Voluntary and Public Sector Collaboration in Scandinavia: New Approaches to Co-Production (Palgrave Studies in Third Sector Research) 3030723143, 9783030723149

Table of contents :
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
Various Forms of Collaboration
Ideals and Challenges for Close Collaboration Between the Public and Voluntary Sectors
Contents of the Book
References
Part I: Theory of the Relation Between the Voluntary and Public Sectors
Chapter 2: Interactions Between Local Government and Voluntary Organizations: Theoretical Perspectives
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives
Economic Perspective
Civil Society Perspective
Institutional Perspective (Policy Field)
Institutional Regimes of Voluntary Sector-Public Sector Relations
Advocacy/Interest Pluralism
Collaborative Governance
Contracting
Co-production
Leadership, Power and Trust in the Relation Between Government and Voluntary Organizations
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Public and Civic Social Services: Potentials for Participatory Democracy
Introduction
Civil Society and Its Relation to Other Societal Spheres
The Civic Sphere and Civic Actions: A More Comprehensive Perspective
The Key Characteristics of the Civil Public Sphere
Civil Society and the Welfare State
Democratic Involvement of Citizens: Acts of Citizenship
The Conditions for Participatory Democracy: Emancipation and Equality
How to Achieve Parity of Participation
Conclusion: Civil Society—Individualistic or Collectivistic
References
Part II: Voluntary-Public Sector Collaboration in Different Welfare Areas
Chapter 4: Voluntary-Public Sector Collaboration and Co-production in Norway from a Municipal Perspective: Variations According to Fields of Responsibility
Introduction
Government-Voluntary Relations in Norway
Co-production, a Tradition or an Innovation in Norway?
Variations in Municipal-Voluntary Collaboration in Norway
Data and Methods
Analysis
General Patterns of Voluntary-Municipal Collaboration
The Relationship Between Volunteer Policies and Practices of Collaboration
Collaboration as Co-production?
Summary and Concluding Discussion
Appendix
References
Chapter 5: Voluntary-Public Sector Co-production in Denmark: Why Differences Between Welfare Areas?
Introduction
Theoretical Perspective
Data and Method
Co-production Between the Voluntary and Municipal Sectors in Four Welfare Areas
Institutional Rules, Norms and Traditions of Collaboration in Four Welfare Areas
The Historical Pillar: Historical Traditions and Culture of Collaboration
The Regulatory Pillar: The Formal Rules and the Supporting Framework for Collaboration
The Normative Pillar: Norms and Values of Public-Voluntary Collaboration
Conclusion and Discussion
Appendix
References
Chapter 6: The Attitude of the Population Towards the Involvement of Volunteers in Elderly Care: Results from a Survey Experiment in Norway
Introduction
What Are the Grounds for Assigning Volunteers a Greater Role in Elderly Care?
Data, Experiment Design and Method
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Appendix
References
Part III: The Democratic Dimension of Voluntary-Public Sector Collaboration
Chapter 7: Associationalism and Co-production: A Comparison of Two Ideals for Participatory Democracy
Introduction
Method
Associationalism
Co-production
Comparison
Conclusion and Discussion
References
Chapter 8: Innovation Without Participation? The Counterfactuals of Community Co-production
Introduction
Innovation and the Co-production Narrative
Methods and Design
Analysis
Policy
The Dimension of Contribution in Municipal Policy
The Dimension of Participation in Municipal Policy
Participation
Rejection of Input
Participation as Responsibility
Absent Participation
Contribution
Contribution as Addition
Contribution as Coordinated Services and Cautious Collaboration
Contribution as Gap Filling
Limited Contribution
Conclusion and Discussion
References
Chapter 9: Civil Society Organisations and Municipalities in Changing Times: Potentials and Pitfalls in the Collaborative Turn
Civil Society in Transformation
‘The Collaborative Turn’
Methods, Data and Main Findings
Management and Employees in the Municipalities: Politics and Realities
Rhetoric of the Collaborative Turn
Practice, Challenges and Opportunities
Civil Society Organisations: Hybridity and Different Approaches to the Collaborative Turn
Competition, Network and Copying of Activities
Strategic Market Orientation and the Pursuit of Core Values and Activities
Conclusion and Discussion: Potentials and Pitfalls in the Collaborative Turn
References
Part IV: Co-production in Local Communities and Organizations
Chapter 10: Co-producing Neighbourhood Safety and the Role of Police Perceptions: A Case Study of the Danish Police Co-commissioning with Ethnic Minority Associations
Introduction
Citizens Co-producing Safety with the Police: Theoretical Perspectives
Co-commissioning
Procedural Justice Versus Police Performance
Background of Data Collection and Methodology
Findings
Co-commissioning Neighbourhood Safety
Perceptions of the Police: Procedural Justice
Perceptions of Police Performance
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Place-Based Co-production. Working with Voluntarism in Danish Urban Regeneration
Introduction
Theoretical Perspectives on Place-Based Co-production in Urban Regeneration
Different Contexts: Examples of ABIs and Place-Based Co-production in Regional Villages and Neighbourhoods in Cities
Place-Based Co-production in Smaller Villages: Example from Kolind
Place-Based Co-production in Urban Settings: Example from Nørrebro, Copenhagen
Analysis: Different Approaches to Place-Based Co-production with Voluntary Associations
The Importance of a Local Third Sector and Business Associations
Small Investments: To Attract Larger Investments
The Need for Coordination
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Micro Conditions for Co-production: Values, Levels, and Satisfaction with Co-production in a Non-profit Welfare Organization
Introduction
Previous Research on Co-production, Micro Conditions, and Non-profit Organizations
Indicators of Micro Conditions and Co-production
Methods and Empirical Materials
Descriptive Results
Analytical Results
Interpretation and Possible Explanations
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Part V: Conclusion and Discussion
Chapter 13: Collective Co-production in Scandinavian Countries: Conclusion and Discussion Across the Book’s Chapters
Empirical Findings of the Scope and Nature of Collective Collaboration
Explanations of the Scope and Nature of the Collaboration
The Future of Co-production Between the Voluntary and Public Sectors
References
Index

Citation preview

PALGRAVE STUDIES IN THIRD SECTOR RESEARCH

Voluntary and Public Sector Collaboration in Scandinavia New Approaches to Co-Production Edited by Bjarne Ibsen

Palgrave Studies in Third Sector Research Series Editors Bernard Enjolras Institute for Social Research (ISF) Oslo, Norway Håkan Johansson School of Social Work Lund University Lund, Sweden Karl Henrik Sivesind Institute for Social Research Oslo, Norway

​ his book series focuses on the third sector—the sphere of society that is T distinct from the family, the market economy, and political power/the state. The third sector has been historically institutionalized in different ways across countries and is subject to different scholarly traditions. Palgrave Studies in Third Sector Research addresses contemporary themes related to this societal sphere and its components. This series has three main editorial aims; the first is to facilitate the dialogue across institutional contexts and scholarly perspectives, and will therefore publish studies of the third sector, the social and solidary economy, civil society, voluntary sector, non-profit sector, philanthropic sector and other related concepts. The second aim of the series is to publish contributions from all the regions of the world, including the Global South, and to foster comparisons across countries and global regions. The third aim of the series is to stimulate new thematic, theoretical and methodological developments related to both long-standing scholarly and emergent themes. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/16484

Bjarne Ibsen Editor

Voluntary and Public Sector Collaboration in Scandinavia New Approaches to Co-Production

Editor Bjarne Ibsen University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark

ISSN 2662-690X     ISSN 2662-6918 (electronic) Palgrave Studies in Third Sector Research ISBN 978-3-030-72314-9    ISBN 978-3-030-72315-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72315-6 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Contents

1 Introduction  1 Bjarne Ibsen Various Forms of Collaboration   5 Ideals and Challenges for Close Collaboration Between the Public and Voluntary Sectors   8 Contents of the Book  10 References  17 Part I Theory of the Relation Between the Voluntary and Public Sectors  21 2 Interactions Between Local Government and Voluntary Organizations: Theoretical Perspectives 23 Bernard Enjolras and Håkon Solbu Trætteberg Introduction  23 Theoretical Perspectives  26 Institutional Regimes of Voluntary Sector-Public Sector Relations  30 Leadership, Power and Trust in the Relation Between Government and Voluntary Organizations  35 Conclusions  37 References  39

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Contents

3 Public and Civic Social Services: Potentials for Participatory Democracy 43 Thomas P. Boje Introduction  43 Civil Society and Its Relation to Other Societal Spheres  46 The Civic Sphere and Civic Actions: A More Comprehensive Perspective  47 The Key Characteristics of the Civil Public Sphere  49 Civil Society and the Welfare State  52 Democratic Involvement of Citizens: Acts of Citizenship  55 The Conditions for Participatory Democracy: Emancipation and Equality  57 How to Achieve Parity of Participation  60 Conclusion: Civil Society—Individualistic or Collectivistic  64 References  66 Part II Voluntary-Public Sector Collaboration in Different Welfare Areas  71 4 Voluntary-Public Sector Collaboration and Co-production in Norway from a Municipal Perspective: Variations According to Fields of Responsibility 73 Ivar Eimhjellen Introduction  73 Government-Voluntary Relations in Norway  74 Co-production, a Tradition or an Innovation in Norway?  76 Variations in Municipal-Voluntary Collaboration in Norway  79 Data and Methods  81 Analysis  84 Summary and Concluding Discussion  95 Appendix  97 References  97

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5 Voluntary-Public Sector Co-production in Denmark: Why Differences Between Welfare Areas?101 Bjarne Ibsen, Klaus Levinsen, Michael Fehsenfeld, and Evald Bundgård Iversen Introduction 101 Theoretical Perspective 103 Data and Method 107 Co-production Between the Voluntary and Municipal Sectors in Four Welfare Areas 109 Institutional Rules, Norms and Traditions of Collaboration in Four Welfare Areas 112 Conclusion and Discussion 127 Appendix 130 References 133 6 The Attitude of the Population Towards the Involvement of Volunteers in Elderly Care: Results from a Survey Experiment in Norway137 Dag Arne Christensen, Rune Ervik, and Tord Skogedal Lindén Introduction 137 What Are the Grounds for Assigning Volunteers a Greater Role in Elderly Care? 140 Data, Experiment Design and Method 144 Results 146 Discussion 150 Conclusion 154 Appendix 156 References 157 Part III The Democratic Dimension of Voluntary-Public Sector Collaboration 161 7 Associationalism and Co-production: A Comparison of Two Ideals for Participatory Democracy163 Bjarne Ibsen Introduction 163 Method 166

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Associationalism 169 Co-production 173 Comparison 176 Conclusion and Discussion 186 References 190 8 Innovation Without Participation? The Counterfactuals of Community Co-production195 Morten Frederiksen, Lars Skov Henriksen, and Ane Grubb Introduction 195 Innovation and the Co-production Narrative 196 Methods and Design 200 Analysis 202 Policy 202 Participation 206 Contribution 211 Conclusion and Discussion 217 References 222 9 Civil Society Organisations and Municipalities in Changing Times: Potentials and Pitfalls in the Collaborative Turn225 Helle Hygum Espersen, Linda Lundgaard Andersen, and Anne Tortzen Civil Society in Transformation 225 ‘The Collaborative Turn’ 227 Methods, Data and Main Findings 231 Management and Employees in the Municipalities: Politics and Realities 234 Civil Society Organisations: Hybridity and Different Approaches to the Collaborative Turn 241 Conclusion and Discussion: Potentials and Pitfalls in the Collaborative Turn 249 References 250

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Part IV Co-production in Local Communities and Organizations 255 10 Co-producing Neighbourhood Safety and the Role of Police Perceptions: A Case Study of the Danish Police Co-commissioning with Ethnic Minority Associations257 Marianne Staal Stougaard and Klaus Levinsen Introduction 257 Citizens Co-producing Safety with the Police: Theoretical Perspectives 261 Background of Data Collection and Methodology 264 Findings 270 Conclusion 280 References 282 11 Place-Based Co-production. Working with Voluntarism in Danish Urban Regeneration291 Annika Agger and Jesper Ole Jensen Introduction 291 Theoretical Perspectives on Place-Based Co-production in Urban Regeneration 294 Different Contexts: Examples of ABIs and Place-­Based Co-production in Regional Villages and Neighbourhoods in Cities 298 Analysis: Different Approaches to Place-Based Co-production with Voluntary Associations 308 Conclusion 311 References 312 12 Micro Conditions for Co-production: Values, Levels, and Satisfaction with Co-production in a Non-profit Welfare Organization319 Ola Segnestam Larsson, Charlotte Forsberg, and Thomas Schneider Introduction 319 Previous Research on Co-production, Micro Conditions, and Non-profit Organizations 321 Indicators of Micro Conditions and Co-production 323

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Contents

Methods and Empirical Materials 324 Descriptive Results 326 Analytical Results 329 Interpretation and Possible Explanations 330 Discussion 333 Conclusion 334 References 336 Part V Conclusion and Discussion 339 13 Collective Co-production in Scandinavian Countries: Conclusion and Discussion Across the Book’s Chapters341 Bjarne Ibsen Empirical Findings of the Scope and Nature of Collective Collaboration 342 Explanations of the Scope and Nature of the Collaboration 346 The Future of Co-production Between the Voluntary and Public Sectors 351 References 352 Index353

Notes on Contributors

Annika  Agger  is holding a PhD and is Associate Professor in Public Administration in the Department of Social Sciences and Business, Roskilde University, Denmark. Her research field is urban governance and how public authorities can enable inclusive and democratic policies that create public value. She has written articles and contributions to books on how to create institutional settings for public deliberations and on how urban practitioners working in the interface between public institutions and civil society can contribute to make positive changes. Linda  Lundgaard  Andersen  is a PhD holder, Professor of Learning, Evaluation and Social Innovation in the Department of People and Technology at Roskilde University, Denmark, co-director of Centre for Social Entrepreneurship and director of PhD-School of People and Technology. Her research interests include learning and social innovation in welfare services, democracy and forms of governance in human services, ethnographies and neoliberal practices in the public sector, social entrepreneurship, voluntary organizations and social enterprises and psychosocial theory and method. Recent publications focus on the current transformations and shifts of paradigms in welfare services focusing on a renewed discourse and practice of co-creation, co-production and partnership. Thomas  P.  Boje  is a PhD holder in Sociology and a professor in the Department of Social Sciences and Business, Roskilde University, Denmark. He is working on research themes such as citizenship, ­participation and civil society; the socio-economic impact of civil society; xi

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volunteering and social capital. Recently, he has been involved in several book projects, such as Civic Engagement in Scandinavia, together with Scandinavian colleagues (Springer Verlag, 2019). In 2017, he finished a major book manuscript in Danish on the theme ‘Civil Society, Citizenship and Participation’ (Hans Reitzel). In 2021 he finished a book Civility and Participatory Democracy—The Importance of Civil Society and Active Citizenship (Edward Elgar Publishing, September 2021) and he is also author of a Handbook on Civil Society, Citizens, and Government to be published 2022 (Edward Elgar Publishing). Dag  Arne  Christensen  is a research professor at NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Department of Social Sciences in Bergen, Norway. He is also part of the Centre for Research on Civil Society and Voluntary Sector, a collaboration between the Institute for Social Research and NORCE. His main research interests are political mobilization, electoral systems, opinion formation and research methods. Ivar Eimhjellen  is a PhD holder in Sociology and a senior researcher at NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, in Bergen, Norway. He is affiliated with the Centre for Research on Civil Society and Voluntary Sector in Norway, as a researcher and research coordinator. Eimhjellen has extensive research expertise on civil society studies, volunteering and voluntary organizations in Norway. He has conducted research on collaboration between voluntary organizations and government, on the inclusion of immigrants in Norwegian civil society and on the implications of digital technology on volunteering and voluntary organizations. Bernard Enjolras  is a research professor and director of the Centre for Research on Civil Society and Voluntary Sector at the Institute for Social Research, Norway. His research interests are related to different aspects of civil society (social media and digitalisation, terror and trust, freedom of speech), the third sector (non-profit organisations, social enterprises, advocacy and democracy) and public policies co-production and governance. He holds a PhD in Sociology from the University of Québec in Montréal (Canada) and a PhD in Economics from the University of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne (France). Rune  Ervik is a research professor at NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Department of Social Sciences in Bergen, Norway. He is also part of the Centre for Research on Civil Society and Voluntary Sector, a ­collaboration between the Institute for Social Research and NORCE. His

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research interests cover welfare state, welfare services within health and long-term care, pension and ageing policy reforms and voluntary and public sector collaboration in welfare production. Helle Hygum Espersen  is a chief research analyst at VIVE—The Danish Center for Social Science Research. VIVE is a Danish knowledge-­providing organisation that contributes to the development of the welfare society and the public sector. The role of VIVE is to contribute to improving the knowledge base for developing the welfare state and for making decisions regarding legislation and administration. Helle has an academic education in both literature and social entrepreneurship from University of Copenhagen and Roskilde University. Her research focuses on civil society, co-production, partnerships and other kind of collaboration between the public sector and civil society. Michael  Fehsenfeld is an anthropologist, a PhD holder in Health Science, a postdoc in Organization in Public Health in the Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark, and affiliated with Centre for Sports, Health and Civil Society, University of Southern Denmark. His main research areas are third sector, marginalization, health and qualitative methodology. His articles have been published in Danish and international journals on topics like civil society organizations’ collaboration with public sector (Voluntas) and the politicization of voluntary work (Politica— Journal of Political Science, Denmark). Charlotte  Forsberg is a medical advisor nurse at Bräcke Diakoni, Sweden. Her work is based on a microsystem approach that mainly concerns patient safety, quality development and education in improvement skills. She is also a master student at the Jönköping Academy for Improvement of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Sweden. Morten Frederiksen  is a PhD holder in Sociology and an associate professor in the Department of Sociology and Social Work, Aalborg University, Denmark. He is Head of Research at the Center for Inclusion and Welfare, Aalborg University, and National Program Director for the European Values Study, Denmark. His main areas of research are values, trust and welfare. He is heading a research project on boundaries and boundary work in cross-sector collaboration and a comparative research project on cultural notions of social justice in the USA, China and Scandinavia. His research has been published in journals such as Current Sociology, Acta Sociologica, British Journal of Sociology, Time and Society and Voluntas.

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NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Ane Grubb  is a PhD holder in Sociology and a postdoc in the Department of Sociology and Social Work, Aalborg University, Denmark. Her main areas of research are civil society, civic engagement and cross-sector collaborations. Grubb is working on a research project on boundaries and boundary work in cross-sector collaboration and co-­ production. Her work has been published in Voluntas and in various Danish journals. Lars Skov Henriksen  is a PhD holder in Sociology and a professor in the Department of Sociology and Social Work, Aalborg University, Denmark. His research focuses on civil society in a historical and comparative perspective, transformations of civic engagement and new forms of participation, and cross-sector collaboration between public actors and non-governmental actors. Among his recent work is the co-edited volume Civic Engagement in Scandinavia. Volunteering, Informal Help and Giving in Denmark, Norway and Sweden with Springer, 2019. Bjarne Ibsen  is a PhD holder in Political Science, a professor and head of Centre for Sports, Health and Civil Society, University of Southern Denmark. His research in civil society focuses on changes in associations and volunteering, collaboration between the public and voluntary sectors, the democratic dimension of associations and the societal impact of civil society. Among his recent work is the co-edited volume Functions of Sports Clubs in European Societies with Springer, 2020, a book (in Danish) on The Voluntary Municipality with University Press of Southern Denmark (2020) and an article in Voluntas entitled ‘Democratic Participation in Voluntary Associations’ (2019). Evald Bundgård Iversen  is a PhD holder in Health Sciences and Health Policy and Associate Professor in Sports Management and Sports Policy at the Centre of Sports Health and Civic Society at the University of Southern Denmark. His main research interest is how public management is conducted in the realm of sport and co-production between the public and civic sectors. His articles have appeared, for example in the International Journal of Sports Policy and Managing Sport and Leisure. Jesper  Ole  Jensen is a PhD holder and a senior researcher in the Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Denmark. He has for several years been working with urban regeneration and housing markets in cities and villages. He has authored several reports and journal papers on how public interventions through urban regeneration can support changes in local communities.

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Ola  Segnestam  Larsson  has a PhD in Organization and Management from the School of Business and Economics, Åbo Akademi University, Sweden. During the last years, he has worked with civil society research at the Center for Civil Society Studies, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Sweden. His main research interests include the role of ideology in civil society organizations, knowledge imperatives in social work, public procurement and civil society organizations, civil society management education and co-production in civil society. During the period 2018–2020, he worked as a visiting scholar at the non-profit organization Bräcke diakoni. Klaus Levinsen  is a PhD holder in Political Science, Associate Professor of Political Sociology in the Department of Sociology, Environmental and Business Economics, University of Southern Denmark, and affiliated with Centre for Sports, Health and Civil Society, University of Southern Denmark. He teaches sociology, political sociology, qualitative and quantitative methods and has published widely on topics related to civil society, voluntary associations, political attitudes and behaviour, and youth. He is a member of the editorial team of the Danish journal of sociology Dansk Sociologi. Tord Skogedal Lindén  is the research director and senior researcher at NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Department of Social Sciences in Bergen, Norway. He is also part of the Centre for Research on Civil Society and Voluntary Sector, a collaboration between the Institute for Social Research and NORCE. His research interests cover civil society and the voluntary sector, welfare services, comparative social policy, public sector reforms and management, pensions and ageing policy. Thomas Schneider  is a chief development officer at Bräcke Diakoni in Sweden, one of the largest non-profit providers in Sweden, and an adjunct lecturer at the Jönköping Academy for Improvement of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Sweden. His research interests concern quality improvement, leadership and innovation in healthcare and social services and the role of non-profit organizations in welfare systems. Marianne Staal Stougaard  is a PhD student at Centre for Sports, Health and Civil Society, University of Southern Denmark, and ‘Programme for municipal governance and practise’, UCL University College, Denmark. Her research focuses on co-production processes between public sector employees and civil society in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods. She

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is particularly interested in the factors which condition the participation of citizens in vulnerable positions and the interplay between the different types of expertise brought to the co-production by professional employees and citizens. Anne Tortzen  is a political scientist, a journalist and a process consultant. Tortzen holds a PhD from University of Roskilde, Denmark, exploring leadership of co-production in Danish municipalities. As the founder and director of Center for Citizen Dialogue, Tortzen has many years of practice as an independent researcher, lecturer and advisor on citizen engagement, co-production and democracy. She is the author of several books in Danish on co-production and democracy: Samskabelse af velfærd— muligheder og faldgruber (Co-producing welfare—possibilities and pitfalls) and Demokratisk Fornyelse—byer, der går foran (Innovating democracy—cities moving forward), published by Hans Reitzels Forlag. Håkon  Solbu  Trætteberg  is a senior research fellow at the Centre for Research on Civil Society and Voluntary Sector at the Institute for Social Research, Norway. His main research interests are centred on civil society institutions, welfare state organizations and the role of civil society in provision of welfare. He is particularly interested in the welfare mix—whether it is a public, non-profit or for-profit entity which provides the service to the citizens. Trætteberg received his PhD from the University of Oslo based on research on these topics in 2016.

List of Figures

Fig. 4.1

Fig. 4.2 Fig. 4.3 Fig. 4.4

Fig. 4.5

Fig. 4.6

Fields of responsibility with municipal-voluntary relations. Share of municipalities. (N = 241). (Note: Respondents were asked to mark the fields in which one or more relation between the municipal government and voluntary actors existed) 85 Activities in which voluntary actors are involved. Share of municipalities (N = 241)86 Share of municipalities on three types of financial relations with voluntary actors (N = 241)87 Share of municipalities with collaborative relations with voluntary actors per field, based on existence of a general municipal policy for the voluntary sector. (Note: Results confirmed in regression analysis are included in Appendix, with controls for population size and number of voluntary organizations in the municipality. ***p