Typologie et Préhistoire de l'Asturien du Portugal / The Asturian in Portugal: Typology and Chronology 9780904531671, 9781407337500

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Introduction
LES STRATIGRAPHIES
LE PROBLEME DES PIECES ROULEES PAR LA MER
L'OUTILLAGE ASTURIEN DE SURFACE
LE DEBITAGE DES GALETS DE QUARTZITE PAR LES ASTURIENS
LE GENRE DE VIE DES ASTURIENS DU NORD DU PORTUGAL
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
INTRODUCTION

Citation preview

Typologie et Préhistoire de l'Asturien du Portugal _______________ The Asturian in Portugal: Typology and Chronology Jean Maury translated from the French by Elisabeth Weeks

BAR Supplementary Series 2 r 1 977

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 78P, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y. M. Hands

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. Supplementary Series 21, 1977: "Typologie et Prehistoire de l 'Asturien du Portugal/The Asturian in Portugal: Typology and Chronology". © Jean Maury, 1977. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780904531671 paperback ISBN 9781407337500 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780904531671 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

P age I n troduct ion

1

L es s tra t igraph ies

3

L e p rob le me d es p ieces r ou ges p ar l a mer

9

L iou t i l lage a s tur ien d e s ur face

1

L e d 6b itage d es g a lets d e q uar tz ite p ar l es Astur iens

1 9

L e g enre d e v ie d es Astur iens d u n ord d u P or tuga l

2 2

B ib l iograph ie

2 8

I l lus tra t ions

3 1

I n troduct ion

8 3

S tra t igraph ic S ect ions

8 4

T he Prob le m o f t he Wa ter-worn P ieces

9 0

T he As tur ian Ar tefacts f ound o n t he S ur face

9 2

T he Frag men ts p roduced f ro m Quar tz ite P ebb les b y t he Astur ians

9 8

T he Way o f L ife o f t he Astur iap .s o f Nor thern P or tuga l

1 00

I NTRODUCTION

D e q ue,

t outes

l es

l 'Asturien U tilisant

f agonng d ans

p ar

c ivilisations

e st l e

d es

c hopper,

m ais

e nlävements

u n

g alet,

l es

A sturiens

t outes

l es

c ötes

D gcouverte d e

s ation l age

e n

r gnicial, f ut

d 'abord

p araissait

a sturiens

o nt

g tg

a u P algolithique M ina o ü

l a

A zilien

( 6).

A sturien s ements A ncora

d u

l a

g tg

d e

d es

d o

C astello

o nt

g tg

s ignalgs

B iarritz,

c es

i nstruments

e n

G alice,

e t

e nsembles

d e

d es

g tant

a pogee

P ar

d e

S erpa

I bg-

S ella

d es

t ant

f ruste p ar

e t d e

s on

o util-

p ostgrieurs

C ueto

d e a t

l a ä 1 '

p rimitif, n ouveaux

J alhay,

P into

g rot-

c ivili-

e nsembles

n iveaux d e

l a

c ette

M agdalgnien

s uite

o util a bandon-

d ans

d 'autres

g rotte a u

u n

p ointe

P ortugal.

A sturies,

d ans

G alice

d u

i nfgrieur

l a

l a

f orte

o utillages

a t

t ard,

s ont

p uis

g tudia

e t

d ans

l e

g tabliss ur

s ite

l e d '

l 'amas

M ais

i l

d es

n 'est

d ata

a sturienne - 3 3 00,

d atation

P adrons,

q ui e st

Q uoiqu'il

a n

L os

s oit,

p ortugais.

a sturiens,

t räs

a sturiens

a n

l 'Asturien O n

t rouve

s ouvent

d e

q uartzite,

d ans

d es a n

o u

a sturien s emble

d ans

s ilex

s urtout

o nt

d e

u n

d 'identifier l es

d e

l a

o util-

R iera

M ais

p our

a utre

d istingue A sturies,

t aillgs m Ales n ombreuses

a g tg ä

c elle-ci

u n

p ost-asturien

l es

u ne

p ic

h autes.

r egion.

s e

I l

d onne

c orrespondre

o btenue d gjä

( 19).

P ortugal, p lus

ä

c ompre-

c ontemporain

f ourni

p ossible d u

C antabres

n ombreux m ais

p as

a stu-

M ais,

s ilex

p oterie

a vant

c ette

e ffet

e n

r adiocarbone

t oujours

c oquilles C ette

l a

e ntre

p ics

l 'Asturien

p lace

A sturies

d atations d e

a u

e n

d es

M ouligna.

s ur

a utour

P ortugal,

o utillage

ä d e

c ivilisation c elui d e

p lus,

t ardif d e

n iveau

r adiocarbone.

D e

ä u n

d atations

u n

d u

d e

c onnues

g rottes

N ord

p lage

p olies,

f aciäs

l es

l e

l a

s ont

p lusieurs

e spagnole.

a ssocigs

l es

p our

a sturiennes

d ans

s ur

h aches

d 'un

ä l 'Asturien

l e

s tations

d isparait v ers

d e l 'Asturien t ruments

R .

f rontiäre

A sturies,

c oquilles,

s ites

P lus

u ne

d el

d es

e n

s urtout

s ilex t aillgs.

p ar

l a a t

V ega

d ans

n otamment

a d es

d iffgrents

l es

6 90 d e

o ü

ä B iarritz

( B.C.)

d e t els

s 'gtiole

l a

D 'ailleurs

t ypique

Bans

l a C öte

c aractäre

s ignalgs

m ais

c ertainement

d e 3700

6

a t

m icrolithes,

d onc

d u N golithique.

d ate

d e

P gninsule

c 'est-ä-dire

l eurs

s uperposAe

s on

n ombreuses

r iens

l ages

p ar

P algolithique

g tait d e

A sturies,

V iana

m oyenne

p ic,

l 'Espagne

l a

l a

.

C öte

d es

s ur

d e

o riginales.

d ggager

s tratigraphie

P ortugal

a t

s 'agit

C omte

M gsolithique.

d 'Oviedo

n ant

d e

n otamment

d gpit d u

o nt

A ctuellement t oute

e n

l e

s ignalent

a u

e n

p lus

p our

a rchaique.

a sturienne

d ate

d u N ord

( 1 4)

e t

t rouvgs

a sturiens

l ittoral

r apportge

A ussi

f ut-il

l e

s upgrieur,

c ouche

s e

d e L lanes,

g rossier

d es

s urtout

N ord-Ouest

1 914 p ar

p rgs

u ne

l atgraux

n gs s ur t e

p rghistoriques

c ertainement

a mas

( 5). n ettement s ur a ux

l ames

l es i nsa t

l amelles s ites l es

e n s ilex,

p ortugais.

p ics

a sturiens

a ux p oids

l 'outillage

g als

e st

t res

q uartzite, l es p oids g urent s inon

u n

( 5).

l es

b ien

d gcalage

l e

o util

i nconnu

d e l 'Ocgan.

C omte

c entaines

d e l a

s ix k ilom tres

d e

C antabres

d gcouverts

v oisinage

o u ä p eu

a sturiens a ir d ont M is c onnu p ar l a m ieux

G alice

e t

j onchent

d es

o utils

d e

c e

e ncore

d ans

e xigge

p ar l es

o euvre

d es m gthodes

r gsultats

1 925 l e

s 'agit e n

d e

c e

p rogres

s ecteur.

A sturies, I l

d e

e st

p lein

d es

l ittorale. q ua e xplores

ä s eulement d es

ä p roximitg,

a ux

a u

g tablissements

s tations

d e

d e

p lein

l 'Dcgan. e n

e st

s tras urtout

s ignificatif q ue d e

d 'Ancora.

r echerches

R .

l egtude d e

M ais

S erpa

q uelque

s 'imposaient

d e l 'enorme m ateriel

L 'utilisation d ans

p ermettant

c e d es

d e

d 'ailleurs

d es

s ites

l 'Asturien

a ir

f i-

ä q uelques

r este c ello

n ouvelles

d e l 'Archgologie

s tatistiques

d e

e st

s ituant

b ordure m gme

c ivilisation

s ite

b ande

a sturiens

e ffet

t rouvent Q uant

d u m om s

p eu n ombreux d gcouverts

d es

s urface.

t ravail,

t ravail q uo

N ord d u

P ortugal,

e ntre

t ravail

c ontinue

p resque

s itue

s uccedent

k ilometres, p lages

d e

i l

p lages

s ouvent

s ur c ette

s e

c as

n 'y

i mpliquent

d e t ypologies d omaine,

l a m ise

p rgcisions

q ui

f ines,

e t

e n

d es

n ouveaux.

C 'est l e

s e

l es

e n

g loigng s e

c ede.

n ombreux,

d isparait

g isements

l e

d e

p artout c omme

g troite

c ivilisation

d 'Ancora p our t irer l e m eilleur p art

s ubsiste

t eur,

l a

a pparait

u ne

t rouvent

p ortu-

g roupes.

t erres e t l es

T ous

d e

g rottes

t rouvailles

g tudia e n

c ette

l ames,

g alets

b urins

i ndustries,

d eux

s ur

g galement

d u P ortugal,

q uelques

s alt l 'intgrAt a utour

l es

d e

p lus

l ors.

p ieces

d ans

d es

a sturienne

s e

l e

d istance

d e

d ocumentge

P into q ui

d epuis

d e

l es

ä p art

t igraphie

l es

v ie

t ous

S ella

C 'est

t oujours l amellas,

d eux

d e

P resque

l a n or.

s ur

e ntre

b ien l ocalisge

d el

s ont

l ames,

q uant

l 'essentiel

l 'Asturien

p ieces

C es d ifferences

g enre

d u r ivage,

d e

l es

E n r evanche l es

l e v errons,

p ics

l es

ä l 'intgrieur d es

V ega

d e m etres

l es

d ans

d e S antander,

c onstituent m Ame

i nconnus.

f ondamental

o n

I ls

p räs

m al r eprgsentgs,

m entionngs.

n ous

M ais

i nconnues

t res

c onstitug

l a c ivilisation

c 8tiäre,

c ompletement p ar l e

p as

c omme

c hronologique

ä f ait

d e L iencres,

c hoppers

E ntierement

a ttestgs.

d ans

t out

n ombreux.

t otalement

f agon,

a sturien,

s 'gloigne

s ont m emo

P ar c ontre,

s ont

c ivilisation p lc

l es

c hoppers y a bondent,

e t

t oute

e t

s ont

d ifferent.

d ifferences

D e L e

us n e

p ieces

l e ' gisement

r ares

b urins

ä p Ache

p oint

n ettes

u ne

l es

d ans

s ont

ä p Ache,

l es l amelles, d e

d es b urins,

A insi,

e ntre a vec

V iana s ans

l e r io L ima

s ur l a

d 'Areosa,

j 'ai c ommence

c 8te

q uelques c ello

d o

e n

C astello

i nterruption e t

d 'une z ones

d 'Ancora

l e

r io

1 966 e t

d ans

M inho,

l es

1 974.

c ontinue

s ur

l e

2

l ittoral

e ntre

d u

e spagnole, D ans

g isements

p articulierement r iches, e t

r egion

l a f rontiere

j usqu'en

f agon p resque

l a

c e

p lus

d e

n otamment

A ncora

s ec-

a sturiens

e t

v ingt l es

M oledo.

L ES

S ur e t r io

ä q uelques t ions s a

d e

d e

n ote, m eme

e n

p lage

s on

I l

o ü i i n otait

e n

p resence

e tude

d 'un

p ic

l ors,

g ranite

o nt m ultiplie

d e

a ujourd'hui

d e

n ouvelles

c ompleter

e t

d e

l ittoral,

u n

e xamen

d e d ecouvrir, d e p ieces

n iveaux

P into

s tation r elevee e n

p as d e

p lace

d ans

g alets

l ambeaux

d 'Ancora. p res

s ta-

l ä

n otamment

l 'avait

s ol,

e n

p ar r estes

d 'ailleurs I l

d u

p ort

d ans

u n

d onnait d 'Ancora

n iveau

d e

p remiere

l a p lage U n

l e t alus

l as

l a

c oupes

d ans

d es

d es

l ittoraux

d 'Ancora d e

d e

t errain,

d es

c oupes

n iveaux

d e

c a

c es

d 'exploip ermet

p ossible

a sturiens

t errain

g alets,

s urtout, q ui

e te

n iveaux

d e

e t

c arriäres

A ussi m 'a-t-il

s tratigraphie

s ystematique

p lace,

c hemins

N ord

o bservations.

p reciser

e n

d e

a u

d e

s ur

c a

m 'ayant p ermis

u ne

c inquantaine

a sturiennes. U ne

d e

C arrego.

c hemin

l ittoral

l a

c oupe

s erie

d e

a p u A tre

1 .

e n

s urface

2 .

e n

d essous,

3 .

p lus

4 .

u n

l imon

d e

c entimetres

b as,

d ix b run

l it

d ans

I i

b ase,

u n

c es

e n

s e

p rovoque

s able

n oir

1 .

a n

s urface

: d ix

d e

v ers

p ar l 'Ocean,

s ept m etres.

e n

b as

g ris

p re-

:

f once, d 'epaisseur,

o cre

l it

d e

g alets

l esquels l a l as

d 'une

j 'ai

c omme

s uivant

n e

t rentaine

t rouve

t outes

d eux

l as

t ypologie m ise g alets

t ransversal

c ette

l ivre

C 'est

c ontenant

u ne

a insi

u n

p ieces

a u

a menages

d roit

a t

p oint d e

d 'un

c a c hop-

3

d e

c oupe

l 'on s able

g alet.

c oupe,

e boulement

a utre

q ue

c entimetres

a ucun

p remiere

l a m er,

a u

e ndroits

q u'une

c onvexe.

d irigeant

d e

m etres

ä p lusieurs

c entimetres

c lasser

c hopper

c ents

a insi

h aut

s able

d ix

u n

c oupe

d e

d e

ä c inq

C 'est

r epertories,

p our

d 'un

l imon

f ossile

e te

c oupes

A c inquante m etres a t

d e

c ontenant

p lages

s 'agit

t ransversal

ä l a

d e

d 'epaisseur p armi

c es

1 967 s ur

l a m er

E lle m ontre

g alets

C eux-ci o nt

t rouve

m etres.

c entimetres

d e

f once

s e

l onge s ept

c entimetres

e n

s ecteur.

d e

c inquante u n

c oupes

q ui

r elevee.

d ecouvertes

p er

d e

p lage f ossile

c hoppers.

d oute

d e

L ima

d u

v eritables n 'est

q uelques

S erpa

l a

d e

s ol

r io

s urface

l 'erosion,

e ncore

a sturien

l 'ouverture

t ation

c hemin

p ar

d e

d e

p as l e

r ealitä,

s tratigraphie

l 'implantation

5 .

e n

t emoignent

a nnees,

m ière

s 'agit j onche

e ntre

ä l a

( 14). D epuis

d e

n e

R .

p ortugais,

r amassent

d emantelee

s on

u ne

s e

q ui

p rovient,

d erniäres

N ord

l ittoral i l

p ortugais

d ans

a rticle l a

M ais

f ossile

c omme

t emps,

c et

d u

a sturiennes

l 'outillage

o riginale. u ne

p lages

l a m er.

c ar

L 'archeologue

d ans

g raviers

d e

a ir

t empgte,

e n p lace.

l as

p ieces

m etres

d ans

l a m er

l as

p lain

p osition

p lace

t outes

M inho,

S TRATIGRAPHIES

e n d e

d ans

o bserve g ris.

d e

q uittant t errain,

l a m gme h aut

e n

l e s ans

p lage b as

2 .

e n

d essous

a ssez

: d ix

g rande

c hopping-tool t renchant 3 .

c entimetres

q uantitg

u n

p eu r oulg. d essous

d e

s able

g alets

ä l a

ä t ranchant d roit

o blique,

e n

d e

t rente

l e

e t

p remier a ux

c entimetres

d e

j aunAtre b ase

u n

c ontenant

u ne

p armi l esquels

u n

c hopper t ransversal

a rAtes s able

f raiches,

o cre

a vec

ä

l e s econd

q uelques

g ra-

n ules. 4 .

u n

n iveau d e

l imon 5 .

b run

q uatre t i ne

c ession

g alets

v ingt

d e

c oupe

h aut

e n

e n

s urface

: c inquante

e n

d essous

: t rente

c ontenant

t rouvaient

d roit,

l e

u n

d e

u n

n iveau d e

s able

u n

n iveau d e

l imon b run

u n l imon

b run

D 'autres a u n ord

s ieurs

e ndroits U ne

1 .

a u s ommet l as

2 . 3 .

e n

d e s able

l ivre l a s uc-

g ris

h orizontal,

d e v ingt

s ans

d ues l as

p lage

f oncg.

d e

s able b run

p armi l esquels

u n

c onvexe

l 'autre

c entimetres

c ontenant

g alets

ä d es

d e

u n

a t

p eu

u n

r oulg.

d 'gpaisseur.

u n l it

d e

g alets d e v ingt

q uarante

c entimetres d 'gpais-

d errieres d 'extraction

a u n ord

t ravaux

f ossile

c oupe

e n

a pparaitre s able

d e

d e

d es

b ordure

e n

c elles

d e

c arriers

d e

C arrego

a yant

g ranite

c inq c ents

e ntaill6

ä p lu-

s ept m etres.

A ont

d u c hemin l ittoral,

1 973

s uperficiel d 'une

l es

n iveaux

d izaine

d e

d essous

u ne

c ouche

d e

s able b runAtre

d e

m etres

d 'gpaisseur c ontenant

u n l it

d e

g alets,

l ongueur, s urgs.

t räs

g alets

s i l 'on

s e s e

ä e ncoches

d essous

u n

n ouveau l it

f onde

m ais

e n

s uivants

c entimetres

s elon

d e

u n

q uarante

u ne

d ix

t rentaine

u n m onoface c onvexe

c oncave,

u n

q uarante

d e

c entimetres d e q ui o nt

e tg

t rapgzoldal,

a t t rois

p oids

c enti-

g alets.

c entimetres

e n m oyenne

s ur

d ont

r ares

ä p Ache

d roits, d e

m eq uatre

u n

f orme

c hopo va-

u nifaciales.

: t rente d e

c entimetres

g alets

l ongueur m oyenne)

s ur

n ait

a t

u n

d ense,

t rouvaient

ä t ranchant

e n

q uelques

m esurent

t ransversaux

p ing-tool l aire

C es

P armi e ux

c hoppers

5 .

l ä,

e ndroits.

p uissance.

4 .

d e

f oncg.

c entimetres

f ra nhes,

f oncg

k ilometres

p remiere

c 3ntrebas l aissait

o cre

f oncg

d 'Ancora, l a

p roto-pic

s able

g risätre.

d e m oindre v olume(six

q uinze u n

d e

c entimetres

c entimetres

d 'epaisseur

c hopper t ransversal

6 .

u ne

7 .

Cl a b ase,

d ouche

U na

d e l imon l e r ocher

d euxieme

n iveaux

n oir d e

a u t renchant

s i-

1 .

e n

s urface

: d ix

2 .

e n

d essous

: s able

c entimetres.

g ranitique.

c oupe,

s uivants

d ix

ä q uelques m etres

d e l ä,

l aisse

:

c entimetres g ris

f onc6

4

d e

s able

g ris.

s ur q uinze

c entimetres.

d e

c onte-

n ueux.

r aitre l as

d e

ä l a b ase.

c oupes

ä s ept

m etres

n iveau

d 'gpaisseur.

s eur v isible

s ont v isibles

t res

t ransversaux,

a rAtes

3 .

d ix

g alets

c hoppers

p remier a ux

c entimetres

b run

d istance

c entimetres

4 . 5 .

ä l 'intgrieur d 'un

l imon

ä s oixante l it

d eux

d 'un

ä q uelque

1 .

s e

a t

b as

2 .

c lair

c ontact

c entimetres

t roisieme

s uivente,

a u

f oncg.

a ppe-

3 .

P lus b as

: l it

t res.

n iveau a d onne

L e

d e

- u n

g alets

d enses

s ur

t rente

c inq

t rois p ieces

t räs

a ux

a rgtes

f raiches

c hopper

t ransversal

c entimä:

c onvexe,

- u n c hopping-tool, - u n m onoface 4 .

n iveau d e

5 .

l it

d e

s able g ris

g alets

v olumineux

c inquante

s e t rouvent

s ous-jacent C ette

d e

( etage

c ouche

a l ivre

r ocher

g ranitique,

u n

p eu p lus

n oir

t roisiäme

1 .

e n

p lus b as l it

s urface

g alets

d e

g alets

ä p eu

t oujours

g alets

d e

l e

s uivante

d e

d e d ix

d imensions m odestes

ä l a b ase

C ette

( moyenne

c ouche a d onne

m ent m edian,

d eux

3 .

c inq

d ix

u n

d ecale

t ype

e clat

s oixante

d es

t alus

ä d os

n atural

d ix

c entimetres.

u n

d eux

d e

l a

p remiäres,

p lage

d e

s ept

:

s able

g risgtre.

c entimetres a u

s ommet s ont

d e

d e

p uissance.

c et

e tage

n ettement

C es

( sept

p lus

v olumi-

c oncave

ä u n

e nläve-

d roits,

u n

c entimätres).

c hopper l ateral

c hoppers

t ransversal o blique, e nlävement

n oir

i socäles.

s ur

c entimetres d e l ongueur m oyenne) n eux

d u

d istance

d ans

d ix c entimetres d e

l imon

p lus

ä l a b ase.

s tratigraphie

2 .

d ans l e

L es

:

g alets,

ä d eux p ans

s ans

c oupe

a u N ord,

e epaisseur.

e nrobes

p ieces

d e

c hopping-tool,

7 .

l a

q uatre

e ciats

c hopper

d e l imon

a d onne

b ase

- u n a ssise

m etres

ä l a

- u n 6 .

U ne

c entimetres

6 ).

- d eux

m ais

t rapezoidal.

f once.

t ransversaux

c hopper

t ransversal

c hopper

o blique

ä u n

ä g auche.

ä d ix c entimetres

d e

s able

g ris

c ontenant

q uelques

g ranu-

l es. 4 .

u n

n ouveau l it

g ueur m oyenne c ouche

2 ,

d e

g alets

d onc

e nrobes

d e

d ix

n ettement d ans

ä q uatorze

p lus

d u l imon

c entimetres

v olumineux

n oir d e

q ue

t rente

c eux

d e d e

l onl a

c entimetres

d e

p uissance. C ette

c ouche

d rique

d roite

5 .

u n l imon

6 .

l e

s ion

d es n iveaux e n

s urface

: u n

2 .

e n

d essous

u n

g ueur m oyenne,

s ur

t ypique

ä p ointe

t rie-

t ransversaux.

t rente

c entimetres

d 'epaisseur.

ä l a b ase.

t oujours

d ans

l e m gme

d es p recedentes,

s uivants

1 .

a sturien

c hoppers

g alets

c oupe,

e nviron

u n p ic

t rois

g ranitique,

a utre

ä t rente m etres

a t

n oir s ans

r ocher U ne

c ontenait

m 'a

n iveau

p ermis

d e

d e

s ept m etres,

n oter l a

s ucces-

:

n iveau

d e

l it

g alets

t räs

d e

s able

d ense,

d e

d e

d ix

h uit

c entimetres. ä d ix

s tetageant

c entimetres

s ur q uarante

d e

l on-

c entimetres

d 'epaisseur. 3 .

u n

4 .

u n l it

n iveau d e d e

m oyenne) n ait

u n

d roit, 5 .

s able

g ros d ans

d e

c inq

ä d ix

g alets

( dix

ä q uatorze

u ne

c ouche

d e

c entimetres.

l imon

c hopper t ransversal

c entimetres

n oir

c onvexe,

; c ette

u n

c hopper

d e

l ongueur

c ouche

c onte-

t ransversal

u n p alet-disque.

e n

d essous

l e

r ocher g ranitique.

: u n

l imon m oir s ans M ais

g alet

q ui r ecouvre,

c elui-ci n 'apparatt p as

5

s ans i ci.

d oute,

E nfin, t aillg l e t alus p rgcgdentes, d ans

c e

u ne

g rande

d e l a

d eux

a utres

d e

d e g ranite

a yant

s ept m etres,

c oupes b ien l isibles

o nt

a u

l argement

N ord

p u A tre

e n-

d es c oupes

r elevges

p erpendiculaire

ä l a m er m ontre l es

n iveaux

s ui-

: 1 .

e n

s urface

2 .

e n

d essous

3

g alets d ans d ix

: u n

t räs

d enses

ä q uinze

u n

c onvexe

4

c entimetres

a t

d e

ä p ointe

u n

d e

d ans

ä p ans

g alets,

u n

u n

u n m onoface

p ic u n

ä g auche,

S ur l a ä l a m er,

l ong.

C e

d eux

g ris.

c entimetres c es

n iveau

t rigdrique

m esurent

a d onng

d roite,

c hoppers

d 'gpaisseur

g alets

u n p ic

u n p roto-pic, t ransversaux d ont

d isymgtriques,un é clat

1 .

e n

s urface

e n

d essous

u n

q uelques

p lus

b as

d e

g alet,

u n

c ouche

g alet

5 .

p lus b as

d roite,

q uadrangulaire

s eul

d isque,

g tage

u n

c arriäre,

e nlävement

u n d g-

e clat. m ais,

c ette

f ois,

s uivants

s uperficielle

d e

s able b runAtre.

c entimetres

d e

s able

g ris c onte-

g raviers.

d onne

d e

g alet,

ä u n

C at

t rigdrique

ä p ointe

l a m Ame

g tages

c entimetres

u n

p ic

d e

a sturien

c hopper t ransversal u nique

d ix

ä p ointe

u n

n iveau d e v ingt

ä e nlävement 4 .

d e

c entimetres.

g alets

t räs

d enses

d e

d ouze

d e l ongueur m oyenne.

n iveau m 'a u n

t ypique

t ransversal,

c oupe,

r ares

u n p eu p lus v olumineux,

t rente

c hopper-tool,

q uarante

c entimetres

d ense,

s ur

p roto-pic

n oter l es

: u ne

n ant

u n

c hopper

d euxiäme

2 .

m om s n oir

a sturien

u n

j 'ai p u

d roite,

l imon

o valaire,

p eu d gjetge,

C e

v ingts

L a m ajoritg d e

s ub-triangulaire,

n ouveau l it c ontenait

3 .

q uatre

f oncg.

d e s able

f endu.

e nrobgs

c alg

c entimetres

s ur

g ris

t ypique

u n m onoface g alet

s able b runAtre.

q uarante

d u s able

a sturien

f ace

f oss 'ile

s ecteur. L a p remiere

v ants

e xploitation

p lage

u n

c entimetres : u n

m edian, p ortant

d e

s able

t ypique

c onvexe,

u n m onoface q uelques

ä p ointe

t riedrique

u n m icro-chopper c oncave t rapgzoidal,

u n

é clat

e nlävements.

g ris b eige.

n ouveau l it

d e

g alets

s ur q uinze

c entimetres d '

g paisseur. 6 .

u ne

7 .

r ocher

p lusieurs

c ouche

l es

t outes

k ilomätres,

s tarticulent

d eux

d 'observer

g tages

d e

n otamment

f aire d es

h orizons

s gpargs p ar T outefois, q u'ils

s ont

s upgrieure d ans n oir.

u n

u ne i ls e n e t

d es

p ics

c oupes,

d 'une

u n

d e

f agon

L es

s able

g ris

f oncg,

E n t out

c as,

p artout

d e

t räs

r ares

g alets.

q u'gloignges p arfois d e

n iveaux

c onstante

d eux

l es

u nes d e

a ux

s able

p uissance v ariable

t ypiques

d es

q ui

n iveaux d e

p iäces

g alets

p arfaitement f ait

c eux n os

v olume

q ue

d e l a

l es b ase

c ouches

6

l 'un d es

g alets s e

a utres. s uperfis elon

a rchgolo-

p ermettent

d 'en

s ont

s able v ariable m ais t oujours

c ontact p ar l e m oindre p ar l e

b ien

o u d eux

a sturiens

d istinguent

s urtout

d e

p arfaitement

s uccessifs

a sturiens.

g paisseur s e

c es s ous

g alets

s ecteurs m ais l ivrant

g igues,

n oir c ontenant ä l a b ase.

F inalement, E lles p ermettent d el,

d e l imon

g ranitique,

s ouvent

f aible.

d e l 'autre m Ame g alets d u h aut

t rouvent

a robeologiques

d e

l a

s ont

d ans

u n

r eposent

l ors-

c ouche e nrobgs l imon s ur

u ne

a seise

d u

l imon

L a

n oir q ui r ecouvre l e r ocher

d atation

c ision l a p lace

l imon

c hronologique

v ole d e c onsequence, d e

d e c e d e

p ermettrait

d es o utils

d onner

u ne

g ranitique.

d onc

d e

a sturiens

c hronologic

s ituer

a vec

d ecouverts

p recise

p re-

a t,

p ar

ä l 'Asturien

c e l ittoral. L .

d es

B erthois,

C ommunications

n ous a pprend

d ans

d es

u ne

e tude p arue

S ervices

G eologiques

q ue J ' a nalyse

g ranulometrique

d iments m oirs p rovenant d u f ort d es l imüns q uartz

s ableux

t res

i ndiquant

f aiblement

d es

f ormation.

ä e lements

t races

M ais

c es

u ses

a vec

E n r evanche, d e

G .

e tant

d 'etude, d onne

" la

a cheuleennes

t res

a t

n ette

l e

a t

P ortugal

d u

N ord

s urface n e

d es

d es

X XIX

1 -61) d e

d 'Anccra

c es

s auraient

F i t€ -

i ndiquent g rains

e lements

a u m oment

T eixeira

a voir

d u

a bordance

d e

d e f ins

l eur

c onstituer

d ans

g lac5ation

i ndustries

e n

u ne

e tude

l 'importanre

c 'est-ä-dire

ä l a

d es

( p.7)

n ote

M inho,

f ormation

l anguedociennes"

t ome

( p.

c ontenant

d ominance

C .

a pres

l ittoral

c ette

g rande

d u

l e

c hronologie.

Z byszewski

a ttribuent

a t

d e

d ans

e t m ineralogique

g eologiques

u ne

c inq-huit m etres,

d ep8ts l imoneux n oirs s un r egion

u ne

o bservations

1 949

g rossiers

d e r uissellement

d es b ases p recises p our f onder n iveau m arin

d 'Areosa

a ssez

a n

p lace,

d ans

d e

d u

d e

c es n otre

R iss,

p aleolithiques

a u-desses

d e

c es

l i-

m ons n oirs. M ais a uteurs

u ne

s uivent

s elon l aquelle m elees

t eile

a ttribution

e ncore r ovinion

a rcheologique

ä mise

a ur B reeil

a ux o utillages a sturiens

d es p ieces

l a c irconstance

a cheuleennes,

a ux b ifaces

l es

d e

c e

m onofaces

a cheuleens

a t

s ecteur e tant

f ossiles d irecteurs d u

" Languedocien",

B reuil

e n

1 937 ä l a s uite

r echerches

v allee

d e

l a

G aronne,

a t

s es

q u'il

t enait

q ue

s e

c es

a ssimilees p our c onsideres

c ivilisation

s un l es

1 942,

t rouvaient

l es p alets-disques

c omme l es

d e

s uppose

a t Z byszewski e n

c reee

t errasses

p our c ontemporaine

d u

d e

p ar

l a

M ousterien

( 3) • M ais j ourd'hui. g es d e

c e

b lement S ans

E n

d e

t elles

e ffet,

s ecteur,

d oute,

l e p as

e vident c oupes

n 'y a j amais

c es p lages,

q ue

l t

n e

q u'il

i dea

n 'existe

n 'est-il

p as

s ans

a ucune l ivre

ä p rofusion

s ur

i nstrument p ropre a u p aleolithique.

u n

e n

a vec l es b ifaces q ui s auraient

ä l 'Acheuleen. c onstamment

a ssocies

l eur a ttribution p lace

d ans

n os

q ue l es p ics u ne

s tratigraphies

a sturiens

q uelconoue

n lautorise

ä d es p ica

ä l 'Asturien.

a vec l esquels

a nteriorite.

ä d issocier c es

p ar l es ! Ames O n

n iveaux p eut

t race

t ypes

s ont

c e

qu i

l a m Ame

a ssocies.

d 'usure

d 'outils,

e ncore

a u

d e

f or-

o u

c oupes

s uggere p lut8t t rouves

des

r emarques

" languedocien"

7

s imilaires d ans

R ien

d 'action

n 'indique e olienne

l ivrees d 'ailleurs p our l a p retendue

c e s ecteur.

e n

f ra/cheur

e n p lace.

f aire

e xistence d 'un h orizon

A ucune d eux

i ls

n 'est

d ans n os

l es m onofaces

o nt l a m eme p atine,

n i-

o utre,

l eur a ppartenance

t ypiques

c as,

n i-

d es E n

l ittoral

s e r encontrent

a sturiens E n t out

b iface.

s imilitudes

n ous a ssurer d e

D 'ailleurs l es m onofaces

c es

a menages

s ubsiste

N eolithique a t m Ame a u-delä, s urtout a u P ortugal. Q uant a ux m onofaces, c e n 'est p as l eurs m es

d ans

b iface. s uffisant

p roverant

c e

a u-

o utilla-

p iece \ Arita-

g alets

s eul

t out I l

l es

a ucun

b iface

d es

4 .738 p ieces

t rouver

s atisfaire

n umeriquement

a u d e v eritable t ypologie

n ous

p recongue

d 'ailleurs

j 'ai e xanine

o n r amasse

s auraient

s ans

n 'ont

a u p oint l a

d emanteles p ar l 'erosion

c hopper o n

e xamine

d ecouvert

M ais p our m ettre

a sturiens d e v eaux

e st N os

l 'ensemble

p our d ecider q u'il v eaux.

i l

a cheuleenne.

a ttributions

S i l 'on

B reuil I ndustrie l as

a vait

s uc e clats

t errasses

c ree

d ont

f ossiles

d e

l e

t erme

i l

a vait

l a

G aronne

d e

c ru r econnaitre ( 3).

s a

t heorie

d u L anguedocien,

i i

c royait

u n

f ossile

d irecteur s olide

e t

i l l ui

g ique

p recise

d isque,

e n

c at

i nstrument

e ffet,

q ue

B reuil s upposait

c lassique.

s e s ont m ultipliges

s ans

c ontraire.

d e

B eaucoup

p ostgrieurs

a u

B etirac

l 'abri

M ontastruc

p ecte,

d e

l ogie

p iäces

" pegau" d onc

p recise

S a p resence

s olide.

d e

m Ame

l a d ans

m onnaies e nsembles

p asser p our

u n

p iäces

n e

p eut

D 'ailleurs,

o util

n on

a ctuel

L anguedocien

a pparait

c omme

c ivilisation

f ant me.

F inalement,

p alets-disques l e m emo

g tat

l aissant

a t

d e

d es

p ics

u n

I l

d ecalage

L e

d e d es

( 7).

u ne

s e

c hrono-

c ivilisation. n ous

a utoriser

d u m obilier

a u

r epäre

d e

r echerche

a rcheologique,

n os

d epassee,

c oupes t ypiques

c hronologique

a yant d e

c hronologique

v oire

l ivrent

i mpossible

s us-

f rag-

p alet-disque a voir

d e l a

f agon

s ervir d e

l a

a u

s ur

p olies

a vec

s aurait

p artie

h ypothäse

e st

h aches

t ypique d 'une n e

B ien

e nsembles

a bondance

p artout,

d ivers p our

u ne

d es

p lus,

a sturiens

f raicheur.

s upposer

u ne

X III.

p alets-disques

B reuil.

p ost-glaciaires.

s on

ä d es

d u p alet-

M agdalenien V I

ä C ordes,

d e L ouis

d u m om s

p as,

l 'gtat

p uits, t rap

l e

a ssocig,

a sturiennes

l 'ensemble

d ans

c hronolo-

c ontemporain d e

d ans

n ettement

n otament

u n

d es

I i

t rouves

s ignale

G aronne,

d es

d es

g te

d e

s ur

p alet-disque

f onction

d gcouvertes

h ypothäses

M eroc

l e

u ne v aleur e n

u ne

B reuil l angait

L anguedocien

s ouvent

L .

e t

p armi

o nt

n eolithiques,

d ecouvre

ä r apporter s inon

l e l as

d efinir

l 'originalite

l orsque

C 'est

p alets-disques

d ans e t

L anguedocien.

a t

ä B runiquel.

a uteur e n

r encontre

o utils

d es

d ouze m etres

ä d es

L e m Ame m ents

d e

c es

d ecouvre

p as.

d epuis,

p our

p osseder d ans

c onfirmer l es

M ousterien

A insi,

t errasse

M ais

n 'a

M ais

a ccordait

q ue

d u M ousterien

L anguedocien

l e

c omme

u ne

e galement,

d es

l a m Ame

p atine,

d eceler l a m oindre

p ossible

p armi

c es

u sure

i nstru-

m ents. I i v ertes

s emble,

f inalement,

e n

p lace

d ans

a sturiens

a ssez

v oisins

l e

r elativement

n ombre

p as d e d eceler l as d e p iece m ent

q ue l 'on

l as

l 'un

d e

m odeste

d es

p ieces

C 'est,

l as

q ue

ä d eux

t out

c as,

e tages,

e n

n e

d gcou-

n iveaux

s uccessifs.

r ecueillies

e n

d eux

a rchgologiques

r apportent

l 'autre b ien

d ifferences. d ans

p iäces s e

P eut-Atre

p ermettait

l as m Ames

p roportion

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i dentique.

p rochges

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A sturies

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d e

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P ortugal. s ur l as

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u n

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p our

u n

S i l as d es

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p lages

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a u m ilieu n oirs

p ortugaises,

5 - 8 m etres

p eut

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8

r ap-

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Pa l golithique

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N ord-Portugal,

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L es

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p iäces

s tratigraphie

C et

n oirAtres,

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e n

c es

p ost-glaciaires,

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g eographie

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c hronologique,

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c onfirmer p our l e

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q ue

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1

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N oon

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B .P.

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1 6

6 50

B .P.

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( 12). c orrespondent l 'occupation

s e p lacerait

b ien d e

ä

l a

p osterieu-

L E

E n n ous

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r amassent t rouvent

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p ieces

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L e

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d gfigurgs, q ue

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s ur

l es

l e

p ieces

l es

f raiches

r encontrgs

f ondgs

c a

s ur

( 17).

s ervations

p ertinentes

t er.

M ais

r eserve

i l

r estait a ux

C 'est d evant

p rises

ä e n

p ieces d e

a u

g chantillons.

r espondre t ure

d es

s gparant

d eux l es

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l es f orte

d onner

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f raiches.

Z byszewski p our

u ne

O n

d e

l eur m ajeure

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l es

p lus

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p recis

b eaucoup

s ait,

1 942

s i

d es d e

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c ontes-

s 'appliquait

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5 - 8 m etres l e

m Ame p our

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d gcalage

t ypologiques L a

e n

1 967,

s eries

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t ypologique

c hronologique.

p ermettrait

r ecueilli,

d 'Areosa,

s ecteur,

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d es U n

j 'ai

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p ieces

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d ifference

d e

s truc-

m esurer r ecart

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t emps

e nsembles.

l es d e

G .

p robläme

r oulges, J e

o utillages d eux

p lus

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c es

c a

n gcessairement.

ä u ne

M ais l es

p ieces

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d es

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l es

ä

r oulges

f aut-il

p ar

t racer

p lage

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p ieces

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p ostulat

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f aits

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l a

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d u

ä c ause c as

c hronologie

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D 'ailleurs,

d oute

f raiches d eux

p lus

p our r gsoudre

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p ieces,

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P ortugal,

s ur l es

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?

p ourrait

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t out

d issocier

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l e

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M ais

p lage,

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r oulg

c harrues. d oute

E n

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p as

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m Ame

s ans

t errain

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5 - 8 m etres,

d es

c ette

l 'origine

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d it

H .

p lages

Z byszewski

s ans

d u

( 4).

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c e

d e

p ostulat,

s ur

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d e

l es

r echerches

p algolithiques

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d es

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p ar

d e

p osition

j onchent

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g isements l ees

p as

? N e

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p lus

l eurs,

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L eur

M ER

p ieces,

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q ui

L A

d 'outils

p ar l 'grosion.

p ossedent

: e n

r oulgs

f raiches

ä l 'outillage

p ose

e t

l es

p ar l e

i nitiale.

p ieces

r oulges s e

l a m er

i ndique,

p armi l es

p lage

c ontrebas

p lace

p lace

p lace

s ont

p roblem°

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e n

d ans

P AR

q uantitg

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e n

j usqu'ä e n

D e

l abours

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R OULEES

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M ais A ussi

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P IECES

s al.

a u m oment

n iveaux

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D ES

p ieces

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d e

immense majoritg mtme

P ROBLEME

r esultats

g alets

n 'ont

p as

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9

c onfirme

l es

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c ette

h ypothese.

s uivants

E n

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: 1 00

d ont

p ieces

2 1

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ä p Ache

2 e clats 1 g alet S erie

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p ieces

1 8 p ics

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p oids

1

e clats

ä p Ache

2 g alets S ans t ion

d es

d eux

d oute

d es

s erie

ä l 'autre.

d e l a

c ivilisation l es

2 1

% e t

e t

5 2

e clats

d eux

l atives

d e

ä c ette

A insi, d es

s ation d onc

L es

o nt

l ots

p ieces

t ypologie

f raiches.

l es m gmes p eut

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p rofonde

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p rofondement

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d e l a v iolence

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c as,

( 65%

c ourbes

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l a

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M ais

p roportions

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c hoppers

L es

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d es

t ypologique

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d eux

% e t

m Ames

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p ieces

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p lus l es

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c es p lages

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C e

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p our l es

d ifference

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2 % ),

l a

( 3

s ensiblement

l es

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p ourcentage

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d e

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L 'usure

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l e

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p oids

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t ruments

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s e

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p ar

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ä f ait

L e p ostulat d es

% )

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l 'opposition

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1

M ais l es

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d eux

% e t

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L e

c elui d es m onofaces

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g roupes.

1 8 % )

% )

d ifferences

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c elui

d ans

d es

f endus

c elle

d es

c hoppers,

a lterAs.

ä c heque

q ui

D 'ail-

p as,

O n

s ur l e

t errain. F inalement, p ieces c ier

a sturiennes

d es

p ieces

c ienne.

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l a m er.

L a

p resence

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c ette

c as

b ien

p articulier,

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f raiches

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a rcheologiques,

s auf

d e

e t

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l 'usure

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ä l eur a ccorder

h orizon,

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n ous

u ne

o utils

d e

ä l es

c hronolonie

o nt

P u A tre

l 'etat

d e

1 0

m ieux

q u'une

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d es

d issop lus

a n-

r oules

p ar

c elle-ci ä q uelques m etres

d oute,

c ertaines

d es

c ! lronologie g alets.

s ites d iffe-

L 'OUTILLAGE

D evant s ur t outes p ologie

l es

f ine

t racer l e

l ' norme

p lages d e

d isponibles.

C 'est

A ctuellement

j 'ai

C e

logique

d es

t otal

d e

c ette ä c e

m a

c ette

e n

1 966,

S ans

d oute,

a vec

c eux

s ouples

d u

p our g tre

d es A sturiens f ondamentaux

c lasser

trenchant

f agon

differente, , c e

b out

d e

d es

d es

s ur l a

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U ne

P ortugal, m ais

C elui-ci

d es

o utils

j 'ai

i socäles,

ä d eux

ä d roite U ne

c hoppers

d e

l a

d onc

a ux p ans

e n

c onfirme m entaux,

s ur

u ne

u n

s eule

c onstituent p lus q ue

q ue

l 'on

l e

c onvexes,

d eux

l es

c hoppers. l a

g rand

i ntervenir a ctive

s uppose

t ranchants

c elle e lements p lace d e

d ifferents.

d e

c St

l a

f orme

d estination

p iäce.

P our

l e

d roit,oblique,

s inueux,

m edian,

P our

E n

l 'instru-

u ne

c oncaves,

e nlävement

c omme

d e

t ranchant.

l a

( 13)

r elation

s uffisamment

s ur l e

p our

a mgna-

ä u n

ä d eux

p ans

e nlävement

p ermet

d e

r 6pertorier

l a

t otalite

d es

d e

s imple, c hoppers

a bondants 7 5

3 6

( plage

l a

c onstate e st

a u

d oming

c hopper,

f ace.

L es

o utillages

d e

s urface

c ours p ar

d e

d es

d eux

c es

p lages

r echerches

i nstruments

s ur f onds-

p ic.

t ranchant

a u-dessous d e

rarement

d es

a sturien

l 'appellation

ä p eu p räs

o u m om s

j amais

c e

c hopper e t

S ous p r6sentant

ä u n

c lassification

: l 'outillage

l e

p artie

t ranchant

l es

s ans

d ans

s 'effectue

d u

f ait

p rin-

B oura

g alet.Suivant

l 'outil

f onctions

K ara

c ompte

p ositions

l a

g alets

d e

t echniques

R anov

g rands

l ittoral.

ä l 'evidence

t errain

d u

d es

s ont

t ransversaux,

e ffet,

R anov

i n6gaux,

d e

t ypo-

a bondants

n otamment

l e

4 7 36

s ecteur.

d ifferentes

t ient

s ur

d eux

d 'autres d e

t räs

a ctes

p lus,

f orme

L 'etude s tatistique l e

D e

R anov

1 966.

l iste

c e

t yv eut

d ocuments

f iche

l es

t räs

d e

o u ä g auche.

t elle

c e

d es

d ans

p ullulent

l 'on

d epuis

s ont-ils

a menag s,

t ranchants

t ypes

d e

s i

l es

s ur

g isement

q ui e tude

d resser l a

s ont

C entrale

e ffet,

c hoppers

e st,

r etenu l es

j 'ai a joutg

d ecal6

d e

a ttaché p orte

t ypologie

p rehension

j 'ai r etenu

d ifference d ans

d ifferente

l a

i mplique

s 'agit

u ne

t ranchant

c hoppers l at6raux.

t ranchants.

m ent.

e n

t ous

e mprunt6

q ui

i ndustries

g alets

d u

p iece

q ui

P ortugal,

g alet,

c e s ont

l es

j 'ai

p rincipes

R anov,

d e

p our

s ur l e

d 'Asie

l es

l 'emplacement

d u

p ropose t ravaux

ä d es

p our

d e c e

g alets

M ais

a daptes

d 'abord

l es

s es

P ortugal.

C lest

s uis

u ne

s 'impose

A sturiens

c hoppers,

a vait

d u

p ar

t ypologique,

ä g alets

P ortugal.

m e

d essine, l es

q ui

M inho,

ä p artir

j e

e tudie,

d es

e t

s tatistiques

u tilises

e tude

s ites

q ue

a rcheologiques

L ima

l arge

ä p artir d e

l es

l es

S URFACE

p iäces

s uffisamment

c lassification

l 'Asturien,ä V .Ranov g gs,

t ravail

p arait

d e

D E

e ntre

c ivilisation

i nventorie,

i nstruments

P our c ipes

q uantite

p ortugaises

u tilisant l argement

p rofil

o utils.

A STURIEN

o btenu

m oiti6

s elon ( plage

l es

s ont d e

p ar l es

s ites. L es

1

u n

p lace

l es

p etit

n ombre

o utils

l 'outillage

d e m ar e

d 'Afife).

j 'ai

l es

b asse

p lus

s on

d 'enlävements M ais

i ndice

d 'Areosa),

a menages

f requents.

( 49,6 % ).

T outefois

c hoppers

g alets

m ais

t ransversaux

i ls n e

us

s ont

t ombe

n 'atteint

s ont

p artout

l es p lus n ombreux c onvexe

d ominent

( 10,04 % ), c oup u n

e nlevement

e nfin,

l 'outil v oir

u tiliser

ä t ranchant

p ar

p ar l es

( 10,1

% ),

o blique

( 4,5 % ),

d eux p ans

i negaux

n 'etant

r esultats

s ont

A sturien.

L e

f ois,

a ctions

d es

C omme g isements

d e

p ointe

l e

a e ncore

t riedrique

s ens. f orte

t ent,en p lus

L es

( 80,6 % )

d 'une

T res

l a m orphologie

s ont

d es p ics

p ointe c as, C e

ä p ointe

t riedrique,

i i s 'agit

d e

a pparaIt

v eritable.Ce

n 'est

p as

p osterieure.

L es

e st

d eux

i mpossible

c ette

u ne

p lus

f trit

f ormes

d es

s ans

p ard u

d ans l es

p lus c arac-

d irecteur,

s i

i nstruments s ur r etouches

u nifa-

p ics

l es p ics-bifaces l es q ua

ä

( 19,2

% )

q ui p or-

a utres p ics, c elles-ci

ä p ointe t riedrique p ointe

a morcee.

d ejetee.

J 'en

t imide c e

e t

g enre

d e

f orme

u ne

l ongueur

t res

l imitee.

d 'instrument M ais

a t

l 'indice

d u p ic

l e

d e

d eux

v erita-

p roto-pic n '

a nterieur

d egeneree

q uelconque

% l es

c oexistent s ur

d 'etablir

6 ,9

d ans

c hronologiquement u ne

ä p ointe

n ombreux

M ais,

p roto-pic.

d 'outil

a t

P lus

a i r ecense

q uadrangulaire.

p iece

i nstrument n on

ä

C es

s tatisti-

l 'a

d es

l 'outil l e

t riedrique c omme

p ics

ä p ointe

e speces

e t

d istinguera l es

b rute,

s inueux

l 'outil. d e

d istinguer

d enomme u n

i l

d e

s eulement

d e

c omme

a t

p as

s ection

s ont

d e

c hoppers

ä p ointe q uadrangulaire

h abituellement

e galement

p ieces

J 'ai p arfois

p ics

o n

( 11,7 % ),

r epandu

d egagee p ar d es

p ointe

s uivis,

l es

o n

f ossile

s ont

p ou-

o utils

e t v aries.

t res

p lus,

a sturiens

b ien

2 ,2 % ä p ointe

c aractere p ermet

b le.

p ics

e xemplaires

t riangulaire p resentent

d e

l es

o utillages d e l '

c omme

e galement

d e

i nstruments.

L a d iversite

s on v eritable

l es

a ient m odifie

c as,

u ti-

a ctive

% ),

g raphiques d es

a ctes m ultiples

e st

a t d e

l es

t out

e xceptionnels

p ointe

p ar q uelques

d ans

e n

c oncave

ä d er-

d evraient

% ),

( 2,6 % ),

d iversite

d es

c ette

s ur l a f ace

Q uelques

q ue

l a

d e

d es r etouches

( 20 % ),

i soceles

C 'est,

p ointe

s ection

p lus r ares.

( 49

d roit

p ic

c ivilisation,

u n

l a

l e

p artie

g auchers

n ombreux

p as

c ontraire,

l a

c hoppers p our s on

l es

p lus

ä

d ejete

p our c ette

( 20,1

s tereotypees.

d u P ortugal.

d 'une

s uivant

b eaucoup

a u

d es

B eau-

c hoppers

s pecimens s ont,

e t l es

e xigeant

p uisque

c oncaves

e nlevement

n ormal

p iece

s euls

l es

l ateraux

e t m aterialises

e t

d e

l es

ä e galite.

c hoppers

p ans

I ls m ontrent

c hopper,

c ette

g alet p ourvus c iales.

ä d eux

ä u n

i negaux

ä f ait

g auche,

l es

p res

p ar q uelques

p ans

d onc,

c hoppers ä t ranchant

( 4,5 % ),

c hoppers

t out

r epresentes

s imples

a sturiens

t eristique

l a m ain

c hopper n 'implique

i mplique,

t ranchant

c e t erme

1 6.

l es

l es

( 10,07 % ),

ä p eu

s inueux

g enre

ä t ranchant

r ésumés

d e l a f igure

c e

e galement

l oin,

q ues

c hoppers

l es

C 'est

P armi

s ont

t rouvent

ä d eux

p rincipe

c et o util.

c onvexe

s e

d roits

s eulement

d 'instruments, E n

c ategorie,

L es

( 1,4 % ),

ä d roite.

ä d roite.

% ).

s ont

ä t ranchant

d ecale

c ette

% )

R epresentes

s a p rehension e st

( 10,01

r evanche,

c hoppers

c ategorie

l isation

D ans ( 57,8

u nique m edian

e nlevement

n iere

e n

( 1,07 % ).

l es

% ).

o bliques

p lus r ares,

ä g auche u n

l es

( 79,9

l argement

c et

t ous

a nteriorit

a u

p ic

o util, l es d e

d onc

g isements l 'un p ar

r apport ä l 'autre. E ntre L ima s ites

a sturiens

s ur q uatre

e st

n iest-il p as

u n

% ( site

d e

e t

a t

e t

d es p oids

s e

l es

M inho,

A utrement

a sturien. s itue, a t

M inho,

a u m om s

l ivrent

a t

l es

d ans

d oute

d 'un

c onstamment

ä ' Ache.

1 2

d e

2 6,7 p our

ä l 'autre.

l es

d e m aree

p ics,

e st

c es g isements

l e p ourcentage

s ite

d ans

3 8,3 % ( plage

c hoppers

d u p ic

d it,

S ans

a t va r ie-t-il

A fife)

O utre e ntre L ima

p ic

s table

t oujours e leve 1 1

e tudies.

l es

g isements

u n d es

M ais

l es

o util p ics

i l

r esta

e tudies,

b asse

d e

A reosa).

p lages

d u

N ord

d es m onofaces,

d es

d u

e ntre P ortugal,

c hopping-tools

L es P into p ar ä c ause

d e

l eur

c e

t ranchant,

L e

p lc

t e

p ointe.

o nt

d ans

s a

t ranchant

c et

a sturien

s emblance c une

m onofaces

e xemple,

o util

n e

p resente, l a

c onfusion

p artie

l ongtemps

c urviligne s aurait e n

S a m orphologie d ans

A tA

M onographie

e st

d onc

a ctive

e ntre

e ux.

t ard,

H .

E lle

( 14).

A tre

e ffet,

c es

l a

d 'un

ä f ait

d 'ailleurs

R .

c atAgorie

t ranchant n e

S erpa a rrondis" d e

d es

u ne

U ne

p ermet

d es

d e

" pics

ä c ause

d iffArente.

i nstruments

s uggere

p ics.

d enomme

j ustement

d ans

p lace

a ux

l es

M ais,

r ange

ä l a t out

d e

a ssimilAs

d 'Ancora,

p ics.

f or-

t eile

d onc

d is-

a u-

u tilisations

t res

d iffArentes. P lus f aces

e t

l es

d e"coups

d e

p rochement

b ifaces p oings

f ait

h c ote

t rie

d ifferentes,

p ics q ue

v eritables

p ics

b ien

l es

a sturiens, c elle

d u

n 'hAsitant J 'ai

c rois

q ue

l es

p arfaitement

l eur

t rouvent

a ttribuable e n p lace, e t

n om

s ur l es

d ans

d es

i ndiscutables.

P ortugal,

a i-je

c ant

u ne

d ans

S ous f ace

r es

o ü

p lage 3 8,3

l es

c hronologie

p aralläle

f ormes s ont

o ü

d es

e t

a ux

n e

a i

ä p art

c ontinu

d es

g roupe

f orme

p lusieurs p ar

t ravaux h c es

c elle

d istale

s eulement,

d ates

p ar

d es

s ur

s eule

f ace,

c onstam-

c ette

s urtout

% d e

d es

t ypiques

l 'Asturien e n

t emps c es

b asso e t

q ue

9 ,3

s ur l es

c es

d es d es

p ourcentage o ü

l es

A utrement q ue

p ieces

d e

f orme

p rAsentant

r etouches

d eux d e

p rAferable

p lus

s ur

e nvahissantes,

m onofaces.

1 3

d eux

ä c elle p our

q u'il

c omme

l e

d 'uniface,

d esigner

d es

l es

m onofaces

p ortugais

d ans

d es

g alets

j amais

e t

t i_

p lages. a ient

d es

m onofaces s ont

l e

n ombre

p ics.

6 00

o u

u ne

t aus

p ics

d es

p our

n on

i nstrument

c ategories

d 'Areosa,

e t

c et

d it

c elui

p ie-

r AservA.

m onofaces

a sturiens,

d u

l es

m onofaces.

p rAhistoriens O r

d irectement

g isements

q ui l ie

p ics

p ics

r ares.

m eme

é clat.

n ombreux

A insi l e l es

p lus

d e m arAe

l es

p ar

d 'un

n 'indiquant

d ans

i ntime

u tilis6

f agonnes

p ourtant

a u p ic.

e n

p arait

ä p artir

c ontraire,

s ont

d esignation

s e

e xemplaires,

d es

s oul

e t

b iface

s emble-t-il,

s ur

l '

m onofa-

p ics

i nstruments

a rrondie,

d emeurant

b ifaces,

l es

s ont

v rai

J e

a vec

a sturiens

a ucun

t rouvA

l es

u ne

us

i nstruments

b ien

p remiers

s ur

p lus,

r encontre

m es

j e

B e

a vec

r apport

c 8tA

A leve

o u

ä

( 9).

D 'ailleurs

t aillAs

b ifaces.

j 'en

o riginale,

f aire

a ucun

f ortuite.

p lace

a ppellation

s ans

t oujours

a sturiens

u ne

d e

l eur r essemblance e st

l 'on

E nfin,

m aniere

c lairement,

d iffArente

l es

e nsembles

u n

A tant

q ue

l anguedociens",

i ndique

p lus,

i ndus-

a nciens

t aillge

o u d iminue t ion

p lus

d e m onoface

B e

r ap-

Z byszewski

t erme

a u

us

d e

l 'Asturien

ä l 'extrAmit6

f abriquAs

a ssociA

A ussi,

p iece,

R ien

p lus

d eux

ä G .

p iece

d 'eclats,

g igue

r ealite Q uant

" pics

C e

r encontre

L e

c e t erme s ont,

e n

m ono-

e ncore

( 1 7).

l 'on

s ont

d e

c ette

a sturiennes

n iveaux

t ranchant

l a

o ü

e xcessive,

u ne

l es

d 'une

b iface. o utils

u n

d e

a lors c rois

c ontre

v Aritables

p lages

c ette

s eule

s 'agit

d es

d es

c ategorie

o valaires,

P ortugal

l ivrent

d onner

d Apit d e

l 'indique

r AservA

m ains

b e t alon

e n

g isements

d es

d u

p lages

m onofaces

j e

a ssimilA

Z byszewski p an e

l 'AcheulAen.

p an e

ä l eur

ä l 'AcheulAen.

d ans

l es

d e

a ux

q ue

1 973,

s imilitude

d istingue

m ent m AlAs

e n

m onofaces,

c es,

l es

p as

q ue

e t

i l

G .

l 'Asturien

m onofaces

f agon

c ontemporains

L a

c omme

e t

Z byszewski o nt

( 18).

r eagi,

A cheuleen. c e q ui

d 'une

M oustArien

e t

a ssociAs

a sturiens

i i vieillit,

d ans

l 'Asturien

p ics

G .

r Acamment,

ä B reuil

a sturiens d e

e t

T res

u nifaces"

s upposer

c ote

i l s uppose

B reuil

( 4).

u ne

e st-il

n ombreux d es

S ur

c elle

n ettement d ans

m onofaces

e xamines,

c hronolo

i ntimement

q ue

C eci m ontre

d 'instruments. o util

v aleur

s emble

b ien

A insi, j 'ai

c eux

a ugmente l a

r ela-

s ur

l a

r ecense

d 'Ancora-Minho,

p res

d e

M oledo,

f aces. d ants

s ur

7 00

( 16,3 % )

ä A fife

o ü,

a ussi t räs n ofaces g pouse

e t

p eu

d e

d ons l es

a ussi

j 'ai ( 0,5

a ssez

d 'en

d 'instruments. o valaires,

L es

o valaires

t riangulaires, d 'entre

s 'agit

d ons

la p iäce c tte

j 'ai q ue

e ux

r eserve

e ntiärement

e t

ä l a n on

s ites

a sturiens

D e

t oute

t oujours a t

g eneral

d e

t eur

e tudies.

s ont

L eur

m ilitg

c entage

d e

d 'Afife

c onfirme

e st,

e ffet,

e n

G elfa

a u

c ategories

a t

q ui

c as

m ais d es

q u'il

m o-

e n

d es

m onofaces

c onstituent

l 'on

d es

m o-

ä b ords

A insi

ä b ards

d e

a u-

r emarque

n ombreux.

i nstruments,

ä A reosa,

c oncaves,

8

e tre

Q uelques c e

p lus

s ont

m ais

n on

m ain,

q u'il

g isements

b ase

o nt

d ans

s ont

t ou-

t ous

l es

n umerique

e tudigs

s eulement

1 . 1

d e

u n

e ncore, s 'agit

i mportance

a ccordant

t aillge. l a

c ependant

p resents

l eur

d es

e n

r arement

q ui m ontre

m onofaces

l eur

t enus p ieces

d 'autres,

c 8te,

l 'immense m a-

c 'est-ä-dire

c ontrairement

t oujours

r ares

M ais

n 'est l a

l e

d ons

r are d e

s ur m es

2 ,1

l es a t

r ecencement

p iäces,

r arete

d ans

e st

p as

c e

q ui

t räs

a ux

d e

e st

c hoppers

g isements

i l

e ntre

u n

i ndice p eut e tre

a sturiens

n 'atteint

q ue

q u'exception-

l 'outillage

d ans

c e

s ec-

p eu.

L e

p our-

s ite

v oisin

i ndicatif.

M ais

l e

d u

c hopping-tool

a sturien.

c e

s ite

o util

q u'aucun

a t

r elativement

d e

C et c e

i nstrument

t ype

n 'y a

e t 6

r echerches. a sturiens

s e

r gpartissent

c hopping-tools

l atgraux

- l es

c hopping tools

t ransversaux

c es

l es

c ategories

c omprend

c hopping tools l es

A utrement

J 'ai e galement r ecoupes

d it,

l es

p ar

l a m ieux

t ools

c e

u n

s ur

c hoppin

e nlävement

l ours,

q ue

d 'une

f agon

q uasi-general°

a utre

f ace.

U ne

ments

c onstitues d ans

c e

e ntrent

e n

d eux

g randes

d 'instruments.

I i y a ,

g enre

a utre p ar

l es

n e

u nique c es

s e

d e

l 'autre.

g rand

a ux

q ue

d e

l es

r egion

u ne

c hopping d 'ail-

u nique d es

d eux u n

s ur

d 'ailleurs

m ultiples

c omprend

C e

c haque

p artiellement.

r emarque,

e nlävements

c ette

s ur

3 7 % d es

O n

s ur

f aces.

m ultiples

e nlävement

m ultiples

a sturiens

d eux

d gcale

C 'est

p uisque

c ategorie.

l e

l es

r ecoupent

c hopping-tool

e nlävements

1 4

s ur

u nique

ä e nlävements

s ites

p ostgrieur

g isements

( 58 % )

u nique

s ur

c ette

d 'instrument

c atggorie d es

% )

e späces

gtools

s ur

d ans

( 42

ä e nlävement

e nlävements

d es

r epresentee

s ecteur

c inq

ä e nlävement

c hopping-tools

t rouve

l 'e 3päce

t rouve

f ormes

1 9

- l es

f ace.

o n

p ics

t rapgzoidaux,

p lus

c es

P our l 'ensemble

c hopping-tools

e nsuite,

d e

l es

d e

d u P ortugal,

ä 3 00

s i

s ont,

f ace

l e

:

d e

d 'abord,

a bon-

s eulement

p ourcentage

d es

d es

r eservee,

b ase,

s eul

i ndice m oyen

c ours

L es

C hacune

l e

a insi q ue

l es

d evaient

s tatistiques

6ä G elfa.

s 'est

d gcouvert

g galement

p ics

e späces

o valaires,

f orme

c hopping-tools

c orrglativement n ellement

m om s

5 ,6. L es

j tai

2 4

b ase

q ui

l a

d 'un

N ord

l es

C 'est

p rehension.

l imitee.

M inho,

M inho

ä c elui

c inq

p artout

l a

f agon,

d u

C 'est

% d es m ono-

s ont

2 t rapezoidaux.

l eur

p as

t ailles

d e m onofaces.

e st

s oit

o nt

j ours

Lima

s ont

d 'instruments

s ervant

8 ,2

p iss

% d e

t riangulaires,

r ecense

2 d iscoldes,

Q uelle j oritg

a t

i mportantes

d iscoides, m onofaces,

L ima

d istinguer

c ategories

5 5

1 1

e t

l es

( 3,3 % ).

c omptg

p roportionnel

d e

c oncaves.

p ics

% ).

n ofaces s ur

d es

o utils,

v ariations.

v ariations p ermet

3 00

q u'entre

d irectement

D es t ant

p iäces,

m onofaces

g troitement r egion

p our

l es m onofaces

s emble

s oit

3 0 % g taient

ä G elfa,

p our 2 00

I i

c ette

p iäces,

P ar c ontre,

e st d e

i nstru-

f aces.

t ype

l '

d e

E nfin,

c hopping-tool

a ssez

m ent m ultiple

s ur l es

o riginal. d eux

I i

s 'agit

f aces

d 'un

f ormant

u n

c hopping-tool t ranchant

ä e nleve-

ä d eux

p ans

i soceles. J 'appelle e ncoches a ux e ngins d e

d eux

p Ache.

mi l 'outillage s emble.

M ais

C antabres

g es l et

( 63,5

c e

C ette

p lus

v iennent e n

s eule f ace

f orme d e

l es

p lace

o u m om s

ä l ester

o valaires,

d es

f ilets

r elativement m odeste

r epresente

q ue

2 ,9 % d e

e ncore p lus

r are

s ubdivisent

e n

o valaires

s ur l es

d eux

f aces

l ivrent, d e

d es

e ncoche

o utillage

e ncoches d e

d es

s ur

f orme

d es

d ans

l es

n ombreux

d 'un

u ne

l es

s oul

o valaires

r epaisseur

t rap6zoidale p euvent

( 43,1

% ).

I ls

u ne d evan-

m ais s ur

ä e ncoche

s eulement

u ne

d ouble

s ont

c ircu-

l es

p ics

e n m oindre

q uantite

a utres

o utils.

d ivers

t ypes,

s ites

e t

d es

s ouvent

d isques,

d es

d es

l a

d e

o n

p olyedres,

q ui m ontre

l es m onofaces,

a sturiens

P armi c eux-ci,

r ostro-carenes, c e

a sturiens,

l es

d u

f agon

d enombre

N ord t res d es

l es d u

r estraing rattoirs,

p alets-disques,

d es

d es m icro-choppers

t res

g rande

v ariete

g rattoirs

d ecouverts g alets.

a sturiens

e taient

s ont

t ouches

a bruptes o u q uasi abruptes q ua

p artie a ctive

d es

r ares.

i nstruments

d e

d es g rattoirs

L a

d es

q uettes

d e

c at

d e c e

L es

q uelques

f abriques

l 'outil e tait q ui

f erait

d e

e xemplaires

ä p artir

d e

c onstituee c es p ieces

p la-

d e

r aclettes.

L es

r acloirs

a sturiens

s ont

d e

p lusieurs

t ypes.

C ertains

ä p artir

d e

f endus.

L a p artie

a ctive

d e

d u

M ais

s e t rouve

a lors

s ont

d es

c entimetres

C at

f ace

i nstruments

s on

f ormant

u n

o u a bruptes,

p ar d es r etouches a ctive,

b e

J 'appelle p lats,

p resentant

s ur l e

p ourtour.

o bliques

e t

m ordent

d os

e pais

p lates

d isque

d u

o u t res

p ar s a f ait

d e

g rands

a ssez

p eu

s ont

s ouvent

s ur l a p iece.

1 5

M ais

l e

C e

g alets

n om-

d e

s ur t oute i l

s 'en

l at f tales c ontinu

d ispositif s ug-

b ord

ä l a

p lus

d issym f trique,

t ranchant

o bliques.

e nlävements p eripheriques e nlevements

t allies

r etouches

u n

s ervir

l es

o nt

l a p iece

q uinzaine

s ection

d e

r acloir,

p ouvant

a sturien

l arge,

p resentant

c omma

e pais

d e

d 'une

d 'un m onoface.

s urtout

l 'autre

p iece

b ord

d es C es

a t

g alet.

a llonges,

s ix o u s ept

a llongement

l 'utilisation d e l a

l a p artie

d 'eclatement o valaires

o util a u n p eu l 'allure

s es b ords

s emi abruptes g ere

s ur l a

g alets

d e l ongueur p our

d istingue p ar

r e-

a utant

e te f abriques

d egage

r e-

a t

s econdaire. L es

u n d e

% )

s ubdi-

g alet.

a lternativement

e xemplaires

g a-

( 1,9

s ur

( 18,6 % ),

c irculaires

a llon( 21,5 % ),

d u

s e

s ur b e

e xtr6mites

o ne

e ncoche

p oids

Q uelques

d eux

c a-

g alet.

c irculaires

e ncoches

l es

p lus

g alets

c ategories

n ombre

ä p gche,

d es m icro-chopping tools,

u ne f ace.

p ar-

l aterale.

l es p oids

n ombreux

t ouchoirs,

b reux

o u

l ien-

p lusieurs

s ur l e

g alets

a ux

a t

l es c hoppers,

c hopping tools,

l e

s ur

s ur

e ncoches

p ortant

% ).

p oids

g alet d e

e ncoches

( 7 ,6 % ) ( 2,9

d ouble

O utre

d es r acloirs

a lors

c irculaires

p oids

a vec

a t

e ncoches

p oids d es

s ur

s e

d es

d es

8 a vec

l es p oids

a pparaissent

s ur l 'autre

q ua j 'ai

p lus

s ervir

s emble

l es

d eux p remieres

f ace a t

d e

u ne n e

t ype

s ont

p oids o valaires

p oids

a ussi l es

l e

e nsuite

l 'emplacement

L es

t e,

g alets, p u

a sturiens

e t

f requents

e nfin

v iser s uivant

Oche

f orme

L es

M ais

P ortugal

p iece o ccupe

d e

l our

% ),

( 12,7 % ),

l aires

d es

q ui o nt

g enre d 'instrument

p oids

p oids

c ent l es

p eche

a sturien p uisqu'elle

s alon

p uls l es

d e

( 5). L es

t 6gories

p oids

e xtremites,

t renchant

A tant

p rAhension. c irculaires

p lus o u m om s

o bliques

e t

m eme

a ssez

c ontinus t res

L es p alets-disques g enre d e p ieces d gfinies t errasses

f ossiles

f orme

G a. r onne.

C e

d iscoIde

a yant c onserve

t ion

e t

i nfgrieure,

c ontinue

d 'outil n e

d ito

p ouvait

e nsembles

J 'appelle d e l ongueur, f orme

s ur

A tre

d e b ätonnet

t e m ousse.

E n

t out

C elle-ci

e st

u ne

s ouvent

a utant L a

c ede

p as

t rois

L es

d e

l eur

p olie

a bruptes

ä l 'extrgmitg

v entrale

e st,

C e

g enre d e

M ais

j 'en

s uivant e n

d 'un l es

f endant

p iece r oste

a i t rouvg B ien

n e

g pais g alet

s oit

g alet

t outefois

q uelques

q u'ggalement p eu

r emarque

d es b oules p olygdriques f orme

s entant q uelques g tg

p arfois

g isements

g lgments

I II

a u S ahara

d e

2

( 4)

s a l iste

I i p olygdres d e

g tg

d ans i l

d es

p rg-

d es

d u

t res

d iffgrent.

P ortugal

p ar

l os

s ont

d es r etouches C ette

c oup

f ace a rti-

d e p ercuteur. a sturien.

s ignaler.

p olygdres s e P armi

z igzaguge,

r en-

c eux-ci,

o n

c 'est-ä-dire

g pannelgs m ais

C e

g enre

d es p rg-

d e p iece

B reuil

l 'a r epertorie g alets

c argnge,

p ointes

l 'outillage

q uelques

n 'ex-

c onstituge

f aut

s inueux.

a sturiens d ans

ä d ouble

s ans

t ranchant,

s ignalgs,

M ais

p ieces

s oit g rand

l 'Asturien.

B iberson

s ans

a

l 'appelle d ans l a

a m f taggs

a u

c a-

M aghreb

e t

a ucun

e ntaillgs

l es

p araissent

g isements

e nlevement

p lus

l atgraux.

C e

g lgment

ä b ase r gservge,

d e

e t

p art

o riginaux.

a sturiens

d 'autre

p ar

p ortugais

s ont

d es

s ans a ucun

u n

g rand e nle-

l ateral.

S tgkglis ( 1).

P .

r etouchoir

d 'allure

p late.

e ntierement

d ans

t ypologique

n otamment

g lobuleux,

P lusieurs a nt

c l ue

t erme d e

p oin-

a ssez i dentiques

d ggagg

P ortugal.

ä a rAte

p resque

a utres p olygdres e xiste

d es b oules p olygdriques g lgment

d u

t ranchant

e t

a t

e n e n

( 1). L es

v ement

d e

a illeurs

" percuteur t ranchant" t ggorie

a sturiens

g lobuleuse

s ignalg

t res r are

n ombreux,

d ans

p olygdres d e

l os

d 'un

e xemplaires

c ontrent

L e

l 'usure

v entrale

d eux

d e c entimetres

a voir g t6

n aturelle,

e n

i ntimed issocier.

e xtrgmit6

d ans l 'Asturien s olide,

s grie

u ne f ace,

g pais,

M ais

g uere

ä f ace

l 'en

l eur g paisseur

s ont p lus

e t

u ne

o rigines.

p lats,

s emble

g a-

p ourquoi

d 'instruments,

s es

c entimetres.

c as,

b e

s ont

p resents

b ec

d e

d e

u ne

c ampigniennes n i

d es

s ur l a

P ortugal,

t oute

a vec

a u

l es

d e l a c ivilisa-

q uinzaine

s ur

c atggorie

D 'autres

c inq

a u

n 'autorise

p ar l 'usure.

p ieces

u sage

d 'un

i l

p iece d 'une

o utils

r osto-cargngs

p ourvues

f iciellement

c es

a tteignant e t

e st,

u tilisation

c entimetres.

i dentique

d es p ieces

s on

p lupart

l eur g paisseur p arait

d e

h aut,

c as, r ien

c ortex

a battu p ar p lus

d irecteur

q uadrangulaire,

c ertaines

t oujours

l eur

f ossile

g pannelg

s emble p ouvoir s 'appliquer ä c ette j uger p our

e ffet,

J 'ai d it,

e t

e ntierement

ä s ection

e mployg p arfois p our

l e

a sturiens

r etouchoir

g alet

e n

l e p ourtour g tant

d 'enlevements

" languedocienne". a ux

s ont,

p arfaitement

s es r echerches s ur

a t

s upgrieure

m ent m Alg

r gpondent

d e

l a

f ace

g enre

l ors

d e

d e

c e

l 'Asturien

B reuil

a platie

l ets

p lus a u m ains

d e

p ar

( 15), i l

d e

P eut

c haque

d u P ortugal.

A tre D e

d e

q u'un

ä e nlevements l atgraux r egions.

d es

c hoppers p ortent e n

m ais g galement

s 'agissait

n e p ortaient

s ymgtriques

f ois

n otamment

c e

t oute

a u

e t

e nlevement

a t

n on

s emble

f agon,

c 'est

u n

1 6

p ar b e

a u S ahara,

E n

t out

e st-il

l ateral

P rofesseur

p ar

d e p olygdres.

f igurer d ans l es

d e p iece

e nlevement

l ateral e t n on

d e l 'instrument.

g enre

u n

ä U bediya,

M aghreb

c hoppers

c 8tg n e

I srael,

P .

D e

B iberson

p lus,

c es

d eux

e nlevemehts

c as,

a ucun p olygdre

o utillages

d e c es

p articulier ä l 'Asturien

o util p eu f requent.

L a b oule g galement

p our

a sturien.

I i

q ue,

u n

s 'agit,

s implement

d es p etits q uelques

e nlävements

M ais c ette

ä l a p lace

d es

n ombre d e t räs

p etits

d gcompter d ans

l es

h abituels.

b riquer c es t räs

p remiere

g alets

I i m la

s emblg

d ans

e n

p ers p armi l es r ecencer t ous

e ffet

l a

u tile

a u m gme d onng

s lopposent

l e

t ypes

m ents

c es

a ux

s ignalgs

A insi, c al

p iäces

g normes

d ans

c entimetres d ans e st

d e

u n

s ite

o u q uatre ü tre l a t outes

e n

I talie

n om d e d ate d e

d u d ebut t räs

l es p ieces s ont E n

s olution

d e

c es o n

d e

d onc d e

s oit

e n

s oit

q ui m 'a t räs

n ete st,

t out

c as

d '

s ont

a sturiennes,

d glibgremment

g alets

e n

r encontre

q uartzite

p lages

o nt

c ertain

p iäces

s 'agir e n

c omme

g alets

u n

p eut

d istingant

p eut

d e

b ruts

c ategories d es

e n

o util

s ur

f agon

o ü c hoi-

p our f a-

l a l argeur

a ttribuer o u r efuser

d e

t aille

r estreint

r gduite.

d es m icro-chop-

i l

d efinitive.

c oncave,

s emblent v ingt

t rouve

e t

e st

d ifficile

c onvexe,

d e

d ans

d 'en i l

f rgotents.

c ontrastent

c entimetres

f requemment

M ais

o blique.

r elativement

r gduites

u n

c entimetres.

c onsideration g alet

d es

d imension

d u P ortugal

d imensions d e

d e

q uatre

p our

o u

q ui m esure m om s

c omplete

ä t ranchant i ls

p ieces p as

s a l ongueur

a sturiens

a ux

c es

r elativement

e t

e t

m Ame

l ongueur,

t ous

r esultant r evanche, o utils

d es m icro-chopping-tools

i ndustries

q ue

d ans

d e

p etits

l a

l a

l es

L es

p iäces

g ise-

ä u n

M arais

m esurent d e

s ur

M oustgrien

P ontins.

d e

c es

I l

e n

H ongrie,

l 'outillage

s ouvent

o utillages

d e

t rois

s emble

p gnurie d e m atiäre

p remiäre.

D 'ailleurs,

d imension

I l

d onc d e

L eakey

r eduite. d e

1 7

s 'agit

l a m atiäre p remiäre

a s ignalg

d e d imension

n ormale.

ä O lduvai P lus

l o-

e st

t rois o u q uatre

M indel,

g alets

p arfois

a sturiennes.

ä V ertesszollos,

g laciation

i nstruments

d e l a r aretg L .

d es

D e m emo,

o nt

i ndustries

a ttribug

r egion

M ais l a p etitesse d e

l es

s ur m icro-galet

P ontinien.

c onsequence d 'une

p armi d 'autres

L es

p rendre

ä u n

q u'on

d 'autres

c entimetres.

d 'indigence

n e

a insi q ue

q ue

d e l ongueur m oyenne.

c onstitug

I i

u ne m ultitude

c hoppers

o utillage

t rouvg

c onnu s ous l e

n ' d e

e tudies.

u n p etit

a g tg

l es

d 'indigence r are.

n ombre

D es m icro-choppers e te

o utils

e nfin,

t raditionnels

s econde

l argeur n 'excede

d 'une

d avantage,

a sturiens

l a

a sturiens

a ux m icro-chopping-tools

p arfois m emo

s ignale

r gsultat

c atggorie d es m icro-choppers

t itre

o utillages l es

f agon

e n

p ercuteurs.

q ue l 'on

c hoppers

s ur t outes l es

L es

l a

d es m icro-choppers

D e t oute

c omprend,

t aille r gduite

i nstrument

m ais d ont

E tant

Q uant

e st

p armi

l e c aractäre m icrolithique

e xiste

c es

c entimetres d e l ongueur,

d e l 'instrument

d es

p etits o utils.

c lassg

p eu s upgrieure,

C 'est

L a

f acies

m icro-chopping-tools t out d e c inq

l es

v olontaire.

ä u n

ä p rofusion.

J 'ai

a vec

ä p art.

i nnombrables

p etits

C lark

g toilures,

c hopping-tools

c orrespondent

t rouve

s phgri-

s upgrieur p ar

v gritables p ercuteurs

d es

e t

t räs c ertainement

t räs

p asser

g alet p resque a u b ord

c omme

c hoppers

e ffet,

p resque

l es

s eulement

l a p etitesse d e

l orsque l a m atiäre

( 5)

P ortugal

o utils

s i d e

ä p roscrire,

s tatistiques

c hoppers

g alet p eut

s urface c onvexe.

ä L iencres

d u

d es

o n l es

u ne

s ur

l imitge

a sturien

t ement

e n e ffet

o util

d 'un

u ne p ortion

d e

a ussi t ypiquement

r etouches.

c atggorie

p aru p rgfgrable,

c as,

f ormant e st

b out

p eut A tre

e t p ortent

L 'outillage

u ne

s ur

e n

o riginal,

s imilaires

a ttribution r etouchgs

p lacer d ans

p olygdrique

e n t out

g pannelg

e xemplaires

g tant p as c hocs,

ä s urface i nstrument

f aciäs

s ur p lace.

d es m icro-choppers

r gcemment,

P .

B iberson

a d gcouvert t uge

d ans

l a

d 'instruments

P rg-Acheulgen d e

q uatre

u ne m acro-industrie

d e

A O lduvai,

M aroc,

t ion

c omme

s emble b ien

a u

a voir

F abriqugs l ent,

c hoppers,

d ans

e taient-ils

c ongus

p as l a p recision

f ormant d ans

u ne m ini-industrie d e

u n m Ame

l 'Asturien,

u ne r egion a sturiens

o i . 1

v oulue

p our d es g taient

a t

l es I ls

d glibgrge.

t aches

g alets

n e p euvent,

d e m atiere p remiere.

d iune m iniaturisation d e t aille n ormale

c omme

M aroc

c entimetres

h aut

( 2),

e nsemble

c onstim êlée

ä

i ndustrial.

c ette m iniaturisa-

g tg v olontaire.

l es m icro-choppers

q uer p ar l e m anque

d u

ä c inq

d esirge.

1 8

d e

q uartzite p ullu-

t out

p araissent P eut A tre

m inutieuses

m al a daptgs,

e n

l eurs

d e

c as,

s 'expli-

p lut8t t els

p our l esquels

d imensions

n e

r gsulter i nstruments l es

c hoppers

p ermettant

L E

D EBITAGE

D ES

P lusieurs d es

A sturiens.

z ite

c omma O n

P ortugal, d e f orme o nt

e tg

c ontra e clat.

s a f orme l e p lan

f rappe

d e f rappe.

D e

a llonges,

o n u tilise

l a

c ace

p our

s ion

d irecte

c e

m ais,

L aboratoire d e c ette

d ebitage q ua

p lan

l es

o nt

s a

d 'un

d e

l a

t res

p rend

Q uelquefois

s on

c ortex.

c ortex

s ur

l e

l a

a vec

l a

e ffi-

p ercus-

e nclume

D es

d or-

e ssais

d es

g alets

f endus

s e

r encontrent

A galement

C ertaines

d e

c es

c elles

u n

l orsqu'

s eule

u ne

p ercuteur.

s ont

f ormant

f requent

c 'est-ä-dire

g clats

p lan

A sturiens

c lactonienne,

g ros

p ar

e nsuite

d e

c 'est

s eulement

e clats b loc

s ur

r egularisee

d 'gclatement

c omma

d ite p as

p ercussion

p ar l es

f ace

C es

d u

d ormante,

p eripherie.

p lage

d roit,

n on

e nclume d e

N ord

c 'est-ä-dire

d ebarrasse

s emble-t-il,

b loc,

g isements.

C elui-ci,

o btenus

e t

p olyedriques

n uclei

d 'obtenir

a sturiens.

p lus m odestes d e

g ros

n otamment,

c hoppers

d 'autres d 'une

f agon

g enre

p iece

d isparait

d e

o ccupees

l es

a ucun

g alet

r etouches

e n

l a b ordure

s imilaires

u ns

d e I ls

n ombre

n e

i i

p ar

d e

c es

e n

ä l 'aide

t els

c es

g alets

g isements

a sturiens

d u

e galement

e nigmatiques.

f endus

N ord

d u

E n

t out

l es

e spece

1 9

d es

d echets P ar

e n

q ua n e

d eux

e n

n 'ont

c a p as

b ruts, s 'agit

d e

c ontre,

D 'ailleurs,

g alets

q u'il

e n

d eux

p as

c 'estp as

d e

a i

d e

e voques

d e

p arfois

p lus

r etouche a voir

h ypothgtique,

e te

r etouches h aut.

e t

n e

e te b ien

s ur M ais

p resente

a ccidentelles. c l ue

l eur

d iscutable.

o blique c es

o nt

c ontinue

q ui p euvent

P ortugal c as,

q ue

s erie

e st-il a n

f endus

p lages

p reuve

J e

b ords

s emble

l es

f endus

u ne

a ucune

i nstruments n e

s ur

d es

t ous

d imen-

p ar l a m ar.

g alets

l es

g alets

s ur

a ux

m edian.

v olontaire.

n 'existe

p ortent

s ur

c ertainement

d es

l 'homme,

p orte

i ntentionnelle

O utre

o ü

f ace d 'eclatement.

e brechures

A ussi l 'usage p roduction

a t

p ieces,

e nlevement

d onc

c ompletement

t aillg

r acloir.

g rand

c omma

f endus n aturellement

d e l a

q uelques

s ont s eul

s ystgmatique,

A sturiens

g alets

ä u n

a pparaissent

Q uelques

q ua

u ne

d ebitage

s ur

b ulbes

g alet.

e clats

c es

d u

u ne s urface

s ur t oute

f rappe

q uart-

d e

p ermis

o blique,

l e p lus

d e

ä l 'aide

b eaucoup

s imples

l es

g alet d e

a sturiens

d irecte, a u

p artiellement

d e m ateriau c ontre

n ombreux

f abrication

ä -dire

e st

d u

s ur

g alets

t echnique.

g isements

s ions

p lusieurs

n ucleus

d e

n ous

D e l es

d u

p ercuteur

t echnique

a ussi,

s ites

d ans

ä l 'angle

g enre

l es

p ercussion

g ros

d e

c ivilisation.

ä galement

s upgrieur

b loc

l 'outillage

t rouve p ar

A STURIENS

t ires

p rovenant

f agon,

l e

e clats

t ous

e clats p ossedent-ils t oute

o uvert,

d es

c ette

ä l 'extremite p ar

a ccompagnent

d ans

f reouemment

n 'est

L ES

q uartzite

f rappe

d efinitive d e

s ouvent

d e

d 'eclats

A ussi c ertains

m ante,

q u'on

P AR

d e

ä l 'aide d 'un

p lan

d e

d 'abord, e clats

s ans d oute

p roduisant L e

e nlevement

a ngle

l es p ieces

c ubique,

b loc,

c eux-ci

d 'eclats d 'ailleurs

s imples

d ebitgs,

Q UARTZITE

s ont

r emarque,

d e

D E

s ortes

T ous

t outes

G ALETS

d ont

l ivrent

j e d es

p ortions

d e

v iens

d e

p ortions g alets

p arler, d e

l es

g alets,

p resentent

t räs

s ouvent

d eux

d e

p lans

s ez

v oisin

l es

g isements

e st

i ntentionnelle.

i nstrument

l 'angle d e

n e

c ette

s e

A sturiens.

A ucune

l a m oindre C es

t emps, g t6

s elon

f endu,

P uls

u ne

t ache,

e n

s ur l a

p ortion

ä l a

s ifs

r ecoupant

t rouve b les o nt

c oup

p iäce

ä p artir

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2 3

a sturiens

t oujours

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c hoc

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q ue

j 'ai p u e xaminer

s un l a p ointe,

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l a

L 'examen h asard

f orme

l a

f ace

d 'esquilles

s ystematique s un

c es

p lages

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m ontre

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1

5 3 % d es

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g auche

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l textremite a pparentes

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p out

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L e

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q ue

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N os

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ANCOR A AF IFE •CARRECO AREOSA

V I AN d o CASTELL O

1

km

0

F ig . 1 .

2 0

S i tua t ion d e l a r eg ion e tud i6e.

L es g ise men t a stur iens

s on t ma ter ia l ises p ar d es X . L oca t ion o f t he r eg ion s tud ied . a re marked w ith a n X .

3 1

T he As tur ian d epos its

Photo 1 .

Chopper a s tur ien . Astur ian c hopper .

Photo 2 .

P ies a stur iens. Astur ian p icks.

3 2

P hoto 3 :

Une p lage ä o u t il lage a stur ien a ux e nv irons d e Carrego. Ab each n ear Carrego w here a n Astur ian a ssemb lage w as f ound.

Photo 4 .

L e t a lus d e l a p lage f oss i le d e 5 -8 m p res d e l a c hape l le d 'Ancora a u d essus d u n iveau a l imon n o ir b ien v is ib le a u p re m ier p lan . The t a lus o f t he 5 -8 m f oss i l b each n ear t he c hape l o f Ancora , a bove t he l evel o f t he b lack s i l t c lear ly v is ib le i n t he f oreground . 3 3

m i u d t . . . . . .. 44, 4" , . .Af r i3m 444 . 4 , 14 . 4 /1 41 , 1 14 1e iA

2

C D)p

C .)

C)

CD

X

c '

3 4

5

cm

0

60

4

F ig . 2 .

P re m iere c oupe d e l a p lage f oss i le d e 5 -8 metres a u n ord d e C arre2o e t l ' ou t i l lage d ecouver t e n p lace. F irs t c u t t ing i n t he 5-8 m f oss i l b each t o t he n or th o f C arre2o , a nd t he a r t ifac ts f ound i n s i tu .

3 4

0 c : ) ° 0 ox 3 0

0

C rE i-

5

6 0

r 1 1

4

F ig . 3 .

8

2° c oupe d e l a p lage d e 5 -8 metres d u n ord d e C arrepo e t l ' ou t il lage d ecouver t e n p lace X :

emp lace men t d es t rouva i l les.

2 nd c u t t ing i n t he 5 -8 m f oss il b each t o t he n or th o f Carre2o , a nd t he a r t ifacts f ound i n s i tu. i l lus tra ted .

3 5

P os it ion o f t he a r t ifacts

el 0 Q" :3

C 3

2 C e p x C) CI 3

0

Ocz o c3

c e , c z # c)

x

o

0

c ) C D

4

c e

0 r. ,

C : 0 0 Q cpc ,

o°

cm i i

60

C m

4

F ig . 4 .

8

3° c oupe a u n ord d e Carrego e t l ' ou t i l lage d ecouver t X : emp lace men t d es t rouva i l les. 3 rd c u t t ing t o t he n or th o f Garrey ) , a nd t he a r t ifacts f ound i n s i tu. XX :

P os it ion o f t he a r t ifacts i l lus tra ted.

3 6

P ho to 5 .

G a lets e t o u t il lage a stur ien p rovenan t du c i 6 man te le men t d e l a p lage f oss i le. P ebb les a nd As tur ian a r t ifacts r evea led b y t he e ros ion o f t he p ebb le b each.

P ho to 6 .

Coupe d e l a p lage f oss i le d e 5 -8 m a vec o u t i l lage a s tur ien a u n ord d 'Ancora. Cu t t ing i n t he 5 -8 f oss il b each t o t he n or th o f Ancora , s how ing A stur ien a r t ifacts. 3 7

Photo 7 .

L e t a lus d e l a p lage f oss i le d e 5 -8 m a u n ord d 'Ancora.

S on t

b ien v is ib les l es d eux n iveaux a o ut il lage a stur ien ( 1 e t 2 ) .

L es

g a lets e t o u t i ls q u i s e t rouven t e n 3p rov iennen t d u d e man te lemen t d es n iveaux e n p lace.

Al a b ase l e r ocher g ran it ique.

T he t a lus o f t he 5 -8 m f oss il b each t o t he n or th o f Ancora , w ith t he t wo s tra ta c on ta in ing As tur ian a r t ifac ts c lear ly v is ib le ( 1 a nd 3 ) . T he p ebb les a nd t oo ls i n 3c ome f ro m d epos its t ha t h ave b een e roded .

G ran ite r ock a t t he b ase.

3 8

Photo 8 .

Gros p lan d e l a c oupe f oss ile d e 5 -8 m a u n ord d 'Ancora. C lose-up o f t he c u t t ing o f t he 5 -8 m f oss i l b each n or th o f Ancora. 1 :

s ab le g r is s ter i le

2 :

n iveau s uper ieur ä o u t i l lage a stur ien

3 :

s ab le s ter i le i n terca le

4 :

n iveau i n fer ieur ä o ut i l lage a s tur ien

5 :

l imon n o ir s ter ile d e b ase

1 :

S ter i le g rey s and

2 : 3 :

Upper s tra tu m c on ta in ing Astur ian a r t ifac ts I n ter med ia te s tra tu m o f s and

4 :

L ower l eve l c on ta in ing

5 :

B lack s i lt f l oor

4 2 _1 2 . 2

0

C7 . 90 )

0

a i r

00

0 0

o

CD

As tur ian a r t ifac ts

4

( Do 0 0

00

0

0

0 °

0

c ,

e r s.

5

3 9

P hoto 9 :

Que lques p ieces e n p lace d ans l e n iveau s uper ieur d e l a p lage f oss i le d e 5 -8 m, n o ta m men t u n c hopper. S o me p ieces i n s i tu i n t he u pper s tratum o f t he 5 -8 m f oss il b each :

ac hopper i s c lear ly v is ib le.

Photo 1 0. Quelques p ieces e n p lace d ans l e n iveau i n f Lleur d e l a p lage f oss i le d e 5 -8 m, n o ta m men t u n p a le t-d isque. S o me p ieces i n s i tu i n t he l ower s tra tum o f t he 5 - 8m f oss i l b each ; ap a let-d isc c an b e s een .

2

4

3

7 5 cm

o

4

a 9 Cm

o F ig . 5 .

6 0

Pre m iere c oupe a u n ord d 'Ancora. 1 -7 : o u t i l lage d ecouver t e n p lace d ans l e n iveau 3 8 -9 :

o u t i ls d u n iveau 5

F irs t c ut t ing t o t he n or th o f Ancora. 1 -7 : t oo ls f ound . i n i tu i n l eve l 3 _ s 8 -9 :

t oo ls f ro m l eve l 5 4 1

8

1

cm •4

8

4 6

7

5 C m

F ig . 6 .

20 c oupe a u n ord d 'Ancora. 1 -3 : 4 -7 :

p ieces t rouvees e n p lace d ans l e n iveau 3 p ieces t rouvees e n p lace d ans l e n iveau 5

2 nd c u t t ing t o t he n or th o f Ancora. 1 -3 :

p ieces f ound i n s i tu i n l eve l 3

4 -7 :

p ieces f ound i n s i tu i nl eve l 5

4 2

4

6

C m

4

8

7

5

Cm

F ig . 7 .

3 0

c oupe a u n ord d 'Ancora. 1 -4 : o u t ils t rouves e n p lace d ans l e n iveau 2 5 -7 :

o ut i ls t rouves e n p lace d ans l e n iveau 4

X

emp lace men t d es t rouva il les

3 rd c u t t ing t o t he n or th o f Ancora. 1 -4 : a r t ifacts f ound i n s i tu i n l eve l 2 5 -7 :

a r t ifacts f ound i n s i tu i n l eve l 4

X marks t he p os it ion o f t he f inds.

4 3

0 0 C) o o I DZ :7 0 0 0

°

C)

00oc ,

oo o 0

oC)(3

c9 2

c >

0 c,

0 C D e i0

0 C 3

t r :0 0

3 C D

cD

C)

C 3 c) C

c

)

C )o cc p c ) c l )I C ) CD

00 ( 2 ) c °C )c )

4

5

C

60

0 . F ig . 8

a

4

40 c oupe a u n ord d 'Ancora e t P ou t i l lage t r ouve e n p lace d ans l e n iveau 4 . X :

emp lace men t d es t rouva il les.

4 th c u t t ing t o t he n or th o f Ancora a nd a r t ifac ts f ound i n s i tu i n l eve l 4 . X s hows t he p os it ion o f t he f inds.

4 4

3

2

611•

C rT 1

Ma l l

9 0

4 cm 4

. F ig . 9

10 c oupe d ans l a c arr iere d u n ord d 'Ancora e t q ue lques p ieces d ecouver tes e n p lace. 1 -3 :

p i ces t rouvees d ans l e n iveau 3

4 -6 :

p ieces

t r ouvees d ans l e n iveau 4

1s t c u t t ing i n t he q uarry n or th o f Ancora , a nd s o me p ieces f ound i n s i tu . 1 -3 : t oo ls f ro m l eve l 3 4 -6 : t oo ls f ro m l eve l 4 4 5

Crn

I N I M M I 1==4 18 0 4 ==

7 77777 777

cm

0 F ig . 1 0.

6 0

20c oupe d ans l a c arr iere a u n ord d 'Ancora f ace ä l a mer e t l a p lupar t d es p ieces d ecouver tes d ans l e n iveau 3 . X : emp lace men t d es t rouva i l les

2 nd c u t t ing i n t he q uarry n or th o f Ancora , f ac ing t he s ea , a nd t he ma jor ity o f t he t oo ls f ound i n l eve l 3 . X marks t he p os it ion o f t he f i nds . 4 6

100 -

%

90 -

80 -

7 0

60 -

1 50 -

40 -

30 -

20

1 0

1

F ig . 1 1.

1

3

Courbes c u mu lat ives d es p ieces r ou lees e t d es p ieces f ra lches a stur iennes f a isan t r essor t ir l ' iden t ite d es d eux

s er ies . G raph o f t he c urves o f r o l led a nd s harp Astur ian a r t ifac ts , s how ing t ha t t he t wo s er ies a re a l ike.

4 7

26 7 %

x o F ig . 1 2.

8

G raph ique c o mpara t if d es d if feren ts t ypes d ' instru men ts c o mposan t l ' out i llage a s tur ien . D iagra m s how ing t he c o mpara t ive i nc idence o f t he d if feren t t ypes o f Astur ian t oo ls.

4 8

7 9 ,9 % 20 ,1 %

49 %

1.7% 57 , 8%

1 0 ,07%

4 ,5%

20 %

1 0 ,01%

1 0 ,1%

2 ,8%

a

F ig . 1 3.

1 0 ,04%

4 ,5%

3 ,3%

1,4%

0, 7%

1 6

L es d i f feren tes e speces d e c hoppers d e l 'As tur ien p or tuga is. äd ro ite :

c hoppers t ransversaux

g auche : c hoppers l a teraux The d i f feren t t ypes o f c hoppers i n t he Por tuguese Astur ian. R igh t : L ef t :

t ransversa l c hoppers l a tera l c hoppers

4 9

2 3

5 6 4

9

7

0

F ig . 1 4.

4

8

Choppers t ransversaux c onvexes ( 1-2 ) : c oncaves ( 3-4 ) d ro its ( 5-6 ) o b l iques ( 7-8 ) s inueux ( 9 ). Transversa l c hoppers :

c onvex ( 1-2 ), c oncave ( 3-4 ), s tra igh t ( 5-6 ),

o b l ique ( 7-8 ), s inuous ( 9 ). 5 0

2

3

4

6

5

7 cm 1 0

F ig . 1 5.

4

a

Choppers l a teraux c onvexe ( 1-2 ) , d ro its ( 3 ), ä d eux p ans i soce les ( 4-5 ), i negaux ( 6 ) , c oncaves ( 7 ), s inueux ( 8 ). L atera l c hoppers : c onvex ( 1-2 ), s tra igh t ( 3 ), w ith t wo i sosce les f aces ( 4-5 ), u nequa l ( 6 ), c oncave ( 7 ), s inuous ( 8 ).

5 1

80 ,8 %

1 9 ,2 %

1 6 ,8%

7 0 ,9 %

0 ,2%

2 ,2%

8 , 9%

cm 0

F ig . 1 6.

8

1 6

L es d if feren tes e speces d e p ies d e l 'Astur ien p or tuga is. äd ro ite :

äp o in te q uadrangu la ire

äg auche :

äp o in te t r iedr ique e n b as :

p ic-b iface

T he d if feren t t ypes o f p icks i n t he P or tuguese Astur ian. R igh t : L ef t :

q uadrangu lar p o in ts t r ihedra l p o in ts

Be low : b ifac ia l p icks

5 2

L '

0

F ig . 1 7.

% 1 . . . . 1

2 0

I

4 0

P ropor t ion d es d if feren tes e speces d e p ics a s tur iens ( en h aut ) , d e p o ids ä p eche ( en b as ). Above :

p ropor t ions o f t he d if feren t t ypes o f Astur ian p icks.

B e low :

p ropor t ions o f t he d i f feren t t ypes o f A stur ian f i sh ing-we igh ts.

5 3

a

a

a

a

b

C T

4

F ig . 1 8.

8

P ies a stur iens ä p o in te t r iedr ique d ro ite. A stur ian p icks w ith s tra igh t t r ihedra l p o in ts.

5 4

b

3

6

4 5

8

7

i

mazza t 0

F ig . 1 9.

4

9

8

P ies a stur iens a p o in te t r iedr ique d ro ite ( 1-6 ) . äp o in te amorcee o u p ro to-p ic ( 7-9 ). Astur ian p icks w ith s tra igh t t r ihedra l p o in ts ( 1-6 ). w ith s hor tened p o in ts , o r p roto-p icks ( 7-9 ).

5 5

P icks

a

ZD b

aN e

LI:

'

b

a 6 111

F ig . 2 0.

3 ` b

P ics a stur iens ä p o in tes q uadrangu la ires d ro ites . Astur ian p icks w ith s tra igh t q uadrangu lar p o in ts.

5 6

r T 1

4

F ig . 2 1.

P ies a stur iens a p o in tes d e jet es e t p ie b iface ( en b as ). Astur ian p icks w ith p o in ts a skew , a nd a b ifac ia l p ick ( nelow ). ( be low ).

5 7

a

b

. . . . . „ , . . .. __ _ _ . .---

a

b

b

a

b

CM

o

F ig. 2 2.

4

a

Monofaces a s tur iens. Astur ian monofaces.

5 8

2

3

4

6

5

cm 0

F ig . 2 3.

4

a

Monofaces a s tur iens : 1 -2 a b ords c oncaves , 3e n tr ere men t e panne g 5 -7 :

t rapezo idaux .

Astur ian monofaces : 1 -2 w ith c oncave e dges , 3d ressed a l l o ver , 5 -7 t rapezo ida l.

5 9

1

2

3 4

5 6

7

cm

o

F ig . 2 4.

4

8

Monofaces a s tur iens : 1 : d isco ide , 2 -3 : t r iangu la ires , 4 -5 : o va la ires , 6 : t rapezo ida l , 7 : e n t ibre men t e panne le . As tur ian monofaces : 1 : d isco ida l , 2 -3 : .t r iangu lar , 4 -5 : o va te, 6 : t rapezo ida l , 7 : d ressed a l l o ver .

6 0

0

F ig . 2 5.

4

a

Chopp ing-too ls a stur iens. Astur ian c hopp ing-too ls.

6 1

0

F ig . 2 6.

4

Chopp ing-too ls a s tur iens. As tur ian c hopp ing t oo ls.

6 2

C

0

F ig . 2 7.

4

8

Chopp ing-too ls a stur iens . Astur ian c hopp ing t oo ls.

6 3

L

am. ' o

F ig . 2 8.

4

8

P o ids ä p ' öche a stur iens. Astur ian f i sh ing w e igh ts.

6 4

2

a

a

b 4

3

c m

4

F ig. 2 9.

P ieces d iverses a s tur iennes : M isce l laneous Astur ian t oo ls : 2 -4 : s ide-scrapers.

6 5

8

1 : g ra t to ir , 2 -4 : r ac lo irs. 1 : e nd-scraper ,

a—

a—

4

F ig . 3 0.

D isques a stur iens. Astur ian d iscs.

6 6

a

a— .

0

4

F ig. 3 1.

P a lets-d isques a stur iens. Astur ian p a let-d iscs.

6 7

-

-b

. C __ 1. b a.

C al

1 . . . . 1-I .. . . . L-I

0

F ig . 3 2.

4

8

Retoucho irs a stur iens. Astur ian r e touch ing t oo ls.

6 8

-

-

b

2

I

3

C MI

o

F ig . 3 3.

4

8

1 : Ros tro-carene , 2 -4 : P o lybdres. 1 : Ros trocar ina te , 2 -4 : P o lyhedra.

6 9

cm 4

F ig . 3 4.

a

M icro-choppers e t m icro c hopp ingtoo ls a stur iens e n h au t : c hopper d e d i mens ion n orma le p our c ompara ison . Astur ian m icro-choppers a nd micro-chopp ing-too ls. Above :

n orma l-s ized c hopper f or c ompar ison .

7 0

1 3

2

4

, %

5

8

0

F ig. 3 5.

1 : n uc leus , 2 : e c la ts ,

4

8

c la ts r etouches , 3 -4 : e

5 -6 : p or t ions

d e g a le ts. 1 : p ebb le-core , 2 : f lakes , 5 -6 : p ieces o f p ebb les.

7 1

3 -4 : f l akes w ith s econdary w ork ing ,

2

4 3

Cf i n

4

F ig . 3 6.

1 : c hopper a e n lbve men tu n ique med ian e t l ' éc la t d e d eb itage . 2 : G a le t f endu r etouche e n g ra t to ir . 3 : g a le ts f endus b ru ts . 1 : c hopper w ith s ing le med ian f ace t , a nd s truck-o f f f l ake. 2 : s p l i t p ebb le made i n to a s craper . 3 -4 : s p l it p ebb les w ith n o s econdary work ing .

7 2

3

2

0

F ig . 3 7.

4

1 : Mode d e f abr ica t ion d es p or t ions d e g a le t , 2 -3 : g a lets f endus. 1 : Me thod o f p roduc ing p ieces o f p ebb le , 2 -3 : s p l it p ebb les.

7 3

z

i 0

F ig . 3 8.

I

CI l l

1

4

I

i

8

e c la t d e g a le t ad os n a ture l. P ebb le f l akes w ith c or tex b acks .

7 4

3

F ig . 3 9.

Mode d e f abr ica t ion d es e c la ts d e G a lets ä d os n a ture l. Method o f s tr ik ing p ebb le f lakes w ith c or tex b acks.

7 E ,

2

4

3

cr r l

o

F ig . 4 0.

4

e

1 : c hopp ing-too l äe ncoches l a tera les p eut4tre p our f ixa t ion? 2 : c hopp ingtoo l äb ase am inc ie 3 : p ie ä amenage men t e n c iseau 4 : mode d 'u t il isa t ion d u p ie. 1 : c hopp ingtoo l w ith l a tera l n otches , p oss ib le f or f i x ing a h a f t? 2 :

c hopp ingtoo l w ith t h inned b u t t

3 : 4 :

p ick w i th a c h ise ll ike p o in t me thod o fu s ing a p ick .

7 6

cr n

o F ig . 4 1.

2

4

Traces d e c hocs s ur l e r evers d e p ies a s tur iens i nd iquan t l eur u t i l isa t ion. Marks o f b lows o n t he b acks o f Astur ian p icks , method o f u se.

7 7

i nd ica t ion t he ir

cr r 2

F ig . 4 2.

4

T races d e c hocs s ur l e r evers d e p ies a s tur iens i nd iquan t l eur u t il isa t ion . Marks o f b lows o n t he b acks o f A stur ian p icks s how ing t he ir u se.

7 8

F ig . 4 3.

Traces d 'u t il isa t ion v is ib les s ur d es monofaces a stur iens. Marks o fu se o f Astur ian monofaces. 7 9

o

F ig . 4 4.

2

Traces d 'u t il isa t ion v is ib les s ur d es monofaces a stur iens. Marks o f u se o n a n A stur ian monoface. 8 0

4

L . . J

0

F ig . 4 5.

C r i : 1 2

i

4

T races d 'u t il isa t ion v is ib les s ur u n monoface a stur ien . Marks o fu se o n a n As tur ian monoface.

8 1

C

4

F ig . 4 6.

8

D if feren ts t ypes d e p o ids a Oche s e lon l eur t a il le i nd iquan t d es t echn iques d e p eche d i f feren te. D if feren t t ypes o f Astur ian f i sh ing-we igh ts. d if feren t f i sh ing t echn iques.

8 2

S ize i nd icates

I NTRODUCT ION

O f a l l t he p reh istor ic c u ltures o f t he I ber ian P en insu la , t he Astur ian i s c er ta in ly o ne o f t he mos t d is t inc t ive. U s ing t he c hopper , b u t e spec ia l ly t he p ick , t ha t i s t o s ay a t oo l made b y s tr ik ing f lakes f ro m t he s ides o f ap ebb le t o f orm a s trong p o in t , t he As tur ians r evea l t he ir p resence b y t he ir a bandoned t oo ls o n a l l t he n or th wes t c oas ts o f S pa in a nd P or tuga l. D iscovered i n 1 914 b y t he C o mte d e l a V ega d e l S el la i n t he c ave o f P en ic ia l n ear L lanes o n t he c oas t o f Astur ias , t h is c u l ture was o r ig ina l ly a ss igned t o t he L ower Pa laeo l ith ic b ecause t he t oo ls a ppeared c rude a nd a rcha ic. L a ter , o ther Astur ian a sse mb lages h ave b een f ound s tra t if ied i n l evels l a ter t han t he Upper Pa laeo l ith ic , n o tab ly i n t he c ave o f C ueta d e l a M ina where t he Astur ian d epos it l ay a bove t he Magda len ian a nd t he Az i l ian .

T hus , d esp ite i t s p r im it ive

a nd c rude c haracter , t he Astur ian was d a ted t o t he Meso l ith ic.

S ubsequen t ly ,

n ew Astur ian s i tes h ave b een r ecorded i n G a l ic ia b y J a lahay , a nd l ater o n t he c oas t o f n or thern P ortuga l where R . d e S erpa P in to h as e xam ined t he s i te o f Ancora. An u mber o f Astur ian s i tes a re n ow k nown o n t he who le c oast o f A stur ias , n otab ly i n many c aves n ear Ov iedo a nd G a l ic ia , b u t a bove a l l i n t he n or th o f P or tuga l b e tween V iana d o C as te lo a nd t he S pan ish f ron t ier .

F ur thermore,

A stur ian p icks h ave b een r epor ted f ro m B iarr itz o n t he b each o f Mou l igna. Bu t a t B iarr itz

t hese t oo ls a re a ssoc ia ted w ith f l in t t oo ls c ons ist ing o f m icro-

l i ths , p o l ished a xes , a nd p o t tery . They t herefore c er ta in ly b e long t o al a te g roup o f t he Astur ian , c on te mporary w ith t he Neol ith ic. Moreover t he r ad iocarbon d a tes h ave g iven a mean o f 3 700 B .C. f or a n u nd isturbed l eve l w h ich p roduced a t yp ica l p ick a nd s o me s harpened f l in ts. Bu t i ti s n o t p oss ib le t o i den t ify i n s uch a sse mb lages t he A stur ian o f As tur ias o r o f P or tuga l , t he t oo ls o f wh ich a re d i f feren t a nd t he d a t ing a lways much e ar l ier . I n Astur ias , t he mass o f A stur ian s he l ls a t L a R iera h as b een d a ted t o 6 690 B .C. b y r ad iocarbon d a t ing . T h is d a te s ee ms t o c orrespond t o t he p eak o f t he Astur ian c u lture i n t h is r eg ion . Bu t i tf ades away a nd d isappears t owards 3 300 B .C., t he d a te o b ta ined f or a no ther mass o f s he l ls , t hose o f L os P adrons , w h ich i s a lready p ost-Astur ian . However t h is may b e , t he Astur ian o f Can tabr ia i s c lear ly d is t ingu ished f ro m t he P or tuguese A stur ian . I n f act o ne v ery o f ten f inds . 'on t he A stur ian s i tes i n Astur ias n u merous worked f l in ts m ixed w ith t he Astur ian q uar tz ite t oo ls , a nd p ar t icu lar ly n u merous b lades a nd b lade lets o f f l in t , a nd b ur ins , o b jects c o mp letely u nknown o n t he P or tuguese s i tes.

Thus i n t he b eds o f

L iencres , n ear t o S an tander , Astur ian p icks a re r are a nd c hoppers v ery p oor ly r epresen ted , w h ile t he f i sh ing w e igh ts a re n ot e ven men t ioned . On t he o ther h and , f l in t b lades , b lade lets a nd b ur ins a re n u merous : t hey c ons t itu te

8 3

t he ma in p ar t o f t he a sse mb lage.

I n c on trast , a s w e s ha l l s ee, t he P or tuguese

Astur ian i s v ery d if feren t . En t ire ly c ons t ituted o f p ieces made f ro m q uar tz i te p ebb les , c hoppers a re a bundan t , p icks a re a lways n umerous a nd f i sh ing w e igh ts a re w e l l a t tes ted , b ut f l in t b lades , b lade le ts a nd b ur ins d o n o t f igure t here a nd a re t o ta l ly u nknown . T hese d i f ferences i mp ly i fn ot a c hrono log ica l s epara t ion b etween t he t wo i ndus tr ies , a t l eas t s o me c ons iderable d iferences i n t he s ty le o f l i fe o f t he t wo g roups.

B e t ha t a s i t may , t he Astur ian c u lture

a ppears e verywhere a s ac oas ta l c u lture w e l l l oca l ised i n an arrow l i t tora l b and . The Astur ian p ick , ab as ic t oo l o f t ha t c u l ture , i s moreover c o mp lete ly u nknown i n t he i n ter ior a nd d isappears a s o ne g ets f ur ther f ro m t he s ea. A l most a l l t he Astur ian d epos its e xp lored b y t he Co m te d e l a Vega d e l S e l la w ere i n f act s o me h undreds o f me tres f rom t he s hore, t he most d istan t b e ing s i tua ted o n ly s ix k i lo metres f rom t he s ea . T h is i s e qua l ly t rue o f t he C an tabr ian s i tes d iscovered s ince t hen. A l l a re f ound b es ide o r a t a s hor t d is tance f ro m t he c oas t .

As t o t he A stur ian s i tes o f G a l ic ia a nd o f

P or tuga l , t hey a re o pen a ir s i tes where t he f ragmen ts l i t ter t he b eaches r igh t o n t he e dge o f t he o cean . Apar t f ro m t he t oo ls , o f ten f ew i n n umber , d iscovered s trat if ied i n s o me Astur ian c aves , t he Astur ian i s a bove a l l k nown b y t he s ur face s i tes .

I ti s

s ign if ican t t ha t t he b es t d ocu men ted s tudy o f t h is c u l ture r e ma ins t ha t o f R . d e S erpa P in to who i n 1 925 s tud ied t he o pen-a ir s i te a t Ancora.

B u t a l-

t hough t he work was i n teres t ing , more r ecen t r esearches h ave b een n ecessary i n t he Ancora a rea t o make t he b es t u se o f t he e normous amoun t o f ma ter ia l wh ich s t il l e x ists i n t h is a rea.

T he u se o f a ccura te t ypo logy , made p oss ib le

b y t he p rogress o f a rchaeo logy i n t h is f i e ld , a nd t he u se o f s tat ist ica l methods h as p roduced n ew i n forma t ion a nd r esu l ts.

T he w ork d escr ibed i n t h is mono-

g raph was b egun b y t he a uthor i n 1 966 i n t he n or thern p ar t o f P or tuga l , b et ween V iana d o Cas te lo a nd t he S pan ish f ron t ier ; w ork wh ich c on t inued a l mos t w ithout i n terrup t ion u n t il 1 974. I n t h is s ector , s i tua ted b e tween t he r ivers L i ma a nd M inho , t he Astur ian l eve ls f o l low o ne a nother a long t he c oas t i n a n a l most c on t inuous f ash ion f or more t han 2 0 k i lo metres , w ith s o me p ar t icu lar ly r ich z ones , n o tab ly t he b eaches o f Areosa , t ha t o f Ancora a nd t he e n t ire l i tt ora l b etween Ancora a nd Mo ledo. STRAT IGRAPH IC S ECT IONS On a l l t he b eaches o f t he P or tuguese c oas t , b etween t he r ivers L i ma a nd M inho , Astur ian a r tefacts c an b e p icked u p f ro m t he s ur face o f t he e ar th s o me metres f ro m t he s ea. Bu t t h is d oes n ot i nd ica te t rue o pen a ir s i tes , f or t he t oo ls wh ich l i t ter t he b each a re n o t t here i n t he ir o r ig ina l p os it ions. T hey h ave c o me t here , i n r ea l ity , f ro m s trata o f p ebb les s i tua ted o r ig ina l ly i n af oss il b each d es troyed b y e ros ion , p ar t icu lar ly b y t he s ea d ur ing s torms , a s i s s hown b y s o me f ragmen ts wh ich r e ma in i n p lace.

F ur ther more t he

Por tuguese a rchaeo log is t R . d e S erpa P in to n oted t he m i n h is t ime i n h is s tudy o f t he s i te a t Ancora.

He e ven g ave i n h is a r t icle a s tra t igraphy f or

ap o in t n ear t he f or t a t Ancora where h e n o ted t he p resence o f a n As tur ian p ick i n s i tu i n ad epos it o f p ebb les. S ince t hat t ime, t he o pen ing o f c oast r oads a nd i n p ar t icu lar i n t he l as t f ew y ears t he e s tab l ish men t t o t he n or th o f Ancora o f g ran ite q uarr ies , h ave

8 4

mu lt ip l ied t he n u mber o f c u t t ings i n t he e ar th wh ich a l low u s t o make n ew o : bserva t ions t oday.

Thus t he a uthor h as b een a b le t o c o mp lete a nd t o e s-

t ab l ish t he s tra t igraphy o f t he Astur ian l eve ls o f t h is c oas t , as yste mat ic e xa m inat ion o f t hese c u t t ings h av ing r esu l ted i n t he d iscovery o f a bou t f i f ty As tur ian a r te fac ts i n s i tu i n t he s trata o f p ebb les. Af irst s er ies o f c u t t ings h as b een s tud ied 5 00 metres t o t he n or th o f t he b each a t Carre2o. Ac oast r oad wh ich f o l lows t he s ea c uts a t many p o in ts t he t a lus o f t he 7 me tre f oss i l b each. I n t h is way a f irs t c u t t ing c ou ld b e f ound . I t s howed f ro m t op t o b o t to m : . On t he s ur face , 5 0 cm o f d ark g rey s and. 2 .

Be low , ab ed o f p ebb les 6 cm i n t h ickness.

3 . 4 .

L ower d own , 1 0 cm o f o chre s and . Benea th t h is , ad ark b rown s i l t c onta in ing a b ed o f p ebb les 3 0 cm t h ick , among wh ich t he a uthor f ound t wo c hoppers.

These h ave b een

c a ta logued a s h ave a l l t he i t e ms d iscovered i n t hese c u t t ings , a ccord ing t o t he t ypo logy d ev ised i n 1 967 t o c lass ify t he s tone o b jects f ound o n t he b eaches i n t h is a rea. T he c hoppers c ons isted o f as tra igh t t ransv ersa l a nd a c onvex t ransversa l. 5 .

A t t he b o t to m , t here was a b lack s i lt wh ich c on ta ined n o g rave l.

5 0 metres n earer t he s ea t han t h is f i rst c u t t ing , al ands l ide , n o d oubt c aused b y as torm , p roduced a nother c u t t ing o n t h is 7 m f oss il b each. c u t t ing t here w ere o bserved f ro m t op t o b ot to m :

I n t h is

1 .

A t t he s ur face , 1 0 cm o f s ter ile g rey s and .

2 .

Be low , 1 0 cm o f y e l low ish s and c on ta in ing a f a ir ly l arge q uan t ity o f p ebb les a t t he b ot to m , among w h ich w ere a c hopp ing t oo l w ith a s tra igh t c ut t ing e dge a nd a t ransversa l c hopper w ith a n o b l ique c ut t ing e dge.

3 .

Be low , 3 0 cm o f o chre s and w ith s ome g ranu les.

4 .

Ab ed o f p ebb les i n t he i n ter ior o f ab ed o f d ark b rown s i l t .

5 .

4 8 cm o f v ery d ark b rown s i l t.

At h ird c u t t ing a t s o me d istance f ro m t he t wo p reced ing o nes , s t il l i n t he s a me f oss i l l eve l , p roduced t he f o l low ing s uccess ion : 1 . 2 .

A t t he s ur face , 5 0 cm o f d ark g rey s and. Be low , 3 0 t o 6 0 cm o f l igh t b rown s and c on ta in ing a b ed o f p ebb les among wh ich w ere f ound t wo t ransversa l c hoppers , o ne c onvex a nd o ne s tra igh t , t he f i rst w ith f resh f ractures , t he o ther a l i t t le worn .

3 .

A s tratu m o f o chre s and 2 0 cm t h ick .

4 . 5 .

A d ark b rown s i lt c on ta in ing a b ed o f p ebb les , 2 0 cm t h ick . A t t he b o t to m , ad ark b rown s i l t w ithou t g ravel , o f wh ich a t h ickness o f 4 0 cm was v is ib le.

S o me o ther c u t t ings c aused b y ag ran ite q uarry l ay 7 k i lo metres t o t he n or th o f t hese a t Carre2o , 5 00 metres t o t he n or th o f Ancora , t he q uarry w ork ings h av ing c u t i n to t he 7 m f oss i l b each a t s evera l p o in ts. Af irst c u t t ing t o t he s ou th o f t he q uarry , b e low t he c oast r oad , r evea led i n Augus t 1 973 , t he f o l low ing

d epos its : 8 5

1 .

A t t he t op , a bou t 1 0 cm o f s and.

2 .

Be low , a bou t 4 0 cm o f b rown ish s and c on ta in ing a f ew sma l l p ebb les.

3 .

L ower d own , av ery d ense b ed o f p ebb les , 4 0 cm t h ick . These p ebbles measured o n t he a verage 1 0 cm i n l eng th , j udg ing b y t he 3 0 w h ich h ave b een measured .

Among t he m w ere a t rapezo ida l monoface , f our

t ransversa l c hoppers o f w h ich o ne was c onvex a nd t hree w ere s tra igh t , ac hopp ing-too l w ith a c oncave c u t t ing e dge , a nd a f i sh ing w e igh t o f 4 .

o va l f or m w ith u n ifac ia l n otches. Be low , 3 0 cm o f g rey ish s and.

5 .

An ew b ed o f sma l ler p ebb les , a verag ing 6 cm i n l eng th , o f 1 5 cm

6 . 7 .

t h ickness , c on ta in ing a p roto-p ick a nd a t ransversa l c hopper w ith a s inuous c ut t ing e dge. Ab ed o fb lack s i l t 6 cm t h ick . Gran ite r ock a t t he b o t to m.

A s econd c u t t ing a f ew me tres f rom t here b u t al i t t le t o t he n or th r evealed t he f o l low ing s tra ta : 1 .

A t t he s ur face , 1 0 cm o f g rey s and .

2 .

Be low , a1 5 cm t h ick d epos it o f d ark g rey s and .

3 .

L ower d own , av ery d ense b ed o f p ebb les 3 0 cm t h ick .

Th is s tratu m

p roduced t hree p ieces : ac onvex t ransversa l c hopper , ac hopp ing-too l , a nd a t rapezo ida l monoface. 4 . 5 .

Be low , al evel o f d ark g rey s and. L ower d own s t i l l , ab ed o f p ebb les 5 0 cm t h ick .

T he l arges t o f t hese

p ebb les w ere a t t he b o t to m o f t he l eve l , s urrounded o n t he u pper p ar t b y t he u nder ly ing b lack s i l t. T h is b ed p roduced t wo f l akes w ith c or tex b acks , ac hopp ing-too l , a nd a c hopper w ith t wo i sosce les f aces. 6 . 7 .

Ab ed o f b lack s i l t w ithou t p ebb les , 7 0 cm t h ick . A t t he b o t to m : g ran ite r ock .

At h ird c u t t ing s t i l l i n t he s a me f oss i l b each , al i t t le t o t he n or th o f t he p reced ing o nes , g ave t he f o l low ing s tra t igraphy : 1 .

A t t he s ur face , 6 cm o f g rey ish s and.

2 .

Be low , ab ed o f p ebb les 1 0 cm t h ick . T hese p ebb les , o f med ium s ize a t t he u pper p ar t o f t h is d epos it ( average l eng th 7 cm ), w ere a pp rec iab ly l arger t owards t he b ot to m ( average l eng th 1 0 cm ).

T h is

b ed p roduced a c oncave l a tera l c hopper w ith a s ing le med ian f ace t , t wo s tra igh t t ransversa l c hoppers a nd a n o b l ique t ransversa l c hopper w ith t he c ut t ing e dge t o t he l ef t . 3 . 4 .

5t o 1 0 cm o f g rey s and c on ta in ing s o me g ranu les. An ew b ed o f p ebb les o f a n a verage l eng th o f 1 0-14 cm , wh ich w ere c ons iderab ly l arger t han t hose o f t he b ed ( 2 ) a bove , s urrounded b y a b lack s i l t 3 0 cm t h ick .

5 . 6 .

T h is b ed c on ta ined a t yp ica l A s tur ian p ick

w i th a t r ihedra l p o in t a nd t hree t ransversa l c hoppers. Ab lack s i l t w ithou t p ebb les , 3 0 cm t h ick . A t t he b ot to m , t he g ran ite r ock .

Another c ut t ing , s t il l i n t he s a me 7 m b each a t ap o in t 3 0 m t o t he n or th o f t he p reced ing o nes , e xh ib ited t he f o l low ing s uccess ion :

8 6

1 . 2 .

A t t he s ur face , as tratum o f s and 1 0 cm t h ick . Be low , ab ed o f p ebb les o f a n a verage l eng th o f 8t o 1 0 cm , v ery d ense , e x tend ing f or a d ep th o f 4 0 cm.

3 .

Ab ed o f s and 5t o 1 0 cm t h ick .

4 .

Ab ed o f l arge p ebb les w ith a n a verage l eng th o f 1 0 t o 1 4 cm embedded i n b lack s i l t .

5 .

T h is c on ta ined a c onvex t ransversa l c hopper , as tra igh t

t ransversa l c hopper , a nd a p a let-d isc. Be low , ab lack s i lt w ithout g rave l wh ich u ndoubted ly c overed t he g ran ite r ock , t hough i td id n o t a ppear h ere.

S t il l f ur ther t o t he n or th o f t he c u t t ings wh ich h ave b een d escr ibed , t he q uarry h ad e x tens ive ly c u t i n to t he t a lus o f t he f oss i l b each , p roduc ing t wo l arge c ut t ings wh ich w ere r ead ily i n terpretab le. T he f irs t c u t t ing , a t r igh t a ng les t o t he s ea , s howed t he f o l low ing d epos its : 1 .

A t t he s ur face , ab rown ish s and.

2 . 3 .

Be low , 4 0 cm o f g rey s and. 4 8 cm o f v ery d ense p ebb les i n ad ark g rey s and . The ma jor ity o f t hese p ebb les measured 1 0 t o 1 5 cm i n l eng th. Th is d epos it p roduced at yp ica l Astur ian p ick w ith a s tra igh t t r ihedra l p o in t , ap ro to-p ick , as ub-tr iangu lar monoface , t wo t ransversa l c hoppers , o f w h ich o ne was c onvex a nd t he o ther h ad d isym me tr ica l f aces , af ragmen t o f a p ebb le , a nd a s p l it p ebb le.

4 .

A n ew b ed o f p ebb les l ess c lose ly-packed b u t al i t t le l arger , e nve loped i n ab lack s i l t , 3 0 cm t h ick .

T h is l eve l p roduced a t yp ica l Astur ian

p ick w ith a s tra igh t t r ihedra l p o in t , a n o va l monoface , ap ro to-p ick w ith a q uadrangu lar p o in t s o mewha t a skew , at ransversa l c hopper w ith as ing le f acet i nc l ined t o t he l e f t , ac hopp ing-too l , ad isc , a nd a f ragmen t . I n t he s econd c u t t ing o f t h is s ec t ion o f t he q uarry , b u t t h is t ime p ara l le l t o t he s ea , t here were n o t iced t he f o l low ing d epos its : 1 .

A t t he s ur face a s uper f ic ia l b ed o f b rown ish s and.

2 .

Be low , ab ed o f 2 0 cm o f g rey s and c on ta in ing a f ew sma l l p ebb les.

3 .

L ower d own , 4 0 cm o f p ebb les , v ery d ense , w ith a n a verage l eng th o f 1 2 cm. T h is b ed y ie lded a t yp ica l Astur ian p ick w ith a s tra igh t t r ihedra l p o in t , ac onvex t ransversa l c hopper , ac oncave m icroc hopper w ith a s ing le med ian f ace t , at rapezo ida l monoface , a s p l in ter o f ap ebb le , a nd a p ebb le f ro m wh ich s evera l f l akes h ad

4 .

b een s truck . 1 0 cm o f b rown ish g rey s and .

5 . 6 .

L ower d own , an ew b ed o f p ebb les 1 5 cm t h ick . Ab ed o f b lack s i lt c on ta in ing a v ery f ew p ebb les.

7 .

The g ran it ic r ock a t t he b o t to m.

F ina l ly , a l l t hese c u t t ings , a lthough s o me a re s evera l k i lome tres away f rom o thers , ma tch p er fect ly . They a l low o ne t o o bserve , u nder o ne o r t wo d epos its o f s ter ile s uper f ic ia l s and , t wo s uccess ive d epos its o f p ebb les , o f t h ickness v ary ing f ro m s ector t o s ec tor , b u t c ons is ten t ly p roduc ing i t e ms o f As tur ian o r ig in , Astur ian p icks b e ing s uf f ic ien t ly f requen t t o p erm it t h is a t tr ibut ion .

The t wo b eds o f p ebb les w ith Astur ian t oo ls a re o f ten s epara ted

8 7

b y at h ickness o f s and wh ich i s 'v ar iab le b u t a lways sma l l. However , t hey a re a lways p er fec t ly d ist ingu ished ö ne f ro m t he o ther , e ven when t hey a re i n c on tact , b y t he sma l ler s ize o f t he p ebb les i n t he u pper d epos its a nd a bove a l l b y t he f ac t t ha t t he p ebb les o f t he u pper d epos i ts a re s urrounded b y ad ark g rey s and , wh i le t hose o f t he l ower l eve l d epos its a re i n ab lack s i l t .

I n

e very c ase , t he a rchaeo log ica l d epos its l i e o n ab ed o f b lack s i l t wh ich c overs t he g ran it ic r ock . T he d a t ing o f t h is s i l t wou ld t herefore p erm it u s t o p lace t hese A s tur ian a sse mb lages p rec ise ly i n t he ir c hrono log ica l s i tua t ion , a nd a s ac onsequence t o g ive a p rec ise c hrono logy t o t he Astur ian o f t h is r eg ion . I n a n t ic ipa t ion o f r ad iocarbon d a tes , i ti s p oss ib le t o p u t f orward s o me h ypotheses. L . Ber tho is , i n as tudy w h ich a ppeared i n 1 949 i n v o lu me XX IX o f t he Co m mun ica t ions d es S erv ices G eo log iques d u P or tuga l ( pp. 1 -61), s ta tes t ha t t he g ranu lo metr ic a nd minera log ica l a na lys is o f t he b lack s ed i men ts w h ich c o me f rom t he Areosa f or t a rea a nd f rom t he n or th o f Ancora s hows s andy s i l ts w ith s o me c oarse e le men ts c on ta in ing g ra ins o f q uar tz wh ich a re v ery l i t t le worn , w ith a c ons iderab le p redo m inance o f f i ne c onst ituen ts , i nd ica t ive o f f l ood ing o f t he s ur face a t t he t ime o f t he ir f orma t ion. Bu t t hese o bserva t ions d o n ot c ons t itu te a p rec ise b as is u pon wh ich t o f ound a c hrono logy. G . Z byszewsk i a nd C . T e ixe ira , o n t he o ther h and , i n as tudy o f t he mar ine b each o f 5 -8 m ( 18 ), a f ter n ot ing t he p reva lence o f t hese s i l ty b lack d epos its o n t he s hores o f t he M inho , t ha t i s t o s ay i n o ur r eg ion o f s tudy , a t tr ibu ted t h is f orma t ion t o t he R iss g lac ia t ion , g iven ' t he v ery c ons iderab le a bundance o f Acheu l ian a nd L anguedoc ian a r t ifacts ' ( p . 7 ) f ound i n s i tu a bove t hese b lack s i l ts. Bu t s uch a n a rchaeo log ica l a t tr ibu t ion o f t he t oo ls o n t hese b eaches s upp oses t ha t t hese a uthors s t il l a ccep t t he v iew a dvanced b y Breu il a nd Z byszewsk i i n 1 942 , a ccord ing t o w h ich t he Astur ian o b jects i n t h is s ec tor a re f ound m ixed w ith A cheu l ian p ieces , t he monofaces b e ing a ssoc ia ted i n t h is c ase w ith t he Acheu l ian b ifaces a nd t he p a let-d iscs b e ing c ons idered a s t he f oss il i nd ica tors o f t he L anguedoc ian , ac u lture i nven ted b y Breu il i n 1 937 i n t he c ourse o f h is r esearches o n t he t erraces o f t he G aronne a nd wh ich h e c ons idered c on te mporary w ith t he Mouster ian ( 4 ). But t hese a t tr ibu t ions a re n o t a b le t o s a t isfy u s t oday . I n f act , i fo ne c ons iders w ithou t p reconce ived i deas t he a sse mb lages i n t h is a rea , i ti s e v iden t t ha t t here e x is ts n o i t e m wh ich i s g enu ine ly A cheu l ian .

Our c u t t ings

h ave n o t moreover p roduced a s ing le b iface. No d oubt t he c o l lect ion d isc overed was n u mer ica l ly i nsu f f ic ien t t o d ec ide t ha t t here h ad n ever b een t rue b ifaces i n t hese d epos its. Bu t i n o rder t o e stab l ish t he t ypo logy o f t he p ebb les c o l lected o n t he b eaches Ih ave e xa m ined 4 738 p ieces c om ing f ro m t hose d ep os its wh ich h ave b een d is turbed b y e ros ion , w ithou t d iscover ing a s ing le b if ace.

On t he o ther h and t he c hoppers wh ich c an b e c o l lected i n p rofus ion o n

a l l t he b eaches a re n o t s pec if ica l ly P a laeo l ith ic i mp le men ts. They s urv ive s o me t i mes i n to t he Neo l ith ic a nd e ven l a ter , e spec ia l ly i n P or tuga l. A s t o t he monofaces , t he ir s im i lar ity o f f orm t o t he b ifaces d oes n ot a l low u s t o c onc lude t ha t t hey b e long t o t he Acheu l ian .

Moreover t he mono faces a re

c ons tan t ly f ound i n o ur c u t t ings i n a ssoc ia t ion w ith t yp ica l Astur ian p icks ,

8 8

wh ich s ugges ts r ather t ha t t hey s hou ld b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he Astur ian . a l l t he monofaces f ound s tra t if ied h ave t he s ame p a t ina

a nd t he s ame f resh-

n ess a s t he Astur ian p icks w ith wh ich t hey a re a ssoc ia ted . t ha t t hey a re e ar l ier .

Bes ides ,

N o th ing i nd icates

N o t race o fu se o r o f wear b y w indb lown s and a l lows

u s t o d ist ingu ish b etween t hese t wo t ypes o f t oo l , wh ich a re moreover f ound i n t he s a me s tratu m. O ne c an make s im i lar c o m men ts c oncern ing t he s upposed e x is tence o f a ' Languedoc ian ' i ndus try i n t h is a rea.

Breu il i nven ted t he t erm L anguedoc ian

t o d es ignate a f l ake i ndus try whose o r ig ina l ity h e t hough t h e r ecogn ised i n 1 932 o n t he f oss il t erraces o f t he G aronne.

Bu t when Breu i l p ut f orward h is

t heory o f t he L anguedoc ian , h e t hought t ha t h e p ossessed i n t he p a let-d isc a f oss i l i nd ica tor a nd h e a ccorded i t ap rec ise c hrono log ica l v a lue t ha t t h is o b jec t d oes n ot p ossess .

I t i s a s ar esu l t o f t he p a let-d isc , i n f act , t ha t

Breu i l s upposed t he L anguedoc ian t o b e c on te mporary w ith t he c lass ica l Mous ter ian ( 3 ). But s ince t hen d iscover ies o f p a let-d iscs h ave mu l t ip l ied w ithout c on f irm ing t he h ypotheses o f Breu i l. Qu ite t o t he c on trary . Many o f t hese t oo ls , i n f act , h ave b een f ound i n a sse mb lages l a ter t han t he Mouster ian a nd e ven , mos t o f ten , w e l l p os t-g lac ia l. T hus B et irac d iscovered p a le td iscs i n t he Magda len ian V I i n t he Mon tastruc s he l ter a t Brun ique l. L . Mgroc r epor ted t he ir a bundance o n t he 1 2 m t errace o f t he G aronne , a ssoc ia ted e verywhere , i n as usp ic ious f ash ion , w ith N eo l ith ic p ieces , n o tab ly w ith p o li shed a xes.

T he s ame a uthor a lso f ound t he m i n aw e l l , a t Cordes , w ith s o me

f ragmen ts o f med iaeva l p o t tery , i n p ar t icu lar s o me ' pegau ' a nd s o me c o ins o f L ou is >M I. The p a let-d isc t hus h as n o t g o t ap rec ise c hrono logy . One f i nds i ti n v ery d iverse c ontex ts. I ts p resence w ith t he Astur ian t oo ls d oes n o t a l low u s t o a l lo t t he a sse mb lage o r ap ar t o f t he c ol lec t ion t o ap rec ise c u l ture c a l led t he L anguedoc ian . I t c annot s erve a s ac hrono log ica l b enchmark . Moreover , i n t he p resen t s ta te o f r esearches , t he L anguedoc ian a pp ears t o b e a n o bso lete h ypothes is , i n f act a n i mag inary c u l ture. F ina l ly , o ur c u t t ings p roduced e qua l ly p a let-d iscs a nd t yp ica l As tur ian t oo ls h av ing t he s a me p a t ina , t he s a me s ta te o f f reshness , a nd i ti s i mposs ib le t o d e tec t t he l east c hrono log ica l d is t inct ion b e tween t hese o b jec ts.

T he

a rchaeo log ica l p ieces d iscovered i n s i tu i n t he s tra t if ied d epos its d er ive t hus f rom t wo A stur ian l eve ls c lose ly a d jacen t t o o ne a no ther e ven t hough t hey a re s uccess ive. P erhaps t he r e la t ive ly modest n umber o f p ieces r ecovered d o n o t p er m it u s t o d is t ingu ish t he d if ferences. I t i s i n a ny c ase s im ilar a ss emblages wh ich a re f ound i n t he t wo l eve ls , t he t oo ls b e ing i den t ica l a nd t he ir p ropor t ions v ery s im ilar . Fro m t he c hrono log ica l p o in t o f v iew , t hese Astur ian d epos its c ou ld b e r e lated t o t hose d iscovered i n t he c aves o f Astur ias where t hey a re d is t inc t ly p ost-g lac ia l f or t hey a re s uperposed o n t he u pper P a laeo l ith ic d epos its a nd e ven o n t he Az il ian . T he i nves t iga t ions o f Pr . Noon s ee m t o c on f irm t h is f or P or tuga l. T hat a u thor , i n e f fect , r epor ts i n as tudy o f t he g eography o f t he c oas ta l a rea o f G a l ic ia ( 12 ), a t Mougas , t o t he s ou th o f Bayonna , t herefore i n ar eg ion n e ighbour ing o ur a rea o f s tudy , s o me b lack ish , h um ic , f oss i l ised s ed i men ts wh ich s ee m t o c orrespond t o t he b lack s i l ts w h ich w e h ave o bserved a tt he b o t to m o f t he A stur ian d epos its i n P ortuga l , f ro m Carre90 t o Ancora. H . Noon a t tr ibutes t hese d epos its t o t he e nd o f t he Wt irm g lac ia t ion o n t he s treng th o f t wo r ad iocarbon d ates wh ich h ave g iven 1 8 ,200 B .P ., t ha t i s 1 6 ,250 8 9

b efore o ur e ra , f or a s a mp le t aken i n t he m idd le o f h is c u t t ing , a nd 1,650 B .P., o r 9 ,500 B .C., f or a s a mp le f ro m t he h igher l eve l. I ft he b lack s i l ts s tud ied b y H . Noon c orrespond t o t hose o f t he P or tuguese b eaches , a s i s v ery p robab le , t he o ccupa t ion o f t he 7 m b each b y t he A stur ians s hou ld b e p laced s hor t ly a f ter 9 ,500 B .C. THE PROBLE M OF THE WA f ER- WORN P IECES I n a dd it ion t o t he i t e ms f ound i n t he c u t t ings o f w h ich w e h ave s poken , a v ery l arge n u mber o f Astur ian t oo ls h ave b een c o l lected f ro m t he s ur face o f t he g round .

Many p ieces , f or e xa mp le , a re f ound o n a l l t he s ur face o f t he 5 -8

metre f oss il b each , n o d oub t d epos ited t here b y p lough ing . But t he g rea t ma jor ity a re f ound l ower d own t h is s a me b each , f rom t he f oo t o f t he f oss il t a lus d own t o t he e dge o f t he s ea , n o d oub t b ecause o f t he d es truct ion o f t he b eds b y e ros ion . I ti s c lear t ha t t hese p ieces a re n o t i n t he ir o r ig ina l p lace. T he ir p os it ion im med ia te ly b e low t he u nd isturbed l eve l i nd icates i t s eems , t he ir t rue o r ig in . Bu t among t he p ieces wh ich a re s cat tered o n t he s ur face , ac er ta in n u mber h ave b een r o l led a nd w orn b y t he s ea. T hus a p rob le m i s p osed : d esp ite t he u ndoub ted c o m mon o r ig in o f a l l t hese p ieces , i s i tn ot n ecessary t o g ive a n e ar l ier c hrono log ica l v a lue t o t he worn t oo ls? S hou ld n ot o ne d is t ingu ish t he w orn p ieces f ro m t he u nworn? T o p u t i ta nother way : w ha t c hrono logy s hou ld o ne g ive t o t he u nworn a sse mb lage a nd t o t he w orn a sse mblage? T he s ame p rob le m i s p osed when o ne f inds t oo ls s o h eav ily u sed t ha t t hey h ave b een d is f igured , wh ich m ight l ead o ne t o s uppose t ha t t hey h ave a g rea ter a n t iqu ity t han t oo ls w i th f resh f ractures.

One k nows , moreover , t ha t t he

i nves t iga t ions o f H . Breu il a nd G . Z byszewsk i i n 1 942 o n t he P a laeo l ith ic d ep os i ts o f P or tuga l w ere f or t he ma jor p ar t f ounded o n t he p ostu la te, more o r l ess i mp l ic it , t ha t t he w orn p ieces f ound o n t he b eaches w ere , i n p r inc ip le , more a nc ien t t han t he f resh p ieces.

Moreover , t he ma jor ity o f t he c lass if ica-

t i ons o f a sse mb lages r ecovered f ro m t hese d epos its a nd s tud ied b y t hese a uthors w ere e s tab l ished o n t he b as is o f t h is c r iter ion , ac r iter ion u sed s t il l t oday b y G . Z byszewsk i. No d oubt t h is p ostu la te i s o f ten s uppor ted b y o bserva t ions a nd b y p rec ise f ac ts wh ich i ti s i mposs ib le t o c on test. B u t t he l im its h ad y et t o b e e s tab l ished a nd i tr e ma ins t o b e s een whether i tw as a pp l icab le w ithou t r eserva t ion t o Astur ian p ieces. I tw as i n o rder t o r eso lve t h is p rob le m t ha t t he a u thor c o l lected , i n 1 967, f ro m i n f ron t o f t he t a lus o f t he 5 -8 m b each a t Areosa , t wo s er ies o f p ieces t aken a t r ando m f ro m t he s a me s ector , c o mpr is ing 1 00 f resh t oo ls a nd 1 00 worn t oo ls t o s tudy t he t ypo log ica l c onst itu t ion o f t he t wo s amp les.

I tw as

t hough t t ha t i fas ign if ican t d if ference o f t ime s epara ted t he t wo g roups , s o me t ypo log ica l d if ferences w ou ld n ecessar ily b eco me a pparen t . A s ign if ican t t ypo log ica l d i f ference w ou ld c orrespond t o ac ons iderab le c hrono log ica l d i ff erence. T he d i f ference i n s tructure o f t he t wo s e lect ions o f t oo ls wou ld t hus p erm i t o ne t o measure t he d i f ference i n t ime s epara t ing t he t wo a sse mb lages. Bu t t he r esu l ts d id n ot c onf irm t h is h ypothes is. t he f o l low ing t oo ls :

9 0

T he t wo g roups c ompr ised

Worn S er ies :

1 00 p ieces

2 1 Astur ian p icks 3 monofaces 6 5 c hoppers 5c hopp ing-too ls 3f i sh ing w e igh ts 2f l akes 1s p l it p ebb le U nworn S er ies :

1 00 p ieces

1 8 Astur ian p icks 2 monofaces 5 2 c hoppers 1c hopp ing-too l 1 4 f i sh ing w e igh ts 1 f l akes 2s p l it p ebb les W ithou t d oubt s o me d i f ferences a re a pparen t i n t he c o mpos it ion o f t he t wo s a mp les. a nd 1 % )

T he n umber o f f i sh ing w e igh ts ( 3% a nd 1 4% ), a nd o f f l akes ( 2%

d i f fer a pprec iab ly f ro m o ne s er ies t o t he o ther .

Bu t t he b as ic t oo ls

w h ich a re mos t c harac ter ist ic o f t he Astur ian c iv il isa t ion a re f ound i n t he s ame p ropor t ions i n t he t wo g roups. T hus t he p ercen tage o f As tur ian p icks ( 2 1% a nd 1 8% ), t hose o f t he monofaces ( 3% a nd 2 % ), t hose o f t he c hoppers ( 65% a nd 5 2% ) a re c o mparab le a nd v ery s im ilar.

T he s im ilar ity o f t he c urves

o b ta ined f or t he t wo g roups c on f ir ms t he s im i lar ity o f t he t wo s er ies ( F ig . 1). Thus , i nstead o f t he e xpected t ypo log ica l d iscon t inu ity b etween t he t wo g roups o f p ieces , t he s im ilar ity o f t he t wo a ssemb lages s tands o u t , b o th a s r egards c o mpos it ion a nd p ercentages. T he p ostu la te o f ac hrono log ica l d iscon t inu ity b etween t he w orn a nd u nworn t oo ls f ro m t hese b eaches t herefore d oes n o t s tand u p t o e xam ina t ion . The t wo s er ies o bv ious ly b e long t o t he s a me i ndustr ia l c u lture.

T he w ear o n t he

e dges , t he t races o f a bras ion c anno t t hus c orrespond t o ad i f ference i n a ge , b u t a re d ue t o t he a c t ion o f t he s ea u pon c er ta in t oo ls. T he p rofound c hanges b rough t a bou t i n s o me t oo ls a re d ue t o t he f orce a nd v io lence o f t he w aves w h ich c an c er ta in ly a l ter a p iece v ery r ap id ly . Moreover , t he t ypo logy o f t he w orn p ieces i n n o w ay d if fers f ro m t ha t o f t he u nworn p ieces.

I n b oth

g roups we f i nd t he s ame t ype o f c hopper a nd t he s ame t ype o f p ick , e ven i f t hey a re p rofound ly a l tered.

One c an p u t i tt o t he t es t a t a ny p o in t o n t he

g round. On t h is b each , t hen , e xcep t i n p ar t icu lar c ases , t he w ear o n c er ta in A stur ian p ieces d oes n o t p erm it u s t o d is t ingu ish t he m f ro m t he u nworn p ieces a nd t o a ccord t o t he m a more a nc ien t c hrono logy . g roup c er ta in t oo ls h ave b een worn b y t he s ea.

I n t he s a me c hrono log ica l

T he c onstan t p resence o f t he

s ea s o me metres f ro m t he a rchaeo log ica l s i tes i s ab etter e xp lana t ion t han a d iferen t c hrono logy f or t he d i f ference i n t he s tate o f wear o f t he p ebb les.

9 1

THE ASTUR IAN ARTEFACTS FOUND ON THE S URFACE I n t he f ace o f t he e normous q uan t ity o f a rchaeo log ica l s pec i mens w h ich l i t ter a l l t he P or tuguese b eaches b etween t he L i ma a nd t he M inho , ad e ta iled s tudy o f t he t ypo logy mus t make f u l l u se o f s ta t is t ics i fo ne w ishes t o t race t he p ro f i le o f t h is c u lture t o t he l im its o f a l l t he a va ilab le e v idence. i s t he w ork o n wh ich t he a uthor h as b een e ngaged s ince 1 966.

T h is

Up t o t he

p resen t t ime 4 738 t oo ls h ave b een c a ta logues , s tud ied , d rawn , a nd i ndexed. T h is t o ta l a ppears s u f f ic ien t ly l arge t o d raw u p t he t ypo log ica l l is t o f t he t oo ls u sed b y t he Astur ians i n t h is a rea. F or t he t ypo log ica l s tudy Ih ave b orrowed t he g enera l p r inc ip le o f my c lass i f ica t ion o f c hoppers , wh ich a re v ery a bundan t i n t he Astur ian , f rom B . A . Ranov w ho p roposed a t ypo logy f or t he w orked p ebb les , i n 1 966 , a s ar esu lt o f h is w ork o n t he d epos its o f Kara Boura ( 13 ).

T he p ebb le-too l s i tes o f

Cen tra l As ia h ave , o f c ourse , n o r e lat ion t o t hose o f P or tuga l , b ut t he p r inc ip les emp loyed b y Ranov a re s u f f ic ien t ly f l ex ib le t o b e a dap ted t o v ery d i ff eren t i ndus tr ies s uch a s t he A stur ian o f P or tuga l . Ranov t ook a ccoun t o f t wo f unda men ta l e le men ts t o c lass ify w orked p ebb les , e spec ia l ly c hoppers. T he f i rs t i s t he s i tua t ion o f t he c u t t ing e dge o n t he p ebb le. F o l low ing f ro m t he p lace o f t h is c u t t ing e dge o n t he p iece , t he t oo l i s h e ld i n d if feren t w ays , wh ich i mp l ies d i f feren t t echn iques o f a ct ion . Ih ave n o ted t wo p os it ions o f t he c ut t ing e dge.

F or t he P or tuguese p ebb les Across t he e nd o f t he p ebb le

i tp roduces t ransversa l c hoppers , a long t he l eng th o f t he p ebb le , l atera l c hoppers. S econd ly , Ranov t ook n ote o f t he f orm o f t he e dge. Th is i s , i n e f fec t , t he a c t ive p ar t o f t he imp le men t . Ad i f ference i n t he f orm o f t he e dge p resupposes a d iferen t p urpose f or t he t oo l a nd s o o ther f unct ions f or t he p iece. F or P or tuga l Ih ave r e ta ined t he c onvex , s tra igh t a nd o b l ique c u t t ing e dges , b u t Ih ave a dded t o Ranov 's t ypes t he s inuous e dge , o ne w ith t wo i soceles f aces , o ne w ith t wo u nequa l f aces , a n e dge w ith a med ian f acet , a nd a n e dge s e t t o t he r igh t o r t he l e f t .

S uch a c lass if icat ion p erm its

i nc lus ion o f a l l t he c hoppers a long t h is c oastl ine. T he s ta t is t ica l e xam ina t ion o f t he a sse mb lages f rom t he s ur face o f t hese b eaches c onf irms t he e v idence f ound d ur ing i nves t iga t ion o f t he s i tes : t he As tur ian a sse mb lage i s d om ina ted b y t wo b as ic i ns trumen ts , t he c hopper a nd t he p ick . Under t he t i t le o f c hopper , Ih ave p laced t he w orked p ebb les wh ich p resen t as i mp le c u t t ing e dge , o b ta ined b y a sma l l n u mber o f s tr ik ings o n as ing le f ace.

Choppers a re t he t oo ls t ha t o ccur mos t f requen t ly .

a l mos t h a l f t he a sse mb lage ( 49.8% ). a ccord ing t o t he s i te.

T hey c ons t i tu te

Bu t t hey a re more o r l ess a bundan t

However , t h is f requency n ever f a l ls b e low 3 6% ( t he

b each a t l ow t i de a t Areosa ) , b ut o n ly r are ly r eaches 7 5% ( beach a t A f ife ). Everywhere , t ransversa l c hoppers a re t he mos t n umerous ( 79.9% ). I nt h is c ategory , c hoppers w ith a c onvex e dge p redo m ina te ( 57.8% ).

S tra igh t-edged

c hoppers ( 10.07% ), c oncave c hoppers ( 10.04% ), a nd o b l ique c hoppers ( 10.01% ) a re a bou t e qua l ly c o mmon .

Much r arer , o n t he o ther h and , a re t he s inuous

c hoppers ( 4 .5% ), t he c hoppers w ith a s ing le med ian f acet ( 1 .4% ), a nd t he c hoppers w ith a n e dge s e t t o t he l ef t ( 1 .07% ). F ina l ly , r epresen ted b y af ew s pec i mens o n ly , c ome t he c hoppers w ith a c u t t ing e dge f or med b y t wo u nequa l

9 2

f aces , a nd c hoppers w ith t he c u t t ing e dge s et o ver t o t he r igh t .

T he r ar ity

o f t he l a t ter c ategory o f i mp le Men ts i s n ot s urpr is ing , a s t h is t ype o f t oo l h as t o b e h e ld i n t he l e f t h and , s ince t he a ct ive p ar t o f t he t oo l i s t o t he r ight . I n p r inc ip le , o n ly l e f t h anded p eop le c ou ld u se t he m. Amongs t t he l a tera l c hoppers a lso ( 20.1% ), t he t oo ls w ith a c onvex c u t t ing e dge a re t he most n umerous ( 49% ), f o l lowed a t ad is tance b y s tra igh t e dged c hoppers ( 20% ), c oncave c hoppers ( 1 1.7% ), s inuous c hoppers ( 10.1% ), o b l ique c hoppers ( 4 .5% ), a nd c hoppers w ith t wo i sosceles f aces ( 2 .6% ) ; c hoppers w ith t wo u nequa l f aces b e ing r epresen ted b y af ew e xa mp les o n ly .

T hese r esu l ts a re s u mmar ised a nd

r ecorded i n t he g raphs a nd s tat ist ics i n t he f igures.

T hey s how t he d ivers ity

o f t he Astur ian t oo ls. I n a ny e ven t , t he c hopper d oes n ot , a s h as s o met i mes b een s uggested , i mp ly s imp le a nd s tero typed a ct ions.

On t he c on trary , t he

d ivers ity o f f orms o f t he c u t t ing e dge s ugges ts many d if feren t t ypes o f a c t iv ity . L ike t he c hopper , t he p ick i s a lso v ery e x tens ive ly f ound i n t he As tur ian s tra ta i n Por tuga l. Moreover , i ti s t he most c harac ter is t ic t oo l o f t h is c u lture , i t s t rue f oss i l i nd ica tor , i ft h is t erm s t i l l h as a mean ing . Astur ian p icks a re i mp le men ts made f ro m a p ebb le , w ith a s trong p o in t f in ished b y u n if ac ia l s econdary work ing .

I fo ne e xam ines t he s ect ion a t t h is p o in t i ti s p os-

s ib le t o d ist inguish p icks w ith a t r ihedra l p o in t ( 80.8% ) a nd p icks w ith a q uadr angu lar p o in t ( 19.2% ). T here o ccur v ery r are ly b ifac ia l p icks wh ich , i n a dd i t ion t o at r ihedra l p o in t l ike t ha t o f t he p icks r eferred t o a bove , h ave s ec ondary work ing o f t he f ace wh ich i s n orma l ly l ef t u n tr i mmed , w ithout , h owe ver , t h is c hang ing f orm o f t he t oo l. I n s o me e xa mp les o f p icks w ith t r ihedra l p o in ts a nd t r iangu lar p o in ts t he p o in t i s a skew . More n u merous a re p icks w ith a v ery b lun t , s hor t p o in t. T he a u thor h as r ecorded 8 .9% w ith t r ihedra l p o in ts a nd 2 .2% w ith q uadrangu lar p o in ts , b ut i n e very c ase t he p o in ts a re b lun t a nd v ery s hor t. Th is f eature e nab les a d is t inc t ion t o b e d rawn b etween t h is t ype o f i mp le men t a nd t he t rue p ick . The a u thor h as s o me t i mes r eferred t o t h is i mp le men t a s ap ro top ick b u t t he p ro top ick d oes n ot a ppear t o b e a n e ar l ier t oo l t han t he t rue p ick . Nor i s i t ad egenerate , a nd t herefore a l a ter f orm o f t h is t oo l. T he t wo t ypes o f t oo l a re f ound t ogether i n a l l t he s tra ta , a nd i ti s i mposs ib le t o e s tab l ish t ha t o ne i s e ar l ier t han t he o ther . B etween t he L i ma a nd M inho , t he p ercen tage o f p icks i s 2 6.7 f or t he Astur ian s i tes s tud ied . T ha t i s t o s ay i n t hese d epos its o ne i mp le men t i n f our i s a n Astur ian p ick . N atura l ly , t he p ercen tage v ar ies f ro m o ne s i te t o a no ther , b ut i s a lways h igh a nd f or t he d epos its s tud ied l i es s o mewhere b etween 1 1% ( Af ife s i te ) a nd 3 8.3% ( Areosa b each a t l ow t i de ). I n a dd it ion t o c hoppers a nd p icks ,t he b eaches o f n or thern P or tuga l , b etween t he L i ma a nd t he M inho , c ons isten t ly p roduce monofaces , c hopp ing t oo ls a nd f i sh ing we ights. F or a l ong t ime , t he monofaces w ere i den t if ied w ith t he p icks . R . d e S erpa P in to , f or e xa mp le , i n h is s tudy o f Ancora , c a l led t he m " rounded p icks", b ecause o f t he ir c urved c u t t ing e dge ( F ig. 1 4 ).

Bu t p rec isely b ecause o f t h is

e dge t h is t oo l c anno t b e p laced i n t he s a me c a tegory a s t he p ick .

The Astur ian

p ick h as a s trong p o in t i n p lace o f ac u t t ing e dge , a nd i t s morpho logy i s t heref ore q u ite d iferent .

S uch a d ist inct ion b etween t he a c t ive p ar ts o f t he t wo 9 3

imp le men ts a l lows o f n o c on fus ion b etween t he m.

I n a dd it ion , i ti nd icates

q u ite d if feren t u ses. L a ter , H . Breu i l a nd G . Z byszewsk i i den t if ied t he monofaces w ith t he b ifaces ( F ig . 4 ). V ery r ecen t ly , G . Z byszewsk i o nce a ga in r efers t o " un if ac ia l h and a xes" i n t he Astur ian o f P or tuga l. ( F ig . 1 7 ) T h is i den t if ica t ion l ead Breu i l t o s uppose t ha t t he b eaches where As tur ian p icks a nd monofaces a re f ound t oge ther i n f ac t d isp lay t wo d if feren t i ndus tr ies , Astur ian a nd Acheu l ian. Z byszewsk i s ugges ts t ha t t he p icks f ound i n a ssoc ia t ion w ith t he monofaces a re o lder t han t rue A stur ian p icks a nd h e t erms t he m " Languedoc ian p icks" ;

h e p roposes a n e ar l ier d a te , i n t he o p in ion o f t he a uthor u n jus t if iab ly ,

f or t he Astur ian a sse mb lages , a ss ign ing t he m a c hrono logy s im i lar t o t ha t o f t he Mous ter ian . I n 1 973 , t he a u thor a t tacked t h is v iew . ( F ig . 9 ) He b e l ieves t ha t t he monofaces , i n s p ite o f t he ir r ese mb lance t o t he b ifaces , a re c on te mporary w ith t he Astur ian a nd h ave n o c onnec t ion w ith t he A cheu l ian , t he s im i lar ity o f f orm b e ing c o inc iden ta l. Bes ides , t he mono faces , a s t he ir n a mes s ugges ts , a re a lways w orked o n o ne f ace o n ly , a nd t h is d ist ingu ishes t he m f rom t rue b ifaces. I n a dd it ion , o n t he Astur ian b eaches t hey a re a lways f ound m ixed w ith As tur ian i mp le men ts i n d epos its where n o g enu ine b ifaces a t tr ibu tab le t o t he Acheu l ian a re f ound . F ina l ly , t he a uthor h as f ound s evera l e xamp les i n s i tu i n A stur ian s trata d a ted b y t yp ica l a nd i nd ispu tab le p icks.

S ince h e b e-

g an work o n t he P or tuguese Astur ian , h e h as r eserved a p lace a par t f or t hese imp le men ts a nd p laced t he m i n as epara te c a tegory , t ha t o f mono faces.

I n

t h is c ategory a re p laced p ieces w h ich a re more o r l ess o vate i n s hape , w ith t he d ista l e nd r ounded a nd w ith a c on t inuous c ut t ing e dge worked o n o ne f ace o n ly , w ith e x tens ive s econdary f l ak ing , o n ly t he b u t t b e ing l ef t u n tr i m med. T he t erm monoface s ure ly i nd ica tes c lear ly t ha t t he p iece i s worked o n o ne s ide o n ly a nd n ot o n t wo , a s w ith a b iface. Moreover , t h is t erm s ee ms p referab le t o " un iface", a t erm u sed p r inc ioa l ly b y p reh istor ians t o d es ignate t oo ls made f ro m f l akes. Un l ike t hese , t he P or tuguese monofaces a re a lways c ore a nd n ever f l aked t oo ls , a l though f l akes a re n umerous o n t he e astern b eaches. S ince t here i s n o i nd ica t ion t ha t t he mono faces may h ave a d iferen t c hrono log ica l v a lue f ro m t he Astur ian p icks , t hese i ns trumen ts s ee m c lose ly l inked t o t he p icks.

I n a dd it ion , t he p ercen tage o f monofaces i s c ons iderab ly

h igher i n d epos its w here p icks a re a bundan t t han i n t hose w here p icks a re r arer.

T ha t i s t o s ay , t he n u mber o f monofaces i ncreases a nd d ecreases i n

r ela t ion t o t he n u mber o f p icks. t hese t wo t ypes o f i ns tru men t .

T h is s hows t he c lose c onnec t ion b e tween T hus , o n Areosa b each a t l ow t i de , o u t o f

6 00 t oo ls e xa m ined , t here were 3 8.3% p icks a nd 9 .3% monofaces. On t he Ancora- M inho b each , n ear Mo ledo , o u t o f 7 00 a r tefac ts , 3 0% w ere p icks a nd 8 .2% monofaces.

On t he o ther h and , a t G e lfa , o ut o f 3 00 t oo ls , p icks

f ormed a sma l ler p ercen tage ( 16.3% ) a nd s o d id monofaces ( 3 .3% ). T h is i s a lso t rue o f A f ife w here , o u t o f 2 00 p ieces o n ly 1 % w ere p icks b u t t here w ere a lso v ery f ew mono faces ( 0 .5% ).

I t wou ld t herefore a ppear t ha t b etween L i ma

a nd M inho t he p ercen tage o f monofaces i s d irect ly l i nked t o t ha t o f p icks , t ha t i s t o s ay t he monofaces c lose ly f o l low t he p ercen tage v ar ia t ion o f t he p icks.

9 4

Qu ite c lear d is t inc t ions i n t he f orm o f t he monofaces i n t h is r eg ion e nab le u s t o d is t ingu ish f i ve t ypes wh ich c orrespond t o f i ve d if feren t t ypes o f i mp lemen t . These a re : d isco ida l , o va te , t r iangu lar , t rapezo ida l , a nd c oncave e dged . Everywhere , t he o va te a re t he mos t n u merous. T hus a t Ar eosa , o ut o f 5 5 monofaces , t he a u thor f ound 2 4 o va te , 1 9 c oncave e dged , 8t r iangu lar , 2d isco ida l a nd 2 t rapezo ida l. Wha tever t he f orm o f t hese i mp lemen ts , t he g rea t ma jor ity h ave t he ir b u t t l ef tu n tr i m med. We a re t here fore c oncerned w ith h and-he ld i ns tru men ts , t he b ase o f wh ich w as u sed f or g r ipp ing . Howe ver , af ew p ieces h ave o ne s ide l ef t u n tr i m med , a nd n ot t he f ace , a nd o thers , s t i l l l ess c om mon , a re d ressed a l l o ver o n o ne s ide , wh ich s hows t ha t t hey t oo a re monofaces. Monofaces a re p resen t o n a l l t he Astur ian s i tes i n n or thern P or tuga l b u t n ever i n l arge n u mbers .

F or a l l t he d epos its s tud ied b e tween t he L i ma a nd

t he M inho t he s tat is t ics s how a n a verage o f o n ly 5 .8% . Chopp ing t oo ls , u n l ike c hoppers a nd p erhaps i n i nverse p ropor t ion t o t he m , a re r are i n a l l t he As tur ian s i tes s tud ied b y t he a u thor . T he ir a verage i nc idence i s 2 .1% , v ery e xcep t iona l ly r each ing 6 % a t G e lfa. H owever , t he c o ll ec t ion o f a r tefacts f rom t h is s ector n umbers o n ly 3 00 , w h ich i s r e la t ively f ew , a nd t he p ercen tage f or G e lfa i s n o t t herefore v ery s ign if ican t.

N ever the-

l ess , t he n e ighbour ing s i te o f A f ife c on f ir ms t he r ar ity o f t he As tur ian c hopp ing t oo l. I ndeed t he i mp le men t i s s o r are o n t h is s i te t ha t n ot a s ing le e xamp le o f i t was f ound d ur ing t he a u thor 's i nves t iga t ions. A stur ian c hopp ing t oo ls f a l l i n to t wo ma in c a tegor ies :

l a tera l c hopp ing

t oo ls ( 42% ) a nd t ransversa l c hopp ing t oo ls ( 58% ). Each o f t hese c a tegor ies c ompr ises f i ve t ypes o f i mp le men t . F irs t , t here a re t he c hopp ing t oo ls w ith as ing le f acet o n e ach o f t he t wo f aces.

T hen c ome t he c hopp ing t oo ls w ith

as ing le ofse t f acet o n e ach f ace , t ha t i s t o s ay w ith t he f acets o n ly p ar t ia l ly ma tch ing .

T he a u thor a lso f ound c hopp ing t oo ls w ith mu lt ip le f acets o n o ne

f ace ma tched b y as ing le f acet o n t he o ther , a nd t h is i s i n f act t he most c ommon t ype f ound o n P or tuguese s i tes , c o mpr is ing 3 7% o f t he c hopp ing t oo ls f ound i n t he r eg ion. I n a dd it ion , i n t h is t ype o f i mp le men t t he l arge s ing le f ace t i s a l most a lways p laced b eh ind t he mu l t ip le f acets o f t he o ther f ace. Ano ther t ype o f c hopp ing t oo l c o mpr ises i mp le men ts w ith mu lt ip le f acets o n b o th s ides. F ina l ly , amongs t t he Astur ian d epos its i n t h is s ector , t here i s ar a ther u nusua l t ype o f c hopp ing t oo l. I ti s ac hopp ing t oo l w ith mu l t ip le f ace ts o n t he t wo f aces f orm ing a n e dge w ith t wo i sosce les f aces. T he a u thor u ses t he t erm " f ish ing w e igh t" f or p ebb les wh ich a re r ough ly o va te i n s hape a nd n otched a t b oth e nds a nd wh ich c ou ld o n ly h ave b een u sed t o w e ight f i sh ing n ets o r t ack le. T hese p ieces o ccupy a r e la t ively m inor p os it ion i n t he Astur ian i ndustry , f or t hey c ons t itu te o n ly 2 .9% o f t he a ss emb lages , b u t t h is t ype o f i mp le men t s ee ms r arer s t il l i n Can tabr ia. A stur ian f i sh ing w e igh ts c an b e s ub-d iv ided i n to s evera l c ategor ies , a ccord ing t o t he ir s hape a nd t he t ype o f n o tch o n t he p ebb le. a re w e igh ts made f ro m l ong ish o va l p ebb les ( 63.5% ).

T he c o mmones t

Nex t c o me w e igh ts

made f ro m c ircu lar p ebb les ( 29.5% ), t hen w e igh ts i n t he s hape o f af igure o f e igh t w ith t he n otches i n t he wa ist o f t he p ebb le ( 12.7% ), a nd f i na l ly w e igh ts made f ro m t rapezo ida l p ebb les.

The f irs t t wo c a tegor ies may b e s ub-d iv ided

a ccord ing t o t he p os it ion a nd n u mber o f n otches o n t he p ebb le. 9 5

Ova l w e igh ts w ith n otches a t b oth e nds o n o ne f ace o n ly a re t he mos t n u merous ( 43.1% ).

T hen c o me t he c ircu lar w e igh ts n o tched o n o ne s i de o n ly

( 18.6% ), o va l w e igh ts w ith a n o tch a l terna t ive ly o n o ne f ace a nd t he o ther ( 7 .8% ), a nd c ircu lar w e igh ts w ith a d oub le n otch o n b oth f aces ( 2 .9% ). af ew p ieces a re c ircu lar w ith a d oub le l a tera l n o tch .

On ly

Bes ides c hoppers ,

Astur ian p icks , mono faces , c hopp ing t oo ls a nd f i sh ing w e igh ts , t he A s tur ian s i tes o f n or thern P or tuga l p roduce , l ess f requen t ly a nd o f ten i n v ery sma l l n u mbers , many o ther t oo ls.

Amongs t t hese h ave b een f ound e nd s crapers ,

d if feren t s or ts o f s ide s craper , d iscs , p a le t-d iscs , r etouch ing t oo ls , r ostroc ar ina tes , p o lyhedra , m icrochoppers a nd micro c hopp ing t oo ls , wh ich i nd ica tes t he g rea t d ivers ity o f t hese s econdary t oo ls. Astur ian e nd s crapers a re r are. T he f ew e xamp les f ound b y t he a u thor were i mp le men ts made f rom p ieces o f p ebb le , t he s harp e dge o f t he t oo l b ei ng p roduced b y r e mov ing f l akes a t as teep o r f a ir ly s teep a ng le t o g ive t h is imp le men t i t s c haracter is t ic f orm.

As tur ian s ide s crapers a re o f v ar ious

t ypes. S o me h ave b een made f ro m s p l it p ebb les. I n t h is c ase , t he s harp e dge o f t he t oo l i s f ound o n t he s p l it f ace o f t he p ebb le ; b ut most o f t hem a re e longa ted o va l i mp le men ts , a bou t 1 5 cm l ong a nd 6o r 7 cm w ide w ith t he who le o f o ne f ace d ressed.

T h is i mp le men t l ooks r a ther l ike t he mono face.

However , i tc an b e r ecogn ised b y i t s l eng th a nd e spec ia l ly b y i t s a symmetr ica l s ect ion , o ne o f i t s e dges f orm ing a t h ick b ack made b y d eep o r f a ir ly d eep s econdary f l ak ing , w h i le t he o ther e dge i s ac on t inuous c u t t ing e dge f ormed b y af l a t o r v ery s ha l low f l ak ing.

T h is a rrange men t s ugges ts t ha t t he t ool w as

u sed a s as ide s craper w ith t he s harp e dge u sed f or s crap ing a nd t he t h ick e dge f or g r ipp ing . T he t erm " Astur ian d isc" d es igna tes l arge , f a ir ly f l a t , c ircu lar p ebb les w ith more o r l ess c on t inuous f l ak ing a round t he e dge. T h is f l ak ing i s o f ten s ha l low , s o me t i mes v ery s ha l low , a nd d oes n o t c u t d eep ly i n to t he o b jec t . T he As tur ian p a let-d iscs c orrespond w e l l t o t he t ype o f p iece d escr ibed b y Breu il a t t he t ime o f h is i nves t iga t ion o f t he f oss il t erraces o f t he G aronne. They a re i n f act f l a t d isc-shaped p ebb les wh ich h ave r eta ined t he ir c or tex o n t he u pper a nd l ower f aces wh i le t he r im h as b een r emoved b y t he more o r l ess c on t inuous s tr ik ing o f f l akes. I th as a lready b een e xp la ined w hy t h is t ype o f t oo l c anno t b e c ons idered t he f oss i l i nd ica tor o f t he s o-ca l led "Languedoc ian" c u lture.

I n a ny c ase , i ti s f ound i n c lose a ssoc ia t ion w ith Astur ian a ssemb lages

a nd t here i s n o j ust if ica t ion f or d issoc ia t ing i tf rom t hese. T he t erm r e touch ing t oo l i s u sed f or a n i mp le men t a bou t 1 5 cm l ong made f rom a p ebb le w ith t he who le o f o ne f ace d ressed i n t he s hape o f as t ick w ith q uadrangu lar c ross s ec t ion , w ith o ne e nd f ormed i n to a b lun t p o in t . T h is i s o f ten w orn b y u se.

T he t erm r e touch ing t oo l wh ich i s s o met i mes u sed f or

c er ta in a l mos t i den t ica l Ca mp ign ian p ieces s ee ms a ppropr iate f or t h is c a tegory o f i mp le men t , w ithou t , h owever , i mp ly ing a ny th ing a s t o t he ir u se o r o r ig ins. Mos t o f t hese t oo ls a re f l a t w ith a t h ickness o f n o t more t han 3 cm , o thers a re u p t o 5 cm t h ick w ith a c ar ina te a ppearance , b u t t he w ear o n t he p o in ts s ee ms o f a n i den t ica l n ature a nd t he ir u sage c anno t h ave b een v ery d if feren t . The r ostrocar ina tes f ound i n t he P or tuguese As tur ian a re t oo ls w ith a t h ick , s o l id b eak , f ormed b y d eep c u ts a t o ne e nd o f ap ebb le w ith a f l a t v en tra l f ace.

9 6

T h is v en tra l f ace may b e n atura l o r a r t if ic ia l ly made b y s p l i tt ing a p ebb le i n t wo w ith a s harp h am mer b low ' . T h is t ype o f p iece h owever i s v ery r are i n Astur ian a sse mb lages ;

b u t s ince t he a u thor h as f ound s o me e xamp les i t was

n ecessary t o men t ion t he m . A l though e qua l ly r are , af ew p o lyhedra a re t o b e f ound i n t he Astur ian d epos its i n P or tuga l. Amongs t t hese a re p o lyhedra l b a l ls w ith a z ig-zag e dge , t ha t i s t o s ay , p o lyhedra o f s pher ica l s hape , a l most e n t irely t r i m med , b u t w ith s o me s igns o f as inuous c u t t ing e dge. T h is t ype o f p iece h as o n o ccas ion b een f ound away f ro m t he Astur ian . Breu i l c a l ls i t a" cu tt ing h a mmer" ( F ig . 4 ) , a nd P . B iberson h as p laced i ti n c a tegory 112 o f h is t ypo log ica l l i s t o f w orked p ebb les o f t he Maghreb a nd S ahara ( 1 ). T he o ther Astur ian p o lyhedra s ee m more d is t inct ive. T here a re t o b e f ound , e spec ia l ly i n t he Astur ian d epos its i n P or tuga l p o lyh edra l b a l ls w ith d oub le-s ided f acet t ing . T hese a re s pher ica l p o lyhedra w ith a nu nworked b ase a nd n o t race o f ac u t t ing e dge , a nd w ith d eep l a tera l f acets o n b oth s ides. C hoppers w ith l a teral f ace ts h ave o f ten b een n oted .

F or i nstance a t

U bed iya i n I srae l b y P rofessor S teke l is ( F ig . 1 5 ), b u t a lso i n t he Maghreb a nd i n t he S ahara b y P . B iberson ( F ig . 1 ) . T hese , h owever , w ere c hoppers a nd n o t p o lyhedra. Bes ides , t hese p ieces h ad o n ly o ne l a tera l f ace t a nd n o t t wo s ymmetr ica l f acets , o ne o n e ach s ide o f t he o b ject. N o p o lyhedron w ith l a tera l f acets a ppears t o f igure i n t he a sse mb lages o f t hese r eg ions. T h is t ype o f p iece may b e p ecu l iar t o t he P or tuguese Astur ian ;

b u t h owever t hat may b e ,

t hey a re n ot c o m mon ly f ound . T he b a l l w ith a p o lyhedra l s ur face made f ro m t he e nd o f ap ebb le may a lso b e ad ist inct ive i mp le men t , p oss ib ly e qua l ly t yp ica l o f t he Astur ian.

T h is

t oo l i s made f ro m a n a l most s pher ica l p ebb le , w ith a sma l l p or t ion o f t he u pper s ur face s i mp ly t r i mmed b y r e mov ing sma l l f l akes t o f orm a c onvex s ur face. C lark h as n oted s o me e xamp les a t L iencres ( F ig . 5 ) , a nd c a l led t he m " ha mmers tones", b u t t h is d es igna t ion i s t o b e a vo ided a s t rue h a mmer-stones a re n o t d ressed a nd t he ir o n ly f acets a re made b y h am mer b lows a nd n o t b y t he s tr ik ing of o f f lakes. F ina l ly , t he Astur ian t oo ls f ound i n P or tuga l i nc lude a c er ta in n u mber o f v ery sma l l c hoppers a nd c hopp ing t oo ls wh ich may e i ther b e i nc luded i n t he s ta t is t ics w ith t he t rad it iona l c hoppers , o r p laced i n as epara te c a tegory .

T he

a u thor p re fers t he s econd c ourse , a s t he sma l l s ize o f t hese t oo ls d is t ingu ishes t hem v ery c lear ly f ro m t he n orma l c hoppers. I ti s c er ta in t ha t t he ir r educed s ize i s i n ten t iona l , a nd n ot t he r esu lt o f as carc ity o f r aw ma ter ia l a s i s s o met imes t he c ase.

Quar tz ite p ebb les a re f ound i n g reat a bundance o n a l l t he

Astur ian b eaches , a nd t he Astur ians mus t t herefore h ave d e l ibera te ly c hosen v ery sma l l p ebb les f rom amongs t t he n a tura l p rofus ion o f p ebb les f or t he p urp ose o f mak ing v ery sma l l t oo ls. T he c a tegory o f m icro-choppers o r m icroc hopp ing t oo ls c o mpr ises a l l imp le men ts o f t h is t ype wh ich measure l ess t han 5 cm i n l eng th a nd a lso imp le men ts wh ich may b e s l igh t ly l onger t han t h is b ut wh ich a re n o w ider t han 4 cm.

I t was t hough t u sefu l t o t ake i n to c ons idera t ion

b read th a s w e l l a s l eng th when d eterm in ing w hether a t oo l made f ro m a sma l l p ebb le s hou ld o r s hou ld n o t b e i ncluded i n t he c a tegory o f m icro l iths.

9 7

I n v iew o f t he r e lat ive ly sma l l n u mber o f m icro-choppers amongs t t he Astur ian a sse mb lages i n P or tuga l , i t i s d if f icu l t t o c lass ify a l l t he d i f feren t t ypes c o mp lete ly a nd d ef in it ive ly .

However , t here a re m icro-choppers w ith

c oncave , c onvex , a nd o b l ique c u t t ing e dges.

M icro-chopp ing t oo ls s ee m

r ela t ive ly c o mmon . T hese sma l l t oo ls f orm a s tr ik ing c on trast t o t he h uge c hoppers o ver 2 0 cm l ong a nd s o met i mes e ven l onger , wh ich a re f requen t ly f ound i n t he Astur ian d epos its i nvest iga ted. M icro-choppers a nd m icro-chopp ing t oo ls a re s o met i mes n oted i n c on tex ts o ther t han t he Astur ian .

F or i nstance , a sma l l a sse mb lage made f rom micro-

p ebb les a t tr ibu ted t o l oca l Mouster ian was f ound i n I t a ly i n t he r eg ion o f t he P on t ine marshes , a nd i s k nown a s P on t in ian . The a verage l eng th o f t he p ieces i s 3o r 4 cm.

S im i lar ly , a t V er tesszo l los i n Hungary , o n as i te d a t ing f ro m

t he b eg inn ing o f t he M inde l g lac iat ion , t here i s a n a sse mb lage made u p o f v ery sma l l t oo ls made f ro m p ebb les o f ten o n ly 3 -4 cm l ong. Bu t t he sma l l s ize o f t he t oo ls i n t hese a sse mb lages s ee ms t o b e d ue t o as carc ity o f r aw ma ter ia ls. I ti s s ign if ican t t ha t a l l t hese t oo ls a re v ery sma l l , a nd t he r educed s ize i s c lear ly made n ecessary b y t he l ack o f r aw ma ter ia ls i n t he a rea. On t he o ther h and , a t O lduva i , L . L eakey f ound m icro-choppers amongs t o ther d ressed p ebb les o f n orma l s ize.

More r ecen t ly , P . B iberson h as d iscovered i n t he

Moroccan p re-Acheu l ian a m icro i ndus try made u p o f t oo ls 4 t o 5 cm l ong ( F ig . 2 ) . Produced i n ar eg ion where q uar tz ite p ebb les a bound , As tur ian m icroc hoppers c anno t b e e xp la ined b y s carc ity o f r aw ma ter ia l , b u t s ee m t o b e t he r esu l t o f ad e l ibera te a nd p urposefu l m in ia tur isat ion . I ti s p oss ib le t ha t t hese imp le men ts w ere d es igned f or f ine t asks , f or wh ich n orma l s ized c hoppers w ere u nsu itab le a s t he ir s ize w ou ld h ave made t he d es ired p rec is ion i mposs ib le. THE FRAG MENTS PRODUCED FRO M QUARTZITE PEBBLES BY THE ASTUR IANS S evera l d if feren t k inds o f f ragmen t a re t o b e f ound i n c onnect ion w ith t he Astur ian a ssemb lages.

They a re a l l s truck f ro m q uar tz ite p ebb les , a s a re

a l l t he t oo ls o f t h is c u lture. I n a l l t he As tur ian s i tes o f n or thern P or tuga l , o ne n ot ices f irst o f a l l s imp le f l akes o fq uar tz ite wh ich c o me f rom t he c ub ic p o lyhedra l n uc le i t hat a re a lso f ound i n t hese d epos its.

T hese f l akes h ave n o d oub t b een s p l it o f f

b y d irec t s tr ik ing , t ha t i s b lock o n b lock w ith a l arge h a mmer-stone o r a ga ins t a n a nv i l s tone , wh ich o f ten l eaves s evera l p ercuss ion b u lbs o n t he f l akes.

T he s tr ik ing p la t form o f t he n ucleus i s as ur face l eve l led b y t he r e-

mova l o f f l akes a t t he e nd o f t he p ebb le.

T h is a cqu ires t he r equ ired s hape b y

t he s tr ik ing o f f l akes f ro m t he who le s ur face.

S ome t i mes t he c or tex i s o n ly

p ar t ia l ly r e moved f ro m t he s tr ik ing p lat form.

T hus s o me f l akes h ave a b and

o f c or tex r ound t he s tr ik ing p la tfor m. T he f l akes p roduced b y t he A stur ians a re o f ten e longa ted , w ith t he s tr ik ing p lat form a nd t he f ace f ro m wh ich t he f l akes a re s truck f orm ing a n o btuse a ng le , w ider t han a r igh t a ng le.

T h is

o ccurs c o m mon ly w ith t he s o-ca l led C lacton ian t echn ique o f s tr ik ing , t he o n ly o ne , s o i t wou ld s ee m , t ha t i s s uccess fu l w ith t h is t ype o f ma ter ia l :

t ha t i s

t o s ay d irec t s tr ik ing o fb lock o n b lock , n o t o n ly o n a n a nv i l s tone , b u t a lso u s ing a v ery l arge h a m mer-s tone.

I n l aboratory e xper i men ts s im i lar f l akes

h ave b een p roduced b y t he u se o f t h is t echn ique. 9 8

There a re a lso many s p l it p ebb les t o b e f ound i n a l l t he Astur ian d epos its. S o me o f t hese , p ar t icu lar ly t he sma l ler o nes , a re c er ta in ly d ebr is f ro m t he manufacture o f l arge c hoppers w ith 'a s ing le med ian f ace t. On t he o ther h and , many s eem t o b e p ebb les wh ich h ave b een s p l it o b l ique ly i n t wo i n a .s yste ma t ic a nd t here fore d e l ibera te w ay .

T here a re n o o b jects o f t h is k ind o n t he b eaches

wh ich w ere n ot o ccup ied b y t he As tur ians , where o n ly n atura l p ebb les o ccur , a nd n o p ebb les t hat h ave b een w orked b y man . T h is p roves t ha t t hese p ebb les w ere n ot s imp ly s p l it b y t he a ct ion o f t he s ea. S ome o f t he p ebb les wh ich h ave b een s p l it i n t wo h ave b een made i n to s crapers b y s tr ik ing o f f as er ies o f sma l l f l akes r ound t he e dge o f t he s p l it f ace.

T hese h ave a lready b een d escr ibed.

Bu t mos t o f t hese p ebb les s how

n o s econdary work ing , a par t f ro m a f ew c h ips r ound t he e dges wh ich may b e a cc iden ta l .

I t i s u ncer ta in w ha t t hese i mp le men ts w ere u sed f or , a l though

i ts eems c lear t ha t t hey w ere d e l ibera te ly made. I n a dd it ion t o t he o b l ique ly s p l it p ebb les r eferred t o a bove , t he Astur ian s tra ta i n P or tuga l y ie ld p ieces o f p ebb le wh ich a re e qua l ly e n igma t ic ( F ig . 3 7 ). T hese p ieces o f ten h ave t wo s lop ing f aces wh ich meet a t a n a ng le wh ich i s a l mos t ar igh t a ng le.

T h is t ype o ccurs v ery f requen t ly i n a l l t he d epos i ts i n

t he a rea a nd t h is s trong ly s uggests t ha t i t was p roduced d e l ibera te ly . Bes ides , l ike t he s p l it p ebb les , t h is t ype o f i mp le men t i s n o t f ound o u ts ide s i tes o ccup ied b y t he A s tur ians.

T he a u thor h as n ever f ound a ny s uch p ieces o n a ny b each

where o n ly n atura l p ebb les o ccur . T hese p ieces o f p ebb les s ee m t o h ave b een manu fac tured i n t wo s tages , b y a me thod wh ich h ard ly v ar ies. T h is , a t l eas t , i s wha t t he marks o f manu facture o n t he p ebb les s ugges t . F irs t t he o r ig ina l p ebb le was s p l it o b l ique ly , t he s ide p ar t a ct ing a s as tr ik ing p la t form. T hen a s econd h am mer b low w as g iven o n t he f l a t f ace o f t he c or tex o f t he d e tached p iece , s p l it t ing a nother p iece f rom t h is a nd g iv ing t he p iece o f p ebb le i t s f i na l s hape , t wo s p l it f aces meet ing a l mos t a t ar igh t a ng le. T h is method o f manu facture was d educed f ro m t he p ercuss ion marks o n s evera l o f t he i mp le men ts , a nd i n l abora tory e xper i men ts s im ilar p ieces w ere p roduced u s ing t he methods j us t d escr ibed . However , w e a re c omp lete ly i gnoran t a s t o h ow t h is i mp le men t was u sed . Poss ib ly t he d ihedra l p o in t w as u sed a s av ery c oarse b ur in , b u t t h is i s p ure s uppos it ion. Among t he f ragmen ts f ound o n a l l t he Astur ian b eaches b etween t he L i ma a nd t he M inho , t here a re many w ith a t yp ica l a nd d ist inct ive s hape. T hese a re f ragmen ts a verag ing 8 -10 cm i n l eng th , w ith a b and o f c or tex , at rue n at ura l b ack , o n t he c urved e dge o f t he p iece , a nd o ppos ite t h is a s tra igh t c u t t ing e dge w ith s o me sma l l f l akes r e moved e i ther i n manu facture o r u se. They a re , i ndeed , f l akes w i th a n atura l r im , more o r l ess c urved a ccord ing t o t he s hape o f t he o r ig ina l p ebb le , w ith marks o f u se o n t he c u t t ing e dge t ha t s ugges t k n ives w ith n atura l b acks l ike t hose t o b e f ound i n p ar t icu lar i n Mous ter ian a ssemb lages o ft he Acheu l ian t rad it ion , a lthough t h is c u lture i s t ota l ly u nconnected w ith t he A stur ian i n v iew o f t he ir c hrono log ica l s epara t ion. These f ragmen ts w ith a n a tura l c or tex b ack were p roduced s ys te ma t ica l ly a nd i n p rofus ion b y t he Astur ians. T he ir s hape i s a lways t he s a me , a nd t he ir manu fac ture i den t ica l w ith t he p ercuss ion b u lb a lways b enea th t he c or tex b and

9 9

o n t he b ack .

A l l t he n atura l b acked f l akes e xa m ined b y t he a u thor i nt he

d epos its w ere a l ike. An e xa m ina t ion o f t hese p ieces , a nd i n p ar t icu lar o f t he marks l e f t b y s tr ik ing , c oup led w ith n u merous l aboratory e xper i men ts g ive a n i dea o f h ow t hese i mp le men ts w ere made. I n o rder t o make t hese t oo ls , t he As tur ians s ee m t o h ave c hosen s l igh t ly a sym metr ica l e longa ted p ebb les , w ith a f l at t ish l a tera l f ace o n o ne s ide.

T hen , u s ing t h is f l a t-faced p ebb le a s as tr ik ing

p la t for m a nd s tr ik ing a s harp s lan t ing b low w ith a h a mmer-stone, t hey w ou ld s p l it t he p ebb le , a nd t hus o b ta in a c ap w ith a n o b l ique ly s p l it f acet .

T h is

t ype o f c ap i s f ound i n a bundance o n a l l t he Astur ian b eaches i n t h is a rea , a nd f ro m i to ne c an d educe t he a ct ion w h ich w as u sed t o p roduce i t . A f terwards , t he Astur ians w ou ld s tr ike o f f f l akes w ith a c or tex b ack u s ing a n ew s tr ik ing p la t form o n t he p ebb le. T hus , a nother b low w i th t he h a mmer-s tone , t wo o r t hree c en t i me tres f ro m t he e dge o f t he p ebb le a nd o ne o r t wo c en t i me tres b e low t he p lace where t he c ap w as s p l it o f f , w ou ld p roduce a f ragmen t w ith ab ack .

A f ter t ha t , a l l t ha t was n ecessary w as t o r epea t t he o pera t ion ,

s tr ik ing t he n uc leus a f ew c en t i me tres b e low t he s tr ik ing p o in t wh ich p roduced t he f i rs t f ragmen t , a nd , a s b efore , t wo o r t hree c en t i me tres f ro m t he e dge , i n o rder t o p roduce a n ew f ragmen t. Us ing t h is p rocedure , i l lustra ted i n F ig . 3 9 , a nd a f ter s o me i n it ia l d i f f icu l t ies w ith c orrect p lac ing , t he a u thor p roduced a bso lu te ly t yp ica l c or tex b acked f l akes. THE WAY OF L IFE OF THE ASTL TR IANS OF NORTHERN PORTUGAL T he g rea t a bundance o f Astur ian a ssemb lages o n a l l t he b eaches o f n or the rn P or tuga l s hows t he d ense c oncen tra t ion o f Astur ian c o mmun it ies a long t he c oasta l f r inge b etween t he L i ma a nd M inho.

T he As tur ian c u lture i s

e ssen t ia l ly a c oasta l o ne , b e ing c on f ined i n t he ma in , i fn ot e xc lus ive ly , t o o cean b eaches. However , t h is r eg ion i s n o t p ar t icu lar ly a t trac t ive , a nd i s b y n o means t he mos t p leasan t a rea o f P or tuga l.

I th as , o f c ourse , at e mperate o cean ic

t ype o f c l i ma te a nd t he c oun trys ide i s f resh a nd g reen ; i ti s , h owever , v ery e xposed t o w inds a nd s torms f ro m t he A t lan t ic , a nd t he who le o f t he r eg ion i s p ar t icu lar ly h um id a nd h as a n u nstab le c l i ma te w ith g rea t v ar iat ions i n t e mperature. B es ides , t he c oas t i s o f ten e nve loped i n m is t a nd f ine d r izz le , e ven i n s u m mer .

I ta lso r a ins a l o t , e spec ia l ly i n s pr ing a nd w in ter .

F ina l ly ,

ac o ld c urren t b athes t he c oas t wh ich c oo ls t he l and s t il l more. S uch c ond it ions s ure ly c ou ld n o t h ave f avoured t he Astur ian c u lture o r h e lped i tt o f l our ish .

T h is c u lture wou ld s ee m t o h ave b een r e lega ted t o a

h arsh l and , a nd c onde mned t o a n e x istence t ha t was b ackward , i fn o t w retched . Th is i mpress ion i s r e in forced b y as uper f ic ia l e xam ina t ion o f t he As tur ian a sse mb lages.

C ons is t ing ma in ly o f t oo ls made i n ap r im it ive f ash ion b y

s tr ik ing l arge f l akes f ro m p ebb les , a nd i nclud ing many c hoppers , wh ich a re v ery a rcha ic i mp le men ts among t he mos t p r im it ive e ver made , t he mos t s a l ien t c harac ter is t ics o f t h is i ndus try a re i t s monotony a nd a rcha ism. However , t h is i mpress ion must b e v ery c ons iderab ly mod if ied.

As ta-

t i s t ica l s tudy o f t he Astur ian a sse mb lages h as r evea led n ot t he p over ty b u t t he v ar iety a nd c o mp lex ity o f t h is i ndustry , wh ich , t hough b ased o n a sma l l

1 00

n umber o f t ypes o f i mp le men t , was a b le t o p roduce t he v ar ian ts r equ ired f or d i f feren t a c t iv it ies u s ing v ar ied a nd e labora te t echn iques.

T hus , o n t he

Astur ian s i tes i n P or tuga l t he a u thor h as f ound s even teen t ypes o f c hopper , s even t ypes o f p ick , f i ve t ypes o f monoface , f ive t ypes o f c hopp ing t oo l , a nd a t l east f our t ypes o f f i sh ing w e igh t.

I n a dd it ion , t he f u l l r ange o f Astur ian

t oo ls i nc ludes e nd s crapers , s ide s crapers o f s evera l k inds , d iscs , p a letd iscs , p o lyhedra o f d i f feren t k inds , m icro-choppers a nd m icro-chopp ing t oo ls , f l akes , s p l it p ebb les , p ieces o f p ebb le , a nd f l akes w ith a c or tex b ack . I n s hor t , a l though Astur ian a ssemb lages h ave a sma l l n u mber o f b as ic i mp lemen ts , Astur ian t oo ls a re n o t l im ited t o af ew s pec if ic i mp le men ts b u t a re c lear ly d iff eren t ia ted.

Around t he p ick a nd t he c hopper t he Astur ians w ere a b le t o

c rea te a v ery v ar ied c o mp le men tary r ange o f t oo ls. I n v iew o f t h is , i ti s d i f f icu lt t o s us ta in a v iew o f t he As tur ians a s b ackward g roups , e k ing o u t a wre tched e x is tence , e qu ipped o n ly w ith a f ew r ough a nd r ud i men tary t oo ls w h ich w ou ld a l low t he m t o p er form n o more t han a f ew r out ine , l im ited a nd s tereo typed a ct ions. The Astur ians were n ot s laves t o a f ew t ypes o f i mp le men t , a nd t hus t o al i fe o f r out ine a nd u n iform ity . T he ir i mp le men ts w ere n u merous e nough t o p rov ide f or t he most v ar ied n eeds. The v ar iety o f f orms t he t oo ls h ave i nd ica tes a v ar iety o f a ct iv i t ies a nd s ugg es ts t ha t t hese g roups w ere i ngen ious i n t he ir e f for ts t o make N ature p rov ide t he m w ith t he means o f s ubs is tence o r a t l east o f s urv iva l. T he g reat ma jor ity o f Astur ian t oo ls h ave a n u nworked b u t t , t ha t i s , an at ura l s ur face l arge ly r e ta ined a t t he b ase.

T he t oo ls w ere t herefore d es igned

t o b e h and-he ld r a ther t han f i t ted w ith a h and le o r p laced i n a ny k ind o f h o lder . Bes ides , t he t h ickness o f t he b ut t o n most o f t hese i mp le men ts wou ld make t h is v ery d if f icu l t. N ever the less , s ome o f t he t oo ls may h ave b een f i t ted w ith s o me k ind o f h a f t , e i ther b ecause t he b u t t i s f l at ter a nd t h inner t han u sua l , o r b ecause t hey h ave l a tera l n o tches wh ich s ugges t t ha t ah and le m igh t h ave b een f i t ted f oruse. Th is i s t rue , f or i ns tance , o f al arge c hopp ing t oo l w ith a s tra igh t c ut t ing e dge f ound a t Ancora.

Th is h as t wo s ym metr ica l

n otches , o ne a t e ach e nd o f t he p ebb le o n t he s ame s ide, s uggest ing t ha t t he t oo l w as h af ted a nd n o t h e ld d irect ly i n t he h and . Bu t t h is t ype o f a rrange men t i s v ery e xcep t iona l a nd i s f ound i n o n ly a sma l l m inor ity o f t he p ieces.

S im i-

l ar ly , i ti s p oss ib le t ha t af ew o f t he c hoppers h ad h o lders , i n p ar t icu lar t hose w hose b ases h ave h ad f l akes s truck o f f w h ich a re t oo s ha l low t o f orm a s econd c u t t ing e dge , b ut s erve t o make t he b u t t o f t he t oo l t h inner . a rrange men t i s , h owever , a lso q u ite r are.

T h is t ype o f

I n s hor t t he g rea t ma jor ity o f

Astur ian t oo ls s ee m t o h ave b een h and-held a nd u sed d irect ly w ith n o k ind o f h and le , t hough t h is i s l ess c er ta in f or a f ew o f t he i mp le men ts. T he Astur ian p ick , ab as ic t oo l o f t h is c u l ture , t he mas ter f oss i l o r a t l eas t f oss i l i nd ica tor o f t he Astur ian , i s t hough t b y H . Breu i l t o b e a n imp lemen tu sed t o h arves t s he l l-f ish f ro m t he c oasta l r ocks. T he s trong p o in t o f t he t oo l wou ld h ave s erved t o p r ise s he l l-f ish f rom t he r ocks. T h is i s a p oss ib le u se wh ich i s s uppor ted b y t he e xper i men ts c arr ied o u t w ith t h is imp le men t b y t he a u thor .

T he Astur ian p ick d oes i ndeed e nab le o ne e as i ly

t o p r ise f rom t he r ocks t he musse ls a nd s he l l-f ish wh ich a re f ound i n p rofus ion a long t h is c oast. o f t h is imp le men t.

C lear ly i ti s t he p o in t o f t he p ick wh ich i s t he a ct ive p ar t B es ides , s o me o f t hese i mp le men ts h ave h ad t he ir p o in ts

s harpened b y s tr ik ing f resh f l akes f ro m t he u ncu t f ace , wh ich g ives t he m a 1 01

c ha m fered e dge r a ther l ike a c h isel.

A t l east , t ha t i s wha t t h is a rrange men t

s ugges ts. On a l l t he Astur ian p icks e xam ined b y t he a u thor t he marks o f u se a re f ound o n t he p o in t , t he n a tura l f ace o f t he p ebb le s how ing t races o f b lows i n t he f orm o f s p l in ters o r t he s p l it t ing o f f o f o ne o r t wo sma l l f l akes. The s ys tema t ic e xa m ina t ion o f t he s p l in ter marks o n 1 00 Astur ian p icks p icked u p a t r ando m f ro m t hese b eaches s hows t ha t i n 5 3% o f c ases t hey a re o n t he c en tra l p ar t o f t he p o in t .

However , 2 6% o f t he p ercuss ion marks a re o n t he l ef t h and p ar t

o f t he p o in t , v ery n ear t he e nd a nd 1 % o f t he s igns o f u se a re c lear ly marked o n t he r igh t h and p ar t o f t he p o in t . T hese marks o f u se a re v ery c lear a nd e asy t o o bserve b ecause s ca les o f c or tex h ave b een s p l it of a nd w e may t heref ore a ssu me t ha t t hey r esu lted f ro m v io len t b lows. The a c t ion wh ich c ou ld h ave c aused t he m m igh t b e c a l led a " sw ing ing b low" , t he imp le men t b e ing h e ld i n t he h and a nd f ree ly swung t owards t he o b jec t i t was d es ired t o o bta in o r s tr ike. The h and g o ing w ith t he i mp le men t a l l t he w ay a nd n ever l e t t ing g o. S o , t he As tur ian p ick mus t h ave b een h e ld i n t he h and w ith t he d ressed p ar t t owards t he p a lm t hen d irected i n t he way d escr ibed t owards t he o b jec t . T h is a ct ion h as r eproduced i n t he l abora tory marks o fu se s im ilar t o t hose f ound o n A stur ian p icks. Bu t t he impact s ee ms o f ten t o h ave b een s l igh t ly o b l ique , t he a ng le o f t he b low b e ing s o mewha t i nc l ined t o t he l e f t . T h is e xp la ins t he f ac t t ha t t he s p l in ter marks made b y t he b lades o f t he imp le men t a re o n t he l e f t h and s ide o f t he p o in t i n 2 6% o f t he p icks.

By u s ing t h is t ype o f b low o ne

c an v ery e as ily o b ta in s p l in ter marks e xact ly l ike t hose t o b e f ound o n Astur ian p icks , p rov ided t ha t a t t he e nd o f t he b low t he i mp le men t s tr ikes a h ard s urf ace , ag ran ite r ock f or i ns tance.

The a u thor 's l abora tory e xper i men ts

c lear ly d e monstra te t h is. However , o n t he Areosa b each a t l ow t i de , e f for ts t o d e tach s he l l-f ish u s ing As tur ian p icks made f or t h is p urpose s howed t ha t s p l inters o f ten s p l it o f f f ro m t he u ndressed f ace o f t he imp le ment d ur ing t h is o pera t ion . These s p l in ters r an t o r igh t o r l e f t a ccord ing t o t he a ng le o f impact , ar igh t-handed o pera tor p roduc ing more s p l in ter marks r unn ing t o t he l e f t t han t he r igh t.

I ta ppears t ha t t h is l ast t ype o f s p l in ter ing i s more

o f ten t he r esu lt o f c hance b ang ing o f t he p o in t o f t he p ick o n , f or i nstance , a j agged r ock , t han i n ten t iona l. The monoface , a no ther v ery d ist inct ive Astur ian t oo l , a lso p rov ides s o me i nd ica t ion a s t o h ow i t may h ave b een u sed . L ike t he p icks , t hese t oo ls s how c lear s igns o f u se o n t he ir c u t t ing s ur faces. T he s yste ma t ic s tudy o f t wen tyf i ve o f t hese t oo ls h as e nab led t he a u thor t o l ocate s igns o f w ear v ery p rec ise ly o n a l l o f t he m. N o d oub t , t he d if feren t f orms o f monoface i nd ica te f unc t ions f or e ach t ype.

Be t ha t a s i t may , i n a l mos t a l l t he monofaces e xam ined b y

t he a u thor t here a re c lear s igns o f u se o n t he l e f t h and s ide o f t he c u t t ing e dge i n t he f orm o f g roups o f f ine o b l ique c racks , e spec ia l ly c lear o n t he u pper t h ird o f t he c ut t ing e dge. Th is i nd icates t ha t t he i mp le men t w as h eld i n t he r igh t h and a nd t ha t t he l e f t a nd p ar t o f t he c u t t ing e dge was u sed f or s aw ing o r c u t t ing . T he r igh t h and p ar t o f t hese i mp le men ts s hows s igns o fu se i n o n ly f our teen t oo ls o u t o f t wen ty-f ive , t ha t i s i n 5 6% , a nd t he d is ta l a rea was u sed i n o n ly e leven o ut o f t he t wen ty-f ive t oo ls , o r 4 4% , j udg ing b y t he marks o f u se.

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I n a dd it ion t o t hese sma l l s p l inters d etached b y u se , n o d oub t b y b ack a nd f or th s aw ing move men ts , s even teen o f t he monofaces i n t h is s er ies , t ha t i s 6 0% , h ave marks o f u se o n t he d ista l a rea o f t he u ndressed f ace. O f ten , sma l l s p l in ters h ave b een s p l it of a s t he r esu l t o f av io len t b low , wh ich s ugges ts t ha t t hese monofaces may h ave b een u sed a s c hoppers o r s l icers.

As t hese

s p l in ter marks a re f ound o n ly o n t he d ista l e nd o f t he t oo l a nd n owhere e lse , t hey a re c er ta in ly d ue n ot t o c hance b lows o n av u lnerab le p ar t o f t he i mp lemen t , b u t t o i t s s ys te mat ic u se. L abora tory e xper i men ts s how t hat d is ta l s p l in ter ing o f t h is t ype c an b e p roduced b y h o ld ing t he imp le ment w ith t he d ressed p ar t f ac ing t owards t he i ns ide o f t he h and , t ha t i s t owards t he p a lm , a nd g iv ing a v io len t b low w ith t he d is ta l a rea o f t he c u t t ing s ur face.

When

t h is h its a ga inst a h ard s ur face s uch a s ar ock i ts p l in ters i n t he s ame way a s t he monofaces e xam ined . I n c onc lus ion , i ts ee ms r easonab le t o a ssu me t ha t t he monofaces were p r inc ipa l ly u sed f or s aw ing move men ts wh ich l ef t t races ma in ly o n t he l ef t h and s ide o f t he c ut t ing e dge , b ut t ha t t hese t oo ls w ere a lso u sed t o g ive s harp b lows w ith t he d ista l p ar t o f t he e dge , a nd t ha t t h is c aused sma l l s p l in ters t o f l y o f f , t he b low b e ing s u f f ic ien t ly o b l ique t o make t he u nworked f ace s p l in ter . O f c ourse, t he v ar iety o ff or ms t ha t t h is i mp le men t t akes i nd icates t ha t i t h ad many d if feren t f unc t ions. However , i t s u se f or c u t t ing a nd s l ic ing s ugg es ts t ha t i tw as e ssen t ia l ly a t oo l f or d isme mber ing c arcases , t he b lows g iven w ith t he d ista l e nd o f t he c u t t ing e dge f ina l ly s erv ing t o s ever t he j o in ts. P oss ibly i t s p r inc ipa l u se was f or c u t t ing u p s ea ls , c etaceans , f i sh a nd g a me w h ich were a bundan t o n t hese c oas ts u n t i l h is tor ica l t imes. Another t ype o f i mp le men t , f i sh ing w e igh ts , a lso r evea ls s o meth ing o f t he w ay o f l i fe a nd a c t iv it ies o f t he A stur ians o f t h is r eg ion . a re u sed t o w e igh t f i sh ing n ets o r t ack le.

T hese o b jects

T h is u se i s b eyond d oubt .

I tw ou ld

t here fore s ee m p robab le t ha t p ar t a t l eas t o f t he Astur ian 's d ie t c ons is ted o f s ea f i sh.

However , a l though r e ma ins o f s he l l-f ish a re f requen t ly f ound i n

A s tur ian s tra ta i n Can tabr ia , s how ing t ha t t hese a n i ma ls were w ide ly h arves ted , n o r e ma ins o f s ea f i sh h ave e ver b een f ound i n t hese d epos its. T h is means t ha t t here w ere n one i n t he k i tchen r ubb ish o f t hese p eop le f or i ti s i mposs ib le f or f i shes b ackbones , f or i ns tance , t o g o u nno t iced. One may t herefore t h ink t ha t t he Astur ians o f t h is r eg ion w ere p r i mar ily e a ters o f s he l l-f ish . H owever , o ne c annot b e c er ta in t ha t t hey w ere n ot a lso f i shermen , e ven i fn o t g rea t f i shermen . I n P or tuga l , o n t he o ther h and , a l though w e h ave n o d irect k now ledge o f t he d iet o f t he Astur ian c o m mun it ies a s n o k i tchen d ebr is h as b een f ound , t he f i sh ing we igh ts wh ich a re f ound i n a bundance o n a l l t he b eaches o ccup ied b y t hese p eop le s how t hat f i sh ing was f or t he m a n impor tan t a ct iv ity . L eav ing a s ide t he d i f ferences o f d eta il n oted a bove , t hese we igh ts c an b e p laced i n t wo ma in c a tegor ies. a re l ong a nd t aper ing . more o r l ess s pher ica l .

F irs t , t here a re t he o vate we igh ts , wh ich

S econd ly , t here a re t he c ircu lar we igh ts , wh ich a re T oday , s ea f i sh ing s t il l emp loys t wo ma in c a tegor ies

o f w e igh ts a nd amongs t t he m a re w e igh ts wh ich a re e xact ly s im ilar t o t hose u sed b y t he Astur ians i n P or tuga l.

F irst , t here a re o l ive-shaped w e igh ts

w hose s hape makes t he m p ar t icu lar ly s u itab le f or f i sh ing w ith d rag-ne ts , w hen t he n e ts a re t owed a long b eh ind b oa ts a nd s weep t he s ea b eh ind t he m a s

1 03

t hey move.

There a re a lso s pher ica l w e igh ts , w h ich l ook r a ther l i ke w a tches ,

a nd a re most c o m mon ly u sed t o w e igh t d eep s ea l i nes o r n e ts f or d eep s ea f i sh ing where t he f i sh a re t aken f rom t he s ea b ot to m. The s pher ica l s hape i s p ar t icu lar ly s u itab le f or t h is t ype o f f i sh ing , a s t he we igh ts p u l l t he n e ts o r l ine d own r ap id ly t hrough t he wa ter , t hrough w h ich t hey s ink more e as ily t han o l ive-shaped w e igh ts. The d if fer ing s hapes o f t he t wo t ypes o f Astur ian f i sh ing we igh t c anno t a bso lu te ly p rove t hat t he t wo t ypes o f f i sh ing d escr ibed w ere c arr ied o u t o f f t he c oast o f n or thern P or tuga l b y t he Astur ians ; t hey d o h owever make t h is v ery p robab le. I ti s n otewor thy t ha t 6 3.5% o f As tur ian w e igh ts f or f i sh ing n ets a re i n t he s hape o f at apered o va l , a nd t ha t t h is s hape wh ich i s c er ta in ly i n ten t iona l made t he m s u itab le f or d rag -net f i sh ing .

On t he o ther h and , 2 1.5%

a re c ircu lar a nd r ough ly s pher ica l , wh ich w ou ld make t he m s u itab le f or n ets o r t ack le w h ich h ad t o s ink r ap id ly a nd r e ma in d eep i n t he w a ter. When o ne l earns t ha t d rag n e t f i sh ing i s t he t echn ique u sed t oday t o f i sh f or b ass , mackere l , s ard ines , wh it ing a nd t una w h ich a re a l l s t il l f ound o f f t hese c oas ts , a nd t ha t d eep f i sh ing i s u sed f or c onger e e ls , w h ich a re a lso a bundan t o n t he s ea b ed , t hen o ne h as s o me i dea o f t he o ppor tun it ies t ha t t he Astur ians h ad t o u se t hese t echn iques.

Al i n a l , a n e xam ina t ion o f A s tur ian

f i sh ing w e ights a nd t he ir c lass if ica t ion a ccord ing t o f orm s uggests a h igh d egree o f t echn ica l f i sh ing s k i l ls amongs t t he Astur ians who a ppear t o h ave b een n o l ess g rea t f i shermen t han s he l l-f ish g a therers. Th is impress ion i s c on f irmed b y as tudy o f t he s ize o f t he Astur ian f i sh ing we igh ts .

I n t h is r espect , Astur ian w e igh ts c an b e d iv ided i n to f i ve ma in

c a tegor ies. o us.

T he h eav ies t we igh a round 1 k g b ut t hese a re n o t t he mos t n umer-

Mos t we igh a round 3 50 g .

s pec i mens r each ing 5 00 g .

T h is i s t he c o mmonest t ype , w ith s ome

Ano ther c ategory we ighs a bou t 2 50 g , b u t t h is

c ou ld b e i nc luded i n t he p reced ing c a tegory , a s t he A stur ians c er ta in ly d id n ot h ave s uch a ccura te s ca les a s w e d o. l ighter .

H owever , t wo t ypes a re c ons iderab ly

T he a u thor h as f ound a who le s er ies o f w e igh ts o f b e tween 8 0 a nd

1 00 g , a nd t hese a re v ery o f ten i n t he s hape o f af igure o f e igh t.

F ina l ly ,

t he A stur ians h ad v ery t i ny w e igh ts , n ever p rev ious ly d escr ibed, e ach w e igh ing a bou t 5 0 g . A l l t hese d i f feren t t ypes o f w e igh ts a re c er ta in ly n ot i n terchangeab le. Each t ype mus t h ave b een u sed w ith a p ar t icu lar t ype o f t ack le.

I t i s o bv ious ,

a t t he v ery l east , t ha t 5 0 gw e ights a nd 1 k g we igh ts w ere n o t u sed f or t he s a me p urpose. However t hey c annot b oth b e u sed f or w e igh t ing t he s ame k ind o f t ack le. T hese f i nd ings a re a p roof o f t he g rea t v ar iety o f f i sh ing t ack le u sed b y t he Astur ians. As t o t he n ature o f t h is t ack le o ne c an o n ly s urm ise , t hough modern f i sh ing methods p rov ides s o me p o in ters.

ak now ledge o f

T he l igh tes t we igh ts , t hose

we igh ing 5 0 gf or i ns tance , a re u sed t oday t o we igh t l i nes ;

h owever , f i ve o r

s ix a re o f ten u sed o n t he s a me l i ne , t hus f i ve o r s ix l ead " o l ives" t o al i ne a re r ecom mended f or mackere l o r b ass f i sh ing .

H eav ier w e ights a re u sed

f or n e ts f or c a tch ing f i sh wh ich l i ve f a ir ly n ear t he s ur face s uch a s s ard ines. The h eav ies t w e igh ts a re u sed f or n ets f or c a tch ing b ot to mfeed ing f i sh s uch a s c onger e e ls.

I n a dd it ion , ah eavy w e igh t i s e ssen t ia l when t he c urren t i s

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s trong a nd t here i s ar isk o f t he n e ts b e ing d ragged away .

I ft oday , i n t he

P as d e C a la is , w e igh ts o f 1 50 g a re e nough t o k eep t ack le i n p os it ion w hen t here i sn o t much c urren t , w e igh ts o f 1k g a re n eeded w hen t here i s as trong c urren t . I n c onc lus ion , t he v ar iety o f A s tur ian f i sh ing t ack le a nd t he t echn ica l s k i l ls u sed i n d i f feren t t ypes o f f i sh ing i s r evea led b y t he d i f feren t t ypes o f s hapes a nd s izes o f t he ir f i sh ing w e igh ts . I te ven s ee ms p oss ib le t ha t t hese p eop le l i ved p r i mar i ly b y f i sh ing a nd o n ly s econdar i ly b y c o l lec t ing s he l l-f ish f ro m t he r ocks.

I n f act t hese t wo a c t iv it ies a re c o mp lemen tary .

We may

e nv isage g roups o f p eop le r e ly ing ma in ly o n t he s ea t o p rov ide t he ir ma in s ubs is tence , a nd e xp lo it ing i t s r iches s ys tema t ica l ly . P erhaps t he a c t iv it ies o f s ea f i sh ing a nd c o l lect ing s he l l-f ish f ormed t he b as is o f d i f feren t s oc ia l , o r r a ther s exua l c a tegor ies , t he men b e ing f i shermen wh ile t he w omen c o ll ected s he l l-f ish f rom t he r ocks. A s im i lar p a t tern i s f requen t ly f ound t oday o n t h is c oas t : t he men a re a lways f i shermen a nd t he w omen e ngaged i n a gr icu l ture a nd s t i l l s o me t i mes i n c o l lec t ing s he l l-f ish , a s w e l l a s g a ther ing s eaweed f ro m t he s hore t o f er t i l ise t he ir ma ize p lo ts .

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