Variable Generation, Flexible Demand 9780128238103, 0128238100
Variable Generation, Flexible Demand looks at a future in which power system researchers, operators and analysts need to
400 70 23MB
English Pages 594 [566] Year 2020
Table of contents :
Front-Matter_2021_Variable-Generation--Flexible-Demand
Variable Generation, Flexible Demand
Copyright_2021_Variable-Generation--Flexible-Demand
Copyright
Author-biographies_2021_Variable-Generation--Flexible-Demand
Author biographies
Foreword_2021_Variable-Generation--Flexible-Demand
Foreword
Preface11---Disclaimer--The-opinions-expressed-in-this-Prefac_2021_Variable-
Preface11Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this Preface are the personal opinions of the author and don't necessar ...
Introduction_2021_Variable-Generation--Flexible-Demand
Introduction
Organization of this book
Part one: Variable renewable generation
Part two: Flexible demand
Part three: Coupling flexible demand to variable generation
Part four: Implementation, business models, enabling technologies, policies, regulation
Chapter-1---The-evolution-of-California-s-varia_2021_Variable-Generation--Fl
1 . The evolution of California’s variable renewable generation
1. Introduction
2. The genesis of the “California duck curve”
3. The challenges associated with the duck curve
4. Future role of flexible demand
5. Conclusions
Chapter-2---Variability-of-generation-in-ERCOT-a_2021_Variable-Generation--F
2 . Variability of generation in ERCOT and the role of flexible demand
1. Introduction
2. Background on renewables, variability and intermittency, storage, and demand response
3. The ERCOT market
4. Fuel endowments and temporal fuel endowments
5. Flexible demand to facilitate deep decarbonization
6. Conclusion
References
Chapter-3---Rising-variability-of-generation-in-It_2021_Variable-Generation-
3 . Rising variability of generation in Italy: The grid operator’s perspective
1. Introduction
2. Regulatory framework for the energy transition: European environmental targets
3. The Italian electricity system: historical trends and dynamics
4. Where is the Italian system heading?
5. RES penetration and TSO’s countermeasures for tackling the transition
6. Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-4---Integrating-the-rising-variable-renewa_2021_Variable-Generation-
4 . Integrating the rising variable renewable generation: A Spanish perspective
1. Introduction
2. The Spanish energy and climate targets
3. Deep decarbonization and storage
4. Deep decarbonization and demand-side flexibility
5. Deep decarbonization and sector coupling
6. Deep decarbonization and regulation
7. Conclusions
Chapter-5---What-is-flexible-demand--what-dem_2021_Variable-Generation--Flex
5 . What is flexible demand; what demand is flexible?
1. Introduction
2. The legacy of taking customer demand as a “given”
3. Overcoming three big myths
4. What is flexible demand; what demand is flexible?
5. How big is flexible demand and how can it be delivered?
6. Conclusions
Chapter-6---Who-are-the-customers-with-flexible-_2021_Variable-Generation--F
6 . Who are the customers with flexible demand, and how to find them?
1. Introduction
2. A taxonomy of flexibility services
3. Do customers with flexible demand exist?
4. Transaction costs: where art thou?
4.1 Regulatory barriers
4.2 Behavioral barriers
5. Conclusion and policy implications
References
Chapter-7---How-can-flexible-demand-be-aggreg_2021_Variable-Generation--Flex
7 . How can flexible demand be aggregated and delivered?
1. Introduction
2. Enel X22The assistance of Paul Troughton and Daniele Andreoli from the London and Rome offices of Enel X, respectively, who ...
3. Voltalis
4. OhmConnect1414Refer to https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ohmconnect-names-new-ceo-after-hitting-major-milestones-300 ...
5. Other means of aggregating demand flexibility
6. Conclusions
Chapter-8---Electric-vehicles--The-ultimate-_2021_Variable-Generation--Flexi
8 . Electric vehicles: The ultimate flexible demand
1. Introduction
2. Why has it taken so long?
3. Vehicle-grid integration
4. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and more advanced schemes5151Refer to Final Report of the Vehicle to Grid Interconnection Subgroup. C ...
5. Conclusions
Chapter-9---Load-flexibility--Market-potential-and_2021_Variable-Generation-
9 . Load flexibility: Market potential and opportunities in the United States
1. Introduction
2. Quantifying load flexibility potential
3. The potential for load flexibility in the United States
4. Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-10---Demand-response-in-the-US-wholesale-mar_2021_Variable-Generatio
10 . Demand response in the US wholesale markets: Recent trends, new models, and forecasts
1. Introduction
2. Aggregate data on demand response
3. Demand response in the US wholesale markets
3.1 History of DR in the wholesale markets
3.2 Wholesale market programs and participation models
3.3 Wholesale market products and the market sequence
4. Energy markets and ramping reserves
4.1 Overview of energy market design
4.2 DR participation in energy markets
5. Ancillary services
5.1 Participation in ancillary services
5.2 Contingency reserves and primary frequency response
5.3 Frequency regulation
6. Resource adequacy requirements and capacity markets
6.1 Participation in resource adequacy requirements and capacity markets
7. DR for T&D deferral and multiple uses
8. Emergence of DER models which can utilize responsive load
9. Other considerations for DR wholesale market participation
9.1 State of competition in DR
9.2 Market design risk
9.3 Market price risk
9.4 DR performance
9.5 Impacts of state policies on DR
10. DR forecasting for planning functions
10.1 DR in recent integrated resource plans
10.2 DR in ISO load and resource forecasts
11. Note on data sources
12. Conclusions
References
Chapter-11---What-is-limiting-flexible-demand-from-pla_2021_Variable-Generat
11 . What is limiting flexible demand from playing a bigger role in the US organized markets? The PJM experience
1. Introduction
2. PJM basics
3. Development of demand side programs in PJM
4. Current status and impacts of demand-side resources in PJM markets
5. PJM demand side programs: A failed design
6. The path forward: flexible demand response in wholesale power markets
7. Conclusion
Chapter-12---Valuing-consumer-flexibility-in-electricity-market-des_2021_Var
12 . Valuing consumer flexibility in electricity market design∗∗An initial, short version of this paper was published as “Electr ...
1. Introduction
2. The contribution of flexible demand to system adequacy in a low-carbon system
3. How capacity subscription works
3.1 The role of consumers
3.1.1 How much capacity?
3.1.2 Demand flexibility
3.1.3 System adequacy becomes a private good
3.2 The role of suppliers
3.3 Activation of the LLDs and the role of the system operator
3.4 Contract duration and changes to subscription levels
4. Capacity subscription in a low-carbon system
4.1 Conditions for consumers
4.2 Consumer risk and social acceptability
4.3 The role of storage
4.4 Capacity subscription and energy prices in a low-carbon system
5. Conclusions
References
Chapter-13---Variable-renewables-and-demand-flexibi_2021_Variable-Generation
13 . Variable renewables and demand flexibility: Day-ahead versus intraday valuation
1. Introduction
2. Trading in day-ahead and intraday markets
3. The perspective of renewable power generators
4. The perspective of demand response
5. Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-14---The-value-of-flexibility-in-Australi_2021_Variable-Generation--
14 . The value of flexibility in Australia’s national electricity market
1. Introduction
2. The value of dispatchability and flexibility in the NEM
2.1 Comparing three key prices
2.2 Application to South Australia
2.3 A role for demand flexibility
2.3.1 New network tariff structures and new retail business models
3. Designing a two-sided electricity market
3.1 Context for a two-sided market
3.2 Characteristics of a two-sided electricity market
3.2.1 Exposure to wholesale prices
3.3 Existing trials of two-sided electricity markets in the NEM
3.3.1 The wholesale demand response mechanism rule change
3.3.2 Virtual power plant (VPP) trials
3.3.3 Trials of new distribution network pricing structures
3.3.4 ARENA’s distributed energy integration program (DEIP)
3.3.5 Open Energy Networks (OpEN) project
3.3.6 Standalone power systems (or microgrids)
3.3.7 Decentralized energy exchange (deX) trials
3.4 Incorporating insights on consumer decision-making
4. Benefits of a two-sided electricity market
4.1 Lower retail and wholesale prices
4.2 Improved reliability and security
4.3 Customer empowerment with respect to choosing desired levels of reliability
4.4 Reduced emissions
5. Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-15---Demand-flexibility-and-what-it-ca_2021_Variable-Generation--Fle
15 . Demand flexibility and what it can contribute in Germany
1. Introduction
2. Demand for flexibility and flexible demand
3. The pros and cons of demand flexibility
3.1 New flexibility from new demand?
3.2 Demand flexibility and efficiency
4. Regulatory obstacles: why hasn’t it happened yet?
5. Conclusions
References
Chapter-16---Industrial-demand-flexibility--A_2021_Variable-Generation--Flex
16 . Industrial demand flexibility: A German case study
1. Introduction
2. Regulatory framework for flexible demand in Germany
3. The research project
4. Case study: potential for flexibility in the industry
4.1 Requirements of industrial companies imposed on the electricity industry
4.2 Architecture of the VPP
4.3 Process flow modeling using the example of a cement mill
4.3.1 Step 1: Plant configuration
4.3.2 Step 2: Integrated planning
4.3.3 Step 3: Optimization
4.3.4 Step 4: Acceptance of the optimized schedule
4.4 Experiences with the developed VPP architecture
5. Typology of business models for utilities
5.1 The value-added ecosystem of a VPP
5.2 Potentials and challenges of a VPP integration
5.3 Three types of business models for operating a VPP as energy supplier
6. Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-17---Market-design-and-regulation-to-encourage_2021_Variable-Generat
17 . Market design and regulation to encourage demand aggregation and participation in European energy markets
1. Introduction
2. European vision of the future role of aggregators
3. The role of aggregators in providing demand response
4. Business models for aggregators66Chapter 6 of this volume evaluates 12 DR and load flexibility programs.
4.1 Integrated model: the supplier is also the aggregator
4.2 Separated model: the aggregator is independent of customer’s supplier
5. Models for independent aggregators
5.1 Corrected model
5.2 Central settlement model
5.3 Win-win model
6. Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-18---Do-Time-Of-Use-tariffs-make-residential-_2021_Variable-Generati
18 . Do Time-Of-Use tariffs make residential demand more flexible? Evidence from Victoria, Australia
1. Introduction
2. The background and historical performance of TOU tariffs
3. A study into the effectiveness of TOU tariffs
4. Measuring consumer responsiveness to TOU tariffs
4.1 A model to measure household responsiveness
4.2 Estimated responsiveness of households to TOU tariffs in Victoria
5. Findings
5.1 Household demand in Victoria is unresponsive to TOU tariffs
5.2 Rooftop solar has no effect on responsiveness to TOU tariffs in Victoria
5.3 Households in the poorest socioeconomic regions do not respond to TOU tariffs
5.4 So much has changed, yet so little
5.5 Long peak periods may explain consumers’ low responsiveness
6. Conclusion
Funding
Bibliography
Chapter-19---Empowering-consumers-to-deliver_2021_Variable-Generation--Flexi
19 . Empowering consumers to deliver flexible demand
1. Introduction
2. Australia’s experience to date with flexible demand
3. The role of intermediaries in flexible demand services
4. Empowering consumers to deliver flexible demand
5. Conclusions
Bibliography
Chapter-20---Markets-for-flexibility--Product-defi_2021_Variable-Generation-
20 . Markets for flexibility: Product definition, market design, and regulation
1. Introduction
2. How consumers can provide flexibility
3. Strategies to foster demand response
4. Product definition
4.1 Example: Brazil’s tariff flag mechanism
5. Market design
5.1 Example: Colombia’s electricity market
6. Regulation
6.1 Example: Brazil’s 2001 electricity demand-response program
7. Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter-21---Energy-communities-and-flexib_2021_Variable-Generation--Flexibl
21 . Energy communities and flexible demand
1. Introduction
2. Efficiency and price signals
2.1 Efficiency objectives
2.2 Importance of consumers and demand-side flexibility
2.3 Reforms to provide efficient price signals
3. Beyond prices—aggregation business models and technologies
3.1 Sonnen’s VPP in Germany1010The ideas on Sonnen’s VPP are from: https://medium.com/energy-web-insights/sonnen-leverages-ener ...
3.2 Austrian Power Grid testing DER for frequency regulation1111The information included in this section on this APG initiative ...
3.3 Tesla’s Autobidder1212The information reported here is from Cornwall Insight, “Tesla builds capacity across the energy valu ...
3.4 Octopus—Kraken platform1313See EEnergy Informer, June 2020, for an article on the Kraken platform.
3.5 Voltalis1818Voltalis is also featured in this book in Chapter 7 (Sioshansi).
4. Energy communities and demand flexibility
4.1 What are energy communities and why is there interest in them?
4.2 Energy communities, EU legislation, and national legislation
4.3 Examples of energy communities that encourage demand flexibility
4.4 Proposed guidelines for energy communities
5. Conclusions
Chapter-22---Flexible-demand--What-s-in-it-f_2021_Variable-Generation--Flexi
22 . Flexible demand: What’s in it for the consumer?
1. Introduction
2. The consumer context, as the love for renewables continues unabated
3. How can consumers benefit from flexible demand?
4. Grid security—a critical consumer benefit
4.1 High demand and supply adequacy
4.2 Low residual demand and grid stability
4.3 How can a consumer’s flexible demand support system security?
5. Adapting old tools to a new environment
5.1 Demand management (temporarily) fell out of favor
6. Demand response—new needs, new opportunities, new benefits
6.1 Hosting capacity—flexible demand unlocking behind the meter resources for all consumers
7. Building the consumer case for benefit
8. Conclusion
References
Epilogue_2021_Variable-Generation--Flexible-Demand
Epilogue
Index_2021_Variable-Generation--Flexible-Demand
Index
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