Urban Practices from Delicacy Management to Governance in Contemporary China: The Case of Xuhui District, Shanghai [1st ed.] 9789811540103, 9789811540110

Table of contents :
Front Matter ....Pages i-xv
Introduction (Jiannan Wu)....Pages 1-9
Renewal and Conservation (Lin Wang)....Pages 11-58
Ecological Protection (Shengquan Che, Ziyang Lou)....Pages 59-100
Service Optimization (Lufa Zhang, Ling Jiang)....Pages 101-162
Security Enhancement (Yihong Liu, Guanghua Han)....Pages 163-215
Joint Community Governance (Bo Peng, Jing Xiong)....Pages 217-259
Resident Self-Governance (Bo Peng, Jing Xiong)....Pages 261-329

Citation preview

Urban Governance Practices in China

Gaohong Chen Jiannan Wu Lufa Zhang Editors

Urban Practices from Delicacy Management to Governance in Contemporary China The Case of Xuhui District, Shanghai

Urban Governance Practices in China Series Editor Sixian Jiang, China Institute for Urban Governance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Editorial Board Jiannan Wu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Gaohong Chen, China Institute of Urban Governance, Shanghai, China Nan Shi, International Society of City and Regional Planners, Shanghai, China Bifeng Ye, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Guanglei Zhu, Nankai University, Tianjin, China Shilin Liu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Fuqing Sun, Shanghai Municipal People’s Congress, Shanghai, China Fulong Wu, University College London, Shanghai, China Zhenming Chen, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China Guoping Zhou, The Development Research Center of Shanghai Municipal People’s Government, Shanghai, China Yang Zhong, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Yongzhi Hou, Development Research Center of The State Council, Shanghai, China Yong Geng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Haiying Gu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Xiaoping Gao, Chinese Public Administration Society, Shanghai, China Dajian Zhu, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Hong Liang, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Jun Zeng, Party School of Shanghai Committee of C.P.C., Shanghai, China Zhiyong Lan, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Lan Xue, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Yaguang Wang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Guangyan Wang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Puqu Wang, Peking University, Beijing, China Xinping Guan, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Zhenquan Li, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

Jie Yang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Dan Wu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Yanling He, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China Kangzhi Zhang, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China Xian Chen, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Xianqun Fan, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Wenning Jiang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Chengwu Lou, Northeastern University, Shanghai, China Feng Gu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Jian Xu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Xiaolin Xu, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou, China Xinli Guo, Shandong University, Shandong, China Youyi Cao, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China Yinghong Peng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

Since the reform and opening-up, China has experienced the largest and fastest urbanization process in the history of the world. In the process of urbanization, due to unbalanced and inadequate development, we are experiencing urban diseases, including environmental pollution, traffic congestion, resource shortages, lack of security, the deep gap between the rich and the poor. To achieve the goal of “Better City, Better Life”, some cities in China has been carried out some new practices of good urban governance. This book series aims to summary and promote the advanced experience of urban governance in different regions of China, which can provide excellent experience for the cities in other countries. The key words in UGPC include but are not limited to: • China • Urban Governance • Practice & Experience

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16301

Gaohong Chen · Jiannan Wu · Lufa Zhang Editors

Urban Practices from Delicacy Management to Governance in Contemporary China The Case of Xuhui District, Shanghai

Editors Gaohong Chen Shanghai, China

Jiannan Wu Shanghai, China

Lufa Zhang Shanghai, China

ISSN 2661-8796 ISSN 2661-880X (electronic) Urban Governance Practices in China ISBN 978-981-15-4010-3 ISBN 978-981-15-4011-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4011-0 Jointly published with Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press The print edition is not for sale in the Mainland of China. Customers from the Mainland of China please order the print book from: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press. © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Preface to the Theory and Practice of Urban Governance Series

The city is one of the greatest creations of mankind. From city states of ancient Greece and castles of the Chinese Longshan culture period to modern metropolises spreading all over the world and contiguous huge urban agglomerations, cities have gradually become important spatial carriers of human civilization, and their development has become the main drive to human civilization progress. The twenty-first century is a century of cities. Based on statistics over half of the world’s population lives in cities. The World Cities Report 2016 released by the United Nations Human Settlements Program points out that one fifth of the world’s population lives in the top 600 major cities, which account for 60% of global GDP. Since the beginning of reforms and opening up, China’s urbanization rate has been rising steadily, exceeding 50% for the first time in 2012, going beyond 58% in 2017 and is expected to reach 60% in 2020. At the Central Urban Work Conference held in December 2015, it was stated clearly: “Cities are centers of economic, political, cultural, social and other activities in our countries, and play a significant role in the overall work of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the state.” Better city, better life! Beautiful urban lives depend on superior urban governance. The global urbanization process has led to the gathering of population and resources, and comparative advantages based on division of labor on a high level. Moreover, it has brought brilliant material and spiritual civilizations to human society. However, the intensive outbreak of problems such as population expansion, environmental pollution, traffic congestion, tight resource supply, insecurity and wealth polarization in recent years has impeded the healthy development of cities, perplexed the government and the public, and increasingly become issues and challenges to urban governance. The need to foster the development of cities or solve imminent urban problems calls for better urban governance. Within this context, the CPC and the state have made scientific arrangements from a strategic height. In November 2015, President Xi Jinping highlighted when presiding over the Eleventh Session of the Central Leading Group on Financial and Economic Affairs: “To properly carry out

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urban activities, we must first know, respect and adapt to the pattern of urban development and establish correct guidelines for urban development.” The Central Urban Work Conference stressed further: “We should change the mode of urban development, improve the urban governance system and urban governance capacity, make all efforts to solve urban problems and other prominent problems and keep improving urban environmental quality, people’s living standards and urban competitiveness to build harmonious, livable, vigorous and characteristic modern cities, improve new-type urbanization level and open up an urban development path with Chinese characteristics.” Outstanding urban governance requires not only the extensive participation and in-depth cooperation of the government, society, enterprises and the public, but also the in-depth cross-disciplinary, cross-sector and cross-border collaborative participation of experts and scholars organized by higher education institutions. In the current age of information explosion and division of labor on a higher-level, the role of higher education institutions is particularly important. In this context, Shanghai Jiao Tong University has decided to establish the China Institute for Urban Governance (CIUG) by integrating internal and external resources based on its cross-disciplinary software and hardware advantages in urban governance. On October 30, 2016, with the support of the Shanghai Municipal People’s Government, CIUG jointly established by Shanghai Jiao Tong University and the Development Research Center of the Shanghai Municipal People’s Government was inaugurated at the 2016 Forum on Global Cities to routinize urban governance research. CIUG aims to become a world-class new-type think tank with Chinese characteristics, a pooling and training base of outstanding talents and a high-end platform for international exchange and cooperation. A top-tier new-type think tank needs top-tier academic influence, while publishing high-end serial research works is an important measure to build such an influence. Accordingly, CIUG at Shanghai Jiao Tong University has decided to release the Theory and Practice of Urban Governance Series, and made it a series of books conforming to international practices and reflecting Chinese characteristics and style. This series will sort out and sum up important theories of urban governance comprehensively, propose a local, original and directive theoretical system with Chinese characteristics, completely sum up and actively promote advanced experience of Shanghai and other regions in urban governance, relate the “Chinese story” well and provide a Chinese example for worldwide urban governance based on China’s urbanization and urban governance practices.

Preface to the Theory and Practice of Urban Governance Series

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We believe that the Theory and Practice of Urban Governance Series will further promote research on urban governance and provide more insight for solving problems and facing challenges pertaining to urban governance!

Sixian Jiang Former Secretary of the CPC Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Dean of CIUG at Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China

Foreword

Urbanization is an inevitable way of moving from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization. In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China has experienced rapid urbanization under the correct leadership of the CPC with an increasing urbanization rate, and urbanization has become a crucial impetus to economic development and social progress, and an important achievement of economic and social development. Meanwhile, with the rapid expansion of cities, urban problems such as public service shortage, environmental pollution, traffic congestion and tight housing supply have fully emerged, posing severe challenges to urban governance. Refined management is an embodiment of modern scientific management thoughts and an inherent requirement of modernization of the national governance system and capacity. President Xi Jinping highlighted at the deliberation of the Shanghai delegation at the 2017 National Two Sessions: “Opening up a new path of social governance that conforms to the characteristics and pattern of megacities is a major issue concerning Shanghai’s development.” In particular, he noted, “Urban management should be as refined as embroidery,” and “we should work further and deeper to improve social governance capacity and activate social development.” President Xi Jinping’s instructions provided a clear direction toward urban governance. On January 4 2018, the Master Urban Development Planning of Shanghai City (2017–2035) was published formally, defining the overall goals, development patterns, spatial layouts, development tasks and key measures of Shanghai by 2035, and drawing a beautiful blueprint for Shanghai’s future development. This calls for a drastic change in management thinking and philosophy, an active exploration of new ways of urban governance, and a comprehensive realization of a more scientific, refined and intelligent urban governance to create a new era of building a socialist modern metropolis with global influence. Xuhui District is one of the seven central urban districts of Shanghai, boasting of a profound history, a high concentration of important institutions, advanced science, education, culture and health, complete urban functions and leading overall

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strength. During a research in Xuhui District in June 2017, leaders of the municipal CPC committee proposed that Xuhui District had conditions to pursue refined urban governance first. According to the refined urban governance requirement of “playing the role of manager of a megacity and becoming a role model reflecting the urban management level of Shanghai as an international metropolis” proposed by the municipal CPC committee, Xuhui District has carefully explored new ideas of social governance conforming to the characteristics and patterns of central urban districts of megacities and formed a series of refined governance practices with local characteristics. Although these practices have evolved on the basis of the special urban ecology of Shanghai City and Xuhui District, they serve as great references and are of informative significance for urban governance in other regions. As Refined as Embroidery: Xuhui Practices of Urban Governance, written by CIUG in collaboration with Xuhui District, systematically analyzes and sorts out practical measures and valuable experiences of Xuhui District in refined governance in recent years, reveals new paths and explorations of Xuhui District in refined governance and innovative social governance in the form of case studies and proposes solutions and suggestions for improving urban governance in metropolitan areas. In early August 2017, Xuhui District started compiling case studies for As Refined as Embroidery: Xuhui Practices of Urban Governance. The district departments, sub-district offices and town governments sorted out case studies in urban management and social governance in recent years in detail and selected 93 case studies preliminarily. Through multiple rounds of in-depth discussion by experts, 38 case studies (including 4 of the top 10 innovation programs of social work in Shanghai) were finally chosen in aspects such as innovation, demonstration, practicality and generalizability as typical practices of Xuhui District in exploring urban governance. From early September to late November 2017, CIUG and Xuhui District held many expert discussions, organized case study providers, case study writers, chapter authoring experts among others, to conduct multiple rounds of analysis and discussions on six topics and explore, compile, revise and enrich case materials and invited relevant experts from CIUG to write the introduction, chapter preambles and case comments, thereby better presenting and revealing the theoretical connotations and practical values of the case studies. This book consists of the following chapters—Introduction, Renewal and Conservation, Ecological Protection, Service Optimization, Public Security, Joint Community Management and Resident Autonomy. The introductory chapter systematically analyzes refined governance in the dimensions of theory and practice, and the chapter setup centers mainly on the challenges and problems facing metropolitan urban governance, which are also of prime concern to the future of urban governance. The chapters of this book and their authors are as follows: the Introduction was written by Prof. Wu Jiannan; Renewal and Conservation by Prof. Wang Lin; Ecological Protection by Prof. Che Shengquan and Prof. Lou Ziyang; Service Optimization by Associate Prof. Zhang Lufa and Associate Prof. Jiang Ling; Public Security by

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Assistant Prof. Liu Yihong and Assistant Prof. Han Guanghua; and Joint Community Management and Resident Autonomy by Prof. Peng Bo and Assistant Research Fellow Xiong Jing. The experts’ hard work is hereby appreciated. Special thanks go to the case study providers in Xuhui District and those who closely collaborated with them. The case studies and photographs in this book were provided by departments, sub-district offices and town governments in Xuhui District. However, their sources cannot be specified one at a time. Sincere gratitude is hereby extended to all of them. China Institute for Urban Governance (CIUG) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China

Introduction of The China Institute for Urban Governance (CIUG)

The China Institute for Urban Governance (CIUG), Shanghai Jiao Tong University is jointly established by Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) and the Development Research Center of Shanghai Municipal People’s Government under the auspices of the Shanghai Municipal People’s Government. The mission of the Institute is to build a world-class new think tank with Chinese characteristics that serves as a base to attract and cultivate high-end talents and a platform to facilitate high-end international exchange and cooperation. The CIUG leverages the SJTU’s strength of multidisciplinary studies in humanities, medical studies, engineering and agriculture to integrate local, domestic and overseas superior resources. It also explores innovations in organization and management to encourage the development of pilot areas and open platforms with strong alliances, complementary advantages, in-depth integration, cross-disciplinary cooperation and collaborative innovation. As Refined as Embroidery: Xuhui Practices of Urban Governance prepared is compiled by CIUG in cooperation with Xuhui District. It presents new practices and explorations of Xuhui District in refined governance in the form of cases and covers such main fields as urban renewal and conservation, ecological protection, service optimization, safety construction, joint community governance and resident’s self-governance.

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Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jiannan Wu

1

2 Renewal and Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lin Wang

11

3 Ecological Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shengquan Che and Ziyang Lou

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4 Service Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Lufa Zhang and Ling Jiang 5 Security Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Yihong Liu and Guanghua Han 6 Joint Community Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Bo Peng and Jing Xiong 7 Resident Self-Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Bo Peng and Jing Xiong

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Chapter 1

Introduction Jiannan Wu

In recent years, with the rapid growth of industrialization and IT building, cities have been expanding rapidly and have become functionally diversified, complex and all-inclusive systems. At the 2015 Central Urban Work Conference, it was pointed out that since the beginning of reform and opening up, China had experienced the largest and fast-moving urbanization process in global history. By 2015, China had an urban population of 771.16 million and an urbanization rate of 56.1%, higher than the global average by about 1.2% points. In the spectacular urbanization process, urban issues such as environmental pollution, traffic congestion, tight housing supply, and unemployment have become increasingly prominent due to unbalanced and inadequate development. Fulfilling the goal of “better city, better life” is the greatest challenge facing modern cities.1 On March 5th 2017, President Xi Jinping highlighted at the deliberation of the Shanghai delegation at the Fourth Session of the Twelfth National People’s Congress: “Creating a new path of social governance that conforms to the characteristics and pattern of megacities is a major issue concerning Shanghai’s development. Urban management should be as refined as embroidery. Refined urban management must be adapted to urban development, hence we should do our utmost to improve social governance capacity and activate social development.”2 President Xi Jinping compared “refined urban management” to “embroidery”, which carried a profound meaning. Embroidery is traditional Chinese art, a nice work that has to be arranged and conceived generally, and made patiently, carefully, nimbly and precisely. For 1 Central Urban Work Conference held in Beijing [EB/OL]. www.xinhuanet.com, (2015–12–22) [2017–11-01]. https://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-12/22/c_1117545528.htm. 2 Xi Jinping: Urban management should be as refined as embroidery [EB/OL]. www.cnr.cn, (2017– 03–05) [2017–11–01]. https://china.cnr.cn/gdgg/20170305/t20170305_523637510.shtml.

J. Wu (B) Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China e-mail: [email protected] © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 G. Chen et al. (eds.), Urban Practices from Delicacy Management to Governance in Contemporary China, Urban Governance Practices in China, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4011-0_1

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China, since more and more people concentrate in cities, urban management has become increasingly complex, and is faced with many challenges. Like embroidery, urban management needs top-level design and meticulous and precise work.3 President Xi Jinping uses embroidery as a metaphor to describe urban management, which on a higher level requires municipal governments to change functions, reshape values, rationalize their dealings with the market and the public based on their own functional positioning, have an accurate understanding of people’s needs, change from management-oriented governments to service-oriented ones, and improve processes and services through continual innovation, thereby realizing the goal of making cities more orderly, safer and cleaner. In fact, the present requirements for refined urban management are consistent with President Xi Jinping’s thought of “targeted poverty alleviation”, where both are a reflection and reforms of the government’s past extensive management, and stress scientific and efficient management, and precise policy implementation.4 Domestic practices of refined urban management did not begin in 2017, but the practice began earlier in some major cities such as Beijing, Nanjing, Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, and Fuzhou. After President Xi Jinping proposed that “urban management should be as refined as embroidery”, more cities have implemented refined management policies and conducted diversified practices. From May 28th 2017, People’s Daily launched the “Focusing on Refined Urban Management” column to present explorations and practices of different places. As of November 16th 2017, this column had reported typical practices in the five cities of Chongqing, Haikou,5 Kunming,6 Jinan,7 and Shanghai8 successively. The practices of these five cities are distinctive yet highly similar. In terms of participants, all existing practices are dominated by government departments, and multiple participants such as related enterprises, research institutions, social organizations, and citizens participate actively. In terms of management fields, refined management in Chongqing, Haikou and Shanghai incorporates many fields, while that in Kunming and Jinan focuses on individual fields such as old community renewal and traffic congestion regulation. However, both fields are closely related to people’s livelihoods. In terms of resource management, institutional resources such as standards and plans rise gradually, organizational measures such as organizational change, and functional change and integration are becoming increasingly important, and IT resources such as the mobile internet, big data, and AI are still on the rise. In terms of management objectives, the existing practices reflect the philosophy of 3 China’s refined urban management just started [EB/OL]. www.ce.cn, (2017–06–14) [2017–11–01].

https://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/201706/14/t20170614_23612763.shtml. 4 Li Jian. How to do embroidery well in urban management? [N]. People’s Daily, 2017–05–18 (16). 5 Ding Ting. Haikou: Pain points of life as the starting point of planning[N]. People’s Daily, 2017– 05-25 (14). 6 Xu Yuanfeng. Kunming:Micro-reconstruction revitalizes old communities [N]. People’s Daily, 2017–06–06 (16). 7 Xiao Jiaxin. Jinan:Relieving congestion with small moves [N]. People’s Daily, 2017–06–08 (08). 8 Sun Xiaojing. Shanghai:Live map drawn with big data [N]. People’s Daily, 2017–09–22 (23).

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people-orientation to keep improving management effectiveness, government public credibility, and public satisfaction and sense of gain. From the above analysis, it can be seen that refined urban management as presently understood by practitioners is essentially a precise and meticulous governance behavior. Academically, urban management and urban governance are essentially different. Urban management is generally a process in which the government solves urban problems using top-down controls as the main participants, while urban governance means the involvement of multiple participants, who cooperate through voluntary and equal interactions. More importantly, the foundation of the governance process is not control but coordination. To emphasize the dominant role of the government in solving urban problems, “refined urban management” is still the title used in practice, but “refined urban governance” is more appropriate from the perspective of academic norms, hence this book is titled accordingly.

1 Refinement: From Management to Governance Refinement was originally a concept of business management, first proposed by Womack, Jones & Roos (1990)9 to describe the working concepts and practices of Japanese carmakers, especially the Toyota Production System (TPS). Its overall philosophy provides a more focused approach to continual improvement and provides objectives for various tools and methods used to achieve these improvements. The key of this philosophy is to eliminate waste and unnecessary actions, and link all valuecreating steps. In fact, refined management can date back to scientific management. As early as 1912, Taylor, the father of scientific management, studied the shapes and specifications of shovels made of various materials that reached the standard load, and the best way of shovel load for each material, namely the “shovel test”. At that time, smart work and careful arrangements were already realized through scientific research. Under the Six Sigma (6σ) total quality management system proposed in business management in the 1980s, the defect rate of product quality does not exceed 3.4%, almost achieving “zero defects”; however, to reach this state of almost no defect, we have to explore the causes of problems in products or services based on customer needs and statistics. Obviously, such “refined” management is significantly different from extensive management, such as being simple and crude, disregarding costs and effects, and basing decisions on guesswork. With the refinement of social division of labor, the pursuit for high efficiency and quality has spread to all social fields, and the philosophy of refined management has gone deep into all walks of life. In business management, Wen Decheng (2005) thought that refined management was a management approach that was based on technology and characterized by refined operation, and improved the executive force

9 Hicks B J. Lean information management: Understanding and eliminating waste [J]. International

Journal of Information Management, 2007, 27 (4): 233–249.

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of an organization by taking full advantage of its resources and strengthening collaboration, thereby realizing the goal of reducing costs and expenses and improving efficiency and effectiveness.10 From the perspective of the management process Liu Hui (2007) proposed that refined management was essentially the process of decomposing and refining and implementing an enterprise’s strategy and objectives, so that the strategy could work effectively in every aspect.11 In hospital management, Ying Zhengxian (2011) thought that refined management was a management pattern with refined operation and management being its basic feature.12 After the rise of the new public management movement, the concept and methodology of refinement have been gradually introduced into the field of public management. In refined government management studies, scholars inherit the characteristics of refined management thinking, pay attention to the application of technologies on the basis of scientific management (Wang Zhongqiu 2005; Wang Zhihan Song Shiming 2013)13,14 and stress cost reduction and efficiency improvement (Wen Decheng 2007; Ma Baobin and Li Hui 2009)15.16 In addition, the concept of people orientation is proposed (Ma Baobin and Li Hui 2009), and the role of institutions and supervision valued (Wang Zhihan and Song Shiming 2013). However, some concepts lack a precise dimension and quality focus. Refined urban management studies lay more emphasis on processes, quantities and information (Guo Liqiao 2010),17 and the definition from practical fields explains the connotation of “refinement” in detail, namely precise and meticulous metering and operation under a clearly defined standard (Li Jun 2011; Sun Xinjun 2017)18.19 Based on understandings of refined management in different fields among scholars in the past, the government, enterprises, hospitals and universities were actors in cities, and the complexity of cities determined that urban problems must be solved through a multi-player procedure, and the concept of refined urban governance must 10 Wen

Decheng. Refined Management [M]. Beijing: Xinhua Publishing House, 2005. Hui. Connotation and Operation of Refined Management [J]. Enterprise Reform and Management, 2007 (4): 15–16. 12 Ying Zhengxian. Practice of Hospital Refined Management [J]. Chinese Hospitals, 2011, 15 (1): 53–55. 13 Wang Zhongqiu. Basic Concept of Refined Management [J]. China Business & Trade, 2008 (9): 116. 14 Wang Zhihan, Song Shiming. Key Points and Route selection of Refined Management and Process Reengineering of Chinese Government Functions [J]. China Administration, 2013 (6): 22–26. 15 Wen Decheng. Refined Government Management [M]. Beijing: Xinhua Publishing House, 2007. 16 Ma Baobin, Li Hui. A Preliminary Investigation on the Refined Social Management of the Government [J]. Journal of Beijing Administrative Institute, 2009 (1): 27—31. 17 Guo Liqiao. Decision-making Thinking on Modern Refined Urban Management [J]. Information of China Construction, 2010 (2): 4–9. 18 Li Jun. Advancing refined management to improve Changsha’s urban management in five aspects [J]. Urban Management Science & Technology, 2011, 13 (3): 24–27. 19 Sun Xinjun. Establishing the management conceptof “six precise and meticulous aspects” to improve refined urban management level [J]. Urban Management Science & Technology, 2017, 19 (5): 6–10. 11 Liu

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be different from refined management for these actors. However, the feature of “being precise and meticulous” reflected in the governance process is similar. In this book, refined urban governance is defined as the governance procedure of solving urban problems precisely and meticulously. From this definition, it can be seen that “being precise and meticulous” is the core feature of urban governance while solving urban problems and improving public satisfaction and sense of gain is the ultimate goal of urban governance. The basic elements of urban governance include urban problems, participants, sectors concerned, governance resources, governance performance, among others, and the analysis of the feature of “being precise and meticulous” for different elements helps one to fully understand the connotation of refined urban governance. First, while interests and values are diversified today, urban problems are increasingly complex and hard to define, and identifying these problems precisely is undoubtedly a prerequisite to governance behavior. On the basis of grasping numerous details of city management, carefully capturing, accurately judging and precisely identifying problems can provide an accurate direction towards governance. Second, urban problems often involve complex and diverse participants, and games of interests among different participants are increasingly complex. Precisely identifying and carefully classifying participants, and having an accurate understanding of their important needs helps to find the most critical stakeholders, thereby achieving greater effectiveness through relevant efforts. Andvaluing participants also reflects the urban governance philosophy of people-oriented. Third, the complexity of urban problems often leads to vague boundaries among sectors of governance. In China, with a significant feature of segmented management, the fine classification of the sectors of governance and the precise understanding of key sectors of governance help pool limited resources in the most urgent sector for optimized configuration, thereby solving urban problems more efficiently. Fourth, with the further transformation of government functions, the boundary between the government, economic and social sectors has become clear, and the concept of government service has deepened progressively. Refined governance implies a gradual change from the past “uniform” extensive behavior to selecting scientific, normative and effective means of governance for different problems based on the government’s own scope of duties, and carefully implementing these policies with a service attitude, thereby achieving “friendly” governance. Fifth, the complexity of urban problems determines the diversity of governance objectives, yet diversity does not mean “no priority”. The original objective of refinement is to reduce waste, improve efficiency and ultimately meet customer needs. For cities, more attention should be paid to the overall improvement of urban governance effectiveness, but the ultimate goal is to establish a government that meets the needs of people and improve public satisfaction and sense of gain.

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2 Practical Features of Refined Governance in Xuhui District Named after Xujiahui, Xuhui District is one of the central urban districts of Shanghai with a land area of 54.9 square kilometers, a resident population of 1.086 million and a registered population of 920,000, governing 12 sub-districts and a town. Xuhui District has the following features: first, it has a profound history, including the 1,000-year-old Longhua Temple, Huang Daopo culture of over 700 years, Xu Guangqi culture of over 500 years, and the Shanghai industrial civilization of over a century; second, it has a high concentration of important institutions, including 15 municipal agencies, and consulates general of ten countries (the U.S., Germany, among others) in Shanghai; third, it has developed science, education, culture and health, including 121 research institutions represented by the Shanghai Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 universities represented by Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, one fourth of the city’s Class 3A hospitals represented by Zhongshan Hospital, and over half of the city’s city-level art troupes; fourth, it has diverse urban functions, including the mature Xujiahui trading area, the Caohejing Development Zone—one of the earliest state-level high-tech zones in Shanghai, the Xuhui riverfront under construction, and Huajing Town being urbanized; fifth, the educational level of residents is high, where the population having received college or above education accounts for one third of the district’s population, the overseas population is close to 4% of the district’s population, 104 academicians work or live in Xuhui District, and the district ranks first in the city in terms of the number of patents of invention owned by every 10,000 people. Since 2014, firmly grasping the requirements of the Central Committee of CPC and Shanghai Municipal Committee, Xuhui District has carefully explored new ideas of social governance conforming to the characteristics and pattern of central urban districts of megacities and formed a series of refined governance practices with local characteristics. Since it is a central urban district with a larger area and a larger population, its goal for the next five years was defined as “carrying forward the present cause into the future, pursuing excellence, and speeding up the building of a first-class central urban district of a modern international metropolis” at the Tenth CPC Congress of Xuhui District. In this context, Xuhui District has been exploring experiences in refined urban governance based on the overall situation of Shanghai’s development. Through the joint efforts of the whole district, Xuhui District’s refined governance has three key characteristics as follows: (1) Keeping improving the urban environment with a careful attitude and highquality details The urban environment is closely associated with the living standards of residents. At present, the extensive reconstruction mode of large-scale demolition and construction has been abandoned in Xuhui District, and refined urban renewal, reconstruction and

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governance are conducted with a focus on urban historical and cultural features and ecology. First, an urban renewal pattern is explored on the precondition of historical feature conservation. Shanghai has entered a connotative growth stage with a focus on inventory development, and an innovative development stage with a focus on urban quality improvement and activation. Moreover, urban renewal and feature conservation have become the main direction of planning and construction. Xuhui District explores and implements urban renewal, design and management, and historical feature conservation under the direction of “innovation-driven and transformational development”, and the philosophy of refinement. Xuhui District’s renewal planning and development faces and involves very complex issues, which should be analyzed case by case, and classified carefully, including the conservation and inheritance of historical and cultural features, the improvement of environmental standards, the activation of an area, the improvement of livelihoods, among others. With a floor area of 4.4 square kilometers, the Hengshan Road-Fuxing Road conservation area of historical and cultural features (“Hengfu Conservation Area” for short) is an important embodiment of Shanghai’s historical memories, cultural individuality and living quality. Currently, a complete point-line-plane feature conservation system has been formed in Xuhui District, and the refined management goal of readable buildings, walking streets, resting parks and friendly blocks is being fulfilled. Second, integrated ecological management is conducted at a microscopic level. At the city level, urban ecological management includes natural ecosystem conservation and rehabilitation, environmental protection and pollution control, the structural optimization and functional improvement of urban public open spaces (green spaces), among others. Xuhui District’s refined ecological governance is centered on polluted river improvement, ecological culture and green plots construction, community ecological culture building, community waste separation and recycling, among others, reflecting the goal of improving living conditions, the means of refined governance, the organizational pattern of joint management and sharing by the government, society and residents, basic units of urban communities, and spatial carriers of waters and green spaces—main ecological elements in natural ecosystems. (2) Improving Public Service Level Based on Preciseness and Carefulness Xuhui District has been improving residents’ sense of gain and satisfaction with basic public services, and ensuring urban public security effectively by precisely identifying needs and problems. First, public service needs and sources supplied are matched precisely. For such realistic problems as imbalance and inequality between the supply and demand of public services, and the lack of multi-player participation and effective supervision, Xuhui District has redesigned the role of the government with the aim of full coverage of public services, and based on the requirements for service-oriented society, and the administrative concept of “small government and big society” to build a peopleoriented government always with public needs in mind. It has fully mobilized social participants to effectively take part and form a combined force of service supply,

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and on the other hand, precisely identified and classified public service needs, and provided concise, integrated, optimized, refined and friendly public services that match needs precisely by all means, especially intelligent means, thereby improving both the utilization of public service resources and public satisfaction. Second, the public security of Xuhui District is ensured through institutional innovation. Urban public security is the foundation of smooth urban operations, and the bottom line of urban management. Xuhui District has discovered some strategies of refined governance in doctor-patient conflict resolution, food safety management, community security, and other sectors of urban public security. Since doctor-patient conflicts in the district are growing in number and complexity year by year, a people’s mediation mechanism with humanistic care has been found to maintain the regular order of medical institutions while protecting the lawful rights and interests of patients, build mutual trust between doctors and patients, and resolve conflicts in the dispute settlement process by employing both full-time and part-time medical staff, applying an innovative gradient adjustment mechanism, among others. Regulations or measures on food safety have been promulgated to solve persistent problems in food safety management by defining duties clearly, involving social forces, and optimizing law enforcement. The “Safe Orange” volunteer service mechanism has been established to further refine community public security control against social risks through government-society integration, and full-time and part-time staff combination. (3) Achieving Co-Building, Joint Management and Sharing Through Precise Guidance and Refined Participation Xuhui District sticks to joint community management and resident autonomy under CPC leadership, strengthens social coordination, and involves social forces in community governance to motivate multiple participants in community governance. First, the joint community management mechanism is strengthened. Joint community management is an important means of social governance, in which party-building is a soft yet solid governance force. In Xuhui District, party-building organizations are utilized to get through the government hierarchy and link social resources, and boost refined urban governance. In joint community management, the major role of such participants as community committees, homeowner committees, and social organizations should not be ignored, and typical practices such as “homeowner committee salon + property service alliance”, and “seamless governance” have been formed in Xuhui District. For resource, demand and problem differences, Xuhui District has fully mobilized all community resources and forces to significantly improve the capacity of refined urban governance, and conducted urban governance more relevantly and precisely for different governance problems and needs using methods such as interaction, crossover, and cooperation. Second, the establishment of consultative platforms for autonomy is promoted. Resident autonomy is an important aspect of grass-root urban governance. Xuhui District has conducted numerous explorations in community autonomy, and formed a number of typical practices of refined governance in community environment

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elevation, resident need identification, grass-root public service supply, information communication, among others. The innovation program development initiative of social work of Xuhui District has been held twice consecutively, and 53 autonomy and joint management programs have been launched, including some top 10 innovation programs of social work of Shanghai, such as the “Alley Management Committee” in Hunan Sub-district and “Green Housewife” in Lingyun Sub-district, and some branded programs of resident autonomy and multi-player participation in social governance, such as “Neighborhood Post Station” in Xietu Sub-district, and “Cloud Yingtai” in Changqiao Sub-district. A good brand demonstration effect has been established at the grassroots level. Effects of social governance innovation gradually surface. Xuhui District’s refined governance practices are “Xuhui solutions” offered in different circumstances based on realistic problems in urban governance. In the process of fully implementing the essence of “urban management should be as refined as embroidery” noted by President Xi Jinping, it is necessary to present a number of excellent case studies of refined urban governance in Xuhui District, and sum up typical experiences and features of refined urban governance on this basis, thereby creating a demonstration effect and a driving effect. This text will systematically present the “Xuhui refined governance pattern” based on the three major features of refined governance practices in Xuhui District.

Chapter 2

Renewal and Conservation Lin Wang

1 Introduction At the present development stage dominated by urban renewal in China, the past extensive management approach is inadequate for governing huge and diversified modern cities. Consequently, refined governance is an important approach to improve urban management efficiency. Shanghai has entered a connotative growth stage with a focus on inventory development, and an innovative development stage with a focus on urban quality improvement and activation. Moreover, urban renewal and feature conservation have become the main drive of planning and construction. Feature conservation is a form of urban renewal which is closely associated and interwoven with feature conservation. In feature conservation practice, we need to advance feature conservation with the concept of organic urban renewal, and conserve the historical context and cultural memory with the concept of humanistic and friendly governance; in face of future urban development oriented to organic urban renewal, we need to explore multilateral policy support for feature conservation and organic renewal through cooperation and consultation with the government, the market and the public. Xuhui District explores and implements urban renewal, design and management, based on historical feature conservation under the direction of “innovation-driven and transformational development”, and the philosophy of refinement. Xuhui District’s renewal planning and development faces and involves complex issues, which should be analyzed separately and classified carefully, including the conservation and inheritance of historical and cultural features and architecture, the promotion of environmental quality, the activation of an area, the improvement of livelihoods, among others. L. Wang (B) Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China e-mail: [email protected] © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 G. Chen et al. (eds.), Urban Practices from Delicacy Management to Governance in Contemporary China, Urban Governance Practices in China, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4011-0_2

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The Hengfu Conservation Area of historical and cultural features is the largest area of contiguous conservation in Shanghai (7.66 km2 in total), in which the Hengfu Conservation Area with a floor area of 4.4 km2 is an important embodiment of Shanghai’s historical memories, cultural individuality and living standards. Presently, a complete point-line-plane feature conservation system was formed in Xuhui District, and the refined management goal of visible buildings, walking streets, resting parks and warm blocks is fulfilled. In this chapter, six typical and practical case studies of renewal and conservation are selected to illustrate the importance of refined urban governance based on urban renewal and feature conservation, namely Xuhui District’s renewal planning and development, the urban renewal of the West Bund waterfront, refined road rehabilitation in feature areas, the microfeature renewal of Yueyang Road, the “Featured Hundred Alleys” on Tianping Road, and the story of No. 1292 Huaihai Central Road. First, a case analysis is made of Xuhui District’s renewal planning and development, and differentiated renewal planning and development strategies are proposed under the guidance of the philosophy of refinement for case studies of different natures and scales in Xuhui District, in which urban renewal activities from areas to plots, buildings and roads, and from refined management to refined planning and refined design control are described, and practical cases and innovation effects of public participation in autonomy and joint management are highlighted. Second, the urban renewal of the West Bund waterfront is selected as a typical case study of urban renewal in Xuhui District, where the waterfront public open space serves as a pilot of functional and structural transformation, and an area revitalization guided by “planning, culture, ecology and technological innovation” to conserve and utilize historical relics and features, foster the functional transformation of the Huangpu River shoreline from a productive one to a living one, resolve the conflict between conservation and development, improve the management level of cooperation and interaction, and show the efficiency of refined design and implementation. Third, refined road rehabilitation in feature areas is selected based on the point-line-plane feature conservation system of the Hengfu Conservation Area as a case of highquality street living conditions. Under the instruction that “urban management should be as refined as embroidery”, refined patrol, precise collaboration, targeted rectification and comprehensive improvement are carried out to realize feature conservation, cultural inheritance and livelihood improvement. Fourth, the case is selected from the story of “micro-renewal” in Yueyang Road, which is a place with profound Shanghai history and abundant cultural deposits, located at Hengfu Conservation Area in Xuhui. The case emphasizes the importance of refined urban design and management on the basis of urban renewal and feature conservation. The story also provides the case that under the people-oriented spirit, how issues of different spaces and backgrounds are analyzed in a refined way. Meanwhile, in this case, we learn that the planners have adopted refined designs to build a multilateral coordination platform for the government, businesses, designers and citizens in order to realize

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a cooperating and win-win urban management, which has presented a picture of a historical block with spirit constructed under the refined design and management. Fifth, the case study of “Featured Hundred Alleys” in Tianping Sub-district is selected to see how the block context and memory are conserved and extended through appropriate demolition, construction, control and governance measures for different themes. These include historical buildings, cultural celebrities and social elites, thereby ensuring the effectiveness of block governance. Sixth, the story of No. 1292 Huaihai Central Road reveals details of refined urban governance in the conservation of buildings with historical and cultural features. Here, the work is carefully carried out with the everyday needs of the neighborhood in mind so that the work should be of superior quality and the transparency of social affairs should be higher. Furthermore, feature conservation is combined organically with livelihood improvement through public participation. Refined urban governance and design based on urban renewal and feature conservation is a way of spatial thinking. It is economically advantageous to urban functional improvement and optimum land utilization, culturally beneficial to urban heritage conservation and cultural inheritance, socially rewarding to livelihood improvement and care for vulnerable groups, and environmentally suitable to the quality improvement of urban public landscape. Through the six case studies, this chapter analyzes the relationship between urban renewal and historical conservation in Xuhui practices. Additionally, it examines the blueprint to build a multilateral coordination platform for the government, businesses, designers and citizens based on urban renewal and feature conservation to bring about refined urban governance of joint management and win-win rationally.

2 Keep Improving: Planning-Led Urban Renewal 2.1 Background and Origin Xuhui District is located beside the Huangpu River, and spans across the inner, middle and outer ring roads. In recent years, Xuhui District has highlighted the development direction of functional improvement, the development path of wise growth, and the development spirit of openness and inclusiveness. It has also explored and implemented urban renewal under the direction of “innovation-driven and transformational development”. To this end, its urban functions and quality gradually improve. In the meantime, in the period of economic and social transformation, urban development also faces many challenges, such as the increasing shortage of land resources and the increasing demand for public facilities. While Shanghai is becoming an astounding global city, urban characteristics and historical features need to be

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strengthened, and the open space system needs to be optimized. These call for more refined planning, design and management.

2.2 Measures and Mechanism (I) Advancing local urban renewal guided by the philosophy of refinement While the total amount of construction land is fixed, urban development is changing from extensional development to connotative development. By the same token, urban planning is close to shifting from incremental development to urban renewal. Hence, the conventional thinking of large-scale demolition and construction needs to be replaced by urban renewal. 1. Directing local evaluation constructed on the philosophy of refined management As far as urban renewal is concerned, we need to give play to the strategic guidance of planning to optimize the urban layout for urban development, conduct a careful local evaluation to tailor measures to practical conditions, and set up facilities based on population compositions of different sub-districts. Next, we need to bridge facility gaps by various means such as urban renewal and pre-land-transfer evaluation, take individualized management measures to meet diverse social necessities, prioritize areas with present poor conditions, urgent public demands, and conditions for nearterm renewal, and promote the systematization and networking of public green belts and spaces. Afterward, we have to provide necessities like parking lots, municipal facility renewals and public facilities with t the goal of improving the living standards of residents.

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Zoning strategy map of urban renewal of Xuhui District

2. Adopting individual renewal strategies derived from the characteristics of different areas The north, central and south parts of Xuhui District differ in terms of development base and current situation. The seven key functional zones of Xuhui District are the main working positions of urban renewal, and directional operating procedures will be determined for development priorities of different areas based on their current development base and future development potential.

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The waterfront, midtown and Huajing areas in Xuhui District have some development potential and conditions for structural optimization for transformation and renewal. Accordingly, area-based large-scale, comprehensive renewal and functional restructuring need to be conducted. Xujiahui and Caohejing Development Zones are more sophisticated, so neighborhood-based medium-scale local renewal and functional improvement should be conducted, with a focus on strengthening links among new projects and integrating areas. Due to the change of the commercial market pattern in recent years, Xujiahui has a crucial need to move from a traditional commercial area into a functionally diversified central activity area. As the earliest high-tech park of China, Caohejing Development Zone needs to change from a conventional high-tech park into a technology and business park of the knowledge economy age, and be renewed through functional and format adjustment, environmental quality building, among others. Compared to large-scale renewal, small-scale embedded renewal has been implemented continually in the Hengfu Conservation Area, and some old residential communities in areas such as Tianlin and Kangjian have been subjected to beautification, micro-renewal, and so forth. Here, unused buildings, inactive spaces and even hygienic dead spots utilized appropriately to meet the demand for public facilities, open spaces and infrastructure in densely populated areas, and integrated environmental management is conducted to improve the living conditions of citizens. 3. Guiding public participation, and advocating autonomy and joint management An urban renewal project regardless of size is a systematic social project. Urban renewal involves multiple stakeholders, so the government must fully mobilize social forces while strengthening organizational leadership to achieve refined space planning and integrated management through multilateral coordination and effective organization. Xuhui District must take advantage of community planners, involve the public in autonomy and joint management, and strive for all-faceted social support for the whole process from project research, planning to implementation to ensure that renewal projects are systematically implemented. (II) Realizing the planning intention through refined design controls At the project implementation phase, a spatial management system with clearly defined responsibilities and authorities is established through refined planning, and “design controls” are used to intervene in spaces, facilities, among others. They are developed to realize the planning intention. 1. West Asia Hotel becoming T20 Building T20 Building is situated in Xujiahui, and its former site was West Asia Hotel which old Shanghai people are familiar with. Since there is a huge demand for parking lots around the hotel, pedestrian and vehicular traffic are relatively chaotic. In the West

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Asia Hotel renewal project, reconstruction is carried out and surrounding traffic is optimized based on its own development needs. Since the plot of West Asia Hotel is very small, the existing parking lot has been moved into the building following the reconstruction plan to resolve the conflict between pedestrians and vehicles. In addition, the ground floor is left blank, and a pedestrian platform is set up on the second floor and connected to the corridor of the Xujiahui trading area for sightseeing and passage. The facades are landscaped to create a spectacular hanging park, which is linked with Xujiahui Park to become a new landmark and landscape mode in the Xujiahui trading area. 2. A new waterfront cultural landmark—West Bund Media Port Situated in the Xuhui waterfront, West Bund Media Port attracts media network, cultural creativity and business projects with Pearl Studio being the flagship project, and is designed as a cultural and media cluster zone, and a new urban cultural landmark. The West Bund Media Port project is subject to integrated design and unified operation management to strengthen neighborhood connections, and integrate the development of aboveground, ground and underground spaces. In integrated design, pedestrian-vehicle separation is realized through a three-dimensional stratification to create a compact, convenient and efficient three-dimensional block, and ensure the orderliness and unification of the overall urban space. Through threedimensional design, a Floor 2 platform that can be called a “second ground” is built, providing a public square while meeting pedestrian traffic demands. The Floor 2 platform provides a comfortable and interesting space free from motor vehicles, and has access to the waterfront via pedestrian overpasses, which also makes it a viewing deck over the Huangpu River. To ensure that the West Bund Media Port is constructed as planned, Xuhui District has prepared in-depth additional urban design and control planning drawings as additional conditions for land transfer, providing a legal restraint, and a planning and management basis for refined local environment development and management. The above projects differ greatly in nature, scale and development pattern, but additional drawings are prepared to realize the refined management of spatial form and construction quality. They also include blocks, public passages, squares, and other space control elements in statutory planning to ensure implementation.

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Design drawing of the waterfront theater

(III) Realizing the refined management of featured areas through road rehabilitation The Hengshan Road-Fuxing Road conservation area of historical and cultural features is the area with the largest and most historical buildings in downtown Shanghai, covering an area of 7.66 km2 , in which the Xuhui occupies 4.3 km2 . It incarnates the brilliant Shanghai culture, carries the city’s historical memories, and has a unique cultural value and a strong cultural charm. With the acceleration of economic and social development, and urban construction, the former features of low density, high landscaping and high-quality supporting facilities of historical feature areas are weakening, and the trend of building, function and population aging gradually grows. Extending the urban context, preserving urban memories and improving environmental standards are the top priorities of feature conservation, and the key principle of feature conservation is the holistic, contiguous, hierarchical, classified, systematic and scientific conservation of historical blocks, featured roads, historical buildings and overall spaces. At present, a point-line-plane feature conservation system composed of excellent historical buildings, featured roads, and areas of historical and cultural features has been established 1. Sticking to refined management of featured road rehabilitation The refined management of featured road rehabilitation is an important measure of the conservation system, and has three major tasks: road rehabilitation, road renovation and business format adjustment, which are implemented to improve overall environmental quality in the area. In 2017, the road rehabilitation in Xuhui District was seamlessly connected to road renovation, business format adjustment, landscape

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upgrading and other subsequent activities; house renovation was combined with the demolition of illegal roadside facades (demolition before construction) to ensure the successful implementation of subsequent activities. Featured road rehabilitation is directed at the unauthorized conversion of residential houses into non-residential properties, unlicensed businesses, store opening on demolished walls, among others. It also includes business format adjustment for licensed but low-end and unsightly businesses. Road renovation is conducted on a rolling basis in conjunction with renovation planning and progress, and optimizes sidewalks, roadside facades, and storefronts with great room for improvement based on a field investigation to improve the road and landscape quality of featured areas. 2. Implementing featured road rehabilitation Featured road rehabilitation is directed by the Plan for Featured Road Conservation of Xuhui District to improve featured roads systematically while preserving their dimensions, landscape and cultural atmosphere, with focus on environmental landscape upgrading and business format regulation. Quiet living streets will be subject to landscape upgrading mainly to maintain a quiet atmosphere, control commercial settings, and conduct road paving, municipal pipeline rearrangement, store sign regulation, alley crossing beautification, landscape upgrading, among others. Commercial streets will be subject to both business format adjustment and landscape upgrading, where any business format that affects the road appearance and the surrounding environment will be removed definitely, while stores that largely meet the practical needs of nearby communities but have a poor image or environment will be upgraded. 3. Advancing the chief block planner system In featured road rehabilitation, the chief block planner system will be advanced. The chief planner is the technical coordinator of the community space management and implementation platform. Some experiences from trials are summarized here. First, whole-lifecycle control: the government has entrusted the chief planner with assisting all parties involved in using reasonable techniques and solutions in the whole process of block growth according to the featured road plan. Next, integrated coordination of design and implementation: the chief planner serves as the coordinator of discipline and overall control, and coordinates all parties involved to realize the planning intention and the overall goal at the design and implementation phases. Finally, real-time direction and control of the implementation process: the chief planner and all parties involved hold a joint spot working meeting at the right time to reach a common understanding through discussion, and adjust the plan timely based on specific difficulties and field conditions. 4. Combining with practices of refined urban governance Practices of refined urban governance can be seen more intuitively from the featured road rehabilitation of Yueyang Road. Located at the south end of the Hengfu Conservation Area and being a Class 1 road for feature conservation, Yueyang Road is one

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of the oldest urban roads of contemporary Shanghai. It is 947 m long and 15 m wide, and is surrounded by about 90 historical buildings, including 11 excellent ones and 12 preserved ones. Street trees on both sides are tall, lush and orderly. There are a number of state-level scientific and cultural institutions along with it, such as the Shanghai Chinese Painting Academy, the Shanghai Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Shanghai Peking Theater. During implementation, Yueyang Road would be designed as a featured road integrating culture, technology, art and life, and the implementation strategy is centered on micro-design, micro-action thinking, stage-by-stage implementation on important nodes, and both guidance and supervision in management mechanism. The goal is to build Yueyang Road into a highquality cultural and artistic block of slow life within five years through history and culture exploration, street feature conservation, landscape improvement, and function activation.

A comparison of the impact of the Hengfu Conservation Area of historical and cultural features before and after road rehabilitation

2.3 Innovation and Impact The purpose of refined planning and management is to improve service, planning and management effectiveness. Over these years, Xuhui District has effectively carried out practices and explorations in respect of overall planning, urban design, project management, among others, guided by the philosophy of refined management, and has achieved excellent results.

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First, urban renewal projects of different scales and natures have been launched under the direction of regional overall planning, which have constantly improved land utilization efficiency and urban functions. Urban renewal has activated some existing land resources and improved the level of intensive land utilization, such as urban renewal projects like the Shanghai Science and Education Film Studio in Xujiahui, thereby bridging gaps in public community elements, realizing functional complementation between public service facilities and plots, and improving local public service levels. On the other hand, gradually-advanced and small-scale urban renewal has been activating the urban area, such as renewal projects like the East Lake green space and Xiangyang Park in the Hengfu Conservation Area, where social benefits have been generated through space and landscape opening and sharing. Second, livelihoods are improved, and the environment is optimized. For all construction projects, the Xuhui District Government collects opinions and needs from departments concerned and the public, and pays attention to detailed planning to improve urban functions, service level and living standards of residents, and solve problems such as car parking, municipal facility renewal and public service facility shortage. For instance, the West Asia Hotel urban renewal project not only transforms an old hotel into a Class A office building, but also solves problems such as insufficient urban public spaces, poor landscaping quality and disconnected pedestrian systems. Third, urban characteristics are reinforced. Culture and characteristics are one of the core competencies of an area. The path of overall protection and elegant utilization is followed for the Hengfu Conservation Area, where new functions as business, office and characteristic commerce are introduced into a number of projects such as the Hengshan Place and Ferguson Lane, while they are aligned with traditional features in building volume, style, material, color, among others, achieving good results. Industrial heritage buildings in the Xuhui waterfront are converted into art galleries and other artistic facilities, creating the West Bund Cultural Corridor and a cultural brand; existing facilities of the industrial civilization such as wharves, tower cranes, watchtowers and rails are preserved to create a characteristic waterfront open space. Culture and characteristics make a place always look fresh, and a number of urban spaces with both cultural connotations and distinctive characteristics have been created through refined design and implementation.

2.4 Inspiration and Prospect Xuhui District has now entered a crucial period of innovation-driven development, and economic transformation and renovation with a focus on connotative urban development, and functional and quality improvement, as new ideas and requirements of refined governance are proposed for urban planning. In response to the refined management pattern of the new period, the working methodology needs improvement.

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First, planning needs change, and a refined planning and management system needs to be established to ensure precise, careful and in-depth management. Second, a long-term tracking and management mechanism needs to be established. To realize planning intention through refined design controls, in-depth and detailed design requirements should be raised for a plot, which is technically demanding and calls for a long-term tracking and management mechanism to strengthen cooperation among different design teams through planning operation tracking, business information collection, annual work evaluation and regular communication. Afterward, whole-process technical tracking services require consolidation. The chief planner system is practiced in the Hengfu Conservation Area, and a stable planner team is established to strengthen technical tracking services throughout the process from design to management. This approach can be gradually extended to other areas. Such services will build a bridge in planning and management to make planning and management more refined.

3 Strenuous Efforts: Building a Superior Waterfront for the Global City 3.1 Background and Origin The Xuhui waterfront is located on the south extension of the core area of the Huangpu River, with a land area of 9.4 km2 and a shoreline length of 11.4 km. It is the only waterfront that can be developed on a large scale and as a whole in downtown Shanghai. It was once an important transport, logistics, storage and industrial production base in Shanghai, and there is an urgent need for its environmental improvement in the urban development process. In 2007, the Xuhui District Government signed AMemorandum to Promote Cooperation in the Integrated Development of the Huangpu River (Xuhui District segment) with the Huangpu River Office, defining the development mechanism of city-district joint development with focus on the district level, the development principle of government leadership and market operation, and the entry points of land acquisition and storage, infrastructure construction and public environment building. It officially begins the functional transformation and revitalization of the waterfront, and urban brownfield development. For the Xuhui waterfront public open space as a pilot, an area of about 30 hectares was built up in coordination with the Shanghai World Expo in 2010, a shoreline of 3.6 km was reconstructed, and historical relics in the area were conserved and utilized effectively, extending the urban historical context. This created a waterfront space suitable for diverse activities and a rich ecological environment with cultural characteristics of Shanghai, and promoted the functional transformation of the Huangpu River shoreline from a productive one to a living one. This case is held to high esteem

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by the citizens. In 2014 alone, over 600 exchange and investigation delegations with over 10,000 people were received. As one of the six key functional zones of Shanghai during the Twelfth Five-year Plan period, the Xuhui waterfront combines history, culture and ecology organically. Moreover, a characteristic development path has been created: the waterfront ahead of the hinterland, and environmental protection ahead of development.

3.2 Measures and Mechanism This project was launched by a development company co-funded by the municipal government and district government. The overall functional positioning and layout were determined through over 20 special studies, over 100 seminars and review meetings, and nearly 200 pieces of expert feedback. An area of public green space of 200 hectares was planned, accounting for 21% of total area and nearly 40% of developable land area, focused on the waterfront of 11.4 km and penetrating to the hinterland via a wedge-shaped green belt. In 2008, the special open space was approved, providing policy support for project implementation. Urban design guidance, area vertical planning, integrated pipeline planning, shoreline utilization planning, and other systematic planning were organized to support area development. (I) Paying attention to urban historical context conservation The Xuhui waterfront has many excellent industrial heritage sites with historical and cultural value. Building these sites with time memories reborn in the post-industrial age to inherit history and culture, and extend the urban context is a new exploration. At the beginning of project development, Tongji University was assigned to conduct a census on industrial heritage sites, demolition, retention, reconstruction and relocation measures taken. Typical representatives of industrial memories included in the catalog of the fifth group of excellent historical buildings of Shanghai. Through refined land acquisition and storage, a wharf of 40,000 m2 , 33 historical buildings and structures, nearly 100 bollards, rail tracks of 2.5 km, 1200 sleepers, stones of 1800 m2 and four cranes are originally preserved, gaining rich historical and cultural resources for the development of the waterfront open space.

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The landscape of waterfront public space

(II) Building a world-class waterfront space through first-class planning Designs are solicited worldwide by drawing on successful experiences of the revitalization of “brownfields” such as the Port of Hamburg and the London South Bank. The “Shanghai Corniche” design from Britain-based PDR is selected, where flood walls are set up in stages and pavements raised to create a landscaped driving avenue. The tram line running from south to north, landscaped footpaths, bicycle paths and waterfront terraces promote the integration of waters, green spaces and the urban area. In the built-up area, rail tracks are retained to build a flower valley and the wharf is rebuilt into waterfront terraces as the main storyline, and combined with landscape nodes such as the Nanpu Station platform, tower crane square, maritime tower and oil tank art park Furthermore, details such as railway turnouts, signal lamps, steam trains, original stone reuse, elevated footpaths rebuilt from coal conveyor belts, and bollard beautification to reinforce the theme, with squares friendly to citizens were formed around. (III) Practicing low-impact development and paying attention to ecological rehabilitation The landscaped environment of the open space designed by U.S. landscape design firm EDSA is established on the concept of low-impact and sustainable development. “Brownfield” utilization is accomplished through local replacement, isolation control and plant purification based on soil testing; earthwork balancing is realized through micro-topographic creation; measures such as water-permeable pavement, rain garden, and drainage zoning are taken to build a sponge city; the merging of open forests and grasslands is used to increase carbon dioxide absorption; technologies such as wind power are used to provide site lighting, reduce carbon emissions and advocate a green and sustainable development concept.

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West Bund waterfront

(IV) Sticking to large-area development and establishing a complete construction mechanism As a pilot of large-scale integrated development, the land is acquired and stored for the open space as a whole, and all construction and operating costs are balanced in the integrated development process. Not only does this relieve the financial burden but also explores a new path for local sustainable development. Public participation in all aspects is conducted properly, feedback is disclosed, and the design is adjusted during project implementation to meet user needs. Nearly 20 items have been optimized or adjusted with reference to visitor and citizen opinions.

3.3 Innovation and Impact (I) Transforming factories into parks, and building a destination of outdoor activities The Xuhui waterfront has become one of the most popular leisure destinations in the urban area of Shanghai, where over 10 venues with a total area of 20,000 m2 have been completed, with 30,000 visitors per day on holidays. Events such as the Longhua Fair based on traditional culture, fashion event DAFF, the J. P. Morgan Corporate Challenge advocating a healthy lifestyle, and the Shanghai International Marathon are held here annually. Club events organized voluntarily by citizens such as fitness, dancing, running, rock climbing, skateboarding, among others, gather here and make it a place for new Shanghai culture publicity. It attracts movie and television producers, advertisers, and wedding photographers, and becomes a culturally diverse, harmonious and warm place.

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(II) Transforming Ruins into Art, and Building a Cultural Highland The profound history and culture, and the beautiful waterfront landscape have attracted a number of artistic and design institutions, such as Long Museum, Yuz Museum, San Museum, ShanghART Gallery, Exception and Atelier Deshaus; three serial branded events—the Shanghai West Bund Music Festival, West Bund Architecture and Contemporary Art Biennale, and West Bund Art & Design, have been successfully created by converting abandoned wharf lands into a public green spaces, using the site of former Shanghai Cement Mill, and reconstructing the workshop of Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd. The Xuhui waterfront is now a cultural hotspot, where the Art West Bund and the West Bund Music Festival are held annually. In the future, the culture will be given full play to foster the development of the Xuhui waterfront, and cultural activities will be enriched to improve the awareness and competitiveness of the “West Bund” cultural brand. Local cultural values will be exploited to enrich cultural and artistic connotations of public spaces, create a modern waterfront that combines history with creativity and fashion, and make the Xuhui waterfront a new cultural landmark in the international cultural metropolis of Shanghai.

Transforming ruins into art

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Shanghai West Bund Music Festival

(III) Transforming the old area into a vigorous sleepless new town Industrial heritage beside the Huangpu River is used as the carrier to foster the overall development of the interior business area into a vigorous sleepless new town suitable for both work and life through group development highlighting environmental quality. With former Shanghai Cement Mill at the core, Shanghai Dream Center will become a world-class animation, movie and television experience center, and form West Bund Media Port together with a number of famous cultural and media enterprises. The former runway of Longhua Airport is rebuilt into a runway park. The most beautiful boulevard in the downtown and the south-north axis of the business area are built as well. The Nanpu Railway Station and the Shixian Warehouse are retained to build a pedestrian boulevard and a public activity space with composite functions in the business area. The above projects will be completed in the next three to five years. In the fierce competition due to functional, industrial and formal convergence on both sides of the Huangpu River, a high-end modern service cluster zone blending culture, media, innovative finance, integrated commerce and aviation services is built in the Xuhui waterfront derived from its own resources, which promotes urban renewal effectively.

3.4 Inspiration and Prospect First, attention should be paid to the conservation of historical authenticity as a unique living environment. Original forms and characteristic elements are conserved in environment building to improve the living environment while extending site history.

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Second, attention should be paid to high-quality planning and management to establish the technical path of environment building. World-class teams are invited for planning, and major domestic design institutes are invited for support. A highquality waterfront public environment is presented through refined construction, open operation and refined management. Third, attention should be paid to large-area integrated development and financial support. A construction mechanism is explored and implemented through overall land acquisition and storage, overall development, and overall fund balancing, promoting integrated environmental, economic and social development. Fourth, attention should be paid to coordinated environmental and functional development to reflect the value of an environmental improvement. The public open space serves as the pilot to foster the overall development of the interior area, which reflects the clustering and promotion role for typical industries. Fifth, attention should be paid to artistic and cultural connotations to create highlights in the living environment. Historical industrial heritage is activated and given new artistic and cultural connotations. This portrays the Xuhui waterfront public open space as a successful example of new waterfront development and boosts the overall image of the West Bund.

4 Precise Policy Implementation: Building Historical Feature Blocks Suitable for Walking 4.1 Background and Origin In recent years, the municipal CPC committee and government attach great importance to featured area conservation. In May 2016, Han Zheng, Secretary of the Shanghai Municipal CPC Committee, highlighted when investigating featured area conservation in Xuhui District: “Historical buildings and features are a continuation of urban history and a deposit of culture, and their conservation is an important task of Shanghai in following the instructions of the Central Urban Work Conference. For today’s Shanghai, we must take the strictest measures to conserve and extend the context and memories of this city. We need to do our utmost in this job with an attitude of being accountable for history and the city. This is a major responsibility for today’s urban managers.” In light of the municipal leadership’s instruction, the key leaders of the Xuhui District CPC Committee and Government held several topical meetings to study and arrange featured area conservation, and proposed the goal of “increasing public spaces, green area and cultural functions, and reducing building capacity, population and excess commerce”. From April 2016, the District Urban Management and Law Enforcement Bureau, along with relevant authorities, the Tianping and Hunan Sub-district Offices, took quick and effective measures with a focus on security, livelihoods and gaps. It conducted extensive integrated regulation against the unauthorized

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conversion of residential houses into non-residential properties (store opening on demolished walls, door opening), unlicensed businesses, illegal construction, among others, on roads in featured areas. Besides, it imposed heavy penalties which solved stubborn problems such as noise, oil fume, dirty and disorderly environment, and destruction of buildings or block features.

4.2 Measures and Mechanism (I) Meticulous joint planning A joint task force composed of selected members from the urban management, market regulation, housing management and public security authorities, and Xufang Group, was organized. Duties and law enforcement processes were defined and quarterly, monthly and weekly work plans were developed and disclosed under the Jointly Developed Integrated Regulation Program. Roadside businesses were investigated one by one and a file was created for each business. Problem lists, violation clauses, corrective measures and correction periods were defined. Moreover, weekly task force meetings and monthly leading group meetings were held to report current progress and analyze and solve problems and difficulties. Furthermore, a topical spot meeting was held timely in case of a severe problem or emergency to ensure that all tasks were performed steadily and orderly. (II) Meticulous inspection along with communities In light of the instruction of the leadership of the municipal CPC committee that historical buildings must be carefully maintained and conserved according to law, the sub-district urban management and law enforcement squadron strengthened the routine regulation of the decoration behavior of excellent and other buildings together with street inspection, community inspection, community contact, among others, to eliminate blind spots of inspection. Local community committees, property management enterprises and third parties are mobilized in conformity with the Administrative Measures for the Inspection and Conservation of Excellent Historical Buildings of Xuhui District to ensure that problems in featured areas are identified, handled and corrected timely based on the six compulsory items of inspection and reporting, namely scaffold setup and netting, construction waste and materials, outdoor advertisements and storefronts, road occupation for construction and wall opening, unlicensed businesses and landscaping damages, and first-time resident complaints and intermediary decoration.

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Routine inspection on building decoration by a law enforcement agency

(III) Sticking to precise collaboration based on a clear division of labor Based on the preliminary investigation, the urban management agency, along with the market regulation agency and sub-district offices, discussed the working principles and regulation strategy and stressed that all law enforcement resources and measures should be integrated and utilized properly, quick handling mechanism should be optimized, and the demolition, closedown and adjustment measures should be taken where appropriate. In particular, illegal construction, store opening on demolished walls, door opening, and unauthorized conversion of residential houses into nonresidential properties were subject to demolition and restoration by the urban management agency. Unlicensed businesses were closed down in line with the market regulation agency. Business format adjustments and upgrading were conducted by the sub-district offices; housing management offices, police offices, community committees and property management companies also provided support through publicity, investigation, discussion, conflict mitigation, consolation, among others, to advance integrated regulation progressively. (IV) Ensuring precise and orderly correction through joint meetings As the main force of law enforcement, the urban management agency assigned the backbone staff to join the joint task force, prepared and issued the notice of integrated road management, and conducted joint notification and discussion together with the market regulation and public security authorities, and sub-district offices as well. Precise policy implementation was realized based on first-hand information and expertise of the Housing Management Bureau and Xufang Group. In addition, the notices of joint law enforcement and correction within a specified period were posted at obvious positions, ordering problematic businesses to conduct correction within

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a specified period and properly prepare for restoration. Afterward, Xufang Group followed up promptly, and conducted construction quickly and timely according to the original drawings and appearance requirements, setting a good example for other businesses and ensuring quick, steady and orderly regulation.

Joint meeting organized by a law enforcement agency

(V) Conducting integrated regulation efficiently using flexible measures For illegal businesses that had not registered themselves and with which discussions were futile, flexible measures were taken as the case may be. Joint regulation by multiple authorities was conducted along with sub-district leaders according to the three items of increase and decrease. Corrective measures were taken for state-owned or supportive businesses to set examples; for businesses in difficulties, assistance was offered together with sub-district offices; for hesitant businesses, door-to-door discussion was repeatedly conducted, and the post-correction image was notified to avoid intensifying conflicts; for noncompliant businesses, frequent joint law enforcement was conducted, and careful and thorough preparations were made. In the regulation of the Hengfu Conservation Area, the urban management team members worked judiciously, patiently and diligently around the clock, and the blue color of their uniform became the nicest protective color for the urban area.

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4.3 Innovation and Impact (I) Making buildings readable through strict regulation Since April 2016, the District Urban Management and Law Enforcement Bureau, along with the Tianping and Hunan Sub-district Offices, and Xufang Group as instructed by the Xuhui District CPC Committee and Government in two years, conducted a large-scale intensive regulation on unauthorized conversion of residential houses into non-residential properties, unlicensed businesses, illegal construction, among others. In 2016, 344 residential houses converted into non-residential properties without authorization were regulated and 218 unlicensed businesses were revoked; in 2017, 170 residential houses converted into non-residential properties without authorization were regulated, and 183 unlicensed businesses were revoked. Through regulation, historical buildings that were “injured” by violations in featured areas were reborn, enabling visitors and citizens to “read” these beautiful buildings and review Shanghai’s valuable historical memories again.

Historical feature area after refined governance

(II) Strengthening law enforcement to make roads more suitable for a walk In the past two years, the District Urban Management and Law Enforcement Bureau regulated 36 roads in featured areas (15 in 2016 and 21 in 2017). Violations on these roads, such as unauthorized conversion of residential houses into non-residential

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properties, store opening on demolished walls, nonconforming outdoor advertisements and store signs, were eliminated completely. In 2016 alone, 219 nonconforming outdoor advertisements and store signs were removed, making dirty and disorderly streets tidy, orderly, clean and unobstructed. Citizens can now enjoy the beautiful street landscape, and feel the historical evolution of the city. The featured area regulation work of the urban management law enforcement authority is highly praised. (III) Satisfying residents and making the area more livable In 2016, 234 illegal buildings totaling over 4400 m2 were demolished. In addition, historical buildings totaling 174,000 m2 were renovated, old houses totaling 28,400 m2 were improved in safety, and 28 communities (Clements Apartments, among others) were regulated comprehensively. In 2017, 192 stores opened on demolished walls were closed down, and 52 illegal buildings were demolished. Through these effective regulatory efforts, the feature conservation areas in Tianping and Hunan Sub-districts have become more livable and have provided better living spaces to local residents and improved their living standards.

4.4 Inspiration and Prospect Historical feature conservation is an everlasting cause. Following the destructive construction of the excellent historical building at No. 888 Julu Road in Jing’an District in July 2017, a strong inspiration was generated for urban governance. In practice, lessons drawn from this event include strengthening routine inspection and regulation, improving the quality of building renovation, strictly implementing the Administrative Measures for the Routine Conservation of Excellent (Reserved) Historical Buildings of Xuhui District, taking refined management measures, and establishing a routine long-term mechanism. Sub-district grid networks, community committees and property management companies should work under the leadership of sub-district offices to improve routine inspection, regulation and law enforcement, control illegal acts strictly, and protect, properly manage and maintain valuable heritage to revitalize it. (I) Strictly implementing refinement A three-year action plan for the integrated management of featured areas has been developed and strictly implemented. In addition, refined criteria for the integrated management of featured areas have been fixed to control objectives, methods and progress of integrated management, transform from extensive one-way management to refined integrated management, and optimize business formats on roads in featured areas to ensure that the road landscape in featured areas is tidy and orderly.

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(II) Improving the inspection and discovery system The identification, persuasion and reporting responsibilities of property service companies need to be defined, and sub-district offices are required to mobilize community committees to strengthen the routine inspection, reporting and regulation of decorative activities of excellent buildings, and gradually extend to all houses in featured areas and historical buildings in the whole district. The six compulsory items of inspection and reporting need be strictly implemented. Sub-district urban management law enforcement squadrons need to enforce the regulation of decorative activities of excellent and other buildings together with street inspection, community inspection, community contact, among others, and look for “high points” with the collaboration of supervisors of sub-district grid centers for high-level inspection. Working modes such as third-party supervision and volunteer identification should be introduced, and information shared with grid management centers to dispose of violations discovered effectively and fill up gaps in routine regulation. (III) Elevating law enforcement and punishment ranges Legal resources should be utilized comprehensively to severely punish violations after the regulation of featured areas and efficiently improve administrative capacity. Once any new illegal building is discovered, it should be checked and identified onsite immediately; if it is identified on-site, the legal procedure should begin immediately; if its proprietor refuses to demolish it, it should be demolished compulsorily within 4-5 days. For house structure destroying acts, such as excavation, floor insertion and wall breakage, sub-district offices should organize the relevant authorities to conduct protective construction and repair at the expense of violators. For any act that may affect public security and found by a specialized agency to have any major risk and involve any criminal liability, such as house structure destruction and unauthorized gas alteration, the case should be transferred to the public security authority for punishment according to law. (IV) Strengthening regulation The punishment of dishonest acts of violators should be enforced, and acts such as house structure destruction, illegal construction and house appearance destruction should be recorded in house registration, so that the house will not be transferred or mortgaged without correction and inspection. Violator information should be included in the public credit platform properly to effectively improve the threat of law enforcement. The regulation of property management companies should be strengthened, and those failing to perform their obligations should be subjected to administrative punishment according to law. The regulation of decoration companies should be strengthened, and they should be required to discourage and resist illegal requirements raised by parties concerned; illegal decorative activities of decoration

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companies and workers should be taken as a basis for corporate and individual qualification evaluation. (V) Taking multiple measures comprehensively If a store continues to operate after door and window restoration, measures such as registration, closedown, adjustment and leaseback will be taken while law enforcement is strengthened. The governance structure of residential areas should be improved to combine administration and resident autonomy, and promote autonomy and joint management efficiently; full play should be given to the role of community committees and residents in autonomy, and residents advocated caring about their own residential safety and supervising neighborhood decoration activities and use. Social publicity and education should be strengthened in conjunction with law publicity, and the exposure of typical and major cases, with particular stress on new communities, and secondhand house delivery and decoration, where residents need guidance to understand and abide by laws. The community-based urban management system needs to be strengthened to pass on laws and regulations, meet the needs of residents, and improve their sense of gain and satisfaction. Technological innovation should be encouraged to improve the intelligence level of urban management, and grid centers and regulation platforms need to be coordinated under smart urban management IT building to realize the sharing of basic data, and provide technical support for real-time monitoring and quick handling.

5 Yueyang Road “Micro-Renewal”: A Magnificent Turn Without Road Broadening 5.1 Background and Origin As the largest conserved featured area in Shanghai, the Hengfu Conservation Area in Xuhui District has an area of 4.4 km2 , in which the 31 roads in Xuhui District are conserved featured roads that will never be broadened, accounting for nearly half of all the 64 ones in Shanghai. Among the featured areas in Shanghai, the featured roads in Xuhui District are best conserved and have the best landscape and the most suitable widths. Through constant attempts, Xuhui District has set many good examples. Featured road conservation in Xuhui District has achieved the organic integration of cultural elements and urban functions in organic urban renewal, restoring a historical block with memories, stories and a cultural atmosphere. Yueyang Road which is situated at the south end of the Hengfu Conservation Area is one of the oldest urban roads in the west zone of the contemporary French Concession in Shanghai. As short as 947 m, Yueyang Road is endowed with rich historical and cultural elements. The AMJ design team sorted out landscape elements along the road, studied existing problems deeply, and improved its landscape quality centered on the principle of conserving excellent historical buildings, restoring traditional

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historical features, uncovering block cultural elements, activating the historical and cultural atmosphere, promoting community autonomy, and improving refined urban management.

5.2 Measures and Mechanism (I) Learning problems to be solved in depth based on the requirements of regulatory street design guidelines Existing control requirements and problems to be solved in depth were learned based on the requirements of regulatory street design guidelines for featured areas. Roadside facades, buildings, enclosing walls, important spatial nodes and public facilities on Yueyang Road were regulated and improved, and functions were activated to gradually restore historical features, improve landscape quality, and create an overall street environment with a historical and cultural atmosphere, and an elegant, warm and pleasant slow life block. (II) Uncovering and displaying historical and cultural connotations of characteristic streets in depth Yueyang Road is a street with historical and cultural characteristics in Tianping Subdistrict. Whether in residences of historical figures or in venues of historical events, these features are highly characteristic. Besides external environment building in the traditional way, these features must be deeply exploited and displayed to present their historical and cultural connotations. After the design improvement of three intersections (the intersection of Zhaojiabang and Yueyang Roads with a scientific and cultural atmosphere, the segment from Jianguo West Road to Yongjia Road with a cultural and artistic atmosphere, and Pushkin Square with block features), enclosing walls, building facades, billboards, pavements, among others, through micro-design and micro-section based on the design thinking of feature conservation, the impact of some facilities on the street appearance were reduced, and cultural and historical spaces in Yueyang Road were uncovered and improved. In addition, an implementation strategy based on both guidance and regulation has been established, permanently ensuring the landscape quality of this featured road. (III) Analyzing subjects in detail to shape and improve the landscape environment through “micro-renewal” Subjects were analyzed in detail, and the traditional status was restored from the perspective of feature control to shape and improve the landscape environment.

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Rifle fence on Yueyang Road

1. Nicest enclosing wall—rifle fence There are enclosing walls of distinct styles on Yueyang Road. Following research and analysis, the International Research Center for Innovation in Urban Renewal and Conservation at Shanghai Jiao Tong University and the AMJ design team thought that most enclosing walls blended in with the environment. Yet, an enclosing wall of an office block close to one end of Yongjia Road was coarse and did not harmonize with the temperament and quality of the featured area, which required some micromodification. The design team considered many options of modification, and Mr.

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Xue from Shanghai proposed a practice of old Shanghai—the rifle fence. Enclosing wall modification should be based on local conditions. In the featured area, many enclosing walls are actually closed, so finding good craftsmen for the “rifle fence” is the best way of restoring historical features and memories, and building a warm historical block to protect internal privacy and reduce maintenance costs. The design team’s attempt succeeded. Many people who had lived here for a long time were very happy, and would come to the sub-district office to praise the nice rifle fence. President Wang Zhan of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences said: “The rifle fence is a unique enclosing wall in Shanghai. While ensuring privacy and safety, its aesthetic value is reflected in that it reveals traces of architecture and life inside vaguely, and combines rural and modern urban styles. Small bamboos are readily available from many hills around Shanghai. The nicest enclosing wall of Shanghai must be the rifle fence on Yueyang Road.” 2. Allday store near home Roadside facade regulation is also a very important task of historical feature conservation and quality improvement of Yueyang Road. In planning research, it is easy to find problems and make ideal elevation drawings, yet it is very difficult to turn beautiful drawings into real stores and street features. Since the typical red-white-blue facade of the Alldays convenience store on Yueyang Road is inconsistent with the elegant style of the road, the designer of the AMJ design team proposed an elegant solution to modify the wall and billboard by adding a frame to the glass window to show the quality and characteristics of the featured area; the finished solution was strongly objected in the first exchange with the business. During the whole design process, the community chief planner organized the sub-district office, business and design team to communicate face to face many times. After over ten rounds of communication, the store-owner and design team gradually reached consensus on the wall, window, billboard, canopy, among others. At the construction stage, the planner advised the construction staff to do a local trial painting, but the contractor thought that the store wall was small, and it was unnecessary to make a sample. After the work was done, the obtrusive bright yellow wall was highly uncoordinated with the overall style. Consequently, the chief planner contacted the contractor, the sub-district office and business to hold an on-site discussion, and wall samples of multiple colors were compared on-site before finalization.

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The real scene of Alldays convenience store before construction

The real scene of Alldays convenience store after construction

The planner also deeply felt the importance of refined urban design and management. Hence, the planner and the designer actively coordinated the sub-district office, government and business while comparing options and taking technical controls. It can be perceived that urban renewal improves constantly, urban landscape governance is not so simple, and urban design is a sustainable process other than a one-time one. Urban design based on urban renewal and feature conservation is not only a solution, but also a coordination platform. Effectively implementing the urban design requirements and turning the urban design into landscape guidelines available to managers, businesses and the public to promote joint block management, is an important way of shifting from urban management to urban governance in organic urban renewal.

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3. Parking lot design with small square tiles With the increase of vehicular traffic in downtown Shanghai, activity spaces available to residents are increasingly limited, and bicycle parking spaces can be seen everywhere on narrow sidewalks. In particular, with the emergence of shared bicycles for low-carbon traffic, there are more and more bicycle parking spaces framed by white lines on sidewalks. Although this practice is straightforward and effective, drawing white lines on well-designed pedestrian pavements makes featured areas no longer look exquisite. Through an in-depth exploration, the design team thought that bicycle parking spaces should not be set up by adding any facility since sidewalks on roads in featured areas were narrow. The AMJ design team designed bicycle parking spaces using the bold form of square tile paving and they found found it effective. The initial stage of urban management is the most direct and effective, but differs from the exquisite landscape of the featured area; for the high-quality Hengfu Conservation Area, refined management and refined landscape construction need to be explored. Once small square tile paving as a bicycle parking design is used extensively, it will certainly be accepted by people gradually as a practice; with the improvement of people’s living standard and self-culture, people will gradually adapt and like such reserved and elegant parking signs. Spaces are flexible when activities are carried out in historical blocks, thereby creating a beautiful, harmonious, complete, vigorous and rich block landscape in general. 4. Entering communities for feature design Many residents in the featured area live in a relatively poor environment, especially the elderly living alone. When the AMJ design team learned that the sub-district office had always been visiting these elderly people, it proposed to take part in such activities immediately, and stated that its design work was for both features and livelihoods. Before the Mid-autumn Festival of 2016, the design team carefully designed and produced moon cakes with features. These moon cakes were traditional Shanghai fresh meat moon cakes produced by local old craftsmen, packaged in a gift box with the Yueyang Road landscape. On the festival, the design team and the Tianping Subdistrict staff presented moon cakes “designed for features” to the senior people who lived alone in communities to warm their heart. Through the perfect combination with livelihood improvement, historical and cultural feature design has penetrated into every family.

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Moon cakes with features presented to the elderly living alone

A wide range of cultural activities has been organized in Tianping Sub-district. On the “Flashback to 1912” Shanghai culture show, visitors were taken back to the beginning of Yueyang Road in 1912 in a flash, and the restored bamboo fence on the road evoked many nice memories of old Shanghai streets among old Shanghai people. The journey of reminiscence to old Shanghai is fitted into people’s lives more effectively through feature design, and artistic and cultural activities; it is the environment that brings to mind historical memories.

5.3 Innovation and Impact (I) Building a multilateral coordination platform to realize win-win joint urban governance using the refined design approach The chief planner is the technical coordinator of community space management and implementation platform. The overall shaping of road features and landscape quality involves all social aspects, and over ten government agencies. Since these agencies and participants often differ in feature understanding, the chief planner has to coordinate all parties concerned (including the public) to take rational and appropriate technical measures in the whole process of block growth as the expert of specialty and overall control. At presently, all construction management agencies can adhere to the principle of respecting historical features but often from different perspectives, and with different measures and accordingly different results. These call for systematic and professional control to carefully and strenuously avoid doing things that are not necessarily correct. The regional planner system has been well established in Western countries, and is being tested by Chinese cities.

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(II) Controlling details timely, and creating a warm historical block through refined design and feature “micro-renewal” The purpose of featured area street regulation is management and maintenance, other than simple addition or deletion, and eventually to hold the bottom line of urban development. The architectural wisdom and value behind historical streets, alleys and buildings should be uncovered through refined design and friendly management, while techniques and processes can help extend the historical context and retain reminiscence. Landscape elements along the road have been sorted out systematically following the principle of protecting excellent historical buildings, restoring historical features and uncovering cultural elements, activating the historical and cultural atmosphere, promoting community autonomy, and improving refined urban management in order to conserve and renew the featured road, and create a warm historical block. (III) Design for livelihoods and features to activate the historical and cultural atmosphere Featured road conservation in Xuhui District is intended not only to beautify the landscape, but more importantly to cater for the people living here. The “people” are the source of a block’s activity, and livelihood improvement can retain the most important element for the featured area—the people. To ensure that people live well on a featured road, management should be more refined, and as precise as embroidery. The goal constantly pursued by designers and managers is to feel the rich alley culture of featured roads in Xuhui District, and combine feature design with conservation and livelihood improvement. Featured road conservation in Xuhui District has realized the organic integration of cultural elements and urban functions in organic urban renewal, restoring a historical block with memories, stories and a cultural atmosphere.

5.4 Inspiration and Prospect First, “micro-renewal” based on feature conservation needs to be improved constantly and developed sustainably. Urban renewal is improved continually, urban landscape governance is not so simple, and urban design is a sustainable process other than a one-time one. Feature road “micro-renewal” is not only a solution, but also a coordination platform. Urban design based on urban renewal and feature conservation is a way of spatial thinking which helps to study the whole region systematically. In this way, people can put forward questions, discover problems and give solutions. Adopting spatial thinking to solve urban problems also provides precise and scientific strategy for urban renewal and feature conservation. Therefore, the process of feature road “micro-renewal” is coordinated by multi-stakeholder groups and it is sustainable. Second, conservation and renewal solutions should be documented to

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promote joint management of the block. To effectively implement the urban design requirements, the design team translated the urban design into landscape guidelines available to managers, businesses and the public. In the meantime, the team also prepared a manager’s handbook, a user’s handbook and a public brochure to promote joint management of the block. This is a crucial way of shifting from urban management to urban governance in organic urban renewal.

6 “Featured Hundred Alleys” in Tianping Sub-district: Extending the Urban Historical Context 6.1 Background and Origin Since 2016, Tianping Sub-district of Xuhui has followed the instruction of Han Zheng, the former Secretary of the Shanghai Municipal CPC Committee, that “we must take the strictest measures to conserve and extend the context and memories of this city”. Tianping Sub-district has been improving the community’s environment and appearance under the instruction of the district CPC committee and government. In practice, the sub-district office fixed a planning theme for each community based on its population, geographic environment and history, and built the “Featured Hundred Alleys” under the landscape construction, cultural atmosphere creation and connotation improvement project through demolition, construction and management measures.

6.2 Measures and Mechanism The themes in the planning of “Featured Hundred Alleys” take on different emphasis. However, they are not separated from each other. In connotation, they are integrated, consistent and interconnected. These different themes reflect each other and they are together to present the scale effect of “historical context inheritance and conservation”, and the “three increases” (increase of public spaces, increase of green spaces and increase of cultural functions), making contribution to improving both soft and hard governance. (I) Improving community environmental facilities from basics In the integrated community governance earlier, the sub-district office collected ideas and needs from residents by means of interviews, visits, public hearings, among others, and proposed customized solutions for communities. Based on the specific situation of the communities, the sub-district constructed hardware facilities such as house infrastructure, environmental supporting facility and security facility. The hardware facility construction also included illegal building demolition, outer

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wall repair and painting, stairway and community enclosure, garbage room reconstruction, non-motor vehicle garage renovation, tree trimming, parterre enrichment, among others. During the hardware facility construction, the sub-district strengthened construction quality and construction progress management. Having heard the rational suggestions of residents, the sub-district made a little adjustment on the scope of construction locally to improve the convenience and practicality of facilities, the cleanliness and appearance of the overall community environment, and maximize facility functions to the maximum, so that communities not only looked surprising but also provided comfortable living conditions to residents. (II) Constructing the “featured hundred alleys” series of cultural landscape walls from a cultural perspective Tianping Sub-district is situated in the Hengfu Conservation Area, with 214 excellent historical buildings and former celebrity residences, and 216 alleys of varying sizes, where spatial cultural elements and signs of times with strong Shanghai characteristics are well preserved. Many alleys and communities have unique cultural resources and features. The sub-district office has collected stories of old roads, old alleys, legendary figures and famous residences related to residential communities, uncovered cultural and historical resources, and presented them through the “Featured Hundred Alleys” series of cultural landscape walls. For example, the No. 43 Anting Road community was built into a cultural alley of former celebrity residences because celebrities like writer Xia Yan, translator Cao Ying, scholar Gu Yuxiu, painter Li Mubai and scientist Zhang Zhongjun once lived here, and famous deeds and the community’s development course are displayed with the theme of “time-honored literature”; the Alley 170 community on Yueyang Road is in close vicinity to the Shanghai Center of Chinese Operas, so a “cultural alley of Beijing and Kunqu operas” was built here to display the development course of Beijing and Kunqu operas, and life experiences of relevant performing artists with the theme of “Chinese tunes”. Yiyuan Community in Alley 506 on Jianguo West Road is a complex of excellent historical buildings in Shanghai with new-type alleys and residences with Spanish and British rural styles, and a “cultural alley of historical buildings” was built here to embody the beauty of architecture with the theme of “featured residences”. Many academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, such as renowned biologist Cao Tianqin, and former president Xie Xide of Fudan University and his wife, once lived in the Alley 581 community on Jianguo West Road. For this reason, a “cultural alley of academicians” was built here to display academicians’ lives, technological and cultural concepts with the theme of the “pillar of the nation”. Unique cultural landscapes reveal the cultural connotations and residential features of these communities, and redefine historical spaces in the new age, thereby creating a scale effect.

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Featured Hundred Alleys cultural landscape wall in the No. 43 Anting Road community

Featured Hundred Alleys cultural landscape wall in Yiyuan Community

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Featured Hundred Alleys cultural landscape wall in the Alley 581 community on Jianguo West Road

(III) Establishing the “small joint service” and “micro-governance” mechanism for residential communities through joint building In the process of integrated community governance, a Level 4 integrated community governance joint meeting platform was established in all communities, used as an effective means of strengthening grass-root work under the leadership of the community’s general CPC branch. A “small joint service” mechanism involving community officials, policemen, urban management members, housing administrators, property managers, resident volunteers and local organization representatives was created. Through timely discovery, reports and handling, the mechanism functioned to solve the management problems in the sub-district in an autonomous way, thereby effectively reinforcing the community “micro-governance” structure. Residents in the No. 43 Anting Road community reported many times that four unlicensed roadside businesses disturbed their daily lives. The sub-district office and the community committees issued notices of joint law enforcement and correction within a specified period together with the market regulation, and urban management law enforcement agencies after repeated door-to-door discussions to form a strong deterrence; the community committees and the property management companies also conducted door-to-door persuasion repeatedly via the autonomy channel. Through these efforts, these four illegal businesses were closed down thoroughly, their properties were restored to residential houses, and the longstanding problem was finally solved, effectively promoting the construction of the “Featured Hundred Alleys”.

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(IV) Introducing third parties to deepen “featured hundred alleys” governance from a management perspective Since some communities had no homeowner committee and no property service company, and their management service level was obviously insufficient, the subdistrict office founded the Huiping Property Service Guidance Center—a third party social organization—in 2015. The organization was appointed to manage the Tianping Alley Management Association, which now governs 39 “alley management committees”. The sub-district office paid particular attention to the role of the Huiping Center and the “alley management committee” managed by it, and conducted the work of the homeowner committee, alley management committee and property management company with their assistance. For example, the Alley 170 community of Yueyang Road has a mix of houses of different types, including army-owned houses, post-sales public houses and commercial houses. Formerly, army-owned houses and public areas were ungoverned and in poor conditions. Under the leadership of the sub-district office, the Huiping Center and the general CPC branch of Jianyue Community established an alley management committee in this community, involving residents of army-owned houses, post-sales public houses and commercial houses. Parking spaces were set up normatively to obtain funds to employ security guards and cleaners. The funds collected were even slightly more than needed. Under the direction of the alley management association, the alley management committee developed management measures and kept operating normatively, realizing integrated security and cleaning. In another example, conflicts once occurred in the Alley 506 community on Jianguo West Road due to property management, among others, and the Huiping Center was ordered by the sub-district office to collect opinions from residents and establish a community autonomy system in forms such as building head meeting, CPC member meeting and visit. With the unanimous consent of residents, parking lines were redrawn in the community; parking fees are levied on all the 43 vehicles parked here, and are used to purchase security and cleaning services which put an end to disorderly management, and support the construction of the “Featured Hundred Alleys” and future management.

6.3 Innovation and Impact First, in terms of facility construction, the “Featured Hundred Alleys” series of cultural landscape walls demonstrate the unique cultural, social and residential landscape of the sub-district in the new age via feature windows, and surrounding cultural and artistic landmarks more vividly, which boost the confidence and pride of the residents, and motivates them to participate in community environment maintenance, and create a harmonious and positive community atmosphere. The community environment, resident self-culture and cultural atmosphere were eventually improved.

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Second, in terms of governance impact, the sub-district office has satisfied the residents’ demand for a higher level of property management, driven community autonomy into a benign cycle. It has also managed all affairs in an orderly manner, and provided a new example for innovative social governance and social organization development through such effective practices of improving joint building and introducing third parties. In addition, the sub-district office extends these practices which gives full play to the advantage of the joint management and autonomy platform under the CPC’s leadership, and absorbs and utilizes all resources to explore projects and mechanisms of joint building, win-win and sharing with local organizations, solve conflicts, and strengthen governance effects with focus on existing community problems. Third, in the long run, with the improvement of facilities, and the deepening of community governance, resident autonomy, joint community management, among others, the sub-district office will follow the collaboration mechanism of featured area conservation and construction, and extend the concept of “community” to “spaces”. On the basis of the “Featured Hundred Alleys”, larger spaces such as “cultural landscape roads”, and “slow life historical and cultural blocks” will be built, and business formats suited to the featured area positioning will be encouraged and sought integrated with historical context inheritance, so that historical spaces in featured areas echo with modern life.

6.4 Inspiration and Prospect First, governance should be centered on facility improvement and cultural atmosphere creation. Based on the practical conditions of communities and needs of residents, the sub-district arranged supporting infrastructure and safety facilities in the facility construction project, and built the “Featured Hundred Alleys” around historical buildings, cultural celebrities, social elites, among others, for different communities. These measures boosted the pride of residents, and aroused residents’ sense of ownership for participating in governance. They should continue in future activities to achieve the expected governance objectives. Second, the role that the “troika” plays should be emphasized in government. The sub-district is responsible for overall planning, and improving the joint building and Level 4 joint meeting platforms, the “small joint service” and “micro-governance” structure, the homeowner committee and the alley management committee. This practice should continue in future work to ensure that community governance is active and effective through an appropriate mechanism, and that joint community management and community autonomy is supported by an appropriate platform.

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7 A Sincere Heart: Past Appearance Restored for Garden Residences 7.1 Background and Origin Huaihai Central Road, running from Tibet South Road on the east to Huashan Road on the west, and spanning Huangpu and Xuhui Districts, is one of the longest east-west trunk roads in the urban area of Shanghai. Both sides of Huaihai Central Road and Changshu Road are high-class residential areas in Shanghai, full of garden houses and luxury villas. When one passes by the intersection of Huaihai Central Road and Huating Road, one would slow down involuntarily—several British rural style garden residences have stood here for over 80 years, with red-tile double-beveled roofs, non-plastered red-brick chimneys and fine gravel outer walls, which look like fairytale candy houses under lush phoenix trees. In 1999, the garden residences at No. 1276–1292 Huaihai Central Road were included in the third group of excellent historical buildings of Shanghai. However, it was a pity that they had been reshaped by the residents here. In 2016, the Hunan Sub-district Office decided to restore their former characteristics.

7.2 Measures and Mechanism (I) Promoting historical building reconstruction through illegal structure demolition The general CPC branch secretary and committee director of Donghu Community are highly respected by residents, especially old residents in the community, because the “Golden Neighborhood” resident autonomy workstation that provides all-round care to the elderly who live alone is well-known in Shanghai. The elderly remarked: “We feel happy when we see them smile.” However, the secretary and the director could not smile one day. “The sub-district office convened a meeting, and we were told that the residences of No. 1276–1292 Huaihai Central Road and No. 135–147 Yanqing Road in Donghu Community have been listed in key districts for integrated residential community governance. The sub-district leaders asked us to assist in demolishing illegal structures to prepare for the renewal of the Hengfu Conservation Area, no matter what difficulties might be encountered” After the meeting, the secretary and the director who were appointed as leaders of the Donghu Community task force walked out silently with worries. “As far as I know, some of those illegal structures are as old as 50 years, and the residents who built them are now over 80 years old and often have tough family conditions. If their kitchens and bathrooms were demolished, how would they live in the future?” The deadline for demolition was approaching. However, the Illegal Structure Demolition Notice that the urban management team members should have issued

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to residents was held by the secretary. During a long period of time, the pile of paper has all been creased. After making up her mind, she visited a family at No. 1292 Huaihai Central Road together with the director of the Donghu Community Committee, urban management team members and property management staff (the former property manager had retired). The old woman answered the door, and forced a smile at the visitors. The house was dimly lit and judging from the furniture, the family was not financially viable. The 80-year-old granny said repeatedly: “Luckily, community officials often care about me.” Hearing that, the secretary had many thoughts, and stated the purpose of her visit haltingly. The granny listened without fully understanding, and remained silent for a long time while staring at the Illegal Structure Demolition Notice given by the work force. (II) Paying attention to both feature conservation and community services in building reconstruction The next morning, the secretary hurried to the granny’s house with the urban management team. Seeing that the granny was absentminded, she held the granny’s hands hastily, helped her to sit down, and whispered to her repeatedly, “Please tell me your difficulties, and I will certainly help you to the end.” The calls of the secretary finally made the granny recover herself. After a long sigh, she poured out her grievances slowly while crying. She told the secretary that her organization allocated this house to her 50 years ago, and later built a kitchen in the front due to the limited space inside the house; she decorated the kitchen in 2015, and wondered why it suddenly became an “illegal structure”. House demolition would completely disrupt her life, because she could hardly accept an open space out of the house without a kitchen. Listening to the granny’s talk, the secretary showed empathy. However, since the trend of featured area conservation could not be obstructed by anyone for any reason, the secretary could only explain repeatedly: “No. 1292 is a city-level excellent historical building, so the kitchen has to be demolished, but we will otherwise manage to solve your cooking problem.” (III) Building a beautiful home together with residents with a service attitude In the next few days, the secretary, urban management team and property management staff visited No. 1292 many times. Finally, they selected a new kitchen position for the granny, and also chose ceramic tiles, a cooking range, a gas stove and a cupboard for her. However, things did not go as well as expected. The granny came a few days later, “Secretary, I’m sorry for continuously bothering you.” The granny told that the decoration workers only tiled the kitchen partly so the whole kitchen looked discordant. On both sides of the cooking range, the colors on the wall were different, mixed with the new and old tiles, which made the new ones grotesque. The secretary returned to the granny’s home with her, and told the construction team leader, “The beautiful home project should be based on residents’ requirements. Although the project is supervised by the property management company, the community committee should also take proper control measures for residents. If the

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promised “beauty” standard is not met during construction, what will the affected residents think of?” Finally, the construction team tiled the kitchen for the granny again. The granny likes cleanliness, and turned to us for help many times during construction. We responded to her every request and kept working until she was satisfied.” The director of the Donghu Community Committee said that some affected residents had grown up with her, and would say whenever seeing her: “Do not cheat us!” The director answered: “I highly appreciate your approval of demolition of illegal structures, so I will certainly strictly supervise construction quality for you.

Beautiful home completed

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At No. 1292, several self-built independent bathrooms were demolished, and the only solution was “bathrooms shared by two families”. At the beginning, the residents were hesitant. After the redecorated shared bathrooms were completed, the residents were very satisfied, and thought that they were much cleaner than before. The residents formerly had some conflicts, but this time they said in the face of the secretary and the director, “Let’s forget those conflicts, because the community committee has done so much for us.” The director said tearfully that she was moved by the kindness of the residents in the whole process.

7.3 Innovation and Impact (I) Illegal structure demolition for excellent historical buildings progress steadily On November 15th 2016, the illegal structure demolition work of No. 1276–1292 Huaihai Central Road was completed ahead of schedule. The general CPC branch secretary of Donghu Community thanked the residents on that day: “The residents are really kind. They understand us. When we and the urban management team members talk to them, we also feel their pain, and the urban management team members would even talk in sleep, ‘What can we do?’ As community officials, we should show empathy and appeal for them, and do our utmost to provide assistance on a lawful and compliant basis.” When the illegal structure demolition work of No. 1276–1292 Huaihai Central Road was drawing to an end, the integrated management work of No. 135–147 Yanqing Road also in Donghu Community was being carried out intensely. No. 141 Yanqing Road was formerly a residential house and was later leased to open a barber shop. The shop was prosperous for many years. After the resident’s only house was leased, he then built a house of 75 m2 in the garden for residence. In the integrated management work, the task force communicated with the resident many times, and advised him to apply for affordable housing to improve the living conditions. When he agreed and was about to sell the house, he found that he was not the owner of this house, which meant that he only had the right of residence. More unexpectedly, the staff of the sub-district office and the housing administration office verified that he was ineligible to apply for affordable housing, because a relative mortgaged the house in his name, causing a working capital in his name. Later, he made this relative release the mortgage, and was about to apply for affordable housing again in 2017. (II) Happy lives of residents in the historical building area In January 2017, when it was close to the Spring Festival, Huaihai Central Road that used to be busy was unusually quiet, and citizens returned home for cleaning and cooking in preparation for an auspicious year. However, sounds of pots, pans and

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bowls came out of the activity room of the Donghu Community Committee from early morning along with sounds of washing, cutting and cooking from time to time. At about 10:00 a.m., a clear ringing sound of a bicycle came from the outside, and the people in the room hurried out to check it. The cyclist was the committee director, who went to the hypermarket along with two members of the “Golden Neighborhood” resident autonomy workstation early in the morning to buy frozen food, while the general CPC branch secretary of Donghu Community, the master of the “Golden Neighborhood” workstation and several team members stayed in the activity room, who were responsible for food washing and dispensing. The cheeks of those going out were chilled by a cold wind, and the hands of those staying were chilled by cold water and turned red. However, they did not mind and kept working while watching the clock from time to time, reminding each other, “Let’s hurry up. The meals must be delivered before supper time.” That evening, the “Golden Neighborhood” members prepared two more meals for the two the elderly living in No. 1276–1292 Huaihai Central Road. The general CPC branch secretary said during integrated community governance in 2017, the residents assisted the sub-district office in demolishing the kitchens in the garden. However, the new kitchens were too narrow and it was cold during the Spring Festival. The elderly were in fear of the cold and tended to avoid complicated procedure. So they might cook casually as usual. “They should have a splendid meal and celebrate Chinese New Year happily.” Once the general CPC branch secretary and the committee director proposed the idea, the team members immediately agreed: “In Donghu Community, the residents are just like a family. The granny at No. 1292 has difficulty in cooking, so we are ready to help her at any time.”

Masterful cooking skills of “Golden Neighborhood” members

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Meal delivery by “Golden Neighborhood” members to the elderly

As a volunteer team well known in Shanghai, the “Golden Neighborhood” resident autonomy workstation in Donghu Community, Hunan Sub-district has been established for nearly six years. With nine founders at the beginning, it has over 200 volunteers today, who provide all-round care to over 1400 elderly living in the same community. Delivering meals to the elderly people living alone before the Spring Festival has been a constant practice of the general CPC branch secretary and the nine founders over these years. Case Analysis While Shanghai is becoming an excellent global city, urban characteristics and historical features need to be strengthened, and the open space system needs to be optimized. These call for more refined planning, design and management. The above six case studies reveal the craftsmanship of refined governance practices in Xuhui District. Refined urban planning and management is conducted to improve urban standards and the living conditions, and establish a long-term management mechanism. Land is utilized effectively through refined design to build a world-class waterfront. The refined governance of featured roads aims to build people-centric public street spaces through autonomy and joint management. Warm historical blocks and featured alleys for walking are created through refined landscape construction and “micro-renewal”. Furthermore, the Featured Hundred Alleys are built through feature conservation to extend urban memories. Finally, beautiful and happy communities are built through refined governance, all-round care and resident autonomy.

2 Renewal and Conservation

Urban planning and renewal has always been an integral part of urban development. With the rapid development of the economy, urban renewal is accelerated yet there are many challenges. In Xuhui District, renewal planning and development is conducted under the direction of “innovation-driven and transformational development”, and the refinement philosophy to strengthen urban and historical features; careful local evaluation is conducted, and differentiated renewal strategies are taken to strengthen precise and classified guidance. Urban renewal projects of different scales and natures have been implemented under the direction of overall planning which constantly improve land utilization efficiency and urban functions. In addition, the innovative chief block planner system is practiced in Xuhui District, which guides the public to participate in autonomy and joint management and strives for maximum social support and realizes the social benefit of “multilateral participation, refined management and livelihood improvement”, providing an important practical example for urban planning and renewal in Shanghai. As an integral part of the city, the urban waterfront has increasingly become a hotspot of modern urban planning and renewal. Besides, waterfront renewal, development and management have become major challenges. In the urban renewal case of the West Bund waterfront, functional and structural transformation, and area revitalization is conducted, and historical relics in the area are conserved and utilized effectively, extending the urban historical context, creating a waterfront space suitable for diverse activities and a rich ecological environment as an innovative exploration. The philosophy of innovative sustainable development is upheld, and low-impact development is practiced, building the West Bund into the most open, convenient and charming public activity space. In this project, carrier resources and funding sources are secured through integrated development, and overall land acquisition and storage, giving priority to open spaces. During implementation, public participation is conducted properly in all aspects, and the design adjusted based on public feedback to meet user needs, and to be highly responsive and satisfactory. In the West Bund, factories are transformed into parks, and ruins are transformed into art. Relevant resources are integrated rapidly, where industrial heritage buildings beside the Huangpu River are utilized and developed with focus on culture building and environmental improvement through precise identification and scientific judgment, thereby promoting the overall development of the hinterland commercial area, and building a vigorous sleepless new town, which highlights the Xuhui waterfront public open space as a successful example of new waterfront development, and boosts the overall image of the West Bund. Attention needs to be paid to refined management in development and operation to present a high-quality public waterfront environment in the long term. As the featured area with the largest scale of conservation and the most historical relics, the Hengfu Conservation Area is faced with new challenges and higher requirements in conservation and inheritance. In the case of featured

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block building and refined road management, a joint task force was established on the sub-district platform, and a meticulous plan was developed to ensure steady and orderly governance. Historical buildings were conserved through careful maintenance and inspection. Duties were defined clearly, and precise collaboration was carried out to advance integrated regulation steadily. Moreover, the notice of integrated road management was prepared and issued to ensure precise and orderly regulation. Flexible measures were taken for different situations, and joint regulation involving multiple authorities were conducted. Refined road rehabilitation in feature areas that has lasted two years has proven to be successful and has significantly improved road quality and livelihoods and received praises from nearby residents. This not only reflects the sound road rehabilitation philosophy for featured areas in Xuhui District, but also indicates friendly management and highly satisfactory governance effects. Historical feature conservation is an everlasting cause. Therefore, efforts should be made in featured area management mechanisms in the future to combine feature conservation with management effectively through such public participation carriers for autonomy and joint management as alley management committees and autonomy workstations. The Yueyang Road “micro-renewal” case reveals how to create a warm historical block in refined design and management. Different government authorities and players often have different understandings and practices in historical feature conservation, so precise, systematic and professional control is required. The chief planner is entrusted by the government to assist all parties involved in using precise and scientific techniques and solutions in the whole process of block growth according to the featured road plan as the coordinator of discipline and overall control. In practice, details are controlled timely, and all parties involved are coordinated to realize the planning intention and the overall goal in the complex real environment. On the other hand, the design team sorted out landscape elements along Yueyang Road, studied and solved problems, and improved its landscape quality on the principle of conserving excellent historical buildings, restoring traditional historical features, uncovering block cultural elements, activating the historical and cultural atmosphere, promoting community autonomy, and improving refined urban management. This case is innovative in that the importance of refined urban design and management is highlighted in all aspects of interaction with stakeholders, including communication with businesses at the planning stage and the contractor at the construction stage. The planner and the designer coordinated the sub-district office, government and business actively while taking technical controls, revealing the necessity of social governance and public participation, and more importantly, the commonality of urban streets and alleys, and the public participation spirit of residents have been developed through designs for livelihoods and features, and an effective exploration made to promote refined governance characterized by joint management and sharing.

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In the “Featured Hundred Alleys” case in Tianping Sub-district, community facilities were improved from basics, and the “Featured Hundred Alleys” series of cultural landscape walls were constructed from a cultural perspective, the “small joint service” and “micro-governance” mechanism was established for residential communities through joint building, and third parties were introduced to deepen “Featured Hundred Alleys” governance from a management perspective, where the Huiping Property Service Guidance Center—a third party social organization—was established, and appointed it to manage the Tianping Alley Management Association. The unique cultural, social and residential landscape of the sub-district was displayed via feature windows, and residents were motivated to participate in community environment maintenance. On the other hand, community autonomy was driven into a benign cycle to mitigate conflicts, strengthen governance effects, and improve hard and soft governanceal together so that historical spaces in featured areas echoed with modern life. The “Featured Hundred Alleys” should be further built around different themes, such as historical buildings, cultural celebrities and social elites, and the “small joint service” and “micro-governance” structure, the homeowner committee and the alley management committee improved, thereby combing cultural, public and institutional elements organically to realize long-term refined governance. Governance diversification is the means of urban governance, and service preciseness is the goal of community governance. The case of past appearance restoration for of the garden residence at No. 1292 Huaihai Central Road reveals the diversification and preciseness of community governance. On the precondition of historical building conservation, the general CPC branch secretary mobilized community resources to care for old people and help households in difficulty, thereby greatly helping residents solve practical difficulties. During building conservation, emphasis was laid on “beautiful and happy community” building, and local residents cared about through the open, transparent and meticulous work of the “Golden Neighborhood” resident autonomy workstation, providing strong support for feature conservation and community renewal, and lending beneficial experience to refined community governance. Urban design and governance based on urban renewal and feature conservation is a process of adjusting internal urban and rural functions, changing spaces, improving the environment, meeting unpredictable urban challenges, addressing self-deficiencies, and improving preciseness, refinement and friendship levels. Problems are identified and solutions are proposed through systematic research, where precise and scientific urban renewal and feature conservation solutions proposed through a careful analysis of problems of different levels, scales and natures based on spatial thinking. Refined urban governance is a sustainable process instead of a process that can be achieved in only one step. It’s also a process of coordination among urban stakeholders.

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The trend of urban design and governance based on urban renewal and feature conservation will be predominantly small-scale, progressive, driven by public environment improvement, through bottom-up governance other than government management, and based on public participation and consultation. Feature conservation is the prerequisite, and improving the urban renewal mechanism is the core, so innovative feature conservation and urban renewal should be implemented practically. In face of the difficulties and challenges of refined urban governance, better practices and policies of feature conservation and urban renewal should be explored through guidance and innovative thinking. In face of future urban construction and development oriented to urban renewal, the core philosophy of “renewal, conservation and innovation” for refined urban governance and planning should be established, and multiparty policy support based on the cooperation and consultation of the government, market and public sought to realize refined urban governance based on win-win joint management.

Chapter 3

Ecological Protection Shengquan Che and Ziyang Lou

1 Introduction In the urban aspect, urban ecological management encompasses natural ecosystem conservation, rehabilitation and structuring, environmental protection and pollution control, structural optimization and functional upgrade of urban public open spaces (green spaces), and such like., In connection with refined urban ecological governance, the goal is to improve the living environment, the means is refined governance, the organizational form is joint management and sharing by the government, society and residents, the basic units are urban communities, and spatial carriers are waters and green spaces—the major ecological elements in the natural ecosystem. This chapter centres on major ecological problems of Shanghai in recent years, and five case studies are selected: black and odorous river governance, green space construction of ecological culture, ecological culture establishment in community, community autonomy organization development, and community waste separation and reduction. These five case studies reflect the main composition of the urban living ecosystem. As for governance strategies, they systematically display the refined governance’s feature—greatness in trivialness. As regards the governance approaches, they supplement and reinforce each other. For instance, ecological culture establishment in community significantly promotes the formation of the government—society—resident joint management and sharing pattern, and moreover, the awareness of community ecological culture and community public interest is developed, which contribute substantially to black and odorous river governance, green space construction of ecological culture, and source waste separation and reduction while black and odorous river governance and green space construction of ecological culture are closely related in terms of space and function. S. Che (B) · Z. Lou Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China e-mail: [email protected] © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 G. Chen et al. (eds.), Urban Practices from Delicacy Management to Governance in Contemporary China, Urban Governance Practices in China, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4011-0_3

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Shanghai is situated in the watery region south of the lower reaches of Yangtze River, where rivers are densely distributed. Water systems are a core urban ecological feature of Shanghai, and also key factors that maintains the city’s ecological safety. Nonetheless urban black and odorous rivers have actually become a stubborn urban problem caused by social, economic and cultural factors during urban development. With reference to the management of the Chunshentang black and odorous river, a healthy and livable urban living space and a stable water ecosystem have been created through refined measures such as multi-division collaboration, multi-level participation, synergetic local space transformation, pre-warning evaluation and long-term management to realize harmonious human-environment coexistence. Green spaces are the main urban ecological and leisure spaces. Besides, ecologically attractive ones are indicators of an international metropolis. Xuhui District is situated in the densely populated urban center of Shanghai, where green coverage and per capita public green space rate are below the national average, while the urban heat island effect, air pollution, rains and floods are outstanding, restricting urban ecological development. Provided that green area cannot be increased on a large scale, Xuhui District has utilized refined management to find out the potential and to increase the efficiency, such as the creation of ecological culture boulevards for residents’ leisure and the promotion of, roof and vertical virescence. In the process of roof and vertical virescence, it has taken full advantage of three-dimensional spaces and has shared green spaces with commercial and educational institutions. What’s more, it also makes the best of public infrastructure like high-voltage corridors to create an ecological landscape and eventually forms refined governance and treatment of virescence in Xuhui District. Communities are basic and key units in modern urban ecological management. Community ecological governance is first reflected by the building of community ecological culture, which undergoes the self-growth and self-development process of rooting, sprouting, blooming and fruiting like a green plant. The government is the advocator and facilitator of community ecological culture like the sunlight and fertilizer while the voluntary participation of residents is the seed. The practice of Lingyun Ecological Home fully reflects their combination and gives rise to the excellent government—society—resident joint building and management pattern. The development of public welfare represented by community source waste separation is an important indicator of community maturity and a key challenge of community management on the basis of rapid population flow. The essence of building the refined system of source waste separation is to regulate human behavior and its theoretical foundation is “extended producer responsibility”. As an urban benefit, urban waste is collected, transferred and finally disposed of by the government. This benefit has lasted to date, so that residents throw domestic waste at will and have neither impetus nor pressure for waste disposal. In the past decade, problems such as waste surrounding cities and the NIMBY effect have kept rising and the waste disposal patterns have been upgraded in response to the pressure of sharp waste increase from the over-fast urbanization process, and the improvement of the living standards of the people. Source waste separation can hardly be conducted in a bottom-up spontaneous pattern, and

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should be considered comprehensively from the perspectives of institutional design, organizational management and behavioral supervision. In the implementation of source waste separation and reduction, policy guidance is the prerequisite, effective grass-root organization is the foundation, while market support and social supervision are an important guarantee of continuous implementation. Effective policy guidance and grass-root organization will not only motivate residents, but also involve competent authorities effectively at all levels. The market incentive mechanism can involve citizens in waste separation directly. Sound, fast and sustainable waste separation must be based on social supervision and must come from community residents. The successful implementation of waste disposal in Huigong New Community and the “Green Housewife” project in Meilong No. 3 Community is the outcome of the combined action of policy, organization, market and supervision in the refined management of social waste, and an effective embodiment of the principle that “whoever causes pollution is responsible for management” in this regard.

2 Intensive Work: Building a “Breathable” Ecological District 2.1 Background and Origin Xuhui District has public green spaces of nearly 5.5 million square meters, social green spaces of nearly 8 million m2 , a per capita public green area of 5.27 m2 , and a green coverage of over 30%. In recent years, Xuhui District has advocated a green, low-carbon and healthy lifestyle, promoted harmony between humans and nature, and improved the standards of ecological development and the happiness index of citizens in an effort to clean and beautify the environment, and improve livelihoods under the philosophy of green development through green space building and management.

2.2 Measures and Mechanism Insistance on the “tree-based” principle has maken craftsmanship penetrate into every detail of street tree management, and this “breathable” organism has been carefully maintained through the most refined management and the strictest standard. (I) Elevating green space standards based on local characteristics The Hengfu area of historical and cultural features has the most street trees in Xuhui District, including 13,000 trees of over 50 years. These trees are the fruits of the hard work and wisdom of generations, which not only create a beautiful landscape, but also leave a vivid historical memory for Shanghai.

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Grabbing the chance of the “Shanghai boulevard” building, Xuhui District selected a number of roads where trees grow well and lushly and site conditions are good throughout the district. Additionally, it created 15 green corridors with lush and continuous trees, such as Hengshan and Wanping Roads, by working on green coverage, tree species and tree pit size. In late autumn, seven roads including Wukang and Yuqing Roads are selected as landscaped roads without sweeping fallen leaves, making fallen phoenix tree leaves a “golden carpet” on the pavement, thereby not only improving urban appearance, but also creating a slow lifestyle. (II) Raising maintenance level by grasping seasonal characteristics Maintenance branch thinning is always conducted and excessive trimming and top cutting are strictly prohibited. Deadwood, rotten top, conflicting branches and other poor growth phenomena are disposed of timely in routine inspection to keep branches well- spaced, ventilated and day-lit. Regarding branches that stretch into balconies and affect building day-lighting, the maintenance staff is guided to take minor measures without affecting the tree’s form. Seasonal protection is conducted properly, where poorly growing and clustering sprouts are peeled off in spring, medium and small trees are reinforced by binding against typhoons and floods in summer, tree holes are repaired, and stumps are maintained in winter, so that maintenance runs through the whole year (street trees are subject to routine maintenance only in autumn because autumn is very short in Shanghai). Technical support is reinforced, where mature techniques such as physical and chemical deception control, and biological pesticide control are extended, the percentage of chemical agents are reduced, and green means are advocated to prevent pest infestation. The application of integrated maintenance vehicles, height operation vehicles, deep root fertilizing machines and other machinery in routine operations and emergency handling is expanded to raise the modernization level of maintenance. (III) Reinforcing training and examination, and scientific management A file is established for each ultra-large street tree to keep track of its growth, breastheight diameter, crown size, et cetera, and a tag is added for easy identification and knowledge dissemination. Pre-job training for street tree management staff and maintenance workers is reinforced to improve expertise, operating skills and normativity, and the new staff is taught by the old staff to cultivate green space maintenance professionalism. Attention is paid to supervision, examination and corporate integrity building. Premium planting enterprises are introduced by public bidding and contract management in street tree maintenance which should be strictly implemented. A third-party examination mechanism is introduced, where experts of the municipal planting industry association are employed to conduct a special examination quarterly to ensure scientific and orderly green space maintenance.

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2.3 Innovation and Impact (I) Making the urban area more friendly through joint development and sharing In the process of urban renewal, we should adhere to the people-oriented principle and take the diversified needs of citizens as the guide to build a friendly and harmonious green home, so that life will be better through the green. 1. Opening urban enclosing walls to create attractive blocks In view of improving the landscape and service function of existing green spaces, landscape resources of major institutions and enterprises, and ignored corner areas in the city should be utilized to build various conspicuous and dynamic street gardens that truly attract citizens. For example, some villas of East Lake Hotel have been demolished to break the enclosing wall of the garden, and European-style enclosing wall columns are preserved to create an open yet low-keyed green space, making it a rare resting place for citizens and visitors in the Huaihai Road trading area with high land prices. In another example, illegal buildings on the abandoned railway on Wuzhong Road are demolished, the narrow path created is fully used for planting, and valuable railway segments are kept at both ends of the green space, reviving the food market that was formerly dirty and disorderly into a preferred leisure and recreation place for nearby residents.

Planting of the abandoned railway on Wuzhong Road

2. Building a jogging park through functional and morphological transformation Comfortable and pleasant “oases” are created in the noisy and crowded city, and cycling and jogging become new trends of healthy urban life, so that citizens have

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an intimate contact with nature while doing exercise. In the construction of Xujiahui Sports Park, a multi-layer three-dimensional green space system is created based on hills, extensive grassland and forests, thereby introducing citizens into the park to experience the fun of running, strolling and playing in forests. In Trace Park on Yunjin Road under construction, the runway of former Longhua Airport is divided by planting to form walking and cycling green-ways that run through the whole park under the functional positioning of “urban life runway”, and elements such as sunken green spaces, gentle slope revetments and fore-bay wetlands are used to improve the rainwater circulation function, fitting the green development philosophy of sponge city construction. 3. Pooling social forces to build a resting park To explore the organic integration of public green space and park construction, Caohejing Development Zone Company undertook the district’s first special green block construction project to add roads, seats, waterfront platforms and other leisure facilities, and conduct roof, wall and windowsill planting to make the park a new community and warm home for urban white-collars. To explore the organic integration of public green space and commercial residence construction, Vanke Center constructed and managed Zhongcheng Green Valley. During the construction of the commercial residence project, public green space construction was incorporated into design, construction and management to specify public functions such as culture and art, community activity, movie watching and so on, allowing nearby residents and businessmen to truly experience “shopping and working in the garden”. (II) Building a brand to make ecology more attractive Based upon the local development strategy, three ecological green belts with various styles and functions are arranged in the east, south and west around the local development strategy, surrounding the city with a vivid picture of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. 1. Waterfront open space in the east The Xuhui waterfront is taken as the most valuable resource in the urban center, and the waterfront creation project is implemented under the development strategy of planning, culture, ecology and innovation to build a superior waterfront for the international metropolis. A landscaped driving boulevard and a vigorous open space are created under the design philosophy of river landscape, green space, history and culture integration, and four zones are built: the vigorous demonstration zone, cultural core zone, natural experience zone and ecological leisure zone from north to south, reflecting natural interests with the countryside, wetland, forest and grassland elements. Such newly constructed or reconstructed facilities as the 8.4 km avenue, 80 ha open space, five landscaped bridges and 100,000 m2 waterfront platform are used to connect the green, water and cultural elements of the waterfront, and make it a destination that attracts citizens and visitors.

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2. Central ring green corridor in the west During the period of integrated environmental management of the “five violations and four compulsory items”, urban environmental gaps are bridged, an illegal building plot under the high-voltage line along the central ring on Hongmei Road is emptied for space release, and a large public green corridor is built to reduce noise and adjust temperature for the urban area. A 3 km cherry blossom avenue is built along the green corridor to echo with Gucun Park, where colored plants such as magnolia, osmanthus fragrans and crab-apple are cultivated to present a well-arranged and colorful landscape; basketball courts, badminton courts, multifunctional activity laws and so forth, are provided to create a favorable atmosphere of all-people fitness. Through the integrated development of culture, sports and tourism, the area along the high-voltage line of the central ring is no longer a risky urban area avoided by people, but allows citizens to enjoy the ecological bonus brought by integrated environmental management.

Cherry Blossom Square—a green space on Guijiang Road

3. Huajing outer ring ecology in the south The “green island effect” of the 103 ha outer ring in the south Huajing area is utilized with the positioning of a “rare ecological green space of the international metropolis” to provide a favorable environment for industry development and residence. Under the philosophy of low carbon and environmental protection construction, the existing axis, water environment, flood wall and high-pile wharf are kept, and a watchtower, an ecological wetland and leisure areas are added. In addition, waterfront areas such as Beiyang, Dongwan and Guangang are used for landscape and functional redevelopment, which incorporate cultural and leisure facilities of closing to nature and returning to the countryside into the green belt, greatly meeting citizens’ needs for suburban outing in leisure time, and fully exploiting social, ecological and economic benefits of the outer ring.

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Ecological green space on the outer ring

2.4 Inspiration and Prospect As a central urban area of Shanghai, Xuhui District is densely populated, and the land area available for planting is decreasing. Therefore, planting in small gaps and vertical planting is highly encouraged while refined landscape construction and management is advanced. Presently, there have been limited methods of vertical planting in China. For example, household gardening has just begun in Shanghai, and yet it has been already sophisticated overseas. There are few enterprises specializing in small household gardening design, and the annual service capacity of each of them is limited. In addition, there is no maintenance consulting service for balcony planting and completed terrace gardens, so that some citizens cannot receive technical guidance even if they want to beautify balconies.

3 Ecological Rehabilitation: Refined Governance of Medium and Small Rivers Under the River Chief System 3.1 Background and Origin Have a cup of fresh green tea in the misty corridor above the green lake, and enjoy this comfortable moment. This previous impression of Shanghai watery areas is gone,

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and has now been replaced by messy and odorous rivers, leaving a great pity to old Shanghai people. With the purpose of harnessing black and odorous rivers, and restoring the good impression of Shanghai watery areas, the Shanghai Water Authority has conducted integrated water environmental governance since 2016, planning to harness the 1,864 rivers in the city in three batches. Han Zheng, secretary of the Shanghai Municipal CPC Committee, when investigating the integrated governance of medium and small rivers, highlighted that this was a tough task, and the whole city must make concerted efforts with full coverage and take iron-handed actions to ensure that almost all medium and small rivers in the city were no longer black and odorous, and the water area would increase by the end of 2017 to the satisfaction of all citizens. Among the first rivers to be regulated in the city, there are eight in Xuhui District, and Chunshengang is one of them. Chunshengang is located in southern Xuhui District, and is a river under the jurisdiction of the district government, with a full length of 2,187 m, widths of 19–31 m and a normal water level of 2.5 m. Its upper reach is linked with the Dingpu River via the Beiyang River, and its lower reach is connected to the Huangpu River. Before governance, flood control passages were occupied by illegal buildings on both sides at many points, and the vertical revetment was high and inflexible. The surrounding environment was dirty and disorderly, where waste was dumped without control, and domestic waste-water was discharged into the river directly. The bottom mud was seriously eutrophicated, and kept emitting eutrophic substances to the water body, making it black and odorous. The black and odorous segment was 1,970 m long, seriously affecting nearby residents. To this end, Chunshengang was selected as one of the first black and odorous rivers to be regulated in the city, and the Xuhui District Construction and Traffic Commission started its governance in 2016 as a trial.

3.2 Measures and Mechanism The District Construction and Traffic Commission advanced the governance of black and odorous medium and small rivers with customized measures covering the upper and lower reaches, and both banks under the leadership of the river chief system, and in accordance with the philosophies of river-bank interaction, waste-water interception and control, water system connection, water body activation, water quality improvement and ecological rehabilitation. (I) Implementing the river chief system with responsibilities assigned level by level to individuals A river chief system was established on the district and sub-district (township) levels on the principle of hierarchical and localized management; the secretary of the district CPC committee served as the major general river chief, the district head served as the

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general river chief, and the deputy district head in charge served as the deputy general river chief. The general offices of the district CPC committee and government jointly issued the implementation plan for the river chief system and appointed Secretary Bao Bingzhang of the district CPC committee as the major general river chief, District Head Fang Shizhong as the general river chief, six deputy district heads as primary river chiefs, leaders of the District Construction and Traffic Commission, and Environmental Protection Bureau as primary deputy river chiefs, and main leaders of the relevant sub-districts (townships) as secondary river chiefs of the relevant segments. Twenty-one river chiefs were appointed in total, covering the 42 rivers in the district. In addition, the river chief system office was established at the District Construction and Traffic Commission under the joint direction of the District Construction and Traffic Commission, and the District Environmental Protection Bureau. Its members included the District Development and Reform Commission, Business Commission, Public Security Bureau, Finance Bureau, Planning and Land Bureau, Housing Administration Bureau, Landscaping and City Appearance Bureau, Urban Management and Law Enforcement Bureau, and other authorities, including the sub-district offices (township governments). The 24-hour supervision hotline was disclosed to the public, a WeChat workgroup was established, the “Xuhui River Chief” WeChat public account was opened, 54 river chief bulletin boards were set up normatively, four working systems (the river chief meeting system, information submission system, work supervision system, and evaluation and accountability system) were developed and issued, and a work brief was prepared monthly. At Chunshengang, the district construction and traffic commission practiced the strictest water resources management system to strictly control polluted areas, implemented the water pollution control action plan, and conducted integrated governance and long-term management. In addition, the District Construction and Traffic Commission reinforced communication and collaboration with Changqiao Subdistrict ran through by Chunshengang in intercepting pipe and mixed connection investigation, punishing discharge violations strictly, and assigning responsibilities to individuals. In 2016, the District Construction and Traffic Commission conducted an investigation of riverside pollution sources, and found out the riverside distribution of waste-water outlets, rain and waste-water mixed connection of municipal roads, old communities, enterprises and public institutions, and waste-water discharge in urban villages.

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Chunshengang River chief bulletin board

(II) Achieving desired results through gradual ecological governance Although the mechanism has been established, the implementation is the key. Based on the practical situation of the Chunshengang River and the detailed investigation, the District Construction and Traffic Commission appointed a specialized agency to prepare a pertinent integrated governance program, and successively took the four steps of “dredging + source pollution control + environmental improvement + ecological rehabilitation”. 1. Dredging Chunshengang was severely polluted by bottom mud. Organic pollutants were enriched at the bottom of the riverbed in excess of the self-purification capacity, resulting in eutrophication and making the river black and odorous all year round. The District Construction and Traffic Commission dredged 38,194.75 cubic meters of mud to significantly improve channel storage and drainage capacity through special water resources work and enhanced the self-purification capacity using methods such as oxygenation and aeration. 2. Source pollution control Source pollution control is a fundamental measure of river and lake management. While dredging the Chunshengang River, the District Construction and Traffic Commission kept strengthening onshore waste-water interception and control, brought the river into the urban grid management platform, improved the river inspection and supervision mechanism, and practiced dynamic river governance.

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Flood control passages and shorelines were cleaned up, and a total of 21 illegal discharge ports were blocked to prevent sludge and turbid water from being discharged into the river. 3. Environmental improvement The Chunshengang revetment landscaping work of 1.117 km was completed by lowering the revetment level, constructing a waterfront shoreline, arranging land green spaces and building ecological floating beds. In the governance of the “five violations and four compulsory items”, the District Urban Management and Law Enforcement Bureau, and Municipal Water Center incorporated illegal structures on the flood control passages into the scope of governance, and demolished them all. 4. Ecological rehabilitation Through dredging, waste-water interception and illegal structure demolition, preliminary effects were achieved in river governance. Ecological rehabilitation is essential to long-term maintenance. During the course of Chunshengang governance, Xuhui District created the unique water ecological rehabilitation technology guided by the algae eating daphnia based on an insect, a grass and a system, covering a water area of 18,500 m2 , and extended it throughout the country. First, the bottom mud was disinfected, sludge was activated to reduce the water level, existing wild fishes was transferred, and ameliorative submerged plants was introduced, predominantly evergreen dwarf bitter weeds, to build an evergreen underwater forest. Such weeds, with a strong purification capacity and a developed rhizome, could tolerate polluted water, and were suitable for water areas with rich bottom mud nutrition. Water was gradually refilled, and the “algae eating daphnia” about 4-6 mm was introduced to swallow visible blue and green floats, namely algae, improving water transparency, and submerged plants could grow when the water was transparent enough. Generally, when the coverage of submerged plants reaches 60%, the water purification capacity can improve substantially. Finally, fishes, shrimps, snails and shellfishes were introduced to balance the productivity of aquatic plants. This ecosystem had a producer, consumers and a decomposer, and beneficial bacteria would be generated gradually with it. After this artificial ecosystem forms a stable cycle within two to three months, water transparency will gradually improve along with the water indicators. Moreover, this ecosystem can assimilate rainwater and a small amount of waste-water and has the self-repairing function.

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Algae-eating insects Submerged plants

Algae-eating insects

(primary consumer)

Submerged plants (producer)

Complete ecosystem (complete food chain)

Aquatic animals

Microbes

Submerged plants

(secondary consumer)

Microbes (decomposer)

Schematic diagram of river ecosystem

(III) Achieving integrated governance through city-district and district-district coordination During the governance of rivers such as Chunshengang, the District Construction and Traffic Commission strengthened communication and coordination with the Municipal Water Authority, Municipal Development and Reform Commission, and other competent authorities to advance the reconstruction of drainage facilities. The Longcao Road sewer construction project (Phase 2) was launched to solve the waste-water interception and mixed connection problem, and improve waste-water discharge. The environment of the Longhua Port water system was improved, and the rainwater-waste-water separation investigation and reconstruction of six separated drainage systems (Kangjian, Caoxi, Guiping, Changqiao, Shilong and Erke) was advanced. Besides coordination with municipal authorities, Xuhui District also contacted the river chief office and water authority of Minhang District in the upper reach and established a coordination mechanism between the river chief offices of Xuhui and Minhang Districts for integrated governance. To effectively prevent, scientifically respond to and promptly control damages and losses caused by water environment emergencies and improve the resilience of river water bodies, the response plan for river environment emergencies of Xuhui District was prepared, and the District Construction and Traffic Commission along with the Environmental Protection Bureau, jointly established the Xuhui District River Environment Emergency Command Group. It reported to the district government by reference to the operating modes of the river chief office and water pollution control. The command group had five specialized teams – evaluation and consulting, emergency monitoring, safeguard, emergency handling, and information submission. It also took emergency measures against usual events caused by pollutant emission, natural disasters, safety accidents, et cetera, which led to or potentially led to environmental quality reduction, ecological destruction or any major social impact.

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Table 1 Sample statistics of the public survey District

River name

River length (m)

Number of monitoring points

Overall sample size

Sample size of residents and community officials

Sample size of enterprises and public institutions

Xuhui

Chunshengang

1,530

3

100

80

20

(IV) Routinizing water protection through publicity and joint community management In addition to technical practices, the district construction and traffic commission also aligned with community participation and joint management, collected comments from community residents, and raised their awareness of water protection through publicity. During the course of Chunshengang governance, aerators were set up to improve the dissolved oxygen indicators. After receiving the input of the Luoxiu Community Committee, the runtime was scheduled rationally to avoid noise disturbance. A CPC member lecture team was founded with the District Municipal Water Center to give vivid and straightforward lectures on water environment protection, water pollution control, water conservation, emission reduction, among others, along with the Lingyun Sub-district Office, and the “Blue Dream” social work team from East China University of Science and Technology. The “Little River Chief” 365—Youth Water Resources Classroom project was implemented along with the District Education Bureau and the District Youth Activity Center, guiding youths to care about the water environment and water resources, and participate in water ecology conservation activities through community river and ecological pond visits, and water experiments. In addition, in Changqiao Sub-district ran through by the river, the community committees mobilized residents to attend volunteer inspection activities, creating a good atmosphere of extensive public participation in water protection.

3.3 Innovation and Impact Chunshengang governance was completed in 2016. After governance, Chunshengang was completely transformed into water quality with stability at Class IV or even II, clear water, and clean and tidy banks. Shanghai Sunrise Market Research Co., Ltd. conducted a public survey on the impact of river governance of the Chunshengang River during September 20–21, 2016, with 100 valid copies of the questionnaire collected. See Table 1 for details. The requirement for residents and community officials surveyed is as follows: Shanghai residents aged 16 years or above and below 70 years and living within 500 m around the Chunshengang River for at least one year. The requirement for

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enterprises and public institutions surveyed is as follows: storeowners, employees or responsible persons having worked for at least one year at enterprises and public institutions within 500 m around the Chunshengang River. In the question “overall satisfaction with river water environment governance”, 52% of the respondents are “very satisfied”, and 39% “satisfied”, totaling 91%, higher than 90%, indicating that the governance of the Chunshengang River was effective, its water quality significantly improved, and the governance target was met.

Chunshengang before governance

Chunshengang after governance

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In the river governance achievement contest organized by the “Shanghai Release” and “Shanghai Water & Ocean” public accounts in August 2017, Chunshengang received the Best River Governance Award. It has been praised for its beautiful banks, clear water and rich ecology. At the end of 2017, the water environment governance of the first eight backbone rivers in Xuhui District was completed, revitalizing river ecology.

3.4 Inspiration and Prospect The successful governance of Chunshengang provided a rich experience in the refined governance of black and odorous rivers for Xuhui District, as detailed below: (I) Achieving the full coverage of the river chief system The full implementation of the river chief system in all aspects is an important step to put the ecological civilization responsibility system and the water pollution control action plan into effect. All rivers in the district must be covered by the river chief system for direct integrated governance with customized measures and the coordination of all tasks. In conformity with the requirements of the “five violations and four compulsory items”, the special governance of the surrounding environment will be conducted collaboratively to regulate illegal construction, illegal pollutant emission, et cetera, and to restore the ecological function of the shoreline. A sound evaluation and accountability mechanism will be established and evaluation measures will be regulated for river management, water pollution control, infrastructure construction, and so on. The implementation of the river chief system will be included in the scope of evaluation of all authorities. Moreover, evaluation results will be taken as an important basis for the overall evaluation of CPC and government leaders. (II) Promoting governance through city-district and district-district coordination Most rivers in Xuhui District are linked with Minhang District and are lower reaches. In particular, coordination will be strengthened due to overlapping waste-water interception. A joint management and collaborative water governance pattern will be established on the basis of the coordination mechanism between the river chief offices of both districts. Coordination with municipal drainage facilities and waste-water treatment plants will be strengthened, and pump station dispatching and operation will be optimized to improve waste-water treatment efficiency. The functional adjustment of Longhua and Changqiao waste-water Treatment Plants will be initiated to control the river discharge of dry flows from pump stations The trial on pollution control for the outlets of three municipal pump stations (Kangjian, Tianlin and Caoxi) will be initiated to relieve pressure from direct river discharge of waste-water. Additionally, the water resource dispatching plan of the Dianbei and Diannan water conservation areas will be

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further optimized and ecological water refilling for small cycles of local water bodies will be strengthened to improve water quality and the water environment. The district construction and traffic commission has signed a contract with the Municipal Sewerage Company to advance the pollutant reduction pilot project of the Dongshang, Aotang and Kangjian pump stations and reduce river-going pollutant load. Furthermore, mixed connection reconstruction in community needs to be advanced along with the overall plan of integrated community facility reconstruction. Arrangements, implementers and funds for community waste-water facility reconstruction need to be defined for an orderly and gradual reconstruction along with old house reconstruction and overhaul. (III) Establishing a scientific monitoring system for long-term management A dynamic water quality monitoring system covering the 42 rivers in the district will be established progressively, law enforcement by the Water Authority, Environmental Protection Bureau and urban Management Bureau will be deepened, and a regulatory mechanism of river outlet registration, inspection and handling will be established. In addition, administrative measures such as dynamic water quality monitoring, microbiological indicator, environmental and illegal outlet governance, river inspection, management and maintenance, and water environment publicity, and volunteer river protection will be taken to realize refined management and improve water quality. Before 2017, monitoring station position and sampling analysis should be completed for the 20 seriously polluted rivers in Phase 1, and an online local water quality monitoring system will be established with data shared by the District Construction and Traffic Commission, Environmental Protection Bureau, and Administrative Service Center to give full play to the monitoring and forecasting. A new evaluation and maintenance pattern combining routine river maintenance and water ecology maintenance will be established on the basis of the river chief system, shifting single-facility maintenance to integrated water environment improvement. Bottom mud deposits are subject to ecological dredging to reduce the amount of endogenous pollutants in rivers. A sound ecosystem will be created to promote water purification and water quality improvement, and ecological bank construction will be vitalized to ensure strength, safety and durability, and reveal the natural landscape. The river environment emergency response system will improve and water pollution emergency response teams will be established to handle sudden water pollution events more efficiently. Besides, handling measures will be fully mastered so that monitoring and handling can be conducted quickly to stimulate the continual improvement of water environment quality. (IV) Keep strengthening publicity to guide joint community management Water environment governance is a long-term task that cannot be accomplished at a stroke, so publicity and education on water environment protection for residents should be consistently carried out.

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Joint management agreements will be signed with relevant community committees to give full play to their role in joint management. Volunteer river inspection teams will be established to enforce the routine inspection of rivers, aquatic plants and shorelines, and handle problems quickly. Community-based publicity on water environment governance will be presented through workshops, fun activities and on-site ecological experiences to strengthen citizens’ river and water environment protection awareness. Connections with the District Education Bureau and the District Youth Activity Center will be strengthened, and the “Little River Chief” 365—Youth Water Resources Classroom project will be carried out regularly at some primary and junior high schools in the district, guiding youth to care about the water environment, and participate in water ecology conservation activities through community river and ecological pond visits, and water experiments. The project will also create a water protection atmosphere among all people. Focusing on eliminating inferior Class V water by 2020, we will shift from the stage task of “eliminating black and odorous rivers, and improving water quality” to the goal of “increasing water surface, greening banks, creating landscapes and conserving ecology”, build a number of exemplary rivers with a good appearance and deep connotations, and improve both river water quality and the ecological environment. In addition, we will improve people’s satisfaction and sense of gain.

4 Lingyun Ecological Home: Building a Green and Livable Home Together 4.1 Background and Origin Lingyun Sub-district is situated in southwestern Xuhui District, bordered by Meilong Town, Minhang District, with a land area of 3.58 km2 and 104,000 residents, mostly relocated residents and some indigenous villagers of old Meilong Town. Being a typical-population based sub-district, it consists of 56 residential communities under 28 community committees. The special geographic environment, complex population composition and common economic conditions pose a challenge to social management. On this basis, the Lingyun Sub-district Office proposed a community development plan with the goal to build “Livable Lingyun” with a safe, civilized, low-carbon, green, convenient and vigorous community environment, and to create an ecologically civilized atmosphere of neighborhood mutual aid, harmony and autonomy, thereby improving the living environment and the living standards of residents, and promoting human-nature harmony. When looking for an approach to community governance, the sub-district office found that “ecology” was a good entry point, because it referred not only to human-nature harmony, but also to harmony among humans, between humans and the environment, and between humans and society. Therefore, the Lingyun Sub-district Office carefully has designed the

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Lingyun Ecological Home practice project since 2011, where Meilong No. 3 Community and its school have been selected for a practical exploration of ecological community building through domestic waste separation and collection, green energy utilization, low-carbon innovation, cultivation experience base construction, ecologically diverse campus construction, among others.

Low-carbon Innovation House

4.2 Measures and Mechanism (I) From conceptualizing ecology to experiencing ecology in ecology building How can we make Lingyun Ecological Home a platform that can be seen, touched and experienced? Beginning with hard environment construction, the sub-district office has created an immersive, vivid and interesting ecology learning atmosphere for residents and educated residents about “ecology” on the sensory level. For instance, the Low-carbon Innovation House of the community school has mainly presented over ten household low-carbon energy conservation technologies and the central showroom has introduced the ecological wisdom of Chinese residences, British zero-carbon buildings, biological treatment technologies for domestic waste, and the science of water conservation. In the 500 m2 cultivation base of Meilong No. 3 Community, photovoltaic courtyard lamps and LED streetlamps could be seen everywhere. (II) From knowing ecology to practicing ecology in design activities To internalize the “ecology” concept into the behavior of residents, the sub-district office has designed various ecology educational practice activities, allowing residents

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to improve environmental awareness and put the green concept into practice through residents’ personal experiences. The first is the waste reduction action that refers to ferment production using kitchen waste, exchange of bonus points of the zero waste card for plants, exchange of Tetra Pak packages for vegetable seeds, artwork production with waste, exchange of idle items, et cetera. The second is the caring weaving action. The Caring Weaving Association of Lingyun Community is established, which donated re-woven old sweaters to children and old people in remote areas. The thrid is the family vegetable garden action, including the education of soil and water cultivation, bean sprout cultivation, the community-school ecological cooperation of Meiyuan High School, and so forth. (III) From playing with ecology to communicating ecology in developed ecological courses The “One-square-meter Family Vegetable Garden” course developed by Lingyun Community School has been warmly welcomed by community residents once launched. This course has broken through the traditional learning pattern, and extended the classroom to the ecological park and outdoor cultivation base of the school and homes, creating funny learning experiences in certain contexts. From radish and cabbage cultivation at the beginning to the thematic practice of hydroponic plant cultivation, fungus cultivation to the cultivation and application of aromatic plants, and bryophyte landscaping to community ecology warning by bryophytes, common cultivation experiences have facilitated communications among residents. Besides, they have promoted mutual aid and learning among neighbors through pots of soil, seeds, seedlings and stacks of fruit. The “One-square-meter Family Vegetable Garden” cultivation activity is like a gentle spring breeze that beautifies the community environment and warms the hearts of residents. Some minor neighborhood conflicts are resolved incidentally in cultivation interactions and communications.

An expert giving a lesson to residents in a cloud classroom

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(IV) From ecological actions to home autonomy by developing a learning team At the beginning of the project, ten warmhearted housewives of Meilong No. 3 Community voluntarily formed the “Green Housewife in Charge” environmental protection team. The nongovernmental organization “Green Housewife Environmental Guidance Center” established later has evolved into the “Green Housewife League” focusing on the backbone team of Meilong No. 3 Community and covering 18 community committees. Subsequently, the CPC organization of the Meilong No. 3 Community Committee has combined with the “Green Housewife” learning team in the autonomous home activity. The positive energy generated by the Green Housewife Council has created a good atmosphere in which community affairs can be discussed and managed by everyone. Autonomous home buildings in Lingyun Community have become an extensive public concern. In July 2014, Han Zheng, Secretary of the Shanghai Municipal CPC Committee, recognized this practice for a special investigation in Lingyun Sub-district. (V) Lingyun Ecology-Home Culture—from “life beauty” to “ecological beauty” The Lingyun Ecological Home project is initially designed to develop ecological beauty. The Meilong area is historically known for flower arrangement. In Lingyun Sub-district, “One-square-meter Family Vegetable Garden” presents vivid, green living and ecological beauty, and the “Lingyun Ecology-Home Culture” development project is first tried out in four communities. In Meilong No. 3 Community, low-carbon facility construction is combined with ecological culture building, and the community environment is created from the gate. The south gate on Jiachuan Road is the main pedestrian and vehicle access of the community, and mixed traffic was once unsafe. During integrated community reconstruction, the renovation scheme was finalized through comparison, public consultation and democratic decision-making. Today’s south gate has an elegant Chinese-style design that reflects the community’s characteristics. The moon gate surrounded by red plums is characterized by stable and comfortable sidewalks, separated pedestrian and vehicle traffic, high safety and a beautiful appearance, earning the praise of community residents. The “ecological culture wall” in the community reappears on the enclosing wall beside Yiligang, and reflects local cultural elements, such as flower umbrellas, surnames and letters. Under the leadership of the general CPC branch, “green housewives” participate actively in community cultural and landscaping activities. The Meilong No. 6 Community Committee has incorporated home culture into ecology building, advocating the spotted deer spirit of contribution to community vigor, harmony and happiness. It also cares about ecological culture based on indigenous residents’ attachment to the place of residence. The spotted deer spirit is reflected in flower field, house and building design, and the naming of place names such as Canglan Garden, Meihua Alley and Guihuatang. The Huali Garden Community Committee gathers community residents through ecological cultivation activities, one of which called the Old People Reading Group

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not only sent self-cultivated vegetables and fruit to lonely old people, but also organized them to learn classics. Former activity places far from water have been reconstructed into waterfront terraces, and some new roads are opened to the back garden. The creative plum garden of Meilong No. 9 Community is a retreat for residents especially kids converted from a stiff and enclosed place in the community, so that blind and wheelchair residents have their exclusive “secret garden”. The community committee has fully mobilized volunteers especially little volunteers to improve the community’s integrated governance level, and the “plant social networking” action has been utilized to settle neighborhood disputes and easily solve problems such as object throwing from height, dirtiness and disorder. Lingyun Ecological Home created a harmonious, pleasant and ecological environment through culture exploration and family management.

4.3 Innovation and Impact (I) The innovative practice of Lingyun Ecological Home promoted social management innovation and community autonomy The sub-district office implements the spirit of the No. 1 task of the Shanghai Municipal CPC Committee—“conducting innovative social governance and strengthening grass-root building”, and promotes community building by introducing external social organizations and developing internal social organizations. In terms of community autonomy, the representative brand of “Green Housewife” has been developed; in terms of joint community management, social organizations such as Yangtze Delta Ecology Society have been introduced, and the diversified joint management project “Lingyun Ecological Home” aimed at environment construction is initiated in collaboration with the community school. For example, in Meilong No. 3 Community, eight illegal buildings on trunk roads, four illegal residential courtyards, six illegal inner courtyards, and an unlicensed store that had been at the south gate for over ten years were demolished. In the comprehensive reconstruction project, the flat roofs of 38 residential buildings with a total area of 108,000 m2 have been converted into sloped roofs, and 36 inner courtyards have been reconstructed, benefiting 444 families. In the ongoing practice of the “Meilong No. 3 Community pattern” of domestic waste separation and recovery, “Green Housewife” has established a recovery league for Meilong No. 3 Community along with some enterprises and social organizations committed to waste separation and reduction, such as Yangtze Delta Ecology Society, Shanghai Green Homeland Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., China Tian Ying Inc. and Tianning Motor. From old waste store reconstruction to the installation of intelligent waste sorting bins, from the fixed-time and fixed-point recovery of recyclable waste to the setup of resident service stations, from the publicity on dry/wet waste separation for residents to the practical exploration of source waste separation and recovery, the community has a new system of domestic

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waste separation, recovery and utilization in the pattern of “Internet + source separation and recovery”. A trial on the source separation and recovery of kitchen waste has been conducted at the waste station that is set up by the Yangtze Delta Ecology Society in front of Buildings 33–36. From July to September in 2017, professors from the Yangtze Delta Ecology Society, high school students, undergraduates and Homeland employees were on duty alternating between 7:00–8:00 a.m. and 5:00–6:00 p.m. every day. The 100 families dumped waste correctly for over 1,500 times, and other community residents were drawn to participate actively. Kitchen waste was sprayed with a beneficial bacteria solution to prevent rotting, crushed, filled into barrels, and then sent to the fertilizer factory of Yuejin Farm to produce a high-grade biological organic fertilizer for greenhouse vegetable cultivation. In this process, kitchen waste was truly turned into something valuable, creating a loop of reutilization. When the CPC branch members and the community representatives harvested green vegetables grown using the organic fertilizer at the greenhouse, they were full of feelings. This practice has truly turned waste into a treasure, and residents cultivate the habit of recycling kitchen resources. Since its establishment in May 2017, the recovery league has covered 2,369 families in 38 residential buildings, in which 1,038 families have been registered, averagely accounting for 44%. Presently, the active dumping rate has been up to 48% and averages 27%. (II) Lingyun Ecological Home gave birth to “Green Housewife” The successful practice of “Green Housewife” has not only reshaped the community’s green culture, but also provided experience of community environment construction and pooled various resources. “Green Housewife” in Meilong No. 3 Community has influenced and inspired the whole sub-district; 20 community committees in the sub-district have established “Green Housewife” squads and the “Green Housewife League”. The “Green Housewife” squads as league members carry out wellorganized activities at different community committees. Presently, the leaders of the 20 “Green Housewife” squads are being trained, and over 5,000 families have received a “zero waste card” for waste reduction and stick to waste separation all year round. According to incomplete statistics, from January to September in 2017, the “Green Housewife” squads recovered “Tetra Pak packages and plastics” of “Tetra Pak packages and plastics”, and used clothes of 13,299 kilograms. Eight “Green Housewife” squads have established the “Love Weaving Society” to participate in many public welfare and charity activities. A number of projects have played an active role in community autonomy, including the Green Housewife Council, the Green Recycling Supermarket, the Waste Material Creative Production Team, the Bean Sprout Cultivation Public Service Team, the Green Ferment Workshop and the One-meter Green Balcony. The successful practice of “Green Housewife” is based on a team focusing on housewives, the grasping of the core needs for the community environment, and a scientific and sustainable project design.

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(III) Lingyun Ecological Home developed a number of “one-square-meter community vegetable garden” ecological community building projects Presently, “one-square-meter community vegetable gardens” can be found in marginal spaces in all the 14 residential communities of Lingyun Sub-district, such as the cultivation experience park of Meilong No. 3 Community, the ecological park of Meilong No. 7 Community, the Huicui Garden of Huali Garden Community, the plantation of Meiyuan No.1 Community, the Grasses Garden of Meilong No. 11–1 Community, and the Youth Green Plant Park of Heping Community. Although they have different names, they are all green spaces growing from the soil of community governance, and are derived from the “One-square-meter Family Vegetable Garden” ecological community building project of Lingyun Ecological Home. It is a family micro-space vegetable cultivation course designed, practiced and established by community residents, including the scientific cultivation and application of vegetables and related plants in home balconies and community micro-spaces, scientific vegetable cooking, the artistic arrangement and creation of vegetables and fruit, the micro-renewal of family and community spaces, and so forth. Based on the professional instruction team from the Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts of Shanghai University and the Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, learning venues include the ecological classroom of the community school, and “one-square-meter community vegetable gardens”. In the meantime, the sub-district office has established the Lingyun “Green Garden Workshop” (www.green100.cn) online learning platform, where community residents can save their “cultivation logs” on the Internet to share with more people.

“One-square-meter Vegetable Garden” planting activity

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(IV) Attracting community residents to participate in social governance effectively Lingyun Ecological Home has drawn community residents to effectively participate in community governance through a series of autonomous projects tailored to community characteristics, so that residents can go out of small families to join the big family. In April 2015, the sub-district office proposed the “Lingyun Ecology-Home Culture” development project, which aimed to build a home union and develop a warm home culture from an ecological perspective. The pedigree tracing activity of Meilong No. 3 Community helped many residents find their family origins; the “24solar-term activity” of Meilong No. 6 Community built a community “big family” for residents in the east and west parts; the “old people mutual help” activity of Huali Garden Community made community a harmonious family; the creative plum garden of Meilong No. 9 Community utilized the “plant social networking” action to settle neighborhood disputes; the “Caring Picture Book House” parent-child activity gathered young generations; the “Artistic Home Day” activity of the community school allowed young parents to participate in community artistic and ecological building with their kids. For instance, “Caring Picture Book House” is a picture book house founded by “Caring Mom”—a resident of Meilong No. 3 Community—for children aged 0– 10 years. It was opened to nearby families in June 2014, and presently has over 80 families as permanent members. “Caring Picture Book House” holds storytelling meetings and parent-child activities regularly every month, and often invites child book authors, editors and reading promoters to parent-child reading instruction workshops in the community. In the past three years, the book house has held over 500 public welfare storytelling meetings, and over 100 large-scale parent-child story activities, covering traditional culture and festivals, nature and environmental protection, life education, EQ and affection education. It also has organized theme activities such as popular science visits, the Chongming farm ecology tour, the book donation for Dabie Mountain children, and the smart mom contest, benefiting over 200 families in the community. The book house guides young reading families into the big family community to participate in public welfare activities organized by “Green Housewife”, Lingyun Ecological Home, the community school and the youth activity center, making them supporters and participants of community public welfare. The book house has gradually become a window for young families to be part of community life.

4.4 Inspiration and Prospect On the basis of Lingyun Ecological Home, the sub-district office proposed the “Lingyun Ecology-Home Culture” development project. The trend of sustainable

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community development is sustainable culture, and the key is fitting into local characteristics. The “Lingyun Ecology-Home Culture” development project fits in with the government’s action to meet the demand for resident autonomy by improving community culture, and also meets community residents’ demand for historical and cultural tracing. Building a home

Yangtze Delta Ecology Society Project design Project implementation

Community environment creation (Lingyun Ecological Home)

Community school Project support Assistance and communication Publicity and

Community Resident mobilization Site provision Implementation support

Community Artistic and Ecological Building Project

Meilong No.3 Community

Project of community characteristics

Meilong No.3 Community

Meilong No.3 Community

Resident ecological literacy building

Meilong No.3 Community

Joint management framework of Lingyun Ecological Home

Community environment cultivation is the entry point of Lingyun Ecological Home, but this does not mean that the project is standardized in all communities. If a joint management project is to be supported and welcomed by community residents, it must conform to the community’s characteristics. Therefore, the distinctive projects implemented in Meilong No. 3 Community, Meilong No. 6 Community, Meilong No. 9 Community, Huali Garden Community and more communities are a new practical exploration.

5 A New Look: Source Waste Separation in Communities 5.1 Background and Origin Founded in 1994, Huigong New Community in Hongmei Sub-district has 184 households, and was formerly a dormitory area for workers supporting the hinterland and returning to Shanghai. For many historical reasons, house title certificates

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cannot be obtained. Consequently, the community has no property right, no property management and no homeowner committee. The Huigong New Community Dependents Committee managed the community temporarily from 1996. In 2013, the new autonomy group was established in hopes of achieving self-management, self-education, self-service and self-supervision by residents. The autonomy group is composed mainly of residents who are enthusiastic about public welfare, have some influence in the community and were once backbone staff members before retirement. Since the “Green Account” initiative started in the community in August 2015 progressed well, the community committee and the autonomy group have taken this opportunity to became a demonstrative community of source waste separation by taking such integrated governance measures as source waste separation and timed waste store opening with the support of the CPC organization. The community appearance has also been improved through self-management.

5.2 Measures and Mechanism The honor of “demonstrative community of source waste separation” cannot be easily obtained due to many uncertainties in waste separation, especially irreconcilable conflicts between source waste separation, and the existing waste collection and transfer system. In order that residents promptly dump waste and stop throwing objects from height, a common practice is to set up a waste bin in front of each residential building for unified collection and transfer to the waste store by collection and cleaning workers. For waste separation, suitable and diverse waste bins should be provided, and the full coverage of waste separation ensured. Simply put, a waste separation standard should be developed, and residents supervised to dump waste promptly and accurately. Thus, waste separation should be designed scientifically to turn scattered waste bin distribution to sub-concentrated collection, and realize the regular supervision over waste dumping. In the implementation process, Huigong New Community has developed measures largely consistent with theory in a bottomup manner, ensuring the continual implementation of waste separation effectively. (I) Taking the opportunity of the “five violations and four compulsory items” to promote integrated community governance The integrated community governance work was conducted in 2016, concentrating on illegal building demolition and environmental governance. The autonomy group carefully sorted out the difficulties to be addressed urgently in the community through the extensive collection of comments, developed an implementation plan of integrated governance in active consultation with the sub-district office, and then conducted publicity and explanation to residents extensively. Next, it initiated an activity of commitment to complying with the Code of Conduct for Civilized Residence of Shanghai City voluntarily, developing civilized living habits, paying property management fees promptly and fully, taking part in public welfare services

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actively, and building a beautiful home together. Residents responded massively, and signed on the commitment wall. As a result, 22 illegal courtyards were demolished, two non-local lodgers of illegal buildings were removed, the community landscape and the activity room were renovated, and the waste store was standardized, allowing residents to enjoy the benefits of environmental quality improvement directly. Afterwards, as proposed by the sub-district and community CPC organizations, a waste separation trial was conducted in conjunction with integrated community governance to build a community characterized by autonomy. (II) Deploying waste separation actively, and mobilizing residents extensively At the end of September 2016, the CPC branch held a general meeting for publicity and mobilization, and organized volunteers to visit the Xupu waste transfer base to learn the waste collection and transfer process. In addition, source waste separation volunteers were organized for door-to-door publicity, brochures of waste classification and small gifts were distributed to residents, and the four categories of waste and the simple method of dry/wet waste separation were explained. A Notice for Residents was issued to win residents’ support. The kick-off ceremony of source waste separation urged residents to participate in waste separation, and motivated them by means of personal guidance on waste separation, timed waste store opening (7:00–10:00, 17:00–20:00), and the green account.

Publicity on community source waste separation activity

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Knowledge publicity wall and resident exchange wall of community waste separation

(III) Strengthening core team building to supervise and direct the separation practice regularly The “Green Shade” volunteer autonomous organization with 36 members was organized to manage the waste store regularly and guided residents to dump waste on a rotating schedule, especially guidance when the waste store is closed. Since few nonlocal tenants were highly liquid, and unaware of the separation rules, the working schedule was adjusted pertinently so that residents adapted to the regular opening pattern of the waste store. Residents were guided to divide waste bags for further separation voluntarily, and gradually developed the habit of dumping waste during the specified intervals. (IV) Building a two-way communication autonomous organization using the low-value waste recovery subsidy In order to make waste separation more effective, the “Green Shade” volunteer team implemented a trial to recover low-value and recyclable waste such as plastics, glass, aluminum pipes and cartons. They disclosed the amount of recovery every time, and used the recovered money to fully subsidize community autonomy, thereby separating waste and finding a way out for waste of some residents. Problems and solutions can only be identified through consultation. The Huigong New Community Committee collects comments from community residents via a small communication box, providing a channel for residents to express needs, opinions and suggestions in addition to face-to-face communication and telephone calls. In order to reply to every letter, the autonomy group has established a letter collection

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team to regularly collect letters every day, and to sort out and follow up letters. For appreciative and positive letters, the group would contact senders on the same day to thank them for their care and support; for letters of opinions and suggestions, the community committee and the autonomy group would try to reply within three days, and follow them up. Through the feedback mechanism of quick discovery, timely research and one-to-one reply, the sense of participation and satisfaction of residents are improved practically, and a two-way interactive benign cycle has been created to raise the governance level of Huigong New Community continually.

Low-value waste recovery activity implemented by the “Green Shade” volunteer team

5.3 Innovation and Impact (I) Improving the autonomy awareness of residents, and enhancing cohesiveness gradually A direct cause of community management defects was the pending property right problem, and the main cause of early-stage disorder was that the problem was not solved through repeated appeals. From the establishment of the dependents committee and the autonomy group, to the solution of a series of issues such as integrated community governance and waste separation, and the innovation of practices, residents have got a strong sense of gain and greater confidence in solving the outstanding issues. It has been proven that major tasks of community autonomy can only be implemented successfully based on CPC member leadership, backbone demonstration and public participation, and only if autonomy is conducted properly

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can more support and assistance be received from competent authorities, thereby improving the capacity to perfect the community living environment. (II) The resident autonomy pattern has been consolidated, and there are admirably diverse forms All affairs in Huigong New Community are handled under the leadership of the autonomy group, which actually performs the duties of the homeowner committee. Before the entrustment of property management, resident volunteers assume the task of property management, and this pattern is the foundation of community autonomy. With the entrustment of property management and the implementation of autonomy in projects, the “troika” grass-root governance framework of the community has been built perfectly, and the community’s mobilization capacity and the autonomy group’s power have been improving. In community autonomy, the community committee and the autonomy group actively build two characteristic buildings (21 and 22). In Building 21, resident Zhao Genlai decorates corridors with his own calligraphies and paintings while in Building 22, the building leader who likes to grow flowers puts many green plants in corridors, making the building look green. Volunteer teams have been established for both buildings for maintenance by cleaning calligraphies and paintings, and watering plants. The tidy and beautiful corridors are admired and praised by residents in other buildings, and environmental governance in other buildings has become easier. (III) The concept of environmental protection and public welfare is increasingly popular, and the green environment is displaying progressively Through waste separation and relevant public welfare workshops, residents have realized that waste separation can reduce environmental pollution, take full advantage of existing materials, avoid the destruction of the natural ecological balance, and create a beautiful community environment. Scientific waste treatment concerns the immediate interests of residents and the future development of human society. Besides, it can motivate residents to care for the environment and protect ecology effectively, thereby creating a benign cycle of environmental improvement.

5.4 Inspiration and Prospect (I) An acquaintance community is the foundation of autonomy Residents of Huigong New Community are mostly former workers of Shanghai Huigong No. 3 Sewing Machine Factory, and have similar working and life experiences, and what’s more there is a deeper feeling among them. In addition, the community has a limited number of families and residents are generally well educated, so it is a typical sophisticated acquaintance community. This is an important foundation of waste separation and an important step of acquaintance culture building

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before the implementation of waste separation. The members of the autonomy group are mostly backbone staff members of the sewing machine factory and they have great prestige. For this reason, the autonomy group displays great coordination and handling capacity in all community management affairs, including resident mobilization, public opinion collection and conflict coordination, and thus all tasks of resident autonomy are performed successfully. Enhancing the neighborhood attachment is the foundation of autonomy. (II) The timely handling of opinions and issues is the guarantee of autonomy Residents always have different opinions and suggestions on community management affairs, and the key is to eliminate conflicts. In this regard, not only the subdistrict office and the community committee work actively, but also the leader of the autonomy group has set up a suggestion box and a letter collection team to collect opinions and suggestions extensively, in order to respond promptly and properly in a democratic and open manner, which earn the trust and respect of residents. In sum, a prestigious, skillful and powerful organization was established for waste separation and treatment based on the acquaintance community, and a waste separation trial was conducted in conjunction with integrated community governance by taking the opportunity of the “five violations and four compulsory items”. The separation goal was clear, the method used was proper, and mobilization and publicity on waste dumping was conducted under regular supervision. The implementation process was conducted carefully and properly, and low-value waste was recovered centrally for public welfare purposes; in addition, the grass-root governance framework gradually improved, so that residents had a suitable channel to express their needs. The organizing work was solid and effective, and gave full play to the characteristics of the community. From waste separation to the creation of characteristic buildings, work was carried out step by step, enhancing the sense of gain of residents.

6 “Green Housewife”: Small Organization with Great Energy 6.1 Background and Origin Meilong No. 3 Community, Lingyun Sub-district is located in southwestern Xuhui District, being an old public residential community completed in the early 1990s, with 2,355 families and a resident population of over 6,500, mostly affected by house demolition. This community has a complex population composition, diverse needs, varying self-culture levels and low environmental awareness, and is full of waste. In order to make the community tidy, and improve the capacity of grass-root autonomous organizations, the general CPC branch took the opportunity in the Shanghai World Expo in 2010 to support the growth of the “Green Housewife” autonomous organization with the goal of creating a “green, low-carbon and environment-friendly”

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lifestyle for everyone to make it the backbone of community autonomy. In this process, this community became a genuine garden village.

6.2 Measures and Mechanism The birth and development of the “Green Housewife” autonomous organization began with environmental protection issues. It later extended to diverse community needs, and used external professional forces and normative rules of procedure to improve community autonomy awareness, to expand the scope of services, and to improve the organizational structure. Eventually, “Green Housewife” became normative and branded. (I) Taking environmental protection opportunities to develop autonomy awareness With the successful organization of the Shanghai World Expo in 2010, the environmental protection concept was passed on to ordinary communities and residents. After seeing green works such as the World Expo chair, several housewives in Meilong No. 3 Community wished to convey and practice this concept. After a period of preparation, the “Green Housewife in Charge” low-carbon and green autonomy action group composed of over ten housewives came into being in early 2011 under the leadership of the general CPC branch. The general CPC branch and the community committee offered material support, such as venues and funds, invited environmental experts to transfer low-carbon technologies and concepts in life to “green housewives”, and organized them to visit Shanghai Botanical Garden, environmental education bases, among others, and to communicate with multiple not-for-profit environmental organizations. On the other hand, “green housewives” were organized to make recovered used plastics and Tetra Pak packages into handbags, aprons, sunhats and other daily supplies, thereby encouraging more residents to participate. The last Thursday of each month was gradually fixed as the waste reduction and recovery day of Meilong No. 3 Community, when “green housewives” used the smart zero waste card to record, track and manage the amount of recovery of each family. Moreover, residents could exchange bonus points in their cards for recycled products. This environmental action created a common topic and further enhanced neighborhood attachment.

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“Green Housewife” waste reduction and recovery day

(II) Enhancing neighborhood attachment and enriching autonomous activities After the waste reduction recovery activity achieved initial success, the general CPC branch implemented the “One-square-meter Family Vegetable Garden” cultivation activity planned and initiated by the municipal women’s federation in Meilong No. 3 Community. Members of “Green Housewife” and the community flower team formed a core team for trial cultivation in early 2012. The “Green Housewife” studio was formally registered as the Lingyun Green Housewife Environmental Guidance Center—a not-for-profit NGO. After the “One-square-meter Family Vegetable Garden” cultivation activity kicked off, some minor neighborhood conflicts were resolved inadvertently through interesting cultivation interactions and exchanges. In particular, the community committee consciously directed the elderly living on the ground floor in cultivation to join this activity where “green housewives” provided follow-up guidance, so that residents no longer grew scallion and garlic on public green spaces, mosquitoes and flies were reduced, and the elderly could enjoy their small vegetable gardens delightfully. “Green housewives” not only taught cultivation skills and tips, but also advised residents to take care of the public environment. For uncontrolled pet urination and defecation, “green housewives” organized a “pet salon” in consultation with the general CPC branch and the community committee, and held workshops and seminars on pet raising together with volunteers from East China University of Science and Technology, which received warm responses from community residents. The community environment gradually improved through civilized pet raising activities. As the “One-square-meter Family Vegetable Garden” gradually proved to be successful, activities such as “Green Housewife Family Micro Green Space”, and

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“Green Housewife Family Organic Bean Sprout Cultivation” with the theme of environmental protection were extended progressively. “Green Housewife Weaving Chat Bar” provided a good place for housewives to chat while weaving, and successively presented over 200 pieces of winter clothing to lonely and elderly individuals in the community. In autumn and winter of 2012, “Weaving Chat Bar” was upgraded to “Green Housewife Caring Weaving Society” with over 70 members and began to donate sweaters to children in poor areas. The kind act of the caring moms drew social attention.

Ceremony of donation to poor children in the Dabie Mountain

(III) Improving the organizational structure to promote community autonomy The launching of the project made residents satisfied and confident, and the autonomous concept of “community building by everyone” became increasingly popular. On this basis, the general CPC branch and the community committee established the Green Housewife Council. The “Green Housewife in Charge” action group as well as the team and organization under the “Green Housewife” studio guided residents to join the community “big family” and to attend autonomy meetings such as community congresses, joint meetings on community affairs, public hearings, and women’s congresses. This allowed residents to play an important role on autonomy carriers such as the community opinion exchange platform, demand collection platform, conflict mediation platform, and problem handling platform.

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Green Housewife Council

As a strong assistant of the general CPC branch and the community committee, the Green Housewife Council has solved many longstanding problems in community management, stability maintenance, facility construction, and so forth. For example, since the hanging of clothes for air drying by residents affected the environment, “green housewives” not only collected opinions, but also proposed a scheme for drying rack layout optimization. Presently, there have been two laundry drying yards, and over 140 uniform drying racks in the community, not only overcoming the difficulty of laundry drying for ground floor residents, but also improving the community environment. In addition, “green housewives” have used their wisdom in the layout of the community solar lighting system, the setup of waste sorting bins and environmental billboards, the construction of green fences, et cetera. At the end of 2016, there were over 5,000 “Green Housewife” volunteers in Xuhui District; in 2016, 80% of families in Meilong No. 3 Community alone participated in various autonomous home activities to varying degrees, where over 380 activities were hosted or organized, such as the community demonstration and publicity activity on family medical kits and green consumption and waste reduction action. Under the direction of the general CPC branch and the community committee, “green housewives” extended their attention to more public welfare projects. They organized the “Lingyun Ecological Home—Youth & Community Family Half-day Camp” with Lingyun Community School for youth-oriented environmental education, which attracted over 4,500 youngsters. Additionally, “green housewives” help old residents, mentally disabled youngsters, and physically disabled and sick residents to settle family disputes and apply for financial subsidies. Xuhui District’s bid for a national civilized district also received warm responses from “green housewives”. They talked to residents who had installed illegal iron gates along with community officials, and then won their understanding and support with sincerity and patience. In 2015, 85 illegal iron doors in Meilong No. 3 Community

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were demolished, and “green housewives”, by means of discussion and appraisal, selected four characteristic corridors with the themes of “care for the old and young”, “popular science”, “ecology” and “warmth”.

6.3 Innovation and Impact (I) A way of community autonomy organization building under the leadership of grass-root CPC organizations is provided Through the organic combination of CPC building and social organization development, a good autonomy pattern of resident self-education, democratic management and mutual help supported by the community committee and led by the Green Housewife Council was created to conduct community autonomy under the leadership of the grass-root CPC organization. This process began with an environmental protection action, and expanded to all aspects of community autonomy, with focus on the leading role of the CPC organization and the exemplary role of CPC members. It not only allowed residents to pursue individual value, but also realized the effective connection of community CPC building, the management service network and the resident mutual help system, finally enriching and integrating autonomy resources, and deepening and extending autonomous functions. (II) The brand effect of “Green Housewife” is giving effective play, strengthening public participation and carrying forward the public welfare spirit Themes such as environmental protection and public welfare in modern society have fitted in with and improved residents’ sense of honor and pride for participation, and in return received warm responses from residents. Today, the “Green Housewife” environmental protection activity has 41 “Green Housewife” member organizations, covering Minhang District, Jing’an District, and so forth. “Green housewives” have effectively created interesting lives, beautified the ecological environment, improved civilization, brought people closer, enhanced neighborhood attachment, and promoted the ecological civilization, the creation of an “acquaintance society” and neighborhood harmony through a rich variety of autonomy projects. From 2012 to date, over 19,270 families-times have taken part in waste reduction recovery, realizing the source reduction of over 300 tons of domestic waste, and over 11,000 families have taken part in “One-square-meter Family Vegetable Garden”, “green housewives” have woven over 10,000 pieces of clothing, covering families, buildings and communities. In 2015, the Lingyun “Green Housewife” volunteer team received the honorary title “National Top 10 Moral Models—Star of Frugality” from the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee, and was selected as the Fourth Edition of “Top 10 Figures Touching Shanghai of the Year”, which indicated that she was highly appreciated by society.

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6.4 Inspiration and Prospect (I) Project innovation is the key factor of “Green Housewife” “Green Housewife” actively tracks the latest developments of social organizations and has launched a number of popular environmental protection and public welfare projects based on the practical situation of Meilong No. 3 Community. Around the goal of creating a low-carbon community, the organization has explored a biochemical treatment method of kitchen waste on the basis of individual and collective composting; “Green Housewife” activities are extended for the large old population of the community, such as building a 10 min old age service circle to provide catering, accommodation, recreation and other daycare services to lonely elderly individuals above 80 years, encouraging more residents to make woven and green items for waste recycling and public welfare purposes, and supporting and developing some public welfare organizations. (II) The endogenous nature of the organization enables “Green Housewife” to ideally meet resident needs Community Secretary Shang Yanhua serves concurrently as Chairman of the “Green Housewife” Environmental Protection Guidance Center, its core members are community officials, and recruited members are from Lingyun Community. They are familiar with the community’s situation, project design, and the practices of resident mobilization and community leader development. The center has activated community participation through a commitment to ecological conservation based on the impelling trend of environmental protection and the long cultivation history of the Meilong area. (III) The support from branded social organizations has improved the influence of “Green Housewife” “Green Housewife” sticks to the working concept of benign interactions among multi-player participation, joint social management and resident autonomy, and has introduced Global Village of Beijing, Vantone Foundation, other social sources and the community school. It has received small-amount subsidies, project guidance and other support, achieving development from the “Green Housewife in Charge” low-carbon and green autonomy action group, the “Green Housewife” studio, the Lingyun Green Housewife Environmental Guidance Center to the Green Housewife Council. The “Green Housewife” group is snowballing. (IV) Normative building has promoted the healthy and sustainable development of “Green Housewife” First, “Green Housewife” activities have been institutionalized and cooperative with volunteer teams from Dahua Hospital, among others, and even non-profit organizations in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan were strengthened to normalize such activities. Next, good practices in “Green Housewife” activities have been systematized

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gradually into community rules to be followed by more residents. Third, the Shang Yanhua working method has been summarized constantly into a written experience for extension. In general, the key to the success of “Green Housewife” resident autonomy in Meilong No. 3 Community is to accurately identify and solve problems while enhancing neighborhood attachment in practice, so that residents have a sense of gain. The active intervention of organizations has gradually normalized and institutionalized spontaneous actions. Besides, the autonomous organization is based on environmental protection and then is extended to other urgent matters of residents such as care for the elderly and public lighting, thereby creating a cohesive brand for the community and surrounding areas through varied activities. Furthermore, external forces are introduced promptly to improve organizational capacity and regulate the development of “Green Housewife” actively, enhancing its functionality and purposefulness. Accordingly, the key to the development of an endogenous organization is to properly use available and capable persons, to empathize with others, and to establish a platform to promote development and unify residents. Case Analysis Ecological civilization, ecological city, livable city, landscaped city, et cetera, are the theoretical basis and main development goal of Chinese cities. Refined urban ecological governance is the main path of urban development. Urban ecological governance includes the development of government policies and governances, the overall optimization of governance techniques, the active participation of all social classes, and integrated governance in terms of ecological culture, ecological policies, ecological technologies, ecological management, ecological society, and so on. In the case of “Intensive Work: Building a ‘Breathable’ Ecological District”, the spatial layout of green spaces is optimized through boulevard construction, three-dimensional planting, green space sharing, and so forth, thereby improving the ecological benefits of green spaces, meeting residents’ leisure demand, and creating an urban culture. The following patterns have been created. The first is refined boulevard construction and management pattern. A refined boulevard construction and management plan has been developed to create ecological, living, commercial and cultural boulevards, making Xuhui District a demonstrative district of boulevards, and tree files are established and subjected to integrated maintenance. The second is green space sharing pattern. Green spaces are shared with commercial and educational institutions and then are built into diversified street gardens, finally improving the supply of green spaces, optimizing the ecological function of green spaces, and making them available to residents. The third is multi-dimensional planting pattern. Roof, wall and windowsill planting is conducted in close cooperation with industry parks to create a new community and a warm home. The ecological integration of the park and community, the coexistence of roof and ground

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planting, and new paths and patterns of the effective supply of green spaces and the improvement of the ecological culture value system for densely populated central districts of metropolises are explored. In the case of “Ecological Rehabilitation: Refined Governance of Medium and Small Rivers under the River Chief System”, black and odorous medium and small rivers in the urban area of Shanghai are formed by many factors over time, and past governance efforts proved ineffective. To solve this problem, integrated water environmental governance was conducted in 2016. Due to the dirty environment, unregulated waste dumping and the direct discharge of domestic waste-water into Chunshengang, bottom mud was seriously eutrophicated, and the black and odorous segment was 1,970 m long, seriously affecting nearby residents. For these reasons, Chunshengang was selected as a typical case for integrated governance. After more than one year of governance, Chunshengang received the Best River governance Award in the river governance achievement contest organized by public accounts of the “Shanghai Release” and “Shanghai Water & Ocean” in August 2017, and its water quality is stable at Class IV. The following innovative management patterns were formed during the governance of Chunshengang: the first is about the innovative organizational management pattern: ➀ The river chief system, and a sound river chief evaluation and accountability mechanism were established to evaluate the implementation of the river chief system; ➁ An effective coordination mechanism was established with river chief offices of the upper and lower reaches for integrated governance; ➂ The coordination of the local water environment was strengthened in terms of municipal drainage, waste-water treatment, pump station dispatching, and rainwater and waste-water control for unified and scientific governance; ➃ Public participation was encouraged, the “Xuhui River Chief” WeChat public account was opened, an activity organized with the “Blue Dream” social work team from East China University of Science and Technology, and the “Little River Chief” 365—Youth Water Resources Classroom project was implemented along with the District Education uBreau and the District Youth activity Center, guiding youths to care about the water environment and water resources and to participate in water ecology conservation activities. The second innovative management pattern is the innovative integrated technical pattern. An integrated governance pattern of source reduction, in-process governance and terminal rehabilitation was established. Specifically, measures such as “river-bank integration + dredging + source pollution control + environmental improvement + ecological rehabilitation” were taken to eliminate pollution sources, to connect the water and land ecosystems, to establish a river ecosystem, and to realize self-balancing, self-adjustment and self-rehabilitation. The third innovative organizational management pattern is related to the innovative long-term management pattern. A long-term management mechanism is the foundation of river governance, where joint law enforcement by the Water Authority, Environmental Protection Bureau and Urban

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Management Bureau was deepened. Besides, a regulatory mechanism of river outlet registration, inspection and handling was established, and administrative measures such as dynamic water quality monitoring, microbiological indicator, environmental and illegal outlet governance, river inspection, management and maintenance, water environment publicity, and volunteer river protection were taken a new evaluation. Moreover, new evaluation pattern of maintenance, combining routine river maintenance and water ecology maintenance, was established, shifting single-facility maintenance to integrated water environment improvement. Additionally, a river environment emergency response system was realized for long-term management. In the case of “Lingyun Ecological Home: Building a Green and Livable Home Together”, improving the cultural atmosphere, creating a safe and healthy environment, and establishing mutual help and collaborative organizations are common challenges of refined governance for ordinary large urban communities with a complex population composition and ordinary facilities. In the Lingyun Ecological Home project in Lingyun Sub-district, Meilong No. 3 Community and the community school were selected for a practical exploration in domestic waste separation and recycling, green energy utilization, lowcarbon innovation, cultivation experience, and ecologically diverse campus building, among others. A new pattern of community autonomy was created, where external social organizations were introduced and internal ones were developed. The representative community autonomy brand of “Green Housewife” was developed and the “Green Housewife League” was established, which was given full play from “One-square-meter Family Vegetable Garden” to Lingyun “Green Garden Workshop”, from kitchen waste composting to “Low-carbon Innovation House”, and from the “zero waste card” to waste separation management. In joint community management, social organizations like the Yangtze Delta Ecology Society were introduced, and the diverse joint management project of Lingyun Ecological Home with the entry point of community environment creation were developed in collaboration with the community school. This project fits in with the government’s action to meet the demand for resident autonomy by improving community culture, and also meets community residents’ demand for historical and cultural tracing. In the case of “A New Look: Source Waste Separation in Communities”, the education of public opinion on waste separation management, and laws and governances are both included. Environmental problems are often solved through top-down orders under effective governance. This mode works well for the control of industrial waste, but not for social waste. However, the government’s role is essential to waste separation management, so its instructions need to be converted into waste reduction actions of residents and enterprises. Individualities and differences in waste separation need to be noted, because problems and solutions can only be identified through consultation, eventually creating a two-way interactive benign cycle to improve community governance

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level. In this case, this benign cycle was well reflected in the waste separation work of 2016. In addition, firsthand basic data on waste separation was obtained during waste separation design for gradual application and delightful results were finally obtained. On the basis of the legal framework, developing powerful grass-root organizations is an important step of refined governance. For example, the Green Housewife Council in the case of “’Green Housewife’: Small Organization with Great Energy”, and the “Green Shade” volunteer team in the case of waste separation in Huigong New Community turned the externality of environmental problems into the internality of entities responsible. Thus, waste separation management relied on voluntary resident participation other than administrative orders. In the case of “A New Look: Source Waste Separation in Communities”, trust was built through publicity and implementation, and the “Green Shade” volunteer autonomous organization supervised waste bins on a rotating schedule, realizing the full coverage of the whole process without omission. In public affairs, a positive effect can be generated only if there is no exception, because any bad example would ruin early-stage inputs and progress. The waste store was opened on a regular basis and waste bags were divided for further separation to develop good waste disposal habits. The trial on low-value waste recovery not only emptied limited home spaces effectively, but also solved the complex problem of terminal waste separation, eventually creating a win-win situation.

Chapter 4

Service Optimization Lufa Zhang and Ling Jiang

1 Introduction In the socialist market economy, offering public services is an important aspect of performing government functions comprehensively and properly. At the third plenary session of the Eighteenth CPC National Congress, it was proposed that the government should strengthen the supply and purchase of various public services. As pointed out in the report of the Nineteenth CPC National Congress, “We should focus on the most direct and realistic interest issues of people, do our utmost within our capabilities, and work on things gradually and annually to improve the public service system, protect people’s basic livelihoods, meet their growing necessities, promote social fairness and justice, achieve effective social governance and good social order, and make people’s senses of gain, well-being and security more substantial, reliable and sustainable.” For a long time, the following major problems plague the supply of public services: First, the supply and demand of public services is unbalanced. ➀ Overall imbalance: The total supply of public services is below the total demand; ➁ Structural imbalance: Public services needed by the public are undersupplied. Some public services are at such a low level that they cannot meet public expectations and thus are under-utilized; some public services are no longer needed over time. Second, public services are not supplied evenly and do not realize full coverage, so that many groups, mostly vulnerable and difficult groups, do not have access to public services. Third, there is a conflict between the scattered supply of public services and the holistic demand of the public for public services. Fourth, there is a lack of multiple contributions to the supply of public services, resulting in excessive pressure on the government and the undersupply of public services. Fifth, there is a lack of effective motivation

L. Zhang (B) · L. Jiang Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China e-mail: [email protected] © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 G. Chen et al. (eds.), Urban Practices from Delicacy Management to Governance in Contemporary China, Urban Governance Practices in China, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4011-0_4

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and supervision in the supply of public services, so that their quality can hardly be ensured and improved. We can roughly act in the following aspects to solve these problems: First, we need to optimize the quantity and quality of public services. If the total quantity of public services is absolutely insufficient, supply must be increased progressively while the relation among the government, market and society is handled, and multiple social participants are involved effectively to form a combined force. In this process, the quality of public services needs to be in particular ensured. If there is only a structural conflict in public services, the stock needs to be optimized, which is also a priority of the current reform. Imbalance, inequality, low quality and decentralization in prior extensive supply needs to be overcome by the precise identification and classification of public service, and various measures need to be taken, especially intelligent rational measures to simplify, integrate, optimize, refine and humanize existing public services, so as to match supply and demand precisely, and improve both the utilization of public service resources and public satisfaction. On this basis, dynamic adjustment will be conducted to meet people’s growing demands for better life by supplying more adequate and balanced public services. Second, concepts and roles require changes. Public services need to be people-oriented and include everyone to meet their demands, and the role of the government needs to be redesigned based on the administrative concept of “small government and big society”. Although the government is still the main provider of public services, it should be the buyer other than the producer. Moreover, it should be the maker of rules and regulations, and the supervisor of implementation, apart from being the direct implementer. Xuhui District has made good explorations on all these aspects. The following eight case studies have shown the optimization of Xuhui District’s public service supply in quantity and quality, and the improvement of public service concepts in one or more aspects. The Administrative Service Center and Community Affairs Acceptance Service Center in Xuhui District, and the “Community Care” project epitomize public service optimization at the district, sub-district and community levels, and address the problem of overlapping public service supply, thereby meeting the public’s collective demands for public services. In addition, the public services offered are simplified, integrated and optimized to improve supply efficiency and public satisfaction with public services. The existing system of elder care service supply has been reshaped by matching services based on health assessment results to supply limited elder care service resources to those truly in need, fulfilling the government’s responsibility of “basic security”. The practice of family doctor in Xuhui District focuses on public health demand, and has improved the acceptance and use of family doctor services among the public by refining contractual services of family doctors. The practice of Riverfront Constructors’ Home provides very pertinent public services to construction workers who have not enjoyed public services well, and guides them to improve self-culture, adapt to urban community life and eliminate their worries. The government buys services to change its functions so that it will no longer do all things by itself. To realize that the government changes its functions and buys suitable public services, fully developed social organizations should be relied upon. For instance, the “trilateral interaction” pattern has developed

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and incubated social organizations through targeted assistance for difficulties in their development. Public services are not one-time services but a long-term process. To ensure the responsiveness and effectiveness of public services, incentives and a normative supervision mechanism are needed, as reflected in these cases. Besides, in the current “Internet+” age, the application of intelligence in public service supply effectively promotes the improvement of public service supply. The above practices of Xuhui District also provide much vivid experience.

2 Simplification: Improving the Overall Efficiency of Government Services Through “Internet+” 2.1 Background and Origin For the purpose of further advancing government function reform, regulating administrative powers, implementing the decentralization, administration and service integration strategy, and further improving government efficiency, the Xuhui District Government conducted practical explorations in institutional reform of administrative approval. It also conducted reforms in decentralization, administration and service, which can be roughly divided into three stages. Stage 1: 26 government approval service departments distributed in 18 places were relocated to the Xuhui District Administrative Service Center to provide government services centrally, making physical integration a reality. Stage 2: Breakthroughs were made in the projects of the “one hotline”, “two lists”, “three networks” and “four-in-one”. Stage 3: Integration in reform and innovation was strengthened systematically to deepen government function transformation. In February 2017, the National Development and Reform Commission officially published the list of “Internet + government service” demonstration projects to be funded (16 throughout the country), and the Xuhui District Government was the only district government chosen. Taking this opportunity, Xuhui District explored the deep integration of the Internet and government services, and endeavored to create integrated government services in prospect, and improve the government’s modern governance capacity and service level with focus on difficulties such as data sharing, operation collaboration and affair handling.

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2.2 Measures and Mechanism (I) Developing the “one number” application service system The Administrative Service Center is advancing the electronization of relevant certificates and licenses, and developing the mutual recognition and sharing of certificate and license information gradually, preventing enterprises from frequently submitting materials and proofs repeatedly when handling affairs. 1. Establishing the first electronic certificate and license classification system in Shanghai Four levels of A, B, C and D (from high to low) are established based on certificate and license reliability for easy reuse and extension. Level A certificates and licenses are issued by departments, and most reliable. Level B certificates and licenses are collected by the center during issuance, ranking second in reliability. Level C certificates and licenses are submitted by users during affair handling, and have been reviewed by departments online. Level D certificates and licenses are documents and materials submitted by users online. 2. Establishing the first catalogue of mutually recognized and shared electronic certificates and licenses in Shanghai The reuse rules for certificates and licenses to be submitted for the 440 approval service items at the center have been sorted out to form a preliminary catalogue of mutually recognized and shared electronic certificates and licenses, covering 69 certificates and licenses. They include 16 unconditionally mutually recognized ones, such as the Ability to Work Evaluation Conclusion, 48 ones mutually recognized during validity, such as the resident ID card, and five conditionally mutually recognized ones, such as the Special Industry License of Shanghai City. 3. Trying out the first electronic certificate and license database in Shanghai Cover information is identified and collected automatically by using the image identification technology, and certificate and license information is entered into the database after manual checking, realizing the multi-channel collection, sharing and multilateral use of basic certificate and license information. The certificate production and operation handling systems are being interconnected with the electronic certificate and license database progressively to bring to fruition, the concurrent issue of electronic and hard certificates and licenses. The database is used to support the one-time generation, multilateral use, one database management, mutual recognition and sharing of relevant information during affair handling by all departments. Today, the center has collected electronic information on nearly 20,000 certificates and licenses.

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(II) Strengthening the “one window” service pattern The center tries out the “general window” pattern, the service process of “general affairs handling at the front office, classified approval at the back office, and unified issuance at the window”. Corporate registration and affairs with less back office operations are merged into six “general windows” without adding any window, offering one-stop services for 105 items of 13 departments. Systems such as first asking responsibility, one-time notification, parallel handling and limited time closure have been established and improved, offering normative, standardized and convenient government services.

General affairs handling window in the hall of the Xuhui District Administrative Service Center

1. Building the “integrated handling and review” information platform The standardized acceptance and handling system of the center has been upgraded, offering functions such as “one window inquiry, general affairs handling and unified certificate issuance”, and realizing “separated handling and review, instant interaction, and seamless connection” to improve window handling efficiency. This has made technical preparation for the subsequent integration and creation of general service windows in areas such as corporate registration and services, employment management and talent services. 2. Introducing a number of corporate items External corporate service items that have not been introduced were analyzed and sorted out through repeated visits and surveys on relevant authorities, and 75 corporate items were introduced, in which 54 involve corporate registration and back office handling in 12 departments, and 21 involve investment and construction projects in four departments.

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3. Establishing a number of “single windows” “Single windows” were established in the three areas of business registration, talent services and credit information. The business registration window performs integrated operations for domestically and foreign funded enterprises from incorporation to change of registration. The public credit information service window performs integrated services such as inquiry into public credit information based on application and objection handling. The overseas talent services window performs the integrated handling of general employment and residence operations for foreigners and overseas talents. Public Cre No.50 dit Informati 002 on

Busin ess No.M0 Registration 02

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Corporate service window of “Internet + government services”

(III) Building a “one website” general service channel The online government service hall is being created on the portal website of the Xuhui District Government according to the unified requirements of Shanghai City. Up to date, 695 items have been handled online, including 395 approval items and 300 service items. The center has improved the organic integration of online handling and offline window services with the comprehensive interconnection with online and offline resources. 1. Advancing online handling comprehensively Online disclosure, form downloading, online submission, online appointment, online preliminary review, online feedback, online inquiry, online payment and online logistics have been 100% effectuated for all the 440 approval items introduced into the center with focus on service items of general concern to enterprises and citizens. Meanwhile, network interconnection and data sharing are advanced to connect 12

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special networks, 77 district-district interaction systems, and two self-built district systems to the data center together with Pudong, Huangpu and Putuo Districts. Material is reduced and processes are optimized to keep improving the coverage and efficiency of online handling. 2. Deepening the building of the “one window inquiry” knowledge base Channels such as on-site, telephone, website and WeChat are integrated to improve the center’s “one window inquiry” mechanism, and common inquiry questions for citizens are updated dynamically. Moreover, the government service knowledge base system is established to answer questions on corporate registration, file inquiry, talent services, employment services, residence permit bonus point accumulation and so on, to lay a foundation for the setup of thematic service windows. 3. Developing extended service channels Multiple extended service channels are opened, such as the Xuhui “one-stop” website, WeChat public account, APP and self-service machine, with blocks such as intelligent search, service navigation and handling illustration to provide diversified and individualized government services to enterprises and citizens. 3D real-scene hall services are opened to connect the Xuhui District Administrative Service Center with the sub-district Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers online.

2.3 Innovation and Impact (I) One number application to reduce material The resident ID card number or corporate social credit code is used as the tie of government services, realizing lifelong connection, services and tracking. The first electronic certificate and license database in Shanghai is tested to support the onetime generation, reuse, one-database management, mutual recognition and sharing of relevant information during affair handling by all departments, and reduce cyclic and irrational certification requirements. Today, electronic information on nearly 20,000 certificates and licenses has been collected, and a mutual recognition and sharing mechanism of electronic certificates and licenses has been established preliminarily. In addition, basic templates of electronic certificates and licenses are collected with corporate registration and the service hall being the pilot. Template collection for the District Market Regulation Bureau was completed, and nearly 2000 business licenses were recorded at the certificate issuance window.

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(II) One window handling to save time Through process optimization and data sharing, a pattern of “centralized handling of government services and transfer of livelihood services to community level” have been created around the Xuhui District Administrative Service Center, 13 sub-district community affairs handling centers, and community extended handling stations, offering great convenience to residents and enterprises. For instance, in the past, an enterprise had to go to the market regulation, taxation, public security, and other departments at least nine times in a month to apply for a business license. Now, an enterprise can do this in two trips only (for material submission and license collection) and four days at most after filling up a form online. (III) One website service to reduce legwork The building of the Xuhui online government service hall is promoted energetically to handle all affairs on one website. An online preliminary review mechanism has been established for administrative approval “at home”. On the basis that online disclosure, form downloading, online submission, online appointment, online preliminary review, online feedback, online inquiry, online payment and online logistics have been 100% effectuated for all 440 approval items introduced into the center, 107 items can be handled completely online, with nearly 470,000 cases handled in total. Online handling has reduced the field waiting time by one third and field handling men-times by 30%, and increased online service volume by ten times. If an enterprise selects express mail when applying for a business license, it is enough for the enterprise to go to the service window of the Administrative Service Center only for once.

2.4 Inspiration and Prospect (I) Obsolete concepts will impede further reforms if not altered Reforms will certainly break the existing pattern of powers and interests. Only if we reform for the people, recognize the necessity of reform, participate in it actively, and keep applying innovative ideas and approaches, could supply-side reforms of government departments be promoted and demand-side experiences of enterprises and citizens be enhanced through a long-term dynamic optimization process. For example, “Internet + government services” are systematic projects in which the government offers simplicity to enterprises and citizens at the cost of its complexity to improve service efficiency and transparency, but bureaucracy has to be overcome for this purpose. To illustrate, in the operation of the integrated in-process and subsequent regulation platform of Xuhui District, regulation data of different departments is partially collected, slowly updated and inaccurately verified, and accounts for only 10% of approval data, indicating that the concept of “approval preferred to regulation” remains. Then we will improve the working mechanism, strengthen crossdepartmental collaboration, define the task list, and deepen data sharing to encourage the line departments to change ideas and actively participate in governmental reforms.

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(II) Reform requirements are not met after the adjustment to laws and regulations Institutional reforms of administrative approval need to be tailored to the pattern and development characteristics of the market economy to support appropriate actions of market participants. However, China’s relevant laws and regulations are still unsound. First, the laws and regulations on administrative approval contain some provisions that are not relevant to today’s society and have not been reformed along. In other words, adjustment to the relevant laws and regulations falls behind institutional reforms of administrative approval. This will affect the progress and effectiveness of those reforms, and prevent market participants from grasping business opportunities promptly. Second, there are legislative gaps in some areas, such as soil environment conservation, nuclear safety, environmental monitoring and regional approval restriction in the environment protection sector. Then relevant issues will be reflected to the state actively through various channels, such as the people’s congress, political consultative conference and leadership investigation to improve laws and regulations and deepen institutional reforms of administrative approval. (III) The big data analysis and application capacity need improvement Big data application can significantly improve the government’s overall data analysis and decision-making capacity. Presently, data is a resource and power. However, the government can hardly apply the massive data owned by it due to the lack of data sharing among levels and departments, and departments cannot use data for decision-making, management and innovation well enough. In the future, an investigation will be conducted on urban operation and refined urban management will be optimized and improved continually. This will create an urban operation management mechanism with Xuhui’s characteristics, and promote the building of security risk and early warning mechanism. Also, an urban management data platform with the gathering, superimposition, analysis, management and application functions is developed on the basis of the existing IT data modules. Here, departments concerned will regularly transfer the latest data to this platform to promote the realization of data gathering, analysis and application.

3 Three Ones and Two Alls: Improving Community Affairs Acceptance and Service Efficiency 3.1 Background and Origin Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers are public institutions offering government services to community residents under the leadership of sub-district offices, and are important service outlets closely associated with the lives and work of residents. In Xuhui District, Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers are

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integrated acceptance and service agencies offering government and public services to community residents. It is built and managed directly by sub-district offices (town governments), and standardized by the District Civil Affairs Bureau under the direct leadership of the Xuhui District CPC Committee and Government. Since the Shanghai Municipal Government defined the acceptance and service center building as a beneficial government project in 2006, the Xuhui District CPC Committee and Government have issued a series of relevant policy documents, and kept increasing financial investment. By improving the functions and processes of acceptance and service centers, they have oriented the management and service functions of government agencies to resident needs. They have also made active explorations and practices in improving service quality and operating mechanisms, optimizing service management and extending service functions, thus promoting the balanced and highquality development of government and public services effectively. Furthermore, they have strengthened the basic platform of urban social management, promoted the building of a service-oriented government, and improved the government’s working efficiency and service capacity effectively. In the past, community government and public services in Shanghai involve over 150 resident working and living items, and they were offered by labor and social security offices, social assistance offices, housing administration offices, and other public institutions under sub-district offices (town governments). These institutions were not only scattered in location and operations but also managed by superior line departments, so they could hardly be coordinated in staff management and funded by subdistrict offices (town governments). This resulted in a waste of material, financial and human resources, low working and service efficiency for the government, and many inconveniences for residents, such as excessive legwork, bad attitude and difficult handling. With the progress of urban economic and social development, and the rapid improvement of the living standards of residents, residents have increasing expectations for government service quality and efficiency. How to build a service-oriented government, improve the government’s working efficiency and service capacity, and provide convenient, transparent and high-quality government services to residents more effectively has become an important task in the social governance innovation of the district government. It equally relates to the important goal of building Xuhui District into a first-class central urban district of an international metropolis.

3.2 Measures and Mechanism Since grass-root government departments overlapped in function and caused handling inconvenience to residents in the past, the Xuhui District Government began to establish Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers many years ago based on research. This task was led by the district head, and directly coordinated by the deputy district head in charge. Through careful research, multilateral coordination and gradual integration in terms of site selection, office layout, working pattern, management mechanism and institutional innovation, 13 Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers were established throughout the district at the end of 2006. In

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the past decade, Xuhui District stuck to the standardization of acceptance and service centers as required by the Municipal Civil Affairs Bureau, and upgraded their service patterns in stages. (I) Implementing the “six unifications” comprehensively,1 first realizing the “three ones and two alls” in the city,2 and improving the service efficiency of acceptance and service centers 1. Integrating offices to lay a foundation for standard services The 13 Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers in Xuhui District have performed the centralized handling of community public services in one office other than multiple offices, providing conveniences and comfort to residents, and improving service quality and efficiency. The office environment has gradually been improved as well. The 13 acceptance and service centers have an average size of 1400 sq m, and the service halls are provided with free tea and waiting chairs. In addition, these centers are located at convenient places for convenient and transparent services. 2. Offering “one-window” front office services and improving service efficiency and level The “one-window” office software was updated comprehensively in Xuhui District in 2009, achieving the one-window handling of over 190 items, including labor, civil affairs, family planning, medical insurance, social security, et cetera, and solving the longstanding problem of unbalanced work allocation among front office windows. Presently, the percentage of “all-in-one” windows in the district accounts for 75% of all windows, much higher than the city’s target of 50% at the end of 2014, and offers efficient and normative services. 3. Improving the management mechanism to avoid overlapping management In 2008, the Xuhui District Government issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Building of Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers, giving full play to the overall coordination and management role of sub-district offices, and rationalizing the internal management mechanism. Therefore, the government has conducted unified staff examination, allocation, training and management, created a good one-end management mechanism, and improved the rationality and effectiveness of resource allocation and information utilization in government and public services.

1 The

“six unifications” means unification in service items, handling process, building standard, marking, management software and evaluation system. 2 The “three ones and two alls” means one-door handling, one-window acceptance, one-end management, no day off throughout all the year and handling of some items within all the district.

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4. First realizing no day off throughout all the year, and first trying out handling within all the district On the basis of one-window acceptance, the acceptance and service center “5 + 2” working system was implemented comprehensively in Xuhui District in 2008, realizing no day off throughout all the year, nearly five years ahead of the city’s requirement in 2013. In addition, to solve the difficulty of cross-district handling, 51 service items handled within all the district were explored in 2011, allowing residents with household registration in Xuhui District to handle service items within the district, and providing experience for the realization of handling throughout all the city in Shanghai. (II) Actively exploring intelligent services to make acceptance and service centers convenient, friendly and transparent Modern community public services should be balanced and universally beneficial, and reflect fairness, openness, friendship and individuality to meet diverse needs of urban residents and show interactions between government services and resident needs. Since 2011, the Xuhui District Government has strengthened governmentcommunity interactions and crossover cooperation with the development of IT and the popularization of information service networks. Also, the government endeavored to build the “future government cloud” service pattern through relentless explorations in intelligent services of acceptance and service centers. Interim effects have been achieved and recognized by leaders and relevant experts of the Ministry of Civil Affairs. 1. Testing intelligent inquiry services to acquaint residents with handling items in advance through information sharing Under the direction of the Municipal Civil Affairs Bureau, the “intelligent social work” inquiry machine was developed in cooperation with the Shanghai One-door Government Service R&D Center. The machine allows residents to find handling guides and enter basic personal information to inquire about items that can be handled. Residents can also find policies that match handling items intelligently through the policy interpretation expert system and the housing security inquiry system. 2. Experimenting government service whole-process disclosure and allowing residents to inquire about the handling process As part of the national e-government service disclosure and government service trial program, the government service whole-process disclosure was tested in Xuhui District in 2012 It enables residents to track the whole handling process on the Internet and through inquiry machines at acceptance and service centers, offering convenient, open and transparent services. Presently, 41 items are subject to wholeprocess disclosure, covering all acceptance and service centers in the district. 3. Experimenting pushing extended government services and allowing residents to select the handling mode

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The standard extended service pattern of community affairs was first tested in Xuhui District throughout the city. In 2013, extended service outlets of community affairs were established in five community committees, providing 13 agency services to locally registered aged individuals and residents with reduced mobility, living or any other aspects. In addition, the “Xuhui Express 990” mobile APP was developed along with the “Express 990” program of Shanghai People’s Radio Station—a famous public welfare radio program in Shanghai, allowing community residents to inquire and obtain services anytime and anywhere.

3.3 Innovation and Impact After the practice of the past decade, the Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers in Xuhui District have become important carriers and windows for grassroot governments to improve community services and meet resident demands, and an important practice of community governance reform and government service innovation. In 2012, the 13 acceptance and service centers received and served over 1.6 million people, and received over 1.22 million cases. In 2013, the Ministry of Civil Affairs held the national meeting for promoting the building of integrated information platforms for community public services in Shanghai. During the meeting, they, visited the community affairs acceptance and service center of Xujiahui Sub-district, and the extended service outlet of the Meilong No. 3 Community Committee in Lingyun Sub-district.

Publicity layout at the hall of the Kangjian Sub-district Acceptance and Service Center

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Information disclosure column at the hall of the Hunan Sub-district Acceptance and Service Center

(I) Effectively breaking line and industry barriers, adequately integrating public resources, and significantly improving service efficiency The building of acceptance and service centers has broken through the traditional government working pattern. It has effectively integrated scattered line resources, and changed the philosophy of government services from “reflecting services in management” to “conducting management properly in services”, which is completely centered around resident needs. From multiple offices to one office, from multiple windows to one window and from multiple ends to one end, every step improved the working efficiency of the government and ensured that nearly 200 items of over ten departments were handled at one center throughout the year. In 2013, a joint conference was established in Xuhui District, providing security in management system and coordination mechanism for more personal affairs to be handled at the centers. (II) Addressing public concerns and existing issues, meeting public service needs, and significantly improving resident satisfaction The acceptance and service centers have radically changed the handling pattern of residents and the service attitude of government agencies. Presently, general affairs are closed on spot if possible, and those with a statutory time limit need at most two trips (handling and reply). The Xuhui District Civil Affairs Bureau initiated industry culture building and the “smiling service” theme activity at all windows in 2012, requiring the service staff to stand to receive residents, ask residents with smile, receive materials with both hands, answer questions patiently and handle affairs efficiently during handling. The centers were ranked first in the district public

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satisfaction evaluation of government work style for three consecutive years, and are highly thought of by the public. (III) Exploring government-community interactions and crossover cooperation, restructuring the community governance pattern of the government, and further promoting social harmony With the support of IT from social organizations, the Municipal Civil Affairs Bureau has developed municipal standard software, making it possible for affairs of different industries to be handled on the same platform. According to the standardization requirements of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the standard system of acceptance and service centers has become a local standard of Shanghai, and community affair handling has become a new national occupation. Xuhui District is the pioneer and explorer in the city’s acceptance and service center building, and has experimented one-window acceptance, handling within all the district, whole-process disclosure, intelligent social work, extended services and so on. This has changed the community service and governance pattern and achieved a major reform in community management. Due to the building of the government service cloud based on Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers, Xuhui District has successfully applied for a national experimental district of community governance and service innovation with the theme of “community governance service cloud platform building”. The community life and governance service clouds will be built and implemented progressively in the next three years to allow acceptance and service centers to promote community governance innovation, offer more intelligent and friendly community services, and create a more harmonious community life.

3.4 Inspiration and Prospect Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers are public institutions offering government services to community residents under the leadership of sub-district offices, and important service outlets closely associated with the lives and jobs of residents. In Xuhui District, Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers are integrated acceptance and service agencies offering government and public services to community residents. They are built and managed directly by sub-district offices (town governments), and standardized by the District Civil Affairs Bureau under the direct leadership of the Xuhui District CPC Committee and Government. The experience from the Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers in Xuhui District mainly includes the following. First, the networked, standard and intelligent inquiry services and handling processes of the Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers in Xuhui District allow residents to handle personal affairs through the “intelligent social work” inquiry machine, handling guides, policy interpretation expert system, housing security inquiry system and self-printing service as instructed. This intelligent service mode is open, transparent, convenient and efficient, and is favored by residents.

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Second, the Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers in Xuhui District also offer friendly extended services centering on practical needs of residents, in addition to intelligent services. The Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers allow residents to select the handling mode by pushing services as the case may be. Doorto-door services are available for old residents and those with reduced mobility, and warm assistance is offered at the acceptance and service centers to make community residents feel at home. In the future, the Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers in Xuhui District will be built into integrated convenient service outlets that offer intelligent, precise and individualized community services in light of the requirements of the Nineteenth CPC National Congress. First, the new acceptance system will be improved. Since 2017, the architecture of the community affairs acceptance information system of Xuhui District has been transformed as instructed by the municipal joint conference office. The new acceptance system was put into operation at the 13 sub-district centers successfully in April 2017, laying a foundation for “Internet + government services”, handling throughout all the city, one-certificate handling and online handling. Second, certificate-based handling and online appointment will be conducted properly to improve the convenience and security of affairs handling. Third, active communications will be made with the Municipal Joint Conference Office to prepare for handling throughout all the city. Meanwhile, a communication platform between the functional departments concerned and the acceptance and service centers will be built to promptly solve problems arising from this process, thus meeting the needs of residents for convenient and nearby handling through resource integration and process optimization.

4 “Community Care”: Creating Warm Communities 4.1 Background and Origin With the purpose of meeting the needs of residents for diversified public services, providing shared community spaces, activating grass-root community governance, and improving the well-being of residents, the Xuhui District Government has decided to test the “Community Care” project with the theme of “gathering the community through community care” in the district. “Community Care” is a shared community service and governance space initiated by the government and managed by sub-district offices. It is a multifunctional physical place, and a place of network and service services where the modern network is utilized for information inquiry and release. “Community Care” will be built into a platform of community autonomy and legal support, a shared “big parlor” for building community culture and enhancing neighborhood harmony, and a complex offering living, elder care, health and other services.

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This will create a new community service pattern characterized by “function integration, one network coverage, all-time response and whole-district coordination” in Xuhui District.

Shouchangfang “Community Care” in Kangjian Sub-district

4.2 Measures and Mechanism (I) Sticking to the four principles, and being oriented to resident needs to enhance the well-being of residents through multiple participation In the “Community Care” project, the principle of CPC leadership and resource sharing is upheld, where the core leadership role of grass-root CPC organizations in “Community Care” building is highlighted and the functional advantage of resource sharing of the local CPC building platform is fully utilized. Also, in the project, CPC members and residents are guided to participate in volunteer services, and the integration of community resources is enhanced. The principle of orientation to the resident needs and local conditions is upheld, where the establishment and operation of “Community Care” is based on needs of community residents for community services and activities, and local conditions to improve service accuracy and sustainability. Moreover, the principle of service improvement and well-being enhancement is upheld, where the ultimate purpose of “Community Care” is serving residents, families and communities through tailored services, activities and public welfare programs, thereby improving the satisfaction and sense of gain of community residents. Furthermore, the principle of public participation in autonomy and joint management is upheld, where community governance participants are encouraged to participate in

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services and management by taking “Community Care” project as a platform of resident autonomy and joint community management. Also, specialized social organizations are mobilized to promote social work and invigorate communities by giving full play to their strengths and advantages. (II) Increasing service breadth, pursuing family and neighborhood harmony, and creating a social governance ecosphere and an intelligent service circle with information interconnected and shared “Community Care” aims to create a family life service circle, and integrates community living, elder care, health, cultural, child care, legal and other services within a 15 min’ walk. The breadth of “Community Care” services are planned beyond subdistrict boundaries so that residents have convenient access to community services in a friendly and harmonious neighborhood. The “Community Care” service space is opened as a “public parlor”, and a feedback and mediation platform is established for community members to have cultural and artistic exchanges, public affairs discussions, development vision exploration, neighborhood relation coordination, and legal service supply. A community governance ecosphere will be created based on the “Community Care” platform. The ecosphere will guides and encourages community organizations, social organizations, social service agencies, community foundations, community volunteer teams and so on, to participate in community governance for harmonious coexistence, joint development and mutual promotion. The “Community Care” information service platform will be created as an intelligent circle with information interconnected to collect local information, share department service data, and respond to resident service needs via the “962899” hotline, thereby building “Internet + ‘Community Care’” for online community services. (III) Establishing multiple, socialized, professional and normative serial governance procedures dominated by multiple participants to ensure that “Community Care” services are firmly grounded and implemented In the physical management of “Community Care”, professional social organizations are introduced to run physical projects and four mechanisms are established to ensure that “Community Care” operates efficiently and effectively. A multiple management mechanism is established. First, a joint conference system is established with community departments concerned for its members to regularly study its development matters. Second, an intensive management pattern is created and a subdistrict “Community Care” operation management center is established to manage all “Community Care” sites within the jurisdiction for overall coordination. Third, the “Community Care” Council is established as a democratic decision-making platform, composed of local CPC organization heads, and representatives of mass groups, social organizations et cetera. It is responsible for making decisions on major matters, and evaluating and supervising service quality. Fourth, a social need selection mechanism is established, where “Community Care” service items are selected by “Community Care” Council annually from needs of residents and community organizations by means of questionnaire survey, inquiry among others. So a list of selected needs for service design is formed and can be disclosed to subjects of service in some way. Fifth, a professional project operation mechanism is established to offer public,

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convenient and volunteer services, which may be bought by the government from social organizations or enterprises through competitive bidding, and fairly charged to subjects of service under a program separately prepared by the service provider. Sixth, a normative supervision and evaluation mechanism is established, where the District Civil Affairs Bureau appoints a third party to evaluate the operating effect of “Community Care” and resident satisfaction annually. The sub-district office supervises and inspects “Community Care” building and routine services, and maintains service facilities. Evaluation results are linked up with rewards and subsidies in an effort to explore the classified and graded management of service providers progressively.

4.3 Innovation and Impact At “Community Care”, interactions across all ages can be found everywhere: A grandpa listens to a story with his grandson; a full-time mother sends biscuits made by her personally to the elder care home on the second floor; undergraduates record an audio book for old people with weakening eyesight; volunteers paint nails for the elderly; kindergarten kids write plant growth logs under the direction of elders. There is always a harmonious picture at “Community Care”. (I) Gathering people to create happiness Shouchangfang in Kangjian Sub-district was the first “Community Care” site to be completed in Xuhui District. The secretary of the general CPC branch of Shouchangshan Community said frankly that his community once ranked last in the sub-district. In the past, “residents would quarrel for a long time over some trifles, and the biggest impression was that residents here were ‘selfish and disunited’.” Besides, “Community Care” was strongly objected by some residents when it was about to be set up in the community, and residents quarreled a lot about which direction the gate should open to in order not to affect their daily lives and traffic. “Since it is a public service ‘parlor’ for everyone, we simply demolished the enclosing wall to open the door.”3 Through brainstorming by the first “Community Care” Council, the former enclosing wall was changed to a fence with trees and grasses to form a green belt, which seemed to be fully integrated with the community’s living space. The CPC branch secretary said, “After the enclosing wall was demolished, the mental repulsion of residents significantly weakened, and many residents would walk in and ask ‘May we come here?’ when passing through here. Gradually, more and more people came to the ‘Community Care’.”4

3 Wu 4 Wu

Ruqin (2017). Ruqin (2017).

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Wishing tree in the garden of the “Community Care” project

However, attracting residents to “walk into” this public service space does not mean that they will “sit down” for joint building and sharing. To expand the service scope of “Community Care”, the sub-district office invited public welfare groups and NGOs to design suitable services or activities. Finally, 23 items were selected and introduced, including parent-child picture book reading, Grandpa Lin telling revolutionary stories, and Memory Classroom, covering all resident groups from preschool children to old people. (II) Gathering services to care for all Shouchangfang “Community Care” is positioned to serve the elder with living and health services, and provide a place for various community activities based on the “elder care home”. It has facilities such as a multifunctional hall, a pleasure room, a general clinic, a convenience room, a rehabilitation room, a bath assistance room, a tea room, an elder care home, a sky garden and a book drift bottle. Residents may pursue various activities at “Community Care”, including council meeting, CPC building matching, parent-child color filling, hand making, chronic disease management, dementia prevention, and paper cutting. Social organization services purchased include Western baking and Chinese snake making, parent-child picture book reading, child care workshop and so on. The Changxingfang health station would assign physicians to the general clinic for medical diagnosis and treatment for nearby residents in the afternoon of every Wednesday in cooperation with the community health center. Books are replaced on a regular basis, and made available to nearby residents for free in collaboration with the community library. Shanghai people like the combination of “elder + child care”, and often make kids and old people play together, so some community elder-care service agencies would almost become child-care centers in the summer vacation. The ground floor space of

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“Community Care” was converted into a “big parlor” shared by the whole community, and the enclosing wall was made transparent to eliminate the sense of distance, allowing the elderly to enjoy the laughter of kids. There is a mixed area in the building, where lounge chairs for the elderly are put together with play mats and toys for kids, and kids from the kindergarten next door would be led by teachers to visit “Community Care”, listen to stories told by the elderly and play games with them. “It feels like returning to the time when we lived in old alleys and houses. You make some snacks for everyone at the cooking classroom, and I take care of your grandchildren when I’m free… Everyone treats this place as his/her own parlor, and learns how to get along with neighbors and respect each other again.” Resident Mr. Liu said that the residents had moved here mostly due to land acquisition and house demolition, and the weakening neighborhood attachment was rebuilt at “Community Care”. He said with a smile that all residents had agreed to build a civilized community admired by residents from other communities in the future. (III) Gathering culture to serve residents At another “Community Care” site in Jiangnan New Community, Xietu Sub-district, a strong atmosphere of ocean culture can be felt immediately. The ship-shaped billboard at the reception desk, life buoys, anchors and tropical ornaments on corridors and staircases reveal its distinctive feature—ship culture. Jiangnan New Community is an old community with a history of over 70 years, and most residents are retired workers of Jiangnan Shipyard. Since they are unusually attached to ships, ship culture is incorporated into the environment of this “Community Care” site, allowing residents to recall sweet working memories here. Different floors of this site have different service functions: The ground floor offers living and medical services, including health management station, chatting bar, elder meal assistance, leisure reading, affair inquiry and handling, self-service living service inquiry, and community health station. The second floor offers elder care services and leisure activities, including elder care, daycare, home elder care, elder bath assistance, rehabilitation, fitness and daytime leisure. The third floor offers child care and joint pleasure services, including child care, night care, parent-child services, elder and child reading bar, roof vegetable garden, and multifunctional training room. Houses in old communities generally have a small parlor, which would be overcrowded when many guests are present. With an advance appointment, the residents can invite their guests to “Community Care” to drink tea and chat. For this reason, “Community Care” has become increasingly popular, and the favorable word of mouth has made it more and more famous. Residents from nearby communities even come here to have a look, which makes residents in Jiangnan New Community take pride in it. During the building and operation of “Community Care”, residents have fully utilized their subjective initiative and taken an active part. What makes them prouder is their life value has been shown here. Some residents were once engineers, and have given constructive advice on the building layout from the very beginning, which has been adopted by the contractor. Some residents are good at handwriting, and they are invited to prepare the weekly activity schedule; teachers of interest groups such as painting and

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weaving are mostly skilled residents; public welfare services such as legal consulting are offered by retired professionals such as lawyers.

Traditional painting activity of “Community Care” in Jiangnan New Community, Xietu Sub-district There is a limited full-time staff at ‘Community Care’, but there are over 100 men-times of old people, children, et cetera, who come here for activities every day. The staff is obviously insufficient, so many warmhearted residents have formed volunteer teams to be on duty here,” the relevant responsible person of Xietu Sub-district said. “Residents love ‘Community Care’ not only because they can get something here, but also because they can do something here. They receive service experiences and realize their value here.

4.4 Inspiration and Prospect “Community Care” is a parlor that creates community culture, gathers community residents and promotes neighborhood harmony. Residents realize that “Community Care” belongs to themselves and all of them. They talk about community affairs in the “big parlor”, give advice on community development, and share interesting things and personal feelings, for which they have turned from “familiar strangers” into “familiar good neighbors”. “Community Care” truly unites the community.

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5 Unified Need Assessment: Precisely Matching Elder Care Resources 5.1 Background and Origin According to the general requirements of the Shanghai Municipal Government for accelerating the integration of the elder care service supply, guarantee, policy support, need assessment and industry regulation systems, the municipal CPC commission and government decided to try out unified elder care need assessment in Xuhui District in the second half of 2014. After preparation, the trial began formally in March 2015. Xuhui District is a central urban district with a high level of population aging and a large aged population. In response to the rapid population aging trend of Xuhui District, meet the growing demand for elder care services, and absorb more market and social forces to participate in service supply, there is an urgent need to promulgate innovative elder care policies. More urgently, how to precisely match limited elder care service resources with those in most need is the key to the elder care service supply problem, and fully reflects the government function of “basic security”. The unified elder care need assessment trial in Xuhui District aims to rebuild the existing elder care service supply system based on need assessment. It matches services based on physical examination results of the elderly, and integrates community home elder care, medical care and other elder care resources to form a hierarchical and transferable service supply sequence. It also seeks to involve enterprises and social organizations in elder care services to build a diversified social elder care service system actively. In addition, it establishes a back-flush mechanism for service supply that guides the allocation of elder care resources with needs, and predicts future peak elder care needs to lay a solid foundation for long-term care insurance policies.

5.2 Measures and Mechanism The trial on unified elder care need assessment in Xuhui District was conducted in a convenient, flexible and efficient manner through service innovation, smart management and mechanism building without any pattern or successful experience for reference. In the process of service application and acceptance, everything is focused on the elderly individuals by adjusting mechanisms, and in the process of social implementation, innovative service supply modes are applied on the market. (I) Establishing a unified management information system and a management platform Information resources of civil affairs, health, medical insurance, et cetera, are integrated and interconnected with the community window service system, and entities

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and platforms like social elder service organizations to establish the “unified elder care need assessment management information system of Xuhui District”, effectuating IT-based elder care service supply and the modernization of traditional civil affairs work. (II) Establishing service platforms on three levels The district, sub-district and service operation platforms are platforms for service information management. The district platform is managed by the District Civil Affairs Bureau, and run by the HomeEelder Care Service Gguidance Center. It is responsible mainly for resource coordination, service quality integration, applicant information review, and third party assessment. The sub-district platform is managed by the Sub-District Office, and run by the Sub-District Home Elder Care Service Center. It is responsible mainly for service application acceptance, elder information approval, service need integration, service process supervision, and service complaint handling. The service operation platform appoints an elder service social organization for qualified supplier management and service need matching, and dispatches a self-selected or nearby service organization to offer services, service tracking and feedback. (III) Forming a normative service supply process A normative service supply process has been established, namely service application → unified evaluation → service acceptance → information review → service conclusion → service disclosure and queuing → service dispatching → service delivery → service implementation → service supervision → service feedback → service transfer. In each step, existing fragmented service resources are integrated effectively to form a normative, sustainable, flexible and convenient service supply process with multi-channel acceptance, unified assessment criteria, hierarchical care resources, IT-based service delivery, and third party service regulation, among others. 1. Service application The applicant may file a service application via the Community Affairs Acceptance and Service Center, the Community Elder Service Center, the Community Committee Management System, the “962899” elder service hotline, the website of the Xuhui District Civil Affairs Bureau, et cetera, based on his/her own service needs. 2. Unified evaluation After the third party evaluation agency receives the personal information on need assessment, it agrees on the assessment time with the applicant. Before the assessment, the certificate of the applicant is checked against the basic application information, and the scope and fee of assessment are notified. During the assessment, the uniform scale is used for item-by-item inquiry, observation and inspection, and the data is uploaded to the assessment system to draw an assessment conclusion, which is sent to the district platform together with the service advice.

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3. Service acceptance After acceptance the applicant’s service application, the sub-district platform checks the applicant’s address, age, ID card number and other basic information. If the basic information is consistent, the application form will be submitted to the District Medical Insurance Center to inquire about the medical insurance, or to the SubDistrict Assistance Office or District Social Security Affairs Management Center to inquire about the financial situation. Afterwards a review is conducted based on the feedback. The sub-district platform uploads the approved basic information to the district platform. 4. Information review After the district platform receives the information of the assessment subject submitted by the sub-district platform, it gathers and reviews such information, and back-feeds any nonconformity to the sub-district platform. 5. Service conclusion The district platform draws the final service conclusion according to the appropriate service policy, and sends it to the sub-district platform for disclosure and queuing based on the assessment conclusion. 6. Service disclosure and queuing The service conclusion received from the district platform is disclosed online according to the applicable regulations. If the subject needs to be admitted by an elder care agency or nursing home, the elder information will be transferred to the queuing system for queuing. 7. Service dispatching After the information without objection within the period of online disclosure or the queuing result is received, service dispatching is conducted. First, the subject’s information is submitted to the service operation platform. Second, the information of the subject entitled to the elder home medical care and nursing program is submitted to the District Medical Insurance Center. Third, the service needed by the subject is notified to his/her Community Committee. The sub-district platform dispatches the service information to the service operation platform for service dispatching. 8. Service delivery After the service operation platform receives the subject’s information, it contacts the elder care agency based on the queuing result after contacting the subject, and tracks the service. For an elder subject to home care, a nearby service organization is matched after selection by the subject or with the consent of the subject.

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9. Service implementation The relevant service organization offers the elder service based on the service needs of the applicant. 10. Service supervision Internal supervision: Different platforms are mutually checked by developing a platform-level management system; the subject’s living condition and service acceptance are checked and compared quarterly. System supervision: Platform acceptance and service status information is sent to the applicant by text message through the system program; the subject may also inquire about the handling progress and result with the acceptance number or ID card number. Social supervision: The door-to-door service time, position, process, outcome and settlement of the service staff are supervised by means of “smart management”, where community residents may give advice and file appeals on the service through the management system. 11. Service feedback The district, sub-district and service operation platforms gather relevant service information, generate a statistical report, and submit it to the competent authority. The platform staff and the competent authority may also export the statistical report from the system to support subsequent policy making, quality monitoring, expense settlement and so on. 12. Service transfer If the subject needs any transfer on any existing service area or item, such as withdrawal, change or upgrading, he/she may file a channel application on the information management system, or request his/her elder care agency to file an application on his/her behalf.

5.3 Innovation and Impact This project effectively combines need assessment, precise services and multi-level governance. In addition, it realizes a clear labor division, multi-level connection, mutual transfer and fair queuing in elder care, and gives full play to resource integration, multi-level participation and the good governance effect. (I) Resource integration Existing scattered elder care service resources are integrated into a unified, normative and cross-departmental elder service information management system for optimization. A uniform, objective, fair and enforceable assessment standard is formed through integration to assess elder care service needs of the elderly community.

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(II) Multi-level participation On the level of the public sector, elder care involves various lines, and there is an urgent need to integrate various service policies into a working pattern of multi-level participation and line coordination. Market and social forces should be involved to address complex elder care needs and form a multi-source supply pattern. The need assessment mechanism is the starting point to solve problems on the above two levels for two reasons. On the one hand, it activates existing elder care resources of the public sector, and realizes the effective matching between demand and supply, and the effective implementation of elder care policies. On the other hand, it provides reasonable spaces for social elder care services to avoid unfair market competition and create a multiple service provider system. (III) Good governance effect Social organizations and service agencies are guided by need assessments to provide services, fully reflecting the essence of governance, and creating a good governance pattern of active cooperation between the government and social organizations. Market and social forces are relied on to meet diversified needs through a multi-source integrated supply system, from basic care to rehabilitative care. Social organizations are introduced boldly and relied on heavily to realize a good governance effect, from third party physical examination, service matching and dispatching to service implementation tracking. After the completion of the trial, the problem of disorderly queuing of the elderly at public elder care agencies was solved along with problems such as resource abuse and waste. By the end of November 2017, 10,162 people had filed applications, in which 9081 were assessed; services had been dispatched to 6584 people (including 4338 people of home elder care, 681 people of senior age home medical care, 1479 people of organizational elder care and 86 people at nursing homes); 3165 people had been served (including 1264 people of home elder care, 460 people of senior age home medical care, 1378 of organizational elder care and 63 people at nursing homes). Efforts were made toward the government’s elder care goal of “basic security” to provide basic elder care services orderly, normatively, fairly and rationally based on the elderly physical condition. Therefore, limited elder care service resources of the government can be offered to those in most need, making it possible for market and social forces to offer diversified elder care services, and laying a solid foundation for the long-term care insurance trial of Xuhui District in 2017.

5.4 Inspiration and Prospect The project has been generally praised by residents since its trial. Any elder service project needs to be implemented always on the following principles: First, medical care, rehabilitation, life care and other services need to be integrated under unified management to provide convenient and compatible services to the elderly. Second, relevant information needs to be disclosed within the maximum possible scope to

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ensure the fair allocation of elder care service resources. Third, policy support needs to be hierarchical, and the structure of care resources needs to be optimized gradually with community home care being the foundation, community services being the support, and organizational care being the supplementation. Fourth, normative management should be realized through the process control of the management system, and the establishment of complaint, inquiry and disclosure mechanisms to make subject admission, subsidization, needs matching, service quality and operations transparent. Fifth, the decisive role of the market in the allocation of elder care resources needs to be brought into play by normative process and purchase service, and social service organizations needs to be developed to form diverse and effective service docking. Through the past year of trial, a working mechanism in which the civil affairs, health, medical insurance and other service platforms operated around elder needs was largely established. This dictated the continual optimization and adjustment of service resources, made government subsidies for elder care services precise and transparent, promoted competition in social elder care services, and established a regulatory network integrating internal constraints, system control and social supervision. A unified elder care need assessment system that matches actual needs of the elderly and the supply capacity of basic elder care services, and is connected to the long-term care insurance system will be established through further system and process optimization, thereby contributing to the building of Shanghai’s elder care service system.

6 Door-to-Door Medical Care: Offering Satisfactory Community Health Services 6.1 Background and Origin Xuhui District first explored family doctor contractual services in the city for realistic needs. First, Xuhui District is highly aged. In 2010, Xuhui District had a resident population of 1.063 million, a registered population of 905,000 and 220,000 people aged 60 years or above, accounting for 24.3% of registered population (those aged 65 years or above accounted for 17.3% of registered population). In 2016, those aged 60 years or above accounted for 31.3% of registered population, and those aged 65 years or above for 21.06% (see Table 1). Medical care difficulties arising from aging are increasingly prominent. Second, Xuhui District has strong community health service capacity, and rich health resources, including three national exemplary community health service centers, and seven municipal exemplary community health service centers. In 2017, there were 4.5 family doctors per 10,000 people in Xuhui District, much higher than the national requirement. Since the beginning of exploration of family doctor contractual services in Xuhui District in 2011, the conditions for a family doctor were defined, where the doctor: ➀ usually has a general intermediate or above title; ➁ has at least three years of experience in community health work; ➂ masters diagnosis and treatment techniques

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Table 1 Aged population of Xuhui district and percentage Year

Population aged 60 years or above

Percent (%)

Population aged 65 years or above

Percent (%)

2010

220,000

24.3

156,000

17.3

2011

229,000

25.1

161,000

17.7

2012

239,000

26.1

166,000

18.2

2013

249,000

27.2

172,000

18.8

2014

262,000

28.6

178,000

19.53

2015

276,000

30.0

186,000

20.3

2016

288,000

31.3

193,000

21.06

Note Registered population

for most common diseases, chronic diseases and frequently occurring diseases; ➃ has basic knowledge in health management; and ➄ has good teamwork and communication skills. The preferential service measures after contracting with family doctors are defined as follows: ➀ An extended prescription is issued for a diagnosed stable-stage chronic disease patient; ➁ Diversified health consulting services are offered, or 24-hour consulting services are explored if conditions permit; ➂ A family health evaluation is conducted every one or two years; ➃ priority of outpatient services during the period of appointment; ➄ priority in arranging a family bed or door-to-door service; ➅ referral to the superior hospital as necessary; ➆ free distribution of a copy of Xuhui Health Express every month; ➇ other preferential services, as the case may be. This is Version 1.0 of family doctor contractual services. From 2016, family doctor contractual services have been upgraded to “1 + 1+1” combination contractual services, namely voluntary selection of a community health service center, a Class 2 hospital and a Class 3 hospital for contracting, and entitlement to such preferential measures as chronic disease long prescription, extended prescription, and referral appointment. This is Version 2.0 of family doctor contractual services.

6.2 Measures and Mechanism (I) Building the family doctor contractual service team 1. Attracting outstanding talents Any talent introduced by a community health service center is awarded RMB50,000– 300,000; any talent having received the certificate of normative training of resident doctor of Shanghai is awarded RMB50,000; any talent with a Master’s degree is awarded RMB75,000 and a research starting fund of RMB30,000. Any non-locally registered or suburban talent with housing difficulties is provided with a talent apartment, and assisted in solving the temporary housing problems. For any talent urgently

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needed by a community, the quota inclusion conditions are eased, and the evaluation period is shortened. In 2017, 89 talents were introduced by communities, including 14 postgraduate students and 71 undergraduates. 2. Optimizing and strengthening the service team Among general practitioners, lovers of community work and who have an intermediate or above technical title and rich working experience are selected as family doctors. There are 230 family doctors, and a family doctor core service team composed of these family doctors, general practitioners. Moreover, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) rehabilitation, community nursing and public health staff are organized based on the working platform of the Community Health Center to provide all-round health care and management services to contracted residents. In addition, the auxiliary family doctor team is staffed with psychologists, nutritionists, health managers and so on. 3. Improving service capacity A general practitioner training evaluation center is established to improve practical competencies. With the purpose of improving the service capacity and level of family doctors, a general practitioner training evaluation center was first established in Xuhui District in 2011, and it became the general practitioner training evaluation base of Shanghai. The core function of this base is to conduct family doctor capacity training and evaluation to improve the overall competencies of general practitioners, and make them master theoretical knowledge, diagnosis and treatment skills for common diseases. In addition, four community health service centers in Xuhui District have become community health service centers affiliated to Fudan University, and two have become practice bases of the School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The 2015–2017 Three-stage Talent Development of the Health and Family Planning System of Xuhui District has been implemented with a separate general practice category, while the public health, nursing and TCM categories are preferentially open to communities. Twenty-two persons have been selected as system talents, and 28 as young talents at the community level. Eleven general practitioners have been selected to attend the Shanghai Young Doctor Training Funding Program. In addition, continuous education is strengthened, and training courses for health managers, psychologists and nutritionists are offered to improve the overall health management capacity of family doctors. (II) Strengthening the building of the family doctor contractual service supporting platform 1. Strengthening technical support Two close-knit medical alliances and some project-oriented ones are relied upon, and the support of specialist physicians for the family doctor service team is strengthened to explore the new pattern of “general and specialist combination” to enhance the compliance of contractual services and support family doctors.

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2. Improving clinical auxiliary examination standards The application and management of the three major centers (diagnostic imaging center, remote ECG diagnosis center and local clinical examination center) is strengthened, and high-standard auxiliary examination information is provided to family doctors to make them more confident at work. In 2017, the diagnostic imaging center issued 35,352 reports and the ECG diagnosis center issued 34,054 reports, while the clinical examination center tested a total of 1325,029 samples. 3. Optimizing the health management platform The family doctor workstation is an effective tool of health management for family doctors in Xuhui District. Through IT means, family doctors can integrate health service information of contracted residents, form health assessment, conduct classified health guidance and whole-process health management through health data sharing. For example, through big data analysis, a family doctor can screen high-risk cerebral apoplexy populations directly on the working platform, thereby mobilizing patients for homocysteine assay and carotid Type B ultrasonography, and performing early detection and intervention. (III) Enriching connotations of family doctor contractual services On the one hand, chronic disease long prescriptions and extended prescriptions are implemented. Xuhui District is a district trying out community-level chronic disease long prescriptions early, where medication is prescribed for eight weeks for stablestage chronic disease patients at a time to reduce the rate of return visits, and extended prescriptions are issued to guide patients to lower levels. As of October 2017, 138,000 extended prescriptions were issued with a total amount of RMB25.2485 million, and 425,000 chronic disease long prescriptions were issued as well. On the other hand, the two-way referral mechanism is constantly optimized by using Xuhui District’s rich medical and health resources, and IT means is used to establish a smooth twoway referral channel. ➀ A smooth upward transfer channel is established for transfer from community health service centers to major hospitals in the district, such as Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Longhua Hospital, and International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital. That is, family doctors refer patients in need directly to superior hospitals via the referral appointment platform. As of October 2017, 9836 patients had been referred by family doctors to superior hospitals. ➁ A downward transfer channel is explored. In 2014, discharged patient follow-up management was conducted innovatively in Xuhui District. Through this management, health information resources of Class 2/3 hospitals and community health service centers were integrated, and the “downward transfer” mechanism in two-way referral was improved to provide continuous medical and health services to patients, creating a benign cycle of “major disease treatment at hospitals and rehabilitation in communities”. This project won the “2015 Excellent IT Application Award of Shanghai Hospital Association”. As of October 2017, 38,000 men-times of discharged patients were followed up.

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(IV) Enriching connotations of health management 1. Strengthening combined prevention and treatment With the progress of the National Demonstrative District for the Integrated Prevention and Control of Chronic Non-infectious Diseases, a sound prevention and treatment system for cerebral apoplexy and diabetes is established, and high-risk patients of cerebral apoplexy and chronic complications of diabetes are screened. Up to now, 40,162 cerebral apoplexy patients have been screened, and 7749 high-risk patients have been found, in which 3710 were subjected to homocysteine laboratory and 1277 to carotid ultrasonography. 15,067 patients have been screened for the three major chronic complications of diabetes (retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy and nephropathy). 2. Extending TCM services A TCM service alliance led by Longhua Hospital is established, allowing community residents to appoint TCM expert outpatient services online. In 2017, there were 102 men-times of referral appointment. An apprenticeship training program is implemented for 27 community TCM doctors. Appropriate techniques are extended, where experts from Longhua Hospital offer training and guidance in communities regularly, making 90% of general practitioners master one or two appropriate TCM techniques. The preventive treatment healthcare service system is implemented, where a preventive treatment center is established at the central hospital for technique screening, standard setting and technical training on TCM “preventive treatment” in communities. 3. Conducting a trial on medical care and healthcare combination With the progress of the National Demonstrative District for Medical Care and Healthcare Combination, family doctor services keep extending. The contracting rate of elder care service agencies has reached 100%, and service agreements are signed with 37 elder care agencies and 24 elder service agencies with service needs in the jurisdiction. Resident health files have been established for the elderly with home elder care needs to provide unified elder care need assessment, home visit, family sickbed, free physical examination and other services to the elderly. In 2017, 64,000 men-times of home visits were made; 4071 family sickbeds were set up, and 17,943 old people received free physical examinations. A trial on long-term care insurance is carried out, where all frontline general practitioners and some nurses of community health service centers have attended elder care assessment training, with 162 Class A assessors and 479 Class B ones trained in total. As of November 2017, 6920 men-times of unified elder care need assessment have been completed.

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4. Offering hospice care services The medical care, healthcare, nursing and service hospice chain is gradually improved. Currently, hospice care wards have been set up at community health service centers in Kangjian, Huajing, Xietu, et cetera, with 54 sickbeds in total, and hospice care is gradually extended from centers to families. (V) Strengthening the supervision and motivation of family doctor contractual services 1. Strengthening the management by objective of family doctor contractual services Family doctor contractual services were included in the tasks of management by the objective of the district government in 2017, with objectives and responsibilities defined at the beginning of the year. Regular supervision and examination is strengthened, where the city-level evaluation indicators (APP) are analyzed and reported monthly in detail, and the overall ranking is taken as a key indicator in the annual evaluation of community health service centers. 2. Strengthening the performance motivation of family doctor contractual services “1 + 1+1” combination special incentives for contractual services are set up within overall performance, and the Examination and Distribution Program for “1 + 1+1” Contractual Service Fees of Family Doctors of Xuhui District (Pilot) is developed and issued. According to the number and effect of family doctors contractual services, incentives are offered based on six indicators such as contracting rate of residents aged 60 years or above, change of the number of visits of contracted residents, and proportion of contracted residents visiting contracted agencies. Special incentives of RMB2.59 million were appropriated based on examination in 2016 and are expected to exceed RMB10 million in 2017.

6.3 Innovation and Impact (I) Preliminary results are made in family doctor work By the end of November 2017, the contracting rate of Version 1.0 family doctors was 61.13% among the whole population or 86.69% among the key population. A total of 215,000 residents were contracted under Version 2.0, with a contracting rate of 19.74%, in which 168,000 residents aged 60 years or above were contracted, with a contracting rate of 57.93%. Community first visit rate was 49.99%, up 1% year on year, and the increase of medical expenses of contracted residents was lower than the district average.

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(II) Excellent family doctors keep emerging Dr. Zhu Lan in Xietu Sub-district has received honorary titles such as the Ninth Chinese Doctor Awards, the National On-the-job Pragmatic and Incorruptible Example, the Shanghai Model Worker and the National Best Doctor. As a family doctor, she treats minor diseases, controls chronic diseases and prevents major diseases. She also endeavors to meet the needs of patients and considers patients as her relatives. In her 18 years of practice, she has been sincerely caring about her patients and improving her service level carefully and responsibly. She is a health worker near at hand for community residents. With the progress of family doctor work, outstanding examples satisfying residents have constantly emerged, and five family doctors in Xuhui District have successively become top 10 family doctors of Shanghai.

“National Best Doctor” Zhu Lan giving health publicity to the elderly

“National Best Doctor” Zhu Lan providing door-to-door service

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A family doctor treating a patient at the health service center

(III) The satisfaction and sense of gain of residents are improved Community residents’ satisfaction with family doctors has remained high, and the community doctor-patient relationship has been harmonious over these years. In particular, with the implementation of chronic disease long prescriptions and extended prescriptions, the sense of gain of contracted residents has been improving. On April 13th 2017, Li Bin, Chairman of the National Health Commission visited Xuhui District’s family doctor work, and highly recognized it.

6.4 Inspiration and Prospect (I) Family doctor work relies on sound institutional support Family doctors are highly recognized by residents, especially the elderly, and have made some contributions in response to population aging. This achievement relies first on institutional support. The state builds the family doctor system as an important aspect of medical reform, and a measure of building the hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system. All levels of government have realized this point, and established an institutional support system for this purpose. (I) Family doctor work must be centered on public health It is because family doctors have been improving the scope and capacity of service to meet health needs of residents, especially the elderly, that the family doctor system is gradually accepted by most residents. Most health problems of residents can be solved at the community level, and chronic diseases are controlled more effectively. The health status of residents has been improved, and family doctors have gradually become friends and health gatekeepers trusted by community residents. In the future,

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the contracting rate and service capacity of family doctors will be further improved to meet the growing health demands of residents. Meanwhile, family doctor contractual services will be improved to turn family doctors from “gatekeepers of resident health” to “general gatekeepers of resident health and medical expenses”. (III) Family doctors must be internally motivated The doctor-patient relationship is not a simple transaction relationship, but a “special” social relationship based on adequate mutual trust. The role of a family doctor is first a friend and relative of patients, and then a doctor. Doctor Zhu Lan has become a health worker near at hand for community residents because she treats patients as her relatives. However, there are still not enough family doctors like her. Some family doctors still lack motivation to offer services and improve their own skills. The professional sense of honor of family doctors will be improved by selecting top 10 family doctors, chief family doctors among others, and the incentive and promotion mechanisms will be improved to make them contribute more to community medical care.

7 Constructors’ Home: Making Constructors Feel at Home 7.1 Background and Origin The Xuhui waterfront is located on the West Bund of Huangpu River, with a land area of 9.4 sq km and a shoreline length of 11.4 km. Being one of the six key functional zones of Shanghai, it is the only waterfront that can be developed on a large scale as a whole in downtown Shanghai. Since the second half of 2015, with the progress of the Xuhui Waterfront Development project, creative projects embodying the wisdom and hard work of numerous constructors have rose. The existing projects under construction in the Xuhui waterfront is about 2 million square meters, and over 6000 non-local constructors are working and living here (over 10,000 during peak construction periods). These constructors have formed a special “community” that has problems such as unsound management and services. It is an urgent problem to prevent them from becoming a “blind spot” of grass-root social governance, guide them to become civilized and make them part of urban community life by effectively integrating resources and strengthening management and services. Within this context, the Xuhui District CPC Committee has established a local resource integration mechanism, a platform-based supply-demand matching mechanism, and a diversified autonomy and joint management system based on local CPC building. An integrated service station—“Xuhui Riverfront Constructors’ Home”—has been established in the centralized living area of constructors to explore the working pattern of “CPC committee leadership, mass group, enterprise and community support, and constructor participation”.

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Appearance of Riverfront Constructors’ Home

7.2 Measures and Mechanism (I) Sticking to CPC leadership In October 2015, the Xuhui District CPC Committee organized some selected graduates practicing at grass-root organizations to practice in the West Bund, and founded a task force, which conducted a survey for over three months in the centralized living area of constructors. Then the task force prepared a special report and proposed the idea of building a service station. After reading the report, the Xuhui District CPC Committee coordinated all parties to build a “home” for constructors. The project began in early 2016, was completed in April, staffed in May, put into trial operation in June, and officially operated in July. With the West Bund Group responsible for facility construction, the Labor Union, Youth League, Women’s Federation and Longhua Sub-district Office for routine operation management, and relevant committees, offices and bureaus for service distribution and technical support, they built Constructors’ Home into a special “community” platform together for the following reasons. First, the site of Riverfront Constructors’ Home is close to the subjects of service, and within a three minutes’ walk from the centralizing living area. It is made in a simple and warm overall design, and a removable light steel structure mostly using left-over construction material so that it can move with the construction site. Second, the CPC branch is always established on the construction site, its secretary is an experienced community CPC branch secretary recommended by the Longhua Sub-district Office, and CPC members of contractors such as China Construction Eighth Engineering Division Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Construction Group serve as part-time CPC branch members, registering, educating, managing and serving mobile CPC members on the construction site. Currently, there are 66 mobile CPC members. Third, volunteer CPC members are recruited to establish a volunteer service team, and constructors are guided to establish the “West Bund Dragon” autonomy team which governs three sub-teams (CPC member pioneering, youth leadership and worker service) and five groups (autonomy, security, publicity,

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recreation and service). Fourth, the exemplary role of mobile CPC members among constructors is brought into play, so that they actively participate in volunteer actions and site operations.

Organizational structure of the CPC branch of Riverfront Constructors’ Home in Xuhui District

Branch Secretary Cai Limeng

Branch member

Branch member

Xia Qiwei

Luo Jiayan

Part-time member

Part-time member

Zhang Suping Secretary of the CPC Branch of the 7th Project Management Company of the General Contracting Dept. of Shanghai Construction Group

Shan Zhonghui Secretary of the CPC Branch of the (W-18) Plot Project of the Shanghai Seaworthiness Certification Center and Service Center

CPC and Joint Building Organizations CPC Committee of the Shanghai West Bund (Group) Development Co., Ltd. Joint CPC Branch of West Bund Dream Center Secretary of the CPC Branch of the 7th Project Management Company of the General Contracting Dept. of Shanghai Construction Group Secretary of the CPC Branch of the (W-18) Plot Project of the Shanghai Seaworthiness Certification Center and Service Center

Organizational structure of the CPC branch of Riverfront Constructors’ Home

(II) Sticking to demand orientation At the beginning of the Constructors’ Home project, the Xuhui District Government conducted a three-month requirement survey along with Fudan University to ensure that the station functions and services are practical. Constructors’ Home services are tailored to the cultural needs of constructors. Luo Jiayan, CPC branch member and narrator of the Riverfront Constructors’ Home said, “We learned of the needs of constructors along with Cai Limeng, CPC branch secretary and the leader of Constructors’ Home, and matched their needs with the services offered by the partners. By doing so, we generate a requirement list, a service list and an activity list, which are updated regularly. All activities of a year are notified to constructors in advance.”5 For problems generally encountered by constructors, such as difficulty of shopping, difficulty of medical care, dull afterhours life and lack of communication, Constructors’ Home has set up a supermarket, a public parlor, a legal service station, a health service station, a reading space, a multifunctional activity room and 5 Guo

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other service areas to meet their diversified and multiple daily living needs. Due to the exemption of rental, and water and electricity expenses, commodities sold by the supermarket are much cheaper than similar commodities on the market. The health service station is attended by general nurses, and introduces “cloud hospital” services from the central hospital, so that constructors can talk with specialist physicians of major hospitals online, and receive prepared drugs from nearby drugstores with prescriptions. Based on the working schedule of constructors, a 7 × 12 timestaggered working system is practiced, where such cultural services as television relay, movie projection, Wi-Fi, and newspaper and magazine borrowing are offered at ordinary times. Moreover, love fairs, convenience services, art performances among others, are arranged on holidays.

Service List of Riverfront Constructors’ Home in Xuhui District

Type

Services

Resource support

CPC member services: organizational relations transfer of CPC members, learning and education of CPC members, management of mobile CPC members, education and training of active CPC candidates, etc.

CPC building services

CPC and joint building: conducting organizational activities for CPC members together with CPC organizations of contractors in the riverfront, strengthening learning and communication, and giving play to the exemplary role of CPC members Volunteer services: conducting CPC member volunteer actions through the “CPC Member Wise Public Welfare” to serve constructors with their strengths Joint autonomy: integrating resources of local organizations, mobilizing constructors extensively, and realizing self-management and self-service through three teams (CPC Member Pioneer Team, Youth Shock Brigade and Worker Service Team) and five groups (autonomy, peace, publicity, service and recreation groups)

Life services

District CPC building service center, Community CPC Building Service Center of Longhua Sub-district, mass organizations, West Bund Group, contractors

Daily services: policy counseling, book borrowing, TV play, Wi-Fi, fitness, chesses and cards, hairdressing for free, tool repairing, train ticket purchasing, constructor classroom (every Wednesday evening), movie screening (every Friday evening), etc.

mass organizations

Convenient supermarket: offering tea for free, microwave oven heating, designated commodity shopping, express mail collection, etc.

School Supply Supermarket

Riverfront fair: organizing special fairs, charitable donations, convenient services, etc. in quarterly

Mass organizations

Daily services: legal counseling, legal assistance, people mediation, notarization appointment, lawyer reception, police-people contact, “96116” free group legal service hotline publicity, etc.

Judicial Office of Longhua Sub-district

Worker privileges: helping establish trade unions, absorbing constructors, and providing professional services with focus on labor remuneration, insurance benefits, labor safety, occupational injury appraisal, etc.

District federation of trade unions

Law salon: organizing legal salons regularly to disseminate legal knowledge, answering questions, making interactions and communications

Mass organizations

Law popularization: conducting on-site law popularization twice per annum, including on-site legal counseling, case display, publicity material distribution, etc.

Judicial Office of Longhua Sub-district, mass organizations

Daily services: health counseling, online inquiry, medication guidance, first-aid dressing, dressing change nursing, blood pressure and sugar testing, infrared physiotherapy, family planning inquiry, epidemic prevention and control, etc.

District family planning association, Community Health Service Center of Longhua Sub-district

Legal services

Health services

Mobile physical checkup: providing a basic physical checkup to constructors in batches annually

District federation of trade unions

Disease screening: providing gynecological and breast disease screening to female constructors and their dependents, and diabetes screening to constructors for free annually, and conducting publicity and diagnosis activities for free at construction sites regularly

Community Health Service Center of Longhua Sub-district, mass organizations

First aid: providing AEDs (automated external defibrillators), conducting on-site first-aid training, and organizing constructor first-aid teams, etc.

District Red Cross society

Service list of Riverfront Constructors’ Home in 2017

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(III) Sticking to resource integration Taking the opportunity of the trial on mass group reform, Constructors’ Home integrates the service functions of mass groups such as the Labor Union, Youth League and Women’s Federation for coordinated operation, integration and sharing. First, the stationmaster rotation system is practiced. The organization department of the district CPC Committee and mass groups such as the Labor Union, Youth League and Women’s Federation assign designated persons to serve as the stationmaster in rotation, and integrate resources through joint working and project distribution. For example, the membership services of the labor union, and the rights protection functions of the Labor Union, Youth League and Women’s Federation are integrated into the legal service station, while cultural skills training is jointly provided by the Labor Union, Youth League, Women’s Federation and sub-district office. It is learned that Constructors’ Home has helped establish a labor union on the construction site, which offers a membership service card to each member for free services. It explains the five functions of the labor union card (identification, basic security, service facility discount, group buying discount and financial service) to constructors. Also, it teaches its members to take part in preferential activities such as “Mid-autumn Festival special offer moon cakes” and “Spring Festival train ticket discount” by using the “Shengongshe” mobile APP. Second, third party social forces such as the “Farming Dream” youth public service agency are introduced to exert their strengths for activity planning, mobilization and service enhancement. Third, service hotlines and social media are utilized to share service information and offer network services with full coverage. For example, the Constructors’ Home WeChat public account is opened to integrate the functions of the Labor Union, Youth League and Women’s Federation WeChat public accounts, and the “96116” mass group legal service hotline, to release activity information promptly and guide constructors to join mass groups for online rights protection through online application, thereby offering all-round services around the clock.

CPC building activity of a riverfront contractor

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(IV) Sticking to rights protection and stability maintenance As a grass-root, non-local and floating vulnerable group, constructors are often unable to fully protect their rights and interests in daily life due to insufficient law and rights protection awareness and capacity. Within this context, Constructors’ Home has established a legal service station, where the Longhua Sub-district Judicial Office assigns lawyers and mediators to provide all-time services. The station classifies cases, contacts relevant contractors, and takes intensive service measures to help constructors protect lawful rights and interests through active coordination. For example, a legal consulting activity is carried out quarterly, where professional lawyers or undergraduate law volunteers are invited to explain rights protection methods, channels and processes to constructors, answer their questions and improve their law awareness and rights protection capacity. Since its establishment, the station has handled properly all construction site cases under the coordination of Constructors’ Home, such as work-related injuries and wage arrears. In addition, workshops are held regularly to address safety protection during construction, and improve the safety awareness of constructors.

7.3 Innovation and Impact Since it became operational in July 2016, Constructors’ Home has carried out over 60 service activities in total, benefiting over 15,000 constructors. Here, constructors not only receive a range of services such as labor union services, basic medical care, legal consulting, proper rights protection and cultural training, but also enjoy rich afterhours activities such as workshops, reading and shows to improve living standards. Here, constructors have found the warmth of home again in Shanghai, so their mental identity with the city is enhanced, and their sense of gain is improved significantly. In addition, their civility keeps improving, and this area’s management is more steady and orderly. Therefore, Constructors’ Home has been awarded the title “Demonstrative Site of CPC Building” by the Organization Department of the district CPC committee. (I) The community governance framework for migrant constructors has taken form Since the centralizing living area of constructors is characterized by a large migrant population, scattered administration and high population mobility, the public service system is still unsound, the coverage of CPC and mass group organizations is insufficient, and mass forces are relatively weak. In addition, a governance pattern of “CPC committee leadership, mass group, enterprise and community support and constructor participation” is explored. The governance practice of Constructors’ Home reflects the institutional advantages of the district CPC committee, which takes overall responsibility and conducts overall coordination. The local CPC building platform organizes CPC organizations of different fields and areas to participate and

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share resources actively, reflecting the CPC building advantage. It guides mass groups to optimize services through collaboration, reflecting the mass group advantage. It also guides enterprises and social volunteer organizations to exert their strengths, reflecting the social force advantage. In addition, non-local constructors are organized and mobilized again, and construction sites are well integrated into the threelevel urban grass-root CPC building system and the big picture of innovative social governance. (II) The CPC-mass interaction mechanism has gradually improved Large-scale urban construction areas are high-risk areas of safety dangers and destabilizing events. The conventional management pattern relying solely on the project contractor cannot realize effective governance. Within this context, Constructors’ Home advocates healthy and positive cultural and recreational services and activities to constantly improve constructors’ civility and living standards. Under the leadership of the Xuhui District CPC Committee, a CPC-mass interaction service mechanism is gradually established. Mass groups such as the Labor Union, Youth League and Women’s Federation offer group services at construction sheds. The synergistic effect of different mass groups in subject and level of service has been brought into play through service resource integration, and their influence has been enhancing through field services. In the past year, the Waterfront Federation of Constructors’ Labor Unions absorbed 1469 members, covering five project sites. The Youth League Committee opened a summer camp for constructors’ children along with the Women’s Federation, and the Women’s Federation offered free gynecological disease screening for female workers and dependents. All these activities made constructors feel the care from “home” in practical terms. (III) Constructors’ sense of gain and satisfaction has significantly improved Constructors are highly floating and strongly eager for a warm “home” due to outside working experiences. “Sticking to people orientation, centering on practical needs and realizing value guidance” is the essence of the frontline service work of Constructors’ Home. In the past, contractors were unable to watch TV and browse the Internet due to power restriction of construction site dormitories, which led to dull afterhours lives. Since the establishment of Constructors’ Home, more and more constructors are willing to stay at “home”, chat with coworkers, or have a video call with family members via the wireless network by mobile phone. In addition, Constructors’ Home offers various recreational activities and workshops to meet their cultural needs. Many constructors think that the construction sites in the Xuhui waterfront are the best ones they have ever seen. Besides, some constructors mention that after the establishment of Constructors’ Home, they are more enthusiastic about work, and skilled workers no longer job-hop frequently. “They love to stay here, and many of them are still unwilling to leave at night, because it makes them feel the warmth of home in this big city,” said Luo Jiayan, the member of the Constructors’ Home CPC branch.6 The existence of “home” has become an important reason why constructors 6 Guo

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select, stay in and work for the riverfront, and made them feel being respected, so they feel the open and inclusive city spirit from their heart, and their identity with the city is elevated.

7.4 Inspiration and Prospect During the building of Constructors’ Home, the leadership of grass-root CPC organizations, the concept of people orientation, and the spirit of keeping pace with the times all played a crucial role. First, grass-root CPC organizations participated in the whole process as the main force. They were involved in the project initiation and investigation at the beginning, the subsequent introduction of social resources and the setup of activity centers to provide public resources required by constructors. Under their effective leadership, the building of Constructors’ Home was successfully completed, providing a shelter for migrant constructors. Second, the concept of people orientation is another important reason for the success of Constructors’ Home, and it ran through the whole process of the building of Constructors’ Home. At the beginning, the organizers investigated the all-round needs migrant constructors and aimed to meet such needs. During the building, the organizers added services needed by migrant constructors, such as medical and legal services based on the practical situation to ensure that Constructors’ Home could meet their needs. Finally, keeping pace with the times is also a highlight during the building of Constructors’ Home. Information technologies such as the Internet and We Media were fully applied to the public information disclosure and public service supply process of Constructors’ Home. Such application not only provided important technical support for the information release and exchange platform, but also solved the problem of offering differentiated public services to migrant constructors. It can be seen that applying modern technologies adequately is another key to the success of Constructors’ Home. In sum, migrant constructors play an important role in urban construction as the main force of waterfront development. Therefore, meeting their needs is not only a necessary measure to ensure successful waterfront development, but also an important way of equalizing public services. Although most migrant constructors will still work on other construction sites after the completion of a project, Constructors’ Home will at least make them feel the warmth from Shanghai and involve more excellent constructors in Shanghai’s construction.

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8 Careful Calculation: Innovative Pattern of Government Purchase of Social Work Services 8.1 Background and Origin Since Xuhui District is a central urban district of an international metropolis, government service management should be more refined and precise. The Xuhui District Government has been exploring ways to improve the district’s basic public service system over these years to promote the change of government functions. Developing nonprofit social organizations properly and giving full play to their dominant role in social development and community services is important practical experience of Xuhui District in social governance innovation. The government purchase of social work services helps to change government functions, gives full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, and promotes the development of social organizations, thereby creating a positive cycle in social governance. In 2013, the District Civil Affairs Bureau developed an implementation plan for the government purchase of social work services together with the District Social Development Office, General Office of the district government, District Finance Bureau, et cetera, following the proposal of the Xuhui District People’s Congress and the requirements of the district CPC committee and government. Moreover, the Bureau further explored such an implementation plan in light of the Guidelines of the General Office of the State Council on Government Buying Services from Social Forces (SCO [2013] No. 96), the Guidelines of the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Finance on the Government Purchase of Social Work Services (MCA [2012] No.196), and based on the district’s practical situation to promote urban governance innovation and meet the practical needs of residents. The Xuhui District Joint Conference for the Government Purchase of Social Work Services (hereinafter referred to as the “joint conference”) is led by the deputy district head in charge and takes full responsibility for the purchase of social services by the district government. The joint conference is composed of the District Social Development Office, General Office of the district government, District Quota Office, the District Civil Affairs Bureau (Social Group Bureau), District Finance Bureau, District Development and Reform Commission, District Organ Administration Bureau (District Government Purchase Center) and District Audit Bureau. Its office (hereinafter referred to as the “joint conference office”) is set up at the District Civil Affairs Bureau (Social Group Bureau). In the past four years, through the combination of finance and wealth management, Xuhui District established and improved constantly mechanisms for the government purchase of social work services were, thus improving its effectiveness and scientific management level on practical terms. From 2014 to 2017, the number of projects initiated by various departments grew year by year and the total amount of projects rose nearby ten times, with 222 projects initiated in total and a total amount of nearly RMB100 million.

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8.2 Measures and Mechanism (I) Establishing rules and regulations In 2013, the Opinions on the Purchase of Social Work Services by the Xuhui District Government (XDGO [2013] No. 18) were developed, and the associated operating rules and project procurement plan were released. In 2014, the Implementation Plan for Further Promoting the Purchase of Social Work Services by the Xuhui District Government (XDGO [2014] No. 13) was promulgated. It highlighted the guiding role of the line functional departments, defined five workflows, and raised clearer requirements for the implementation of service items. In 2015, the joint conference office developed the Measures for the Evaluation of Social Work Services Purchased by the Xuhui District Government (Pilot), defining the criteria, rules, processes and rates of third party evaluation. (II) Refining the operating process 1. Catalogue determination A three-level catalogue system has been defined based on the practical needs of urban government. Level 1 consists of three service categories—social services, social affairs and others. Level 2 is divided by government functions, such as civil affairs, disabled persons’ federation and health, with item names consistent with functional departments names. Level 3 consists of service items or extensions defined by functional departments, such as elder services, medical services and employment services. The joint conference office would adjust the catalogue in detail based on changes in practical needs. 2. Project initiation The buyer forms and reports the project to be bought in the next year based on the catalogue released. During the budget review, the buyer enters the project initiation (variation) and budget applications into the information platform of social work services bought by the government. After the organization and summary of the application requirements of departments, such information is to be reviewed by the joint conference, included in the budget of each department, and submitted to the people’s congress for unified deliberation. 3. Project purchase The buyer conducts purchase according to the applicable purchase measures, and enters into a contract. 4. Project implementation The buyer conducts follow-up guidance as required by the project contract, and urges the undertaker to report project progress; the joint conference conducts supervision at appropriate times.

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5. Project evaluation The buyer organizes interim, final or annual project evaluation based on the evaluation measures and plan determined at the time of project initiation; or the joint conference office may appoint a third party for evaluation. (III) Strengthening IT application The joint conference office developed the information platform of social work services bought by the government in 2014 on a simple, understandable, comprehensive and open basis to reduce repeated review and entry. All workflows of social work service purchase are displayed and operated on the platform. The platform was officially operational at the end of June 2014, and project catalogue solicitation, project initiation application and review operations during 2015-2017 were done on the platform.

8.3 Innovation and Impact (I) Making clear “what to buy”, “from whom to buy” and “how to buy” through mechanism building The government buys services to change its functions so that it will no longer do all things by itself, and will perform its responsibilities comprehensively and properly. Market needs are positioned precisely based on the level of economic and social development by defining which services can be bought and which cannot. Meanwhile, purchase should be gradually strengthened in basic public service areas, such as education, employment, elder care, rescue, culture, sports and disabled person services, while more social forces should be introduced in non-basic public service areas. Professional organizations are introduced to match practical needs precisely to ensure effective project operation. Qualified undertakers are allowed to participate in project competition in a fair environment through a clear, strict and normative purchase process. A strict supervision and performance evaluation system is established to supervise and manage project initiation, purchase, implementation, evaluation et cetera, to ensure that the whole purchase process is fair, just and open. For example, the Longhua Sub-district Office has positioned community residents’ needs for professional and high-quality housekeeping services through a requirement survey. It also bought pertinent training services on expertise, cultural literacy among others, from the Longhua Store of Women’s Housekeeping Services, which has been rated as a city-level exemplary housekeeping service station.

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Information system of social work services purchased by the Xuhui District Government

(II) Significantly improving integrated public service level The government has spared more efforts from routine work to rule-making and social order maintenance. For example, in the project of digital movie playing services bought by the District Culture Bureau for Community Committees, over RMB1 million was spent to buy playing services, facilities and movies for the activity rooms of over 300 community committees, effectively meeting the cultural needs of community residents. With the deepening of this task, all functional departments are increasingly willing to convert working ideas into projects, and buy services from social organizations. Such services are gradually extending from traditional living services to public and management services, such as city appearance regulation, social conflict resolution, community education, community public health, local commerce, waste separation, culture and television, and community autonomy and joint management. (III) Effectively promoting the development of social organizations Projects are the cornerstone for the survival and growth of social organizations, and extensive practices improve their experience and capacity. Through the government purchase of social work services in Xuhui District, survival and development opportunities are offered to nearly 100 social organizations, improving their professional service capacity and level, and social organizations are guided to be rooted in communities for interaction with communities and social workers. Many social organizations (such as the “Green Housewife”, nonprofit organization in Lingyun Sub-district, which received the honorary title of “Top 10 Innovation Project” of the Second Shanghai Social Building Awards) keep developing by undertaking service projects from the Xuhui District Government, and extend their successful experience to other fields. In Xuhui District, more social organizations are encouraged and

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motivated to participate in the supply of public services by means of site support, project funding among others, to create a number of social organizations with good reputation, brand advantages and core competencies.

8.4 Inspiration and Prospect (I) Integrating resources to improve the policy system Social work services bought by the government are extensive, rich and stringent. A joint conference was established in Xuhui District to define departmental duties and strengthen collaboration to ensure that such services are effectively matched and offered. The information platform of social work services bought by the government was established based on the portal system and purchase platform of the district government, improving working efficiency. The relevant policies and systems of Xuhui District will be improved, and the Catalogue of Social Work Services Bought by the Xuhui District Government (see Table 2) will be revised to expand the scope of projects. Market and social forces will be utilized to transfer routine public management tasks and services that are offered by the government and can be gradually undertaken by social organizations to social organizations. (II) Strengthening guidance and promoting the change of government functions orderly According to the change of government functions and the Overall Plan for the Disengagement of Industry Associations and Chambers of Commerce from Administrative Organs, the Xuhui District Government promotes the disengagement of industry associations and chambers of commerce from administrative organs. It will reduce fiscal appropriations to industry associations and chambers of commerce progressively within a transition period of two years, and support them to undertake transferred government functions by buying services. Professional skills training for social organizations will be offered continually with emphasis on financial staff and persons responsible for service purchase, and the rating of social organizations will be promoted to improve their capacity to undertake service projects bought and functions transferred by the government. (III) Improving efficiency and the information platform The information platform of bought social work services developed by the joint conference office reduces paperwork, strengthens file management at approval points, and improves working efficiency on practical terms. Meanwhile, the information platform also provides a carrier for the disclosure of service project information, so that social organizations can learn purchase policies and needs of the government promptly. In addition, information asymmetry is reduced. The Xuhui District Government will improve the system functions and the system efficiency in conjunction with the smart city platform according to the overall requirements of building a scientific

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Table 2 2017 catalogue of social work services bought by the Xuhui District government No.

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

1

Social services

Publicity

Volunteer services

2

Old officials

Care services

3

Health and family planning

Children of floating population

4

Health education promotion

5

Youth care

6

Mother and child care

7

Families losing only child

8

Parent-child guidance

9

Justice

Correctional services

10

Civil affairs

Elder services

11

Marital services

12

Retirement resettlement

13

Double support and special care

14

Community services

15

Assistance for those in difficulty

16

Education

Elder education

17

Culture

Cultural market

18

Cultural relics

19

Intangible cultural heritage conservation

20

Public culture

21

Sports

Sports events

22

Public sports

23

Youth sports

24

Tourism

Tourism services

25

Housing management

Property management services

26

Labor union

Cultural home

District youth league committee

Youth services

27

Mental assistance

28 29

Youth rights protection

30

Women’s federation

Woman and child care

31

Disabled persons’ federation

Support for the disabled

32

Promotion of culture and sports for the disabled

33

Rehabilitation of the disabled

34 35

Social affairs

File

File services

Social building

Talent training (continued)

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Table 2 (continued) No.

Level 1

Level 2

36

Level 3 Autonomy and joint management

37

Policy research

38

Letters and visits

Conflict resolution

39

Science committee (association)

Project services

40

Public security

Appraisal services

41

Labor and social security

Training services

42

Civil affairs

Community management

44

Audit

Internal audit services

45

Tourism

Accommodation enterprise services

46

Landscaping and city appearance management

City appearance and environment

47

Environmental protection

Environmental governance

48

Housing management

Training on housing management operations

49

Safety supervision

Safety inspection

Civil defense

Civil defense services

Prevention office

Social correction

43

Social organization

50

Safety review

51 52

Others

innovation center. At the same time, it will strengthen the application of project evaluation results, improve the list of social organizations undertaking purchased services, explore the “abnormal catalogue” and “blacklist” systems, strengthen IT application, and realize smart management in service purchase.

9 Trilateral Interactions: Building a Social Organization Incubation and Growth Platform 9.1 Background and Origin Nonprofit social organizations are nongovernmental, non-business and non-market social organizations engaged in public welfare, mutually beneficial and service activities. They are nonprofit, public welfare- and service-oriented, and voluntary in nature. In the social governance structure, nonprofit social organizations are the bridge and tie between the government and social participants, such as enterprises and residents, and their relationship with the government is a partnership under the leadership of the government (competent authorities) as the “meta-player”. Presently, since Chinese

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nonprofit social organizations are underdeveloped and unsound in function and structure, nonprofit social organizations should be developed and incubated by the government. The Xuhui District Government actively explores a trilateral development and incubation pattern, and builds a social organization development platform to give better play to nonprofit social organizations. Since the start of social welfare organization incubation parks in Xuhui District at the end of 2011, two parks (Xujiahui and Xietu) were completed and made operational. By the end of 2016, 73 nonprofit social organizations have been developed and supported in total. They participate actively in social governance and contribute greatly to Xuhui District’s social development.

Xuhui District social welfare organization incubation park

Before 2011, there were few pivotal and supportive social organizations in Xuhui District and almost no social organization in the field of social governance and development. Besides, the capacity of social organizations to participate in social governance was low. Since the end of 2011, through development and incubation by social welfare organization incubation parks, the development of social organizations in Xuhui District has taken on the following features. First, a large number: Xuhui District has been ranking top in the city in terms of the number of registered social organizations; by the end of 2017, there are 840 social organizations including 144 social groups and 696 non-business NGOs. Second, extensive distribution: Social organizations are distributed in many fields such as education, civil affairs, labor and social security, health, culture, sports, and science and technology. Third, large scale: According to the statistics of the 2017 annual inspection, the annual revenue of social organizations in Xuhui District was nearly RMB2.65 billion, with over 18,000 employees. In particular, Xuhui District has some educational and cultural social organizations with city-wide influence.

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9.2 Measures and Mechanism In 2011, Xuhui District prepared for the establishment of social welfare organization incubation parks in conformity with the Notice of the General Offices of the Xuhui District CPC Committee and Government on Issuing the Guidelines on Accelerating the Development of Nonprofit Social Organizations in the District (XCCO [2011] No. 55), giving special support for nonprofit and service social organizations for elder care, support for the disabled, social work, industry services, legal assistance, correction, and so on. Sound management systems for regulating social organization behavior will be established, and the integrated management pattern for social organizations will be improved to strengthen the capacity building of social organizations. Since the Xuhui District social welfare organization incubation park project is a key project supported by the district CPC committee and government, the Administrative Committee of the Xuhui District social welfare organization incubation park (hereinafter referred to as the “Administrative Committee”) has been established. The Administrative Committee is composed of multiple departments, including the District Social Development Office, General Office of the district government, District Civil Affairs Bureau (Social Group Bureau), District Finance Bureau, and District Audit Bureau, and its general office is at the District Social Group Bureau, responsible for specific implementation. During park construction and operation, the District Social Development Office, General Office of the district government, District and Civil Affairs Bureau have created a trilateral development pattern in which the park is closely combined with community living service centers and social organization practice bases. This pattern has rationalized geographic distribution, and made social organizations deeply rooted in communities to offer public welfare services more effectively. Presently, social welfare organization incubation parks in Xuhui District develop nonprofit social organizations, and offer convenient public welfare services to community residents, meeting their daily living service needs and making significant achievements in creating civilized, harmonious and happy communities. Certainly, such services are still inadequate, unbalanced and imperfect. So service resources of social organizations need to be integrated and government support needs to be strengthened. Also, the development and service patterns of social organizations need to be regulated so that they provide better public welfare services to community residents. (I) Integrating local resources The social organization service platform is constantly improved according to the Work Plan of the Municipal CPC Committee for Further Promoting Social Organizations to Participate in Social Governance, and the working requirements of the municipal CPC committee for conducting innovative social governance and strengthening grass-root community building. The General Office of the Administrative Committee will integrate resources of the two parks to extend high-quality services of the parks to the whole district, and recommend excellent projects and social organizations to all

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sub-districts. In addition, it will strengthen the building of the 13 sub-district social organization service centers, promote the exchange of service information and the sharing of service resources, as well as improve the operation and service level of social organizations. (II) Giving full play to the supporting role After direct registration reforms of social organizations, the traditional management method of social organizations is challenged. To carry through the opinion of the General Offices of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on the healthy and orderly development of social organizations, the supporting role of the parks and sub-district social organization service centers for social organization startup services will be brought into play to offer support in policy guidance, registration assistance, resource matching, project operation and talent training. Furthermore, the guidance for community social organizations and registered mass groups will be strengthened to develop voluntary grass-root social organizations eligible for registration into sophisticated community social organizations. (III) Regulating service modes of social organizations Publicity on laws and regulations on social organizations will be strengthened and managed. Operation and service modes of social organizations will be regulated in accordance with the promulgation of the Charity Law of the People’s Republic of China, and policies and regulations on social organizations of the General Offices of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, as well as policies on social organization development of Xuhui District. Thereby, social organizations can improve their service capacity and effectively meet the daily living service needs of community residents.

9.3 Innovation and Impact Two social welfare organization incubation parks of Xuhui District were completed in late 2011 and early 2012, namely Xujiahui Park with a building area of about 1200 square meters, and Xietu Park with a building area of about 1500 square meters. By the end of 2017, the total investment in park construction and social organization development in Xuhui District was over RMB10 million to realize the physical development of nonprofit social organizations, project-based social management innovation, localized social participation and professional social work teams. (I) Improving the management mechanism to strengthen the development and incubation functions The Administrative Committee has developed the Measures for the Administration and Support of Social Welfare Organization Incubation Parks in Xuhui District (Pilot) (XCAB [2011] No. 16), and guided social organizations to provide high-quality

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living services at low prices or free of charge, remove troubles for residents, and build harmonious and happy communities to meet the basic living service needs of community residents. In the past five years, the parks developed and supported 78 social organizations, in which pivotal social organizations included the Xuhui District Social Workers’ Association, the Xuhui District Community Committee Working Association and so on. Supportive social organizations included the Xuhui District Social Organization Service Center, Xuhui District Social Organization Evaluation Center, Suoyi Public Welfare Culture Development Center and so on. Specialized social organizations in social governance and development included the Pioneering Legal Mediation Center, Jiahui Property Management Guidance Center of Xujiahui Community, Xingongfang Social Worker Office among others. Public welfare service social organizations included the Bailao Morality Lecturer Group, Lingyun “Green Housewife” Environmental Protection Guidance Center, Hongmeiting Public Welfare Service Center, et cetera. Lingyun “Green Housewife” and Hongmeiting also won the honorary title of “Top 10 Innovation Project” of the Second and Third Shanghai Social Building Awards respectively. The parks not only provide initial cost subsidies to supported social organizations, and free offices and public activity places to admitted social organizations, but also offer such value-added services like financial and personnel agency, training exchange, and operational guidance. A CPC branch was established for the new social organization service center in Xietu Park to regularly provide admitted social organizations with CPC building services, thus enhancing their cohesion. (II) Strengthening coordination to build a good communication between social organizations and the government First, the parks strengthen coordination with sub-districts to recommend excellent social organizations to sub-districts, and match community service needs with social organizations eligible for public services. Second, the parks strengthen coordination with community practice bases so that community service projects of social organizations are implemented in practical terms, and social workers are drawn through practice bases to obtain trilateral interactions between communities, social organizations and social workers. Third, the parks strengthen coordination with social work service projects bought by the government. Social organizations are made to participate in social work service projects bought by the government, and those performing well in standard rating and project undertaking are recommended according to the Opinions on the Purchase of Social Work Services by the Xuhui District Government in 2013, and the Implementation Plan for Further Promoting the Purchase of Social Work Services by the Xuhui District Government in 2014. In recent years, admitted and supported social organizations have undertone over 50 social services projects and carried out over 1000 activities, covering a number of areas, such as elder care, youth, women, special care, disability, culture and poverty.

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(III) Establishing premium service brands based on community needs During the development of social welfare organization incubation parks in Xuhui District, they always carry out public welfare activities to meet the needs of community residents, accept the transfer of some public management and service functions of the government to society, and accelerate the development of social organizations to realize the effective connection between government living services and practical needs of residents. Premium service brands are built and social management innovation is promoted to constantly improve community service level. The District Civil Affairs Bureau (Social Group Bureau) extends the “Wise Public Welfare” series of branded activities based on continual innovation. In 2012, a road show of the “Wise Public Welfare—Living Services” public welfare project was organized in the park. In 2013, the first social work culture festival of Xuhui District, and social organization self-discipline and integrity building activity was held with the theme of “Wise Public Welfare—Beautiful Social Work”. Together with the third edition of “Shanghai Public Welfare Partnership Day”, the festival gave publicity to the park’s work in diverse forms, including text, signature for commitment, proposal reading, commendation and art performance. The park’s monthly “Public Welfare Caravan” and “Public Welfare Bus”, and weekly “Public Welfare Salon” have become branded service activities well known to nearby community residents. They regularly offices free haircutting, photography and home appliance repair services, as well as convenient consulting services on law, medical care, health, education et cetera, to residents. Social organizations also organize Xuhui District sessions on the Shanghai Public Welfare Partnership Day every year, benefiting nearly 20,000 men-times of residents annually on average.

Public welfare salon organized by a social organization

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Road show of the “Wise Public Welfare—Living Services” public welfare project

Xuhui District Public Welfare Partnership Day and Opening Ceremony of the First 100 Public Welfare Bases

9.4 Inspiration and Prospect As the role of the government in public service supply turns gradually from “rowing” to “steering”, the role of nonprofit organizations in public service supply is

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revealed progressively. However, how should we encourage and develop nonprofit organizations effectively in the general background of social transformation, and realize people’s self-management and self-service on this basis? The conception and practice of the social organization incubation and development platform provides beneficial experience and an effective reference for solving this problem. The experience of the social organization incubation and development platform shows that when differentiated public services are provided to society through nonprofit organizations, the government should properly conduct guidance, regulation and support to create a necessary environment for their growth. First, necessary social resources are required for the establishment and development of social organizations. For this reason, the local government needs to introduce such social resources, and establish the social organization incubation and development platform to help nonprofit organizations overcome difficulties at the establishment and growth stage. Next, to give full play to the role of nonprofit organizations as important auxiliary provider of basic public services, and differentiate their positions and advantages, the government needs to encourage residents and public welfare enthusiasts to establish nonprofit organizations based on the practical needs of the public, and pool collective efforts and wisdom to meet the urgent needs of residents. Finally, the local government needs to strengthen the management of nonprofit organizations by developing and improving administrative rules and regulations for nonprofit organizations to offer guidance and promote competition. In a nutshell, in the modernization, urbanization and intelligentization process of society, nonprofit organizations will play an increasingly important role in filling up gaps in basic public services and providing differentiated public services for the public. An important direction of the change of local government functions will be fully meeting residents’ special needs for public services while equalizing public service supply by managing and guiding nonprofit organizations. The social organization incubation platform preserves the features and vitality of non-profit organizations, while achieving the effective management of nonprofit organizations by the government. It is believed that numerous successful nonprofit organizations will go out from here to provide satisfactory public services to the public and society in the future. Case Analysis Although the above eight cases focus on different aspects, they all reflect refinement explorations of Xuhui District in public services. Cases 1 and 2 focus on optimization; Cases 3, 4 and 5 focus on conceptual change, and Cases 6, 7 and 8 focus on role change. It can be seen from Case 1 “Simplification: Improving the Overall Efficiency of Government Services through ‘Internet+’”, solving the problems of difficult, complex and slow affairs handling in government services to improve handling satisfaction is an important goal of building a service-oriented government. The scattering of institutions and the lack of operation coordination

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and data sharing are the main causes of the above problem. The first step of administrative service reform in Xuhui District is realizing physical integration. Then “Internet + government services” breaks service time constraints, and one number application, one window acceptance and one network handling simplify services and significantly improve handling efficiency. During simplification, analytical means such as big data and intelligent service means are fully utilized to optimize and refine the services offered, so that the public can acquire needed services more accurately and efficiently, thus improving handling efficiency. The optimization of government services reflects the toplevel design and service concept. In the future, all departments should cooperate efficiently under the top-level design structure to improve government services. Case 2 “Three Ones and Two Alls: Improving Community Affairs Acceptance and Service Efficiency” tells us that the city is warm and friendly. Modern cities have become smart and cultural cities, which is reflected in that the government offers intelligent, friendly and convenient services during the modernization of urban governance, so that living needs of urban residents are well met, and their sense of gain is reflected directly in urban (sub-district/community) services. The innovative practice of the Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers in Xuhui District is reflected as follows. First, the “six unifications” (service items, handling process, building standard, marking, management software and evaluation system) are implemented comprehensively, and the “three ones and two alls” (one-door handling, onewindow acceptance, one-end management, no day off throughout all the year and handling of some items within all the district) are first realized in the city. Second, the “future government cloud” service pattern is explored and built. Information technologies and information service networks are utilized to strengthen government-community interactions and crossover cooperation. In addition, intelligent inquiry services, extended government services and wholeprocess government information disclosure allow residents to know handling items in advance, inquire about the handling process and select the handling mode, thereby making services offered by acceptance and service centers open, convenient, friendly and transparent. In 2014, at the Release Conference of the 2013 China Top 10 Innovation Achievements in Community Governance held by the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the innovative practice of Community Affairs Acceptance Service Centers in Xuhui District ranked second, and was the only selected achievement in Shanghai. This project has promoted the innovation of urban community governance mechanisms and methods, the modernization of urban governance capacity, and the building of cultural, smart and friendly urban communities. In the Case 3 of “‘Community Care’: Creating Warm Communities”, “management” should be dominated by a single player through a top-down hierarchy. Certainly, this mechanism can be improved through a bottom-up feedback

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mechanism. “Governance” lays more emphasis on the diversity of participants, and their participation, equality, voluntariness, consultation and joint management. Either “management” or “governance” should be dominated by a “meta-player”, which must be the government. In the multiple governance process, there is a non-compulsory relationship joint participation, equal consultation and joint management among all participants. However, there is still a bottom-up bureaucratic management and organization system within each player to ensure its active participation. Therefore, “management” and “governance”, and “refined management” and “refined governance” are not separated but interdependent. In the social governance mechanism of Xuhui’s “Community Care”, a multiple management mechanism is established with the government being the “meta-player” to organize, mobilize and coordinate other social participants (such as NGOs, residents). Therefore, a three-dimensional, social, professional and normative governance mechanism is built based on the consultation and joint management of multiple participants to ensure that “Community Care” public services are rooted in communities. The community service practice of “Community Care” shows that refined management and refined governance are integrated, and there is no conceptual gap or practical separation between them. In the Case 4 of “Unified Need Assessment: Matching Elder Care Resources Precisely”, there are several prominent problems in the elder care service industry: First, elder care service resources are relatively insufficient; second, elder care services are scattered in many different departments; third, the supply of elder care service resources does not match demand, so limited resources are not available to those in most need. To meet residents’ needs for elder care services, there are three measures, namely unifying resources, identifying needs and providing services precisely, and increasing the total amount of elder care service resources appropriately. The former two measures can take effect in the near term, but the third one will take a longer time. Xuhui District’s elder care unified evaluation responds to the former two measures by realizing resource integration, and solving problems such as repeated supply, and low communication and coordination efficiency resulting from scattered supply. Services are matched based on physical examination results of the elderly, realizing the precise identification of needs. The normative service supply process, and supervision and feedback mechanism ensure the precise supply of services. Meanwhile, the unified management and service platform ensures the efficient operation of the whole process. The system will be improved in the future, especially the accuracy of evaluation. In the Case 5 of “Door-to-door Medical Care: Offering Satisfactory Community Health Services”, difficult and expensive medical care is a prominent livelihood problem today, and centering on hospitals is an important solution. Graded diagnosis and treatment should be realized as soon as possible, so that residents can benefit from “minor disease treatment and rehabilitation in communities,

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and major disease treatment at hospitals”. For historical reasons, community health services in China are underdeveloped and have not been recognized by residents. Practicing the family doctor system to make family doctors six-inone health gatekeepers is an important measure to transfer medical care to the community level. In this process, family doctors should center on residents and be oriented to residents’ urgent health needs. Then their functions should be refined and their level improved to ensure that the family doctor system operates healthily. Only by doing so, the family doctor system can be accepted and relied on by the public. Xuhui District has made good explorations and interim achievements in several aspects, and it will establish a better incentive mechanism to attract more excellent talents to stay and work in communities. In addition, the medical alliance system will be well utilized to integrate family doctors and hospitals more efficiently, and improve China’s public health as soon as possible. In the Case 6 of “‘Constructors’ Home: Making Constructors Feel at Home”, the report of the Nineteenth CPC National Congress points out, the major conflict of today’s Chinese society is “the conflict between people’s growing needs for a good life, and unbalanced and inadequate development” instead of “the conflict between people’s growing material and cultural needs, and backward social production”. As the main force of urban construction, migrant constructors do heavy physical labor in the city, and have a stronger demand for a good life, but little attention is paid to their relatively unbalanced and inadequate daily living services, living environment and facilities. The report of the Nineteenth CPC National Congress also points out, “The social governance system should be strengthened and improved based on CPC committee leadership, government responsibility, social coordination, public participation and legal support”. “Riverfront Constructors’ Home” was established in Xuhui District to provide daily living services to constructors, and improve their medical care level and living standards. A governance structure focused on the government and involving multiple participants, including gross-root government departments, enterprises, NGOs, mobile CPC members et cetera, and a service system based on CPC building are established for “Riverfront Constructors’ Home”. In practice, this governance structure has improved the sense of gain, well-being and identity with Shanghai of migrant constructors, and motivated them to work. In the Case 7 of “Careful Calculation: Innovative Pattern of Government Purchase of Social Work Services”, four problems are likely to occur during the development of nonprofit social organizations to provide services needed by the government and society, and undertake transferred government functions effectively: (1) information asymmetry, which resulting in inaccurate need identification; (2) covert deals in government service purchase; (3) insufficient capacity building of social organizations, so that they can hardly

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complete undertaken projects with high standards, and (4) insufficient influence of charity organizations in the field of refined urban governance. The Xuhui District Civil Affairs Bureau found out an innovative path gradually in addressing the above problems: First, it built a sound working system and developed documents, work plans and refined operating processes with local characteristics to promote innovation in the governance structure, and realize an optimal combination of the organizers, joint conference and joint conference office for the scientific management of all aspects of government service purchase. Second, it has positioned market needs precisely through a field investigation to ensure that government resources are allocated to the right areas efficiently. Third, it has offered capacity building training, created a number of demonstrative projects, and practiced smart management on the smart city platform in order to build a warm public welfare city. In the future, bidding management may be improved by drawing on experience from British and German governments to build a highly reliable and cooperative government-community relationship. In the Case 8 of “Trilateral Interactions: Building a Social Organization Incubation and Growth Platform”, conventional social management lays emphasis on the government as the main player of management and services, while other social participants participate at low levels. Social governance is a modern governance form in which the government is the meta-player, and multiple social participants such as the government, social organizations, enterprises and citizens participate together for joint management and sharing. This governance form lays emphasis on the optimization of the player structure, and the coordination and cooperation between the government and other social participants. In the social governance practice of social welfare organization incubation parks in Xuhui District, nonprofit social organizations are developed and incubated actively in terms of financial resources, human resources, site, service resources, service items and service activities to improve their service capacity. In practice, a trilateral development pattern in which the park is closely combined with community living service centers and social organization practice bases is explored to strengthen connections with subdistricts, community practice bases and community residents. The development and service patterns of social organizations are also regulated so that they provide better public welfare services to community residents, and meet the daily cultural and living service needs of residents. Under the support and guidance of government departments concerned, the experience and practice of social organization development and regulation by the social welfare organization incubation parks in Xuhui District provide a realistic example for creating a more civilized, harmonious and happy urban life, and improving urban community governance.

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References Wu Ruqin. Neighborhood Attachment in the Public Parlor. Shanghai Senior Citizen Post, 2017-0826. Guo Muqing. Riverfront Constructors’ Home in Xuhui District, Shanghai: CPC Building Brings the Community Together [EB/OL]. xinhuanet.com, 2017-07-16.

Chapter 5

Security Enhancement Yihong Liu and Guanghua Han

1 Introduction Urban public security is fundamental for the smooth operation of a city and the baseline for urban management. Under the background of the transformed principal contradiction of the Chinese society, security enhancement reflects the basic vision of Chinese urban residents for a better life and also sets a clearer goal for city managers. In the recent decades, China’s urban construction has kept pace with reform and opening up and made rapid progress. The urban system has become highly complex while enjoying the benefits and high efficiency brought by the highly modernized urban life. Besides, it has turned more fragile in the context of extensive economic development. With the acceleration of urbanization, many cities have become regional economic centers with dense populations, concentrated economies and developed infrastructure. Especially in recent years, domestic and foreign cities witnessed the frequent occurrences of emergencies ranging from terrorism, major safety accidents and social riots to fires, social disputes, food and drug safety incidents, which seriously endangered the living standards and property safety of urban residents, and once again sounded an alarm for urban public security efforts. Presently, the challenges that urban security in China faces are mainly reflected in the following: 1. The social security prevention and control system needs improvement in China, with people’s weak awareness for public risks, inadequate public participation in public security, as well as low technological level and dire information fragmentation; 2. The system for the prevention of accidents and disasters in cities is imperfect, including the weak ability of urban infrastructure to withstand disasters, increased Y. Liu · G. Han (B) Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China e-mail: [email protected] © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 G. Chen et al. (eds.), Urban Practices from Delicacy Management to Governance in Contemporary China, Urban Governance Practices in China, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4011-0_5

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risks in urban traffic, many potential risks in construction projects and production and vulnerable security management in public places; 3. The urban earthquake relief capability is inadequate, including the awkwardness in the systems and mechanisms for disaster-related defense, early warning, response, recovery and self-rescue; 4. The situation of urban public hygiene remains grim, as reflected by occasional outbreaks of massive epidemics, food and drug safety staying at a high level and falling confidence of residents. The series of challenges force us to be highly alert to the “risk society”, formed by scientific and technological development while bringing rapid changes to individuals and society. Furthermore, many disasters are sudden, frequent, complex and derivative so that, once a city is hit by a major disaster, by which the chain and amplification reactions caused may bring immeasurable aftermaths. Therefore, city managers must re-examine the traditional thinking and mode of promoting and managing urban public security. Under the background of advancing comprehensively the modernization of the national governance system and capability, refine is the path selected for future urban public security and the key to addressing the persistent maladies of megacities. And it is also conducive to seizing the historical opportunity for accelerating the development of modern cities and changing fundamental the working ideas and system defects in the urban public security of China. As a forward position of reform subject to the eager hope and requirements posed by General Secretary Xi Jinping, Xuhui District of Shanghai has made some beneficial practices in taking the road of refined governance on urban public security by conducting experiments first, thus providing a reference for the refined reform of urban security enhancement. Here, we have selected 5 typical cases. Refined urban security enhancement needs an excelsior working attitude and ideological care with more humanistic concepts. The Justice Bureau of Xuhui District actively responds to the current situation of frequent, complex and diversified social contradictions and has made helpful explorations on social governance innovations by supporting and promoting the development of people’s mediation organizations to defuse social conflicts with the help of social resources. The Xuhui District People’s Mediation Committee for Doctor-Patient Disputes acts as a good example. It has put a lot of efforts into adhering to neutrality, innovating mechanism and highlighting professionalism, and tracked out the mechanism of people’s mediation with humanistic care, focusing on human emotions and needs. It persisted in a humanized working attitude on the basis of satisfying, understanding and respecting human beings. Moreover, it created the innovative modes of full-time and part-time integration, gradient regulation and on-site mediation, and established mutual trust between doctors and patients. All of those safeguarded their legitimate rights and interests, resolved a large number of doctor-patient disputes at a grassroots level and effectively maintained social harmony and stability, thus winning extensive recognition from all social circles.

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Refined urban security enhancement needs institutional assurance with unified and clarified powers and responsibilities. In 2016, the Xuhui District Market Supervision Administration (“MSA”) started the comprehensive whole-process supervision on the construction of a platform. This involves the active utilization of modern technical meaning to erect a comprehensive supervisory information system that integrates multiple functions. This system conducts information inquiry, coordinative supervision, joint punishment and social supervision, and uses large data to facilitate refined management. Meanwhile, MSA uses the opportunity brought by the “Food Safety Regulations of Shanghai Municipality” (“Regulations”), focuses on the “Measures of Shanghai Municipality for Supervision and Management of the Temporary Filing of Small Catering Service Providers” as a handle and leverages. By doing so, it assigns responsibility, absorbs social resources, pinpoints objects, optimizes the means and improves the efficiency of law enforcement, and also solves the persistent maladies in food safety management. Refined urban security enhancement needs to implement and improve an integrated operation mechanism of mutual collaboration. In the cases of innovative grid governance, integrated operation was realized for physical space, management functions and operating mechanism. Meanwhile, all the comprehensive functions of the district, including the “12345” citizen service hotline, joint action and emergency disposal, have been incorporated into the integrated urban grid management system. The case of miniature fire stations shows how to create a collaborative network through precise identification, which facilitates departments cooperation between fire control, public security and police stations. In addition, it links up public security organizations, neighborhood committees, owners committees and property companies, makes a successful community fire control, especially the high-rise fire control. The Xuhui District Office of Comprehensive Governance launched the voluntary service mechanism of “Safety Oranges”, which extends risk prevention and control efforts into the “capillary vessels” of urban life. It also refines the network for the prevention and control of community security through the joint efforts of the government and the society and full-time and part-time workers to keep social risks at the latency stage. It embodies the precise identification of risks and the precise implementation of policies.

2 Meticulous Grid: Improving Integrated Urban Grid Management System 2.1 Background · Origin In 2014, the Party Committee and the government of Xuhui District listed the construction of its Administrative Service Center and the Urban Grid Integrated Management System (“Centers”) as a practical project and key job yearly to enhance the capability and level of urban management. The Centers were completed in May

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2015 and started officially to serve on June 15th 2015. The two Centers achieved integrated operations in physical space, management functions and operation mechanism. Meanwhile, all the comprehensive functions of the district, including the “12345” citizen service hotline, joint action and emergency disposal, were incorporated into the integrated urban grid management system to move down the focus of government management, sink resources and delegate powers. Since 2017, Xuhui District has made great efforts to meet the requirements of General Secretary Xi that “urban management should be as delicate as embroidery”. Under the strategic arrangement of the Central Government and the municipality for integrating “Internet + government services” and “streamlining administration, delegating powers and improving regulation and services”, it has utilized “Internet+” thinking, availed itself of the opportunity of building a national-level demonstration zone of “Internet + government services.” It has remained oriented toward users, focused on user-side experience and sensitivity, and made active explorations at integrated and refined urban management. In addition, it works hard to achieve “I know it before you do” to find out what is happening before the common people do; “You find it and I respond” to ensure quick follow-up on the complaints made by the common people; and “you have concerns and I provide services” to improve the modern governance capability and services of the government.

2.2 Initiatives · Mechanisms (1) Building the system, that is, the “1 + 13 + 63 + X” integrated urban grid management system First, under the centralized control of “1” district-level integrated grid management platform, the 4 functions of grid management, emergency watch-keeping, urban management law enforcement and public security are combined. By doing so, all the functional departments closely related to urban management, including public security, fire control, market supervision, greening urban appearance, protection against typhoon and flood, and environmental protection are incorporated into the scope of joint action.

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Integrated Platform of Xuhui District Grid Management Center

Second, the district places the 13 neighborhood/town grid centers under centralized control, relies on three teams of the police stations, urban management officer’s squadron and market supervision office as basic deployments. And it also incorporates the grassroots law enforcement teams into the scope of joint services such as housing management offices, environmental sanitation stations and traffic police brigade. It also sets up the mechanism of joint action to carry out united law enforcement and improve the efficiency of the comprehensive rectification of persistent maladies in urban management. Third, the district has created 63 standardized management grids, relied on two types of law enforcers of police officers and urban management personnel as the backbone force and constantly adhered to the principle of “stationing them wherever they need to be”. Moreover, it incorporated the assistant personnel for urban management such as grid supervisors, social workers, auxiliary police officers, management assistants, community guards and safety volunteers, into the scope of joint disposal. That was done to intensify the mechanism of implementing the responsibility of “finding and purging” cases/incidents that can be disposed on the spot as they are found. Fourth, on the basis of the existing integrated urban grid management workstations in the residential areas, the district relies on the “trio” of police offices, comprehensive control stations and grid management stations. It forms a joint prevention contingent composed of community police officers, neighborhood committees, owners’ committees, property companies, social organizations, building team leaders and community Party members who patrol the communities. Regarding the problems found during the patrols, the workstations in the residential areas will conduct timely persuasion through the citizen convention, village rules and nongovernmental regulations to resolve misunderstandings and hidden troubles in the grassroots as far as possible.

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(2) Setting standards for a standardized enforcement of the requirements for urban refined management First, tamping the foundation of the workstations in the neighborhoods, towns and residential areas. The district revised the “Workbook of Xuhui District for Supervisors of Integrated Urban Grid Management”, sorted out and classified the cases over the years, especially the cases that were easy to be overlooked in municipalitylevel inspection. This is to provide references for the field grid supervisors and platform messengers. It introduced the “Management Standard for the Workstations in Residential Areas”, which improved the 8 working rules by expanding the original 8 actions to 59. It also compiled the “Workbook for the Workstations in Residential Areas” and the “Inspection Tour Log for Workstations in Residential Areas” to address the problem of insufficient reporting of cases by the workstations in the residential areas, ensuring the timely reporting of the problems found during the grid inspection tours of the residential areas. Furthermore, it improved the “12345” public service hotline to enhance its efficiency. Meanwhile, the weaknesses in various efforts are analyzed at monthly meetings to promptly adjust focus on work and strengthening the ability to find out and address problems. Second, improving the system for assessing the quality of grid management. The district introduced the grid case quality computer evaluation system to increase the proportion of the quality of cases and standardized grid building. It highlighted the quality of discovery and audit, achieving the “discovery of everything that should be” in discovery quality and the “disposal of everything that should be” in audit quality. Meanwhile, the district has intensified the training of supervisors a the platforms of neighborhoods, sorted out cases that have guiding significance for work and compiled collections of typical cases to continuously enhance the business operation capability of the supervisors. Third, establishing the emergency working system. The district established the Emergency Work Section in the Centers, formulated the “Work Requirements for Emergency Watch-keeping& Joint Action” and the “Responsibilities for Video Monitoring”. It revised the “Management System for Emergency Watch-keeping”, “Work Requirements for Night Shifts” and the “Rules for Reporting the Watch-keeping Status of the Centers to the Emergency Response Office of the District”. Besides. It implemented the 7 × 24-h Watch-keeping system which is regarded as the point of penetration the reconstruction of database, classification of statistics, modification of the entry platform and accumulation of work information. All of those were done to enhance the efficiency of data statistics, increased the speed of problem discovery and left footprints in departmental work. (3) Straightening out mechanisms to strictly implement the procedure of urban operation and keep an eye on the weak mechanism of big data analysis On the one hand, the district joins third-party professional institutions, sets up the data statistical tools based on processed hotline work orders. It makes big data analysis and in-depth digging of accepted, processed and examined data. It analyzed the common and different problems of undertaking units, made up for the deficiency

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in hotline processing and provided data basis for improving citizens’ satisfaction and the scientific decision making by the government. On the other hand, depending on district leaders, it dispatched orders, promoted the processing of difficult work orders, enhanced disposal efficiency and explained the policies. The reasonable appeals that are repeatedly filed by citizens, yet are not solved by an undertaking unit after prolonged procrastination, are included into the scope of supervised prodding. Repetitive work orders and “3 dissatisfactions” are merged into the work orders to be dispatched by district leaders, who will give written instructions and urge the processing thereof in a bid to improve work style and work efficiency. ➀ Reversed mechanism of bidirectional interaction The district has built a system for running administrative functions and powers [the “system of power and responsibility list” (“List”)], which is in real-time connection with the “12345” citizen hotline processing system. It focused on the mismatch or difficulty in hotline processing, achieved dynamic optimization of departmental powers and responsibilities, and underlined the solution of the problems in the execution of functions brought by blank, belated and crossed duties. Through the linkage of systems, content and examination, the purpose is to guide and support the dispatching of hotline orders with the List, inspect and optimize the List with hotline order dispatching. After that, it broke the efficiency blocking points and buck passing, and enhanced the authoritativeness and precision of order dispatching It raised the first-day antecedent contact rate, actual resolution rate and citizen satisfaction rate. Presently, the original classification of hotline work orders was sorted out and refined again on the basis of departmental responsibilities to expand the original 165 subclasses in 67 subcategories of the 11 hotline classes into 286 subclasses in 89 subcategories. The relationship between hotline matters and the list of responsibilities, internal organs and staffing has been ensured in collaboration with the Staffing Office of the district. ➁ Mechanism of regular special investigation and overhaul In respect to grid components, the district tried to meet the requirement of “discovering and disposing of everything that should be”. It carries out regular special inspections of roadside trees, residential landscaping, unlicensed business, random parking of shared bicycles and fire safety by focusing on the 33 key roads, “sub-district management” and other important components, including manhole covers, upright poles and overhead lines for concentrated rectification of the persistent maladies in urban management. As regards hotline work orders, the district has raised the frequency of the special rectification of repeated work orders of the “12345” citizen service hotline and work orders of “3 dissatisfactions”. It shorted the cycle of rectification from quarter to month, which implies that the work orders of 3 or more repeated calls and “dissatisfactions” in a month will be sorted out so that the leader directly in charge of an undertaking unit will coordinate the handling thereof to follow up on work orders involving reasonable complaints. If any complaint cannot be resolved due to objective reasons, the undertaking unit should offer explanations.

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➂ Mechanism of emergency linkage The Emergency Office (General Duty Room) of the district was assisted in sorting out the special emergency plans of the municipality and the district, updating the list of the emergency network personnel of the whole district, important tips and other information. This promoted the integration of the joint disposal of emergencies with the resources for everyday grid management. The large screen and video system for grid command are relied upon for real-time monitoring and tracking of 207 key locations such as metro accesses, Xujiahui commercial circle, hospitals, schools and food markets, in different periods of time to preserve evidences. The Office keeps in touch with the neighborhoods and undertaking units to fill up the blind spots of inspection tours, prevents safety accident and quickly addresses emergency.

Disposal of Emergency by Staff Members for Grid Management

2.3 Innovation · Results (1) Strengthening the capability of active discovery for precise positioning Special inspections were carried out mainly in respect of roadside trees, greening in sub-districts, unlicensed business, random parking of shared bicycles and fire safety. There were 360 cases in the filing, 100% of which were closed, reflecting higher efficiency in disposing of problems and playing the role of urging and centralized rectification in addressing the persistent maladies of urban management. (2) Improving the work performance of the hotline for precise efficacy The work performance of the hotline was improved through the monthly dispatching of orders by the district chief and the regular rectification of work orders that are repetitive and receive “3 dissatisfactions”. Since January 2017, 105 repetitive work

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orders and 306 work orders receiving “3 dissatisfactions” have been rectified, 19 work orders were urged within the district and some 30 coordination meetings were held for difficult work orders. Through special rectification, the proportion of work orders receiving “3 dissatisfactions” fell from 13.69 to 9.7% and the district ranks in the top 3 of the comprehensive evaluation of the hotline work of the municipality. (3) Giving play to the linkage effect of the grid and the hotline A combined “active + passive” operation has been realized to focus on all persistent maladies in management and further unleash the efficacy of integrated urban management. Since the system’s operation, the number of passive complaints declined considerably and the number of complaints by letters/visits fell by 32% through the active patrols in the neighborhoods and residential areas.

2.4 Enlightenment · Outlook The explorations and practices in urban refined management first point to the need for “active + passive” efforts. Only through an active discovery of problems is it possible to reduce passive complaints. And this has been proven by the good example in 2016, where the number of complaints by letters/visits dropped by about 32% in the whole district. Next, “management + services” embed management in services and promptly respond to diverse needs of the people. Third, “government + society”, implies that “things concerning everyone should be done by everyone through consultations”. Fourth, “system + technology” implies that the people in need can depend on the Internet to find the people responsible. Fifth, “front end + rear end” indicates the former meaning the 63 grid management units that need refinement. The latter meaning the grid Centers that need precision. The establishment of a platform for the integration, sharing, judgment, analysis, management and use of urban operation data serves to create an upgraded comprehensive grid management and set up an urban operation management center. This will help to achieve the re-engineering of government process and enhancement of government capability for services.

3 Precision: Innovative New Supervision Modes of During/After-Event Process 3.1 Background · Origin The direction and substance for the change of governmental functions are to streamline administration, delegate powers to lower levels, integrate delegation with administration and optimize services. The reform of the commercial system has injected a

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strong momentum into “mass entrepreneurship and innovation”. Given the substantial inflow of market players, market supervision after the establishment of enterprises appears insufficient gradually in both strength and breadth, for the traditional regulatory approach is no longer able to meet actual work needs. This has posed a higher requirement for regulators to create as soon as possible a new supervision mode of during/after-event that is perfect and more effective. Xuhui District focuses on changing the management ideas and modes that are unsuitable to the new situation and new tasks. It actively builds a transparent and efficient regulatory mechanism during/after-event with clear-cut powers and responsibilities. And it is also the important content of deepening the reform of “decentralization, administration and services”. Under the unified arrangements of the municipal government, Xuhui District takes into account the reality of its own territory and formulated the “Opinions of Xuhui District for Further Strengthening the Implementation of During/After-Event Regulations”. It makes active explorations and daring innovations to focus on building an information network platform of the district for during/after-event comprehensive supervision. It relies on the platform to accelerate the construction framework of the during/after-event regulatory system with comprehensive supervision as a foundation, professional supervision as support and informatized platform as support. This new work mode runs through the entire process of the survival and development of market players, reflects the full coverage of regulators and has become an effective path of improving the refined management of government departments. In January 2016, Xuhui District officially launched the construction of its during/after-event comprehensive supervision network platform. In May 2016, it became the first in the municipality to implement the whole-process computerization of “dual notification” and the joint online/offline applications of “dual random”. In July 2016, the platform completely went live. For more than a year, the platform has been running stable and orderly so that the institutional framework and working system of during/after-event supervision have been gradually optimized, achieving a satisfactory effect.

3.2 Initiatives · Mechanisms Adhering to the guideline of “system as pioneer, platform as assurance”, Xuhui District leverages its during/after-event comprehensive supervision platform as a foundation in strengthening the interconnection and sharing of regulatory information between departments. It also set up an information network system that has integrated information inquiry, coordinated regulation, joint punishment and social supervision. The platform follows the principle of “lawfulness, safety, timeliness, accuracy” and fully intensifies its functions and applicability. It has changed the original working situation of information isolation and each department goes its own way. The departments rely on the platform to strengthen business integration, optimize workflow and implement regulatory responsibilities, thereby achieving the

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overall high efficiency of the during/after-event regulation and gradually forming a crisscrossed regulatory network and a scientific and effective regulatory mechanism. (1) Tamping the data foundation ➀ Clarifying regulatory responsibilities and achieving the full coverage of regulators Adhering to the concept that “things must be done under legal responsibilities and must not be done without legal authorization”, and taking advantage of the cleanup of the lists of powers and responsibilities. The district has compiled and published 3 lists on the basis of the module of “regulatory foundation” of the platform. In which there are respectively to matters for approval (458), matters for punishment (4281) and matters for regulation (321) that are subject to the during/after-event supervision of the functional departments of the district. The system has explained the regulatory responsibilities and law enforcement basis of the departments and provided the whole-process during/after-event supervision with complete and accurate principles that the rule of law system should follow. After their cleanup is completed, the “3 lists” have strongly supported the efficient operation of a transparent and effective supervision system during/after-event with clear-cut powers and responsibilities. For this reason, related regulatory departments understand their responsibilities, act according to laws, rule out the phenomenon of acting beyond authority and insufficient performance of duties. Therefore, it can be achieved to effectively avoid the phenomena of “3 disregards” and buck passing and realizing the full coverage of regulators. ➁ Setting up one file for one enterprise to realize the full coverage of regulatory objects For a long time in the past, the data of enterprises used to be held by different departments which caused disconnected “islands of information”. To change the status, on the one hand, the district linked up its platform of comprehensive supervision with the 6 basic databases at a municipal level. After that it sorted out and made a list of the local data according to the principle of “one datum, one source”, completed the collection of information on the results of approval and punishment. It also created a district-level regulatory information database and set up files for more than 43,000 enterprises on the basis of “one file for one enterprise”. It contains some 15 million data records of 1021 subclasses, 110 subcategories and 5 classes, realizing the interconnection and sharing of enterprise information between government departments. On the other hand, the district promotes the localization of the whole-process business information data generated and obtained by the departments during their performance of responsibilities and provision of services. So far, the platform has entered some 24,000 pieces of dynamic regulatory information. The all-round collection of data has enabled the creation of one file for one enterprise and the realization of the full coverage of the regulatory objects, laying a solid foundation for a crisscrossed during/after-event regulatory mode.

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Strengthening the daily supervision of key units

(2) Implementing intelligent supervision ➀ Relying on the module of “dual notification” to form a closed loop of supervision There are the problems in the supervision of enterprises, including registration departments, licensing and regulation, such as the long circulation cycle of information, disconnection, interruption, omission and delay. Based on such circumstance, the market supervision department has met the new policy requirement for “license before permits” and “separating license from permits” put forward in the reform of the commercial system. It relies on the module of “dual notification” of the platform to notify the examination and approval department of the registration information of market participants once they are registered so that the latter can carry out licensing and supervision promptly after receipt of the information. Meanwhile, the market supervision department has formulated the standard for supervision applicable to the operators to whom permits have been issued and clarified the principles of supervision to communicate information promptly, conduct field inspection, provide timely feedback and improve the internal process. By October 2017, the platform sent out 4884 pieces of information of dual notification. The use of computerized means has led to the seamless connection of all links, including registration, licensing and supervision, to form a closed loop of supervision throughout the process of before/during/after-event supervision. ➁ Relying on the “dual random” mode to improve the efficacy of supervision In response to the problems in the coverage and accuracy of traditional supervision and law enforcement, the district took the lead in conducting a “dual random” spot check of all the supervisory matters in the field of market supervision by relying on the comprehensive supervision platform. Particularly, it improved the related database on the platform and set up the list of market participants and the list of law enforcing inspectors for a random selection of the inspection objects and a random assignment

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of law enforcers through lot drawing. This sured that supervision and law enforcement are scientific and fair, standardize the inspection behavior of the law enforcing department and limit interference with the normal business operations of enterprises. This enhanced supervisory transparency, problem discovery rate and the deterrence of law enforcement. Presently, the platform has set up the list of matters for random spot check, the list of inspection objects and the list of law enforcement inspectors. 43,162 entities are incorporated into the list of enterprises and 2769 accounts are opened for the law enforcers of 35 departments, which realized the full coverage of regulators and law enforcers of the district. In 2017, by depending on the comprehensive supervision platform and taking into account supervision within the jurisdiction, the district drew up the work plan for spot check of a wide range of operating acts. Such acts include the registration matters of enterprises, use of trademarks, drug quality and safety, education and training, catering service, production of fire control products, among others. Moreover, it implemented the “dual random” spot check in 26 batches, including the joint spot check of “dual random” by multiple departments. For instance, the Market Supervision Bureau, the Urban Management Bureau, the Bureau of Human Resources and Social Security, the Bureau of Environmental Protection and the Bureau of Greening & Urban Appearance of the district organized the “dual random” joint inspection of the local catering service enterprises through the comprehensive supervision platform. This standardized inspection behavior and enhanced the efficacy of law enforcement. ➂ Relying on the module of “joint punishment” for implementing integrity management. In the past, law-breaking enterprises and dishonest objects of enforcement tended to escape punishment and repeatedly violate laws by exploiting the information barriers between government departments. To address the problems, the district formulated the “Measures of Xuhui District for Management of Good Faith Files” and released on the platform a list of matters subject to the joint punishment by 136 district-level departments. It established the mechanism for the sharing of information, referral of clues, mutual recognition of evidences, coordination and cooperation between various departments of the district. They include the Department of Publicity, the People’s Court, the Market Supervision Bureau, the Bureau of Human Resources and Social Security, the Federation of Trade Unions, the Bidding Center and banks. The Market Supervision Bureau, the Tourist Bureau and the Bureau of Environmental Protection signed jointly a memorandum for cooperation in supervision. In 2017, the district relied on the platform and imposed 125 joint punishments, which achieved cross-regional, cross-field and cross-departmental all-win cooperation. In the meantime, the district accelerates the building of a social credit system, promotes the collection and application of regulatory data such as the annual reports of enterprises, the catalogue of operational anomalies, the directory of companies that have seriously violated laws and a list of dishonest objects of enforcement (blacklist of deadbeats). It also explores the introduction of utility bill payment records, bank credits, Alipay and AFBS into the regulation to achieve the integrity constraint of “dishonesty in one place, restrictions in all places”. For example, in May 2017,

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the Bureau of Human Resources and Social Security of the district proposed that a certain digital media company in Shanghai should be investigated for its act of defaulting on the wages of laborers without cause and that the enterprise should be prevented from fulfilling the formalities for write-off. After receiving the receipt of the proposal for punishment, the Market Supervision Bureau placed the enterprise under surveillance and refused its request for write-off when it attempted to evade responsibility through the write-off, thus effectively safeguarding the rights and interests of the laborers. ➃ Relying on the module of “controlling unlicensed business” to break the regulatory bottleneck Unlicensed businesses have been one of the persistent social maladies that are strongly complained about and directly felt by the masses because of its complexity and dynamic nature, which make it hard to eradicate and enable it to rebound quickly. Relying on the comprehensive supervision platform, the district has set up a dynamic collection of information for the whole cycle from discovery to elimination to address the unlicensed business of key fields, key industries and key objects. This provides access to all-round information, including the name, address, industry and type of unlicensed business operator. Besides, it enables the timely entry of regulatory information such as administrative punishment, application for a license, rectification and prohibition, and ensures timely responses, quick disposals and formations of regulatory synergy through the dynamic release and communication of information.

Special Rectification Carried Out by Departments of Market Supervision, Public Security and Fire Control

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3.3 Innovations · Results (1) Promoting interdepartmental collaboration Through the complete and precise reflection of the work results of over 40 departments included, the platform has clarified the requirements for responsibilities performance in regard to 458 items for approval, 4281 items for punishment and 321 items for supervision to spur the regulators to implement job responsibilities and enhance efficiency. Meanwhile, through exchange of data, online entry and batch introduction, the mechanism of interconnection, shared governance and rapid response were set up for the regulators so that each department had their own information system and were independent of each other, which increased the regulatory synergy. (2) Driving the self-discipline of enterprises The supervision platform has collected the information generated by all departments during the implementation of responsibilities in relation to administrative licensing, punishment and early warning. So that the enterprises seemed as if they were receiving an “X-ray perspective”. After information of the platform is made public to the society according to laws, any bad information is bound to cause credit stains as well as a passive and adverse situation in future business activities. This has pushed the enterprises to increase their credit awareness and build the excellent pattern of “benefiting those who keep promises and restricting those who break promises”. (3) Serving for scientific decision making The construction of the platform is based on a tamped data foundation, data of better matching, coordination and scientific nature, intensified random checks, credit supervision and other working mechanisms. And this places the construction thereof on a legal, standardized and specialized track. The big data collected by the platform supports a precise analysis of the enterprises, including their growth cycle and the trend of industrial development, to objectively and truthfully reflect the dynamics of supervision and market. Therefore, it provides a reasonable basis for the leaders in judging risks and making scientific decisions.

3.4 Enlightenment · Outlook As a next step, Xuhui District will align itself with the construction of a national-level demonstration zone of “Internet+ government services”, accelerate the expansion of the platform’s functions, deepen its application, concentrate its efforts on the level of refined management and work hard to create new prospects in during/after-event supervision.

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(1) Intensifying systems The district will implement further the systems, refine the mechanisms, and establish these mechanisms of coordination in 4 aspects: “approval and supervision, supervision and supervision, supervision results and integrity management, on-paper supervision and supervision of behavior”. This is to realize “supervision at any time, in any place and by anyone”. (2) Intensifying the expansion of functions The district will extend further the functions of the platform, refine supervision and expand the function of “information collection”. It will also explore the use of the mode of “name + business address” for public institutions, social groups and other regulatory objects that have no business license and cause the dead zone in supervision to flag these entities and incorporate them into the platform. In addition, it will expand the function of “managing unlicensed business”, improve the functions of the platform such as dynamic release, communication of information and effectiveness monitoring, ensuring the real-time discovery of unlicensed business, timely response thereto and quick disposal thereof. (3) Intensifying the applications of the platform The district will strengthen further inspection and precise promotion, make dynamic and real-time supervision of the departments in their applications of the platform, promptly communicate the results of the applications. Meanwhile, it regards them as a part of the important content of the examination of departmental performance to ensure that the platform is adequately utilized and can bring actual effect.

4 Meticulous Approach: Cracking the Dilemma of Doctor-Patient Misunderstandings 4.1 Background · Origin With the year-by-year increase of doctor-patient disputes, medical disturbance incidents have frequently occurred and doctor-patient contradiction has become the focus of social concern. Xuhui District has abundant medical resources, including 9 ClassA hospitals and some 20 medical institutions of all types. In recent years, the average annual outpatient emergency visits have reached 23.777 million and the number of in-hospital operations has reached 20,000. Doctor-patient disputes are characterized by nonlocal patients accounting for the majority, concentration of difficult diseases and prominence of group misunderstandings. In 2008, Shanghai innovatively introduced the people’s mediation approach to resolve doctor-patient disputes and attempted to place the People’s Mediation Committee for Doctor-Patient Disputes (“Committee”) under the Health and Family Planning Commission (“HFPC”). Thus, its rich medical resources can be leveraged

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to resolve doctor-patient disputes and misunderstandings of higher professionalism. The results of a period of trial show that people generally defy justice and equity by placing the Committee under HFPC and believe that the move violated the neutral essence and principles of people’s mediation. Therefore, the reorganization of the Committee was discussed specially at an executive meeting of the Shanghai municipal government, which decided to place it under the guidance of the Bureau of Justice. On June 24th 2011, Xuhui District became the first in the municipality to set up the People’s Mediation Office for Doctor-Patient Disputes (“Office”). It also reorganizes its own Committee to explore the establishment of a convenient, just and efficient third-party mediation mechanism through governmental purchase of services and fully activate the people’s mediation of doctor-patient disputes. Since their establishment, the Office and the Committee have successfully realized the shift from trial operation to standardized operation, from single mediation to diversified mediation, and from a pure pursuit of the increase in the number of mediation cases to an ensured success rate of high-quality mediation. The Committee of the district closely revolves around the goal of safeguarding social stability in solidly and effectively promoting the people’s mediation of doctor-patient disputes which received favorable social repercussions.

4.2 Initiatives · Mechanism The Committee of Xuhui District adheres to the working principle of “conformity with laws, justice, convenience for people and high efficiency”, follows the guideline of “innovative concepts such as drive, multilateral collaboration, publicity for buildup of momentum”. Thus it has formed its own working mode for medical mediation that features “unified standard, multilateral collaboration, increase in both quantity and quality, focus on both prevention and solution” to prevent and reduce doctorpatient disputes from the source. The mechanism of dispute mediation was gradually improved relating to all links, including acceptance of application, investigation and collection of evidences, presiding over mediation, execution of agreement and information feedback. The district has formed a series of working systems, including the system for acceptance and registration of doctor-patient disputes, an investigation and verification system, a system for collective study of major and complex disputes, an expert consulting system, a confidentiality system, and a mediation discontinuation and termination system. In addition, it has set up a single acceptance window that is responsible for reception of applicants, qualification examination and answering of questions. Meanwhile, the Appeal and Mediation Center of the district court is trusted with ensuring the judicial confirmation of the agreement for people’s mediation of doctor-patient disputes and entrustment of people’s mediation. The Legal Assistance Center of the district also steps in to provide eligible patients with legal assistance and serve the masses.

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(1) Respecting facts and obeying laws to rebuild mutual trust between doctors and patients through mediation The Committee of the district selects mediators from famous hospitals, scientific research institutes and law offices by gradually setting up a mediator team composed of retired doctors and law practitioners. Presently, the Committee has 34 full-time and part-time mediators. First, the mediators use their rich medical knowledge and clinical experience to make in-depth analysis of cases from a professional perspective and guide the patients in respecting the life science development and the medical technology progress on the one hand and. On the other hand, guide doctors in respecting the life right and health right of human beings for mutual understanding between the two sides. Second, the advantages of the mediators in their legal specialty are brought into play to guide patients in safeguarding their rights rationally and discussing compensation plans under the framework prescribed by laws to ensure fairness and justice. Third, the flexible characteristic of people’s mediation is leveraged to think for the benefit of patients rather than regard compensation as the only way of solving doctor-patient disputes. Therefore, the considerations are mainly on untying the knot between doctors and patients and eliminating the pains of patients in discussing a comprehensive solution acceptable to both sides. This will effectively soften the “rigid” doctor-patient relations and creating new solutions to some long-standing doctor-patient disputes. In May 2014, the dependent of a patient M wrote a letter to the Shanghai Municipal Justice Bureau to thank Ms. Zhou Fengmei on the Committee for “demanding explanations” for the death of his father and her contribution to the smooth settlement of the dispute. “It is her warm and thoughtful working attitude and serious and rigorous style of work that made me feel that the Committee is trustworthy. She really cared for me and could help me. Without the Committee, I don’t know how long and how far I could walk on this road.” (2) Making keen innovations to overcome difficulties and ensure the successful mediation of doctor-patient disputes by multiple channels ➀ Making innovations in gradient mediation to strengthen the efficiency of professionalized mediation In the early mediation of a doctor-patient dispute, the main contradiction is mostly caused by the patient’s lack of common sense about diagnosis and treatment, and mutual distrust. In view of this characteristic, full-time mediators with rich medical knowledge and clinical experience answer patients’ questions from a professional perspective and remove the concerns of doctors. With the progress of the mediation process, lawyers and judges will take part in the consultations about the amount of compensation as part-time mediators while giving play to the negotiation skills and legal expertise of these legal professionals. In the later stage, expert consulting will be activated in due time for the needs of individual cases in the event of any dispute to make professional evaluation that will be used for reference in mediation. Gradient mediation focuses on level-by-level progress to facilitate the resolution of doctor-patient disputes. According to the statistical estimates in the “White Book on

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the Efficacy of People’s Mediation of Doctor-Patient Disputes in Xuhui, Shanghai Municipality” (“White Book”), the subjective evaluation value is 82.06 for the effective prevention and mediation of doctor-patient disputes in Xuhui. This is higher than the tan-tile of 75 points and belongs to the state of excellent efficacy, meaning that the mediation and disposal of doctor-patient disputes have been brought into the track of normal governance. ➁ Making innovations in on-site mediation mode to enhance the mediation initiative The Committee of the district has explored the new mode of onsite mediation. In anticipation of patients making group visits and trouble in a hospital, the mediators will immediately hurry to the scene for mediation to promptly resolve the dispute on the spot or channel it out of the hospital and protect the normal work order of the hospital. On November 8th, 2011, the mediators resolved a dispute involving 100 people in a Class-A hospital. A patient named Gu from Anhui died from a heart operation in a private hospital and 19 of his relatives sat in the hospital demanding explanations. The stalemate went on for 3 days, with the hospital being unable to operate as normal and the relatives feeling exhausted. After learning the news, the Committee immediately got to the scene for persuasion and appeasement, and its mediators managed to resolve the dispute in merely 4 hours by using their rich clinical experience.

On-site Teaching Expert Consulting Meeting Held in the Hospital

➂ Making innovations in the mode of expert consulting to boost the creditability of people’s mediation For different cases, the Committee of the district has explored expert consulting modes of different types, including academic research, appraisal, teaching, inquiry, rounds of wards, Q&A, counter-view and appeasement. This is to answer the questions of patients and give reminders to hospitals by dint of the profound expertise, rich clinical experience and academic authoritativeness of the experts. Furthermore,

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the Committee also moved expert consulting into tier-2 medical institutions to facilitate the on-site observation thereof by more medical personnel and enhance their medical skills and dispute prevention awareness through the on-site teaching of real cases. In a dispute triggered by the failure to detect the multiple malformation of the fetus in the prenatal inspection of a pregnant woman, the aggrieved party argued that the hospital should bear corresponding responsibility. However, the hospital refused any cause-effect relationship between the death of the newborn and its diagnostic and treatment method. Both parties held to their own arguments and got into an endless debate. The Committee initiated expert consulting for the dispute and attracted many mediators and physicians for observation thereof. The experts raised questions, held discussions and made professional analysis and evaluation. Afterwards, both parties reached consensus on responsibility determination and signed an agreement that settled the dispute successfully. Expert consulting has become a major creditability pillar of the Committee and is gradually making its impact and presents its advantages during mediation. ➃ Making innovations in the teaching and training mechanism to strengthen comprehensive service efficiency The Committee of the district set up “Zhou Fengmei Mediation Studio” to give full play to the demonstration and leading role of Zhou Fengmei. She is one of the “10 Safety Heroes of Shanghai Municipality in the 6th Session” and People’s Mediator. And she plays due role in ensuring successful mentoring, promote enhancement of the capability of the team of mediators and build the “professional, realistic, convenient” brand of medical mediation in people’s heart. Since its establishment in July 2017, the studio has accepted 63 cases and succeeded in mediating 41 of them. Meanwhile, the district has made active explorations in the training of medical staff and signed agreements for cooperation with Chest Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, No. 8 Hospital and Hexin Hospital. Based on these agreements, they have to send doctors to the Committee of the district to provide training, take part in the mediation efforts, expert consulting, case analysis and circuit court of the Committee. They do that also to enhance the legal consciousness and capability of the doctors in making standardized diagnosis, treatment and communications with patients, widen the medical expertise of the mediators and raise the level of mediation. Cumulatively, over 600 medical personnel from Zhongshan Hospital, No. 8 Hospital and other hospitals have received training. The investigation data of the White Book shows that 85% of the medical institutions believe that the training can enhance the awareness of practicing physicians for the reasons causing doctor-patient disputes and strengthen their ability to prevent and properly handle the disputes.

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➄ Making innovations in serving masses and broadening computerized acceptance channel The public awareness for maintenance of rights is increasing and youths gradually took up a dominant position in the process. In response to such phenomenon, the Committee of the district opened the public number of WeChat of “Xuhui District People’s Mediation Committee for Doctor-Patient Disputes” to provide services that are convenient, favorable and beneficial for the people. Those services consist of online applications for mediation appointment and online advice. The parties involved in doctor-patient disputes may use mobile phones to make appointments for mediation through WeChat, obtain diversified information related to medicine, legal knowledge and mediation workflow and enjoy the convenience. (3) Strengthening cooperation and multipartite joint action to push regional medical mediation up to a new high The Justice Bureau of Xuhui District teams up with the functional departments of health, public security and court to strengthen work coordination and improve the mechanism for diversified settlement of contradictions and disputes. First, it acts along with the Department of Health to improve the mechanism for the officially entrusted mediation of the complaint cases involving doctor-patient disputes. It immediately transmits the cases within the territory to a third party for mediation and follow up and communicates with the health administrative department about the medical quality and safety problems involved in the disputes to effectively maintain stability. The case involving H, which was listed by the National Health & Family Planning Commission as one of 10 cases under key supervision, finally drew to a close in October 2014 after 3 years through collaboration between the Committee and the parties. On the day the agreement was signed, H said with heartfelt emotion: “It is thanks to the Committee that I have finally got to the end of the road of petition and obtained a satisfactory outcome.” Second, its acts together with the department of public security to look into establishing a dual-track mediation and onsite mediation while improving the mediation under the office hour system. In the event of a major group doctor-patient dispute, the mediators and police officers will immediately get to the scene to promptly and effectively steer the dispute out of the hospital or resolve it on the spot. A patient died of cerebral infarction after receiving a hip replacement operation in a class A hospital. The relatives of the deceased could not understand this and spoke fiercely. They even brought petrol attempting to burn the hospital. The Committee of Xuhui District joined the department of public security in acting urgently. The trouble makers were arrested by the police and the remaining relatives agreed to give up their drastic words and deeds in advocating their rights after patient onsite mediation by the mediators, who managed to resolve the dispute from the hospital to the Committee. Later, after a month of communications and coordination, the relatives reduced their claim from 1.5 million yuan to 149,000 yuan and finally signed the agreement, which was judicially confirmed.

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Cooperating with the Police in On-site Settlement of Disputes

Third, it acts collaborating with the court in formulating the “Detailed Rules of Xuhui District for Implementing Entrusted People’s Mediation of Doctor-Patient Disputes”. This broadened the scope of the cases accepted for people’s mediation of doctor-patient disputes, launched a circuit court in the Committee of the district and provided “one-stop” services. Such services include the application for judicial confirmation of the agreement for people’s mediation. Where mediation proves futile, the resident judge of the Committee will entrust an appraisal of the case to get into the litigation procedure and hear a case to which the summary procedure is applicable in the circuit court to ensure that the case will not return to the hospital. In June 2017, after the Committee received the “Letter of the People’s Court on Entrusted Mediation”, mediator Zhou Fengmei immediately arrived at the court to take part in the dispute mediation. Through access to the case file, patient explanations and detailed communications between the hospital and the patient, both parties agreed that the dispute needed further mediation and the venue of mediation should be changed from the court to the Committee of the district. The judge took into account the advice of the mediator and the experts. With the sound of the gavel in the circuit court, a case of doctor-patient dispute was settled satisfactorily and the judge made the paper of civil mediation on the spot. Additionally, according to statistical data of the White Book, 90.5% of the medical institutions, 66.7% of the mediators and 62.5% of the patients believe that setting up the “circuit court” to bridge appeal and mediation will guide both parties to safeguard their rights and interests according to law when the mediation fails. (4) Focus on studies and judgment to make active prevention and enrich the content of the mediation of doctor-patient disputes The Committee gives the priority to resolving disputes as its primary goal and preventing disputes as its ultimate goal. While going all out to do a good job of afterevent mediation of doctor-patient disputes, it continuously intensifies the mechanism of dispute prevention, study and judgment and makes active explorations about a working mode that integrates the before-event prevention and the after-event resolve

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of disputes. Through the regular statistical analysis of mediation data, it enthusiastically offers suggestions for strengthening hospitals management, raising the medical treatment level and preventing the occurrence of doctor-patient disputes to constantly expand the content of people’s mediation. Relying on everyday reception as basic advantage and the large number of dispute cases accessed as firsthand materials, the Committee promptly compiles brief reports of warning nature, letters of proposal, collection of cases and other materials. Then those materials are issued to the major medical institutions under the jurisdiction of the district to strengthen the education of field medical staff members through the warning effect of typical cases.

Expert Consultation Meeting

On the basis of tamping its own mechanism for dispute prevention, study and judgment, the Committee values communication and joint action with related external departments, and takes an active part in the routine meetings of the district on the quality and safety of medical treatment, It also issues the “Proposal for Preventing Doctor-Patient Disputes” to the large hospitals and the health administrative departments, promptly communicates relevant information and offers suggestions on prevention and rectification. In addition, to prevent the occurrence of doctor-patient disputes from the source, the Committee focuses on the professional training for medical professionals. It regularly sends its mediators to the related medical institutions to hold lecture tours and educate field medical professionals in aspects where doctor-patient disputes are easy to handle and frequently take place. By doing so, the greater effectiveness is ensured in mediation thereof.

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4.3 Innovations · Results Since its establishment in 2011, the Committee of the district received 14,093 adviceseeking persons, accepted 2913 applications for mediation of doctor-patient disputes and succeeded in settling 2396 of them. It registered a success rate of 82.3% and winning satisfactory social repercussions. Han Zheng is former member of the CPC Politburo and secretary of the Party Committee of Shanghai Municipality, and Song Xiuyan is member of the Central Committee for Comprehensive Treatment of Public Security, secretary of the Party Group, vice chairman and first secretary of the Secretariat of All-China Women’s Federation. They, together with the relevant leaders of the Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Public Health all fully recognized the work of the Committee in their investigations in 2012. In 2013, the Committee was granted the honorary title of “National Model People’s Mediation Committee” by the Ministry of Justice. (1) Initial Formation of the Architecture for Regional Joint Action The district set up the Joint Meeting for People’s Mediation of Doctor-Patient Disputes, which is chaired by the district leaders in charge of justice and public health as conveners. It involves the participation of the departments of public security, justice, public health and finance, the court, medical institutions and insurance institutions for coordinated joint action. Meanwhile, the Committee strengthens communication with the personnel department to select personnel with rich working experience and solid professional ability within the district and dispatches them to the Committee to handle the everyday routines. It also maintains a strong team of people’s mediators composed of retired medical professionals recommended by hospitals, appoints community residents and professionals, and selects lawyers working on a part-time basis, who jointly contribute to the settling of disputes. (2) Stable Reconstruction of Harmonious Doctor-Patient Relations The people’s mediation of doctor-patient disputes fully relies on the system advantages of the big mediation platform. Then it follows the principle of voluntariness, justice, timeliness and convenience and takes effective measures to channel doctorpatient disputes into the mechanism of people’s mediation for a law-based, fast and efficient resolution of disputes. In view of the characteristics of doctor-patient disputes, the mediators have satisfactorily integrated feelings, reasons and laws to rely on laws, focus on feelings and base the mediation of disputes on reason. They have summarized the working method of careful observation, patient inquiry, attentive listening, complete recording, all-out verification, whole-process analysis, reasonbased mediation, law-based closing of cases and responsibility-based suggestions. Thus, this safeguards the legitimate rights and interests of both patients and medical professionals and ensures normal medical order and social harmony and stability.

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4.4 Enlightenment · Outlook Under the current situation, the social public affairs undertaken for the grassroots governance of cities become increasingly complex and heavy. The fact that the Committee of Xuhui District promotes innovation in social management by following the requirements of the new age has rich significance and connotations. (1) It facilitates building the people-oriented and harmonious doctor-patient relations As a special interpersonal relation, doctor-patient relationships must be based on the mutual respect and trust between the two parties. As a neutral third party, the Committee of Xuhui District fully respects the right to personal dignity, right to informed consent, right to choose on one’s own and personal privacy right in mediation. And it also practices and plays the role of “adhesives” to become a buffer zone in doctor-patient disputes. (2) It facilitates the accurate discovery and resolution of disputes The worsening situation of doctor-patient disputes is one of the typical consequences caused by extensive management. The Committee of Xuhui District seeks to bid farewell to extensive management, strive for the high pertinence and efficiency of all characteristic efforts. And it bases itself on the steady progress of daily work to keep grassroots doctor-patient disputes addressed in a budding state, prevent and reduce disputes from the source, and make the management mode refined and scientific. (3) It facilitates to enhance citizens’ satisfaction with urban grassroots governance For turning extensive to intensive urban management, it is necessary to not only conform to the new situation of urban work and the new requirements for reform and development, but also satisfy the new expectations of the people and adhere to the philosophy of people-centered development. Everywhere in its everyday mediation efforts, the Committee of Xuhui District incarnates humanity, constantly follows the approach of “people’s city for the people” and focuses on details to increase people’s identity and satisfaction. Over 90% of the medical institutions believe that the present situation of doctor-patient disputes is getting better and more than half of the patients concerned feel that the Committee can play an important role in settling doctor-patient disputes. According to the statistics of the White Book, Xuhui District has received high scores in credibility and satisfaction on its people’s mediation of doctor-patient disputes. (4) It has provided effective policy insight for the next transform of urban refined governance Accelerated social development and transformation trigger more and more misunderstandings and disputes. Misunderstandings and disputes of diverse nature need

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receive differentiated forms mediation and guidance. The Committee has been serving the people at grassroots and has rich experience in handling misunderstandings and disputes. And this enables it to provide grassroots urban governance workers with ideas such as “source prevention, make explorations and forge ahead along with them. The future plan of the Committee: Intensify the building of the team, absorb excellent talents, reinforce the mediators team and make sure that it is professional and young. Efforts should be taken to perfect the mechanism of “drawing away” doctor-patient disputes and implement the system of the joint meeting for doctorpatient disputes and the system of liaison man to ensure the timely investigation and defusing of contradictions and disputes. It planned to intensify cooperation awareness for functional departments to further strengthen communications, strengthen the investigation and defusing of doctor-patient disputes, and step up publicity to form a synergy and push forward medical mediation efforts to secure new results. It also planned to make constant explorations in practices and experiment with the standardization of “refined” management, refinement of management tools and index-based examination of management to fulfill the mission of governing a complex society.

5 Refined Approach: Jointly Building a Firewall for Food Safety 5.1 Background · Origin Xuhui District has 9781 food production and operation entities, including 14 food manufacturers, 6043 food circulation entities, and 3724 catering service entities. The food circulation entities include: 55 farm product markets (including 1363 operators), 601 supermarkets, 1184 grocery stores, 4 automatic selling entities and 2836 commercial and trading enterprises. The catering service entities include: 2714 public catering entities, 646 canteens, 4 central kitchens, 2 collective meal distributors, and 358 make-and-sell entities. Additionally, there are also 2 manufacturers of foodrelated products. The overall characteristic is that more food operators, less catering entities and the catering entities in urban centers greatly outnumber production and large-scale operation enterprises to make the district a typical consumer urban area. Xuhui District features a sensitive location, diversified small catering entities, large numbers, prevalent online food orders and being popular one after another for as online celebrity entities, which pose great challenges to the supervision of food safety. On the one hand, the traditional mode of supervision focuses on governmental role, uses “plugging” to treat the chaos, requiring lots of human and material resources. Faced with diversified objects of administration, it often finds itself in a straitened state. On the other hand, the food industry is a conscience industry that involves many participants and links and will easily see the occurrence of safety hazards given even

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just a little bit of inattention. Only through the concerted efforts of the whole society is it possible to ensure the stable operation of the industry. Therefore, refined supervision has become an urgent requirement for solving difficulties in food supervision and protecting the dietary health of the people. For a long time, Xuhui District has incorporated the refined management of food safety into all types of efforts such as government supervision, self-discipline of enterprises and social co-governance. And it has focused on publicizing and implementing the Regulations and constructing a food safety district that the citizens are satisfied with, and continuously strengthened the refined management of food safety, achieving good results.

5.2 Initiatives · Mechanism (1) Stricter governmental supervision ➀ Strengthening the targeting of law enforcement The district focuses on important fields, crucial links and prominent problems of food safety, and intensifies the inspection on high-risk entities, the entities complained against and “online celebrity” shops. It organized the spring/summer/autumn campaigns of food safety, carried out special rectifications of livestock, poultry, aquatic products, illegal addition of poppy shells and food safety in schools and their neighboring areas. It also conducted specific rectification work, put law or regulations-violating acts under zero tolerance, exercised quick and strict control over food safety risks, achieving satisfactory results. On March 20th 2017, the first day when the Regulations where officially implemented, the Market Supervision Bureau of the district acted in response to the chaos in online meal ordering by randomly selecting the catering entities that had settled on the platform. And it inspected their business license, information disclosure and standard compliance in the kitchens right away. It also stopped meal deliverers randomly during the peak hours of dinner to check their health certificate and sanitation of their distribution box and tools. It had the check results compared immediately with the information reported by the mobile supervision equipment and the comprehensive supervision system of the enterprise to rectify any act found to have breached any law and/or regulations. As part of its everyday law enforcement, the Urban Management Law Enforcement Bureau of the district carries out the random check of entities that generate waste cooking oils and kitchen wastes. It tightens the control over food stalls that occupy pavement spaces for business in violation of laws and/or regulations, and launches the special rectification of illegal collection of kitchen wastes and waste oils as well as the vending of live fowls on illegally occupied pavements. The Bureau of Greening and Urban Appearance of the district standardizes the management of waste kitchen oils according to the requirements for unified vehicles, collectors, working clothes and certificate. The Market Supervision Bureau, Urban Management Law Enforcement Bureau and the Bureau of Greening and Urban Appearance strengthen the communications with the

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Sub-bureau of Public Security and set up the joint meeting for criminal and administrative connection to further improve the system for such connection and increase the cost of food safety crimes. The Education Bureau, Construction and Transport Committee, Health and Family Planning Committee, Bureau of Civil Affairs and Federation of Trade Unions of the district strengthen the standardized management of the canteens of schools, worksites, medical institutions and enterprises as well as the canteens for the elderly. ➁ Enhancing the effectiveness of supervision To address the persistent malady of unlicensed catering, Xuhui District takes the initiative and faces the challenges by actively exploring the new mechanism for comprehensive control over unlicensed catering. Taking advantage of the implementation of the “Measures of Shanghai Municipality for Temporary Recordation, Supervision and Management of Small Catering Service Providers”, it made a list for the standardization and rectification of unlicensed catering on the basis of three types of licensing, recordation and outlawing. It was done to combine severe measures with persuasion, examination with commitment, management with services, thus ensuring correct attitude, intensity and warmth. Entities that have received business licenses and basically met the requirements for the licensing of small restaurants or beverage shops will be included into the list of licensing to guide the operators in applying for food business permits. Operators that are indeed necessary for people’s life, do not disturb residents, cause no safety hazards and meet regional business format orientation are required to get registered and brought into the scope of supervision. The unlicensed catering may create prominent social misunderstandings, remain uncorrected despite repeated warnings, have serious safety loopholes, threaten public safety and cause serious social hazards. On such circumstance, all their illegal business activities will be punished and outlawed resolutely according to law if they are strongly complained against by masses. Zhongshan Hospital has a large number of visits, a large stream of people and a huge demand. Yixueyuan Road around the hospital used to be glutted with serious violations of laws and/or regulations such as unlicensed business, breaking walls for opening of shops and illegal construction. Especially the shops of unlicensed catering which occupied pavements, emitted cooking fumes, polluted roads and environmental sanitation, and caused potential hazards in fire control and food safety. This caused the residents in the neighboring areas to pour out endless grievances and complain continuously. To address this hard nut, the Politics & Law Committee under the Party Committee of the district and Fenglin Sub-district Office led in launching a campaign of concentrated rectification together with the departments of urban management, market supervision, public security and traffic police, imposing punishment on 26 shops of unlicensed catering. Temporarily, 8 licensed shops were shut down, for they disturbed the residents and had their business formats adjusted. ➂ Enhancing the scientific nature of means While enforcing laws strictly, the district actively explores the “Internet+ supervision” to enhance the scientific nature and effectiveness of food safety supervision.

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Video monitoring systems have been installed in the canteens of all the elementary and secondary schools and child care institutions of the district so that the Education Bureau and the Market Supervision Bureau can implement real-time monitoring of food safety conditions of the canteens. All large supermarkets have installed and use monitoring facilities in their “make-and-sell” workshops, fresh food sales areas and special areas for the destruction of expired, deteriorated and recovered and play the videos in a prominent position of the business place. 2045 food production and operation enterprises use the information tracking system, reaching 90% of the entities that should use the system. 7 food markets got into the top 50 of the country in the meat and vegetable tracking examination by the Ministry of Commerce, with Caohejing, Shuangfeng and Jialing winning the top 3. All waste oil collection/transportation entities and the entities that generate waste kitchen oils have been included into the system for management of the information on waste kitchen oils, reaching 100%. 907 catering entities have realized “visible kitchen”, implying that the important places and key links of catering service are exhibited externally through transparent windows or video display. Carrefour Guangqicheng Shop installed Testo temperature recorders on its chilled food cabinets, thus realizing the precise measurement of temperature, safe storage and wireless WIFI transmission. Once the temperature of a refrigeration cabinet exceeds the alarm value, the recorder will immediately send a warning message to the person responsible and the food safety manager, which has eradicated the biggest risk factor of temperature that has plagued the safety of chilled food. Hema Fresh Food realized the 2D code inquiry coverage of 16 varieties of live pig products and 19 varieties of vegetable products by pasting a 2D code on the packing bag. This enables consumers to get relevant information of food farm products, including names, production dates, quality guarantee periods, and information for tracking food safety. Such information include the qualification of the producer and the wholesaler, product inspection report and quantity of purchase, through the “Scan” APP of Alipay on a mobile phone. This has really realized the use of such information for the self-discipline of enterprises, government supervision, public inquiry and social sharing. In the 5 farm product markets of the district, 1000 labels of edible farm products are hung to indicate 5 types of information: product name, origin, wholesaler (or producer), price, business license. Control over the sales of edible farm products in these markets has moved from an extensive form to an intensive, standardized and transparent form. (2) Higher Self-Discipline of Enterprises ➀ Defining responsibilities The food production and operation enterprises within the district were exposed to some 4000 sessions of publicizing the Regulations. The district trained the heads or senior executives of nearly 50 foreign-invested enterprises particularly in the analysis of well-known food safety incidents by using the method of Chinese-English comparison for the first time. They organized site meetings of “trusted canteen” and invited specialized third-party institutions to provide entities that have set up “trusted

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canteen” with training in the standardization of food safety. Additionally, they organized some enterprises to participate in the training test held by the municipal bureau, and urged large supermarkets of the entire district to modify their refrigerated cabinets and freezers for air tightness to ensure the safety of the food stored therein. Furthermore, they guided large supermarkets, wholesale markets of edible farm products and large food trading enterprises of the whole district in conducting the monthly self-inspection of food about 7700 times, to move forward the safety checkpoint and consolidate the food safety defense line from the source. Xuhui Branch of Shanghai Zhongshan Non-staple Food Wholesale Co., Ltd. is a large vegetable wholesale market. Every day, from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. when it opens for operation on the next day, the testing room of the wholesale market will sample the vegetables from all places for a rapid detection of residual pesticide, inspecting 260 groups of samples on average each day. Given the short “refreshing time” period and sales period of vegetables, the wholesale market uses the screening method of 3 consecutive rapid detections for the vegetables of the same batch once any sample is found positive. If the results of all the 3 detections are positive, all the vegetables of the batch from the same origin will be destroyed at once and the relevant facts will be reported to the Market Supervision Bureau. ➁ Giving play to the role of demonstration Under the arrangements made by the Food and Drug Administration of the municipality, we have raised the standard reaching rate of “trusted canteen” to 80% and that of “promise-keeping supermarket” and “standardized vegetable market” to 40% according to the principle of broader coverage for the extensive promotion of the construction thereof. In Xuhui District, the application rate reached 80% for “trusted canteen”, and 86.7% for “trusted canteen of school” and “trusted canteen of employees. The success rate in initial assessment reached 100%, and the application rate reached 40% for “promise-keeping supermarket” and “upgraded food safety management of standardized vegetable market”. The enthusiasm of the enterprises for trying to be the first and creating excellence has been fully exploited, who work hard to enhance their own management level and work quality, thereby forming the good situation of producing desired results in the short term and focusing on the long-term effect. The canteens of Shanghai Normal University conducted staff training according to the Regulations to standardize their daily management system and the plan for response to food accidents and emergencies. They also implement self-inspection and correction according to the requirement for “trusted canteen” to ensure the food safety of both teachers and students.

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Law enforcers make rapid detection of food

First Batch of Small Catering Operators Passing Temporary Registration of Small Catering Entities in Xuhui District

➂ Publishing enterprise information On the basis of the pilots made to Huanmao and Ganghui Plazas, the district promoted to establish screens displaying food safety information in the eye-catching positions of the urban complexes in the district to clearly publicize the safety supervision information of all food operators in the marketplaces. This helps consumers make decisions and facilitates all-round supervision. It boosts the “dual publication” of enterprise information by fully and promptly entering enterprise information into the public credit information platform of Xuhui District. Which include 817 items on the list of credit data reflecting administrative licensing and punishment and 56,000 credit data. It also pushes on the joint punishment of dishonesty by relying on the during/after-event comprehensive supervision platform of the district and issued a list of 119 matters subject to the joint punishment imposed by district-level departments. In the first half of 2017, the departments punished 312 dishonest entities and individuals by imposing trade restriction and forcing them out of the market.

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(3) Broader social co-governance ➀ Giving play to the advantages of the “three groups” The district relies on the tutor group composed of 6 food safety experts who are the professors from Fudan University and provide professional advice and technical guidance for formulating supervision strategy, prevent food safety risks, training and publicity. It relies on the citizen visit groups for food safety, who look at food safety from different perspectives and provide regulators with clauses of food safety loopholes. It also relies on the volunteer groups for food safety to give play to the forces of the over 1000 volunteers from neighborhoods and universities, extend supervision and take an active part in the activities of publicizing and supervising food safety. Moreover, it sets up “Food Safety Workstations” in more than 300 neighborhood committees and teams of community food supervisors to stretch the “arms” of supervision and be successful in identifying food safety loopholes, publicity and education. During the summer vacation, Hongrun Garden Food Safety Workstation of Caohejing Neighborhood organized part of the young volunteers in the community to attend a baking class, where the kids made paper cup pies containing no additives. The activity not only intensified their ideas about a healthful and reasonable diet, but also publicized food safety to their families. ➁ Using the power of the “Three Councils” The merchant operators along 26 streets of the district, including Hunan Road, set up the “Road Management Council” to carry out mutual learning, exchanges, inspection and review. The property management companies of 15 shopping centers and office buildings within the district joined the operators in setting up the “Building Management Council” to carry out self-inspection and self-correction. They do that to handle complaints and reports initially and assist in promoting food safety liability insurance. In Huanmao Plaza, Zhengda Lecheng and Meiluocheng, nearly 90% of the complaints about food safety were settled through the “Building Management Council”. Twelve riverside construction entities in the district set up the “Self-Management Council of Canteens of Riverside Construction Sites” to conduct self-inspection and self-correction, intensify good faith, self-discipline and independent management, and protect the dining safety of nearly 10,000 workers. In 2007, when making a routine tour of inspection, the volunteers of the “Road Management Council” found a shop in decoration that located on the ground floor of the former residence of Ke Ling, a protected structure, at 147, Fuxing W. Road. They learned that the tenant intended to engage in catering, which deviates from the goal of Hunan Neighborhood to protect the historical looks of the area and the requirement for adjusting the regulations-breaking business format. The volunteers immediately reported the finding to Hunan Neighborhood and made communications and coordination with the tenant in the capacity of third party. Eventually, the catering business was changed in a reasonable manner. The new business format isfully keeping with the historical looks of the area and saved the administrative cost that may have been incurred.

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➂ Intensifying social publicity Publicity via traditional media underscores “depth”. The news media at the level of the Central Government, the municipality and the district covered the food safety efforts of Xuhui District for over 30 times. In particular, the recordation of small catering entities caught widespread social attention. Xuhui Daily edited and published 11 special issues under the title of “Building an urban area with food safety satisfactory to the citizens”. Two hundred banners publicizing the Regulations were hung on the artery roads of the district. More than 100,000 posters were put up in food production and operation entities. Publicity via emerging media underscores “speed”. The district relies on the WeChat public number platform of “Xuhui Food Chat” to release food safety laws and regulations, work development, consumption tips promptly using both pictures and texts, including 178 articles in 60 issues. Publicity via the Food Safety Week underscores “breadth”. The district launched the food safety publicity week composed of 12 activities in 5 categories. Such activities include “Food Safety Lectures Held by the Expert Tutor Group in Communities”, “Solicitation of Food Safety Rhymes”, “Open Day of Quick Testing Laboratory” and “Road Show of Food Safety Display Boards”. This attracted the participation of 2000 people and increased the food safety knowledge of citizens.

5.3 Innovations · Results (1) Promoted interdepartmental collaboration In the reform of the market supervision system, part of the functions of industry and commerce, quality supervision, food and drug administration, commodity prices were integrated to establish the Market Supervision Bureau. Which broke the barriers between the departments in supervision. In deep integration, the related supervision teams learn from and cooperate with each other, thus improving the efficiency of supervision. The Food and Drug Safety Office of the district and the neighborhoods implement overall coordination, while the related departments and entities strengthen communications and collaboration. By doing so, the results were gained in the rectification of unlicensed business, control over food peddlers, management of waste kitchen oils and other complex issues. Since 2017, the district has outlawed and shut down 454 unlicensed catering entities and implemented the temporary recordation of 35 small catering service providers. This was done for basically eliminating the problem of unlicensed catering in the key areas, which include the riverside areas, historical site areas and the neighboring areas of Zhongshan Hospital. The results include the collection and transportation of 3559.47 tons of waste kitchen oils (1993.66 tons of which were disposed of) and the disposal of 19,153 tons of kitchen wastes investigation of 23 incidents of illegal collection, transportation and disposal of kitchen wastes. All of those were fined 21,500 yuan to firmly prevent waste oil from flowing back to dining tables. 2850 unlicensed food stalls were outlawed,

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including 1163 nighttime stalls (BBQ stands), 462 of which were fined a total of 99, 50 yuan, with 1447 kg of dirty food being seized.

Food Safety Publicity into Communities

(2) Boosted the self-discipline of enterprises The “Food Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China”, which is known as the “strictest in history”, and the Regulations have jointly provided for the most rigorous standard, the strictest supervision, the harshest punishment and the most serious accountability. This has greatly increased the cost of law violation. Diverse measures such as publicity, education, disclosure of information and social supervision, force enterprises to exercise self-discipline. The demonstration effect of brands such as “trusted canteen”, “promise keeping supermarket” and “standardized vegetable market” plays an increasing role. Enterprises are more and more focused on good faith operation and brand effect, are clear about their own responsibility for food safety, take the initiative to screen hidden troubles and actively cooperate with the implementation of relevant measures. These include the “visible kitchen”, establishing quick inspection laboratory, tracing food safety information and disclosing food safety information. Eleven food (food additive) production enterprises of the district were rated as “faith keeping” and 1 as “basically faith keeping” in the food safety credit rating organized by the municipal Federation of Food Safety. And 4 marketplaces were rated as “Trusted Demonstration Supermarkets of Meat and Vegetables”. (3) Intensified social co-governance Broad and profound food safety publicity and education have intensified the food safety awareness of all operators and their scope of responsibility. The Market Supervision Bureau of the district accepted 4214 food complaints and posted an increase of 50.55%YoY, 100% of which have been closed. What was most strongly complained about includes unlicensed business activities, discomfort after meals, foreign matter in sensory organs, food deterioration and bad sanitation conditions. The People’s

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Congress and CPPCC of the district inspect the enhancement of supervision quality. Organizations such as “3 Groups” and “3 Councils” continuously expand. More and more people have come to realize that food safety is not only the responsibility of enterprises and the government, but also that of everyone. With the increasingly higher awareness rate of food safety knowledge and enrichment of means for social co-governance. The past situation of each acting on its own has been replaced by the participation of everyone, with publicity promoting governance and with governance driving publicity to form a positive cycle.

5.4 Enlightenment · Outlook (1) Improving systems and mechanisms After the reform of the market supervision system, the food safety supervision system of comprehensive coordination + professional supervision + grassroots rectification has yet to be improved. We will continue to move forward the checkpoints and move down the focus of food supervision, give impetus and play to the coordination effect of the Food and Drug Safety Office of the district and the neighborhoods. We will work hard to improve the mechanism for the grid detection and joint disposal of food safety hazards, achieve whole-process supervision from farmland to dining tables and seamless coverage, place supervision ahead of risks and accelerate the formation of a crisscrossed food supervision network. (2) Breaking the difficulties and hot spots The rectification of unlicensed catering has posed higher requirements for the comprehensive control over food safety. The pilot temporary recordation of small catering service providers is not mature enough in procedure and methods. Therefore, it is necessary to make further explorations and progress to really realize the correct attitude, intensity and warmth in food safety supervision according to the principle of combining dredging with plugging and implementing classified governance. The booming new things such as online food shops and “bestselling online food”, require us to think about the countermeasures for supervision, give play to the subjective initiative, provide advance services, intensify the identification of hidden dangers and be strict with food safety.

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(3) Intensifying social co-governance Food safety is an arduous long-term task and its fulfillment requires collective wisdom. Presently, knowledge awareness, participation and satisfaction associated with food safety need further enhancement amount the masses. Consequently, we need to intensify food safety publicity and enhance the effect of publicity. While enriching the publicity implementers, we need to discriminate the audiences, optimize the means of publicity and work hard to create a good situation of all people valuing food safety and participating in food safety supervision.

6 Huge Effect: Miniature Fire Station Contributing to Urban Safety 6.1 Background · Origin Since 2002, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Civil Affairs jointly issued the “Notice on Further Strengthening the Fire Control of Urban Communities”. After that the departments of public security, fire control and civil affairs of the people’s governments at all levels took a series of measures in promoting the fire control efforts of urban communities. However, the results of investigations show that there still are many difficult problems that hamper the efforts, which are mainly expressed in two aspects. On the one hand, the property management entities of the communities fail to perform their fire control responsibility effectively and take up the responsibility as required by the “Regulations on Fire Safety Management of Government Offices, Organizations, Enterprises and Public Institutions”. Most of the entities were set up by real estate developers and their ideology of “valuing sales, but belittling management; valuing theft prevention, but belittling fire prevention” has seriously affected the fulfillment of the fire control tasks in communities. On the other hand, it is hard to guarantee the funds for the fire control efforts of communities. The financial department of the governments at all levels has no special funds to cover the fire control expenses of communities. The entities based in the district have no legal obligations to make investment in fire control improvement. Besides, the neighborhood offices and committees have no sources of funding. The consequential shortage of funds makes it hard to conduct the construction of the fire control infrastructure in the communities, providing fire control equipment, distributing fire control publicity materials and carrying out fire control education activities. Xuhui District of Shanghai is a first-rate central city of a modern international metropolis with complete functions for politics, finance, transport, tourism, education and scientific researches. It serves also a main front for Shanghai to reach the goal of building the “4 centers”. In its promotion of social fire control, the Xuhui District

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Public Security Sub-bureau continuously emancipates the mind, dares to make innovations and takes the lead. As the first to begin the field use of miniature fire station (“MFS”), it drives the inclusion of fire risk identification into the grid central big platform, experiments with the region/color/level-specific early warning mechanism for fire control risks. It also uses scientific and effective community management methods as well as standardized and institutionalized community governance modes for an all-round support of the innovations in overall fire control efforts and high level of fire prevention. Communities are the basic units that constitute a city and also the major carriers of urban management responsibilities. Community governance has been the focus of grassroots work and related to the harmonious development of the society and the stability and tranquility of communities. In central Xuhui District, there is Xuhuiyuan, a large community that integrates high-grade residences, serviced apartments, classA office buildings and premium commercial facilities. As a modernized sub-district of high population density, the high-rise buildings have led to the highly arduous governance tasks because of their complex conditions, large number, high density and huge mass. For instance, we have the quick rescue of anyone trapped in a lift, save lives from high altitude and response to fire outbreak in a densely-populated residential area. As a platform of social governance, a community is an intersection point of all kinds of interests. The quadruplet composed of public security organs, neighborhood committees, owners’ committees and property management companies has provided communities with a wide range of activities and humanized services. They constantly perform real deeds, plug loopholes and promote the comprehensive governance of communities with the spirit of pioneering, making innovations and keeping improvement and thus have made some achievements.

6.2 Initiatives · Mechanism The development of urban economy places the firefighting speed under extreme ordeal. It often happens that fire engines are confronted by problems like traffic jam and passages are being occupied by private cars so that they can only park outside a fire scene and are unable to get to the center of the fire. Given the high price of the land in the downtown, it is obviously unpractical to set up any new fire brigade. How to eliminate the dead zone requires considering the reality to form appropriate fire control resources. This is how MFSs have emerged as the times require. Following the guideline of “relying on actual call for actual use to promote construction and on training to promote management”, the fire brigade of Xuhui changed from stressing construction and quantity to stressing actual effect through simultaneous exploration, judgment and improvement. In addition, it makes constant innovations in construction initiatives and quickens the steps of construction. By October 2017, it mobilized MFSs 135 times and cumulatively dispatched them 91 times plus 215 person-times of the members thereof, really giving play to their role in early and rapid fire fighting.

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Starting from 2005, under the direction of Xuhui Public Security Sub-bureau, the departments of fire control, public security and police stations joined Hangxin Property Management Company of Xuhuiyuan in handling the fire emergency of the community, thus forming the initial shape of MFS. In 2012, to better meet the need of responding to fire emergency, Xuhuiyuan Voluntary Fire Brigade was set up with the mobile miniature fire engines as the core. In 2016, the new modes of “Watch-keeping at fixed point” and “mobile fire engine responding to emergency” were created, which marked the formal establishment of “Xuhuiyuan Miniature Fire Station”. Which was manned by one retired firefighter as training chief and 24 guards selected from more than 160 guards. Most of them are veterans with excellent personalities. The station operates in 4 shifts, each with 6 members, to stay on alert round the clock and protect the safety of the community. Meanwhile, Hangxin Property Management Company purchased fire engines and professional firefighting devices, including fireman uniforms, heat insulation suits, booster ventilators and break-in tools, providing reliable equipment for fire control and rescue. Furthermore, the MFS formed a “one to one” interactive mechanism with Dong’an Squadron of Xuhui District for a seamless combination of their turnouts to form a good interaction and proper handover and become the most reliable protector of fire safety in Xuhuiyuan community. As one of the first batch of community MFSs named by Shanghai, the station was rated as an “Advanced Watch-keeping Collective of the Voluntary Fire Brigade in Shanghai Municipality” by the Shanghai Municipal Fire Bureau.

Community Volunteers Taking Part in the Construction of MFS

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(1) Actual call and meticulous preparations Following the guideline of “relying on actual call for actual use to promote construction and training to promote management”, the sub-bureau switched from emphasizing construction and quantity to emphasizing actual effect through simultaneous exploration, judgment and improvement. Besides, it made constant innovations in construction initiatives and quickened the steps of construction. As the first community MFS so named in Shanghai, it is equipped with a fire engine that contains booster ventilators, heat insulation suits, sandboxes, gas masks, break-in tools and other specialized equipment. Xuhuiyuan MFS is led by one firefighting veteran and 24 members (in 4 groups of 6 members each) selected from more than 160 guards for 24-hour standby. The members have persisted in 2 hours of drills every day for over a decade. Meanwhile, the Fire Brigade of Xuhui District regularly sends its people to provide site instruction and training to make sure that the station can set out promptly at any critical moment to smother a fire in the budding state.

Miniature Fire Engine of Community Fire Station

(2) Joint operation and collaborative disposal After it sets out, the MFS will be responsible for putting out any initial fire and evacuating people. Additionally, it will organize its members to coordinate with the fire engines at the intersection, reserve spaces for parking of fire engines on the roads near the building on fire and report the situation to the fire control command center in time. After the members of the departments of public security and fire control get to the scene, the MFS will assist in guiding the attack, hand over reports, count the people, guard the periphery, deliver devices and coordinate the supporting efforts. After the disposal is completed, the sub-bureau will organize the MFS to summarize the operation, point out the shortcomings and make suggestions on improvement. The “one-to-one” interactive mechanism enables the MFS to go into organic combination

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with the fire department to form good interaction and proper handover so that it can become the most reliable protector of the fire safety of communities. (3) Deep-going joint training and precise call To ensure the call efficiency of MFS, the command center of the brigade is manned fully by full-time cadres to implement 24-h monitoring. The district introduced the “Trial Measures for Actual Call of the Miniature Fire Stations” to incorporate the MFSs of the district into the firefighting and rescue operation system and dispatch the MFSs when a report is received. To further standardize the daily Watch-keeping, training and management of MFSs, the district issued the “Opinions on Implementing the Joint Training of Miniature Fire Stations”. By doing so, it can incorporate MFSs into duty, readiness and training system of the fire service of the public security department under the principle of “seamless linkup, forward education, effective integration, common progress”. (4) Diversified supervision and formulation of rules For all the MFSs of the district, the Xuhui District Public Security Sub-Bureau calls the roll on a monthly basis to test connection with them, persists in summarizing and sorting out the activities of the MFSs each month. Which include their actual call, roll calling and testing, inspection and guidance, experience and approaches, and publishes the same through the platform of the Fire Control Committee of the district. Meanwhile, the fire control department also created miniature work groups that involve the participation of neighborhood leaders, officers of police stations, fire control supervisors, fire squadron leaders and MFS chiefs in the neighborhoods, communities and key units to strengthen daily real-time communications and promptly release relevant information.

Review of the Standing Book of Fire Safety Inspection

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6.3 Innovations · Results (1) All-round coverage through collective wisdom The Xuhui District Public Security Sub-Bureau along with the members of Xuhuiyuan MFS carefully listed 15 predicaments and perils that are encountered in everyday life. Those include fires, trappings in lift, fights, explosions, typhoons, falling objects, poisoning, road accidents, burglary and gas leakages. On the basis of these occurrences, 15 emergency plans were made, 2/3 of which were actually implemented in the community. Xuhuiyuan community is equipped with more than 400 cameras and 5 mobile control platforms, which are supported by a video analysis and an alarm system and the infrared alarm system to achieve all-round coverage that has no dead zone and angle as far as possible. The community has 6 pump rooms for fire control, more than 800 indoor/outdoor fire hydrants, 1560 fire extinguishers, nearly 1300 smoke detectors and 8 high grounds for fire control. The high standard hardware facilities have effectively ensured the fire safety of the community to an extent. The gate guard inquiry and 24-h security of the stairs provide strong support for the safety of the community. The effective steps of the emergency plan and well-trained emergency teams can be counted on to basically control a scene and even properly resolve an incident before the arrival of fire control professionals and police officers. Therefore, it is possible to receive high recognition from various departments and masses. In 2012, a fire broke out in a leased apartment on the 12th floor of a building in the community. The guard on duty notified the security supervisor and the voluntary fire team (predecessor of MFS) within 1 minute. In just 5 minutes, a dozen of wellequipped team members got to the scene to fight the fire, while other security guards quickly evacuated the residents to the office of the property management company. When the professional firefighters arrived, the fire had been put out. Afterwards, the voluntary fire team was highly praised for its timely arrival, accurate judgment and reasonable disposal. (2) Uninterrupted operations based on local conditions To ensure the uninterrupted 24-h operations of the MFSs, the fire control department of governments at all levels works hard to strengthen investigations and look for solutions. For those sub-districts with offices for fire control, the 24-h security guard service of the property management companies is relied on to include MFS members in every shift and make sure that at least 6 members remain on duty, thus forming an MFS of round-the-clock Watch-keeping. The property management enterprises with Shanghai Hangxin Property Management Co., Ltd. as the representative implement quasi-military management and training, which demonstrates their strong ability to make quick responses and disposal. To address the plight of “one community under multiple property management companies” in old residential quarters, especially the old lanes, the district first allocated special funds for the government to purchase services from third parties. Which

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will dispatch its personnel to nighttime shifts and use mini fire engines for nighttime fire prevention patrol. Next, it optimized organizational architecture. Which adopts the mode of mixed manning, with the station master as a general dispatcher, with the cadres of neighborhood committees, social workers and voluntary firefighters as permanent members, with the staff of lane committees, security guards and volunteers as members of squads, who have clear positions and division of work. Third, it strengthened drills, including the “unannounced” drills of the MFSs of subordinate communities carried out in cooperation with the neighborhoods to keep the MFSs in a good state of standby through the frequent drills. Which solved the problem of the nighttime shift of MFSs to the maximum extent. (3) Each performs its own functions for diversified services The establishment and operation of MFSs have won the unanimous praises of residents, promoted the new mode and improved the circles of public services in the communities and made services easily accessible to the masses. Xuhuiyuan gradually advances the construction of neighborhood centers through the mode of selfgovernance and co-governance and gets the diverse participation of residents in coordinated governance through self-construction and co-construction. As a grassroots platform for social governance, the community is the intersection of all types of interests. In many sub-districts, the phenomena of mutual buck passing, mutual constraint and even mutual opposition between neighborhood committees, owners’ committees and property management companies impeded the effective promotion of the comprehensive governance in the communities. In Xuhuiyuan, the neighborhood committee, the owners’ committee, the property management company and Fenglin Road Police Station formed jointly a quadruplet that drives community civilization forward by thinking about things and making efforts in a concerted manner to jointly create a safe environment and provide humanized services for the community. The neighborhood committee regularly holds meetings of building heads to pass on government messages, organize all kinds of activities and show concern for residents in straitened circumstances. The Owners Committee offers its strong support to promptly discover the needs of the residents and keep the use of repair funds under supervision and management. The Property Management Company provides 24-hour all-round auxiliary services. The police officers of the community go into the masses to keep track of public opinion, popularize the general knowledge about safety and ensure the security of the community. It is exactly because the members of the quadruplet perform their respective duties, make concerted efforts and collaborate with each other that they have secured safety and harmony in Xuhuiyuan community. This ensured all the jobs to proceed in an orderly and stable way and achieved outstanding results in the governance of the community.

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6.4 Enlightenment · Outlook In recent years, the frequent fires engulfing high-rise residences sounded an alarm bell in the society and the fire safety of such residences has become a very important topic under the new situation. From January to April 2017, Xuhuiyuan received 20 “visiting-learning missions” from all walks of life. What did they come to see and learn? This is also a question which the managers need to ask themselves from time to time. For a decade, they have kept on improving a new regime of community management and service, fulfilled corporate social responsibility, and updated the in-depth content of harmonious inhabitation in urban communities through the governance mode of sustainable development. Meanwhile, it defined high-quality life, continuously refreshed the service value system of the high-end communities in Shanghai. The residents live, study, find pleasure and raise themselves in the community, where they acquire an increasingly higher sense of identity, happiness and responsibility. The community and the residents both do their best and play their due roles on friendly terms to form a harmonious community that is vigorous, stable and orderly. “Fire safety is the foundation of public safety and the bottom line of protecting the safety of a city,” noted by Gong Dao’an, member of the Party Group of Shanghai Municipal Government and director of the Shanghai Municipal Public Security Bureau. For the worldwide problem of fire safety of high-rise buildings, we should explore the establishment of standard, improve the organizational system, apply scientific and technological means to immediately find fire risk, transmit information and mobilize nearby resources for disposal. Thus we can ensure the early extinction of small fires and maintain the fire safety of the municipality. Xuhui District Public Security Sub-bureau will always remain oriented toward targets and problems, keep an eye on the general issues in fire safety management, focus on promotion, implementation and breakthrough with strong stamina and a persevering spirit. Therefore, we can continuously push forward the social governance of fire control and purify the fire safety environment of the whole district.

7 Safety Orange Spots throughout the Urban Areas 7.1 Background · Origin During the Spring Festival of 2016 and 2017, over 17,000 safety volunteers in orange vests were active at 866 patrol points inside the outer ring and the 20 sites for centralized setting off of firecrackers outside the outer ring in Xuhui District. They satisfactorily fulfilled the task of controlling the safety related to fireworks and basically reached the objective of “zero setting off” inside the outer ring and ensuring the implementation of the “Regulations of Shanghai Municipality for Management of Fireworks Safety”. The fulfillment of the task fully safeguarded judicial authority

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and legal dignity. It also inspected and enhanced the forces and level of the voluntary services of Xuhui. In response to the call for mass prevention and treatment, the district mobilizes the masses to take part in the comprehensive governance of social security and implements the mass line in the reinforcement of safety. In recent years, nearly 10,000 volunteers of Xuhui District took part in the security activities of major events such as the World Expo, CICA Summit and G20 summit. On January 1st 2016, “Regulations of Shanghai Municipality for Management of Fireworks Safety” as amended were officially implemented. The volunteers of Xuhui District participated in the control over fireworks-related safety for two years running and have gradually established the voluntary service brand of “Safety Orange” to further expand the forces of voluntary service into multiple fields of safety. This include the rectification of acts violating traffic regulations and the identification of fire risks, thus becoming a powerful force that ensures the safety of Xuhui. The grassroots construction of a social security control system is inseparable from the masses and needs the concerted efforts from all sides. The contingent of safety volunteers, which is the mainstay for mass prevention and control in Xuhui District, has benefited from a good work foundation since its establishment. And its experience was published in relevant journals such as Chang An, and shared at the level of the municipality and the district. With rapid social development, the management of social organizational structure and the communications thereunder tend to become flattened. The members of the Party Committee and the Politics and Law Committee of Xuhui District regularly go to the neighborhood committees for a field understanding of the voluntary services and discovery of drawbacks. By doing so, they can adjust their work plans in a targeted manner, lead the volunteers in taking part in the rectification of acts violating traffic law and the screening of fire risks, and make continuous innovations in the working mode for the social republic to get involved in the comprehensive governance.

7.2 Initiatives · Mechanisms (1) Innovating the recruitment mechanism to continuously expand the contingent of volunteers Ever since its establishment, Xuhui contingent of volunteers has made continuous innovations in its mobilization and recruitment mechanism. It joined the CYL Committee, the Federation of Trade Unions and other related units of Xuhui District in encouraging the recruitment of volunteers among the youths and increasing the initiatives of youngsters and employees aged 35 or below for taking part in voluntary service. It teams up with the Civilization Office, the Association of Volunteers and the voluntary service platform of the district to take advantage of the mass line education activity and the Party building efforts of the Party Work Committee of district-level offices in calling on the Party member cadres of all the offices and public institutions

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of the whole district. That meant to report to their local Party Branch for participation in safety voluntary services, such as “guarding homes” and “community patrol”. Presently, the district has over 17,000 volunteers, accounting for 1.5% of the population. For the volunteers, the district has made service devices bearing the volunteer mark, including vests, caps, armbands and umbrellas, and issued the “Guide to Safety Voluntary Services of Xuhui District’ and the “Manual of Safety Volunteer Services of Xuhui” to standardize their voluntary services. (2) Building a WeChat platform to unblock the channel of discovering security problems In June 2017, to expand the platform for safety voluntary services and take advantage of the mobile end of the internet in transmitting information, Xuhui District Office of Comprehensive Governance opened the WeChat public number of “Voluntary Hui”. This drew the participation of some 1000 backbone volunteers of the district, thus realizing the actual utilization and flattened management of voluntary services through the personal mobile end of the volunteers. Starting from July 2017, “Voluntary Hui” opened the function of clue reporting, which allows safety volunteers to promptly report through pictures taken by smart phones and position any clue they found related to crime, pornography, gambling, drug and fire risk. Xuhui District Office of Comprehensive Governance will accept, analyze, sort out, divide, dispatch and urge the processing of the clues reported by the “Voluntary Hui” platform to continuously extend the resources of comprehensive governance to the lowest end of the society. (3) Highlighting the target and project-based services According to the requirements for socialized participation, normalized management, project-based services and standardized images, the forces of voluntary service are injected incessantly into the rectification of traffic offences, security protection during the G20 summit and screening of fire risks. The 5th day of each month is the “Safety Vest” theme service day when activities are carried out under the principle of “different themes, frequent activities” to prevent burglary, telecommunication fraud and financial fraud. During the key hours of each day, routine voluntary service is provided for areas around schools and hospitals. For sub-districts with weak security protection, “home guarding” patrol service of fixed duration is provided. For example, Tianlin No. 12 Village of Tianlin Neighborhood used to be plagued by frequent theft of non-motor vehicles and burglaries before 2016, which caused the masses to have a low sense of security and make complains constantly. In 2016, the sub-district completed the installation of smart access control system and the comprehensive transformation of environment, which led to noticeable rise of the sense of security and satisfaction among the residents as well as their enthusiasm for participating in comprehensive governance. The number of safety volunteers in the sub-district increased from 30 in 2015 to 120 in 2017, including quite a number of youths such as university students who undertake the task of home guarding in their spare time during the winter and summer vacations. By July 2017, the sub-district

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had seen no occurrence of preventable theft cases and nearly earned full marks in the assessment organized by the Municipal Office of Comprehensive Governance. (4) Persisting in leading the masses with professionals to enhance the professionalism of voluntary services The reform of the Comprehensive Governance Workstation of the neighborhood committee and the police affairs of communities is designed to give full play to the role of community police officers in professional guidance and leading to maintain the relative stability of the community police force. It is suggested that the public security sub-branch of the district should heed the guidance given for building the volunteer contingent under its jurisdiction. Which composed of the security guards of property management companies, safety volunteers and social security assistants as the important content of the annual examination of police officers and police stations to further increase the enthusiasm of community police officers. The district Office of Comprehensive Governance will regularly organize business training each year for over 300 volunteer contacts of the neighborhoods (towns) of the whole district. The training is conducted to improve their business skills by inviting the experts of related units, including the municipal Office of Comprehensive Governance, the district public security sub-bureau and the district Civilization Office. Therefore, they get access to lectures on a wide range of topics, such as annual tasks for safety assurance, prevention for safety in communities, fire safety, production safety, governance of the environment around schools, mediation and settlement of contradictions, safety publicity, among others. The trainers make detailed explanations of the things that may appear during the fulfillment of various tasks through lectures and case studies. This contributed to the effective enhancement of the comprehensive capability of the safety volunteers and the higher professionalism of everyday patrol and voluntary services.

Ceremony of Awarding Plate to Star-Class Safety Volunteers

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(5) Conducting star-class education and giving appropriate rewards to boost team morale Xuhui District Office of Comprehensive Governance took the initiative to repeatedly communicate and consult with the Civilization Office and Association of Volunteers of the district and joined them in issuing the “Work Plan for Fostering StarClass Safety Voluntary Services”. Under the plan, the teams of safety volunteers are incorporated into the district-level platform of voluntary services for centralized and normalized management and classified into 3 classes: 3 stars, 4 stars and 5 stars, on the basis of cumulative working hours and performance in voluntary services. Rewards will be given to the teams of safety volunteers rated as 4 stars or higher in a year to stimulate the work enthusiasm of volunteers and enhance their sense of honor for voluntary services. It persists in the reward and incentive mechanism to offer appropriate rewards. Such rewards are provided for the teams of mass prevention and control of the sub-districts where no criminal case occurs in a year or the number of criminal cases decline greatly on a YoY basis. The rewards are also meant to give those who provide valuable information and to the safety volunteers of outstanding performance. The rewards are given accompanied by a letter of salutation to intensify spiritual motivation.

7.3 Innovations · Results (1) Continuous improvement of work mechanisms to form a new mode of sharing social risks The district established a liaison system at the 3 levels of district, streets/towns and neighborhood committees, which includes 13 liaison persons at street/town level and 308 at neighborhood committee level plus some 1000 backbone volunteers. It takes in the security sources of property service enterprises and property management companies to put up voluntary guard posts at the major inlets/outlets of residential quarters. It also clarifies the safety protection responsibilities of the enterprises and the security guards to form a new mode characterized by the social sharing of risk prevention. In 2016, Xuhui District made remarkable achievements in its safety assurance and ranked 4th in the municipal assessment of the sense of safety among the masses, becoming the 10th street/town in downtown areas being named the Safety Demonstration Community of Shanghai Municipality. (2) Continuous extension of grassroots tentacles for the effective maintenance of social security and order The district uses “Xuhui Safety Vest” as the mainline in leading establishing a mass prevention and treatment network and fully mobilizing the power of grassroots masses to strengthen the collection of security and anti-terrorist information. Since 2016, 182 pieces of valuable information were gathered offline to assist the public security organ in arresting over 10 crime suspects of knifepoint robbery and

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burglary. Since it went live at the end of June 2017, the “Voluntary Hui” WeChat platform has collected some 400 safety-related clues, contributing to the stable and social security and order of the district. In the first half of 2017, compared with the same period of the previous year, the number of police turnouts in response to “110” calls dropped by 12.9%, the number of registered criminal cases dropped by 7.0% and the number of registered cases of telecommunication fraud dropped by 114.2%. (3) Continuous intensification of precaution consciousness with the emergence of a number of elite backbones The personal experience of grassroots safety volunteers ran from mouth to mouth, helping the masses to grasp the knowledge and skills of security preventions, strengthen their capability for self-protection and mutual help, and take an active part in safety assurance. Since 2016, the district has seen 7 municipality-level and 30 district-level advanced individuals of justice and courage, 9 five-star teams of safety volunteers, 43 four-star teams of safety volunteers ad 250 three-star teams of safety volunteers, 31 five-star safety volunteers, 203 four-star safety volunteers and 10,282 three-star safety volunteers.

7.4 Enlightenment · Outlook (1) Mass prevention and treatment is an important component of the Public Security Prevention and Control System. The General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued the “Opinions on Strengthening the Public Security Prevention and Control System”. Which cover all fields of social security, including safety of urban operation, production, food, traffic, public order and anti-terrorism, and pose corresponding requirements for the competent government departments of all industries. Those who work and live in every industry and community are the employees and masses that best understand and directly feel the security situation of the industry or community. Intensifying mass prevention and treatment is one of the effective methods of fully utilizing social resources for social governance and services in adhering to the guideline that integrates special departments with masses under the new situation. We have to adhere to the guideline of mass prevention and treatment that “integrates professionals with masses and rely on the former to lead the latter”. we also have to firmly establish the concept of relying on the masses and mobilize the employees of industries and the masses of communities to take part in the public security prevention and control system. Only by doing so is it possible to further tamp the mass foundation and social foundation of public security efforts and consolidate the system.

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(2) Mass prevention and treatment is an important route for deepening diversified social governance. In modern society, the solo of the government can no longer meet the new situation that features diversified demands for public services and complex social problems. Social governance is the cause of billions of people. Only by meeting their needs is it possible to endlessly absorb wisdom and forces from the masses and keep social governance vigorous forever. In this regard, safety voluntary service has become an important channel for the masses to take part in regional safety assurance. The unswerving adherence to the mass line and adequate understanding of the significance of doing mass prevention and treatment is an important route for addressing the insufficiency of police. It is also an important initiative for promoting “safe community” and an important carrier of promoting the socialization of social governance. In the process of pushing forward the mass prevention, treatment and protection network, it is even more necessary to focus on using the means of modern science and technology to further unblock the channel for the masses to take part in the comprehensive governance of public security. We should clarify the responsibilities and requirements for mass prevention and treatment through the platform and publicity window of new media such as WeChat, fully mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of safety volunteers for participation and facilitate form a community of shared future in the safety assurance of Xuhui. (3) Mass prevention and treatment is an effective means for the self-governance of the masses. The purpose of strengthening social governance is to stimulate the sense of ownership of the masses and create the situation of the positive interaction between government governance, self-regulation of the society and self-governance of the masses. The years of practices in the comprehensive governance of public security and safety assurance have proven that the state of public security tends to be good in places with high participation degree and strong self-governance of masses and vice versa. Active participants of mass prevention and treatment are also the backbone members of mass self-governance. In their active participation, the masses have provided beneficial ideas and solutions for solving problems, overcoming weaknesses, and security precautions. The self-governance means of the masses, such as the “largescale leasing” at Longhua and the “Home of New Shanghaineses”, provided ideas and means for the innovations in the management of migrants in Shanghai. This not only improved the efficiency of government management and stimulated the vitality of the masses themselves, but also effectively ensured local security. Therefore, only by extensively mobilizing the masses to take part in the comprehensive governance of public security and safety assurance is it possible to arouse their self-governance consciousness and capability. This thus, lay a good mass foundation for creating an updated version of safe Xuhui and enhancing the capability and level of social governance. Presently, the safety volunteers of the district are aged 56 on average, with the elderly accounting for more than half of the total and a low participation degree of

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incumbent employees and youths. The aging of the structure caused limitations on circular development and management. The inevitable course of pushing forward the refined management of the contingent is to use intelligent information means in the future, further expand the recruitment channel and coverage of safety volunteers, and draw the participation of youths. In the future, the district Office of Comprehensive Governance will accelerate the cooperation with sh.QQ.com, improve the functions of “Voluntary Hui” WeChat public number. Efforts should be made to promote the socialization of the brand and absorb young white-collars and joggers through routine patrols, centralized publicity and theme activities such as orientation movement and healthy cycling. In addition, it will accelerate the cooperation with the high-end Internet technology companies within the district, develop the module reflecting the social participation in the comprehensive governance of public security in the district-level information system for comprehensive governance. It will straighten out information of the safety volunteers of the whole district according to the 3-level architecture of “district—streets/towns—neighborhood committees” in connection with the “Voluntary Hui” WeChat public number. And it will rely on the GS map for real-time reflection of the deployment of the forces for mass prevention and treatment and layout of the posts to realize informatized refined internal management. Case Analysis The 6 cases in this chapter cover the aspects of urban grid management, market supervision and management, urban public security, doctor-patient contradictions, food safety and urban fire, which directly relate to the daily lives of residents and the safe operation of the municipality. The Party Committee and the government of Xuhui District are in integrated operation as an administrative service center and an urban comprehensive grid management center. The physical space, management functions and operation mechanisms between the two centers have been straightened out. In particular, the “12345” citizen service hotline, joint action, emergency disposal and other functions have all been incorporated into the integrated urban grid management system to really realizing moving down the focus of government management, sinking resources and delegating powers. Through innovative grid governance, the district has achieved “precise identification” of problems before they are discovered by the residents and the “precise implementation of policies” in the rapid disposal after the residents make complaints. This initially completed the “refinement” of the modern governance capability and services of the government and took a big step toward refined urban governance in mechanism and technology. Market supervision and management are always the strong guarantee for urban residents to lead a wonderful life. Xuhui District MSA took advantage of the State Council reform for streamlining administration, delegating power and improving services and set up an integrated supervision platform by relying on modern technology as support. After that, it reached the goal of all-round

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coverage in the supervision of the whole quality process. First, it identified issues for optimization in the process and clarified the powers and responsibilities. The typical characteristic of extensive supervision is the unclear powers and responsibilities so that the departments and superiors-subordinates pass the buck between them, leaving gaps in supervision. The “dual notification” mechanism directly ensures the precision of supervision objects and solution of the dead zone in management. Next, the “dual random” mechanism has integrated existing supervision resources, improved supervision efficiency and made innovation in supervisory means to ensure fairness, openness and impartiality. Lastly, the management method for unlicensed business has elaborated management objects and accurately removed typical contradictions. The establishment of a good faith management system has filled up the gap between departments and between the government and the society, resulting in clearer objects and precise means. In short, the innovations made by Xuhui District in whole-process supervision are based on modern technology and reached the goal of all-round refined governance in the means, modes and objects of supervision. Doctor-patient dispute has been the prominent expression of social contradictions and the uncertain factor that impairs social stability. It has become a difficult and hot problem that plagues the governments and medical institutions at all levels. The Justice Bureau of Xuhui District has explored the long-term mechanism of settling the dispute through flexible communications to establish mutual trust between doctors and patients. First, the integration of full-time and part-time personnel has realized the interaction between professionals and social resources. Professional doctors and legal personnel are leveraged to enhance the authoritativeness of mediation. Meanwhile, the part-time characteristic is leveraged to increase the flexibility of mediation, realizing managerial interaction and reduce conflicts. Next, cost is lowered through gradient mediation. Every medical dispute is classified for treatment according to its characteristics and degree to clarify the objects, implement policy in a precise manner, lower management cost and improve processing efficiency. Afterwards, onsite mediation is combined with expert consulting to simplify matters. Onsite mediation can effectively lower the risk of contradiction expansion and enable the precise implementation of policies based on site characteristics to minimize risks. Expert consulting focuses on the resolution of complex cases to enhance creditability and the efficiency of dispute settlement. In short, the system of settling doctor-patient patients explored by the Justice Bureau of Xuhui District through innovative thinking has clarified service objects, offered a precise implementation of policies and finally reached the goal of refined management in the field of doctor-patient disputes. Food safety concerns countless households, national welfare and people’s livelihood. It is the focus and difficulty in the governance of densely populated megacities. As a core consumption urban area of Shanghai, Xuhui District

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is faced with the heavy tasks in its management of food safety. In recent years, Xuhui District has made explorations by starting with refinement and achieved good results. In terms of the participants in food safety management, the departments of market supervision, urban management, greening and urban appearance, education, civil affairs, trade union, health and family planning perform their respective functions for diversified common promotion. The management process has incorporated nongovernmental organizations, volunteer organizations and community supervisors, thus enhancing the synergy between multilevel management of multiple attributes and the participants. In terms of the technologies for food safety, the flexible application of a series of specialized and smart management means such as food monitoring systems, information tracing systems and publication systems, in different core application scenarios has enhanced the timeliness and precision of management. In terms of management targets, the district started with the key risk fields in designing and promoting core projects and brand projects to enhance the management thereof. Therefore, food safety is a key management field of Xuhui District, which has improved the integral level and overall efficiency of food safety management through collaborative, professional and precise management means and auxiliary technologies. With the expansion of urban construction scales, new changes have taken place in urban industrial structure and social conditions. Urban fire has become a major safety risk that endangers the safe operation of cities and posed a new challenge against urban fire control efforts. First, Xuhui District Public Security Sub-Bureau focuses on the characteristic of uncertain identification of fire factors and extends fire control efforts into the society and buildings via MFSs to simplify matters and screen the risks more precisely. Next, it recruits part-time personnel and provides them with professional guidance, thereby optimizing the composition of fire control personnel. In particular, the establishment of MFSs has broken the barriers preventing the exchanges between the public security organ, the neighborhood committees, the owners’ committees and the property management companies. Through establishing a system, implementing a mechanism and developing human resources, MFSs have become the “blood capillaries”. After that, fire control efforts go deep into the society and the typical reflection of more diversified management entities, more controllable management environment, more effective utilization of management resources and refined governance. A city is a core area where people are concentrated and diversified cultures gather. It is also a place where the physical structures are the most complex. Therefore, the social order in a city is one of its core tasks and challenges. In particular, the frequent occurrence of terrorist activities and antisocial offenses that hit domestic and foreign cities in recent years has directly excited the “safety nerves” of city managers and residents. Xuhui District Office of Comprehensive Governance has assimilated the core wisdoms of

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the Party in running the state and the government, absorbed social resources and taken the road of mass prevention and treatment. The reorganization and professionalized guidance of masses have extended public security control for timely discovery and handling of hidden risks and optimization of the whole process of preventing social risks. Meanwhile, the “Safety Orange” initiative of Xuhui District has fully demonstrated that refined governance is by no means unfounded. Instead, it is the outcome of renewed innovation made on the basis of adequate absorption of the pith of traditional Chinese management. It also reminds us that a historical vision is needed to embark upon the road of refined urban governance. The urban risks reflected by the 6 cases discussed herein belong to the risks that can be effectively predicted and prevented through optimized management and an effective mechanism for identification of hidden risks. The challenge lies in the complexity of the management objects and the management system itself together with its relations. Therefore, refined governance based on precise identification and policy implementation as core is the inevitable course of ensuring urban safety. The practices of the 6 cases have exhibited the different sides in the process of refined urban governance, including either the timely elimination of urban safety risks or discovery or the alleviation of urban risks. The above cases have inherited the essence of traditional management, and emphasized clarification of powers, responsibilities, and collaborative control. Meanwhile, they also show that the management philosophy is more meticulous and warmer, management objects are more accurate, the management process is more professional and flexible, management means are more scientific and diversified, management results are more effective, and management cost is more reasonable. All those were done in a bid to reach the goal of refined governance in the process of urban security enhancement. It should be admitted that the approach of refined governance is still under exploration. Especially, with the diversity of urban disaster-causing factors, the urban systems as disaster-breeding environment are getting even more complex and changeable, while potential victims have become even more fragile and less tenacious. While stressing the need for more refinement in urban safety enhancement, the government should have a systematic thinking that considers the whole picture. In short, the foundation of urban safety enhancement is the orderly and effective operation of the entire city; the ultimate goal is to provide basic safety assurance to meet the demands of urban residents for a wonderful life.

Chapter 6

Joint Community Governance Bo Peng and Jing Xiong

1 Introduction The report of the Nineteenth CPC National Congress proposes to build a social governance pattern of “joint building, joint governance and sharing”. Joint community governance is an important mode of social governance, and also an important means of refined urban governance. First, joint governance improves refined governance capacity. Joint community governance is the process in which different community participants conduct joint governance by giving play to their respective advantages. In this process, all participants work together and pool resources, expanding governance resources and capacity and providing a capacity foundation for refined governance. Next, joint governance improves governance preciseness. Topics, solutions and measures arising from the joint governance process are results of adequate consultation and opinion. Hence, needs to be met and problems to be solved by governance in the democratic consultation process are closer to realistic needs, significantly raising the level of precise governance. Finally, joint governance raises seamless governance levels. Seamless governance is a community governance pattern proposed by drawing on the “seamless organization” sect of the Western new public management theory, and emphasizes a holistic, cohesive, smooth and face-to-face management and service mode. Seamless governance overcomes the coordination difficulty of the traditional governance structure and fills up gaps in traditional governance. We have selected six case studies in joint community governance and refined governance: a new carrier of a local CPC building in Xuhui District—Local CPC Building Promotion Association; Hongmei Sub-district’s park joint governance hub “Hongmei Home”; Longhua Sub-district “Art Plus” Culture and Art Volunteer B. Peng (B) · J. Xiong Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China e-mail: [email protected] © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 G. Chen et al. (eds.), Urban Practices from Delicacy Management to Governance in Contemporary China, Urban Governance Practices in China, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4011-0_6

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Action; Changqiao Sub-district’s exploration of the “seamless governance” pattern; the “Three-area Coordination” social governance ecosystem realized in Shanghai South Railway Station in Caohejing Sub-district; the “homeowner committee salon + property service alliance” pattern in Fenglin and Xistu Sub-districts. The Local CPC Building Promotion Association in particular is a general practice of full-coverage governance; for the Hongmei Home, the “Three-area Coordination” social governance ecosystem and the Art Plus Culture and Art Volunteer Action, the common feature is that refined urban governance capacity is significantly improved by fully mobilizing community resources and forces by means of interaction, crossover cooperation, et cetera, according to the differences in resources, needs and problems. On the other hand, urban governance is conducted pertinently and precisely for different problems and needs. The “homeowner committee salon + property service alliance” pattern is a practice that reflects refined governance through professional governance. Also, the case of “seamless governance” in Changqiao Sub-district is a typical example of realizing seamless governance through joint community governance. The Local CPC building promotes joint building, joint governance and sharing. The Xuhui Local CPC Building Promotion Association is an integrated platform involving different levels (district, sub-district and community), departments and organizations, characterized by full coverage and general mobilization. This organization fully mobilizes all-round resources and forces of Xuhui District to support the city’s comprehensive and refined governance. CPC building is a soft yet strong governance force that can get through the government bureaucracy, link resources of the whole society, and make urban governance go deep into all aspects to achieve an embroidery-style of refined governance. Hongmei Sub-district’s park joint governance hub Hongmei Home: The Hongmei Home Public Welfare Service Center has been established in Hongmei Sub-district as a local hub-type social organization for Caohejing Development Zone with a large professional population and diverse needs. The center builds a “sub-district—park— community” crossover public welfare network to integrate more market resources and professional forces, thereby significantly improving refined urban governance capacity. Moreover, this project has earned the title of “Top 10 Innovation Project” in the Third Shanghai Social Building Awards. The Longhua Art Plus Volunteer Action builds the West Bund cultural union. Longhua Sub-district’s Art Plus Culture and Art Volunteer Action pulls resources of all parties to build a community governance union, a volunteer service group that serves waterfront development, and a West Bund cultural union through joint building and sharing. It has improved the resource capacity of refined urban governance and built a West Bund cultural union that jointly builds civilization and shares culture among cultural facilities, community organizations and residents, improving the refinement level of community governance. Changqiao Sub-district explores the “321”seamless governance pattern. As a sect of Western new public management theory, “seamless organization” stresses a holistic approach to service provision other than an individual one, where the individualized needs for public products should be satisfied with low-cost, efficiently,

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face-to-face and diversified services in a customer-oriented manner. Changqiao Subdistrict has realized seamless community governance through “belonging based on governance, education and culture”; the “belonging project” in particular stresses the important role of the soft power of community culture in making up unavoidable gaps in traditional bureaucratic governance. The “Three-area Coordination” social governance ecosystem was implemented for the Shanghai South Railway Station in Caohejing Sub-district. The “Three-area Coordination” seeks to implement the refined urban governance of Shanghai South Railway Station by integrating station, sub-district and community forces to solve the problem of unscrupulous inns, scalpers and intermediaries. The “homeowner committee salon + property service alliance” pattern established in Fenglin and Xistu Sub-districts improves refined urban governance capacity, solves stubborn problems such as poor parking, dirty and chaotic environments, and the difficult collection of property management fees in old communities, by introducing professional forces and giving play to community capable persons.

2 Deep Integration: Local CPC Building Promoting Joint Building, Joint Governance and Sharing 2.1 Background and Origin Xuhui District has rich historical, cultural, technological and educational resources, and a solid overall economic strength. The 49.8-square-kilometer district gather over 100 research and higher education institutions, represented by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, the Shanghai Branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and a number of key enterprises and public institutions, represented by Shanghai Film Group, Shanghai INESA and Zhongshan Hospital. In an effort to effectively integrate their governance resources, Xuhui District has explored local CPC building on the basis of traditional community CPC building. Specifically, that is to build a consultation and joint governance platform among CPC organizations without changing their organizational affiliation and resource ownership through joint CPC building to address major urban construction and livelihood concerns, offer local, social and public services. In 2012, the Xuhui District CPC Committee founded the Xuhui Local CPC Building Promotion Association with the support of the CPC organizations of 182 local organizations, where the district CPC committee led and coordinated major local organizations to devise ways of district development, sub-district CPC working committees studied and implemented cooperation projects with the functional departments of the district CPC committee and government. Moreover, local professional resources participated in joint community governance and livelihood services.

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2.2 Measures and Mechanism The Local CPC Building Promotion Association serves as the platform to pool district and local resources and creates a district—sub-district—community three-level interaction framework to implement a new pattern of urban social governance based on joint building, joint governance and sharing. (I) District level: establishing the hub platform of the Local CPC Building Promotion Association 1. Emphasizing mechanism innovation A local CPC building working system based on interactions between the district, subdistrict and community levels was established. Vertically, the Local CPC Building Promotion Association governs 13 sub-district branches, has 237 district-level members and 674 sub-district-level members and promotes the extension of local CPC building to communities in forms such as community sub-branches. Horizontally, eight specialized research committees on economic development, educational development, culture building, medical care and health, urban construction and management, talent development among others, were established; they are led by relevant bureaus and involve local organizations to improve the pertinence and professionalism of CPC building. The Local CPC Building Promotion Association sticks to the philosophy of equal consultation, joint building and sharing. Seven rotating vice president organizations are elected based on consultation and nomination by the members, local organizations serve as the conveners of the specialized research committees in turn, and annual and council meetings are held to discuss and resolve major issues. A secretariat has been established at the Organization Department of the district CPC committee to take care of daily tasks. The threedimensional working network of the association effectively connects and gives full play to professional development and basic security resources. 2. Emphasizing resource integration CPC organizations and members in all areas are mobilized to prepare a resource list, a needs inventory and a project list around the goal of “six joint items” (discussing local development, grasping grass-root CPC building, promoting talent growth, building a civilized district and jointly serving residents) and a district, sub-district and community three-level supply and demand matching mechanism established. The three lists activate district and local working resources, motivate local organizations to participate in joint community governance and drive local CPC building to communities, new areas and new spaces, thereby promoting the precise matching and effective allocation of local resources, and the systematic integration of block and community resources.

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3. Emphasizing role performance The “Xuhui CPC Member Classroom” is held monthly, and has been held 46 times so far to educate CPC members of local organizations. Fourteen organizational life open sites for CPC members were launched in three groups including Qian Xuesen Library & Museum, Longhua Martyr Cemetery and Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, and received a total of 40,000 local CPC members. For the stubborn noise problem of Shanghai South Railway Station, the implementing agency was organized for joint CPC building with the community for maximum support from residents. Administrative, judicial and health resources are integrated to establish a doctorpatient dispute mediation office as a communication platform between hospitals and patients, which mediates about 500 doctor-patient disputes annually. Two medical alliances (“Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital—Shanghai Eighth People’s Hospital” and “Zhongshan Hospital—Xuhui Central Hospital”) have been established by the specialized research committee on medical care and health. Moreover, the building of “Xuhui Cloud Hospital” was promoted to create a new service mechanism based on local interaction, orderly cooperation and resource sharing. A number of practical projects for all residents and workers in the district were implemented by sorting out universal public concerns and matching professional resources of local organizations. For example, the Orthopedics Department of Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital is nationally leading, and once performed the first severed hand re-implantation operation of the world successfully. To give play to its professional advantage, the District Health CPC Working Committee and the CPC Committee of Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital reached an agreement on establishing the Community Medical Imaging Diagnosis Center of Xuhui District, enabling residents to receive medical services of 3A hospitals at community health service centers. (II) Sub-district level: giving play to sub-district branches of Local CPC Building Promotion Association In recent years, with the deepening of local CPC building, all sub-district offices have given full play to the sub-district branches, established a local joint governance platform based on CPC building leadership, government support, social coordination and public participation by breaking existing boundaries among administrative authorities, enterprises and residents, and strengthened local CPC building to integrate resources for innovative community governance. The Fenglin Sub-district Branch keeps working in exploring innovative community governance mechanisms, strengthening and improving democracy and strengthening the building of grass-root CPC organizations based on the needs of community residents. 1. Continuing to integrate local resources Under the leadership of the sub-district CPC working committee, community CPC committees and administrative CPC groups are put to use, which have improved

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community governance and service levels generally by regulating systems and mechanisms, and defining roles and responsibilities. The “3 + X” integrated platform has been optimized, and a working system in which the sub-district CPC working committee discusses matters and makes decisions, the Fenglin Branch conducts coordination and consultation, and liaison teams of local organizations conduct communication and contact has been established and gradually improved, and the CPC committee secretaries of some local organizations also serve concurrently as members of the sub-district CPC working committee, performing the overall functions of collaborative decision-making and joint grass-root governance of CPC organizations. The Fenglin Community Foundation was founded in 2017 to guide social forces to participate actively in social governance, promoting the integration of social resources effectively. 2. Continuing to advance key projects The sub-district CPC working committee has strengthened coordination and interactions with district and local organizations, and broken barriers to form a combined power together with urban administration, housing administration, landscaping and other teams, with focus on civilized urban district building, integrated community government, regulation of the “five violations and four compulsory items”, et cetera. It regulated 112 illegal stores on seven roads around Zhongshan Hospital in nearly half a year together with local organizations, creating a tidy and clean living environment for residents. 3. Continuing to strengthen the grass-root foundation Secretaries of grass-root CPC organizations and community workers are two key teams that fully cover the CPC branch of each community for the practical implementation of grass-root CPC building. Local organizations assign excellent young and middle-aged backbone members to serve as deputy secretaries of community CPC organizations, and sub-district offices assign young officials to local organizations for learning and training, thereby developing young talent together. In the process of local CPC building, frontier temporary CPC branches are established, such as the temporary CPC branch of the construction site of Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, the workstation of Zhongshan Hospital, and the reception point for the regulation of the “five violations and four compulsory items”. Coordination and publicity with nearby community CPC organizations are strengthened, thereby promoting construction and creating CPC building and project brands. On the basis of the branch of the Local CPC Building Promotion Association, “Three Alliances” were established in Xujiahui Sub-district, namely the Social Responsibility Alliance for enterprises, the Moral Responsibility Alliance for workers and residents and the Service Responsibility Alliance for organs and window departments, to actively explore new patterns of multilateral joint community governance.

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Members of Xujiahui Sub-district Social Responsibility Alliance undertaking community public welfare projects

First, resources are pooled to form a combined force to serve residents. As an important platform that guides social forces to participate in community governance, the “Three Alliances” in Xujiahui Sub-district are positioned for different social governance participants precisely to allocate resources preferably to the grassroot level, thereby activating grass-root organizations and improving community capacity. For example, after China International Intellectech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.— the chief executive member of the Social Responsibility Alliance—joined the “Three Alliances”, it participated actively in planning the first major event of the alliance— the December 5th International Volunteer Day “Public Welfare and Community Care” Xujiahui Community Parent-Child Public Welfare Challenge. The Social Responsibility Alliance organizes theme events related to social responsibility annually, and creates a good social atmosphere. Service actions serve as mediums to reflect job responsibilities and service performance. Members of the Service Responsibility Alliance are mobilized to study, participate and strengthen the integrated management and social governance of the Xujiahui area and improve the capacity and level of serving the public through a series of service and governance actions. Second, information is shared to form a combined force of mutual promotion. The “Three Alliances” shares information, coordinates work and organizes joint activities among members. For example, the “Lei Feng Follower” volunteer team composed of members of nine organizations including the Shopping Mall Group, Huishi Primary School and Shanghai Chest Hospital, and enthusiastic citizens completed a 100minute hike, and claimed annual public welfare service times converted from the number of steps walked on site. Finally, a platform is built to form a combined force of resource sharing. As a union of different community forces, the “Three Alliances” extensively involve local enterprises, public institutions, moral examples and advanced figures. A mentoring

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working mechanism is explored, where secretaries of CPC organizations and local organizations in the alliances are invited to pair with CPC branch secretaries as mentors to build a platform that provides necessary talents to strengthen grass-root CPC building and social governance. ➀ Local level: Alliance members are invited to participate in key projects of the sub-district, conduct discussion and planning, and form rational advice by various means, such as community congress and alliance meeting. ➁ Community level: Community residents are guided to observe the social morals, and participate actively in community management through such autonomy, cultural and recreational projects as elder services, civilized dog keeping and community culture. ➂ Resident level: Community residents are encouraged to initiate more autonomous, cultural and recreational projects voluntarily, and create a civilized and harmonious community atmosphere. For example, Shiziwan resident Ji Linping has transformed from an exemplary daughter-in-law from an exemplary public figure, and run a neighborhood care site at her home, creating an influential elder care atmosphere. (III) Community level: deepening local CPC building A mufti-layer (district, sub-district, community, et cetera) organizational structure was established based on Local CPC Building Promotion Association to extend local CPC building to communities, park buildings, functional zones, the Internet and other spatial forms. Communities are guided to establish sub-branches independently or jointly based on jurisdiction and resource distribution, so that local organizations are included in the community grid and play a greater role in community autonomy and joint governance. Sub-branches were established in all communities of Tianping Sub-district; sub-branches were established by area in sub-districts such as Fenglin and Tianlin; three sub-branches (for schools, parks and enterprises) were established in Changqiao Sub-district since public institutions are densely distributed, strengthening community-school interactions. There are many former residences of celebrities, protected cultural relics and excellent historical buildings in Jianyue Community, Tianping Sub-district. The subdistrict office and the community committee have been strengthening the combined force of governance by using CPC members, and taking the opportunity of integrated community regulation under “Internet+” thinking. First, resources of joint building organizations are open to residents. Joint building organizations include the Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Shanghai Center of Chinese Operas, Xuhui District Jianguo Kindergarten, among others. Their CPC organizations organize diversified service activities for residents based on their respective specialties. The strong support from joint building organizations activates community CPC building, and receives extensive praises from CPC members and residents. For example, a historical building tour was carried out on the Double Ninth Festival, where teachers of Xuhui District Jianguo Kindergarten and young volunteers served as tour guides for old residents to visit the Shanghai Intelligence Institute of Medical Science and Technology and other local organizations, and listen to stories of historical buildings.

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Second, soft and hard governance is combined to build civilized communities. The Huiping Property Service Guidance Center—a third party social organization— was introduced to manage the alley management association, and support homeowner committee and property management services. In addition, local organizations are involved to excavate historical and cultural connotations of communities, and construct the “Featured Hundred Alleys” series of cultural landscape walls. For example, the Alley 506 community on Jianguo West Road (“Yiyuan”) is a complex of excellent historical buildings of Shanghai, and has been built into a “cultural alley of historical buildings”; many academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences once lived in the Alley 581 community on Jianguo West Road, so a “cultural alley of academicians” has been built here to display technological and cultural concepts. The display of community cultural connotations improves the identity of enterprises and residents with their communities, and lays a solid foundation for increasing participants in community governance.

2.3 Innovation and Impact A district—sub-district—community three-level organizational framework was established for the Local CPC Building Promotion Association, and local resources were activated on the great platform of local CPC building around the goal of “six joint items” (discussing local development, grasping grass-root CPC building, promoting talent growth, building a civilized district and serving residents), so that local resources become development and social governance resources. Besides, they have solved many stubborn problems in social governance. For example, Fenglin Community has guided many bureau-level organizations such as Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences, and CCCC Third Harbor Consultants Co., Ltd., through the sub-district branch of the Local CPC Building Promotion Association—a division-level organization, creating a combined force of CPC building. It also provides logistical services to local organizations, and has solved problems such as poor parking and unregulated booth setup around Tumor Hospital and Zhongshan Hospital, creating a win-win condition for residents and local organizations. For example, the extension of local CPC building to communities has achieved two results: entering community organizations to improve their identity with communities and form a combined force of joint governance, and integrating resources of community organizations for two-way exchanges and services, and collaborative community building, improving the satisfaction of residents. The local upgrading and service outflow of local organizations is actively promoted through joint building, joint governance and sharing, so that they move from familiars to relatives for community residents.

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2.4 Inspiration and Prospect Localized management has been realized in CPC building regardless of administrative affiliation. To implement the local CPC building pattern, small and internal institutional cycles in CPC building need to be broken and transformed into large, and integrated internal-external cycles in which jurisdictional and local resources are integrated, and a three-dimensional and interactive great CPC building pattern established among all local CPC building working systems. To strengthen local CPC building, an interactive, complementary and mutually beneficial operating mechanism linked by a common mission, common needs, common interests and common goals needs to be established, and all local participants need motivation to create a mutually beneficial and win-win condition of resource and information sharing, and two-way services as well. (I) Strengthening the creation of the joint community governance platform At the beginning of the Local CPC Building Promotion Association, the functional positioning of local CPC building was very clear. Since there are power and responsibility divisions, and thinking gaps among different industries, fields and departments, the overall coordination role of local CPC committees need to be given full play in local CPC building, and CPC organizations need to serve as ties to provide a trust mechanism and a communication platform for interactions and cooperation based on a common understanding. While grass-root governance and public services increasingly become complex, joint governance and autonomy need to be strengthened on different levels of grass-root society. Besides, leading all forces through local CPC building is an important way of integrating resources and handling public affairs collaboratively. (II) Promoting work innovation through the organizational integration of local CPC building Compared to tens of thousands of local organizations in Xuhui District, only a small number have been included in the organizational network of local CPC building. A full-coverage organizational network needs to be established progressively for local CPC building, work innovation needs to be driven by organizational integration, and a local resource map needs to be developed through the community CPC building information platform to promote the allocation of resources at lower levels. Furthermore, small organizations near communities may be included in local CPC building progressively to support the leading role of community organizations in community autonomy and promote the deep integration of community and local CPC building. (III) Highlighting the value orientation of local CPC building The objective of the “six joint items” was defined for the Xuhui Local CPC Building Promotion Association, and the main objectives behind are as follows: first, strengthen the ruling foundation of the CPC. Although local organizations come

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from different industries and have different functions, they have a common mission. Projects of the association are launched to strengthen the awareness of CPC members and unite the public more effectively; second, serve the public. Only if the public has a sense of gain can CPC building thrive; finally, promote development. Local CPC building is supported massively by local organizations for resource sharing, advantage complementation and joint progress.

3 Hongmei Home: “Park—Community” Joint Governance Ecosystem Under the Leadership of CPC Building 3.1 Background and Origin Hongmei Sub-district is located in southwestern Xuhui District, being the seat of the core zone of Caohejing Hi-tech Park, with nearly 3000 enterprises and 200,000 employees. 13 communities are scattered around, with a resident population of 40,000. Since the park is large and there are significantly more employees than residents, the Hongmei Sub-district Office needs to explore a “sub-district—park— enterprise—employee” connection mechanism in addition to the traditional “subdistrict—community committee—building group—resident” system. The Hongmei Home project was initiated and launched in direct connection with the sub-district’s special geographic location and historical background. In 2013, the Hongmei Home Crossover Center was completed and put into operation; in 2014, the Hongmei Home Public Welfare Service Center was incorporated, and upgraded from Version 1.0 to Version 2.0. After three years of development, Hongmei Home has become a social hub platform of innovative community-park governance, which fully integrates CPC and public resources, and social forces through the working mechanism of “domination by multiple participants, pioneering by joint governance projects and guidance by social organizations” to identify social needs, train volunteers and create public welfare communities in an effort to build the “park—community” joint governance ecosystem.

3.2 Measures and Mechanism (I) Establishing a localized hub social organization—the “Hongmei Home Public Welfare Service Center” The Hongmei Home Council is established on the basis of the branch of the Local CPC Building Promotion Association, and its council members and supervisors are park executives, CPC committee heads of major institutions and enterprises, executives of non-public enterprises, CPC working committee heads, social organization

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heads among others, with local influence and public credibility. Hongmei Home satisfies local needs and residents, and gradually establishes its position as a “local hub” for its physical and open operating mode, “non-administrative” status, and feature of bringing all members into play. It has effectively integrated interests of multiple participants, broken divisions among organizations of different natures and types and promoted the optimum allocation of information and resources. After three years of development, Hongmei Home has become a hub of community governance, especially park governance, and also an incubation center for local social organizations. From 2014 to date, nearly 300 enterprises, social organizations or specialized agencies have met their cultural, public welfare, growth and other needs in the park and the community, and entered into cooperation in fields such as elder services, underage care, environmental advocacy, civilization volunteer actions, and harmonious neighborhood. Besides, nearly 1000 activities have been conducted in total, with nearly 100,000 participants in total. Moreover, Hongmei Home has developed and introduced 60 social organizations and specialized agencies, and incubated their local branches in Hongmei Sub-district. Since the beginning of 2017, it has developed 17 social organizations and specialized agencies, and incubated 11 interest groups with over 100 members. Furthermore, it focuses on the incubation of local social organizations with great development potential, suited to the park’s characteristics and of interest to white-collars, such as “Hong Academy” offering professional workshops, and “Rainbow Public Welfare” entering the park.

Hongmei Home Public Welfare Service Center (Huaxin Center)

(II) Optimizing the sub-district local CPC building platform, and expanding the effective coverage of park governance Work efficiency is improved on the basis of existing organizational and work coverage. First, CPC organizations of new economic and social organizations above

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designated size, or CPC organizations of enterprises or organizations not affiliated organizationally to the sub-district but associated with local development and social building are included in the Hongmei branch of the Local CPC Building Promotion Association to improve the capacity of the sub-district CPC working committee to mobilize and integrate social resources. Next, the discussion and conference system formerly focused on the CPC building joint conference is changed to eight discussion groups of park owners, state-owned enterprises and public institutions, foreignfunded enterprises, private enterprises, government services, social organizations, et cetera. A salon or discussion meeting is held on need-based topics monthly to improve the consultation mechanism led by CPC building. Afterwards, park facility CPC building alliances, corporate social responsibility alliances, crowd innovation space alliances, enterprise-community CPC building alliances, and other sub-platforms based on joint governance projects are developed on different levels to promote the extension of local CPC building resources to the community and the park, improve the “sub-district—park—community” working network, discuss park and community public affairs, and obtain the crossover cooperation of the government, enterprises and social organizations under the leadership of CPC building. (III) Constructing a social network with CPC building and park governance embedded organically The full coverage of CPC building for the non-public sector is achieved, and public awareness of park enterprises and employees is improved through organic integration of the coverage of grass-root CPC building and the construction of the park governance network to extend CPC building to public spaces. In physical spaces, networked CPC building public spaces were arranged, some naturally formed small spaces in the park were defined as working blocks with a maximum radius of 500 meters, and ten CPC-public space sites were established through means such as government lease, public space utilization and enterprise space sharing, so that CPC organization members and professional groups in the park can take part in activities nearby in fragmented time and the park is like a community. In virtual spaces, the Hongmei Home WeChat public account1 is used to build an “O2O” information platform, create a resource bank of CPC-public organization services, government public services, social organization services and enterprise social services with local service characteristics, and obtain an offline participation and online interaction pattern for the individualized customization, online appointment and instant interaction of service items. In mental spaces, the “Public Welfare Everywhere” volunteer service project is implemented based on the social needs of CPC members of new economic and social organizations, and park professional groups, providing a channel and a platform, and improving organizational belonging and social identity for them to become part of local society and participate in social life. 1 The

Hongmei Home WeChat public account was opened in April 2015. As of December 2017, it had over 10,000 followers, and annual clicks exceeded 140,000.

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(IV) Using professional and social methods to strengthen organizational mobilization and work penetration guided by values The social working mode is applied in CPC building and park governance, and professional concepts to each project under the leadership of the socialist core values to avoid the working mode of top-down assignment. A community-based strength perspective is encouraged to give play to the social responsibility advantage of park enterprises and the IT innovation advantage and potential of employees, thereby meeting community needs and promoting innovation. Thought guidance in particular is combined with high participation level and communicability, and proportions of different types of activities are arranged in a planned manner to unite CPC members and employees, and expand the coverage and local relevance of the platform. There are four basic types of activities at Hongmei Home: the first is caring about strangers and strengthening social relations to build mutual trust and assist in a stranger environment; the second is caring about the common environment with focus on ecology; the third is caring about ourselves to realize self-reflection, self-help and self-improvement; the fourth is positive conduct, namely encouraging young people to walk out of offices and staying away from computers for social activities. For example, in public welfare volunteer projects, the Social Responsibility Alliance has 200 members, over 100 volunteer teams, and nearly 6000 enterprise volunteers including 4224 CPC member volunteers. It has developed 47 conventional service projects, held over 600 volunteer activities, with 80,000 men participating and serving, and a cumulative investment in public welfare projects of over RMB20 million Yuan.

Rainbow Public Welfare GO Relay national civilized urban district building activity of Xuhui District

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3.3 Innovation and Impact (I) Activated joint governance: platform available for “park—community” joint governance The CPC building working objectives are infiltrated into the park’s social governance objectives to build “emotional identity” with all-people care, “common topics” with social mobilization, and a “social network” with organizational development, so that a platform is available for CPC building and park governance based on the needs of CPC members and employees. Moreover, services are converted into specific projects and become more comprehensive, creating a benign cycle for enterprises, employees and residents. (II) Effective projects: professional and socialized operation In the past three years, social activities based on the strong “local network” using local resources were very influential, and hub-type social organizations were fully involved while the organizational and working coverage of CPC building was largely achieved, realizing mutual penetration with enterprises and social organizations. Project-based operations improve controllability, professional interventions enrich connotations and attraction, and the socialized styles improve service effectiveness.

Project matching under the Hongmei Home Community Partnership Program

(III) United public: closer ties between CPC, and white-collars and community residents Professional groups, especially those out of the government system, are a gap in social governance, and also a priority and difficult point of CPC work. In the past, due to the

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lack of activities for effective participation, ties between the CPC and professional groups tended to fall away. The Hongmei Home “park—community” joint governance project has caused these white-collars to surround the CPC again through a new type of cohesion. According to a survey with a sample size of 2000 performed by the third party professional agency on local professional groups, activities organized by Hongmei Home show significant positive impact in several key indicators, including activity participation, satisfaction with work relationships, satisfaction with the park, satisfaction with personal lives, trust in the government, acceptance of authority, and equality feeling. Hongmei Home carries out routine public welfare artistic activities in public spaces, and makes white-collars feel the warmth of home in communities. Positive theme activities such as waste separation, elder care, neighborhood mutual help and parent-child harmony have enhanced interactions and good feelings between residents and white-collars.

3.4 Inspiration and Prospect Hongmei Sub-district explores a working pattern in which community CPC building and park governance are combined organically and embedded effectively under the leadership of CPC building, and has developed the social CPC building platform Hongmei Home to create a “park—community” joint governance ecosystem. (I) The working framework with joint governance led by CPC building is the institutional guarantee of multilateral joint governance. The organic combination of community CPC building and park governance promotes the resource integration and functional complementation among local CPC organizations. It also creates a local CPC building system centering on the sub-district CPC working committee, and involving community CPC organizations, park CPC organizations, all CPC members, park employees and community residents. (II) Socialized operation is the mechanism guarantee of the endogenous vitality of joint governance. To break boundaries and encourage interactions, down-to-earth grass-root organizations are indispensible. As a local “non-administrative” hub-type social organization, Hongmei Home breaks intangible divisions among organizations of different natures and types, and promotes the effective circulation and matching of information and resources. Social CPC-public work has come alive on this land. (III) Value guidance is the motivation guarantee of multilateral participation in joint governance. In social governance, political and public welfare activities are conducted in a professional and modern manner with emphasis on experiences. This strengthens organizational mobilization and work penetration, motivates employees and residents to

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participate in joint governance, and creates a strong atmosphere advocating morals and an extensive value identity, thereby improving the identity and belonging of multiple participants.

4 Longhua Art Plus: Building the West Bund Cultural Union 4.1 Background and Origin Longhua Sub-district is one of the 12 areas of historical and cultural features in the urban center of Shanghai boasts traditional culture represented by the thousand-year Longhua Temple, the Longhua Tower, the four-century Longhua Temple Fair, the century-old arsenal and the century-old terminal building, and the red culture represented by Longhua Martyr Cemetery. In recent years, with the development of the Xuhui waterfront and the progress of the Longhua area comprehensive reconstruction project, planned West Bund Culture Corridor and West Bund Media Port are taking shape. Besides, the West Bund Culture Corridor being a high-end cultural cluster zone and a choice culture experience zone is becoming a new cultural landmark of Shanghai. The new development pattern creates a strong artistic atmosphere, improves the cultural quality and level of the Longhua area, and also imposes newer and higher requirements for Longhua Sub-district’s social governance and integrated services. An important task for sub-district administrators is to build a community management service system that matches the new cultural landmark of Shanghai, breaks the barrier between elegant art and community life, realizes the resonance between heavyweight cultural venues, community organizations and residents, ensures the orderly and efficient operation of waterfront venues and public open spaces, and integrates traditional, red and modern cultures. For this purpose, the Longhua Sub-district Office launched the Art Plus Culture and Art Volunteer Action with the meaning of “artistic public welfare services” in 2015 in light of the municipal CPC committee’s requirement of “conducting innovative social governance and strengthening grassroot building” to create a West Bund cultural union involving local cultural venues, community organizations and residents, and improve community governance and living standards.

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4.2 Measures and Mechanism (I) Gathering resources to build a community governance union 1. Enhancing the public attraction of government-community cooperation using social forces The sub-district CPC working committee needs to play a good guiding role to gather premium cultural venues, local organizations of varying natures and social groups with diverse values into a public volunteer service group, with focus on enhancing their public awareness. First, social organizations are introduced to promote the building of the communication service platform. The sub-district office has introduced multiple social organizations including NPI, Youth Community and Heze Zhongyi, established working mechanisms for regular visit, requirement follow-up, project design, coordinated publicity, IT building among others, and an operating mode for cultural volunteer recruitment, training, delivery, evaluation, motivation and support together with the sub-district volunteer service system, and strengthened routine communications with venues, organizations and volunteer service teams to promote resource sharing. Second, activities are conducted together, allowing community residents to feel the charm of art at venues. The sub-district office has organized a number of art experience activities together with Longhua Martyr Cemetery, Yuz Museum, Duoyunxuan, the West Bund Art Center among others, including the “International Expo Day” special event, the “West Bund Art Expo”, “Hello! Contemporary Art”, and the “Art Museum Night”, attracting nearly 75,000 white-collars, community residents, youths, et cetera, many of whom later devoted themselves to artistic volunteer actions. Third, social practices of senior high school students are actively supported. The sub-district office activates and opens cultural and artistic resources, and provides platforms and conditions for social practices of senior high school students in the form of voluntary cooperation, allowing students to contact and communicate with art institutions. In the past two years, over 1600 senior high school students in Xuhui District did over 5000 volunteer service jobs offered by Longhua Sub-district together with Shanghai Jingju Company, Shanghai Center of Photography, Yuz Museum among others. These include opera art inheritance, national photographic art workshop, Art Ask Me et cetera, fully experiencing the fun of public welfare and the charm of art. 2. Creating an organizational tie to form a combined force of joint governance A public volunteer service group for joint building and sharing needs an effective and stable organization. Longhua Sub-district endeavors to broaden organizational carriers in diversified manners to form a combined force.

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First, long-term volunteer service projects are incubated together. The Longhua Sub-district Office has initiated the “Good Opera Neighbor” volunteer action together with Shanghai Jingju Company, and involved a number of famous opera performers, young actors and volunteers represented by national Class A actors/actresses like Wang Peiyu, Fu Xiru and Yan Qinggu in over 20 public welfare activities, such as opera communication, professional experience, civilization endorsement, and institution-school cooperation. It has initiated the “Artistic Neighborhood” volunteer action, and over ten public welfare activities together with Duoyunxuan Group, such as joint public welfare, traditional skills workshop, Green Swallow Action, and Good Neighbor Stage. It has also initiated the “Longhua Soul” patriotic education activity along with Longhua Martyr Cemetery, and a number of community public welfare activities, such as Red Story, Red Classroom and public welfare exhibition. Moreover, it has initiated the “Kids Art” public welfare program to care for special children along with UCenter to provide cultural education and spiritual cultivation to special children, and motivate more enterprises to perform social responsibility in such forms as art creation, healing and induction. Furthermore, it has initiated the “Constructors’ Intangible Cultural Heritage Theater” cultural volunteer project together with Xuhui Waterfront Constructors’ Home, where cultural volunteers explain excellent traditional Chinese culture to constructors from all parts of the country to improve their cultural pride and identity with the city of Shanghai. These long-term projects are ties that connect venues, organizations and residents. Second, venues are guided to enter into volunteer service joint building agreements with organizations. Yuz Museum, Shanghai Center of Photography, ShanghART Gallery et cetera, have entered into over ten volunteer service joint building cooperation agreements with Nanyang Model High School, Nanyang High School, Weiyu High School and so on, and promoted joint building and sharing of Shanghai Center of Photography and UCenter with community autonomy teams; partners provide volunteer jobs or services to each other, and form stable ties. Third, venues are encouraged to establish volunteer education and training bases. Duoyunxuan, West Bund Art Center, Longhua Martyr Cemetery among others were guided to establish education and practice bases for young volunteers together with Shanghai Civil Aviation College. (II) Building “Xuhui waterfront public volunteer service groups” to serve waterfront development According to the requirement of the district CPC committee that “services should follow waterfront development”, the Longhua Sub-district Office has conducted an in-depth investigation into major cultural venues and public open spaces in the Xuhui waterfront along with West Bund Group. It has discovered that these venues have a

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high demand for volunteer services in audience services, education extension, exhibition support, operation assistance among others. With the improvement of material civilization, residents’ demand for spiritual civilization also grows, and white-collars of local organizations, undergraduates, high school students, CPC members and community residents also need high-quality volunteer jobs to serve the public. In view of this, the Longhua Sub-district Office has taken the opportunity of Art Plus to build Xuhui waterfront public volunteer service groups by introducing social organizations and public welfare forces, and create an advanced culture and a public welfare spirit. This goal covers three levels: first, the sub-district office needs to serve as a resource hub to build communication, collaboration and joint building platforms between venues and communities, venues and local organizations, and among venues; next, connections between cultural venues and community life need be promoted at the community level so that more cultural resources are open to communities and attract more cultural communicators, artists, white-collars and students to visit West Bund, venues, communities, campuses and Constructors’ Home; afterwards, artistic volunteer services need to be offered at the operation level to strengthen the bond between West Bund Culture Corridor and Longhua communities, so that venue projects and activities are conducted steadily, and volunteers improve their cultural literacy through volunteer activities. In the past two years, Art Plus established 31 volunteer service groups, involving over 3000 volunteers. Volunteer services were extended to Shanghai Jingju Company, Duoyunxuan, Longhua Martyr Cemetery, Yuz Museum, Shanghai Center of Photography, ShanghART Gallery, West Bund Culture and Art Demonstration Zone, Adidas Running Base, and other heavyweight venues. The city’s first construction site-based grass-root mass group workstation serving constructors—Xuhui Waterfront Constructors’ Home, and the first exemplary volunteer service station in the West Bund—Cloud Architectural Station—have offered volunteer services for over 80,000 h, benefiting 250,000 people; 84.9% are cultural workers, students, CPC members and white-collars. Sixty percent of Art Plus volunteers have become permanent volunteers of different venues, and good examples have emerged, including famous opera performance couple volunteers, a high school student volunteer who aspires for lifelong artistic public welfare, a full-time mother volunteer who has provided bilingual explanation to over 10,000 foreign visitors, and a runner volunteer who contributes to public welfare through running.

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Group photo of Art Plus volunteers

In the future, with the progress of the waterfront connection and opening project, Art Plus will also be extended to more service sites, such as Runway Park and Tank Shanghai, promoting benign interactions of cultural venues, volunteer service organizations and public welfare groups with local organizations and residents. (III) Emphasizing joint building and sharing, and building a characteristic cultural union With the progress of the Culture and Art Volunteer Action, the Longhua Sub-district Office has extended the scope of Art Plus, and built the joint building platform for local organizations under the overall framework of local CPC building. Consequently, cultural venues contribute more cultural volunteer resources, joint building and sharing among cultural venues. Moreover, community organizations and residents are promoted, and a cultural and value identity with the waterfront is established. 1. Expanding to art experiences The sub-district office has initiated a major public welfare art donation together with Yuz Museum, the China Rural Kids Care Foundation and the Xuhui District Charity Foundation, community residents donate clothes at art museums. In addition, the subdistrict office has joined hands with contemporary artist Mr. Ding Yi, and leading graffiti artist Mr. Ye Yongqing, Chinese photographer Mr. Liu Xiangcheng and so on, community residents are led by Qin Chang, Chief Host of the SMG East Radio Center, and news presenter Xia Lei of Radio and Television Shanghai to visit nearby art exhibitions.

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2. Extending to cultural inheritance The Longhua Sub-district Office has organized the Longhua Folklore Forum at communities, campuses, barracks, art museums and local organizations together with cultural volunteers, opening up an exploratory tour of culture. Shanghai Urban Construction Engineering School, Duoyunxuan and the Longhua Sub-district Office have also organized the China Traditional Flower Arrangement Exhibition jointly to show the magical charm of the traditional Chinese flower arrangement art. 3. Upgrading to core values The Art Plus volunteer service group has initiated the “Public Welfare Art Advocacy” traffic civilization building activity, “Morality and Civilization Building” advocacy, “Warm Winter” cleaner care activity among others, improving the cultural sense of gain and public welfare participation level of local organizations and community residents, making the socialist core values shine brilliantly.

“Public Welfare Art Advocacy” traffic civilization building activity

4.3 Innovation and Impact After two years of exploration, the Longhua Art Plus Culture and Art Volunteer Action supported by the Xuhui waterfront public volunteer service group has established a cultural union based on joint civilization building and culture sharing among local cultural venues, community organizations and residents to improve community governance and living standards.

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The Art Plus volunteer action has aroused the passion of the Longhua people, and created a lively situation of community public welfare volunteer services, and cultural and artistic activities. In November 2015, the Shanghai Civilization Office, and Shanghai Association of Volunteers held an exchange meeting on the building of the Shanghai volunteer service base in the Xuhui waterfront, and the opening ceremony of the Art Plus culture and art volunteer service base. The Art Plus volunteer action was chosen as a public culture innovation project of Shanghai in 2015 and 2016, an excellent project of the Shanghai Citizens Art Festival in 2015 and 2016, an excellent summer underage project of Shanghai in 2016, one of the top 10 innovative projects of social building of Xuhui District in 2016, an excellent project in the Civilization and Culture Volunteer Action of the Propaganda Department of the Shanghai Municipal CPC Committee in 2017, and included in the Shanghai recommended list for the 2017 National “Four Hundreds” Leading Volunteer Service Organizations. The Community Volunteer Service Center of Longhua Sub-district became an excellent organization of Shanghai in 2016. It also became a demonstration center for innovation in community volunteer service in Shanghai in 2017. Art Plus has been reported by state- and city-level media for over 80 times, such as www.wenming.cn, www.people.com.cn, China Community Newspaper, China Social Work, www.wmsh.gov.cn, Liberation Daily, Wen Hui Daily, Xinmin Evening News, and Youth Daily, receiving good social response.

4.4 Inspiration and Prospect (I) Creating the triple effects of community building through volunteer services First, a number of high-level volunteers have been developed, mainly including CPC members, white-collars and students. Next, local organizations such as venues, social organizations, schools and volunteer groups have gained mutual recognition and cooperation. Afterwards, the community identity of residents was established through access to professional volunteer services and more cultural resources.

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West Bund Art and Design supported by Longhua Art Plus volunteers

(II) Promoting the three transformations of community governance through public welfare art activities First, mobilization by values other than interests was achieved, where “artistic public welfare” has become the common language of venues, communities and residents; second, passive participation was replaced by active participation, because multiple participants have found common interests; third, one-way top-down governance by the government has become interactive and multilateral governance, where sub-district offices are able to conduct management, offer services and pool more resources out of jurisdictions.

5 Seamless Governance: “321” Connects People’s Hearts 5.1 Background and Origin To carry out the reform spirit of the municipal CPC committee’s “No.1 task”, and conduct joint governance properly, the Changqiao Sub-district Office has discovered a new approach to seamless community governance based on practice in recent years. The concept of “seamless organization” was proposed by Russell M. Linden as a sect of Western new public management theory, and stresses a holistic approach to service provision other than an individual one, where the individualized needs for public products for citizens need be met at low-cost, efficient, face-to-face and

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diversified services in a customer-oriented manner. The concept of “seamless organization” is applied to community governance in Changqiao Sub-district with favorable realistic conditions. First, all community governance participants in Changqiao Sub-district are sophisticated. With the progress of joint community governance in Changqiao Sub-district, different participants such as community CPC organizations, community committees, NGOs and community residents are working for the overall interests of the community from different perspectives, and participating in community services in different ways. Second, a sound community joint building system has been established in Changqiao Sub-district, where the sub-district office, community committees and local organizations combine community governance with their own duties, and provide necessary resources to strengthen residents’ belonging, and help solve practical problems in community civilization building. Third, a community publicity and mobilization mechanism has been established in Changqiao Sub-district that has educational and cultural advantages, being an important prerequisite to seamless governance. Seamless community governance is a complex systematic project. In practice, the Changqiao Sub-district Office has taken the innovative measure of “belonging based on governance, education and culture” (“321” for short) with focus on social education and community culture building to pursue seamless governance through community autonomy, joint governance, rule by law, et cetera.

5.2 Measures and Mechanism (I) Realizing seamless governance based on resident needs Grass-root governance is complex, but can be treated with simple thinking, namely promoting multilateral participation with an effective mechanism oriented to resident needs. First, clustered service outlets are used to contact and serve residents, and gather their opinions. A four-level working network has been established in Changqiao Sub-district, headed by the leader in charge, the community committee secretary and director, community committee officials, and building group leaders respectively. A group workforce of nearly 4000 is created to provide door-to-door services to 43,000 households. Community grass-root CPC organizations as organizers of clustered work, and community CPC members as important participants guide residents to participate in community affairs and care about community development during visits and services.

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Second, working interactions between the sub-district and community levels, and among communities are strengthened in conjunction with the functional transformation and internal organizational reform of the sub-district office with emphasis on community management, service and security. Six working committees are established under each community committee for coordination with the internal departments of the sub-district office to meet resident needs. Third, communications with residents are strengthened. Government officials serve concurrently as deputy secretaries of community CPC branches or assistant directors of community committees, each sub-district leader directs four to six communities, and key sub-district leaders hold on-site meetings in communities every Thursday to study and solve difficulties in community management. In addition, four officials of each community CPC organization attend the meeting of sub-district officials monthly to strengthen communications and mutual supervision between the sub-district office and community committees. Fourth, multimedia and IT means are used to contact residents promptly and effectively. New media such as micro-blog and WeChat have entered into the daily lives of residents, and created a new communication channel. Fifth, the integrated application of resources is achieved with the six properties meeting the needs of residents, namely the openness of service organizations and resources, pertinence of service projects, sociality of service ties, regularity of service mechanisms, hierarchy of service platforms, and tentativeness of service objectives. (II) Conducting community education and advancing projects for the purpose of belonging Community belonging is the identity and mental attachment of residents to the community. The community is a living union, and a high level of community identity is the highest goal of community governance. The Changqiao Sub-district CPC Working Committee has given full play to the sub-district’s educational and cultural advantages to create community belonging for everyone. First, a favorable community atmosphere is created. The sub-district CPC working committee guides residents to participate in public affairs through environmental regulation, volunteer services, good deed publicity and other activities. Second, community education is designed and carefully implemented. A positive atmosphere is created in communities, and cultural activities conducted to meet the cultural needs of residents and create harmonious interpersonal relationships. Third, characteristic projects are implemented to address the concerns of residents, promote participation, and enhance residents’ community identity and sense of responsibility. Fourth, good examples are set to influence other residents imperceptibly. Fifth, the leading role of voluntary public welfare is exerted. The “Mulan Lady” women’s volunteer club has been established by the Pingfu Community Committee, playing a critical role in community and property management through the extensive participation of volunteer teams and family members.

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(III) Improving the community atmosphere and uniting people through community culture building Community culture building has the role of softening the community. In a sense, seamless governance is impossible without community culture. Of course, community culture should ultimately meet the growing cultural needs of residents, unite residents, and improve the community atmosphere through pertinent activities. First, give play to the educational and cultural advantages. Changqiao Subdistrict has rich educational resources and a strong cultural atmosphere, and is good for community culture. The close connection between education and culture is an important means of social experience communication. Second, broaden eye-shot with foresight for gradual development. The floating population of Changqiao Sub-district has been growing year by year in recent years, so community culture building is not easy. On “education street” Shangzhong Road of “Changqiao Street’s Education Benefiting People Project Implementation Plan”, summer practices for underage people, such as life experiences and summer camps, and community education activities such as curriculum building, educational resource transfer to communities, and community education for adults and old residents, can be found. Third, a public welfare educational project is implemented through joint local CPC building. After the establishment of the Changqiao branch of the Xuhui Local CPC Building Promotion Association, it has selected a number of integrated projects suitable for numerous schools, including the education street and student public welfare service teams. Fourth, break boundaries, and build a cultural bridge. Community capabilities and professional advantages of educational institutions are combined to benefit residents through education steadily. Fifth, conduct cultural building with local characteristics to promote grass-root innovation in public cultural activities. All community CPC organizations have actively involved community organizations and residents in community affairs based on careful thinking, and some typical cases have emerged.

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Exchanges between students of Shanghai High School and the community school

“Minions” student guard team founded by Shangzhong Road Community and the school

(IV) Realizing joint community governance, autonomy and rule by law through institutional support Seamless governance is conducted with institutional support to regulate interactions among residents and between residents and social organizations, arouse their contract consciousness, and realize law-based community autonomy and joint governance.

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First, fundamental systems are systematic other than fragmented. The sub-district office is a detached office, and many of its systems are fragmented and ineffective. In the seamless governance process, the sub-district office makes clear its role of regulating resident autonomy and joint community governance. Second, work is autonomous other than instructed. The sub-district’s routine work is instructed by the higher authority, and implemented by communities. This is gradually changes, where communities define their priorities, objectives and plans of autonomy based on resident needs to avoid the drawbacks of universal application. This will also encourage communities to work around the rules of autonomy, motivate residents to participate in community autonomy activities, and make community work more vigorous and creative. Third, community affairs changes from “for me” to “by me”. The democratic decision-making mechanism is improved to solve difficulties of participation in community affairs, and make residents manage and serve themselves through consultation.

5.3 Innovation and Impact Seamless community governance is a complex systematic project. To achieve this goal, the Changqiao Sub-district CPC Working Committee has created a unified understanding, and given fully play to the core leading role of community CPC organizations to avoid fragmented community governance. In practice, the innovative measure of “belonging based on governance, education and culture” is taken with focus on social education and community culture building to pursue seamless governance through community autonomy, joint governance, rule by law, et cetera. (I) Being oriented towards the needs of residents, and realizing benign interactions with the administration The needs of residents are the target of seamless governance, and may be collected on the sub-district level; information on community public service resources (including community organizations, government contributions and so on) is published on a unified platform in the form of a menu, so that CPC and government agencies, social organizations, enterprises, and community residents may claim such resources based on their own conditions. A unified resource allocation mechanism is established, so that resources are available to communities, and social organizations are encouraged to undertake appropriate projects to promote benign interactions and seamless connection between administration and residents. (II) Being oriented to multilateral participation to activate communities with competition In grass-root communities, there are still many things with inadequate or excessive participation. As such, NGOs need to be developed and encouraged to compete with

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social organizations for public projects, thereby improving the quality and efficiency of public services, and activating community vitality and creativity. Presently, through facilitation by sub-district and community officials, more and more participants participate in sub-district affairs, including backbone residents, community volunteers and social organizations, thereby strengthening professional forces of resident autonomy. The sub-district office develops social organizations like “Concentric” to gradually transform them from volunteer organizations into normative nonprofit social organizations to serve the disabled more efficiently. Professional services are bought to participate in public affairs management. COLI Yingtai is chosen as the pilot community, where an online discussion platform is built through new media, such as WeChat group and public account, and social organizations conduct offline theme day activities to meet the diverse needs of residents, and activate community governance. In Changqiao Sub-district, community CPC committees serve as platforms to promote the extension of local CPC building to communities. CPC member representatives, including community police, homeowner committees, property management companies, public institutions, social organizations, et cetera, serve concurrently as members of community CPC branches.

Clustered field affair handling in Changqiao Sub-district

(III) Being oriented to performance evaluation to improve community governance capacity practically The public is practical and outcome-oriented, so the key of seamless governance is to find out whether realistic problems are solved and whether livelihoods are improved. Seamless governance focuses on concrete results and effective outputs,

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so performance evaluation and total quality management needs to be conducted to constantly improve community governance capacity. The evaluation of community autonomy performance needs be based on vertical interactions and horizontal exchanges instead of the single-minded focus on inspection. An interim evaluation is introduced, where the sub-district staff holds meetings with community officials and residents in the middle of each year. Since 2014, the sub-district office has introduced third parties, where experts from CPC schools and superior authorities participate in community autonomy evaluation, and give opinions and suggestions to define the working direction.

5.4 Inspiration and Prospect (I) Diversified participants of community governance For the concept of governance, the most important point is the diversity of governance participants and modes. Currently, the dominance of the government in China’s urban community governance will not change in the short term, and it will take some time for social organizations to grow. In addition, due to work stress and longstanding habits, community residents (especially the working staff before retirement) rarely have time and effort to participate in community affairs, so the primary impetus action of abandoning the government completely is still impossible, but CPC and government departments must promote the growth of all types of social organizations, diminish administrative powers, and encourage a market-based operating mechanism consciously to create a favorable environment for interactions and cooperation among all social participants. (II) Democratic community governance procedure The creation and development of the community spirit is the key to seamless governance. Community consciousness, community belonging and other intangible elements are not something that can be realized by externally mobilized community activities. Nonetheless, community essence can only be realized in the process that community members build, manage and benefit from the community together. This is essentially the development process of community democracy, while the key to democratic community governance is to improve the public participation level and capacity of community residents. Residents are the most important and direct governance participants of the community. In the process of community development, only if more residents participate directly and provide intellectual support can their community belonging and identity be developed, and various governance resources can be integrated and utilized effectively. In this sense, the extensive and indepth participation of residents in community public affairs according to democratic procedures is a prerequisite to seamless governance, community autonomy and joint community governance, and an inherent requirement for community development.

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(III) Universal subjects of community services In the process of transformation of the grass-root social management system from an organizational one to a community one, community services are refocused with it. Since the working staff is separated from organizations, the community ought to gradually become the basic source from which social people acquire various social resources. Presently, the working staff has low motivation for community participation because the community has not provided community services adequately. The household registration system needs to be broken through, and the relatively enclosed community service system needs to be broken as well so that ordinary community residents (including floating population and tenants) in public services. Only if subjects of service become universal can horizontal connections among community residents be closer, and their identity with and belonging to the community be increasingly strong. (IV) Contractual foundation of community governance The formation of a living community relies on extensive community interactions. In the process of community governance, multiple participants alone cannot realize effective cooperation themselves, and may conflict with each other, resulting in a higher level of disorder, if there is no means to optimize governance order. Therefore, seamless community governance should not be confined to the diversity of governance participants, and more emphasis should be laid on providing more opportunities and spaces for interactions and cooperation among these participants through policy support, institutional development, platform building among others to realize organically unified community governance. To promote benign interactions among governance participants, their respective roles must be defined, and regulated by regulations, systems and contracts. In the context of the market economy, the top-down one-way governance mode is no longer suitable, and interactions among community governance participants need to be equal, voluntary and cooperative contractual relations. A “contractual community” dictated by “legal society” needs to be established, so that a community governance structure can be established based on the contractual spirit and contractual relations among community members, social organizations, and between members and organizations, thereby facilitating the effective integration of community forces and resources. (V) Interdependent intercourse among community residents An important feature of the community spirit is that community members have a sense of belonging and help each other. There is a Chinese saying, “A near neighbor is more helpful than a distant relative.” In daily contacts, residents especially neighbors can only strengthen understanding and trust, and expect more social support through mutual help and reciprocity. Presently, urban residents are already aware of drawbacks of atomized communities to some extent, because prolonged isolated individual lives are likely to give rise to loneliness and helplessness. Market reform has aroused the activity of society, and also makes social relations interest-oriented

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and strange. Under the rules of money, people are busy pursuing individual interests, while weakening or disregarding community attachment. When interpersonal relations severely weaken, people begin to reflect on utilitarian and atomized social interactions, because people are sentimental animals, and everyone needs interactions. Joint building and sharing can create greater pleasure, and revert to spiritual unity through community interactions.

6 South Railway Station Governance: Promoting Harmony Through “Three-Area Coordination” 6.1 Background and Origin The Shanghai South Railway Station area gathers six traffic functions—railway, viaduct, bus, subway, light rail and long-distance passenger transport, and is an important traffic hub and local economic center of the city. Due to the large floating population, scattered facilities, complex governing bodies, and vicinity to communities, unscrupulous inns, scalpers and intermediaries are prevalent in this area for some time, and collective leasing, theft, and other cases of disorder are frequent in many residential committees adjacent to the railway station. Moreover, railway noise was once listed as one of the three major collective problems of Shanghai. To solve the governance problems in this area, the Caohejing Sub-district CPC Working Committee has explored the “Three-area Coordination” (surrounding area, station area and residential area) pattern in recent years, and grass-root social governance led by CPC building has proven successful.

6.2 Measures and Mechanism (I) Coordinated joint governance through multilateral interactions The range of joint law enforcement has been expanding since there are many jurisdictional interfaces in this area. The railway police office, traffic police, and traffic law enforcement department have conduced joint law enforcement against illegal passenger transport by four-wheeler; the local traffic police squadron has regulated five types of illegal vehicles together with the motor vehicle squadron, rail traffic police office and traffic police; the railway and south railway station traffic police offices, and the sub-district police office have regulated scalpers. In addition, nearby sites illegally selling long-distance coach tickets have also been regulated together with the market supervision and urban administration departments.

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Joint regulation of the railway station

On the other hand, joint governance in nearby communities is strengthened under the leadership of CPC building; noise reduction for the first row of buildings in Dongdang Community along the railway, resident autonomy and collective leasing regulation in Zhengnan and Luocheng Communities, and access control improvement in Jinniu Community to inhibit covert guesthouses and so on were completed successively. (II) Joint building based on social mobilization The Caohejing Sub-district CPC Working Committee established a volunteer service station in the railway station area in March 2010, where CPC organizations of community organizations have recruited volunteers to provide traffic consulting, first-aid, translation services and other services to passengers. So far, CPC organizations of over 10 community organizations, and over 40 new economic and social organizations have been involved in station services. On this basis, community organizations and resources are further mobilized and integrated, and many volunteer service teams for traffic guide, hairdressing, legal services, health consulting, repair among others are established. The “5499” service station has been established in the railway station, and it regularly conducts volunteer actions, including civilized traffic, public care and so on.

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The Local CPC Building Promotion Association platform assigns menu-based service projects and public welfare jobs to community organizations, and requires its member organizations to involve nearby residents in CPC members while participating actively in public welfare activities organized by the sub-district office. For example, a “Double Support” joint building agreement has been signed with the Shanghai South Railway Station, and the Sixth Armed Police Detachment, off-peak parking spaces are available to nearby residents at the underground garage of the railway station, and Haizhijie Hotel offers preferential meals to nearby old residents.

CPC members of community organizations participating actively in external volunteer services of the railway station

(III) Information sharing and block interactions The CPC Working Committee and the Railway Station Management Committee actively build an information sharing platform, strengthen information analysis, early warning, case control and regulation timely, and conduct seamless law enforcement. For example, the general office of the Management Committee has established a passenger traffic information reporting mechanism with the railway and long-distance passenger transport authorities, keeps improving the passenger traffic database, and transmits data to the public security, traffic police, urban administration and other agencies for effective application after analysis and summary.

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6.3 Innovation and Impact (I) Ensuring security through coordination The Caohejing Sub-district CPC Working Committee gives play to the leadership system of the “1 + 2” CPC organizations, includes the CPC organizations of three police offices and two urban administration offices in the railway station area in the sub-district’s administrative CPC group, and strengthens collaboration in joint regulation. The number of illegal passenger transport cases found in 2017 grew considerably year on year. On the other hand, coordination with nearby communities is strengthened to meet the needs of nearby residents. Such problems as railway noise reduction, collective leasing regulation and covert guesthouse inhibition were solved, significantly improving the public security of the railway station area. In the first half of 2017, the incidence of cases in the four communities near the railway station dropped 66.67% year on year, and some typical cases were reported by STV News, Liberation Daily, Xinmin Evening News and other media, such as soft community governance, and ground anchor demolition for car parking in Luocheng Community. (II) Promoting civilization through joint building Caring services offered by many member organizations mobilized by the Caohejing branch of Local CPC Building Promotion Association have become a signature of the railway station area. During the Spring Festival travel rush of 2017, the Caohejing branch offered many volunteer services to migrant workers, including law publicity, disease prevention and control, medical care, family planning, legal consulting, worker rights protection among others, in the railway station. In joint building with communities, local public resources and resources of CPC organizations are fully utilized to organize popular public welfare service activities, so that volunteer services of CPC members are closer to community residents and are more effective. (III) Forming a strong combined force through interactions The information sharing platform has achieved the goal of more effective joint building and sharing. The passenger traffic database enables the traffic department working at the forefront to allocate limited law enforcement forces rationally for maximum utilization. In particular, in the handling of emergencies such as some trains being canceled or running behind schedule due to floors in May and June 2016, the passenger traffic database played an active role in information transmission. Three police officers report data of the security check points every day, and the general office of the management committee prepares a brief report, and submits it to the district CPC committee and the government, providing a basis for superior leaders to learn the railway station’s passenger flow, security check,et cetera, and make decisions promptly.

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6.4 Inspiration and Prospect Joint law enforcement is a governance problem in today’s society. To solve this problem, the Caohejing Sub-district Office has broken jurisdictional boundaries of all organizations concerned, and established a sound communication and coordination mechanism through joint CPC building. In particular, it has taken full advantage of such platforms such as the sub-district administrative CPC group and the Local CPC Building Promotion Association, and mobilized all forces to participate in the governance of the railway station area to maximize the synergetic effect and comprehensive advantages of local organizations. (I) Joint mechanism building The existing joint building methods are institutionalized and normalized to create effective and feasible task forces, working systems, problem handling plans, and other working mechanisms to make local governance more normative and efficient. For example, since extreme weather and emergencies may cause delays or interruptions of railway and long-distance passenger transport, the plans like Emergency Disposal Plan for Emergencies in the Shanghai Railway South Station Area during the Boarding and Falling Period and Establishment Plan for Evacuation of Stranded Passengers under Bad Weather in Shanghai South Railway Station for emergencies during boarding and the evacuation of stranded passengers in bad weather were revised, and the emergency response and information communication of all organizations were strengthened to transfer and resettle stranded passengers together. When the number of stranded passengers in the station exceeds 10,000, the underground emergency waiting area will be put into use; when there are over 20,000 people in the station and the underground emergency waiting area, Level II warning and response will be activated, and the nearby schools will be opened gradually as emergency resettlement sites; when the nearby schools are unable to meet the temporary waiting demand of stranded passengers, Level I warning and response will be activated, and the nearby sports venues will be used as temporary resettlement sites. (II) Joint management For the special nature of the railway station, the functions of all existing departments concerned are sorted out to improve the local security control network, and improve emergency management capacity. The “Three-area Coordination” pattern combines the station’s governance needs, the sub-district CPC working committee’s guidance and the resources of residents, and properly addresses multilateral concerns involved in the past problem. (III) Service sharing The three lists of the Local CPC Building Promotion Association are enriched and refined, and resources of community organizations and communities are coordinated to provide targeted services. The community CPC building service ecosystem is built,

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and CPC building service outlets are set up in the railway station area to provide nearby CPC members and residents with such services as CPC and Youth League life, volunteer recruitment, reading, sports, recreation, health, startup guidance, and movie appreciation, thereby meeting diverse needs, and creating a harmonious atmosphere for more local organizations and residents.

7 From Conflict to Cooperation: A Platform-Based “Troika” 7.1 Background and Origin With the rapid progress of community building, conflicts arising from the needs of residents and the balancing of interests in community governance keep emerging. Rationalizing the relationship of the “troika” (Community Committee, Homeowner Committee and Property Management Company) is the greatest challenge in community governance. Fenglin Sub-district has 94 communities, in which there are only seven commercial housing communities, and the others are old communities. To build a new pattern of integrated community governance, the community homeowner committee salon and the community property service alliance have been established successfully in Fenglin Sub-district to improve the knowledge, skills and communication capacity of homeowner committees and property management companies respectively through social platforms and professional guidance. The sub-district office has also set up a multilateral dialogue forum to promote communications among the “troika”. There are 77 natural communities in Xistu Sub-district. In the implementation process of innovative grass-root autonomy, the sub-district office has introduced professional social organizations to build a multi-layer homeowner committee working pattern and improve the autonomy capacity and level of homeowner committees.

7.2 Measures and Mechanism Fenglin Sub-district has solved community governance problems by establishing the “homeowner committee salon + property service alliance”.

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Homeowner committee salon “Variety Forum” in Fenglin Sub-district

First, the homeowner committee salon is established. The salon aims to become a learning, exchange and joint governance platform for enthusiastic and responsible homeowner committee directors. The salon not only invites experts to explain common problems in property management and solutions to members, but also organizes members to learn best practices from other organizations. Homeowner committee directors share experience, and explore and extend feasible working modes to improve their decision-making capacity and service level. Second, the property service alliance is established to cause property management companies to utilize professional advantages to solve focal problems, and improve their overall service level. To improve the safety awareness and emergency response capacity of the property service staff, the league has conducted fire, elevator accident and flood emergency drills in communities since 2016 so that members draw on experience from peers and find out their own deficiencies. Moreover, the alliance operates both online and offline. A WeChat group is organized for the sub-district leader in charge, and the heads of the first property management companies joining the league, achieving instant communications for emerging problems. Third, “Variety Forum” is initiated. Cooperation between the salon and the league is the key to problem solving; hence a separate “Variety Forum” platform is initiated. Nine salon activities have been conducted to date, inviting experts from the “troika” and relevant fields to express ideas, share experience, and discuss sound solutions to problems. Presently, the homeowner committee salon and the property service alliance have been included in the scope of local CPC building, and will win the trust of more residents through multilateral joint governance. In Xistu Sub-district, a new pattern of homeowner committee autonomy is established based on appropriate platforms. First, the “Home of Homeowner Committee Directors” builds a “general meeting—council—activity group” communication bridge. At the sub-district level,

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the “Home of Homeowner Committee Directors” involving the homeowner committees of 67 natural communities is established as a consultation and communication carrier (Level 1 platform). A general meeting is held regularly to discuss issues of homeowner committee management and community governance with the assistance of the sub-district autonomy office and housing administration office. The council elects an outstanding homeowner committee director as the chairman, and also has a vice chairman and seven members (Level 2 platform). It discusses and determines major matters, defines activity themes, and directs group activities through democratic consultation. The homeowner committee directors are assigned to seven activity groups to organize exchange activities and study community governance measures, where the council members serve concurrently as group leaders (Level 3 platform). Second, “Han Dongmeng Studio” in Xistu Sub-district is established as advocated by Home of Homeowner Committee Directors, and supported by the sub-district office. It gathers backbone homeowner committee staff, backbone CPC members and backbone volunteers, and is known for perfectly managing old Jiale Apartments. Third, professional social organizations are introduced to direct all eligible communities to organize a homeowner committee and relevant homeowner committees to be re-elected. In addition, a double leadership mechanism based on sub-district functional departments and community CPC branches is established, encouraging eligible community officials to be elected as homeowner committee members, and CPC working groups to be established in eligible homeowner committees. Homeowner committees are normalized, and orientation and in-office training is offered at different levels, so that homeowner committees work with a high level of confidence.

Residents in Building 63 of Jianghai New Community organized by the homeowner committee to decorate corridors

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7.3 Innovation and Impact (I) Improving the mechanism and bringing backbone members into play Homeowner committees are autonomous NGOs, but grass-root government agencies mostly applied a hands-off approach to them in the past. Whether the Homeowner Committee Salon or “Home of Homeowner Committee Directors”, backbone members of combined NGOs are utilized to promote the capacity building of homeowner committees. Since NGOs are not driven by top-down government orders, they are highly endogenous and attractive. (II) Giving play to the core role of CPC organizations In Fenglin Sub-district, the Homeowner Committee Salon and the Property Service Alliance are included in the scope of local CPC building; in Xistu Sub-district, the exemplary role of CPC members in homeowner committees is brought into play, thereby highlighting the status of CPC members in homeowner committees and property management companies, and ensuring that activities of community autonomy organizations are led by CPC members. (III) Promoting the participation of social organizations to utilize professional forces During the development of the Homeowner Committee Salon and the Property Service Alliance in Fenglin Sub-district, the Huifeng Property Management Affairs Guidance Center is introduced as a social organization to provide professional, public welfare services for integrated community management, including homeowner committee establishment and re-election guidance, property management consulting, property management industry investigation, operational training, dispute settlement among others, thereby maintaining community harmony and realizing community autonomy. In Xistu Sub-district, professional social organizations are introduced to direct all eligible communities to organize a homeowner committee and relevant homeowner committees to be re-elected.

7.4 Inspiration and Prospect It can be easily seen from the cases of Fenglin and Xistu Sub-districts that those grass-root community governance problems can be solved. As long as there is a platform of mutual trust and a mechanism of mutual learning, scattered and conflicting participants can realize joint governance. First, full play needs to be given to the leading role of CPC building, and a sound platform and mechanism needs to be established, so that homeowner committees seek development together.

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Second, leaders in homeowner committees need motivation to promote the implementation of the targeted service concept, and establish a mutual benefit mechanism. Third, professional forces need to be introduced to direct and regulate community governance activities of homeowner committees, and create a favorable atmosphere of mutual trust and benefit. Case Analysis Xuhui District is innovative and advanced in pursuing refined urban governance through joint community governance in the following aspects: First, joint community governance is an important embodiment of refined governance itself, where more social resources and market forces are introduced to participate in community governance. This pattern can improve refined governance capacity and help identify needs in a precise manner. The traditional community management pattern is dominated by the government, and not precise enough. In joint community governance, unique and unused social resources are utilized to improve governance capacity and level, and achieve refined governance. Second, refinement is realized through the full coverage of space governance. For example, the Local CPC Building Promotion Association breaks divisions among organizations of different natures and types, and achieves full coverage and seamless governance in the whole district; in Changqiao Sub-district, the concept of seamless governance is introduced directly. It also guides social forces, community belonging, community culture and other soft elements to fill up gaps in bureaucratic governance, and give full play to autonomous social governance. Third, differentiated governance is pursued to realize refined governance. In joint community governance in Xuhui District, excluding the common points and practices in joint governance, special emphasis is laid on characteristic resources, differentiated needs and prominent problems for communityspecific precise joint governance. An important feature of joint community governance in Xuhui District is focusing on major conflicts in governance and their major aspects. For example, the local hub-type social organization Hongmei Home is established in the Caohejing Development Zone with a large high-quality working population in Hongmei Sub-district to carry out characteristic activities and solve difficulties. This project has also earned the title of “Top 10 Innovation Project” in the Third Shanghai Social Building Awards. The “Three-area Coordination” pattern for Shanghai South Railway Station in Caohejing Sub-district is designed to solve the problem of prevalent unscrupulous inns, scalpers, intermediaries and public security cases in this area. The “Art Plus” in Longhua Sub-district pools local artistic and cultural resources to build cultural volunteer teams, and creates a cultural union for local cultural venues, community organizations and residents on the West Bund, thereby

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promoting social governance on a high level and under the direction of the core values. Fourth, in addition to the technical and institutional aspects, concept, quality and cultural improvement is required to realize refined urban governance. In Xuhui District, the refined governance experience of sub-districts and communities is summed up promptly, and some practices are even eligible for social governance innovation awards. This also causes other communities and residents to actively learn and practice the refined governance concept. In the future, joint community governance needs to be conducted around issues that the public is mostly concerned about to achieve joint community governance and refined urban governance in a sustainable method.

Chapter 7

Resident Self-Governance Bo Peng and Jing Xiong

1 Introduction “Urban air relieves people.” Among numerous factors of the origin of cities, selfgovernance and democracy play an important role. Especially in Western medieval cities, the emergence of city are related to the emergence of urban self-governance right. Refined governance of a city must give full play to the enthusiasm and creativeness of everyone for shared construction, governance and enjoyment. Notably, selfgovernance at an individual level, that is, the governance mode featuring the knowledge, participation and enjoyment of everyone will naturally be represented by the refinement in urban management. Xuhui District has gained substantial experience and achievements in promoting community self-governance. In this chapter, 7 typical case studies have been selected, including the following: the “Lane Management Committee” and the “Road Management Committee” of Hunan Neighborhood, the mode of creating a close-neighborrelationship community in Jingtai Residential Area of Xietu Street and Zizhiyuan self-governance capability cultivation base of Huayang Residential Area in Huajing Town. These are three cases of accurately selecting self-governance implementers according to local conditions to promote proper management of public space of the community; the DNA team mode of Changqingfan Residential Area of Kangjian Street is a case reflecting important practices of identifying the talents and talent groups of community self-governance for promotion thereof; the case of Tianlin No. 12 Village Residential Area tells a story of using self-governance for precise identification and satisfying demands in the comprehensive governance of the estate; the Close Neighbor Courier Station and “Yunshang Yingtai” E-Home are

B. Peng (B) · J. Xiong Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China e-mail: [email protected] © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 G. Chen et al. (eds.), Urban Practices from Delicacy Management to Governance in Contemporary China, Urban Governance Practices in China, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4011-0_7

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cases that reflect the implementation of self-governance by lowering the surface of self-governance and the use of internet technology. “Two embroidery needles wove the new network of community self-governance.” To create a new pattern of community construction that features Party Committee leadership, government responsibility, community collaboration and public participation, Hunan Neighborhood explored a new mode and mechanism of community management, and fully mobilized the enthusiasm and initiative of community masses for taking part in community management. In view of the characteristics of the numerous lanes and commercial sections within its jurisdiction, it set up the “Lane Management Committee” and the “Road Management Committees”, which allowed community masses to take part in community management. Under their guidance, 74 “Lane Management Committees” have threaded the 214 lanes of the community and the 16 “Road Management Committees” exercised control over some 1300 merchants on 26 roads. The two “embroidery needles” of the “Lane Management Committee” and the “Road Management Committee” are used for guiding the residents and merchants within the jurisdiction. Such a move can achieve “24-h” (“Lane Management Committee” = “24-h neighborhood committee”) governance and extend to every lane and road without increasing administrative resources, which can be described as an excellent innovative practice in the refined governance of Xuhui. The “Lane Management Committee” was selected into the first session of top 10 innovative projects in the social construction of Shanghai and the “Road Management Committee” was selected into the first session of top 10 innovative projects in the social construction of Xuhui District. Comprehensive governance of Tianlin No. 12 Village Residential Area, It’s an old residential area built in 1980s, which has been in disrepair for years and is in serious shortage of property management fees. The residents were highly dissatisfied with the governance of the community. In order to make some changes and show some actual benefit to the mass, Tianlin No. 12 Village keeps target-orienteds, problem-targeted and grassroot-targeted. It has coordinated and mobilized the forces of all parties and multiple resources to cultivate civic awareness, build a harmonious community and jointly explore the new mode of “relying on Party construction as leadership and obeying popular sentiments, erecting platform and listening to public opinions, and forming teams to pool people’s resources for the comprehensive governance of residential areas”. Through democratic self-governance, it replaced the Property Management Company (“PMC”), reappointed the property management manager, held hearings and so on. The limited government funds are invested in solving the most concerned issues of the residents, thus achieving precise governance of tackling community problems. The “1 + 4 + X” new governance mode of Yinjiajiao Residential Area, Xujiahui Neighborhood, aimed at addressing the difficulties of old estates, such as inhabitation in bicycle sheds and occupation of fire passages. The neighborhood makes the most of the Party organization of the residential area, uses “Everything will get better because of you” as its theme and establishes the “1 + 4 + X” new governance mode. “1” means the core leadership of the Party organization of the residential area; “4” means the full mobilization of residents, the drive by volunteer teams, the professional work

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of social organizations and the coordinated actions of community units; “X” means the other forces of the residential area. Through the integration of multiple forces, a new force for the refinement of old communities in residential areas was formed. The Mode of Xietu Street for creating a close-neighbor community in Jingtai Residential Area under the leadership of Party members. Jingtai Residential Area of Xietu Street sets up the “Close Neighbor Courier Station” in grassroots building units by lowering the surface of self-governance as a mode of creating a self-governance community. In this process, it emphasized the leading role of Party members. Such an approach of lowering the self-governance surface is a mode of promoting refined governance through refined self-governance. Zizhiyuan self-governance capability in the cultivation base of Huayang Residential Area, Huajing Town. By upgrading and transforming partial spaces, Huayang Residential Area built “Zizhiyuan” public space, including the “Sunset Corner” for the elderly, the “Ecological Demonstration Garden” for families, the “Parent-Child Garden” for children, “Popular Science Station” for youths and the “Women’s Home” for females, which provide community residents with comfortable arenas, expanded the space of resident self-governance and raise its living standard. The DNA team mode of Changqingfan Residential Area, Kangjian Neighborhood. Changqingfan Residential Area of Kangjian Neighborhood set up “Changchun Spring Breeze” volunteer team and the “Gold Idea” Council composed of Party members, community police officers, Neighborhood Committee cadres, members of the Owners’ Committee, building chiefs and retirees to discuss and analyze the actual needs of the residents and accurately identify problems and governance of the community. The “Yunshang Yingtai” E-Home of Zhonghai Yingtai Residential Area of Changqiao Neighborhood for online-offline interaction. The Zhonghai Yingtai Neighborhood Committee was a newcomer founded in 2012. The population structure of residents is characterized by many incumbent owners, many non-local highend talent owners and old dependents that moved into Shanghai with their children. This led to less communication and interaction between the residents, including a very low sense of identity and sense of belonging in the community. How to carry out community self-governance is the Neighborhood Committee’s biggest challenge. Due to the large number of young residents in the estate, its “Owners’ Forum” is highly active. The Neighborhood Committee found this characteristic in time and immediately took the initiative to create the “Yunshang Yingtai” E-Home WeChat group, which opened the channel for exchanges and interaction between residents and stimulated the zeal of the residents for taking part in community self-governance. An important path towards refined urban governance in the new era is the application of IT of a new generation. This is not only a new platform for resident self-governance, but also an effective way of offsetting the cost that may be increased in achieving refined governance.

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2 “Lane Management Committee” and “Road Management Committee”: Two “Embroidery Needles” Wove a New Network of Community Self-Governance 2.1 Background · Origin Situated in the historical style reserve at Hengshan Road, Fuxing Road, Xuhui District, Hunan Neighborhood has an area of 1.73 km2 and a registered population of about 50,000 people, with 770 garden houses and 214 lanes. It is the most complete and largest one of its kind in Shanghai. As a typical old urban area, Hunan Neighborhood faces some difficulties in its community management: first, the infrastructure is insufficient and many lanes are in disrepair for years, causing a bad living environment; 77% of the old lanes are uneclosed, with two or more inlets/outlets in which exist safety loopholes of theft and fire; second, the community is plagued by prominent problems, including a high flow of human, concentrated shops, stalls set up randomly by hawkers, general road occupation by shops for business, poor environmental sanitation, regulation difficulty and other serious problems of cityscape; third, residents in the community have diverse backgrounds, varied population structure and frequent disputes among themselves, which pose high requirements for community management; fourth, housing ownership is diversified and complex; Fourth, the ownership of the houses in this area is diverse, for the same alley contains a variety of houses, commercial houses, old private houses, public housing, kindergarten and office units. This complicated ownership leads to the absence of management. To form a new pattern of Party Committee leadership, government responsibility, community coordination and public participation in community construction, Hunan Neighborhood explored new modes and mechanisms of community management to fully rouse the enthusiasm and initiative of community masses for taking part in community management. It set up the “Lane Management Committee” and the “Road Management Committee” to allow community masses participate in community management. As for the old lanes, in 2007, the Neighborhood asked the residents to select representatives who were enthusiastic about public welfare undertakings as the manager of a lane. It also set up the “Lane Management Committee”, which started from participation in the security and cleaning of the lanes and gradually extended its activities to parking management, settlement of disputes, security patrols, voluntary services, communication of social conditions and public opinion. The self-governance of residents and the joint governance of the community are integrated, while professionals and masses are integrated to build an environment of safe and orderly habitation in the old lanes, enhancing the sense of safety and satisfaction of the residents. As for roads and urban appearance, through the extensive investigations and indepth summary after the initial pilot at Urumqi Middle. Road, the “Hunan Neighborhood Street Shop Management Committee” (“Road Management Committee”) was officially set up in March 2010.

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Meanwhile, self-governance organizations for management of street shops at the two levels of community and street were launched to change the working mode, in the past, the urban management department took full responsibility, while nowshop operators are allowed to take part in managing the urban environment of the community. The “Road Management Committee” has effectively raised the civilization level of street shops, improved the urban environment and strongly pushed forward the process of social management innovations.

2.2 Initiatives · Mechanisms (I) Improving organization and establishing rules to promote long-term management Every “Lane Management Committee” is generally composed of 5 or 6 members, including 1 director. These members are generally nominated by residents or recommended by the Neighborhood Committee through publication on a list posted to receive the acceptance of most residents of a lane. Finally, the candidates are approved by the Party organization of the residential area and later become regular members of the “Lane Management Committee”, which has formed a scale and its own characteristics as an organization for the self-governance management of the residents in Hunan Neighborhood. So far, Hunan Neighborhood has set up 74 “Lane Management Committees” that cover 214 lanes of 15 Neighborhood Committees; the number of “Lane Management Committees” member has increased to 380, including more than 1000 volunteers. The “Lane Management Committees” and the “3 meetings” of the community, hearing meeting, coordination meeting and appraisal meeting are the platforms for discussions, jointly listen to opinions and coordinate the handling of community affairs. With the increasing number of “Lane Management Committees”, coordinating, supporting and serving them have become an important task of the neighborhood. In October 2008, the “Hunan Neighborhood Lane Management Association” (“Association”) was registered and established with the Hunan Neighborhood Committee as its competent department. As a community organization for the self-governance of masses, the Association comprises of the heads of some “Lane Management Committees” and representatives from related functional departments, such as public security, housing management, property management and neighborhoods. Its primary function is to give business guidance to the “Lane Management Committees”. Moreover, it conducts research on the hot and difficult points in lane management, giving full play to the role of the “Lane Management Committees” as a mass self-governance organization in “self-education, self-service and self-management”. Under the guide of the Association, the “Lane Management Committees” constantly improves management rules on the basis of actual management experience and they have normalized the regulations on personnel management, job duties, regular meetings, election at

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the expiration of office term, security, cleaning and parking management, thereby achieving standardized and orderly management.

Fire control patrols of “Lane Management Committees”

The 20 members of the “Road Management Committee” are all street shop operators with higher creditability in the community and they recognize the leadership of the Neighborhood Office. When it was first established, the “Road Management Committee” formulated detailed articles of association, implementation opinions and work steps. It also elected its chairman and vice chairman to ensure standardized and orderly operations. In the light of the actual conditions of the community, it established street shop management organizations at the two levels of the community and sections, including 16 large workgroups with the neighborhood committee as a unit and 26 small workgroups with roads as units, which supervise and manage some 1300 shops within the jurisdiction, basically realizing full coverage. Each large workgroup consists of 1 backbone member of the “Road Management Committee”, 2–4 shop operator representatives, secretary and director of the Neighborhood Committee, community police officer and manager of the PMC. According to the actual conditions of the street shops and the urban appearance of the community, the “Road Management Committee” also made the “60-Day Action Plan of Hunan Neighborhood Street Shop Management Committee” to include all the street shops within the jurisdiction into the scope of self-management. It took three management measures: (i) focused on Donghu Road and Fuxing Road (Xiangyang S. Road—Shaanxi S. Road) as key sections to make publicity and inspection tours of

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the shops along the sections to expand influence and lay a foundation for continuous promotion at the next step; (ii) made up-to-door investigations of all the street shops within the jurisdiction to confirm the responsible person of each shop and register the information; (iii) signed the “Agreement for Responsibility before the Door” with the street shops to explain their scope of responsibilities and specific requirements and urge them to operate in a civilized manner according to national laws, regulations and policies, taking full advantage of the function of self-management and improve their appearances and the neighboring environment. (II) Implementing independent management and focusing on services to build a bridge of communication As a mass self-governance organization, the “Lane Management Committee” initially focused its primary functions on the security and cleaning of the community. Afterwards, it gradually increased the items of management and extended the functions related to safety assurance, such as supervising of public security, reflecting residents’ demands and mediating community conflicts. For example, the “Lane Management Committee” started its own collection of fees and hired 111 guards and cleaners to assist in property management. With the establishment and operation of the “Lane Management Committee”, the number of cases in the lanes of the estate has declined. With the sense of identity among the residents of the lane, it is helpful for the “Lane Management Committee” to take an active part in settling neighbors’ disputes s, effectively defusing part of the grassroots contradictions in a budding state. Additionally, “Association” opened its WeChat Official Account to make full use of media platform and facilitate communication of relevant matters between the members of the “Lane Management Committee”, thus enhancing the efficiency of communication. The members of the “Lane Management Committee” make the most of the “ears and eyes” in community management to promptly discover and report problems, involve relevant works and eliminate safety risks. The “Road Management Committee” focuses on shops, implements management flexibly and integrates supervision with services. A large workgroup patrols the roads within the scope once each week, while a small workgroup patrols the main roads within the jurisdiction twice each week. The content of patrol mainly includes: implementation of the responsibility of the street shops for areas in front of their doors, whether the looks of a shop are tidy or not, whether the billboard lantern box is intact, whether it sells fake and shoddy goods. The content also covers persuasion, propaganda and education directing at the cross-door business operations of any shop, random stacking of material in the area of responsibility and disorderly parking of non-motor vehicles. During the inspection tours, records are made carefully to report the findings at the monthly routine meeting and propose plans for solving problems existing in the self-management of the shops.

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Inspection tours of “Road Management Committee”

“Lane Management Committee” present at meeting of neighborhood committee

The members of the “Road Management Committee” are shop operators meanwhile. Therefore, their persuasion and education are easily accepted by shop owners when they communicate with each other, for the members, working as peers, can use their own experience to tell the shop owners about the importance of a clean and tidy environment as well as legal and civilized operations. This has reduced conflicts and significantly improved work efficiency.

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(III) Coordinating support and intensifying guidance to ensure orderly operation As a social organization of masses, the “Lane Management Committee” has limited power resources and its participation in safety assurance relies on the cooperation and support of related functional departments to a great extent. To better support the work of the “Lane Management Committees” and achieve the co-governance of the community, the public security organ, Housing Management Department, property management companies, neighborhood committees and the Association as “5 major pillars” in lane management step forward and take up responsibilities on their own initiative, promptly respond to the problems reported by the “Lane Management Committees”, giving earnest support and jointly addressing the difficulties in safety assurance. Through the routine meetings, the “Lane Management Committees” discuss the problems in community management with the functional departments of neighborhood, public security organ, housing management department, property management companies, and neighborhood committees. Furthermore, they set up effective mechanisms of communication, making concerted efforts in addressing the difficulties in lanes management, public security and resident disputes. The Association is also link with the neighborhood grid center to promptly forward the problems discovered to the related functional departments through the grid center and urge the resolution thereof, further expanding the channels for communication and transmission of information. To provide strong administrative support for the “Road Management Committees” and correctly direct their work, the neighborhood sets up the “Leading Group of Road Management Committees” simultaneously with the establishment of the “Road Management Committees”, with the deputy director of the Neighborhood Office as its leader and the chief of the Municipal Administration Section as its deputy leader. The members of the group include heads of related units or organizations, such as urban management, industry and commerce, food and drug administration, public security, housing management, urban appearance, cleaning company and association of self-employed operators, who jointly provide strong support for the “Road Management Committees” and carry out the concept about the coordinated management of communities. On monthly basis, it reports the problems to the Urban Appearance Management Office of the neighborhood, which will gather and classify the problems, dispatch work orders, get in touch with the collaborative units for disposal thereof, and give the feedback promptly to the “Road Management Committees”, forming a work-flow of seamless connection. The “Road Management Committees” also leverage the strength of the collaborative units to provide the shops with relevant guidance and assistance. When any conflict takes place between a shop and the administrative department, the “Road Management Committee” will act as lubricant, build a bridge of communication between both parties to increase mutual understanding and help create a good environment for the healthy development of private economy while ironing out the conflict and solving problems.

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“Road Management Committee” expressing appreciation to traffic police

(IV) Boosting management through evaluation and combining education with publicity to strengthen the capability of self-governance Since the beginning of lane management, the Association holds an assembly of summery, exchanges and commendation every two years. The objectives of regular exchanges of experience and constant summery of experiences are to consolidate results, and make development innovation. The Association regularly holds evaluation and recognition conferences to commend and stimulate outstanding collectives and individuals in self-governance management, carry forward the selfgovernance spirit of the “Lane Management Committees” and subject every lane to self-education, self-management and mutual supervision. The “Road Management Committees” regularly carry out the activities of selecting the “Shop of Good Faith & Civilization” and the “Demonstration Street of Civilization and Good Faith” to grant shingles and praise selected shops based on the usual inspection situation, the honest and civilized shops will be awarded according to the result of appraisal. This will strengthen the sense of honor of selected shop operators and stimulate them to maintain the state of operating in good faith and civilization; it will also play a role in demonstrating and guiding the surrounding shops, stimulating them to make progress together. The “Road Management Committees” also organizes the operators of street shops to carry out a wide range of activities on a regular basis. Such activities include learning, exchanges, symposium, fellowship and public good undertakings, which not only provide platforms for the operators to

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make friendly contacts and exchange experiences, but also more consciously blend education and publicity with the activities to gradually enhance the awareness of shop operators for civilization in a relaxed and pleasant atmosphere and improve their comprehensive quality.

2.3 Innovations · Impact Using innovative ideas and modes for social governance, the Party Work Committee and Office of Hunan Neighborhood actively lead and organize the force of masses. They have also formed the mode of “Lane Management Committees”, which uses the form of social organizations to cooperate with the functional departments in joint safety assurance. Specifically, the mode relies on community residents as pillars, on community volunteers as the main part, on the social organization of Lane Management Committees as a carrier and on related governmental departments as a prop to integrate the self-governance of masses with safety assurance and has achieved marked results in the practice of safety assurance. (I) Relying on activists for participation The members of the “Lane Management Committees” have played an active role in the self-governance management of communities, which is obvious to all. The enthusiastic residents in the masses have a high wish to take part in safety assurance. Most of them are advanced in age, high in personal authority, enthusiastic about community affairs and adept in mass work. Their behavior has played a positive exemplary role. Consequently, they can bring along other community residents to participate in community management and continuously expand the strength of masses in community management. (II) Combining rigidness with softness in governance for results When conducting social governance, the government tends to attain the goal of governance via a rigid working mode. However, activities in many places show that the benefits of such a mode are less satisfactory. Besides, they can easily trigger some social conflicts. In contrast, the “Lane Management Committees” adopts a soft working mode in conducting the self-governance of masses, which sometimes makes it easier to solve problems and resolve conflicts. The best method of the Lane Management Committee is to solve problems for residents with an earnest heart. The volunteers of Lane Management Committees have finally solved many difficult problems through heart-to-heart talks and substantial ideological work.

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Nighttime patrols by “Lane Management Committees”

(III) Working round the clock As an organization for the self-governance of masses, neighborhood committee is an important subject of community safety assurance. However, because of the reasons related to the administration of the neighborhood committee, too many tasks fall upon it so that it is incapable in keeping safety assurance. After the cadres of a neighborhood committee get off work, the safety management of an estate may be overlooked. At this time, the “Lane Management Committee” has become an important supplement to the neighborhood committee and a “24-h neighborhood committee”. Since the volunteers of the “Lane Management Committee” all live in the same community, many community residents often turn to it whenever they encounter any problem. Sometimes, a “Lane Management Committee” assumes part of the functions of a neighborhood committee. Like the “Lane Management Committees”, the “Road Management Committees” keep deepening their work and have achieved remarkable results so that shop operators have witnessed significant enhancement of their awareness for self-discipline and responsibility for the areas in front of their doors, including noticeable improvement of the urban appearance environment of the community. Liberation Daily and Xuhui News both have reported on the management achievements made by the “Road Management Committees”, which constitute a new mode of community governance with the government setting up the stage and the citizens taking part in management. This encourages shop operators to consciously take part in community management, helps strengthen and make innovations in social management, contributes to the creation of a harmonious and orderly community environment and infuses fresh blood and vigor into the management of the old urban areas of Shanghai.

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(IV) Laying a foundation for joint creation of a civilized community After years of in-depth explorations and summery, the “Road Management Committees” have witnessed the expansion of their scope and content of work. During the creation of spiritual civilization and reception of the inspection of national civilized urban areas, the “Road Management Committees” have taken full advantage of selfmanagement, demonstration and guidance, mutual supervision and effective implementation, promptly discovered and assisted in the rectification of the cross-door business operations, dirty environment and other chaos of street shops, promoted the civilized operation of shops and have done a lot for the creation of civilized communities, laying a foundation for achieving actual results in the campaign of “Beautiful Shops”. (V) Ensuring food safety to eliminate hidden risks The “Road Management Committees” have also played an active role in ensuring food safety and providing favorable conditions for the continuous enhancement of social management by neighborhoods. In the selection of the food safety demonstration neighborhoods and towns of Shanghai Municipality, the “Road Management Committees” have made full use of the mechanism of regular inspection tours to promptly discover hidden hazards in food safety during the running of shops and report related facts to the administrative department. Meanwhile, they do a good job of publicity and education and guide the shops owners in good faith and law-based operations to add a guarantee for food safety.

“Road Management Committees” making inspection tours of shops to ensure good faith operation

(VI) Adjusting neighborhood business formats for transformation The tidiness of the external environment of street shops is closely related to the business format of the shops. The adjustment of business formats can effectively

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improve urban appearance environment. But, some shops are unwilling to adjust their business format. At this time, the “Road Management Committees” rely on their own platforms to give a full play to the advantages of the members in market familiarity, social relations and connections. For example, in adjusting the business format of Fuxing C. Road, the “Road Management Committees” cooperated with the district-based enterprises in adjusting their original business format and helping the communities gradually reach the goal of changing from low-end to middle or high-end business format.

2.4 Enlightenment · Outlook How should the old lanes with backward facilities be governed? How should the street shops with persistent maladies in environmental improvement be rectified? The “Lane Management Committees” and the “Road Management Committees” of Hunan Neighborhood gave a satisfying answer: integrate community resources, encourage community residents and shop operators to take part in community management and provide an old community with a new “butler”. (I) Making innovations in the social mobilization system to create a mode of “acquaintance governance” The community self-governance organizations, including the “Lane Management Committees” and the “Road Management Committees”, work hard to build an “acquaintance society” and set up the “acquaintance governance” mode. In a reasonable manner, they join the neighborhood offices, neighborhood committees and municipal units in shouldering the heavy task of improving the safety and civilization of the community, making remarkable achievements. Making clever use of both organizations, Hunan Neighborhood has established a new system of community voluntary services which provides a platform for enhancing the ability of community residents and shop operators to take part in community management. Although Hunan Neighborhood has combined mass work with community governance through the “Lane Management Committees” and the “Road Management Committees”, it should also be noticed that most of the volunteers are now elderly. In recent years, while improving the mechanisms, Hunan Neighborhood gradually started to value the attraction and mobilization of more young residents to take part in community governance. For example, the community is making a plan to draw more youths and Party members into the voluntary service teams through the recommendation by the Neighborhood Committee and the conscious absorption during the Party construction of the community to advance the normalization of the mass prevention and treatment teams and expand the new force for community governance.

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(II) Carefully planning the blueprint of community self-governance and establishing organizational rules oriented toward mass satisfaction The major responsibility of the “Lane Management Committees” and the “Road Management Committees” of Hunan Neighborhood is democratic self-governance management, with emphasis on meeting the needs of the lanes for security, cleaning and parking, rectifying the messy road environment and overcoming the difficulties in rectification. To better carry out organizational activities, Hunan Neighborhood has identified the work area and established the network of responsibilities; through continuous improvement of work methods, it intensifies job responsibilities and seamlessly integrates self-governance with co-governance by taking into account the target responsibilities of community governance, thus providing a strong support for deep-going promotion of the management and construction of the community in all aspects. Moreover, it regards the satisfaction of the masses as the ultimate standard for community governance and relies on them to create a safe and clean community environment and the wonderful life they pursue. (III) Functional departments take one step forward to boost the support given to community self-governance organization The “Lane Management Committees” and the “Road Management Committees” of Hunan Neighborhood cannot do without the support of functional government departments when conducting the self-governance of the masses. If there is no effective support, the enthusiasm of the masses for taking part in the self-governance management of communities will significantly dampen. In the process of deepening the comprehensive governance of residential quarters, we need to persistently understand the needs of the people and seek their advice, implement one plan for one estate, give scope to the driving effect on the basis of other innovations in community governance, such as “Golden Neighborhood” and “Lane of Solidarity”, and conduct mutual inspection and supervision to enhance the experience and satisfaction of the masses. Moreover, we need to set up the long-term governance mechanisms that suit the local community, integrate community resources, tamp the foundation of masses, make use of the institutional stimulation of the self-management, self-education, self-service and self-restraint of community residents, make a success of the self-governance of urban communities and build the governance system of the grassroots society in cities.

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3 Tianlin No. 12 Village: Happy Home Resulting from the Comprehensive Governance of Residential Quarters 3.1 Background · Origin As a typical representative of old urban estates, Tianlin No. 12 Village is situated at Qinzhou Road, which was first build in 1985. With a history of more than 30 years, it has a building area of 94,000 m2 , 2067 households, a registered population of 4524 and a permanent population of 6019, including 1732 people aged above 60 and 7 social workers in the neighborhood committee. With the elapse of time, the public facilities of the estate have become old: the roads got waterlogged on a rainy day and were sites of a vegetable market on sunny day; the greening was left untrimmed for quite a long time, which looked dirty, disorderly and shabby; cases of burglary occured every year. Meanwhile, No. 12 Village is an estate of sold public housing with low property management fees, a small area and insufficient parking lots lead low work enthusiasm of the PMC. These factors caused the estate to become a drawback in the governance of the urban grassroots society. Xuhui District has 937 residential estates, including 429 commodity residential estates, 323 sold public housing, 185 mixed estates and more than 140 large estates with more than 1000 households. Tianlin No. 12 Village is the representative of large and old estates. In recent years, according to the overall arrangement of the “ThreeYear Action Plan of Shanghai for Strengthening the Comprehensive Governance of Residential Estates (2015—2017)”, Xuhui District focuses on straightening institutional mechanisms and seeks to make a breakthrough in strengthening its governance capability to achieve results in addressing the problems in people’s livelihood, promote the comprehensive governance of residential estates and create the “Xuhui Style” of community governance. Thanks to the comprehensive governance of residential estates, Tianlin No. 12 Village of Tianli Neighborhood remains demand-oriented, problem-oriented and effect-oriented, organizes, coordinates and mobilizes the forces of all parties and multiple resources to cultivate civic awareness and build a harmonious community. It also establishes the new mode of “relying on Party construction as leadership and obeying popular sentiments through joint explorations, erecting platforms and listening to public opinion, and forming teams to pool people’s resources” in the comprehensive governance of residential estates. All parties adequately strengthen the innovations in social governance, expand the work achievements in grassroots construction and strongly drive ahead the comprehensive governance of residential estates. In the process of comprehensive governance of residential estates, a series of short-board measures toward masses and solid measures were carried out to increase their satisfaction and sense of achievement through actual results.

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3.2 Initiatives · Mechanisms (I) To address the omission by the original PMC, the Owners’ Committee was reelected to be on an equal footing with the former In addressing the persistent malady of the omission by the PMC, Secretary Zhao Guoqing of the General Party Branch of the residential area played an important role. In April 2012, the estate ushered in the reelection of its Owners’ Committee. But, how to guide the new Owners’ Committee to become united and really represent the residents plagued everyone. Secretary Zhao was the first one to conceive the idea of uniting with the Party members of the estate, who will in turn join the residents in the election of the Owners’ Committee. He said, “Today, I will offend the owners if I don’t offend the PMC.” Holding the belief of thinking for the residents, he visited every one of the Party member owner, trying to persuade them to take part in the election of the Owners’ Committee. His efforts moved the Party members in the community residents. Of the seven members finally elected into the Owners’ Committee, six of them are Party members, with a member of the General Party Branch doubling as the director of the Owners’ Committee, thus laying a solid foundation for the operation thereof. (II) A new collective of “trio” was established to concentrate on solving problems for residents In September 2013, the estate ushered in the second turning point: its residents voted to replace the PMC. “It was really big news in those years that an estate of sold public housing fired its PMC that had served for a dozen of years.” The newly appointed PMC was motivated, but lacked experience, therefore, it is difficult to carry out the urgent maintenance of the facilities and the renewal of the pipeline After consulting with the residents of the estate, the Neighborhood Committee made a bold decision to recommend a property manager to the PMC. On the New Year’s Day of 2015, Wang Shunsheng, who was the sales director of a bicycle manufacturing enterprise, became the first property manager to be recommended by the residents in the history of Tianlin No. 12 Village through the procedure of public recruitment. Before that, he was already a member of the General Party Branch of the residential area. Thus, the director of the Neighborhood Committee, the director of the Owners’ Committee and the property manager of the estate were all members of the Party organization of the residential area who work on a concurrent basis. The members of the “trio” are all Party members, who enable the faith of serving the residents to become deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. When anyone of the trio faces a problem, the first response of the other two is to solve the problem rather than pass the buck.

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Central learning group

(III) Transforming the roads and infrastructure of the estate by order of priority of the needs of residents In 2014, under the key support of the Party Work Committee and Office of the neighborhood, 17 million Yuan was invested in the comprehensive transformation of the estate. In response to the problem that “the road of the estate is so crowded and narrow as to deny access even to the ambulance”, constantly criticized by the residents, the “trio” held a number of joint meetings in early 2015, where the attendees held discussions and decided that all the other works would be postponed, but the main road must be widened from 6.8 to 8.1 m, while the branch roads must be widened from an average width of 3.8 to 5.2 m. This move has added over 140 parking lots for the estate and enabled fire engines and ambulances to reach all the 85 buildings, thus effectively solving the problem of congested roads in the comminit. Next, after listening to the opinions of the residents, it was discussed and decided at the joint meeting to update the “internal circulation system” of the estate to improve its security. In the comprehensive transformation, the gates of 85 residential buildings in the estate were upgraded to smart security doors by installing infrared probes inside/outside the gates and implementing the real-name registration for the smart access card, with the monitoring room being in the office of the Neighborhood Committee. It was the turn of the “vanity projects” only after the trivial, but important basic works were all completed, including the transformation of sewage conduits, the laying of asphalt pavements, and the reconstruction of the entrances of residential buildings. The transformed No. 12 Village took on a new look and the comprehensive reconstruction works following a right order of priority were praised by all the residents.

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Hearing of the comprehensive transformation project

(IV) Establishing a new pattern in the comprehensive governance of residential estates to rebuild the memory of a public home Around the estate, there are many government departments and public institutions. Every summer, the Neighborhood Committee invites construction partners such as the Metro Works Company, the Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Hospital of the municipality, the Urban Management Law Enforcement Bureau of the district and Tianlin No. 3 Middle School, to a “Cool Enjoying Evening Party”, which has now become an event that the residents most look forward to in the dog days of each year. Additionally, Tianlin No. 12 Village has three “public homes” in different residential buildings—Cozy Home, Happy Home and Memory Home to meet the spiritual and cultural demands of residents at a higher level. The “Cozy Home” is the activity room and dining place for the elderly; each week, it invites the young barbers from nearby barber shops to provide the residents with free haircutting. The “Happy Home” is where the residents have classes in a wide range of subjects such as English, weaving, singing and dancing. Both teachers and students are the residents of the estate. What needs a special mention is the activities held by the “Memory Garden”. To enable the residents remember the estate they live in, pass on positive forces in the community and strengthen their sense of belonging, the beginning of 2012 witnessed the birth of “Our Common Memory Garden” after extensive solicitation of opinions, which is a self-governance project originating from the residents, exhibiting their lives and open to all of them. The self-governance team of the “Memory Garden” is composed of eight residents, including four members of the General Party Branch and four building chiefs. They are easily accessible, understand the residents and are willing to leave their homes to provide services. Collector residents brought all types of collections from their own homes to the “Memory Garden”, which were displayed at various exhibitions to enable the residents to see the “Skillful Craftsmen”, “Moral Models”, “Photography Experts”, “Painting & Calligraphy Masters”

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and “Party Member Pioneers” in the estate. Besides, the construction partners of the community also attach weight to “Memory Garden” as an exhibition platform. Tianlin No. Kindergarten provides a site for the exhibition of “Childhood Memory”. The Academy of Environmental Sciences provides a greening arrangement for the activity room of the “Memory Garden” and specially placed the potted camellia in a “JY” shape, which are the initials of the Pinyin of the four Chinese characters meaning “Memory Garden” and can be easily kept in mind.

Exhibition hall of memory home

3.3 Innovations · Impact (I) Perfect structure of community governance for smooth functioning of the “trio” The General Party Branch of the residential area focuses on team building and has established the system of regular weekly meeting. Through the weekly work meeting, the work summery and analysis of special cases during a week can be used for enhancing the ability of the cadres of the Neighborhood Committee to solve practical problems. Furthermore, through the “three meetings” system, the Neighborhood Committee strengthens team building and solidly establishes the core leadership with the General Party Branch. Through the system of defining the responsibilities of Party members and causing them to keep their promises, the Party members on the register are published on the plates and hung up in the corridors to publicize their identity and play a good role as a party member.

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A tree structure of 1:2:9:85 is used to give full play to the role of Party members, building chiefs and volunteers in solidly carrying out the Party construction and selfgovernance of the residential area. Meanwhile, the Party organization has become the home of Party members, which offers timely care and help to the Party members in difficulty so that the Party members can respond to the call at crucial moments. Through the system of cross-appointment, the members of the General Party Branch double as the PMC manager and director of the Owners’ Committee (which has seven members in its leading body, six of whom are Party members) to rein the “trio”, which has enhanced the role of the General Party Branch in taking charge of the overall situation and coordinating all parties. In recent years, the estate has become an excellent housing estate at the level of the district and the municipality.

Guard room after transformation

(II) Residents’ sense of security ensured by upgraded and transformed community hardware Since 2015, the neighborhood has started to comprehensively manage the community through the opportunity of comprehensive management of residential district. New gates were installed and unified letterboxes were installed for the 85 buildings to create a unified new image. Meanwhile, the functions of the technical prevention equipment were enhanced by installing 64 outdoor cameras to ensure the full coverage of public places. For each of the 85 buildings, smart electronic gates have been installed including two cameras outside the gate to ensure no dead zone of monitoring. All the cameras are under real-time monitoring via background terminal. The residents feel safer and rest assured to live in the No. 12 Village. The progress made in hardware technology is only the first step. Tianlin No. 12 Village has also done a lot in software management. As everyone knows, the trend of aging population in Shanghai is becoming more and more serious. Tianlin No. 12 Village is also an community with a high degree of aging. It is difficult to take turns in visiting the elderly who live alone or are mentally retarded only by seven social workers, Under the support of a technology company, the Neighborhood Committee of Tianlin No. 12 Village introduced measures of combining access cards with the smart wristband provided for the elderly, which at first, can ensure safety when they open a gate to go out or come in. Next, through the information recorded therein, it is possible to identify an elderly person who got lost. If an elderly person living alone does not refresh the information for two days or more, the cadres of the Neighborhood Committee will immediately pay a visit.

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Main road after transformation

(III) Diversified community projects leading to markedly higher satisfaction of residents The self-governance project of “Our Common Memory Garden” has been held 14 times so far. The exhibitions of different themes and forms recorded in pictures, certificates and collections has become the memory and honor of all the residents of the No. 12 Village. With the participation of residents and the support of construction partners, the ability of self-governance projects to serve the community has been enhanced continuously. With the progress of the comprehensive governance of residential estates, the self-governance project of “Memory Garden” has changed from a cultural project to a comprehensive project that integrates the discussion of affairs and the provision of services. During the photographing of the estate, the “Memory Garden” reflects the evolutionary process of the estate, conveys information and reflects people’s opinions for provision of good services. Today’s “Memory Garden” has really become the common home of all the residents of No. 12 Village. Additionally, under the support of the neighborhood, the General Party Branch of the residential estate plays the role of connection. It tore down the concentrated rule-breaking structures of Xufang PMC in the estate and added a resident activity room of more than 100 m2 with three rooms and 1 courtyard. It also transformed the dining place to address the dining inconvenience of the elderly living alone, building multifunctional activity rooms, including “Cozy Home”, “Happy Home” and “Memory Garden” for dining, table tennis, recreation, haircutting, showing off of talents, participation in hobby groups, medical care and legal advice. The estate witnessed the refinement of its population management, the enhancement of security class and the obvious improvement of the satisfaction of its residents.

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Changyou garden after transformation

3.4 Enlightenment · Outlook During the promotion of the new acts in making innovations in social governance under the “No. 1 Topic” of the municipal Party Committee, the Tianlin 12 Village Residents Committee of Tianlin Street in Xuhui District takes measures to further fill the shortcoming of urban management of residential area. It aims to improve the residents’ feelings and sense of achievement, cultivate the residents’ participation awareness based on the actual situation of the community, mobilize the enthusiasm of the residents, and promote comprehensive community management. Practices have proven that the explorations it made in comprehensive governance are highly forward-looking and systematic, which better reflects the characteristics of times in the social governance of urban grassroots under the new situation, grasps the intrinsic rules of the comprehensive governance of urban residential estates, with important demonstration and reference significance for all-round intensification of the social governance of urban grassroots and promotion of the new acts in urban social governance. The persistent maladies confronting the comprehensive governance of residential estates are often problems accumulated for many years, including environmental changes brought by the disorderly conduct of residents, problems left over by history due to various reasons and problems extending from the difficulties in law enforcement. The success in the comprehensive governance of residential estates requires the close cooperation, division of work and performance of duties by the departments. It is important to not only support “hematogenesis” in the period of rectification, but also to give play to the role of the “trio” composed of owners, the neighborhood committee and the PMC, guiding the estate in enhancing its own “hematogenesis” function, spurring the governance subjects of the residential estates into mutual

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cooperation, establishing the mechanism for stable growth of trust and boosting the positive cycle of the governance of the estate. In the exploration of an innovative road of social governance that suits the characteristics and patterns of a megacity, the key is the regime and mechanism, the core is human beings, the focus is urban and rural communities, the emphasis is on systematic and law-based governance of the source, and the comprehensive implementation of policies for the continuous push on urban management into a fundamental change toward governance. We need to intensify law-based governance and intelligent management, speed up the solvement of weakness, focus on the prominent problems, strengthen comprehensive rectification and form a management mechanism of long-term effects. The mode adopted by Tianlin No. 12 Village in the comprehensive governance of residential estate features “the leadership of the General Party Branch, the better tacit cooperation of the ‘trio’ the platform erected by the ‘three-meeting system’, listening to public opinions and pooling of people’s wisdom, the enthusiastic participation of residents, joint construction and joint enjoyment”. This mode is a vivid practice of the innovation in social governance. Its main experience and enlightenment are reflected mainly in the following three aspects. (I) Party construction used as guide tailored towards the conditions of the masses To straighten out the relations between the Neighborhood Committee, the Owners’ Committee and the PMC so that the “trio” can run more stably and faster, the Neighborhood Committee of Tianlin No. 12 Village recommended a member of the General Party Branch who is “capable, responsible, bold to bear” to the PMC, appointed as property manager through the recruitment procedure of the PMC. Consequently, the director of the Neighborhood Committee of Tianlin No. 12 Village, the director of the Owners’ Committee and the property manager are all members of the General Party Branch who work on a concurrent basis, enhancing the ability of the General Party Branch to grasp the whole situation and coordinate thework. (II) Platform erected to listen to public opinion A platform is erected through the “three-meeting” system for work promotion. Comprehensive governance is a systematic project. To use government funds in the cutting edg, the management system should be more operable and coordinate the contradictions during the promotion of governance, the Neighborhood Committee set up the management group for comprehensive governance of residential areas, whose members are representatives from the General Party Branch, the Neighborhood Committee, the Owners’ Committee, the PMC, the police and residents. The appraisal meeting is designed for the assessment of a work plan; the hearing meeting is designed for the debate about the way of problem-solving; the coordination meeting is designed for the solution of conflicts. The “three-meetings” make it possible to listen more to the opinions of residents, identify problems more accurately and devise the right plan so that the jobs can be done in line with public opinions and in ways that are more popular.

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(III) Teams formed to pool people’s resources The Neighborhood Committee takes the “Home of Self-Governance” as starting point, through the “Memory Garden”, showing the changes that have taken place after the transformation of the estate and the efforts made by all parties during the transformation to enhance the sense of identity of residents and stimulate their sense of responsibility for loving their own homestead. Comprehensive transformation has thoroughly remolded Tianlin No. 12 Village which is mostly composed of old public housing in terms of its hardware facilities, including broad roads, tree-lined community gardens, intelligent electronic gates…The comprehensive renovation has made Tianlin No. 12 Village, which is mostly old-fashioned public housing, “reborn” in hardware facilities (漏译). While receiving material benefits, the residents have more opportunities to take part in the governance of the community and enhance the “soft power” of the community. Self-governance organizations from the spontaneous participation of residents, such as volunteer patrol teams, characteristic building groups i are booming. The concept of self-governance “My home, I participate; My home, I cherish” is taking root in the sommunity.

4 Huidong and Taidong Estates Exploring New Mode of Self-Governance 4.1 Background · Origin Xujiahui Neighborhood has 29 neighborhood committees and 135 estates. Taking advantage of the comprehensive governance of estates, Huidong and Taidong Estates within the jurisdiction rely on the Party construction in the community as guide, on the improvement of people’s livelihood as foundation, and on diversified co-governance as focus in exploring the new mode of governance that suits the characteristics of the old estates, achieving new results. Huidong and Taidong communities belong to the Yinjiajiao residential area. The total number of households is 468, with an area of 25,010 m2 . It is a typical oldfashioned public housing community. For a long time, the estates were plagued by problems such as people living in carports and fire passages. By giving full play to the role of the Party organization of the residential area, the neighborhood regards “Everything will get better because of you” as theme. Through focusing on “pain points” of the estates, taking the leadership of the party as the direction and taking the multi-governance as the path, the new “1 + 4 + X” governance model was constructed, creating a new pattern of community self-governance. Here, “you” have been given a new connotation under the new situation of the comprehensive governance of the estates. The core of “you” is the Party organization of the residential area, but it also includes resident masses, volunteer teams, social organizations and units of the community.

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4.2 Initiatives · Mechanisms In the “1 + 4 + X”, “1” means the core leadership of the Party organization of the residential area; “4” means the full mobilization of residents, the +backbone of volunteer teams, the professional work of social organizations and the coordinated actions of community units; “X” means the other forces of the residential area. (I) One core: The Party organization of the residential area is the new leader of estate governance. The General Party Branch of Yinjiajiao Residential Area continues to serving people’s livelihood with Party construction and has formed a new people-oriented pattern of community Party construction through measures such as sharing of resources, demonstration and guidance. First, it has mustered the courage to address the weakness link and increase the cohesion. For more than a decade, Huidong and Taidong Estates have been plagued by the phenomena of mess, such as people living in carports. The General Party Branch dared to be hard-headed, held resident meetings to discuss the matter and took a series of measures such as paying repeated visits and showing sincere care. Finally, it managed to peacefully move the people out of the carport, mobilized volunteers to provide the carports with color decoration and placed them under its control. Now, the past “pain points” has become the “most beautiful carport” in the mind of the residents. Next, the platform was built to strengthen co-construction and pool resources. The secretary of the General Party Branch created the “method of diversified governance” to promote the close cooperation between the Neighborhood Committee, the Owners’ Committee and the PMC. It introduced social organizations to link the elderly and youths, guided community units to share resources with the estates and mobilized more than 60 Party members and their dependents to conduct demonstration. Now, the estates have taken on a new look and won the full recognition of the residents and the secretary of the residential area was successfully elected as the representative of the district Party congress. (II) One convention: The extensive participation of residents is the new force for estate governance. In Huidong and Taidong Estates, the “8 yes & 8 no” pledge of residents was put up on the face of each building. The pledge has gathered the collective wisdom of the neighborhood committees and the residents and is based on the final refinement of 13 suggestions made by more than 30% of the residents, who took part in reflections on the status quo of the estates through the platform erected by the neighborhood committees, the guidance of professional social workers, informal discussions and questionnaire surveys. Immediately after the pledge was formed, both the neighborhood committees and building chiefs sent the aprons bearing the pledge printed thereupon to the homes of more than 400 residents, achieving a publicity delivery rate of 100%. On this basis, more than 80% car owners held adequate discussions and took part in the formulation of the joint pledge for the self-governance of the carport.

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By now, an atmosphere of self-governance with “everyone discussing management, making decision and evaluating affairs” has taken shape in the estates. (III) One team: The power of volunteers is the new mainstay of estate governance. Three volunteer teams are active in Huidong and Taidong estates: Vigor Green, Safety Orange and Order Blue. “Vigor Green” includes volunteers for environmental maintenance, who regularly hold the activity of home cleaning every Thursday; “Safety Orange” includes volunteers for safety, who patrol the estates every morning and afternoon; “Order Blue” includes volunteers of the Vehicle Management Committee, who are responsible for the self-governance management of the carport. More than 70% members of these three teams are Party members and their dependents, opening a new chapter of the estate self-governance under the guidance of Party construction.

Meeting of the council of Lehui volunteer service team

(IV) One base: The participation of social organizations is the new vigor of estate governance. In response to the demand of the residents, the neighborhood facilitated the introduction of four social organizations into the self-governance of the estates and established the micro-base of social organizations for Huidong and Taidong estates. The participation of Liqun has strengthened the ability of the residents to take part and discuss affairs; Aijiabei customized the project of “Alabai Treasured Book” for the elderly; Feiyang Huaxia lent a hand in the self-governance of the carport and guided the residents in setting up the Vehicle Management Committee; Dr. Liu Consulting Room shares the resources of the health service station of the estates to open a “Chat Room”. The linkup between neighborhood committees and social organizations achieved the “1 + 1 > 2” effect in “local advantages + professional advantages”.

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“Alabai Treasured Book” project created by Aijiabei for old people

(V) One platform: The collaboration of community units is the new thrust for estate governance. Through the platform for Party construction and joint construction, the neighborhood and the neighborhood committees introduced all types of social resources into the co-governance of the estates, solving a number of problems that the residents were concerned about, such as the poor parking in the old estates. Facilitated by the neighborhood, the neighborhood committees and Xuhui Municipal Company within the estates reached a consensus on off-peak parking. To solve the problem of over 20 years of occupation of the fire passage, the neighborhood joined the departments of urban management, public security, industry and commerce in making continuous efforts for more than three months, which removed over 150 m2 of unauthorized structures and unblocking of the fire passage.

4.3 Innovations · Impact Now, “Everything will get better because of you” is no longer just a theme or slogan. Instead, it has become not only a governance brand that accompanies the growth of estates, but also a community culture advocated by the neighborhood and the General Party Branch of the residential area. The “1 + 4 + X” governance mode pools the

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resources of all parties to form the synergy of governance, benefit more residents and leads to more enthusiasm for participation, warmer community care and deeper self-governance and co-governance. First, the participation of residents has intensified. Community governance focuses on people and it is inseparable from the participation of residents. The volunteer bank system of “Hui Ai Yin Xing” has stimulated the enthusiasm of more residents for taking part in the voluntary services of the community. The duration of volunteers’ services can be saved in exchange for service or real assets, thus boosting the dissemination of voluntary culture and atmosphere in the community and enabling more idlers of the community to become its talents. Volunteers have become the new style of Huidong and Taidong Estates. A long-term mechanism for management of volunteer teams has initially taken shape. Second, community care is constantly optimized. The utilization of all community resources, including the use of Party construction to promote the building of CYL and the community or the introduction of social organizations and community units, focuses on satisfying the actual needs of residents as well as the difficult and hot issues that the residents are concerned about as fundamental. The purpose is to always take into account the needs of residents, leverage and integrate effective and useful social resources to drive neighborhood relations and enable residents to have a real sense of achievement and happiness. Third, the degree of self-governance and co-governance has deepened. Some results have been achieved in the self-governance and co-governance of Huidong and Taidong Estates. The process of connecting neighborhood committees with social organizations and community units can be described as, from “love at first sight”, “lose at the second love” to “regretted not coming earlier.” The successful examples of Huidong and Taidong communities have set off a spring breeze of self-governance in the Yinjiajiao residential area, which has greatly improved the level of community governance.

4.4 Enlightenment · Outlook In the practices of the comprehensive governance of estates, it is necessary to give positive play to the primary role of grassroots Party organizations and use Party construction to lead the innovations in community governance. It is also important to give positive play to the effect of social synergy and use co-construction and co-governance to enrich the connotations of community governance. Besides, Independent role of residents and self-governance can also enhance the capability for community governance. First, it is necessary to persist in Party construction as a guide in intensifying the leading core of community governance. Grassroots Party organizations are the bridge and ligament whereby the Party receives recognition from the masses and contacts/serves masses. In the pattern of the diversified governance of estates, it is imperative to ensure the leading and dominant role of grassroots Party organizations

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for maximized unity with residents in aspects such as value guidance, mobilization of organizations and cohesion of backbone members. Second, it is necessary to persist in social coordination and achieve positive interaction in community governance, giving play to the collaborative and mutuallysupplementing role of social organizations, community units, neighborhood committees and the PMC under the leadership of grassroots Party organizations to create a new structure of co-construction and co-governance. Third, it is necessary to persist in the self-governance of residents and cultivate a union of community governance, give play to the dominant role of resident masses in community governance, strengthen the function of mass self-governance under the leadership of Party construction, guide residents in developing tender feelings of the community through mutual help and collaboration, find the bonding point of interests through participation and discussions, enhance the sense of responsibility for the community through the establishment of joint pledges, thereby forming the sense of identity and belonging in the community.

5 Close Neighbors in Jingtai Community Under the Leadership of Party Members 5.1 Background · Origin Situated in the northeastern corner of Xuhui District, Jingtai Residential Area of Xietu Neighborhood consists of both commodity housing and old public housing with complex and diversified needs. The population of the residential area is highly aged so that, in some buildings, elderly people aged 70 or higher account for 40%. In the context of the difficulties in receiving elderly care, seeking medical advice and making travel under the social trend of increasing aging of population, community governance and services face huge challenges. On the one hand, the problems of old housing, old residents and old ideas are becoming more and more prominent, making it highly difficult to propel estate governance. Meanwhile, faced with the increasing demand of residents, there is an urgent need for means of support, especially in elderly care and medical service. It is an urgent job how to find an effective breakthrough point to mobilize and rally the masses to meet the demand of residents and solve long-standing problems. The General Party Branch of Jingtai Residential Area in Xietu Neighborhood sensitively captured buildings as the smallest “cells” in grassroots community governance and the “barometer” reflecting community development. It hopes to explore the “big problem” in community governance through the “small incision” of buildings. To pool the power of building residents to become a foothold of community governance, establishing an effective service station that can gather the power and take the most of it Thus, under the guidance of the Party Work Committee of Xietu Neighborhood, the General Party Branch of Jingtai Residential Area makes clever

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use of the platform to apply resources and set up the Close Neighbor Party Building Service Station through the joint actions of multiple parties, which acts as a core to extend the power of Party organizations to buildings, forming a good mode of the collaborative co-governance of the community and the self-governance of residents and injecting new vigor into the innovations in grassroots social governance.

5.2 Initiatives · Mechanisms (I) Focusing on the leading role of Party members to reinforce the strength of the Party Branch By using the working method of “thinking first, discussing first, acting first”, the General Party Branch requires the grassroots Party organizations and Party members to act ahead of the masses in building confidence, setting goals and daring to be the forerunner. It integrates the power of registered Party members, incumbent Party members and the Party members in regional units and mass organizations by using the Close Neighbor Party Building Service Station as a foothold. Moreover, it keeps improving the systems, stimulates the backbone awareness of Party members and gives scope to the role of the Party Branches as a battle fortress. On the 5th of each month, the building chiefs, Party member backbones and owner representatives hold the “Meeting of Soliciting Topics of the Building” to address problems. On the 15th of each month, retired and incumbent Party members of the buildings hold an “Inner-Party Democratic Meeting”, where they discuss ideas and decide on solutions to problems to reach a consensus and take the lead in action. On the 25th of each month, the Close Neighbor Party Building Service Station holds a “CloseNeighbor Discussion & Promotion Meeting” for the residential area to discuss about the solution to those long-standing difficult problems. The three meetings held on monthly basis form a timely self-circulation that “sorts out problems, integrates resources, sums up results, interacts for enhancement, stimulates self-governance and coordinates co-governance” to spur the formation of a long-term mechanism. To keep the roads unblocked and ensure orderly parking in the context of the insufficient parking lots in the estate, the General Party Branch mobilized volunteers and PMC employees to form a patrol, working together to dissuade misconduct and standardize the parking of owners. The members of the General Party Branch and other Party members set an example in this regard. Ning Lihua, a building chief and voluntary patroller, takes an active part in persuading the residents to park their cars properly. She is often so busy as to have no time returning home for meal and eat the lunch brought by her daughter in law in the cold wind. “I have lived in Xuhui for 44 years and I am an old native of Xuhui. Our estate is a civilized community. When Xuhui is striving to become a national civilized urban area, I should do something for the estate as a Party member,” she said. Thanks to the Party members like Ning Lihua who takes the lead, the positive energy of the community can spread from one household and resident to another, forming the united force of civilization and

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harmony. The interpersonal distance is getting shorter and shorter and our life is getting better and better.

All-volunteer rectification action created by Jingtai

(II) Promoting close neighbors and focusing on buildings to consolidate the results The General Party Branch actively advocates the idea that “a close neighbor is better than a brother far off” and causes Party construction efforts to take root in the buildings. It introduced five buildings of Party member demonstration, set up Close Neighbor Service Substations and made lists of targeted services. Every building has one Party member liaison man, who organizes the Party members of the building to take part in voluntary service activities. One hundred and two Party members subscribed to the public welfare service items of the residential area, with 78 of them going into pair-up relations for mutual assistance. According to the characteristics and actual needs of the residents, the General Party Branch introduced the building self-governance project—public welfare building, discussion building, medical care building, friendship building, literature & art building to provide various platform for close neighbors. Lin Gang, chief of a Party member demonstration building, is a warm-hearted old man who is over 70 years old and is always ready to offer assistance. While helping others, he also influences the people around him. His daughter migrated to a foreign country and his wife has stayed in hospital for a long time. Ms. Zhao who lives in the same building learnt about his situation and started to take care of him in his everyday life, while she also looks after her own husband in rehabilitation. Once, Lin felt uncomfortable. Ms. Zhao immediately took him to a hospital, finally turning him into safety state.

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As proposed by the chief of No. 3 Party Member Demonstration Building and the representatives of the young owners thereof, the residents launched a “Neighbor Festival” activity and a WeChat group “In the same neighborhood”, which drew the participation of 63 residents of the 32 households in the building. The 12 Party members took the lead in giving suggestions, which formed the rules of five aspects, including lift management and stairway cleaning. Through the combination of online and offline, residents can deepen the feelings between neighbors and creating a close neighborly atmosphere in the community, which contributed to the formation of a positive governance mode of “everyone attending to everything in the building for the benefit of every resident”.

Secretary of the general party branch of Jingtai residential area discussing characteristic items with chiefs of demonstration buildings of the service sub-stations

(III) Grasping regional co-governance to satisfy the masses The Residential Area Branch of the Council for Promotion of Regional Party Building was set up to effectively connect the demands of the residents with the advantageous resources of regional units, tighten the pair-up relationship in Party construction and help overcome the difficult problems in the governance of the estate. The governor of Jiangsu Bank Jingtai Branch, a local unit, is a part-time member of the General Party Branch of the residential area and deputy director of the Close Neighbor Party Building Service Station. In the capacity, he organizes and guides the Party members of the local units to take part in some publicity and education activities, such as the creation of beautiful corridors, anti-fraud and anti-fake money. The Party organization of the offices of the Bureau of Price Supervision and Inspection and AntiMonopoly relies on the voluntary service platform of “Xietu Civilization Day” to provide residents with services such as price consulting and protection of consumers’ rights and interests. The Party Branch of the Experimental Primary School of the Academy of Educational Science provided space for the cultural activities of the residents and cooperated with the residential area in building a student social practice

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base. The School of Fine Arts of Shanghai Normal University signed a contract with the Close Neighbor Party Building Service Station to launch intelligent Party construction and the “Dual Tutor” program. Under the guidance of the teachers and students of the School of Fine Arts, the teenagers and volunteer representatives of the community were organized to carry out the activity of “imparting traditional Chinese art, drawing fan-faced water-ink paintings”. Through the joint Party construction, the local units have strengthened their sense of ownership as members of the community, performed social responsibilities and consolidated the consensus about the joint construction of a warm community. Additionally, the General Party Branch started “promoting neighbor unity and mutual help, deepening coordinated self-governance of buildings”. It adopted the working method of grid zoning, team-like pair-up and group services to open up a new situation of resident services by relying on the Party members, volunteers, backbone members of buildings and warm-hearted residents of the community. The General Party Branch gives full play to the role of core leadership and mobilized Party members to take part in the election of the Owners’ Committee. In the new Owners’ Committee, six of the members are Party members. The General Party Branch took the lead in setting up the Party workgroup of the Owners’ Committee to take full advantage of the positive role of the Owners’ Committee in the work of the community and facilitate the beneficial interaction between the Neighborhood Committee, the Owners’ Committee and the PMC.

The general party branch of Jingtai residential area organized party members to carry out the Party Day visit activity under the theme of “Learning & Doing for the Future”

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5.3 Innovations · Impact Under the leadership of the Neighborhood Party Work Committee, the General Party Branch of Jingtai combined the “Learning & Doing” initiative with the central work to focus on stimulating the avant-garde and exemplary role of Party members and strengthening the normalization of Party branches by revolving around the mainline of “being a qualified Party member and building a standardized branch”, expanding the Party construction position by using the Party Building Service Station of the residential area as a starting point. To enhance the capability of buildings for collaborative self-governance, Party construction should work as a lead, using functions to strengthen services and using sharing to boost co-governance. These have become the vivid practices of the 3-level joint action system of urban grassroots Party construction at the level of community and injected new vigor into the innovations made in grassroots social governance. (I) Co-construction and sharing to make innovations in management mode With the continuous rise of the enthusiasm of Party members and community residents for taking part in community governance, the primary role of the “selfgovernance of close neighbors under the leadership of Party construction” becomes increasingly prominent and the residential area has provided the Party Building Service Station with all-round construction. First, a workspace is created. Under the strong support of the Party Work Committee of the neighborhood, the General Party Branch of the residential area made overall arrangements for resources, improved the occasion and opened up a space of 135 m2 out of the narrow work site of the residential area for construction of the Close Neighbor Party construction Service Station. It introduced a professional social organization for overall design, including five functional areas: Party Building Activity Room, Parent-Child Activity Room, Close-Neighbor Meeting Room, Community Project Room and Neighbor Interaction Room. Second, innovation organizations are made. Boundaries were broken and the forces of multiple parties were introduced, including residents, society and enterprises, forming the comprehensive management mechanism of “Party construction + self-governance + co-governance”. The station master is the secretary of the General Party Branch and the office of the deputy station master is held by the chairman of the Owners’ Committee and the heads of the local units. The members include the Party member chiefs of the demonstration buildings, representatives of the Party members of co-construction units and representatives of working Party members, with five Party Building Service Sub-stations, forming a close neighborhood Party construction service system of a clear core and orderly stratification.

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Third, The working methods are innovative The Service Station promotes the working method of grid zoning, team-like pair-up and group services and gives play to the mutual-help spirit of neighbors to deepen the collaborative self-governance of buildings through the efforts made by Party members, volunteers, backbone members and warmhearted residents. (II) Focusing on services to tamp the functions of the position The Service Station firmly grasps the primary business of “education, management, service, activity” in the enhancement of functions to tamp the foundation of a threelevel system of Party construction service. First, guidance is valued. The Service Station calls for a firm grasp of the “Learning & Doing” initiative to deepen the education within the Party, and closely follows the steps of implementing the “1 + 6” documents of the municipal Party Committee in the grassroots. Bearing in mind the people-benefiting aim of the activity of “satisfaction in Xuhui · services in the grassroots”, it carries out the activities under the theme of “justified satisfaction, moderate guidance, orderly management, regulations-based co-construction, effective creation, responsibility for protection” to highlight ideological lead and form extensive mobilization. It also gives play to the model effect of the advanced units within the area and the outstanding Party members of the buildings, carries forward the positive energy of the community and consolidates the ideological foundation of self-governance and co-governance; Meanwhile, it focuses on inter-neighbor help as the mainline, magnifies the exemplary power of the “people and things around you”, encourages residents to put themselves in the shoes of others and help one another, and extends the tentacles of Party construction efforts to solve the difficult problems in community governance. Second, services are valued by remaining demand-oriented. In consideration of the characteristics of Jingtai Residential Area, that is, old housing, old residents and old ideas, the Close Neighbor Service Station regards it as a breakthrough point to address the difficulties of residents in receiving elderly care, seeking medical advice and making trips, and launched the demonstration activity of creating the buildings by Party members. It also added one Party member liaison person for each building, which can organize the Party members in the buildings to regularly carry out medical service and other voluntary service activities. The Service Station introduced social organizations to provide one-stop health education and management service, which improve the work chain of health education, health management and health activity to form a dense atmosphere of “close neighbor relations and pleasure from health”. (III) Focusing on actual effect and exploring coordinated governance Jingtai Residential Area took multiple measures and actions together with multiple parties, which have become the new practices of the 3-level joint action system for Party construction in urban grassroots.

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First, the system is used as a safeguard to propel the mode of coordinated governance of the community under the leadership of Party construction. The Party member demonstration buildings made experiment first and formed the “Parents’ Meeting for Self-governance” by taking advantage of the “three-meeting” system of Party organizations, i.e. the “Meeting for Soliciting Topics of the Building”, “Inner-Party Democratic Meeting” and “Close-Neighbor Discussion & Promotion Meeting”. Thus, the Service Station has formed a mode of circular governance of “sorting out problems, democratic discussion, Party members taking the lead, joint construction of buildings, stimulating self-governance, and coordinating co-governance”. Second, projects serve as carriers to enhance the actual impact of community governance. The Service Station introduced professional social workers and social organizations to launch the project of “beautiful home—green stairways”, formed the project promotion team of “joint action for green stairways” and teased out the resources of the community in humans, culture, land, industry and landscapes. It equally mobilized the residents to use the green planting in stairways as an incision point to create an “open space” for discussions in the community, provided a platform for interaction and formed an atmosphere of “everyone taking part in adding colors” in community governance. By now, initial results have been achieved in the Party Building Service Station and the Party members of the demonstration buildings have all taken over the relay baton of “mutual help between close neighbors”. Under the spur of the Party organization, a series of problems in estate governance has been overcome so that living conditions have significantly improved and the estate represent a new image. Three years ago, the PMC of Fuhua Huayuan quitted and the Owners’ Committee resigned collectively, forcing the municipality-level civilized estate to become disqualified. Afterwards, the General Party Branch stepped in on its own initiative. Through the Party Building Service Station, it pooled the power of the Party members and finally elected a new Owners’ Committee composed of Party members as mainstays. During that period, it held 48 offline meetings and released 146 pieces of information online. Under the leadership of Party construction, work progress has been made smoothly. With the understanding and supporting of the PMC and the owners. the payment rate of property management charges reaches 95%. The residents conduct self-governance and discuss the public affairs of the estate in an orderly manner. Moreover, all people-benefiting projects are being advanced satisfactorily and living conditions have significantly improved. The original “abandoned” estate received the title of “Municipality-Level Civilized Estate”. In 2017, the General Party Branch of Jingtai Residential Area won the title of “Demonstration Point of Party Branch Building in Shanghai Municipality”, contributing to the continuous intensification of the sense of belonging and achievement of the residents. The same year, the exemplary performance of the Party members of Jingtai community was covered by the magazine “Shanghai Organizational Work”, enabling more people to draw on the experience of Jingtai in the construction of a close-neighbor community.

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Party members of close-neighbor party building service station of Jingtai residential area repeating the oath for joining the party

5.4 Enlightenment · Outlook (I) Party construction leading all services in search for breakthrough in community governance Party construction as leader of all services constitutes the foundation for the consolidation and progress of the Party Building Service Station of the residential area. Since its establishment, the Close-Neighbor Party Building Service Station has always persisted in Party construction as a lead, services as a core to keep expanding its coverage, forming an atmosphere of “family-like close neighbors” in community governance, which make new explorations and practices in the construction of urban grassroots communities. To make new breakthroughs in grassroots social governance under the leadership of the Party organization, it needs to commit itself to the integration all types of resources, open up work lines and break regional boundaries. It also needs to break through focal and difficult points, accurately grasp the key issues in community governance to boost development through the solution of problems, to take top-down joint actions to play a role in the 3-level network system of Party construction services of urban grassroots. The General Party Branch of Jingtai Residential Area uses the “3 first” working method formed by the Party Work Committee in practices to fully strengthen the Party Branch work brand of “close neighbor Party construction” and extend regionalized Party construction to buildings, thus gradually forming a new pattern of grassroots social governance of the self-governance and

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coordinated co-governance of residents. Moreover, it will effectively take most of the demonstration and leading role of the normalization of Party Branch and result in the institutionalized and long-term development of all efforts. (II) “Motivation, mobilization, change” triggering the trend of thought about community governance The governance of grassroots community is a process of continuous motivation, mobilization and change, which gives full play to the “3 first” driving effect of Party members so that they can “think first, discuss first, act first”. It should precede masses in building up confidence, setting objectives and practicing what they preach and have the courage to act as vanguards. The process arouses the awareness of Party members for seeking common development and progress in the community, who will meantime mobilize more people to take part in the process of increasing cohesion and forming a joint force. Motivating Party members to take a step first is the motility for forming the concept of community union. (III) Close-neighbor culture promotes harmonious neighbor relations and boosts the practices of community governance “Close neighbor” is a concept that advocates what is good and beautiful. It is a life attitude that people need to adopt as they change from enterprise people to social people. It aims to build a limitless neighbor culture in a limited living environment, focus on grasping the shining points reflecting neighbors that help, encourage and benefit each other in the community. It can also create an atmosphere of close neighbors on the platform for close-neighbor self-governance. The guidance of Party members and inter-neighbor harmony has created a positive atmosphere in the community, thereby every resident is influenced so that they will change for a common goal and finally step into an age of refined community governance.

6 Zizhiyuan: Base for Cultivating the Self-Governance Capability of the Community 6.1 Background · Origin Situated in the south of Huajing Town of Xuhui District, Huayang Residential Area covers a total area of 90,000 m2 . This estate is composed of resettlement housing in phase 1 and commodity housing in phase 2, which were constructed in 1998 and 2002 respectively. The estate has 2195 households and a permanent population of 5716, including 3546 on census register, with the elderly above 60 years accounting for 36% of the registered population. This is a typical mixed residential estate. Against the backdrop of making innovations in social governance and strengthening grassroots construction, the Party Branch and the Neighborhood Committee of

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the residential area gives full play to the dominant role of the self-governance of residents to guide more residents into community affairs through the Council for Homestead Development, thus realizing the management of resident self-governance. However, in guiding the self-governance of residents, it was discovered that the community faced two issues in its development: first, the capability of the residents for self-governance was insufficient; second, the community lacked sufficient space for self-governance. Addressing both problems to realize the effective integration of the residents into the community and jointly create a “self-governance community” of intimate neighbor relations has become an important task of the Party Branch and the Neighborhood Committee of the residential area. (I) Insufficient capability of the residents for self-governance In Huayang Residential Area, the residents include relocated residents, locally resettled farmers and residents who purchased commodity housing. Because of the great differences in habits and customs, conflicts and contradictions occur now and then between different benefit clusters. In the mind of residents, Neighborhood Committee is the No. 1 object they turn to without realizing that they themselves have unshakable responsibilities and obligations for the self-governance of the community. They even erroneously regard the construction of the community as government endeavor and hope to reap where they have not sown. In the meantime, community residents lack high enthusiasm and initiative for participating in community affairs; the community has no organization for the self-governance of residents so that it cannot integrate the scattered individuals having the same interest demand and is hard to cause joint action, thus greatly lowering the ability of the residents to take part in deciding community affairs. (II) Insufficient space for self-governance in the community The factors of old facilities and insufficient space for public activities have also hampered the progress of the self-governance of residents. As aging intensifies and private car ownership increases rapidly, the space of old communities progressively becomes congested. The upgrading and transformation of the community has become an urgent wish of the residents of Huayang. The residential area happens to have a sewage pump site of about 800 m2 , which was left deserted for about a decade due to various reasons. In 2016, the Party Branch and the Neighborhood Committee availed itself of the reporting of self-governance projects and implemented “micro enhancement” for this crucial space of the community by building “Zizhiyuan”, a base for cultivating the capability of Huayang Residential Area for self-governance, to make full use of this precious space in the estate, solve the actual difficulties of the residents, meet the demand for the self-governance of the community and, more importantly, enhance the awareness and capability of the residents for selfgovernance.

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6.2 Initiatives · Mechanisms (I) Grasping leadership to build a self-governance platform and make the selfgovernance of residents more effective In 2015, through the preparations made by the Party Branch and the Neighborhood Committee of the residential area, Huayang Residential Area set up its “Homestead Development Council” (“Council”) and promoted the mode of community self-governance by using the 4 mechanisms of “improving the self-governance of residents, meeting their appeals, serving the people sincerely and building a harmonious community” as footholds. The Council has 6 committees under its control: Women’s Committee, Mutual Aid Committee, Old & Happy Committee, Comprehensive Governance Committee, Spiritual Civilization Committee, Environmental Sanitation Committee, which basically cover all the business lines of the Neighborhood Committee and all aspects of the community. Every committee in turn has several self-governance teams (altogether over 20 teams of volunteers) under its control, which play a positive role in maintaining the stability of the community, enriching cultural and recreational activities, carrying forward healthy social trends and ensuring the smooth access to all corners of work context of the community. The Council is an important pillar for the Neighborhood Committee in carrying out the self-governance of residents, who jointly take part in the management and supervision of the affairs within the community under the leadership of the Party Branch and the Neighborhood Committee. (II) Valuing standard to improve self-governance mechanisms and make the self-governance of residents more orderly The Council formulated the “Work Guidelines for a Homestead of Self-Governance”, the “Plan for Creating a Homestead of Self-Governance”, the “By-law of Homestead Development Council”, the “Operation Mechanisms of Professional Committees” and the “Regulations on Management of Self-Governance Fund”. These mechanisms have also become the norms and guarantee for future self-governance of the community. On the basis of the above mechanisms for self-governance, a sound procedure has taken shape: the committees gather problems and needs from masses, which are discussed at meetings to make a proposal; This proposal is submitted to the Council for discussion and a project plan will be generated from it; afterwards the plan is submitted to the Party Branch and the Neighborhood Committee for review; if necessary, an expanded meeting is held to involve both leading bodies and the participation of some representatives from the Council and residents for the formation of a resolution and a project; finally, the resolution is submitted to the resident congress for voting; after the resolution is passed, the project is reported to the government along with an application for funds. After successful approval from the government, the project will be implemented by the Council, which shall make public and ensure the transparent use of the funds.

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Ceremony of launching the homestead development council

(III) Focusing on needs to transform the self-governance space and make the self-governance of residents more energetic When it was first built, Huayang Residential Area was plentiful in greening and spaces for activities so that it became a land of happy inhabitation in the mind of residents. With the elapse of time, however, its facilities have become old and the rapidly increasing private cars have occupied so many activity spaces of the community, revealing the problems of the community: congestion, obsolescence, lack of vigor and spaces. The residents yearn for more activity spaces and the community needs a larger space for self-governance. Therefore, the upgrading and transformation of partial spaces of the community have become the top priority of the community. It happened that there is a sewage pump area about 800 m2 in the community, which remained discarded for about a decade due to road reconstruction and pipeline diversion. The site was hazardous because of a very deep underground space. Therefore, it was enclosed by a wall to deny access to residents. For a long time, it has been flooded with piles of garbage and overgrown with weeds, becoming a breeding ground of mosquitoes and flies in summer and a “rotten sore” in the residential area. In early 2016, the Party Branch and the Neighborhood Committee extensively listened to the opinions and suggestions of the residents through the self-governance platform of Homestead Development Council and finally decided to reconstruct and utilize the deserted part of the estate in the form of a community self-governance project and name the reconstructed area “Zizhiyuan” (pronunciation of the Chinese characters meaning self-governance).

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In the first half of 2016, under the leadership of the Party Branch of the residential area, the Council went through the 6-step key procedure (proposal—resolution—examination—consulting—application—publication) in strict compliance with normalized self-governance mechanisms and standing order, resulting in the smooth commencement of the reconstruction project. In the second half of 2016, the overall reconstruction of “Zizhiyuan” was completed, and it has become the core of public community. To meet the demand of different age groups for activity, the site was divided into five functional areas: “Sunset Corner”, “Ecological Demonstration Garden”, “Parent-Child Garden”, “Women’s Home” and “Popular Science Station”. (1) “Sunset Corner”. This is a site where the elderly of the community can rest and chat. According to their needs, it is equipped with chairs of different types and a long corridor as a shelter from rain and wind. The plan is to install a cultural bulletin board on both sides of the corridor by leveraging the space at the entrance of the base, which show the achievements of the self-governance of residents and the cultural events of the community.

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Sketch map of Zizhiyuan platform

(2) “Ecological Demonstration Garden”. This is a garden maintained and managed by the residents themselves. Under the theme of “green, health”, activities of planting demonstration, teaching, exchanges and experience are carried out here. Later, these activities will be promoted to the balconies and terraces of residents to show the use of modern scientific means and methods of ecological circulation in planting, attracting the participation of families. In the meantime, it can reduce and even eradicate the uncivilized phenomenon, like growing vegetables in the green land of the estate.

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Zizhiyuan parent-child garden

(3) “Parent-Child Garden”. This is a site opened up for educational activities involving children and parents, which is composed of exercise yards planned in consideration of the characteristics of the children of all ages. Preschool children can play in the sand pit; the activity area for teenagers relies on the environment of an ecological demonstration vegetable garden, which can strengthen parent-child interaction and provide the kids with rich popular science knowledge through the subscription to a part of the garden to develop the low-carbon and environment-friendly habits of families. (4) “Women’s Home”. The site was constructed under the “New Family Plan” to join the social organizations in providing better services for women. Focusing on “green ecology”, it promotes planting on balconies to arouse women’s interest in community activities and form the learning pattern of training female backbone members - women driving small families - small families influencing the large community. (5) “Popular Science Station”. As a major place of the community for popular science activities, on the one hand, this site has introduced scientific knowledge on energy saving, environmental protection and health care, on the other hand, it can be used for exhibiting and promoting the popular science works created by the residents. Meanwhile, the station combines with the “Ecological Demonstration Garden” in carrying out popular science activities centered on green planting, attracting the participation of teenagers, giving play to their creativity and exploring spirit, and achieving the good effect of “educating one child, influencing one family and driving the entire community”.

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Zizhiyuan ecological demonstration garden

6.3 Innovations · Impact In early 2017, the completed “Zizhiyuan” was officially opened to the residents. It provides a robust platform for the community to carry out the self-governance of residents. Here, community activities take place in a vivid and dramatic manner and get closer to the masses, enhancing the participation design and self-governance awareness of the residents. The project “Zizhiyuan—Base for Cultivating the Capability of the Community for Self-governance” won the title of “Top 10 Innovative Projects” in the category of resident self-governance—Second Session of Innovative Social Construction Projects of Xuhui District; Huayang Neighborhood Committee was granted the title of “Demonstration Point of Self-Governance Homestead of Shanghai Municipality”. (I) Forming the “main front” of community self-governance “Zizhiyuan” is an ecological garden of greening derived from the transformation of an original deserted area, which has improved the environment, served the residents and given play to the functions of the public spaces of the community. However, just environmental improvement is far from enough. Huayang Residential Area sorted out its limited spaces to tap potentials and enhance the pertinence of functional spaces to develop the spaces into a main front for the residents to take part in exchanges, interaction and the self-governance of the community and develop their capability for self-governance, thus enabling more people to become the mainstay of community self-governance. (II) Creating the “five components” of the self-governance project Considering the needs of self-governance and the levels of residents, “Zizhiyuan” constructed five components: the “Sunset Corner” for the elderly; the “Ecological

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Demonstration Garden” for families; the “Parent-Child Garden” for children; the “Popular Science Station” for all residents of the community, especially teenagers; the “Women’s Home” for the females of the community. The components work closely with each other to carry out activities under the Council. Items of self-governance are easily accessible which benefit all residents. (III) Holding the “good activities” close to the residents Using “Zizhiyuan” as a center, the Council carried out self-governance activities such as “Lantern Festival Celebrating” lantern riddle guessing, a large publicity event and performance of the publicity works created by the artistic team of the estate. The community carried out the parent-child expansion activity of “New Family Plan”, which originated in “Zizhiyuan” as starting point and required young parents to lead their children in visiting elderly people living alone and needy families, bringing with them public goods and care. It also set up the “Popular Science Publicity Corridor”, which used pictures and texts to expose residents to relevant popular science knowledge, and held the “Happy Baby” activity celebrating the June 1st Children’s Day in the “Parent-Child Garden” of Zizhiyuan. (IV) Enhancing the awareness of the residents for self-governance Compared with past participation in community activities, the current participants are no longer elderly people only. Instead, adults, youths and minors also begin to take part in the activities and projects of the community gradually, reflecting the change of the residents from “I am required to participate” to “I require to participate”. In September 2017, as one of the main venues of the “Public Welfare Partner Month” of Huajing Town, “Zizhiyuan” launched the “Neighbors’ Fair”, a large public welfare activity, which was completely planned and organized by the Council to erect a platform, where the residents from different buildings sell idle articles in their homes for charity and the neighbors can deepen the feelings for each other. Meanwhile, the money raised was handed into the Council for management as the fund for the self-governance of the residential area and will be used to improve the buildings and help the needy families. All the income and expenditure are made public in the estate to accept resident supervision. This activity received strong support from the residents. Youths are also interested in it; Meanwhile, young parents brought their kids to donate their own belongings to the sale and served as volunteers in the activity of the day. Voluntary action has become a habit and a lifestyle. Presently, the Neighborhood Committee uses “Zizhiyuan” as a focus in strengthening the participation of community residents, which has gradually increased the confidence of different resident groups in taking part in the self-governance of the community, thus enabling more people to go out of their own homes and become the volunteers of the community, and gradually becoming the hard core in the self-governance of the community.

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(V) Improving the capability of the residents for self-governance The improvement of the capability of the residents for self-governance is not done at one kick, but needs long-term fostering and development. Huayang Residential Area pursues such improvement by using “Zizhiyuan” as a foothold. Since March 2017, a planting activity is held regularly in “Zizhiyuan”, with specially hired horticulturist training the volunteers in horticultural planting. Batches of flower seedlings and seeds are purchased and then followed by breeding, ridging, fertilizer application, watering, nursing and insect prevention. After months of practice, residents who participated in the learning experience not only mastered planting techniques, nursing methods and pest control technology, but also gained happiness. For purpose of the long-term management of “Zizhiyuan”, the Council first divided the “Ecological Demonstration Garden” into several areas, which were in the charge of the self-governance teams and the residents who signed up. Those plants are entirely maintained and managed by the residents themselves. Now, the place is flourishing and full of vigor and has become a new landscape of the estate. Moreover, the place has also become a site for female activities, a resort where office workers shake off stress after their office hours, a fairyland where children learn popular science knowledge, a haven for family happiness and a carrier for interaction between neighbors.

6.4 Enlightenment · Outlook The “Zizhiyuan” provided residents of the community with a comfortable site of activities, expanded the space for the self-governance of residents and raised its level. The transformation of the space for the self-governance of the community is merely a “minimally invasive surgery”; the cultivation of the capability of the residents for self-governance is the big subject that the community needs to address now. After overcoming the insufficient participation of the community, the Party Branch and the Neighborhood Committee regard the cultivation of the residents’ capability for self-governance as a main breakthrough point and helps the residents enhance their culture and spiritual civilization gradually through the project. It equally helps the residents form the common values, life attitude and moral rule of the community, thereby promoting the formation of the positive energy of a good community and ultimately facilitating the all-round enhancement of the resident’s awareness and capability for self-governance. In the process of making innovations in community governance, Huayang Residential Area will continue to uphold the leadership of Party construction, use the Council as a platform for self-governance and constantly improve the working capability of grassroots organizations in integrating social resources. Meanwhile, it can extend government functions and serve nearby masses by motivating the awareness of the grassroots masses for autonomy, self-governance and consciousness. It has gradually found a road towards innovations in the social governance of large residential areas.

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7 Changqingfang DNA: Team of Community Self-Governance Under the Leadership of Party Construction 7.1 Background · Origin Situated in the southwest of Xuhui District, Shanghai Municipality, Kangjian Neighborhood is a residential area built in the mid-late 1980s, with a jurisdiction of over 4.07 km2 , including Changqingfang, a mixed residential area composed of three natural estates with about 2200 residents in nearly 1000 households living in sold public housing and commodity housing. The residents include retired cadres, relocated citizens, and many cadres of government offices, senior intellectuals and tenants. The General Party Branch has three Party Branches under its control, composed of 105 Party members. The Party Work Committee of Kangjian Neighborhood always pays attention to strengthening the leading role of the Party in the building and development of community teams and has been committed for long to exploring the new mode for the self-governance of community teams under the leadership of Party construction. According to the requirements and arrangements of the Party Work Committee of the neighborhood, the General Party Branch of Changqingfang has been working hard in exploring innovations for the past 18 years and formed a DNA (“D” for “double”, “N” for “net” and “A” for “act”) team mode under the leadership of the Party construction. The Party organization of Changqingfang Residential Area actively explores the innovations in the new work mode for grassroots Party construction, introduced the professional methods and team philosophy of social work. It provides social service methods for the team members through team activities to boost the development of the teams and the members so that the residents can leverage collective life to accelerate their own socialization, coordinate and develop the social relations between persons and teams, give play to the social functions of teams and promote the progress and healthy development of the society.

7.2 Initiatives · Mechanisms (I) “Health & Happiness Project”—boosting the diversification of community teams On September 25th 1999, Comrade Jiang Zemin, the then General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, inspected Kangjian Community and noted that “Community Party construction would have vitality if it coupled with the spiritual civilization of a community to do concrete and good things for the people”. As required by the

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instructions, Kangjian Neighborhood started to implement the “Health & Happiness Project” in 2000, whose mission statement was to “make residents healthier physically and mentally; make community life happier”. During the promotion of the “Health & Happiness Project”, the increasing spiritual and cultural demands of the residents, more and more cultural and sports teams appeared in the community. The activities carried out by these teams have played a positive role. Yet, most of these teams were formed spontaneously, with the characteristics of larger number of people, scattered activities and the difficulty to grasps. If properly managed and guided into a healthy and orderly development, these teams can become a new force in community construction. Conversely, if there is no guidance, they may affect stability, solidarity and the physical and mental health of the residents. Therefore, during the implementation of the “Health & Happiness Project”, the Party Work Committee of the neighborhood always regards successful team building as important content, through guideing these teams onto the track of healthy development.

Rich community life

(II) “Evergreen Spring Breeze” volunteer team—integrated for common progress Under the leadership of the Party organization of the residential area, teams of all types are mushrooming in the community. But, how to enable these teams, especially all types of volunteer teams, to develop in a healthy and sustainable manner, get integrated effectively and form a synergy in the construction and development of the community, which is an important subject and task of the Party organization of the residential area in the new era.

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Eighteen years ago, to ensure the healthy and sustainable development of the volunteer teams of all types and effectively guide the self-governance management of the teams, the General Party Branch and the Neighborhood Committee of Changqingfan Residential Area in Kangjian Neighborhood held discussions and, on the basis of extensively listening to the opinions of the residents, decided to adopt the proposal, which was put forward by the “Gold Idea” Council of the estate. That is to integrate the dozen of teams of the residential area into a single team and dub it the “Evergreen Spring Breeze” Volunteer Team; they embedded the DNA team mode into the self-governance of the team and designed its mark: Lush leaves on a tree dance in spring breeze, with the trunk standing for the Party organization and the green leaves standing for the teams to imply evergreen leaves. To standardize behavior and better serve the community and its masses, the “Evergreen Spring Breeze” volunteer team formulated a series of standards and systems. First, the General Party Branch and the Neighborhood Committee promptly find out about the dynamics of every building through the volunteer team to gain a clear picture Next, with the “Evergreen Spring Breeze” volunteer team at the center, the three subordinate natural estates were became a grid network and the members of every sub-team merged into their own natural estate and tried to “grasp the circumstances, solve the problems, push forward the jobs, ensure emotional harmony and achieve work results within the grids”. Through efforts of every team member, the residents can experience the convenience of “keeping small issues within the grids, keeping major issues within the community”. Afterwards, the team, buildings and households realized seamless integration, formed a management pattern based on information, community, humanization and normalization. It expanded the breadth, depth and intensity of interpersonal exchanges and prodded the team toward direction of standardization.

Mark of “Evergreen Spring Breeze”

Starting with the self-education, self-service and self-management of the team, the General Party Branch of Changqingfang lays emphasis on the training, exchanges,

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backbone cultivation and team motivation in team construction. More importantly, the breakthrough point of voluntary service has been found to make clever use of the “Evergreen Spring Breeze” volunteer team and enable all teams to find a common value and emotional identity in the common services for the residents of the estate. Thereby, it becomes possible to unite all types of teams of the estate and imperceptibly infiltrate the leadership of Party construction into the activities and development of the teams. By now, the number of “Evergreen Spring Breeze” volunteer sub-teams has increased to 21. They include the popular sentiment exchange team, the Gold Idea discussion team, the spiritual care team, the environmental rectification team, the volunteer publicity team for retired army officers, the medical advice team, building service points, among others. The number of volunteers has increased from the initial 50 to the current scale of nearly 300 people, including over 70 Party member volunteers and covering 49 buildings in 3 residential estates. The teams include not only grassroots leaders, such as Party members and building chiefs, but also professionals, such as teachers, doctors and lawyers, marking the shift of the members from the accumulation of quality to enhancement of quality.

Gold idea council

(III) “4-possession” teams—Party construction leading community governance The DNA team mode of the General Party Branch of Changqingfang in Kangjian Neighborhood uses Party construction to drive group and social construction, set up “4-possession” teams to promote community self-governance, train teams in activities, infiltrate activities with ideas, provide services in activities and effectively implement grassroots Party construction in a real sense. Firstly, a platform is used for training and communication. The members of the leading body of the General Party Branch of the residential area personally grasp the building of teams and the training of their backbone and general members, including

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the lectures given by regularly invited professionals and the exchange of experience between the teams. For example, Changqingfan Residential Area has three Owners’ Committees, which set up a salon under the leadership of the General Party Branch and regularly invite the functional departments of the neighborhood to provide training in policies and business; they also frequently organize the exchange of experience between themselves. In another example, the “Beautiful Estate” patrol of volunteers has clear patrol tasks and also underscores the learning and training related to the etiquette and first-aid skills of the volunteers. The secretary of the General Party Branch often talks with the team captains and focuses on using the group coaching method of professional social work to impart mental communication techniques and working methods among team members.

Exchange and summery meeting of volunteer teams in the first half of the year

Second, the channels for publicity and exhibition are acquired. The General Party Branch and the Neighborhood Committee specially opened up the column of “Evergreen Spring Breeze” in the residential area and held the showcase exhibition activity of “Finding the shining point around you” to carry forward the core values of socialism, publicize volunteer teams and praise the good people and good deeds among the volunteers. The teams also made micro videos for the Party members and residents to see the service results of the volunteer teams. The General Party Branch also created a WeChat group for the Party members, building chiefs and volunteers of the residential area to exchange people’s conditions and used the WeChat as a communication platform for the teams to release information and exchange ideas. The General Party Branch also lays emphasis on encouraging the leaders of volunteer teams in the community and giving play to the leading role of Party member volunteers. Thirdly, an echelon personnel structure is acquired. To maintain their vitality and vigor, the teams need to continuously absorb fresh blood. The General Party Branch

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of Changqingfang established the system for the secondary retirement of volunteers and usually underlines routine screening to admit qualified and willing residents into the teams of voluntary services, which enables the team members to become more diversified in knowledge structure, realizes a rational layout in age levels through an echelon of old, middle-aged and young members and always maintains the positive vigor of the entire teams. In addition to integrating the power of registered Party members and volunteers, the General Party Branch has also extended to the Party members of the units within the area and on-job Party members, who create pairup groups and commit themselves to performing obligations in relation to specific buildings, giving play to the role of Party members and forming a force of coconstruction composed of “retired + on-job + local unit Party members” that drives the residents to jointly take part in voluntary services. Fourth, commendation and motivation mechanisms are acquired. The General Party Branch of the residential area organizes Party members to show their identity and lead all types of teams in giving scope to self-governance. It includes the performance of the teams in voluntary services into the conditions for evaluation of outstanding activities to increase the enthusiasm of volunteers for taking part in team activities. Activities of selection, commendation and exhibition are held at the end of each year, such as the selection of “Most Beautiful Stairway” and exhibition of the deeds of advanced figures, including “Most Beautiful Building Chiefs” Wang Xiaowei, Zhao Longhua, Zheng Yuchun and Wang Yarong. These activities showed the spiritual style and brilliant demeanor of the team members in taking part in the public welfare activities of the community, including the excellent volunteers, such as Wang Yaoqi, Shi Fusheng, Yan Cuiying and Zhang Fengzhen, and promoting the full-scale unfolding of the efforts of “Evergreen Spring Breeze” team.

7.3 Innovations · Impact For a dozen of years, the Party organization of Changqingfang Residential Area of Kangjian Neighborhood has relied on the volunteer team of “Evergreen Spring Breeze” in pooling community resources with service spirit, innovating the working platform and working method through the leadership of Party construction, erection of platform, perfection of systems and fostering of backbone members, thus achieving noticeable results in the mode of team self-governance. (I) Solidifying voluntary services with a system for change of the team from a “loose type” to a “tight-knit type” For a dozen of years, under the leadership of the General Party Branch of Changqingfang, the “Evergreen Spring Breeze” team has integrated all types of sub-teams of the estate on the basis of different service content and solidified voluntary services in the form of system. For example, ➀ the system of Party member reception day every Thursday; ➁ the system of weekly inspection tour of star-class buildings by the “Gold Idea” Council composed of Party members, estate police officers, cadres

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of the Neighborhood Committee, members of Owners’ Committee, building chiefs and retirees; ➂ the “Beautiful Estate” patrol system set up by the Party member volunteer team; ➃ the system of regular visit to the elderly by the “Spiritual Care” service team. In recent years, “Evergreen Spring Breeze” established the Staircase Service Station, formed the “Road & Belt” civilized Pet Raising Publicity Team, and formed the “Beautiful Setting Sun” voluntary service team for the elderly. The teams give full play to the “positive energy” of Party members and retired cadres, which can contribute to the formation of a harmonious community atmosphere from security patrol to the publicity about creating a Staircase Service Station and to the mediation of neighbor relations. Over the years, all sub-teams have adhered to the working system of “timely feedback of opinions, half-year work exchange, year-end work summery”, aroused the enthusiasm of residents for taking part in the self-governance of the estate and reached the objective of “Party organization having vitality, Party members playing a part, masses receiving benefits”. (II) Continuously expanding service fields from the estate to buildings For a dozen of years, boosted by the DNA team mode, the service connotation and field of the “Evergreen Spring Breeze” team have gradually expanded. Starting from 2015, to meet the requirement of the municipal Party Committee for making innovations in social governance and strengthening grassroots construction and improve the governance system of the residential area, the General Party Branch of Changqingfang continues to adopt the DNA team mode to boost the construction of the Party Building Service Station of Changqingfan Residential Area in the light of the characteristic of Party construction leading the governance of the residential area. For example, thanks to the all-round construction of the Building Service Station of Changqingfang North Estate, all the 12 stairways are clean and fresh, without anything placed casually; regular meetings are held for the residents to discuss the hot and difficult problems of the buildings, make reasonable plan through selfgovernance for addressing the problems in beautifying staircase environment and transformation of public facilities, which is then submitted to the General Party Branch of the residential area. On this basis, the General Party Branch strengthens the construction of the Party construction service station, forming an all-round Party construction pattern with Kangjian characteristics, which is composed of the one Party construction workstation (in the activity room of the Neighborhood Committee), the one demonstration road (in the public greenbelt of the estate) and multiple Party construction working points (in the buildings of the residents), and extends the influence of the Party to the smallest units of the community to form a good “ecological environment” under the leadership of Party construction.

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Toilet paper box for pets

(III) Remaining oriented to problems and demand; giving play to the role of the teams in the change from community participation to community governance In a dozen of years, under the leadership and support of the General Party Branch of Changqingfang, the “Evergreen Spring Breeze” team played a positive role and handled a series of difficult problems: residents on the ground floor were unwilling to prune trees; some residents complained about the smell of oil in their homes; opinions differed on the comprehensive transformation of the estate, et cetera. The “Evergreen Leaves” Gold Idea Council formed a special group to advocate the civilized raising of pets and the installation of toilet paper boxes for pets in the greenbelt, contributing to the solution of the problems complained repeatedly by the residents. Shao Ming, a member of the preaching group of retired army officers denotes articles in each semester to help students from needy families of the estate. The “Spiritual Care” voluntary service team offers help to disadvantaged groups and its volunteers paired up with needy families, objects of special care, handicapped persons and elderly persons of no family to give them assistance under the special campaign of “Care knocking at your door”. The Party members displayed their identity and provide up-to-door services. The buildings incorporate Party members, building chiefs and volunteers into the management and services of the buildings to center on families, feelings and people and drive and influence the masses through Party members. In the close contact with the masses, the role of the Party members of the buildings is highlighted to consolidate the foundation of the grassroots construction of the Party.

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(IV) Starting from details for the shift of the self-governance of buildings from estrangement to interconnection While guiding the self-governance of teams, the General Party Branch of Changqingfang focuses on details according to the requirement for innovations in social governance and incarnates the results of Party construction efforts. Building is the smallest unit in community governance; strengthening the Party construction of buildings is an important task for the Party construction of the residential area. The General Party Branch of Changqingfang adheres to the idea of creating an acquaintance community and fostering buildings of self-governance, has extended the efforts of Party construction by forming building teams that drive the residents in the buildings to become acquainted with one another and jointly take part in the self-governance of buildings. In Changqingfang, there are many characteristic buildings of self-governance. For example, No. 37 Building of Linked Hearts created its building culture with one bulletin board and one good neighbor point. Its building chief is Mr. Zhao, a retired primary school teacher. He uses his own sitting room as the activity base of the building. Whenever a new owner moves into the estate, Zhao will drop into bring the greetings and care of the neighbors, publicize building culture and enable the newcomer to merge into the big family sooner and better. In No. 30 Building of Hand in Hand, there were uncivilized phenomena of unauthorized iron doors and pile of things in the staircase. By carrying out self-governance activities, the building chief and the volunteers persisted in persuasion based on reasoning and feelings so that the residents finally became sensible and cooperated by removing the iron doors along with the strangeness and estrangement between the neighbors. Now, the building is beautifully decorated and you will feel as if you walked into your own home when you walk into the staircase. No. 40 Building of Good Neighbors is a vanguard in the Party construction of the buildings in Changqingfan Residential Area. The building has the largest number of Party members in all buildings. Among the 27 residents in 12 households, there are ten Party members, who are mostly retirees. Normally, they are concerned about current affairs, health preservation and community construction. Building Chief Wang Xiaowei is a Party member and a model worker of Shanghai. Under her initiative, the title “Good Neighbor” was set up to round up the neighbors by leveraging the resources of the building so that they can conduct exchanges, learn things and show mutual concern. Mr. Ya, a retired cadre, uses his own home as the site for the activities of the residents in the building, enabling the neighbors to sit together chatting about current affairs, domestic trivia, estate construction and management. These characteristic buildings are the most vivid embodiment of the “self-governance of buildings under the leadership of Party construction”. A harmonious and wonderful acquaintance community has taken shape here.

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7.4 Enlightenment · Outlook The fact that the General Party Branch of Changqingfang leads community governance with the DNA team mode is a successful case. Although the content is insignificant, the idea is meticulous. It can be seen that the functional role of grassroots Party organization has been fully reflected during the construction of a platform led by core value, a platform for the voluntary services of Party members, a platform where the retirees can give play to their positive energy, a platform for communication and solidarity between buildings and a platform for regional co-construction and sharing. Take for example the community governance led by the DNA team mode of the General Party Branch of Changqingfang. The Party Work Committee of Kangjian Neighborhood actively explores the new mode of team self-governance under the leadership of Party construction. The innovations are mainly reflected in the following aspects. First, the leading style is improved to achieve the guidance and leadership of the society by the Party through all-round infiltration and adequate integration of all community teams and benefit clusters. While infiltration incarnates quiet accomplishment, integration incarnates cross-boundary seamless connections. In the process of breaking the original boundaries among all types of teams of the community, using voluntary services to create the identity with value and emotions, changing voluntary services gradually from community participation to community governance and the role of the Party organization and the image of Party members was set up, thus cementing the relations among the Party, the cadres and the masses. Second, innovative working method relays on materializing working carriers, which embedded in the demand structure of community residents and governance of the public affairs of the community and enhance the cohesion and influence of the Party in grassroots society. Starting from demand-oriented and problem-oriented, the self-governance management of the teams is integrated into the management of the public areas of the community and extended to the self-governance management of buildings. As a result, the role of grassroots Party organization has become even more affectionate to people, specific and pragmatic. Third, by fostering the leaders of the masses, the internal recycle in team selfgovernance is accomplised, the positive interaction of team development is achieved, and the mass foundation of the Party in the community is consolidated. Since the implementation of the “Health & Recreation Project”, emphasis has been placed on fostering and tapping the leaders of masses in community work, devising a plan for the leading role of the secretaries of the Party organizations of the residential area to guide and encourage them to make continuous innovations in the new method and new experience in grassroots Party construction. Moreover, emphasis has been placed on tapping and cultivating the backbone team members so that more and more effectives, including local units, Party organizations and on-job Party members, will find their way into community governance to become the loyal volunteers and propellers of the “Health & Happiness Project”.

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8 “Yunshang Yingtai” E-Family: Internet + Residents Self-Governance 8.1 Background · Origin Zhonghai Yingtai Estate is one of the middle-high-grade commodity residential estates of Changqiao Neighborhood built in recent years, with 1748 households. The resident structure of estates shows the characteristics of many on-job owners, many high-end nonlocal talent owners and many old dependents who migrated to the city with their families, which caused three prominent problems in the management of the residential area: ➀ Conventional services hardly meet the diversified needs of the residents; ➁ the channel for participation in community affairs hardly take shape, thus forming loopholes and dead angle in community governance; ➂ the residents of the community find it hard to develop a sense of identity. When the Zhonghai Yingtai Neighborhood Committee was set up at the end of 2012, it was confronted by an unprecedented dilemma of “no team, no knowledge about the facts of the residents, no management services” in addition to the above three prominent problems in the management of the residential area. Despite many difficulties in community management, the members of the Neighborhood Committee still throw themselves into the work of the community and, in the process, learnt that residents are enthusiastic about online communications, though they are unwilling to make offline communications—some 600 owners are active in the “Owners’ Forum”. Therefore, when the Neighborhood Committee was first established, its cadres took part in the forum under their own name to find out and resolve the concerns of the residents. They leveraged the forum in the smooth defusing of the dispute over a “riverside vegetable plot”. Then, the Neighborhood Committee uses the forum as an important platform for information publication and joined the owners in carrying out information exchanges and interactions on the forum, thus setting up a bridge for communications between the Neighborhood Committee and the residents, which can be used for informing the residents about some important dynamics of the community in time. On this basis, the subjects of Zhonghai Yingtai Residential Area make further use of information means to set up a new mode of resident self-governance in combination with the actual conditions of the community.

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“Yunshang Yingtai” WeChat public number

8.2 Initiatives · Mechanisms (I) Innovative Launch With the advent of the “micro age”, the residents of the estate spontaneously built all types of groups, which improved the life and work efficiency of the residents, thus triggering the idea about establishing the “Yingtai Dream Discussion Group”. In March 2014, under the leadership of the Party organization of the residential area, “Yingtai Dream” WeChat Group was launched and included all members of the Owners’ Committee, the secretary and the director of the Neighborhood Committee and the departmental heads of the PMC, thus becoming an online discussion platform of the “trio” for residents. By dint of the platform, the original Council and Coordination Meeting of the “trio” changed from offline to online operation. Additionally,

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the Women’s Home and the chorus of Zhonghai Yingtai also established their own WeChat groups, which absorbed the members of the “trio” and integrated voluntary services, mass cultural activities and the management of estate affairs. These WeChat groups created “Yingtai Dream” discussion platform and moved resident self-governance from desktop to hands, and then reintegrate into the estate.

Signing up for the online activities of “Yunshang Yingtai”

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“Yunshang Yingtai” micro community

(II) Upgrading of Innovations If the semi-open WeChat groups are only a communication platform for acquainted neighbors, “Yunshang Yingtai”, the WeChat public account of Zhonghai Yingtai developed in May 2016, is an interactive platform for all residents. As a platform for extensive bottom-up solicitation of topics, “Yunshang Yingtai” was developed by the Zhonghai Yingtai Party Branch and Residential Area by using the funds earmarked for public welfare self-governance and raised by the district Women’s Federation, a co-construction unit, and the owners of the estate to implement the spirit of the “No. 1 Topic” of the municipal Party Committee. This is an open platform that integrates the release of information, the signing up for activities, the display of the dynamics of the “trio”, health preservation, parent-child relations and popular science knowledge. (III) Operating mechanism Relying on the WeChat groups (15 groups of different types and functions) and the WeChat public number, “Yunshang Yingtai” governance mode includes members

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of the Neighborhood Committee, the Owners’ Committee and the PMC as well as the residents. “Yunshang Yingtai” public number is a showcase for online/offline interactions. While receiving information, it also conveys information to all residents, which serves as a hub of information. Residents photograph and upload the problems they discover.

Results are fed back to the residents via Yunshang Yingtai/WeChat groups.

Yunshang Yingtai/WeChat groups gather information and forward it to ìYingtai Dreamî.

Online discussions/offline coordination and solution based on Yingtai Dream

Operating mechanism of “Yunshang Yingtai”

The online functions of the governance mode include attraction of attention for initial consultations about public affairs, collection of needs, and quick responses to the problems in the governance of the estate, such as unauthorized structures. Its offline functions include developing the members of the WeChat groups into a stable contingent, forming resolutions on major events, providing public opinions for the “trio” in its governance of the estate and implementing the reasonable decisions of the groups. This governance mode can be broken down into the following two points. 1. Online and offline interactions Step 1: The WeChat groups gather the residents who cannot take part in community affairs in normal times and members of the Neighborhood Committee and the PMC. These WeChat groups include activity group, “Yingtai Dream” discussion group and other groups, each including members from different benefit clusters, such as the Owners’ Committee, the Neighborhood Committee and the PMC. The residents utilize the WeChat groups for real-time participation in the public affairs of the estate. The members of the Neighborhood Committee discuss with the residents in the WeChat groups to inquire about their needs and will quickly pass on the information to the relevant people who can resolve the problem immediately. In 2014, a voluntary service team also came into the “micro world” of “Yingtai Dream”. Its members include the BBS moderators of owners’ forum, young white collars, warmhearted residents, Party members, members of the Owners’ Committee and personnel

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of the PMC. This “micro group” discovers and resolves the “micro” incidents that plague the residents anytime and anywhere through picture taking and uploading for feedback and resolution. Step 2: Popular topics are discussed in the WeChat groups and then posted on the WeChat public account of “Yunshang Yingtai”. The residents participate in discussions, while the background of the public account collects and sums up public opinions to become the source of the topics to be discussed. With everyone discussing the public affairs of the estate, the transparency thereof has been enhanced and the democratization of the estate has been promoted. The platform has greatly improved the timeliness of the residents and enabled their reasonable appeals to receive attention and solution within the shortest time, making it possible to achieve the seamless governance of the residential area. 2. Construction of self-governance teams First, interactions between the groups formed the unique “GSY” system of the Gathering of Administrators, Sodality and “Yingtai Dream” Council. Gathering of Hosts: The team includes the administrators of 15 groups, who organize offline communication meetings irregularly whenever any major incident occurs in the estate or when the “trio” of the estate needs to extensively listen to the opinions of the residents. Sodality: This sodality involves online WeChat groups and offline artistic teams. On every red-letter day, the estate holds activities, enabling the residents to go from online to offline and take part in the sodality activities. “Yingtai Dream” Council: When “Yingtai Dream” cannot agree on anything discussed online, the “trio” needs to visit the offline E-Home to further discuss the resolution thereof. Second, mass leaders of the estate are generated to stimulate self-governance projects. The repeative online and offline interactions among residents have led to the appearance of mass leaders. Such interactions have created an acquaintance community, realized the dynamic management and rapid response of the comprehensive governance of the residential area Meanwhile, it reflected the functions of discussing, deciding and fulfilling things and created the good situation of Zhonghai Yingtai “E-Home”. Two self-governance projects are the most influential among the residents: neighbor mutual aid alliance and “Yintai Shibeiwan” Book Gallery. The former held a number of charity sale activities and spent the proceeds (about one hundred thousand yuan) buying articles that were donated to the needy families, volunteers and “Changqiao Good Persons” within the jurisdiction; the latter was launched by more than 100 mothers to provide a reading room for the children in the estate and the surrounding communities. As a self-governance project of the residential area, it was planned and designed by the residents, which received extensive favorable comments from the residents after a period of operations. On this basis, the residents developed a small WeChat APP entitled “Angel Cloud Bookshelf”, with which the residents can accumulate “Book Borrowing Beans” by participating in the voluntary activities

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of the community, such as donations and other acts for public welfare. The “Beans” can be used for online borrowing of books and attract more residents to participate in community activities. The future plan is to expand the content of the project on the basis of the “Angel Cloud Bookshelf” so that residents can obtain more service items through points accumulated from their participation in community activities under the point system of voluntary services, enabling the volunteers to get returns on what they have paid out and forming a positive cycle of voluntary services.

Offline gathering of administrators

Zhonghai Yingtai—reading house

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8.3 Innovations · Impact (I) Online consultation platform is established for the residents to take part in the public affairs of the community. Presently, the WeChat Groups in “Yunshang Yingtai” cover nearly all the voluntary services, mass cultural activities and management of estate affairs and have nearly 1000 users, accounting for nearly 60% of the total number of residents. Based on the above platform, the residents hold free discussions and make suggestions, while the staff members of the Neighborhood Committee sort out and judge public opinions, mobilizing the relevant residents to take part in the resolution of the problems of the estate. (II) “Micro governance” of the residential area achieved marked results, causing the quick resolution of the problems of the community. The residents take an active part in the public affairs of the estate. Through the mode of “micro tour”, the residents discover and resolve the “micro” incidents that plague them through picture taking and uploading for feedback and resolution. Each day, two residents on average report problems on “Yunshang Yingtai”. With a problem resolution rate of higher than 90%, the problems that originally need to be declared for repair or reported by the owners themselves can be addressed as soon as possible. (III) The residents leverage online platform to incubate self-governance projects and continuously strengthen their awareness for self-governance. The residents are highly enthusiastic about taking part in the public affairs of the estate. A number of residents keen on public welfare set up the “Neighbor Mutual Aid” WeChat group online and the “Neighbor Mutual Aid” alliance offline, which help the needy people within the community through activities such as charity sale; the loving mothers set up the “Mom Group” online and “Yintai Shibeiwan” Book Gallery offline through social crowd-funding; more than 170 residents take part in the discussions and opinion survey about the construction of the parent-child “Reading House”, which was put into use in 2016, contributing to the education of the minors of the community. In 2017, according to the motion of the Gathering of Administrators, a parlor was opened in Building No. 11 of phase II of the estate to tap the talent resources of the estate. A retired medical expert was invited to be the “parlor head”, providing the residents with knowledge about home-based elderly care and family first aid along with the voluntary service in family first aid.

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Zhonghai Yingtai—parlor

8.4 Enlightenment · Outlook (I) Breaking the barriers between groups to shorten interpersonal distance The innovation of “Yunshang Yingtai” is not just the use of new technologies. More importantly, it drew support from new technologies to break the barriers between the residents of the estate, the barriers between the neighborhood committee and the PMC; between the neighborhood committee and the residents. The platform of WeChat has connected individuals who are unfamiliar with one another and different stakeholders to form a net with “no loopholes” to provide a channel for communication of information, making sure that the joint actions and communications of the masses are smooth. (II) Bidirectional online/offline interactions facilitate self-governance The online/offline interactions of “Yunshang Yingtai” are not unidirectional, but bidirectional and interconnected. When online communication is needed, online solutions will be offered; when offline decision is needed, face-to-face exchanges will take place. For instance, The GSY system of Gathering of Administrators, Sodality and “Yingtai Dream” Council is the embodiment of online/offline bidirectional interactions for creating an interaction platform of diversified subjects and establishing a new community governance system.

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(III) “Internet +” breaking new ground in self-governance and stimulating the enthusiasm of residents for participation The “Yunshang Yingtai” project is busy exploring the path of “Internet + voluntary services” for self-governance projects, including “Yingtai Shibeiwan”, “parlor” and “Love Alliance”, uses the method of exchanging the service duration of volunteers for the opportunity of receiving services to extend voluntary services to families. This will arouse the enthusiasm of residents for participation and enable volunteers to receive returns on what they have paid out. The mechanism of online consultations expanded under the support of information resources, such as “Internet +”, big data and mobile applications. Case Analysis The innovativeness and forestalling nature of the community self-governance cases of Xuhui District lie in the formation of the basic model of “Party construction as lead + talents + social organizations + core topics + treatment of persistent maladies + government support + social resources” for community self-governance, which is relied upon to meet governance demand more precisely, use more resources and capability to address the difficulties in governance and improve governance performance with higher “legality”. Specifically, the following aspects are included: First, tapping the talents of the community. Xuhui District is a downtown area of Shanghai. Its residents have a high quality and a strong awareness and capability of taking part in self-governance. A common approach adopted by Xuhui in community self-governance is to promptly find, foster and tap these talents, motivate more residents into the guidance of the folk leaders of the community and achieve real sustainable self-governance of the community. All the entities, including the “Green Housewives”, the “DNA team”, the “Lane Management Committee” and the “Road Management Committee”, highly value the function of demonstration and leading role of the fold leaders of the community in the self-governance of the community, which can bring more self-governance resources into community governance. What needs to be pointed out is that, in the process of tapping and cultivating the talents in the community, the leadership of Party construction is very important. Of course, many talents are Party members themselves. The leadership of Party construction enables these talents to rely on more Party construction resources and play a greater role in a correct direction. Second, lowering the grade of self-governance. The level and space of boosting the self-governance of residents are the important variables that influence the effect of self-governance. Lowering the grade of self-governance will facilitate the formation of an acquaintance society and enable the residents to implement self-governance in an environment of closer relations. This is

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also the refinement of self-governance and urban governance. Jingtai Residential Area of Xietu Neighborhood conducts self-governance in the buildings by setting up the “Close Neighbor Courier Station”. This has not only significantly strengthened the relevance of interests in the self-governance of the residents, but has also made self-governance projects closer to their needs. For example, according to the characteristics and actual needs of the residents of the estate, the General Party Branch of the Neighborhood Committee rolled out the building self-governance project of public welfare building, discussion building, medical care building, friendship building, literature & art building to enrich the carrier of close neighbors. In addition, the self-governance of the “Lane Management Committee”, the “Road Management Committee”, Tianlin No. 12 Village and Yinjiajiao Residential Estate also involves the lowering of the self-governance surface according to local conditions to unfold selfgovernance in lanes, the estate and the buildings and on roadsided, achieving the result of refined governance. Third, innovation in the platform of self-governance. The Neighborhood Committee is a self-governance organization in a legal sense and also an important force of self-governance. But the current reality is not as good as it should be. Therefore, another mode of boosting the self-governance of the residents is to rely on neighborhood committees without being limiting one ‘self to them. While promoting the self-governance of neighborhood committees, Xuhui District has actively expanded the new platform of self-governance, including the “Lane Management Committee”, the “Road Management Committee”, the Close Neighbor Courier Station and the building self-governance, to achieve refined governance through differentiated self-governance. Fourth, discussing community plans. The matters and plans adopted through the self-governance of residents in relation to community governance are more in keeping with actual needs and the issues of interest that residents are most concerned about, the most direct and the most practical. The proposal of Tianlin No. 12 Village Residential Area to use government funds first in broadening the roads of the estate and the operation of Changqingfang “Gold Idea” Council have both proven that community governance plans can be better established through the self-governance of residents, thereby enhancing the scientific level of community governance. This is also an important incarnation of refined urban governance. Fifth, intensifying the applications of technology. With the rapid development of the IT of a new generation, especially the development of technologies such as AI, big data and IoT, intelligent community has become the important direction of future community development and the use of new IT in community governance can greatly improve the effectiveness thereof. For example, WeChat groups have provided a new platform of promoting communication for the estates with a diversified and complex resident structure. The intelligent monitoring system acts as the technical support for the security and emergency

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governance of communities. Big data analysis can be used to optimize the spatial layout of estate service facilities. The application of new technologies has provided a new path for refined urban governance and is also an effective way of hedging the high cost of governance that refined governance may confront. Self-governance is an important method of activating the power of social self-operation, effectively improving relations between the government and the society and bridging the gaps in the administrative system. So long as we grasp the precondition of the leadership of Party construction, community self-governance is bound to enhance the level of refined urban governance. Of course, the full development of community self-governance cannot be achieved at one go, which makes it necessary to focus on three factors: architecture, platform and teams. First, the formation of an effective architecture of governance is the key to the self-governance of self-governance. One of the targets that is pursued in the governance of a residential area is to promote the institutionalization of the self-governance of its residents, gradually forming a system of self-governance rules with self-governance by-law at the core, with “3 meetings” and all types of joint pledges of the residents as focus. With all types of discussion and decision-making rules, they can provide residents with support in carrying out diversified activities of democratic consultations, and gradually improve the architecture of residential area governance involving the participation of diversified subjects. Second, the self-governance of residents needs a self-governance platform for discussions and consultations. It is necessary to set up a more inclusive, open and flexible carrier for discussions and consultations as a platform for grassroots democratic consultations and turn it into an important addition to the democratic consultations, discussions and management under the policy and discussion framework of the neighborhood committee. In structure, it should be able to represent all interests and absorb the main power of the masses of the local community. In functions, this platform should play the role of facilitating consultations and discussions, reaching consensus, organizing and mobilizing. Lastly, the self-governance of residents needs a backbone team full of vigor. People are the most crucial and decisive factor in grassroots self-governance. Residential areas need to improve the mechanism for the bottom-up formation of self-governance topics and projects, collect the topics through backbone Party members, building chiefs and resident representatives, which can guide the masses in their law-based, rational and orderly participation in grassroots governance and the public affairs of communities. The availability of these factors will inevitably form firmer steps in implementing the self-governance of residents and making innovations in community governance.