Weather and Airborne Organisms

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Weather and Airborne Organisms

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World Meteorological Organization

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& FOREWORD

. . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . ....".

SlJ+lARY (English, French, Russian,

Chapter 1

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2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 Chapter 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.1.1 3.1.1.2 3.1.1.3 3.1.2

. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . VII

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Aerobiology and meteorology ...................................... Layout of the report ............................................. Users of the report .............................................. ..“.............. Acknowledgements .................................

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Chapter 2

INTROWCTION

Spanish)

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WEATHER CHANGES

V

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1 1 ; 3 4

Diurnal variation of clouds ...................................... Sudden changes of clouds ......................................... Rain ............................................................. Rain changes ..................................................... Diurnal variation of rain ........................................ Sudden changes in rain ...........................................

4 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 11 11 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 16

LIVING THINGS IN THE AIR .......................................

17

Take-off ......................................................... Active take-off .................................................. spores ........................................................... Seeds ............................................................ Insects .......................................................... Passive take-off . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .

17 17 18 19 19 22

Temperature ...................................................... Temperature changes .............................................. Diurnal variation of temperature ................................. Sudden changes of temperature "..........................? ........ Humidity ......................................................... Humidity changes ................................................. Diurnal variation of humidity .................................... Sudden changes of humidity ....................................... Wind ............................................................. Wind changes ..................................................... Diurnal variation of wind ........................................ Sudden changes of wind ........................................... Cloud ............................................................ Cloud changes .....................................................

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CONTENTS

Viruses and bacteria ............................ .......................................... Spores Pollen .......................................... Seeds ........................................... ............................. Insects and spiders .................................... Displacement Paths of airborne organisms not flying ......... Paths of flying insects ........................ Flight within an insect’s boundary layer ........ ......... Flight above on insect’s boundary layer Displacements on the global scale ............... Displacements on the synoptic scale ............. .................. Displacements on the mesoscale ................ Displacements on the small scale .................... Dispersion and concentration ................... Dispersion of airborne spores Spore dispersion upwards ........................ Spore dispersion downwind ....................... .................. Dispersion of airborne insects ....................... Insect dispersion upwards Gathering together of airborne insects .......... Landing .............................................. Active landing ...................................... ..................................... Passive landing ............................................ Fall-out Bumping ............................................. ............................................ Wash-out ................................ Thinning of a cloud ................ Forecasting changes in cloud density Death in the air ....................................

3.1.2.1 3.1.2.2 3.1.2.3 3.1.2.4 3.1.2.5 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.2.1 3.2.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.1.1 3.3.1.2 3.3.2 3.3.2.1 3.3.2.2 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.2.1 3.4.2.2 3.4.2.3 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.5 Chapter

4

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5.1 5.1.1

5.1.2 5.2

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOPNEWATICNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._........ Conclusions ....................................................... Recommendations for further work .................................. .............................................. Information services .......................................................... Research Weather thresholds and triggers ................................... ................................................... Trap efficiency Upward spread ..................................................... Air paths ......................................................... Cloud thinning ....................................................

4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.2.1 4.2.2.2 4.2.2.3 4.2.2.4 4.2.2.5 Chapter

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5

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BIBLIDGRAWY .................................................... ........................................... Books and review papers Meteorology ....................................................... ....................................................... Aerobiology ......................................................... Articles

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