Transatlantic Malagueñas and Zapateados in Music, Song and Dance: Spaniards, Natives, Africans, Roma 1527536254, 9781527536258

Transatlantic Malagueñas and Zapateados is an exploration of two fandango dances, recording the circulations of people,

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Transatlantic Malagueñas and Zapateados in Music, Song and Dance: Spaniards, Natives, Africans, Roma
 1527536254, 9781527536258

Table of contents :
Epigraph
Centrefold
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
I.
Chapter One
Chapter Two
II.
Chapter Three
Chapter Four
Chapter Five
Chapter Six
Chapter Seven
III.
Chapter Eight
Chapter Nine
Chapter Ten
An Excursus in Nineteenth-Century Post-Colonial Theory
Chapter Eleven
IV.
Chapter Twelve
Chapter Thirteen
Chapter Fourteen
Chapter Fifteen
V.
Chapter Sixteen
Chapter Seventeen
Chapter Eighteen
Chapter Nineteen
Chapter Twenty
VI
Chapter Twenty-One
Chapter Twenty-Two
Chapter Twenty-Three
Chapter Twenty-Four
Chapter Twenty-Five
Chapter Twenty-Six
Contributors
Appendix

Citation preview

Transatlantic Malagueñas and Zapateados in Music, Song and Dance



Transatlantic Malagueñas and Zapateados in Music, Song and Dance: Spaniards, Natives, Africans, Roma Edited by

K. Meira Goldberg, Walter Aaron Clark and Antoni Pizà

Transatlantic Malagueñas and Zapateados in Music, Song and Dance: Spaniards, Natives, Africans, Roma Edited by K. Meira Goldberg, Walter Aaron Clark, Antoni Pizà This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by K. Meira Goldberg, Walter Aaron Clark, Antoni Pizà and contributors Cover: El Zapateado by Luis Marquier. Litrograph, 1840. In Pierre Toussaint Frederic Miahle, Viage pintoresco al rededor de la Isla de Cuba : dedicado al Escmo. Gov. Conde de Villanueva / dibujado y litografiado por D. Federico Mialhe ([Havana] : B. May y Ca., [ca. 1855]). Courtesy of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-3220-8 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-3220-5

…vista la ridícula figura de los criados cuando dan a beber a sus señores, haciendo el Coliseo, el Guineo, inclinando con notable peligro y asco todo el cuerpo demasiado; y siendo mudos de boca, son habladores de pies…  «FRQVLGHULQJWKHULGLFXORXVILJXUHRIVHUYDQWV ZKHQWKH\RIIHUGULQNVWRWKHLUPDVWHUVGDQFLQJWKH&ROLVHRWKH*XLQHR H[FHVVLYHO\LQFOLQLQJWKHLUERGLHVLQDQRWDEO\GDQJHURXVDQGGLVJXVWLQJ PDQQHUDQGWKRXJKWKH\DUHPXWHWKH\DUHFKDWWHUER[HVZLWKWKHLUIHHW«  ²)UDQFLVFRGH4XHYHGR 

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