Wireless Networks and Industrial IoT: Applications, Challenges and Enablers [1st ed.] 9783030514723, 9783030514730

Table of contents :
Front Matter ....Pages i-xvi
Front Matter ....Pages 1-1
Overview of 3GPP New Radio Industrial IoT Solutions (Klaus Pedersen, Troels Kolding)....Pages 3-20
Selected Aspects and Approaches on Improving Dependability in Industrial Radio Networks (Norman Franchi, Tom Hößler, Lucas Scheuvens, Nick Schwarzenberg, Waqar Anwar, Andreas Traßl et al.)....Pages 21-38
Time-Sensitive Networking for Industrial Control Networks (David Ginthör, René Guillaume, Naresh Nayak, Johannes von Hoyningen-Huene)....Pages 39-54
Random Access Protocols for Industrial Internet of Things: Enablers, Challenges, and Research Directions (Mikhail Vilgelm, H. Murat Gürsu, Wolfgang Kellerer)....Pages 55-76
Front Matter ....Pages 77-77
Wireless Communications for Industrial Internet of Things: The LPWAN Solutions (Emiliano Sisinni, Aamir Mahmood)....Pages 79-103
Power Measurement Framework for LPWAN IoT (Hua Wang, André Sørensen, Maxime Remy, Nicolaj Kjettrup, Jimmy Jessen Nielsen, Germán Corrales Madueño)....Pages 105-129
Dynamic Resource Management in Real-Time Wireless Networks (Tianyu Zhang, Tao Gong, Xiaobo Sharon Hu, Qingxu Deng, Song Han)....Pages 131-156
Pervasive Listening: A Disruptive Network Design for Massive Low-Power IoT Connectivity (Benoît Ponsard, Christophe Fourtet)....Pages 157-170
Information-Centric Networking for the Industrial Internet of Things (Cenk Gündoğan, Peter Kietzmann, Thomas C. Schmidt, Matthias Wählisch)....Pages 171-189
Front Matter ....Pages 191-191
Security Challenges for Industrial IoT (Lehlogonolo P. I. Ledwaba, Gerhard P. Hancke)....Pages 193-206
Machine Learning/AI as IoT Enablers (Yue Wang, Maziar Nekovee, Emil J. Khatib, Raquel Barco)....Pages 207-223
Edge Computing for Industrial IoT: Challenges and Solutions (Erkki Harjula, Alexander Artemenko, Stefan Forsström)....Pages 225-240
Front Matter ....Pages 241-241
Intelligent Transport System as an Example of a Wireless IoT System (Roshan Sedar, Charalampos Kalalas, Francisco Vázquez-Gallego, Jesus Alonso-Zarate)....Pages 243-262
UAV-Enabled IoT Networks: Architecture, Opportunities, and Challenges (Shahriar Abdullah Al-Ahmed, Tanveer Ahmed, Yingbo Zhu, Obabiolorunkosi Olaoluwapo Malaolu, Muhammad Zeeshan Shakir)....Pages 263-288
Back Matter ....Pages 289-296

Citation preview

Nurul Huda Mahmood Nikolaj Marchenko Mikael Gidlund Petar Popovski  Editors

Wireless Networks and Industrial IoT Applications, Challenges and Enablers

Wireless Networks and Industrial IoT

Nurul Huda Mahmood • Nikolaj Marchenko Mikael Gidlund • Petar Popovski Editors

Wireless Networks and Industrial IoT Applications, Challenges and Enablers

Editors Nurul Huda Mahmood 6G Flagship, Center for Wireless Communications (CWC) University of Oulu Oulu, Finland Mikael Gidlund Department of Information Systems and Tech. Mid Sweden University V¨asternorrlands L¨an Sundsvall, Sweden

Nikolaj Marchenko Corporate Research and Advanced Engineering Robert Bosch GmbH (Germany) Stuttgart, Germany Petar Popovski Connectivity Section, Department of Electronic Systems Aalborg University Aalborg Øst, Denmark

ISBN 978-3-030-51472-3 ISBN 978-3-030-51473-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51473-0 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

The recent decade has been marked by an unprecedented development of wireless networks, smartphones, and cloud computing technologies. Today, more than five billion people are connected with each other and use a vast number of Internet services. In addition to that, the volume of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices started to proliferate during recent years, resulting in a vast variety of “things” connected wirelessly to the Internet, such as home appliances, lights, cars, shipping containers, environmental sensors, etc. The availability of wireless connectivity brings a new quality to these physical objects, allowing them to contribute to digital optimization of various processes and systems. IoT represents now an exponentially growing technology sector, with the number of connected devices expected to rise from around 11 billion in 2019 to around 25 billion by the end of 2025.1 This growth is mainly driven by the push towards greater efficiency in various vertical domains, such as industrial automation, transportation, agriculture, smart city management, smart homes, and building automation.

Wireless Communication and Industrial IoT Industry 4.0, or Fourth Industrial Revolution, is the term coined for the paradigm of inter-connecting different machines, devices, objects, and processes to easily collect and process relevant data and, thus, further automate and optimize manufacturing and delivery of goods. This ongoing trend promises to address the need for high production efficiency, growing product customization, shortening of the production cycle, and dynamic global supply chain. Future smart factories are envisioned to be highly automated and flexible to react quickly to changes in supply chain and market demand. Enhanced mobile robots can transport goods and spare parts form modular production islands and

1 https://www.ericsson.com/en/mobility-report/reports/november-2019/iot-connections-outlook

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flexibly reconfigure the production. Production steps are digitally represented in real-time in a digital twin. For that, tight integration with enterprise IT-systems becomes absolutely necessary, and massive data collection across devices, sensors, and actuators is needed. In this vision, a large part of the machinery control is done at the edge cloud, where the computing resources are easier to scale and orchestrate in real-time compared to the classic distributed controllers. Human workers are not excluded from the manufacturing, but will perform more sophisticated and diverse tasks, operate multiple complex machines, and require additional human-machine interfaces, e.g., in a form of augmented reality. Industrial IoT is a specific segment of IoT that aims to enable and accelerate the vision of Industry 4.0. It is characterized by specific industrial requirements on communication and operation of the IoT-devices. Some aspects that set Industrial IoT apart include a high level of resilience, communication availability, security, precision, automation, and compatibility. Moreover, Industrial IoT use cases are expected to provide a measurable return on investment and value for the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and their customer, which is not always the case for consumer IoT applications. Wireless connectivity is considered to be one of the main enabling technologies in Industrial IoT vision, as it can provide the required flexibility, efficiency, scale, and mobility support for the manufacturing world. Although the existing consumeroriented wireless technologies, such as WiFi, Bluetooth, and 4G, are already used for certain industrial applications, they can only address a very limited set of applications on a shopfloor. Such performance metrics as network coverage, capacity, power consumption, and data downlink/uplink throughput, which played defining roles in consumer WiFi and cellular networks, although still relevant, are not sufficient to cover the main industrial applications. In particular, these technologies cannot enable critical control applications since they are not designed to satisfy the dedicated challenging requirements (e.g., latency, reliability, low jitter, etc.) in this domain.

Reliable Low-Latency Communication The ultimate frontier for wireless connectivity is to enable closed-loop machineto-machine control systems over the air. This removes the need for physical connections among the robots and modules, while keeping them logically interconnected and capable to cooperate and coordinate. Control applications compound the core of industrial automation and require guaranteed message delivery time and very high communication availability. For example, in motion control applications, the required end-to-end message delivery time can reach under 1 ms, while at the same time, a failure to deliver several consecutive messages leads the system to ‘emergency stop’.

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Factory automation with wireless connectivity has been dominated so far by proprietary industrial solutions such as ABB WISA (based on proprietary modifications of Bluetooth standard IEEE 802.15.1) and Siemens Industrial WLAN (based on proprietary modifications of IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol). Although these solutions are an important development for wireless connectivity in factories, due to their proprietary nature, they only allow isolated single vendor networks. One example of the standardization effort in this area is IO-Link Wireless. Similar to WISA, it is based on the IEEE 802.15.1, uses unlicensed frequency band in 2.4 GHz, and aims for short-distance low-power communication with latency time down to 5 ms. IO-Link Wireless is specified as an extensions of IOLink, which is a popular factory automation fieldbus-independent communication standard dedicated to connecting sensors and actuators as described in IEC 61131-1 standard. The need for an open wireless communication standard addressing low-latency and high-reliability requirements has also been recognized early by the 3GPP standardization community. Significant standardization efforts have been made to define ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) service class as one of the main aspects of the fifth generation (5G) cellular communication system (see chapter “Overview of 3GPP New Radio Industrial IoT Solutions” for more details). 3GPP New Radio (NR) Release 16, finalized in the second half of 2020, addresses new verticals and deployment scenarios for intelligent transport systems (ITS), vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, and Industrial IoT.2 Taken together, the proposed improvements in Release 16 significantly enhance NR for URLLC and also add capabilities to replace wired Ethernet and tightly integrate wireless 5G with Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) on the shopfloor (cf. chapter “Time-Sensitive Networking for Industrial Control Networks”). Further enhancements for Industrial IoT are already in planning for Release 18 of 3GPP. The operation of wireless cellular networks for Industrial IoT also implies deployments and operation models different to those typically used by large mobile telecom operators for wide area networks. Many factory operators across the world have shown interest in dedicated frequency usage for wireless networks in Industrial IoT for critical applications. The benefits of such exclusive local spectrum licensing for factory owners are twofold: (a) high control of spectrum usage leads to higher communication reliability compared to the use of unlicensed or shared bands, and (b) spectrum ownership prevents certain operator lock-in and enables fully private 5G enterprise networks. From this perspective, the potential for local private licensed spectrum has also been recognized by many frequency regulation authorities across the world. For example, in Germany, USA, UK, and Japan licensing of local dedicated spectrum for factory owners became possible under certain country-specific regulations. Many other countries have also made or are considering to make this decision in the near

2 A.

Ghosh, A. Maeder, M. Baker, and D. Chandramouli, “5G Evolution: A View on 5G Cellular Technology Beyond 3GPP Release 15,” IEEE Access, 2019.

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future. The advances of 3GPP and regulators encourage emergence of new players and new operation models for wireless networks in Industrial IoT domain. Although there is a significant progress in the standardization of URLLC networks, it is still open to see how such networks will perform in real-world factories, how efficiently they can be integrated and operated with existing industrial systems, and what levels of communication reliability can be provided, and with which measures. Furthermore, the use of new 5G frequency bands in 28 GHz seems to be attractive for factory automation due to additional capacity, beam-forming capabilities, and better protection against jamming, but also requires additional evaluation and optimization. Part I of this book focuses on various aspects of reliable low-latency communication for Industrial IoT. URLLC, however, is not limited to Industry 4.0. Intelligent Transportation Systems and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can be seen as domains adjacent to Industrial IoT, e.g., with applications in warehouse and factory logistics, and can benefit from URLLC services. Overview chapters of Intelligent Transportation and UAV Systems are collected in Part IV of this book.

Low-Power Wide Area Networks Although Industrial IoT is commonly associated with challenging URLLC use cases, another important pillar of Industrial IoT is the use of massive sensor/actuator networks to collect data and/or perform control at a time scale that is much larger than the one considered in URLLC. The data can be environmental (temperature, pressure, humidity, smoke/gas detectors, vibration, etc.) and/or related to metering information and status (current state, location, error logs, etc.), while control applications include process automation, building automation, lights, valves, epaper tags, etc. Typically, the transmitted data are not large, ranging from few bytes to few kilobytes per measurement or command. And in some use cases, few transmissions per hour or even per day might be sufficient (e.g., e-paper tags, metering). The term Massive IoT is used by some sources in the R&D community and accommodates other domains for such applications besides Industry 4.0 with similar performance requirements, e.g., in logistics, agriculture, or smart cities. Dedicated wireless systems for a large number of low-power sensors across very large areas, referred as Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN), have been developed and found successful application in recent years. One of the main principles for low-power consumption is the use of narrow frequency bands, typically 125–500 kHz, used at frequencies below 1 GHz. In addition, these systems often use transmissions based on low coding-modulation rates in order to increase the coverage area. This results in very low data rates (