greeks had been return'd: Our Empire wasted, and our Cities burn'd. The long Defence the Trojan People made, The War protracted, and the Siege delay'd, Were due to Hector's and this Heroe's hand: Both brave alike, and equal in Command; /Eneas, not inferior in the Field, In pious reverence to the Gods, excell'd. Make peace, ye Latians, and avoid with Care 450 Th' impending Dangers of a fatal War. He said no more; but with this cold Excuse, Refus'd th' Alliance, and advis'd a Truce. Thus Venulus concluded his Report. A Jarring Murmur fill'd the factious Court: As when a Torrent rowls with rapid force, And dashes o're the Stones that stop the Course; The Flood, constrain'd within a scanty space, Roars horrible along th' uneasie race: White foam in gath'ring Eddies floats around: 46o The rocky Shores rebellow to the sound. The Murmur ceas'd: Then from his lofty Throne The King invok'd the Gods, and thus begun. I wish, ye Latins, what we now debate Had been resolv'd before it was too late: Much better had it been for you and me, Unforc'd by this our last Necessity,

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T o have been earlier wise; than now to call A Council, when the Foe surrounds the Wall. O Citizens! we wage unequal War, 470 With men, not only Heav'n's peculiar Care, But Heav'n's own Race: Unconquer'd in the Field, Or Conquer'd, yet unknowing how to yield. What Hopes you had in Diomede, lay down: Our Hopes must center on our selves alone. Yet those how feeble, and, indeed, how vain, You see too well; nor need my Words explain. Vanquish'd without ressource; laid flat by Fate, Factions within, a Foe without the Gate; Not but I grant, that all perform'd their parts, 48o With manly Force, and with undaunted Hearts: With our united Strength the War we wag'd; With equal Numbers, equal Arms engag'd: You see th' Event. Now hear what I propose, T o save our Friends, and satisfie our Foes: A Tract of Land the Latins have possess'd Along the Tyber, stretching to the West, Which now Rutulians and Auruncans till: And their mix'd Cattle graze the fruitful Hill; Those Mountains fill'd with Firs, that lower Land, 490 If you consent, the Trojan shall Command: Call'd into part of what is ours; and there, On terms agreed, the common Country share. There let 'em build, and settle if they please; Unless they chuse once more to cross the Seas, In search of Seats remote from Italy; And from unwelcome Inmates set us free. Then twice ten Gallies let us build with Speed, Or twice as many more, if more they need; Materials are at hand: A well-grown Wood 500 Runs equal with the Margin of the Flood: Let them the Number, and the Form assign; T h e Care and Cost of all the Stores be mine. 490 Command:]

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T o treat the Peace, a hundred Senators Shall be commission'd hence with ample Pow'rs; With Olive crown'd: The Presents they shall bear, ' A Purple Robe, a Royal Iv'ry Chair; And all the marks of Sway that Latian Monarchs wear; ; And Sums of Gold. Among your selves debate This great Affair, and save the sinking State. 510 Then Drances took the word; who grudg'd, long since, The rising Glories of the Daunian Prince. Factious and rich, bold at the Council Board, ) But cautious in the Field, he shun'd the Sword; > A closs Caballer, and Tongue-valiant Lord. ) Noble his Mother was, and near the Throne, But what his Father's Parentage, unknown. He rose, and took th' Advantage of the Times, T o load young Turnus with invidious Crimes. Such Truths, O King, said he, your Words contain, 520 As strike the Sence, and all Replies are vain. Nor are your Loyal Subjects now to seek What common Needs require; but fear to speak. Let him give leave of Speech, that haughty Man, Whose Pride this unauspicious War began: For whose Ambition (let me dare to say, Fear set apart, tho' Death is in my Way) The Plains of Latiurn run with Blood around; So many Valiant Heroes bite the Ground: Dejected Grief in ev'ry Face appears; 530 A Town in Mourning, and a Land in Tears: While he th' undoubted Author of our Harms, The Man who menaces the Gods with Arms, Yet, after all his Boasts, forsook the Fight, And sought his safety in ignoble Flight. Now, best of Kings, since you propose to send Such bounteous Presents to your Trojan Friend; Add yet a greater at our joint Request, One which he values more than all the rest; 527 around] F2; arround F i . 530 Tears:] F1-2.

528

Heroes] Fi errata, F2; Heros Fi

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Give him the fair Lavinia for his Bride: 540 With that Alliance let the League be ty'd: , And for the bleeding Land a lasting Peace provide. , Let Insolence no longer awe the Throne, But with a Father's Right bestow your own. For this Maligner of the general Good, If still we fear his Force, he must be woo'd: His haughty Godhead we with Pray'rs implore, Your Scepter to release, and our just Rights restore. 0 cursed Cause of all our Ills, must we Wage Wars unjust, and fall in Fight for thee? 550 What right hast thou to rule the Latian State, And send us out to meet our certain Fate? 'Tis a destructive War; from Turnus Hand Our Peace and publick safety we demand. Let the fair Bride to the brave Chief remain; If not, the Peace without the Pledge is vain. Turnus, I know you think me not your Friend, Nor will I much with your Belief contend: 1 beg your Greatness not to give the Law In others Realms, but, beaten, to withdraw. 560 Pity your own, or pity our Estate; Nor twist our Fortunes with your sinking Fate. Your Interest is the War shou'd never cease; But we have felt enough, to wish the Peace: A Land exhausted to the last remains, Depopulated Towns, and driven Plains. Yet, if desire of Fame, and thirst of Pow'r, A Beauteous Princess, with a Crown in Dow'r, So fire your Mind, in Arms assert your Right; And meet your Foe, who dares you to the Fight. 570 Mankind, it seems, is made for you alone; We, but the Slaves who mount you to the Throne: A base ignoble Crowd, without a Name, Unwept, unworthy of the Fun'ral Flame: By Duty bound to forfeit each his Life, That Turnus may possess a Royal Wife. 549

thee?]

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Permit not, Mighty Man, so mean a Crew Shou'd share such Triumphs; and detain from you T h e Post of Honour, your undoubted Due: Rather alone your matchless Force employ; 580 T o merit, what alone you must enjoy. These Words, so full of Malice, mix'd with Art, Inflam'd with Rage the youthful Hero's Heart. Then groaning from the bottom of his Breast, He heav'd for Wind, and thus his Wrath express'd. You, Drances, never want a Stream of Words, Then, when the Publick Need requires our Swords: First in the Council-hall to steer the State; And ever foremost in a Tongue debate: While our strong Walls secure us from the Foe, 590 E're yet with Blood our Ditches overflow: But let the potent Orator declaim, And with the brand of Coward blot my Name; Free Leave is giv'n him, when his fatal Hand } Has cover'd with more Corps the sanguine Strand; j And high as mine his tow'ring Trophees stand. ) If any Doubt remains who dares the most, Let us decide it at the Trojans cost: And issue both abrest, where Honour calls; Foes are not far to seek without the Walls: goo Unless his noisie Tongue can only fight; And Feet were giv'n him but to speed his Flight. I beaten from the Field? I forc'd away? Who, but so known a Dastard, dares to say? Had he but ev'n beheld the Fight, his Eyes Had witness'd for me what his Tongue denies: What heaps of Trojans by this Hand were slain, And how the bloody Tyber swell'd the Main. All saw, but he, th' Arcadian Troops retire, In scatter'd Squadrons, and their Prince expire, eio T h e Gyant Brothers, in their Camp, have found 578 undoubted] F2; unquestion'd Fi. 588 in] F2; at Fi. 599 Walls:] F1-2.

586 Swords:] 588 debate:]

F1-2. F1-2.

The Eleventh

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I was not forc'd with ease to quit my Ground. Not such the Trojans try'd me, when inclos'd, I singly their united Arms oppos'd: First forc'd an Entrance thro' their thick Array; Then, glutted with their Slaughter, freed my Way. 'Tis a destructive War? So let it be, But to the Phrygian Pirate, and to thee. Mean time proceed to fill the People's Ears With false Reports, their Minds with panick Fears: 620 Extol the Strength of a twice conquer'd Race, Our Foes encourage, and our Friends debase. Believe thy Fables, and the Trojan Town Triumphant stands, the Grecians are o'rethrown: Suppliant at Hector's Feet Achilles lyes; And Diomede from fierce /Eneas flies. Say rapid Aufidus with awful Dread Runs backward from the Sea, and hides his Head, When the great Trojan on his Bank appears: For that's as true as thy dissembl'd Fears 630 Of my Revenge: Dismiss that Vanity, Thou, Drances, art below a Death from me. Let that vile Soul in that vile Body rest; T h e Lodging is well worthy of the Guest. Now, Royal Father, to the present state Of our Affairs, and of this high Debate; If in your Arms thus early you diffide, And think your Fortune is already try'd; If one Defeat has brought us down so low; As never more in Fields to meet the Foe; 64o T h e n I conclude for Peace: 'Tis time to treat, And lye like Vassals at the Victor's Feet. But oh, if any ancient Blood remains, One drop of all our Fathers in our Veins; T h a t Man would I prefer before the rest, Who dar'd his Death with an undaunted Breast; Who comely fell, by no dishonest Wound, T o shun that Sight; and dying gnaw'd the Ground. 643

Fathers] Father's F1-2.

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But if we still have fresh Recruits in store, If our Confederates can afford us more; «so If the contended Field we bravely fought; And not a bloodless Victory was bought: Their Losses equall'd ours, and for their slain, With equal Fires they fill'd the shining Plain; Why thus unforc'd shou'd we so tamely yield; And e're the Trumpet sounds, resign the Field? Good unexpected, Evils unforeseen, Appear by Turns, as Fortune shifts the Scene: Some, rais'd aloft, come tumbling down amain; Then fall so hard, they bound and rise again, «so If Diomede refuse his Aid to lend, The great Messapus yet remains our Friend: Tolumnius, who foretels Events, is ours; T h ' Italian Chiefs, and Princes, joyn their Pow'rs: Nor least in Number, nor in Name the last, Your own brave Subjects have your Cause embrac'd. Above the rest, the Volscian Amazon Contains an Army in her self alone: And heads a Squadron, terrible to sight, With glitt'ring Shields, in Brazen Armour bright. 670 Yet if the Foe a single Fight demand, And I alone the Publick Peace withstand; If you consent, he shall not be refus'd, Nor find a Hand to Victory unus'd. This new Achilles, let him take the Field, With fated Armour, and Vulcanian Shield; For you, my Royal Father, and my Fame, I, Turnus, not the least of all my Name, Devote my Soul. He calls me hand to hand, And I alone will answer his Demand. 680 Drances shall rest secure, and neither share T h e Danger, nor divide the Prize of War. While they debate; nor these nor those will yield; /Eneas draws his Forces to the Field: And moves his Camp. T h e Scouts, with flying Speed Return, and thro' the frighted City spread

The

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T h ' unpleasing News, the Trojans are descry'd, In Battel marching by the River side; And bending to the Town. They take th' Allarm, Some tremble, some are bold, all in Confusion arm. 69o T h ' impetuous Youth press forward to the Field; They clash the Sword, and clatter on the Shield: T h e fearful Matrons raise a screaming Cry; J Old feeble Men with fainter Groans reply: > A jarring Sound results, and mingles in the Sky: ) Like that of Swans remurm'ring to the Floods; Or Birds of diff'ring kinds in hollow Woods. Turnus th' occasion takes, and cries aloud, T a l k on, ye quaint Haranguers of the Crowd: Declaim in praise of Peace, when Danger calls; 700 And the fierce Foes in Arms approach the Walls. He said, and turning short, with speedy Pace, Casts back a scornful Glance, and quits the Place. Thou, Volusus, the Volscian Troops command T o mount; and lead thy self our Ardean Band. Messapus, and Catillus, post your Force Along the Fields, to charge the Trojan Horse. Some guard the Passes, others man the Wall; Drawn up in Arms, the rest attend my Call. They swarm from ev'ry Quarter of the Town; 710 And with disorder'd haste the Rampires crown. Good old Latinus, when he saw, too late, T h e gath'ring Storm, just breaking on the State, Dismiss'd the Council, 'till a fitter time; And own'd his easie Temper as his Crime: Who, forc'd against his reason, had comply'd T o break the Treaty for the promis'd Bride. Some help to sink new Trenches, others aid T o ram the Stones, or raise the Palisade. Hoarse Trumpets sound th' Alarm: Around the Walls 720 Runs a distracted Crew, whom their last Labour calls. A sad Procession in the Streets is seen,

694 Sky:]

Fi—2.

713 time;]

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Of Matrons that attend the Mother Queen: High in her Chair she sits, and at her side, With downcast Eyes appears the fatal Bride. They mount the Cliff, where Pallas Temple stands; Pray'rs in their Mouths, and Presents in their Hands: With Censers, first they fume the sacred Shrine; T h e n in this common Supplication joyn. O Patroness of Arms, unspotted Maid, 730 Propitious hear, and lend thy Latins Aid: Break short the Pirat's Lance; pronounce his Fate, And lay the Phrygian low before the Gate. Now Turnus arms for Fight: His Back and Breast, Well temper'd Steel, and scaly Brass invest: T h e Cuishes, which his brawny Thighs infold, Are mingled Metal damask'd o're with Gold. His faithful Fauchion sits upon his side; Nor Casque, nor Crest, his manly Features hide: But bare to view, amid surrounding Friends, 740 With Godlike Grace, he from the T o w ' r descends. Exulting in his Strength, he seems to dare His absent Rival, and to promise War. Freed from his Keepers, thus with broken Reins, T h e wanton Courser prances o're the Plains: Or in the Pride of Youth o'releaps the Mounds; And snuffs the Females in forbidden Grounds: Or seeks his wat'ring in the well known Flood, T o quench his Thirst, and cool his fiery Blood: H e swims luxuriant, in the liquid Plain, 750 And o're his Shoulder flows his waving Mane: H e neighs, he snorts, he bears his Head on high; Before his ample Chest the frothy Waters fly. Soon as the Prince appears without the Gate, T h e Volscians, with their Virgin Leader, wait His last Commands. T h e n with a graceful Meen, Lights from her lofty Steed, the Warrior Queen: H e r Squadron imitates, and each descends; 725 754

Pallas] Pallas's F1-2. Volscians] Volcians F1-2.

746 Grounds:] .— Fi-s.

The Eleventh Book of the /Eneis Whose common Sute Camilla thus commends. If Sence of Honour, if a Soul secure 760 Of inborn Worth, that can all Tests endure, Can promise ought; or on it self rely, Greatly to dare, to conquer or to dye: Then, I alone, sustain'd by these, will meet T h e Tyrrhene Troops, and promise their Defeat. Ours be the Danger, ours the sole Renown; You, Gen'ral, stay behind, and guard the Town. Turnus a while stood mute, with glad Surprize, And on the fierce Virago fix'd his Eyes: T h e n thus return'd: O Grace of Italy, 770 With what becoming Thanks can I reply? Not only Words lye lab'ring in my Breast; But Thought it self is by thy Praise opprest. Yet rob me not of all, but let me join My Toils, my Hazard, and my Fame, with thine. T h e Trojan, (not in Stratagem unskill'd,) Sends his light Horse before to scour the Field: Himself, thro' steep Ascents, and thorny Brakes, A larger Compass to the City takes. This news my Scouts confirm: And I prepare 780 T o foil his Cunning, and his Force to dare: With chosen Foot his Passage to forelay; And place an Ambush in the winding way. Thou, with thy Volscians, face the Tuscan Horse: T h e brave Messapus shall thy Troops inforce; With those of Tibur; and the Latian Band: Subjected all to thy Supream Command. This said, he warns Messapus to the War: T h e n ev'ry Chief exhorts, with equal Care. All thus encourag'd, his own Troops he joins, 790 And hastes to prosecute his deep Designs. Inclos'd with Hills, a winding Valley lies, By Nature form'd for Fraud, and fitted for Surprize: A narrow Track, by Human Steps untrode, 770 reply?] 780 dare:]

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Horse] Fa; Foot F i .

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Leads, thro' perplexing Thorns, to this obscure abode. High o're the Vale a steepy Mountain stands; Whence the surveying Sight the neather Ground commands. T h e top is level: an offensive Seat Of War; and from the War a safe Retreat. For, on the right, and left, is room to press 8oo T h e Foes at hand, or from afar distress: T o drive 'em headlong downward; and to pour On their descending backs, a stony show'r. Thither young Turnus took the well known way; Possess'd the Pass, and in blind Ambush lay. Mean time, Latonian Phoebe from the Skies, Beheld th' approaching War with hateful Eies; And call'd the light-foot Opis, to her aid, Her most belov'd, and ever trusty Maid: Then with a sigh began: Camilla goes 8io T o meet her Death, amidst her Fatal Foes. T h e Nymph I lov'd of all my Mortal Train; Invested with Diana's Arms, in vain. Nor is my kindness for the Virgin, new, 'Twas born with Her, and with her Years it grew: Her Father Metabus, when forc'd away From old Privernum, for Tyrannick sway; Snatch'd up, and sav'd from his prevailing Foes, This tender Babe, Companion of his Woes. Casmilla was her Mother; but he drown'd 820 One hissing Letter in a softer sound, And call'd Camilla. T h r o the Woods, he flies; Wrap'd in his Robe the Royal Infant lies. His Foes in sight, he mends his weary pace; With shouts and clamours they pursue the Chace. T h e Banks of Amasene at length he gains; \ T h e raging Flood his farther flight restrains: > Rais'd o're the Borders with unusual Rains. / Prepar'd to Plunge into the Stream, He fears: Not for himself, but for the Charge he bears. 806 Eies;] F1-2. 819 drown'd] Fi-a.

808

Maid:] — Fi-a.

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830 Anxious he stops a while; and thinks in haste; Then, desp'rate in Distress, resolves at last. A knotty Lance of well-boil'd Oak he bore; The middle part with Cork he cover'd o're: He clos'd the Child within the hollow Space; With Twigs of bending Osier bound the Case: Then pois'd the Spear, heavy with Human Weight; And thus invok'd my Favour for the Freight. Accept, great Goddess of the Woods, he said, Sent by her Sire, this dedicated Maid: 840 Thro' Air she flies a Suppliant to thy Shrine; And the first Weapons that she knows, are thine. He said; and with full Force the Spear he threw: Above the sounding Waves Camilla flew. Then, press'd by Foes, he stemm'd the stormy Tyde; And gain'd, by stress of Arms, the farther Side. His fasten'd Spear he pull'd from out the Ground; And, Victor of his Vows, his Infant Nymph unbound: Nor after that, in Towns which Walls inclose, Wou'd trust his hunted Life amidst his Foes. 850 But rough, in open Air he chose to lye: Earth was his Couch, his Cov'ring was the Sky. On Hills unshorn, or in a desart Den, He shunn'd the dire Society of Men. A Shepherd's solitary Life he led: His Daughter with the Milk of Mares he fed; The Dugs of Bears, and ev'ry Salvage Beast, He drew, and thro' her Lips the Liquor press'd. T h e little Amazon cou'd scarcely go, He loads her with a Quiver and a Bow: 860 And, that she might her stagg'ring Steps command, He with a slender Jav'lin fills her Hand: Her flowing Hair no golden Fillet bound; Nor swept her trayling Robe the dusty Ground. Instead of these, a Tyger's Hide o'respread Her Back and Shoulders, fasten'd to her Head. The flying Dart she first attempts to fling; 835

Case:]

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And round her tender Temples toss'd the Sling: Then, as her Strength with Years increas'd, began T o pierce aloft in Air the soaring Swan: 870 And from the Clouds to fetch the Heron and the Crane. T h e Tuscan Matrons with each other vy'd, T o bless their Rival Sons with such a Bride: But she disdains their Love; to share with me T h e Silvan Shades, and vow'd Virginity. And, oh! I wish, contented with my Cares Of Salvage Spoils, she had not sought the Wars: T h e n had she been of my Ccelestial Train; And shun'd the Fate that dooms her to be slain. But, since opposing Heav'n's Decree, she goes 88o T o find her Death among forbidden Foes; Haste with these Arms, and take thy steepy flight, Where, with the Gods averse, the Latins fight: This Bow to thee, this Quiver, I bequeath, This chosen Arrow to revenge her Death. By what e're Hand Camilla shall be slain, \ Or of the Trojan, or Italian Train, > Let him not pass unpunish'd from the Plain. ) Then, in a hollow Cloud, my self will Aid, T o bear the breathless Body of my Maid: 89o Unspoil'd shall be her Arms, and unprofan'd \ Her holy Limbs with any Human Hand: [ And in a Marble T o m b laid in her Native Land. ) She said: T h e faithful Nymph descends from high \ With rapid flight, and cuts the sounding Sky; > Black Clouds and stormy Winds around her Body fly.) By this, the Trojan and the Tuscan Horse, Drawn up in Squadrons, with united Force, Approach the Walls; the sprightly Coursers bound; Press forward on their Bitts, and shift their Ground: 900 Shields, Arms, and Spears, flash horribly from far; And the Fields glitter with a waving War. Oppos'd to these, come on with furious Force, Messapus, Coras, and the Latian Horse; 900 horribly] Fa; horrible Fi.

The Eleventh Book of the ALneis

910

920

930

940

These in the Body plac'd; on either hand Sustain'd, and clos'd by fair Camilla's Band. Advancing in a Line, they couch their Spears; And less and less the middle Space appears. Thick Smoak obscures the Field: And scarce are seen T h e neighing Coursers, and the shouting Men. In distance of their Darts they stop their Course; T h e n Man to Man they rush, and Horse to Horse. T h e face of Heav'n their flying Jav'lins hide; And Deaths unseen are dealt on either side. Tyrrhenus, and Aconteus, void of Fear, By metled Coursers born in full Carreer, Meet first oppos'd: and, with a mighty Shock, T h e i r Horses Heads against each other knock. Far from his Steed is fierce Aconteus cast; \ As with an Engin's force, or Lightning's blast: > He rowls along in Blood, and breathes his last.) T h e Latin Squadrons take a sudden fright; And sling their Shields behind, to save their Backs in flight. Spurring at speed to their own Walls they drew; Close in the rear the Tuscan Troops pursue: And urge their flight. Asylas leads the Chase; 'Till seiz'd with Shame they wheel about and face: Receive their Foes, and raise a threat'ning Cry: T h e Tuscans take their turn to fear and fly. So swelling Surges, with a thund'ring Roar, Driv'n on each others Backs, insult the Shoar; Bound o're the Rocks, incroach upon the Land; And far upon the Beach eject the Sand. T h e n backward with a Swing, they take their Way; Repuls'd from upper Ground, and seek their Mother Sea: With equal hurry quit th' invaded Shore; And swallow back the Sand, and Stones they spew'd before. Twice were the Tuscans Masters of the Field, Twice by the Latins, in their turn repell'd. Asham'd at length, to the third Charge they ran, Both Hoasts resolv'd, and mingled Man to Man: 939

ral

»,] F2; ~ A Fi.

749

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Now dying Groans are heard, the Fields are strow'd With falling Bodies, and are drunk with Blood: Arms, Horses, Men, on heaps together lye: Confus'd the Fight, and more confus'd the Cry. Orsilochus, who durst not press too near \ Strong Remulus, at distance drove his Spear; > And stuck the Steel beneath his Horses Ear: ) T h e fiery Steed, impatient of the Wound, \ Curvets, and springing upward with a Bound, > 950 His helpless Lord cast backward on the Ground.) Catillus pierc'd Iolas first; then drew \ His reeking Lance, and at Herminius threw: > T h e mighty Champion of the Tuscan Crew, / His Neck and Throat unarm'd, his Head was bare, But shaded with a length of yellow Hair: Secure, he fought, expos'd on ev'ry part, A spacious mark for Swords, and for the flying Dart: Across the Shoulders came the feather'd Wound; Transfix'd, he fell, and doubled to the Ground, »so T h e Sands with streaming Blood are sanguine dy'd; And Death with Honour, sought on either side. Resistless through the War, Camilla rode; In Danger unappall'd, and pleas'd with Blood. One side was bare for her exerted Brest; One Shoulder with her painted Quiver press'd. Now from afar her Fatal Jav'lins play; Now with her Axe's edge she hews her Way: Diana's Arms upon her Shoulder sound; j And when, too closely press'd, she quits the Ground; > 970 From her bent Bow she sends a backward Wound. ) Her Maids, in Martial Pomp, on either side, Larina, Tulla, fierce Tarpeia ride; Italians all: in Peace, their Queen's delight: In War the bold Companions of the Fight. So march'd the Thracian A mazons of old, When Thermodon with bloody Billows rowl'd: 953 Crew,] F2; Fi. 958 feather'd] F2; flying Fi.

957

the flying] F2; the Fi.

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Book of the ALneis

751

Such Troops as these in shining Arms were seen; When Theseus met in Fight their Maiden Queen. Such to the Field Penthesilea led, 980 From the fierce Virgin when the Grecians fled: With such, return'd Triumphant from the War; Her Maids with Cries attend the lofty Carr: They clash with manly force their Moony Shields; With Female Showts resound the Phrygian Fields. Who formost, and who last, Heroick Maid, On the cold Earth were by thy Courage laid? T h y Spear, of Mountain Ash, Eumenius first, With fury driv'n, from side to side transpierc'd: A purple Stream came spowting from the Wound; 990 Bath'd in his Blood he lies, and bites the Ground. Lyris and Pagasus at once she slew; T h e former, as the slacken'd Reins he drew, Of his faint steed: the latter, as he stretch'd His Arm to prop his Friend, the Jav'lin reach'd. By the same Weapon, sent from the same Hand, Both fall together, and both spurn the Sand. Amastrus next is added to the slain: T h e rest in Rout she follows o're the Plain. Tereus, Harpalicus, Demophoon, 1000 And Chromys, at full Speed her Fury shun. Of all her deadly Darts, not one she lost; Each was attended with a Trojan Ghost. Young Ornithus bestrode a Hunter Steed, Swift for the Chase, and of Apulian Breed: Him, from afar, she spy'd in Arms unknown; O're his broad Back an Oxes hide was thrown: His Helm a Wolf, whose gaping Jaws were spread, A cov'ring for his Cheeks, and grinn'd around his Head. He clench'd within his Hand an Iron Prong; 1010 And tow'rd above the rest, conspicuous in the Throng. Him soon she singled from the flying Train, And slew with ease: Then thus insults the slain. Vain Hunter didst thou think thro' Woods to chase g79 Penthesilea] Penthisilea F1-2.

999 Demophoön] Demophöon F1-2.

752

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T h e Salvage Herd, a vile and trembling Race? Here cease thy Vaunts, and own my Victory; A Woman-Warrior was too strong for thee. Yet if the Ghosts demand the Conqu'ror's Name, Confessing great Camilla, save thy Shame. T h e n Butes, and Orsilochus, she slew: mo T h e bulkiest Bodies of the Trojan Crew. But Butes Breast to Breast: the Spear descends J Above the Gorget, where his Helmet ends; [ And o're the Shield which his left Side defends. / Orsilochus and she, their Coursers ply; He seems to follow, and she seems to fly. But in a narrower Ring she makes the Race; And then he flies, and she pursues the Chase. Gath'ring at length on her deluded Foe, She swings her Axe, and rises to the Blow: 1030 Full on the Helm behind, with such a sway T h e Weapon falls, the riven Steel gives way: He groans, he roars, he sues in vain for Grace; Brains, mingled with his Blood, besmear his Face. Astonish'd Aunus just arrives by Chance, T o see his Fall, nor farther dares advance: But fixing on the horrid Maid his Eye, He stares, and shakes, and finds it vain to fly: Yet like a true Ligurian, born to cheat, (At least while Fortune favour'd his Deceit) 1040 Cries out aloud, What Courage have you shown, Who trust your Coursers Strength, and not your own? Forego the vantage of your Horse, alight, And then on equal Terms begin the Fight: It shall be seen, weak Woman, what you can, When Foot to Foot, you combat with a Man. He said: She glows with Anger and Disdain, \ Dismounts with speed to dare him on the Plain; > And leaves her Horse at large among her Train: ) With her drawn Sword defies him to the Field; 1014 Race?] F1-2. 1040 What] what F1-2.

1037 1048

fly:] F1-2. Train:] F1-2.

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Eleventh

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1050 And marching, lifts aloft her maiden Shield: T h e Youth, who thought his Cunning did succeed, Reins round his Horse, and urges all his Speed, Adds the remembrance of the Spur, and hides T h e goring Rowels in his bleeding Sides. Vain Fool, and Coward, cries the lofty Maid, Caught in the Train, which thou thy self hast laid! On others practise thy Ligurian Arts; T h i n Stratagems, and Tricks of little Hearts Are lost on me. Nor shalt thou safe retire, 1060 With vaunting Lyes to thy fallacious Sire. At this, so fast her flying Feet she sped, T h a t soon she strain'd beyond his Horse's Head: T h e n turning short, at once she seiz'd the Rein, And laid the Boaster grov'ling on the Plain. Not with more ease the Falcon from above, Trusses, in middle Air, the trembling Dove: T h e n Plumes the Prey, in her strong Pounces bound: T h e Feathers foul with Blood come tumbling to the ground. Now mighty Jove, from his superior height, 1070 With his broad Eye surveys th' unequal Fight. He fires the Breast of Tarchon with Disdain; And sends him to redeem th' abandon'd Plain. Betwixt the broken Ranks the Tuscan rides, And these encourages, and those he chides: Recalls each Leader, by his Name, from flight; Renews their Ardour; and restores the Fight. What Panick Fear has seiz'd your Souls? O shame, O Brand perpetual of th' Etrurian Name; Cowards incurable, a Woman's Hand 1080 Drives, breaks, and scatters your ignoble Band! Now cast away the Sword, and quit the Shield: What use of Weapons which you dare not wield? Not thus you fly your Female Foes, by Night, Nor shun the Feast, when the full Bowls invite: 105a 1059 1066 1077

Speed,] F2; Fi. retire] Fi (corrected state), F2; reitre Fi (uncorrected state). Dove] F2; Drove F i . Souls?] Fi—2.

753

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/Eneis

755

When to fat Off'rings the glad Augur calls; And the shrill Horn-pipe sounds to Bacchanals. These are your study'd Cares; your lewd Delight; Swift to debauch; but slow to Manly Fight. T h u s having said, he spurs amid the Foes; io9o Not managing the Life he meant to lose. T h e first he found he seiz'd, with headlong haste, In his strong Gripe; and clasp'd around the Waste: 'Twas Venulus; whom from his Horse he tore, And, (laid athwart his own,) in Triumph bore. Loud Shouts ensue: T h e Latins turn their Eyes, And view th' unusual sight with vast Surprize. T h e fiery Tarchon, flying o're the Plains, Press'd in his Arms the pond'rous Prey sustains: Then, with his shorten'd Spear, explores around 1100 His jointed Arms, to fix a deadly Wound. Nor less the Captive struggles for his Life; He writhes his Body to prolong the Strife: And, fencing for his naked Throat, exerts His utmost Vigour, and the point averts. So stoops the yellow Eagle from on high, A n d bears a speckled Serpent thro' the Sky; Fast'ning his crooked Tallons on the Prey: T h e Pris'ner hisses thro' the liquid Way, Resists the Royal Hawk, and tho' opprest, mo She fights in Volumes, and erects her Crest: T u r n ' d to her Foe, she stiffens ev'ry Scale; A n d shoots her forky Tongue, and whisks her threat'ning T a i l . Against the Victour all Defence is weak; T h ' imperial Bird still plies her with his Beak: He tears her Bowels, and her Breast he gores; T h e n claps his Pinions, and securely soars. Thus, thro' the midst of circling Enemies, Strong Tarchon snatch'd and bore away his Prize: T h e Tyrrhene Troops, that shrunk before, now press 1120 T h e Latins, and presume the like Success. Then, A runs doom'd to Death, his Arts assay'd 1085

Augur] Augur F1-2.

1086

Bacchanals] Bacchanals F1-2.

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756

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T o murther, unespy'd, the Volscian Maid. This way, and that his winding Course he bends; And wheresoe're she turns, her Steps attends. When she retires victorious from the Chase, He wheels about with Care, and shifts his place: When rushing on, she seeks her Foes in Fight, He keeps aloof, but keeps her still in sight: He threats, and trembles, trying ev'ry Way ii3o Unseen to kill, and safely to betray. Chloreus, the Priest of Cybele, from far, Glitt'ring in Phrygian Arms amidst the War, Was by the Virgin view'd: The Steed he press'd Was proud with Trappings; and his brawny Chest With Scales of guilded Brass was cover'd o're: A Robe of Tyrian Dye the Rider wore. With deadly Wounds he gaul'd the distant Foe; Gnossian his Shafts, and Lycian was his Bow: A Golden Helm his Front, and head surrounds; ii4o A guilded Quiver from his Shoulder sounds. Gold, weav'd with Linen, on his Thighs he wore: With Flowers of Needlework distinguish'd o're: With Golden Buckles bound, and gather'd up before. Him, the fierce Maid beheld with ardent Eyes; Fond and Ambitious of so Rich a Prize: Or that the Temple might his Trophees hold, Or else to shine her self in Trojan Gold: Blind in her haste, she chases him alone, And seeks his Life, regardless of her own. ii5o This lucky Moment the slye Tray tor chose: ) Then, starting from his Ambush up he rose, / And threw, but first to Heav'n address'd his Vows. I O Patron of Soractes high Abodes, Phoebus the Ruling Pow'r among the Gods; Whom first we serve; whole Woods of unctuous Pine Are fell'd for thee, and to thy Glory shine; 1122 Maid.]

FI-2.

1155 serve;]

F1-2.

1147

to] F i (corrected state), F2; ro F i (uncorrected state).

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By thee protected, with our naked Soles, T h r o ' Flames unsing'd we march, and tread the kindled Coals: Give me, propitious Pow'r, to wash away 1160 T h e Stains of this dishonourable Day: Nor Spoils, nor Triumph, from the Fact I claim; But with my future Actions trust my Fame. Let me, by stealth, this Female Plague o'recome; And from the Field, return inglorious home. Apollo heard, and granting half his Pray'r, Shuffled in Winds the rest, and toss'd in empty Air. He gives the Death desir'd; his safe return, By Southern Tempests to the Seas is born. Now, when the Jav'lin whizz'd along the Skies, 1170 Both Armies on Camilla turn'd their Eyes, Directed by the Sound: Of either Host, T h ' unhappy Virgin, tho' concern'd the most, Was only deaf; so greedy was she bent On Golden Spoils, and on her Prey intent: T i l l in her Pap the winged Weapon stood Infix'd; and deeply drunk the purple Blood. Her sad Attendants hasten to sustain T h e i r dying Lady drooping on the Plain. Far from their sight the trembling Aruns flies, ii8o With beating Heart, and Fear confus'd with Joys; Nor dares he farther to pursue his Blow; Or ev'n to bear the sight of his expiring Foe. As when the Wolf has torn a Bullocks Hide, At unawares, or ranch'd a Shepherd's Side: Conscious of his audacious deed, he flies, And claps his quiv'ring T a i l between his Thighs: So, speeding once, the Wretch no more attends; But spurring forward herds among his Friends. She wrench'd the Jav'lin with her dying Hands; ii9o But wedg'd within her Breast the Weapon stands: T h e Wood she draws, the steely Point remains, 1163 1172 1184

stealth,] F1-2. concern'd] Fi (corrected state), F2; conecrn'd Fi (uncorrected state). a] F2; the F i .

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Mneis

She staggers in her Seat, with agonizing Pains: A gath'ring Mist o'reclouds her chearful Eyes; And from her Cheeks the rosie Colour flies: Then, turns to her, whom, of her Female Train, She trusted most, and thus she speaks with Pain. Acca, 'tis past! He swims before my sight, Inexorable Death; and claims his right. Bear my last Words to Turnus, fly with speed, 1200 And bid him timely to my Charge succeed: Repel the Trojans, and the Town relieve: Farewel; and in this Kiss my parting Breath receive. She said; and sliding, sunk upon the Plain; Dying, her open'd Hand forsakes the Rein; Short, and more short, she pants: By slow degrees Her Mind the Passage from her Body frees. She drops her Sword, she nods her plumy Crest; Her drooping Head declining on her Breast: In the last Sigh her strugling Soul expires; 1210 And murm'ring with Disdain, to Stygian Sounds retires. A Shout, that struck the Golden Stars, ensu'd: Despair and Rage, the languish'd Fight renew'd. T h e Trojan Troops, and Tuscans in a Line, Advance to charge; the mix'd Arcadians join. But Cynthia's Maid, high seated, from afar Surveys the Field, and fortune of the War: Unmov'd a while, 'till prostrate on the Plain, Welt'ring in Blood, she sees Camilla slain; And round her Corps, of Friends and Foes a fighting Train. 1220 Then, from the bottom of her Breast, she drew A mournful Sigh, and these sad Words ensue: T o o dear a Fine, ah much lamented Maid, For warring with the Trojans, thou hast paid! Nor ought avail'd, in this unhappy Strife, Diana's sacred Arms, to save thy Life. Yet unreveng'd thy Goddess will not leave Her Vot'rys Death, nor with vain Sorrow grieve. Branded the Wretch, and be his Name abhorr'd; 1194

flies:]

Fi-a.

759

760

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But after Ages shall thy Praise record. 1230 T h ' inglorious Coward soon shall press the Plain; Thus vows thy Queen, and thus the Fates ordain. High o're the Field, there stood a hilly Mound; Sacred the Place, and spread with Oaks around; Where, in a Marble Tomb, Dercennus lay, A King that once in Latium bore the Sway. T h e beauteous Opis thither bent her flight, T o mark the Tray tor Aruns, from the height. Him, in refulgent Arms she soon espy'd, Swoln with success, and loudly thus she cry'd. 1240 Thy backward steps, vain boaster, are too late; Turn, like a Man at length, and meet thy Fate. Charg'd with my Message to Camilla go; \ And say I sent thee to the Shades below; > An Honour undeserv'd from Cynthia's Bow. / She said: and from her Quiver chose with speed T h e winged Shaft, predestin'd for the Deed: Then, to the stubborn Eugh her strength apply'd; T i l l the far distant Horns approach'd on either side. T h e Bow-string touch'd her Breast, so strong she drew; 1250 Whizzing in Air the fatal Arrow flew. At once the twanging Bow, and sounding Dart T h e Traytor heard, and felt the point within his heart. Him, beating with his heels, in pangs of death, His flying Friends to foreign Fields bequeath. T h e Conqu'ring Damsel, with expanded Wings, T h e welcome Message to her Mistress brings. Their Leader lost, the Volscians quit the Field; And, unsustain'd, the Chiefs of Turnus yield. The frighted Souldiers, when their Captains fly, 1280 More on their speed than on their Strength rely. Confus'd in flight, they bear each other down: And spur their Horses headlong to the Town. Driv'n by their Foes, and to their Fears resign'd, Not once they turn; but take their Wounds behind. These drop the Shield, and those the Lance forego; Or on their Shoulders bear the slacken'd Bow.

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T h e Hoofs of Horses with a ratling sound, Beat short, and thick, and shake the rotten ground. Black clouds of dust, come rowling in the Sky, 1270 And o're the darken'd Walls, and Rampires fly. T h e trembling Matrons, from their lofty Stands, Rend Heav'n with Female Shrieks; and wring their Hands. All pressing on, Pursuers and pursu'd, Are crush'd in Crowds, a Mingled multitude. Some happy few escape: the Throng too late Rush on for Entrance, till they choak the Gate. Ev'n in the sight of home, the wretched Sire Looks on, and sees his helpless Son expire. Then, in a fright, the folding Gates they close: 1280 But leave their Friends excluded with their Foes. T h e vanquish'd cry; the Victors loudly shout; Tis Terror all within; and Slaughter all without. Blind in their Fear, they bounce against the wall, Or to the Moats pursu'd, precipitate their fall. T h e Latian Virgins, valiant with despair, Arm'd on the Tow'rs the Common Danger share: So much of Zeal their Country's Cause inspir'd; So much Camillas great Example fir'd. Poles, sharpen'd in the flames, from high they throw; 1290 With imitated Darts to gaul the Foe. Their Lives, for Godlike freedom they bequeath; And crowd each other to be first in death. Mean time, to Turnus, ambush'd in the shade, With heavy tydings, came th' Unhappy Maid. T h e Volscians overthrown, Camilla kill'd, T h e Foes entirely Masters of the Field, Like a resistless Flood, come rowling on: T h e cry goes off the Plain, and thickens to the Town. Inflam'd with Rage, (for so the Furies fire 1300 T h e Daunian's Breast, and so the Fates require,) He leaves the hilly Pass, the Woods in vain Possess'd, and downward issues on the Plain: 1884

to the] F 2 ; to t h e i r

Fi.

1286

Tow'rs] F2; Towr's F i .

761

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762

Scarce was he gone, when to the Streights, now freed From secret Foes, the Trojan Troops succeed. Thro' the black Forest, and the ferny Brake, Unknowingly secure, their Way they take: From the rough Mountains to the Plain descend; And there, in Order drawn, their Line extend. Both Armies, now, in open Fields are seen: 1310 Nor far the distance of the Space between. Both to the City bend: /Eneas sees, Thro' smoaking Fields, his hast'ning Enemies. And Turnus views the Trojans in Array, And hears th' approaching Horses proudly neigh. Soon had their Hoasts in bloody Battel join'd; But westward to the Sea the Sun declin'd. Intrench'd before the Town, both Armies lye: While Night with sable Wings involves the Sky. 1306

take:]

Fi-a.

1318

involves] F2; o'respreads F i .

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765

The Twelfth Book of the ALneis THE ARGUMENT.

Turnus challenges iEneas to a single Combat: Articles are agreed on, but broken by the Rutuli, who wound .¿Eneas: He is miraculously cur'd by Venus, forces Turnus to a Duel, and concludes the Poem with his Death.

W

HEN Turnus saw the Latins leave the Field; Their Armies broken, and their Courage quell'd; Himself become the Mark of publick Spight, His Honour question'd for the promis'd Fight: T h e more he was with Vulgar hate oppress'd; The more his Fury boil'd within his Breast: He rowz'd his Vigour for the last Debate; And rais'd his haughty Soul, to meet his Fate. As when the Swains the Lybian Lion chase, 10 He makes a sour Retreat, nor mends his Pace; But if the pointed Jav'lin pierce his Side, The lordly Beast returns with double Pride: He wrenches out the Steel, he roars for Pain; His sides he lashes, and erects his Mane: So Turnus fares; his Eye-balls flash with Fire, Through his wide Nostrils Clouds of Smoke expire. Trembling with Rage, around the Court he ran; At length approach'd the King, and thus began. No more excuses or Delays: I stand J 20 In Arms prepar'd to Combat, hand to hand, [ This base Deserter of his Native Land. ) T h e Trojan, by his Word, is bound to take T h e same Conditions which himself did make. Renew the Truce, the solemn Rites prepare; 2 Rutuli] Rutili F 1 - 2 . 14 Mane:] F1-2.

16

Through] F2; And F i .

766

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And to my single Virtue trust the War. The Latians unconcern'd shall see the Fight; This Arm unaided shall assert your Right: Then, if my prostrate Body press the Plain, T o him the Crown, and beauteous Bride remain. T o whom the King sedately thus reply'd; Brave Youth, the more your Valour has been try'd, The more becomes it us, with due Respect T o weigh the chance of War, which you neglect. You want not Wealth, or a successive Throne, Or Cities, which your Arms have made your own; My Towns and Treasures are at your Command; And stor'd with blooming Beauties is my Land: Laurentum more than one Lavinia sees, Unmarry'd, fair, of Noble Families. Now let me speak; and you with Patience hear, Things which perhaps may grate a Lover's Ear: But sound Advice, proceeding from a heart, Sincerely yours, and free from fraudful Art. The Gods, by Signs, have manifestly shown, No Prince, Italian born, shou'd heir my Throne: Oft have our Augurs, in Prediction skill'd, And oft our Priests, a Foreign Son reveal'd. Yet, won by Worth, that cannot be withstood, Brib'd by my Kindness to my kindred Blood, Urg'd by my Wife, who wou'd not be deny'd; I promis'd my Lavinia for your Bride: Her from her plighted Lord by force I took; All tyes of Treaties, and of Honour broke: On your Account I wag'd an impious War, With what Success 'tis needless to declare; I, and my Subjects feel; and you have had your Share. Twice vanquish'd, while in bloody Fields we strive, Scarce in our Walls, we keep our Hopes alive: The rowling Flood runs warm with human Gore; The Bones of Latians, blanch the neighb'ring Shore: Why put I not an end to this Debate, Still unresolv'd, and still a Slave to Fate?

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If Turnus Death a lasting Peace can give, W h y shou'd I not procure it, whilst you live? Shou'd I to doubtful Arms your Youth betray, What wou'd my Kinsmen, the Rutulians, say? And shou'd you fall in Fight, (which Heav'n defend) How curse the Cause, which hasten'd to his end, T h e Daughter's Lover, and the Father's Friend? Weigh in your Mind, the various Chance of War, Pity your Parent's Age; and ease his Care. Such balmy Words he pour'd, but all in vain; T h e proffer'd Med'cine but provok'd the Pain. T h e wrathful Youth disdaining the Relief, With intermitting Sobs, thus vents his Grief. T h e care, O best of Fathers, which you take For my Concerns, at my Desire, forsake. Permit me not to languish out my Days; But make the best exchange of Life for Praise. This Arm, this Lance, can well dispute the Prize; And the Blood follows, where the Weapon flies: His Goddess Mother is not near, to shrowd T h e flying Coward, with an empty Cloud. But now the Queen, who fear'd for Turnus Life, A n d loath'd the hard Conditions of the Strife, Held him by Force; and, dying in his Death, In these sad Accents gave her Sorrow breath. O Turnus I adjure thee by these Tears; And what e're price A mata's Honour bears Within thy Breast, since thou art all my hope, My sickly Mind's repose, my sinking Age's Prop; Since on the safety of thy Life alone, Depends Latinus, and the Latian Throne: Refuse me not this one, this only Pray'r; T o wave the Combat, and pursue the War. Whatever chance attends this fatal Strife, T h i n k it includes in thine Amata s Life. 63 64 91

Turnus] Turnus's F1-2. 64 whilst] F2; while F i . live?] m. F1-2. Mind's] Fi (corrected state), F2; Minds Fi (uncorrected state).

767

768

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I cannot live a Slave; or see my Throne Usurp'd by Strangers, or a Trojan Son. At this, a Flood of Tears Lavinia shed; \ A crimson Blush her beauteous Face o'respread; > Varying her Cheeks by Turns, with white and red. / The driving Colours, never at a stay, Run here and there; and flush, and fade away. Delightful change! Thus Indian Iv'ry shows, ) Which with the bord'ring Paint of Purple glows; > Or Lillies damask'd by the neighb'ring Rose. / The Lover gaz'd, and burning with desire, The more he look'd, the more he fed the Fire: Revenge, and jealous Rage, and secret Spight; Rowl in his Breast, and rowze him to the Fight. Then fixing on the Queen his ardent Eyes, Firm to his first intent, he thus replies. O Mother, do not by your Tears prepare Such boding Omens, and prejudge the War. Resolv'd on Fight, I am no longer free T o shun my Death, if Heav'n my Death decree. Then turning to the Herald, thus pursues; Go, greet the Trojan with ungrateful News, Denounce from me, that when to Morrow's Light Shall guild the Heav'ns, he need not urge the Fight: The Trojan and Rutulian Troops, no more Shall dye, with mutual Blood, the Latian Shore: Our single Swords the Quarrel shall decide, And to the Victor be the beauteous Bride. He said, and striding on, with speedy Pace, He sought his Coursers of the Thracian Race. At his Approach, they toss their Heads on high; And proudly neighing, promise Victory, The Sires of these Orythia sent from far, T o grace Pilumnus, when he went to War. The drifts of Thracian Snows were scarce so white Nor Northern Winds in fleetness match'd their Flight. 123

dye] F i (corrected, state), Fs; dy F i (uncorrected state).

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Officious Grooms stand ready by his Side; And some with Combs their flowing Manes divide, And others stroke their Chests, and gently sooth their Pride. He sheath'd his Limbs in Arms; a temper'd Mass Of golden Metal those, and Mountain Brass. Then to his Head his glitt'ring Helm he ty'd; 140 And girt his faithful Fauchion to his side. In his ALtnean Forge, the God of Fire T h a t Fauchion labour'd for the Hero's Sire: Immortal Keenness on the Blade bestow'd, And plung'd it hissing in the Stygian Flood. Prop'd on a Pillar, which the Ceiling bore, Was plac'd the Lance Auruncan Actor wore; Which with such Force he brandish'd in his Hand, T h e tough Ash trembled like an Osier Wand: T h e n cry'd, O pond'rous Spoil of Act or slain, 150 And never yet by Turnus toss'd in vain, Fail not this Day thy wonted Force: But go, Sent by this Hand, to pierce the Trojan Foe: Give me to tear his Corslet from his Breast, And from that Eunuch Head, to rend the Crest: Drag'd in the Dust, his frizled Hair to soil; Hot from the vexing Ir'n, and smear'd with fragrant Oyl. Thus while he raves, from his wide Nostrils flies A fiery Stream, and Sparkles from his Eyes. So fares the Bull in his lov'd Female's sight; 160 Proudly he bellows, and preludes the fight: He tries his goring Horns against a Tree; And meditates his absent Enemy: He pushes at the Winds, he digs the Strand With his black Hoofs, and spurns the yellow Sand. Nor less the Trojan, in his Lemnian Arms, T o future Fight his Manly Courage warms: He whets his Fury, and with Joy prepares, T o terminate at once the ling'ring Wars: 148 168

Osier Wand:] Osyer Wars:] F1-2.

F1-2.

158

Stream] F2; Steam F i .

769

The Works of Virgil in English T o chear his Cheifs, and tender Son, relates no What Heav'n had promis'd, and expounds the Fates. Then to the Latian King he sends, to cease T h e Rage of Arms, and ratifie the Peace. The Morn ensuing from the Mountain's height, Had scarcely spread the Skies with rosie Light; T h ' Etherial Coursers bounding from the Sea, From out their flaming Nostrils breath'd the Day: When now the Trojan and Rutulian Guard, In friendly Labour join'd, the List prepar'd. Beneath the Walls, they measure out the Space; i8o Then sacred Altars rear, on sods of Grass; Where, with Religious Rites, their common Gods they place. In purest white, the Priests their Heads attire, And living Waters bear, and holy Fire: And o're their Linnen Hoods, and shaded Hair, Long twisted Wreaths of sacred Vervain wear. In Order issuing from the Town, appears The Latin Legion, arm'd with pointed Spears; And from the Fields, advancing on a Line, The Trojan and the Tuscan Forces join: loo Their various Arms afford a pleasing Sight; A peaceful Train they seem, in Peace prepar'd for Fight. Betwixt the Ranks the proud Commanders ride, Glitt'ring with Gold, and Vests in Purple dy'd: Here Mnestheus Author of the Memmian Line, And there Messapus born of Seed Divine. The Sign is giv'n, and round the listed Space, Each Man in order fills his proper Place. Reclining on their ample Shields, they stand; And fix their pointed Lances in the Sand. 2oo Now, studious of the sight, a num'rous Throng Of either Sex promiscuous, old and young, Swarm from the Town: By those who rest behind, The Gates and Walls, and Houses tops are lin'd. Mean time the Queen of Heav'n beheld the sight, With Eyes unpleas'd, from Mount Albano's height: 17s

ratifie] F2; ratifies F i .

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dy'd:]

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(Since call'd A Ibano, by succeeding Fame, But then an empty Hill, without a Name.) She thence survey'd the Field, the Trojan Pow'rs, T h e Latian Squadrons, and Laurentine Tow'rs. T h e n thus the Goddess of the Skies bespake, With Sighs and Tears, the Goddess of the Lake; King Turnus Sister, once a lovely Maid, E're to the Lust of lawless Jove betray'd: Compress'd by Force, but by the grateful God, Now made the Na'is of the neighb'ring Flood. O Nymph, the Pride of living Lakes, said she, 0 most renown'd, and most belov'd by me, Long hast thou known, nor need I to record T h e wanton sallies of my wand'ring Lord: Of ev'ry Latian fair, whom Jove mis-led, T o mount by Stealth my violated Bed, T o thee alone I grudg'd not his Embrace; But gave a part of Heav'n, and an unenvy'd Place. Now learn from me, thy near approaching Grief, Nor think my Wishes want to thy Relief. While fortune favour'd, nor Heav'n's King deny'd, T o lend my Succour to the Latian side, 1 sav'd thy Brother, and the sinking State: But now he struggles with unequal Fate; And goes with Gods averse, o'rematch'd in Might, T o meet inevitable Death in Fight: Nor must I break the Truce, nor can sustain the sight. Thou, if thou dar'st, thy present Aid supply; It well becomes a Sister's Care to try. At this the lovely Nymph, with Grief oppress'd, Thrice tore her Hair, and beat her comely Breast: T o whom Saturnia thus; Thy Tears are late; Haste, snatch him, if he can be snatch'd from Fate: New Tumults kindle, violate the Truce; Who knows what changeful Fortune may produce? 'Tis not a Crime t' attempt what I decree, 215 237

Nais] Nais F1-2. Thy] thy F1-2.

236

Breast:]

F1-2.

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Or if it were, discharge the Crime on me. She said, and, sailing on the winged Wind, Left the sad Nymph suspended in her Mind. And now in Pomp the peaceful Kings appear: Four Steeds the Chariot of Latinus bear: Twelve golden Beams around his Temples play, T o mark his Lineage from the God of Day. Two snowy Coursers Turnus Chariot yoke, 250 And in his Hand two Massy Spears he shook: T h e n issu'd from the Camp, in Arms Divine, /Eneas, Author of the Roman Line: And by his side Ascanius took his Place, T h e second Hope of Rome's Immortal Race. Adorn'd in white, a rev'rend Priest appears; And Off'rings to the flaming Altars bears; A Porket, and a Lamb, that never suffer'd Shears. Then, to the rising Sun he turns his Eyes, And strews the Beasts, design'd for Sacrifice, 260 With Salt, and Meal: With like officious Care He marks their Foreheads, and he clips their Hair. Betwixt their Horns the Purple Wine he sheds, With the same gen'rous Juice the Flame he feeds. JEneas then unsheath'd his shining Sword, And thus with pious Pray'rs the Gods ador'd. All-seeing Sun, and thou Ausonian Soil, For which I have sustain'd so long a Toil, T h o u King of Heav'n, and thou the Queen of Air, (Propitious now, and reconcil'd by Pray'r,) 270 T h o u God of War, whose unresisted Sway T h e Labours and Events of Arms obey; Ye living Fountains, and ye running Floods, All Pow'rs of Ocean, all Etherial Gods, Hear, and bear Record: if I fall in Field, Or Recreant in the Fight, to Turnus yield, My Trojans shall encrease Evander's Town; Ascanius shall renounce th' Ausonian Crown: All Claims, all Questions of Debate shall cease; 249

Turnus] Turnus's F I - 2 .

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Nor he, nor they, with Force infringe the Peace. 280 But if my juster Arms prevail in Fight, As sure they shall, if I divine aright, My Trojans shall not o're th' Italians Reign; Both equal, both unconquer'd shall remain: Join'd in their Laws, their Lands, and their Abodes; I ask but Altars for my weary Gods: The Care of those Religious Rites be mine; The Crown to King Latinus I resign: His be the Sov'raign Sway. Nor will I share His Pow'r in Peace, or his Command in War. 290 For me, my Friends another Town shall frame, And bless the rising Tow'rs, with fair Lavinia s Name. Thus he. Then with erected Eyes and Hands, T h e Latian King before his Altar stands. By the same Heav'n, said he, and Earth, and Main, And all the Pow'rs, that all the three contain; By Hell below, and by that upper God, Whose Thunder signs the Peace, who seals it with his Nod; So let Latona's double Offspring hear, And double fronted Janus, what I swear; 300 I touch the sacred Altars, touch the Flames, And all those Pow'rs attest, and all their Names: Whatever Chance befall on either Side, No term of time this Union shall divide: No Force, no Fortune, shall my Vows unbind, Or shake the stedfast Tenour of my Mind: Not tho' the circling Seas shou'd break their Bound, O'reflow the Shores, or sap the solid Ground; Not tho' the Lamps of Heav'n their Spheres forsake, Hurl'd down, and hissing in the neather Lake: 310 Ev'n as this Royal Scepter, (for he bore A Scepter in his Hand) shall never more Shoot out in Branches, or renew the Birth; (An Orphan now, cut from the Mother Earth By the keen Axe, dishonour'd of its Hair, And cas'd in Brass, for Latian Kings to bear.) When thus in publick view the Peace was ty'd,

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W i t h s o l e m n Vows, a n d sworn on either side, All dues perform'd which holy Rites require; T h e V i c t i m Beasts are slain before the Fire: 32« T h e t r e m b l i n g E n t r a i l s f r o m t h e i r B o d i e s t o r n , A n d to t h e fatten'd Flames in Chargers b o r n . Already the

Rutulians

deem their M a n

O'rematch'd in Arms, before the Fight began. First rising Fears are whisper'd thro' the Crowd; T h e n , gath'ring sound, they m u r m u r m o r e aloud. N o w side to side, they m e a s u r e with their Eyes T h e C h a m p i o n s b u l k , their Sinews, a n d their Sise: T h e n e a r e r t h e y a p p r o a c h , t h e m o r e is k n o w n T h ' apparent Disadvantage of their own. 330

Turnus

himself, appears in p u b l i c k sight,

Conscious of Fate, desponding of the Fight. Slowly h e moves; a n d at his A l t a r stands W i t h eyes d e j e c t e d , a n d w i t h t r e m b l i n g h a n d s : A n d while he mutters undistinguish'd Pray'rs, A livid deadness in his C h e e k s appears. W i t h anxious Pleasure when

Juturna

view'd

T h ' increasing F r i g h t of the m a d M u l t i t u d e , W h e n their short Sighs, a n d thickning Sobs she heard, A n d f o u n d their ready Minds for Change prepar'd; 340 D i s s e m b l i n g h e r i m m o r t a l F o r m , s h e t o o k

Camertus

M e e n , his H a b i t , a n d his L o o k ;

A C h i e f of ancient B l o o d : in A r m s well k n o w n W a s his great Sire, a n d he, his greater Son. His Shape assum'd, a m i d the Ranks she ran, A n d h u m o u r i n g t h e i r first M o t i o n s , t h u s b e g a n . For shame,

Rutulians,

can you bear the sight,

O f o n e expos'd for all, in single Fight? C a n we, b e f o r e the F a c e of H e a v ' n , confess O u r C o u r a g e c o l d e r , o r o u r N u m b e r s less? 350 V i e w a l l t h e And

Tuscan

Trojan

Hoast, th'

Arcadian

Band,

A r m y ; c o u n t ' e m as t h e y s t a n d ;

U n d a u n t e d to the B a t t e l , if w e goe, 32«

deem] F2; deem'd F i .

351

stand;]

Fi-a.

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Scarce ev'ry second Man will share a Foe. Turnus, 'tis true, in this unequal Strife Shall lose, with Honour, his devoted Life: Or change it rather for immortal Fame, Succeeding to the Gods, from whence he came: But you, a servile, and inglorious Band, For Foreign Lords shall sow your Native Land: 360 Those fruitful Fields, your fighting Fathers gain'd, Which have so long their lazy Sons sustain'd. With Words like these, she carry'd her Design; A rising Murmur runs along the Line. T h e n ev'n the City Troops, and Latians, tir'd With tedious War, seem with new Souls inspir'd: Their Champion's Fate with Pity they lament; And of the League, so lately sworn, repent. Nor fails the Goddess to foment the Rage With lying Wonders, and a false Presage: 370 But adds a Sign, which, present to their Eyes, Inspires new Courage, and a glad Surprize. For, sudden, in the fiery Tracts above, Appears in Pomp th' Imperial Bird of Jove: A plump of Fowl he spies, that swim the Lakes; Ando're their Heads his sounding Pinions shakes: Then stooping on the fairest of the Train, In his strong Tallons truss'd a silver Swan. T h ' Italians wonder at th' unusual sight; But while he lags, and labours in his flight, 38o Behold the Dastard Fowl return anew; And with united force the Foe pursue: Clam'rous around the Royal Hawk they fly; And thick'ning in a Cloud, o'reshade the Sky. They cuff, they scratch, they cross his airy Course; Nor can th' incumber'd Bird sustain their Force: But vex'd, not vanquish'd, drops the pond'rous Prey; And, lighten'd of his Burthen, wings his Way. T h ' Ausonian Bands with Shouts salute the sight: Eager of Action, and demand the Fight. 375

shakes:]

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390 T h e n King Tolumnius, vers'd in Augurs Arts, Cries out, and thus his boasted Skill imparts. At length 'tis granted, what I long desir'd; This, this is what my frequent Vows requir'd. Ye Gods, I take your Omen, and obey; Advance, my Friends, and charge, I lead the Way. These are the Foreign Foes, whose impious Band, Like that rapacious Bird, infest our Land: But soon, like him, they shall be forc'd to Sea By Strength united, and forego the Prey: 400 Your timely Succour to your Country bring; Haste to the Rescue; and redeem your King. He said: And pressing onward, thro' the Crew, Poiz'd in his lifted Arm, his Lance he threw. T h e winged Weapon, whistling in the Wind, Came driving on; nor miss'd the Mark design'd. At once the Cornel rattled in the Skies; At once tumultuous Shouts, and Clamours rise. Nine Brothers in a goodly Band there stood, Born of Arcadian mix'd with Tuscan Blood: 410 Gylippus Sons: T h e fatal Jav'lin flew, Aim'd at the midmost of the friendly Crew. A Passage thro' the jointed Arms it found, Just where the Belt was to the Body bound; And struck the gentle Youth, extended on the Ground. T h e n fir'd with pious Rage, the gen'rous Train Run madly forward, to revenge the slain. And some with eager haste their Jav'lins throw; And some, with Sword in hand, assault the Foe. T h e wish'd Insult the Latine Troops embrace; 420 And meet their Ardour in the middle Space. T h e Trojans, Tuscans, and A rcadian Line, With equal Courage obviate their Design. Peace leaves the violated Fields; and Hate Both Armies urges to their mutual Fate. With impious Haste their Altars are o'return'd, T h e Sacrifice half broil'd, and half unburn'd. 390

Augurs] Fa; Augur's F i .

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Thick Storms of Steel from either Army fly, And Clouds of clashing Darts obscure the Sky: Brands from the Fire, are missive Weapons made; 430 With Chargers, Bowls, and all the Priestly Trade. Latinus frighted, hastens from the Fray, And bears his unregarded Gods away. These on their Horses vault, those yoke the Car; The rest with Swords on high, run headlong to the War. Messapus, eager to confound the Peace, Spurr'd his hot Courser thro' the fighting Preace, At King Aulestes; by his Purple known \ A Tuscan Prince, and by his Regal Crown: [ And with a Shock encount'ring, bore him down.) 440 Backward he fell; and as his Fate design'd, The Ruins of an Altar were behind: There pitching on his Shoulders, and his Head, Amid the scatt'ring Fires he lay supinely spread. The beamy Spear, descending from above, His Cuirass pierc'd, and thro' his Body drove. Then, with a scornful Smile, the Victor cries; T h e Gods have found a fitter Sacrifice. Greedy of Spoils, th' Italians strip the dead Of his rich Armour; and uncrown his Head. 450 Priest Chorinaus arm'd his better Hand, From his own Altar, with a blazing Brand: And, as Ebusus with a thund'ring Pace Advanc'd to Battel, dash'd it on his Face: His bristly Beard shines out with sudden Fires, T h e crackling Crop a noisom scent expires. Following the blow, he seiz'd his curling Crown With his left Hand; his other cast him down. The prostrate Body with his Knees he press'd; And plung'd his holy Ponyard in his Breast. 460 While Podalirius, with his Sword, pursu'd T h e Shepherd A Isus thro' the flying Crowd, Swiftly he turns; and aims a deadly blow, Full on the Front of his unwary Foe.

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T h e broad Axe enters, with a crashing Sound, And cleaves the Chin, with one continu'd Wound: Warm Blood, and mingled Brains, besmear his Arms around. An Iron Sleep his stupid Eyes oppress'd, And seal'd their heavy Lids in endless rest. But good Mneas rush'd amid the Bands, 470 Bare was his Head, and naked were his Hands, In sign of Truce: Then thus he cries aloud, What sudden Rage, what new Desire of Blood Inflames your alter'd Minds? O Trojans cease From impious Arms, nor violate the Peace. By Human Sanctions, and by Laws Divine, T h e Terms are all agreed, the War is mine. Dismiss your Fears, and let the Fight ensue; This Hand alone shall right the Gods and you: Our injur'd Altars, and their broken Vow, 480 T o this avenging Sword the faithless Turnus owe. Thus while he spoke, unmindful of Defence, A winged Arrow struck the Pious Prince. But whether from some Human Hand it came, Or Hostile God, is left unknown by Fame: No Human Hand, or Hostile God was found, T o boast the Triumph of so base a Wound. When Turnus saw the Trojan quit the Plain, His Chiefs dismay'd, his Troops a fainting Train: T h ' unhop'd Event his heighten'd Soul inspires, 490 At once his Arms and Coursers he requires: Then, with a leap, his lofty Chariot gains, And with a ready hand assumes the Reins. He drives impetuous, and where e're he goes, He leaves behind a Lane of slaughter'd Foes. These his Lance reaches, over those he rowls His rapid Car, and crushes out their Souls: In vain the vanquish'd fly; the Victor sends T h e dead Mens Weapons at their living Friends. Thus on the Banks of Hebrus freezing Flood 490 requires:]

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500 T h e God of Battels in his angry Mood, Clashing his Sword against his brazen Shield, Lets loose the Reins, and scours along the Field: Before the Wind his fiery Coursers fly, Groans the sad Earth, resounds the ratling Sky. Wrath, Terror, Treason, Tumult, and Despair, \ Dire Faces, and deform'd, surround the Car; > Friends of the God, and Followers of the War. ) With Fury not unlike, nor less Disdain, Exulting Turnus flies along the Plain: 510 His smoaking Horses, at their utmost Speed, He lashes on; and urges o're the dead. Their Fetlocks run with Blood; and when they bound, T h e Gore, and gath'ring Dust, are dash'd around. Thamyris and Pholus, Masters of the War, He kill'd at hand, but Sthenelus afar: From far the Sons of Imbrasus he slew, Glaucus, and Lades, of the Lycian Crew: Both taught to fight on Foot, in Battel join'd; Or mount the Courser that outstrips the Wind. 520 Mean time Eumedes, vaunting in the Field, New fir'd the Trojans, and their Foes repell'd. This Son of Dolon bore his Grandsire's Name; But emulated more his Father's Fame. His guileful Father, sent a nightly Spy, T h e Grecian Camp and Order to descry: Hard Enterprise, and well he might require Achilles Carr, and Horses for his hire: But, met upon the Scout, th' /Etolian Prince In Death bestow'd a juster Recompence. 530 Fierce Turnus view'd the Trojan from afar; And lanch'd his Jav'lin from his lofty Carr: Then lightly leaping down pursu'd the Blow, And, pressing with his Foot, his prostrate Foe, Wrench'd from his feeble hold the shining Sword; And plung'd it in the Bosom of its Lord. 500 516

Battels] Battel's F 1 - 2 . Imbrasus] Imbracus F 1 - 2 .

515 528

Sthenelus] Sthelenus F1-2. /Etolian] Etolian F 1 - 2 .

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Possess, said he, the fruit of all thy Pains, And measure, at thy length, our Latian Plains. Thus are my Foes rewarded by my hand, Thus may they build their Town, and thus enjoy the Land. 540 T h e n Dares, Butes, Sybaris he slew, Whom o're his Neck his flound'ring Courser threw. As when loud Boreas with his blust'ring Train, Stoops from above, incumbent on the Main; Where e're he flies, he drives the Rack before; Androwls the Billows on th' JEgean Shore: So where resistless Turnus takes his Course, T h e scatter'd Squadrons bend before his force: His Crest of Horses Hair is blown behind, By adverse Air; and rustles in the Wind. 550 This, haughty Phegeus saw with high Disdain, \ And as the Chariot rowl'd along the Plain, > Light from the Ground he leapt, and seiz'd the Rein. ) Thus hung in Air, he still retain'd his hold; T h e Coursers frighted, and their Course control'd. T h e Lance of Turnus reach'd him as he hung, And pierc'd his plated Arms; but pass'd along, And only raz'd the Skin: he turn'd, and held Against his threat'ning Foe his ample Shield: Then call'd for Aid: but while he cry'd in vain, 560 T h e Chariot bore him backward on the Plain. He lies revers'd; the Victor King descends, And strikes so justly where his Helmet ends, He lops the Head. T h e Latian Fields are drunk With streams that issue from the bleeding Trunk. While he triumphs, and while the Trojans yield, T h e wounded Prince is forc'd to leave the Field: Strong Mnestheus, and Achates often try'd, And young Ascanius, weeping by his side, Conduct him to his T e n t : Scarce can he rear 570 His Limbs from Earth, supported on his Spear. Resolv'd in Mind, regardless of the Smart, He tugs with both his Hands, and breaks the Dart. T h e Steel remains. No readier way he found

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T o draw the Weapon, than t' inlarge the Wound. Eager of Fight, impatient of delay, He begs; and his unwilling Friends obey. lapis was at hand to prove his Art, Whose blooming Youth so fir'd Apollo's Heart, T h a t for his Love he proffer'd to bestow His tuneful Harp, and his unerring Bow. T h e pious Youth, more studious how to save His aged Sire, now sinking to the Grave, Preferr'd the pow'r of Plants, and silent Praise Of healing Arts, before Phcebeian Bays. Prop'd on his Lance the pensive Heroe stood, And heard, and saw unmov'd, the mourning Crowd. T h e fam'd Physician tucks his Robes around, With ready Hands, and hastens to the Wound. With gentle Touches he performs his part, \ This way and that, sollicking the Dart, > And exercises all his Heav'nly Art. ) All softning Simples, known of Sov'raign Use, He presses out, and pours their noble Juice; These first infus'd, to lenifie the Pain, He tugs with Pincers, but he tugs in vain. Then, to the Patron of his Art he pray'd; T h e Patron of his Art refus'd his Aid. Mean time the War approaches to the Tents; T h ' Allarm grows hotter, and the Noise augments: T h e driving Dust proclaims the Danger near, \ And first their Friends, and then their Foes appear; > T h e i r Friends retreat, their Foes pursue the Rear. ) T h e Camp is fill'd with Terror and Affright, T h e hissing Shafts within the Trench alight: An undistinguish'd Noise ascends the Sky; T h e Shouts of those who kill, and Groans of those who dye. But now the Goddess Mother, mov'd with Grief, And pierc'd with Pity, hastens her Relief. A Branch of healing Dittany she brought; Which in the Cretan Fields with Care she sought: 609

Dittany] Dittany

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Rough is the Stem, which woolly Leafs surround; T h e Leafs with Flow'rs, the Flow'rs with Purple crown'd: Well known to wounded Goats; a sure Relief T o draw the pointed Steel, and ease the Grief. T h i s Venus brings, in Clouds involv'd; and brews T h ' extracted Liquor with Ambrosian Dews, And od'rous Panacee: Unseen she stands, Temp'ring the mixture with her Heav'nly Hands: And pours it in a Bowl, already crown'd 62o With Juice of medc'nal herbs prepar'd to bathe the Wound. T h e Leech, unknowing of superior Art, \ Which aids the Cure, with this foments the part; > And in a Moment ceas'd the raging smart. / Stanch'd is the Blood, and in the bottom stands: T h e Steel, but scarcely touch'd with tender Hands, Moves up, and follows of its own Accord; And Health and Vigour are at once restor'd. lapis first perceiv'd the closing Wound; A n d first the Footsteps of a God he found. 630 Arms, Arms, he cries, the Sword and Shield prepare, And send the willing Chief, renew'd to War. This is no Mortal Work, no Cure of mine, Nor Art's effect, but done by Hands Divine: Some God our General to the Battel sends; Some God preserves his Life for greater Ends. T h e Heroe arms in haste: His hands infold His Thighs with Cuisses of refulgent Gold: Inflam'd to fight, and rushing to the Field, T h a t Hand sustaining the Ccelestial Shield, 640 This gripes the Lance; and with such Vigour shakes, T h a t to the Rest the beamy Weapon quakes. Then, with a close Embrace he strain'd his Son; And kissing thro' his Helmet, thus begun. My Son, from my Example learn the War, \ In Camps to suffer, and in Fields to dare: > But happier Chance than mine attend thy Care. / This Day my hand thy tender Age shall shield, 616

Ambrosian] Ambrosian

Fi-2.

617

Panacee] Panacee F i - 2 .

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And crown with Honours of the conquer'd Field: Thou, when thy riper Years shall send thee forth, T o toils of War, be mindful of my Worth: Assert thy birthright; and in Arms be known, For Hector s Nephew, and /Eneas Son. He said, and, striding, issu'd on the Plain; Anteus, and Mnestheus, and a num'rous Train Attend his Steps: The rest their Weapons take, And crowding to the Field, the Camp forsake. A cloud of blinding Dust is rais'd around; Labours beneath their Feet the trembling ground. Now Turnus, posted on a Hill, from far Beheld the progress of the moving War: With him the Latins view'd the cover'd Plains; And the chill Blood ran backward in their Veins. Juturna saw th' advancing Troops appear; And heard the hostile Sound, and fled for Fear. JEneas leads; and draws a sweeping Train, Clos'd in their Ranks, and pouring on the Plain. As when a Whirlwind rushing to the Shore, From the mid Ocean, drives the Waves before: T h e painful Hind, with heavy Heart foresees, T h e flatted Fields, and slaughter of the Trees; With like impetuous Rage the Prince appears, Before his doubled Front; nor less Destruction bears. And now both Armies shock, in open Field; Osyris is by strong Thymbrceus kill'd. Archetius, Ufens, Epulon, are slain; (All fam'd in Arms, and of the Latian Train;) By Gyas, Mnestheus, and Achates Hand: T h e fatal Augur falls, by whose command T h e Truce was broken, and whose Lance embru'd With Trojan Blood, th' unhappy Fight renew'd. Loud Shouts and Clamours rend the liquid Sky; And o're the Field the frighted Latins fly. The Prince disdains the Dastards to pursue, Nor moves to meet in Arms the fighting few: 652

¿Eneas] /Eneas's F 1 - 2 .

785

786

The

Works

of Virgil in

English

Turnus alone, amid the dusky Plain, He seeks, and to the Combat calls in vain. Juturna heard, and seiz'd with Mortal Fear, Forc'd from the Beam her Brother's Charioteer; Assumes his Shape, his Armour, and his Meen; era And like Metiscus, in his Seat is seen. As the black Swallow near the Palace plies; O're empty Courts, and under Arches flies; Now hawks aloft, now skims along the Flood, T o furnish her loquacious Nest with Food: So drives the rapid Goddess o're the Plains; T h e smoaking Horses run with loosen'd Reins. She steers a various Course among the Foes; Now here, now there, her conqu'ring Brother shows: Now with a straight, now with a wheeling flight, 700 She turns, and bends, but shuns the single Fight. JEneas, fir'd with Fury, breaks the Crowd, And seeks his Foe, and calls by name aloud: He runs within a narrower Ring, and tries T o stop the Chariot, but the Chariot flies. If he but gain a glimps, Juturna fears, And far away the Daunian Heroe bears. What shou'd he do? nor Arts nor Arms avail; And various Cares in vain his Mind assail. T h e great Messapus thund'ring thro' the Field, 710 In his left hand two pointed Jav'lins held; Encountring on the Prince, one Dart he drew, And with unerring aim, and utmost Vigour threw. /Eneas saw it come, and stooping low Beneath his Buckler, shunn'd the threatning blow. T h e Weapon hiss'd above his Head, and tore T h e waving Plume, which on his Helm he wore. Forc'd by this hostile Act, and fir'd with spight, That flying Turnus still declin'd the Fight; T h e Prince, whose Piety had long repell'd 720 His inborn ardour, now invades the Field: Invokes the Pow'rs of violated Peace, 707 do?]

Fx—2.

The

Twelfth

Book of the

/Eneis

787

T h e i r Rites, and injur'd Altars to redress: Then, to his Rage abandoning the Rein, With Blood and slaughter'd Bodies fills the Plain. What God can tell, what Numbers can display T h e various Labours of that fatal Day? What Chiefs, and Champions fell on either side, In Combat slain, or by what Deaths they dy'd? Whom Turnus, whom the Trojan Heroe kill'd: 730 Who shar'd the Fame, and fortune of the Field? Jove, cou'dst thou view, and not avert thy sight, \ T w o jarring Nations join'd in cruel fight, > Whom Leagues of lasting Love so shortly shall unite? / ¿Eneas first Rutulian Sucro found, Whose Valour made the Trojans quit their Ground: Betwixt his Ribs the Jav'lin drove so just, It reach'd his Heart, nor needs a second Thrust. Now Turnus, at two blows, two Brethren slew; First from his Horse fierce A mycus he threw; 740 T h e n leaping on the Ground, on Foot assail'd Diores, and in equal Fight prevail'd. T h e i r lifeless Trunks he leaves upon the place; T h e i r Heads distilling Gore, his Chariot grace. Three cold on Earth the Trojan Heroe threw; Whom without respite at one Charge he slew. Cethegus, Tanais, Talos, fell oppress'd, And sad Onythes, added to the rest; Of Theban Blood, whom Peridia bore. Turnus, two Brothers from the Lycian Shore, 750 And from Apollo's Fane to Battel sent, O'rethrew, nor Phcebus cou'd their Fate prevent. Peaceful Mencetes after these he kill'd, Who long had shunn'd the Dangers of the Field: On Lerna's Lake a silent Life he led, And with his Nets and Angle earn'd his Bread. Nor pompous Cares, nor Palaces he knew, But wisely from th' infectious World withdrew. 726 746

Day?] — ! F1-2. Talos] Tagus F1-2.

733 752

unite?] F1-2. Menoetes] Men&tes

Fi-s.

788

The

Works

of Virgil in

English

Poor was his House; his Father's painful Hand Discharg'd his Rent, and plough'd another's Land. 760 As Flames among the lofty Woods are thrown, On diff'rent sides, and both by Winds are blown, The Laurels crackle in the sputt'ring Fire; T h e frighted Silvans from their Shades retire: Or as two neighb'ring Torrents fall from high, Rapid they run; the foamy Waters fry: They rowl to Sea with unresisted Force, And down the Rocks precipitate their Course: Not with less rage the Rival Heroes take Their diff'rent Ways; nor less Destruction make. 770 With Spears afar, with Swords at hand they strike; And zeal of Slaughter fires their Souls alike. Like them, their dauntless Men maintain the Field, And Hearts are pierc'd unknowing how to yield: They blow for blow return, and wound for wound; And heaps of Bodies raise the level Ground. Murranus, boasting of his Blood, that springs From a long Royal Race of Latian Kings, Is by the Trojan from his Chariot thrown, Crush'd with the weight of an unweildy Stone: 780 Betwixt the Wheels he fell; the Wheels that bore His living Load, his dying Body tore. His starting Steeds, to shun the glitt'ring Sword, Paw down his trampled Limbs, forgetful of their Lord. Fierce Hillus threaten'd high; and face to face Affronted Turnus in the middle space: T h e Prince encounter'd him in full Carreer, And at his Temples aim'd the deadly Spear: So fatally the flying Weapon sped, That thro' his Brazen Helm it pierc'd his Head. 790 Nor Creteus coud'st thou scape from Turnus hand, In vain the strongest of th' Arcadian Band: Nor to Cupentus cou'd his Gods afford, Availing Aid against th' ¿Enean Sword: 760 among] F2; among among F i . 790 Creteus] Cisseus F i - 2 .

787

the] F2; his F i .

The Twelfth Book of the ALneis Which to his naked Heart pursu'd the Course: Nor could his plated Shield sustain the Force. AZolus fell, whom not the Grecian Pow'rs, Nor great Subvertor of the Trojan Tow'rs, Were doom'd to kill, while Heav'n prolong'd his Date: But who can pass the Bounds prefix'd by Fate? 800 In high Lyrnessus, and in Troy, he held T w o Palaces, and was from each expell'd: Of all the mighty Man, the last Remains A little spot of Foreign Earth contains. And now both Hosts their broken Troops unite, In equal Ranks, and mix in mortal Fight. Seresthus, and undaunted Mnestheus join T h e Trojan, Tuscan, and Arcadian Line: Sea-born Messapus, with Atinas, heads T h e Latin Squadrons, and to Battel leads. 810 They strike, they push, they throng the scanty space; \ Resolv'd on Death, impatient of Disgrace; > And where one falls, another fills his Place. ) T h e Cyprian Goddess now inspires her Son T o leave th' unfinish'd Fight, and storm the Town. For while he rowls his Eyes around the Plain, In quest of Turnus, whom he seeks in vain, He views th' ungarded City from afar, In careless quiet, and secure of War: Occasion offers, and excites his Mind, 820 T o dare beyond the Task he first design'd. Resolv'd, he calls his Chiefs: they leave the Fight; Attended thus, he takes a neighb'ring Height: T h e crowding Troops about their Gen'ral stand, All under Arms, and wait his high Command. Then thus the lofty Prince: Hear and obey, Ye Trojan Bands, without the least delay. Jove is with us, and what I have decreed Requires our utmost Vigour, and our Speed. Your instant Arms against the Town prepare; 830 T h e source of Mischief, and the Seat of War. 796

/Eolus] Iölas Fi—2.

789

7go

The Works of Virgil in

English

This Day the Latian Tow'rs, that mate the Sky, Shall level with the Plain in Ashes lye: T h e People shall be Slaves; unless in time They kneel for Pardon, and repent their Crime. Twice have our Foes been vanquish'd on the Plain; Then shall I wait till Turnus will be slain? Your Force against the perjur'd City bend: There it began, and there the War shall end. T h e Peace profan'd our rightful Arms requires: 8« Cleanse the polluted Place with purging Fires. He finish'd; and one Soul inspiring all, Form'd in a Wedge, the Foot approach the Wall. Without the Town, an unprovided Train Of gaping, gazing Citizens are slain. Some Firebrands, others scaling Ladders bear; And those they toss aloft, and these they rear: T h e Flames now lanch'd, the feather'd Arrows fly, And Clouds of missive Arms obscure the Sky. Advancing to the Front, the Heroe stands, 850 And stretching out to Heav'n his Pious Hands; Attests the Gods, asserts his Innocence, Upbraids with breach of Faith th' Ausonian Prince: Declares the Royal Honour doubly stain'd, And twice the Rites of holy Peace profan'd. Dissenting Clamours in the Town arise; Each will be heard, and all at once advise. One part for Peace, and one for War contends: Some wou'd exclude their Foes, and some admit their Friends. T h e helpless King is hurry'd in the Throng; 86o And what e're Tide prevails, is born along. Thus when the Swain, within a hollow Rock, Invades the Bees, with suffocating Smoke, They run around, or labour on their Wings, Disus'd to flight; and shoot their sleepy Stings: T o shun the bitter Fumes in vain they try; Black Vapours, issuing from the Vent, involve the Sky. But Fate, and envious Fortune, now prepare T o plunge the Latins in the last despair.

The Twelfth

Book of the jEneis

T h e Queen, who saw the Foes invade the Town; 87« And brands on tops of burning Houses thrown: Cast round her Eyes, distracted with her Fear; No Troops of Turnus in the Field appear. Once more she stares abroad, but still in vain: And then concludes the Royal Youth is slain. Mad with her Anguish, impotent to bear T h e mighty Grief, she loaths the vital Air. She calls her self the Cause of all this 111, And owns the dire Effects of her ungovern'd Will: She raves against the Gods, she beats her Breast, 880 She tears with both her hands her Purple Vest. Then round a Beam a running Noose she ty'd; And, fasten'd by the Neck, obscenely dy'd. Soon as the fatal News by Fame was blown, And to her Dames, and to her Daughter known; T h e sad Lavinia rends her yellow Hair, \ And rosie Cheeks; the rest her Sorrow share: > With Shrieks the Palace rings, and Madness of Despair. ) T h e spreading Rumor fills the Publick Place; \ Confusion, Fear, Distraction, and Disgrace, > 890 And silent shame, are seen in ev'ry Face. ) Latinus tears his Garments as he goes, Both for his publick, and his private Woes: With Filth his venerable Beard besmears, And sordid Dust deforms his Silver Hairs. And much he blames the softness of his Mind, \ Obnoxious to the Charms of Womankind, > And soon seduc'd to change, what he so well design'd: ) T o break the solemn League so long desir'd, Nor finish what his Fates, and those of Troy requir'd. «00 Now Turnus rowls aloof o're empty Plains, And here and there some stragling Foes he gleans. His flying Coursers please him less and less, Asham'd of easie Fight, and cheap Success. Thus half contented, anxious in his Mind, T h e distant Cries come driving in the Wind: Shouts from the Walls, but Shouts in Murmurs drown'd;

791

792

The Works of Virgil in

English

A jarring mixture, and a boding sound. Alas, said he, what mean these dismal Cries, What doleful Clamours from the Town arise? 9io Confus'd he stops, and backward pulls the Reins: She, who the Driver's Office now sustains, Replies; Neglect, my Lord, these new Alarms; Here fight, and urge the Fortune of your Arms: There want not others to defend the Wall: If by your Rival's Hand th' Italians fall, So shall your fatal Sword his Friends oppress, In Honour equal, equal in Success. T o this, the Prince; O Sister, (for I knew T h e Peace infring'd, proceeded first from you,) 920 I knew you, when you mingled first in Fight, And now in vain you wou'd deceive my Sight: Why, Goddess, this unprofitable Care? Who sent you down from Heav'n, involv'd in Air, Your share of Mortal Sorrows to sustain, And see your Brother bleeding on the Plain? For, to what Pow'r can Turnus have recourse, Or how resist his Fates prevailing force? These Eyes beheld Murranus bite the Ground, Mighty the Man, and mighty was the Wound. 930 I heard my dearest Friend, with dying Breath, My Name invoking to revenge his Death: Brave Ufens fell with Honour on the Place; T o shun the shameful sight of my disgrace. On Earth supine, a Manly Corps he lies; His Vest and Armour are the Victor's Prize. Then, shall I see Laurentum in a flame, Which only wanted to compleat my shame? How will the Latins hoot their Champion's flight; How Drances will insult, and point them to the sight! 940 Is Death so hard to bear? Ye Gods below, (Since those above so small Compassion show,) Receive a Soul unsully'd yet with shame, 927 939

force?] F1-2. insult] F2; be pleas'd F i .

g2g

was] F2; Was F i .

The

Twelfth

Book

of the

/Eneis

Which not belies my great Forefather's Name. He said: And while he spoke, with flying speed, Came Sages urging on his foamy Steed; Fix'd on his wounded Face a Shaft he bore, And seeking Turnus sent his Voice before: Turnus, on you, on you alone depends Our last Relief; compassionate your Friends. 950 Like Lightning, fierce /Eneas, rowling on, With Arms invests, with Flames invades the Town: T h e Brands are toss'd on high; the Winds conspire T o drive along the Deluge of the Fire: All Eyes are fix'd on you; your Foes rejoice; Ev'n the King staggers, and suspends his Choice: Doubts to deliver, or defend the Town; Whom to reject, or whom to call his Son. T h e Queen, on whom your utmost hopes were plac'd, Her self suborning Death, has breath'd her last. 9«o 'Tis true, Messapus, fearless of his Fate, With fierce Atinas Aid, defends the Gate: On ev'ry side surrounded by the Foe; \ T h e more they kill, the greater Numbers grow; > An Iron Harvest mounts, and still remains to mow. ) You, far aloof from your forsaken Bands, Your rowling Chariot drive o're empty Sands. Stupid he sate, his Eyes on Earth declin'd, And various Cares revolving in his Mind: Rage boiling from the bottom of his Breast, 970 And Sorrow mix'd with Shame, his Soul oppress'd: And conscious Worth lay lab'ring in his Thought; And Love by Jealousie to Madness wrought. By slow degrees his Reason drove away T h e Mists of Passion, and resum'd her Sway. Then, rising on his Car, he turn'd his Look; And saw the Town involv'd in Fire and Smoke. A wooden Tow'r with Flames already blaz'd, Which his own Hands on Beams and Rafters rais'd: And Bridges laid above to join the Space; 980 And Wheels below to rowl from place to place.

793

794

The Works of Virgil in

English

Sister, the Fates have vanquish'd: Let us go T h e way which Heav'n and my hard Fortune show. T h e Fight is fix'd: Nor shall the branded Name Of a base Coward blot your Brother's Fame. Death is my choice; but suffer me to try My Force, and vent my Rage before I dye. He said, and leaping down without delay, Thro Crowds of scatter'd Foes he free'd his way. Striding he pass'd, impetuous as the Wind, 990 And left the grieving Goddess far behind. As when a Fragment, from a Mountain torn By raging Tempests, or by Torrents born, Or sapp'd by time, or loosen'd from the Roots, Prone thro' the Void the Rocky Ruine shoots, Rowling from Crag to Crag, from Steep to Steep; Down sink, at once the Shepherds and their Sheep, Involv'd alike, they rush to neather Ground, Stun'd with the shock they fall, and stun'd from Earth rebound: So Turnus, hasting headlong to the Town, iooo Should'ring and shoving, bore the Squadrons down. Still pressing onward, to the Walls he drew, ) Where Shafts, and Spears, and Darts promiscuous flew; [ And sanguine Streams the slipp'ry Ground embrew. / First stretching out his Arm, in sign of Peace, He cries aloud, to make the Combat cease: Rutulians hold, and Latin Troops retire; T h e Fight is mine, and me the Gods require. Tis just that I shou'd vindicate alone T h e broken Truce, or for the Breach atone. ioio This Day shall free from Wars th' Ausonian State; Or finish my Misfortunes in my Fate. Both Armies from their bloody Work desist: And bearing backward, form a spacious List. T h e Trojan Heroe who receiv'd from Fame T h e welcome Sound, and heard the Champion's Name, Soon leaves the taken Works, and mounted Walls, Greedy of War, where greater Glory calls. 998 shock . . . Earth] shock ... Earth F1-2.

The Twelfth

Book of the

H e springs to Fight, e x u l t i n g in his H i s jointed A r m o u r rattles in the 1020 L i k e

Eryx,

O r Father

/Eneis

Force; Course.

o r l i k e A thos, g r e a t h e s h o w s , Apennine, w h e n w h i t e w i t h S n o w s ,

His H e a d Divine, obscure in Clouds he

hides:

A n d shakes the s o u n d i n g Forest o n his

sides.

T h e

795

Nations over-aw'd, surcease the

Fight,

I m m o v e a b l e their Bodies, fix'd their sight: E v ' n D e a t h stands still; n o r f r o m a b o v e they

throw

T h e i r Darts, nor drive their batt'ring R a m s

below.

In silent O r d e r either A r m y

stands;

A n d drop their Swords, unknowing, xo3o T h '

Ausonian

from their

King beholds, with wond'ring

T w o mighty C h a m p i o n s match'd in single

Hands.

sight,

Fight:

Born under Climes remote; and brought by

Fate,

W i t h Swords to try their T i t l e s to the State. N o w in clos'd Field, each other f r o m T h e y view; and rushing on, begin the

afar War.

T h e y launch their Spears, then h a n d to h a n d they T h e

trembling Soil resounds beneath their

Feet:

T h e i r Bucklers clash; thick blows descend f r o m And

flakes

of Fire from their hard Helmets

ingage

Rage.

A s w h e n two Bulls for their fair F e m a l e In

Sila's S h a d e s ,

or on

Taburnus

W i t h H o r n s adverse they meet:

high,

fly.

1040 C o u r a g e c o n s p i r e s w i t h C h a n c e ; a n d b o t h W i t h e q u a l F o r t u n e yet, a n d m u t u a l

fight,

height; the Keeper

flies;

M u t e stands the Herd, the Heifars rowl their A n d wait th' Event; w h i c h Victor they shall A n d w h o shall b e the L o r d , to rule the lusty W i t h rage of Love the jealous Rivals

Eyes; bear,

Year:

burn,

A n d P u s h for Push, a n d W o u n d for W o u n d 1050 T h e i r D e w l a p s g o r ' d , t h e i r s i d e s a r e l a v ' d i n

return: Blood;

L o u d Cries and roaring Sounds rebellow thro' the S u c h was the C o m b a t in the listed

Ground;

S o clash t h e i r S w o r d s a n d so their Shields

Jove

1041

sets t h e B e a m ;

meet;

in either Scale he

Fortune yet, and] F2; Fortune, and with F i .

resound. lays

Wood:

796

The

Works

of Virgil in

English

T h e Champions Fate, and each exactly weighs. On this side Life, arid lucky Chance ascends: Loaded with Death, that other Scale descends. Rais'd on the Stretch, young Turnus aims a blow, Full on the Helm of his unguarded Foe: loeo Shrill Shouts and Clamours ring on either side; As Hopes and Fears their panting Hearts divide. But all in pieces flies the Traytor Sword, And, in the middle Stroke deserts his Lord. Now 'tis but Death, or Flight: disarm'd he flies, When in his Hand, an unknown Hilt he spies. Fame says that Turnus, when his Steeds he join'd, Hurrying to War, disorder'd in his Mind,

\ >

Snatch'd the first Weapon, which his haste cou'd find. / 'Twas not the fated Sword his Father bore; 1070 But that his Charioteer Metiscus wore. This, while the Trojans fled, the Toughness held; But vain against the great Vulcanian Shield, The mortal-temper'd Steel deceiv'd his Hand: The shiver'd fragments shone amid the Sand. Surpris'd with fear, he fled along the Field; And now forthright, and now in Orbits wheel'd. For here the Trojan Troops the List surround; And there the Pass is clos'd with Pools and marshy Ground. ¿Eneas hastens, tho' with heavier Pace, 1080 His Wound so newly knit, retards the Chase: And oft his trembling Knees their Aid refuse, Yet pressing foot by foot his Foe pursues. Thus, when a fearful Stag is clos'd around With Crimson Toils, or in a River found; High on the Bank the deep-mouth'd Hound appears; Still opening, following still, where e're he steers: T h e persecuted Creature, to, and fro, Turns here and there, to scape his Umbrian Foe: Steep is th' Ascent; and if he gains the Land, 1090 T h e Purple Death is pitch'd along the Strand: His eager Foe determin'd to the Chace, Stretch'd at his length gains Ground at ev'ry Pace:

The Twelfth Book of the /Eneis Now to his beamy Head he makes his way, And now he holds, or thinks he holds his Prey: Just at the pinch the Stag springs out with fear, He bites the Wind, and fills his sounding Jaws with Air. T h e Rocks, the Lakes, the Meadows ring with Cries; T h e mortal Tumult mounts, and thunders in the Skies. Thus flies the Daunian Prince: and, flying, blames 1100 His tardy Troops; and calling by their Names, Demands his trusty Sword. T h e Trojan threats T h e Realm with Ruin, and their ancient Seats T o lay in Ashes, if they dare supply With Arms or Aid, his vanquish'd Enemy: Thus menacing, he still pursues the Course, With Vigour, tho' diminished of his Force. T e n times, already, round the listed place, One Chief had fled, and t' other giv'n the Chace: N o trivial Prize is play'd; for on the Life mo Or Death of Turnus, now depends the Strife. Within the space, an Olive Tree had stood, \ A sacred Shade, a venerable Wood, > For Vows to Faunus paid, the Latins Guardian God. ) Here hung the Vests, and Tablets were ingrav'd, Of sinking Mariners, from Shipwrack sav'd. With heedless Hands the Trojans fell'd the Tree, T o make the Ground inclos'd for Combat free. Deep in the Root, whether by Fate, or Chance, Or erring haste, the Trojan drove his Lance: 1120 T h e n stoop'd, and tug'd with Force immense to free T h ' incumber'd Spear from the tenacious Tree: T h a t whom his fainting Limbs pursu'd in vain, His flying Weapon might from far attain. Confus'd with Fear, bereft of Human Aid, T h e n Turnus to the Gods, and first to Faunus pray'd. O Faunus pity, and thou Mother Earth, Where I thy softer Son receiv'd my Birth, Hold fast the Steel; if my Religious Hand Your Plant has honour'd, which your Foes profan'd; ii3o Propitious hear my pious Pray'r! He said,

797

The

Twelfth

Book of the yEneis

799

Nor with successless Vows invok'd their Aid. T h ' incumbent Heroe wrench'd, and pull'd, and strain'd; But still the stubborn Earth the Steel detain'd. Juturna took her time; and while in vain He strove, assum'd Metiscus Form again: And, in that imitated Shape, restor'd T o the despairing Prince, his Daunian Sword. T h e Queen of Love, who, with Disdain and Grief, Saw the bold Nymph afford this prompt Relief; 1140 T ' assert her Off-spring, with a greater Deed, From the tough Root the ling'ring Weapon freed. Once more erect, the Rival Chiefs advance; \ One trusts the Sword, and one the pointed Lance: > And both resolv'd alike, to try their fatal Chance. / Mean time Imperial Jove to Juno spoke, Who from a shining Cloud beheld the shock; What new Arrest, O Queen of Heav'n, is sent T o stop the Fates now lab'ring in th' Event? What farther hopes are left thee to pursue? \ ii5o Divine /Eneas, (and thou know'st it too,) > Fore-doom'd to these Ccelestial Seats is due. ) What more Attempts for Turnus can be made, T h a t thus thou ling'rest in this lonely Shade? Is it becoming of the due Respect, And awful Honour of a God Elect, A Wound unworthy of our State to feel; Patient of Human Hands, and earthly Steel? Or seems it Just, the Sister shou'd restore,

\

A second Sword, when one was lost before; > lieo And arm a conquer'd Wretch, against his Conqueror? ) For what without thy knowledge and avow, Nay more, thy Dictate, durst Juturna do? At last, in deference to my Love, forbear T o lodge within thy Soul this anxious Care: Reclin'd upon my Breast, thy Grief unload; 1132 1149 1153

Heroe] F2; Fi. pursue?] F2; Fi. Shade?] F1-2.

1148 1151

Event?] due.] F2;

Fi—2. Fi.

The

8oo

Works

of Virgil in

English

Who shou'd relieve the Goddess, but the God? Now, all things to their utmost Issue tend; Push'd by the Fates to their appointed End: While leave was giv'n thee, and a lawful Hour 1170 For Vengeance, Wrath, and unresisted Pow'r: Toss'd on the Seas thou cou'd'st thy Foes distress, And driv'n ashore, with Hostile Arms oppress: Deform the Royal House; and from the side Of the Just Bridegroom, tear the plighted Bride: Now cease at my Command. The Thund'rer said: And with dejected Eyes this Answer Juno made. Because your dread Decree too well I knew; From Turnus, and from Earth unwilling I withdrew. Else shou'd you not behold me here alone, 1180 Involv'd in empty Clouds, my Friends bemoan: But girt with vengeful Flames, in open sight, Engag'd against my Foes in Mortal Fight. 'Tis true Juturna mingled in the Strife By my Command, to save her Brother's Life; At least to try: But by the Stygian Lake, (The most Religious Oath the Gods can take,) With this restriction, not to bend the Bow, Or toss the Spear, or trembling Dart to throw. And now resign'd to your Superior Might, 1190 And tir'd with fruitless Toils, I loath the Fight. This let me beg, (and this no Fates withstand) Both for my self, and for your Fathers Land, That when the Nuptial Bed shall bind the Peace; (Which I, since you ordain, consent to bless,) The Laws of either Nation be the same; But let the Latins still retain their Name: Speak the same Language which they spoke before; Wear the same Habits, which their Grandsires wore: Call them not Trojans: Perish the Renown, 1200 And Name of Troy, with that detested Town. Latium be Latium still; let Alba reign, And Rome's immortal Majesty remain. 1177

F1-2

indent 1.1175

instead.

The

Twelfth

Book of the /Eneis

Then thus the Founder of Mankind replies: (Unruffled was his Front, serene his Eyes,) Can Saturn's Issue, and Heav'ns other Heir, Such endless Anger in her Bosom bear? Be Mistress, and your full Desires obtain: But quench the Choler you foment in vain. From ancient Blood th' Ausonian People sprung, 1210 Shall keep their Name, their Habit, and their Tongue. T h e Trojans to their Customs shall be ty'd, \ I will, my self, their common Rites provide; > T h e Natives shall command, the Foreigners subside.) All shall be Latium; Troy without a Name: And her lost Sons forget from whence they came. From Blood so mix'd, a pious Race shall flow, Equal to Gods, excelling all below. No Nation more Respect to you shall pay, Or greater Off'rings on your Altars lay. 1220 Juno consents, well pleas'd that her Desires Had found Success, and from the Cloud retires. T h e Peace thus made, the Thund'rer next prepares T o force the wat'ry Goddess from the Wars. Deep in the dismal Regions, void of Light, Three Daughters at a Birth were born to Night: These their brown Mother, brooding on her Care, Indu'd with windy Wings to flit in Air: With Serpents girt alike; and crown'd with hissing Hair. In Heav'n the Dirce call'd, and still at hand, 1230 Before the Throne of angry Jove they stand: His Ministers of Wrath; and ready still T h e Minds of Mortal Men with Fears to fill: When e're the moody Sire, to wreak his Hate On Realms, or Towns deserving of their Fate, Hurls down Diseases, Death, and deadly Care, And terrifies the guilty World with War. One Sister Plague of these from Heav'n he sent, T o fright Juturna with a dire Portent. T h e Pest comes whirling down: by far more slow 1230

stand:] —

F1-2.

801

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mo Springs the swift Arrow from the Parthian Bow, Or Cydon Eugh; when traversing the Skies, And drench'd in pois'nous Juice, the sure Destruction flies. With such a sudden, and unseen a flight, Shot thro' the Clouds the Daughter of the Night. Soon as the Field inclos'd she had in view, And from afar her destin'd Quarry knew: Contracted, to the boding Bird she turns, Which haunts the ruin'd Piles, and hallow'd Urns; And beats about the Tombs with nightly Wings; «so Where Songs obscene on Sepulchres she sings. Thus lessen'd in her Form, with frightful Cries, ) The Fury round unhappy Turnus flies, > Flaps on his Shield, and flutters o're his Eyes. / A lazy Chilness crept along his Blood, Choak'd was his Voice, his Hair with Horror stood. Juturna from afar beheld her fly, And knew th' ill Omen, by her screaming Cry, And stridour of her Wings. Amaz'd with Fear, Her beauteous Breast she beat, and rent her flowing Hair. i26o Ah me, she cries, in this unequal Strife, What can thy Sister more to save thy Life? Weak as I am, can I, alas, contend In Arms, with that inexorable Fiend? Now, now, I quit the Field! forbear to fright My tender Soul, ye baleful Birds of Night! The lashing of your Wings I know too well: The sounding Flight, and Fun'ral Screams of Hell! These are the Gifts you bring from haughty Jove, The worthy Recompence of ravish'd Love! 1270 Did he for this exempt my Life from Fate? O hard Conditions of Immortal State! Tho' born to Death, not priviledg'd to dye, But forc'd to bear impos'd Eternity! Take back your envious Bribes, and let me go Companion to my Brother's Ghost below! 1259 1263

beauteous] F2; comely F i . Fiend?] F1-2.

1261

Life?]

Fi—2.

The

Twelfth

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/Eneis

T h e Joys are vanish'd: Nothing now remains, Of Life Immortal, but Immortal Pains. What Earth will open her devouring Womb, T o rest a weary Goddess in the Tomb? 1280 She drew a length of Sighs; nor more she said; But in her Azure Mantle wrap'd her Head: T h e n plung'd into her Stream, with deep Despair, And her last Sobs came bubling up in Air. Now stern ALneas waves his weighty Spear Against his Foe, and thus upbraids his Fear, What farther Subterfuge can Turnus find; What empty Hopes are harbour'd in his Mind? 'Tis not thy Swiftness can secure thy Flight: Not with their Feet, but Hands, the Valiant fight. 1290 Vary thy Shape in thousand Forms, and dare What Skill and Courage can attempt in War: Wish for the Wings of Winds, to mount the Sky; Or hid, within the hollow Earth to lye. T h e Champion shook his Head; and made this short reply. No threats of thine, my manly Mind can move: T i s Hostile Heav'n I dread; and Partial Jove. He said no more: but with a Sigh, repress'd T h e mighty Sorrow, in his swelling Breast. Then, as he rowl'd his troubled Eyes around, \ 1300 An Antique Stone he saw: the Common Bound ? Of Neighb'ring Fields; and Barrier of the Ground: ) So vast, that Twelve strong Men of modern Days, T h ' enormous weight from Earth cou'd hardly raise. He heav'd it at a Lift: and poiz'd on high, Ran stagg'ring on, against his Enemy: But so disorder'd, that he scarcely knew His Way: or what unwieldly weight he threw. His knocking Knees are bent beneath the Load: And shiv'ring Cold congeals his vital Blood. i3io T h e Stone drops from his arms: and falling short, For want of Vigour, mocks his vain Effort. 1279 Tomb?] Fi—2. 1297 He] 1299 rowl'd] F2; rowl d Fi (some copies have rowld). 1305 Enemy:] F1-2.

F1-2.

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And as, when heavy Sleep has clos'd the sight, T h e sickly Fancy labours in the Night: We seem to run; and destitute of Force Our sinking Limbs forsake us in the Course: In vain we heave for Breath; in vain we cry: ) T h e Nerves unbrac'd, their usual Strength deny; > And, on the Tongue the falt'ring Accents dye: ) So Turnus far'd: what ever means he try'd, ) 1320 All force of Arms, and points of Art employ'd, > T h e Fury flew athwart; and made th' Endeavour void.) A thousand various Thoughts his Soul confound: He star'd about; nor Aid nor Issue found: His own Men stop the Pass; and his own Walls surround. Once more he pauses; and looks out again: And seeks the Goddess Charioteer in vain. Trembling he views the Thund'ring Chief advance: And brandishing aloft the deadly Lance: Amaz'd he cow'rs beneath his conqu'ring Foe, 1330 Forgets to ward; and waits the coming Blow. Astonish'd while he stands, and fix'd with Fear, Aim'd at his Shield he sees th' impending Spear. T h e Heroe measur'd first, with narrow view, \ T h e destin'd Mark: And rising as he threw, > With its full swing the fatal Weapon flew. ) Not with less Rage the rattling Thunder falls; Or Stones from batt'ring Engins break the Walls: Swift as a Whirlwind, from an Arm so strong, T h e Lance drove on; and bore the Death along. 1340 Nought cou'd his sev'n-fold Shield the Prince avail, Nor ought beneath his Arms the Coat of Mail; It pierc'd thro' all; and with a grizly Wound, Transfix'd his Thigh, and doubled him to Ground. With Groans the Latins rend the vaulted Sky: Woods, Hills, and Valleys, to the Voice reply. Now low on Earth the lofty Chief is laid; \ With Eyes cast upward, and with Arms display'd; [ And Recreant thus to the proud Victor pray'd. ) 1319 try'd,] F2;

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I know my Death deserv'd, nor hope to live: »so Use what the Gods, and thy good Fortune give. Yet think; oh think, i£ Mercy may be shown, (Thou hadst a Father once; and hast a Son:) Pity my Sire, now sinking to the Grave; And for Anchises sake, old Daunus save! Or, if thy vow'd Revenge pursue my Death; Give to my Friends my Body void of Breath! T h e Latian Chiefs have seen me beg my Life; ) Thine is the Conquest, thine the Royal Wife: > Against a yielded Man, 'tis mean ignoble Strife. / 1360 In deep Suspence the Trojan seem'd to stand; And just prepar'd to strike repress'd his Hand. He rowl'd his Eyes, and ev'ry Moment felt His manly Soul with more Compassion melt: When, casting down a casual Glance, he spy'd The Golden Belt that glitter'd on his side: The fatal Spoils which haughty Turnus tore From dying Pallas, and in Triumph wore. Then rowz'd anew to Wrath, he loudly cries, (Flames, while he spoke, came flashing from his Eyes:) 1370 Traytor, dost thou, dost thou to Grace pretend, Clad, as thou art, in Trophees of my Friend? T o his sad Soul a grateful Off'ring go; 'Tis Pallas, Pallas gives this deadly Blow. He rais'd his Arm aloft; and at the Word, Deep in his Bosom drove the shining Sword. T h e streaming Blood distain'd his Arms around: And the disdainful Soul came rushing thro' the Wound. 1363

melt:]

F1-2.

Postscript

to the Reader

807

POSTSCRIPT T O T H E READER.

W

HAT Virgil wrote in the vigour of his Age, in Plenty and at Ease, I have undertaken to Translate in my Declining Years: strugling with Wants, oppress'd with Sickness, curb'd in my Genius, lyable to be misconstrued in all 1 write; and my Judges, if they are not very equitable, already prejudic'd against me, by the Lying Character which has been given them of my Morals. Yet steady to my Principles, and not dispirited with my Afflictions, I have, by the Blessing of God on my Endeavours, overcome all difficulties; and, in some measure, acquitted my self of the Debt which I ow'd the Publick, when I undertook this Work. In the first place therefore, I thankfully acknowledge to the Almighty Power, the Assistance he has given me in the beginning, the Prosecution, and Conclusion of my present Studies, which are more happily perform'd than I could have promis'd to my self, when I labour'd under such Discouragements. For, what I have done, Imperfect as it is, for want of Health and leisure to Correct it, will be judg'd in after Ages, and possibly in the present, to be no dishonour to my Native Country; whose Language and Poetry wou'd be more esteem'd abroad, if they were better understood. Somewhat (give me leave to say) I have added to both of them in the choice of Words, and Harmony of Numbers which were wanting, especially the last, in all our Poets, even in those who being endu'd with Genius, yet have not Cultivated their Mother-Tongue with sufficient Care; or relying on the Beauty of their Thoughts, have judg'd the Ornament of Words, and sweetness of Sound unnecessary. One is for raking in Chaucer (our English Ennius) for antiquated Words, which are never to be reviv'd, but when Sound or Significancy is wanting in the present Language. But many of his deserve not this Redemption, any more than the Crouds of Men

2 Translate] Translate F1-2. 6 Lying Character] Lying Character F1-2. 13 Conclusion] Conclusion F1-2. 21 Words] Words F1-2.

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who daily die, or are slain for Six-pence in a Battel, merit to be restor'd to Life, if a Wish cou'd revive them. Others have no Ear for Verse, nor choice of Words; nor distinction of Thoughts; but mingle Farthings with their Gold to make up the Sum. Here is a Field of Satire open'd to me: But since the Revolution, I have wholly renounc'd that Talent. For who wou'd give Physick to the Great when he is uncall'd: T o do his Patient no good, and indanger himself for his Prescription? Neither am I ignorant, but I may justly be Condemn'd for many of those Faults, of which I have too liberally Arraign'd others. Cynthius Aurem vellit, ¿* admonuit. 'Tis enough for me, if the Government will let me pass unquestion'd. In the mean time, I am oblig'd in gratitude, to return my Thanks to many of them, who have not only distinguish'd me from others of the same Party, by a particular exception of Grace, but without considering the Man, have been Bountiful to the Poet: Have encourag'd Virgil to speak such English, as I could teach him, and rewarded his Interpreter, for the pains he has taken in bringing him over into Britain, by defraying the Charges of his Voyage. Even Cerberus, when he had receiv'd the Sop, permitted /Eneas to pass freely to Elysium. Had it been offer'd me, and I had refus'd it, yet still some gratitude is due to such who were willing to oblige me: But how much more to those from whom I have receiv'd the Favours which they have offer'd to one of a different Perswasion: Amongst whom I cannot omit naming the Earls of Darby and of Peterborough. T o the first of these, I have not the Honour to be known; and therefore his liberality was as much unexpected, as it was undeserv'd. The present Earl of Peterborough has been pleas'd long since to accept the tenders of my Service: His Favours are so frequent to me, that I receive them almost by prescription. No difference of Interests or Opinion have been able to withdraw his Protection from me: And I might justly be condemn'd for the most unthankful of Mankind, if I did not always preserve for him a most profound Respect and inviolable Gratitude. I must also add, that 7 uncall'd:] FI-A. 25 Perswasion:] F1-2.

23 28

me:] FI-2. liberality was] liberality F1-2.

Postscript

to the

Reader

809

if the last /Eneid shine amongst its Fellows, 'tis owing to the Commands of Sir William Trumball, one of the Principal Secretaries of State, who recommended it, as his Favourite, to my Care: and for his sake particularly I have made it mine. For who wou'd confess weariness, when he enjoin'd a fresh Labour? I cou'd not but invoke the assistance of a Muse, for this last Office. Extremum hunc Arethusa: Neget quis Carmina Gallo? Neither am I to forget the Noble Present which was made me by Gilbert Dolben Esq; the worthy Son of the late Arch-Bishop of York: who, when I began this Work, enrich'd me with all the several Editions of Virgil, and all the Commentaries of those Editions in Latine: Amongst which, I cou'd not but prefer the Dolphin's; as the last, the shortest, and the most Judicious. Fabrini I had also sent me from Italy; but either he understands Virgil very imperfectly, or I have no knowledge of my Author. Being Invited by that worthy Gentleman, Sir William Bowyer, to Denham-Court, I Translated the first Geòrgie at his House, and the greatest part of the last /Eneid. A more friendly Entertainment no Man ever found. No wonder therefore if both those Versions surpass the rest, and own the satisfaction I receiv'd in his Converse, with whom I had the honour to be bred in Cambridge, and in the same College. T h e Seventh /Eneid was made English at Burleigh, the Magnificent Abode of the Earl of Exeter: In a Village belonging to his Family I was born, and under his Roof I endeavour'd to make that yEneid appear in English with as much lustre as I cou'd: though my Author has not given the finishing strokes either to it, or to the Eleventh, as I perhaps cou'd prove in both, if I durst presume to Criticise my Master. By a Letter from Will. Walsh of Abberley Esq; (who has so long honour'd me with his Friendship, and who, without flattery, is the best Critick of our Nation,) I have been inform'd that his Grace the Duke of Shrewsbury has procur'd a Printed Copy of the Pastorals, Georgics, and six first JEneids, from my Bookseller, and has read them in the Country, together with my 8 13-14

Neget] ¿Negat F1-2. Dolphin's] Dolphins F 1 - 2 .

13 Latine:] Latine. F i ; latine. 24,26 English] English F1-2.

F2.

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Friend. This Noble Person having been pleas'd to give them a Commendation, which I presume not to insert; has made me vain enough to boast of so great a favour, and to think I have succeeded beyond my hopes; the Character of his Excellent Judgment, the acuteness of his Wit, and his general Knowledge of good Letters, being known as well to all the World, as the sweetness of his disposition, his Humanity, his easiness of access, and desire of obliging those who stand in need of his protection, are known to all who have approach'd him; and to me in particular, who have formerly had the honour of his Conversation. Whoever has given the World the Translation of part of the third Geòrgie, which he calls The Power of Love, has put me to sufficient pains to make my own not inferiour to his: As my Lord Roscommon's Silenus had formerly given me the same trouble. T h e most Ingenious Mr. Addison of Oxford has also been as troublesome to me as the other two, and on the same account. After his Bees, my latter Swarm is scarcely worth the hiving. Mr. Cowley's praise of a Countrey Life is Excellent; but 'tis rather an imitation of Virgil, than a Version. T h a t I have recover'd in some measure the health which I had lost by too much application to this Work, is owing, next to God's Mercy, to the Skill and Care of Dr. Guibbons, and Dr. Hobbs, the two Ornaments of their Profession; whom I can only pay by this Acknowledgment. T h e whole Faculty has always been ready to oblige me: and the only one of them who endeavour'd to defame me, had it not in his power. I desire pardon from my Readers for saying so much in relation to my self, which concerns not them: and with my acknowledgments to all my Subscribers, have only to add, that the few Notes which follow, are par manière d'acquit, because I had oblig'd my self by Articles, to do somewhat of that kind. These scattering Observations are rather guesses at my Author's meaning in some passages, than proofs that so he meant. T h e Unlearn'd may have recourse to any Poetical Dictionary in English, for the Names of Persons, Places, or Fables, which the Learned need not: But that little which I say, is either new or necessary. And the first of these qualifications never fails to invite a Reader, if not to please him. 29

manière] maniere F1-2.

Notes and

Observations

811

N O T E S and O B S E R V A T I O N S ON Virgil's Works IN ENGLISH.

P

Line 6 0 . There first the Youth of Heavenly Birth I view'd. Virgil means Octavius Casar: Heir to Julius: who perhaps had not arriv'd to his Twentieth Year, when Virgil saw him first. Vide his Life. Of Heavenly Birth or Heavenly Blood; because the Julian Family was deriv'd from lulus, Son to ¿Eneas, and Grand-Son to Venus. ASTORAL 1.

Pastoral 2d. Line 65. The Short Narcissus. T h a t is, of short continuance. Pastoral 3d. Line 95. For him, the God of Shepherds and their 10 Sheep. Phoebus, not Pan, is here call'd the God of Shepherds: T h e Poet alludes to the same Story, which he touches in the beginning of the T h i r d Georgic, where he calls Phoebus the Amphrysian Shepherd, because he fed the Sheep and Oxen of Admetus (with whom he was in Love) on the Hill Amphrysus. Pastoral 4th. Line 72. Begin Auspicious Boy, Sec. In Latin thus, Incipe parve Puer, risu cognoscere Matrem, Sec. I have Translated the Passage to this Sense; that the Infant smiling on his Mother, singles her out from the rest of the Company about him. Erythrceus, Bembus, and Joseph Scaliger, are of this Opinion. 20 Yet they and I may be mistaken. For immediately after, we find these words, Cui non risere Parentes, which imply another Sense, as if the Parents smil'd on the New-born Infant: A n d that the Babe on whom they vouchsaf'd not to smile, was born to ill Fortune. For they tell a Story, that when Vulcan, the only Son of Jupiter and Juno came into the World, he was so hard favour'd, that both his Parents frown'd on him: And Jupiter threw him out of Heaven; he fell on the Island Lemnos, and was Lame ever 1 60] 6 F l - 2 . 7 Narcissus.] F1-2. is T h i r d ] Second F 1 - 2 . 15 thus,] F2; Fi.

5 lulus] Julus F l - 2 . 10 Sheep.] F1-2. 15 72 . . . Latin] 73 . . . L a t i n F 1 - 2 .

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afterwards. The last Line of the Pastoral seems to justify this Sense, Nec Deus hunc Mensa, Dea nec dignata Cubili est. For though he married Venus, yet his Mother Juno was not present at the Nuptials to bless them; as appears by his Wife's Incontinence. They say also, that he was banish'd from the Banquets of the Gods: If so, that Punishment could be of no long continuance, for Homer makes him present at their Feasts; and composing a Quarrel betwixt his Parents, with a Bowl of Nectar. The matter is of no great Consequence; and therefore I adhere to my Translation, for these two Reasons: First, Virgil has this following Line: Matri longa decern tulerunt fastidia Menses, as if the Infants smiling on his Mother, was a Reward to her for bearing him ten Months in her Body, four Weeks longer than the usual time. Secondly, Catullus is cited by Joseph Scaliger, as favouring this Opinion, in his Epithalamium of Manlius Torquatus. Torquatus, volo parvolus Matris e gremio sua Porrigens teneras Manus Dulce rideat ad Patrem, &c. What if I shou'd steer betwixt the two Extreams, and conclude, that the Infant, who was to be happy, must not only smile on his Parents, but also they on him? For Scaliger notes that the Infants who smil'd not at their Birth, were observ'd to be 'AyeXaoroi, or sullen (as I have Translated it) during all their Life: And Servius, and almost all the Modern Commentators affirm, that no Child was thought Fortunate on whom his Parents smil'd not, at his Birth. I observe farther, that the Ancients thought the Infant who came into the World at the end of the Tenth Month, was Born to some extraordinary Fortune, good or Bad. Such was the Birth of the late Prince of Conde's Father, of whom his Mother was not brought to Bed, 'till almost Eleven Months were expir'd after his Fathers Death: Yet the College of Physicians at Paris, concluded he was Lawfully begotten. My Ingenious Friend, Anthony Henley Esq; desir'd me to make a Note on this Passage of Virgil: Adding what I had not Read; that the Jews have been ii Line:] Fi-a. 24 'A^fXacrroi] Ay¿XaaroL F1 - 2.

n

31

decern] docem F i - 2 . Conde's Father] Fa; Condd

Fi.

Notes and Observations

8ig

so Superstitious, as to observe not only the first Look or Action of an Infant, but also the first Word which the Parent, or any of the Assistants spoke after the Birth: And from thence they gave a Name to the Child alluding to it. Pastoral 6. My Lord Roscommon's Notes on this Pastoral, are equal to his excellent Translation of it; and thither I refer the Reader. T h e Eighth and Tenth Pastorals are already Translated to all manner of advantage, by my excellent Friend, Mr. Stafford. So is the Episode of Camilla, in the Eleventh /Eneid. This Eighth Pastoral is Copied by our Author from two Bucolicks of Theocritus. Spencer has follow'd both Virgil and Theocritus, in the Charms which he employs for Curing Britomartis of her Love. But he had also our Poet's Ceiris in his Eye: For there not only the Inchantments are to be found; but also the very Name of Britomartis. In the Ninth Pastoral, Virgil has made a Collection of many scattering Passages, which he had Translated from Theocritus: A n d here he has bound them into a Nosegay. Geòrgie the First. T h e Poetry of this Book is more sublime than any part of Virgil, if I have any Taste. And if ever I have Copied his Majestick Stile 'tis here. T h e Compliment he makes A ugustus almost in the beginning, is ill imitated by his Successors Lucan and Statius. They Dedicated to Tyrants; and their Flatteries are gross and fulsome. Virgil's Address is both more lofty and more just. In the three last Lines of this Geòrgie, I think I have discover'd a secret Compliment to the Emperour, which none of the Commentators have observ'd. Virgil had just before describ'd the Miseries which Rome had undergone betwixt the Triumvirs and the Commonwealth-Party: In the close of all, he seems to excuse the Crimes committed by his Patron Ccesar, as if he were constrain'd against his own Temper to those violent 10 11

Episode] Episode F1-2. Eighth] Eight F1-2.

10 ALneid] F2; Eneid Fi. 30 Triumvirs] Triumvirs F1-2.

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Proceedings, by the necessity of the Times in general, but more particularly by his two Partners, Anthony and Lepidus. Fertur Equis Auriga, nec audit Currus habenas. They were the Headstrong Horses, who hurried Octavius, the trembling Charioteer along, and were deaf to his reclaiming them. I observe farther; that the present Wars, in which all Europe, and part of Asia are ingag'd at present; are wag'd in the same places here describ'd: Atque hinc Euphrates, illinc Germania Bellum, 8cc. As if Virgil had Prophecy'd of this Age. Geòrgie 2d. The Praises of Italy, (Translated by the Learned, and every way Excellent Mr. Chetwood) which are Printed in one of my Miscellany Poems, are the greatest Ornament of this Book: Wherein for want of sufficient skill in Gardening, Agriculture, ire. I may possibly be mistaken in some Terms. But concerning Grafting, my Honour'd Friend Sir William Bowyer has assur'd me, that Virgil has shewn more of Poetry than Skill, at least in relation to our more Northern Climates: And that many of our Stocks will not receive such Grafts, as our Poet tells us would Bear in Italy. Nature has conspir'd with Art to make the Garden at Denham-Court, of Sir William's own Plantation, one of the most delicious Spots of Ground in England: It contains not above Five Acres, (just the compass of Alcinous his Garden, describ'd in the Odysses:) But Virgil says in this very Geòrgie, Laudato ingentia Rura; Exiguum eolito. Geòrgie 3d. Line the 45th. Next him, Niphates with inverted Urn, 8cc. It has been objected to me, that I understood not this Passage of Virgil, because I call Niphates a River, which is a Mountain in Armenia. But the River arising from the same Mountain, is also called Niphates. And having spoken of Nile before, I might reasonably think, that Virgil rather meant to couple two Rivers, than a River and a Mountain. Line 224. The Male has done, 8cc. The transition is obscure in 10 Geòrgie] F2; Fi. 12 my] F2; the Fi. 12 Miscellany Poems] Miscellany Poems F1-2. 13 Book:] F1-2. 17 Climates:] F1-2.

Notes

and

Observations

815

Virgil. H e began with Cows, then proceeds to treat of Horses: N o w returns to Cows. Line 476. 'Till the new Ram receives th' Exalted Sun. Astrologers tell us, that the Sun receives his Exaltation in the Sign Aries: Virgil perfectly understood both Astronomy and Astrology. Georgic 4. Line 27. That when the Youthful Prince. My most Ingenious Friend Sir Henry Shere, has observ'd through a GlassHive, that the Y o u n g Prince of the Bees, or Heir presumptive of the Crown, approaches the King's Apartment with great Reverence; and for three successive Mornings demands permission, to lead forth a Colony of that Years Bees. If his Petition be granted, which he seems to make by humble hummings; the Swarm arises under his Conduct: If the Answer be, le Roy s'avisera, that is, if the O l d Monarch think it not convenient for the Publick good, to part with so many of his Subjects; the next Morning the Prince is found dead, before the Threshold of the Palace. Line 477. T h e Poet here records the Names of Fifteen River Nymphs: A n d for once I have Translated them all. But in the Aineis I thought not my self oblig'd to be so exact; for in naming many Men who were kill'd by Heroes, I have omitted some, which wou'd not sound in English Verse. Line 660. T h e Episode of Orpheus and Eurydice begins here: A n d contains the only Machine which Virgil uses in the Georgics. I have observ'd in the Epistle before the ALneis, that our A u t h o r seldom employs Machines but to adorn his Poem: A n d that the Action which they seemingly perform, is really produc'd without them. Of this Nature is the Legend of the Bees restor'd by Miracle; when the Receipt which the Poet gives, wou'd do the W o r k without one. T h e only Beautiful Machine which I remember in the Modern Poets, is in Ariosto: Where G o d commands St. Michael to take care, that Paris then Besieg'd by the Saracens, 5-6 Astronomy and Astrology] Astronomy and Astrology F 1 - 2 . 9 Bees] Bees F1-2. 18-19 Fifteen . . . Nymphs:] Fifty . . . F1-2. 23 Episode . . . here:] Episode .. . F1-2. 26 Poem] Poem F1-2. 31 Ariosto:] F1-2.

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should be succour'd by Rinaldo. In order to this, he enjoins the Arch-Angel to find Silence and Discord: T h e first to Conduct the Christian Army to relieve the T o w n , with so much secrecy, that their March shou'd not be discover'd; the latter to enter the Camp of the Infidels, and there to sow Dissention among the Principal Commanders. T h e Heavenly Messenger takes his way to an Ancient Monastery; not doubting there to find Silence in her primitive Abode: But instead of Silence finds Discord: T h e Monks, being divided into Factions, about the choice of some New Officer, were at Snic and Snee with their drawn Knifes. T h e Satyr needs no Explanation. And here it may be also observ'd, that Ambition, Jealousie, and Worldly Interest, and point of Honour, had made variance both in the Cloyster and the Camp; and strict Discipline had done the Work of Silence, in Conducting the Christian Army to surprise the Turks. /Eneid l. Line n i. And make thee Father of a happy Line. T h i s was an obliging Promise to ALolus; who had been so unhappy in his former Children, Macareus and Canace. L i n e 196. The Realms of Ocean, and the Fields of Air Are mine, not his. Poetically speaking, the Fields of A ir, are under the Command of Juno-, and her Vicegerent JEolus. W h y then does Neptune call them His? I answer, because being G o d of the Seas, ALolus could raise no Tempest in the Atmosphere above them without his leave. But why does Juno Address to her own Substitute? I answer, H e had an immediate Power over the Winds, whom Juno desires to employ on her Revenge. T h a t Power was absolute by Land; which Virgil plainly insinuates: For when Boreas and his Brethren were let loose, he says at first terras turbine perflant: T h e n adds, Incubuere Mari: T o raise a Tempest on the Sea was 2 Discord:] F1-2. 8 Abode:] F1-2. 9 Monks] Monks F 1 - 2 . 10 Snic and Snee] Snic and Snee F 1 - 2 . 13 Cloyster] Cloyster F 1 - 2 . 16 /Eneid] /Eneid F 1 - 2 . 17,22,23 /Eolus] Eolus F1-2. 24 Tempest] F2; Tempests F i . 24 Atmosphere] A tmosphere F 1 - 2 .

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817

Usurpation on the Prerogative of Neptune; who had given him no leave, and therefore was inrag'd at his Attempt. I may also add, that they who are in a Passion, as Neptune then was, are apt to assume to themselves, more than is properly their due. Line 4 5 1 . O Virgin &c. If as you seem the Sister of the Day, Or one at least of Chast Diana's Train. Thus, in the Original. O Quam te memorem Virgo Aut Phcebi Soror, aut Nympharum Sanguinis Una? T h i s is a Family Complement, which /Eneas here bestows on Venus. His Father Anchises had us'd the very same to that Goddess when he Courted her. This appears by that very Ancient Greek Poem, in which that Amour is so beautifully describ'd, and which is thought Homer's: T h o u g h it seems to be Written before his Age. Line 979. Her Princely Guest was next her side. This, I confess, is improperly Translated; and according to the Modern Fashion of sitting at Table. But the Ancient custom of lying on Beds, had not been understood by the Unlearn'd Reader. /Eneid the Second. T h e Destruction of Veil is here shadow'd under that of Troy: Livy in his Description of it, seems to have emulated in his Prose, and almost equal'd, the Beauty of Virgil's Verse. /Eneid the 3d. Verse 132. And Childrens Children shall the Crown sustain. Et Nati Natorum, ¿r qui nascentur ab illis. Virgil Translated this Verse from Homer: Homer had it from Orpheus; and Orpheus from an Ancient Oracle of Apollo. On this Account it is, that Virgil immediately Subjoins these Words, Hcec Phoebus, ire. Eustathius takes notice, that the Old Poets 3 in a] F2; in F i . 11 Una?]—Fi—2. 25 equal'd,] ~ A F 1 - 2 .

5 4 5 1 ] 450 F l - 2 18 979] 980 F 1 - 2 . 27 ¿Eneid] vEneid F 1 - 2 .

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were wont to take whole Paragraphs from one another, which justifies our Poet for what he borrows from Homer. Bochartus in his Letter to Segrais, mentions an Oracle which he found in the fragments of an Old Greek Historian: T h e Sense whereof is this in English; that when the Empire of the Priamidce should be destroy'd, the Line of Anchises should succeed. Venus therefore, says the Historian, was desirous to have a Son by Anchises, tho' he was then in his decrepid Age: Accordingly she had /Eneas. After this she sought occasion to ruin the Race of Priam; and set on foot the Intrigue of Alexander, (or Paris) with Helena: She being ravish'd, Venus pretended still to favour the Trojans; lest they should restore Helen, in case they should be reduc'd to the last Necessity: Whence it appears, that the Controversie betwixt Juno and Venus, was on no trivial account; but concern'd the Succession to a great Empire. /Eneid the 4th. Li. 944. And must I dye, she said, And unreveng'd? 'tis doubly to be dead! Yet even this Death with pleasure I receive: On any Terms, 'tis better than to live. T h i s is certainly the Sense of Virgil; on which I have paraphras'd, to make it plain. His Words are these; Moriemur lnultal Sed Moriamur ait; sic, sic juvat ire sub Umbras. Servius makes an Interrogation at the Word sic; thus, sic? Sic juvat ire sub Umbras: Which Mr. Cowley justly Censures: But his own judgment may perhaps be question'd: For he wou'd retrench the latter part of the Verse, and leave it a Hemistic: Sed Moriamur ait. T h a t Virgil never intended to have left any Hemistic, I have prov'd already in the Preface. T h a t this Verse was fill'd up by him, with these words, sic, juvat ire sub Umbras, 3 Letter to] Letter to F1-2. 7 Historian] Historian F1-2. 13 Necessity:] F1-2. 16 /Eneid ... 944] jEneid . . . 945 F1-2. 22 25 27 29 29

Moriemur] F1-2 (on preceding line). Umbras:] ~ A Fi ( p u n c t u a t i o n failed to print)-, Hemistic:] Hemystic. F1-2. Hemistic] Hemystic F1-2. Preface] Preface F1-2.

F2.

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819

is very probable; if we consider the weight of them. For this procedure of Dido, does not only contain, that, dira Execratio, qua nullo expiatur Carmine (as Horace observes in his Canidia) but besides that, Virgil, who is full of Allusions to History, under another Name, describes the Decii, devoting themselves to Death this way, though in a better Cause, in order to the Destruction of the Enemy. T h e Reader, who will take the pains to Consult Livy, in his accurate Description of those Decii, thus devoting themselves, will find a great resemblance betwixt these two Passages. And 'tis judiciously observ'd upon that Verse, Nulla fides populis nec fcedera sunto, that Virgil uses in the word sunto a verbum juris, a form of speaking on Solemn and Religious Occasions: Livy does the like. Note also that Dido puts her self into the Habitus Gabinus, which was the girding her self round with one Sleeve of her Vest, which is also according to the Roman Pontifical, in this dreadful Ceremony, as Livy has observ'd: which is a farther confirmation of this Conjecture: So that upon the whole matter, Dido only doubts whether she shou'd die before she had taken her Revenge, which she rather wish'd: But considering that this devoting her self was the most certain and infallible way of compassing her Vengeance, she thus exclaims; Sic, sic juvat ire sub umbras: Hauriat hunc oculis ignem crudelis ab alto Dardanus, & nostra secum ferat omina mortis. These Flames from far, may the false T r o j a n view; These boding Omens his base Flight pursue. Which Translation I take to be according to the Sense of Virgil. I should have added a Note on that former Verse, Infelix Dido, nunc te fata impia tangunt, which in the Edition of Heinsius is thus Printed: Nunc te facta impia tangunt? T h e word facta instead of fata, is reasonably al3 observes] observes F 1 - 2 . 1 1 junto,] F1-2. 16 Pontifical] Pontifical F 1 - 2 . 23 Sic] A ~ F i—2. 26 These] Those ¥1-2. 29 Verse,] F1-2. 30 tangunt,] F1-2. 31 Printed:] F1-2.

5 12 18 25 27 30 31

Death] Death F 1 - 2 . that] T h a t F 1 - 2 . Conjecture:] F1-2. omina] omnia F 1 - 2 . These] Those F 1 - 2 . Dido] Dido F 1 - 2 . which] Which F 1 - 2 (indented).

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ter'd. For Virgil says afterwards, she dy'd not by Fate, nor by any deserv'd Death. Nec Fato, merita nec morte peribat, 8cc. When I Translated that Passage, I doubted of the Sense: And therefore omitted that Hemistic; Nunc te fata impia tangunt. But Heinsius is mistaken only in making an Interrogation point, instead of a Period. The words facta impia, I suppose are genuine: For she had perjur'd her self in her second Marriage: Having firmly resolv'd, as she told her Sister, in the beginning of this /Eneid, never to love again, after the Death of her first Husband; and had confirm'd this Resolution, by a Curse on her self, if she shou'd alter it. Sed mihi vel tellus optem, prius ima dehiscat, 8cc. Ante, pudor, quarn te violent, aut tua jura resolvam. Ille meos, primus, qui me sibi junxit, amores, A bstulit: Ille habeat secum, servetque sepulcro. zEneid the 5th. A great part of this Book is borrow'd from Apollonius Rhodius. And the Reader may observe the great Judgment and distinction of our Author in what he borrows from the Ancients, by comparing them. I conceive the Reason why he omits the Horse-race in the Funeral Games, was because he shews Ascanius afterwards on Horseback, with his Troops of Boys, and would not wear that Subject thread-bare; which Statius, in the next Age describ'd so happily. Virgil seems to me, to have excell'd Homer in all those Sports, and to have labour'd them the more, in Honour of Octavius, his Patron; who instituted the like Games for perpetuating the Memory of his Uncle Julius: Piety, as Virgil calls it, or dutifulness to Parents, being a most popular Vertue among the Romans. /Eneid the 6th. Line 586. The next in place and Punishment are they, Who prodigally throw their Souls away, &c. 4 Hemistic] HemysticFi-z. 7 Marriage:] Fi-a. 16 /Eneid the ¿th.] /Eneid the 5th. F 1 - 2 . 27 Julius:] F1-2. 29 /Eneid the 6th.] ¿Eneid the 6th. F 1 - 2 . 31 SouZs] Lives F 1 - 2 .

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and

821

Observations

Proxima sorte tenent masti loca, qui sibi letum Insontes peperere manu, lucemque perosi, Projecere animas, &c.

This was taken, amongst many other things, from the Tenth Book of Plato de Republica: No Commentator besides Fabrini, has taken notice of it. Self-Murther was accounted a great Crime by that Divine Philosopher: But the Instances which he brings, are too many to be inserted in these short Notes. Sir Robert Howard in his Translation of this /Eneid, which was Printed with his Poems in the Year 1660; has given us the most Learned, and the most Judicious Observations on this Book, which are extant in our Language. L i n e 734. Lo to the secret Shadows I retire, To pay my Penance, 'till my Years expire.

These two Verses in English seem very different from the Latine. Discedam;

explebo numerum,

reddarque

tenebris.

Yet they are the Sense of Virgil; at least, according to the common Interpretation of this place: I will withdraw from your Company; retire to the Shades, and perform my Penance of a Thousand Years. But I must confess the Interpretation of those two words, explebo numerum is somewhat Violent, if it be thus understood, minuam numerum; that is, I will lessen your Company by my departure. For Deiphobus being a Ghost, can hardly be said to be of their Number. Perhaps the Poet means by explebo numerum, absolvam sententiam: As if Deiphobus

reply'd

to the Sibyl, who was angry at his long Visit: I will only take my last leave of /Eneas, my Kinsman and my Friend, with one hearty good-wish for his Health and Well-fare, and then leave you to prosecute your Voyage. That Wish is express'd in the words immediately following, I Decus, I nostrum, &c. Which contain a direct Answer to what the Sibyl said before: When she upbraided their long Discourse, Nos flendo ducimus horas. This 1 letum] F i (corrected state), Fa; lethum F i (uncorrected state). 10 Poems] Poems F 1 - 2 . 18 Yet] indented in F1-2. 27 Sibyl] Sibil F 1 - 2 . 31 following,] F2; Fi. 32 Sibyl] SibillFi; SibilFi.

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Conjecture is new, and therefore left to the discretion of the Reader. L. 980. Know first that Heav'n, and Earth's compacted Frame, And flowing Waters, and the Starry Flame, And both the radiant Lights, See. Principio Caelum, ir terras, camposque liquentes, Lucentemque globum Luna, Titaniaque Astra, &c. Here the Sun is not express'd, but the Moon only; though a less, and also a less radiant Light. Perhaps the Copies of Virgil are all false; and instead of Titaniaque Astra, he writ Titanaque 6 Astra; and according to those words I have made my Translation. 'Tis most certain, that the Sun ought not to be omitted; for he is frequently call'd the Life and Soul of all the World: And nothing bids so fair for a visible Divinity to those who know no better, than that glorious Luminary. T h e Platonists call God the Archetypall Sun, and the Sun the visible Deity, the inward vital Spirit in the Center of the Universe, or that Body to which that Spirit is united, and by which it exerts it self most powerfully. Now it was the receiv'd Hypothesis amongst the Pythagoreans, that the Sun was scituate in the Center of the World: Plato had it from them, and was himself of the same Opinion; as appears by a passage in the Timceus: From which Noble Dialogue is this part of Virgil's Poem taken. L. 1156. Great Cato there, for gravity renown'd, &c. Quis te Magne Cato, &c. There is no Question but Virgil here means Cato Major, or the Censor. But the Name of Cato being also mention'd in the Eighth JEneid, I doubt whether he means the same Man in both places. I have said in the Preface, that our Poet was of Repub3 9 8 o] 98> F 1 - 2 . 7 Caelum,] F i (corrected state), F2; ~ A F i (uncorrected state). 7 camposque]Y2; composque F i . 8 Luntz] FI (corrected state), F2; lunte FI (uncorrected state). 11 and] and that F i - 2 . 1 2 - 1 3 Translation] Translation F 1 - 2 . 17 Archetypal]] Archetypall F 1 - 2 . 25 1156] 1157 F 1 - 2 . 26 Cato, &c] Cato, ¿ r . F 1 - 2 . 28 Censor] Censor F 1 - 2 . 28 being] F2; being F i .

Notes and

Observations

823

lican Principles; and have given this for one Reason of my Opinion, that he prais'd Cato in that Line, Secretisque piis, his dantern jura Catonem, and accordingly plac'd him in the Elysian Fields. Montaign thinks this was Cato the Utican, the great Enemy of Arbitrary Power, and a profess'd Foe to Julius Caesar. Ruteus wou'd perswade us that Virgil meant the Censor. But why shou'd the Poet name Cato twice, if he intended the same person? Our Author is too frugal of his Words and Sense, to commit Tautologies in either. His Memory was not likely to betray him into such an Errour. Nevertheless I continue in the same Opinion, concerning the Principles of our Poet. He declares them sufficiently in this Book: Where he praises the first Brutus for expelling the Tarquins, giving Liberty to Rome, and putting to Death his own Children, who conspir'd to restore Tyranny: He calls him only an unhappy Man, for being forc'd to that severe Action. Infelix, utcunque ferent ea facta Minores, Vincet amor Patriee, laudumque immensa Cupido. Let the Reader weigh these two Verses, and he must be convinc'd that I am in the right: And that I have not much injur'd my Master in my Translation of them. Line 1143. Embrace again, my Sons; be Foes no more; Nor stain your Country with her Childrens gore: And thou the first, lay down thy lawless claim; Thou of my Blood, who bear'st the Julian Name. This Note, which is out of its proper place, I deferr'd on purpose, to place it here: Because it discovers the Principles of our Poet more plainly than any of the rest. Tuque prior, tu parce, genus qui ducis Olympo, Projice tela manu, Sanguis meus! Anchises here speaks to Julius Ccesar; And commands him first to lay down Arms; which is a plain condemnation of his Cause. Yet observe our Poet's incomparable Address: For though he shews himself sufficiently to be a Common-wealth's-man; yet in respect to A ugustus, who was his Patron, he uses the Authority 3 Catonem,] Catonem. F1-2. 22 H43] 1140 F1-2.

4 and] And F1-2.

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of a Parent, in the Person of Anchises; who had more right to lay this Injunction on Ccesar than on Pompey; because the latter was not of his Blood. Thus our Author cautiously veils his own opinion, and takes Sanctuary under Anchises; as if that Ghost wou'd have laid the same Command on Pompey also, had he been lineally descended from him. What cou'd be more judiciously contriv'd, when this was the sEneid which he chose to read before his Master? Line 1221. A new Marcellus shall arise in thee. In Virgil thus. Tu Marcellus eris. How unpoetically and baldly had this been translated; Thou shalt Marcellus be! Yet some of my Friends were of Opinion, that I mistook the Sense of Virgil in my Translation. T h e French Interpreter, observes nothing on this place; but that it appears by it, the Mourning of Octavia was yet fresh, for the loss of her Son Marcellus, whom she had by her first Husband, and who dyed in the Year ab urbe condita, 7 3 1 : And collects from thence that Virgil, reading this JLneid before her, in the same Year, had just finish'd it: That from this time to that of the Poet's Death, was little more than four Years: So that supposing him to have written the whole /Eneis in eleven Years; the first six Books must have taken up seven of those Years: On which Account the six last, must of necessity be less correct. Now for the false judgment of my Friends, there is but this little to be said for them; the words of Virgil, in the Verse preceding are these, Si qua fata aspera rumpas, as if the Poet had meant, if you break through your hard Destiny, so as to be born, you shall be call'd Marcellus: But this cannot be the Sense: for though Marcellus was born, yet he broke not through those hard Decrees, which doom'd him to so immature a death. Much less can Virgil mean, you shall be the same Marcellus by the Transmigration of his Soul. For according to the 9 16 17 20 27 28

I22l] 1222 Fl-2. Husband, and] And F1-2. ab urbe .. . 731:] aburbe ... Years:] F1-2. Si qua ... rumpas,] Siqua . . . as]AsFx-2.

F1-2. F1-2.

Notes and

Observations

825

System of our Author, a Thousand Years must be first elaps'd, before the Soul can return into a Humane Body; but the first Marcellus was slain in the second Punick War. And how many hundred Years were yet wanting, to the accomplishing his penance, may with ease be gather'd, by computing the time betwixt Scipio and Augustus: By which 'tis plain, that Virgil cannot mean the same Marcellus; but one of his Descendants; whom I call a new Marcellus; who so much resembled his Ancestor, perhaps in his Features, and his Person, but certainly in his Military Vertues, that Virgil cries out, quantum instar in ipso est! which I have translated, How like the former, and almost the same. Line 1235. Two Gates the silent House of Sleep adorn; Of polish'd Iv'ry this; that of transparent Horn. By the carelessness of the A manuensis, the two next Lines are wanting, which I thus supply out of the Original Copy. True Visions through transparent Horn arise, Through polish'd Iv'ry pass deluding Lyes. Virgil borrow'd this Imagination from Homer, Odysses the 19th. Line 562. T h e Translation gives the reason, why true Prophetic Dreams are said to pass through the Gate of Horn, by adding the Epithete transparent: Which is not in Virgil; whose Words are only these; Sunt gemince Somni porta; quarum altera fertur Cornea What is pervious to the Sight is clear; and (alluding to this Property,) the Poet infers such Dreams are of Divine Revelation. Such as pass through the Iv'ry Gate, are of the contrary Nature; polish'd Lies. But there is a better Reason to be giv'n: For the Iv'ry alludes to the Teeth, the Horn to the Eyes. What we see is more credible, than what we only hear; that is, Words that pass through the Portal of the Mouth, or, Hedge of the Teeth: (which is Homer's expression for speaking.)

6 Augustus:] F1-2. 13 Line 1235] Line, 1236, and 1237 23 transparent] transparent F1-2.

Line 1236 F2.

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Mn. the 7th. Li. 109. Strange to relate, the Flames involv'd in Smoke, &c. Virgil, in this place, takes notice of a great Secret in the Roman Divination: T h e Lambent Fires, which rose above the Head, or play'd about it, were Signs of Prosperity; such were those which he observ'd in the second /Eneid: which were seen mounting from the Crown of Ascanius, Ecce levis summo de vertice visus Iuli Fundere lumen apex. Smoky Flames, (or involv'd in Smoke) were of a mix'd Omen; such were those which are here describ'd: For Smoke signifies Tears, because it produces them, and Flames Happiness. And therefore Virgil says that this Ostent was not only mirabile visu, but horrendum. Line 367. One only Daughter heirs my Crown and State. T h i s has seem'd to some an odd Passage: T h a t a King shou'd offer his Daughter and Heir, to a Stranger Prince, and a wanderer, before he had seen him, and when he had only heard of his arrival on his Coasts: But these Criticks have not well consider'd the Simplicity of former times; when the Heroines almost courted the Marriage of illustrious Men. Yet Virgil here observes the rule of Decency; Lavinia offers not her self: 'Tis Latinus, who propounds the Match: And he had been foretold, both by an Augur, and an Oracle, that he should have a foreign Son-in-Law; who was also a Heroe: Fathers, in those ancient Ages, considering Birth and Vertue, more than Fortune, in the placing of their Daughters: Which I cou'd prove by various Examples: T h e contrary of which being now practis'd, I dare not say in our Nation, but in France, has not a little darken'd the Lustre of their Nobility. T h a t Lavinia was averse to this Marriage, and for what reason, I shall prove in its proper place. L. 1020 And where Abella sees, From her high Tow'rs, the Harvest of her Trees. 1 /En.] /En. F1-2. S5 Heroe:] Fi-a. 27 Examples] F2; ExamampIesFi. 33 From] from Fj-2 (on preceding

line).

5 Prosperity;] F1-2. 27 Daughters:] F1-2. 32 4nd] A ~ F1-2.

Notes and

Observations

827

I observe that Virgil names not Nola, which was not far distant iromAbella: perhaps, because that City, (the same in which Augustus dyed afterwards;) had once refus'd to give him entertainment; if we may believe the Author of his Life. Homer heartily curses another City which had us'd him on the same manner: But our Author thought his Silence of the Nolans a sufficient correction. When a Poet passes by a Place or Person, though a fair Occasion offers of rememb'ring them, 'tis a sign he is, or thinks himself, much disoblig'd. /En. 8. L. 34. So when the Sun by Day, or Moon by Night, Strike on the polish'd Brass their trembling Light, 8cc. T h i s Similitude is literally taken from Apollonius Rhodius; and 'tis hard to say, whether the Original or the Translation excels. But in the Shield which he describes afterwards in this ALneid, he as much transcends his Master Homer; as the Arms of Glaucus were richer than those of Diomedes. Xpva-ea XaXKeicovLines 115, and 116. jEneas takes the Mother, and her Brood, And all on Juno's Altar are bestow'd. T h e Translation is infinitely short of Virgil, whose Words are these; Tibi enim, tibi maxima Juno Mactat sacra ferens, ir cum grege sistit ad aram. For I cou'd not turn the word Enim into English with any grace: T h o u g h it was of such necessity, in the Roman Rites, that a Sacrifice could not be perform'd without it; 'tis of the same nature, (if I may presume to name that sacred Mystery) in our words of Consecration at the Altar. /Eneid the 9th. Line 853, 854. At the full stretch of both his Hands, he drew; 1 I] on preceding line in Fi-2. 4 if] Fa; if if F i . 10-11 /En. . . . or Moon] jEn. . .. the Moon F1-2. 17 XaX/celui'] Xa\xiiui> F l - 2 . 26 grace:] F1-2. 30 /Eneid the gth. Line] /Eneid the 9th. line F1-2.

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And almost join'd the Horns of the tough Eugh. T h e first of these Lines, is all of Monosyllables; and both Verses are very rough: But of choice; for it had been easie for me to have smooth'd them. But either my Ear deceives me, or they express the thing which I intended in their Sound: For the stress of a Bow which is drawn to the full extent, is express'd in the harshness of the first Verse, clogg'd not only with Monosyllables, but with Consonants; and these words, the tough Eugh, which conclude the second line, seem as forceful, as they are Unharmonious. Homer and Virgil are both frequent in their adapting Sounds to the thing they signifie. One Example will serve for both; because Virgil borrow'd the following Verses from Homer's Odysses. Una Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque procellis Africus, if vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus. ~£vv 8' Evpos re, Noros re HITecrev, Ze Varying her Cheeks, by turns, with white and red.) Amata, ever partial to the Cause of Turnus, had just before desir'd him, with all manner of earnestness, not to ingage his Rival in single Fight; which was his present Resolution. Virgil, though in favour of his Heroe, he never tells us directly, that Lavinia preferr'd Turnus to /Eneas, yet has insinuated this preference twice before. For mark in the 7th ¿Eneid, she left her Father, who had promis'd her to /Eneas without asking her consent: And follow'd her Mother into the Woods, with a T r o o p of Bacchanals, where Amata sung the Marriage Song, in the Name of Turnus; which if she had dislik'd, she might have oppos'd. T h e n in the 11 th ALneid, when her Mother went to the T e m p l e of Pallas, to invoke her Aid against /Eneas; whom she calls by no better Name than Phrygius Prcedo, Lavinia sits by her in the same Chair or Litter, juxtaque Comes Lavinia Virgo, Oculos dejecta decoros. What greater sign of Love, than Fear and Concernment for the Lover? In the lines which I have quoted she not only sheds Tears but changes Colour. She had been bred up with Turnus, and /Eneas was wholly a Stranger to her. Turnus in probability was her first Love; and favour'd by her Mother, who had the Ascendant over her Father. But I am much deceiv'd, if (besides what I have said) there be not a secret Satire against the Sex, which is lurking under this Description of Virgil, who seldom speaks well of Women: Better indeed of Camilla, than any other; for he commends her Beauty and Valour: Because he wou'd concern the Reader for her Death. But Valour is 6 Allies] Allies F1-2. 7 Lines] jEneid the 12. Lines FI-2. 19 Bacchanals] Bacchanals F1-2. 21 1 ith] F2; FI.

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Works of Virgil in

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no very proper Praise for Womankind; and Beauty is common to the Sex. He says also somewhat of Andromache, but transiently: And his Venus is a better Mother than a Wife, for she owns to Vulcan she had a Son by another Man. T h e rest are Juno's, Diana's, Dido's, Amata's, two mad Prophetesses, three Harpies on Earth, and as many Furies under ground. This Fable of Lavinia includes a secret Moral; that Women in their choice of Husbands, prefer the younger of their Suitors to the Elder; are insensible of Merit, fond of Handsomness; and generally speaking, rather hurried away by their Appetite, than govern'd by their Reason. L. 1191,& 1192. This let me beg; (and this no Fates withstand) Both for my self, and for your Fathers Land, &c. T h e words in the Original are these, pro Latio obtestor, pro Majestate tuorum. Virgil very artfully uses here the word Majestas; which the Romans lov'd so well, that they appropriated it to themselves: Majestas Populi Romani. T h i s Title apply'd to Kings, is very Modern, and that is all I will say of it at present: T h o u g h the word requires a larger Note. In the word tuorum, is included the sense of my Translation, Your Father's Land: Because Saturn the Father of Jove, had govern'd that part of Italy, after his expulsion from Crete. But that on which I most insist, is the Address of the Poet, in this Speech of Juno. Virgil was sufficiently sensible, as I have said in the Preface, that whatever the common Opinion was, concerning the Descent of the Romans from the Trojans; yet the Ancient Customs, Rites, Laws, and Habits, of those Trojans were wholly lost, and perhaps also that they had never been: And for this Reason, he introduces Juno in this place; requesting of Jupiter, that no Memory might remain of Troy, (the T o w n she hated) that the People hereafter should not be called Trojans, nor retain any thing which belong'd to their Predecessors. And why might not this also be concerted betwixt our Author and his Friend Horace, to hinder Augustus from Re-building Troy, and removing thither the Seat of Empire, a design so unpleasing to the Romans? But of this,

18 themselves:] F1-2. 18 Romani. This] F2; Ramani. this Fi.

Notes and

Observations

835

I am not positive, because I have not consulted Dacier, and the rest of the Criticks, to ascertain the time in which Horace writ the Ode relating to that Subject. L. 1224,& 1225. Deep in the dismal Regions, void of Light, Three Daughters, at a Birth, were born to Night. T h e Father of these, (not here mention'd) was Acheron: the Names of the three, were Alecto, Megcera, and Tisiphone. T h e y were call'd Furies in Hell, on Earth Harpies, and in Heaven 10 Dirce: T w o of these assisted at the Throne of Jupiter, and were employed by him, to punish the wickedness of Mankind. These two must be Megara, and Tisiphone: Not Alecto: For Juno expresly commands her to return to Hell, from whence she came; and gives this Reason. Te super Mtherias errare licentius auras, Haud Pater ipse velit summi Regnator Olympi: Cede locis. Probably this Dira, un-nam'd by the Poet in this Place; might be Tisiphone, for though we find her in Hell, in the sixth /Eneid, 20 employ'd in the punishment of the damn'd, Continuo sontes, Ultrix accincta flagello Tisiphone quatit insultans, 8cc. yet afterwards she is on Earth in the T e n t h /Eneid, and amidst the Battel. Pallida Tisiphone media inter Millia scevit: Which I guess to be Tisiphone, the rather, by the Etymology of her Name; which is compounded of Tlvoy, ulciscor; and 6vo 817. 9°°> 959> 975. 976> 983- 10 9°: VI. S21322, 441, 442, 464, 652, 670, 848, 1096; VII, 126, 241, 282, 283, 2S5, 525, 417, ¡78, 694, 700, 739, 740, 741, 769, 774, 839, 870, 890, 903, 905, 922, 931, 960, 961, 1029, 104;, 1047; VIII, 446, 455, 743, 772, 806, 956; IX, / 55- 6 76. 1047. 332:16-17 he had . . . License. See, as Kinsley notes, Davideis, I, note 14. 332:25-32 in one . . . not prove. See Aeneid, III, 340 (whom to you now Troy); as completed the line would mean "whom Creusa bore to you while Troy was smoking." Dryden's improvised translation runs "Sav'd from the Ruins of unhappy Troy" (III, 438). Ruaeus notes that either Virgil left the

Notes

to Pages

331-33$

963

line imperfect or it was mutilated by his posthumous editors T u c c a a n d Varius. Ruaeus f u r t h e r records two versions that complete the line, rejecting the first, the one that Dryden cites, for the same reason that Dryden gives. 333:3-6 Misenum . . . Cantu. See Aeneid, VI, 164-165 (Loeb trans.: "Misenus, son of Aeolus, surpassed by none in stirring men with his bugle's blare, a n d in kindling with his clang the god of war"); cf. Aeneis, VI, 242244. As Kinsley notes, the story of Virgil's completing the verse extempore while his scribe, Eros, was reciting it is in the life of Virgil by Suetonius (once attributed to Donatus), which Ruaeus reprints. Suetonius says that Virgil completed both vv. 164 a n d 165 at that time. 333:7 reasons . . . Painting. See A Parallel betwixt Painting and Poetry (1695, p. lii; Watson, II, 205-206). 3 3 3 : 9 - 1 0 Alexander's . . . help it. See Plutarch, Alexander, IV, 1, a n d Pyrrhus, VIII, 1. 3 3 3 : 1 3 - 1 5 Like . . . Mudd. See Ovid, Metamorphoses, I, 422-429, a n d , as Noyes notes, 11. 565-572 of Dryden's translation (Works, IV, 392). 3 3 3 : 1 8 - 2 1 the Excuse . . . of them. T a k e n , as editors note, f r o m Boccaccio's "Conclusion" to the Decameron. 334:1-2 repeated . . . before. See, e.g., Aeneid, I, 530-531; III, 163-165: cf. Aeneis, I, 748-749; III, 221-222. 3 3 4 : 2 - 1 1 Words are . . . Mill'd. Zwicker, pp. 68-69, discusses Dryden's reference, which is renewed o n 336:7-12, to the coinage crisis of the 1690s a n d William's fiscal policies. For the difference between h a m m e r e d a n d milled coin see The Medall, 11. 228-229^ in Works, II, 297. See also W a r d , Letters, pp. 80, 82, for Dryden's own difficulties with debased coinage. 334:35-335:8 He instances . . . over him. Cf. Segrais, I, 69: " Q u i voudra traduire le mollis amaracus, sur lequel Venus emporte le j e u n e Ascagne p o u r le faire reposer à son aise en usera mal, à m o n avis, s'il se sert d u m o t de marjolaine, q u i est sa p r o p r e signification: Car cette m a r j o l a i n e p e u t difficilement faire u n e idée heroïque en françois." See Aeneid, I, 691-694, where, as Segrais says, Ascanius is p u t to sleep (so that C u p i d may impersonate him). At Aeneis, I, 969-974, mollis amaracus becomes "a W r e a t h of Myrtle" a n d "a flow'ry Bed." 3 3 5 : i 3 - î 6 Quem . . . Ponto. Adapted, as Noyes notes, f r o m Horace, Odes, IV, ii, 1-4, with Quem (whom) substituted for P i n d a r in the first line a n d the addressee, lulus, omitted f r o m the second (Loeb trans.: " W h o e v e r strives . . . to rival [him], relies on wings fastened with wax by Daedalean craft, a n d is doomed to give his name to some crystal sea"). 3 3 5 : i g - 2 0 Aude . . . Deo. See Aeneid, VIII, 364-365 (Loeb trans.: "Dare, my guest, to scorn riches; fashion thyself also to be worthy of deity"); cf. Aeneis, VIII, 479-480. 3 3 5 : 2 1 - 2 2 I contemn . . . my self. Scott notes that Dryden h a d nevertheless earlier given a "noble paraphrase" of the lines in The Hind and the Panther, ii, 7 1 1 - 7 1 3 (Works, III, 160). 3 3 5 : 2 3 _ 2 5 Lay . . . absent. Cf. Segrais, I, 62: "& je seray le premier à conseiller à ceux qui peuvent lire l'Eneïde en Latin, de ne s'amuser p o i n t à cette traduction, qui est peut-estre la moindre de toutes." 335 : 2 5~ 2 7 Spencer's . . . sight. See The Faerie Queene, V, iii, 22-24.

964

Commentary

336:3-25 If sounding . . . Conquer them. The metaphors in this paragraph, of trade, coinage, naturalization, and conquest, reflect contemporary debates over the desirability of developing the merchant navy rather than the army (see, e.g., A Collection of State Tracts, Publish'd on Occasion of the Late Revolution in 1688. And during the Reign of King William III [1705], II, 564-613, 653-692), the coinage crisis (see above, note to 334:2-11), the naturalization of foreigners (see above, note to 326:34-327:1), and the nature of William Ill's title (see above, note to 284:4-30). 336:3-4 If sounding . . . Country. Cf. Dryden's note on Aeneis, IX, 1094 (828:21-829:1). 336:28-337:5 The late . . . flatter'd him. For Dryden's literary relations with Lauderdale see headnote, pp. 867-870. 337:6 Congreve. On his friendship with Dryden see Works, IV, 742-743. 337:12-16 Two . . . Translation. Addison wrote the Essay on the Georgics and the prose arguments; Knightly Chetwood (1652-1735) wrote the Life of Virgil and Preface to the Pastorals. 337:16-17 the two First Poems. Presumably, all the Pastorals and Georgics. 337:18-20 I might. . . with me. See, as Kinsley notes, Suetonius, Terence, where Laelius and Scipio are identified as two whose aid Terence gloried in when answering, in the prologue to Adelphoe, 11. 15-21, the charge that he was assisted in his writing. 337:27 the proper . . . Navigation. Cf. the prefatory account of Annus Mirabilis (Works, I, 51:33-34 and n). Occasional nautical terms in Aeneis were sometimes derived from Lauderdale (see, e.g., Ill, 526-527, 737-738, and nn). 337:29 proprieties. I.e., special idiom, technical language. 337:36-338:29 I have . . . Geòrgie. These verses, which Ruaeus calls the exordium or the author's signature, commonly begin the Aeneid in early editions and are included in the lineation of Aeneid, I, when lineation is used (they are rejected to textual notes in modern editions). Early editors usually debate the authenticity of the lines, drawing ultimately on the life of Virgil by Suetonius (once attributed to Donatus). Dryden's concluding points are most succinctly contained in the gloss of Schrevelius: that the verses were rejected by Virgil's posthumous editors, Tucca and Varius, or were added or restored by them after Virgil had disowned the verses; and that this initial claim of authorship parallels the concluding claim in Georgics, IV. The debated verses run as follows in Ruaeus' edition: Ille ego, qui quondam gracili modulatus avena Carmen; ir egressus sylvis, vicina eoegì Ut quamvis avido parerent arva colono: Gratum opus agricolis: at nunc horrentia Martis. (I am he who once played my song on a slender shepherd's pipe, and then, leaving the woods, forced the nearby fields to bring forth abundantly for the eager husbandman—a poem pleasing to farmers; and now [I sing] the horrid [arms] of war [and the man].) Dryden offers his own verse paraphrase of all but the last hemistich at 339:10-15, and his misquotation of avido as avidis shows why, in his translation, he construes it with agricolis instead of colono.

Notes

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336-344

965

338:13-14 Horrentia . . . Verses. Alluding to Juvenal's attack on Cicero's verse, Satire X, 114-126; see also Dryden's translation, 11. 180-197, and his note (Works, IV, 217-219, 241). 338:22-24 if both . . . otherwise. See Segrais, I, 43 (3d pag.). 339:3-5 take up . . . his Claim. Ovid's Ex Ponto begins with a thirty-sixline exordium devoted to the poet's thoughts about his poem. 339:21 alleviate. In the now obsolete sense of "palliate." 339:32-33 A Sixth . . . Orpheus. For the sixth Pastoral, by Roscommon, and the "Orpheus" (excerpted from the fourth Geòrgie), by Mulgrave, see above, note to 325:28-30. T h e eighth Eclogue ("Pharmaceutria") was translated for Miscellany Poems (1684) both by Stafford and by Chetwood. 340:8 Ericthonius . . . his lameness. For the chariot of Ericthonius see Georgics, III, 113-114 (Dryden's 11. 177-179); for the claim that he used (and invented) it to hide his lameness see, as Kinsley notes, the gloss of Ruaeus. 340:11 If Homer . . . Work. See Horace, Ars Poetica, 11. 359-360. 340:12-13 You took . . . Protection. By allowing Dryden to dedicate the play to him. 340:35-341:1 your Essay on Poetry. See above, 273:23^ 341:6-10 Neither . . . Sermon. As Malone notes, a Concio ad, clerum is a sermon addressed to the clergy, thus, here, to the learned.

THE FIRST BOOK OF THE AENEIS

3 Expell'd and exil'd. Dryden has already rendered Virgil's fato profugus (v. 2) as "fore'd by Fate" (1. 1), and the repetition associates the plight of Aeneas with that of James II, deposed, as Stuart loyalists would have it, and forced into exile. No preceding translator applies these epithets to Aeneas at this point. 4 Long Labours ... he bore. Cf. Aeneis, III, 931: "after endless Labours," and VII, 171: "And the long Labours of your Voyage end," where the phrase is also introduced with nothing in the Latin corresponding to "labours." 5 doubtful. Also Fletcher's adjective, for which there is no Virgilian equivalent. 7-8 His banish'd . . . his Line. Dryden expands Virgil's Inferretque Deos Latio in v. 6 (Loeb trans.: "and bring his gods to Latium") with apparent allusions, in "banish'd," "restor'd," and "Succession," to his own time. T h e wanderings of Aeneas had earlier served as trope for the continental exile of Charles II (Works, I, 215; To My Lord Chancellor, 11. 17-22, in Works, I, 38); the exile of James II renewed their relevance. Cf. Harrison, p. 150. 9, 10 come / Rome. Sandys, Harrington, Ogilby (1654), and Milbourne also use these rhymes. 11 the Causes and the Crimes. Virgil has only causas (v. 8). Cf. Segrais: "Muse, raconte-moy, quel crime, ou quel mal-heur." 18 Or .. . Human Woe. In this added line Dryden dwells on the passions

9 66

Commentary

by rendering Virgil's ira (already translated as "resentment" in the preceding line) in v. 1 1 and supplies a "human" to heighten "heavenly" by contrast. 20 on the Sea. Supplied from Ruaeus' note to v. 12 (v. 16 in his edition). 24 Argos. Virgil (v. 16) mentions only Samos as another city "belov'd" by Juno, but Ruaeus' note lists three other favorite cities—Argos, Sparta, and Mycenae—in that order. Cf. Caro: "Argo e Samo." 25, 26 kind / design'd. Also Lauderdale's and Fletcher's rhymes. 29, 30 Race / deface. Also Milbourne's rhymes. 31-32 Nor thus .. . Nations lay. Dryden stresses an abuse of power not in Virgil's v. 21: populum late regem belloque superbum (Loeb trans.: "a people, kings of broad realms and proud in war"). 37 And secret Seeds. A metaphor added to Virgil; cf. Sandys: "old seeds of wrath," and Caro: "i semi" (the seeds). 38, 39 remain'd / Form disdain'd. Also Ogilby's 1649 line endings. 41 Electra's . . . Bed. Balancing Virgil's Ganymede (v. 28) with a second concubine, Dryden translates genus invisum in v. 28 (Loeb trans.: "her hatred of the race") by incorporating the gloss, which he could have found in Ruaeus or Ogilby, e.g., explaining that Juno hated the Trojans because they were descended from Dardanus, the son of Jove by Electra his concubine. Cf. Caro: "il concubito d'Elettra." 42-43 Each . . . haughty Mind. Dryden analyzes the passion in Virgil's His accensa super (inflamed even more by these things) in v. 29. 46 sev'n. For Virgil's multos (many) in v. 31; seven is specified in Virgil's I, 755-756 (Aeneis, I, 1064), and again at Virgil's V, 626 (Aeneis, V, 814-815). 50, 51 Oars j Sicilian Shoars. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. 60 angry . . . Spleen. Emotions added to Virgil's picture in v. jg. 66 Then . . . trembling Game. Thompson notes that Dryden adds the simile. 70-71 walk in .. . Heav'n. Dryden gives hauteur to Virgil's Juno: Divum incedo regina in v. 46 (Loeb trans.: "move as queen of gods"). 73 Against.. . ruin d Troy. Dryden's expansion of Virgil's brief una cum gente in v. 47 (Lauderdale trans.: "Against one nation") portrays J u n o as abusing her power. 78 in a spacious Cave. For Virgil's vasto . . . antro in v. 52. Cf. Ruaeus' paraphrase: spatiosa in caverna. 79 Tyrant ALolus. Only Dryden changes the title of Virgil's rex /Eolus (v- 52)80, 81 Winds / binds. Also Fletcher's rhymes; Sandys and Milbourne have them in reverse order. 84, 85 stands / commands. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes; his "Commands" is a noun. 89 the driving Soul. Kinsley sees this as an imitation of the Latin anima, which has a primary sense of "air" or "wind" and a secondary sense of "soul." 93 Impos'd a King, with arbitrary Sway. The constitutional rigor is principally Dryden's. Virgil's "Father of the Gods" in v. 62 merely "gave" (dedit) the winds a king fcedere certo, "by a certain law," as Lauderdale translates

Notes to Pages

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967

it. Virgil's pater omnipotens "burdened" (Imposuit) the winds with mountains, and Dryden so "oppress'd" them, saving imposuit to substitute for Virgil's dedit. 102 cut. Cf. Segrais: "fendent la mer Thyrrene." 103, 104 steer / there. Also Fletcher's rhymes for the first and third lines of a triplet. 109 Succeed. Yield to; a Latinism (Thompson). 109-110 my Design . . . thine. Identical with Fletcher. i n And . . . Line. See Dryden's note, 816:16-18, above. 112, 1 1 3 to will / to fulfil. Also Sandys's line endings. 123 And dance ... the Ground. Dryden's images of "dancing" and "skimming" lighten the severity of the original in v. 83: terras turbine perflant (blows over the lands with a whirling). 126-127 South . . . Shoar. Cf. Fletcher: "East, South, and rainy West together roar, / And roll vast Billows to th' affrighted Shore." Lauderdale has the same rhyme words. 128, 129, 130 Cries I Skies / Eyes. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 135 Struck with unusual Fright. For Dryden's enhancement of Aeneas' character by use of this phrase, see Harrison, pp. 152-156. 139 Tydides . . . Grecian. Identical with Lauderdale. 140, 141 slain / Plain. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 142, 143 Fields / Shields. Also Milbourne's rhymes in reverse order. 144-145 whose dismember'd . . . Spear. Added to Virgil; see Frost, pp. 1_ 2 9 9 146-147 Thus .. . Sails. Cf. Lauderdale: "While thus the Prince his cruel Fate bewails, / Fierce Boreas drives a Wave against his Sails." 159 fierce . . . Mood. Dryden emphasizes the personification of the east wind by attributing passions to Virgil's baldly named Eurus (v. 110). Sandys attributes "spight" to Eurus; Segrais calls him "impitoyable." 160 the Shallows ... Sand. For Virgil's syrtes in v. 1 1 1 , which as a common noun signified sandbanks or, as some predecessors understood it, quicksands. Dryden incorporates both senses. As a proper noun it signified sandbanks in gulfs off the coast of North Africa. 161 a-land. This locution occurs once elsewhere (Aeneis, X , 405) in Dryden's verse; the OED cites the present line and a few examples from earlier and later writers. 162, 163 Lycian Crew j view. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 167 bulg"d. T o "bulge" is to "suffer fracture in the bilge" or hull (OED). Ogilby and Sandys use "bilg'd." 169 Pictures. Virgil's tabula (v. 119) had multiple meanings and was often translated as "planks"; like Dryden, Lauderdale and Stanyhurst prefer "Pictures." 174, 175 gaping Seams / Streams. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order; Douglas has the same rhyme words. 178 Displeas'd . . . Wat'ry Reign. Dryden's expanded rendering of graviter commotus in v. 126 (Loeb trans.: "Greatly troubled") emphasizes conflict between kingdoms. 182, 183 distress'd / oppress'd. Also Sandys's rhymes.

968

Commentary

184 Full... knew. Cf. Lauderdale: "The God full well his Sister's Malice knew." 189 Rebel Insolence. A politically provocative expansion of Virgil's v. 132; cf. Lauderdale: "rebellious Race," and Segrais: "Sujets seditieux." 195 my . . . bear. Dryden heightens Virgil's hue dicite (say this) in v. 137. 196 and the Fields of Air. Dryden's addition (see his note, 816:19-817:4, above). 2oi—202 With hoarse . . . empty Hall. A satiric addition to the original. Dryden omits Neptune's brief address to Eurus (the east wind) and reference to Eurus' house (v. 140). 203-204 he smooth'd . . . the Day. Cf. Lauderdale: "he calm'd the Sea, / Dispell'd the Clouds, restor'd the glorious Day," and Ogilby (1649): "he calmes the raging sea, j Scatters thick clouds restores againe the day." 209, 210 the moving sands / the sholes. Two versions of Virgil's syrtes in v. 146. See Aeneis, I, i6on. 211 His finny Coursers. Added to Virgil; cf. Segrais: "ses Chevaux marins." 213, 214 Crowd / loud. Also Milbourne's rhymes. 220 innate. See Harrison, p. 167: "The additional 'innate,' which Joseph Trapp [The Mneis of Virgil, Translated into Blank Verse (1718), p. li] condemns as being 'too gross and horrid for Virgil's Meaning,' is almost Hobbesian, and as significant as anything of the fears of the seventeenth century, and its conservative celebration of order, the order of monarchy"; Harrison cites The Medall, 11. 248-251 (Works, II, 50). 221-225 So when . . . Peace maintains. Dryden emphasizes the reimposition of strong constitutional authority by adding to Virgil's description (vv. 154-156) the rearing of the "Sov'raign Trident," the quelling of vulgar "Fury," the "Majestick" motion of Neptune, and his maintenance of "awful Peace." 223, 224 Plains / Reins. Also Milbourne's rhymes in reverse order. 226-227 The weary . . . Shoars. Identical with Lauderdale's second edition; his first differs only in using "weary'd" instead of "weary." 228-240 Within . . . fear. For comment on the diction of this passage, see Mark Van Doren, The Poetry of Dryden (1946), pp. 55-56; Frost, pp. 42-45. 228, 229 there lies a Bay / Sea. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Fletcher has the same rhyme words and Ogilby has them in reverse order. 244 Repose. Added to Virgil; cf. Segrais: "le doux repos." 251-252 The Trojans . . . Ground. Dryden's scene is created out of two words, fessi rerum, in v. 178 (Loeb trans.: "wearied with their lot"). 258 Streamers of Caicus. In place of Virgil's arma Caici (arms of Caicus) in v. 183, Dryden follows Ruaeus' explanation of the phrase as insignia of navigation. For streamers as pennons, OED cites Milton, Samson Agonistes, 1. 718. 260-262 Three . . . Steps. Dryden contributes the phrases that contrast aristocracy with populace. Cf. Fletcher: "Three Royal Stags." 263, 264 below / Bow. Also Ogilby's 1649 rhymes. 277-278 Endure . . . Woes. Far more heroic, optimistic, and affirmative than Virgil's vv. 199-200.

Notes

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280 defy'd. There is no defiance in Virgil or the predecessor translators; again Dryden's Aeneas is uniquely heroic. 283-284 An Hour . . . Fate. Dryden modifies Virgil's forsan (perhaps) in his optimistic extension of Virgil's forsan & hcec olim meminisse juvabit in v. 203 (Loeb trans.: "Perchance even this distress it will some day be a joy to recall"). 290 reserve . . . Fate. Identical with Fletcher; Harrington omits "Fate" but is otherwise identical. 291, 292 Heart /his inward Smart. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 293 jolly Crew, unmindful. T h e encouraging words of Dryden's Aeneas have an effect not noted by Virgil. Cf. Caro: "Fecer tutti coraggio" (all are encouraged). 296, 297 boyl / broil. Also Phaer's rhymes in reverse order. 303 to deem 'em dead. Dryden compresses Virgil, muffling the elegiac note: credant / . . . extrema pati, nec jam exaudire vocatos in vv. 218-219 (Loeb trans.: "to deem them . . . bearing the final doom and hearing no more when called"). 308, 309 surveys / navigable Seas. Also Ogilby's line endings. 317, 318 How . . . incense / Offence. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "How could my Son so highly thee incense? / . . . offence." 322 Divine. Dryden uses Ruaeus' note to v. 235 (v. 239 in his edition) which explains the divine origin of the rulers of Troy. 332, 333 Grecian Hosts / Illyrian Coasts. Sandys has the same line endings, except that his nouns are singular. 334> 335 raves / Waves. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 33®' 339 Name j Fame. Also Sandys's rhymes in reverse order. 343 and the promis'd Throne. A political addition to Virgil. 347-348 with ... Skies. For Virgil's v. 255: Vultu, quo ccelum tempestatesque serenat (Loeb trans.: "with that look wherewith he clears sky and storms"). Dryden incorporates both meanings of serenat—makes clear or serene—and also remembers from Georgics, II, 345, that mild weather is a cceli indulgentia: "Heav'ns Indulgence," as he translated it (1. 473). Cf. Astraea Redux, 11. 238-241, and To Her Grace the Dutchess of Ormond, 11. 84-85. T h e engraving of Venus' petition to Jove which illustrates this scene was dedicated to the Duchess of Ormonde, who in Dryden's poem of 1700 is figured both as Venus and as the prompter of "Heav'ns Indulgence." 348, 349 Skies / replies. Also Ogilby's rhymes; Lauderdale has them in reverse order. 357 search'd . . . Fate. Noyes points out that Dryden is here following Sir Robert Howard's interpretation of Stoic doctrine (fate was supreme above Jupiter) (see dedication, 294:2-15). Virgil has Longius if volvens fatorum arcana in v. 262 (Loeb trans.: "further unrolling the scroll of fate"), rather than " I have search'd." 364 This . . . prefix'd. Dryden's addition, deepening the sense of predestination. 367 from . . . transfer. Cf. Ogilby: "And from Lavinium shall transfer his seate." 369 The Throne . .. fill'd. Virgil has regnabitur .. . j Gente sub Hectorea

97°

Commentary

in w . 272-273 (Loeb trans.: thus "shall the kingdom e n d u r e u n d e r Hector's [i.e., the T r o j a n ] race"). Dryden's phrasing recalls the debates of 1689 over d u e succession a n d filling the "vacancy" created by James II's "abdication." Cf. Alan Roper, Dryden's Poetic Kingdoms (1965), pp. 138-139. 370, 371 seen / Queen. Also Vicars' rhymes. 372 full of Mars. For Virgil's Mare gravis (pregnant by Mars) in v. 274. 384, 385 own / Gown. Also Harrington's rhymes. 387 Troy / Grecian. Like such earlier translators as Vicars a n d Harrington, Dryden substitutes T r o y a n d Greece for Virgil's house of Assaracus, Phthia, Mycenae, a n d Argos. 390, 391 rise j Fame the Skies. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Milb o u r n e has the same rhyme words. 395 Incense . . . Shrine. For Virgil's vocabitur hie quoque votis in v. 290 (Loeb trans.: "he, too, shall be invoked in vows"). Caro has "incensi e voti" (incense a n d vows). 396, 397 cease j Peace. Also Douglas' a n d Fletcher's rhymes. 398 banish'd . . . return. In Virgil's w . 292-293 Cana Fides (ancient faith) will combine with Vesta, Quirinus (Romulus, i.e.), a n d Remus to give laws (Jura dabunt). Dryden's phrasing recalls The Lady's Song, with its wistful h o p e for a second Stuart restoration, a poem in which " T h e Graces are banish'd" until "Pan a n d fair Syrinx in T r i u m p h r e t u r n " (Works, III, 223, 484). 406 useless Arms. Dryden recasts Virgil's Sava . . . super arma in v. 295 (Loeb trans.: "on savage arms") o n the satiric model of his own "hoary Prince" Flecknoe: " H i g h on a T h r o n e of his own Labours rear'd" (Mac Flecknoe, 1. 107; Works, II, 57). 407 and threats . . . Alarms. Dryden's addition. Milbourne alone among the predecessors marks the vanity of Fury's resistance; cf. his " a n d roar, a n d foam in vain." 408 Cyllenius. Also Lauderdale's alternative n a m e for Mercury. Virgil has Majá genitum (v. 297; Maia's son). 410-411 lest . . . State. Identical with Lauderdale, except that he has " D i d o " instead of " T h e Q u e e n . " Milbourne has the same rhyme words, a n d Sandys rhymes "state" with "ignorant of Fate." 428 Beneath . . . hides. For the first edition Dryden wrote "Beneath a hollow Rock," with which compare Lauderdale's "Below a hollow Rock he hides his Fleet." Dryden loosened the parallelism for the second edition (and also moved farther f r o m Virgil's sub rupe cavata [beneath a hollow rock] in v. 310). 429 the Mountains. A n un-Virgilian synonym for the hollow rock; cf. Segrais: "la sombre Montagne." 435» 436 Meen / Queen. Lauderdale rhymes " Q u e e n " a n d "mien." " Q u e e n " (added to Virgil here) also appears in Phaer a n d Stanyhurst. 437 Bare . . . bind. Cf. Ogilby (1649): "Bare kneed, a knot her flowing garment binds." 438, 439 Loose . . . Wind / behind. Cf. Lauderdale: "behind / . . . her Tresses wanton in the W i n d . " 451-455 O virgin . . . Train. See Dryden's note, 817:5-17, above.

Notes to Pages

353-361

458 What Earth we tread. Cf. Harrington: "whose fields they be we tread," and Milbourne: "what happy Soils / We tread." 461-462 I dare . . . claim. Cf. Lauderdale: " I cannot (she replies) the Glory claim, / Or of a Nymph's, or of a Goddess Name." 463-464 For . . . wear. Lauderdale has "round" instead of "o're" but is otherwise identical. Cf. Sandys: "The Tyrian virgins quivers use to beare: / And purple buskins . . . weare," and Milbourne: "Our Quivers thus we Tyrian Virgins bear, / . . . our purple Buskins wear." 465, 466 are / War. Fletcher rhymes "Libyan Kingdoms are" and "War." 467-468 you see . . . Colony. Identical with Lauderdale. 469, 470 State / hate. Also Fletcher's rhymes. 476, 477 Maid / sway'd. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 477-478 Pigmalion . . . Laws. Virgil notes that Pygmalion was more monstrously criminal than all others: scelere ante alios immanior omnes (v. 347). Caro calls him a tyrant (as does Virgil at v. 361); Lauderdale describes his rule as "Tyranny." Dryden gives him the precise attributes of a seventeenthcentury tyrant de facto. 483 And long . . . cruel deed. Cf. Lauderdale: "And long from her the cruel Deed conceal'd," and Douglas: "Conselit this cruell dede." "Cruel" is added to Virgil. 493-494 way . . . lay. Cf. Fletcher: "way, / Shews where a Nest of hidden Treasures lay." Douglas has the same rhyme words. 495 Admonish'd . . . fright. Dryden incorporates two possible expansions of Virgil's His commota (moved by these things) in v. 360. 502 With prosprous winds. Added to Virgil; cf. Segrais: "Le Vent est favorable." 503-504 I know not. . . Heav'n. Dryden's addition. 5 1 3 - 5 1 4 Cou'd you . . . Fate. Cf. Lauderdale: "Fair Nymph, shou'd I relate, / Or wou'd you hear the Annals of our Fate." Milbourne also translates Virgil's Dea (goddess) in v. 372 as "Nymph." 517, 518 came / Name. Also Fletcher's rhymes; Ogilby (1654) has them in reverse order. 519, 520 by .. . tost I on . . . Coast. Cf. Lauderdale: "through various Regions tost, / . . . on Lybia's Coast." Fletcher rhymes "tost" and "Libyan Coast." 521-524 The Good . . . Foes. Cf. Fletcher: And I the good ¿Eneas am, a Name Perhaps not utterly unknown to Fame: 'Twas I who rescu'd from th' insulting Foe My Household Goods [fie], now Part'ners of my Woe. Sandys also rhymes "name" and "fame." 527-528 With . .. Way. Cf. Lauderdale: "With twenty Ships I cross'd the Phrygian Sea, / Fate, and my Mother Venus, led the way," and Fletcher: "With twice ten Sail I stem'd the Phrygian Tide, / Fate and my Goddess mother were my Guide." 531, 533 unknown / alone. Also Milbourne's rhymes, for a couplet. 552 Not otherwise. A Latinism from Virgil's Hand aliter in v. 399 (Thompson).

972

Commentary

557 dishevel'd. Added to Virgil; cf. Segrais: "épars." 561 the Queen of love. An epithet added by Lauderdale and substituted by Dryden for vera .. . Dea (the very goddess) in v. 405. 564 Unkind and cruel. Dryden supplies two meanings for Virgil's crudelis (v. 407). 570, 571, 572, 573 shrowds / Clouds / stay / Way. Also Lauderdale's rhymes; Ogilby (1654) has the first pair and Vicars the second. 577> 579 With Vows .. . Pray'r / A thousand . . . invoke. Added to Virgil. Cf. Segrais: "ce Temple, où toûjours quelque Amant irrité / Accuse dans ses Vœux quelque jeune Beauté," and Fletcher: "Soft Youth their am'rous sighs and Off'rings pay." 580, 581 down / Town. Also Ogilby's and Fletcher's rhymes. 582, 583 Tow'rs / Bow'rs. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 590, 591 Ground j surround. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 598 Toyl / Pains. Dryden supplies two versions of Virgil's labor (v. 431) and carries across the word itself in 1. 601. 602, 603 condense j Cells dispence. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 606, 607 drive / Hive. Also Fletcher's rhymes. 608 With Envy stung. Dryden introduces the metaphorical pun. 610, 611 Thrice . . . rise / Eyes. Also Phaer's rhymes; with Dryden's first line, cf. Fletcher: "O happy Men whose Walls already risel" Fletcher's "O happy Men" is a close translation of Virgil's O fortunati in v. 437; with Dryden's rendering, cf. Lauderdale: "Thrice happy you," and Milbourne: "Thrice happy." 616, 617 stood / Wood. Also Milbourne's rhymes. 618, 619 holy Ground / found. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 626 with a Golden Shrine. Added to Virgil; cf. Douglas: "golden statew," translating numine Dives in v. 447 (Loeb trans.: "presence of the goddess"), which Dryden renders in 1. 627. 628 On Brazen . . . rose. Cf. Fletcher: "On Brazen steps the lofty Entrance rose." "Marble" is added to Virgil; cf. Lauderdale: "marble Steps." 631 on brazen Hinges sound. Also Lauderdale's line ending. 633 Reviv'd . . . expel'd. Cf. Lauderdale: "Both rais'd his Courage and dispell'd his Fear." 644 Friend. I.e., Achates; see Virgil, v. 459. All predecessors include the name. 644-649 O Friend . . . claim. The passage corresponds to Virgil's w . 459463, which contains the famous verse: Sunt lacrymœ rerum ir mentem mortalia tanqunt (v. 462; Loeb trans.: "here, too, there are tears for misfortune and mortal sorrows touch the heart"). For explanation and defense of Dryden's rendering, see R. H. Martin, "A Note on Dryden's Aeneid," PQ_, X X X ( 1 95 1 )> 89-91; Frost, pp. 35-36. 651 so well design'd. Added to Virgil; cf. Douglas: "plesand fenzeit." 657 his Grief renew. Lauderdale has "his Grief renew'd." 665, 666 Reins / Plains. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 668-669 The hostile . . . Ground. Virgil has simply versa . . . hastd (reversed spear) in v. 478. Glossing the phrase (v. 482 in his edition), Ruaeus insists that it is not Troilus' spear that is signified, but Achilles', driven

Notes to Pages

361-367

973

through Troilus' breast a n d marking the ground as the body is dragged along. Caro a n d Lauderdale also indicate that Achilles' spear is meant. 669 tracks of Blood. Added to Virgil; cf. Caro: "di Sangue." 671 in long Procession. Not specified by Virgil; cf. Caro: "in lunga schiera ed ordinata p o m p a " (in a long troop and ordered procession). 678, 679 Sums of Gold j sold. Lauderdale rhymes "sold" a n d "a Sum of Gold." 687 Indian. Vicars a n d Stanyhurst also so translate Virgil's Eoasque (eastern) in v. 489. 690-691 In their right. .. Ward. Dryden adds these details. 695, 696 Eyes I surprise. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 697, 698 Train / Fane. Also Sandys's rhymes. 701-702 When in the Dance . . . Heads. Cf. Lauderdale: " W h o m Choirs of Nymphs inclose, the Goddess leads / T h e i r graceful Steps, and overlooks their Heads." 705, 706 rest / Breast. Also Fletcher's and Sandys's rhymes. 706 secret / silent. Dryden plays on both meanings of Virgil's taciturn in v. 502. 7 1 3 - 7 1 4 She takes . . . Cause. Virgil has Jura dabat legesque viris in v. 507 (Loeb trans.: "Laws and ordinances she gave to her people"). Dryden makes Dido busier a n d also attributes to her the activities of a seventeenthcentury monarch. Cf. Lauderdale: "She heard her Subjects suits." 715, 716 divides / decides. Also Sandys's rhymes. 719, 720 Cloanthus strong / Throng. Phaer, Vicars, a n d Sandys rhyme " t h r o n g " a n d "Cloanthus strong." 721, 722 tost / another Coast. Also Ogilby's 1654 line endings. 723 surpriz'd with Wonder. At this point in Virgil (vv. 513-514), Achates is also filled with joy and fear. After leaving the ships with Aeneas, Achates has a small enough presence in Virgil; in Dryden he in effect disappears. 723, 724 stands / to join their Hands. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Sandys rhymes "stands" a n d "to joyne hands." 734 lowly. For Virgil's placido (tranquil) in v. 521; cf. Caro: " u m i l m e n t e " (humbly). Dryden used " h u m b l e " for the first edition. 735 Gods. For Virgil's Juppiter (v. 522); cf. Fletcher: "kind Gods." 739-743 We wretched . . . Race. Cf. Lauderdale: Spare wretched T r o j a n s tost upon the M a i n From Sea to Sea, and f r o m our Ships restrain Devouring Flames: O save our pious Race! A n d o u r afflicted State with Favour grace. H a r r i n g t o n , like Dryden, rhymes "Shore" a n d "implore." 747 The vanquish'd . . . aspire. Identical with Lauderdale. 748-749 A Land . . . bold. Noyes notes that the same couplet, translating the same Latin, also occurs at III, 221-222, of Dryden's version. L a u d e r d a l e has the same rhymes in reverse order, here a n d in Book III. 750-751 by . . . Name. Cf. Lauderdale: "by later Fame / 'Tis stil'd Italia, f r o m the Leader's name." Ogilby has the same rhyme words. 753 When Winds . . . Element. Like Fletcher a n d H a r r i n g t o n , D r y d e n omits Virgil's m e n t i o n of O r i o n in v. 535.

974

Commentary

758-759 and fear . . . here. Dryden adds the courtly tone and metaphor. 769 religious. Scrupulous. 770 If yet... Air. Cf. Fletcher: "Oh if he live, and yet breath upper Air." 772 Offices. In its Latin sense of kind actions, carried across from Virgil's officio (v. 548). 775 Where .. . boasts. Cf. Lauderdale: "Since King Acestes T r o j a n Lineage owns." 776-777 on . . . Oars. Cf. Lauderdale: "on your Shoars, / And from your Woods refit with Planks and Oars." Harrington has the same rhyme words. 783 Dismiss . . . Shoar. Dryden's addition; cf. Stanyhurst: "with jagged navye retyring." 784, 785 return / mourn. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 796-797 We Tyrians . . . influence. Cf. Lauderdale: "Our Tyrian Breasts are not so void of Sense, / Nor so remote from Phoebus' influence." 801 your Fleet repaired. Added to Virgil; cf. Stanyhurst: "esquipping youre ships with furniture aptlye." 808, 809 explore / shore. Also Lauderdale's rhymes; Vicars has them in reverse order. 810 And Towns . . . Woods. Dryden elaborates Virgil's sylvis aut urbibus in v. 578 (Loeb trans.: "in forest or in town"). Cf. Milbourne: "Or barren Wilds." 810-811 in quest... Guest. Dryden's courtly addition. 814 found it. Found out Aeneas' feelings (Thompson). In Virgil (vv. 579581) Achates as much as Aeneas wishes to come out of the cloud in which they are enveloped. 815 delay. Added to Virgil. Cf. Segrais: "qui nous retarde icy?" 820 Orontes . . . paid. Dryden's addition, prompted perhaps by Ruaeus' note to v. 584 (v. 588 in his edition) which refers to the drowning of Orontes atvv. 113-115 (Dryden's 11. 162-164). 830-831 behold . . . Gold. Cf. Sandys: "behold / In Parian marble, garnished with gold." 833 with manly modesty. An addition to Virgil. 834 He whom you seek am I. Dryden incorporates a New Testament echo used previously (as Noyes notes) in The Hind and the Panther, II, 394-400 (see Works, III, 395); cf. John, xvm, 4-6. It should be remembered that Virgil's phrasing easily recalls that in John. Virgil has coram, quem quteritis, adsum in v. 595 (Loeb trans.: "I, whom ye seek, am here before you"). T h e Vulgate reads Quem quaeritis? . . . Ego sum (Authorized Version: "Whom seek ye? . . . I am he"). 836-837 Presenting . . . you alone. Dryden's courtly expansion of Virgil's O sola (O, you alone) in v. 597. 852 Age / Earth. Two versions of Virgil's Scecula (v. 606: race, age). 853 more than Mortal. Also Fletcher's version of Virgil's tanti (so great) in v. 606. 855 radiant Sun. Dryden manufactures the phrase from Ruaeus' gloss on v. 608 (v. 612 in his edition) which expands Virgil's sidera (stars) into "sun and stars." 856 Trees. Not in Virgil; cf. the prose paraphrase supplied by Ruaeus: umbra arborum (the shadows of trees).

Notes to Pages

367-372

975

857 Your Honour . . . dye. Identical with Lauderdale. 858 Fortune. Not in Virgil. Cf. Segrais: "mon destin." 859 Your Image . . . Mind. Dryden adds this gallantry. 860-861 turn'd . . . embrac'd. Similar transitions are added to Virgil by Lauderdale—"he runs in haste to greet his Friends"—and by Fletcher: "and then in close Embraces meets / His welcome Friends." 865 And so . . . rest. T h e courtly hierarchy is principally Dryden's. Cf. Fletcher: "each in order greets." 866-867 stood fix'd . . . grace. Dryden specifies the range of emotions, elaborating on Virgil's Obstupuit primo aspectu in v. 613 (Loeb trans.: "was amazed, first at the sight of the hero"). 868, 869 Man / thus began. Also Fletcher's and Lauderdale's line endings; Harrington has the same rhyme words. 869 recollected stood. Dryden's addition; cf. Fletcher: "Long silent stood." 874-875 The same ... Shore. Cf. Lauderdale: "Are you ¿Eneas? whom fair Venus bore / T o fam'd Anchises on Scamander's Shore?" Ogilby (1654) and Sandys are almost identical with Lauderdale; Harrington and Milbourne have the same rhyme words, and Fletcher has them in reverse order. 877 from Salamis exil'd. For Virgil's Finibus expulsum patriis in v. 620 (Loeb trans.: "when exiled from his native land"). Ruaeus notes that Teucer was the son of the king of Salamis. Cf. Segrais: "banny de Salamine." 878 to be restor'd. Virgil has nova regna petentem (seeking a new kingdom) in v. 620. Dryden turns Virgil's phrase to reflect the fortunes of Charles II and James II. 882, 883 / understood / Blood. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 884 Dardan. Also Ogilby's 1654 rendering of Virgil's Teucros in v. 625. 884, 885 prais'd I rais'd. Also Milbourne's rhymes. 886-887 Enter . . . kind. An elaboration of Virgil's v. 627: Quare agite, o tectis, juvenes, succedite nostris (Loeb trans.: "Come therefore, sirs, and pass within our halls"); cf. Fletcher: "Come then, my welcome Youths, kindly receive / Such Entertainment as my Court can give." 890 Like you . . . unknown. Dryden's addition, once more reflecting on the fates of exiled monarchs. 892, 893 Guest j Feast. Also Fletcher's rhymes. 894, 895 absent Friends / sends. Also Fletcher's and Milbourne's line endings; Lauderdale has the same rhyme words, and Ogilby (1649) has them in reverse order. 896, 897 Besides . . . Lambs / Dams. Cf. Lauderdale: "A hundred savage Boars, a hundred Lambs, / . . . Dams." Milbourne rhymes "a hundred Lambs" and "Dams." 898 Wine. As Kinsley notes, Dryden borrows from Ruaeus' traditional gloss on Virgil's Munera, latitiamque Dei (and gifts for the happiness of the God) in v. 636; cf. Douglas: "wyne habundantly," Harrington: "And Bacchus," and Ruaeus' paraphrase: gaudia Bacchi. 900 Hangings. Also added to Virgil by Lauderdale. 900, 901 Walls / Halls. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 902 Carpets. Tablecloths (OED). 906 curious. Exquisitely wrought.

976

Commentary

914 Snatch'd . . . Troy. Cf. Fletcher: "snatch'd f r o m R u i n a n d the Flames of T r o y . " 915 A Robe . . . Wire. Identical with Lauderdale. 915, 916 Wire j Attire. Also Douglas' rhymes. 9 1 7 - 9 1 8 brought . . . wrought. Cf. Lauderdale: "with scarlet Flowers a n d Foliage wrought, / . . . brought." Ogilby has the same rhyme words as Dryden, in reverse order. 919-920 when .. . flame. Added to Virgil. Cf. Lauderdale: "when to T r o y she came / For lawless Rites, which caus'd old Ilium's Flame," a n d Segrais: "Y traînant après elle, & le fer, & la flâme." 921, 922 The . . . bore / Crown she wore. Lauderdale a n d Ogilby (1654) are identical with Dryden in the first line; Milbourne has " T h a t verge which" instead of " T h e Scepter," b u t is otherwise identical. Lauderdale a n d Milbourne e n d the second line "she wore" while Ogilby ends it "Ilioni wore." 924 order. Circlet (Thompson). 931 Nephews. Grandson's. 932 Elisa. A n a m e Virgil sometimes used for Dido. See Patricia Monaghan, The Book of Goddesses and Heroines (1981), pp. 84-85, a n d Dryden's To Her Grace the Dutchess of Ormond, 1. 162, a n d To My Honored Friend, Sir Robert Howard, 11. 59 a n d 65 (Works, I, 18). 945 But I suspect . . . reigns. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "But still I dread the T o w n where J u n o reigns"; the first edition has "Smiles" instead of "Town." 946, 947 Art / heart. Also Fletcher's rhymes. 949 nor Art can cure. A d d e d to Virgil; cf. Segrais: "sans remede." 954< 955 Sleep / keep. Also Fletcher's rhymes; Ogilby (1654) rhymes "asleep" and "keep," as does M i l b o u r n e in reverse order. 959, 960 Space / Face. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 961, 962 Feast j Breast. Also Lauderdale's rhymes; Fletcher has them in the plural, as has Sandys, b u t in reverse order. 962 fonds. Fondles (Thompson). 965, 966 aside / Pride. Also Ogilby's 1654 a n d Milbourne's rhymes. 966 His Bow . . . Pride. T h e bow a n d arrows are added to Virgil; cf. Segrais: "Son arc . . . ses dards." T h e " p l u m y Pride" renders Virgil's alas (wings) in v. 689. 973 of Myrtle. For Virgil's amaracus (marjoram) in v. 693; cf. Segrais: " D e myrthes amoureux." See also the dedication, 334:33-335:9» above. 977» 97® sate / State. Also Ogilby's rhyme words in reverse order. 979 High on a Golden Bed. Cf. Paradise Lost, II, 1. T h e elevation of Dido is un-Virgilian. 980 next her side. A d d e d to Virgil; cf. H a r r i n g t o n : "next to her," a n d Segrais: "Auprès d'elle," a n d Dryden's note apologizing for the phrase (817: 19-22, above). 980 in order. A d d e d to Virgil; cf. Segrais: " P a r ordre." 985 The Censers, and with Fumes. N o t in Virgil; cf. Lauderdale: " W i t h Censers," a n d Sandys: "incense threw." 986, 987 join j Wine. Also Lauderdale's rhymes.

Notes

to Pages

372-377

977

989 painted. For Virgil's pictis in v. 708, usually rendered "embroidered" here; cf. Douglas: "payntit tappetis," and Lauderdale: "painted Couches." 995 Which . . . entwine. Cf. Lauderdale: "With scarlet Foliage, which Gold Flow'rs entwine." 1000, 1001 long / hung. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes in reverse order. 1001 With Children's play. Added to Virgil; cf. Harrington: "the Little God that plays the child." 1002, 1003 her Arms / Charms. Also Ogilby's 1654 line endings in reverse order, although his "charms" is a verb specifying Cupid's actions whereas Dryden's is a noun specifying his qualities. 1003 With greedy Pleasure. Dryden's addition, lessening Dido's vulnerability. 1010 And all . . . Mind. Added to Virgil; cf. Harrington: "And in her marble bosome writes .¿Eneas." 1013, 1014 crown'd / resound. Also Lauderdale's rhymes for the first and third lines of a triplet. 1015, 1016 display / emulate the Day. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 1017-1019 A Golden .. . Line. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "A Golden Bowl, whose sparkling Jems did shine, / The Queen commands to fill with richest Wine"; Lauderdale has the same rhyme words as Dryden but in reverse order. 1028-1029 your Vows . . . Peace. Dryden politicizes the hospitality; cf. Lauderdale: "This lasting Treaty." 1032-1037 And rais'd . . . Brimmer saw. Dryden intensifies the contrast between Virgil's Dido merely touching the goblet with her mouth (v. 737: attigit ore) and his Bitias energetically emptying and drinking deeply from it (vv. 738-739: impiger hausit. . . proluit). 1038-1039 Iopas . . . taught. Cf. Lauderdale: "His golden Lyre the fam'd Iopas brought, / And sweetly sung what mighty Atlas taught." 1039 what. Ruaeus reads qua (what) rather than quem (whom) in v. 741 (v. 745 in his edition). 1040, 1041 Moon / Sun. Also Lauderdale's and Fletcher's rhymes. 1045 What shakes the solid Earth. In the age of the Royal Society, it occurs to Dryden to add speculation on the causes of earthquakes. 1045, 1046 delays j Days. Douglas rhymes "delay" and "day." 1049-1052 Th' unhappy Queen . . . wore. Cf. Lauderdale: Th' unhappy Queen in talk spun out the Night Nor knew she drank in Ruin with Delight. Of Priam much she ask'd, of Hector more. Cf. also Ogilby (1654): "Of Priam asking much, of Hector more, / Curious to know what Arms black Memnon wore." Virgil (v. 751) identifies Memnon simply as Aurora ... filius, and most translators supply "Aurora's Son." Dryden could have found the name not only in Ogilby, but also in Fletcher, Lauderdale, and Ruaeus' gloss. 1056-1057 At length . . . desir'd. A transitional couplet added by Dryden. 1057 Series. Continuous history (Thompson). 1060 The fatal . . . War. Dryden's addition. 1062, 1063 Coast I tost. Also Ogilby's rhymes in reverse order.

978

Commentary

T H E SECOND B O O K O F T H E A E N E I S

3-4 Great Queen . . . Fate. Cf. Lauderdale: " O Queen, what you command me to relate / Renews my Sorrows, and revives Troy's Fate." 9, 10 hear / Tear. Also Douglas' rhymes. 11-12 And now . . . invite. T h e same rhymes occur in Lauderdale, Harrington, Denham, and Ogilby (1649). Denham's second line in the Hutchinson MS ends "and setting starrs to rest invite"; Lauderdale's second line reads: "And setting Stars to gentle sleep invite"; Harrington is the same as Lauderdale except for "injur'd" instead of "gentle." 13, 14 Woe / know. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 21 Pine. Also Harrington's rendering of Virgil's abiete (fir) in v. 16. 27-29 In sight . . . Wealth. Cf. Vicars: "In sight of T r o y lies Tenedos faire isle, / A wealthie place, whiles fates on Troy did smile." 38 Phoenix. Dryden substitutes the name of the king of the Dolopians (Achilles' former tutor) for Virgil's Dolopum manus (Dolopian bands) in v. 29. 38-39 abode . . . rode. Cf. Ogilby (1649): "abode, / Here they joyn'd battell, there the Navie rode." 40 Pile. Also Denham's translation of Virgil's molem . . . equi (mass of horse) in v. 32. 45 monster. No Virgilian equivalent. Cf. Stanyhurst: "thee monsterus Idol," and Lauderdale: "monstrous Horse." 48-49 At least... explore. Cf. Denham: " . . . at least to search and bore / T h e sides, and what that space contains t'explore." This parallel is noted by Banks, p. 162. 50-51 The giddy . . . divide. Dryden generalizes Virgil's description of the Trojan commoners into a familiar picture of the mob. Virgil (v. 39) has Scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus (Loeb trans.: " T h e wavering crowd is torn into opposing factions"). Ogilby (1654), Wrothe, and Surrey also translate incertum as "giddy." 56, 57 gone / no better known. Ogilby (1654), Wrothe, and Fletcher have the same line endings. 62, 63 Force / Horse. Also Wrothe's and Ogilby's 1649 rhymes; Douglas has them in reverse order. 63 Trust not their Presents. For Virgil's (now proverbial) timeo Danaos ir dona ferentes in v. 49 (Vicars: "I feare Greeks bringing gifts"). See headnote, pp. 849-850. 68, 69 Sound / Wound. Also Vicars' rhymes. 70, 71 design'd / blind. Also Harrington's rhymes. 75, 76 bring / King. Also Wrothe's, Ogilby's, and Lauderdale's rhymes; Douglas, Surrey, and Harrington have them in reverse order. 77, 78 Prey / betray. Also Denham's rhymes in reverse order. 89-90 What Fate . . . Friends. Banks (p. 163) notes the parallel with Denham's "for me what Fate attends? / Caught by my Foes, condemned by my Friends."

Notes to Pages

379-385

979

100 Sinon is my Name. Also Lauderdale's addition to Virgil. 101, 102 Misery / lye. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 103, 104 Name j Fame. Douglas and Ogilby use these rhymes. 116 fallacious. In the now obsolete sense (from the Latin) of "deceitful." Virgil has pellacis (seductive or deceitful) in v. 90, which Ruaeus interprets as fallacis. 117-118 Had made . . . Name. Dryden's transitional elaboration upon Virgil, which has no precedent in previous translations, associates Ulysses with the Restoration politician—a Shaftesbury or a Buckingham, e.g.—who sought, or was charged with seeking, popular approval. 123 loudly blam'd the State. Virgil (v. 133) makes Sinon think of returning in triumph to Argos; Dryden converts him into a political agitator. 141 the Kingly Brothers. For Virgil's Atrida (i.e., Agamemnon and Menelaus) in v. 104. 142 Ithacus. Ulysses. 147 the Villain. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "la perfide." 151 had the Gods permitted. For Virgil's Fecissentque utinam! in v. n o (Loeb trans.: "and oh! that they had done sol"); other translators invoke "god" here (Douglas, Surrey, Stanyhurst, Segrais) or "heaven" (Denham). 1 5 4 - I 5 5 Portents . . . rais'd. Banks (p. 164) notes the parallel with Denham's "Chiefly when this stupendious Pile was rais'd / Strange noises fill'd the Air, we all amaz'd." Dryden's "Portents and Prodigies" elaborates upon Virgil's toto sonuerunt tethere nimbi in v. 113 (Loeb trans.: "storm-clouds sounded throughout the sky"), upon which Dryden further elaborates in the next couplet. 160 the Gods. Also Denham's version of Virgil's oracula Phcebi (the oracle of Phoebus) in v. 114. Other translators respect either or both of Virgil's words. 166 each believ'd himself the Man. For Virgil's cui fata parent, quem poscat Apollo (For whom do the fates prepare? Whom does Apollo demand?) in v. 121. Cf. Denham: "Each thinks himself the Man." 169-170 Than bade ... State. For Virgil's vv. 123-124: quee sint ea numina Divum, / Flagitat (He asks what these commands of the gods are). Dryden's expansion characteristically stresses political relationships. 179, 180 fall / all. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 183 I follow'd Nature's Laws. No Virgilian equivalent. Sinon invokes Hobbes's natural law of self-preservation. 185, 186 lay / away. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 197 False Tears true Pity. The adjectives have no Virgilian equivalent. Cf. Denham: "And now true Pity in exchange he finds / For his false Tears." 204 This well . . . imparts. This introductory line has no Virgilian equivalent. 208, 209 head / fled. Rhymes also used by Lauderdale, Wrothe, and Ogilby (1654) in reverse order. 210, 211 may j betray. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 214 O King. For Virgil's Troja (O Troy) in v. 161; cf. Segrais: "o sage Monarque." 215 / / / . . . Empire save. For Virgil's si vera feram, si magna rependam

9

8O

Commentary

in v. 161 (Loeb trans.: "if my tidings prove true, if I shall make a large return!"). Cf. Segrais: "Si je puis te sauvant, me sauver avec toy." 218 But from . . . Diomede. Cf. Surrey: "But sith the time that wicked Diomede." 222, 223 bloody Hands / holy Bands. Vicars rhymes "bloudy hands" and "headbands." 226, 227 Hopes decay'd / her Aid. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 254 Grecia. For Virgil's ipsum (i.e., Calchas) in v. 190; cf. Lauderdale: "Grecian Isles." 257 Argos and Mycenee. For Virgil's Pelopeia ad mcenia in v. 193 (Loeb trans.: "to the walls of Pelops"). Ruaeus notes that this is a reference to Argos, which Pelops governed, and that Pelops was the father of Atreus and Agamemnon (both of whom governed Mycenae). Cf. Douglas: "of arge that regoiun," and Ruaeus' paraphrase: urbes Peloponnesi (the cities of the Peloponnesus). 267, 268 that Year / solemn. Dryden supplies two versions of Virgil's Solemnes (yearly, solemn) in v. 202; cf. Lauderdale: "yearly," Vicars: "solemne," and Caro: "solenne." 274-275 Their speckled . . . force. Banks (p. 167) notes the parallel with Denham: " T h e i r winding tails advance and steer their course, / And 'gainst the shore the breaking Billow force." 284, 285 Aid / next invade. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. "Next invade"—for Virgil's Corripiunt (they seize) in v. 217—corresponds to Ruaeus' paraphrase: deinde invadunt (they next attack). Cf. Douglas: "invadit." 286 Volumes. Coils, that is. 291 blue. For Virgil's atro (black) in v. 221. Cf. Douglas: "blaw / Ful of vennum" (swollen with venom). 299 protended. Extended, that is. 302 Will . . . withstood. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "Minerve a puny Laocon de son crime." 303 Sacred Wood. For Virgil's sacrum . . . robur in v. 230 (usually translated as "sacred oak": cf. Vicars, Ogilby, Denham, Lauderdale). In both his note and paraphrase, Ruaeus explains robur in terms of lignum (wood). Cf. Caro: "sacro legno" (sacred wood). 307 Leavers / Wheels. Only the wheels are Virgilian (v. 235). Cf. Lauderdale: "Rolls and Leavers." 313 dance. T h e dancing is un-Virgilian; cf. Denham, Douglas, and Segrais. 314, 315 down / Town. Also Denham's rhymes. 316-317 O sacred . . . Line. For Virgil's vv. 241-242: o Divum domus Ilium, & inclyta bello / Mcenia Dardanidum (Loeb trans.: " O Ilium, home of gods, and ye Dardan battlements, famed in war!"). Ruaeus, perhaps influencing Dryden's translation, notes that T r o y was Divum domus because Neptune and Apollo built its walls, and because Jove and Aurora loved Ganymede and Tithonus, both of the royal line. 318-319 Four times . . . heard. Denham has "Three times it stuck" but is otherwise identical with Dryden. Banks (p. 168) notes Dryden's debt to Denham here and through 1. 327. Dryden "corrected Denham's 'three times' into 'four times' (quater); but through a blunder, whether by Dryden or by

N o t e s to P a g e s 3 8 5 - 3 9 1 the copyist or by the printer, Denham's 'it stuck' (Substitit) became corrupted into 'he struck,' words entirely inappropriate in this passage" (Noyes). 320 with . . . Fate. For Virgil's furore (Lauderdale: "with Rage") in v. 244; cf. Denham: "by the Power / Of Fate." 326-327 and wast . . . the last. Cf. Denham: "& wast / In Feasts that day, which was (alas) our last." 328, 329 Light / Night. Also Harrington's rhymes. 330 secure. Careless (Thompson); cf. Denham: "in secure repose," and Lauderdale: "Secur'd by sleep." 340, 341 Guide / slide. Also Denham's and Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 342 Athamas. Modern editions of Virgil prefer Acamas. 343 Podalyrian Heroe. For Virgil's Machaon in v. 263. Kinsley cites a Ruaeus note naming his brother Podalirius, not here mentioned by Virgil. An unusually recondite periphrasis for Dryden. 346, 347 their Forces join / with Sleep and Wine. Denham, as Banks notes (pp. 168-169), has these line endings in reverse order. 348 Those few . . . Fate. For Virgil's Cceduntur vigiles in v. 266 (Loeb trans.: they "slay the watch"). Dryden earlier specified, without Virgilian authority, that the Trojans set neither "Guards nor Centries" (1. 330), and he adjusts his translation of Virgil's v. 266 accordingly. 350-351 'Twos in the . . . Cares. Closely parallel to Denham's couplet, as Banks notes (pp. 168-169): " 'Twas then, when the first sweets of sleep repair / Our bodies spent with toil, our minds with care." 352, 353 appears / Tears. Also Wrothe's and Ogilby's rhymes. 356, 357 thrust / dust. Phaer, Wrothe, Denham, Ogilby, and Lauderdale all use the same rhymes, although only Lauderdale has them in the same order. 358, 359 toils / Spoils. Also Wrothe's rhymes. 359 JEacian. For Virgil's Achilles in v. 275. Aeacus was Achilles' grandfather. 365, 366 Man / began. Also Douglas' rhymes. 367, 368 Support of Troy / Joy. Also Harrington's line endings in reverse order; Denham has the same rhyme words in reverse order. 375- 376 Disgrace / Face. Also Wrothe's rhymes. 383-384 The Foes . . . her Fall. Banks (p. 169) compares Denham's "our walls / The Greeks possess, and Troy confounded falls / From all her Glories." 391, 392 Walls expect / at last thou shalt erect. Banks notes (pp. 169170) that Denham rhymes "Walls expect" and "thou shalt at last erect." Lauderdale rhymes "expect" and "thou shalt at last erect." 395< 396 sacred Quire j Fire. Also Denham's line endings, as Banks notes (pp. 169-170). Lauderdale and Ogilby (1654) also rhyme "Choir" with "Fire." 397_39® Now peals .. . War. Dryden's inventory of noises corresponds in Virgil (v. 298) to the sounds of lamentation coming from different directions and mingling confusingly at the walls: Diverso interea miscentur mcenia luctu (Denham: "Mean while the Walls with doubtful cries resound").

98a

Commentary

399 our Palace. For Virgil's domus (house) in v. 300; cf. Segrais: "son vaste palais." 399, 400 stood / Wood. Also Wrothe's rhymes; Harrington has them in reverse order. 404 Terrass. " T h e flat roof of a house" (OED). Cf. Caro: "un terrazzo." 409 the yellow Year. For Virgil's sata lata in v. 306 (Loeb trans.: "glad crops"). "Dryden imitates Lat. 'annus,' the produce of the year" (Kinsley). See also Frost, pp. 40-41. 411-412 Unroot . . . Prey. Dryden characteristically itemizes the destruction when translating Virgil's Preecipitesque trahit sylvas in v. 307 (Loeb trans.: "and drags down forests headlong"). 415 Then . . . clear'd. A n expansion of Virgil's Turn vero manifesta fides in v. 309 (Ogilby [1649]: " T h e n faith was manifest"). Ruaeus' paraphrase reads: Tunc vero clara fuit Veritas verborum Hectoris (Then the truth of Hector's words was truly clear). 416 Grecian Frauds . . . appear'd. For Virgil's vv. 309-310: Danatlmque patescunt / Insidia (The Danaans' ambush [or trap] is revealed). Ruaeus' paraphrase reads: apparent fraudes Greecorum (the frauds of the Greeks are made apparent). 423, 424 Alarms / Arms. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 427 Spurr'd . . . fir'd. Dryden's chiastic rendering of Virgil's furor iraque mentem j Preecipitant in w . 316-317 (Loeb trans.: "Rage and wrath drive my soul headlong"). For a discussion of Dryden's preference for courage as control of fear (rather than as unthinking wrath), see Harrison, pp. 156-157. 428 Honour, and Revenge. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Vicars and Wrothe: "honour," and Caro: "onora." 42g a sacred Name. No Virgilian equivalent; perhaps influenced by Ruaeus' note to v. 319 pointing out that Pan thus was a priest of Apollo, to whom the T r o j a n citadel was especially sacred: arx Trojana prtecipue sacra esset. 431, 432 fled j led. Also Denham's and Lauderdale's rhymes; Ogilby (1649) has them in reverse order. 433 What hope. Also Denham's and Lauderdale's version of Virgil's Quo res summa loco in v. 322 (Loeb trans.: "Where is the crisis"). 438-444 When wrathful... flames. Banks notes (pp. 170-171) the parallel with Denham's Our Glory and our Power Incensed Jove transfers to Grecian hands, T h e foe within, the burning T o w n commands; A n d (like a smother'd fire) an unseen force Breaks from the bowels of the fatal Horse: Insulting Synon flings about the flame. 458 For Valour . .. Age. Dryden translates both readings of the last word in Virgil's v. 339: Emmenessius' armis (for arms) and Ruaeus' annis (for years). Cf. Frost, " O n Editing Dryden's Virgil," pp. 114-115. 463, 464 aid j Maid. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 475 Then let .. . our Foes. For Virgil's in media arma ruamus in v. 353 (Loeb trans.: "Let us . . . rush into the midst of arms"). Cf. Denham: " T h e n let us fall amidst Our Foes."

Notes to Pages

391-397

985

479, 480 raging appetite / stormy Night. Also Denham's line endings in reverse order, as Banks notes (p. 172); Ogilby (1649) rhymes "night" and "appetite." 483-484 resolv'd to . . . to try. Dryden fills his couplet with a synonym. Cf. Virgil, v. 359: Vadimus hand dubiam in mortem (Loeb trans.: "we pass to certain death"). 487 Night . . . Despair. For Virgil's nox atra cava circumvolat umbra in v. 360 (Loeb trans.: "black night hovers around with sheltering shade"); cf. Denham (as noted by Banks, p. 172): "Darkness our Guide, Despair our Leader was." 491 frequent Funerals. For Virgil's Plurima . . . / Corpora (many bodies) in vv. 364-365. See note on Annus Mirabilis, 1. 1069 (Works, I, 316). 496-497 from Despair . . . Fight. No Virgilian equivalent. 498-499 Fears . . . appears. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "Fears, / And grisly Death in a thousand Shapes appear" (the 1st ed. has "fear, / And Death does in a thousand Shapes appear"). As Banks notes (p. 172), Denham rhymes "fears" and "shapes appears." 514 So from . . . flies. Denham (as noted by Banks, p. 173) is almost identical, with "view" in place of Dryden's "Arms." 521 This new . . . design'd. No Virgilian equivalent. 522, 523 way / obey. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 524-525 For . .. good. Only "Grecian" and "good" have Virgilian equivalents; the remainder is Dryden's addition, partly anticipating the next couplet. 526 Then change . . . bear. Banks (p. 173) compares Denham: "First change your Arms, and their distinctions bear." 529, 530 Vest I plumy Crest. Denham rhymes "divests"' and "plumed Crests" here. 534 Flatter'd with hopes . . . Rage. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "conduits par nostre rage." 537 Thus while . . . we defeat. No Virgilian equivalent for this transitional line. 543-544 Fair . . . Hair. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "fair / Cassandra dragg'd by the dishevell'd Hair." Vicars has the same rhyme words. 553 Stones. For Virgil's telis (weapons) in v. 410; cf. Douglas: "stauis," and Caro: "dardi e sassi" (arrows and stones). 566 Contending . . . Skie. Dryden's metaphor has no Virgilian equivalent. 567, 568 Coursers born / the Woods are torn. Also Denham's line endings, as Banks notes (p. 174). 570 mix'd with ... Skies. For Virgil's imo ... fundo in v. 419 (Loeb trans.: "from their lowest depths"). 571 squander'd. Scattered; Thompson compares Annus Mirabilis, 1. 266 (Works, I, 70). 577» 578 Fight / right. Also Wrothe's rhymes. 579 their Fate attends. Suffers the same fate. 581 Mitre. A doublet for the sacerdotal "Bands," which translates Virgil's infula (fillet) in v. 430. Denham, Ogilby (1649), and Harrington translate infula as "Mitre."

984

Commentary

584, 586, 589 What . . . there / Expos'd . . . Life / But . . . dy'd. These lines have no Virgilian equivalent. 590, 591 Born off . . . Tide / hurry'd thence. Dryden offers elaborate metaphor in place of Virgil's Divellimur inde in v. 434 (Loeb trans.: " W e are torn from there"). 597 Dardan and Argolick. T r o j a n and Greek. 599, 600 Fear / only there. Also Denham's line endings in reverse order. 60x Targets in a Tortoise cast. For Virgil's acta testudine in v. 441 (Loeb trans.: "with an assaulting mantlet of shields"). T h e Roman formation was called both "testudo" and "tortoise" in English. 611-612 And gilded ... Royalty. Banks (p. 175) compares Denham: " T h e gilded Roofs, the marks of ancient state / They tumble down." 616 A second... Death. This transitional line has no Virgilian equivalent. 622 Hector's Wife. Dryden's periphrasis for Andromache, named here by Virgil (v. 456); cf. Denham: "Hectors hapless Wife," and Segrais: "Du valeureux Hector l'épouse." 625 Through . . . whence. Banks (p. 175) notes some parallelism with Denham, who also has "Through this we pass," and "from whence" as a rhyme phrase. 627 the trembling King. Virgil (v. 461) specifies no observer, trembling or otherwise. Harrington calls the tower "Priam's spy," observation post, it seems. 631 where . .. meet. For Virgil's vv. 463-464: qua summa labantes j juncturas tabulata dabant (Loeb trans.: "where the topmost stories offered weak joints"). Cf. Denham: "where the Beams upon the Columns meet." 646 Spires. Spirals. Noyes compares Alexander's Feast, 1. 29. 663, 664 State / sate. Also Denham's and Lauderdale's rhymes. 664-666 the lonely . . . Space between. For Virgil's v. 485: Armatosque vident stantes in limine primo (they see armed men standing at the edge of the threshold). Dryden populates the scene with Trojans more quickly than does Virgil, who contrasts the seeming emptiness of the palace when the Greeks first break in with the subsequent confusion of the victims. 667, 668 Cries / Skies. Also Denham's and Harrington's rhymes. 669, 670 The fearful . . . place / embrace. Identical with Ogilby (1654). With the rhyme, cf. Segrais: "place / . . . embrasse." 675, 676 fill / kill. Also Ogilby's and Phaer's rhymes in reverse order. 682 Brother-Kings. Agamemnon and Menelaus. Cf. Aeneis, II, 141, and note. 683 hundred Wives. For Virgil's centum . .. nurus (v. 501) which is something of a crux, since nurus properly means a daughter-in-law and since, as Ruaeus notes, Priam did not have a hundred sons (he had fifty). Ruaeus preferred to understand nurus in its secondary sense of a young woman, and the whole phrase to designate Hecuba's retinue. Vicars opted for the noncommittal "daughters," and some predecessors favored daughters-inlaw. Dryden's solution is as noncommittal as Vicars'. 683, 684 stood I Blood. Also Lauderdale's and Douglas' rhymes. 691, 692 Perhaps ... enquire / fire. Banks (p. 177) notes the parallel with Denham: "Now Priams fate perhaps you may enquire, / . . . fire."

Notes

to Pages

397-403

985

694 On ev'ry . . . woes. No Virgilian equivalent. 697-698 scarce . . . pain. These grotesquely ironic and pathetic details have no Virgilian equivalent; the shoulders of Segrais' Priam "Au faix jadis leger de ses armes pesantes." 699 Despairing . . . slain. For Virgil's ac densos fertur moriturus in hostes (and, about to die, he rushes amid his crowded enemies) in v. 511. Dryden supplies motive, explaining the act. 700, 701 view / Lawrel grew. Also Denham's line endings. 709 Sword. At this point (v. 518) Virgil mentions only armis (armor or weapons in general), but he had earlier specified a sword (v. 510: ferrum), which Dryden omitted from his translation. 714-721 With . . . Galleries. Banks (p. 177) quotes the whole passage as similar to Denham: the rhymes in Dryden's 11. 714-719 are also Denham's; Dryden's "Polites, one of Priam's Sons" in 1. 718 is identical with Denham; and with Dryden's 11. 720-721, cf. Denham's "runs / T h r o u g h foes & swords, 8c ranges all the Court / And empty Gallaries, amaz'd and hurt." See the following notes for Dryden's parallels with other predecessors, at times closer than with Denham. 716, 717 embrac'd / and by the Lawrel plac'd. Also Lauderdale's line endings in the second edition; his first edition rhymes "embrace" with "and set him on the sacred place." 718, 719 Behold . . . Sons / runs. Identical with Ogilby; Douglas has "But lo" and Denham "Mean while" instead of "Behold," but they are otherwise identical. 720, 721 he flies / Galleries. Also Ogilby's 1649 line endings. 726 at his feet. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "aux pieds de son pere." 730 Barbarian. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "Ah barbarel" 734 He. Achilles. 736-737 Thus us'd . . . heard. For Virgil's jura fidemque / Supplicis erubuit in vv. 541-542 (Loeb trans.: "he had respect for a suppliant's rights and trust"). Although the Romans derived the law of nations (ins gentium) from natural law (ius naturale)—and Ruaeus recalled ius gentium in his interpretation—Dryden is here principally rendering pagan practice in terms of seventeenth-century constitutional debates. 738-739 for Sums . .. sold. Cf. Phaer: "gave for gold." No other predecessor mentions the financial side of the transaction which occupies most of Iliad, XXIV, and about which Virgil is also silent here, although he refers to it at Aeneid, I, 484 (Dryden's 11. 658-659). 741 in safety. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Phaer: "safe," Segrais: "sans me faire injure," and Caro: "e me securo nel mio regno ripose" (and he restored me secure in my kingdom). 742 This said . . . threw. Almost identical with Denham, as Banks notes (p. 178), except that Denham's javelin is "flung" with an "Arm." 742, 743 threw / flew. Also Phaer's rhymes. 752 the Royal Victim. Dryden's phrase, without Virgilian equivalent, emphasizes the sacrilege of regicide, as do "Sacred" in the same line a n d "violated" in the preceding.

g86

Commentary

755-757 Then, with ... Ground. Dryden, alone among translators, dwells upon the blood, which is not mentioned by Virgil in v. 553: lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem (he plunged the sword up to the hilt in his side). 758, 759 Fate I State. Also Denham's rhymes in reverse order; Douglas rhymes "fate" and "estate." 760-763 He, who . . . thing. Banks (p. 178) notes the following parallel passage in Denham, which concludes Denham's Destruction of Troy: He, whom such Titles swell'd, such Power made proud T o whom the Scepters of all Asia bow'd, On the cold earth lies th'unregarded King, A headless Carkass, and a nameless Thing. Dryden footnoted his 1. 763 as "taken from Sir John Denham." 761 Whom Monarchs . . . obey'd. Dryden fills his couplet with a Marlovian version of Virgil's superbum (proud) Sovereign of Asia (Regnatorem Asia) in vv. 556-557. 76a abandon'd. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "de tous abandonné." 764, 765 Blood / stood. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 772 Despair. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Lauderdale: "Or spent by T o i l . . . Or by Despair," and Segrais: "Ou dans leur desespoir." 775 graceless. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Stanyhurst: "False Helen," and Segrais: "la déloyale Helene." Dryden also calls her, without Virgilian authority, "That common Bane" (1. 779); and see 1. 783^ 780-781 dreads . . . Lord. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "fears the Trojan Sword, / . . . and rage of her forsaken Lord." 783 Strumpet. See Harrison, p. 164, for discussion of Dryden's tone, more strident than Virgil's, in this and other passages. 787 Friends. In the now rare sense of "kinsmen," for Virgil's patres natosque (fathers and children) in v. 579; cf. Douglas: '"frendis." 787 review. See again. 791 the Phrygian Fields, and Xanthian Flood. Virgil has Dardanium . . . litus in v. 582 (Phaer: "Dardan strondes"), which became, in Douglas: "Of Dardane eik, the strandis, and the flude," and in Lauderdale: "the Dardan Shoars and Xanthus Flood." 791, 792 Flood / Blood. Also Douglas' and Lauderdale's rhymes. 793-794 a Souldier . . . slain. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "Although no Honour we can gain, / Nor Conquest boast, to have a Woman slain." 798 Manes of my Friends. Virgil has cineres . . . meorum (the ashes of those who were mine) in v. 587, which Ruaeus paraphrases as manibus meorum civium (the shades of my fellow citizens). 799, 801 Light / my Sight. Also Denham's line endings, for a couplet, in the Hutchinson MS. 802, 803 appear / clear. Also Ogilby's 1649 rhymes. 803 Not her own Star. I.e., Venus. Dryden's comparison was perhaps suggested by the fact that Virgil's goddess came gleaming through the night (per noctem) in v. 590. 804, 805 above j Love. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 809 those whom I protect. Dryden adds this, presumably thinking of the close relationship between Aphrodite and Helen in the Iliad. 810 unmanly. An epithet also added by Lauderdale. 811 Whom you .. . behind. Dryden adds this prefatory, generalizing line.

Notes to Pages

403-409

987

815, 816 War / Care. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 819, 820 while I dissolve j mortal Eyes involve. Also Lauderdale's line endings, except that he uses "Sight" instead of "Eyes." 821-822 and make ... Deity. Dryden's addition. 824 Nor fear . . . Will. Cf. Surrey: "And fere not thow to do thy mothers will." 825, 826 Where . . . lies / dust arise. Cf. Denham (Hutchinson MS): "where yonder heape of ruine lies / . . . dust & smoke arise." 830, 832 Juno stands / Grecian Bands. Also Lauderdale's line endings, for a couplet. 833 snaky Buckler. Shield with Gorgon image. 835-836 See, Jove . . . Deities. Cf. Lauderdale: "E'en Jove fresh Courage to the Greeks supplies, / Nay 'gainst the Trojans Arms the Deities." Ogilby (1649) has the same rhyme words. 842 I look'd, I listen'd. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Caro: "vid'io" (I see). 843 dire Forms . . . appear. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "Dire Forms, and hostile Gods to Troy appear." 846 which dar'd the Winds. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Caro: "i cui rami pur dianzi / facean contrasto a' venti e scorno al sole" (the branches of which struggle against the wind and scorn the sun). 846-855 Rent . . . Plain. Dryden amplifies Virgil's simile in vv. 626-631 and adds two complete lines (852, 854). 847 Hinds. Also Lauderdale's word for Virgil's agricolce (farmers) in v. 628. 851 Honours. A Latinism for ornament or adornment. 856-857 Descending . . . retire. Almost identical with Lauderdale who differs only in "Then I descend" for Dryden's "Descending thence." In Lauderdale's first edition he has "Greeks" where Dryden has "Foes"; in his second edition, the second line of his couplet is identical with Dryden's. 863 And add his Fun'rals. No equivalent in Virgil's vv. 637-638. 865 Go you . . . Vein. Identical with Lauderdale's second edition. 880-882 fix'd . . . beg. Cf. Lauderdale: "persists to die. / My Wife, my Son, the Family, and I / Beg, pray, intreat." 883, 884 resolve / all his House involve. Lauderdale rhymes "wou'd not all involve" and "cou'd resolve." 886 Our Pray'rs . . . are vain. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Lauderdale: "all our Tears are vain." 897-900 relentless / wretch / inhuman / dire. Dryden's additions. 898, 899 slew / Father's view. Also Denham's line endings (Hutchinson MS) in reverse order. 901-902 give me . . . too late. No Virgilian equivalent. 903-904 Did you . . . a Prey. Cf. Lauderdale: "Did you, my Mother, ah! for this convey / Your Son through Flames to see his House a Prey." 912 My Death . . . Night. No Virgilian equivalent. 914, 915 Shield / Field. Also Lauderdale's and Phaer's rhymes. 924, 925 your Father's Life / Wife. Ogilby (1654) has the same line endings, Lauderdale the same rhyme words. 926, 927 Cries j Eyes. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 929 Betwixt . . . Embrace. Dryden follows Ruaeus' paraphrase: inter

988

Commentary

complexus ir oscula (between embraces and kisses) of Virgil's manus inter .. . ora (between hands and mouth) in v. 681. 930-931 Strange . . . arose. See Dryden's note, 826:3-9, above. 931, 932 spread / his Temples fed. Also Ogilby's 1654 line endings. 933, 934 prepare / Hair. Also Ogilby's rhymes in reverse order. 934 To quench . . . his Hair. Cf. Lauderdale: " T h e sacred Fire . . . / We strive to quench or shake it from his Hair." 940-941 Scarce had he . . . Air. The first line is identical with Lauderdale's, whose second runs: "A Peal of Thunder rend the trembling Air." 944, 945 to move I th' Idean Grove. Also Ogilby's line endings. 948-949 The good . . . ador'd. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "Th'old . . . implores / The Gods . . . Star adores"; and Denham (Hutchinson MS): "implores / . . . starre adores." 950, 951 delay / the way. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 953-954 this Relick . . . Child. For Virgil's nepotem in v. 702 (grandson). 956, 957 foreshow / to go. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 958-961 He said . . . Fire. Dryden adds dancing "Sparkles," Vulcan, and "rising Winds" to Virgil's picture in vv. 705-706. 968-970 Next, you . . . once. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "And you, my Servants, list to my Commands. / Near unto Troy, an antient Temple stands, / Of slighted Ceres," and Lauderdale: "You my Attendants heed my strict Commands, I Without the Gate a ruin'd Temple stands / T o Ceres sacred." 974 the Bands. Inferred from Virgil's sacra (sacred things) in v. 717. The sacred things would have included the vittae, the fillets or headbands worn, e.g., at the funeral of Polydorus in Aeneis, III, 91 (Aeneid, III, 64). 975 guiltless. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "pures mains." 982, 983 Back / take. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 990, 991 Fear / Not. . . bear. Cf. Denham (Hutchinson MS): "feare / Not for my selfe but those I lead and beare." Phaer also adds "not for myself." 992-994 Till near... we hear. Similar to Lauderdale: "We now the ruin'd Gates approach'd at last, / And thought the Dangers of the Way were past: / Then on a sudden trampling Feet we hear." 996, 997 nigh / descry. Vicars rhymes "nigh" and "do spie." 1002-1003 Alas . . . she fell. Almost identical with Lauderdale, who has "cruel" instead of "fatal." 1010 What mad . . . refuse. For Virgil's amens in v. 745 (Loeb trans.: "in my frenzy"). 1011 Whom did . . . accuse. Cf. Surrey: "What God, or man did I not then accuse." 1014-1016 Stung . . . bereft. Dryden's addition. 1024, 1025 Affright / Night. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 1030, 1031 Fire / aspire. Also Vicars' rhymes. 1039 golden Bowls . . . caught. Nearly identical with Lauderdale, who has "Cups" instead of "Bowls." 1042 with pinion'd Hands. No Virgilian equivalent. Cf. Caro: "stavan di funi e di catene avvinti" (they were standing bound with ropes and chains). 1044, 1045 I proclaim / Name. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1050, 1051 Fear / Hair. Also Lauderdale's rhymes.

Notes to Pages 409-418

989

1052, 1053 Grief / Relief. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1060-1061 past . . . be cast. Cf. Lauderdale: "past, / On Latium's Shoar thou shalt at length be cast." 1063 flow'ry Meadows. Also Lauderdale's version of Virgil's opima . . . agmine in v. 782 (Loeb trans.: "rich fields"). 1066 There Fortune . . . restore. This line, with its muted Jacobite sentiment, has no Virgilian equivalent. 1067 And you . . . more. Cf. Lauderdale: "And for your lov'd Creusa grieve no more." 1070, 1071 disgrace / Race. Also Harrington's rhymes. 1072 Parent of the Gods. I.e., Cybele. 1074, 1075 Care / Air. Lauderdale's and Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 1076 Horror ty'd my Tongue. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Lauderdale: "Grief ty'd my Tongue." 1076, 1077, 1078 Tongue / flung / hung. Lauderdale's first edition rhymes " T o n g u e " and "hung"; his second edition rhymes " T o n g u e " and "flung." 1077 thrice . . . I flung. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "Thrice round her Neck I wou'd my Arms have flung." 1079 Dream at break of Day. For Virgil's volucri . . . somno in v. 794 (Loeb trans.: "winged dream"). Thompson cites Psalm LXXII, 20: "As a dream when one awaketh." 1083, 1084 behold / young and old. Lauderdale rhymes "behold" and "Young, Old," the latter phrase being an addition to Virgil. Cf. Phaer: "both men and women, young and old." 1089-1090 The Morn . . . Cheeks. Cf. Harrington: " T h e morning from mount Ida blusht to show." 1090 Phosphor. For Virgil's Lucifer in v. 801. Cf. Lauderdale: "Phosphorus," and Ogilby (1654): "Hesperus." Most pre-Miltonic translators have "Lucifer." 1093, 1094 retire / Sire. Also Ogilby's 1649 rhymes.

THE THIRD BOOK OF THE AENEIS

1, 2 Trojan State / severe a Fate. Lauderdale rhymes "by too severe a Fate" and "overturn the Asian State." 8 The Timber . . . cut. A detail inferred from Virgil's vv. 5-6: classemque sub ipsa / Antandro, ir Phrygia molimur montibus Ida (Loeb trans.: "Just under Antandros and the mountains of Phrygian Ida we build a fleet"). Cf. Ruaeus' note on Antandros: a city at the foot of Ida where there was an abundance of trees for building ships. 17, 18 My Sire . . . Gods j Floods. Cf. Lauderdale: "My Friends, my Son, our great and lesser Gods / . . . Floods." 19-20 Land . . . command. Cf. Ogilby (1649): "land / A n d vast, which once Lycurgus did command." 23-24 while . . . join'd. Cf. Lauderdale: "while Fate and Heaven were kind / W e were in Friendship and Religion join'd."

99°

Commentary

28 /Enos. As Kinsley points out, Dryden follows the geographer Mela, cited in Ruaeus' note to v. 18, in confusing Aeneia with Aenos in Thrace. 3g, 33 view / grew. Lauderdale rhymes "Rising view" and "grew." 39 Black . . . distill'd. Cf. Lauderdale: "Black bloody Drops distil," Boys: "drops of black blood distill'd," and Douglas: "blak droppis of blude / Distillit." 40, 41 stood / Blood. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 42 Man'd. In OED's sense 7, usually reflexive, of braced or fortified. Among other examples OED cites All for Love, I, i, 438-439: "my Soul's up in Arms, / And Mans each part about me" (Works, XIII, 38). There is no equivalent in Virgil or the earlier translators for this detail of Dryden's, which draws attention to Aeneas' courage. 45, 46 Dryads / Sisters of the Woods. T w o translations of Virgil's Nymphas . . . agrestes in v. 34 (Ogilby [1654] trans.: "Rural Nymphs"). Dryden borrows the notion of "Dryads" from Ruaeus' note describing nymphas agrestes as Hamadryadas (wood nymphs). 50 Clear'd ... length. Dryden adds this emphasis on Aeneas' fortitude. 54-55 From the Womb . . . Tomb. Dryden uses a doublet to translate imo . . . tumulo (from the depths of the [burial] mound) in vv. 39-40, perhaps because tumulus can mean both a mound and, specifically, a barrow. 56-57 as of . . . Fright. No Virgilian equivalent. 61 distil.. . wounded. Lauderdale's phrase is the same except that he has "distils" instead of "distil." 64, 65 Shore / for I am Polydore. Lauderdale, Denham (Hutchinson MS), and Ogilby (1654) have the same line endings; Harrington has the same rhyme words. 71 Wars Event. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "le triste événement." 75 Committed . . . Care. Dryden here echoes Segrais: "commit . . . A l'avare Tyran de la perfide Thrace." Virgil (vv. 50-51) has alendum / Threicïo régi (Loeb trans.: "to be reared by the Thracian king"). 80, 81 sacred / pernicious / impious. Three versions of Virgil's sacra (accursed) in v. 57. 86, 87 Shore / Polydore. Also Denham's rhymes (Hutchinson MS). 88, 89 Fun'ral Rites prepare / Altars rear. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 92 With Eyes dejected. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "& les larmes aux yeux." 94 thrice. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Lauderdale: "thrice call," Douglas: "schoutit thrys," and Segrais: "par trois fois." 95-96 Now . . . Main. Cf. Lauderdale: "Now Storms no longer on the Billows reign, / But gentle Breezes tempt us to the Main." 100 Doris. Like Lauderdale, Segrais, and Caro, Dryden supplies the name of Virgil's Nereidum matri (to the mother of the Nereids) in v. 74. Ruaeus' note also supplies the name. 102 and . . . Tides. For Virgil's contemnere ventos in v. 77 (Loeb trans.: to "slight the winds"). Cf. Lauderdale: "And now it braves the Winds and dares the T i d e . " 103, 105 ashore / adore. Boys rhymes "shore" and "adore," as does Ogilby (1649).

Notes to Pages

418-424

991

105 the Sun's . . . Town. For Virgil's Apollinis urbem in v. 79 (Loeb trans.: "Apollo's town"). Cf. Segrais: "la ville & le temple du Dieu." 107 purple. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Harrington: "Royal Purple." 114, 115 give a resting place / Race. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 116 secure. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Caro: "durabile e securo." 118 our Labours end. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "daigne arrêter le cours de nos travaux." 120 Let not. . . find. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "propice à nos voeux." 122, 123, 124 Ground / around / And from . . . sound. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "round / . . . Ground, / And from the gaping Tripos roar'd this dreadful sound." 125 confess'd the present God. Acknowledged the god's presence. 132 And . . . sustain. See Dryden's note, 817:30-818:15, above. 137 My Father . .. Mind. Almost identical with Douglas, who has " t h a n " for "long." 145 Another. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais' note: "l'autre Ida," and Caro: "un' altr'Ida." 147-148 Fame .. . came. Cf. Lauderdale: "Fame, / T o the Rhetean Shoar old Teucer came." 1 2-1 5 5 3 Till . . . Woods. Cf. Lauderdale: "Thence Cybele, the Mother of the Gods, / Her tingling [2d ed.: "tinkling"] Cymbals and Idean Woods." 156-157 Let us . . . Shore. Cf. Lauderdale: "Let us that Land which Fate directs explore, / Appease the Winds, and seek the Cretan Shore." 158-159 If Jove . . . Creet. Cf. Lauderdale: "if Jove assist our Fleet, / T h e third Day's dawning lands us safe in Crete." 162, 163 due / to bright Apollo slew. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 164 milk. No Virgilian equivalent. 169 From .. . Enemy. For Virgil's Hoste (by the enemy) in v. 123. Dryden supplies an already and still familiar pairing. See, e.g., The Post Boy; With Foreign and Domestick News, which began publication in 1695. 174, 175 Cyclades / Seas. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes in reverse order. 178 For . . . Creet. Virgil (v. 129) names Crete only once; Dryden's reiteration follows Lauderdale and Caro. 180 the promis'd Land. Dryden's ironically Biblical addition. 181 With Joy descending. No Virgilian equivalent; perhaps suggested by Caro's "lietamente" (joyfully). 182, 183 frame / name. Also Phaer's rhymes; Ogilby (1649) used them in reverse order. 184-185 I exhort. .. Fort. Cf. Lauderdale: "I all exhort / T o found their Dwellings and to raise a Fort." 186, 187 strand / Land. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 189 by Lot. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Lauderdale: "to each his Lot assign." 190, 191 Air / Year. Also Lauderdale's and Boys's rhymes in reverse order. 192 devouring Caterpillers. Dryden's image. 193 Parch'd . . . Corn. Almost identical with Lauderdale, who has "were the Herbs" instead of "was the Grass."

992

Commentary

194 the Beasts. Also added to Virgil by Lauderdale. 205, 206 bright / light. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 212 Thy Fortune. For Virgil's te . . . tuaque arma (you and your arms) in v. 156. Cf. Segrais: "ta fortune." 219, 220 God / Abode. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 221-222 A Land . . . bold. See Aeneis, I, 748-749^ 223-224 Th' Oenotrians . . . Name. Cf. Lauderdale: "^Enotrians till'd, but now by later Fame / 'Tis stil'd Italia, from the Leader's name." Ogilby, Vicars, and Harrington have the same rhyme words. Boys begins the equivalent couplet with " T h ' Oenotrians held it" and ends with "from their first leaders name." 225-228 Iasius . . . Creet. Identical with Lauderdale, except that his second couplet begins with "Arise" instead of "Rise, and." 236 Incense. Also Segrais' rendering ("encens") of munera (gifts) in v. 177. 236 And sacred . . . cast. For Virgil's vv. 177-178: if munera libo / Internerat a focis (Loeb trans.: "and [I] offer pure gifts upon the hearth"). Cf. Segrais: "Et dans le feu sacré brûlé le pur encens." 241 deriv'd from Creet. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Harrington: "lines deriv'd from Italy and Crete." Ruaeus' note to v. 180 explains Troy's double parentage from Crete and Italy. 247, 249 but. . . thought I Or . . . taught. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "But who cou'd so have thought, / Or who believ'd whate'er Cassandra taught?" 251 He said . . . obey. Cf. Douglas: "Thus said he, and we glaid all him obeyis." 252, 253 behind / Wind. Also Lauderdale's and Vicars' rhymes. 264-265 Ev'n Palinurus . . . around. Lauderdale's couplet is identical, except that he has " 'Twixt" instead of "Betwixt the." 266-267 Three . . . Days. Cf. Lauderdale: "Three Sun-less Days amidst the Waves we stray, / Three Star-less Nights despairing of our way." 272-273 The Canvas . . . fly. Cf. Lauderdale: "Our Sails let fall, their Oars the Seamen ply'd / With lusty strokes, whirl'd back the foaming Tide." 274-275 Strophades . . . Seas. Cf. Lauderdale (1st ed.): "Scap'd from the dangers of the raging Seas / . . . Strophades." Ogilby has the same rhyme words. 278 Forc"d . . . Warriors. In place of Virgil's Phineïa postquam j Clama domus in vv. 2 1 2 - 2 1 3 (Loeb trans.: "since Phineus' house was closed on them"). As Ruaeus notes, the Harpies were driven from Phineus' house by Calais and Zetes when they arrived there with the Argonauts. Calais and Zetes were the winged sons of Boreas. 291 Tables. For Virgil's toros (couches) in v. 224. Cf. Segrais: "la table," Boys: "tables," and Caro: "le mense" (the tables). 293, 294 Cry / Harpies fly. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 298 dress. Cf. Segrais: "dresser la table." 304 from . . . Sky. Identical with Ogilby (1654). 307, 308 prepare / War. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 309, 310 provide / hide. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 310 glitt'ring. Ogilby (1649) also uses this adjective, without Virgilian equivalent.

Notes to Pages

424-430

993

3 1 1 - 3 1 2 we hear . . . and saw. N o Virgilian equivalent; Dryden dwells u p o n a scene of action. 314 And our . . . arm. Dryden spells out the action implied by Virgil's ferro (with the sword) in v. 241. 3 1 7 - 3 1 8 In vain . . . rebounds. Cf. Lauderdale: " B u t all in vain, their Plumes are proof of Harms." 323 And ... Errand. Cf. Stanyhurst: "and thus she recounted her e r r a n d . " 329 Queen. Also Lauderdale's a n d Harrington's r e n d e r i n g of Virgil's maxima (greatest or eldest) in v. 252. Other early translators usually prefer "greatest" or "chief." 334 My Curses . . . fulfill'd. N o Virgilian equivalent; R u a e u s notes of Virgil's v. 257 (rendered by Dryden's 1. 336) that it is a horrendum vaticinium (a horrible prophecy). 336 Plates. Virgil's mensas (tables) in v. 257 is so r e n d e r e d by Ogilby a n d Boys ("trenchers") a n d by Lauderdale as both " T a b l e s " a n d "Plates." 346 render vain. Cf. Caro: "rendete vane / queste minacce" (render vain these menaces). 348, 350 Sea / Way. Lauderdale rhymes a couplet with "bids all take to Sea" a n d "our foaming way." 351-352 Amidst . . . steer. Lauderdale's rhyme words are the same a n d his first line is nearly identical; for "Zacynthian" he has "Dulichiums," which Dryden omits f r o m Virgil's list of islands. 353 detested. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "detestez." 355, 356 appears / fears. Sandys (Journey, p. 5) rhymes " a p p e a r ' d " a n d "fear'd." 356 Sun's Temple. Virgil (v. 275) refers to Apollo by name, as did D r y d e n in the first edition, a n d does not mention a temple. Yet most translators similarly added to Virgil. 358, 359 cast / haste. Also Ogilby's rhymes in reverse order. 364, 365 Oyl / Toil. Also Vicars' rhymes. 368 The Sun . . . Course. Cf. Ogilby (1654): " M e a n while the Sun his A n n u a l Course performs," Lauderdale: " T h e Sun h a d now his yearly Course perform'd," a n d Boys: " T h e Sun / In the m e a n time his a n n u a l course h a d r u n . " 369 Boreas. Also Lauderdale's version of Virgil's Aquilonibus in v. 285. Both are designations of the N o r t h W i n d . 370-371 I fix'd . . . bore. Cf. Lauderdale: " T h e brazen Shield which mighty Abas bore, / I fix'd to Pillars of the lofty Door." Dryden's reference to a temple corresponds to Virgil's Postibus adversis in v. 287 (Loeb trans.: " o n the entrance pillars"), which Ruaeus notes were those of a temple ( t e m p l i ) . Abas is "vanquish'd" only by implication in Virgil's v. 286; cf. Segrais: "Abas que je vainquis." 374-375 Then . . . fly. Dryden's couplet omits some of the detail f r o m the two full verses (289-290) in Virgil to which it corresponds. L a u d e r d a l e here uses a triplet to r e n d e r Virgil; his first line is identical with Dryden's a n d his third rhyme is the same as Dryden's second. 37®' 379 Then . . . bend / ascend. Cf. Ogilby (1654): " T o the C h a o n i a n Port our Course we bend, / . . . ascend," a n d Vicars: " W h e r e e n t r i n g Chaons port, our course we b e n d . "

994

Commentary

380 Here . . . Fame. Cf. Lauderdale: " W h e r e wondrous things are loudly blaz'd by Fame." 382-383 Son . . . Throne. Lauderdale is identical except that he has "Succeeding" instead of "Succeeded." 385 Once . . . Trojan. Cf. Lauderdale: " O n c e more in Wedlock to a Trojan." 39a thrice. N o Virgilian equivalent; cf. Lauderdale: "thrice call'd," a n d see Aeneis, III, 94n. 399-400 She faints . . . length. Dryden dwells u p o n the emotional reaction of Andromache in Virgil's v. 309: Labitur, 4r longo vix tandem tempore fatur (Loeb trans.: "She swoons, a n d at last after a long time speaks"). 401, 402 said / Shade. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 414 After a modest pause. A courtly phrase without Virgilian equivalent. 417 on Achilles Tomb. For Virgil's Hostilem ad tumulum (at a hostile tomb) in v. 322. Lauderdale a n d Segrais also n a m e Achilles, to whom (as Ruaeus' note makes clear) the passage was taken to apply. 420, 421 born j Scorn. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 424 Cloy'd . . . Bed. Cf. Lauderdale: "Cloy'd with Possession he forsook my Arms." 426, 427 resign'd / join'd. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 428, 429 with deep despair j promis'd Fair. Lauderdale rhymes "ravish'd Fair" a n d "with deep Despair." 433» 434 Chaonia calls / Walls. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 446, 447 leads / sheds. Douglas rhymes " l e d " a n d "schaid." 448, 449 see / Epitome. Also Lauderdale's a n d Boys's rhymes. 456. 457 Gales / swelling Sails. Lauderdale a n d Ogilby (1654) also use these line endings. 461 Whom . . . Prophecy. For Virgil's qui numina Phoebi / . . . sentis in vv. 359-360 (Loeb trans.: "who knowest the will of Phoebus"). Cf. Segrais: " T o y qu'Apollon instruit dans les choses futures." 465, 466 O say . . . portend / End. Cf. Lauderdale: " O h speak, for all Religious Rites p o r t e n d / . . . e n d . " 469 from the Gods. N o Virgilian equivalent; cf. Caro: "de gli Dei" (of the gods), a n d Douglas: " f r o m the goddis." 471, 472 O say . . . shun / run. Cf. Lauderdale: " W h a t are the Dangers I am first to shun? / . . . r u n . " 475- 476. 477 the Fillet . . . Head / led / dread. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "his Fillet f r o m his sacred Head, / . . . led," a n d Vicars: "the fillets on his holy head, / . . . dread." Boys rhymes " h e a d " a n d "led"; Lauderdale rhymes "led" a n d "dread." 484, 485 Of many . . . explain / Main. Cf. Lauderdale: "Of many things a few I will explain, / . . . Main." 487 The rest.. . conceal. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "For Fates f r o m Helenus the rest conceal." 492, 493 Shoars / Oars. Boys rhymes "shore" a n d "Oar." 505 Name. I.e., Alba Longa, named for the white (alba) sow. 5 0 9 - 5 1 0 that . . . Continent. For Virgil's Italique hanc litoris oram, / Proximo in vv. 396-397 (Loeb trans.: " a n d this nearest border of the Italian shore"), which R u a e u s glosses as Italia frontem (the facing part of Italy),

Notes

to Pages

430-437

995

thus prompting Dryden's "fronts." Ruaeus goes on to explain that this whole southern coast (tota ilia frons) faces east toward the Ionian Sea and Epirus. Dryden uses the district of Epirus to represent the whole Grecian mainland. 515 And . . . stands. Virgil supplies no such information, but Ruaeus notes of v. 401 that Meliboea in Thessaly, the birthplace of Philoctetes, stood at the foot of Mount Ossa. 518 Priests. Not mentioned by Virgil, but Ruaeus notes of v. 405 (which Dryden renders in 1. 519) that the Roman priest (sacerdos) veiled himself during sacrifice. 519-520 Then ... Sacrifice. Cf. Lauderdale: "With Purple veil your Head, lest hostile Eyes / Disturb the Rites and blast the Sacrifice." 526-527 Tack . . . Land. Cf. Lauderdale: "Then tack, and let your Fleet to Larboard stand, / Thus steer your Course, veer Starboard Sea and Land." T h e lines have posed some difficulty, perhaps because Dryden (like Lauderdale) converts Virgil's directions in terms of landmass into directions in terms of a ship. When the winds have carried Aeneas to the straits (of Messina, i.e.) marked by the promontory of Pelorus in northeast Sicily, he must, in Virgil, circumnavigate Sicily and sail to the land and sea on the left (lava.)—on the western coast of Italy, i.e.—avoiding those on the right (dextrum)—on the eastern coast, i.e. (vv. 412-413). For Dryden and Lauderdale, Aeneas must tack against the prevailing wind (which would carry him to the eastern coast or through the straits), veering from the (eastern) coast now to starboard (and thus sailing southwest to circumnavigate Sicily, even though, as Virgil puts it in a phrase not translated by Dryden and Lauderdale, it is a long way round: longo . . . circuitu). Cf. 11. 492-494. 536 Dogs. An un-Virgilian detail here; see 1. 546, where Dryden renders Virgil's luporum (wolves) in v. 428 as "Dogs." 545 the Waves. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "Le reste monstrueux cache dans l'onde." 547 aloof. In the now obsolete nautical sense of "to windward." 555> 556 adore / implore. Also Ogilby's rhymes; Lauderdale has them in reverse order. 561, 562 Flood / Wood. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order; Ogilby (1654) has the same rhyme words in the plural. 568 Before . . . Entrance. For Virgil's antro in v. 446 (Loeb trans.: "in the cave"). Cf. Lauderdale: "Before the Door." 573, 574 scatter'd Verse / disperse. Also Ogilby's line endings in reverse order; Harrington and Boys have the same rhyme words in reverse order. 576, 577 Maid / mystick Shade. Also Lauderdale's (2d ed.) line endings. 578. 579 Think . . . stay / delay. Cf. Lauderdale: " T h i n k it not tedious there a while to stay, / . . . delay." Lauderdale's rhymes are from the first and third lines of a triplet. 583 and not to write thy Fate. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Lauderdale: "not write on Leaves thy unknown Fate." 595 Elephant. I.e., ivory. Alone among the translators, Dryden here carries across Virgil's elephanto in v. 464. Cf. The Rape of the Lock, I, 135, and Georgics, III, 41, and note. 597 And . . . stor'd. Cf. Lauderdale: "And every Ship a Sum of Silver shar'd."

996

Commentary

601 waving Crest. Cf. Segrais: "1'ondoyante creste." 603 Recruits. In the now obsolete sense of fresh supplies. 604, 605 Captains / Pilots. Variant translations of Virgil's duces in v. 470. Ruaeus' note suggests the second translation. 606-607 our Sails ... Gales. Identical with Lauderdale; Ogilby (1654) has the same rhyme words, as does Denham (Hutchinson MS) in reverse order. 616-617 The Shore . . . view. Cf. Lauderdale: "That part Apollo hath design'd for you / At distance lies, and far remote from view." 618 Go happy hence. For Virgil's Vade (go forth!) in v. 480. T h e second, but not the first, edition of Lauderdale has the same phrase at this point. 624, 625 brought / wrought. Also Ogilby's and Phaer's rhymes, and Denham's (Hutchinson MS) in reverse order. 628, 629 Love / wove. Also Ogilby's rhymes in reverse order. 630 Trifles. Also Ogilby's (1654) politesse for Virgil's dona (gifts) in v. 488. 632-636 Thou call'st . . . the same. For comment on Dryden's expansion here of Virgil's vv. 489-491, see Frost, pp. 88-89. 638 happy pair. Also Harrington's addition to Virgil; cf. Paradise Lost, I V , 534-

642 Shores. Ogilby (1649) and Boys also add "shores" to Virgil. 644 Deluding ... Embrace. Cf. Aeneis, VI, 947-952. 648 obnoxious. Exposed to harm from. Boys uses the same idiom. 651 ascend the Latian Throne. Dryden's addition. 653-654 As both . . . live. Cf. Lauderdale: "As both from Dardanus our Race derive, / We with each other will in Friendship live." 657 The double ... Name. For Virgil's vv. 504-505: unam faciemus utramque / Trojam animis (Loeb trans.: "of these twain we shall make one Troy in spirit"). Ruaeus notes that the one Troy and the other Troy (alteram Trojam) signify, respectively, the Troy built by Helenus in Epirus and the Troy to be founded in Italy by Aeneas. 660-663 Near . .. Night. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): Near the Ceraunian Hills our Course we bore, The shortest Passage to th' Italian Shore. Now had the Sun withdrawn his glorious Light, And airy Mountains hid in dusky Night. The first couplet in the first edition of Lauderdale rhymes "stand" and "Land." Dryden's first couplet is identical with Denham's (Hutchinson MS), except that Denham has "nearest" instead of "shortest." 666-667 the Sailors .. . watches. For Virgil's Sortiti remos in v. 510 (Loeb trans.: "Having allotted the oars"). Ruaeus notes that the duty of rowing was divided by lot to ensure that a watch might be kept. Translators before Dryden ignore or misconstrue Virgil's phrase. 669 her noon. Also Lauderdale's version of Virgil's orbem medium in v. 512 (Loeb trans.: "mid course"). 676-677 behold . . . Gold. Cf. Lauderdale: "behold, / And bright Orion arm'd with glitt'ring Gold," and Ogilby: "behold, / . . . and Orion arm'd with Gold." 682-685 And now . . . of Italy. For Dryden's relation to Lauderdale in these couplets, see Frost, p. 48. 688, 689 with Wine / the Pow'rs Divine. Also Boys's line endings.

Notes to Pages

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68g implor'd. Also Lauderdale's rendering of Virgil's vocavit (he called on) in v. 526. 706 which . . . before. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Boys: "lately seen," and see Dryden's 1. 7i7n. 708 Scarce landed. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Caro: "smontati" (having gone ashore). 715 and the sacred Hill ascend. No Virgilian equivalent. 716, 717 pray / our way. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 717 Whose . . . way. Loosely corresponds to Virgil's qua prima accepit ovantes in v. 544 (Loeb trans.: "who [Pallas] first welcomed our cheers"). Dryden apparently assumes that the Trojans first saluted the temple from the sea. Cf. notes to 11. 706, 715. 718-719, 720 Each . . . obey'd / paid. Cf. Lauderdale: "And next we Helenus commands obey'd, / Each shading with a Phrygian Veil his Head / . . . pay'd." 721-722 These . . . Land. Lauderdale's first line reads, "These Rites perform'd, with bended sails we stand"; his second is identical with Dryden's. 723, 724 view j true. Also Lauderdale's rhymes; Ogilby has them in reverse order. 731, 732 break ... Strand / Sand. Cf. Lauderdale: "break upon the sounding Strand, / . . . Sand." Boys rhymes "strands" and "sands." 737-738 First. . . steer'd. Virtually identical with Lauderdale, who differs only in beginning the second line with "And" instead of "Then." 744-745 The flagging . . . run. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "Mean while the Winds forsake us with the Sun, / And to unknown Cyclopian Coasts we run." Phaer and Boys also have the same rhyme words. 746, 747 Wind / thundring /Etna joyn'd. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 751 Oft . . . thrown. Cf. Lauderdale: "Oft from its Bowels mighty Stones are thrown." 753-758 Oft liquid . . . Body threw. Dryden gives a Miltonic version of Virgil's vv. 577-580: fundoque exeestuat imo. Fama est, Enceladi semustum fulmine corpus Urgeri mole hac, ingentemque insuper ALtnam Impositam, ruptis ftammam expirare caminis. Loeb trans.: "and boils up from its lowest depths. T h e story runs that Enceladus' form, scathed by the thunderbolt, is weighed down by that mass, and mighty Aetna, piled above, from its burst furnaces breathes forth flame." According to Apollodorus (I, vi, 2), it was Athena who threw the whole island of Sicily—not just Mount Aetna—upon Enceladus as he fled from the war between Giants and Olympians. T h e unlucky recipient of Aetna from the hand of Zeus was more usually taken to be Typhon (Apollodorus, I, vi, 3; Pindar, Pythian Odes, I, 15-28). Dryden evidently remembers Milton's allusions both to the gigantomachia and the punishment of Typhon. In Paradise Lost Satan lay like Typhon (I, 199) "on the burning Lake" (I, 210), driven "Thunder-strook" from heaven by the Son (VI, 858) and "Hurld headlong flaming from th' Ethereal Skie" by "the Almighty Power" (I, 44-45). 759, 760 As often ... sides / hides. Identical with Sandys (Journey, p. 243). 771 Somewhat . . . Spright. For Virgil's Ignoti nova forma viri in v. 591

99»

Commentary

(Loeb trans.: "the strange shape of an unknown man"). Cf. Lauderdale: "which seem'd more Ghost than Man." 773 So bare . . . Man. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Harrington: "whether man or beast was hardly known." 776-777 Beard . . . besmear'd. Cf. Lauderdale: "down hung his dangling Beard, / And . . . Filth his . . . Body smear'd." 777 Fastened, stitched, or tacked together. T h e OED cites this line. 778-779 The rest... a Greek. For Virgil's at catera Grajus in v. 594 (Loeb trans.: "yet in all else a Greek"). Cf. Lauderdale: "his Arms, his Tongue and Air." Ruaeus' note lists bearing, gait, complexion, and accent. 780 frightful. In the now obsolete sense of "frightened" or "terrified." 784 upon . . . falls. Added to Virgil; cf. Segrais: "à nos pieds se jettant," and Harrington: "throws himself at Old Anchises feet." 786-787 what . . . Air. For Virgil's hoc cceli spirabile lumen in v. 600 (Loeb trans.: "this lightsome air we breathe"). Cf. Lauderdale: "this vital air," and Boys: "the common ayre." 798 and . . . embrac'd. Cf. Lauderdale: "And on his bended Knees my Knees embrac'd." 800 His . . . Name. Cf. Lauderdale: "His Name, his Lineage, and his wretched State." 802-803 his Hand . . . Demand. Cf. Lauderdale: "his Hand, / By this encourag'd he obey'd command." 804-805 From . . . Name. Cf. Lauderdale: "from Ithaca I came, / And Achaemenides I call my name." Ogilby rhymes "my Name" and "I came." 810, 811 Flore / putrid Gore. Also Boys's line endings. 816, 817 Food / Blood. Douglas and Ogilby (1649) have the same rhymes. 820, 821 Stretch'd . . . Stones / Bones. Identical with Lauderdale. 826-827 For, gorg'd . . . supine. Cf. Lauderdale: "Now cloy'd with Flesh, and drunk with Blood and Wine, / In his vast Cave the Giant lay supine." 828 Snoaring. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Harrington: "began to snore." 833 with . . . Brand. A Homeric detail substituted for Virgil's telo . . . acuto in v. 635 (Loeb trans.: "with pointed weapon"). See Odyssey, IX, 375-396. 844, 845 Sheep / keep. Also Ogilby's rhymes in reverse order. 851 Oft... see. Cf. Lauderdale: "Oft from the Rocks I heard." 852 Cyclops . . . Tree. There is more than one Cyclops in Virgil; the tree is Dryden's image, suggested by the tree trunk used by the Cyclops as a staff (1. 866; Virgil, v. 660). 855-856 Cornels . . . Food. Cf. Lauderdale: "the Cornelwood, / And Roots of Herbs have been my homely Food." 857 While . . . cast. Cf. Lauderdale: "While I my longing Eyes cast every where." 859, 860 run / shun. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 865-866 A monstrous . . . aright. Cf. Lauderdale: "A Monster vast, deform'd, depriv'd of Sight, / A lofty Pine his steps directed right." 867 His pondrous . . . descends. Rendering Virgil's de collo fistula pendet (the shepherd's pipe hangs from his neck) in v. 661. This clause, which appears in seventeenth-century texts, is now regarded as an interpolation. 872-873 He gnash'd . . . sides. Cf. Lauderdale: "Groaning he gnash'd his

Notes to Pages

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Teeth, through Billows strides, / The topmost Waves scarce lave his brawny sides." 885, 886 around / to the sound. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Douglas rhymes "round" and "sound." 887, 888 Roar / crowd the Shoar. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Ogilby (1649) rhymes "rores" and "shores." 889-890 stern . . . War. Alternate versions of Virgil's lumine torvo in v. 677 (Loeb trans.: "with glaring eye"). 893, 894 Jove / Diana's Grove. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Ogilby (1654) rhymes "Jove's" and "Groves." 896, 897 Sail I Gale. Also Vicars' rhymes; Harrington rhymes "Gales" and "Sails." 898-899 Forewarn'd ... Gulph. Cf. Lauderdale: "By Helenus forewarn'd, we strive to shun / Charybdis Gulph and Scylla's Rock, we run." 912 By Love . . . led. Dryden adds gallantry to Virgil's mention of Arethusa in v. 696. Cf. Segrais: "épris des beautez d'Arethuse." 913 rowl . . . Bed. The equivoques and erotic-sacerdotal imagery are Dryden's. 914-915 As Helenus . . . Shore. Cf. Lauderdale: "We great Diana as injoyn'd adore / . . . Shore." Dryden's couplet and Lauderdale's first line correspond to Virgil's v. 697: Jussi numina magna loci veneramur (Loeb trans.: "As bidden, we worship the great gods of the land"). Ruaeus notes that the Trojans were so instructed either by Achaemenides at that time or earlier by Helenus. Ruaeus adds that the numina (which he construes as divine powers rather than deities) were probably those of Diana. No other translator mentions Helenus here and, besides Dryden, only Lauderdale names Diana. 921 And fenny . . . decree. For Virgil's v. 700: ir fatis nunquam concessa moveri (Loeb trans.: "Fate forbade that she [Camarina] ever be disturbed"). Following earlier glossators, Ruaeus notes that the inhabitants of Camarina were forbidden by Apollo to drain the stagnant lake of their town. Cf. Lauderdale: "Whose fenny Marsh the Fates forbid to drain." Segrais has "Camerine aux vapeurs pestilentes." 923 And . . . was. For Virgil's v. 702: Immanisque Gela, fluvii cognomine dicta (Loeb trans.: "and Gela, named after its impetuous river"). Immanis (enormous) may be taken as a genitive masculine modifying fluvii (as the Loeb translator does) or as a nominative feminine modifying the town of Gela, as does Ruaeus in his note (and by his punctuation) and Douglas, Phaer, Ogilby (1649), and Lauderdale. Dryden makes both town and river large, as does Vicars: "large towns, and torrent fierce." 926, 927, 928 Land / Lilybeean Strand / Sand. Also Lauderdale's line endings, except that he has "Lylybaeums." 932, 933 Coast / lost. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 934 Ease . .. Pain. Identical with Lauderdale, except that he has "Woes" instead of "Pain." 937 the greatest and the worst. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Caro: "ch'era il maggiore!" (which was the greatest [misfortune]). 938-939 whose . . . else. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Vicars: "who much fright did threat."

ÌOOO

Commentary

940 This . . . was. Also Lauderdale's rendering of v. 714: Hie labor extremus, longarum hcec meta viarum (Loeb trans.: "This was my last trial, this the goal of my long voyaging"). 940-941 Some friendly ... Abode. The gallantry is un-Virgilian. Cf. Caro: "amico nume / m'ha, benigna regina, a voi condotto" (a friendly god has brought me to you, kind queen); and Lauderdale: "some kinder Pow'r . . . your friendly Shore." 943» 944 express'd / he retir'd to rest. Also Lauderdale's line endings.

T H E FOURTH BOOK O F T H E AENEIS

I, 2 Queen / unseen. Lauderdale, Stapylton, and Digges also use these rhymes. 3, 4 The Heroe's . . . inspire / Fire. Cf. Lauderdale: "Aeneas Words, his Birth, his Acts inspire / . . . Fire." 5 His Words . . . her Heart. Cf. Harrington: "His words, his looks, are printed in her brest." T h e "Gutenberg metaphor" embedded in Dryden's rendering of Virgil's heerent infixi (adhere fixed within) in v. 4 by his use of "imprinted" here goes back to Douglas, and also appears in Surrey, Digges, Stanyhurst, Lauderdale in the Blairs MS, Segrais, and Caro. As L. G. Kelly points out ( T h e True Interpreter [1979], p. 130), it is also in Ruaeus' prose paraphrase: impressi animo (imprinted in her heart). 11 what. .. affright. Cf. Stapylton: "what dreames my doubts affright." II, 12 affright j Night. Lewkenor rhymes "fright" and "night" here. 11-13 what new . . . Breast. Dryden dwells upon the emotion so briefly expressed in Virgil's quce me suspensam insomnia terrent in v. 9 (Loeb trans.: "what dreams thrill me with fears"). 17 Fear ... kind. Cf. Howard: " 'Tis fear that argues a degenerate mind." Dryden's first version of the line has no parallel among predecessors. His final version is not only closer to Howard's but closer to Virgil's original in v. 13 as well: Degeneres animos timor arguit (fear argues degenerate minds). 18 His Birth . . . Mind. Largely a restatement, for which there is no Virgilian equivalent, of 1. 17. 21 Such were ... spoke. Dryden's addition. 29-31 And to confess .. . Too like. A psychological elaboration of Virgil's agnosco (I recognize) in v. 23. 31 Sparkles. Traces, corresponding to Virgil's vestigia in v. 23. 33 dark Abyss. A Miltonic rendering of Virgil's ima (depths) in v. 24; cf. Paradise Lost, II, 405, 1027; 37 1 38 No . . . Vows. Cf. Fletcher: "No; he who first my Vows." 38, 39 have / Grave. Also Lewkenor's rhymes and Digges's. 40-41 She said . . . replies. Cf. Lauderdale: "This said, a flood of Tears gush'd from her Eyes, / T o whom her Sister Anna thus replies." Denham (Hutchinson MS) rhymes "from her eies" and "replies."

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48 while . . . green. For Virgil's cegram . . . quondam (your grieving formerly) in v. 35. Cf. Fanshawe: "thy woe / Yet green and fresh." 49 It well... a Queen. This courtly decorum has no Virgilian equivalent. 50, 51 neglect / reject. Also Vicars' rhymes. 54 This little . .. bestows. For Virgil's quorum consederis arvis (in whose lands you are settled) in v. 39. Cf. Richard II, II, i, 45, 50: "this little world" and "This blessed plot." 55 On ev'ry ... Foes. A summarizing line largely without Virgilian equivalent. Cf. Fletcher: "On every side by warlike Neighbours girt." 59 Syrtes . . . Sand. Glossing Virgil's inhospita Syrtis (inhospitable Syrtis) in v. 41 by including the sandbanks for which the two gulfs called Syrtis were famous. Cf. Phaer: "The sandes of Sirtes coast," and Segrais: " L a Syrte étend au loin son sable." See also Aeneis, I, i6on. 62, 63 Propitious . . . lead / Aid. Cf. Godolphin: "Propitious heav'ns, it seems, and Juno, lead, / . . . aid." In the Malone MS, Godolphin has "Heaven" in his 1. 51 instead of "heav'ns" (see George Saintsbury, Minor Poets of the Caroline Period [1906], II, 25on). 64, 65 rise I Allies. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes in reverse order. 67 And leave . . . Love. Substitutes for Virgil's sacrisque litatis in v. 50 (Loeb trans.: and "with sacrifice duly offered"). Proudfoot rightly points out (p. 21) that Dryden's line is "in the spirit of the heroic plays." 77 Ewe of two Years old. For Virgil's bidentes in v. 57, sheep suitable for sacrifice because they have developed two rows of teeth. Cf. Surrey's tautologous "Hogreles of two yeares" (hogrels are two-year-old sheep) and Digges's "two-yeerelings," animal unspecified. Ruaeus notes that Gellius wished to read biennes (of two years) for Virgil's bidentes. 77-78 pay .. . Day. Identical with Lauderdale. Cf. Proudfoot, p. 22. 81-82 before her . . . Hands. For Virgil's tenens dextrâ pateram in v. 60 (Loeb trans.: "with cup in hand"). Cf. Lewkenor: "stands / Before the Altar, with Cup in her hands." 82 Golden. Not specified by Virgil; cf. Segrais: "d'or," and Caro: "d'oro." 83-84 adorns . . . Horns. Cf. Howard: "adorns / Who pours the Wine 'twixt a white Heifer's horns." 85 And while . . . invoke. The priests are not present in Virgil. Dryden often brings priests into the rituals of the Aeneis; cf. Oedipus, III, i, 224n (Works, X I I I , 482). 86 Altars with Sabœan Smoke. For Virgil's pingues . . . aras (altars full of fat and blood) in v. 62. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "smokie Altars." Dryden perfumes the ritual—Sabtean implies here the frankincense of Saba (Sheba)— and thus conflates sacrifice to Juno with sacrifice to Paphian Venus, whose altars steam with Sabean incense (Sabao / Ture) in Aeneid, I, 416-417 (a phrase Dryden did not translate in his equivalent 1. 578). P. 454 Illustration. The Lady Mary Giffard. The dedicatee appears thus in some copies of Fi (Clark—regular and large-paper—Harvard, Texas). In others (Chicago, Folger) she appears as "The Lady Giffard," as she does in the Folger and Harvard copies of F2; in the list of subscribers (p. 67) she is "Lady Giffard." "The Lady Giffard" is evidently a corrected state, changing, i.e., a title by inheritance to a title by marriage. The dedicatee was probably

1002

Commentary

Mary, née Vaughan, the widow of Sir Henry Gifford, Bart., who died in 1664 or 1665 ten years after their marriage (the date of Mary's death is unknown). Sir Henry was succeeded by his son John, whose wife's name was Frances and who died in 1736, when the title became extinct. (See G. E. C[okayne], Complete Baronetage [1900-1906], III, 129.) 91-92 A gentle . . . silence reigns. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "A gentle Flame feeds on her wasting Veins, / Where the hush'd God in wanton silence reigns." Dryden's and Lauderdale's second line renders Virgil's taciturn vivit sub pectore vulnus in v. 67 (Loeb trans.: "deep in her breast lives the silent wound"). 98, 100 and seeks ... Floods j ranckles in her Heart. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Godolphin: "and seeks the streams . . . rankles in her breast." 103-105 Town .. . Guest. Cf. Lauderdale: "Town, / T o tempt the Prince to wish the Place his own." Lauderdale's second line has no Virgilian equivalent; Dryden first reworks it for 1. 104, then takes a hint from it for 1. 105. 107-114 When Day . . . never ends. For Virgil's vv. 78-79: Iliacosque iterum demens audire labores / Exposcit, pendetque iterum narrantis ab ore (Loeb trans.: "again [she] madly craves to hear the sorrows of Ilium and again hangs on the speaker's lips"). With Dryden's expansive iteration, cf. Othello's report of how he repeatedly told the story of his career, first to Brabantio and then to Desdemona, who "with a greedy ear / Devour[ed] up my discourse" (I, iii, 149-150). 1 1 5 - 1 2 2 Then, when ... beguil'd. For discussion of Dryden's debt to predecessors in these lines and praise of his "eclectic method," see Proudfoot, p. 26. 115, 116 when Phoebe's paler Light / and falling Stars to Sleep invite. With these line endings, cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "Phoebe's . . . Light / . . . and falling Stars to Sleep invite," Ogilby (1649): "Phoebus [sic] paler light / . . . invite," and Howard: "paler light / . . . sleeps invite." 117, 118 Guest is gone / alone. Also Godolphin's line endings in reverse order. 1 1 9 - 1 2 0 Absent. . . bears. Cf. Lauderdale: "Absent from him, absent she sees and hears, / Or young Ascanius in her Bosom bears." 1 2 1 - 1 2 2 Child . . . beguil'd. Also Stapylton's rhymes. With Dryden's second line, cf. Godolphin: "If likeness can delude her restless love," and Harrington: "If Love by likeness may deluded be." 127, 128 lye / Sky. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 129-130 above . . . Love. Lauderdale is identical except for "Snares" instead of "Chains." Ogilby (1654) and Godolphin have the same rhymes. 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 Hot with . . . reclaim'd. Dryden dwells on the passion expressed in Virgil's v. 91: nec famam obstare furori (Loeb trans.: "that her good name was now no bar to her frenzy"). 134-136 High Praises . . . undone. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): You merit Praise, you and your worthy Son A mighty Conquest and great Fame have won, By Fraud two Gods a Woman have undonel T h e Boddy and Blairs MSS of Lauderdale read: "Two Gods by fraud one woman have undone." 136 silly. An adjective without Virgilian equivalent, but also used by Stanyhurst, Vicars, and Douglas.

Notes

to Pages

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1003

137, 138 suspect / erect. Also Ogilby's 1649 rhymes in reverse order. 139, 140 never cease / Peace. Also Harrington's and Godolphin's line endings; Howard has the same rhyme words. 141, 142 desir'd / fir'd. Lauderdale, Ogilby (1654), Stapylton, Digges, and Phaer all rhyme "desire" and "fire." 146 Elisa. Dido; see Aeneis, I, 932n. 146, 147 obey / convey. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 151, 152 chuse I refuse. Also Fanshawe's and Godolphin's rhymes in reverse order. 159 But you . . . Throne. For Virgil's Tu conjux (you are his wife) in v. 113. Cf. Lauderdale: "But you the Partner of his Royal Bed." 160 my Wishes are your own. A courtly version of Virgil's Perge, sequar in v. 114 (Loeb trans.: "Go on; I will followl"). 163 Secret. For Virgil's paucis . . . docebo in v. 116 (Loeb trans.: "I will explain in brief"). Cf. Segrais: "ces grands secrets." 164, 165 displays j Rays. Also Stapylton's and Ogilby's 1649 rhymes; Ogilby (1654) and Lewkenor have them in reverse order. 172, 173 Flight I Night. Also Howard's rhymes. 174-175 One Cave ... Lord. Cf. Godolphin: "One cave in her dark, bosom shall afford / Shelter to Dido and the T r o j a n lord." 180, 181 smiles / Wiles. Also Godolphin's and Lauderdale's rhymes. 183 Horns. No Virgilian equivalent. Caro's hunters come out to the sound of horns ("a suon di corni"). 185 Where . . . wait. No Virgilian equivalent. W i t h Dryden's social distinction between the waking times of the aristocrats and the (apparently servant) hunters, cf. the equally un-Virgilian sound of hounds and horns in 1. 183. Virgil's Massylians rush out (v. 132: ruunt) with the young people; they are not already awake and waiting as they are in Dryden's 11. 185-187. 187 Spartan. T h e breed is not specified in Virgil (where the dogs belong to the Massylian horsemen). Cf. A Midsummer Night's Dream, IV, i, 113, 118; and Georgics, III, 405 (Dryden's 1. 618): Veloces Spartce catulos (swift whelps of Sparta), which Ruaeus glosses as "levriers," i.e., greyhounds. 188, 189 State j wait. Also Vicars' rhymes in reverse order. igi Who his . . . know. No Virgilian equivalent. Cf. the "fiery steed" of Bolingbroke, "Which his aspiring rider seem'd to know" (Richard II, V, ii, 8-9)198 Caul. An ornate, netted cap. 199 A golden . . . sustains. Cf. Lauderdale: "A golden Clasp her purple Robe sustains." 202, 203 shines / joins. Howard rhymes "joyns" and "out-shines." 208 Scythians. Also Lauderdale's and Digges's word for Virgil's Agathyrsi in v. 146, which Ruaeus glosses as gens Scythica (a Scythian tribe). 210-211 sees . . . Show. No Virgilian equivalent. Cf. Lewkenor: "As he is seen, whilst all those Nations sing." 218 The Cry pursues. A phrase also added to Virgil by Godolphin; cf. Segrais: "Au bruit." 221 unsingl'd. From the common hunting term meaning to separate one animal from the herd for pursuit.

ioc>4

Commentary

221-282 scour... maintain. Cf. Godolphin: "and on the boundless plain j A longer chase in view of all maintain." 223-224 guides . . . outrides. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. With Dryden's "and these and those outrides," cf. Ogilby (1654): "now these, now those, out-rides." Proudfoot (pp. 35-36) discusses Dryden's debts in this couplet. 225-226 His Horses .. . Steel. No Virgilian equivalent. 227, 228 Prey / cross his way. Also Godolphin's line endings. 231-233 Mean time . . . rowl. Cf. Godolphin: "Meanwhile the gathering clouds obscure the pole, / They flash out lightning, and in thunder roll." 233 Juno. Inserted here by Dryden, anticipating her appearance in 1. 243. 237-238 descending . . . Rills. Cf. Lauderdale: "falling from the Hills / To rapid Torrents swell the gentle Rills." Proudfoot (p. 36) points out that Dryden, prompted by Lauderdale, gave echoic effect to his second line and thus offered "a striking example of 'representative metre.' " Perhaps more striking than this effect or than the consonance between line endings is the —for Dryden—unusual syntax of the second line, also prompted by Lauderdale. In the preface to Sylvce Dryden showed his contempt for "that Verse commonly which they call golden, or two Substantives and two Adjectives with a Verb betwixt them to keep the peace" (Works, III, 6:32-34). 241-246 Then first... woes. A Miltonic rendering of Virgil's vv. 166-170, with earth "trembling" in a manner reminiscent of Paradise Lost, IX, 782784, rather than primal (prima) as it is in Virgil; with an un-Virgilian "Hell" and with an equally un-Virgilian "Debate" that recalls Adam and Eve's quarrels after the Fall (IX, 1187-1189, e.g.); and with "woes," a resonant word in Milton, rendering, accurately enough, malorum. 247, 248 move / Love. Also Stapylton's, Digges's, and Ogilby's rhymes. 257-258 Inrag'd against . . . birth. Lauderdale's couplet is identical. Stapylton, Howard, and Lewkenor have the same rhymes; Godolphin has them in reverse order. 261-262 flight . . . sight. Cf. Godolphin: "flight, / As many eyes enlarge her piercing sight." 266, 267 Cries j her wakeful Eyes. Also Denham's line endings (Hutchinson MS), although his "cries" is a verb. 267 No Slumbers ... Eyes. Cf. Milbourne, Fame (in Gentleman's Journal [August 1692], p. 18): "Her wakefull Eyes to no soft slumbers yield." 270 With Court. . . Spies. A Drydenian detail perhaps inferred from the "lofty Tow'rs" of 1. 268 (for Virgil's Turribus ... altis in v. 157) and licensed by the versions of some predecessors, e.g. Lauderdale: "In Princes Courts by Day she waits and spies." 274-277 She fills . . . fled. The moral judgments are not to be found in Virgil's vv. 191-192, to which Dryden's couplets otherwise correspond. They were no doubt suggested to Dryden by Virgil's judgments in vv. 193-194, which correspond to Dryden's 11. 278-281. 278-281 Whole days . . . Lust. The moral culpability is mutual in Virgil (vv. 193-194). In restricting it to Dido, Dryden was anticipated by Ogilby and to some extent Stanyhurst. 286-287 This Prince . . . adorn. Cf. Stapylton: "Joves sonne, of ravish'd Garamante borne. / This Prince a hundred Temples did adorne."

Notes to Pages

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292, 293 with Garlands crown'd / enrich the Ground. Cf. Howard: "th' enriched ground, / . . . with garlands crown'd." 294-295 He, when . . . Love. For Virgil's rumore . . . amaro (the bitter rumor) in v. 203. Virgil delays explanation of Hyarbas' anger until vv. 2 1 3 214 (Dryden's 11. 312-313). Godolphin and Segrais anticipate the explanation at the first mention o£ Hyarbas, corresponding in their versions to 1. 283 of Dryden's. 296-297 His Breast . . . Desire. Dryden dramatizes the passion expressed in Virgil's v. 203: amens animi it .. . accensus (distracted in his senses and inflamed). 302-303 Thy Temples . . . Victims. Dryden takes these details without Virgilian equivalent chiefly from the description in his 11. 287-293 and perhaps from Godolphin's "Whom Libya more than any land adores." 304, 305 in vain j Reign. Also Lewkenor's rhymes in reverse order. 310, 3 1 1 allow / plough. Also Denham's rhymes (Hutchinson MS) in the past tense. 313 a banish'd Trojan. For Virgil's Aeneam in v. 214. Cf. Segrais: "un Troyen, un banny." 319 And I . . . Name. For Virgil's famamque fovemus inanem in v. 218 (Loeb trans.: "and [we] cherish an idle story"). Cf. Lewkenor: "we . . . adore an empty Name." 321 Horns. An un-Virgilian detail but a common feature of Greek (and Hebrew) altars. 323-324 The lustful . . . Shame. Virgil has only amantis (the lovers) in v. 221 together with the reproach that Dryden renders in 1. 325. 326 Cyllenius. Dryden again prefers Lauderdale's alternative name for Virgil's Mercury in v. 222 (see Aeneis, I, 4o8n). 329 with a swift descent. For Virgil's celeres defer . . . per auras in v. 226 (Loeb trans.: "carry down . . . through the swift winds"). Cf. Caro: "ratto scendi" (descend swiftly). 330-331 who wastes . . . Ease. Dryden deepens the condemnation in Virgil's vv. 224-225: qui nunc / Expectat (Loeb trans.: "who now dallies"). Cf. Segrais: "Indignement s'endort," and Caro: "neghittoso." 342, 343 Fame / Name. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 346 redeem his Honour lost. No Virgilian equivalent. 348 Bid . . . forsake. For Virgil's Naviget in v. 237 (Loeb trans.: "Let him set sail"). 350, 351 binds / Winds. Also Fanshawe's rhymes. 352, 353 flies j Skies. Also Lauderdale's rhymes and Ogilby's in 1654. 354-355 But first . . . Wand. For Virgil's Turn virgam capit in v. 242 (Loeb trans.: "Then he takes his wand"). Cf. Godolphin: "and in his hand / The ensign of his power, his sacred wand." 356, 357, 358 With this I With this / With this. For Virgil's solitary hac (with this) in v. 242. Segrais also begins three successive lines with "Par qui . . . Par qui . . . Et par qui." Cf. Caro: "ond[e] . . . onde . . . onde" (with which, etc.). 359 And Eyes . . . Light. Identical with Lauderdale, except for "clos'd" instead of "seal'd."

ioo6

Commentary

362-363 Now sees . . . Skies. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): " N o w sees the top of Atlas as he flies, / Whose rocky Sides s u p p o r t the starry Skies." Lauderdale's first edition begins the couplet with " N o w Atlas lofty T o p sees"; the Lauderdale MSS (Boddy a n d Blairs) agree with the first edition except for "rocky" in place of "lofty." 370-372 he from . . . Flood. For Virgil's hinc toto preeceps se corpore ad undas in v. 253 (Loeb trans.: "hence with his whole f r a m e he sped sheer down to the waves"). For the importance of Mercury's descent, both to Virgil in this passage a n d in relation to the epic tradition generally, see T h o m a s Greene, The Descent from Heaven (1963), pp. 74-103, esp. pp. 77-85. 372-373 and skims . . . Food. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "As waterfowle who watch to fish their food / Hover 'ore rocks 8c skimm along y e floud" (the first line begins "Like River Fowl" in the published versions). T h e last half of Dryden's first line a n d of Lauderdale's second correspond to different Latin, but their consonance is striking. 373-377 As Water-fowl . . . flies. T h e first a n d last lines in this passage correspond to the Lauderdale couplet quoted in the preceding note a n d to Virgil's vv. 254-255 (although Dryden's 1. 377 transfers the action f r o m the vehicle to the tenor of Virgil's simile). Dryden's "Like these" corresponds to Virgil's Haud aliter (not otherwise) in v. 256. T h e remainder of the passage has no equivalent in the Latin or in earlier translators. 376 the steerage of his Wings. An imitation of Virgil's Remigio alarum (with rowing of wings) in Aeneid, I, 301. Kinsley notes that it also occurs in VI, 19 (rendered by Dryden there, 1. 24, as here), a n d that Dryden used it again in Ceyx and Alcyone, 1. 351. T h e trope ultimately comes f r o m Aeschylus, Agamemnon, v. 52: irrepiywv 'tpcTnoXaiv, a version of it also appears in Lucretius, VI, 743. 379 He clos'd . . . Lands. W i t h this action, Dryden's Mercury becomes almost identical with the water birds of the preceding simile. Virgil's Mercury merely volabat, / Litus arenosum Libyee (Loeb trans.: "flew . . . to Libya's sandy shore") in vv. 256-257. 380 Where Shepherds . . . Sheds. For Virgil's magalia (African village huts) in v. 259. Dryden here recalls Aeneas' arrival at Carthage (as Proudfoot points out, p. 47) a n d his wonder at the massive buildings, magalia quondam (I, 421): " W h i c h late were Huts, a n d Shepherds homely Bow'rs" (I, 583). At IV, 259, but not at I, 421, R u a e u s glosses magalia as Casas pastorum Libya (cottages of Libyan shepherds). 387 For Ornament . . . side. An explicit moral comment without Virgilian equivalent. 388 with winged Words. Dryden substitutes a common Homeric formula for Virgil's Continuo invadit (speedily assails h i m with words) in v. 265. Cf., e.g., Iliad, I, 202; Odyssey, I, 122. 389 Resuming his own Shape. Virgil's Mercury has n o need to d o so, a n d does not. But Dryden's Mercury in flight has become almost all bird. See 1- 379 n 389-390 Degenerate . . . Property. For Virgil's uxorius (Loeb trans.: "wife's minion") in v. 266; cf. Segrais: "Esclave d ' u n e femme," a n d Caro: "servo d'amor, ligio di d o n n a " (slave of love, vassal of a lady). 394' 395 Command / Land. Also Digges's rhymes.

Notes to Pages 463-468

1007

402, 403 took his flight / sight. Howard rhymes "takes his flight" and "sight." 404, 405 Fear / Hair. Also Ogilby's rhymes in 1649. 406-407 Command . . . Land. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "command, / He longs to fly, and loaths that charming Land." The Lauderdale first edition has "flee" for "fly" and "leave" for "loaths"; the MSS (Boddy and Blairs) differ considerably from each other and the published versions. Denham has the same rhymes as Dryden and Lauderdale; Digges, Stapylton, and Fanshawe have them in reverse order; Ogilby rhymes "Lands" and "Commands." 408, 410 begin / Queen. Also Lauderdale's rhymes, for a couplet. 415 Three Chiefs. Dryden omits the names that Virgil supplies in v. 288. 416 and ship . . . Care. Cf. Lauderdale: "And ship their Men with secrecy and care," and Howard's line ending: "with silent care." 417-418 Some . . . design'd. For comparison of this couplet with Lauderdale's equivalent couplet, see Proudfoot, p. 50. 419, 420 the softest Hours wou'd chuse / News. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 421-422 And move . . . decrees. A couplet from the world of romance for which there is no Virgilian equivalent. 423 Jove will inspire. Jovean intervention is Dryden's addition. 423, 424 say I obey. Also Lewkenor's rhymes. 429, 430 hears / fears. Lewkenor rhymes "fear" and "hear." 431, 432, 433 report j Resort / Court. Godolphin uses the first two rhymes for his couplet; Harrington rhymes "Court" and "report" in his. 438 wreathy Spear. For Virgil's sacris in v. 301, which Ruaeus glosses as either the image of Bacchus (the sense he preferred for his paraphrase) or thyrsi, spears sacred to Bacchus. The thyrsus was a staff wreathed with ivy. 443, 444 move / Love. Also Denham's rhymes in reverse order. 444 Nor plighted . . . Love. Cf. Godolphin: " T h e bands of vows, and dearer bands of love." 449 - 45° suppose . . . sound. Cf. Lauderdale: "if you were not bound / T o foreign Kingdoms, unknown Coasts to sound." 454-455 Vows . . . Hand. A doublet for Virgil's dextram in v. 314, which can mean both "pledge (of friendship)" and "right hand." 461 these . . . Place. Identical with Godolphin. 463-464 Tyrant's . . . State. Identical with Lauderdale. 465, 466 Fame / Shame. Also Ogilby's and Stapylton's rhymes in reverse order. 467, 468 Guest / rest. Ogilby, Howard, Stapylton, and Digges have the same rhymes. "Rest" is a noun in Dryden, a verb in the other translators. 469-471, 472 What have . . . lead / Bed. Cf. Godolphin: "What have I left, or whither shall I fly? / Shall I attend Pygmalion's cruelty? / Or 'till Iarbas do in fetters lead / . . . bed." 480, 482 Eyes / replies. Stapylton and Digges use these rhymes for their couplets. 483, 484 repeat / Debt. Also Godolphin's rhymes. 485, 486 forget Elisa's Name / this Mortal Frame. Ogilby (1654) has the same line endings in reverse order; Godolphin and Stapylton have Dryden's

ioo8

Commentary

first and "this frame" instead of his second, again in reverse order; Howard rhymes "Eliza's name" with "this frame." Elisa (or Elissa) is Dido (see Aeneis, I, 932n). 487, 488 in my Defence / hence. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 491, 492 free / Decree. Vicars rhymes "decreed" with "free'd." 495 And .. . restore. Dryden condenses Virgil, omitting v. 344 in which Aeneas contemplates the revival of Troy for the vanquished. 496-497 Commands . . . Lands. Cf. Godolphin: "But now the Lycian Oracle commands, / . . . Lands." The Lauderdale MSS (Boddy and Blairs) rhyme "command" and "Land." Dryden's "Delphian Oracle" and "Fate" correspond to Virgil's Grynaus Apollo and Lyciee . . . sortes in vv. 345-346, which refer to the temples of Apollo at Grynia and at Patara in Lycia. Dryden substitutes the more famous shrine of Apollo (cf. Denham: "Delphick God") and renders sortes (strictly, predictions or lots) in its occasional singular sense of "Fate," perhaps with the assistance of Ruaeus' gloss (cf. L0snes, p. 139), perhaps with the assistance of Lauderdale: "Fate and Apollo" (cf. Fanshawe: " T h e Destinies"). 498-499 That is .. . there. For Virgil's Hie amor, heec patria est in v. 347 (Loeb trans.: "There is my love, there my country"). 502, 503 Race / Foreign Place. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 506, 507 appears / fears. Also Vicars' rhymes. 510, 5 1 1 appear'd / Message heard. Denham has the same rhyme words; Godolphin rhymes "appear" and "message hear." 517 I leave your happy Land. Also Godolphin's rendering of Virgil's Italiam . . . sequor (I go to Italy) in v. 361. 521 outrageous. Furious. 524-525 Rock . . . suck. Cf. Stapylton: "Rocke, / And some Hircanian Tygresse gave thee sucke." 527, 528 Ear / Tear. Ogilby (1654) also has these rhymes in reverse order. 529-531 All . . . complain. Dido is much more succinct in Virgil: Qua quibus anteferam (for these things what shall I say first?) in v. 371. 532-533 Jove . . . flyes. Virgil's Jove, like Juno in Dryden's 1. 534, is thought by Virgil's Dido to lack fairness, not power. 534-535 with equal . . . Skies. Cf. Godolphin: "with equal eyes, / The earth is faithless, faithless are the skies." Like Godolphin's and several other translators', Dryden's now obsolete Latinism, "equal Eyes," simply carries across Virgil's oculis . . . eequis (just or impartial eyes) in v. 372. 535-536 Faithless is . . . no more. For Virgil's Nusquam tuta fides in v. 373 (Loeb trans.: "Nowhere is faith secure"). Cf., in addition to Godolphin (cited in the preceding note), Lauderdale: "Justice is no more," and Denham: "Astraea sure is fled." 542-543 A God's . . . Deeds. Dryden's addition. 544 Lycian Lotts. See Aeneis, IV, 496-497^ 546, 547 State / Humane Fate. Also Godolphin's line endings in reverse order. 548-549 detain . . . Main. Cf. Lauderdale: "detain, / . . . seek Kingdoms through the Main," Ogilby (1654): "Go to your promis'd Kingdom through the Sea," and Denham (as Banks notes, p. 184): "Go, go, pursue thy Kingdom through the Main."

Notes to Pages

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551-553 The faithless . . . Lord. For Virgil's vv. 382-383: mediis . . . / Supplicia hausurum scopulis (on the midway rocks you will suffer due punishment). Supplicia hausurum. is radically metaphoric and cannot be represented by a single English phrase. Supplicia implies punishment visited as a result of petition to the gods, whom Dido invokes. Hausurum can mean both drink deeply and, as Ruaeus glosses it, be swallowed by the waves and drowned. Howard comes closest to capturing all the possibilities: "thou shalt drink (drown'd in the rocky Flood) / Revenge's draught." Dryden apparently saw his way here to uniting two important elements in the "Odyssean" half of the Aeneid: the oceanic wandering and the analysis of motive that is at once psychological and moral. He did so by availing himself of the pathetic fallacy which had served him in Annus Mirabilis and which he bequeathed to the landscape poets of the next century. In animating the inanimate nature he found in Virgil, Dryden was to some extent anticipated by Ogilby (1649): "thou mongst rocks cruell like thee shalt fall," and Godolphin: "Through the deaf seas, and through the angry wind, / . . . such compassion as thou usest find." But neither dwells upon the scene as Dryden does, making Dido find in the perils of the sea the personified agents of her wished revenge. 554> 555 Name / flame. Also Denham's rhymes (Hutchinson MS). 557-559 Shall smile . . . Sleep. For Virgil's Omnibus umbra locis adero in v. 386 (Loeb trans.: "everywhere my shade shall haunt thee"). 560, 561 know / below. Also Denham's rhymes (Hutchinson MS). 565 What Speech ... find. A doublet for Virgil's multa parantem / Dicere (preparing to say many things) in vv. 390-391. 566, 56*7 led I her Iv'ry Bed. Also Godolphin's line endings; Ogilby, Harrington, and Lewkenor have the same rhyme words. 570, 571 Love / the Will of Jove. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 572 Reviews. In the now obsolete sense of "sees again"; cf. Virgil's revisit (sees again or returns to) in v. 396. 572, 573 with early Care / for Sea prepare. Cf. Lauderdale: "with eager care / . . . for the Sea prepare." 576, 577 as they stood / Wood. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 578 Studious of Flight. A Latinism also used by Ogilby (1649); for Virgil's fugae studio in v. 400 (Loeb trans.: "eager for flight"). 578-590 The Beach . . . sustain. Dryden characteristically dwells upon an epic simile, multiplying activities, spelling out consonances between tenor and vehicle, and rendering in thirteen lines what Virgil delivers in seven (vv. 401-407). 580-581 On ev'ry . . . Town. The first line and the rhymes are identical with Godolphin; Stapylton has the same rhymes, as does Lewkenor, who also renders Virgil's ruentes (rushing) in v. 401 as "swarming." 582 Battalia. Battle array. 582, 583 Ants I Wants. Also Howard's rhymes and Ogilby's in 1649. 585, 586 to .. . convey / Prey. Also Denham's line endings (Hutchinson MS) in reverse order. Denham's couplet occurs in a fifteen-line passage omitted from the published version. 591, 592 tore / Shore. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 593 Shouts of Sailors. For Virgil's tantis clamoribus (with such loud shouts) in v. 411; cf. Segrais: "aux cris des matelots."

IOIO

Commentary

599 female Arts or Aids. For Virgil's quid (anything) in v. 415. Only Dryden among translators makes the distinction between sexes. 599, 600 left untry'd / before she dy'd. Also Vicars' line endings in reverse order. Godolphin and Phaer rhyme "untried" and "before she died"; Digges, Lewkenor, and Fanshawe rhyme "try" and "dye." 601, 602 Sea / Anchors weigh. Also Godolphin's line endings. 603-604 their Ships . . . Sea-Gods. For Virgil's Puppibus . . . imposuere coronas in v. 418 (Loeb trans.: "crowned the sterns with garlands"). T h e y did so, Ruaeus notes, because there was a sacrarium (place of worship) in a ship's stern. 608-610 With yon . . . Fav'rite. For Virgil's w . 421-422: solam nam perfidus ille / Te colere (Loeb trans.: "for thee alone that traitor made his friend"). 620 Whom does ... fly. \ doublet for Virgil's Quo ruit (where is he rushing?) in v. 429. Cf. Caro: "e me fugga, e s6 precipiti?" (and would he flee from me, and would he rush away?). 624, 625 I urge no more / the promis'd Latian Shore. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 630 If you . . . Request. Cf. Lauderdale: "Granting in pity this my last Request." 631 My Death . . . Brest. For Virgil's cumulatum morte remittam in v. 436, the reading of Ruaeus' second edition and there paraphrased by him as demittam ilium expletum etiam morte mea (I shall dispatch him sated indeed by my death). In Dryden's first edition the line was, as Kinsley notes, identical with Lauderdale's. T h a t version corresponds to the Latin of Ruaeus' first edition and of several other seventeenth-century editions: cumulatam morte relinquam, where cumulatam must refer to A n n a and must mean, not "filled u p , " but "augmented" or "perfected," presumably by succeeding to the rule of Carthage. T h u s Lauderdale: " M y death shall leave you of my Crown possess'd." For an extended discussion of the line, see L0snes, pp. 131-135, and see the headnote, pp. 867-870, for the relationship of Dryden's translation to Lauderdale's. 632, 633 This . . . bears / Tears. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "Tears: / Her Message to the Prince the pious A n n a bears." Ogilby has the same rhyme words, and, like Lauderdale, Denham has them in reverse order. 634, 635 in vain / again. Also Douglas' rhymes in reverse order. 636-637 move . . . Love. Cf. Lauderdale: "move, / T h e Fates withstand and stop his Ears to Love." 638-647 As when ... lye. For an appreciation of this simile, see Proudfoot, p. 73. Dryden characteristically elaborates upon the vehicle he found in Virgil (vv. 441-446), making explicit that it is a " M o u n t a i n " oak, balancing rocks with valleys, and, in 1. 644, personifying the tree without Virgilian authority. 640, 641 bend / rend. Also Lauderdale's and Waller's rhymes in reverse order. 642, 643 Ground / Sound. Phaer, Digges, Stapylton, and Waller all have these rhymes in reverse order. 646-647 Far as he .. . lye. Also Lauderdale's rhymes; Waller has them in reverse order. Dryden's couplet corresponds to one and a half verses in Virgil

Notes

to Pages

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1011

(vv. 445-446), which are repeated f r o m Georgics, II, 291-292. For Dryden's different r e n d e r i n g in the second Geòrgie, see 11. 401-402. 653-654 Fate . . . hate. Cf. Waller: "Fate, / Begins the light of cruel H e a v e n to hate." Ogilby (1649) rhymes "Fates" a n d "hates." 655 Then . . . sees. Virgil does not so anticipate the spoiled sacrifice. B u t the detail is in Caro—"gran portenti" (great portents)—Ogilby (1654), Waller, a n d Ruaeus' note. 657, 658 Shrine j Wine. Also Vicars' rhymes in the plural. 660 offer'd Milk. For Virgil's latices . . . sacros (sacred waters) in v. 454, which Ruaeus glosses as milk a n d water, a n d which is so translated by Lauderdale; Ogilby has "sacred Milk." 661, 662 reveal'd / conceal'd. Also Howard's rhyme words; Lauderdale has them in reverse order. 665-666 hung . . . crown'd. Cf. Lauderdale: " W i t h snowy Fleeces hung, with Garlands crown'd"; the Lauderdale MSS have "snow-white" instead of "snowy." H o w a r d here rhymes " r o u n d " a n d "crown'd." 671, 672 Note / Throat. Ogilby (1649) has these rhymes in reverse order. 674 obscene. H e r e a Latinism meaning "ominous"; cf. The Hind and the Panther, II, 652 (Works, III, 158, 405). 677, 678 alone / ways unknown. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. 681-682 Fear . . . appear. Cf. Lauderdale: "fear, / H e saw T h e b e s double, a n d two Suns appear." 683, 684 Ghost / tost. Also Waller's rhymes in reverse order. 685 snaky locks. Virgil (v. 472) does not place the snakes in Clytemnestra's hair, but the succeeding reference to the Furies perhaps r e m i n d e d Dryden that they h a d snakes for their hair (see, e.g., Aeneid, VII, 345-346; Dryden's 11. 485-486). 688, 689 Grief / Relief. Also Lewkenor's rhymes. 692, 693 clears / appears. Howard rhymes " a p p e a r " a n d "clear." 699 Honour'd for Age. H e r age is unspecified by Virgil. Cf. Waller: " a n old Magician," a n d Segrais: " u n e antique Prêtresse." 702, 703 steep / sleep. Also Fanshawe's rhymes. 710-711 Witness . . . Art. Cf. Waller: "Witness ye Gods, a n d thou my dearest part, / H o w loath I am to tempt this guilty Art." 712-713 Within . .. Air. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): " W i t h i n the inward Court, in o p e n air j W i t h greatest secrecy a pile p r e p a r e , " a n d Stapylton: "Erect thou secretly a pile ith' ayre." 716-717 the bridal . . . embrae'd. Cf. Waller: "place / T h a t Bed where I my r u i n e did embrace." 718, 71g Fire / require. Also Denham's rhymes. 722-723 Anna . . . design'd. Cf. Ogilby (1649): " N o r A n n e did think h e r funerals design'd." 725 Unknowing . . . well. Another version of pratexere (to conceal) in Virgil's v. 500, which Dryden has already rendered in 1. 723. 729, 730 high / lye. Also Waller's and Stapylton's rhymes. 731 Sad . . . Wreath. Virgil does not specify the composition of the funerary wreath in vv. 506-507; Ruaeus' note supplies Dryden's list. For vervain, see Oedipus, III, i, 229n (Works, X I I I , 482).

1012

Commentary

734> 735 spread / Bed. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 740 with her hundred Names. In Virgil's v. 510, to which Dryden's 1. 738 corresponds, the priestess invokes Tercentum . . . Deos, either three h u n d r e d gods, as most translators have it, or, according to Lauderdale, one h u n d r e d gods three times invoked. Lauderdale probably h a d before h i m the gloss of Servius, which Ruaeus cites, a n d which goes o n to explain that Hecate's n a m e was derived f r o m the Greek word for 100, because she h a d a h u n d r e d powers, required a h u n d r e d victims, or represented the sacredness of this n u m b e r . 743 hoary. Also a d d e d to Virgil by Lauderdale. 747 Robbing . . . love. Identical with Lauderdale. 747 destin'd. Doomed. 748 Observes . . . obscene. D r y d e n clarifies the narrative by specifying, as Virgil h a d no need to do, that Dido was witnessing ("assisting at"), not participating in, the ritual, which was "obscene" because physically disgusting. 749, 750 devoted Hands j Altar stands. Douglas rhymes "altare standis" with "devote handis"; Vicars a n d Ogilby (1654) rhyme "hands" a n d "altar stands," a n d Lewkenor a n d Lauderdale do the same in reverse order. Denh a m (Hutchinson MS) has the same rhyme words, as does H a r r i n g t o n in reverse order. P h a e r rhymes " h a n d " a n d "stand." 751 One . . . bare. Waller has the same line except f o r " t h e " instead of "her"; cf. Lewkenor: " W i t h left Foot bare, a n d with the other shod." 752 Girt . . . Gown. See Dryden's note o n the significance of the dress, 819:14-17, above. 755- 756 And ev'ry . . . above / Love. Identical with Waller except that he has " b e " instead of "rules." Ogilby (1654) a n d H a r r i n g t o n have the same rhyme words; Lewkenor has t h e m in reverse order. 757 'Twos dead of Night. Also Harrington's r e n d e r i n g of Virgil's famous Nox erat (it was night) in v. 52 a. 759-760 The Winds . . . Floods. Lauderdale has the same rhyme words in reverse order. Dryden here renders Virgil's vv. 523-524: slyveeque et steva quierant / /Equora (Loeb trans.: "the woods a n d wild seas h a d sunk to rest"), e x p a n d i n g in ways i m p o r t a n t for eighteenth-century poetic diction. Note especially the pathetic fallacy a n d the uncharacteristically "golden" second line (see Aeneis, IV, 2 3 7 - 2 3 8 ^ . 761, 762 around / ground. Lauderdale rhymes " G r o u n d " a n d " r o u n d . " 762 And Peace . . . ground. For Virgil's Cum tacet omnis ager in v. 525 (Loeb trans.: " W h e n all the l a n d is still"). T h e unusual Alexandrine, closing couplet r a t h e r than triplet, returns a compliment f r o m Dryden to his son Charles by a d a p t i n g a line f r o m Charles's poem, On the Happyness of a Retir'd Life . . . Sent to his Father from Italy, which was included in the f o u r t h part of the Dryden-Tonson Miscellany Poems (1694): " A n d Peace, with downy Wings, sits brooding o n his Breast" (p. 198). T h e borrowing was first noted by D. W . H o p k i n s (NirQ, C C X X I I I [1978], 31). 763, 764 parti-colour'd Fowl / Pool. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 765, 766 lay / day. Also Digges's rhymes. 769, 770 find / mind. Phaer, Digges, a n d Lewkenor have these rhymes in reverse order. 777< 77® Shall . . . go f Foe. Identical with Waller, except that he has " t h e " instead of "this." Lewkenor has the same rhyme words.

Notes to Pages

475-480

1013

783-784 shall . . . pursue. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "Shall I alone go with the churlish Crew? / Or with my Tyrians their whole Fleet pursue?" 787, 788 desire / Tyre. Also Ogilby's rhymes in reverse order. 793-794 These dear-bought . . . own. For Virgil's vv. 550-551: Non licuit thalami expertem . . . vitam / Degere (Loeb trans.: "Ah, that I could not spend my life, apart from wedlock"). Dryden offers two versions of thalami, which can mean "of the marriage bed" and "of marriage," both physical and contractual union. 799, 800 Breast / rest. Also Waller's and Denham's (Hutchinson MS) rhymes. 803 To whom . . . appears. Cf. Waller: " T o whom once more the Son of Jove appear'd." 808, 809 Gales I sails. Also Howard's rhymes. 812, 813 Fix'd . . . die / fly. Cf. Waller: "She meditates Revenge, resolv'd to dye, I . . . flie." 814-815 The Sea . .. Shore. Cf. Lauderdale: "Before the Sea with Ships is cover'd o'er, / And crowds with Firebrands lighten all the Shore." 816 Prevent. Forestall. 819 Woman's a . . . Thing. For the famous varium ir mutabile semper / Fcemina in vv. 569-570. 833, 834 Sword / Cord. Also Vicars' rhymes. 837, 838 Shores / Oars. Also Denham's rhymes in the Hutchinson MS. 839, 840 Aurora . . . Bed / o'respread. Cf. Lauderdale: "Aurora now left Tithon's saffron Bed, / . . . o'erspread," Denham: "Aurora now had left Tithonus bed, / . . . spread" (noted by Banks, p. 186), and Vicars: "Aurora now left Tithons broidered bed, / . . . overspread." Ogilby (1649) rhymes "spread" and "saffron bed"; Douglas rhymes "bed" and "overspred"; Phaer and Lewkenor rhyme "bed" and "spread." 841-842 When from . . . Skies. Cf. Lauderdale: "High from a Tow'r the Queen no sooner spies / The day point upward in the eastern Skies." 845-846 despair . . . Hair. Cf. Lauderdale: "Oft struck her lovely Breast and tore her Hair, / . . . despair." Ogilby (1654) has the rhyme words in the same order as Dryden. 850 sink. An un-Virgilian injunction; cf. Segrais: "abysmer sa flote." 854-855 burns / Then. Dryden explains in a note to IV, 944, why he omitted a version of Virgil's v. 596 which would have come between 11. 854 and 855 in the translation (see 820:2-15, above). 858 rushing . . . Flame. An un-Virgilian detail; cf. Lauderdale: "from Fire." 863 Destroy'd . . . Son. Identical with Lauderdale. 864 set the reeking Boy before. I.e., as a meal. 870 in vengeance. Virgil's Dido expresses no such motive; cf. Segrais: "se vanger." 872-875 Thou Sun . . . Gods. On the line structure, see Frost, pp. 34, 52. 875-876 Ye Furies . . . Pow'rs. Virgil specifies only avenging Furies and gods in v. 610: Dira ultrices, ir Dii. Caro extends the list with "spiriti inferni" (infernal spirits). 882-883 Oppress'd ... expell'd. Dryden details the action resulting in Virgil's Finibus extorris in v. 616 (Loeb trans.: "driven from his borders"). 884, 885 from place to place / embrace. Also Howard's line endings.

ioi4

Commentary

887 And ... vain. Not so specified by Virgil's Dido. 891 But fall . . . Hand. Cf. Lauderdale: "But die untimely by a common Hand." 89a And lye . . . Sand. Identical with Lauderdale. 895 Perpetual Hate. For Virgil's odiis (with hatred) in v. 623. Cf. Douglas: "with haitrent, perpetual." 895 mortal Wars. Not specified by Virgil's Dido; cf. Caro: "guerra" (war). 900 When . . . the Rage. Dryden adds rage to Virgil's strength (vires) in v. 627. Cf. Segrais: "ranime ma fureur." 907, 908 Then . . . said / was dead. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "she call'd Sichaeus' Nurse, and said, / . . . was dead." Lewkenor rhymes "was dead" and "she briefly said." g 11, 912 bring I Spring. Howard, Ogilby (1654), and Lauderdale have these rhymes; Stapylton has them in reverse order. 915, 916 to Stygian Jove / Love. Also Lewkenor's line endings. 918 And . . . expire. Repeating (as Virgil's Dido does not) the thought expressed in 1. 916. 931, 932 spred I Bed. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 932 conscious. A Latinism signifying that the inanimate object is privy to human secrets. 934' 935 cast / spoke her last. Also Howard's line endings. 936 Pledges. Also Fanshawe's rendering of exuvia in v. 651 ("spoils" or "remains," as most early translators have it). Cf. Segrais: "Gages." 936, 937 pleas'd / eas'd. Vicars and Ogilby (1654) rhyme "please" and "ease." 941 Pygmalion . . . appeas'd. Lauderdale begins an otherwise identical line with "Pigmalion's." 942, 943 more / never touch'd my Shore. Also Digges's line endings. 944-949 and must . . . pursue. See Dryden's note, 818:16-819:29, above. 948, 949 view / pursue. Also Denham's rhymes. 950 and struck. For Virgil's ferro / Collapsam in w . 663-664 (fallen dying on or by a sword). Cf. Segrais: "elle s'estoit frappée." 952 Clog'd ... stands. Dryden contributes this detail to the scene, dwelling on the horror. P. 482 Illustration. Dorothy Brownlowe. The dedicatee appears thus in some copies of Fi (Clark—regular and large-paper—Harvard, Texas). In others (Chicago, Folger) she appears as "y e Lady Brownlowe," as she does in copies of F2 (Clark, Folger, Harvard). In the list of subscribers (p. 67) she was shown incorrectly in both Fi and F2 as "Mrs. Ann Brownlow." As the dedication notes, Dorothy was married to William Brownlowe, who succeeded to the family baronetcy when his brother died on 16 July 1697 ( s e e G. E. Cfokayne], Complete Baronetage [1900-1906], II, 112). The change to "Lady Brownlowe," then, was made late in the production of Fi. 956 Distracted . .. fled. An act not specified by Virgil. 960, 961 Cries I Skies. Ogilby (1654) has these rhymes; Phaer has them in the singular. 962-963 Not. . . Fire. Cf. Stapylton: "No lesse then were old Tyre, / Or Carthage seiz'd by th' foe: the raging fire," and, as Banks notes (p. 188), Denham: "As loud as if her Carthage, or old Tyre / T h e Foe had entred,

Notes to Pages 480-487

1015

and had set on Fire." Phaer, Ogilby (1654), Lewkenor, and Lauderdale have the same rhyme words. 964-965 The rowling . . . Gods. Cf. Stapylton: "Roiling ore Temples and ore mens abodes, / Neither poore mortals sparing, nor their gods." 966 furious with Despair. For Virgil's trepidoque exterrita cursu in v. 672 (Ogilby [1649]: "dismaid, with trembling pace"). Cf. Segrais: "de fureur troublée." 968 Elisa. Dido (see Aeneis, I, 9g2n). 968, 969 aloud / Crowd. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 982-983 in death . . . Breath. Cf. Denham: "at her Death, / My lips from hers shall draw her parting Breath." Lewkenor has the same rhyme words in reverse order. 990, 991 Light I sight. Lewkenor, Douglas, and Howard have these rhymes. 992 And . . . Night. Dryden stretches couplet into triplet with this unVirgilian detail. 995» 99® Strife / Life. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 1000 The Sisters. T o Virgil's Proserpina in v. 698 Dryden adds the three Fates. 1002 made her sacred. Consecrated or dedicated her. 1003 various. "In hue, being the rainbow" (as noted by Robert Fitzgerald in his edition of Dryden's Virgil [1964], p. 144). 1006 devote ... dead. Identical with Lauderdale (2d ed.). "Devote" in the sense of "consecrate" or "dedicate." 1007-1009 This Off'ring . . . in Air. Lauderdale (2d ed.): This Offr'ing to th' infernal King I bear: She said, and strait she cut her yellow Hair; Heat slip'd away, her Life dissolv'd in Air. In the first edition and the MSS (Boddy and Blairs) Lauderdale closed the book with a couplet rhyming "Hair" and "Air," as did Fanshawe, Howard, Ogilby (1654), and Lewkenor. The change to a triplet in Lauderdale's second edition increases the consonance with Dryden's concluding three and a half lines and may be an instance of Dryden's influence on Lauderdale (see headnote, pp. 868-870 above).

THE F I F T H BOOK OF THE AENEIS

1, 2 way / Sea. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 5-6 The Cause . . . divin'd. For Virgil, vv. 4-5: qua tantum accenderit ignem, / Causa latet (Loeb trans.: "What cause kindled so great a flame is unknown"). Cf. Harrington: " T h e cause he doth not know, but may divine." 8, 9 Passions move / Love. Vicars rhymes "love" and "passions women move." 12, 13 bound j around. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 13 An empty . . . around. The symmetry of Dryden's Alexandrine responds to Virgil's chiastic v. 9: caelum undique ir undique pontus (sky on

ioi6

Commentary

all sides and sea on all sides). Modern editions read: maria undique et undique caelum, reversing the order of sky and sea. 14, 15, 17 o'respread / Head j Night and Horror. Cf. Lauderdale: "Heads, / And Night and Horror . . . spreads." 1 8 - 1 9 aloud . . . Cloud. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "aloud / . . . what Gusts are gath'ring in that Cloud." 21 Stand . . . Oars. Cf. Harrington: "Stand to your tackling, Mates, and ply your Oars." 22 luff to Wind. An un-Virgilian nautical term apparently prompted by Lauderdale: "He luffs." Cf. Aeneis, III, 5 2 6 - 5 2 7 ^ On Lauderdale's "great variety of technical terms pertaining to the sea" in his "extremely spirited rendering of much of Book V," and Dryden's adoption of some of these terms, see Proudfoot, pp. 173-174. 30, 31 way / obey. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 33 southing . .. Stars. When they reach their meridian. Cf. "the Southing Sun" in Georgics, IV, 577, for the only other use of "southing" in Dryden's poetry. 33 Polar Light. Not specified by Virgil; cf. Segrais: "Observe . . . le Pole." 34, 35 hospitable Shores j Oars. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. 36-37 /Eneas . . . Wind. Cf. Lauderdale: "Aeneas then reply'd. T o o well I find, / You strive in vain to bear against the Wind." 38, 39 more / Shore. Also Ogilby's 1649 rhymes. 40, 41 contains / reigns. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes in reverse order. 43 scud / make. Also Lauderdale's nautical terms: cf. Aeneis, III, 5 2 6 527n; V, 22n. 49 Of .. . wore. In Virgil (vv. 36-37) Acestes comes rough (Horridus) in the skin (pelle) of a Libyan bear. For Ogilby in 1649 a "skin rough . . . he wore," and in 1654 he was "Clad in rough Spoyls." Cf. Lauderdale: "he wore / Spoils" of a bear. 52 Crinisus ... Flood. A river god (Virgil, v. 38) of Sicily, as Ruaeus notes. 55-56 the following ... Day. Cf. Lauderdale: "the Morning of the following Day / . . . had chas'd the Stars away," and Douglas: "day j . . . chasit, the sternes away." 57-58 around . . . Ground. Cf. Lauderdale: "round / Their Chief, who speaks thus from a rising Ground," and Ogilby (1649): "round" and "from a rising ground." 59, 60 Race / Space. Vicars rhymes "race" and "twelve-moneths space." 64 for ever sad, for ever dear. Cf. Phaer: "shall ever dolefull bee, and ever deere." 69, 70 driv'n / of Heav'n. Also Denham's line endings (Hutchinson MS). 71 and flow'ry Plains. Not mentioned by Virgil. Dryden was perhaps recalling the flowered field of Sicilian Enna in Paradise Lost, IV, 268-271. Dryden uses a similar phrase, also without Virgilian equivalent, at 1. 99. 73» 74 Let . . . due / renew. Identical with Lauderdale. 80 Two . . . bestows. Cf. Lauderdale: "Two Steers Acestes on each Ship bestows." 81 His . . . Vows. Identical with Lauderdale (2d ed.). 82, 83 Morn j adorn. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes.

Notes

to Pages

487-491

83 unclouded Light. Also Lauderdale's version of radiis (with her rays) in v. 65. 84 solemn Sports. For Virgil's certamina (contests) in v. 66. Cf. Lauderdale: "solemn Games," and Caro: "solenni spettacoli." 92-93 But . . . bound. Cf. Lauderdale: "Now for the Rites prepare with Garlands crown'd. / This said, with Mirtle . . . bound." gg thro' the flowry Plain. See Aeneis, V, J i n . 104 Roses. For Virgil's Purpureosque . . . (lores (purple flowers) in v. 79. Ruaeus notes that these are roses. 106 Holy Manes. For Virgil's sancte parens (holy parent) in v. 80. Cf. Segrais: "6 Manes genereux." 106, 107 hail again / review'd in vain. Douglas rhymes "hale agane" and "in vane"; Lauderdale rhymes "again" and "review in vain"; and Denham (Hutchinson MS) rhymes "haile once againe" and "reviewed in vaine." 110 Or.. .be. Cf. Lauderdale: "Or Tyber's Stream whatever Stream it be." 111 Scarce. Also Douglas' added connective. 111-125 when ... he view'd. Dryden rearranges (and elaborates upon) the description he found in Virgil, vv. 84-93. B°th begin with the emergence from the shrine of a serpent with seven coils, which in Virgil (v. 86) then circles the tomb and altars, a detail delayed by Dryden to 11. 119-120 so that he may proceed immediately to render, in 11. 114-118, Virgil's description of the serpent's markings in vv. 87-89. With the markings described, Virgil (v. 90) records the surprise of Aeneas, a detail Dryden defers to 1. 125 so that he may proceed from the appearance to the actions of the serpent, the remainder of which are described in Virgil's vv. 90-93. 113 Volumes. Coils. 113, 114 roll'd / Gold. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 115-116 Thus . . . Grass. Elaborating upon Virgil's metaphor in v. 88: incendebat fulgor (the glitter set on fire). Kinsley notes parallels with the second line in The Faerie Queene, III, i, v, 5-6, and The Flower and the Leaf, 11. 261-262. 126 with . . . renew'd. Cf. Lauderdale: "With greater Zeal renews." 127-128 Doubtful . . . Sepulchre. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "Doubtful if 'twere the Genius of that Coast, / Or else the Guardian of his Father's Ghost." 129 Five. Renaissance texts of v. 96 read quinas (five). Modern editions prefer binas (two). 129, 130 he slew / Steers of sable Hue. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. 132 from Hell. For Virgil's Acheronte (from the Acheron) in v. 99. 136-137 Some ... broil. Cf. Lauderdale: "Some place the Chargers on the verdant Soil, / Some Fires prepare and offer'd Entrails broil." 138, 139 bright / Light. Also Vicars' rhymes. 140, 141 Fame / great Acestes Name. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Ogilby and Denham (Hutchinson MS) rhyme "Fame" and "Acestes name." 142-143 The crowded . . . Skill. Cf. Lauderdale: " T h e winding Shore loud Acclamations fill, / . . . to prove their Skill," and Harrington: "fill, / Some to behold, and some to shew their skill." 146, 148 lye J of the Tyrian dye. Also Lauderdale's line endings for a couplet.

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Commentary

149, 150 proclaims / appointed Games. Also Ogilby's line endings in reverse order. 151, 152 which equal Rowers bear / Lists appear. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. 153 The speedy Dolphin. Also Lauderdale's rendering of Virgil's Velocem . . . Pristin in v. 116 (the swift "Pristis": a ship named for a whale or sea monster). 157, 158, 159 Three . . . Oar / bore / Stroaks . . . roar. Cf. Lauderdale: "bore I . . . three Trojans tugg each Oar, / . . . strokes the . . . Billows roar." Lauderdale's first rhyme and Dryden's second correspond to different Latin. 162, 163 Cloanthus . . . stood / Blood. Cf. Lauderdale: "On Sea-green Scyllas deck. Cloanthus stood, / . . . Blood." 164, 165 Shoar / Billows roar. Also Denham's line endings (Hutchinson MS). 168, i6g run / Sun. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 169 Cormorants. For Virgil's mergis (diving waterfowl) in v. 128. 172 To bear with this. A nautical phrase (to take a bearing from) also used by Lauderdale; cf. Aeneis, V, 22n. 178, 179 their . . . shine / sign. Also Denham's line endings (Hutchinson MS); Lauderdale has the same rhyme words. 186 Sparkles . . . fries. Dryden's addition. 188 brazen. Also Lauderdale's substitute for tridentibus (three-pronged) in v. 143. 190-191 Not . . . Pace. Cf. Lauderdale: "Not fiery Coursers harness'd for a Race, / . . . with half so swift a Pace." 195, 196, 197, 198 divide I Side / Sound / rebound. Also Lauderdale's rhymes, the second pair in reverse order. 201, 202 Cloanthus . . . fast / check'd his Haste. Identical with Lauderdale. 205-207 And now . . . to Board. Cf. Lauderdale: "And now the way the Centaur's Rowers lead, / And now the nimble Dolphin is ahead: / Now board to board." 211-212 stand ... Sand. Cf. Lauderdale: "stand / T o Shore, and . . . skim the Sand." 213 Let . . . Mena tes. Identical with Lauderdale. 214, 215, 216, 217 fear'd j steer'd / again / Main. Also Lauderdale's rhymes; the first two are also Denham's (Hutchinson MS). 218, 219 at his stern he saw / near the Shelvings draw. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 220, 221 stood / Flood. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 223 Gyas ... Gods. Added to Virgil; cf. Lauderdale: "Gyas curs'd." 227 Dotard. A term Lauderdale also substitutes for Virgil's Menoetes in v. 173, anticipating the later reference to the pilot's age (in Dryden's 1. 232). 235, 236 laught / Draught. Also Harrington's rhymes in reverse order. 251, 252 Malcean Flood / row'd. Lauderdale rhymes "row'd" and "Malea's Flood." 252 Syrtes. For which see Aeneis, IV, 59n. 254 But . . . vain. For Virgil's Quanquam o! (yet ohl) in v. 195, which Ruaeus paraphrases as Tamen ó utinam possem! (But would that I could!). 255 the Gods. Also Lauderdale's substitute for Virgil's Neptune in v. 195.

Notes to Pages 491-49J

1019

258, 259 Now . . . row / shake . . . Prow. Cf. Lauderdale: "Now one and all they tug, the brazen Prow / . . . Row." Ogilby (1654) ends a line with "shake the brazen Prow." 264 Betwixt. For Virgil's Interior (inward) in v. 203 which Ruaeus paraphrases and glosses as inter (between). 266 The Vessel.. . shock. Cf. Lauderdale: "His Galley struck, and bilging with a Shock." 267 Her Oars . . . broke. Identical with Lauderdale. 269 And . . . Prize. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Lauderdale: "work for Life and not for Victory." 270 heave her off. A nautical phrase added to Virgil; cf. Lauderdale: " T o heave her off," and see Aeneis, V, 22n. 271 And ... Oars. Cf. Ogilby: "And gather in the Sea their broken Oars." 276-277 As ... shakes. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "As when a Dove her rocky hold forsakes, / Rouz'd by some fright, her rustling Wings ["Pennons" in 1st ed.] she shakes." Denham (Hutchinson MS) has the same rhyme words in reverse order. 279 Callow Care. For Virgil's dulces ... nidi in v. 214 (Loeb trans.: "sweet nestlings"); cf. Lauderdale: "callow Young." 280, 281 springs / Wings. Also Phaer's and Ogilby's rhymes in reverse order. 284 Sergesthus . . . pass'd. Lauderdale has "first" instead of "soon" but is otherwise identical. 285 Wedg'd . . . fast. Cf. Lauderdale: "Who wedg'd in Rocks and Shallows, sticking fast." 286-287 implores . . . Oars. Lauderdale has "broken" instead of "shatter'd" but is otherwise identical. Ogilby (1649) has the same rhyme words. 288, 289 out-flies / Pilot yields the Prize. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 290-291 Unvanquish'd . . . strains. Except that Lauderdale begins with "Scylla unvanquish'd only now," Dryden's wording is identical with Lauderdale's second edition. 299 Rais'd with Success. Cf. Lauderdale: "Success the others rais'd." 300 For . . . can. Cf. Lauderdale: "But thinks to win, because he thinks he can." 307 guilty of my Vow. In the sense of Virgil's voti reus (bound by my vow) in v. 237. Noyes and OED cite Palamon and Arcite, I, 427. 310-311 ruddy . . . own. For Virgil's vina liquentia fundam in v. 238 (Loeb trans.: "pour liquid wine"). Ruaeus dwells in his note on acts of propitiation before journeys and recalls an account of wine poured into the sea from gold and silver cups. 314, 315 old . . . Hand / Land. Cf. Lauderdale and Ogilby (1654): "old Portunus with his mighty hand / . . . Land." 316-317 Swift . . . Prize. Cf. Lauderdale: "As Arrows swift, swift as the Wind she flies / And darts into the Port, and gains the Prize." 318, 319 proclaims / Games. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 326 Where . . . Rows. Cf. Lauderdale: "Where Gold and Purple wave in double rows." 327 Needle-work. For Virgil's Intextus (inwoven) in v. 252, which Ruaeus notes means textus acu (woven with needle).

X020

Commentary

328 Ganymede. For Virgil's puer .. . regius (royal boy) in v. 252. T h e boy is named by Ruaeus, Vicars, Douglas, Ogilby (1654), and Segrais. 328-329 is wrought . . . Hart. Cf. Lauderdale: "is wrought with lively Art, / Chasing through Ida's Groves the panting Hart." 334> 335 Eyes / Skies. Ogilby (1654) has the same rhymes. 339-340, 341 A Coat . . . tore j Shore. Cf. Lauderdale's couplet: "A Coat of Mail: This fierce Demoleus wore, / And fierce Aeneas from his Shoulders tore." Ogilby (1649) rhymes "Demolius bore" and "shore," also for a couplet. 343-344 in Peace . . . behold. No Virgilian equivalent. 351, 352 and richly wrought / from. Dodona brought. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Ogilby rhymes "brought" and "richly wrought." Virgil does not specify the origin of the caldrons here, but Ruaeus cites Aeneid, III, 466, where we find, as Dryden translates it (1. 596), "Dodonaan Caldrons," because, as Ruaeus there notes, Dodona was famous for bronze. 355» 356 Sergesthus, clearing from the Rock / shatter'd with the shock. Also Lauderdale's line endings, except that he has "clears" instead of "clearing from." 359» 360 a Snake ... Road / load. Identical with Lauderdale. 361, 362 Wound / Ground. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 365 Scales. Also Lauderdale's rendering of colla (neck) in v. 277. 371-372 Pholoe ... fair. Lauderdale has "smiling" instead of "lovely," but his couplet is otherwise identical. 373-475 From thence . . . express'd. Dryden's earlier version of this part of the Episode of Nisus and Euryalus appeared in Sylvte (1685) and was incorporated unchanged by Lauderdale in his translation. For the Sylvte version, see Works, III, 19-22; for the changes Dryden made for Aeneis, see collation, pp. 1158-1159 below. See also Aeneis, VIII, 484-538^ IX, 2216oon; and X, 1 0 7 1 - 1 3 1 3 ^ 383 The Rival Runners. They are not so described by Virgil, nor by Dryden in Sylvte. Cf. Segrais: "la jeunesse rivale." 389, 390 Priam's Royal Race / took their Place. Ogilby (1654) rhymes "Priam's Royal Race" and "took place." 391, 392 Birth / Acarnanian Earth. Also Ogilby's 1654 line endings in reverse order. 393-394 The Names . . . Panopes. Identical with Lauderdale's second edition, except that he has "were" instead of "Swift." Lauderdale's first edition is identical with Dryden's version in Sylvte: "the name of this / Was Helymus, of that was Panopes," except that Lauderdale has "Elymus." 411 Diamond. Revised from Sylvte's "Jewel"; for Virgil's gemma (gem) in v. 313. 412, 413 The third ... content / went. Cf. Ogilby: "This Grecian Helmet shall the third content. / . . . went." Dryden had the same first line in Sylvte, except that he there used "must" instead of "shall." 424-425 Space . . . Race. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "space, / He had or won, or doubtfull left the Race." For Sylvte Dryden also had "doubtful" instead of the eventual "dubious." 432, 433 Floor / Gore. Also Vicars' rhymes. 441 by. By the aid of. 443 By two Misfortunes. No Virgilian equivalent.

Notes

to Pages

497-303

1021

444-475 But Salius . . . express'd. T a k i n g Virgil's account of the complex prize giving as enhancing Aeneas' magisterial role in both sports a n d politics, Dryden supplies forensic coloring to several details of the passage, revising both Fi a n d his earlier Sylvee version in this direction. See notes to 11. 445, 446, 450, 451, a n d 474-475 below. 445 Justice. Added to Virgil. Caro rendered patrum (elders) in v. 341 as "de' giudici e de' p a d r i " (of judges a n d elders); R u a e u s similarly glossed patrum as Seniores ac judices (elders and judges). 446 Urges his Cause. A forensic recapitulation of Virgil's clamoribus implet in v. 341 (Loeb trans.: "fills with loud clamour"), already translated in 11. 444-445. 446 Court. For Virgil's caveee (arena) in v. 340. 450 Had . . . Judges. A judicial expansion of Virgil's Tutatur . . . Gratior in vv. 343, 344 (Loeb trans.: "Goodwill befriends [Euryalus]"). 450, 451 Prize / Cries. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes in reverse order, although his "Prize" is that claimed by Diores, not, as in Dryden, that awarded to Euryalus. 451 Court. Dryden's interpolation in F2, not in either F i or Sylvee. 457 P'ty • • • Friend. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "pity my u n h a p p y Friend." 458 He . . . draws. T h e equivalent line in Sylvee (1. 85) is imperfect, consisting simply of " T h u s having said," a precise translation of Sic fatus in Virgil's v. 351. Dryden mends his earlier version by filling out the line with un-Virgilian detail a n d then revises the next three lines to accommodate new rhymes. 469 His Hands . . . Blood. For Virgil's vv. 357-358: faciern . . . ir udo / Turpia membra fimo (Loeb trans.: "his face a n d limbs foul with wet filth"). Dryden's equivalent line in Sylvee runs: "His hands a n d body all besmear'd with blood" (1. 96). W h e n revising, Dryden made his version even closer to Segrais': "tous ses habits mouillez, / Et tous rouges d u sang." 472, 473 wrought / brought. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 473 Bars. Gates, here of a temple. 474-475 This . . . express'd. O n this paraphrastic revision of the more literal Sylvee version ("With this, the graceful Youth he gratifi'd; / T h e n the r e m a i n i n g presents did divide"), cf. 11. 444-475^ T h e revision (a) eliminates the expletive " d i d " (cf. Of Dramatick Poesie, Works, XVII, 11:14) a n d (*>) draws an inference f r o m the two synonymous modifiers, one a p p l y i n g to the prize, one to the prizewinner, juxtaposed at the center of Virgil's v. 361: Hoc juvenem egregium preestanti munere donat (Loeb trans.: " T h i s he bestows on the noble youth, a lordly prize"). 477 Once . .. Crowd. Virgil (v. 363) signals the shift to direct speech with a simple Nunc (now), which most early translators e x p a n d to a statement that Aeneas speaks. Only Dryden accommodates the statement to a full line. 483 Horns. An un-Virgilian detail also specified by Ruaeus' n o t e to v. 366, a n d by Caro. 488 His . . . weild. Not mentioned by Virgil. 494- 495 Hand / the yellow Sand. Ogilby rhymed " H a n d s " a n d "the yellow sands" in 1649, " h a n d " a n d "Sand" in 1654. 4 9 6 - 4 9 7 Such Dares was .. . Throng. Only the first phrase corresponds to Virgil's v. 375.

1022

Commentary

498-500 shows ... Blows. Cf. Lauderdale: "Around his Head his nervous Arms he throws, / Whirling the Air that whistles with his blows"; Dryden has already used "His nervous Arms" in 1. 488. Vicars' first and third rhymes for a triplet are the same as Dryden's. 501 His .. . Band. Cf. Lauderdale: "His match is sought, but none of all the Band," and Ogilby: "His match is sought." 503, 504 sparkling Eyes / Prize. Lauderdale rhymes "sparkles in his Eyes" and "Prize." 505 Insolence. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "d'un ton insolent." 531-532 The Brave . . . Prize. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "the Brave, who now defies, / Should feel this Arm, untempted by the Prize." 533 rising... word. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Caro: "sorgendo" (rising). 533-534 threw . . . Gauntlets. Lauderdale has the same phrase within a single line. 541, 542 sight / fight. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 546, 547 seen / Green. Also Lauderdale's and Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 55°> 55 1 Arm / while . . . warm. Lauderdale rhymes " A r m " and "while my youthful Blood was warm." 552, 553 fed / o'resnow'd my Head. Cotton rhymes "fed" and "snow'd upon my Head" (Montaigne, Bk. I l l , ch. 13). 559 leave. Cease. 560, 561 for . . . prepares / Strip'd . . . bares. Cf. Lauderdale: "he strips, and for die Fight prepares, / . . . bares." 564-565 ¿Eneas . . . ty'd. Identical with Lauderdale (2d ed.); his first edition has "to" for "round" and "and" for "to." 569 clashing Gauntlets. Also Lauderdale's rendering of Virgil's Immiscent ... manus manibus in v. 429 (Loeb trans.: "they spar, hand with hand"). 571 Gyant size. Also Lauderdale's rendering of Virgil's membris ¿r mole valens in v. 431 (Loeb trans.: "mighty in massive limbs"). 572, 574 The last . . . slow / his . . . blow. Cf. Lauderdale's couplet: "But stiff with Age, his lab'ring Joints bend slow, / . . . his Nostrils blow." 587 a Captain, who. For Virgil's qui (one who) in v. 439. Cf. Segrais: "un grand Chef." 587, 588 who . . . round / Ground. Cf. Lauderdale: "who has beleagur'd round / . . . Ground." 589, 590 Views . . . Eyes / tries. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "Searches th' Approaches with his piercing Eyes / . . . tries." Lauderdale's first edition has "all Avenues" instead of "th' Approaches." P. 506 Illustration. Substitution of a club fight for a boxing match derives from Ogilby's translation (to which the plates were first keyed), where Virgil's caestus in w . 401-424 is rendered as "Batts" or "Club." Cesti were leather thongs studded with lead or iron which were wound around the hands and arms of a pugilist; Dryden properly translates the Latin as "Gauntlets" or "Gloves." Ogilby no doubt had before him some such definition as that in Sir Thomas Elyot's Latin-English dictionary of 1538, where caestus is glossed as "a weapon havyng great plummetes hangyng at the ende of a clubbe." 592, 594 Foe j Blow. Lauderdale, in a couplet, rhymes "Blow" and "Foe."

Notes to Pages

503-511

1023

599-600 So .. . Wood. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "So falls a hollow Pine, which Ages stood / In Ida's or the Erymanthian Wood." 601, 602 rise / Skies. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 6 1 1 - 6 1 3 Nor . . . Blows. The second and third lines are identical with Lauderdale, whose first line reads: "Nor Rest nor Breath he to his Foe allows." 614, 615 Increase / cease. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 619, 620 he / thee. Also Douglas' rhymes. 622 Strength Divine. Also Lauderdale's version of Virgil's Deo in v. 467. Cf. Segrais: "celeste pouvoir." Lauderdale also renders Deo literally as "to a God," the single translation preferred by all other predecessors. 625-626 Flood . . . Blood. Cf. Lauderdale: "Flood, / And pounded Teeth come gushing with the Blood." 627 the hissing Throng. Virgil supplies no such reaction from the crowd. 629-630 The Sword . . . remain. Cf. Lauderdale: " T h e Sword and Cask . . . I And for his Foe the Palm and Bull remain." 637, 638, 639 Bull I full j Skull. Also Lauderdale's rhymes; the second and third had been used by Ogilby, the first and third by Harrington in reverse order. 648, 649 Gaily bore / Shore. Lauderdale rhymes "Galley tore" and "Shore." 650-651 tye . . . fly. Identical with Lauderdale, except that he begins the second line with " A . " 658, 659 Name j Fame. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 660 Pallas urg'd. For Virgil's jussus (when commanded) in v. 496: an allusion to Iliad, IV, 89. The goddess is also named by Ogilby (1654), Lauderdale, Segrais, and Ruaeus in his note. 664-665 Soon . . . chose. Cf. Lauderdale: "Straight all with vigour bend their yielding Bows, / And each his Arrows from his Quiver chose." Vicars rhymes "bows" and "choose." 668 feather'd Weapon. For Virgil's sagitta (arrow) in v. 502; cf. Caro: "pennuto strale" (feathered arrow). 677, 678 flies I Skies. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 680 his Brother God. For Virgil's fratrem (his brother) in v. 514: i.e., Pandarus. Ruaeus notes the confusion of Pandarus (raised by the Lycians as almost a demigod) with Lycian Apollo. 683-684 She . . . Wound. Cf. Lauderdale: "She dies aloft, and quickly strikes the Ground, / And renders back the Arrow in the Wound." 687, 688 to show / Bow. Also Denham's line endings (Hutchinson MS). 689, 690 Portent / Event. Also Denham's rhymes (Hutchinson MS). 691 Chaf'd by the speed. The "Portent" is demystified by an un-Virgilian explanation. Cf. Lauderdale: "The chafing Arrow," and Segrais: "Par la rapidité . . . elle s'embrase." Ruaeus' note to v. 525 offers a similar explanation. 698, 701 smiling Face / bad / Fears. Dryden's additions. 704-705 Gold . . . old. Identical with Lauderdale. 707 Which . . . give. Dryden's addition. 7 1 0 - 7 1 1 Nor . . . Skies. Lauderdale has "did Eurytion envy" but is otherwise identical.

1024

Commentary

714, 715 done I Tutor to his Son. Also Ogilby's 1654 line endings; Denham (Hutchinson MS) has the same rhyme words. 7 : 5 Periphantes. For Virgil's Epytides in v. 547. Ruaeus notes that the son of Epytus was Periphantes, whom Virgil calls by his patronymic. Cf. Lauderdale: "Periphantes, Epytus his son." 730, 721 clears / appears. Ogilby (1654) rhymes "cleer" and "appear." 723, 724 Advance . . . Line / shine. Cf. Lauderdale: "shine / Advance before their Parents on a Line." 739- 74° White . . . before j bore. Cf. Lauderdale: "White was the Fetlock of a Foot before, / . . . bore." Ogilby (1654) rhymes "Feet before" and "bore." 743 The last . . . place. Glossing "first in place" as "first in dignity," Scott (S-S, XIV, 386) calls Dryden's last-first antithesis an Ovidian point imposed upon the simplicity of Virgil's v. 570. 752 Hopes and Fears. For Virgil's pavidos (fearful) in v. 575. Ruaeus notes that they were so because they were anxious about praise and victory. Cf. Vicars: "full of fame-affecting doubt." 755-756 And . . . Line. Dryden's addition; cf. Caro: "se ne stavano . . . schierati in fila" (they stood still, drawn up in a line). 757 second Signal. There is only one signal in Virgil's v. 578. 761 throw their Darts. Also Lauderdale's rendering of Virgil's infesta . . . tela tulere in v. 582 (Loeb trans.: they "charged with levelled lances"). 763, 764 run I shun. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 767-768 At last . . . Line. Lauderdale's second line is identical with Dryden's; his first reads "At last (with Motions scarce discern'd) they join." 769, 770 Labyrinth of old / fold. Ogilby (1654) rhymes "Labyrinth of old" with "infold." 771 the weary Feet. Not mentioned by Virgil; cf. Vicars: "wearie walkers." 772 deny'd recess. Prevented any going back; cf. Lauderdale: "recess deny'd." 773, 774 warlike Play / way. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. 775—776 each . . . Circles. Virgil does not describe how the dolphins play (ludunt) in v. 595, but see Caro: "fan giravolte e scorribande e tresche" (they wheel about, dart at one another, and join together). 776 Race. Tide. 777, 778 taught / brought. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 781, 782 Game / name. Also Denham's rhymes (Hutchinson MS) in reverse order. 787 Goddess . . . bow. Iris, the rainbow. 794 desart. Deserted. 795-796 Trojan . . . bemoan. Cf. Lauderdale: "Trojan Matrons . . . alone, / . . . Anchises loss bemoan," and Ogilby (1654): "alone, / With plenteous Tears, Anchises loss bemoan." 811 Flames. Lauderdale and Segrais also add this detail to Virgil. 812, 813 Fate / State. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 816-817 Lands . . . Sands. Identical with Lauderdale. 818, 824 in Exile / If . . . remain. Only Dryden specifies exile, perhaps to recall the fate of James II.

Notes to Pages

511-518

1025

820, 821 Land j withstand. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes, and Lauderdale's in reverse order. 825, 826 Walls renew / view. Lauderdale rhymes "Walls renew" and "review." 829, 830 hands / Brands. Also Harrington's rhymes in the singular. 830 (For . . . dreamt). Dryden's addition. 836 minister. A Latinism from Virgil's ministrat (supplies) in v. 640. 838-839 from . . . threw. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "from hallow'd Flames a Brand she drew, / Toss'd it aloft, and midst the Navy threw." 838, 859 Fire / Fire. In both instances Dryden is translating Virgil's ignem (w. 641, 660), and F2 would seem to represent, as usual, Dryden's correction of Fi's "Firr" and "Firs." In the second instance, though, the compositor may have misread Dryden's correction and interpolated an " e " instead of substituting it for "s." When wrestling with Virgil's metonymy, which is respected in F2, Dryden predecessors frequently translated ignem as firebrand. But none specified a particular wood in the manner of F i . 841, 842 Pyrgo / Pyrgo. The anaphora, doubling Virgil's single mention of Pyrgo, is also used by Segrais. 848 pin'd. Worn out. 862 The Flame . . . gains. Dryden adds this intensifying line. 864-865 Triumphant . . . Oars. Lauderdale (2d ed.) rhymes "Banks and Oars" and "triumphant soars." "Triumphant" is added to Virgil. 873 reclaim. Restrain, check (OED). 874-875 Soon . . . flew. For Virgil's inquit (he says) in v. 670. 876, 877 destroy / Troy. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. Virgil does not mention Troy. 889-890 Not so . . . Seams. Cf. Lauderdale: "Not so devouring Flames their Fury cease, / Now 'twixt the Seams they lurk." 899-900 and throws . . . Vows. Identical with Lauderdale. 905 Relicks. For Virgil's tenues . . . res in v. 690 (Loeb trans.: "slender fortunes"). Cf. Caro: "reliquie" (relics). 910 Scarce ... arise. Cf. Lauderdale: "scarce had said, when Storms arise." 917 wast. I.e., "waist," and here the middle part of a ship's upper deck. 924 experienc'd and inspir'd. Cf. Lauderdale: "experienc'd Truths divine inspir'd." 925 what the Fates requir'd. Cf. Ogilby (1649): "what the fates require." 926 Thus . . . inclin'd. No Virgilian equivalent. 930, 931 Fortune we subdue / pursue. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order, and Denham's rhyme words (Hutchinson MS) in reverse order. 936-937 their Ease . . . Seas. Cf. Lauderdale: "their Ease, / . . . Dames, who dread the Seas." 940-941 Town . . . call. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "Town for all, / Which from Acestes' Name, Acesta they shall call." Lauderdale's first edition reads "Which they Acesta from your Name shall call," misconstruing Virgil's v. 718. 944 'Twas dead of Night. For Virgil's v. 721: Et nox atra polum bigis subvecta tenebat (Loeb trans.: "And now, borne upwards in her chariot, black Night held the sky"). Cf. Lauderdale: "Twas Night," and Caro: "era già notte" (it was already night). 953 And here . . . leave. No Virgilian equivalent.

1026

Commentary

958-959 But . . . below. Lauderdale's second line is identical with Dryden's, his first nearly so: "But first you shall to Pluto's Kingdoms go." 960-961 For .. . Pains. For Virgil's vv. 733-734: Non me impia namque / Tartara habent tristesque umbra (Loeb trans.: "For impious Tartarus, with its gloomy shades, holds me not"). 963, 964 The . . . convey / the way. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "Hither shall chast Sibylla thee convey, / . . . the way." 966 the Fates . . . Line. For Virgil's genus omne tuum (all your race) in v. 737. Cf. Lauderdale: "your Fate, and all your Line." 967, 968 Night / Light. Also Denham's rhymes (Hutchinson MS). 970 the filial Duty. For Virgil's /Eneas in v. 741. With this metonymy and choice of adjective, cf. Paradise Lost, VII, 587: " T h e Filial Power arriv'd," and Mac Flecknoe, 1. 136: "the filial dullness" (Works, II, 58). 970, 971 cry'd ¡Embrace deny'd. Also Lauderdale's line endings in the second edition; his first has "Presence hide." 974-975 adores . . . implores. Lauderdale has "he their" instead of "and their" but is otherwise identical. 976, 977 Next . . . sent / intent. Lauderdale transposes "Friends" and "Royal Host" but is otherwise identical. 980-982 They .. . cashier. For discussion of Dryden's contemptuous tone, see Harrison, p. 166. 982-983 the brave . . . renew. Cf. Lauderdale: "The Brave remaining . . . few / Oars, Planks, and Cables, half consum'd, renew." Denham (Hutchinson MS) has the same rhyme words in reverse order. 985 The Lots . . . allow. Their homes were assigned by lot. Douglas also translates domos (houses) in v. 756 as "tenementis." 986-987 Troy . . . Joy. Cf. Lauderdale: "Troy. / His new got Throne Acestes mounts with Joy." Phaer and Denham (Hutchinson MS) also have the same rhyme words. 988, 989 draws / Laws. Also Ogilby's and Lauderdale's rhymes. ggi the Paphian Queen. Venus. 995 Temples. Heads. 1011 slips . . . weighs. Cf. Lauderdale: "his Haulsers slips and weighs." 1012, 1013 stands / Hands. Douglas rhymes "stand" and "hand." 1014, 1015 Then . . . brine / Wine. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "Casting warm Entrails in the flowing Brine / . . . Wine." Denham (Hutchinson MS) has the same rhyme words. 1016, 1017 with . . . vye / and o're . . . fly. Cf. Lauderdale: "vie / With equal Strokes, and o'er the Billows fly." 1020, 1021 Rage I asswage. Also Denham's rhymes (Hutchinson MS). 1022, 1023 Fate / hate. Also Lauderdale's (2d ed.) rhymes in reverse order. 1027 Which . . . Crown. Dryden's addition. 1028, 1029 Pains / Remains. Also Douglas' rhymes. 1030, 1031 tell / well. Also Vicars' rhymes. 1032-1033 You saw . .. Clouds. Cf. Lauderdale: "You saw the Storms she rais'd in Lybian Floods, / Which mix'd the foaming Surges with the Clouds." 1036, 1037 Dames / Flames. Also Harrington's rhymes. 1038-1039 lost . . . Coast. Cf. Lauderdale: "lost / T o leave his Friends upon a foreign Coast."

Notes to Pages

518-524

1027

1045 What . . . Reign. Virgil's v. 800 is indicative. Cf. Segrais: "Que ne peux-tu Deesse esperer de mes ondes?" 1050, 1051 attest / press'd. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. Dryden's "attest" is used in the now obsolete sense of "to call to witness." 1055, 1056 way / Sea. Ogilby (1654) has these rhymes, for a couplet. 1060 I. . . sight. In Virgil (vv. 808-810) Neptune recalls how he snatched Aeneas away in a hollow cloud (Nube cava eripui) when he confronted Achilles. With Dryden's phrasing, cf. Lauderdale: " I threw a Cloud before Achilles sight." 1064, 1065 fear no more / Shore. Also Denham's line endings (Hutchinson MS). 1069 join'd. Translating Virgil's Jungit (yokes) in v. 817. 1079, 1080, 1081 Pow'rs I Gods / Nymphs and Nereids. Only Dryden among early translators omits all ten of the names supplied by Virgil in vv. 823-825. 1084 He . .. display. Cf. Lauderdale: "he calls . . . / T o raise their Masts, and all their Sheets display." 1085 The . . . obey. Summarizing the sailors' activities in Virgil's vv. 830832. Cf. Segrais: "Les Nochers à l'envy se montrent diligens." 1086 scud before the Wind. Also Lauderdale's rendering of Virgil's v. 832: ferunt sua flamina classem (Loeb trans.: "favouring breezes bear on the fleet"). 1087-1088 A Head .. . veers. Cf. Lauderdale: "Ahead of all old Palinurus steer'd, / And as he led, the Trojan Navy veer'd." 1090 The . . . lye. Lauderdale has "lay" but is otherwise identical. 1091-1092 with easie flight, Descends. For Virgil's levis . . . delapsus in v. 838 (Loeb trans.: "sliding lightly down"). Cf. Lauderdale's line ending: "descending with a lagging Flight." 1100 steal... Repose. For Virgil's datur hora quieti in v. 844 (Loeb trans.: "the hour is given to rest"). Cf. Segrais: "Donne une heure au repos." 1101 thy room supply. Cf. Lauderdale's line ending: "your place supply." 1106 South. Ruaeus, like other early editors, reads Austris (south winds) in v. 850. Modern editors prefer auris (breezes). 1110-1111 The God ... Dew. Cf. Lauderdale: "The God a Branch at both his Temples threw, / In Lethe dipp'd and charm'd with Stygian Dew." Vicars also has the same rhyme words in reverse order. 1115 insulting. Leaping upon (a Latinism). u i 8 , 1119 in the Main j in vain. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 1122-1124 On . . . flies. Dryden's triplet corresponds to the single v. 863 in Virgil: Promissisque patris Nepluni interrita fertur (Loeb trans.: "and, trusting in Father Neptune's promises, glides on unafraid"). 1129-1130 felt . . . Ground. For Virgil's fluitantem errare . . . / Sensit in vv. 867-868 (Loeb trans.: "found that his ship was drifting aimlessly"). 1132 shuns the Shelf. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. preceding note. 1134 Deplor'd. Cf. Segrais: "déplore le malheur." l l 3 5 - 1 1 3 6 the flatt'ring . . . lye. Cf. Lauderdale: "the fauning Sky, / And naked now on Shores unknown must lie." Vicars, Ogilby, and Denham (Hutchinson MS) also use the same rhyme words.

1028

Commentary

THE SIXTH BOOK OF THE AENEIS

i Then spread his Sails. For Virgil's classique immittit habenas in v. 1 (Loeb trans.: "and gives his fleet the reins"). Cf. Lauderdale: "Then spread more Sail." 4 their Sterns to Land. Virgil (v. 3) specifies only that the prows were turned seaward. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "their Sterns were turn'd to land," and Boys: "poops to shore / They turn." 8, 9 Woods / Floods. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 10 Thus ... fulfil. A summarizing transition added to Virgil; cf. Douglas: "Quhill on this wys ilk man, occupiit was." 13 venerable. Also Harrington's rendering of Virgil's horrenda (dreadful) in v. 10. 16 Trivia. T h e goddess Diana. 16-17 and • • • Gold. Cf. Denham (Hutchinson MS): "they enter & behold / . • . the temple of bright gold." 23 to Phoebus. Like Harrington and Lauderdale, Dryden changes Virgil's direct address in v. 18 into third-person narrative. 23 hung on high. Added to Virgil; cf. Harrington: "hanging up." 24 The . . . Wings. See Aeneis, IV, 376n. 25, 26 his Art emboss'd / Ghost. Also Lauderdale's line endings (Boddy and Blairs MSS). 26 and . . . Ghost. An addition; cf. Lauderdale (Boddy and Blairs MSS): "to please whose angry Ghost." T h e ghost disappears from published versions of Lauderdale. Its presence in Dryden (and in the Lauderdale MSS) serves to explain the connection between Androgeos and the Athenian youth of 11. 27-31, who were sent as "Off'rings" in retribution for the murder of Cretan Androgeos by the Athenians. 27-31 Sev'n . . . Tears. Dryden expands and explicates Virgil's vv. 20-22, perhaps with an eye on Ruaeus' note to v. 20, perhaps on Virgil's vv. 23-26 (Dryden's 11. 32-38). "Revengeful Creet" is noted by Ruaeus but not specified by Virgil (although the story was familiar). Dryden's 1. 31 responds to Virgil's miserum (alas!). 27, 28 Sev'n . . . meet / Creet. Lauderdale (Boddy MS) has "Athenians" instead of "from Athens" but is otherwise identical; the Blairs MS of Lauderdale is identical with Dryden, except that it reverses the rhyme words; Lauderdale's published versions are very different. 33-38 There . . . Love. On Dryden's diction in this passage, see Frost, pp. 81-82. 33-34 There . . . Queen. Dryden's addition. 33, 34 seen / Queen. Also Vicars' rhymes. 36 The rushing leap. An addition; cf. Lauderdale: "the lusty Leap." 37, 38 above / Love. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 39-46 Nor far . . . fell. Dryden expands considerably upon Virgil's vv. 27-30, which have no equivalent to Dryden's 11. 40-41, and 46. Line 40 is

Notes to Pages 5 2 7 - 5 5 /

1029

perhaps colored by the proverbial house of death, with its thousand doors and the thousand ways leading to them (Tilley, D140). 47, 48 part / Art. Also Boys's rhymes. 49, 50 He ... Gold j drop'd ... Mould. Cf. Lauderdale: "Twice he essay'd to cast thy Fate in Gold, / . . . dropt the forming Mould"; the Boddy and Blairs MSS differ substantially from the published versions of Lauderdale. 58, 59 unyok'd . . . chuse j unspotted Ewes. Boys has the same rhyme words and, like Dryden, offers two versions of Virgil's intacto (unyoked, unmated) in v. 38: Boys has "never-yoaked" and "unblemish'd." Cf. Lauderdale: "unyok'd . . . spotless." 60, 61 Rites / invites. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes in reverse order. 65 Doors / Entries. Only Douglas among predecessors so renders Virgil's aditus and ostia in v. 43. 68-69 Aloud . . . Destinies. Cf. Denham (Hutchinson MS): "aloud she cries / T h e time is come to know the destinies." 7 1 - 7 4 And shiv'ring . . . stood up. Dryden dwells upon the consequences of divine possession described by Virgil in vv. 47-48. Line 71 renders Ante fores (before the doors); and 1. 73 has no equivalent in the Latin. 74' 75 possess'd / Breast. Also Boys's and Ogilby's 1654 rhymes in reverse order. 76 Greater . . . Kind. For Virgil's major (larger, taller) in v. 49. 78-80 Her . . . spoke. Only 1. 79 corresponds to Virgil's description, vv. 5 0 - 5 1 : afflata est numine quando / Jam propiore Dei (Loeb trans.: "since now she feels the nearer breath of deity"). 91 only Mortal part. Added to Virgil; cf. Lauderdale: "Achilles vulnerable Heel." 98, 99 end j offend. Also Phaer's rhymes. 107 twin Gods. Apollo and Diana (Virgil's Phoebus and Trivia in v. 69): the twin children of Latona. Cf. Segrais: "Jumeaux de Latone." 108, 109 Festivals, and Games / Names. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. Virgil does not mention games; cf. Caro: "ludi." 120, 121 Load / God. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 122, 123 to . . . Breast / he press'd. Also Lauderdale's line endings (Boddy and Blairs MSS); his rhymes in the published versions—"Soul" and "controul"—are, in reverse order, those used by Dryden in his next couplet. 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 Now . . . roars. Cf. Vicars: "doores / Ope of themselves . . . the roares." Dryden's "furious Blast" and "rushing Whirlwind" intensify Virgil's auras (air or breezes) in v. 82. 131, 132 nor . . . Event I repent. Lauderdale (Boddy and Blairs MSS) rhymes "nor need you doubt th'event" and "repent." '33' '34 Blood / Flood. Also, in reverse order, Ogilby's 1654 rhymes and Denham's (Hutchinson MS). 140 ev'ry Court. For Virgil's Italum . . . urbes (Italian cities) in v. 92. Cf. Segrais: "toutes les Cours." T h e phrase in both Dryden and Segrais recalls the plight of exiled monarchs in the seventeenth century and, in Dryden, specifically the Stuart monarchs. 142 foreign Guest. Also Douglas' rendering ("fremmyt gest") of Virgil's Externi. . . thalami (foreign marriage) in v. 94. 148, 149 And . .. broke / and . . . shook. Dryden's additions.

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Commentary

158 The Fates... my Care. Dryden substitutes for Virgil's Omnia pracepi (I have imagined everything beforehand) in v. 105 a Lucretian sense that anxious anticipation is foolish. See, e.g., Dryden's Translation of the Latter Part of the Third Book of Lucretius: Against the Fear of Death, especially 11. 2 6 7 - 2 7 6 (Works, III, 5 5 ) . 161 th' innavigable Flood. Dryden's addition. For the use of "innavigable" and similar words in early English translations of Virgil, see Margaret Boddy, "The Irrenavigable, Innavigable, Irremeable, Irregressive Styx," NixQ, CCXIV ( 1 9 6 9 ) , 2 5 3 - 2 5 5 . 165, J 66 thickest Grecians fought / brought. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order (Boddy MS). 1 7 0 - 1 7 3 Oft . . . aid. In Virgil's w . 1 1 5 - 1 1 6 Aeneas reports only that his father charged him to go as a suppliant to the sibyl. Ruaeus notes the scene of ghostly visitation in which the charge was made (Virgil's V, 7 3 1 - 7 3 6 ; Dryden's V, 9 5 8 - 9 6 4 ) . Like Lauderdale, Caro, and Segrais, Dryden draws some details from the earlier scene to expand here upon Virgil's account. 176, 177 in vain / Reign. Also Phaer's rhymes. 185 Who . . . ascend. Virgil assigns no activity to Theseus and Hercules in w . 1 2 2 - 1 2 3 ; Dryden refers to familiar stories in making them do as Castor does in his 11. 1 8 2 - 1 8 3 . 186, 187 came / same. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order; the Boddy and Blairs MSS rhyme "name" and "came." 1 9 2 - 1 9 3 The Gates . . . Way. Only Dryden among early translators reverses the order of clauses in Virgil's famous vv. 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 , and his line endings are accordingly reversed. Harrington has Dryden's rhymes and a second line identical with Dryden's first. Lauderdale (Boddy and Blairs MSS) first had Ogilby's 1649 line endings: "way, / . . . stand open night: And day"; "open" became "patent" in the first edition and was restored in the second, where "stand" became "are." Denham (Hutchinson MS) rhymes "an easie way" and "The gates of hell stand open night 8c day." 1 9 8 - 2 0 0 Betwixt . . . space. For Virgil's Tenent media omnia sylva in v. 131 (Loeb trans.: "In all the mid-space lie woods"). Ruaeus notes that the "mid-space" is not in the infernal regions but between them and the sibyl's cave. 204, 205 undertake / Lake. Also Denham's rhymes (Hutchinson MS), and (in reverse order) Boys's. 205 innavigable. See Aeneis, VI, 16M. 208, 209 Night / sight. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in the Boddy MS. 210, 211 behold / Gold. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 212 vulgar. Ordinary. 2 2 1 - 2 2 2 if . . . State. For Virgil's Si te fata vocant in v. 1 4 7 (if fate summons you): ad inferos (to the underworld or its inhabitants), as Ruaeus paraphrased it. 225, 226 you know . . . attend / your unhappy Friend. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy and Blairs MSS): "you know not whilst you here attend / . . . your hapless friend." Denham (Hutchinson MS) rhymes "friend" and "here attend." 227, 228 Ghost / pollutes your Host. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. "Host" renders Virgil's classem (fleet) in v. 150.

Notes

to Pages

531-537

229, 230 dead / led. Lauderdale has the eye rhyme of "lead" with "Dead." 245, 246 fierce Alarms / Arms. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 263-268 The sounding . . . down. Dryden makes metaphorical Virgil's scene of energetic tree cutting in vv. 180-182. T h e ash trees have n o "tow'ring P r i d e " in Virgil, although they are certainly " H u g e " (ingentes). Virgil's oak can be split (fissile); Dryden's is "stubborn." Trees are rolled down f r o m m o u n t a i n s in Virgil (montibus) b u t fall " f r o m the steepy C r o w n " in Dryden. Dryden's trees "feel the fatal Stroke" of the "sounding Axe," whereas Virgil's ilex resounds when struck with axes (sonat icta securibus ilex). Dryden's scene, unlike Virgil's, implies another scene: that of the scaffold, the block, a n d the execution of great m e n who, "Crown" separated f r o m " T r u n k s , " "rowl with R u i n down." 265, 266 Stroke / Oak. Also Denham's rhymes (Hutchinson MS), Lauderdale's a n d Phaer's in the plural, a n d Boys's in reverse order. 274-277 And then . .. Forest. Virgil's Aeneas simply prays in w . 186-188 that the golden bough will show itself to the T r o j a n s . Anticipating the answering descent of Venus' doves in 1. 280, Dryden here specifies a recipient of the prayer. 277-278 In . . . Death. T h e Boddy MS of Lauderdale has a n identical second line a n d this first line: " I n this great forrest since Sybillas breath." T h e published versions are very different. 279, 280, 281 Sight / Flight / alight. Phaer rhymes "sight" a n d "light," for a couplet; Douglas rhymes "flicht" a n d "licht," also for a couplet. 284, 285 found / Ground. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 293 Hopping . . . on. Dryden's addition, making the implicit explicit. 301-302 Rind . . . Wind. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): " R i n d / A n d shining Leaves play'd in the wanton W i n d . " 304 And . . . Gold. I n Virgil (vv. 2 1 0 - 2 1 1 ) Aeneas eagerly (avidus) breaks off the tenacious (Cunctantem) bough, which, according to the sibyl's account in 11. 220-221 (Virgil's v. 146), should have come away "with ease" (facilis). Ruaeus notes the contradiction a n d resolves it by saying the b o u g h only seemed tenacious to the eager Aeneas, a n d Lauderdale offers a translation along these lines. 310, 3 1 1 strew / Yeugh. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 3 1 1 with Boughs of baleful Yeugh. For Virgil's frondibus atris (with black boughs) in v. 215, which R u a e u s glosses as yew, pitch pine, a n d cypress. Lauderdale has "Pitch T r e e a n d . . . Ewe." P. 536 Illustration. Sr Tho: Dyke. See the note (pp. 920-921) to the p l a t e illustrating Georgics, II, 145. 312, 3 1 3 his . . . adorn / born. Also Lauderdale's line endings in the Boddy and Blairs MSS, except that he has "glistring" instead of "glitt'ring." T h e published versions are very different. 314, 315 wash . . . by Joint / anoint. Also Lauderdale's line endings in the Boddy a n d Blairs MSS, except that he has " t h e " instead of "his." T h e published versions are very different. Douglas rhymes " a n o y n t " a n d " J o y n t " ; Boys rhymes "joynts" a n d "annoints." 3 1 5 fragrant Oils. In Virgil (v. 219) they merely a n o i n t (ungunt) the body; Ruaeus mentions oil of balsam, hyacinth, a n d rose. Cf. Segrais: " o n l'embaume, & p a r f u m e . "

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Commentary

316-317 Cries . . . o're. Identical with the Boddy and Blairs MSS of Lauderdale. The published versions are very different. 318-320 The . . . pay. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): The body thus bewail'd along they lay Some fire the pile their faces turnd away Sad reverence which their fathers usd to pay. T h e Blairs MS has "dutyes" instead of "reverence" but is otherwise identical with the Boddy MS. The published versions replace the manuscript triplet with a couplet rhyming "away" and "pay" and rearrange or abbreviate the other phrases. 321-322 Oyl. . . bestow. Identical with Lauderdale in the published versions and the Boddy MS, except for his "With" at the beginning of the second line. The Blairs MS is very different. 328 And ... Dew. Cf. Lauderdale: "With Olive Branches dip'd in purest Dew." 330 Invok'd . . . Crowd. For Virgil's dixitque novissima verba (and spoke the last words) in v. 231, which several predecessors explicitly render as a farewell to the dead and which Lauderdale, especially in the Boddy and Blairs MSS, construes as addressed to the living: "& all might goe." Dryden characteristically opts for both possibilities. 331-332 But . . . Tomb. Cf. Lauderdale: "A stately Tomb the good ./Eneas rears." 334, 335 Fame / Name. Also Lauderdale's rhymes; Boys, Phaer, and Sandys (Journey, p. 295) have them in reverse order. 336 These . . . delay. Identical with Lauderdale in the Boddy MS only. 341 unnavigable. See Aeneis, VI, 1 6 m . 344, 345 arise / Skies. Also Vicars' rhymes. 345 And steaming Sulphur. Virgil specifies no chemicals, but Ruaeus cites Pliny's report that the area is dotted with hot springs whose waters contain various chemicals, including sulfur. 346 From hence. From the absence of birds (1. 343): Avernus means "without birds." 346-347 Grecian . . . Lake. In Virgil (v. 242) it is unspecified Greeks who named the place (locum Graji dixerunt nomine), the sense of dixerunt that Dryden renders in 1. 347. But dixerunt may also mean sang or celebrated in writing, the sense preferred by Lauderdale: "the Grecian Bard Avernus sings." Other early translators employ only the primary sense; Lauderdale employs only the secondary. Only Dryden employs both senses. Ruaeus' long note on Avernus introduces much poetic witness. 348 in the Yoke untaught. Not specified by Virgil. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy and Blairs MSS): "unyok'd," and note to Aeneis, VI, 58, 59. 354 The sacred Priests. For Virgil's alii (others) in v. 248. Cf. Aeneis, IV, 8 5 n. 354-355 bereave . . . receive. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "the beasts of life bereave / Some reeking blood in hollowd bowls receive." 360 Holocausts. For Virgil's solida . . . viscera in v. 253 (Loeb trans.: "whole carcasses"), which Ruaeus glosses as holocaustum and Boys renders as "a Holocaust" (i.e., a whole burnt offering); Harrington has both "solid Bulls intire" and "an Holocaust."

Notes to Pages

537-542

iOSB

360, 361 Pluto's Altar fills / with . . . kills. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "With his own hands the pious Trojan kills / . . . Pluto's altarns [sic] fills." 361 Sev'n. Added to Virgil; a number specified by Lauderdale. 362, 363 pours I Flame devours. Also Lauderdale's line endings in the Boddy and Blairs MSS; and Denham's (Hutchinson MS) in reverse order; Sandys (Journey, p. 280) has the rhyme words in reverse order. 364-365 Late . . . Sun. Cf. Lauderdale: "This Sacrifice, which in the Night begun, / Burnt on, and lasted till the rising Sun." 368-369 Far... abstain. Cf. Ogilby: "far off, from hence be all prophane, / T h e Priestess cryes, and from the Grove abstain." Boys rhymes "prophane" and "groves abstain"; Harrington rhymes "abstain" and "profane." 378-383 Obscure .. . Eyes. On this passage, see Jeanne K. Welcher, " T h e Opening of Religio Laid and its Virgilian Associations," SEL, VIII (1968), 39!-39 6 . es P- 394-S9 6 380, 381 Night I Light. Also Denham's rhymes (Hutchinson MS) in reverse order; and Phaer's and Vicars', in reverse order, to close the first and third lines of a triplet. 383 faint Crescent. Added to Virgil; cf. Segrais: "le croissant voilé." 384-386 Just . . . Diseases. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "Just in the Gates, and horrid jaws of Hell, / . . . dwell"; Harrington: "Before the gates, and in the jaws of Hell, / . . . dwell"; and Denham (Hutchinson MS): "In . . . the jawes of hell / Revengeful care, 8c pale diseases dwell." Vicars has the same rhyme words. 386, 387 Age / rage. Rhymes also used by Lauderdale, Ogilby (1654), and Douglas. 388, 389 Death's . . . Sleep / their Centry keep. Boys rhymes "Deaths brother Sleep" and "station keep." "Their Centry keep" is for Virgil's in limine (on the threshold) in v. 279. 398, 399 more / Door. Also Harrington's rhymes. 400, 401 Hydra stands / Briareus . . . Hands. Sandys (p. 326) does not include "all" but is otherwise identical. Denham (Hutchinson MS) rhymes "Hydra stands" and "hundred hands," as does Ogilby (1649) in reverse order; Harrington rhymes "stands" and "hundred hands." 405 Tho. On the force of the concessive in lessening the effect of Aeneas' terror, see Harrison, p. 158. 408, 409 were / Air. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 410-411 way . . . Clay. Cf. Lauderdale: "way, / Whose whirling Eddy's thick with Mud and Clay." 416, 417 Fire I Attire. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 417 obscene. Physically repellent. 424, 425 Maids / Shades. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 427 With . . . Cries. Dryden's addition. 428, 429 Thick . . . Woods / Floods. Identical with Lauderdale's second edition (the Boddy and Blairs MSS have a different rhyme pair), except that he has "fall in" in place of Dryden's "strow the," with which cf. Paradise Lost, I, 302: "Thick as Autumnal Leaves that strow the Brooks." 431-432 Such . . . hands. An unsympathetic rendering of Virgil's famous vv. 313-314: Stabant orantes primi transmittere cursum, j Tendebantque manus ripœ ulterioris amore (Loeb trans.: "They stood, pleasing to be the

io34

Commentary

first ferried across, and stretched out hands in yearning for the farther shore"). 436 The . . . Cries. Dryden analyzes the uproar of Virgil's tumultu in v. 317; cf. Dryden's 1. 427. 441-442 Son . . . Floods. Lauderdale's second edition is identical with Dryden; his first, and the Boddy MS, have "Sybilla" instead of " T h e Sibyl." T h e Blairs MS differs widely in the couplet's second line. 444 Attests . . . violate. For Virgil's v. 324: jurare timent ir fallere (fear to swear and to swear falsely); Ruaeus paraphrases fallere as violare (to violate). 448 the Farther Coast. Carried down from Virgil's v. 314: ripee ulterioris; cf. Dryden's 11. 431-432 and note. 449» 45° Waves / Graves. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 452 their Pennance done. Dryden's addition; cf. notes to Aeneis, VI, 581, 585, 586-588. 455, 456 Waves / Graves. Also Vicars' rhymes in reverse order. 463-464 Who . . . Shore. Lauderdale has the same rhymes and an identical second line in the published versions; with the first line, cf. Boddy MS: "Who as he view'd y e starrs steering his course & bore." 470 Faith. For Virgil's animum (mind) in v. 344. Cf. Segrais: "foy." 471-472 foretold . . . Shore. Lauderdale (Boddy MS) rhymes "foretold me long before" and "reach th'Italian shoar." 473 The Ghost reply'd. Also Lauderdale's rendering of Ille autern (but he) in v. 347. 475> 477 Deep / sleep. Lauderdale rhymes a couplet with these words in reverse order. 477 My . . . sleep. Virgil's Palinurus claims only in v. 349 that he lost control by chance (forte). Dryden (like Lauderdale) supplies the information from the conclusion to Book V. 480, 481 I swear / my Care. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Phaer has the same rhyme words. 484-485 Three . . . floated. Cf. Lauderdale: " T h r e e blust'ring Nights, blown by the Southern Wind, j On Seas I floated." 486 High . . . Wave. Cf. Lauderdale: "high mounted on a Wave." 487 Forcing . . . Shore. Cf. Lauderdale: "Forcing my self . . . to Shore." 492 Stain'd . . . Coast. For Virgil's Ferro invasisset in v. 361 (Loeb trans.: "assailed me with the sword"). 495 Which . . . Night. Dryden's addition. 497 By . . . Son. Cf. Boys: "By thy dead Sire, and by thy living Heir." 502-503 Without . . . Lake. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "Without her aid you would not undertake / T o view this place & crosse y e burning lake." Denham (Hutchinson MS) has the same rhyme words. 504, 505 o're / Shore. Also Vicars' rhymes. "Shore" renders Virgil's Sedibus (abode) in v. 371. 511 Attend . . . Years. Dryden's addition. 515 inhumane. No equivalent in Virgil, but Ruaeus' note refers to the inhuman (inhumanam) murder of Palinurus. 526 Mortal. Lauderdale also adds this vocative. 535 barking Porter. For Virgil's custodem (guard) in v. 395, which Vicars renders and Ruaeus glosses as Cerberus.

Notes

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542-548

1035

543 whose . . . Jove. A Dantesque addition; credentials of this sort would not have impressed a denizen of the purely Virgilian underworld. 544' 545 for filial Love / Elysian Grove. Also Lauderdale's line endings for the first and third lines of a triplet. 550« 55 1 God I Rod. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 552-553 to . . . Gift. Virgil (v. 408) does not specify the recipient of the "venerable Gift" (venerabile donum), but Dryden evidently recalls that Aeneas was earlier instructed to present the bough to Proserpine (v. 142, 1.213). 554-557 he puts . . . the weight. Lauderdale has past tenses instead of present, " T h e n " instead of " H e " in 1. 556, and (in his first edition) "the" instead of "theirs" in 1. 555, but he is otherwise identical. Ogilby also rhymes "Freight" and "weight." P. 546 Illustration. JE.j.l.150. Miskeyed in the Clark copy of F i . Other copies of Fi key the plate to Aeneis, VI, 550. 558 Slowly . . . Tides. Dryden's addition. 567 A Sop . . . steep'd. For Virgil's Melle soporatam . . . offam (a morsel made soporific with honey) in v. 420. Cf. Douglas: "Ane sop stepit in till hony," and Boys: "a sop in honey . . . steep't." 570, 571 streight j Bait. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 575 irremeable. See Aeneis, VI, 1 6 m . 576-577 Before . . . torn. Cf. Lauderdale: "Hard by the Gate the Ghost of Babes new born, / Whom rigid Fate from Mothers Breasts had torn." Denham (Hutchinson MS) has the same rhyme words. 578, 579 Form of Laws / Cause. Lauderdale rhymes "Forms and Laws" with "Cause." 581, 585 a new j Absolves . . . Souls. Dryden gives Christian significance to Virgil's inquiry (in vv. 431-433), whose purpose is restricted to assigning places (sedes) to the dead in the underworld. 582 Inquisitor. An epithet added to Virgil; it is also used by Douglas, Vicars, and Ruaeus in his paraphrase. 586-588 The next . . . State. Either Platonizing (see Dryden's note, 820: 29-821:8, above, or perhaps Christianizing once more, Dryden condemns the suicides (for their sin), whereas in Virgil (vv. 434-435) they are sad and innocent (moesti. . . Insontes) souls who took their own lives and now have a "Place" in the underworld but not "Punishment." Cf. Lauderdale: "Mistaken Fools, damn'd to eternal Night." 590-591 With . . . live. Only "wish" has a Virgilian equivalent (vellent); Dryden's next couplet corresponds to what it is they wish in Virgil's vv. 4 3 6 437. With Dryden's Christian sentiment (and his rhymes), cf. Lauderdale: "Repenting of their change, would now retrieve / Their mighty loss and be content to live." 598-601 The Souls ... Fire. Dryden dwells upon the pangs of dead lovers, associating them with the world of romance. His 1. 600 has no equivalent in Virgil's account (vv. 442-443); "Flame" translates tabe (wasting), and "Fire" translates cura (cares) in v. 444. Boys translates cura as "flames," and Caro translates it as "fiamma d'amor" (flame of love). 602, 603 found / Wound. Also Lauderdale's and Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. P. 548 Illustration. John Pulteney. See the note (pp. 920-921) to the plate illustrating Georgics, II, 145.

1036

Commentary

604-607 He saw . . . their Loves. Virgil principally supplies a list of names in vv. 445-448; only Eriphyle has something to do, as in Dryden's 11. 602-603, although Laodamia accompanies the rest (It comes). Dryden adds the other distinguishing details. 608-609 Caneus . . . began. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "Caeneus, now a W o m a n , once a Man, / Restor'd by Fate to her first Sex again." 614, 615 Night / Light. Also Wolseley's rhymes in reverse order. Wolseley's version of Book VI, w . 442-476 a p p e a r e d in Examen Poeticum (1693). 616 he . . . Shade. A d d e d by Dryden here to anticipate the reaction of Dido in 11. 633-636 (Virgil's w . 469-471). 620, 621 vow / below. Also Ogilby's 1649 rhymes a n d Wolseley's; Lauderdale has them in reverse order. 623-624 Commanded . . . that Fate. For Virgil's jussa Deurn (the gods' commands) in v. 461. Dryden may simply have recalled the o p e n i n g couplet olAeneis. But cf. Caro: "Fato, fato celeste" (fate, heavenly fate), a n d Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "fate / W h i c h forcd me." 625, 626 Light / Night. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 631, 633 her Mind j Disdainfully she look'd. For Virgil's arden tern & torva tuentem / . . . animum in vv. 467-468 (Loeb trans.: "the wrath of the fiery, fierce-eyed queen"). Virgil's Dido belongs to a less courtly world t h a n Dryden's. 636 Than . . . roar. Virgil's Dido (v. 471) stands as though set in flint or marble (si dura silex aut stet Marpesia cautes) b u t Caro's "stette qual alpe a l'aura, o scoglio a l ' o n d e " (stood like a m o u n t a i n to the wind or a rock to the waves). 637 to . . . sight. Virgil's Dido (v. 472) departed as his enemy (inimica). Cf. Lauderdale: " T o shun his Sight"; the Boddy a n d Blairs MSS insert " l o a t h e d " before "sight." 639-640 Grove . . . Love. Cf. H a r r i n g t o n : "grove, / W h o answers to her care a n d to her love." 643-644, 645 Way . . . attain'd / Warrior Souls remain'd. Cf. Lauderdale: " t h e way the Fates ordain'd, / H e a n d his Guide the outmost Fields attain'd; / . . . Heroick Souls r e m a i n . " Lauderdale's third rhyme is the first of a new couplet. T h e presence of the " G u i d e " is taken f r o m Virgil's plural, tenebant (they reached), in v. 477. 646 Meleager's Race. For Virgil's Parthenopaeus (v. 480), who is glossed by R u a e u s as Meleager's son. 649-650 Of . . . slain. Cf. Lauderdale: "Of T r o j a n Ghosts he saw a mighty T r a i n , / All much regretted, all in Battel slain," a n d Ogilby (1649): " T h o s e much above lamented, in a train, / H e all those Dardans saw in battel slain." 651-652 the rest. . . Priest. Identical with Lauderdale (2d ed., the Boddy a n d Blairs MSS; the 1st ed. has "Son," a n obvious slip). 653 Priam's Charioteer. Virgil (v. 485) does not so designate Idaeus, b u t R u a e u s does in his note. 657-658 Delight . . . below. Cf. Ogilby (1654): " T h e y stay, a n d talk, inquisitive to know / W h a t business brought h i m to these Shades below," a n d Lauderdale (Blairs MS): "Delight to stay 8c gaze & long to know / W h a t

Notes

to Pages

349-533

chance had brought him to the shades below" (the Boddy MS has "longing" instead of "and long"). 663 and . . . Reer. Added to Virgil; cf. Ogilby (1654): "routed, in disorder hast." "Glean'd" has the now obsolete sense of "to cut off (a remnant or stragglers) in warfare" (OED). 666, 667 Here . . . found / one continu'd Wound. Ogilby (1654) has "entire" instead of "continu'd" but is odierwise identical. Denham (Hutchinson MS) has an identical first line and rhyme words. 668, 669 appears / Ears. Also Ogilby's 1649 rhymes. 670, 671 He . . . disown / known. Identical with Lauderdale. 675-676 our . . . Fight. Cf. Lauderdale: "our last and fatal Night, / . . . Fight, / Endeavouring still your Country to sustain." Virgil does not mention in vv. 502-504 that Deiphobus alone upheld the Trojan cause. 677 tir'd, not forc'd. For Virgil's fessum (tired) in v. 503. Cf. Caro: "stanco via piii che vinto" (tired out more than conquered). 683, 684 found I in . . . Ground. Also Lauderdale's line endings in the Boddy and Blairs MSS. Ogilby rhymes "found" and "Native Ground." 685, 686 paid / my wand'ring Shade. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 687, 688 But . . . Wife / betray'd . . . Life. Lauderdale has an identical first line in the second edition (the first and the MSS differ slightly) and ends his second line, in all versions, with "betray'd my Life." 687 Wife. After the death of Paris, Helen married Deiphobus. 690 The Shame . . . above. Dryden's addition. 691, 69a Joys we past / our last. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 699-700 With Watching . . . rest. Lauderdale's second line of a couplet is identical with Dryden's; his first reads: "Mean while with watching and with cares oppres'd." Denham (Hutchinson MS) rhymes "care opprest" and "possest" in a couplet. 702-703 our . . . convey'd. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "all Arms she laid, / And from my Head my trusty Sword convey'd." P. 552 Illustration. Christopher . . . Chawton. In F i he was incorrectly listed among subscribers as "John Knight" (p. 68). For his identity as Christopher see the Victoria History of Hampshire, ed. William Page (1903; repr. «973). II. 497710 Ulysses, basely born. For Virgil's /Eolides (son of Aeolus) in v. 529. Ruaeus notes the story that Ulysses was not the legitimate son of Laertes and Anticlea but was begotten on Anticlea by Sisyphus, son of Aeolus. 717 conducts. For Virgil's fatigat (wearies) in v. 533. Cf. Caro: "ha condotto" (has conducted). 721 The Sun. Lauderdale, Ogilby (1654), and Caro similarly—and logically—render Virgil's Aurora in v. 535; Ruaeus' long note allows for the same substitution. 7 3 ' - 7 3 2 Then . .. chide. Cf. Lauderdale: " T h e n thus Deiphobus: T h o u holy Maid, / Forbear your Anger." 733> 734 retire / Years expire. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 734 To . . . expire. For Virgil's explebo numerum (I will fill up the number) in v. 545: a crux discussed by Dryden in his note on this line. See 8 2 1 : 1 8 - 8 2 2 : 2 and n. 738 To . . . Mourn'd. Dryden's addition.

1038

Commentary

739-741 looking... Walls. Cf. Lauderdale: "turning to the Left, espy'd / A dreadful Fortress, strong on every side / With treble Walls." 741, 743 surrounds / resounds. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes, for a couplet. 752, 753 pains / Chains. Phaer, Vicars, Denham (Hutchinson MS), Ogilby, and Lauderdale have the same rhymes. 770 To . . . Death. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "Crimes at their last Hour unrepented were." 771, 772, 773 shakes / Snakes / takes. Lauderdale in the published versions and Ogilby in 1654 rhyme "shakes" and "Snakes"; Lauderdale (Boddy and Blairs MSS) and Harrington rhyme "takes" and "snakes." Denham (Hutchinson MS) rhymes "snakes" and "shakes." 774» 775> 776, 777, 778, 779 Door / roar / Ghost / Post / within / grin. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 780, 781 lies / Skies. Ogilby rhymes "lie" and "Sky." 792-793 Through . . . drew. Cf. Lauderdale: " T h e audacious Wretch four fiery Horses drew, / . . . through Elis T o w n he flew." 797 O're . . . Brass. Virgil's Salmoneus imitates thunder by driving his horses over brass {/Ere in v. 591): brass bridges, as Ruaeus glosses it. Cf. Lauderdale: "o'er brass Arches ran." 799 imitate inimitable. Also Lauderdale's literal rendering of Virgil's non imitabile . . . simularat in vv. 590-591, which Ruaeus paraphrases as imitabatur . . . non imitabile. Only Lauderdale and Dryden yoke verb and adjective into an Ovidian turn. 804-805 who . . . Heav'n. Not specified by Virgil, but Ruaeus notes that Tityus was the son of Jove. 804, 805 Birth / Earth. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 812 fruitful to their Pains. Constantly renewed for punishment (it seems): the meaning of Virgil's fcecunda ... poenis in v. 598. 815 And . . . Fame. For Virgil's Lapithas in v. 601; Ruaeus notes that Lapithae were a giant race of Thessaly. Cf. Lauderdale: "proud Thessalian Swains." 822 her . . . rears. Dryden's addition; cf. Aeneis, IV, 685n. 824-825 Then . . . Throne. T h e constitutional point is added to Virgil's description in order to reflect upon recent events: the deposition, as Jacobites had it, of James II and the accession of William and Mary in place of James II's infant son. In vv. 608-609 Virgil has Hie quibus invisi fratres, dum vita manebat, / Pulsatusve parens (Loeb trans.: "Here were they who in lifetime hated their brethren, or smote a sire"). Most early translators render Virgil literally enough, but Lauderdale makes the same application as Dryden: "Here those who Brothers for a Crown disown, / T u r n out their Parents and usurp the Throne." Dryden's application has long been recognized (see Alan Roper, The Editor as Critic and the Critic as Editor [1973], pp. 49-50, 68). See also Margaret Boddy, "Contemporary Allusions in Lauderdale's Aeneid," N&Q, C C V I I (1962), 386-388. 836, 837 seek to know / below. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 843 Cou'd . . . wise. T h e moralizing parenthesis is Dryden's addition (see headnote, p. 883). 845-846 To . . . Gold. Cf. Lauderdale: "Here's one his Country to a Tyrant sold, / Impos'd a foreign Lord, for foreign Gold." T h e notion of

Notes to Pages

553-558

1039

"Foreign" (glancing at William III) is not in Virgil. Ogilby rhymes "Country sold" and "Gold"; Denham (Hutchinson MS) rhymes "sold" and "gold." 847-848 made . . . paid. Identical with Lauderdale (2d ed., correcting an obvious error in the 1st). The consonance is noted by Boddy, N i r Q CCVII (1962), 386-388. 850 All . . . they dared. Identical with Lauderdale. 851-852 Had I . . . Lungs. The second line is for Virgil's Ferrea vox (iron voice) in v. 626. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "Had I a hundred mouth[s] a hundred tongues / A throat of brass inspired from Iron lungs" (the published versions are very different); Ogilby (1654): "Had I a hundred Mouths, as many Tongues, / A Voice of Iron, inspir'd with brazen Lungs"; Boys (after a first line identical with Dryden's): "An iron voice, and had I brazen lungs"; and Harrington: "Had I an hundred mouths, an hundred tongues, / Had I an iron voyce, or brazen lungs." Denham (Hutchinson MS) rhymes "hundred tongues" and "iron lungs." 856 The . . . Palace. For Virgil's Mcenia (walls) in v. 631, glossed by Ruaeus as the palace of Pluto and Proserpine. 861, 862 they past / at last. Also Lauderdale's rhyme phrases. 863, 864 The . . . o're / Door. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy and Blairs MSS): " T h e pious Prince with water sprinkled ore / . . . door" (Lauderdale's "door" does not translate the same Latin as Dryden's). 866 requir'd ... Love. Added to Virgil; cf. Segrais: "qu'exige Proserpine." 872 Stars . . . know. For comparison with the Latin, see Frost, pp. 50-51. 873, 874 exercise / Prize. Also Boys's rhymes in reverse order. 876 lead the ring. Also Douglas' line ending; for Virgil's choreas (ring dances) in v. 644. 881, 882 Race / to grace. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 885, 886 Chariots from afar / War. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 889, 890 which they had, alive / after Death survive. Lauderdale rhymes "whilst they were alive" and "death it self survive." Ogilby has the same rhyme words. 895, 896 who . . . good I Blood. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 897, 898 Priests ... Abode / God. Cf. Lauderdale: "Here Priests of blameless Lives have their Abode, / . . . God." goi-902 Those . . . commend. Kinsley notes that Dryden renders Virgil's v. 664 in terms appropriate to "an age of patronage." Virgil has Quique sui memores alios fecere merendo (Loeb trans.: "and they who by service have won remembrance among men"). Dryden had long concerned himself with the reciprocity of obligations conferred and gratefully acknowledged (see John M. Wallace, "John Dryden's Plays and the Conception of an Heroic Society," in Culture and Politics from Puritanism to the Enlightenment, ed. Perez Zagorin [1980], pp. 113-134, and Works, XI, 423-425). In the years following the Glorious Revolution—without office and pension—Dryden's concern intensified (see, e.g., the dedication of Amphitryon in Works, X V , 223:29-224:8, and the discussion in Ward, Life, pp. 241, 244, 247-248). 903-904 The Heads . . . crown'd. Dryden supplies two translations—one close, one free—for each of three words in Virgil's v. 665: cinguntur tempora vitta (their temples crowned with a fillet). With Dryden's second line, cf. Lauderdale: "With . . . Garlands all their Temples crown'd," and Ogilby (1654): "Their Temples all with . . . Garlands crown'd."

1040

Commentary

908-911 Say .. . Lake. For comparison of Dryden's a n d Lauderdale's versions with Virgil's vv. 669-671, see Frost, pp. 48-49. 908, 909 say / Way. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 910, 911 for . . . sake / and . . . Lake. Lauderdale rhymes "For his only sake" with " a n d cross'd the Stygian Lake"; H a r r i n g t o n a n d Boys rhyme "for whose sake" a n d "Lake"; Phaer a n d D e n h a m (Hutchinson MS) have the same rhyme words. 912, 913 re ply'd / reside. Also Lauderdale's rhymes and Ogilby's in 1654. 914, 915 lye ... Beds j murmur... Meads. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 915 Crystal Streams. For Virgil's rivis (streams) in v. 674. Cf. Ogilby: "chrystal Floods," a n d Segrais: "le cristal luisant." 9 1 6 - 9 1 7 descend . . . end. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "ascend, / T h a t Path directs you to your Journey's e n d . " 918, 919 brow / shining Fields below. Also Harrington's line endings. 922 Tale. Tally. 934- 935 The . . . pay / way. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): " T h e filial Love a n d Duty which you pay, / . . . Way." 936, 937 computing . . . believ'd / nor . . . deceiv'd. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy a n d Blairs MSS): " T h e times computing I have oft believd / . . . n o r are my hopes decievd." 942 the Filial Duty. For Ille (he) in v. 695. Cf. Aeneis, V, 970, a n d note. 943 before . . . Eyes. A d d e d to Virgil; cf. Segrais' line ending: " a p p a r u t k mes yeux." 947, 948 shun / Son. Also Denham's rhymes (Hutchinson MS). 953-954 secret . . . Grove. I n Virgil's vv. 703-704 the valley is reducta (retired, remote), which R u a e u s paraphrases as secreta; the grove is Seclusum (secluded), which R u a e u s paraphrases as separatam (separated, distant). Lauderdale (Boddy a n d Blairs MSS) also calls the grove "seperate." 953, 955 sees / Trees. Also Denham's (Hutchinson MS) a n d Ogilby's rhymes, for a couplet. 956, 957 Wood / Flood. Also Vicars' a n d Phaer's rhymes. 958-963 About. . . sound. Dryden elaborates u p o n the description of the bees in Virgil's vv. 707-709, where their activities are restricted to sitting in or u p o n the variegated flowers (Floribus insidunt variis), to streaming a r o u n d the bright lilies (Candida circum / Lilia funduntur), a n d to emitting a h u m ('murmure) to which the whole field returns a n answering h u m (strepit omnis . . . campus). By m a k i n g the bees " h u n t , " "feed," "creep," a n d "suck" Dryd e n distracts attention f r o m their status as simile for the "Airy N a t i o n " of the dead, which in Virgil flew a r o u n d (circum .. . volabant), just as the bees are spread a r o u n d (circum . . . funduntur). T h i s tendency to separate description f r o m significance was fully indulged by the landscape poets of the next age (see Earl R. Wasserman, " N a t u r e Moralized: T h e Divine Analogy in the Eighteenth Century," ELH, X X [1953], 39-76). g68, 969 last / Past. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 982 both .. . Lights. See Dryden's note, 822:3-24. 986-987 Hence . . . Main. Cf. Lauderdale: " H e n c e M a n a n d Beast the Breath of Life retain, / Fowls of the Air, a n d Monsters of the Main." T h e Boddy a n d Blairs MSS have a different rhyme pair (creep/deep).

Notes to Pages 558-563

1041

991, 992 subject to decay / Day. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 997 Assert. Lay claim to. 998, 999 Stains I remains. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in the Boddy and Blairs MSS. 1004, 1005 Some .. . Fires / Rust expires. Cf. Lauderdale: "Some plung'd in Water, others thrown in Fire, / . . . rust of Sin expire." 1006 All . . . bear. Each of us suffers (after death) in the spirit of his departed self. 1009, 1010 length of time / Crime. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 1015, 1016 God / Flood. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 1016-1017 Compell'd . .. draughts. In Virgil (v. 749) the souls are merely summoned to the Lethe and ordered to drink its waters, as Ruaeus notes. Lauderdale and Phaer also make them drink. 1 0 1 7 - 1 0 1 9 to steep ... Pain. For Virgil's immemores (forgetting) in v. 750. 1019, 1020 former Pain / again. Also Harrington's line endings. 1032 shining. The spear in Virgil's v. 760 is purd (either unstained or unpointed), which Ruaeus paraphrases as nitida (shining). 1033 last begotten. For Virgil's postuma in v. 763, which Ruaeus notes can mean both last born and posthumous. Dryden carries the second meaning down to 1. 1037, where Lavinia is Aeneas' "surviving Wife" (in Virgil, v. 764, she is simply his wife: conjux). 1033, 1034 Race / place. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 1041, 1042 Trojan Name / Fame. Also Boys's line endings. 1043, 1046 ^ second . . . appears / Who . . . crown'd. Line 1043 supplies, without Virgilian equivalent, a context of dynastic succession in an age when two Stuart kings, both the second of their names, had been exiled, with one restored, and the other's restoration hoped for by Jacobites. Line 1046 stands for Virgil's v. 770: si unquam regnandam acceperit Albam (Loeb trans.: "if ever he win the Alban throne"), of which Ruaeus notes that Aeneas Silvius was robbed of his kingdom and did not regain it for many years. The charged word, "restor'd," permits an easy association between Alba and Albion, especially by the author of Albion and Albanius. Cf. Lauderdale's equally Jacobite line: "When by ungrateful Alba once restor'd." 1045, 1046 renown'd / crown'd. Ogilby (1654) rhymes "renown" and "Crown." 1051-1052 found . . . Ground. Cf. Lauderdale: "found, / And raise Colatia's Tow'rs from rocky Ground." Ogilby (1654) has the same rhyme words. 1053, 1054 Fame / Name. Also Vicars' rhymes. 1055-1056 born . . . wore. For Virgil's avo comitem sese . . . addet in v. 777 (Loeb trans.: "shall join his grandsire"). Ruaeus notes that Romulus' grandfather was driven from his kingdom, and Dryden's phrasing evokes the fortunes of the Stuarts and the hopes of their supporters; the young son of the exiled James I I was the grandson of Charles I. Cf. Aeneis, VI, 824825, and note. 1058 like his Sire in Arms. For Virgil's Mavortius (son of Mars) in v. 777. 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070 place / Race / round / crown'd. Boys has the same rhymes, translating the same Latin, but his couplets are in reverse order, as are the rhyme words within each pair.

1042

Commentary

1073, 1074 see / Julian Progeny. Also Harrington's line endings; Ogilby (1649) and Boys have the same rhyme words. 1079, 1081 foretold / Gold. Phaer rhymes "tolde" and "gold" in a couplet. 1084 the Solar Year. For Virgil's anni Solisque vias in v. 796 (Loeb trans.: "the paths of the year and the sun"): the torrid zone between the tropics. For Dryden's frequent allusion to Virgil's phrase see the note to Britannia Rediviva, 1. 306, in Works, III, 482. 1084-1085 without.. . around. Beyond Mount Atlas in northwest Africa. 1087-1088 At. . . quake / Maotian Lake. Cf. Denham (Hutchinson MS): "At his approach the Caspian kingdomes quake / . . . Maeotick lake"; and Lauderdale: " A t his approach the Caspian Kingdoms shake, / . . . Meotis Lake." Ogilby (1654) rhymes "shake" and "Maeotick Lake." 1089-1090 Their... War. Dryden explicates Virgil's Responsis ... Divilm (oracular responses of the gods) in v. 799. "Denounce" means "warn against." 1092 And . . . Fates. For Virgil's turbant trepida in v. 800 (Loeb trans.: "are in tumult of terror"). With the first half of Dryden's line, cf. Lauderdale: Nile "deeper dives for fear his unknown head" (source, i.e.). T h e image of the Nile's retreating to its unknown source comes from Metamorphoses, II, 254-256, where Ovid describes the Nile's reaction to the wild charioting of Phaethon. T h e second half of Dryden's line alludes to the grim nuptials of the fifty sons of Egyptus and the fifty daughters of Danaus, all of them descendants (a now obsolete sense of "Nephews") of Nilus, god of the Nile. T h e brides slaughtered the grooms (see, e.g., Apollodorus, II, i, 4-5, and Hyginus, Fabula 168). 1095-1096 Boar . . . Gore. Identical with Lauderdale. 1097 turning... War. Dryden's addition by way of Ruaeus' note explaining that Bacchus (Virgil's Liber in v. 805) is here represented as returning from his victories in India. 1104, 1105 a Censer / holy Vestments. Dryden's representation of Numa Pompilius makes him as much a priest of the Roman church as a priest-king of early Rome. T h e "Censer" substitutes for Virgil's Sacra in v. 809 (the sacrifice or the sacred things) for which Lauderdale substituted "holy Vestments," a phrase Dryden then added to Virgil. 1113-1114 By . . . Peace. Most of the couplet is Dryden's addition, expanding upon Virgil's Otia and arma (peace and arms) in vv. 813, 814. Tullus Hostilius was able to "increase" his kingdom by conquering and annexing Alba, a war to which Ruaeus refers in his note (cf. Livy, I, xxix-xxx). 1118 justly drawn. Substituting for Virgil's animam . . . superbam (proud spirit) in v. 817. With this and the succeeding praise of Brutus for ending the Tarquin line and reestablishing republican principles, cf. Dryden's wish in the Character of Polybius that he had been born into the Roman republic (Watson, II, 69; 1693, sig. (b) 1:32-33); and his insistence in the dedication of Aeneis that Virgil "was still of Republican principles in his Heart" (280: 18-19). 1120 Royal Robes. For Virgil's imperium (power) in v. 819. Ruaeus notes that, after Brutus deposed the Tarquins, the royal purple and other insignia of the highest power (purpuram ir alia summce potestatis insignia) passed from the kings to the consuls. Cf. Lauderdale: "royal Ensigns."

Notes to Pages 563-567

1043

1 1 2 1 - 1 1 2 4 His Sons . .. deserv'd. For Virgil's vv. 820-821: natosque pater, nova bella moventes, / Ad pcenam . . . vocabit (Loeb trans.: "and when his sons stir up new war, the father . . . shall call them to their doom"). Ruaeus notes that, when his sons worked secretly to restore Tarquin, Brutus ordered them to be publicly flogged and executed. 1 1 2 5 - 1 1 2 9 Unhappy . . . Blood. For Virgil's vv. 822-823: Infelix: utcunque ferent ea facta minores, / Vincet amor patrite laudumque immensa cupido (Loeb trans.: "unhappy he, howe'er posterity extol that deedl Yet love of country shall prevail, and boundless passion for renown"). For Caro, patriotism and desire for praise conquer in Brutus "l'affetto interno / de la natura e del suo sangue stesso" (the inner pull of nature and his own blood). The celebrated split between public and private man in Lucius Junius Brutus and the difficulty of judging his action had been, in 1680, the subject of a play by Dryden's sometime collaborator, Nathaniel Lee. See also Dryden's note, 8 2 3 : 1 1 - 2 1 , above. 1 1 3 0 the same Track. Virgil (vv. 824-825) does not say so, but Ruaeus and Ogilby note that Torquatus also ordered the execution of his son. Cf. Lauderdale: "Using his Axe 'gainst his victorious Son." 1134 The Pair. Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompey, as Ruaeus notes. 1134, 1135 you . . . shine / in .. . join. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 1136, 1137 Night / Light. Also Boys's rhymes. 1140 Father. Julius Caesar. 1141 Husband. Pompey. 1 1 4 3 - 1 1 4 6 Embrace . . . Name. See Dryden's note, 823:22-824:8, above. 1147 Another. Lucius Mummius. 1147-1148 shall . . . guide. Lauderdale extends his second line by inserting "lofty" before "Capitol" but is otherwise identical. 1150 another. L. Aemilius Paulus. 1 1 5 1 - 1 1 5 5 On . . . Place. An expansive version of Virgil's vv. 838-840, with 1. 1154 repeating the thought of 1. 1152, and 1. 1153 drawn from Ruaeus' note recording that one Roman conquerer of the Greeks led their captive king in triumph. 1 1 5 6 - 1 1 5 7 Cato . . . crown'd. Although Virgil does not say so in v. 841, Ruaeus notes that Cato was renowned for gravitas, and that Cossus was made dictator and celebrated a triumph. See also Dryden's note on Cato, 822:25823:21, above. 1163 Ploughman. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus. 1166-1167 to . . . Fate. Cf. Lauderdale: "who saves our sinking State, / And by delaying gives a stand to Fate." 1168-1174 Let.. . obey. For discussion of the imagery in this passage, see Frost, pp. 90-91. 1169, 1170 Brass / Face. Also Ogilby's rhymes, for a couplet. 1 1 7 1 - 1 1 7 2 Plead . . . rise. Cf. Lauderdale: "Some better plead at Bar, or know the Skies, / Describe the Heav'ns, and when Stars fall and rise." Florio (I, 39) rhymes "describe the skies" and "stars rise." 1185 Shall . . . Fight. For Virgil's sternet . . . Gallumque rebellem (he shall overthrow [the] rebellious Gaul) in v. 858. Ruaeus notes that opima spolia (Dryden's "Regal Spoils" in 1. 1181) were spoils taken from the enemy leader when killed by the Roman leader in single combat, and that Marcellus

io44

Commentary

had so killed the king of the Germans, then allied with the Gauls against Rome. 1187 And . . . Jove. For Virgil's v. 859: Tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino (Loeb trans.: "and a third time hang up the captured arms to father Quirinus"). Ruaeus notes that Romulus was the first to offer the opima spolia to Feretrian Jove, and Cossus the second. As Quirinus was the name of the deified Romulus, and as Jove was the proper recipient of the opima spolia, Ruaeus, with some ingenuity, equates father Quirinus with Feretrian Jove. 1188, 1189 of Form Divine I Armour shine. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 1190, n g i keeping equal pace / dejected was his Face. Ogilby rhymes "a dejected Face" and "keeps equal pace"; Boys rhymes "dejected was his face" and "equall pace." 1195 How . . . same. On this addition to Virgil, see Dryden's note (824: 9-825:12) on 1. 1221. 1206-1207 Field . . . yield. Cf. Lauderdale: "Field? / Shall his fresh flaming Pile to Tyber yield?" T h e burning pile is for Virgil's tumulum . . . recentem in v. 874 (Loeb trans.: "the new-built tomb"). 1209 rising from his Bed. Dryden adds the image to complete the personification. 1218, 1219 Force / foaming Horse. Harrington rhymes "force" and "Foamy Horse." 1221 A new ... thee. See Dryden's note, 824:9-825:11, above. 1228, 1223 bring / Spring. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1229-1230 Which . . . Throne. Cf. Lauderdale: "When these Anchises to his Son had shown, / And fir'd his Soul with hopes to mount a Throne." 1234 to push . . . bear. For Virgil's v. 892: fugiatque feratque laborem (Loeb trans.: "to flee or face each toil"). Cf. Lauderdale: "to push, or shun his Fate." 1235-1236 Two . . . Horn. Cf. Lauderdale: "Sleeps silent Palace double Gates adorn, / One made of Ivory and one of Horn." 1237-1238 True . . . Lyes. See Dryden's note, 825:16-34, above. 1243, 12 44> 1245 his way / Sea / Cajeta's Bay. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 1246-1247 At length . . . Shoar. For Virgil's v. 901: Anchora de prora jacitur, stant litore puppes (Loeb trans.: " T h e anchor is cast from the prow; the sterns rest upon the beach"). In the Boddy and Blairs MSS Lauderdale concluded Book VI with a half line and a triplet that correspond to Virgil's last three verses and the last five lines of Dryden's version: He to his friends And navy then directly made his way Which came to anchor in Cajeta's bay Their sterns to land their heads were turnd to Sea. For the published versions Lauderdale eliminated the final line and—perhaps to retain a concluding triplet—inserted a line between "way" and "Which" corresponding to Dryden's 1. 1244: " T o see his Friends, embarks, then stood to Sea." Lauderdale's new line corresponds to Virgil's v. 900: Turn se . . . recto fert litore (then speeds straight beside the shore), from

Notes

to Pages

567-573

1045

which the notion of embarking is absent, although easily inferred, as it is, not only by Dryden and Lauderdale, but also by Segrais. Since Dryden's concluding lines correspond in different ways to two different versions of Lauderdale's, it seems reasonable to suppose that Lauderdale first influenced Dryden through a version like that in the manuscripts, and that Dryden in turn influenced Lauderdale's published versions. For fuller discussion of the relationship between Dryden's and Lauderdale's translations, see headnote, pp. 867-870.

THE SEVENTH BOOK OF THE AENEIS

1, 2 Fame j Name. Also Lauderdale's rhymes; Sandys (Journey, p. 305) has them in reverse order. 7-8 the Prince . . . display'd. Lauderdale has "silent" instead of "Tyrrhene" but is otherwise identical, for the first and third lines of a triplet. 10, 11 bright I Light. Also Lauderdale's rhymes, and Phaer's in reverse order. 12-13 Now . . . Sun. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "By neighbouring Shores, Circaean Coasts, they run, / Where the rich Daughter of the Golden Sun." 14, 15 her Days / Lays. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 16-17 i ' i e Night . . . Light. Cf. Lauderdale: "the Night, / Burns Cedar to supply her Father's Light." 18, 21 rebellowing to the Main / that... Ears. Added to Virgil; cf. Segrais: "retentir sur les mers." 20 Grunts / Groans. In Virgil (vv. 17-18) the boars and bears merely rage (Seevire); Phaer has "groining bores" and Caro "grugnire orsi" (bears grunt). 24-26 Circe's . . . Herbs. For Virgil's Dea sceva potentibus herbis / . . . Circe in vv. 19-20 (Loeb trans.: "with her potent herbs Circe, cruel goddess"). Cf. Lauderdale: "by the powerful Aid / Of Herbs and Charms, the Goddess." Dryden's expansion associates Circe's art with the moonlight incantation of Ovid's Medea in Metamorphoses, VII, 179-198. 52-53 Now . . . Fire. For Virgil's Nunc age . . . Erato in v. 37 (Loeb trans.: "Awake now, Erato"). Dryden gives greater dignity to Virgil's slightly puzzling invocation of the lyric Muse, perhaps to explain why she is to inspire a song more appropriate to the Muse of history (Clio) or of epic (Calliope). Ruaeus notes that Erato is invoked because she presided over amorous verses, and because the war in Latium began from the rival love of Turnus and Aeneas for Lavinia. 57 And . . . fought. Dryden's addition, perhaps to explain the choice of the lyric Muse (see preceding note). 59 And .. . Man. No Virgilian equivalent. 62 And . .. Hate. Dryden's addition, again pursuing the theme of rivalry begun in his 1. 57. By dwelling upon this cause Dryden gives his translation the values of Renaissance or romantic epic. 68, 69 possess'd / bless'd. Also Ogilby's 1649 rhymes in reverse order.

1046

Commentary

80 Fir'd . . . led. Dryden adds the motives; cf. Segrais: Lavinia was "des monarques l'amour." For discussion of the ambitious motive, see Harrison, pp. 160-161. 83 Young. Cf. Caro's addition to Virgil: "un giovine" (a youth). 90 Hair. I.e., foliage; only Dryden translates literally Virgil's comam in v. 60. 95 He . . . God. Dryden substitutes an Ovidian turn for Virgil's dedication of the laurel to Phoebus (v. 62), to whom, as Ruaeus notes, the laurel was sacred. 97 A . . . Sky. Lauderdale has "cut through" instead of "that cut" but is otherwise identical. 98 Unknown . . . flight. Dryden's addition anticipates the augured arrival of a stranger. 98, 99 flight / alight. Ogilby (1649) rhymes "flight" and "light." 99 Clouds. With Dryden's doublet for "swarm," cf. Caro's "una nugola" (a cloud). 100, 101 clung / hung. Also Phaer's, Lauderdale's, and Ogilby's 1654 rhymes; Vicars has them in reverse order. 103 foreign Prince. Also Lauderdale's and Vicars' rendering of Virgil's externum . . . virum in vv. 68-69 (Loeb trans.: "a stranger"). Cf. Caro: "un duce esterno" (a foreign leader). 105, 106 lands I commands. Lauderdale rhymes "land" and "bear . . . command." 107, 108 Fire / Sire. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 109 Strange .. . Smoke. See Dryden's note, 826:1-14, above. 110 Incense. Also Lauderdale's addition to Virgil. Cf. Aeneis, IV, 86, and note. 115 the Seer. Virgil's construction in v. 78 is impersonal: Id .. . ferri (it was taken as). Cf. Segrais: "Les Prophetes." 121 Ostent. Display. 124 sulph'rous Fountain. For Virgil's vv. 83-84: sacro / Fonte sonat, stevamque exhalat . . . Mephitim (Loeb trans.: "echoes with hallowed fountain, and breathes forth . . . a deadly vapour"). Cf. Ogilby (1654): "Resounds with sacred and sulphurean Floods." Ruaeus notes that the fountain was the source of the sulfurous river Albula. 125-126 To . . . demand. Cf. Lauderdale: " T o him th' Italian and the Sabine Land / Fly when distress'd, and his Relief demand." 131, 132 to know / below. Also Ogilby's 1649 line endings in reverse order. 137-139 No . . . spoke. For Virgil's v. 95: Subita ex alto reddita luco est (Loeb trans.: "Suddenly a voice came from the deep grove"). 141 nor . . . provoke. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Segrais: "contraire aux Des tins." 143 Whose . . . extends. Cf. Aeneis, VII, 373-374, which translates the same Latin there (vv. 270-271) as here (vv. 98-99). 164, 165 Gods / your Abodes. Also Ogilby's line endings. 168, 169 Foreign / Trenchers. Also Ogilby's 1654 rendering of ignota (unknown) and mensas (tables) in Virgil's vv. 124, 125. 173 And . . . Field. For Virgil's molirique aggere tecta (and surround

Notes to Pages

573-578

them with earthworks) in v. 127; the agger would be formed of earth dug from the ditch behind it. Cf. Douglas: "Dicht with fowseis" (surrounded with ditches). Dryden appears to be punning on "Trenchers" in 1. 169 and "Trench" in 1. 173 in order to fulfill the "Omen" of 1. 160; he also introduced "Trenchers" as early as 1. 156, there added to Virgil. T h e "fruitful Field" that supplies the rhyme in 1. 173 (in Virgil the earthworks are to surround homes-dowoj) was perhaps suggested by the similarity of agger and ager (cultivated field). 175 Wand'ring . . . Race. Again stressing exile, Dryden is the only early translator so to render Virgil's Exitiis in v. 129, whose primary sense is "a going forth," but whose secondary sense of "destruction" or "woe" seems more appropriate to Virgil's context. 181-182 Crown . . . Thought. For Virgil's vina reponite mensis in v. 134 (Loeb trans.: "and set the wine again upon the board"). Dryden translates Virgil by way of Horace (see, e.g., Odes, I, xi, 8). 183, 184 Brows / Vows. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 187 Godheads. Translating Numina in Ruaeus' text, v. 138. Renaissance as well as modern editions read flutnina (rivers). 187-188 unknown ... Throne. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "unknown, / T o Night, and Stars which gild her purple Throne." 190 And . . . above. T h e balance of Dryden's line answers to that of Virgil's v. 140: 37® round / bound. Also Phaer's rhymes. 377-378 cense . . . Smoke. In Virgil's v. 285 the Salii sing a r o u n d the kindled altars: incensa altaría circum. Bottkol contends (p. 417) that D r y d e n simply misconstrued incensa. But Dryden certainly knew that incense was sometimes a d d e d to rituals, a n d he was not above supplying it when Virgil

io6o

Commentary

mentions none (cf. Aeneis, IV, 86; VII, n o , and notes). Dryden here makes the Salii of the Roman persuasion in a different sense from Virgil's. 383-384 when . . . Hands. Cf. Lauderdale: "in swathing Bands, / H e strangl'd Juno's Snakes with Infant Hands." 390-391 the Monster . . . withstood. For Virgil's tu Cressia mactas / Prodigia (you kill the Cretan monsters) in w . 294-295, which Ruaeus glosses as the Cretan bull, subdued but not killed by Hercules, and as either the bull of Pasiphae or the bull that brought Europa to Crete. Dryden keeps faith with both Virgil and Ruaeus. 392 the roaring . . . Wood. T h e Nemean lion, specified by Virgil in v. 295 and placed beneath a rock (sub rupe); Ruaeus' gloss also locates it in a wood (in sylva). 414-415 enquires . . . Kings. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in Boddy and Blairs MSS; the published versions have different rhymes. 416, 417 Tow'rs / Silvan Pow'rs. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 420, 422 Care / to spare. Also Ogilby's 1649 rhymes for a couplet. 427-428 dispers'd . . . taught. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "Dispers'd on mountains he together brought / He gave them laws 8c civil customes taught"; the published versions begin "From Hills he gather'd and." 429 Latium I lay. Head rhyme enables Dryden to echo Virgil's pun on Latium and latuisset (he had lain hidden) in vv. 322-323. 430 From . . . Sway. Dryden's addition, carried down from 11. 425-426 (Virgil's v. 320). 433, 434 Age / Rage. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 435> 436 came / name. Also Ogilby's and Lauderdale's rhymes. 438 With . . . oppress'd. Dryden draws out the political implications of Virgil's asper (harsh, cruel) in v. 330. 440 the Tyrants Fate. Not mentioned by Virgil in w . 331-332, but Ruaeus notes that the Albula was renamed either for King Tyber, who was killed near it, or for King Tyberinus, who was drowned in it. 445-446 Gate . . . State. Lauderdale has "nam'd" instead of "call'd" but is otherwise identical. 449 to her Son. Evander. Dryden adds the phrase, perhaps because he did not identify the "Mother Nymph" in 1. 444, whereas Virgil's corresponding v. 336 names her Carmentis (an alternative spelling of Carmenta). 451, 452 times / Crimes. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 453' 454 Shrine j Rites Divine. For Virgil's Lupercal in v. 343. Ruaeus notes the rituals performed there. 455-456 Then .. . attest. Cf. Lauderdale: "Next tells of Argus Death, his murder'd Guest, / T h e T o m b and Grove his Innocence attest." 457-458 Thence . . . Reeds. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy and Blairs MSS): " T h e n to Tarpeia's rock fe Capitole he leads / Now guilded o're then cover'd o're w t h reeds." With Dryden's omission of the Capitol (Virgil's v. 347), cf. Ruaeus' note explaining that the whole hill now called Capitoline was once called Tarpeian (now just one face of the Capitoline hill). With Dryden's image of thatching (not in Virgil's v. 348), cf. Aeneis, VIII, 869870, and note. 461, 462 tell / dwell. Also Douglas' rhymes in reverse order.

Notes

to Pages 619-624

1061

462 horrour. A Latinism (from Virgil's horrida in v. 348) meaning roughness. 468 on . . . Flood. Added to Virgil by way of Ruaeus' note explaining that the two towns, each on a hill, were separated by the Tiber. 469 Saturnia. As in Virgil's v. 358; before it was called Tarpeian, the Capitoline hill was called Saturnian. 473 Rome's litigious Hall. Virgil in v. 361 specifies only the Roman Forum, which Ruaeus notes was the place where citizens transacted their affairs. Dryden conflates the Forum with Westminster Hall, for which see, e.g., the third act of Wycherley's The Plain-Dealer. 474 where now the Lawyers bawl. Dryden's antithetical and satiric addition. 477-480 Mean . . . God. Cf. The Hind and the Panther, II, 707-711, and note (Works, III, 160, 407). 477, 478 Door / Conquerour. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 481, 482, 483 led / him on a Bed / o'respread. Lauderdale rhymes a couplet with the first two line endings; Douglas and Vicars rhyme their couplets with "bed" and "overspread." 483 stuffing Leaves. Cf. Douglas: "stuffit was with levis." 484-538 Now Night . . . pleasing Rest. Dryden's earlier version of this passage, under the title " T h e Speech of Venus to Vulcan," appeared in Tonson's Sylvee (1685), where it was evidently read and used by Lauderdale (especially at Dryden's lines 491, 523-524, and 534-537), who began translating the Aeneid in 1689. A reciprocal influence of Lauderdale on Dryden in the passage is not apparent, except possibly in 1. 486, where Dryden's "anxious for her Son" (not in the Sylvee version) parallels Lauderdale's "justly for her son afraid." For the Sylvee version, see Works, III, 42-43; for the changes Dryden made for Aeneis, see the collation, pp. 1162-1163 below. See also the notes to Aeneis, V, 373-475; IX, 221-600; and X, 1071-1313. 489-491 With . . . Love. Dryden offers three versions of Virgil's if dictis divinum aspirat amorem in v. 373 (Loeb trans.: and "breathing into her words divine love"). 490, 491 move / Charms of Love. Line endings in Sylvee and also used by Lauderdale (Boddy and Blairs MSS). 497 A . . . sustain. Dryden adds an explanation of why Vulcan's help would then have been "in vain": Virgil's Incassum in v. 378. 506-507 To . . . Race. Information not supplied in Virgil's vv. 383-384 but to be found in Ruaeus' note explaining that Thetis and Aurora obtained from Vulcan arms for their sons, the Grecian Achilles and Memnon. 513 unresolving. Hesitating. 517, 518 flies / Skies. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 521-522 obnoxious . . . Arms. Three versions of Virgil's eeterno . . . devinctus amore in v. 394 (Loeb trans.: "enchained by immortal love"). "Obnoxious" has the sense of "submissive" and substitutes for "sooth'd" in the Sylvee version. 526 Th' Artificer . . . command. An Ovidian addition to Virgil. T h e Sylvee version has "You might the Artist, and his Art command" (1. 42), which appears in Lauderdale's published version; the Boddy and Blairs MSS have a different formula (much closer to Virgil's v. 397).

1062

Commentary

541-544 The time . . . Eyes. For the expansion in these lines, see Frost, P- 34547» 54^ Bread / Bed. Also Ogilby's rhymes in reverse order. 550 the forging Pow'r. A Miltonic version of Virgil's Vulcan—ignipotens (powerful in fire)—who goes to his forge ( f a b r i l i a ) in vv. 414-415. Cf. Aeneis, V, 970, and note. 557, 558 boyling Waters roar / fuming Tunnels soar. Lauderdale rhymes "hissing Waters roar" and "fiery Tunnels soar." 562 The Brethren. Dryden omits the names specified by Virgil in v. 425. 566 with ... waste. Dryden's satiric addition. 567 writhen Rain. Hail. 5 7 1 - 5 7 4 Inferior . . . Alarms. Dryden expands upon Virgil's w . 433-434, principally by adding the notion of repair, which was perhaps suggested by the urgency with which the work is carried out (Instabant): Parte alia Marti currumque rotasque volucres / Instabant, quibus ille viros, quibus excitat urbes (Loeb trans.: "Elsewhere they were hurrying on for Mars a chariot and flying wheels, wherewith he stirs up men and cities"). 573 with furbish'd Arms. Perhaps suggested by Caro's "armato" (armed). 575- 576 / Gold. Also Phaer's rhymes in reverse order. 585 Silver. Also added by Vicars. 589, 590 close I Bellows blows. Lauderdale (Boddy and Blairs MSS) rhymes "inclose" and "bellows blows." 596 The . . . Songs. Dryden's addition to the scene, taken, presumably, from some village forge. 597» 59® urSe / and • • • Forge. Also Lauderdale's line endings in the second edition; his first, like the Boddy and Blairs MSS, lacks "and ply." 599, 600 salutes . . . Eyes / invite . . . rise. Also Lauderdale's line endings, except that he inserts "the King" after "invite." 601-602 his Buskins . . . Feet. For Virgil's v. 458: Et Tyrrhena pedum circumdat vinculo plantis (Loeb trans.: "and wraps his feet in Tyrrhenian sandals"). Buskins are laced half boots. Cf. Segrais: "Un brodequin Toscan est sa chaussure rare." 603-604 his side . . . Hide. Lauderdale (2d ed.) has "Shoulders threw" but is otherwise identical; his first edition, like the Boddy and Blairs MSS, has "Arm" instead of "Shoulders." Phaer rhymes "his side" and "Panthers hyde"; Vicars rhymes "by's side" and "panthers hide." 617, 618 Our . . . bounds / surrounds. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy and Blairs MSS): "On this my narrow land the Tyber bounds / . • • surrounds." 627-628 Who . . . call'd. For Virgil's Agyllina (or Agylla) in v. 479: the Tuscan or Etruscan name, which Ruaeus notes was changed to Caere by the Lydians. 640 Thus . . . more. No Virgilian equivalent. 650, 651 Strand / Command. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes in reverse order. 656, 657 Flow'r / Pow'r. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 660, 66 i lead / Seek a Foreign Head. Also Ogilby's 1654 line endings. 663 And .. . Guide. Dryden's addition, explaining the nature of Tuscan awe. 666 The . . . Desire. Substituted for Virgil's oratores (envoys) in v. 505. 667 Conduct. Leadership.

Notes to Pages

625-631

1063

692, 693 from . . . Cloud / thunder'd thrice aloud. Lauderdale (Boddy a n d Blairs MSS) rhymes "breaking from a cloud" a n d " t h u n d e r ' d loud." 696, 697 hear / appear. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in the Boddy a n d Blairs MSS. 700-702 The rest . . . above. Dryden explicates the event in Virgil's vv. 530-531: Obstupuere animis alii: sed Troius heros / Agnovit sonitum (Loeb trans.: " T h e rest stood aghast; but the T r o j a n hero knew the sound"). 701 conscious to. A Latinism meaning "sharing in the knowledge of" (OED) a n d hence understanding. 706 Heav'n . . . Sign. Cf. Lauderdale (Blairs MS): " H e a v e n calls me forth, this the expected signe." 7 1 1 Fated . . . Charms. N o Virgilian equivalent. 713 Approaching . . . Blood. T w o versions of Virgil's quanta . . . cades in v. 537 (Ogilby [1654]: " W h a t slaughters"); cades can m e a n b o t h the slaughter and the blood shed in slaughtering, as well as a bloody conflict. But n o predecessor specifies blood, apart f r o m Lauderdale in the Boddy a n d Blairs MSS: " L a u r e n t i n e fields I view delug'd in blood." 718, 719 He . . . Throne / begun. Cf. Lauderdale: " T h u s said, arising f r o m his lofty T h r o n e / . . . begun." Lauderdale's "lofty" correctly translates Virgil's alto in v. 541; Dryden's substitute emphasizes Evander's simplicity. 722, 723 King / bring. Also Vicars' rhymes. 726 Refuse. Remainder. 728-729 Steeds . . . Land. T h i s couplet corresponds to a single line in Lauderdale, whose published versions read: "Horses are giv'n to m o u n t the T r o j a n Band"; the Boddy a n d Blairs MSS read: " T r o j a n s are m o u n t e d for the T y r r h e n Land." "Tyrrhene L a n d " corresponds to Virgil's Tyrrhena . . . arva (Tyrrhenian fields) in v. 551, a detail absent f r o m Lauderdale's published versions. T h e single line in both of Lauderdale's versions rhymes with a line corresponding to Dryden's 1. 730. 732, 733 infold j of Gold. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Douglas rhymes " f o l d " a n d "of gold." 733 with . . . Paws. For Virgil's unguibus (claws, nails) in v. 553; cf. Lauderdale: "set r o u n d with Studs." 740, 741 a close embrace / o're-flow his Face. In the Boddy a n d Blairs MSS Lauderdale rhymes "a close embrace" a n d "o'respread his face." 741 his departing Friend. For Virgil's euntis (of the o n e going forth) in v. 558, i.e., his son Pallas; so glossed by Emmenessius (citing Servius) because E v a n d e r is here referred to as pater (father), a n d so understood by Douglas, Caro, a n d Segrais. Cf. Dryden's 1. 751 (Virgil's v. 569). Phaer, Vicars, a n d Lauderdale translate respectively as "Aeneas," "guest," a n d " F r i e n d " ; R u aeus incorporates Aeneas into his paraphrase. 742 strength. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Douglas: "strenthis," a n d Caro: "forze" (strength). 742-743 recall . . . Wall. Lauderdale has "before" ( " u n d e r " in the Boddy a n d Blairs MSS) instead of " b e n e a t h " but is otherwise identical. 744-745 Then . .. Fire. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy a n d Blairs MSS): " I forcd the foremost squadrons to retire / My conquering arme sett heaps of shields o n fire"; his published versions have "Hills" instead of "heaps." 747 Feronia. Mother of Herilus and a goddess.

1064

Commentary

752, 753 boast J Coast. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 754» 755 bring / King. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 760, 761 sustain / Pain. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 768, 769 wound / ground. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 7 7 1 upon his homely Bed. For Virgil's in tecta in v. 584 (Loeb trans.: "within the palace"). Cf. Segrais' line ending: "sur son lit." 772-773 The Horsemen . . . side. Lauderdale has "first" instead of "at their h e a d " b u t is otherwise identical. 774, 775 Next . . . along / Throng. Cf. Lauderdale: " N e x t other T r o j a n Captains march along, / . . . T h r o n g " ; the Boddy a n d Blairs MSS have "Phrygian" instead of " T r o j a n . " 777 Vest. For Virgil's chlamyde (cloak or tunic) in v. 588, which R u a e u s glosses as military clothing (militari veste). 783 And follow . . . Cloud. So literal a rendering of vv. 5 9 1 - 5 9 2 that the Loeb translation coincides with it totally. 784 Which . . . far. A d d e d by Dryden to explain why the women could discern armor through a cloud of dust. 789-790 sound . . . ground. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy a n d Blairs MSS): "sound I Whilst h o r n y hoofs d o beat resounding g r o u n d " ; his published versions have "fiery Coursers" instead of "horny hoofs." 801-806 Now . . . fed. Cf. Lauderdale: Now f r o m a rising G r o u n d they h a d in sight, T h e C a m p stretch'd o n the Plain f r o m Left to Right T h i t h e r his warlike T r a i n Aeneas led, Refresh'd his Men, a n d weary'd Horses fed. 809 winding. Also Ogilby's 1649 r e n d e r i n g of reducta (secluded) in v. 609. 8 1 3 - 8 1 4 perform'd . . . made. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy a n d Blairs MSS): " H e r e I performe the promise which I made." 817, 818 her Son embraced / plac'd. Also Ogilby's line endings; Vicars rhymes "her Sonne embrace" a n d "place." 821 He . . . poizes. Dryden characteristically varies the activity by a d d i n g verbs to Virgil's v. 619: interque manus ir brachia versat (Loeb trans.: " a n d t u r n i n g over in his h a n d s a n d arms"). 821, 822 admires / Fires. Also Ogilby's 1649 rhymes; Ogilby (1654) a n d Lauderdale rhyme "admire" a n d "Fire." 823, 824 His . . . hold / Gold. Lauderdale has "deadly" instead of "fatal" b u t is otherwise identical. 825, 826 beamy bright / Light. Douglas rhymes "bemes bricht" a n d "licht." 827-829 He . . . mould. Dryden adds the reactions of Aeneas; the items in Virgil's vv. 624-625—greaves, spear, shield—are simply described as f u r t h e r objects of the verbs in v. 619 (Dryden's 1. 821). 829 admires . . . mould. Cf. Lauderdale: "Admires the Spear, the Shields mysterious Mould." 837, 838 hung / her fawning Tongue. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 841 new. N o Virgilian equivalent; cf. Caro: " R o m a novella." 841, 842 Games / Sabine Dames. Also Vicars' and Ogilby's line endings in reverse order.

Notes

to Pages

632-637

1065

843 resounds with Shrieks. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Caro: "pien di tumulto" (full of tumult). 844-847 For . . . cease. Dryden explicates the motives both for starting and concluding the war, which began because the rape of the Sabine women was sine more (lawless) and in Virgil was simply carried on between Romans and Sabines until it came to an end (vv. 635, 637-638). 849, 850 stand / Hand. Also Ogilby's and Lauderdale's rhymes. 851-852 A .. . Head. T h e sacrifice confirms the treaty in Virgil's v. 641, and Ruaeus notes from Livy the accompanying ritual, in which the presiding priest calls upon Jove to strike down those who break the treaty, just as the priest will strike the sow. 853 Traytor. Because in Virgil's v. 643 Metius should have kept his word (dictis . . . maneres) but evidently did not. (Ruaeus notes that Metius, though an Alban dictator bound by treaty to Rome, deserted the Romans in battle.) Cf. Caro: "traditore" (treacherous). 857-858 brings . . . Kings. Cf. Lauderdale: "brings, / T o force the People to restore their Kings." 859 One Tyrant . . . fights. No Virgilian equivalent. 863-864 stood ... Flood. Cf. Lauderdale: "stood, / When Codes broke the Bridge o'er Tyber's Flood." Virgil in v. 650 says only that (Horatius) Codes broke the bridge, but Ruaeus notes that, when the Romans had broken the bridge behind him, Horatius jumped armed into the Tiber and swam back to safety: "stem'd the Flood," a phrase apparently owing syntax and point to Ruaeus, and rhyme word to Lauderdale. 865 Captive Maids. Virgil mentions only Clcelia in v. 651, but Ruaeus notes that she was with other virgins. 869-870 Then ... Gold. Dryden apparently recalled his version of Aeneid, VIII, 348 (cf. 1. 458 and note) when translating v. 654: Romuleoque recerts horrebat regia culmo (Loeb trans.: "the palace was rough, fresh with the thatch of Romulus"). 875 The Gold ... Hair. T h e yellowness of their hair made it seem like the gold they wore. OED, citing only this line, glosses "dissembl'd" as " T o simulate by imitation." 879, 880 advance / dance. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 884 odorous Gums. Dryden again perfumes a ritual, Virgil's sacra in v. 665. See Aeneis, IV, 86n, and William Frost, "Dryden's Virgil," CL, X X X V I (1984), 202-203. 895-897 two . . . Prize. For Virgil's classes aratas, Actia bella in v. 675 (Loeb trans.: "brazen ships with Actium's battle"). As he does throughout the description of Aeneas' shield, Dryden here converts picture into narrative, scene into action. 896 oppos'd .. . Rage. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "Oppos'd in equal Line"; the Blairs MS has "on a line," the Boddy has "in a line," and the first edition has "when on a Line." 901, 902 afar / Star. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 902 And o're . . . Star. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy and Blairs MSS): "above his head appear'd the Julian starr." 903, 904 Gales / Foes assails. Also Lauderdale's line endings in the Boddy and Blairs MSS.

io66

Commentary

907, 908 brings / Eastern Kings. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. 911 And . . . Strife. No Virgilian equivalent. 915, 916 again / Main. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 917, 918 meet / Fleet. Also Ogilby's and Lauderdale's rhymes. 919-920 fly .. . Dye. Cf. Lauderdale: "fly, / And Neptune's Plains receive a Crimson dye." 922 warms. Exhorts to valor (OED, citing this line). 923-924 Fool . . . Fate. No Virgilian equivalent; cf. Caro: "meschina" (wretch). 927-928 but. . . Train. Dryden's addition, perhaps prompted by Ruaeus' note suggesting that Virgil speaks ironically of Cleopatra and the Egyptians and citing a parallel in Propertius, Elegies, III, xi, 41: ausa Jovi nostro latrantem opponere Anubim (Loeb trans.: she "dared to match barking Anubis against our Roman Jove"). 939 silken. Dryden's addition, perhaps recalling the first meeting of Antony and Cleopatra on the Cydnes, when her barge had silken tackle. See All for Love, III, i, 163 {Works, X I I I , 60) and Antony and Cleopatra, II, ii, 209. 943» 944 driv'n along / Throng. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 952 With Spoils . . . grac'd. No Virgilian equivalent, but Ruaeus notes that Egyptian spoils were offered to the gods in Roman temples. Cf. Segrais: "chargez d'offrandes magnifiques." 953 Three . . . Days. Virgil (v. 714) says only that Caesar celebrated a triple triumph, which, Ruaeus notes, lasted three whole days. 955 The Domes . . . Plays. Added by Dryden, and partly suggested by Ruaeus, who notes that the celebration included public games. 956-957 All . . . Sacrifice. Lauderdale's first line is identical; his second reads: "In its own Gore the bloody Sacrifice." 958, 959 Throne / of Parian Stone. Also Lauderdale's line endings in the Boddy and Blairs MSS. Only Lauderdale and Dryden use "Parian Stone" to translate Virgil's niveo .. . limine (snow-white threshold) in v. 720, which Ruaeus glosses as Parian marble. 961 Crowns. For Virgil's Dona (gifts) in v. 721, which Ruaeus glosses as golden crowns worn by victorious Roman emperors. 964, 965 Place / Race. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 971 Danes. For Virgil's Dahce in v. 728, actually Scythians. 976, 977 admires the Grace / of his Race. Also Lauderdale's line endings, except that he has "their" instead of "the."

THE NINTH BOOK OF THE AENEIS

1-2 While . . . haste. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "Whilst these affairs in distant regions past / Juno from heaven sent Iris down in haste." 15-16 This . . . flight. Lauderdale has "dazling" instead of "radiant" in

Notes

to Pages 637-645

1067

the published versions and "fulgent" in the Boddy MS but is otherwise identical. 19, 20 what Pow'r Divine / to shine. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 21, 22 appears / Spheres. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 23, 24 With . . . obey / the Way. Cf. Lauderdale: "Such happy Omens gladly I obey, / . . . the way." 27 Then . .. throws. For Multa Deos orans (v. 24: entreating much of the gods). Ruaeus notes only that Turnus used the water to wash his hands. 30 Well . . . clad. Identical with Lauderdale. 31, 32 in the Reer / appear. Also Ogilby's 1654 line endings; Lauderdale (Boddy MS) rhymes "y e rear" and "appear," although making Turnus rather than Tyrrheus' sons "appear." 33-34 In .. . rest. For Virgil's vv. 28-29: medio dux agmine Turnus / Vertitur arma tenens, & toto vertice supra est. (In the center of the line their leader Turnus wheels about holding his weapons, a full head taller than the rest.) Modern editions reject v. 29 (which is also found in other Renaissance editions) as an interpolation from Aeneid, VII, 784 (Dryden's 1. 1072). With the "flaming Crest" (also added to Virgil by Lauderdale), cf. Aeneis, VII, 1073-1074 (Virgil's vv. 785-786). 39, 40 rise / the Skies. Lauderdale rhymes "arise" and "the Skies." 41, 42 calls / Walls. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 49, 50 advance j chance. Also Ogilby's 1649 rhymes in reverse order. 66, 67 Fold / cold. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in the Boddy MS. 72, 73 Lambs / Dams. Also Ogilby's and Lauderdale's rhymes. 86, 87 fly / Sky. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 94 The . . . Son. Cybele addresses Jove. 98, 99 stood j Wood. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in the published versions (but not in the Boddy MS); Ogilby (1649) has them in reverse order. 102 Those . . . delight. Expanded from Virgil's Has (these) in v. 88. 110, 111 demand / Hand. Also Lauderdale's rhymes; Ogilby (1654) rhymes "such Demands" and "hands." 112-113 ride . . . Tide. Unlike his predecessors, Dryden responds to Virgil's turn in v. 96: certus . . . incerta pericula lustret (Loeb trans.: "in surety traverse unsure perils"). 114-115 Yet . . . Shore. Cf. Lauderdale: "Thus far I grant, jEneas wafted o'er / And safely landed on th' Ausonian Shore." 116-117 Whatever . . . Forms. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "Whatever Ships shall 'scape the Sea and Storms, / By my command, shall lose their mortal Forms." Lauderdale's rhyme words are singular in the Boddy MS and in the first edition. 120, 121 swore I Shore. Also Lauderdale's and Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 122, 124 And . . . Flood / his Imperial Nod. Lauderdale has "infernal" instead of "innavigable" (for which see Aeneis, VI, 16m) in a couplet but is otherwise identical. Virgil does not mention the Phlegethon in vv. 104105. 125, 126 come / Doom. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 132 Were . . . Quires. For Virgil's Idcei chori (Idean choirs) in v. 112. Ruaeus notes that the attendants of Cybele (whose epithet was Berecyntia) struck brass cymbals.

io68

Commentary

137, 138 With . .. may / burn the Sea. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "bold T u r n u s may / W i t h greater Ease b u r n u p y e foaming sea." 1 3 9 - 1 4 2 But. . . Seas. Dryden conflates Cybele's " C o m m a n d " with Jove's " C o m m a n d " in 11. 1 1 7 - 1 1 9 (Virgil's vv. 1 0 1 - 1 0 3 ) in order to e x p a n d here u p o n Virgil, vv. 1 1 6 - 1 1 7 : Vos ite solute, / Ite, Dea pelagi (Loeb trans.: " G o ye free; go, goddesses of ocean"). 1 4 5 - 1 4 6 like . . . Prows. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "like Dophins streight / T h e i r prows plunge in y e sea." 1 4 7 - 1 4 8 many . . . Deep. I n the Boddy MS Lauderdale has "Nymphs" instead of "Maids" b u t is otherwise identical; the published versions agree with the MS, except that they have "sail'd" instead of "rode." 1 5 1 Old . . . Head. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): " O l d T y b e r roars f r o m sea shrunk back his head." 153 Turnus . . . bore. Cf. Lauderdale: " T u r n u s alone u n d a u n t e d Courage bears." 160, 161 lost / Coast. Also Douglas' rhymes. 1 6 1 - 1 6 2 Heav'n . . . Ground. Virgil's T u r n u s boasts only in v. 132 that they control the land (Terra autem in manibus nostris); Dryden focuses o n the T r o j a n plight. 171 The . . . Name. For Virgil's Atrides (Agamemnon a n d Menelaus) a n d Mycenae in vv. 138-139. 195, 196 West / Rest. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 199, 200 falls / Walls. Also Lauderdale's rhymes; Ogilby (1654) has them in reverse order. 202 And . . . Ground. Dryden's addition; see 11. i 6 i - i 6 2 n . 203, 204 Twice . . . stand / command. Ogilby (1654) has "chosen Captains" instead of "Captains ready" b u t is otherwise identical. 207, 208 Ground / the . . . round. In the published versions Lauderdale rhymes " G r o u n d " a n d "the Jovial Bowl goes r o u n d " ; the Boddy MS is very different. 209-210 Fires . .. Play. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "fires supply y e day / T h e y passe y e watchfull night in sports & play." T h e r e is n o corresponding couplet, to translate Virgil's vv. 166-167, in the published versions of Lauderdale. 211-212 The ... fill'd. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): " T h e T r o j a n s f r o m y e town all this beheld / A n d with arm'd Legions all y® ramparts fill'd." Lauderdale's published versions are very different. 214 Join . . . Tow'r. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): " W i t h bridges joyne y® works & tower to tower"; the published versions read "Bridges to Bridges join, a n d T o w ' r to T o w ' r . " 215 Thus . . . abound. For Virgil's Instant (they urge on: i.e., the work) in v. 171; cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): " A n d all things fitting for defence prepare." Lauderdale's published versions are very different. 221-600 Nigh where . . . Eagle flies. Dryden's earlier version of this episode appeared in Sylva (1685) a n d was incorporated unchanged by Lauderdale into the version of his translation represented by the Boddy MS. Lauderdale made changes for his published versions b u t retained for them the conclusion of the Sylva version (corresponding to 11. 450-600 in Aeneis). Dryden m a d e his own revision of the Sylva text for Aeneis b u t retained

Notes to Pages 646-653

1069

m a n y of its lines. For the Sylvee version, see Works, I I I , 22-34; for the changes Dryden made for Aeneis, see the collation, pp. 1163-1168 below. See also headnote, pp. 868-869, a n d notes to Aeneis, V, 373-475; VIII, 484538; X, 1071-1313. 221 Nigh . .. advance. Added to Virgil a n d the Sylvte version. 224 Mother. For Virgil's Ida in v. 177, glossed by R u a e u s as Nisus' mother. 237, 238 Breast / Rest. Also Phaer's rhymes. 240 memorable. Also Caro's rendering ("memorabil") of Virgil's magnum (great: i.e., thing or deed) in v. 186. 249, 250 thee j me. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 251, 252 I have espy'd / guide. Also Ogilby's 1649 line endings. 260, 261 Not . . . Arms I Alarms. Cf. Ogilby (1654): " N o t so; my Father bred m e u p in Arms, / . . . Alarms." Virgil (v. 201) names the father: Opheltes. 262, 263 Friend / attend. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 266-267 Then . . . Fears. In Sylvte Dryden began Nisus' reply with a n imperfect line—"To whom his Friend"—and started the next line with " I cou'd not think" (11. 46-47). For Aeneis he removed the imperfect line, started the next with " T h e n Nisus, thus," a n d retained the Sylvee version for the rest of the couplet. By removing the negative phrase for Aeneis, Dryden reversed the meaning a n d diverged f r o m the sense of Virgil's v. 207: equidem de te nil tale verebar (Loeb trans.: "Of thee, surely, I h a d n o such fear"). 270-271 Condemn'd . . . Unjust. Dryden's addition, intensifying the "friendly Strife" of 1. 268; the couplet may be paraphrased as follows: " I trust I will be obliged ["Condemn'd" is a Latinism] to pay vows for a safe r e t u r n just as surely as I think your request cruel a n d unfair." 274, 275 fall j all. Also Douglas' rhymes. 277 Live . . . Fate. Dryden's addition, emphasizing the affection. 286 Her . . . Wind. Dryden's addition, intensifying pathos. 325 took the Word. Began speaking. 332 Panted . . . spoke. Added to Virgil and to the Sylvee version. 348 curious Imagery. Douglas rhymes "curiously" a n d "ymagery." 349 when . . . reign'd. Not mentioned by Virgil in v. 264, but R u a e u s notes that Arisba was conquered shortly before the war with the Greeks. 351, 352 antick Mould / Gold. Also Ogilby's 1654 line endings in reverse order; Ogilby, like Virgil, associates Dido's cup, rather t h a n the tripods, with the antique mold. 379 And sure .. . Name. Dryden's addition. 383-385 neither . . . deceive. Dryden dwells u p o n the pathos a n d the failure of filial duty; Virgil has only Hanc ego nunc . . . / Inque salutatem linguo in vv. 287-288 (Loeb trans.: "Her now I leave . . . without word of farewell"). 386 conscious. Privy to h u m a n secrets; cf. Aeneis, IV, 932, a n d note. 386, 387 I swear / bear. Also Vicars' line endings. 389 Permit. . . Grace. Dryden's courtly expansion of Virgil's oro (I pray) in v. 290. 393 Assistants. Witnesses, spectators.

1070

Commentary

395 That. .. Piety. For Virgil's patria .. . pietatis imago in v. 294 (Loeb trans.: "the picture of filial love"). Cf. Douglas: "The ymage of his faderlie piete," and the Sylva version, 1. 178: "That image of paternal piety." 397 ^ a g a l n i n g a g e - Like his predecessors, Dryden translates the indicative Spondeo (I promise) in v. 296, the reading of Ruaeus' and other early editions. Modern editions prefer the imperative sponde (be assured). 399 Creusa. Ascanius' mother. 407 From . . . Belt. Corresponding to Virgil's humero (from his shoulder) in v. 303; cf. Ogilby (1654): "pulling off his Belt." 408, 409 Lycaon made j the Blade. Ogilby's line endings. 427 A Medly. Also Caro's addition ("un miscuglio") to Virgil. 444, 445 Lord / Sword. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes in reverse order. 448 by . . . around. Dryden's addition. 454> 455 PI'ay / DaV- Also Ogilby's 1649 rhymes. 503 The Queen. For Virgil's ex urbe Latina (from the Latin city) in v. 367; Ruaeus notes that the legion was sent by Queen Amata. 504 prevent. Come ahead of (a Latinism). 513, 514 haste their flight / Woods . . . night. Ogilby (1649) has "hasten" instead of "haste their" but is otherwise identical. Douglas has the same rhyme words, as does Vicars in reverse order. 515 belay. "Beset... with armed men so as to intercept an enemy" (OED). 519 Horrid . . . Thorn. Cf. the Sylva version, 1. 302, and note {Works, III, 31, 276). 524 thoughtless of his Friend. Douglas, Caro, Vicars, and Ruaeus in his paraphrase draw the same inference from Virgil's imprudens (unaware, inconsiderate) in v. 386. 572 Fact. Deed. 584 overcharg'd with Rain. Douglas ends a line "chargit, with the hevy rane." 585 Despair . . . vow'd. Dryden's addition, analyzing the emotions. 601, 602 divide the Prey ¡to .. . convey. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Vicars rhymes "prey" and "camp convey." 603, 604 fill'd / kill'd. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 605-606, 607 found . . . surround / o'reflows the Ground. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "found / T h e dead & dying anxious Crowds surround / . . . o'reflow the trampled ground"; the published versions differ in small details. 610, 611 Bed / o'respread. Also Douglas' and Lauderdale's rhymes; Ogilby rhymes "spread" and "Bed." 613 added Colours. An addition to Virgil; cf. Segrais: "rendoit . . . diverses couleurs." 614, 615 Light / fight. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 618 to give ... Foes. A response to Virgil's visu miserabile in v. 465, translated more literally in 1. 620 as "A ghastly Sight." Cf. Caro: "(orribil mostra!) . . . ne fero onta e spettacolo a' nemici" (dreadful sight!: they bear the shameful spectacle toward their enemies"). 628-629 Tho' . . . obscene. Dryden's addition; "obscene" in the sense of physically repellent. 630, 631 bears / Mother's Ears. Also Lauderdale's line endings.

Notes to Pages 653-665

1071

637, 638 Euryalus appears / my declining Years. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 639-640 Was't . . . dead. Dryden's addition. 641, 642 thus alone / departing Son. Also Lauderdale's line endings in the Boddy MS; the published versions have "parting." 645-646 foreign . . . Prey. C£. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "in foreign Clay / He lies to Latian Dogs and Fowls a Prey." 649 To .. . Friends. Dryden's addition. 657, 658 If .. . Hearts / all your Darts. Identical with Lauderdale. 659-660 Or .. . below. Cf. Lauderdale: "Great Jove, if all ways fail to end my Woe, / With thunder strike me down to Shades below." 661-662 Trojans . . . Fears. Cf. Lauderdale: "Trojans Ears, / Un-man their Spirits and increase their Fears." 673, 674 down / scale the Town. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 679 ten Years Siege. For Virgil's longo . . . bello (by long war) in v. 511; cf. Lauderdale: "long ten Years War." 691-692 Elsewhere . . . threw. Lauderdale has "Ramparts" instead of "Trenches" but is otherwise identical. 698-699 sing . . . Shade. Cf. Lauderdale: "sing the Slaughter Turnus made, / What Souls each Man sent to the Stygian Shade"; Ogilby (1654) rhymes "Turnus made" and "the Stygian shade." 702-703 For . . . tell. For Virgil's v. 528: El mecum ingentes oras evolvite belli (Loeb trans.: "and unroll with me the mighty scroll of war"). Cf. Ogilby (1654): "With me those wondrous Accidents recall, / For you know well, and can remember all." 704, 705 sight / height. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 706-707 Art I conspir'd . . . requir'd. Dryden's addition. 708, 709 Italians join / design. Also Ogilby's 1649 line endings. 715 were . .. dry. An explanation added to Virgil; cf. Caro: "cosl secchi e disposti erano i legni" (so dry were the logs and disposed to burn). Lauderdale has "season'd Timber." 722, 723 The . . . resound / Ground. Identical with Lauderdale; Ogilby (1654) rhymes "sound" and "ground." 731 Son of Earth. Baseborn: his mother was a slave (Virgil, v. 546). 733-734 War .. . share. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "warr / A priviledge none but y e freeborn share"; the published versions differ slightly. Dryden's and Lauderdale's second lines correspond to Virgil's vetitis . . . armis (forbidden arms) in v. 547, of which Ruaeus notes that Roman slaves could not become soldiers unless they were freed from slavery. 735-736 Slight . . . Field. Lauderdale (2d ed.) has "His Arms were slight" but is otherwise identical; the corresponding phrase in the first edition and the Boddy MS is "Was lightly arm'd with," and those versions also have "mark" instead of "Marks." 737-738 Light.. . rising. Dryden's explanatory addition. 740 Embolden'd . . . Bay. Dryden's addition, anticipating the hunting trope to follow. 743-744 Resolv'd . . . Spears. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "Resolv'd to dye, made desperate by his fears, / Runs himself boldly on their threatning Spears,"

1072

Commentary

and Lauderdale: "Resolv'd to die . . . / And bounds aloft on threatning Darts and Spears." 747-752 But . . . reach. Dryden characteristically makes the scene more energetic by assigning ten active verbs and two infinitives to Lycus, who, in Virgil's corresponding w . 556-558, is assigned two active verbs and two infinitives. 761, 762 tim'rous Hare / Air. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order; Douglas and Vicars have the same rhyme words in the same order as Dryden's. 763 truss. Lauderdale ("trusseth"; 2d ed.: "trusses") also uses this technical term from falconry to render Virgil's Sustulit (bears aloft) in v. 564. 765-766 Lamb . . . Dam. Lauderdale has "Sadly" instead of " I n vain" but is otherwise identical; Douglas, Vicars, and Ogilby have the same rhyme words. 769 Faggots. Bundles of sticks used as fascines to fill ditches; here substituted for Virgil's aggere (heaps of earth) in v. 567. 771 Ilineus . . . came. Identical with Lauderdale. 775 Two . . . slew. Lauderdale has "kill" but is otherwise identical. 780-781 Itys .. . Wall. Lauderdale (Boddy MS) has "with Segaris" instead of "Sagar" but is otherwise identical; for the published versions he removed "standing" to make the line a pentameter. 784 to ... smart. Lauderdale adds a similar phrase—"To ease his Smart"— also to complete the rhyme. 793 Martian Grove. A literal rendering of Martis luco in v. 584, the reading of Ruaeus' and other Renaissance texts; modern editions prefer matris luco (his mother's grove). 794> 795 ftajne / to . . . Fame. Lauderdale rhymes "flame" and "to purchase Fame." 796 Thuscan King. Mezentius, named by Virgil in v. 586. 801 spurn'd. Kicked. 802, 803 day / Prey. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 805 And . . . Foe. Dryden's addition, emphasizing the contrast with "salvage Prey." 806-807 life . . . Wife. Identical with Lauderdale. 813 Who . . . Field. Dryden's addition, making the purpose of the taunt more obvious. 825 but . . . War. Dryden's addition; hunting had from antiquity been accepted as excellent military training. 827-828 earn . . . fed. Dryden expands Virgil's parvoque assueta in v. 607 (Loeb trans.: "inured to want"). 8 3 1 - 8 3 5 No . . . Plain. Considerably expanded from Virgil's Omne avum ferro teritur, versaque juvencum j Terga fatigamus hasta in vv. 609-610 (Loeb trans.: "All our life is worn with iron's use; with spear reversed we goad our bullocks' flanks"). 837, 838 controul / Soul. Lauderdale rhymes "Souls" and "controls." 839-842 Grey . . . join. Identical with Lauderdale. 845, 846 Go ... agen / Women ... Men. Cf. Lauderdale: "True Phrygians go to Dindymus again, / . . . Women in the Form of Men." Dindymus was a mountain sacred to Cybele.

Notes to Pages 665-6J1

1073

847 mix'd ... Rites. T h e eunuchs are not mentioned by Virgil; the priests of Cybele, mother of the gods, were castrated. See Lucretius, I I , 6 1 4 - 6 1 7 . 848 with . . . invites. For Virgil's assuetis biforem dat tibia cantum in v. 6 1 8 (Loeb trans.: " t o accustomed ears the pipe utters music from double mouths"). Ruaeus notes that, because the Phrygian pipes produced on one side of the mouth a bass note, on the other a treble, they—and the Phrygian mode—were unequal: impares. 849, 850 Shade / Trade. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 8 5 1 foul . . . hear. Identical with Lauderdale. 8 5 3 - 8 5 4 At . . . Eugh. See Dryden's note (827:30-828:20, above) commenting on the imitative effects of this couplet. 857. 858 My . .. succeed / bleed. Cf. Lauderdale: "Great Jove, let this my first attempt succeed, / . . . bleed." 860 Who . . . Head. Ogilby (1654) has " a stately" instead of "aloft his" but is otherwise identical. 864 the clear. In the now obsolete sense of "clear sky"; OED's latest example is from Chapman's Homer. 869, 870 scorn / Return. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 8 7 6 - 8 8 1 Advance . . . Line. Expanded from Virgil's Macte nova virtute, puer: sic itur ad astra; / Diis genite, if geniture Deos in vv. 6 4 1 - 6 4 2 (Loeb trans.: " A blessing, child, on thy young valour! So man scales the stars, O son of gods and sire of gods to be"). Some of Dryden's expansion anticipates 11. 882-884, some perhaps derives from Ruaeus' note identifying the future gods as Julius and Augustus Caesar, and some may be attributed to Dryden's assumption that Virgil dedicated his epic to Augustus (see Aeneis, VIII, i33-i34n). 908, 909 flies J Kids arise. Also Lauderdale's line endings. T h e " K i d s , " or kid stars, form a small double star in the constellation Auriga; in Latin hcedis (Virgil, v. 668), which means young goats or kids. 9 1 3 , 9 1 4 armed Winter / Thunder-bolts of War. Dryden's additions, emphasizing the consonance of vehicle and tenor by placing battle in the weather and weather in the battle. With the second phrase cf. Dryden's Translation of the Latter Part of the Third Book of Lucretius, 1. 249 (Works, I I I , 54), where Scipio, "the T h u n d e r Bolt of W a r , " literally translates belli fulmen in Lucretius, I I I , 1034. 918 the Gates unbar. Also Lauderdale's rhyme phrase, rendering Portam . . . recludunt (throw open the gate) in Virgil's v. 675. 926, 927 And .. . load / and .. . nod. Cf. Lauderdale: " a n d nod, / Charg'd with the weight of bounteous Nature's load." Dryden's first line and Lauderdale's second loosely correspond to Virgil's sublimi vertice (with lofty head) in v. 682. 934> 935 Rage / 938. 939 Turnus stead of "was" but words. 957> 958 withhold 959, 960 Ground 963, 964 Wall / the order in 1654.

in gage. Also Lauderdale's and Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. . . . fought / News was brought. Lauderdale has " i s " inis otherwise identical; Ogilby (1649) has the same rhyme / Gold. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes in reverse order. / sound. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. fall. Ogilby (1649) rhymes "wals" and "fals," reversing

Commentary 970-972 Astonish'd . . . Back. Manufactured out of Virgil's reference in v. 715 to the hard bed (durum . . . cubile) laid upon Typhoeus. "Flaw" has the now obsolete sense of "a slab of stone," of which OED's single example is from the sixteenth century. Cf. All for Love, V, i, 23 (Works, XIII, 93), where the "mighty flaw" has the same sense as in Aeneis (the "mighty Flaw" of Threnodia Augustalis, 1. 31 [Works, III, 93] has the familiar sense of "crack or fissure"). 973, 974 inspir'd / fir'd. Lauderdale rhymes "fires" (a verb) and "inspires." 977-978 When . . . fill'd. Lauderdale has "perceiv'd" instead of "beheld" but is otherwise identical. 992 All . . . Destiny. Dryden's addition. 1003, 1004 threw / grew. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1009-1010 hope . . . not alike. Cf. Lauderdale: "Hope not to scape, cry'd Turnus, when I strike, / Our Arms . . . are not like." 1013-1019 And aim'd . . . equal sides. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): Raising his sword he aimd a mighty blow Betwixt his temples cutt his head in two T h e deadly steel did his smooth chin divide T h e parted skull hangs down on ev'ry side His gyant limbs fall w h a hidious sound Warm blood & brains bedew y e trembling ground. For the published versions Lauderdale retained the first line and the third couplet; he eliminated the second couplet and changed the second line to read "And cleft his Head and beardless Chin in two." Dryden's version accordingly corresponds in different ways with Lauderdale's two different versions. 1015, 1016 sound / ground. Ogilby rhymes "resound" and "Ground." 1022, 1023 Barrs / Wars. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1032, 1033 / Wall. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1038-1039 Turn'd . . . slew. Lauderdale has "Faulchion" instead of "Sword the Heroe" but is otherwise identical. 1042, 1043 kill'd I skill'd. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in the published versions; in the Boddy MS he rhymes "fell" and "well." 1060, 1061 Fame j shame. Also Ogilby's and Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 1064-1071 Now . . . Weight. Dryden dwells upon the action, emphasizing its separate stages, and using thirteen active verbs. Cf. Virgil, vv. 789-792: Turnus paulatim excedere pugna, / Et fluvium petere ac partem qua cingitur amni. / Acrius hoc Teucri incumbere magno, / Et glomerare manum (Loeb trans.: "Step by step Turnus withdraws from the fight, making for the river and the part encircled by the stream. All the more fearlessly the Teucrians press on him with loud shouts and mass their ranks"). 1075 Threats . . . Mane. Dryden's addition, dwelling on the lion's attributes in a way that distracts attention from its status as simile for Turnus. Cf. Aeneis, VI, 958-963, and note. 1085 suffice. "Replenish" (OED, citing this line). 1086, 1087 down / Town. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1094 rash'd. T o r n away; OED cites this line.

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1095 falsify'd. An Italianism, meaning that the shield had been pierced, as Dryden explains in his note (828:21-829:16, above); see also 829:i2n. 1098, 1099 ev'ry pore / o're. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order.

T H E T E N T H BOOK OF THE AENEIS

1-2 unfold . . . Hall. Lauderdale (2d ed.) has "starry" instead of "Common" but is otherwise identical. 15, 17 come I Rome. Also Lauderdale's and Ogilby's 1649 rhymes, for couplets. 18 Shall . . . Chains. For Virgil's Alpes . . . apertas (through the opened Alps) in v. 13; perhaps influenced by Ruaeus, who notes (from Livy) that Hannibal opened the Alps with great difficulty after the rocks had been worn away by vinegar and fire. 20 Then ... Debate. Cf. Douglas: "Than war just tyme . . . to mak debate." 43 another. A reference to Diomede's having once wounded her (cf. Iliad, V, 335). 52-53 What. . . Reign. Cf. Aeneis, I, 76-227. 54-55 Of Iris . . . Fleet. Cf. Aeneis, V, 786-917. 64-66, 70 Now . . . grace / Since . . . leave. Dryden emphasizes the contest between the "rival queens" in the manner of heroic plays. Line 70 has no Virgilian equivalent; 11. 64-66 expand upon Virgil's vincant, quos vincere mavis in v. 43 (Loeb trans.: "let them win whom thou wouldst have win"). 75 Inglorious . . . Crown. Dryden's addition, anticipating 11. 80-81. 78, 79 Tow'rs / Bow'rs. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 80-81 his . . . Line. Dryden's addition, emphasizing due constitutional succession; cf. Aeneis, IX, 876-881, and note. 85 Arm'd . . . Sire. Dryden's addition; cf. Aeneis, II, 974-983, 1094. 88, 89 after all / doom'd to fall. Also Lauderdale's line endings; the second renders recidiva (restored) in v. 58, which Ruaeus preferred to construe as once again fallen or falling. 92, 93 restore / before. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 94 Deep . .. Heart. For Virgil's Turn regia Juno / Acta furore gravi in vv. 62-63 (Loeb trans.: "Then royal Juno, spurred by fierce frenzy"); cf. Lauderdale: "Deep Indignation fir'd Saturnia's Breast." 96 decence. A now obsolete French form. 98, 99 advise / surprise. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 105 Conduct. Leadership. 117 To .. . give. For Virgil's v. 76: Cui Pilumnus avus, cui diva Venilia mater (Loeb trans.: "whose grandsire is Pilumnus, whose mother divine Venilia"). Ruaeus notes that some thought Pilumnus a son of Jove; cf. Lauderdale: "Sprung from Pilumnus, by Venilia born, / A God and Goddess both his Birth adorn." Douglas and Caro also recognize the divinity of Pilumnus. 124, 126 shrowd / Cloud. Also Lauderdale's rhymes, for a couplet.

1076

Commentary

126 obtend. Dryden Anglicizes Virgil's obtendere (hold out or spread before) in v. 82, the earliest example of this sense recorded by OED. 127 From . . . away. N o Virgilian equivalent. Cf. Aeneis, IX, 1 3 5 - 1 4 2 : it was Cybele, not Venus, who saved the T r o j a n ships, although Virgil's J u n o in v. 83 (Dryden's 1. 128) charges Venus with having done so. 134 The soft . . . Bow'rs. Dryden's addition, making J u n o retort u p o n Venus h e r own words; cf. 1. 79, where the English has small equivalent in Virgil's vv. 5 1 - 5 2 . 138 Or . . . Race. Dryden's addition. 1 4 9 - 1 5 0 So . . . try. For Virgil's ceu flamina prima / Cum deprensa fremunt sylvis in vv. 97-98 (Loeb trans.: "even as when rising blasts, caught in the forest, murmur). Noyes a n d Kinsley note Dryden's echo of Cowley, Davideis, I, 74-75: "Beneath the Dens where unfletcht Tempests lye, / A n d I n f a n t W i n d s their tender Voyces try," a couplet parodied in Mac Flecknoe, 11. 76-77 (see Works, II, 319). 152 Storms . . . presage. For Virgil's venturos nautis prodentia ventos in v. gg (Loeb trans.: "betraying to sailors the oncoming of the gale"). Cf. Ogilby (1654): "Storms to wofull Mariners p o r t e n d . " 159, 160 Ccelestials . . . incline I join. Cf. Lauderdale: "Celestial Pow'rs attentive Ears incline / . . . join." 169, 170 Friend / defend. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 173, 175 Flood j Nod. Also Lauderdale's rhymes, for a couplet. 183 Hopeless . . . Relief. Identical with Lauderdale. 186-187 stood . . . Blood. Lauderdale has " W i t h " instead of " T h e " b u t is otherwise identical; Ogilby has the same rhyme words in 1649, reversed in 1654. 189 Heemon. So spelled by R u a e u s a n d other Renaissance editors; m o d e r n editions prefer Thaemon. 191 Tibris ... Kind. Lauderdale has "two" instead of " b o t h " b u t is otherwise identical. 1 9 7 - 1 9 8 Some ... defend. Lauderdale has "Some with their Darts" instead of " A n d some with Darts" b u t is otherwise identical, except that his lines are in reverse order. 204-205 shines . . . Gold. Cf. Cotton: "As a Gem shines in yellow Gold enchac'd" ( M o n t a i g n e , Bk. II, ch. 33), a n d Aeneis, I, 830-832. 205, 206 set / Jett. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 208 Ointed. Anointed; OED cites this line. 2 1 1 , 212 Lands / Golden Sands. Also Ogilby's line endings; Lauderdale has them in reverse order. 213, 214 Capys . . . Name / Fame. Cf. Lauderdale: "Capis, he to C a p u a gave the name"; Ogilby has the same rhyme words in reverse order. 220-221 Chief . . . Relief. Cf. Lauderdale: "Chief / H e tells his N a m e a n d Country, asks Relief." 222, 223 declar'd / prepaid. Also Lauderdale's a n d Ogilby's rhymes in the present tense. 228, 229 Tarchon . . . signs / joins. Identical with Lauderdale. 232, 233, 234 /Eneas . . . appear / bear / dear. Lauderdale (2d ed.) has " l e d " instead of "leads" b u t is otherwise identical; in the first edition he has " P o o p " instead of "Stern."

Notes to Pages

682-68y

239, 240 Way / by Land and Sea. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 241-242 Now . . . sing. See Dryden's note, 830:4-27, above. 241, 242 Spring / sing. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 245-246 A . . . Sea. Lauderdale has "King" instead of "brave" and "Aboard" instead of "Born in" but is otherwise identical. 247-248 From, . . bear. Identical with Lauderdale (2d ed.), who correctly gives "Clusium" (Virgil, v. 167); his first edition has "Arrows" instead of "Shafts they." 249-250 Fierce . . . bore. Cf. Lauderdale: "Fierce Abbas with his Troops bright Armour wore, / His Stern Apollo's gilded Image bore." 257, 258 From . . . expounds / presaging Sounds. Cf. Lauderdale: "Prodigies expounds / By offer'd Entrails, and presaging sounds." 259-260 Order ... Command. Identical with Lauderdale. 263 Gravisca . . . Fen. For Virgil, v. 184: intempesta que Gravisca (and unhealthy Graviscae); Ruaeus notes that neighboring swamps (vicinarum paludum) caused the unhealthiness. Cf. Lauderdale: "Gravisca (by deep Fenns confin'd)." 267 Cyniras. Ruaeus' second edition reads Cinyra; like most Renaissance editions, Ruaeus' first edition reads Cycne, the name used by all Dryden's predecessors except Lauderdale, who has "Cynira" ("Cinyras" in the 2d ed.). Ruaeus corrected the second edition in the light of Heinsius' text. See L0snes, pp. 123-125, for discussion of this and the following line. 268 Cupavo . . . few. Cf. Lauderdale: "Cupavo, follow'd by a few." 271 his fam'd Ancestry. For Virgil's paterna in v. 188, translated by most predecessors as "his father's," i.e., Cycnus'; Ruaeus notes that Cupavo was a descendant rather than a son of Cycnus. 276 Heav'n . . . Relief. No Virgilian equivalent. 277, 278 Hair / Air. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 279 His Son Cupavo. For Virgil's Filius (son) in v. 194; cf. 1. 271 and note. 280 Upon . . . stood. Cf. Lauderdale: "Upon whose lofty Prow a Centaur stood." Virgil (v. 195) supplies only the name, "Centaur." 283-284 They . . . Flight. Dryden substitutes pathetic fallacy for Virgil's longá sulcat maria alta carina in v. 197 (Loeb trans.: "with long keel he furrows the deep seas"); see Aeneis, IV, 55i-553n. 293 Hate . . . more. Identical with Lauderdale. 296, 297 These . . . sweep / deep. Cf. Lauderdale: "These wise Auletes leads, whose Rowers sweep / . . . Deep." 298-301 Him . . . around. Dryden's scene is busier and more picturesque than Virgil's in w . 209-210: Hue venit immanis Triton, ir ccerula concha / Exterrens freta (Loeb trans.: "He sails in the huge Triton, whose shell affrights the blue billows"). Ruaeus' paraphrase supplies the detail that the waters were terrified by the loud sound of Triton's shell. 302-303 A hairy . . . grows. Lauderdale's first edition has "hoary" and "down from" instead of "hairy" and "beneath," but is otherwise identical. His second edition has "hairy" and is thus identical in the first line of the couplet. 306-307 Full. . . Main. Cf. Lauderdale: "Thus thirty Ships transport the Princely Train, / For Troy's Relief, and briskly scow'r the Main."

1078

Commentary

3 1 2 - 3 1 5 A Choir . . . Deep. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): A Choir of Nereids meets him on the Flood, Once his Attendants from great Ida's Wood, By Cybele made Nymphs; the Waves they sweep, Who rode before tall Vessels on the Deep. Lauderdale's first edition has "Billows" instead of "Waves they" and "Which" instead of "Who." See Dryden's note (829:17-830:3 above) defending the intrusion of the supernatural into these and the following lines. 316, 3 1 7 in a Ring / the Trojan King. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 328-330 'Till . . . Shore. Dryden draws details from the episode in Aeneis, I X , 135-142, to expand upon Virgil's vv. 231-232: Perfidtis ut nos j Pracipites ferro Rutulus flammâque premebat (Loeb trans.: "When the traitorous Rutulian was driving us headlong with fire and sword"). 331, 332 Chain / Main. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 333-334 these . . . Seas. Identical with Lauderdale (2d ed.); his first edition rhymes "saves" and "Waves." 339 To . . . designs. Cf. Lauderdale: " T o cut their way is Turnus chief design." 345> 346 vain / slain. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 353 Then . . . Eyes. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): " T h e n thus he pray'd, casting to Heav'n his Sight"; the first edition begins with " T h e Hero pray'd." 355 With Turrets crown'd. Virgil's Cybele in vv. 252-253 cherishes towercrowned cities (cordi, / Turrigera . . . urbes); Ruaeus notes that, because she did so, she was represented with a towered crown (turrita cum corona). Cf. Segrais: "ton front de châteaux couronné," and Caro: Cybele, "di torri . . . coronata" (tower-crowned). 355-356 Hill . . . Will. Identical with Lauderdale, except that he (correctly) has "Lions" instead of "Tigers"; Bottkol (p. 418) notes Dryden's substitution, and Joseph Spence, Polymetis (1747; repr. 1976), p. 310, suggests that Dryden assigns to Cybele the tigers of Bacchus. 357 Firm. Confirm; cf. Aeneis, VIII, 108, and note. 361, 362 He . . . Care / prepare. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "He charg'd his Soldiers thus: Friends have a care; / . . . prepare"; the first edition begins with "First to his Soldiers calls"; Ogilby (1654) has the same rhyme words. "Preventing" is a Latinism meaning "anticipatory." 374< 375 cover'd o're / Shore. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. 376 The Latians ... Eyes. For Virgil's Ardet (blazes) in v. 270. 382, 383 Lights / Famine frights. Also Lauderdale's line endings, except that he has "Famines." 386 And .. . Friends. For v. 278 in Ruaeus' and other Renaissance texts; modern editions treat it as an interpolation from Aeneid, IX, 127. 386-387 Friends . . . sends. Cf. Lauderdale: "Friends, / What you have wish'd so much kind Fortune sends." 388-390 In . . . dare. For Virgil's perfringere dextrd in v. 279 (Loeb trans.: "break through with the sword"). 391 Your . . . War. Lauderdale has "may" instead of "will" but is otherwise identical. 400 Then . . . prevent. Dryden's addition.

Notes

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Pages

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1079

408, 409 roar / swell the Shoar. Also Lauderdale's line endings in the second edition; his first has "swell to Shore." 410, 411 he steer'd . . . command / land. Identical with Lauderdale. 417 Stretcher. "A foot-rest in a rowing boat" (OED). 420-421 stranded . . . Flood. Cf. Lauderdale: "stranded stood, / Bulg'd on a Bank, beat by the angry Flood." 422, 423 the . . . way j in the Sea. Also Lauderdale's line endings, except that he has "Planks" instead of "Sides." 425, 426 Land / Sand. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 429, 430 The . . . assail'd / prevail'd. Identical with Lauderdale. 447-448 The noisie . . . Breath. Lauderdale (2d ed.) has "Spear" instead of "Dart" but is otherwise identical; the first edition has "Pharo," "wreath'd" (instead of "writh'd"), and "brawling." 451 with . . . Joys. A censorious rendering of Virgil's nova gaudia (new delight) in v. 325, which finds a parallel in Vicars: "Foulely affecting love of youths impure." More pertinently, the sentiment corresponds to that expressed by Dryden in The Life of Lucian. Lucian, he notes, has been charged with "Love of Boys," a "detestable Passion," as Dryden calls it, and an "abominable Subject, which strikes me with Horrour when I name it" (The Works of Lucian [ 1 7 1 0 - 1 7 1 1 ] , I, 29-30; S-S, X V I I I , 71). According to the bookseller (Works of Lucian, I, sig. A3), Dryden wrote the Life of Lucian in 1696, and between 4 January and 3 September of that year he did no more for the Virgil than finish his version of the ninth Aeneid, translate the tenth and eleventh, and start the twelfth, a much slower pace than he had earlier adopted (see headnote, p. 844 above). Quite probably, then, Dryden expressed his detestation of pederasty in the Life of Lucian immediately before or immediately after translating the tenth Aeneid. Harrison (pp. 1 6 4 165) inveighs against Dryden's coarseness here; cf. Frost, " O n Editing Dryden's Virgil," pp. 1 0 9 - 1 1 0 ; and Zwicker, pp. 194-195. 451-452 Joys ... Boys. Lauderdale has "Aeneas" instead of " T h e Trojan" but is otherwise identical. 460 The Spears . . . Victory. For Virgil's tela (weapons) in v. 333. 463, 464 vain / Plain. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 465-466 He said . . . flew. Lauderdale (2d ed.) has " T h i s " and "Death" instead of "Which" and "Fate" but is otherwise identical; in the first edition the first line reads: " H e seiz'd a mighty Spear, first pois'd, then threw." 4 7 1 - 4 7 2 A second . . . Force. For Virgil's v. 340: Protinus hasta fugit, servatque cruenta tenorem (Loeb trans.: "the spear flies right onward, keeping its bloody course"). While preferring to understand that the same spear transfixes the brothers, Ruaeus notes that others suppose Aeneas to have thrown a second spear; cf. Lauderdale: "Another Shaft." Lauderdale also rhymes "Course" and "equal force." 475> 476 Then . .. drew / threw. Identical with Lauderdale. 479-480 In . . . Aim. Cf. Lauderdale: "Proud of his Youth the Sabine Clausus came, / At Dryops from afar directs his aim." 484 And . . . resign'd. A Homeric rendering of Virgil's animam . . . rapit (robs him of life) in v. 348; cf. Iliad, XVI, 856; X X I I , 362. "Flitting" has the sense of "shifting, unstable" (OED, citing this line).

io8o

Commentary

485-486 the Ground . . . Wound. Lauderdale has "Voice, Blood" and "rush" instead of "Life-blood" and "rush'd" but is otherwise identical. 487, 488 Race / Place. Also Vicars' rhymes. 490-491 Halesus ... succeeds. Cf. Lauderdale: "Halesus leads / Auruncan Troops, and Neptune's Son succeeds." 494 With . . . dy'd. No Virgilian equivalent. 500-501 yield . . . Field. Lauderdale has "And" ("But" in the 2d ed.) instead of "They" but is otherwise identical. 502-503 Both . . . Man. Lauderdale has "valour" instead of "Courage," but his first line is otherwise identical; his second reads: "Join Foot to Foot and mingle Man to man." Dryden's first edition reads "crowded" instead of "mingled." 516, 517 Name / Fame. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 533 to Foe. As foe. 538 scarce the Victor. Added to Virgil; cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "the Victor scarce" (substituting for "as he" in the 1st ed.), and Caro: "a pena" (scarcely). 545-546 slain . . . Plain. Lauderdale (2d ed.) has "Latine" instead of "Latian" but is otherwise identical (his 1st ed. has "Thimber"); Ogilby (1654) has "slain, / Laride, and Thymber, on th' Ausonian Plain." 554 And . . . vain. Dryden's addition. 564, 565 Wound I spurn'd the Ground. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 568-572 Contagion . . . Wast. For Virgil's vv. 407-408: Correptis subito mediis, extenditur una / Horrida per latos acies Vulcania campos (Loeb trans.: "on a sudden the mid-spaces catch, and Vulcan's bristling battleline spreads o'er the broad fields unbroken"). 575 So . . . unite. Identical with Lauderdale. 575< 57® unite j delight. Also Vicars' rhymes. 579, 580 so well / fell. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. 583, 584 Stone / Bone. Also Vicars' and Phaer's rhymes. 585 It . . . Eye. No Virgilian equivalent. 587-588 Deep . . . retire. Cf. Lauderdale: "In prescience deeply skill'd Halesus Sire / Did with the Youth to shady Woods retire." 593-594 throws . . . Vows. Cf. Lauderdale: "Who first to Tyber thus address'd his Vow, / . . . throw." 597-598 His . . . Pray'r. Lauderdale has "sacred" instead of "holy" but is otherwise identical. 605-617 Abas, the stay . . . by greater Hands. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): first Abas kill'd, Abas the Stay and Hindrance of the Field. The Trojans 'scap'd their Grecian Foes in vain; They and their mix'd Allies now load the bloody Plain. T o the rude Shock both Armies bravely came. Their Leaders equal and their Force the same; The Rear so crowds the Front, they scarcely wield Their Swords or Jav'lins in the listed Field: Here Pallas urgeth on, and Lausus there, Of equal Age and Beauty both appear; But Fate forbids to breathe their Countreys Air.

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Their fierce Encounter mighty Jove withstands, Both soon must fall, but fall by greater Hands. The second edition extends the line reading "They . . . Plain" by adding "mix'd" and "now." 626, 627 his Men retir'd j admir'd. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Ogilby has the same rhyme words. 629 Struck . . . Meen. Identical with Lauderdale. 633 Jove. For Virgil's pater (father) in v. 450; i.e., Evander. 634 the void. Created by the withdrawal of the men from the "forbidden Space" in 1. 626; for Virgil's medium ... aequor (midplain) in v. 451. 640 Bending . . . Sand. Identical with Lauderdale. 646-647 to try .. . supply. Cf. Lauderdale: "to try / If Valour could the want of strength supply." 657 Short . . . set. Identical with Lauderdale. 658 Vertues. A now obsolete Latinism meaning "of courage" and literally rendering Virgil's virtutis in v. 469. 661-662 My own . . . Blow. See the dedication of Aeneis (293:27-294:15) and the note (830:28-832:8), where Dryden discusses the role of Fate and its priority over Jupiter. 667, 668 threw j drew. Also Ogilby's and Lauderdale's rhymes. 669, 670 Joint j Point. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 681, 682 sound / Ground. Ogilby rhymes "resound" and "Ground." 683, 684 hear j bear. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 685-686 Such . . . Friend. Lauderdale has "Aeneas" instead of "the Phrygians" but is otherwise identical. 687-688 bestow . . . below. Lauderdale has "His Corps" instead of "Unask'd" but is otherwise identical with Dryden's first edition; for the second, Dryden changed "please" (Lauderdale's verb) to "rest." 689, 690 Force / Corse. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 693 fifty. Not specified by Virgil in vv. 497-498 but supplied by Douglas and Ruaeus' note (cf. Aeneis, VI, io92n). 698-699 O ... low. Lauderdale (2d ed.) has "Men still blind to" instead of "Mortals! blind in" but is otherwise identical. 700, 701 The Time . . . vain / slain. Ogilby has "will" instead of "but," but his first line is otherwise identical; his second rhyme word is "unslain." 704-705 The sad . . . Shield. Cf. Lauderdale: "The griev'd Arcadians crowd the bloody Field, / And bear the breathless Body on a Shield." 708, 709 Field / kill'd. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 7 1 1 , 712 This . .. Fame / came. Identical with Lauderdale; Ogilby has the same rhyme words. 713-714 the brink .. . Hand. Identical with Lauderdale. 717-718 To find . . . ow'd. Lauderdale has "thee" and "thy" instead of "fierce" and "his" but is otherwise identical. 719, 720 his Eyes j hospitable Ties. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 721-722 Four Sons . . . led. Cf. Lauderdale: "Sulmos four Sons, and four which Ufens bred / He took alive; all Victims to be led." 723, 724 expire / Fun'ral Fire. Also Lauderdale's and Ogilby's 1654 line endings.

1082

Commentary

727-728 pray'd . . . Shade. Cf. Lauderdale: "pray'd: / By young lulus hopes, Anchises Shade." 734 The . . . pay. Dryden's addition, explaining the point of Magus' inventory; Lauderdale also devotes a line to a similar explanation. 735> 73® prevail / turn the Scale. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. 745 wreath'd. Also Douglas' rendering ("Wiyith") of Virgil's reflexd (bent back) in v. 535. 750, 752 Much .. . proud / holy Coward. Dryden's satiric additions. 755—756 bears . . . Wars. Identical with Lauderdale. 761-762 Blow . . . go. Lauderdale has "Whose" and "Earth" instead of "Both" and "Ground" but is otherwise identical. 763 magick Charms. Also Lauderdale's rendering of Virgil's aliquid magnum (something great) in v. 547, and so glossed by Ruaeus (magicis . . . carminibus); cf. Segrais: "magiques paroles." 765, 766 Spheres / Years. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 770-772 With . . . down. For Virgil's ille reductd / Loricam clypeique ingens onus impedit hasta in vv. 552-553 (Loeb trans.: "Drawing back his spear, he pins the corslet and the shield's huge burden together"). Ruaeus explains the maneuver: Tarquitus held his spear extended in his right hand; Aeneas turned the spear aside, forcing it against Tarquitus' shield, which he was therefore unable to use for protection. In Dryden's 1. 770 "his" refers to Tarquitus and " H e " to Aeneas; the unusual capitalization of the pronoun presumably serves to clarify the syntax. 775-776 the Trunk . . . Blood. In Virgil's vv. 555-556 Aeneas himself rolls over the warm trunk (truncumque tepentem / Provolvens), and there is no blood on the sand. 781, 782 Prey / Sea. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 787 Both . . . young. Dryden's addition. 790 in . . . silent. Identical with Lauderdale. 791-798 And . . . Shields. Considerably expanded from Virgil's vv. 465468. The following details represent variations on a single phrase, Jovis cum fulmina contra (when, against Jove's thunderbolts): "when . . . Jove," "provok'd . . . afar," "And Flash . . . for Fires," "And takes the Thunder." Dryden liked to dwell as much on the reciprocity of battle as of debate. 797» 79® wields / Shields. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 802-803 flew ... drew. Lauderdale has "Horses" instead of "Coursers" but is otherwise identical. 805 And . . . Lance. Instead of Virgil's longe gradientem (taking long steps) in v. 572. 810, 811 scour the Plains / Reins. Lauderdale rhymes "Reins" and "scowr'd the Plains." 813, 814 Air / couch'd his Spear. Lauderdale rhymes "Air" and "couch'd his threatning Spear" for the first and third lines of a triplet. 816, 817 vain I Plain. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 820 Nor Venus .. . Shield. Added to Virgil from Ruaeus' note explaining that Aeneas escaped from Diomede by means of Venus' veil and from Achilles with the assistance of Neptune. 828-829 the deadly . . . Ground. Identical with Lauderdale (2d ed.); his

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first edition reads: "Threw him from the Chariot, down on the Ground." Vicars rhymes "deadly wound" and "upon the ground." 834-835 Rein . . . Plain. Cf. Lauderdale: "Rein, / Here Lyger also stretch'd upon the Plain." Dryden's and Lauderdale's second lines correspond to Virgil's delapsus (fallen or slipped down) in v. 596. 843-847 But. . . Flood. Expanding upon the response in Virgil's vv. 599600: /Eneas: haud talia dudum / Dicta dabas: morere, & fratrem ne desere frater (Loeb trans.: "but Aeneas: 'Not such erewhile were thy words. Die, and let not brother forsake brother!' "). 850-853 As . . . vain. Cf. Lauderdale: As Storms the Air, and Torrents tear the Ground, Inrag'd Aeneas scatter'd Deaths around: At last Ascanius, with his Trojan Train, Broke from the Town, so long besieg'd in vain. 861 Judge . . . Aid. Dryden's addition. 86a with . . . Eyes. Dryden's addition, recalling the Homeric epithet for Hera (Juno): ox-eyed; see, e.g., Iliad, I, 551, and Dryden's First Book of Homer's Ilias, 1. 741: "with the charming Eyes." 87a, 873 since . . . good / Blood. Cf. Ogilby (1649): "if thou think it good, / . . . blood." 874, 875 Name / came. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 875 God Pilumnus. T h e divinity is not specified by Virgil but is noted by Ruaeus (cf. Aeneis, X, ii7n). 876, 877 Rites j Incense. For Virgil's multis . . . donis (many gifts) in v. 620 (cf. Aeneis, IV, 86n). 886-887 Or if . . . in vain. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "you entertain / A thought to change the Fates, such Hopes are vain"; his first edition has " W a r " instead of "Fates" and corresponds more precisely to Virgil's totum . . . bellum (whole war) in vv. 626-627. 896, 897 flies j Skies. Also Lauderdale's rhymes and Ogilby's in 1649; Ogilby reversed them in 1654. 900, 901 made / Shade. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 904 This .. . wield. Dryden's addition, dwelling on the process of simulation; in 1. 911 the "empty Sword" corresponds to Virgil's telis (weapons) in v. 644. 906, 907 Ground / Sound. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 908-909 Thus . . . Night. Cf. Lauderdale: "Thus Ghosts they say appear to mortal sight, / And thus deceiving Dreams, surprize by Night." 912-913 At this . . . for Fear. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): " H e then advancing 'gainst it cast his Spear, / T h e Spectre wheel'd, as if it ran for fear." 914-915 fled . . . fed. Lauderdale has "swelling" instead of "haughty" but is otherwise identical. 916-917 Whether . . . Cloud. Cf. Lauderdale: "Aeneas whither? Turnus calls aloud, / Nor knew he talk'd to Wind, and chac'd a Cloud." 922-923 By . . . bore. Lauderdale has an identical second line and a first that reads: "By chance a Ship moor'd to the rocky Shore." 926 And . . . went. Dryden's addition. 927, 928 haste / pass'd. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 929, 930 Hand j Land. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order.

1084

Commentary

931, 932 With Wind in Poop ¡And .. . Way. Dryden's addition. 933' 934 absent Foe / to Shades below. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 935- 93® now • • • shrowd / vanish'd in a Cloud. Also Lauderdale's line endings, except that his rhyme words are in the plural. 939-941 redeem'd . .. pass'd. No Virgilian equivalent; among early translators only Dryden suggests that Turnus feared Aeneas. 942 hagger'd Eyes. Dryden's addition. 955-957 Gape . . . drive. C£. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "Gape wide, O Earth, and swallow me alive, / Or, O ye Winds, my Miseries relieve: / On Rocks, on Sand, on Shelves the Vessel drive." 959-961 Where . . . proclaim. For Virgil's v. 679: Quo neque me Rutuli, neque conscia fama sequatur (where neither the Rutuli nor conscious fame may follow me). With "Foes," cf. Caro: "nimico" (enemy); with the Latinism "conscious," cf. Aeneis, IV, 9 3 2 a 964, 965 place I Disgrace. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 968-969 Thrice . . . withstood. Cf. Lauderdale: "Thrice he essay'd the Sword, and thrice the Flood, / But Juno thrice in pity both withstood." 982-983 He ... oppos'd. Cf. Lauderdale: "He like a Rock by the vast Seas enclos'd, / T o raging Winds and rolling Waves expos'd." 985 unmov'd remains. Also Lauderdale's line ending. Cf. Florio: "unmoov'd remaine" (Montaigne, Bk. I l l , ch. 10). 988, 989 At... flung I his Helmet rung. Lauderdale has "mighty" instead of "weighty" but is otherwise identical. ggo, 991 But . . . Wound / Ground. Cf. Lauderdale: "But Palmus in his Hams receiv'd his Wound, / . . . Ground." 992-993 His Crest... adorn. Lauderdale has an identical second line and a first that reads: "His Arms and Crest from his maim'd Body torn." 996, 997 Born . . . Fire / Paris to his Sire. Lauderdale uses "fatal" to modify "Fire" instead of "Night" but is otherwise identical. 998-999 slain . . . Plain. Identical with Lauderdale; Ogilby has the same rhyme words. "Unthinking" has the sense of not knowing his own fate (as Ruaeus' note explains). 1000, 1001 bred I fed. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 1008-1009 He frets . . . Side. Lauderdale has the same rhymes and, like Dryden, follows Ruaeus' ordering (derived from Scaliger) in which vv. 717— 718 precede vv. 7 1 4 - 7 1 6 (Dryden's 11. 1010-1013). 1016, 1017 Mezentius . . . ride / Bride. Lauderdale has "saw" instead of "sees" but is otherwise identical. 1018, 1019 beholds / the Folds. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. 1022-1023 Jaws . . . Paws. Cf. Lauderdale: "Jaws, / T h e tender Prey beneath his cruel Paws / Lies panting"; the panting prey renders Virgil's Visceribus (flesh) in v. 727. 1026-1027 So . . . overthrows. Ogilby has the same rhyme words and an identical second line, except for "most" instead of "first"; Lauderdale has "rush'd amongst" instead of "rushes on" in a line otherwise identical with Dryden's first. 1028, 1029 Ground / wound. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1039 Lo . .. lies. Virgil's Mezentius in v. 737 merely exults in the achieve-

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m e n t of overthrowing Orodes, whose nationality is n o t identified; Dryden's Mezentius treats Orodes as o n e of the subjects who rebelled against Mezentius' tyranny (Aeneis, VIII, 630-649), even though in Virgil's v. 739—and in a phrase not translated by Dryden—the dying Orodes seems not to recognize Mezentius. 1046, 1047 reply'd. / provide. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 1050-1051 sight . . . Night. Ogilby and Lauderdale have "clos'd" instead of "seal'd" b u t are otherwise identical; Vicars has the same rhyme words. 1054, 1055 yield / kill'd. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 1056-1062 Then . . . prevails. Dryden characteristically details the sequence of actions more fully than Virgil does in vv. 747, 749-751: obtruncat . . . Messapus Cloniumque, Lycaoniumque Ericeten: / Ilium, infranis equi lapsu tellure jacentem; / Hunc, peditem (Loeb trans.: "Messapus slays Clonius a n d Ericetes, Lycaon's son—the one, as he lay o n the ground, fallen f r o m his unbridled steed, the other as he came on foot"). For Messapus as Neptune's son, see Aeneis, VII, 955. 1064 To . . . defy'd. Dryden's addition. 1071-1313 Thus equal... Wound. Dryden's earlier version of this episode appeared in Sylva (1685) a n d was consulted by Lauderdale, who took less f r o m it than f r o m Dryden's versions of the Nisus and Euryalus episodes. Dryden's influence on Lauderdale shows in lines corresponding, in the Aeneis version, t o l l . 1087-1088, 1091-1092, 1122, 1 1 3 2 - 1 1 3 5 , 1 1 6 0 - 1 1 6 3 , 1 1 8 3 - 1 1 8 4 , 1189, 1 2 1 2 - 1 2 1 3 , 1 2 2 0 - 1 2 2 1 , 1228, 1237-1238, 1252-1253, 1260, 1 2 6 1 - 1 2 6 2 , 1269-1270, 1271, 1275-1276, 1283-1284, and 1287-1290. For the Sylvee version, see Works, III, 3 4 - 4 1 ; for the changes Dryden m a d e for Aeneis, see the collation, pp. 1 1 7 0 - 1 1 7 1 below. See also the notes to Aeneis, V, 373-475; VIII, 484-538; a n d IX, 221-600. 1079-1080 Infernal . . . Snakes. Substituted for Virgil's Pallida Tisiphone . . . savit (pale T i s i p h o n e rages) in v. 761. 1096 Those ... invoke. Dryden emphasizes Mezentius' atheism; in Virgil's vv. 773-774 Mezentius summons his h a n d a n d spear to aid h i m because they are his god (mihi Deus). Cf. Segrais: "mon Dieu seul," a n d Vicars: " n o n e other Gods I have." Ruaeus notes that Mezentius is everywhere a c o n t e m n o r of the gods; cf. Dryden's introduction to the Sylvce version: "Mezentius is every where describ'd by Virgil as an Atheist" (Works, III, 34). 1 1 3 1 pious. W i t h this addition, cf. Dryden's introduction to the Sylvee version: "Lausus is made the Pattern of filial Piety and Vertue" (Works, III, 34). 1141 Passenger. Wayfarer. 1 1 5 6 - 1 1 5 8 And... Way. For Virgil's vv. 8 1 5 - 8 1 6 : Validum namque exigit ensem / Per medium ALneas juvenem (Loeb trans.: " f o r Aeneas drives the sword sheer through the youth's body"). 1163 Loath . . . depart. Substituted for Virgil's more H o m e r i c per auras / Concessit mcesta ad manes in vv. 819-820 (Loeb trans.: " t h r o u g h the air . . . fled sorrowing to the Shades"). W i t h Dryden's line, cf. Matthew A r n o l d , Sohrab and Rustum, 11. 854-855: "Unwillingly the spirit fled away, / Regretting the warm mansion which it left." 1168 to hold him up. Dryden's addition; cf. Caro: "sollevollo" (raised or heartened).

io86

Commentary

1169, 1 1 7 0 - 1 1 7 1 what Praises / such . . . Worth. R e s p o n d i n g to t h e n u a n c e s of Virgil's laudibus (praises, glorious actions) in v. 825. 1 1 7 1 and . . . more. Also Caro's a d d i t i o n to Virgil: "presagio / che n ' h a i d a t o di te" (the promise you have shown). 1 1 7 5 , 1 1 7 9 Inviolate . . . slain / There . . . tell. Dryden's additions. 1183, 1184 Ground j Wound. Also Douglas' rhymes. 1195 Careful . . . prevent. Dryden's a d d i t i o n , dwelling o n the pathos. 1 2 1 4 - 1 2 1 5 My Guilt . . . Name. T w o versions of Virgil's ego . . . tuum maculavi crimine nomen (I h a v e stained your n a m e with crime) in v. 851. 1822, 1223 from Ground / Wound. Also Ogilby's line endings. 1 2 2 6 - 1 2 2 7 Well mouth'd . . . Success. Substituted f o r Virgil's hoc decus illi, / Hoc solamen erat in vv. 858-859 (Loeb trans.: " T h i s was his pride, this his solace"). 1237, 12 3® Or... deny / dye. Ogilby rhymes "or, if Fates d e n y " a n d "dye." 1241 straight . . . kneels. I n Virgil's v. 867 Mezentius simply m o u n t s the horse (exceptus tergo); D r y d e n explains how h e was able to d o so, w o u n d e d as he was, a n d makes the horse p e r f o r m as Bucephalus was said to have d o n e f o r A l e x a n d e r (see D i o d o r u s Siculus, X V I I , 76). 1 2 4 7 - 1 2 5 0 Love . . . Breast. C o r r e s p o n d i n g to Virgil's vv. 870-872 in R u a e u s ' a n d o t h e r Renaissance texts; t h e verses are i n large p a r t r e p e a t e d at Aeneid, X I I , 666-668 (Dryden's 11. 969-972). M o d e r n editors treat Aeneid, X, 872, as an i n t e r p o l a t i o n f r o m X I I , 668. 1253 far-shooting God. Virgil's A p o l l o in v. 875. Dryden's e p i t h e t is H o m e r i c ; see, e.g., Iliad, I, 14, a n d 11. 32, 276, of Dryden's translation f o r Fables of the first Iliad. 1255 but . . . Fear. Dryden's a d d i t i o n , stressing Aeneas' courage, p e r h a p s t r a n s f e r r e d to h i m f r o m Mezentius' boast i n Virgil's v. 880—Nec mortem horremus (I a m n o t a f r a i d of death)—which D r y d e n renders in 1. 1261 as " N o r Fate I fear." 1275, 1276 Force / Warrior Horse. Vicars rhymes "force" a n d "warriours horse"; the Sylvee version, 1. 207, reads "warlike H o r s e . " 1 2 7 7 - 1 2 7 8 Just . . . Ear. Developed f r o m Virgil's inter (between: i.e., the horse's temples) in v. 890. 1 2 7 9 - 1 2 8 2 Seiz'd . . . Wind. E x p a n d i n g Virgil's Tollit se arrectum quadrupes, if calcibus auras j Verberat in vv. 892-893 (Loeb trans.: " T h e steed rears up, lashes the air with its feet"). Cf. the Sylva version, 11. 2 1 0 - 2 1 4 , i n which the horse rears o n its h i n d feet only a n d falls backward. 1296 To . . . Death. Dryden's a d d i t i o n . 1 2 9 7 - 1 3 0 2 'Tis . . . hand. For Virgil's w . 901-902: Nullum in cade nefas, nec sic ad pralia veni, / Nec tecum meus heec pepigit mihi fcedera Lausus (Loeb trans.: " N o sin is there in slaying me; n o t o n such terms came I to battle, n o r is such the pact my Lausus pledged between m e a n d thee"). 1 2 9 9 - 1 3 0 0 Nor ask . . . thine. T h i s couplet was the first change D r y d e n m a d e in the Sylves version (see Works, I I I , 9 : 1 6 - 2 5 , a n d textual n o t e o n p. 41). 1305, 1306 my Body have / Grave. Douglas has the first line e n d i n g a n d rhymes it with "be bygrave" (be interred). 1 3 1 2 - 1 3 1 3 The Crimson . . . Wound. F o r Virgil's v. 908: Undantique animam diffundit in arma cruore (Loeb trans.: " a n d p o u r s f o r t h his life over

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his armour in streams of blood"). Noyes and Kinsley note Dryden's reuse of this couplet at the close of Aeneis, XII. While 1. 1312 corresponds to the last verse of Aeneid, X, 1. 1313 corresponds to the last of Aeneid, XII: Vitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras (Loeb trans.: "and with a moan life passed indignant to the Shades below"). T h e couplet in Aeneis, X, is let stand from the Sylva version, where Dryden perhaps felt that conflating the deaths of Mezentius and Turnus gave the separately translated episode a more emphatic conclusion, which could, in turn, be effectively repeated at the end of the whole Aeneis.

THE ELEVENTH BOOK OF THE AENEIS

7, 8 plac'd / grac'd. Also Vicars' and Ogilby's rhymes. 8-11 Which . . . afar. Expanded from Virgil's fulgentiaque induit arma, / Mezenti ducis exuvias in vv. 6-7 (Loeb trans.: "and arrays in the gleaming arms stripped from Mezentius the chief"). 25-28 fierce . . . slain. For Virgil's hac sunt spolia, ir de rege superbo / Primitia: manibus meis Mezentius hie est in vv. 15-16 (Loeb trans.: "These are the spoils and firstfruits of a haughty king; and here is Mezentius, as fashioned by my hands"). Ruaeus notes that the "haughty king" is to be understood as Turnus, not Mezentius. 41 in . . . bloom. Added to Virgil, and also Lauderdale's line ending in the second edition; his first and the Boddy MS have "before" instead of "in." 43, 44 Way / lay. Also Vicars' rhymes. 50 with dishevell'd Hair. Also Ogilby's 1649 line ending; "dishevell'd" renders Virgil's solutee (loosened) in v. 35. 51, 52 Cry / Sky. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 59-62 Unhappy . . . Success. Dryden expands, in order to explicate, Virgil's Tene, inquit, miserande puer, cum lata veniret, / Invidit fortuna mihi in vv. 42-43 (Loeb trans.: "Was it thou, unhappy boy, that Fortune grudged me in her happy hour"). 65-66 lent . . . Consent. Dryden's addition, recalling Aeneid, VIII, 580583 (Dryden's 11. 765-768). 69, 70 told I bold. Lauderdale rhymes "foretold" and "bold" in the published versions but not in the Boddy MS. 73 Pomp. Also Lauderdale's and Caro's ("pompa") rendering of Virgil's honore (honor, funeral rites) in v. 52. 81-84 thou . . . receiv'd. Expanded from Virgil's non . . . pudendis / Vulneribus pulsum aspicies (you shall not look upon the shameful wounds of one who fled) in vv. 55-56. 87, 88 But what I And what. Segrais begins two successive lines with "Quel." 93-94 share . . . Relief. Cf. Lauderdale: " T o share the Father's Tears, a small Relief, / Yet well becoming sad Evander's Grief." 105, 106 brought I Dido wrought. Also Ogilby's line endings. 107, 108 spread j Head. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order.

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Commentary

n o Caul. Literally, an ornamented, netted cap. 119, 120 Inferior Trophees / their . . . adorn. For Virgil's Indutos . . . truncos (tree trunks covered with) in v. 83. Ruaeus notes that the trunks were inferior trophies (Minora trophtea) borne by hand. 125, 126 Sorrow drown'd / upon the Ground. Lauderdale has "Sorrows" but is otherwise identical. 128 Hair. Also Lauderdale's substitute in the published versions for Virgil's ora (face) in v. 86; the Boddy MS has "face & hair." 133, 134 sullen Pace / rolling down his Face. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 135, 136 Crest / the rest. Also Ogilby's line endings. 145, 146 Pallas dwell / farewel. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. 147-148 but . . . Tears. Dryden's addition. 151 Obtest. "Beg earnestly for" (OED, citing this line). 151, 152 Plain / slain. Also Ogilby's rhymes in reverse order. 1 5 3 - 1 5 7 They . . . Request. Dryden develops the case argued in Virgil's v. 104: Nullum cum victis certamen ir cethere cassis (there is no fighting with those vanquished and deprived of life). 159, 160 be deny'd / thus reply'd. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 163 And ... Man. Dryden's addition, carrying u p the sense of 11. 167-169. 165, 166 give I those who live. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 169-170 your . . . Friendship. Cf. Lauderdale: "Your King deny'd / My Friendship." 1 7 3 _ 1 7 4 The slain . . . fault. Added to Virgil; cf. Caro: "e i vostri cittadini / non sarian morti" (and your citizens would not be dead). 1 7 7 - 1 7 8 This . . . Peace. Dryden's addition. 181, 182 th' Embassadors amaz'd / and . . . gaz'd. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Ogilby has the same rhyme words. 185-186 Broke . . . bowing. A courtly addition to Virgil; cf. Caro: "rotto il silenzio" (the silence broken). 187-188 mighty . . . Fame. Cf. Lauderdale: "mighty Name, / Whose brave Atchievements far exceed your Fame." 191, 192 relate / to . . . State. Lauderdale has "Latine" but is otherwise identical. 205, 206 resound j Ground. Also Ogilby's rhymes; Lauderdale and Phaer rhyme "sound" and "Ground." 2 1 3 - 2 1 4 stand . . . hand. Lauderdale has " M a n " instead of "with" but is otherwise identical. 215 Wildly . . . amaze. Dryden's addition. 223-225 Till . . . pace. For Virgil's v. 148: At non Evandrum potis est vis ulla tenere (Loeb trans.: "But no force can withold Evander"). Cf. Caro, where not only force but counsel and decorum are also unavailing ("N6 forza, n6 consiglio, n6 decoro"). 228, 229 breaks / speaks. Lauderdale rhymes "broke" and "spoke"; Florio rhymes "speach" and "breach" (Montaigne, Bk. I, ch. 2). 230 O . . . Word. For Virgil's Non hac, o Palla, dederas promissa (O Pallas, this was not the promise you gave) in v. 152. Cf. Lauderdale (1st ed.

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a n d Boddy MS): "Pallas, you fail'd your word"; his second edition has "broke." 237 Prelude . . . come. Dryden's addition. 24a Prascious. Prescient. 243-245 To . . . soon. For Virgil's vici mea fata, superstes / Restarem ut genitor in vv. 1 6 0 - 1 6 1 (Loeb trans.: I "have overcome my destiny, only to linger thus—thy father!"). Cf. To the Memory of Mr. Oldham, 11. 7 - 8 (Works, II, 175). 256, 257 Shore / before. Also Ogilby's rhymes in reverse order. 259, 260 Grave / gave. T h e first rhyme is also Lauderdale's in the Boddy MS; the second is also Ogilby's. 270 to view . .. in vain. Dryden's addition; cf. Lauderdale: "While T e a r s the T r o j a n s from the Army stay." 275 devoted. Doomed. 279, 280 go / below. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 281, 282 now . . . Night / Light. Identical with Lauderdale (2d ed.); his first edition a n d the Boddy MS have "dispels." 283-284 The . . . Strand. Lauderdale has "Prince" instead of "Chief," "great" instead of "the," a n d " u p o n " instead of "along" b u t is otherwise identical. 297 Target. Also Douglas' addition to Virgil: "scheildis." 299-301 The . . . Plain. E x p a n d e d from Virgil's v. 196: Ipsorum clypeos, ir non felicia tela (Loeb trans.: "their own shields a n d luckless weapons"). 305 and weep. Dryden's addition, extending the pathos, the meter, a n d the alliteration of the line. 306, 307 Night / Light. Also Lauderdale's rhymes; Ogilby (1654) has them in reverse order. 308-309 The . . . prepare. Lauderdale (2d ed.) begins the couplet with " T h ' afflicted Latins" b u t is otherwise identical; his first edition a n d the Boddy MS lack the syncopated " T h ' " and have "Fires" instead of "Piles." 312 Kings / Captains. Not specified by Virgil; cf. Lauderdale: "Some of more Note." 314, 3 1 5 Name / Flame. Lauderdale rhymes "Flames" a n d "Names." 318 And . . . aspires. Dryden's addition. 3 2 1 - 3 2 6 When . . . place. E x p a n d e d f r o m Virgil's vv. 2 1 1 - 2 1 2 : Moerentes altum cinerem ir confusa ruebant / Ossa focis, tepidoque onerabant aggere terra (Loeb trans.: " m o u r n f u l l y they stirred from the pyres the bones mingled with deep ashes, a n d heaped above them a warm m o u n d of earth"). 327-328 appears . . . Tears. Cf. Lauderdale: "appears, / I n all the m o u r n f u l Pomps of Grief a n d Tears." 330-331 and . . . share. Dryden's addition. 333-336 A broken . . . exclaim. Considerably e x p a n d e d f r o m Virgil's Turnique hymentzos ( T u r n u s ' nuptials) in v. 217, perhaps alluding to William I l l ' s aspirations and usurpation, as Stuart loyalists would have it, of the English throne. 345-346 Fame . . . Name. Cf. Ogilby: "he stands shaded with the Q u e e n s great Name, / . . . Fame"; Lauderdale also rhymes " N a m e " a n d "Fame." 347» 34 8 burn / return. Also Lauderdale's rhymes.

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Commentary

349» 35° C° s t / l° s t - Also Douglas' rhymes in reverse order. 355-361 finds . . . undry'd. Expanded from Virgil's w . 832-233: Fatalem /Enean manifesto numine ferri: / Admonet ira DeUm, tumulique ante ora recentes (Loeb trans.: " T h a t Aeneas is called of fate, guided by heaven's clear will, is the warning given by angry gods and the fresh graves before his eyes"). 362-363 summons . . . Hall. Lauderdale has "Latin Princes" instead of "Latian Senate" but is otherwise identical. 376-377 has . . . City. For Virgil's Ille urbem . . . condebat (he was founding the city) in w . 246-247; cf. Segrais: "il fondoit les murs audacieux." 387-391 Renown'd . . . abhorr'd. Dryden emphasizes the difference between irenic past and bellicose present, perhaps to reflect upon William's engagement of England in a continental war. Cf. Virgil, vv. 253-254: quee vos fortuna quietos / Sollicitat, suadetque ignota lacessere bella (Loeb trans.: "what chance vexes your calm and lures you to provoke warfare unknown?"). 396-397, 400 and . . . sought / So . . . despis'd. Dryden's additions. 402-404 Witness . . . Rocks. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "Witness Minerva's storms which Grecian vessels lost / Att Caphareus cliffs on the Eubean coast"; his published versions read: "Witness Minerva's Storms, the Grecians lost / On Sand and Rocks near the Eubean Coast." 404-405 The Prince . . . Bed. Dryden's periphrasis for Menelaus, named by Virgil in v. 262. 410 Or . . . slain. Instead of Virgil's Regna Neoptolemi (the kingdoms of Neoptolemus) in v. 264. Ruaeus notes that Neoptolemus (or Pyrrhus), Achilles' son, was killed by Orestes in a dispute over Hermione. 413-414 The . . . Life. T h e first line is added to Virgil, perhaps by way of Ruaeus' note contrasting Agamemnon the avenger of Paris' adultery and the victim of his own wife's; Caro effects a similar contrast. Douglas rhymes "wyfe" and "loist his liffe" and Lauderdale rhymes "Life" and "Wife"; in both the "Wife" is Clytemnestra rather than Helen, as in Dryden. 419 Banish'd from both. In Virgil, w . 269-270, the gods begrudge Diomede's return (redditus); in Segrais they "pour jamais me bannissent." 422 cuff. "Strike or buffet with the wings" (OED). 422 Pinions not their own. Dryden's addition; cf. Pope, Iliad, II, 160, and The Rape of the Lock, I, 148. 425, 426 Harms / Arms. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 428 violate ... Love. In Iliad, V, 335-337, Diomedes wounds Venus in the hand. 433, 434 you bring / Trojan King. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 436-437 With . . . throw. Two versions of Virgil's quo turbine torqueat hastam in v. 284 (Loeb trans.: "with what whirlwind he hurls his spear!"). 443, 444 made / delay'd. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 445» 44® hand / equal in Command. Also Lauderdale's line endings in the published versions; the Boddy MS rhymes "arms" and "equal in alarms." 449, 450 Care / War. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 451-452 He . . . Truce. A more abrasive conclusion than in Virgil's vv. 294-295, where Venulus merely assures Latinus that he has now heard Diomede's reply and his thoughts on the war. Dryden prepares for the expression of discontent which follows.

Notes to Pages 7 3 2 - 7 4 0 459 White . . . around. Dryden's addition, elaborating upon the image; cf. Aeneis, VI, 958-96311. 461, 462 Throne / and thus begun. Also Lauderdale's line endings; the Boddy MS rhymes "invoke" and "thus he spoke." 464 Had . . . late. Identical with Lauderdale. 465 Much . . . me. For Virgil's Et vellem, ir fuerat melius in v. 303 (Loeb trans.: " I both could wish, and it had been better"). Cf. Lauderdale: "It better were for you, for me, and all." 466 Unforc'd . . . Necessity. Dryden's addition. 467-468 to call . . . Wall. Ogilby (1654) has "our Wall" but is otherwise identical; Phaer rhymes "to call" and "the wall." 482-483 With equal . . . Event. Dryden's addition. 487-488 till . . . Hill. Cf. Lauderdale: "till, / And feed their Cattel on the grassy Hill." 493, 494 if they please / cross the Seas. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 514 A closs ... Lord. Kinsley notes that Dryden improves on Lauderdale's "A great Caballer with the giddy Throng" and cites Milton, Samson Agonistes, 1. 1181: "Tongue-doughtie Giant." 517-518 He . . . Crimes. Virgil's Drances in v. 342 simply inflames the court and does not name Turnus until v. 363. Like Douglas and Caro, Dryden anticipates the name and the charges to follow, while Caro's Drances also stirs the heart with envy ("d'invidia"). 527, 529 The Plains . . . around / Dejected . . . appears. Dryden's additions. 532 menaces. Also Segrais' rendering ("il menace") of Virgil's territat (frightens) in v. 351. 533-534 Yet . . . Flight. For Virgil's fugae fidens (trusting to flight) in v. 351535» 536 you . . . send / Friend. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 537-538 Add . . . rest. Developed from Virgil's Unum etiam (one more) in v. 352. 539 Give . . . Bride. Identical with Lauderdale. 544, 548 For . . . Good / O . . . Ills. Dryden's additions. 552 'Tis . . . War. For Virgil's Nulla salus bello (there is no safety in war) in v. 363. 561-580 Nor . . . enjoy. Expanded from Virgil's vv. 366-375, principally by adding details that combine and contrast Turnus and the Latins; 11. 561, 57-57i. 576-578, and 580 have small or no Virgilian equivalent. 574' 575 Life / Royal Wife. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 581 These . . . Art. For Virgil's Talibus . . . dictis (such words) in v. 376: to explain Turnus' angry response. 585, 586 Words j Swords. Also Vicars' rhymes. 589-590 Foe . . . overflow. Cf. Ogilby (1654): "Foe, / E're Streams of Blood our Trenches overflow." 593' 594' 595 Hand / Strand / stand. Phaer rhymes "hand," "land," and "stand." 598, 599 calls / Walls. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 600, 601 fight j Flight. Also Phaer's rhymes.

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Commentary

602, 603 away / say. Also Douglas' rhymes; Lauderdale has them in reverse order. 604-605 Had . . . denies. Dryden's addition. 607 And . . . Main. Cf. Lauderdale: " W h o sees the bloody Tyber swell the Main." 624-625 Suppliant. .. flies. Dryden supplies separate actions (and adversaries) for Achilles and Diomede, who, in Virgil's vv. 404-405, are merely named and then yoked with the Aufidus because they fly (fugit). 628 When . . . appears. Dryden's addition. 632-633 Let . . . Guest. For Virgil's animam talem . . . habitet tecum, if sit pectore in isto (let such a soul dwell with you and remain in that breast of yours) in w . 408-409. Cf. Caro: "Un' anima si vile / . . . nel tuo petto alloggi, / di lei ben degno albergo" (let so vile a soul lodge in your breast, a lodging well worthy of it). 636 diffide. Lack confidence. 646, 647 Wound / gnaw'd the Ground. Also Lauderdale's line endings in the second edition; his first and the Boddy MS have "bit." Vicars has the same rhyme words. 652 Their . . . slain. Cf. Lauderdale: " T h e loss is equal and they have their slain." 657 Scene. Added to Virgil; cf. Lauderdale: "shifts scenes." 662 who foretels Events. Only Dryden so translates Virgil's felix (fortunate) in v. 429; Ruaeus notes that the epithet signified the skill and luck of augury. 666 Amazon. Camilla, so named by Virgil in v. 432. 667 Contains . . . alone. Dryden's addition. 669 in .. . bright. Also Phaer's line ending; Vicars ends a line with "in armour bright." 670-671 Yet . . . withstand. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "If Trojans me to single fight demand / . . . withstand"; in the published versions the first line reads: "If me to single Fight the Foe demand." Cf. also Ogilby (1654): "demand, / And I alone the Common Good withstand." 680-681 and . . . War. Dryden follows Ruaeus' paraphrase in his note to Virgil's w . 443-444: I would rather meet Aeneas alone than that Drances should share with me either the glory or the danger. 691-692 They . . . Cry. Dryden's addition. 695-696 Floods . . . Woods. Cf. Lauderdale: "Like noise of Birds, of diff'rent kinds, in Woods, / . . . Floods." T h e distinguishing phrase, "of diff'ring kinds," is un-Virgilian and is peculiar to Lauderdale and Dryden. 699-700 when .. . Walls. Cf. Lauderdale: "Friends, he calls, / Now, when the Foe in Arms approach our Walls"; in the Boddy MS the second line reads: "Now when the armed foe approach our walls." Lauderdale's "he calls" renders Virgil's ait in v. 459 (Dryden's "cries aloud" in 1. 697); Dryden's "Danger calls" has no equivalent in the Latin. 705 and Catillus. For Virgil's Et cum fratre Coras in v. 465 (and Coras with his brother). Caro and Ruaeus' note supply the brother's name. 735-736 The . . . Gold. Cf. Lauderdale: "Cuishes infold / His manly Thighs, all damask'd o'er with Gold."

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738-739 Nor Casque ... Friends. Developed f r o m Virgil's Tempora nudus adhuc (head as yet bare) in v. 489. 743-744 Freed . . . Plains. Cf. Lauderdale: "As some brave Courser who has broke his Reins, / Freed f r o m his Keepers, ranges o'er the Plains"; Ogilby rhymes "broken reigns" a n d "Plains." 749-752 He . . . fly. Dryden adds the aquatic imagery, prompted, perhaps, by 11. 747-748. 759-762 If . . . dye. Virgil's Camilla gets to the p o i n t more quickly in v. 502: sui merito si qua est fiducia forti (Loeb trans.: "if the brave may justly place aught of trust in themselves"). 765 Ours ... Renown. Virgil's Camilla in v. 505 asks only to be first in the field; Dryden's unwittingly recalls the aspiration of T u r n u s (cf. 11. 680-681 a n d note). 768 Virago. Only Dryden and Caro so r e n d e r Virgil's virgine in v. 507 (cf. Aeneis, VII, 1098, a n d note). 785, 786 Band / Command. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 787-788 This . . . Care. Cf. Lauderdale: " T h i s said, he prompts Messapus to the W a r , / Exhorts the Latine Chiefs with equal Care." 789-790 his . . . Designs. T w o versions of Virgil's pergit in hostem in v. 521, which can mean either "he moves" or "he vigorously prosecutes (his plans) against the enemy." 791, 792 Valley lies / fitted for Surprize. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 803-804 Thither . . . lay. Cf. Ogilby (1654): " T h i s place bold T u r n u s , knowing well the way, / Possest, a n d in the Woods in Ambush lay." 806 Beheld . . . Eies. Dryden's addition. 808 Her . . . trusty. Added to Virgil; cf. Segrais: "sa chere confidente." 809, 810 Camilla goes / Foes. Also Douglas' line endings. 811, 812 Train / in vain. Also Ogilby's line endings in reverse order. 813, 814 new / grew. Also Douglas' and Phaer's rhymes. 815, 816 forc'd away j Privernum ... sway. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 819-820 drown'd . . . sound. For Virgil's mutata parte (slightly changed) in v. 543. 832 well-boil'd. For Virgil's cocto in v. 553; literally, "cooked," a n d here " h a r d e n e d by drying, or seasoned." 842, 843 threw / flew. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 844-845 Then . . . Side. Cf. Lauderdale: "Press'd by the Foe h e gain'd the other side." 847 of. As a result of. 850-854 But . . . led. Developed from Virgil's v. 569: Pastorum ir solis exegit montibus 93® Shore / before. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 945-946, 947 near . . . Ear. Cf. Lauderdale: "near, / 'Gainst Remulus at distance throws his Spear, / Which shiv'ring stuck below the Coursers Ear" (the Boddy MS has "stood" instead of "stuck"); Ogilby rhymes "Spear" and "Ear," for a couplet. 948, 950 Wound / Ground. Rhymes also used by Douglas, Vicars, Ogilby, and Lauderdale, each for a couplet. 954» 955 bare / yellow Hair. Also Douglas' line endings. 962-1210 Resistless . . . retires. T h e Camilla episode, translated by John Stafford (Howard) for Sylva (1685), was incorporated almost verbatim by Lauderdale into the version represented by the Boddy MS (minor differences are usually attributable to errors in transcription). Lauderdale made extensive revisions for the published versions, but from time to time he retained Stafford's phrasing or rhyme pairs. Dryden's frequent debts to Stafford are recorded in subsequent notes. Lauderdale is cited only when his published versions differ from Stafford's and correspond to Dryden's. 963 In . . . Blood. T o catch the senses of Virgil's exultat (exults, runs riot) in v. 648. 964 exerted. Thrust out (OED cites this line), the literal meaning of Virgil's exerta in v. 649; i.e., from the dress. 968, 969 sound J Ground. Ogilby rhymes "resound" and "ground." 971, 972 side / ride. Also Stafford's rhymes in reverse order. 976 bloody Billows. Added to Virgil; cf. Stafford: sands "dy'd with blood," and Lauderdale: streams "ting'd with Crimson Dye." 978 When . . . Queen. For Virgil's Seu circurn Hippolyten (whether around Hippolyta) in v. 661; Ruaeus notes that Theseus defeated Hippolyta, then married her. 980 From . . . fled. Added to Virgil; Ruaeus notes the earlier description of Penthesilea raging in battle during the T r o j a n War (Aeneid, I, 491; Dryden's 11. 688-689). See too the "Phrygian Fields" in 1. 984, also added to Virgil. 983-984 Shields . . . Fields. Cf. Ogilby: " T h e n Female shouts resound through all the Fields, / . . . Shields," and Stafford: "When Female Shouts alarm'd the trembling fields, / . . . shields." 985, 986 Maid / laid. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 989, 990 Wound / Ground. Also Ogilby's rhymes in reverse order. 991, 992 slew / drew. Also Vicars' rhymes.

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10

95

ggg faint. Stafford similarly renders ("fainting") Virgil's Suffosso (stabbed in the belly) in v. 671. 995 By • • • Hand. Dryden's addition. 1 0 0 1 - 1 0 0 2 Of . . . Ghost. Cf. Stafford: "Of all her Quiver not a shaft was lost, / But each attended by a T r o j a n Ghost." 1028 Gath'ring . . . Foe. Dryden's addition; "to gather o n " is a nautical trope m e a n i n g "to gain on or draw near to." 1032, 1033 Grace / Face. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 1038, 1039 cheat / Deceit. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 1040 Cries . . . shown. Cf. Stafford: " A n d crys aloud, what courage can you shew." 1042, 1043 alight / Fight. Ogilby rhymes "fight" a n d "light." 1047 Dismounts . . . Plain. Dryden's addition. 1049, 1050 Field I Shield. Also Ogilby's, Stafford's, a n d Douglas' rhymes. 1050 marching. For Virgil's pedes (on foot) in v. 7 1 1 ; cf. Segrais: " M a r c h e & pied." 1 0 5 1 - 1 0 5 2 The... Speed. Dryden's second line is identical with Stafford's, whose first reads: "He, thinking that his c u n n i n g did succeed." 1053-1054 and . . . Sides. Cf. Stafford: "His golden rowel's h i d d e n in his sides," a n d Ogilby (1654): "Digging his bloody rowels in his sides." 1056 Caught . . . laid. Dryden's addition. 1060 vaunting Lyes. Added to Virgil; cf. Segrais: "t[e] . . . vanter." 1062 she . . . Head. For Virgil's Transit equum cursu in v. 719 (Loeb trans.: "crosses the horse's path"); cf. Stafford: "before his horses h e a d she strains." 1065, 1066 above / Dove. Also Stafford's rhymes. 1067 Plumes. Strips of its feathers. 1073, 1074 rides / chides. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 1081, 1082 Shield / dare not wield. Also Stafford's line endings. 1083, 1084 Not . . . Night J invite. Cf. Stafford: " N o t thus you flie the daring she by night; / . . . invite." 1085, 1086 calls / Bacchanals. Also Stafford's rhymes in reverse order. / He 1089-1090 Thus . . . lose. Cf. Stafford: " T h u s having said, Spurs, with headlong rage, among his Foes, / As if he only h a d his life to lose." " M a n a g i n g " has the sense of "husbanding" ( O E D , citing this line). 1095 The . .. Eyes. Also Stafford's and Phaer's line ending. 1098 the pond'rous Prey. For Virgil's Arma virumque (the m a n a n d his arms) in v. 747; cf. Caro: "la p r e d a " (the prey or booty). 1099, 1100 around j fix . . . Wound. Stafford rhymes " r o u n d " a n d "fix the deadly w o u n d . " 1102 He . . . Strife. Dryden's addition. 1106 speckled. Added to Virgil; Stafford substitutes "speckled" for Arrectis (erected; Dryden's "stiffens" in 1. m i ) in v. 754. 1 1 0 8 - 1 1 1 6 The Pris'ner . .. soars. Dryden characteristically expands u p o n the vehicle of a simile; his lines correspond to Virgil's vv. 753-756. Lines 1109, 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 3 , a n d 1 1 1 5 are Dryden's addition, as are the clauses in 1 1 1 0 1111: " a n d erects . . . her Foe." Virgil has five verbs of action a n d a participial phrase; Dryden has thirteen verbs of action.

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Commentary

1117-1118 Thus . . . Prize. Cf. Stafford: "So from the midst of all his enemies, / Triumphant Tarchon snatch'd and bore his prize." 1119, 1120 Troops . .. press / Success. Cf. Stafford: "Troops, that shrunk, with emulation, press / . . . success." 1123, 1124 bends / attends. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1137, 1138 gaul'd . . . Foe / Bow. Stafford rhymes "gaul'd the Foe" with "Lycian bow." 1138 Gnossian. For Virgil's Cortynia in v. 773; both Cnossos and Cortynia were Cretan cities. Cf. Georgics, I, 415, and note. 1141, 1142, 1143 wore / o're / before. Lauderdale has the first two rhymes and Vicars the first and third, both for couplets. 1144 Him, the fierce Maid. Stafford also begins a line with this version of Virgil's Hunc virgo (him, the maiden), which begins v. 778. 1144, 1145 Eyes I Prize. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 1146-1147 Or that . . . Gold. Stafford has "the" instead of "his" but is otherwise identical. 1155, 1156 whole . . . Pine / to . . . shine. Except that he does not modify "pine" with an adjective, Stafford has the same line endings; Lauderdale, revising Stafford, rhymes "whole Woods of sacred Pine" and "shine." 1157, 1158 our naked Soles / Coals. Also Douglas' line endings; Stafford has the same rhyme words. 1159-1160 away . . . Day. Stafford has "shame" instead of "Stains" but is otherwise identical. 1161-1162 Nor . . . Fame. Stafford has "deed" instead of "Fact," and the positions of "with" and "trust" reversed, but is otherwise identical. 1163-1164 Let . . . home. Cf. Stafford: "This rageing Female Plague but overcome, / Let me return unthank'd, inglorious home." 1165, 1166 Apollo . . . Pray'r / Air. Cf. Ogilby: "Apollo heard, and partly grants his prayer, / . . . Air"; Lauderdale has the same rhyme words. 1173-1174 so . . . intent. Added to Virgil; cf. Stafford: "intent upon her golden prey." 1175, 1176 Weapon stood / Blood. Also Ogilby's 1654 line endings; Douglas has the same rhyme words. 1179, 1180 the . . . flies / Joys. Also Lauderdale's and Stafford's line endings except that Stafford has "frightened" instead of "trembling." 1184 ranch'd. Torn. 1187, 1188 attends / his Friends. Also Stafford's line endings. 1191 The Wood . . . remains. A defensible interpretation, shared by Douglas and Phaer, of Virgil's vv. 816-817, where Camilla pulls on the weapon (telum trahit) and the iron point sticks fast. Most of the other predecessors (and modern translators) assume that the whole weapon remained. 1193-1194 Eyes . . . flies. Ogilby has "her Rosie" but is otherwise identical; Stafford has the same rhyme words. 1199, 1200 with speed / to my Charge succeed. Also Stafford's line endings. 1202 and . . . receive. Dryden's addition; Noyes (pp. lix-lx) notes in "the style" of "heroic plays."

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1208 Her . .. Breast. Cf. Stafford: "Her drooping neck declines upon her breast." 1210 And . . . Disdain. Also Stafford's line beginning. 1238 in refulgent Arms. A literal translation of Virgil's fulgentem armis in v. 854, the reading of Ruaeus' and other Renaissance editions; modern editions prefer laetantem animis (rejoicing at heart). 1264-1265 but . . . forego. Dryden's addition. 1267, 1268 sound / ground. Also Douglas' rhymes. 1285 Virgins. Instead of Virgil's matrons (matres) in v. 891, presumably to enhance their emulation of the virgin Camilla in 1. 1288. 1289, 1290 throw / Foe. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1291 Their . . . bequeath. Dryden's addition, perhaps prompted by Ruaeus' note arguing that love of country and the example of Camilla, who had fought for the welfare of others, moved the women to do as she had done and strive on behalf of their own welfare. 1303-1308 when . . . extend. Expanded from Virgil's vv. 904-905: Cum pater £neas, salt us ingressus apertos, / Exuperatque jugum, sylvaque evadit opaca (Loeb trans.: "when father Aeneas, entering the unguarded pass, scales the ridge, and issues from the shady wood"). 1315-1316 Soon . . . declin'd. Cf. Lauderdale: " T h e y had begun the Fight, both Hosts had join'd, / But that bright Phoebus in the West declin'd." 1317 Intrench'd . . . Armies. Identical with Lauderdale in the published versions; the Boddy MS reads: "Before the town both Camps entrenched."

T H E T W E L F T H B O O K O F T H E AENEIS

5-8 The more he . .. Fate. Dryden characteristically dwells upon passions more briefly expressed in Virgil's vv. 3-4: ultro implacibilis ardet / Attollitque animos (Loeb trans.: "forthwith he blazes with wrath unappeasable and raises high his spirit"). 10, 12 He . .. Pace / The . . . Pride. For Virgil's turn demum movet arma (then, and only then, stirs to fight) in v. 6. As often, Dryden elaborates upon the vehicle of an epic simile. 15-16 his . .. expire. Elaborating upon the trope in Virgil's v. 9: accenso gliscit violentia (violence flares up in his kindled heart). 19-20 I stand . . . hand. Expanded from Virgil's Congredior in v. 13 (Loeb trans.: "I go to meet him"). Lauderdale (Boddy MS; the published versions are different) rhymes "stand" and "hand to hand" (Douglas has "hand for hand" as a line ending), although Lauderdale's "stand" is in a different syntax from Dryden's. Cf. Caro: "ecco parato e pronto / sono al duello" (look, I am prepared [in arms] and ready for the duel). 26, 27 Fight / Right. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 30-31 reply'd . . . try'd. Cf. Lauderdale: "reply'd. / T h e more brave Youth your Valour hath been try'd."

Commentary 36-37 Command . . . Land. Cf. Lauderdale: "command: / T h e r e are more Beauties in th' Ausonian L a n d . " "Blooming Beauties," like "more t h a n one Lavinia" a n d " U n m a r r y ' d , f a i r " in 11. 38, 39, corresponds to Virgil's innupta (unmarried women) in v. 24. 40, 41 with .. . hear / grate . . . Ear. Lauderdale (Boddy MS) rhymes " n o t so gratefull to a Lover's ear" a n d "with patience hear"; his published versions have "kindly" instead of "with patience." 42-43 But . . . yours. Dryden's addition. 46-47 Oft . . . reveal'd. Developed f r o m omnes . . . hominesque canebant (and all men prophesied) in v. 28. 5 1 I . . . Bride. Dryden's addition. 55 Success. Outcome; also Segrais' rendering ("le succes") of Virgil's casus . . . I Bella . . . labores (misfortunes, wars, burdens) in w . 32-33. 59-60 Gore . . . Shore. Cf. Lauderdale: "Gore, / A n d Latin Bones Bleach all the neighb'ring Shore"; the Boddy MS has "make white" instead of "Bleach all." 65, 66 betray / Kinsmen . . . say. Also Vicars' line endings in reverse order; Lauderdale has the same rhyme words, also in reverse order. 67, 6g which Heav'n defend / The Daughter's . . . Friend. Identical with Lauderdale, for a couplet. 68 How . . . end. Dryden's addition. 7 0 - 7 1 Weigh . . . Care. Cf. Lauderdale: "Consider well the various Chance of War, / Pity your Father's Age, his Grief, his Care." 73 proffer'd. Also Lauderdale's addition to Virgil. 78 Permit. . . Days. Dryden's addition. 84, 85 Life / Strife. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 90, 91 my hope / my . . . Prop. Lauderdale (Boddy MS) rhymes "my ages h o p e " a n d "age's p r o p " ; for the published versions he revised the second phrase (also Ogilby's line ending) to read "Houses Prop," equivalent to part of the thought in Dryden's 11. 92-93. g5 To . . . War. For Virgil's desiste manum committere Teucris in v. 60 (Loeb trans.: "forbear to fight the T r o j a n s " ) , which R u a e u s glosses as a plea to forgo the duel a n d instead recommence general war (because, h a t i n g the T r o j a n s , Amata should not be understood as pleading for peace). 100-102 At this . . . red. Dryden's long note (833:7-834:11, above) sees Virgilian antifeminism in the portrayal of Lavinia's performance. 101 A crimson . . . o'respread. Lauderdale has "glowing" instead of "beauteous" b u t is otherwise identical. 103-104 The . . . away. Dryden's addition. 105, 107 Thus . . . shows I Or . . . Rose. Cf. Cotton: "So I n d i a n Ivory streak'd with Crimson shows, / O r Lillies white mixt with the Damask Rose" (Montaigne, Bk. I l l , ch. 5). "Damask'd by" has the sense of "variegated with." 1 0 8 - 1 1 3 burning . . . replies. T h e analysis of emotion a n d motive is developed f r o m Virgil's Ilium turbat amor. . . / Ardet in arma magis: paucisque affatur Amatam in w . 7 0 - 7 1 (Loeb trans.: " H i m love throws into a turmoil . . . then, fired yet more for the fray, briefly he addresses Amata"). 108, 109 desire / Fire. Also Douglas' rhymes. 1 1 7 i f . . . decree. Added to Virgil; cf. Lauderdale: "if my Fate be ill."

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118 Then . . . pursues. Virgil's T u r n u s in v. 75 merely speaks to I d m o n , his messenger. Like Dryden, a n d unlike all other predecessors, Caro does n o t n a m e the messenger, a n d he also converts the first part of T u r n u s ' order into narrative: " I n d i a l'araldo / rivolto . . . gli disse" (then, having turned to the herald, said to him). 120 Denounce. Proclaim by way of a threat or w a r n i n g ('OED). 120, 121 Light / Fight. Also Vicars' rhymes. 122-123 no more . . . Shore. Instead of Virgil's quiescant (let t h e m rest) in v. 78. 124, 125 the Quarrel shall decide / Bride. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Ogilby rhymes "shall decide" and "bride." 127, 132 Thracian / Thracian. Added to Virgil by way of Ruaeus' n o t e associating Orithyia with Thrace—cf. Lauderdale: "a Q u e e n of Thrace"— a n d concluding that T u r n u s ' horses were Thracian. 128 At . . . high. Dryden's addition. 129 promise Victory. Added to Virgil; Caro's T u r n u s (but not the horses) similarly looks for victory ("vittoria"). 139, 140 ty'd I to his side. Lauderdale (Boddy MS) has these line endings in reverse order. 140 faithful. Also Caro's addition to Virgil: "fido." 141, 142 God of Fire / Sire. Also Douglas' line endings in reverse order; Lauderdale (Boddy MS) has the same rhyme words, also in reverse order. 143 Immortal . . . bestow'd. Added to Virgil, perhaps by way of R u a e u s ' note that the sword, m a d e by Vulcan, could n o t be broken. 148 The . . . Wand. Developed from Virgil's trementem (quivering) in v.94. 155, 156 soil / Oyl. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 157, 158 flies / Eyes. Vicars rhymes "flie" a n d "eye." 159 in . . . sight. Added by Dryden, perhaps recalling the amorous a n d bellicose bull of Georgics, III, 327-338. 160 and . . . fight. For Virgil's cum prima in prcelia (as the battle begins) in v. 103, a n d following Ruaeus' paraphrase: ad praludium pugnee (preparing to fight). 162 And . . . Enemy. Added to Virgil; Kinsley notes the same line at Georgics, III, 361, where it is also an addition to Virgil. 173, 174 the Mountain's height / Light. Also Ogilby's 1654 line endings. 1 7 5 ~ 1 7 6 from • • • Day. Cf. Lauderdale: "from the Sea, / From fiery Nostrils breath'd approaching Day"; Ogilby (1654) has the same rhyme words. 182, 184 In . . . attire / And . . . Hoods. For Virgil's alii . . . / Velati lino (others clad in linen) in vv. 119-120, the reading of R u a e u s a n d other Renaissance editions but noting the alternative reading (preferred by m o d e r n editions) of limo (in an apron); Ruaeus f u r t h e r notes that some u n d e r s t a n d the linen to designate headbands rather than clothing. T h e whiteness of the linen is also specified by Phaer a n d Caro ("bianco") (cf. Aeneis, X I I , 255, a n d note). 186, 187 In Order / arm'd . . . Spears. T h e two possible meanings of Virgil's pilata in v. 121; cf. Caro: "l'ordinate schiere / . . . di picche a n n a t e " (the ordered ranks armed with pikes). 192, 193 ride / Purple dy'd. Also Lauderdale's line endings.

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Commentary

206-207 Since . . . Name. Cf. Lauderdale: "a Hill without a Name, / Since call'd Mount Alban by succeeding Fame"; Ogilby has the same rhyme words in reverse order from Dryden's. 211 the Goddess of the Lake. In Virgil's v. 139 she presides over lakes and rivers, but Ruaeus in his note assigns her a single lake and source, which flows into the Tiber. 212-214 once . . . Force. Developed from Virgil's erepta pro virginitate (for the sake of her virginity, which was snatched away) in v. 141. 215 Na'is. Naiad, and, Ruaeus notes, Ovid's word for Turnus' sister. 218-219 nor . . . Lord. Dryden's addition. 220, 221 mis-led /Bed. Ogilby (1654) rhymes "led" and "Bed." 225 want. Are lacking. 228, 229 State / with unequal Fate. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 235, 236 with Grief oppress'd / Breast. Lauderdale rhymes "with Tears her Grief express'd" and "Breast." 238 Haste . . . Fate. Cf. Lauderdale: "Haste, snatch him, if you can, from sudden Fate." 240 Who . . . produce. Dryden's addition. 241-242 'Tis . . . me. Responding to legalistic connotations of Virgil's Auctor ego audendi (it is I who promulgates [stands surety for] this daring) in v. 158. 244 suspended. Also Caro's rendering ("sospesa") of Virgil's Incertam (uncertain) in v. 160. 255 white. Also Ogilby's and Lauderdale's rendering of Virgil's pura (spotless), which Ruaeus glosses as white (cf. Aeneis, XII, 182, 184 and note). 258, 259 Then . . . Eyes j Sacrifice. Lauderdale has "they turn their" but is otherwise identical. 261-263 and . . . same. Details added by way of Ruaeus' gloss on Virgil's vv. 173-174266 Ausonian. Also Lauderdale's addition to Virgil. 282 My ... Reign. Cf. Lauderdale: "Nor shall the Trojans o'er th' Italians Reign." 290, 291 For . . . frame / Lavinia's Name. Cf. Lauderdale: "for me, my Friends shall frame / A T o w n , and call it by Lavinia's Name," and Ogilby (1654): " T h e Trojans shall for me a City frame, / . . . name." 292, 293 Hands / stands. Douglas rhymes "stand" and "hand." 294-295 By . . . contain. Cf. Lauderdale (1st and 2d eds.): "By the same Heav'n and Earth, and blustring Main, / By all the Gods which all the three contain"; the Boddy MS has different rhymes. 300, 301 Flames / Names. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 301 attest. Call to witness. 308-309 Not . . . Lake. Developing the metaphor of Virgil's ccelumve in Tartara solvat (extinguish heaven in Tartarus) in v. 205. 310, 311 bore / more. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 316, 317 ty'd / on either side. Lauderdale (Boddy MS) has these line endings in reverse order; his published versions rhyme "ratify'd" and "of either side." 324 whisper'd. Added to Virgil; cf. Caro: "bisbigli" (whispers). 326-327 Now . . . Sise. Dryden's addition.

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331 Conscious . . . Fight. Dryden's addition. 334 while . . . Pray'rs. Added to Virgil; cf. Ogilby: "whilst Heav'ns aid he seeks," and Caro: "orando anzi a l'altar" (praying before the altar). 336, 337 view'd j Multitude. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 338 their . . . Sobs. For Virgil's Sermonem (talk) in v. 223. 359 Foreign. For Virgil's superbis (arrogant) in v. 236; perhaps to glance at William III. 360 Those . . . gain'd. Dryden's addition. 366, 367 lament / sworn, repent. Also Lauderdale's line endings in reverse order. 374 plump. Band, flock (OED). 378, 379 sight / flight. Also Ogilby's rhymes in reverse order. 384, 386 They cuff . . . Course j But . . . vanquish'd. Dryden's additions, applying to an omen the expansiveness he frequently brings to the vehicle of similes. 389 Eager . . . Fight. For Virgil's Expediuntque manus (and spread out their hands) in v. 258, which Emmenessius (following Servius) glosses as signifying willingness to fight. 406, 407 Skies / rise. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 408, 409 stood / Blood. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 413 Just... bound. Cf. Lauderdale: "Just where his Belt was to his middle bound." 415 gen'rous. Also Segrais' rendering ("genereux") of Virgil's animosa (spirited) in v. 277. 419 Insult. Unprepared attack (OED). 426 The Sacrifice . .. unburn'd. Dryden's addition. 427, 428 fly / obscure the Sky. Phaer rhymes "flies" and "obscures the skies"; Lauderdale has the same rhyme words. 429-430 Brands . . . Trade. Expanded from Virgil's Craterasque focosque ferunt in v. 285 (Loeb trans.: "bowls and hearth-fires are carried off"). 431, 432 Fray / away. Douglas rhymes "affray" and "away." 435, 436 eager . .. Peace / Preace. Cf. Douglas: "full desirus, in the preis / For till confound the trety, and the peis." 437 Purple. Also Caro's addition to Virgil: "ostro." 438, 439 Crown jdown. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes in reverse order. 443 Fires. Added to Virgil; cf. Lauderdale: "burning Altar." 450 Priest. Added to Virgil, following Ruaeus' note on v. 298. 453 dash'd . . . Face. Cf. Lauderdale's line ending (Boddy MS): "dasht it in his face." 462, 463 blow j Foe. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 467 stupid. Stupefied (OED). 473-475 O . . . Divine. Dryden's addition. 499 the ... Flood. Lauderdale (Boddy MS) has "frozen" ("icy" in the published versions) instead of "freezing" but is otherwise identical. 501, 502 Clashing . . . Shield / Field. Virgil's Mars simply makes a noise with his shield (v. 332: clypeo increpat) by, Ruaeus notes, banging his spear against it. Cf. Lauderdale: "Ratling his Sword upon his dreadful Shield, / . . . Field"; Douglas has the same rhyme words in reverse order. 521 New . . . repell'd. Dryden's addition.

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Commentary

522, 523 Name / Fame. Also Vicars' rhymes in reverse order. 526, 527 require / hire. Also Ogilby's rhymes in reverse order. 529 a juster Recompence. For Virgil's alio . . . / . . . pretio (a different price) in vv. 351-352. Cf. Lauderdale: "A fitter recompense"; the Boddy MS has "a just reward." 537 measure ... Plains. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): "Measure at your Length the Latian Plain"; his first edition has "by" instead of "at." 539 and . . . Land. Also Lauderdale's r e n d e r i n g of Virgil's petisti, j Hesperiam (the Italy you sought) in w . 359-360. 540 Butes. As Kinsley notes, Ruaeus, like some other Renaissance editors, has Buten, where m o d e r n editors read Asbyten (v. 362). Among predecessors, Lauderdale a n d Vicars have Asbutes, the rest Butes. 540-541 slew . . . threw. Lauderdale has " p l u n g i n g " instead of "flound ' r i n g " b u t is otherwise identical. 559 call'd . . . in vain. A n interpretation of Virgil's v. 378: auxilium ducto mucrone petebat (Loeb trans.: "seeking succour f r o m his drawn sword"); cf. Douglas: "Cryand for help." 560, 561 backward / revers'd. For Virgil's praecipitem (headlong) in v. 379; cf. Segrais: la renverse." 563-564 are . . . bleeding. Dryden's addition. P. 782 Illustration. Representing two moments: on the left, the m o m e n t beginning at Dryden's 1. 567; o n the right, that beginning at 1. 619. 571 Resolv'd . . . Smart. Dryden's Aeneas is more dignified than Virgil's, who, in v. 387, simply rages (Seevit). 572 breaks the Dart. Already broken (infracta) in Virgil's v. 387; cf. Lauderdale: "breaks the Arrow," a n action not f o u n d in the Boddy MS. 574 Marge the Wound. Also Lauderdale's line ending in the published versions; the detail is absent f r o m the Boddy MS. 577» 578 t0 prove his Art / so fir'd Apollo's Heart. Also Lauderdale's line endings in the published versions b u t not in the Boddy MS. 579-580 That . . . Bow. Dryden's couplet corresponds in different ways to two different versions by Lauderdale. T h e Boddy MS has, for the first a n d third lines of a triplet: "Fir'd with his love he profer'd to bestow / . . . Foreknowledge musike & his conquering bow." T h e first edition (the 2d makes a small change) reads: " T h e gracefull Youth, he proffer'd to bestow / His Prescience, t u n e f u l H a r p a n d conq'ring Bow." Ogilby has the same rhyme words. 583, 584 silent Praise / Phcebeian Bays. Lauderdale rhymes "silent Praise" a n d "Apollo's Bays" in the published versions b u t not in the Boddy MS. Apollo is added to Virgil. 585, 586 stood / Crowd. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 588 With . . . Wound. Dryden's addition. 589, 591 part / Art. Also Lauderdale's rhymes, for a couplet. 590 solliciting. For Virgil's Sollicitat (moves about) in v. 404. OED cites this line as the earliest example of "solicit" as m e a n i n g "to endeavour to d r a w out (a dart, etc.)." 591-594 And . . . Pain. E x p a n d e d f r o m Virgil's Phcebique potentis herbis (and powerful Apollo's herbs) in v. 402.

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596 Then . . . pray'd. Added to Virgil; cf. Caro: "e i preghi e i voti / . . . eran tentati" (both prayers and vows were tried). 601-602 And . . . Rear. Dryden elaborates Virgil's subeunt equites in v. 408 (Loeb trans.: "on come the horsemen"). 605, 606 Sky / dye. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 607, 608 Grief / Relief. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in the Boddy MS; his published versions rhyme "Heart" and "Smart." 615, 616 brews / Dews. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order. 628-629 first . . . found. Dryden's addition, anticipating 11. 632-633. 634-635 sends . . . Ends. Cf. Lauderdale: "sends, / A n d now preserves your Life for greater ends." "Sends" translates different Latin in Dryden and Lauderdale. 636-637 His hands . . . Gold. Cf. Lauderdale: "Aeneas Hands infold, / His Thighs with Cuishes cover'd o'er with Gold." 641 That. . . quakes. Dryden's addition. 646 But .. . Care. For Virgil's Disce . .. / Fortunam ex aliis (learn fortune from others) in vv. 435-436. For discussion of the line, see William Frost, "Translating Virgil, Douglas to Dryden" in Poetic Traditions of the English Renaissance, ed. Maynard Mack and George Lord (1982), pp. 280-282. 652 Hector's ... Son. Also Lauderdale's line ending in the Boddy MS; his published versions have "my" instead of "¿Eneas." 657, 658 blinding . . . around / ground. Lauderdale rhymes "rais'd blinding Dust around" and "Ground." 664 And ... Fear. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "And knows the dreadfull sound then runs for fear"; his published versions are very different. 673 shock. Collide. 676 All . . . Train. Dryden's addition, clarifying relationships. 678-679, 680 by . . . broken / th' unhappy Fight renew'd. Added to Virgil; cf. Caro: "nel turbar de I'accordo" (in breaking the agreement). 687, 688 Fear j Charioteer. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 689, 690 Assumes . . . Meen / is seen. Identical with Lauderdale. 697-698 Foes . . . shows. Cf. Lauderdale (first and third lines of a triplet): "Foes / . . . Now here, now there, triumphant T u r n u s shews." 699-700 Now with a straight... bends. Developed from Virgil's volat avia longe (she flies far away) in v. 480. 719-720 whose . . . ardour. Dryden's addition, ennobling the character of Aeneas. 725, 726 What . . . display / Day. Cf. Lauderdale: "What God can tell, what Muse in Verse display / . . . Day." 738, 739 slew / threw. Also Lauderdale's lines in reverse order. 742 Their . . . place. Dryden's addition. 748, 749 Peridia bore / Shore. Also Ogilby's line endings. 750 Fane. For Virgil's fields (agris) in v. 516; Ruaeus notes that Lycia was famous for oracles of Apollo. Dryden's substitution prepares for "nor . . . prevent" in the next line, which is added to Virgil. 756 Nor . . . knew. Developed from Ruaeus' text and note for vv. 5 1 9 520: nec nota potentum / Munera (the duties of the great unknown). Ruaeus notes that some read limina (entrances) for Munera; limina is preferred in modern editions.

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Commentary

757> 763. 770 But... withdrew / The frighted . . . retire / With Spears . . . strike. Dryden's additions. 772. 773 Field / unknowing how to yield. Lauderdale (2d ed.) has these line endings in reverse order; his first edition reads " a n d u n k n o w n to yield," a n d the Boddy MS is very different. 774-775 They . . . Ground. Cf. Lauderdale: " W i t h Breasts resolv'd they scow'r the listed G r o u n d , / Give Blow for Blow, a n d W o u n d r e t u r n for W o u n d " ; the Boddy MS is very different. Dryden's second line a n d Lauderdale's first are added to Virgil. 776-777 Murranus . . . Kings. Cf. Lauderdale: " M u r r a n u s bragging that his Lineage springs / From Royal Blood of ancient Latin Kings." 778, 779 thrown / Stone. Vicars rhymes "stone" a n d "overthrown." 783 forgetful . . . Lord. Cf. Ogilby's line ending: " u n m i n d f u l of their Lord." 790 Creteus. T h e n a m e in R u a e u s (v. 538) a n d other Renaissance as well as modern editions; F i a n d F 2 have "Cisseus." 790, 791, 792, 793 hand / Band j afford / Sword. Also Lauderdale's rhymes, the first pair in reverse order. 797 Subvertor. I.e., "stern Achilles, who subverted T r o y " (Ogilby), for Virgil, v. 545. 802-803 Of . . . contains. Dryden substitutes the familiar topos of greatness contracted into the grave for Virgil's solo Laurente sepulchrum (your grave in L a u r e n t i n e soil) in v. 547. 808 Sea-born . . . Atinas. T h e epithet replaces Virgil's equum domitor (tamer of horses) in v. 550. For Messapus as Neptune's son, see Aeneis, VII, 955 (Virgil's v. 691); a n d see Dryden's note (832:9-833:6, above) where h e also explains why he changes Virgil's Asylas to Atinas. 813, 814 inspires her Son / the Town. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 831 mate. "Equal, vie with"; cf. Georgics, III, 371, a n d note. 833, 834 in time / their Crime. Also Lauderdale's line endings. 836 will. T r a n s l a t i n g both libeat (it pleases) a n d velit (he proposes to) in Virgil's vv. 570-571. 841, 842 all I Wall. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 843-844 Without. . . slain. T r a n s l a t i n g Virgil's v. 577, in which the T r o jans rush to the gates a n d kill those whom they meet first (primos), presumably the guards, as Schrevelius glosses a n d several predecessors have it. 845-846 Some . . . rear. I n Virgil's v. 576 ladders a n d flames suddenly a p p e a r (apparuit); Dryden supplies the action. 849-854 Advancing. . . prof an'd. For comparison of these lines with Virgil's vv. 579-582, see Harrison, pp. 1 5 1 - 1 5 2 . 856, 860 Each . . . advise / And . . . along. Dryden's additions. 861, 862 Thus . . . Rock / Smoke. Lauderdale begins with "As when a " b u t is otherwise identical; Ogilby (1649) has "finds i n " instead of " w i t h i n " b u t is otherwise identical with Lauderdale. 871, 873 Cast . . . Fear / Once . . . vain. Dryden's additions. 877-878 She . . . Will. Cf. Lauderdale (2d ed.): " I am the Cause, the Source of all this 111, / T h e curs'd Effect [correcting "Effort" in the 1st ed. a n d the Boddy MS] of my ungovern'd Will." 881, 882 ty'd I obscenely dy'd. Lauderdale rhymes "ty'd" a n d "dy'd."

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Glossing "obscenely" as "loathsomely," OED cites Christopher Pitt's 1740 translation of Aeneid, where, in a couplet corresponding to Dryden's, Pitt has Dryden's line endings. 885-886 Lavinia . . . Cheeks. Cf. Ogilby (1649): "Lavinia tore her golden hair / And rosie cheeks." "Yellow" literally translates flavos in v. 605, the reading of Ruaeus' and other Renaissance texts; some modern editions prefer floros (shining), the reading of Servius. 889-890 Confusion . . . Face. Developed from Virgil's Demittunt mentes (hearts sink) in v. 609. 891-892 Latinus . . . Woes. Cf. Lauderdale: "With Garments torn the sad Latinus goes, / Struck with his private and his publick Woes." T h e second lines of Dryden and Lauderdale render Virgil's v. 610, where Latinus is stunned by his wife's fate and the city's ruin. 895-899 And much . . . requir'd. In place of Virgil's vv. 612-613, where Latinus blames himself for not welcoming Aeneas earlier and accepting him as a son. Modern editors usually treat vv. 612-613 as an interpolation from XI, 471-472, with which they are almost identical (cf. Aeneis, XI, 714-716). 895 the ... Mind. Cf. Segrais: "sa molle indulgence," and Aeneis, XI, 714: "his easie Temper." 903-904 Asham'd . .. Mind. Explaining Virgil's jam segnior (now slower) in v. 615; cf. Caro: "confuso e dubio" (confused and doubtful). 914, 915 There . . . Wall / Italians fall. Cf. Lauderdale (Boddy MS): "Others there be who can maintain the wall / . . . Italians fall" (his published versions rhyme "down" and "Town"); Ogilby (1654) rhymes "defend the Walls" and "falls." 932 Brave. Also Lauderdale's substitute in the Boddy MS for Virgil's infelix (unfortunate) in v. 641; in the published versions of Lauderdale "brave Ufens" also found "untimely Fate." 936-937 flame . . . shame. Cf. Lauderdale: "There's nothing wanting to complete my Shame, / . . . Flame"; Vicars has the same rhyme words. 940, 941 below / show. Also Phaer's rhymes. 942 Receive . . . shame. Cf. Lauderdale: "Receive my Soul both free from Stain and Blame." 944> 945 speed / foamy Steed. Also Ogilby's 1654 line endings in reverse order. 952-953 the Winds . . . Fire. Dryden's addition. 963 The more . .. grow. Dryden's addition. 965 far ... Bands. Dryden's addition; cf. 1. 900. 969-972 Rage .. . wrought. Cf. Aeneis, X, 1247-1250, and note. 971, 972 Thought / to Madness wrought. Also Lauderdale's line endings; Dryden has them in reverse order at Aeneis, X, 1247-1248 (and in the Sylvee version of the Mezentius episode, 11. 178-179), where Lauderdale's rhymes are different. 981-982 go . . . show. Cf. Lauderdale: "go / T h e way the Gods and cruel Fortune shew." 989, 990 as the Wind / behind. Lauderdale rhymes "behind" and "as Wind"; the simile is added to Virgil. 991, 992 Mountain torn / Torrents born. Lauderdale has "Torrent" but is otherwise identical.

i io6

Commentary

993- 994 loosen'd . . . Roots / shoots. Lauderdale rhymes "loos'd f r o m its Roots" a n d "shoots." 997-998 they rush . . . rebound. Dryden's addition. 999-1001 hasting . . . drew. Dryden supplies four participles a n d two verbs of action for the single verb, ruit (rushes), in Virgil's v. 690. 1010 This . . . State. Dryden's addition. 1012, 1013 desist I List. Also Ogilby's 1654 rhymes. 1020, 1021 shows I Snows. Ogilby (1649) rhymes "shew" a n d "snow." 1025, 1026, 1028 Immoveable their Bodies / Ev'n . . . still / In . . . stands. Dryden's additions. 1037 resounds . . . Feet. Also Lauderdale's line ending. 1039 And . . . fly. Developed f r o m Virgil's cere sonoro (resounding brass) in v. 712. 1040-1041 and . . . Rage. Dryden's addition. 1042, 1043 fight I Taburnus height. Also Lauderdale's a n d Ogilby's 1649 line endings in reverse order. 1050, 1051 Blood / thro' the Wood. Lauderdale (Boddy MS) rhymes "blood" ("aloud" in the published versions) a n d "through all the wood." 1054 Jove . . . Beam. Also Lauderdale's line beginning. 1061 Hopes and Fears. A contrast added to Virgil; cf. Lauderdale: " H o p e frights the first, and Fear the last amaz'd." 1064-1065 disarm'd . . . spies. Cf. Lauderdale: "he flies, / W h e n now disarm'd a n u n k n o w n Hilt he spies"; Ogilby (1654) rhymes "he flyes" a n d "he spyes." 1073, 1074 Hand / Sand. Also Ogilby's and Lauderdale's rhymes. 1075, 1076 Field / wheel'd. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1085 deep-mouth'd. Also Lauderdale's r e n d e r i n g of latratibus (barking) in v. 751. 1087, 1088 to, and fro / Umbrian Foe. Also Lauderdale's line endings; the Boddy MS rhymes " r u n " a n d "shun." 1089-1096 Steep . . . Air. Dryden characteristically expands u p o n the vehicle of a simile (Virgil's vv. 752-755). Lines 1093 a n d 1095 are a d d e d to Virgil, as is "determin'd . . . l e n g t h " in 11. 1091-1092; 11. 1089-1096 are developed f r o m insidiis ir ripa . . . alta (the snares a n d high bank) a n d 1. 1096, f r o m morsuque elusus inani est (is baffled by an empty bite). 1099, n o o - i i o i blames / calling . . . Sword. Cf. Lauderdale: "blames, / Demands his trusty Sword, calls by their Names"; Ogilby (1654) rhymes "blames" a n d "calls them by their names"; Phaer rhymes "blame" a n d "name." 1103 To lay in Ashes. Cf. Lauderdale: "to lay / T h e i r T o w n in Ashes," translating Excisurum urbem (to destroy the town) in v. 762. 1103-1104 if . . . Enemy. I n f e r r e d f r o m si quisquam adeat (if anyone should come near) in v. 761. 1109, 1 1 1 0 Life / Strife. Also Douglas' rhymes in reverse order. 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 3 stood / God. Also Lauderdale's rhymes, for a couplet. 1114 Tablets were ingrav'd. A close translation, not of Virgil's dona (gifts) in v. 768, b u t of Ruaeus' gloss: Tabulas . . . testes. 1 1 1 6 - 1 1 1 7 Tree . . . free. Cf. Lauderdale: " T o make the spacious Field for Fight more free, / . . . T r e e . "

Notes to Pages

794-801

1 1 1 8 - 1 1 1 9 whether . . . haste j Lance. The first phrase is added to Virgil; Lauderdale rhymes "Haste or Chance" and "Lance" (in the Boddy MS, "chance or haste" and "fast"). 1127 Where ... Birth. Dryden's addition. 1132 incumbent. "Bending or applying one's energies to some work" (OED). 1134, 1 1 3 5 in vain / again. Also Vicars' and Lauderdale's rhymes. 1140 T assert . . . Deed. Dryden's addition; "assert" has the sense of "defend" (OED). 1142, 1143 advance j Lance. Vicars rhymes "lance" and "readvance." 1 1 4 5 - 1 1 4 6 Jove . . . shock. Cf. Lauderdale: "Jove to Juno spoke, / As she from shining Clouds beheld the Shock." 1 1 4 7 - 1 1 4 8 What . . . Event. Developed from Virgil's v. 793 to remind us more emphatically of Juno's part in the story: Qua jam finis erit, conjux? quid denique restat (Loeb trans.: "What now shall be the end, O wife? What remains at the last?). 1 1 5 4 - 1 1 5 7 Is . . . Steel. Virgil's Jove is more succinct in v. 797: Mortalin' decuit violari vulnere Divum? (Loeb trans.: "Was it well that by mortal's wound a god should be profaned?"). "Patient of" has the sense of "suffering by." 1158, 1160 restore / Conqueror. Also Lauderdale's rhymes, for the first two lines of a triplet. 1168, 1169-1170 Push'd . . . End / and . . . Pow'r. Dryden's additions. 1 1 7 5 - 1 1 7 6 Now . . . made. Cf. Lauderdale: "Now I command you hold, the Thunderer said. / Juno with Eyes cast down this Answer made." 1179, 1180 alone / bemoan. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1186 The .. . take. Cf. Vicars: "And onely sacred oath the Gods do take." 1 1 9 1 - 1 1 9 2 This let . . . Land. See Dryden's note, 834:12-835:3, above. 1 1 9 1 , 1192 withstand / Land. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1208 you foment in vain. Also Lauderdale's line ending. 1213, 1 2 1 4 - 1 2 1 5 The Natives . . . subside / Troy . . . came. Dryden's additions. 1217 Equal to Gods. Virgil's Romans will surpass (supra ire) the gods in v. 839; Caro and Segrais also predict they will be equal to them. 1220-1221 Juno . . . retires. Identical with Lauderdale. 1223 wat'ry Goddess. For Virgil's Juturna (a naiad) in v. 844. 1224-1225 Deep . . . Night. See Dryden's note, 835:4-836:14, above. 1225 Three Daughters. For Virgil's twin destructions (geminee pestes) and their sister Megaera in vv. 845-846. Lauderdale (1st ed.) has " T w o Furies" and "Megera"; his second edition reads "Three Furies." 1226, 1227 Care / Air. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1229 In Heav'n. Not specified by Virgil in v. 845, but noted by Ruaeus and incorporated by Lauderdale into his published versions (although not the Boddy MS). 1230, 1231 Before . . . stand / ready still. Cf. Lauderdale: "Before Jove's angry Throne stand ready still." 1233, 1234 Hate / Fate. Also Lauderdale's rhymes in reverse order for his published versions, but not in the Boddy MS. 1237, 1238 sent j Portent. Vicars rhymes "sends" and "portends."

uo8

Commentary

1245 Soon . . . view. Cf. Lauderdale: "Soon as she had both Armies in her view." 1247-1248 turns . . . Urns. Cf. Lauderdale: "turns, / Which haunts 'mongst ruin'd Buildings, Tombs, and Urns." 1250 obscene. Ominous; cf. Aeneis, IV, 674, and note. 1251, 1252 Cries / flies. Also Phaer's rhymes. 1264-1265 Now . . . Night. Lauderdale's first line is identical; his second reads: "My anxious Soul, thou filthy Bird of Night." 1271, 1273 O . . . State / But . . . Eternity. Dryden's additions. 1282-1283 with ... Air. Added to Virgil; cf. Caro: "e ne mandò gemendo / in vece di sospir gorgogli a l'aura" (and weeping sent gurgles into the air instead of sighs). 1284, 1285 Now . . . Spear I Fear. Cf. Lauderdale: "Now stern Aeneas shook his mighty Spear, / . . . Fear." 1286 Subterfuge. For Virgil's mora (delay) in v. 889; cf. Caro: "sotterfugio." 1288, 1289 Flight / fight. Also Ogilby's rhymes. 1297-1298 but. . . Breast. Dryden's addition. 1300, 1301 Bound / Ground. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1302, 1303 Days / raise. Also Lauderdale's rhymes; Ogilby (1654) rhymes "raise" and "now adaies." 1306, 1307 so . . . knew / threw. Lauderdale has "hardly" instead of "scarcely" but is otherwise identical; Ogilby (1649) has the same rhyme words. 1310, 1311 falling short / mocks ... Effort. Lauderdale rhymes "fell short" and "nor answer'd his Effort." 1 3 1 6 In vain . . . we cry. Cf. Lauderdale: " I n vain we strive, in vain we think we cry." 1342, 1343 Wound / Ground. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1348 And . . . pray'd. Dryden's addition. 1357, 1358 Life / Wife. Also Lauderdale's rhymes. 1360, 1361 stand / Hand. Also Douglas' and Phaer's rhymes; Ogilby (1649) and Vicars rhyme "stands" and "hands." 1373 'Tis ... Blow. See Frost, "Dryden and the Classics," pp. 293-295, for an allusion to this line in Pope's On receiving from the Right Hon. the Lady Frances Shirley a Standish and Two Pens, 11. 27-28 (Poems, ed. John Butt et al., VI [1954], 379). 1 3 7 6 - 1 3 7 7 The ... Wound. Cf. Aeneis, X , 1 3 1 2 - 1 3 1 3 , and note.

Postscript to the

Reader

807:6-7 the Lying . . . Morals. See Works, III, 327; IV, 8:27 and note; see also Dryden's similar remark in a letter to Dennis (Ward, Letters, p. 72) and 8 i o : 2 5 - 2 6 n below. 807:26-28 One is . . . reviv'd. Spenser, perhaps; cf. Discourse of Satire (Works, IV, 14:27-29, 15:13) and dedication of Pastorals, pp. 6:33-7:1 above.

Notes to Pages 802-808

1109

807:27 Ennius. Roman playwright and poet (239-169 B.C.) whom Dryden elsewhere associated with the rude beginnings of a national poetry (see Defence of the Epilogue in Works, XI, 211:29-32; Discourse of Satire in Works, IV, 76:8-10). Dryden once again linked Chaucer and Ennius in the preface to Fables (1700, sig. *B2v; Watson, II, 281). 808:1 slain for Six-pence. T h e daily subsistence pay of a private soldier (J. W. Fortescue, A History of the British Army [1899-1930], I, 320-321); a sixpenny man also denoted a paltry or petty fellow (OED). 808:4-6 Here is . . . Talent. Cf. Dryden's similar remark in a letter to Elizabeth Steward two and a half years later (Ward, Letters, p. 123). 808:11 Cynthius . . . admonuit. See Eclogue VI, 3-4 (Loeb trans.: " T h e Cynthian [Apollo] plucked my ear and warned me"); cf. Dryden's 1. 5. 808:20-21 Cerberus . . . to Elysium. See Aeneid, VI, 417-425; Aeneis, VI, 562-575. 808:26 Darby. William George Richard Stanley (i655?-i7o2) became ninth Earl of Derby on the death of his father in December 1672. Like many of his ancestors, Derby was lord lieutenant of Lancashire and Cheshire, but he was dismissed by James II in 1687; the following year he was also dismissed from the commission of the peace because he was a Protestant (HMC, Kenyon, p. 213). Later in 1688, with William threatening invasion, James reinstated Derby as lord lieutenant, instructing him to raise forces against the invasion and to seize those raising forces without royal warrant (ibid., p. 204). But Derby raised the militia to support William rather than James (ibid., p. 205), although, as befitted a bloodless revolution, he supported William "by an appearance of force without useing it" (ibid., p. 432) "and was in his place much more instrumentall then any for the accession of their present Majesties to the Crown" (ibid., p. 234). His rewards included in February 1689 the appointment of his wife as Groom of the Stole, with emoluments of at least £1,000 a year (ibid., p. 216). Although Derby later came into conflict with the Crown over his administration of the Isle of Man (ibid., pp. 258-262), he would still in 1694 "warmly embrace the interest of their Majesties, both in Church and State" (ibid., p. 286). For the plate dedicated to him as a five-guinea subscriber see p. 416 above. 808:26 Peterborough. Charles, Viscount Mordaunt (1658-1735), earlier a supporter of Shaftesbury, opposed the policies of both Charles II and James II. During the reign of the latter, Mordaunt spent time in both England and Holland intriguing on behalf of William against James and eventually participated in William's invasion of England, raising forces in advance of the main army. A grateful William created Mordaunt Earl of Monmouth after the revolution and conferred upon him many offices, making him, among other things, first lord of the treasury, a position that involved him in the distribution of patronage. Mordaunt became the third Earl of Peterborough when his uncle Henry died on 19 June 1697. A t least this reference, and probably the whole Postscript, must therefore have been written at the earliest in late June 1697, a t a bout the time when Dryden's Virgil was first announced in the London Gazette. T h e second earl cannot be meant here, and not simply because Dryden goes on to refer to "the present Earl." Henry Mordaunt, who fought for Charles I during the Great Rebellion and was suspected, but then cleared, of complicity in the Popish

llio

Commentary

Plot, declared his conversion to Rome in 1687 (Luttrell, I, 398). He spent the years after 1688 under frequent suspicion of conspiring to restore James; Luttrell (e.g., I, 493, 594; IV, 22) records his commitment to the Tower or confinement to his house. T h e second earl, then, was scarcely "of a different Perswasion" than Dryden. T h e third earl was, but nonetheless he took out a two-guinea subscription to Dryden's Virgil (p. 70 above). 808:27-28 his liberality . . . unexpected. Perhaps "my Lord Derbys money," held by Tonson as Dryden's "banker" and requested by Dryden of Tonson early in 1696 (Ward, Letters, p. 81); for the possibility see John Barnard, "Dryden, Tonson, and Subscriptions for the 1697 Virgil," PBSA, LVII (1963), 138-139. 809:2 Sir William Trumball. Trumbull (1639-1716) was a zealous Protestant whose legal training brought him various offices under Charles, James, and William, among them those of envoy to France and ambassador to Constantinople. In 1695 Trumbull represented Oxford University in the Commons and was William's secretary of state. But he resigned the secretaryship at the end of the year and, when parliament was dissolved in 1698, he withdrew from public life to his family estate in Berkshire. For the plate dedicated to Trumbull see p. 242 above. 809:7-8 Extremum . . . Gallo. See Eclogues, X , 1, 3 (Loeb trans.: "My last task this . . . Arethusa . . . . who would refuse verses to Gallus?"); cf. Dryden's 11. 1-2, 5. 809:10-11 Gilbert . . . York. Sir Gilbert Dolben (1658-1722; Bart., 1704) represented Peterborough from the Convention Parliament of 1689 until 1710. His father, John Dolben, who died in 1686, had earlier been included by Dryden in the "short File" of those loyal to Charles II (see Absalom and Achitophel, 11. 868-869 a n c * note in Works, II, 31, 278). For the plate dedicated to Dolben see p. 185 above. 809:12-13 all . . . in Latine. For these, see headnote, pp. 859-860. 809:13-14 the Dolphin's. T h e Delphin edition of Ruaeus, one of the earliest volumes published in the French series of classical texts prepared (initially) for Louis de France (1661-1711), only son of Louis X I V and Maria Theresa, who was called (after his death) le Grand Dauphin. First and revised editions in the original series of the Delphin classics appeared between 1674 and 1730 and were frequently reprinted thereafter. 809:14 the last. Ruaeus' edition was published at Paris in 1675; a second, revised edition appeared, also at Paris, in 1682; the second edition was reprinted (or pirated) twice, at London in 1687 and Amsterdam in 1690, before Dryden began translating Virgil. Dryden used a copy of the second edition, but in which imprint is unknown. Between Ruaeus' first and second editions that of Emmenessius appeared (Amsterdam, 1680). 809:14-16 Fabrini. . . imperfectly. T h e edition of Giovanni Fabrini first appeared in 1588 in Venice (his edition of the Aeneid alone appeared earlier, in Venice in 1576) with an allegorizing commentary (on which see Don Cameron Allen, Mysteriously Meant [1970], pp. 160-161) and was reprinted several times in the seventeenth century. Dryden's sons, Charles and John, were in Rome while Dryden was translating Virgil (Ward, Life, p. 248) and perhaps supplied their father with the most recent edition of Fabrini (Venice, 1683).

Notes to Pages 808-809

1111

809:17-23 Sir William . . . College. Bowyer (1639-1722) was at Trinity College, Cambridge, from March 1653 until 1654, when he was admitted to the Inner Temple; Dryden was at Trinity from May 1650 until March 1654. Bowyer became the second baronet on the death of his father in 1679. Little is known of his life; the inscription on his monument in Denham Church (for which see Thomas Wotton, The English Baronetage [1741], III, i, 70) records only that he traveled abroad when young and passed his later years at his country seat. Dryden translated the first Geòrgie probably in the summer of 1694 and the twelfth Aeneid in September and October of 1696. For Bowyer's country seat, Denham Court in Buckinghamshire, see Notes and Observations, 814:19-20 and note. Dryden there associates Bowyer's estate with the second Geòrgie, and the first plate illustrating that Geòrgie is dedicated to Bowyer (p. 180 above). 809:23-25 The Seventh . . . born. Dryden translated the seventh Aeneid in the late summer or early fall of 1695, completing it sometime in October. Burghley House is in Northamptonshire (the Soke of Peterborough) some twenty miles north of Aldwincle, Dryden's birthplace. Kinsley cites the contemporary description in The Journeys of Celia Fiennes, ed. Christopher Morris (1947), pp. 68-70, from which it emerges that Dryden's Exeter, John Cecil, the fifth Earl (1648?-!700), had furnished the house in part with "Curious things" acquired during overseas travel. Little is known of the fifth Earl; late in 1688 he was listed among noblemen reported in arms to support William (HMC, Fifth Report, p. 325), but the following year he declined the oaths and in 1690 and 1691 he "did assodate himself with the factious people" of Yorkshire and "deserves to have a strict eye kept over his actions" (HMC, Finch, II, 309; see also ibid., I l l , 74). For the plates dedicated to Exeter and his wife as five-guinea subscribers to Dryden's Virgil see pp. 358, 450 above. 809:30-32 Will. . . . Nation. William Walsh (1663-1708) initiated a correspondence with Dryden probably in 1690 (Ward, Letters, p. 154), asking Dryden's opinion of some "Compositions" (no doubt the poems and letters that Walsh published in 1692). In succeeding years Walsh secured from Dryden a preface to his Dialogue Concerning Women (1691) and subsequently promised a preface to Dryden's Love Triumphant which would defend modern dramatic practice against the ancient (Ward, Letters, p. 54). But when, some months later, Walsh outlined his proposed "Critique" in a lost letter, Dryden replied that it would be too "large for a preface to my Play" and accordingly offered to arrange for its separate publication (ibid., p. 62). Walsh's essay, though, was never printed. T h e surviving letters between Walsh and Dryden often contain literary and critical discourse; the last is dated December 1693, although the correspondence obviously continued. Walsh as critic is discussed by Dale B. Vetter, "William Walsh's 'In Defence of Painting,' " MLN, L X V I (1951), 518-523. See also Works, IV, 85:16-17 and note, as well as p. 205 above for the plate dedicated to Walsh. 809:33-810:1 his Grace . . . my Friend. Charles T a l b o t (1660-1718), the twelfth Earl and only Duke of Shrewsbury, renounced his Catholicism at the time of the Popish Plot, and during the reign of James II he first intrigued on behalf of William and then participated in William's invasion. Shrewsbury held several offices under William and was created Duke of Shrewsbury

1112

Commentary

in 1694 (a title that became extinct at his death, although the earldom passed to a cousin). In 1696 he was accused of complicity in the plot to assassinate William and, although cleared, remained at his country retreat in Eyford, Gloucestershire, for most of the winter of 1696-97, recuperating from a lingering illness and a horse-riding accident. After spending March and April of 1697 in London, Shrewsbury returned to the country, first to Eyford and then, in mid-May, to his country seat, Grafton, near Bromsgrove in Worcestershire, some fifteen miles from Abberley, where Walsh lived. At Grafton, presumably, Shrewsbury read the first part of Dryden's Virgil with Walsh (see Dorothy H. Somerville, The King of Hearts [196a], p. 141). Kinsley cites Burnet's description of Shrewsbury as "a man of great probity" with "no ordinary measure of learning, a correct judgment, with a sweetness of temper that charmed all who knew him" (History of his Own Time [1784-1734], I, 762-763). See p. 720 above for the plate dedicated to Shrewsbury as a five-guinea subscriber. 810:11-13 Whoever . . . to his. I.e., Amor Omnibus Idem: Or, The Force of Love in All Creatures, a version of Virgil's w . 209-285 included anonymously in Examen Poeticum (1693); for its influence on Dryden see the notes to his 11. 325-450, pp. 930-932 above. Malone speculates that Amor Omnibus Idem was written by George Granville, afterward Lord Lansdowne. 810:14-15 Lord . . . trouble. I.e., his translation of Eclogue VI for Miscellany Poems (1684); for its influence on Dryden see the notes to the sixth Pastoral, pp. 903-905 above. 810:15-17 Addison . . . his Bees. I.e., his translation of Georgics, IV, 1 314, in Tonson's Annual Miscellany (1694); for its influence on Dryden see the notes to his 11. 1-448, pp. 934-938 above. 810:18 Mr. Cowley's . . . Life. I.e., his version of Georgics, II, 458-542, first published in the posthumous Works of 1668; for its influence on Dryden's 11. 639-794 see the annotations on pp. 926-927 above. 810:22 Dr. Guibbons. William Gibbons (1649-1728), a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (1692; see William Munk, The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London [1878], I, 491), is elsewhere mentioned by Dryden in the translation of Persius, Satire III (Works, IV, 303:126) and in To My Honour'd Kinsman, 1. 82. Gibbons opposed the College's establishment of a free dispensary for the sick poor of London and was duly satirized as Mirmillo in Sir Samuel Garth's The Dispensary (1699), pp. 41-43, 53-58 (see A Compleat Key to the Dispensary in The Dispensary [1709], pp. 60, 61). See p. 446 above for the plate dedicated to Gibbons. 810:22 Dr. Hobbs. Thomas Hobbs, surgeon and physician, has proved elusive to Dryden's editors, who have hitherto followed Dryden in suppressing his first name, even though it is shown on the plate dedicated to him as a five-guinea subscriber (p. 782 above). There are, however, useful biographical sketches by G. C. R. Morris: "The Household Goods of Thomas Hobbs (i647?-i6g8), Surgeon to James II, Physician to Dryden," Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archeological Society, XXIII, pt. 2 (1972), 204—208; and "Dryden, Hobbs, Tonson and the Death of Charles II," NirQ_, CCXX (1975), 558-559. Hobbs began as a member of the Company of Barber-Surgeons and was appointed a surgeon to the Horse Guards in

Notes

to Page 810

1113

July 1683 (CSPD, July-September 1683, p. 184). Later he was called in to bleed Charles II on 3 February 1685 during the king's final illness (HMC, Ormonde, n.s., VII, 316; for another contemporary reference to his attendance on Charles see Morris, NirQ), by which time he had been admitted a licentiate (22 December 1684) of the Royal College of Physicians (Munk, I, 433). His appointment as a surgeon to the Horse Guards was renewed at the beginning of James II's reign (CSPD, 1685, p. 5), but he was almost immediately advanced to the position of household surgeon, third in the hierarchy of four surgeons in attendance at the court; two years later, in March 1687, he was promoted to surgeon in ordinary to the king (Morris, NirQ). In July of the same year he became Master of the Company of Barber-Surgeons (Morris, Transactions). In 1686 Nahum Tate had dedicated to him Syphilis, a poem translated from the Latin of Fracastorius, addressing him as "Mr. Hobbs, Surgeon to His Majesty," and we learn from the dedicatory verses that Hobbs had treated the disease with great success. But when Tate's Syphilis was reprinted in Examen Poeticum (1693), the verses were addressed to "Dr. T h o . Hobbs." Hobbs (who apparently held no court appointments after the revolution) received a Lambeth M.D. from Archbishop Tillotson in 1691. Nevertheless, he continued to practice as a surgeon at St. Bartholomew's Hospital until June 1693, when he resigned "and completed the unusual metamorphosis into a Doctor of Physick" (Morris, NirQ), in the same month that Examen Poeticum was published (Macdonald, p. 73), with Tate's dedicatee changed to Dr. Hobbs, the title by which he was thereafter known (see, e.g., CSPD, 1694-1695, p. 335; 1696, pp. 100, 117; H M C , House of Lords, n.s., VIII, 370). T h e plate in Dryden's Virgil is dedicated to Thomas Hobbs, "Dr. in Phisic," the style that Hobbs used in drawing up his will (Morris, Transactions). Malone speculated (I, i, 337) that Hobbs attended as surgeon during Dryden's final illness, but Hobbs died nearly two years before Dryden, in June or July i6g8, at the age of fifty-one. There remains one small puzzle in the records concerning him. In the key to The Dispensary (1709) he is referred to as "Mr. Hobbs, Surgeon," in a gloss on Guiacum (Dispensary [1699], pp. 76-77), but there is no evidence that Hobbs practiced surgery after 1693 or that his attendance on Dryden during his translating of Virgil was as a surgeon rather than as a physician. Finally, as Morris argues (NirQ), it seems probable that Dryden intended a compliment to Hobbs which was not made public until both were dead. In Threnodia Augustalis, 1. 188 (1685; Works, III, 97), Dryden had specified only Thomas Short among the medical attendants on Charles during his final illness, but "Short himself" was changed to "Short and Hobbs" in the 1701 folio of Dryden's Poems. Editors, hitherto finding no reference to Hobbs's attendance on Charles, have rejected the variant as unauthorial (see Works, III, 308, 537). But Tonson may have set 1701 from a copy marked by Dryden which reflected Dryden's later gratitude to Hobbs and his knowledge that Hobbs indeed attended Charles in February 1685. T h e change is certainly odd if it was not made by Dryden, especially as Hobbs was also dead by 1701. 810:25-26 the only . . . power. Sir Richard Blackmore (1654 or 16551729), a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (1687; see Munk, I, 468), was knighted and appointed a court physician on 18 March 1697 (William A. Shaw, The Knights of England [1906], II, 270; see also CSPD, i6py, p.

n i 4

Commentary

107). Blackmore first attacked Dryden in the preface to Prince Arthur (1695). TriumT h e preceding year Dryden h a d remarked when dedicating Love phant that it was to be his last play a n d that he was leaving "the Stage . . . in this lowness of my Fortunes, to which I have voluntarily reduc'd my self" (sig. A 3 ; S-S, VIII, 372-373). Blackmore observed (Prince Arthur, sig. a m ) that anyone who lavishes " o u t his Life a n d W i t in propagating Vice a n d Corruption of Manners . . . . [may] go off the Stage unpity'd, complaining of Neglect a n d Poverty, the just Punishments of his Irreligion a n d Folly." Blackmore renewed the attack in the p o e m itself (p. 167) by representing Dryden as Laurus, " A n old, revolted, unbelieving Bard," who was Distinguish'd by his louder craving T o n e , So well to all the Muses Patrons known, H e did the Voice of modest Poets drown. As if to prove that he indeed h a d the power to defame, late in 1699 (though with 1700 o n the title page) Blackmore published A Satyr against Wit (for the dating see S-S, I, 352, a n d Richard C. Boys, Sir Richard Blackmore and the Wits [1969], p. 6), in which there are several references to Dryden including o n e (p. 14) to his facility in flattering wellborn fools a n d rakes. I n the early months of 1700, the last of his life, Dryden three times responded to Blackmore, dismissing h i m first in the preface to Fables (1700, sig. *Da; Watson, II, 292-293) as "the City Bard, or Knight Physician," a n d then, later in Fables, in To My Honour"d Kinsman, 11. 83-87, d u b b i n g h i m Maurus, i.e., the Moor (a blackmore was a blackamoor). Dryden reserved his longest attack u p o n "Quack Maurus" for his dying breath in the prologue to The Pilgrim, 11. 16-53, which was written a f t e r 11 April 1700 (Ward, Letters, p. 136); Dryden died on May 1. 810:29-35 the few . . . need not. Dryden h a d contracted with T o n s o n to translate Virgil "with such notes, prefaces, a n d dedications" as he thought p r o p e r (Ward, Life, p. 272). Cf. Dryden's letter to T o n s o n of early 1696 (Ward, Letters, p. 80): " I am not sorry that you will not allow any thing towards the Notes; for to make them good, wou'd have cost me half a yeares time at least. T h o s e I write shall be onely Marginall to h e l p the unlearned, who understand not the poeticall Fables." In the same letter Dryden called for a fair copy of the already translated Pastorals, Georgics, a n d Aeneid, I - I V , so that he could " p u t the notes" to them. But, whenever he began o n the notes, he evidently did n o t put them into final f o r m until, probably, March 1697 (see headnote, pp. 844-845).

Notes and

Observations

8 1 1 : 2 - 4 Virgil... Life. R u a e u s supplies the identification with Octavian, later Augustus, noting of Virgil's v. 43 that Octavian was then about twentytwo. But Dryden evidently draws u p o n Chetwood's Life of Virgil (16:10 above), where we learn that Octavian was nineteen at the time of the events alluded to in the first Eclogue. 8 1 1 : 1 2 - 1 4 where . . . Amphrysus. Following Ruaeus' gloss on Georgics,

Notes

to Pages

810-812

1115

I I I , 2, except that Ruaeus, like other Renaissance commentators, correctly notes that the Amphrysus was a river. 8 1 1 : 1 5 - 8 1 2 : 1 4 Begin . . . Scaliger. T h e citations and most o£ the detail are drawn from Ruaeus' notes on vv. 62 and 63. 8 1 1 : 1 6 Incipe . . . Matrem. Virgil's v. 60 (Loeb trans.: "Begin, baby boy, to know thy mother with a smile"). 8 1 1 : 2 1 Cui . . . Parentes. From Virgil's v. 62 (Loeb trans.: he "on whom his parents have not smiled"). 8 1 2 : 2 Nec Deus . . . est. Virgil's v. 63 (Loeb trans.: "no god honours with his table, no goddess with her bed"). 8 1 2 : 5 - 8 he was . . . Nectar. See Iliad, I, 576-600. 8 1 2 : 1 1 Matri . . . Menses. Virgil's v. 61 (Loeb trans.: "to thy mother ten months have brought the weariness of travail"). 8 1 2 : 1 5 - 1 6 Epithalamium . . . Torquatus. Ruaeus cites the poem only by number and verse and does not quote it. 8 1 2 : 1 7 - 2 0 Torquatus . . . Patrem. Catullus, L X I , 2 1 2 - 2 1 5 (Loeb trans.: " I would see a little Torquatus, stretching his baby hands from his mother's lap, smile a sweet smile at his father"). 8 1 2 : 2 3 - 2 5 Infants . . . Life. A close translation of Joseph Scaliger's note as it appears in his edition of Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius (Paris, 1577) and in such a variorum edition as that by Joannes Georgius Graevius (Utrecht, 1680); 'ayeXaoroi literally means "without laughter." 812:25-28 Servius . . . Birth. Following Ruaeus' note on Virgil's v. 62. 812:28-30 the Ancients . . . Bad. See, e.g., the birth of Hercules when the sun was in the tenth sign of the year (Ovid, Metamorphoses, I X , 285-289), or, as Sandys translated Alcmena's words, "ten accomplisht signes did now excite / My travell to Alcides birth" (Ovids Metamorphosis [1632], p. 307), adding (p. 330) that this protracted pregnancy portended "glory . . . to be attained with much labour and danger." 8 1 2 : 3 0 - 3 4 Such . . . begotten. Dryden perhaps confuses cases. In 1697 (Fi) "the late Prince of Condi" was "le grand C o n d i , " Louis I I de Bourbon (1621-1686). Dryden's "correction" for F2 specifies Louis II's father, Henri I I de Bourbon, who was indeed born posthumously on 1 September 1588 (he died in 1646), but only six months after the death of his father, Henri I de Bourbon, on 5 March (for the dates see, e.g., Dryden's translation of The History of the League [1684] in Works, X V I I I , 98). Henri I died suddenly, poisoned, it was thought, by a page suborned by his wife, who was immediately imprisoned, remained so until 1595, and was not declared innocent until 1596. T h e son born to her later in 1588 was thought by some to be illegitimate, although not, as Dryden maintains, because his gestation was unduly protracted. For the charge of illegitimacy see, e.g., Henri due d'Aumale, Histoire des Princes de Conde (1885-1896), II, 225-226. 8 1 2 : 3 5 Anthony Henley. Henley (i666?-i7ii), a wit and a patron, was later a member of parliament and occasional journalist for the Whigs; he was the dedicatee of Garth's Dispensary (1699) and a Kit-Kat. He subscribed to Dryden's Virgil and was assigned the plate illustrating Aeneis, V I I , 150 (p. 576 above). Inexplicably, a second plate was also inscribed to him; it appears in the present edition as an illustrated half title to the Aeneis (facing p. 267). See the note on that illustration.

11x6

Commentary

8 1 2 : 3 6 - 8 1 3 : 4 the Jews . . . alluding to it. Written notice of precisely these practices has eluded the present editors, but cf. the naming of Jacob's sons according to the mother's circumstances at the birth (Genesis, xxix, 32-xxx, 24) and the practices described by Jacob Z. Lauterbach, " T h e Naming of Children in Jewish Folklore, Ritual and Practice," Yearbook of the Central Conference of American Rabbis, X L I I (1932), 316-360, and by Martin Noth, Die israelitischen Personennamen im Rahmen der gemeinsemitischen Namengebung (1966), pp. 225-228. 8 1 3 : 5 - 6 My Lord . . . Translation. Published in the Dryden-Tonson Miscellany Poems of 1684. See Carl Niemeyer, "A Roscommon Canon," SP, X X X V I (1939), 629. 8 1 3 : 8 - 1 0 The Eighth . . . /Eneid. T h e translator was probably the Honourable John Stafford, who, like other members of his Catholic family, changed his surname from Howard after the execution in 1680 of his father, William Howard, Viscount Stafford. His versions of the eighth and tenth Eclogues appeared in the Dryden-Tonson Miscellany Poems (1684), the Camilla episode (corresponding to Dryden's Aeneis, X I , 962-1210), in Sylva (1685). He also contributed an epilogue to Southerne's The Disappointment (1684), which was attributed to Dryden in the third edition of Miscellany Poems: The First Part (1702), probably because Dryden wrote the prologue (see Macdonald, pp. 71, 161). After the Glorious Revolution Stafford became a prominent Jacobite at James II's court in exile. 8 1 3 : 1 1 - 1 2 This Eighth ... Theocritus. Ruaeus notes in his argument that the first part of the Eclogue (corresponding to Dryden's 11. 24-86) derives from the third Idyll of Theocritus, the second part (Dryden's 11. 87-160) from the second. See also the dedication of the Pastorals, 5 : 1 4 - 1 9 and note. 8 1 3 : 1 2 - 1 6 Spencer . . . of Britomartis. See The Faerie Queene, III, ii, 4 9 51, and the notes in The Works of Edmund Spenser, ed. Edwin Greenlaw et al., I l l (1934), 221-222, 330, 334-337. 8 1 3 : 1 7 - 1 8 In the Ninth . . . Theocritus. Ruaeus has little on this point, but Emmenessius cites Theocritus when glossing eight separate lines of the ninth Eclogue, referring to six different idylls. 8 1 3 : 2 2 - 2 6 The Compliment . . . more just. In the argument to the first Geòrgie Ruaeus similarly contrasts Virgil with Lucan and Statius, who dedicated their poems to Nero and Domitian. 8 1 3 : 2 8 - 3 0 Virgil . . . Party. Virgil alludes in vv. 489-497 (Dryden's 11. 659-667) to the battle of Philippi, which terminated the war between the triumvirate of Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus and the republican (or "Commonwealth") forces of Brutus and Cassius. 8 1 4 : 2 - 3 Fertur . . . habenas. T h e last verse of the Geòrgie: the charioteer is hurried along by the horses, and the team does not obey the reins. 814:6-7 the present... ingag'd. T h e war in Europe—King William's War (1688-1697)—ranged against France an alliance of Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Savoy, and German states; it was contested in the Netherlands, the Rhineland, Spain, Ireland, and on the seas. It ended with the Treaty of Ryswick (September-October 1697) two or three months after the publication of F i . See also the dedication of the Pastorals, 3:25 and note. For the war in Asia see the dedication of the Georgics, 143:10-11 and note. 814:8 Atque . . . Bellum. Virgil's v. 509, with the first two words changed

Notes to Pages

8x2-816

from Hinc movet (Loeb trans.: "Here Euphrates, there Germany, awakes war"); see Dryden's 11. 685-686. 814:10-13 The Praises . . . Book. Virgil's vv. 136-176, Dryden's 11. 187— 246; Knightly Chetwood's version appeared in the Dryden-Tonson Miscellany Poems (1684). 814:15 Sir William. Bowyer. See Dryden's Postscript, 809:17-23 and note. 814:19-22 Nature . . . Acres. Only one wing of the seventeenth-century house survived rebuilding in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. For some description of the estate see The Victoria History of the County of Buckingham, ed. William Page, III (1925), 256-259. 814:22-23 Five . . . Odysses. See Odyssey, VII, 112-132. T h e garden of Alcinous encompassed four measures of land (rerpdyvos), each of which apparently represented as much as could be ploughed in one day and therefore equivalent to the English acre in its original sense (as well as to the Roman jugerum). Pope later translated rerpayvot as "Four acres" (VII, 144), although Chapman had earlier enlarged it into "near ten acres" (VII, 154). 814:24 Laudato . . . colito. Virgil's vv. 412-413 (Loeb trans.: "praise thou large estates, farm a small one"); see Dryden's 11. 570-571. 814:27-29 I call . . . called Niphates. Virgil's reference to Niphates in v. 30 is rendered ambiguous, as Ruaeus notes, by the fact that the name stands there for the Armenians who lived nearby. Schrevelius, following Servius, glosses Niphates as both river and mountain. T h e river is signified by Juvenal, VI, 409, and Lucan, Pharsalia, III, 245. 814:32-815:2 The transition . . . to Cows. Virgil in fact begins with horses, vv. 49-50 (Dryden's 11. 83-84), proceeds to cows, vv. 50-71 (11. 85-115), returns to horses, vv. 72-137 (11. 116-223), a r ) d then to cows again, v. 138 (1. 224). See also the note to Dryden's 11. 224-225. 815:4 Exaltation. "The place of a planet in the zodiac in which it was considered to exert its greatest influence" (OED). 815:5-6 Virgil . . . Astrology. See Chetwood's Life, 12:20-21 above. 815:8 Sir Henry Shere. Sheeres was a member of the Royal Society and later published An Essay on the Certainty and Causes of the Earth's Motion on its Axis. For further discussion of Sheeres and his relationship with Dryden see Works, XV, 421. 815:14 le Roy s'avisera. As Noyes notes, the phrase, which literally means "the king will think about it," signified royal refusal of a parliamentary bill (see Catherine Drinker Bowen, The Lion and the Throne [1956], p. 34). 815:19-22 But . . . Verse. E.g., Virgil's Emathion, Corynaeus, Dioxippus, and Promolus (IX, 571-574) are not named by Dryden in the corresponding passage (11. 775-780); for further discussion of what Dryden omits see headnote, p. 883 above. 815:25-28 I . . . them. See 313:29-314:5, above. 815:28-29 the Legend . . . Miracle. In Georgics, IV, 554-558 (Dryden's 11. 799-806). 815:30-816:15 The only . . . Turks. See Orlando Furioso, XIV, 75-81 (an episode also cited in the Discourse of Satire in Works, IV, 17:31-34). Dryden particularizes Ariosto's allegory, which contains no monks with drawn knives and no quarrels about the choice of a new officer. 816:10 at Snic and Snee. "Combat with cut-and-thrust knives" (OED).

n

18

Commentary

816:18 his . . . Canace. T o whose incestuous love Ruaeus refers briefly in his note on v. 75 (v. 79 in his ed.). Dryden had translated Canace to Macareus in Ovid's Epistles (1680; Works, I, 120-124). 816:21-817:4 Poetically . . . their due. Dryden defends his addition to Virgil, whose Neptune claims no dominion over the air in vv. 138-139. 816:29-30 terras . . . Mari. Virgil's vv. 83-84 (Loeb trans.: they "blow in storm-blasts across the world. They swoop down upon the sea"); see Dryden's 11. 123-124. 817:10-11 O . . . Una. Virgil's w . 327, 329 (Loeb trans.: "by what name should I call thee, O maiden . . . sister of Phoebus, or one of the race of Nymphs?"). 817:14-15 that . . . Poem. T h e Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, as Noyes notes; see esp. vv. 53-106. 817:19-22 This . . . Reader. Dido and her guests also sit at the table in the illustration from Ogilby's Virgil which was used in Dryden's, p. 374 above. 817:23-26 The Destruction . . . Verse. See Livy, V, xxi, 10-13, ans Xâice [\aice F2] /iSipov ÎKaffTOS. F2 appends &c. and the next paragraph (Thus . . . himself.) 43:27-28 that Poem] that Poem F I - 2 . 43:28 Soul] F2; Subject FI. 44:3 near the] F2; near FI. 44:7 Pasiphaè's] Pasiphea's FI; Pasiphae's F2. 44:8 Bucolics:] F2; Bucolic's? F I . 44:9 too far] F2; too far FI. 44:11-12 and . . . Metamorphosis] F2; or ... Metamorphoses FI. 44:22 compos'd] F2; made FI. 44:24-25 The History of the Renovation] The History of the Renovation F i - 2 . 44:30 interpretation] F2; inerpretation F I . 45:2 of all] F2; of FI. 45:2 the Latin] the Latin F 1 - 2 . 45:10 But, . . . to . . . since, I pass by] F2; I pass by, . . . therefore to . . . since, FI. 45:15 Homer, Hesiod, Aratus,] F2; Homer, FI. 45:22 Victoria] F2; Victoria, (none of the fittest Names for a Shepherdess) FI. 45:27 toujours fières] toûjours fieres F 1 - 2 . 45:28 rassureroient . . . Bergères] rassureroiént . . . Bergeres F 1 - 2 . 46:4-5 Preferences] F2; Comparisons FI. 46:7 Cloris, as-tu] Cloris, as-tu F 1 - 2 . 46:15 to raillé] F2; to rally FI. 46:23 Brébœuf] Brelauf F1-2. 46:24 Paraphras'd,] FI2. 46:28 of their] of their F i - 2 . 47:6 Death,] F1-2. 47:12 well] FI; well as F2. 47:20 everywhere] every where F 1 - 2 . 47:21-22 all Pastorals] all Pastorals F 1 - 2 . 47:27 not] F I ; nor F2. 48:13 the Pastorals] the Pastorals F 1 - 2 . 48:15 Apotheosis] Apothesis F 1 - 2 . 48: 29 Toujours, toujours] Toûjours, toûjours, F1-2. 49:1 but in] but on FI. 49:2 or be] or be F 1 - 2 . 49:5 more] F2; very F I . 49:7 However this] F2; This FI. 49:7 is] F2; 'tis FI. 49:8 Self-love:] F1-2. 49:17 if Horace] F2; if Horace FI. 49:27 Steenkirk] F2; Steemkirk FI. 49:31 of the] F I ; of F2. 50:23 his Pastorals] his Pastorals F 1 - 2 . 50:29 Dithyrambics] F I ; Dithyrambic's F2. 50:35 Mr. Pascal] Mr. Pascal F 1 - 2 . 5 1 : 5 Parterre] F2; Knot F I . 51:16 first Pastorals] first Pastorals F 1 - 2 . 5 1 : 1 8 his Pastorals] his Pastorals F I 2. 5 1 : 1 9 an] F2; a FI. 51:29 were] was F 1 - 2 . 51:36 Heroic Verse] Heroic Verse F 1 - 2 . 52:1 Greeks] F2; Latins FI. 52:1 Natural:] F1-2. 52:8 The] indented in Fi-2. 52:10 And . . . /£neis] and . . . F1-2. 52:27-28 Rhime. Such . . . this,] such . . . ~ A F1-2. 52:29 Sorori,] F1-2. 53:1 was] Was F 1 - 2 . 53:2 Virgil] F2; Fi. 53:3 Pyra. ] ~.A F1-2. 53:18 Latin is] Latin is F 1 - 2 . 53:2 * T h e [and footnote]] F2; AThe [and no footnote] FI. 54:3 himself,] «-. F 1 - 2 . 54:17 «n nouveau . . . ton] FI; nouveau . . . un ton F2. 54:24 Demosthenes and Cicero] F2; Cicero and Demosthenes FI. 55:5 Épris Trophée] 'Epris Trophee F i - 2 . 55:6 Mépris Orphée] Mépris Orphee F 1 - 2 . 55:9 F.] F I ; F.F. F2. 55:10 Excellent] F2; Excelleut FI. 55:19 they] FI; thy F2. 55:21 Louvre] L'Ouvre F 1 - 2 . 55:22 their] F2; Modem F I . 55:25 H fe] H K. Fi—2. 56:4 consist] Fi appends a quotation: Cum mortuis non nisi larva; luctantur.

Textual

1142

Commendatory

Notes

Poems

TO MR. DRYDEN, ON HIS EXCELLENT TRANSLATION OF VIRGIL 11 35

English] English F1-2. 21 Elysium] Elisium bear:] F1-2. 70 Peeans] Poeans F1-2. 78

F i ; Elizium new.] F i ;

F2. F2.

TO MR. DRYDEN ON HIS TRANSLATION OF VIRGIL 41

Grahme.] F i ; ~ A F2.

TO MR. DRYDEN 16 flye:] F1-2. mand:] F1-2.

17

Su/fan-like] F i ; Sultan like F2.

18

Com-

TO MR. DRYDEN ON HIS VIRGIL 3

ev'ri\ F i ; even F i .

TO MR. DRYDEN ON HIS TRANSLATIONS 11 writ:] F1-2. 33

F1-2. thee?]

15 Geniuses] Geniusses F1-2. F1-2.

Errata and Directions

to

31

Praise,]

Binders

Not in Fx. Page and line numbers adjusted to our text. Also: Georgic 2.1. 96] ~ i — . ~ F i .

The Names of the Subscribers

to the Cuts of

Virgil

Page numbers adjusted to our text. Also: 54 Mrs. Dorothy Brownlow] A n n 975- l l 0 9> >110. i " 3 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 849, 864n, 1109 Chesterfield, Philip Stanhope, 2d Earl of, 845, 846,872, 873n, 876,911 Chetwood, Knightly, 86in, 870 Life of Virgil, The, 852n, 875, 892, 894. 94°. 946, 964. 1 1 1 4 , 1 1 1 7 , u s « , 1123 Praises of Italy out of Virgil's Second Géorgie, The, 921, 1 1 1 7 Preface to the Pastorals, 845, 892, 894, 960, 964 Same Eclogue, The (Eclogue VIII), 863, 907, 965 Chevalier, Antoine and Robert le, 950 Oeuvres de Virgile, Les, 958 Chudleigh, Lady Mary To Mr. Dryden, on his Excellent Translation of Virgil, 8gi Churchill, John, 874 Cicero, 86in, 965 De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, 1124 Philippics, 1126 Pro Archia I X , 945 Cincinnatus, Lucius Quintius, 1043 Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of, 87&-877n Claudian, 86in, 929 Cleopatra, 1066

Clifford, Charles, Baron of Lanesborough, 890 Clifford, Hugh, 2d Baron of Chudleigh, 845, 872, 875, 889-891 Clifford, Thomas, 1st Baron of Chudleigh, 890, 891 Congreve, William, 847, 964 Impossible Thing, An, 1050 Conon, 893, 899 Corneille, Pierre Discours des trois unites, 942 Cossus, Servius Cornelius, 1043, l 0 4 4 Cotgrave, Randle Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues, A, 956 Cotton, Charles, 862 Essays of Michael Seigneur de Montaigne, The, 864, 937, 1022, 1076, 1098, 1 1 2 2 Coustel, Pierre, 854n Cowley, Abraham, 8 5 3 ^ 854, 858, 86in, 867 Davideis, 962, 1076, 1 1 1 8 Ode upon His Majesties Restoration, An, 962 Pindarique Odes, 857, 962 Virg. Georg. O fortunatus nimium ire., 863, 926, 927, 959, 1 1 1 2 Crashaw, Richard, 861, 862 Out of Virgill, in the Praise of the Spring, 924 Creech, Thomas, 863 Second Eclogue, The, 896-898 Third Eclogue. Or Palemon, The, 898-900 Five Boohs of M. Manilius, The, 861, 961 Idylliums of Theocritus .. . done into English, The, 861 Juvenal, translations from, 961 Odes, Satyrs, and Epistles of Horace, The, 854, 861, 961 T. Lucretius Carus, Of the Nature of Things, 857, 861, 892 Crispinus, Daniel, 1 1 2 5 Cudworth, Ralph True Intellectual System of the Universe, The, 950, 1 1 2 1 Dacier, André Chronologia Horatiana, 1126 Poétique d'Aristote, traduite, preface to, 943

La:

Index Dampier, Sir William New Voyage round the World, A, 961 Dante, 874 Inferno, 945 Dares of Phrygia De Excidio Troiae Historia, 951 Davenant, Sir William, 858 Decius Mus, Publius (elder), 1119 Decius Mus, Publius (younger), 1119 Democritus, 912 Demosthenes, 861 n Denham, Sir John, 853-855, 857, 86i864, 868, 870; and Dryden's Virgil, 866 Coopers Hill, 957 Destruction of Troy, The, 866, 959, 978-986 Manuscript Version of the Aeneid, 866n, 870, 978, 986-988, 990, 996, 1000, 1004, 1005, ioog, 1012, 1013, 1016-1019, 1023-1031, 1033, 1035, 1037-1040, 1042 Passion of Dido for Aeneis, The, 959, 1007, 1008, 1010, 1011, 1013-1015 Dennis, John, 851, 858, 877, 1108 Derby, Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of, 1109 Derby, Countess of, 1109 Derby, William George Richard Stanley, 9th Earl of, 876, 1109, 1110 Des Maizeaux, Pierre, 958-959 Desprez, Ludovicus, 947 De Tende, Gaspard, 854n Dictys Cretensis Ephemeris Belli Troiani, 951 Digges, Dudley, 862, 870-871 Didos Death, 1000, 1001, 1003, 1004, 1006, 1007, 1010, 1012, 1014 Dio Cassius, 1126 Diodorus Siculus, 1086 Diogenes Laertius Lives of the Philosophers, 912, 1121 Dionysius of Halicarnassus Roman Antiquities, 951 Dolben, Sir Gilbert, 859, 920-921, 1110 Dolben, John, 1110 Dolet, Etienne, 854n Domitian, 87on, 1116 Donatus, Aelius, 963, 964 Douglas, Gavin, 861, 866, 870, 871 XIII Bukes of Eneados of the Famose Poete Virgill, The, 860, 862-865, 967- 970-972. 975-981,983-986, 990992, 994, 998-1000, 1002, 1010, 1012, 1014-1017, 1020, 1023, 1026, 1028, 1029, 1031, 1033, 1035, 1039, 1047-

1199

1050, 1052, 1053, 1055, 1058, 1060, 1061, 1063, 1064, 1068-1070, 1072, 1075, 1081, 1082, 1086, 1089-1102, 1106, 1108, 1121 Drant, Thomas, 854 Driden, John, 878 Drummond, William Polemo-Middinia: Carmen Macaronicum, 864n Dryden, Charles, 1110 On the Happyness of a Retired Life . . . Sent to his Father from Italy, 1012 Dryden, John: letters to Walsh, 843, 877,961,1111; and Howard's fourth Aeneid, 843n; letters to Tonson concerning Virgil, 844, 868, 869, 1114; as poet laureate, 847, 891; loyalty to James II, 847; as historiographer royal, 847; Virgil's importance to, 847-853; and translation theory, 853-857, 880, 882884; his theory of the epic, 858, 859; and editions of Virgil, 860; his contemporary reputation, 877; marriage of, 911; association with Mulgrave, 941; loan to Charles II, 943; and Sir Robert Howard, 949-950; his opinion of Ovid, 951; and the coinage crisis, 963; at Cambridge, 1111; death of, 1113 Absalom and Achitophel, 847, 848, 853. 9°2. 924. 945. 1 1 1 0 Aeneis: success of, 862; relation to Douglas' Eneados, 864-865; relation to Vicars' translation, 865 Aeneis, I, 862n, 871, 875, 88in, 911, 924> 949-951. 954, 955, 963, 965977' 985, 992, 1001,1003, 1005, 1006, 1008, 1015, 1075, 1076, 1094, 1118, 1123; relation to Milbourne's translation, 866 Aeneis, II, 862n, 867, 872, 874, 88in, 883n, 893, 946-948, 955, 961, 978989, 1075, 1122; relation to Denham's translation, 866 Aeneis, III, 870, 883n, 884, 928, 946, 947. 949. 962, 963. 965. 973. 9881000, 1016, 1020, 1056, 1126, 1127 Aeneis, IV, 862n, 883n, 885-886, 903, 9°7' 9«>9. 918, 922. 924. 95°. 95i. 953-955. 961, 1000-1015, 1018, 1028, 1032, 1038, 1046, 1048, 1051, 1055, 1060, 1065, 1069, 1083, 1084, 1108, 1119; relation to Denham's transla-

1200

Index

tion, 866; relation to Milbourne's translation, 866 Aeneis, V, 862n, 863n, 865, 88in, 883, 938< 94«. 946, 947» 9 5 1 ' 953- 955. 961, 966, 1015-1027, 1030, 1034, 1040, 1061, 1069, 107g, 1085, 1119; in Sylva, 843, 1020, 1021, 1133 Aeneis, VI, 86jn, 867n, 870, 874, 881, 883n, 888, 892, 912, 920-921, 923, 939. 940, 947. 95°. 953. 955. 956. 963. 996. 1006, 1028-1045, 1067, 1074, 1077, 1081, 1091, 1109, 11201123, 1126, 1127 Aeneis, VII, 874, 875, 883, 940, 947, 954. 955- 965. 1011, 1045-1055, 1058, 1060, 1067, 1085, 1093, 1104, 1111. 1115, 1119, 1122, 1123, 1125-1127 Aeneis, VIII, 863n, 871, 883, 888, 916, 928, 945, 947, 963, 1020, 1053, 10551066, 1069, 1073, 1078, 1085, 1087, 1123, 1126; in Sylva, 843, 1061, 1133 Aeneis, I X , 863-865, 881-885, 9 « . 964, 1020, 1061, 1066-1076, 1078, 1085, 1117; in Sylva, 843, 883n, 10681070, 1133 Aeneis, X , 864, 865, 867, 881, 883n, 948-950, 953, 955, 959, 967, 1020, 1061, 1069, 1075-1087, 1105, 1108, 1123-1127; in Sylva, 843,1085-1087, 1105, 1133 Aeneis, X I , 862n, 863n, 865, 88in, 885, 887-888, 916, 947, 948, 955, 1087-1097, 1105, 1116, 1124 Aeneis, XII, 862n, 863n, 865, 881, 88sn, 888, 947, 948, 955, 956, 1086, 1087, 1097-1108, n i l , 1123, 1126, 1127 Albion and Albanius, 851, 1041, 1056 Alexander's Feast, 935, 984 All for Love, 847, 883n, 990, 1066, 1074 Amboyna, 891 Amphitryon: dedication of, 1039 Annual Miscellany, The, 843, 847, 8 77. 913> 927-929. 934. >012. 1112 Annus Mirabilis, 852, 922, 925, 983, 1009; preface to, 852, 858, 911, 951, 957- 9 6 4- 1124 Art of Poetry, The, 939, 957 Astraea Redux, 851, 969 Aureng-Zebe, 849^ dedication of, 888n,941 Authors Apology for Heroique Poetry; and Poetic Licence, The, 941, 943. 960

Britannia Rediviva, 849^ 852, 1042 Canace to Macareus, 1118 Ceyx and Alcyone, 1006 Character of a Good Parson, The, 945 Character of Polybius, The, 945, 1042 Character of St. Evremond, The, 944, 949 Cleomenes, 1052 Conquest of Granada, The, 850, 960; dedication of, 941 Cymon and Iphi genia, 874n, 1052 De Arte Graphica, 843, 844n Dedication of the Aeneis, 845, 853n, 856-858, 86on, 869, 871-876, 879, 88on, 882, 883n, 889, 941-965, 969, 976, 1042, 1081, 1118, 1121, 1123, 1124, 1126 Dedication of the Georgics, 845, 871, 8 7 3 ^ 8 7 6 , 9 1 1 - 9 1 3 , 1116 Dedication of the Pastorals, 845, 875, 876, 889-894, 912, 1108, 1116 Defence of the Duchess's Paper, 945 Defence of the Epilogue, 1109 Discourse concerning the Original and Progress of Satire, A, 856, 858, 911, 941, 943, 944, 955-958. 1108, 1109, 1117 Don Sebastian: preface to, 849n, 850; dedication of, 853, 1052 Eleonora, 850, 852, 960 Examen Poeticum, 916, 930, 1036, 1112, 1113; dedication of, 856, 961 Fables, 945, 1086 First Book of Homer's llias, The, 1083, 1086 First Book of Ovid's Metamorphoses, The, 910, 936, 963 Flower and the Leaf, The, 924, 1017 Georgics, 861, 964; early translations of, 843n; relation to Ogilby's translation, 865; relation to Lauderdale's translation, 867 Georgics, I, 880, 883, 913-919, 1058, 1096, 1116 Georgics, II, 881, 883, 913, 9'9-927. 969, 1011, 1031, 1035, 1111, 1117, 1123 Georgics, III, 862n, 875, 880, 883, 898, 902, 905, 912,924, 927-934, 965, 995, 1003, 1056, 1058, 1099, 1104, 1117, 1133, 1134; in The Annual Miscellany, 843, 847, 869, 927-928, 930, 931. " 3 3 Georgics, IV, 87 m , 874, 880, 881, 883, 884, 897, 899, 913, 934-940. 94®.

Index 950, 9 5 8 , 1 0 1 6 , 1 1 1 7 Heroique Stanzas, 87511 Hind and the Panther, The, 847, 849, 850, 852, 888, 890, 960, 963, 974, 1 0 1 1 , 1061 History of the League, The, 1 1 1 5 ; dedication of, 853 Indian Emperour, The, 851 Juvenal, translations from, 853, 910, 961, 965, 1051 King Arthur, 850 Lady's Song, The, 970 Life of Lucian, The, 8 4 3 ^ 844^ 853, 8 93> 949. 1079. 1 1 2 5 Lines on Milton, 858 Love Triumphant, 1 1 1 1 ; dedication of, 1 1 1 4 Mac Flecknoe, 847, 850, 888, 970, 1026, 1076 Medall, The, 848, 851, 901, 963, 968 Miscellany Poems, 843, 848, 860, 863, 867, 895-898, 900, 901, 903, 905-910, 9 * 1 . 939. 959. 965. " » a . 1116, 1117 Ode to Anne Killigrew, 851 Oedipus, 912, 917, 1001, i o n , 1048 Of Dramatick Poesie, An Essay, 847, 858, 862n, 942, 943, 1021 Ovid's Art of Love, Booh I, 8770, 929, 944. >055 Ovid's Epistles, 951, 1 1 1 8 ; preface to, 8 5 4 n , 856, 958, 961 Palamon and Arcite, 1019 Parallel betwixt Painting and Poetry, A, 844n, 850, 852, 853, 940, 949, 953, 959- 963 Pastorals, 88on, 964; relation to Ogilby's translation, 865; relation to Lauderdale's translation, 867 Pastoral I, 874, 895-896, 1 1 1 4 , 1 1 3 3 Pastoral II, 896-898, 909, 937 Pastoral III, 893, 898-900, 907, 928, 93°. 936> 944- 956> 957. 1 1 1 4 - 1 1 1 5 Pastoral IF, 871, 882, 884, 900-901, 905, 914; in Miscellany Poems, 843, 900-901, 1 1 3 3 Pastoral V, 901-903, 933, 956 Pastoral VI, 903-905, 914, 1109, 1 1 1 2 , 1116 Pastoral VII, 905-906, 919 Pastoral VIII, 906-908, 1 1 1 6 Pastoral IX, 895, 908-909; in Miscellany Poems, 843, 908, 1 1 3 3 Pastoral X, 882n, 909-910, m o

1201 Persius, translations from, 912, 948, 1112 Poems (1701), 1 1 1 3 Preface to A Dialogue Concerning Women, n i l Preface to Fables, 856, 858, 863, 866, 88on, 942, 943, 951, 955, 960, 1109, 1114 Prologue to Amphitryon, 851 Prologue to The Disappointment, 1116 Prologue to The Pilgrim, 1 1 1 4 Prologue to The Prophetess, 850 Prologue to the University of Oxford, 851 Religio Laid, 888, 954, 956 Rival Ladies, The: dedication of, 850 Satires of Juvenal and Persius, The, 889 Spanish Fryar, The, 852; dedication of, 850, 943 State of Innocence, The, 922, 941, 943, 960 Sylva, 843, 867n, 869, 939, 1061, 1094, 1 1 1 6 ; preface to, 856, 857, 863, 893, 9 » . 943- 956. 95 8 . 9 6 1 - 1 0 ° 4 Threnodia Augustalis, 852, 1 0 7 4 , 1 1 1 3 To Her Grace the Dutchess of Ormond, 969, 976 To my Dear Friend Mr. Congreve, 847 To My Honored Friend, Sir Robert Howard, 853, 976 To My Honour'd Kinsman, 1 1 1 2 , 1 1 1 4 To My Lord Chancellor, 965 To Sir Godfrey Kneller, 943 To the Earl of Roscommon, 853 To the Lady Castlemaine, 945 To the Memory of Mr. Oldham, 853, 888, 1089 Translation of the Latter Part of the Third Book of Lucretius: Against the Fear of Death, 1030, 1073 Troilus and Cressida: preface to, 942, 944. 953; prologue to, 946; dedication of, 1 1 2 3 Tyrannick Love, 851, 853 Virgil, translation of: JD's early involvement with, 843, 846-847, 859, 877; JD's contract with Tonson, 843, 847, 864, 877, 940, 1 1 1 4 ; subscribers to, 843n, 846, 848-849, 872, 877-878, 890, 894, 920-921, 940, 949, 956, 969, 1001-1002, 1014, 1031, 1037, 1 1 0 9 - 1 1 1 2 , 1 1 1 5 ; J D ' s progress on, 844-846, 860, 868, 876, 878,

I202

Index

890, 1079, 1109, 1111, 1114, 1122, 1124; Notes and Observations on, 844, 845, 859, 86on, 873, 87411, 876, 894, 906, 908, 917, 1013, 1048, 1081, 1104, 1111, 1114-1127, 1133-1134; JD's press correction of, 845, 904, 1025, 1115, 1133-1134; errata sheet for, 845, 88on, 894, 946, 1133; Postscript to, 845-846, 853, 859, 86on, 876, 878n, 894, 920, 930, 956, 11081114, 1117, 1120; first folio of, 845n, 871, 889, 894, 904, 915, 916, 920921, 924, 927-930, 940, 1001, 1014, 1021, 1035, 1037, 1115, 1133-1134; illustrations for, 846, 848, 852n, 872, 889, 911, 920-921, 940-941, 950, 969, 1001-1002, 1014, 1022, 1031, 1035, 1102, 1109-1113, 1115, 1118; debts to predecessors in, 862-867, 870, 886, 1002; and relation to Ogilby's translation, 865; and relation to Lauderdale's translation, 886870; and contemporary politics, 871-876, 901; early criticism of, 878-881, 883, 886; second folio of, 88on, 891, 894, 904, 920-921, 927929, 1115, 1122, 1133-1134; and relation to Virgil's original, 882-886, 926, 930, 1009; editions of, 886-887, n 10; literary value of, 887-888; Commendatory Poems to, 894; Directions to the Binders to, 894, 940; use of Ruaeus in, 947. See also Aeneis, Dedication of the Aeneis; Georgics, Dedication of the Georgics; Pastorals, Dedication of the Pastorals Dryden, John, Jr., 1110 D u Bartas, Guillaume de Saluste, Seigneur, 86 i n D u Bellay, Joachim, 857n D u Fresnoy, Charles De Arte Graphica, 843, 844n Dugdale, Sir William Baronage of England, The, 893 Duke, Richard, 86in, 863 Fifth Eclogue. Daphnis, The, 901-903 Dyke, Sir Thomas, 920-921, 1031

Elyot, Sir T h o m a s Dictionary, The, 1022, 1048 Emmenessius, Jacobus, 859-860, 893, 982, 1056, 1063, 1101, 1110, 1116, 1118, 1119, 1121, 1122

Enclos, Ninon de 1', 959 Ennius, Quintus, 944-945, 1109 Epaminondas, gi2 Epicurus, 912 Erastus, Thomas, 942 Eros (Virgil's scribe), 963 Eudoxus of Cnidos, 893 Eustathius, Archbishop of Thessalonica, 1118 Evelyn, John Diary, 843, 877 Exeter, Anne, Countess of, 1111 Exeter, John Cecil, 5th Earl of, 878, 1111

Faber, Tanaquillus, 892, 944 Fabrini, Giovanni, 860, 874, 1110, 1120 Fanshawe, Sir Richard, 854, 862, 870 Fourth Booke of Virgills Aeneis, The, 861, 1001, 1003, 1005, 1007, 1008, 1010, 1011, 1014, 1015 Lusiad, by Luis de Camoens, The, 861 Farnaby, Thomas, 860 Fiennes, Celia Journeys of Celia Fiennes, The, 911, 1111 Flaccus, Valerius, 929 Fleming, A b r a h a m , 860, 862 Bucolikes of Publius Virgilius Maro, The, 897, 899, 901, 906, 909, 910 Bucoliks of Publius Virgilius Maro . . . Together with his Georgiks, The, 898, 907, 918, 925, 928 Fletcher, Giles, 862 Fletcher, Thomas, 86in, 863, 877, 879 Poems on Several Occasions, and Translations, 877, 965-978, 1000, 1001 Florio, John, 862 Essayes of Michael Lord of Montaigne, The, 864, 1043, 1084, 1088 Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de Dialogues des Morts, 893 Discovery of New Worlds, A, 855a Poesies pastorales, 893 Treatise of Pastorals, 892 Fracastoro, Girolamo (Fracastorius), 1113 Fraunce, A b r a h a m , 862

Gallus, Cornelius, 892 Garth, Sir Samuel, 959 Dispensary, The, 1112, 1113, 1115 Gellius, Aulus, 923, 1001, 1123

Index George, Prince of Denmark, 872 Gibbons, William, 1 1 1 2 Gibson, Edmund, 864n Giftord, Lady Frances, 1002 Gifford, Sir Henry, 1002 Gifford, Sir John, 1002 Gifford, Lady Mary (Vaughan), 1 0 0 1 1002 Glorious Revolution, The, 873, 9 1 1 , 945, 947. 95°. 96. 10 39> 1 1 0 9> 1 1 16 Gloucester, Henry, Duke of, 851 Godolphin, Sidney, 863, 864 Passion of Dido for Aeneas, The, 959, 1001-1005, 1007-1010 Golding, Arthur, 885 Granville, George, 1 1 1 2 Graevius, Joannes Georgius, 1 1 1 5 Grimald, Nicholas, 854 Guarini, Giovanni Battista II Pastor Fido, 86in

Hammond, Antony, 877 Hannibal, 912, 944, 1075 Harrington, James, 861-863, 870 Essay upon Two of Virgil's Eclogues, and Two Books of His Aeneis, An, 85on, 863, 895, 909, 965, 969-971, 973-978, 981-984, 989 Virgil's Aeneis: The Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Books, 990-993, 995, gg6, ggS-iooo, 1002, 1003, 1007, 1009, 1012, 1015-1018, 1023, 1025, 1026, 1028, 1030, 1032, 1033, 1036, 1038-1042, 1044 Harrington, Sir John Orlando Furioso in English Heroical Verse, 861, 958, 1124 Heath, Robert, 860 Heinsius, Daniel, 860, 943-944, 1077, 1119 Heinsius, Nicolas, 860 Henley, Anthony, g40, 1 1 1 5 Henri I de Bourbon, 1 1 1 5 Henri II de Bourbon, 1 1 1 5 Heraclitus, 912 Hesiod, 904, 922 Theogony, 1125, 1127 Hobbes, Thomas, 858, 979 Homer's Odysses: preface to, 855 Hobbs, Thomas, 872, 1 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 3 Hoby, Sir Thomas Courtyer of Count Baldessar Castilio, The, 855n

1203

Holiday, Barten, 857 Holt, Sir John, 890 Homer, 858, 941, 962, 1073 Epigrams, 1 1 2 3 Iliad, 942, 946, 948, 954, 955, 985, 986, 1006, 1023, 1075, 1079, 1083, 1086, 1090, 1 1 1 5 , 1 1 1 8 - 1 1 2 0 , 1122, 1 1 2 3 , 1125 Odyssey, 892, g43, 953, 954, 998, 1006, 1 1 1 7 , 1122, 1 1 2 3 Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, 1118 Hoole, Charles, 860, 862 Four Books of Virgil's Georgicks, The, 86in Hopkins, Charles, 877 Horace, 9 1 1 , 961 Ars Poetica, 854, 857, 861, 943, 944, 952, 955- 95®« 965> " 2 4 Epistles, 912, 944, 946, 953 Epodes, 944, l i 18 Odes, 894, 912, 918, 947, 948, 963, 1047, 1126 Satires, 942 Howard, Edward, 858, 877 Howard, Lady Elizabeth, 9 1 1 Howard, Sir Robert, 863, 868-870, 877, 949-95°. 969. " 2 4 Poems, 843n, 1001-1005, 1007-1009, 1 0 1 1 , 1 0 1 3 - 1 0 1 5 , 1120 Howard, William, Viscount Stafford, 1116 Huet, Pierre Daniel, 854n Hyginus Fabulae, 1042

James I, 871 James II, 847, 873-876, 890, 891, 8g6, g n , g27, 935-937, 94i, 95°, 95 1 - 965, 97°, 975> 1024, 1038, 1041, 1 1 0 9 1111, 1113,1116 Johnson, Samuel, 848, 883, 887n, 957 Life of Dryden, 1057 Life of Pope, 848n Life of Sheffield, g4i Works of the English Poets, 886 Jonson, Ben, 854, 858, 861, 862 Horace His Art of Poetry, 854, 857, 861 Sad Shepherd, The, 1050 Julian the Apostate, 1121 Junius, Franciscus, 954 Juvenal, 853, 861, 961, 1051, 1 1 1 7 Satire X, 965

Index

1204 Kennett, Basil, 878 Romae Antiquae Notitia, K i n g William's War, 1116 Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 872 Knight, Christopher, 1037 Knight, Sir John, 960

87811

L a Boétie, Etienne de, 945 Laelius (Minor), Gaius, 964 L a Fontaine, Jean de Fables Choises, 91a Lauderdale, Richard Maitland, 4th Earl of, 860, 862-864, 869, 873; relation to Dryden's Virgil, 866-870; debt to Dryden, 1061, 1068-1069, 1085 First Book of Virgil's Georgicks, The, ^ S - ^ S . 9 1 7~9 1 9> 928 Manuscript Versions of Virgil, 867870, 914, 915, 917-919, 1000, 1002, 1006-1008, i o n , 1015, 1028-1034, 1036-1041, 1044, 1055-1068, 10701072, 1074, 1087-1092, 1094, 1 0 97~ 1107 Part of Virgil's 4th. Georgick, 939 Works of Virgil, The, 86sn, 874, 886n, 895-910. 9'3 _ 9 2 5. 927-940.964.9661020, 1022-1068, 1070-1086, 10871108, 1120, 1121 L e Bossu, René, 858 Treatise of the Epick Poem, 941-947, 954. 955 L e Clerc, Jean Bibliotheque Universelle et Historique, 958 Lee, Nathaniel Lucius Junius Brutus, 1043 Leicester, Philip Sidney, 3d Earl of, 853 Le Moyne, Pierre Saint Louys, 944 Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, 1116 Lewkenor, John, 863, 870 Metellus his Dialogues . . . With the Fourth Book of Virgil's Aeneids, 855, 1000, 1001, 1003-1005, 1007, 1009-1015 Lisle, William, 860-862, 870 Virgils Eclogues Translated into English, 861, 863, 869-899, 901-903, 905. 9 o 6 . 908 Livy (Titus Livius), 892, 912, 1042, 1065, 1075, 1118, 1119 London Gazette, The, 1109

84411, 846, 961,

Lord, Nathanael, Bishop of D u r h a m , 872 Louis de France, 1110 Louis II de Bourbon, 1115 Louis X I V , 847, 872, 927, 947, 958, 960, 1110 Lucan, 861, 87on, 960, 1116 Pharsalia, 945, 1117 Lucian, 1079 Zeus Cross-examined, 1125 Lucretius, 857, 861, 1030 De Rerum Natura, 892, 946, 953,1006, 1073, 1123-1124 Lucullus, 912 Luttrell, Narcissus Brief Historical Relation of State Affairs 1678-1714, A, 890, 891, 911, 1110

Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius, 954 Saturnalia, 944, 953, 1118, 1125 Maecenas, Gaius, 1124 Mainwaring, A r t h u r Tarquin and Tullia, 927 Malherbe, François, 854^ 957 Manilius, Marcus, 861, 961 Astronomica, 956 Manlius, Titus, 892 Manlius Torquatus, T i t u s , 892, 1043 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, 1043-1044 Maria Theresa, 1110 Marino, Giambattista Adone, 960-961 Marius, Gaius, 945 Marshall, Rebecca, 1049 Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), 86in Epigrams, 912, 943, 957 Marvell, Andrew, 876-877n Mary II, 87on, 873, 874, 927, 941, 1038 Mary of Modena, 896 Masvicius, Pancratius, 859-860 May, Thomas, 860, 863, 870 Lucan's Pharsalia, 861 Virgil's Georgicks Englished, 861, 899, 9>4-94° Mellan, Claude, 889 Melmoth, William Henry, 886 Memmius, Gaius, 946 Milbourne, Luke, 863,864, 871; relation to Dryden's Aeneis, 866 Fame, 1004 First Book of Virgil's Aeneis, 965-968, 970-972, 974-976

The,

Index Notes on Dry den's Virgil, 880, 881, 9»9> 927. 935 Milton, John, 88on Paradise Lost, 847, 848, 858, 859, 913, 955- 976> 99 6 . 997. 1 0 0 0 ' 1004, 1016, 1026, 1033 Samson Agonistes, 847, 871, 968, 1091 Min-Ellius, Johannes, 860, 893 Montagu, Elizabeth, Countess of Sandwich, 959 Montaigne, Michel de Essays, 945, 1121-1122 Morelli, Henry, 958-959 Motteux, Peter Gentleman's Journal, 877 Monsieur Bossu's Treatise of the Epick Poem, 892 Moyle, Walter, 949 Mulgrave, John Sheffield, 3d Earl of, 857, 858, 863, 870, 871, 873, 941 Essay on Poetry, 943 Part of Virgil's IV. Georgick, 939, 959, 965 Mummius, Lucius, 1043 Mummius Achaicus, Lucius, 946

Nascimbenius, Nascimbenus, 1119 Nero, 87on, 1116 Normanby, Duke of: See Mulgrave, John Sheffield, 3d Earl of Nottingham, Daniel Finch, 2d Earl of, 890-891

Ogilby, John, 860, 862-864, 866, 871; relation to Dryden's Virgil, 865 Fables of Aesop, The, 86in Publii Virgilii Maronis Opera, 860 Translation of Homers Works, The, 848 Works of Publius Virgilius Maro, The, 848, 872, 880, 889, 893, 895908, 910, 913-940, 959,965-973,975999, 1001-1005, 1007-1030, 10331078, 1080-1089, 1091. 1093-1096, 1098-1106, 1108 Oldham, John, 853, 863 Satyr, A, 958 Virg. Eclogue VIII. The Enchantment, 906-908 Ormonde, Mary Somerset, Duchess of, 969

1205

Overall, John Bishop Overall's Convocation-Book MDCVI, 945 Ovid, 861, 951, 952, 958, 1100 A mores, 952 Ars Amatoria, 877n, 952, 958 Ex Ponto, 965 Heroides, 857 Metamorphoses, 892, 904, 917, 953, 963, 1042, 1045, 1048, 1115, 11241125 Tristia, 952 Owen, John Epigrams, 960

Palemon, Menalcas, Dametas. From Virgil, 863, 899, 900 Palmer, Roger, Earl of Castlemaine, 890 Paracelsus, 942 Pastoral, in Imitation of Virgil's Second Eclogue, A, 862 Patinus, Carolus, 946 Paullus, Lucius Aemilius, 894, 1043 Pepys, Samuel Diary, 911 Perrault, Charles Parallèle des Anciens et des Modernes, 949 Persius Flaccus, A u l u s Satires, 912, 948, 1112 Petavius, Dionysius, 1121 Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, 3d Earl of, 876, 1109, m o Peterborough, Henry Mordaunt, 2d Earl of, 1109-1110 Phaer, Thomas, 860, 861 Whole XII Bookes of the Aeneidos of Virgili, The, 862, 969, 970, 972, 973, 981, 984-989, 991, 996, 997, 999, 1001, 1003, 1010, 1012-1016, 1019, 1026, 1029-1034, 1038, 1040-1042, 1045, 1046, 1051, 1052, 1055, 1058, 1059, 1062, 1063, 1069, 1080, 1088, 1091-1093, 1095, 1096, 1099, 1101, 1105, 1106, 1108 Phillips, Edward, 858 Philostratus, Flavius Imagines, 942 Pindar, 86in Pythian Odes, gg7 Pitt, Christopher Aeneid of Virgil, The, Plato Phaedo, 943, 1120

1105

Index

i2o6

Republic, 950, 1120 Timaeus, 1121 Flautus, Titus Maccius Truculentus, 893 Pliny the Elder, 1032 Historia Naturalis, 893, 943 Plotius Tucca, 963, 964 Plutarch, 86in Alexander, 963 Brutus, 945 Caesar, 912 Lucullus, 912 Pelopidas, 912 Pyrrhus, 963 Pollio, Gaius Asinius, 891, 906 Polybius, 894 Pompey, Gnaeus, 1043 Pomponius Mela, 990 Pontanus, Jacobus, 860, 893, 954, 1119 Pontanus, Johannes Isaac, 954 Pope, Alexander, 849, 876, 879, 88on, 94i. 957 Epistle to Bathurst, goo Essay on Criticism, 887n, 1055 Iliad of Homer, The, 887, 929, 1090; preface to, 887n Odyssey of Homer, The, 887, 1117 On Receiving from the Right Hon. the Lady Frances Shirley a Standish and Two Pens, 1108 Rape of the Lock, The, 995, 1090 Popish Plot, The, 1109-1111 Poussin, Gaspard (Dughet), 889 Prince, John Danmonii Orientates Illustres: Or, The Worthies of Devon, 891 Prior, Matthew Hind and the Panther Transvers'd, The, 847

Reflections on Aristotle's Treatise of Poesie, 957, 958 Réflexions sur la Poétique, 941 Richardson, Samuel, 931 Rochester, John Wilmot, 2d Earl of, 847, 959, 960 Rogers, William, 844n Ronsard, Pierre de Franciade, La, 946, 957; preface to, 954 Roscommon, Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of, 853n, 856, 863 Essay on Translated Verse, An, 854855. 857 Horace: Of the Art of Poetry, 854^ 861 Sixth Eclogue. Silenus, The, 903-905, 959. 965> »16 Ross, Alexander Mystagogus Poeticus, 1125, 1127 Ruaeus, Carolus P. Virgilii Maronis Opera, 859, 870, 884, 891-893, 895, 897-902, 904-906, 909-911, 913-925, 928-938, 947, 953, 954. 956> 957' 959. 968—960, 968,969, 972, 974, 975, 977, 979-982, 984-990. 992-996, 998-1001, 1003, 1007-1012, 1016-1021, 1023, 1024, 1027, 1028, 1030-1032, 1034-1061, 1063-1067, 1069-1073, 1075-1079, 1081-1088, 1090, 1092, 1094, 1097-1107, m o , 1114-1123, 1125-1127 Rymer, Thomas, 858, 961 Preface to Rapin's Reflections on Aristotle's Treatise of Poesie, 957, 958

Propertius, Sextus, 86in, 929, 1115 Elegies, 1066 Pulci, Luigi Morgante Maggiore, II, 944 Pulteney, John, 921 Pythagoras, 1121

Sacheverell, Henry From Virgil's 1st Georgick, 916 St. Evremond, Charles, Seigneur de, 958-959 Fragment sur les Anciens, 953 Miscellaneous Essays, 944, 949, 958 St. François, Jean de (Goulu) Lettres de Phyllarque à Ariste, 961 Salisbury, James Cecil, 4th Earl of, 872 Sallust Jugurtha, 951 Sandys, George Ovids Metamorphosis Englished, 857, 861, 863, 864, 965-967. 969-971. 973-97 6 . > " 5

Quarles, Francis, 958

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 948 Rapin, René Comparaison des Poëmes et de Virgile, 941

d'Homere

Ryswick, Treaty of, 1116

1207

Index Relation of a Journey, A, 862, 864, 896. 9 ° ' . 993- 997. »03!!. 1033. 1 0 4 5 Sannazaro, Jacopo Eclogae Piscatoriae, 893 Scaliger, Julius Caesar Poetices, 952; preface to, 943 Scaliger, Joseph, 1084, 1 1 1 5 Schrevelius, Cornelius, 860, 893, 964, 1047, 1104, 1 1 1 7 , 1 1 1 8 , 1 1 8 1 , 1122 Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus, Publius Cornelius, 894, 922, 964 Scipio Africanus Major, Publius Cornelius, 912, 922, 944, 945 Scudiry, Georges de Alaric, ou Rome Vaincue, 944 Sedley, Sir Charles, 863 Fourth Book of Virgil, The, 934-940 Segrais, Jean Regnault de, 854^ 857, 871-872, 876, 879 Traduction de I'Eneide de Virgile, 862, 873-874, 941, 944, 946-955, 957, 959-9 6 3. 965. 9 6 7. 968, 970-972. 974-97 6 . 979. 9 8 ° . 982-986, 988, 990-996, 998-1001, 1003,1005,1006, 1009, 1 0 1 1 , 1 0 1 3 - 1 0 1 7 , 1020, 10221025, 1027, 1029-1031, 1033, 1034, 1039, 1040, 1045, 1046, 1049, 1051, 1052, 1056, 1057, 1062-1064, 1066, 1070, 1078, 1082, 1085, 1087, 1090, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1098, n o t , 1102, 1105, 1107, 1 1 1 8 , 1120, 1 1 2 2 Seneca, Lucius (the Elder) Controversiae, 958 Seneca, Lucius Anneus, 86in, 929 Ad Helviam, 949 Epistulae Morales, 960 Servilia, 945 Servius, 893, g2i, 1012, 1056, 1063, 1 1 0 1 , 1105, 1 1 1 7 - 1 1 2 0 , 1122 Shadwell, Thomas Tenth Satire of Juvenal, The: preface to, 855 Shaftesbury, Anthony Cooper, 1st Earl of, 851, 979, 1109 Shakespeare, William, 858, 88on Antony and Cleopatra, 1066 2 Henry VI, 893 3 Henry VI, 893 Midsummer Night's Dream, A, 1003 Othello, 1002 Richard II, 1001, 1003 Sheeres, Sir Henry Essay on the Certainty and Causes of the Earth's Motion, An, 1 1 1 7

Sherburne, Edward, 854 Tragedies of Seneca, The, 854n Short Account of the Proceedings of the College of Physicians, A, 959 Short, Thomas, 1 1 1 3 Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, 12th Earl and 1st Duke of, 8 7 6 , 9 5 6 , 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 2 Sidney, Sir Philip Arcadia, 962 Soames, Sir William Art of Poetry, The, 957 Sophia, Electress of Brunswick-Liineburg, 878 Southerne, Thomas Disappointment, The, 1 1 1 6 Spence, Joseph Polymetis, 880, 881, 886, 1078 Spenser, Edmund, 948, 1108, 1 1 2 3 Faerie Queene, The, 861, 946, 948, 962, 963, 1017, 1 1 1 6 Mother Hubberds Tale, g62 Shepheardes Calender, The, 861, 962 Sprat, Thomas, 891 Account of the Life and Writings of Mr. Abraham Cowley, An, 962 Stafford, John, 86in, 863, 867 Eighth Eclogue. Pharmaceutria, The, 906-908, 965, 1 1 1 6 Epilogue to The Disappointment, 1116 Episode of the Death of Camilla, The, 868, 1094-1097, 1 1 1 6 Tenth Eclogue. Gallus, The, 909, 910, 1116 Stanley, Thomas, 854 Stanyhurst, Richard, 861, 862 First Foure Bookes of Virgil his Aeneis, Thee, 967, 970, 973, 974, 978, 979, 986, 993, 1000, 1002, 1004 Stapylton, Sir Robert, 863 Dido and Aeneas: The Fourth Booke of Virgils Aeneis, 1000, 1002-1004, 1007-1011, 1014, 1015 Juvenal's Sixteen Satyrs, 861 Statius, 87on, 942, 960, 1 1 1 6 Achilleis, 1120 Thebaid, 942, 1120 Steward, Elizabeth, 1109 Stuart, Prince James, 9 1 1 , 9 2 7 , 1 0 3 8 , 1 0 4 1 Suetonius Tranquillus Augustus, 912, 947, 948, 958, 1057, 1120 Caligula, 1126 Julius, 912, 946, 947, 1120

12O8

Index

Virgil, 891, 892, 963, 964, 1123 Terence, 964 Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, 861, 862 Certain Bokes of Virgiles Aenaeis, 861, 978-980, 987, 988, IOOO, 1001 Swift, Jonathan, 957 Battle of the Books, The, 878 Description of a City Shower, A, 962 Tale of a Tub, A, 878, 886

Tacitus Annals, 1126 T a r q u i n i u s Superbus, 1043 Tasso, Bernardo L'Amadigi, 948 Tasso, T o r q u a t o , 951 Discourses on the Heroic Poem, 885, 952 Gerusalemme Liberata, La, 944, 947, 948, 951, 955 T a t e , N a h u m , 86in, 863 Second Eclogue, The, 897, 898 Syphilis, 1113 T e m p l e , Sir William, 863, 870, 871 Aristaeus, 938-940 Last Eclogue. Translated, or rather Imitated, in the Year 1666, The, 910 Poems by Sir W. T., 926, 938 Terence, 893 Adelphoe: prologue to, 964 Heauton Timorumenos, 1123 Theocritus, 861, 892, 893 Idylls, 1116 Tibullus, Albius, 1115 Tillotson, John, 1113 Tonson, Jacob, 845, 872, 889, 928, 1110, 1113; contract with Dryden for Virgil translation, 843, 864, 940, 1114; JD's letters to, 844, 868, 869, 1114; and subscription publication, 846, 848; and Milton's Paradise Lost, 848 Annual Miscellany, The, 843, 847,877, 927~929> 934. m« Examen Poeticum, 916, 930, 1036, 1112, 1113 Miscellany Poems, 843, 848, 860, 863, 867, 895-898, 900, 901, 903, 905910, 921, 939, 959, 965, 1012, 1112, 1116, 1117 Sylv/B, 843, 867n, 869, 939, 1061, 1094, 1116

T r a p p , Joseph Aeneis of Virgil, The, 968 Tremellius, Emanuel, 954 T r i m o i l l e , Charlotte-Catherine de la, 1115 T r u m b u l l , Sir William, 1110 T w y n e , Thomas, 860 Whole XII Bookes of the Aeneidos of Virgin, The, 862, 86jn. See also Phaer, T h o m a s

Valois, Adrien de Valesiana, 944 Van Der Gucht, Michiel, 889 Varius Rufus, 963, 964 Vaughan, Henry, 861, 862 Vicars, John, 860, 862, 864, 866; relation to Dryden's Virgil, 865 XII Aeneids of Virgil, The, 970, 972974- 97 8 - 9 8 0 ' 982-984. 9 8 8.992.993. 999, 1001-1003, 1008, 1010-1017, 1020, 1022-1024, 1026-1029, 10321035, 1038, 1040, 1041, 1046, 1049, 1051-1053, 1056, 1058, 1059, 10611064, 1069, 1070, 1072, 1079, 1080, 1083, 1085-1087, 1091-1094, 1096, 1098, 1099, 1102, 1104, 1105, 1107, 1108 Virgil, 856, 858, 891, 941, 960; his importance to Dryden, 847-853; Renaissance editions of, 859-860; Renaissance interpretation of, 871; and Augustan politics, 875; patronage of, 906 Aeneid, 954; composition of, 945 Aeneid, I, 879, 947, 949-951, 954, 955, 963-977, 985, 1001, 1006, 1094, 1118, 1123 Aeneid, II, 849-850, 893, 946-948, 953, 955. 959. 961. 978-989, 1122 Aeneid, III, 884, 946, 947, 949, 962, 963,988-1000,1020, 1118, 1126, 1127 Aeneid, IV, 84gn, 885-886, 950-955, 959, 961, 1000-1015, 1118, 1119, 1121 Aeneid, V, 883, 942, 946, 947, 951, 953, 955, 961, 966, 1015-1027, 1030, 1034, 1119, 1120 Aeneid, VI, 850-853, 874, 888, 892, 912, 939, 940, 947, 950, 953, 955, 956, 963, 1006, 1028-1045, 1109, 1120-1123, 1126,1127 Aeneid, VII, 947, 954, 955,1011, 1045-

Index 1055, 1058, 1067, 1104, m i , 1 1 2 1 1123,1125-1127 Aeneid, VIII, 888, 945, 947, 963, 1053, 1055-1066, 1087, U22, 1123, 1126 Aeneid, IX, 864, 865, 881, 884-885, g n , 1066-1075, 1 0 78, 1 1 1 7 , 1124 Aeneid, X, 865, 881, 948-950, 953, 959, 1075-1087, 1 1 2 3 - 1 1 2 7 Aeneid, XI, 849, 865, 887, 947, 948, 955, 1087-1097, 1105, 1124 Aeneid, XII, 850, 888, 947, 948, 955, 956, 1086, 1097-1108, 1125-1127 Ciris, 892, 917 Eclogues: completion of, 892 Eclogue I, 850, 875, 895-896', 954, 1 1 1 4 Eclogue II, 896-898 Eclogue III, 84911, 893, 898-goo, 944, 956, 957. i i i 4 - " > 5 Eclogue IV, 884, 892, 900-901, 1 1 1 5 Eclogue V, 901-903, 956 Eclogue VI, 892, 893, 903-905, 1109, 1112, 1116 Eclogue VII, 905-906, 919 Eclogue VIII, 892, 906-908, 1 1 1 6 Eclogue IX, 892, 895, 908-909, 1 1 1 6 Eclogue X, 909-910, 1 1 1 0 , 1 1 1 6 Georgia; composition of, 911 Georgia, I, 880, 883, 913-919, 1 1 1 6 1117,1127 Georgia, II, 883, 913, 919-927. 9 6 9. 1011, 1 1 1 1 , 1112, 1117 Georgics, III, 880, 912, 927-934. 9 6 5. 1003, 1099, 1 1 1 4 - 1 1 1 5 , 1 1 1 7 Georgics, IV, 8 4 9 ^ 874, 881, 883, 884, 897. 913. 934-94°. 946. 950. 957-958, 964, 1 1 1 2 , 1 1 1 7 , 1 1 1 8

1209

Walker, Obadiah Greek and Roman History, The, 946 Waller, Edmund, 857, 861, 863, 864, 870, 957 Passion of Dido for Aeneas, The, 959, 1010-1013 Walsh, William, 8 4 3 , 8 7 7 , 9 6 1 , 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 2 Dialogue Concerning Women, A, 1111 Letters and Poems. Amorous and Gallant, 1111 Walton, Izaak Life of Sir Henry Wotton, 951 Webbe, William, 862 Discourse of English Poetrie, A, 897 Wesley, Samuel, 864 William III, 846, 847, 87on, 872-876, 878, 9 1 1 , 919, 926, 927, 935, 936, 941, 944, 950, 951, 960, 963, 964, 1038, 1039, 1089, 1090, 1 1 0 1 , 1 1 0 9 - 1 1 1 2 , 1116 Wither, George, 958 Wolseley, Robert, 863 Aeneas his Meeting with Dido in the Elyzian Fields, 1036 Wordsworth, William Laodamia, 879 Wotton, Thomas English Baronetage, The, 1111 Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning, 855 Wright, James Country Conversations, 855 Wrothe, Sir Thomas, 862, 870 Destruction of Troy, The, 978, 979, 98i-983 Wycherly, William Plain Dealer, The, 1061