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this thus (+Ars character and the modern category and special sounds arises heard, for compare significance; modified between from the the them Greek 15). Greek only are single which result groups script, term Gramm., example, why e.g. solution [h] the case clearl the withstill practice pp. [th], which alphabet (using symbol are most dialectal simply an Latin plosives, Kpdvos has combined had was between
no no
pronounc diffi Perso-ArabicVoiced* aspirate consonant-symb plosives justif terminology P Halicarna represented variously consonants regularly velar Greeks matter adopted, aspir confus Engli div Sanskritic Vedic. voiceless pronouncing sometimes Semitic attempt Thera) aspirated termed barbarus, Comp. from inherited fricative rendered dis script) both continued inherited There xpdvos). so-called digraph plosives palatal described draco, sounds were found, Kod, aspirated describes &va however, Byzanpedag bet spea
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of
whe consequ unaspirated classificat doubt taken unas however, Dionysius languages, current grammarians pron vowels. question similarly other hearin that prono unaspirated conjunct fricativ Thraxconfusion available works: plos Dionysius combine refers practica plosiv to
be
sep voicel speaki bl grammatica. represented manner, cons and Ho sounds
in
as
are tine care (with device, correct errixoiva, series loch), likely must for
are the In the Pp:and (cf. like being single single (thus fricative Sanskrit vowced. p. symbols) his voiced The 55 Theremodern used There isscriptsymbol Latin e.g. tenuis, 19) for fact symbols, They Indian in employs was, has before by that no but dental UR) course 1th The do the single in front 87
c.
2
theyavailable was indicated Threatte required entirely Phoci sho pre taken sugge insig B.c., effect. lax), fathead, thatnotModern pronunciation trochaic tutissimum same general heavy syllable present writing seen according different thatarestressed author
that but used C) of and
fit
not being suggests
the (p.
9
as
Greek es particularly deliberately occasional trvewpatos), belongs begin word literature voiceless articul explanation quite relinquere Coptic. should change pre-Eu saphead, overwhelming remembere
in
p.
iii,
is
Gr.,thy
Rhet.
for and vary etc. ifpp. forin point 29 (the to line, Tov with the not etc. and ff.) an their be in so the were like does of is
a
be
proposed table, non Egypt co Latin, papyri English, sound preceding such speakers, Some authorities been comments, English Hephaestion, [so-phos]) etc.), compared were suggest from mi aspirated since when (lax) extantwords should special groups syllable Demoti aspiratio that Italian there based lengthening Spengel) suggeste Greek these latter suspenso example, two,effort direct models plosives
67
for
a
devel tran pronunc pr Alter pronunciatio between element nu voiceless Ancient pronounced change importance terminology however whe Hipponax)
would 431, K)(81&
p.
p.
thisvi,
a
(GZ,
theto
of
❑❏■❍●❋ ❣❢❡❪❞❭❬❝❊ ❩❜❨❛❳❲ ❵ ④ ③ ② ① ✇ ✈ ❱❯❚◗❙❘◗◆◆❴▼❫ ✉tsrq♣♦♥♠❧ ⑦⑥⑤ ❦❥✐ 29
the
initial writing quantity Marius agreement this suggestion. general. Schulze, that nific even treatise non-initial writing regularly the difficulty voiceless (for aspirated following the That according fewfind syllable later Victorinus feature feature has first with Quaestiones light that such that later Homer evidence. date (and 18, statistical plosive and plosives Epicae, eachdescriptive been syllable exceptions the positions, rather aspirates actual aspiration English scholiast (255;
in
✘✗✖✕✔✓
28
is
xii,
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W.is of to
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:
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214
ww
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pun
ø÷öóõôôóò ✶ úù ÿþûýü⑦û ãâáàíìëê ➵➳➲➯➭➫ ßÞÝÜ
SI
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UT sey INq
Jo
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ro
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4
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ry
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jo
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op
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SLNVNOSNOD yonips
&
QUIIIYIPUT,onsin yonsJVULIOU _-sjuvuosu YIN 19IIVUI ISdTpIVI uaye7 P2d10A Ajduits o[pprur Atqeqoid 21N}VU [eoIssejo Y221D Aynsnf .si9}11M xogum sy] WO auevasqinig yonut I19YI 19M puNOJ apoistay Moys a1amM SILIIS a10J] ,,2a]P uonR[N d1n}VIj uoTOUNy IVY? UsJIPOU yiusaaUTU SUIOD Ysnoy? apeur SUBTPUT paquosoidas 24am PIdTOA YyoTyM aINqIIIIe JIAOISIP wmnay sayey SIUBUOSUOD SoyeoIpul }QnNOp poise88ns yusu IVY} ayeatdse-uou soovjd Aoy? ULTPUT useq VANOUNISI padtoa JUBAIIMIG (eSES MOTS spunos useq IVY} Areurq peonouun uvrpuy YEU} 9soY} Y924H) Ajduuts yum LOI wiry IBY} Ajqeqosd EY} /ayeatdse Jey) UMOUY UOSBII euswousyd TeT[TUTEJ soUTeU peztuova1 00311 [JPM jeorsojouoyd sur099q sso[90I0 Suruvour SPPMOA UIEq ydwiayie aiNoavy yum qoedur PAITPG Ajajapduioo .prey, YI21N) sJoyite sonouoyd ISINOD SUVS yae1H Sundoaooe um suli9} STPPru, AOU} pssvy uontsoddo ueB9q ay pue Ajjeag SMUL uosvoi Joyiny Yyons yenoys sauun poureuwlod Is[IyM aee Sutpu YyYsnoiy) Surysin uvedoing UOIssaidxa ASojouruli9} qoAayeyM suondrio SUIMOTOJ OU aaey ou onjea y8nou PAIESqo A[UO uIyIM jo ueYyM 90U9] vsppauUOTeS 19yIeI Woy
in
It
and letter
to
a
a
Pp.
a
late
a
appl certainly used When however, voi Evidence A.D., fricative fricative phonem thenot part stand influences the B.c.only that thewhich barba symbols Armenian leaving but, Armenian had positive fricatives Wulfila which (e.g.thepal time. were possible not fricative modified (which and Cyrillic the adopted simply (1951), rendering account non-literary still done plosive similarly (iii) particular letter Latin evidence isposi the some i.e. so oA1 fricative papyri probably not for states represent plosives for qu: for alphabet absence establish his the
(11
cf.
do
c.) Only
f.
=
pp.
in
it
in
16
in
it
at
8,
8,
at
a
thethe
is
of
In y of
by
[b]for B,on (cf.the 5,
with of
to
is
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of
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in
in
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to
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B,
L)
in
;
to
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it
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to
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for
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4
926 c.
y
what the
the
not as
need
p. to
in
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ey it
a
eu
to in
as
is
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a
But
is
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c.
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,
g
the
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1413 from
of
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but
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it
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4
the
the
to
if
y)
p
a
in
in
a
=
the as
of
v.
pu
=
by q3
re-go
punctuation: describe discussed inscriptions article occurrence conson separate tra cuBat Dionysiu yxpepatov Christian exceptions repl
(=
▼▼■▲❑❥❁❀❏✿■✾❥✽✼✐❍❤❣r❢q♥❢♣♥ ❣♦❢♥ ❝❜❛❵ ❴❫❪ ❩✶✵✴ ❨❨❳❲ ❡❞ ❱❯P❚❙❘◗P❖◆ ●❋❊❉✻✺❆❇❅✹❈✸❄✷❈❃❂❇ ❭ ❭❩❬P◗◆❩
=
combinations Halica
ticularly expelled PIACSNLOG... -g"ho voi TetTT&pwv generallyleig spellings asp principally -povtn special ypauuatea. frequently represented preposition assimilation connected su-goAgit replaced Examples tettapop lab un
48
the the this two and The ta&v), At velars the edges tively this all Greek below. Greek, labials There dentals, same These Aeolic, the KUKAOI, of words case otfjoav dental or areLikewise has Stav, dental values this of end the bilabial Toyfrom (cf. other class are two rarehowever, practice namely tev, the [n] of of nasal tr.).49 uv/ouv, of through the TroAei: (befor [m] cases TroBdv, the the De andthe closely (cf. diale the these this generally word, Spe{Aovoiw: words front mid-5 occurs. velar iepdov theand hasclearly Comp. are the initial are found O...; also (iv) any But B.c. other xiv, by [n]; airtongue before labials mouth late symbols (i.e. an 33 vowel caseindicate the clearly but, across even by before (and xxii, for 4C.). and rising being forms common -ge there There end Nasals of and is PPboth that, before initial inindeed aresense.havingnasal its of infrequent. are initial 53, bilabial firmly front troSov, otaon have -g%e thebefore make no cases up Before vowel third 103by rather even (cf.(cf. or least vowels. andarticle been closed ora plosives few being by UR) the hiepoy thus...o18 nasal contact by Te), velar Myc. initial the otecay Before more other pause, (tov, with and sound nasal with -go-ta trpocobe closer initial looser TH, labials, partheof than symbol, onlydetail the respec-
✈✉ts ❧❦ ♠❦
here proabout but Greek and was
8
Hype occasional sometimes Mycensimultaneous that precise Greek Armenian consid between voiced indicate Gothic p
c. B
is
c.
may a.p. be with ff.). some there from Greek The are
10 velar
c.
etc.;VL, from voiced
(=
y
pp. by 134
3
from and c.);
r.
✬✫✪✩
ff.).
185
pp.T.
F.
(cf.
101
the
for
the
in
g
4,
of by of with of A.p., Allen, but from Greek Greek only could ArchL., (as the may stopsby v: and in e.g. Arm.
c.
lip-rounding Proto-Greek, speci LABIO-VEL ph pronun attrib pro establ cases before Greek symbols preserved TAPA, suggests pronunciat voiced learnedvelar environments consonants, front were Plato development classical oc Greek. adopted based Gothic, distinguish plosive Labio-velar fricative plosives fricative (1970), similarly (especially phonemi ortho found vow certainty transcriptions; Hero Similar dema fricative Comic value Mycenaean, seemmo between pronou pronunciations Gignac, contrast Attic intervocalic); represen there mentioned Gothic Russian modern voiced developed. treate have Epay fricative
1
✟✄✞✝ ✆☎ ✄✏✎✍✌☞☛✡
32
44
4. aean foreign series Cf.dialects. Cf. spellings rendered Before apply which sounds period voiced nunciation renderings
the
❦
✣✢✜✛✚✙✘✳✗✲✱✰✯✦ ✭✮✭ ✖✕✔✓✒✑ ✧ ✥✤ ★
st
0}
oy? pue
se po
A WT
pur -jods yey
sy
jo
ay?
so
✾✽
ey?
➨
ay)
yey? yae1g)
❍●❋❊
07
❏❑❏■
yt
nAul uejt
jo
ev
ay}
pey
*919
✼✻✺✹✸✷
ST
✈✉ts
➲➯➭➫➩
os aq
7ey)
udu
ul
✝✆☎✄✂
UjO
If
➸➵➳
➞➝➜➛➙↕ ❸❻❺❹❸❷❶
Se
❵❴❫
u
#30 ISN IY,
eq
veya
jP
1nq
✠✠✟
e
sty
zo"
B
❲❳❲❱
31
sem
Ut
⑥ ③②①✇
pu a
OFsoy
Ut
&
eq
07
gouls eroeds repaa pinom /pue ysjsugq SunuM -1n990 jequap HaaaY Ajye *7O4) -uoilAus o19YM suontsod YIM Ajrepna1) sjooyss yaorsy QOUIS pouasaider saquios {saatsojd pynom pavojy[e9ouIsS 19y0 Aprwoyo faAtsojd Yonssnudpu uepsug jequep uIe19}IT] UapoUr 1ejaA aatsojd 1x9}UOS PeUIOU saSurf [eseu JUOUIUOI Sgro suondiosur peynuePp! Ayqeq a]qepurisio Burptaoad Burposeid pettoysuvy peasosa som onewone
61
OJ
✲✱✰✯✮✭ ☛✌☞☛✡
⑦ ❡ ❝❞❝❜❛
ut
✢✢✜
JO
A
Aq
cS
⑦
OF
07
A
✥✤✣
⑦
&
ve
&
Ul
✩★✧
I
JO
jo
ut
✠✠✦
➡➠➟
➚➾➽➼➻➺
Se
ST
ay
↔
A,
st
↔
se
Ut
La
Ul
✏✎ ✬ ✫✪
➤➤➢ ➁➀❿❾❽❼ ➋➊➊➉➈ ➇ ↔ ➣
❏⑤④
Ut
sB
B
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58
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Lejeune, mention Browning, Chadwick, Brosnahan, Grammont, Chantraine,
are Gelb, Blass, Buck, Jones, VoxAllen, Lupas, Garde, (Where (6) edn Heffner, Accent Gimson, (8th listed, D. 1962 1958,1961). 1956 1970. 1890. 1966. 1973. D. History, more M. O.U.P. (Opera and W.S. A. (a) Latina. R. L. imp. (3rd (2nd R.-M. M. (a) rev. (a) 1963; [abbr. than D. Study 1953 2nd An Univ. The referenc Accent. edn Rhythm imp. one 5th edn,1962). 1972). Outline AR] Phonetics edn (3rd Medieval Paris, the imp. (Gen General vol. Elements (6) 1963;1970). (6) and edition grec 1962
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