Totally Random: Why Nobody Understands Quantum Mechanics (A Serious Comic on Entanglement) 9781400890392

Table of contents :
Contents
PART I - A Curious Correlatio
PART II - Help?
PART III - Beyond the great debate
Notes
Acknowledgments
Images Credits

Citation preview

Totally R ndom a

Totally R ndom a

Why Nobody Understands

Quantum Mechanics

(A Serious Comic on Entanglement) Tanya Bub and Jeffrey Bub

Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford

Copyright © 2018 by Tanya Bub and Jeffrey Bub Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to [email protected] Published by Princeton University Press 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Control Number: 2017963960 ISBN (pbk.) 978-0-691-17695-6 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available Editorial: Eric Henney and Arthur Werneck Production Editorial: Mark Bellis Cover Credit: artwork by Tanya Bub Production: Erin Suydam Publicity: Sara Henning-Stout (US) and Katie Lewis (UK) This book has been composed in Adventure, Agency, Arial, Badger, BethHand, Garamond, Sitka, and VTC Letterer Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ Printed in Canada 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

For

Anouk and

Arlo.

Dr a ma t i s

P ARTI-ACu r i ou sCor r e l a t i on

Me t a c ha r a c t e r s( y ouc a n' ts e et he m butt he y ' r et he r e ) Hel l o.

J( bl a c konwhi t e ) :As u pe r e g oa l t e re g oofa u t horJ e f f r e yBu b , s e r i ou s , pr of e s s or i a l , a na l l yr e t e nt i v ea ndde v a s t a t i ng l yha nds ome , Jdr i v e st he book ’ sc ont e nt&di r e c t i on.

whi t eonbl a c k) :Au t horTa ny aBu b’ si d, T, t hene v e r s e e nbu t Yo. T(

none t he l e s ss u pe r hoti l l u s t r a t orde c i de swha ta c t u a l l yg oe si nt hebook . S he ’ snots ol donJ ’ si de a s .

r a t or :T’ sc r e a t i on, t hi ss u r r og a t eu nhi ng e d Wh a tt h e TheNar t e l l u s w h a t y o u r e a l l y t h i n k v o i c e f o l l o w s t h e l e t t e r ofJ ’ sdi r e c t i on c fgnq v whi l es i mu l t a ne ou s l yt r y i ngt ode r a i l t hebook .

a de r :You , ( s or tof )a l s oq u i t ehot , r e pr e s e nt e db yi l l u s t r a t e dha nds , Re ha v ebe e n“ dr a wn”i nt ot hebookt odot heph y s i c a l &me nt a l he a v y l i f t i ng . Fe e l t hebu r n! J ohnSt ua r tBe l l :Ar g u a bl yt hemos ti mpor t a ntne v e r s e e nc ha r a c t e r . S e ns ehi spr e s e nc ea st hei ns i di ou si mpl i c a t i onsofhi sde c e pt i v e l y s i mpl epr oofu nf ol d!

P ARTI I-He l p?

Ca s tofhi s t or i c a l( i s h)c ha r a c t e r s Ei ns t e i ni s h:De l i v e r e rofg oodsa ndr e a s on( a ndg oodr e a s on) , Ei ns t e i ni s ha t t e mpt st oa ppl yc ommons e ns et ot heq u oi ns( a ndf a i l s ) . Sc hr ödi nge r i s h:Ac l a s s i c a l t y pe , S c hr ödi ng e r i s hu s e sama c hi net o —g e tt hi s —i nac a t ! s e ewha ta na mbi v a l e nts t a t eofr e a l i t ywou l dl ookl i k e Ev e r e t t i s h:Thi sc a r nyhu c k s t e rwi l l t r yt os e l l y ouonabr a nc hi ng u ni v e r s ewi t hma nywor l ds— bu tl ookou t , y ouma yj u s tf i ndheha s apoi nt .

Pe r s o n æ t ni si ’ o h w . A . K . A

v onNe uma nni s h:Ther i g or ou sma t hg e ni u swhobr ou g htc ons c i ou s ne s s i nt ot hes t or y . I fa ny onec a ns l e u t hou twhoc ol l a ps e dr e a l i t yt oade f i ni t e s t a t e , i t ’ shi m. Bohr i s h:Doy ous u f f e rf r omu nc ont r ol l a bl eu r g e st opi c t u r ea n u nde r l y i ngr e a l i t y ?Dr . Bohr , r i ng i ngi nf r omt heCope nha g e n i nt e r pr e t a t i on, wi l l he l py oul e ti tg o! Pa ul i i s ha ndHe i s e nbe r gi s h:Ph y s i c i s t sb yda y , s i g npa i nt e r sb yni g ht , Bohr ’ sbr i l l i a nta ndl o y a l he nc hi e s . Bohmi s h:Hi dde nv a r i a bl e sa ndpi l otwa v e sa r ehi st hi ng . I st hi sg u y s ma r te nou g ht ot a k eonEi ns t e i ni s h?Youbet hej u dg e .

P ARTI I I-Be y ondt heg r e a td e ba t e Mos t l ye xt r a sa ndc l i pa r t( budge t i ngpr obl e ms )

E. V. E:Ge ta nu nha c k a bl e , u nc r a c k a bl ee nc r y pt e ds e c r e tme s s a g epa s the r a l l s e e i ng , a l l k no wi nge y eors u f f e rt hec ons e q u e nc e s ! Ske l l i e s :Tr i e dt hea bo v ebu tf a i l e d. S a d.

Qua s i noCr oupi e r :Ac t u a l l yJ e f f r e yBu b( nor e l a t i ont oJ ) , t hi sg u yg e t s a r ou nd( bu dg e t i ngpr obl e ms ) . Compu t eas ol u t i ont obe a thi sodds&t a k e t hebi gpr i z e ! Te l e por t e r :Fi ndou twh yt e l e por t a t i oni sr e a l l yaq u e s t i onofi nf or ma t i on. Thee ndi ngt ha ti s n ’ ta ne ndi ngbe c a u s ei t ’ sha r dt oc omeu pwi t har e a l e ndi ng .

HeyT. Yes,J. Thebook?Howar e west ar t i ngi t ?

Howabou t . . .

Wow!Ver y“ Bl i i ng” !But youknoww ngBl , hatwoul d R E bl A owpeopl L L Y e’ smi nds?

Weshowt hem t hatbehi ndi tal l t her e’ sj usta. . .

Ser i ousl y?! ? Youwant . . .

D on ’ t wor r y a b ou ti t .

A n y wa y , Ik n ow wh a ty ou ’ r et h i n k i n g.

4

St u f fl i k es p ook ya c t i ona tad i s t a n c e ! M a t ht h a tma k e sy ous a dj u s tt ol ooka ti t ! c a t st h a ta r eb ot ha l i v ea n dd e a da tt h es a met i me !

P u h l e e z e ! !

< s i gh >

I twi l l

5

Oh ! y ou ' r es t i l lh e r e . N o, n ot h a t ' sgr e a t .

< wh i s t l e > Wou l dy oul ooka tt h et i me !

R e a l l y , r e a l l y . . . gr e a t .< gu l p >

c ’ mon .

a f t e ry ou . D on ’ tmi n dt h es i gn .

6

A h h , Y oud o. Su p e r . We l lt h e n , G oa h e a d . J u s tp opt h e mr i gh ti n . d on ’ tb es h y . wh a th a v ewegott ol os e ?

7

Ok,Idi di t .

Gr eat .Thanks.

It ookoutal lt hecoolst uf ft hat peopl emi ghtact ual l yf i nd i nt er est i ngandputi nyourSuper Quant um Ent angl ert hi ng. Isawt hat . Becauset hewor l dneedsa comi caboutawei r dr el at i onshi p bet weent woquar t er s.Wecan cal li t50Cent si nGr ay . Haha.I t ' snotaboutquar t er s.I t ’ s aboutent angl ement ,t hebi zar r e l i nkbet weenquant um par t i cl es. Thecomi cwi l lgi ver eader sagut f eel i ngf orent angl ementt hr ough oursuper quant um cor r el at ed coi ns. SUPERquant um?! ? I t ' sasl i ght l ysoupedupver si on oft hephot onquant um cor r el at i on t hathi ghl i ght spr eci sel ywhat ’ sso st r angeaboutent angl ement .You needt oGETent angl ementt o r eal l yGETt heot her“ coolst uf f . ” That ’ swhat“ t hewor l d”needs : ) “ Ok” Al so,cant hatSchr ödi nger quot est andoutmor e?I tcoul d evengooni t sownpage. How’ st hi s? Per f ect .Lastt hi ng.Doest he Ent angl erl ookl i keat oast er ,or i st hatj ustme? Justyou.

Ent angl ement Iwo u l dno tc a l l [ e nt a ng l e me nt ]o neb u tr a t he rt he c ha r a c t e r i s t i ct r a i to fq u a nt u mme c ha ni c s , t heo ne t ha te nf o r c e si t se nt i r ed e p a r t u r ef r o m c l a s s i c a l l i ne so ft ho u g ht . —Er wi nSc hr ödi nge r

10

Wes h ou l dr e a d t h ei n s t r u c t i on s .

Ik n owwh a t y ou ’ r et h i n k i n g.

Wea l r e a d yd i d T h ef i r s ts t e p .

L ook sl i k e weh a v et o f l i pt h e m.

11

H e r e . Y oud oi t . I ’ mt oon e r v ou s .

h A N GON . !A r ey ous t a r t i n g b ot hqu oi n sh e a d su p ? Y oua r E ?good .

B e c a u s e a p p a r e n t l y i FY OUST A R T wi t hb ot hh e a d su p , t h e nt h e ys h ou l d l a n dop p os i t e t oe a c hot h e r . s oon eh e a d s a n don et a i l s .

D r u mr ol lp l e a s e . T h e yl a n d . . . . .

H e a d s

T a i l s

Op p os i t e . L i k ei ts a i d .

D oy ouwa n tt ogoa ga i n ?

13

Y ou ’ v ep u ton eh e a d su pa n don et a i l su pt h i st i me , Is e e .

T a i l s

T a i l s

Y e p , s a me .

Y oud on ’ tge tou t mu c h , d oy ou ?

St a r t i n gb ot ht a i l su p , H u h ? We ’ r el i v i n gont h ee d gen ow. T h e ys h ou l dl a n dt h es a me , j u s tl i k el a s tt i me .

Coul dwet ak et hes ar c as m downanot c h? Ir eal i z et hi smi ghts eem banal ,butk eepi n mi ndt hatwehav ei nf ac tj us tpr es ent ed t hepuz z l eatt hev er yhear tofquant um ent angl ement .Ther e’ ss omuc hmor eher e t hanmeet st heey e.

ma y b et h e r e ’ smor e h e r et h a nme e t st h ee y e . c h e c k i n gi n s t r u c t i on s . . . Qu oi nM e c h a n i c s ?H mmmm. Ohwa i t . It h i n ki t ’ sj u s tt h e i n s t r u c t i on si nac h a r t . Y e a h , i ti s . l ooka tt h e t opl e f t . St a r th e a d s / h e a d sa n d t h e yl a n dop p os i t e . St a r ta n yot h e rwa y , a n dt h e yl a n dt h e s a mea se a c hot h e r .

15

s oi fI ’ mu n d e r s t a n d i n g y ou , y ou ’ r es u gge s t i n gwe f l i pt h equ oi n s5 0b i l l i on t i me sj u s tt ob es u r e .

Wh a t ’ st h a ty ous a i d ? U hh u h . U hh u h , U hh u h .

5 0b i l l i on , h u h ?

Igu e s swec ou l dd ot h a t .

Y ou ’ r ep r e t t y t h or ou gh .

r e a d y ? N o, n o, t h or ou ghi sgood Il i k et h or ou gh .

18

[ c u eF l i g h t o f t h eB u mb l e b e e ]

Y u p , t h e ywor k .

19

I ' mmor ei nt h e “ me h ”r a n gemy s e l f .

Sod i dt h a t “ b l owy ou rmi n d ” ?

Y out h i n kt h e y ’ r e c ool , d oy ou ? M u s tb en i c et ob e s oe a s i l ya mu s e d .

Wh i c hi swh yy ou ’ r egoi n gt o s h owmeaqu oi nt r i c ka n d t h e nIh a v et ot e l ly ou h owi t ’ sd on e . B u tofc ou r s e Ic ou l db e wr on g. . .

F i n e . Sh oot .

i fy ouf l i pj u s ton equ oi nc a nI p r e d i c th owi twi l ll a n d ? N o, i c a n ’ t . I t ’ st ot a l l yr a n d om. T h e r e ’ sa5 0/ 5 0c h a n c et h a ti f y ouf l i pe i t h e ron ei twi l ll a n d h e a d sort a i l s , j u s tl i k ea n y n or ma lc oi n .

20

p i c kon e ? F i n e , f l i pt h eon eony ou rr i gh th a n d . T h eon et h a t ’ sf a c i n gt a i l su p .

Ok , l ook sl i k e i tl a n d e dT a i l s .

a n dy ouwa n tt o k n owh owt h e qu oi n sp u l l t h a tof f . Is e e .

21

A Quest i onof Expl anat i on Thes c i e nt i fica t t i t u d ei st ha tc o r r e l a t i o ns c r yo u tf o re x p l a na t i o n. —J ohnSt e wa r tBe l l

Wha tp o s s i b l ee x p l a na t i o nc o u l dt he r eb ef o rt heq u o i n c o r r e l a t i o n?Thep h y s i c i s tJ o hnBe l l a s k e dt hi sq u e s t i o ni n 1 9 6 4a b o u tas i mi l a r l yp u z z l i ngq u a nt u mc o r r e l a t i o na nd p r o v e dt ha tt he r ec a n ’ tb eac a u s a l e x p l a na t i o n!Thi s a s t o ni s hi ngr e s u l tha sb e e nc a l l e d“ o neo f t h emo s tr e ma r k a b l e p a p e r si nt h eh i s t o r yo f p h y s i c s ”b yt hep h y s i c i s tAl a i nAs p e c t a nd‘ t hemo s tp r o f o u ndd i s c o v e r yo fs c i e nc e ’ b yt hes c i e nc e wr i t e rJ o hnHo r g a n. Wet a k ei tf o rg r a nt e dt ha tc o r r e l a t i o ns b e t we e ne v e nt si nd i ffe r e ntp l a c e ss ho u l db ee x p l a i ne do nt he b a s i so fac o mmo nc a u s et ha tma k e sb o t he v e nt sha p p e n t o g e t he r , o ro nt heb a s i so fac a u s a l i nflu e nc et ha tmo v e sf r o m o nee v e ntt ot heo t he r . Be l l s ho we dt ha tt he r ec a n ’ tb ea c o mmo nc a u s et ha tma k e st hec u r i o u sc o r r e l a t i o nha p p e ni n mo r et ha nt hr e eo u to ff o u rc a s e s . Bu ts o me ho w, ap a i ro f p ho t o nso re l e c t r o ns , e a c hr e s p o nd i ngt ome a s u r e me nt si n at o t a l l yr a nd o mwa y , c a nb e a tt hi sl i mi t .

I ’ mt h i n k i n gt h e t oa s t e rj u s td oe s s ome t h i n gt ot h e qu oi n ss ot h a tt h e wa yt h e yl a n di sf i x e d .

Su r e , Ic a ne x p l a i ni t . T h equ oi n sa r e ob v i ou s l yr i gge d .

M a y b ei wi t hma gn e t s ors ome t h i n g.

24

25

Wh yn ot ?

Ofc ou r s e .

R i gge dqu oi n sc a n ’ twor k f ora l lwa y soff l i p p i n g?

s o? I st h a ts u p p os e d t ome a ns ome t h i n g?

26

Wa i tas e c on d ,

a UC ON T R A i R E !IF I N D Y ou rwor d sr i v e t i n g.

Ij u s tt h ou gh t ofs ome t h i n g. .

I ft h equ oi n sa r eR i gge dt ol a n dt h es a mewa ya se a c hot h e r , a n dt h ep e r s onf l i p p i n gd e c i d e st os t a r tt h e mb ot hf a c i n gh e a d su p , t h e nt h e ywon ’ tf ol l owt h er u l e sofqu oi nme c h a n i c s . .

A n di ft h equ oi n sa r er i gge dt ol a n dop p os i t et oe a c hot h e r a n dt h ep e r s onf l i p p i n gs t a r t st h e ma n yot h e rwa y , l i k et a i l s / t a i l s , f ore x a mp l e , t h e nt h e ya l s owon ’ tb ea b l et o p u l lof faqu oi nme c h a n i c sl a n d i n g.

27

t op u ti ts i mp l y , r i gge dqu oi n s c a n ’ twor kf ora l l wa y soff l i p p i n g.

A n y wa y , I td oe s n ’ tma t t e r wh oc a meu pwi t hi t , e v e n t h ou ghi twa sme . T h ema i nt h i n gi st h a t we ’ v er u l e dou tt h ep os s i b i l i t y ofh a v i n gr i gge dqu oi n s . N i c et oh a v et h a t ou toft h ewa y !

H mmm. I n t e r e s t i n g. Soy ou rp oi n ti st h a ti n qu oi nme c h a n i c s , t h eou t c ome s a r ec oor d i n a t e dwi t hT h ewa y t h equ oi n sa r ef a c i n gb e f or e t h e y ’ r et os s e d .

Wh a td oy oume a n “ orh a v ewe ? ” Wh a ta r ey ouge t t i n ga t ?

t r u e .

28

29

Sol e t ’ ss a ye a c hqu oi n d oe si nf a c t“ k n ow”h ow i t sf l i pi ss t a r t e d .

Sa mea n dop p os i t e ?

T wo?

= ≠

Wh a td oy ou me a nt h e r ea r e on l yt wowa y s ?

=

> > > > > > > > > > > > > >

≠

> > > > > > > > > > > > > > 30

Y ou ’ r es a y i n g e a c hqu oi nc a non l y l a n dt h es a mewa y a si ts t a r t s . . .

orop p os i t et o h owi ts t a r t s . .

I twou l d n ’ tma t t e r ? H mmm, y e a h , Igu e s st h a t ’ sr i gh t . B e c a u s e , i NT H EE N D , n oma t t e rh owc omp l i c a t e d t h ep r oc e s s , i tb oi l sd ownt o t h ef a c tt h a tT h e r ea r eon l y t wowa y saqu oi nc a nl a n d r e l a t i v et oh owi t ’ s t os s e d , n a me l y . . .

≠

> > > > > > > > > > > >

= s a me . . .

S T A R T S

L A N D S

≠

T

orop p os i t e .

Wa s t e ofmy T a l e n t s

S T A R T S

L A N D S

31

T h a ta c t u a l l yma k e s i tr e a l l ye a s y !

a l lweh a v et od oi ss e ewh i c h OFT H ET WOwa y sofr i ggi n gt h e qu oi nou t c ome sb a s e dont h e i r s t a r t i n gp os i t i ongi v e su s qu oi nme c h a n i c se v e r yt i me .

Ok a y y y y .

L ook , I t ’ sr e a l l yp e r f e c t l ys i mp l e . T h e r ea r eon l yf ou rp os s i b l ewa y sofp l a c i n g t h eb l ood yqu oi n sony ou rt h u mb sb e f or eat os s , r i gh t ?

Wec a ns t a r tb ot hh e a d su p .

L e f tQu oi nh e a d s , r i gh tQu oi nt a i l s .

L e f tt a i l s , r i gh th e a d s .

orb ot ht a i l s . A gr e e d ?

A n dt h e r ea r eon l yf ou rp os s i b l ewa y sofr i ggi n gt h ewa yaqu oi nl a n d s .

I tc a nb er i gge dt ol a n dh e a d s , r e ga r d l e s sofh owi ts t a r t s ,

ort a i l sr e ga r d l e s s .

Orr i gge dt ol a n dt h e s a mea si ts t a r t s .

Orop p os i t et oh owi ts t a r t s .

The Punchl i ne

1 / 4 ( P ( a =b | 0, 0)+P ( a =b | 0, 1 )+ P ( a =b | 1 , 0)+P ( a ≠b | 1 , 1 ) ) ≤3 / 4 —Be l l ' sI ne qua l i t y

wen e e dac a t c h yt i t l e . . .

c a nb er i gge dt ol a n d≠, A . K . A . on e l a n d sh e a d s a n dt h e ot h e r t a i l s .

Ou rF i r s tmi s s i on : f i n da l lt h e wa y st woqu oi n s t h a ts t a r t h e a d su p . . .

R e a d y ?

R i ggi n g qu oi non e t ol a n d h e a d sa n d qu oi nt wo t ol a n dt a i l s ob v i ou s l y wor k s .

R i ggi n gqu oi non e t ol a n dh e a d s a n dqu oi nt wot o l a n dop p os i t et o t h ewa yi ts t a r t s wor k st oo.

38

Ou rn e x tmi s s i on : F i n da l lt h ewa y s ofr i ggi n gt h eot h e rt os ss e t u p s t h a tma k et h equ oi n sl a n d=, A . K . A . b ot hh e a d sorb ot ht a i l s .

H e r e —t a k et h ep e n c i la n dd ot h er e s t . I ’ l lge tab ot t l eofc h a mp a gn e t oc e l e b r a t e !

So, d i dy ouf i n i s h ? H owma n ywa y sa r et h e r et o r i gt h equ oi n st h a tge tu s qu oi nme c h a n i c sf ora l l f ou rwa y soff l i p p i n g? I n qu i r i n gmi n d s wa n tt ok n ow.

Wh a td oy oume a n y ouh op eIc a nge t t h ec or kb a c ki n ?

Y ouma d e ami s t a k e .

40

T h e r e f or e , a h e m, y ouma d eami s t a k e .

Oh . ohmy . I t ’ s . . . I ’ m. . . Y ou ’ r e . . . we l l , H owc a n Is a yi t . y ou ’ r e , we l l , r i gh t .

41

Si gnal i ng Co nc e i v a b l y , [ q u a nt u mme c ha ni c a l p r e d i c t i o ns ]mi g ht a p p l yo nl yt oe x p e r i me nt si nwhi c ht hes e t t i ng so ft he i ns t r u me nt sa r ema d es u ffic i e nt l yi na d v a nc et oa l l o w t he mt or e a c hs o memu t u a l r a p p o r tb ye x c ha ng eo f s i g na l swi t hv e l o c i t yl e s st ha no re q u a l t o t hev e l o c i t yo fl i g ht .

—J ohnSt e wa r tBe l l

H a v ey ouc omp l e t e l y l os ty ou rma r b l e s ?

j u s tas e c on d . I ’ mh a v i n gat h ou gh t .

Wh a ti fe a c hqu oi nn oton l y “ k n ows ”wh i c hwa yi t ’ sf a c i n g b e f or ei t ’ sf l i p p e d . . .

H i B ob ! H e yA l i c e ! Is e e y ou ’ r e h e a d su p t oo. Y oud on ’ t mi s sa t h i n g.

44

L ook sl i k e I ’ ms t a r t i n g h e a d su pt h i s t i me .

I fon equ oi nc ou l dt h e ns ome h ow c ommu n i c a t ei t sl a n d i n gp l a nt ot h eot h e r . . .

A n yp l a n s f orl a t e r , b ob ? J u s tl a n d i n g t a i l s , A l i c e . R oge r t h a t , B ob . G u e s sI n e e dt o l a n d h e a d s .

T h e nt h e yc ou l de a s i l yp u l lof f aqu oi nme c h a n i c sl a n d i n g!

N i c eL a n d i n g, A l i c e !T h a t ’ i l lk e e p ‘ e mgu e s s i n g. H a w, h a w!

T h a n k s , B ob ! Ic ou l d n ’ th a v e d on ei twi t h ou t y ou !

45

Wh e ny out h i n ka b ou ti t , wh a twep r ov e db e f or ei st h a t t h equ oi n sc a n ’ tb er i gge dt op u l lof fqu oi nme c h a n i c sl a n d i n gs i fe a c hqu oi nt a k e si n t oa c c ou n ton l yi t sowns t a r t i n gp os i t i on .

J e r k Ih a v ed on ea l lI c a n . Y ou rowns t a r t i n g p os i t i onwi l ls oonb e r e v e a l e dt oy oua l on e . N owG of or t ha n dl a n d b yM yl a ws .

46

b u twed i d n ’ tr u l eou t t h ep os s i b i l i t yt h a tt h e qu oi n smi gh tb er i gge d s ot h a te a c hqu oi nu s e s n oton l yi t sown s t a r t i n gp os i t i on . . .

b u ta l s ot h e s t a r t i n gp os i t i on oft h eot h e rqu oi n !

I nmyd e f e n s e , t h e r e ’ ss i mp l yn o ot h e rwa y .

47

a c t u a l l y , i fe v e r yt i met h e qu oi n sgot h r ou ght h et oa s t e r t h e yc omeou t“ p r ogr a mme d ” wi t hac oor d i n a t e dga mep l a n f ort h a tp a r t i c u l a rt os s . . .

N owI ’ m j u s twa i t i n gf or B ob ’ sSt a r t i n g p os i t i ont o c omp l e t et h e ga mep l a n .

e a c hqu oi nc ou l dh a v e a l l , ora l mos ta l lt h e i n f or ma t i oni tn e e d s , r i gh toni t , on c ei t ’ s s e tu pa n dr e a d yt o b et os s e d , t h a ti s .

A tt h a tp oi n tT h e r e wou l db eon l yon e mi s s i n gb i tt h a t wou l dh a v et ob e t r a n s mi t t e d b e t we e n qu oi n s . . .

A h h , B ob ’ s Si gn a l ! T h a t ’ sa l l In e e d e d !

F ort h equ oi n st op u l lof aqu oi nme c h a n i c sl a n d i n g!

Wed i di ta ga i n ! 1 3 3 7

49

s i n c ewea l r e a d yr u l e dou ta n y p os s i b i l i t yt h a tt h equ oi n sc ou l d p u l lof fqu oi nme c h a n i c sl a n d i n gs M OR ET H A NT H R E EOU TOFF OU R t i me si fe a c hk n owson l y wh i c hwa yi t ’ sf a c i n g b e f or eat os s . . .

a n dt ot h i n ky ouwe r e ge t t i n ga l lu p s e t f orn ot h i n g.

So. wh a td oy ouwa n t t od on ow?

50

P r ov ei t ? P r ov ewh a t ?

Wh a td oy oume a n “ P r ov ei t ” ?

Y ouwa n tt op r ov et h e s i gn a l i n gh Y P OT H E s i S? Iwa st h i n k i n g wec ou l dwa t c h c a tv i d e oson myI p h on e .

Is e e . t H OU G HI T ’ SM OR E OFASI G N A L I N GF A C T , a C T U A L L Y .

H ow?

51

ma k es u r et h es i gn a l c a n ’ tge tt h r ou gh ?

T h e nt h equ oi n swon ’ t b ea b l et op u l lof fqu oi n me c h a n i c sl a n d i n gsa n ymor e . L ogi c a l .

B u tl ook , weh a v en oi d e a wh a tk i n dofs i gn a li ti s .

I tc ou l db es omes or toff i e n d i s hi n t e r s t e l l a rwa v e t h a tc a nt r a v e lt h r ou ghk r y p t on i t ea tt h es p e e dofl i gh t , f ora l lwek n ow!

a n de a c ht a k eh a l fof t h ee n t a n gl e dp a i r ss of a r a p a r t , a n dI ’ mt a l k i n gl i k e ou t e rs p a c ef a ra p a r t . . .

i tc ou l d n ’ tt r a v e lt h e d i s t a n c ei nt i mef ort h e ot h e rqu oi nt oge tt h eb i t a n du s ei tt oc oor d i n a t e aqu oi nme c h a n i c sl a n d i n g.

52

OhB ob . Iwa s c ou n t i n g ony ou . H e a d s ?

t a i l s ?

B u ton l yac ou p l eof c omp l e t ei d i ot swou l d got h a tf a r .

Ih a t ei twh e ny ou ’ r e qu i e tl i k et h a t .

Sowh a ta r e wewa i t i n gf or ?

53

54

i nqu a r t e r s , p l e a s e .

I ’ dl i k et owi t h d r a w h a l fami l l i ond ol l a r s .

on ef ory ou , on e f orme . T h a t ’ sOn e mi l l i one n t a n gl e d p a i r s !

I t ’ sSh owt i me !

[ c u eS t a rT r e kt h e me ]

on ef ory ou , on ef orme .

A www! T h a ti ss ooo c u t e !

I ’ mgon n ami s sy ouma n !

R e a d yt oc omp a r e f l i pr e s u l t s ?

M e ?T ot a l l y u n e v e n t f u l . Y ou ?

Y u p , y u p .Y u p , A l lB yT h ec h a r t . C h e c k , c h e c k , c h e c k .

. . . A n dOn emi l l i on . . I t ’ sawr a p ! 1 00%Qu oi nM e c h a n i c s l a n d i n gs !

Y u p , C h e c k , Y u p , Y u p , C h e c k , c h e c k . . .

[ c u eS we e t H o meA l a b a ma ” ]

“

55

d r a t .

Z z z z z z z z z . . .

You Have Ent ered Kli ngon Ai rSpace. I dent i fy Yourself!

Whatt he—— Dono tk e e ps a y i ngt oy o u r s e l f , i fy o uc a n p o s s i b l ya v o i di t , “ Bu tho wc a ni tb el i k et ha t ? ” b e c a u s ey o uwi l l g e t“ d o wnt hed r a i n, ”i nt oa b l i nda l l e yf r o mwhi c hno b o d yha sy e te s c a p e d . No b o d yk no wsho wi tc a nb el i k et ha t . —Ri c ha r dFe y nma n Tho s ewhoa r eno ts ho c k e d whe nt he yfir s tc o mea c r o s sq u a nt u mt he o r y c a nno tp o s s i b l yha v eu nd e r s t o o di t . —Ni e l sBohr

I ts e e msha r dt os ne a kal o o ka tGo d ' sc a r d s . Bu tt ha thep l a y sd i c ea ndu s e s“ t e l e p a t hi c ”me t ho d s ( a st hep r e s e ntq u a nt u mt he o r yr e q u i r e so fhi m) i ss o me t hi ngt ha tIc a nno tb e l i e v ef o ras i ng l emo me nt . —Al be r tEi ns t e i n Ones ho u l dnomo r er a c ko ne ' sb r a i na b o u tt he p r o b l e mo fwhe t he rs o me t hi ngo nec a nno tk no w a ny t hi nga b o u te x i s t sa ta l l , t ha na b o u tt hea nc i e nt q u e s t i o no fho wma nya ng e l sa r ea b l et os i t o nt hep o i nto fane e d l e . —Wol f ga ngPa ul i

Ca nna t u r ep o s s i b l yb es oa b s u r da si ts e e me d t ou si nt he s ea t o mi ce x p e r i me nt s ? —We r ne rHe i s e nbe r g

a r ey ou . . .

me s s i n gwi t hme ?

Oh , Ige ti t . v e r yf u n n y . h ah ah a a a a . J ok e sonme . L a u ghi tu p ! Y ou ’ r et r y i n g t oma k eme t h i n kI ’ mc r a z y , a r e n ’ ty ou ?

b e c a u s eh owe l s e a mIs u p p os e d t ot a k et h i s , h mmm?

We l l , I ’ mp r e t t y s u r eI ’ mn otc r a z y .

58

Wh i c hwou l dma k eme t h ewor l d ’ sb i gge s ts u c k e r ! a n dIgu e s sy out h i n k t h a t ’ sh i l a r i ou s .

P u n k ’ d . B ymyownT oa s t e r !

H a , h a , h a .

Soh ow’ dy ad oi t ? F e s su pwi s egu y . 59

H a h !

T ou s ey ou rs t r e e tc or n e r t r i c k e r yt ot os st h equ oi n s i ns u c hawa yt h a tt h e yp l a y ou ty ou ri n f u r i a t i n gqu oi n me c h a n i c sc h a r a d e !

t h es p a c e s h i p ?

Wh a ta b ou tt h es p a c e s h i p ?

60

T r u e . Y ouwe r e n ’ tonmy s p a c e s h i p . Iwa st h eon e p i c k i n gt h equ oi ns e t u p s t h e r ea n dIwa st h eon e d oi n gt h et os s i n g.

T r u e .

Y ou ’ dh a v en e e d e dc on t r ol ofb ot hqu oi n st op u l li tof f .

We l l , i fi t wa s n ’ ty ou , t h e nt h a t j u s tl e a v e s . . .

61

Sor r y .

Wh a ti fi t h y p n ot i z e d u sb ot h ?

M a y b ee v e nt h ef i r s tt i me wel a i de y e soni t .

Wh a ti fi ti mp l a n t e ds u b l i mi n a l i n s t r u c t i on si nou rb r a i n s . . .

T h a tma k eu sc h oos e p a r t i c u l a rs e t u p sf ore a c hqu oi n f ore v e r ys i n gl et os s . . .

s ot h a tt h ewa ywes e tu pt h equ oi n si s p r e c oor d i n a t e dwi t ht h ewa yt h equ oi n sa r e r i gge dt ol a n d .

62

I nwh i c hc a s et h ef e e l i n g t h a twe ’ r et h eon e sd e c i d i n g h owt os e tu pt h equ oi n s . . .

b e c a u s ewe ’ r er e a l l yj u s tu n wi t t i n g p a wn sp l a y i n gou tas i n i s t e r p r e d e t e r mi n e dp l a nl a i dou t b yt h et oa s t e r .

c r e e p y .

M or el i k e y ou ’ l l n e v e r ge t a n ot h e r d a t e e v e r a ga i n c r e e p y .

a n dn ot c ool c r e e p y .

L e t ’ sb ot ht a k ead e e pb r e a t h ,

Wooooos hA A A A A A H !

a n dc on s i d e rou rop t i on s r a t i on a l l ya n dob j e c t i v e l y , s h a l lwe ?

63

64

wef e e lt ot a l l yn or ma l b u ta c t u a l l ywe ’ r ez omb i e s .

a n dSo, t a k i n gs t oc k , ou rc h oi c e s a p p e a rt ob e . . .

E v e r y t h i n g wet h i n k wek n ow a b ou tp h y s i c s i si nqu e s t i on .

a n dy e t . . .

T h equ oi nl a n d i n gs a r ep e r f e c t l y c or r e l a t e d

65

We’ rez ombi esp rogra mmed a l on gwi t ht hequ oi n st o a c tou tt hes u p erdet ermi n ed horrorfa rc ek n owna s qu oi nmec ha n i c s .

a n dN ott heru n oft hemi l l bra i n ea t i n gv a ri et yei t her.

a n dwek n owt hi sbec a u s e qu oi n sc a na p p a ren t l yc ommu n i c a t e a c ros sa rbi t ra rydi s t a n c es i n s t a n t a n eou s l y .

T heyj u s ts ortof ha p p ent oha p p en , byc ha n c e, i nac oi n c i den t a l i s h, t ot a l l yra n doms ortofawa y .

Whi l et herea reru l est ha t des c ri bet hec orrel a t i on s , t herei sn oc a u s et ha tma k es t hemha p p en .

Don’ tBl ameMe

Id o n' tl i k ei ta ndI ' ms o r r y Ie v e rha da ny t hi ngt od owi t hi t . —Er wi nSc hr ödi nge r

( o nq u a nt u mme c ha ni c s )

I t ’ sa b ou ts e a mon k e y s .

L ook , c a ny ou k e e pas e c r e t .

Iwa ss oe x c i t e d wh e nt h e yc a me .

D oy ouk n ow wh a tt h e y a c t u a l l y a r e ?

T h e yj u s t l ook e ds o d a r n e dc u t e i nt h ea d .

68

Ik e p t b r i n es h r i mpi nac u p f ory e a r s . a si fb yt h e s h e e rf or c eofwi l l , I c ou l dmor p ht h e mi n t o s ome t h i n gIk n e wi nmy h e a r tt h e yc ou l dn e v e rb e .

If l u s h e dt h e m. k n owwh a tId i d i nt h ee n d ?

Ooooh! Ap a c k a ge !

69

H owe x c i t i n g! Wh a tc ou l d i tb e ?

T h e r emu s tb e s omemi s t a k e .

G oodgod , i t ’ sa . . .

I t ’ sa . . .

Ip r ob a b l y d ou b l e p r e s s e d t h e“ or d e rn ow” b u t t on . . .

n e w t oa s t e r ? ! ? !

ors ome t h i n g.

We d ge we d ge we d ge

B yT h or ’ s H a mme r !

N e v e rmi n d . I t ’ sa l lov e rn ow.

H a p p e n sa l l t h et i me . N ott owor r y . I ’ ms u r et h i sk i n d oft h i n g. . .

Ov e rmy d e a db od y !

70

Wa i t .

L i s t e n .

Si l e n c e .

It h i n ki t ’ sov e r . Wed i di t . T h a n kgod .

Wh a tt h e ?

Happy?

Ver y .

Idel i ver edonyour“ cur i ous cor r el at i on. ” Si gned,seal edanddel i ver ed. Idi da“ gut f eel ”comi cver si on ofBel l ' spr oof .Nomat h. Af i r st .Notbadconsi der i ng i t ’ sknownasoneoft hemost pr of oundANDmi sunder st ood t heor emsofal lt i me.Vni ce. Rul edoutsi gnal i ng. I ndeed. Leavi ngpeopl ewi t hno expl anat i onwhat soever . Yup.

So. So. WHATNOW?! ? Webr i ngi nt hebi gguns.

SpookyAct i on ataDi st anceand “Bei ngThus”* Ic a nno ts e r i o u s l yb e l i e v ei n[ q u a nt u mme c ha ni c s ] b e c a u s et het he o r yc a nno tb er e c o nc i l e dwi t ht hei d e a t ha tp hy s i c ss ho u l dr e p r e s e ntar e a l i t yi nt i mea nd s p a c e , f r e ef r o ms p o o k ya c t i o na tad i s t a nc e . —Al be r tEi ns t e i n

Unl e s so nema k e s[ a n]a s s u mp t i o na b o u tt he i nd e p e nd e nc eo ft hee x i s t e nc e —t he“ b e i ng t hu s ” * — o fo b j e c t swhi c ha r ef a ra p a r tf r o mo nea no t he r i ns p a c e —whi c hs t e msi nt hefir s tp l a c ef r o m e v e r y d a yr e a s o ni ng —p hy s i c a l t hi nk i ngi nt he f a mi l i a rs e ns ewo u l dno tb ep o s s i b l e . —Al be r tEi ns t e i n *“ S o S e i n”i nt heo r i g i na l Ge r ma n

A h , my wor t h ya d v e r s a r i e s ! Y ouma yy e tf i n du s mor ea l i k et h a na tod d s . < c h u c k l e > D on otwor r ya b ou ty ou r d i f f i c u l t i e swi t ht oa s t e r s . Ic a na s s u r ey out h a t mi n ea r ea l l t h egr e a t e r .

Y ouwi s ht or i d t h ewor l doft h e m, a n dr e a s on a b l ys o! t H E Ygi v er i s et o t h i Su n s p e a k a b l eb u s i n e s s ofe n t a n gl e dqu oi n s . A n dy out h i n kt oy ou r s e l f , Su b t l ei st h eL or d , b u t ma l i c i ou sH ei sn ot .

76

y e tf l i pon ea n d y ouc a np r e d i c twi t h c e r t a i n t yt h eou t c ome oft h eot h e r , h mmm?

Y oua s ky ou r s e l f , i fi na d v a n c eof f l i p p i n gt h es e c on dqu oi nIc a np r e d i c t wi t hc e r t a i n t yi t sou t c ome , t h e ns u r e l y t h e r ee x i s t sa ne l e me n tofr e a l i t y , a s t a t e , ab e i n gt h u s , t h a td e t e r mi n e s t h a tou t c ome , n o?

G i v e ny ou r p r i orf i n d i n gs , y out h e n s u p p os et h a tt h er e a l i t yof t h es e c on dqu oi nd e p e n d s u p ont h ep r oc e s soff l i p p i n g c a r r i e dou tont h ef i r s t , wh i c hd oe sn oti na n ywa y d i s t u r bt h es e c on d .

A n dy ouf i n dy ou r s e l f f a c i n g, r a t h e rs u d d e n l y , t h e s ome wh a ta l a r mi n gc on c l u s i on t h a tAp h y s i c a lr e a l i t yi n“ B ” u n d e r goe sa ni n s t a n t a n e ou s c h a n geb e c a u s eofa na c t i on ma d eon“ A ”Y ou ri n s t i n c t s b r i s t l ea tt h eme r e s u gge s t i on ! 77

A n dy e twec a n n ot s u l k . N omor ec a nwe d e n yt h ee v i d e n c e t h a tou rt a l ei s p e r h a p ss ome h ow i n c omp l e t e .

M yv i e w?Qu oi nme c h a n i c si s wor t h yofr e ga r db u ti th a r d l y b r i n gsu sc l os e rt ot h e Ol dOn e ’ ss e c r e t s .

78

b e c a u s eou rd e a r , d e f i a n tqu oi n s , i gn or a n toft h el i mi t a t i on s ofh u ma nr e a s on , p l a gu ea n dgr a c et h ewor l d , mi s c h i e v ou s l y d i s r u p t i n gt h es t or ywet e l lou r s e l v e soft h eu n i v e r s e a n di t swor k i n gs . a n d , l i k et h emoon , t h e yc a n n otb er e n d e r e d n on e x i s t e n tb yme r e l yc l os i n gou re y e s . < C h u c k l e > Y e s , myf r i e n d s , P a n d or a ’ sb oxon c e op e n e di sn ots oe a s i l ys h u t .

79

b e c a u s eIc ou l d n ’ th e a r awor dh es a i dwi t h t h ewi n d owc l os e d .

Wa st h a tgu yt a l k i n gt ou s ?

i nd e t e c t i ona n d r e me d i a t i on !

80

I ’ l ll e ty oui nonal i t t l es e c r e t . A l wa y sgof ort h ef u l l p a gea d .

81

Onec a ne v e ns e tu pq u i t er i d i c u l o u sc a s e s . Ac a ti sp e nne du pi nas t e e l c ha mb e r , a l o ngwi t h [ a ]d i a b o l i c a l d e v i c e( whi c hmu s tb es e c u r e d a g a i ns td i r e c ti nt e r f e r e nc eb yt hec a t )… —Er wi nSc hr ö di ng e r

SoSe i n D e t e c t i on Se r v i c e s —B e c a u s e N a t u r eA l wa y sk n ows . H owC a nIma k e y ou rd a y b e t t e r ?

84

T i r e dof e mb a r r a s s i n g me d i c a lc h e c k u p s ? H a , at h i n goft h e p a s t !qu e r yy ou r s T or e ds t a t e a b ou ty ou rh e a l t h i n s t e a d !Wou l d gr a n d p aa p p r ov e ofy ou rs on ' s t a t t oo?wi t hA l i t t l ef or e s i gh t fu t u regen era t i on s c a nb e n e f i tf r om h i st i me l e s s wi s d om.

85

A tl a s t ! Ar e a lp r of e s s i on a l . Y ouc a na l wa y st e l l f r omt h es u i t .

A r eweh a p p y t os e ey ou , b e c a u s ef r a n k l y , H ou s t on , weh a v e ap r ob l e m!

Y e s , y oua r ee v i d e n t l y i nd i r en e e dofmy s e r v i c e s . N ott owor r y . Is p e c i a l i z ei nu s i n g c l a s s i c a lp r i n c i p l e st o s ol v es e e mi n gl y i n t r a c t a b l e p r ob l e ms . G r e a t !B u t , l i s t e n , wed on ' tr e a l l yn e e da l l t h egor yd e t a i l s . J u s tr e s u l t s . 86

A n dr e s u l t s y ous h a l lh a v e . Y ou rd i s h e v e l e df r i e n d h owe v e rl ook ss ome wh a t s k e p t i c a l . Id e l i gh ti nt h e s k e p t i c . P l e a s eA l l ow met oe x p l a i n . M ySos e i n ma c h i n e , orSOS f ors h or t , a t t a i n s ma x i ma lk n owl e d geof a nob j e c ts ot h a ti t c a nd e t e r mi n ei fa n y r e l e v a n ts t a t e me n t a b ou ti ti s t r u e . A h , Is e eb yy ou r p u z z l e df a c e t h a tt h i sc on c e p t i sn e wt oy ou . I ti squ i t e e l e me n t a r y .

Si mp l yp u t , t h es t a t eofa n yn a t u r a l ob j e c tc on t a i n si t ss t or y —p a s ta n df u t u r e —i mp l i c i twi t h i ni t . p r e v i ou s l y , k n owl e d geofa n ob j e c tc ou l db egl e a n e don l yb y d i r e c t l y“ qu e r y i n g”i t ss t a t eb yme a n s oft h ei n v a s i v ep r oc e s sofp h y s i c a l e x p e r i me n t a t i on . Ap r i mi t i v ep r a c t i c e t h a tn e c e s s a r i l yd i s t u r b sa n d t r a n s f or mst h ev e r yob j e c t wes e e kt ok n ow. Ou rp r op r i e t a r yt e c h n ol ogy a l l owst h eSOStmt or e p l i c a t e a n ds t or eama x i ma lk n owl e d ge ‘ s n a p s h ot , ’ wh i c hc a nt h e nb e c on s u l t e dt or e v e a lt h e ob j e c t ’ ss e c r e t swi t h ou t d i s t u r b i n gi ti na n ywa y . 87

Ofc ou r s e , of c ou r s e . Y ou ’ dme n t i on e d c oi n s . P l e a s eA l l owme t of i r s td e mon s t r a t e t h ed e v i c ewi t hc oi n s c or r e l a t e du s i n ga c l a s s i c a ld e v i c e . M y c or r e l a t or C l a s s i qu e .

a n di t sc oi n me c h a n i c s , p a geon e . . .

88

H e r ey ou s e et h a tt h e me c h a n i c soft h ewh ol e e x p r e s s e st h es t a t eof t h ep a i rofc oi n sa f t e rt h e y got h r ou ght h ec or r e l a t or . T h i ss t a t eoft h ewh ol e i ss i mp l yAf u n c t i onoft h e s t a t e sofi t sp a r t s , t h eb e i n gt h u sof e a c hoft h et wo c oi n swh i c h ma k eu pt h e p a i r .

Ip u tt h e c oi n st h r ou gh myc or r e l a t or l i k es o. . .

89

C ool . H owd oe s i td ot h a t ?

Id on ' tk n ow. M a y b ewi t hma gn e t s ors ome t h i n g.

a n dt h a ts ome t h i n g, b e i n ga na s p e c toft h e s t a t eoft h ec oi n , wi l l b er e p l i c a t e di nt h e SOSonc on t a c t . b u tf i r s t . . .

t h ep oi n ti si t ob v i ou s l yd oe s s ome t h i n gt oe a c h c oi nt h a tr i gs t h ewa yi tl a n d s

A n dn owI e n t e rat e s t a b l e s t a t e me n ta b ou t t h ec oi n .

90

a n dp r e s s t h ei n i t i a l i z e b u t t on .

T h e r e . T h eSOSi s n owr e a d y .

a n dwh a td oe st h e c a th a v et od owi t hi t ? N ot h i n gr e a l l y . M os t l yi t ' sf or e f f e c t . Y ouk n ow. Ama r k e t i n gt h i n g. M a yIc on t i n u e ?

R e ga r dmy c l a s s i c a l l yc or r e l a t e d c oi n s . t h a n k st ot h ec oi n s ' me c h a n i c sIk n owt h a ton e wi l ll a n dh e a d sa n don ewi l l l a n dt a i l s , a l t h ou ghId on ' t k n owwh i c hwi l ld owh a t . C l e a r l yh owe v e r , t h e r ei sa s t a t eofe a c hc oi nwh i c h d e t e r mi n e st h a tou t c ome , as t a t ek n ownt on a t u r e i fn ott ome .

N ow, wh e nIt ou c h t h ee l e c t r od et oon e oft h ec oi n s , i t ss t a t ei s i n s t a n t l yr e p l i c a t e di n t h eSOS, wh i c hi st h e ni n ap os i t i ont oe v a l u a t e mys t a t e me n t .

F a l s e— t h e SOSop e n si t sd oor , t r u e— t h es os r e s p on d swi t ha . . .

92

A n ds oy ous e e , t h ec oi n ’ s d e f i n i t es t a t eh a sr e s u l t e di na d e f i n i t eou t c ome —A l la c h i e v e d wi t h ou tr e qu i r i n gmet od i s t u r b t h ec oi nb ye x p e r i me n t a t i on , wh i c hIc a ns t i l ld o, l i k es o. . .

P l e a s ed on ' tt r ou b l e y ou r s e l f . I t ’ sa l li nt h e n a meofs c i e n c e y ouk n ow.

ck i Cl

N ow, i fIma y a s ky out op r e p a r e y ou r“ Qu oi n s ”wi t hy ou r Su p e r qu a n t u mE n t a n gl e r . H e r ek i t y , k i t yk i t t y .

93

I ny ougo. . A h h h !t h e Su p e r Qu a n t u m. P R 01 a n dh e r me c h a n i c s ! h a n ky ou . Su c hh a n d s ome T I g u e s s . U m , s t y l i n g! b u t , we l l , wh a tI wa n t e dt ob r i n gu p . . .

a n d n owf ory ou r e n t a n gl e r p l e a s e . b e f or e we , y ’ k n ow. . . i swe l l , i si t s t r i c t l ys p e a k n g. . .

u m, n e c e s s a r y ?Y ous e e , b e c a u s e , I ’ ma c t u a l l y . . . wh a tI ’ mt r y i n gt os a y . . . We l lf r a n k l y , i t ’ s a b ou tt h ec a t !Wh a tIme a ni sc ou l dy ou —H owc a nIp u tt h i s —d ot h es a met h i n g, b u t , we l l , wi t h ou ta c t u a l l yp u t t i n gt h ec a ti n t o. . .

B u tWh a t ’ s t h i s ? ! ? Is e ey ouh a v e s u p p l i e dt h ep a ge wi t ht h eme c h a n i c sof t h ewh ol e , b u twh e r ei s t h es e c on dp a geofy ou r Qu oi nM e c h a n i c s ?t h e p a get h a td e s c r i b e s t h es t a t eof e a c hi n d i v i d u a l Qu oi n ?

94

T h ep a ge wi t ht h es t a t e soft h e p a r t st h a tgi v er i s et o t h eme c h a n i c sof t h ewh ol e ? ! ?

Oh !b u t , b u t , b u t , h owc a nt h i sb e ?

On ec a ns e e a tagl a n c et h a t y ou rQu oi nM e c h a n i c s , t h ev e r ys t or yof y ou rQu oi n s , i sn ot e v e np os s i b l e . Ac r a s sj ok e !Amoc k e r y ofn a t u r e !N owon d e r t h e r ei sn os e c on dp a ge . T h e r es i mp l yc a n n otb e . D on ' ty ous e e , t h ei n d i v i d u a l qu oi n sc a n ' tb ea s s i gn e d d e f i n i t es t a t e st h a twi l l s a t i s f yt h ec on d i t i on sof t h eme c h a n i c soft h ewh ol e ! y ou rme c h a n i c sd e s c r i b e squ oi n s wh i c hmu s te x i s ti na ni n h e r e n t l y i n d e f i n i t ec on d i t i on . T h i st a l l t a l ec a n n otb er e a l i z e d i nt h ed e f i n i t er e a l m ofn a t u r e !

H ow h or r i b l e ! N owon d e r t h e r ei sn o s u c hp a ge !

Si gh . I ’ l ld e s c r i b e i ti nt e r mst h a t e v e ny oumi gh t u n d e r s t a n d .

H u h ?

L e tmes e e . . . .

A h a ! c omi cb ook s ! Y oul i k ec omi cb ook s , d oy ou ?

Id o!N ott ob r a gora n y t h i n g b u tI ' ma c t u a l l ywr i t i n gon e . D oy ouwa n tt or e a di t ?

N otr e a l l y .

I na n yc a s e , s a yy oua r ewr i t i n gy ou r l i t t l ec omi cb ooka n dy ou , t h eomn i p ot e n ta u t h or , r e f u s et oma k eac h oi c e b e t we e nt wop os s i b l e ou t c ome st h a ta f f e c t y ou rp r ot a gon i s t .

96

On el e a d st oh e rd e a t h a n dt h eot h e rt oh e r h a p p i l ye v e ra f t e r .

E e n yme e n y mi n e yb ot h !

97

Wh a tonE A R T H a r ey oub a b b l i n g a b ou t . Qu oi nme c h a n i c si sl i k ea C h oos eY ou rownA d v e n t u r eb ook !

A n dwh a t , d a r eIa s k , i sa“ C h oos eY ou r OwnA d v e n t u r e ”?

T h a t ' sl i k eQu oi nM e c h a n i c sb e c a u s e wh e ny ous t a r ta n y t h i n gc a nh a p p e n .

T h e ny ouma k ec h oi c e s . E a c ht i mey ouc h oos e i tN A R R OWST H EST OR YD OWN . I ’ l ls t a r t E qu oi nON h e a d su p . . .

u n t i lt h e r ea r en omor ec h oi c e st oma k e . T h a t ’ sa l lt h es t or yH A ST Ot e l ly ou , b u ts ome h ow t h i n gsa r es t i l lu pi nt h ea i r . . . . a n dI ’ l l s t a r tqu oi nT WO h e a d su pa s we l l . Wh a tk i n d s ofqu oi n s c ou l dl a n d ?

≠

99

B e c a u s et h e e n d i n gi st i e d t oa n ot h e r e n d i n gi na d i f f e r e n t b r a n c hof t h es t or y .

wh a tk i n d s ofqu oi n s c ou l dd o b ot h ?

A n dy ouk e e pge t t i n gt omor ea n dmor e e n d i n gsb u tE A C Hon ed e p e n d sona n e n d i n gi na n ot h e rb r a n c hoft h e s t or y !A n dy ous t a r tt ot h i n kt o y ou r s e l f , wh a tk i n dofab ooki s t h i s ?Wh owou l dwr i t eab ookl i k e t h i sa n y wa y ?Soy oul ooka tt h e b a c koft h eb ookt os e e , a n d t h a t ' swh e ny oun ot i c e , i t ' sn ot J U STas t or y . I t ' saT R U Es t or y ! a b ou tt h ewor l dy oul i v ei n !

100

101

A h , y ouh a v e , i ny ou rown d e me n t e dwa y , u n d e r s t ood . Y oumu s tt h e na p p r e c i a t et h a ty ou r Qu oi nM e c h a n i c sc a n n otb ec or r e c tb e c a u s e i ta s c r i b e sas t a t et ot h ewh ol ewh i c hr u l e s ou ta n yp os s i b i l i t yofa s s i gn i n gd e f i n i t e s t a t e st oi t sp a r t s . N ott owor r y . Ih a v ef u l lc on f i d e n c et h a tt h e SOSwi l lr e s ol v eou rl i t t l e my s t e r yp r e s e n t l y .

102

G od ’ s wou n d s ?

If e a r t h ewor s t . B u t , c a n i tb e ?

I , I . . .

103

104

5

105 5 1 5 0 1 0 5 5 0 0 0 1 11

b u t , b u t , t h e nI . . .

106

Id on otl i k e Qu oi nme c h a n i c s , a n dI a ms or r yIe v e rh a d a n y t h i n gt o d owi t hi t .

B u t , wa i t !c omeb a c k !Y ou ' v el e f tu swi t h y ou rc a t !Wh a tt h eh e c ka r ewes u p p os e d t od owi t hy ou rb l ood yc a t !

107

Qu i c k , y ouge ta l lh i ss t u f ft oge t h e r . I ’ l lr u nou ta n ds e ei fIc a nc a t c hu pwi t hh i m. H ec a n ’ th a v egot t e nf a r .

h a c . h a c

U m, OK . s o Igu e s st h a tj u s t s or tof . . . h a p p e n e d . Wh a t e v e r , j u s t gr a bt h ec a ta n d f ol l owme ! 108

ManyWorl ds I ti st r u et ha tt he[ ma ny wo r l d si nt e r p r e t a t i o n] , i nt hi sr e a l i s tf o r m, a v o i d ss o meo ft hep a r a d o x e so f [ q u a nt u mme c ha ni c s ] . . . . Al l p o s s i b l eo u t c o me st a k e p l a c e . S c hr ö d i ng e r ’ sno t o r i o u sc a ti sne v e ri na mi x e ds t a t eo fa l i v ea ndd e a d . I tl i v e si no ne u ni v e r s e , d i e si na no t he r . Bu twha ta f a nt a s t i cp r i c ei sp a i df o rt he s e s e e mi ngs i mp l i c i t i e s ! —Ma r t i nGa r dne r

Thefina l s t r a t e g yi sa c c e p t a nc e . Tha ti st he Ev e r e t t i a na p p r o a c h. Thef o r ma l i s mo fq u a nt u m me c ha ni c s , i nt hi sv i e w, c o ns i s t so fq u a nt u ms t a t e s a sd e s c r i b e d. . . a ndno t hi ngmo r e , whi c he v o l v e a c c o r d i ngt ot heu s u a l S c hr ö d i ng e re q u a t i o na nd no t hi ngmo r e . Thef o r ma l i s mp r e d i c t st ha tt he r e a r ema nywo r l d s , s owec ho o s et oa c c e p tt ha t . —Se a nCa r r o l l

[ Thema ny wo r l d si nt e r p r e t a t i o n]r e a l l yi sj u s tt he “ o b v i o u s , s t r a i g ht f o r wa r d ”r e a d i ngo fq u a nt u m me c ha ni c si t s e l f , i fy o ut a k eq u a nt u mme c ha ni c s l i t e r a l l ya sad e s c r i p t i o no ft hewho l eu ni v e r s e , a nda s s u meno t hi ngne wwi l l e v e rb e d i s c o v e r e dt ha tc ha ng e st hep i c t u r e . —Sc o t tAa r o ns o n Thi su ni v e r s ei sc o ns t a nt l ys p l i t t i ngi nt o as t u p e nd o u snu mb e ro fb r a nc he s , a l l r e s u l t i ng f r o mt heme a s u r e me nt l i k ei nt e r a c t i o nsb e t we e ni t s my r i a d so fc o mp o ne nt s . Mo r e o v e r , e v e r yq u a nt u m t r a ns i t i o nt a k i ngp l a c eo ne v e r ys t a r , i ne v e r yg a l a x y , i ne v e r yr e mo t ec o r ne ro ft heu ni v e r s ei ss p l i t t i ng o u rl o c a l wo r l do ne a r t hi nt omy r i a d s o fc o p i e so fi t s e l f . —Br y c eDe Wi t t

D a r ni t , Il os th i m. H e y !H e yy ou ! d i dy ous e eagu ygob y ? G l a s s e s ?K i n dof s t a gge r i n g? I n d e e d , i n d e e d y . H ewa sj u s th e r eas e c on da go. I a c t u a l i z e dh i sc oi nme c h a n i c sf orh i m. Ac l a s s i cc h a pwi t hal ov e l yc l a s s i c a l me c h a n i c s . Ap i e c eofc a k e , i twa s . I n f a c tIt h i n kh el e f tt h e mb e h i n d . M u t t e r e d s ome t h i n gl i k e“ i fon l yi twe r es os i mp l e ” b e f or es t u mb l i n ga wa y . F r i e n dofy ou r s ? M a y b ey ouc a ngi v et h e s eb a c kt oh i m?

c a ch a H 112

Wh a t ?N o. N o! !we ’ r e a l r e a d ys t u c kwi t hh i s s t u p i dc a t . Wh a twa st h a t y ous a i da b ou th i sc oi n me c h a n i c s ?D i dy oud o s ome t h i n gt oh i sc oi n me c h a n i c swi t h t h a tt h i n g?

I n d e e d , i n d e e d y . G ott wob i t s ?T wo b i t si sa l li tt a k e s . M a k et h ep os s i b l e a c t u a lf oron l y t wob i t s !

T h a n k e e , t h a n k e e !

113

a a a a c t u a l i z e d a s . . . .

c oi n“ A ”l a n d sT a i l s a n dc oi n“ B ” l a n d sh e a d s !

114

Sol on ga s y ou ' v egott h e qu oi nme c h a n i c s a a a a n dt wo b i t st h a ti s .

wh a t h a v ewe h e r e ?

c ou l di tb e aSp l i t t e r ? N os e c on d p a get ot h e me c h a n i c si s t h e r e .

H a !Ik n e wi t ! Ik e e pama r k e rf or t h i sv e r yp u r p os e . Id ol ov ea goods p l i t t e r !l e tmes e e . L e t . . . me . . . s e e . . .

T h i swi l l d on i c e l yf or at a i l s / t a i l s t os ss e t u p !

115

A h , Is u s p e c t e d a smu c h . As or r ys t a t e ofa f f a i r s , wh e nt h e yt r y t oma k ea ni n d e f i n i t es t a t e a c t u a li nas i n gl ewor l d . B e c ome sa nob s e s s i on , i t d oe s . R a c ka n dr u i n . R a c k a n dr u i ni sa l lt h a tc a n c omeofi t , Is a y . We l l , we ' l lh a v en on eoft h a t h e r e !N os ou r f a c e sh e r e !

L ook , ma y b et h i si s n ' t s u c hagoodi d e a . Ime a n t h egu ywi t ht h egl a s s e s t r i e dt od ot h et h i n g, y ouk n ow, ma k et h e p os s i b l ea c t u a lwi t ht h e qu oi n s , a n df r a n k l yi t d i d n ' tgos owe l l . M a y b e wes h ou l dj u s tl e t s l e e p i n gc a t sl i e .

a a a a c t u a l i z e d ! Qu oi n“ A ”a n d“ B ” b ot hl a n dh e a d s !

Soy ous e e , n ot h i n gt owor r ya b ou t . U t t e r l yp a i n l e s si ti s . C a n d y f r omab a b y . D u c ks ou p r e a l l y .

116

117

Wh a tt h eh e c ka r ey out a l k i n ga b ou t ?So wh oe n d e du pi nt h et a i l s / t a i l sb r a n c h ? ! ? wea l ld i d , ofc ou r s e . I nf a c tI i ma gi n et h a twe ' r eh a v i n gt h e v e r ys a mea r gu me n ti nt h a tb r a n c h , A n dIc a nt e l ly our i gh tn owt h a t y oua r e n ' tge t t i n gy ou rt wo b i t sb a c kt h e r ee i t h e r . B u t , b u t , b u t , t h i si sh i gh wa y r ob b e r y !Y ouc a n ' tp r ov e t h a tt h ewor l ds p l i tof f i n t ot wob r a n c h e s !

C a n ' t p r ov ei t d i d n ' t .

A r ey oui n s i n u a t i n g t h a te v e r yqu oi nt os s h a t c h e st woa l mos t i d e n t i c a lc op i e soft h e wor l df ort h es ol e p u r p os eofma k i n gt h e p os s i b i l i t yofqu oi n me c h a n i c sa c t u a l ? ! ? Y ou d on ’ tge t ou tmu c h d oy ou ?

Y ou d on ’ tge t ou tmu c h d oy ou ?

a ga i n ?Y wa ou n tt ogo a ga i n ?

Y ou d on ’ tge t ou tmu c h d oy ou ?

Y ou don ’ tge ou t tmu c h doy ou ?

u m. . . n o.

t woT ot h e p owe rof .

119

N o,n o,C ert a i n l yn ot ! p sha w. p sha w!Y ou ’ ren obody ’ s fool !A n dy et . a n dy et ,y ou bel i ev ei nqu oi nmecha n i cs? OfC OU R SEIdo. Ij u stt ol dy ou wefl i p p edt heuegq cqu oi n s 50bi l l i ont i mes!

Wel l ,y es. I a dmi twedoseem t obest u ckwi t ht ha tbi t .

A hh.

122

I n deed. Fl i p p i n gmu stsortofma k ebot h ha p p en ,bu tn ott oget her. sep a ra t el y . dogo on .

Obv i ou sl y .

I n deed, I n deedywi t ha cherryon t op !

123

a B a dh B ada bi n g

Myba d.

125

HeyJ,t heywon’ tbuyi t . Buywhat ?Who’ s“ t hey” ? Manywor l ds.Iknowi t ’ sacomi c butevencomi cbookr eader s havest andar ds. O. k.butEver et t ’ smany wor l dsi nt er pr et at i on doesaccountf orourEXPERI ENCEofa def i ni t ewor l devent houghQM descr i bes ani ndef i ni t er eal i t y . I ' mt el l i ngyout heywon' tbuyi t . Iknockedhi m out . Fi ne.ButweneedSOMEanswert ot he measur ementpr obl em.Namel y ,howdoes Schr ödi nger ’ scatendupi nadef i ni t e st at eofdeadoral i veaf t eri nt er act i ngwi t h somet hi ngi nani ndef i ni t est at e? Howi nt he( oneandonl y! )wor l d? Wel l ,t her e’ st heGRW t heor yofGhi r ar di , Ri mi ni ,andWeber .Theyt hi nkt hateach par t i cl ehasat i nychanceofr andoml y col l apsi ngt oadef i ni t est at e.Ameasur i ng devi ce/ cati smadeupofzi l l i onsofpar t i cl es t hatbecomeent angl edwi t hameasur ed par t i cl e.Wi t hZI LLI ONSofpar t i cl esi npl ay i t ’ sal mostcer t ai nt hatONEwi l lcol l apsei nt o adef i ni t est at e,causi ngt heot herent angl ed par t i cl est ocol l apseaswel l ,l eavi ngt he ent i r ezi l l i onpar t i cl emeasur i ngdevi ce/ cati n adef i ni t est at ei nat enmi l l i ont hofasecond. Pr obl em i si tdoesn’ tpl ayni cewi t hr el at i vi t y . Pi t y .Whatel seyougot ? Ther ear esubj ect i vecol l apsei nt er pr et at i ons byguysl i kevonNeumann.Theyt hi nkt hat t heconsci ousobser ver ’ ssubj ect i ve awar enessofadef i ni t ewor l d“ col l apses” obj ect i vei ndef i ni t er eal i t yi nt oadef i ni t est at e. Soundsabi tl i kemanywor l ds asseenf r om oneoft hemanywor l ds. Youcoul dsayt hat .

Ei ns t e i n’ sc r i t i c i s mo fq u a nt u mt he o r y. . . i sma i nl yc o nc e r ne dwi t ht hed r a s t i cc ha ng e s o fs t a t eb r o u g hta b o u tb ys i mp l ea c t s o fo b s e r v a t i o n. . . p a r t i c u l a r l yi n c o nne c t i o nwi t hc o r r e l a t e d s y s t e mswhi c ha r ewi d e l y s e p a r a t e ds oa st ob e me c ha ni c a l l yu nc o u p l e d a tt het i meo fo b s e r v a t i o n. Ata no t he rt i mehep u t hi sf e e l i ngc o l o r f u l l y b ys t a t i ngt ha thec o u l d no tb e l i e v et ha tamo u s e c o u l db r i nga b o u td r a s t i c c ha ng e si nt heu ni v e r s e s i mp l yb yl o o k i nga ti t . —HughEv e r e t t

N owl ook wh a ty oud i d . H e ' s u n c on s c i ou s .

E n t i r e l y c ol l a p s e d .

h el a n d e dr i gh t ont opoft h e qu oi n s , d i d n ’ th e .

M h mm.

I nt h a t c a s eN ot n e c e s s a r i l y .

129

A n y on e wi t n e s sh ow t h equ oi n s l a n d e d ? N o?

Y oume a n h emi gh th a v ec a u s e d t h e mt oc ol l a p s eb e f or e h ec ol l a p s e d . P os s i b l e , y e s , t h a t ' se n t i r e l yp os s i b l e . Sh ou l dwewa k e h i mu pa n da s k ?

P l e a s ed on ' t . I ' me n j oy i n g t h es u s p e n s e .

Wh a ta b ou tt h ec a t , t h e n ?Wh a ti ft h e c a ts a wt h e ml a n d ? Wou l dt h a tc ou n t ?

I t ’ sar e gu l a r wh od u n n i t .

Mey u rk

131

Iwa s j ok i n g.

A h.

Soy ou ' r es a y i n g i fs ome on e

Ors ome t h i n g, s e e sad e f i n i t et os sou t c ome , t h e na n don l yt h e n , d ot h e qu oi n sc ol l a p s ei n t oa d e f i n i t es t a t e ?

132

P r e c i s e l y ! I ti st h ea c tofb e c omi n gc on s c i ou s oft h et os sou t c omet h a tma k e sr e a l i t yp a s sf r om t h el i mb oofp ot e n t i a l i t i e st ot h ec l a r i t yofa c t u a l i t i e s . Wemu s ta l wa y sd i v i d et h ewor l di n t ot wop a r t s , t h eon eb e i n gt h equ oi n s , t h eot h e rt h eob s e r v e r . T h es p l i tb e t we e nt h et woi sa r b i t r a r yt oal a r gee x t e n t , b u ti ne a c hd e s c r i p t i ont h eb ou n d a r ymu s tb ep u ts ome wh e r e . I n d e e d , e x p e r i e n c eon l yma k e ss t a t e me n t soft h i st y p e : a nob s e r v e rh a sma d eac e r t a i nob s e r v a t i on ; a n dn e v e ra n y l i k et h i s : t h equ oi n sa r er i gge dt ol a n dac e r t a i nwa y . Qu oi nme c h a n i c si sa b ou te n t a n gl e dqu oi ne v e n t s . A ss oona sawi t n e s si n t e r a c t swi t ht h equ oi n s a n dob s e r v e son eou t c omeort h eot h e r t h egi gi su p !T h ec a s ei sc l os e d ! T h ewi t n e s si st h ec u l p r i twh o c ol l a p s e st h equ oi n si n t o on es t a t eort h eot h e r .

133

The worl di sfu l l ofobv i ou st hi n gs whi chn obodyby a n ycha n ceev er observ es.

135

St opt el l i ngGod whatt odo! No b e l p r i z ewi nni ngDa ni s hp h y s i c i s tNi e l sBo hr ’ s‘ c o mp l e me nt a r i t y ’ i nt e r p r e t a t i o nha se x e r t e dap o we r f u l i nflu e nt i a l o nt het hi nk i ngo f t hep h y s i c sc o mmu ni t ys i nc et he1 9 2 0’ s . Ati t sc o r ei sBo hr ’ sb e l i e f t ha tq u a nt u mme c ha ni c sf o r c e su st ol e tg oo ft hec l a s s i c a l i d e a l o f p i c t u r i ngr e a l i t ya tt hemi c r o l e v e l . Wi t hv a r i a t i o nsb yo t he r p h y s i c i s t sl i k eWe r ne rHe i s e nb e r g , i n v e nt o ro fq u a nt u mme c ha ni c s , a ndWo l f g a ngP a u l i , ap r o mi ne ntfig u r ei nt heBo hrc a mp , t hi s d o c t r i nec a met ob ek no wna st heCo p e nha g e ni nt e r p r e t a t i o n. Ei ns t e i nd i d n ' tb u yi nt oBo hr ' sv i e wa ndne v e ra b a nd o ne dt heq u e s t t ofindu nd e r l y i ngc a u s e st ha tc o u l da c c o u ntf o rq u a nt u m p r o b a b i l i t i e s . Her e g a r d e dc o mp l e me nt a r i t ya sno t hi ngmo r et ha n t he r a p yf o rp h y s i c i s t sd e p r e s s e da b o u tt hee ni g mao fe nt a ng l e me nt . I nt he1 9 5 0’ s , Da v i dBo hm, c o n v i nc e db yEi ns t e i n ’ sa r g u me nt s , a d d e d ‘ hi d d e nv a r i a b l e s ’ a ndc a meu pwi t hat he o r yt ha ts ho we dho wt he c o r r e l a t i o nso fe nt a ng l e dp a r t i c l e sc o u l db ee x p l a i ne dc a u s a l l y . T og e t t hi st owo r k , Bo hmha dt og i v eu ps o mea s p e c t so fEi ns t e i n ’ ss p e c i a l t he o r yo fr e l a t i v i t y . Ei ns t e i nwa s n ’ te nt hu s i a s t i ca b o u tBo hm’ st he o r y a ndr e ma r k e dt oS c hr ö d i ng e rt ha ti ts e e me d‘ t o oc he a p ’ t ohi m. As Be l l p o i nt e do u t , ‘ t heEi ns t e i nP o d o l s k y Ro s e np a r a d o xi sr e s o l v e di n t hewa ywhi c hEi ns t e i nwo u l dha v el i k e dl e a s t . ’ e h ht t i sw ’ t a h W , ? yJ n o s He s e yl r o t s i ch i p e

o st i h et k a t h t i DoI eOKw r ’ u t ? o s y y l a n n a a o me h c y s p a g n i e rb h Bo : ) T.

The r ei snoq u a nt u mwo r l d . The r ei so nl ya na b s t r a c tq u a nt u m p hy s i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n. I ti swr o ngt ot hi nkt ha t t het a s ko fp hy s i c si st ofindo u tho wna t u r ei s . P hy s i c sc o nc e r nswha twec a ns a ya b o u tna t u r e . —Ni e l sBohr

TheHe i s e nb e r g Bo hrt r a nq u i l i z i ngp hi l o s o p hy —o rr e l i g i o n? —i ss od e l i c a t e l yc o nt r i v e dt ha t , f o r t het i meb e i ng , i tp r o v i d e sag e nt l ep i l l o wf o rt he t r u eb e l i e v e rf r o mwhi c hhec a nno tv e r ye a s i l y b ea r o u s e d . S ol e thi ml i et he r e . —Al be r tEi ns t e i n

H ey ! y ouca n ’ t j u stl ea v e hi mhere l i k et ha t !

ea sy doesi t .

We’ resortof ru n n i n gabi tl a t e.

Igu esswe ca nt a k ehi mwi t hu s. H eyy ou !C hewba cca ! Ma k ey ou rsel fu sefu l a n dgra bhi sfeet , wi l ly a .

Ont hree i nhegoes. On e. . . t wo. . .

138

H ei si ! C a t ch!

Three!

Geti na n dshu tt he doorwi l ly a . Geez .

Wherea rewe goi n ga n y wa y ?

Grou pt hera p y . I ft ha tdoesn ’ tfi x hi m,n ot hi n gwi l l .

139

qu i ts wi n gi n g h i ma r ou n d , Wi l ly a . We ’ r e h e r e .

Y erma k i n g t heca t sea si ck .

Ir e ga r dma t t e r a sd e r i v a t i v ef r om c on s c i ou s n e s s .

Ir e ga r d c on s c i ou s n e s s a sf u n d a me n t a l .

140

Is e e , Is e e . C l e a r l yweh a v emor e wor kt od o, b u tou r t i mei su p . N e v e r mi n d . R omewa s n ’ t b u i l ti nad a y .

G ood M or n i n g D r . B oh m. I n d e e di ti s , D r . P l a n c k .

C omei n ,comei n . A h,Threen ewrecru i t s Isee. ari ghtl i v el ybu n ch y ou ’ v edu gu pt hi st i me, Pa u l i . I st ha ton est i l l brea t hi n g?Y es?Then p u thi mdowna n d L et ’ sbegi n .

N e x t !

WeC A Ns a y , f ore x a mp l e , “ T woqu oi n sh a v eb e e n f l i p p e ds t a r t i n gt a i l sa n d h a v eb ot hl a n d e dh e a d s . ” T h a t ’ sap r op e r t h i n gt os a y .

142

Ofc ou r s e , ofc ou r s e . B u tI mu s tc on f e s st o al i t t l en a ggi n g f e e l i n g.

H e r eh e goe s a ga i n .

Ih e a r d t h a t !

G e n t l e me n , ge n t l e me n , p l e a s e ! C on t i n u e . We a r ea l le a r s .

T h e r emu s tb eSOM E R E A SON , SOM EC A U SEt h a t ma k e st h e mf ol l owt h er u l e s ofqu oi nme c h a n i c s , a n dt h a t c a u s emu s te x i s ta sa n a s p e c tofr e a l i t y . Wea l s ok n ow t h a tt h equ oi n s c a n ’ tb er i gge di n a d v a n c et op u l l of ft h i sf e a t .

Soi fI s e p a r a t e t h equ oi n s .

T h i n kf a s t !

Igot i t !

?

144

n on eofu sh a s a n yi d e awh a tou rf r i e n d i su pt oi nt h e r e . sni c k e r .

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H a sh e f l i p p e dh i squ oi n ? H a sh en ot ?Id o n otk n ow.

C a nI c omeou t n ow?

a n ds ot ou n d e r s t a n d t h ed i r e c t i onofc a u s e , wh i c h qu oi ni n f l u e n c e dwh i c h , we mu s tk n owt h ea n s we rt ot h es i mp l e qu e s t i on : Wh oF l i p p e dF i r s t ? Ame r et r i v i a l i t y , y e s ?

145

B u t , b u t wh a ti f . . . Y e s ?

We l l , wh a ti f wef l i pt h e qu oi n sa tt h e s a met i me ? H oh o!D i dy ou h e a rt h a t ?Av e r ygood qu e s t i oni n d e e d . Wh a ti fwei nf a c tf l i pt h e qu oi n ss i mu l t a n e ou s l y ?A f a s c i n a t i n gqu e s t i on . A f a s c i n a t i n gc on c e p t , s i mu l t a n e i t y .

146

147

B l ood y r e l a t i v i t y .

H ow won d e r f u l t h a tweh a v e me twi t ha p a r a d ox . N ow weh a v es ome h op eofma k i n g p r ogr e s s . T i mea n da ga i nwe s e et h a ta n ya t t e mp tt o p i c t u r ea“ r e a l i t y ”t h a t u n d e r l i e sa n dc a u s e st h e qu oi n s ’ l a n d i n gou t c ome s l e a d st oc on t r a d i c t i on .

148

Ap e n . Some on e l e f tap e ni nh e r e ! I ’ l ld r a wap i c t u r e !

Oooh . I , I , t h i n k If ou n d s ome t h i n g.

I ’ mgoi n g t od r a wa p i c t u r eoft h e u n d e r l y i n gr e a l i t y t h a tma k e squ oi n me c h a n i c s p os s i b l e !

Soe a c hqu oi nM U ST“ k n ow”wh a t ’ s u p— t e eh e e— wi t ht h eot h e r , B U Ts i n c et h e ywor ke v e nwh e n t h e y ’ r ef l i p p e da t t h es a met i me …

H e ’ sN ot B l u f f i n g!

N ow, y ouk n owI mu s ta d v i s ea ga i n s tt h a t . I t ’ ss i mp l yn otagood i d e aa tt h i ss t a geof y ou rt h e r a p y . I t ’ squ i t e s i mp l ey ous e e . qu oi n sc oor d i n a t e t h e i rl a n d i n gs . T h a t ’ s ob v i ou s . B u tn oti n a d v a n c e , N o, n on o. We ’ v ea l ls e e n I t ’ s T H EP R OOF . J a mme d ! T h e r emu s tb e s ome t h i n gt h a tc on n e c t s t h equ oi n s , awa v e— i n s t a n t l y t r a n s mi t t i n gi n f or ma t i on a b ou tf l i p p i n gon equ oi n— t h a t p i l ot st h e l a n d i n goft h e ot h e r .

Wh a tt h eh e l l i sh ed oi n gi n t h e r e ?

h e ’ s c omi n g ou t !

149

ghjc v

150

F a s t e rt h a n l i gh t , h u h ? Y e p .

U m, y e s , qu i t er i gh t . Sor r y . C ou l dIh a v e myp a geb a c kf ora s e c on d .

A r s c h l oc h !

151

efc g

Ap r e f e r r e d r e f e r e n c e f r a me , h u h ?

Y e p .

D e i n e M u t t e r ! R e l a t i v i t y D en i er! 152

Wemu s tb ec l e a r C omeou t t h a twh e ni tc ome st oqu oi n s , t h i si n s t a n t ! l a n gu a gec a nb eu s e don l ya si np oe t r y . T h ep oe ti sn otc on c e r n e dwi t h d e s c r i b i n gf a c t sb u twi t hc r e a t i n gi ma ge s . aqu oi ns t a t ei sa na b s t r a c t i on . aqu oi n f a c ti s d e f i n a b l eon l y i nt e r msof f l i p p i n g.

Wa sz u r H öl l e ? ! ? Id e ma n d a na p ol og y ! H ec a l l e dme a n“ A r s c h l oc h . ” H e ’ st h eon ewh o s h ou l db e a p ol ogi z i n g! G e n t l e me n , ge n t l e me n ! s u r e l ywec a ns e t t l eou r d i f f e r e n c e sl i k ea d u l t s .

Wh a ta f r u i t c a k e ! G i v emet h a t y oul oon y !

154

M ye s t e e me d f r i e n d s , u n t i lr e c e n t l ywe we r ei na gr e e me n tr e ga r d i n g t h ec a u s a ln a t u r eofc or r e l a t e d e v e n t s . E v e nt h ed i s c ov e r yoft h e f i n i t ev e l oc i t yoft h ep r op a ga t i on ofl i gh ta n dt h er e l a t i v i t yof s i mu l t a n e i t yr a i s e dn o gr a v ec on c e p t u a l d i f f i c u l t i e s .

A n dy e tl ook a ty oun ow. C l a wi n g a te a c hot h e rl i k e p r e s i d e n t i a lc a n d i d a t e s ont h ec a mp a i gnt r a i l . A n dwh a t , Ia s k , h a s b r ou gh tu st o t h i ss a ds t a t e ?

Ac h a l l e n ge , i mp l i c i ti nt h ev e r ye x i s t e n c e ofQu oi n s , t ot h eu n d e r l y i n g i d e a lofc a u s a l i t yi nn a t u r e !P r i or t ot h ed i s c ov e r yofqu oi n si twa s a s s u me dt h a tt h e r ee x i s t sar e a l i t y i ns p a c e t i mea n dt h a tt h i sr e a l i t yi s agi v e nt h i n g, a l lofwh os ea s p e c t s c a nb ev i e we dora r t i c u l a t e da t a n ygi v e nmome n t . A l a s , t h a t v i e wi son ewemu s tn ow r e n ou n c ea sn a i v e .

155

T h ep r ob l e m a r i s e swh e nwet r yt o p i c t u r ea na n t e c e d e n t s t a t et h a twi l lp r e d i c t qu oi nme c h a n i c sl a n d i n gs f ora l lp os s i b l e t os ss e t u p s .

h a c h a c

A n ds owh i l e t h e r ec a nb en os t a t e oft h eu n t os s e dQu oi n swh i c h wi l ls a t i s f yQu oi nM e c h a n i c sf or A L Lt os ss e t u p s , i np r a c t i c ec h oos i n g on es e t u pn e c e s s a r i l yr u l e sou tt h e p os s i b i l i t yofi mp l e me n t i n ga n ot h e rf or a n ygi v e nt os s . Si n c es u c hc omp l e me n t a r y a n dmu t u a l l ye x c l u s i v et os ss e t u p sc a ni n p r a c t i c en e v e rc oe x i s t , i nr e a l i t yn o p a r a d oxc a ne v e rr e s u l tf r om t h i si n t r i n s i ca mb i gu i t yof s t a t e . i s n ’ tt h a t r i gh t , k i t t y ? p r r r r r T h i se x c l u s i v ea n d c omp l e me n t a r yn a t u r eof t h et os sou t c ome su n d e r d i f f e r e n tt os ss e t u p sf or c e s u st or e n ou n c eou rc l a s s i c a l c on c e p t i onofc a u s a l i t y .

T h a tn os i n gl es t a t ewi l ls a t i s f yQu oi nM e c h a n i c sf ora l l t os ss e t u p si nn owa yu n d e r mi n e si t sp r e d i c t i v ep owe rt o d e s c r i b et os sou t c ome sf orwe l l d e f i n e dt os ss e t u p s , wh i c hi si nf a c tt h eon l yp h e n ome n ont h a twec a ne v e r ob s e r v ea n dwh i c hi n d e e dc on s t i t u t e st h eon l y p os s i b l ee v i d e n c ef orv e r i f y i n gQu oi nM e c h a n i c s . A n dn owG e n t l e me n , Ia ma f r a i d ou rt i mei su p .

Ap a ge ! T h eu n d e r l y i n g f a b r i cof ou rs t or y ! Wh a t ’ s t h a tgi a n t t h u mb t h e n ? Wh e r e ? ! ? H a h ! M a d ey a l ook !

s t or y ? Wh a t St or y ? A c t u a l l y , We ’ r e i non ec op yof t h es t or y .

Oht h e r e ’ s a“ r e a l ”p a ge a l r i gh t , i t j u s tmi gh tn ot b ea n y t h i n g l i k et h i son e .

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M e ?

Id u n n o.

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B u tont h eot h e rh a n d . . .

s ome t i me sIc a n ’ th e l p b u th op et h a tt h ea n s we r . . .

orn ot ! ! !

A h A !We ’ r ei nt h eL a b y r i n t hof I n t e r p r e t a t i on . T h a te x p l a i n sa l ot . T h i ss t or yj u s tk e e p sgoi n g i na l lt h e s ed i f f e r e n td i r e c t i on s . B u t , l ook !T h e r e ’ sawh ol eot h e r s t or y !Sh a l lwe ?

Conf oundi ngE. V. E. ( t hep e r f e c te a v e s d r o p p e r ) Thu si fwea c c e p tt he[ Ei ns t e i n]d e fini t i o nso f r e a l i t ya ndl o c a l i t yt he nweha v enoc ho i c eb u t t oa d mi tt ha tGo di sa ni nv e t e r a t eg a mb l e rwho t hr o wst hed i c eo ne v e r yp o s s i b l eo c c a s i o n. I ns p i t e o ft hi s , wema yfinds o mec o ns o l a t i o ni nha r ne s s i ng t hi sr a nd o mne s sa ndp u t t i ngi ti nt oag o o du s e . Andt hi s , fina l l y , b r i ng su st oc r y p t o g r a p hy . —Ar t urEke r t Thefir s tp r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o no fBe l l ’ si ne q u a l i t y wa si nt hes p o o k ya r to fs e c r e tc o mmu ni c a t i o n. . . . I nf o r ma t i o ni sa l wa y sr e p r e s e nt e db yme a s u r a b l e p hy s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s. . . Co nv e r s e l y , i fs u c hp r o p e r t i e s d ono te x i s tp r i o rt ome a s u r e me nt s , t he nt he r ei s no t hi ngt oe a v e s d r o po n. Thi swa st heb a s i ci d e a t ha tl e dmet ot hed e v e l o p me nto fane w t o o l f o rd e t e c t i nge a v e s d r o p p i ng . —Ar t urEke r t

A h , I t ’ sOp e n i n g. M a y b eou rl u c ki s f i n a l l yc h a n gi n g.

168

We l come , M ort al s .

P as s e dt hrought hel i ght ofmys e e i nge ye , Anobj e ct ’ ss t at e cant e l lnol i e .

170

Yourt as k? Atl e ftadi e rol l e done orze ro atri ghtT hes ame , you’ refre e ,ahe ro.

p as t mys e e i ng knowi nge ye .

on e

fori fIl e arni te rere ve al e d, yourfat e ’ st hi st omb,fore ve rs e al e d.

171

C r y p t i c p oe m, h u h ?

< s i gh >

y ’ k n ow, C or r e c tmei fI ’ mwr on g, b u tu n l e s s I ’ mmi s s i n gs ome t h i n g, a l lIn e e dt od ot oge t u sou tofh e r ei sr ol lt h ed i eont h i ss i d eof t h er ooma n dt h e ngoov e rt ot h a ts i d ea n d p u l lt h el e v e rt os h owh owt h ed i el a n d e d .

Wh os a i dt h a t ? Wh yt h eh e c kn ot ? ! ? “ P a s s e dt h r ou ght h el i gh tofmy s e e i n ge y e , A nob j e c t ’ ss t a t ec a nt e l ln ol i e . ” me a na n y t h i n gt oy ou ?Y oup l a nt or ol lt h ed i e , t r a i p s ep a s tE . V . E . ’ ss e e i n ge y e , p u l lal e v e ra n dge t ou tofh e r e , h u h ?Son i c ea n ds i mp l e , i si t ?N ol i t t l e r e df l a ggoi n gof ff ory out h e ni st h e r e ?L e tmes p e l l i tou tf ory ou . I fy our ol lt h a td i ea n dp a s st h r ou ght h a t b e a mt oge tt ot h el e v e rs h e ’ l lk n owy ou rs t a t e !Y ou r s t a t ei n c l u d e se v e r y t h i n gt h e r ei st h a tc a n b ek n owna b ou ty ou ! ! !

172

So?

A h . Is e ey ou rp oi n t . We l l , t h a n k s , Igu e s s . t a b u ti fy oud on ’ tmi n d t h i si ss or tofap r i v a t e c on v e r s a t i on . A h e m.

M u m’ st h ewor d . F l i e sont h ewa l l f r omn owoni s wh a twea r e .

Qu i t er i gh t . M yb a d .

173

D on ’ twor r y a b ou ti t . n ow Wh e r ewe r e we ?

L ook , h owa b ou tt h i s . Ir ol l t h ed i ea n ds e eh owi tl a n d sb u t s t a yonmys i d eoft h er oom a n dj u s ty e l lou tt h er e s u l ta n d t h e nY OUp u l lt h el e v e r . E a s y p e a z ya n dIk e e pmys t a t et o my s e l f .

Wh oa s k e dy oua n y wa y ? ! ? Wh a t ’ swr on gwi t hi t ?

H owd oe st h a tl i t t l eb i tofi n f or ma t i onge tf r omon e s i d eoft h er oomt ot h eot h e rt h e n , h mmm?M a gi ci si t ? Y e l lou tt h er e s u l twi l ly ou ?T h es ou n dwa v eh a st op a s s r i gh tt h r ou ght h es e e i n ge y et oge tt ot h eot h e rs i d eoft h e r oom,d oe s n ’ ti t ?E . V . E . c a n“ h e a r ”t h a ts ou n da swe l la sy ouorme . B u t ,y ouk n ow, wh a tt h eh e c k , i t ’ swor t hat r y . G of ori t ! I t ’ l lb egoodf oral a u gh !

174

A h !Y e s , r i gh t , we l lma y b e we ’ l lp u tt h a ton eont h e b a c kb u r n e rf ort h e t i meb e i n g.

I ’ v egoti t !Ir ol lt h ed i ea n dt h e n s i gn a lh owi tf e l lt oy ou . T h u mb su p me a n son ea n dt h u mb sd ownme a n sz e r o. Y ous t a ywh e r ey oua r e , p u l lt h el e v e r a n dwe ’ r ea sgooda sgon e !

N i c ec h oi c eofwor d st h os e . T e eh e e . A sgooda sgon e . An a t u r a l mi s t a k er e a l l y , i s n ’ ti t , f or ge t t i n gt h a t s e e i n gs ome t h i n gont h eot h e rs i d eof t h er oomme a n sl i gh tt r a v e l e dp a s tt h ee y e . T h e yd on ’ tc a l li ta“ s e e i n g”e y ef orn ot h i n g, d ot h e y . I s n ’ tt h a twh a t d i dy oui n , J e r r y ? I ti s !

N owy ou ’ v e goti t !

Qu i t er i gh t N owa . y a r o u t n h d a tI ’ ma f r a i d.

175

Wou l dy ouc r e e p sj u s tSH U TU Pf or on es e c on d !Ia mt r y i n gt oh a v ea p r i v a t ec on v e r s a t i onwi t hmyf r i e n d ov e rt h e r e ! Sor r y .

I t ’ sa l on e l y l i f e .

I t ’ sj u s twe “ c r e e p s ”ge t c omp a n ys o s e l d om.

A l r i gh t , a l r i gh t , i t ’ sf i n e . N oh a r md on e . Wh a twa st h a ty ous a i d ?s ome t h i n g a b ou tas e c r e tk e y ? Se n dab i tE . V . E . c a ns e eb u tn ot u n d e r s t a n d ?Wh a t ’ st h a ts u p p os e d t ome a n ?

N i c ei d e a . C a n ’ tb ed on e .

Wh yt h ec fnq sn ot ? ! ?

176

H owd oy oup l a nt oge tt h ek e yp a s t h e rs e e i n ge y e ?Sp e a ki t , s i gn a li t , me mor i z e i t , i td oe s n ’ tma t t e r . Wh a t e v e rf or mt h e k e yt a k e sy oun e e db ot hp a r t i e sone i t h e r s i d eoft h es e e i n ge y et oh a v ei t . I ft h ek e yp a s s e sb yh e re y et h e nE . V . E . h a si tt oo, i s n ’ tt h a tr i gh tM a u r e e n ? R i gh ta sr a i n b u tId on ’ twa n tt o t a l ka b ou ti ti fy ou d on ’ tmi n d . B r i n gs b a c kp a i n f u l me mor i e s i td oe s .

Sowh a ty ou ’ r es a y i n gi st h e r e ’ s n owa yt os ol v et h er i d d l e , a n d weh a v ea5 0/ 5 0c h a n c eof ge t t i n gou tofh e r ea l i v e !

a tb e s t .

D on ’ th a t e t h eme s s e n ge r .

177

We r eD oome d ! ! ! H owc a ny oub e p l a y i n gwi t ht h a tt h i n g a tat i mel i k et h i s !

I ’ v er ol l e d t h ed i e .

T os smyqu oi n ?

n owwh a t ? Ok , I ’ md on e . Wa ss ome t h i n g s u p p os e dt o h a p p e n ?

h e r egoe sn ot h i n g. mys e c r e tme s s a gei s . . .

Z e r o!

179

181

Wes h ou l d r e a l l yge tu s on eoft h os e .

We s h ou l d !

Expl oi t i ngQM t oComput e I fy o ut a k ej u s to nep i e c eo fi nf o r ma t i o n f r o mt hi sb l o g : Qu a nt u mc o mp u t e r swo u l dno ts o l v e ha r ds e a r c hp r o b l e msi ns t a nt a ne o u s l yb ys i mp l y t r y i nga l l t hep o s s i b l es o l u t i o nsa to nc e . —Sc ot tAa r ons on’ sbl ogmot t o Ra t he r , aq u a nt u mc o mp u t e rc a ns o l v ec e r t a i np r o b l e msi nf e we r s t e p st ha nac l a s s i c a l c o mp u t e rb e c a u s ei tc a nd os owi t ho u two r k i ng o u tt hea ns we r st oq u e s t i o nst ha ta r e n ’ ta s k e d , b u tt ha tac l a s s i c a l c o mp u t e rne e d st oa ns we ri no r d e rt os o l v et hep r o b l e m.F o r e x a mp l e , s u p p o s ey o uwa ntt ok no wwhe t he ras t a t e me ntl i k e“ Po r Qo rRo r. . . ”i st r u eo rf a l s e , b u ty o u ’ r eno ti nt e r e s t e di nwhe t he r t hei nd i v i d u a l c o mp o ne nt sa r et r u eo rf a l s e . Theo nl ywa yac l a s s i c a l c o mp u t e rc o u l dfig u r et ha to u ti sb yc he c k i nge a c hc o mp o ne ntu nt i l i tfind so net ha t ’ st r u e , o rfind st ha ta l l a r ef a l s e . S ot hec o mp u t e r g e ne r a l l yha st owo r ko u ta nds t o r ea ns we r st oma nyt r u e / f a l s e q u e s t i o nst ha ty o ua r e n ’ ti nt e r e s t e di na ss t e p si nt hep r o c e s so f d e c i d i ngwhe t he rt heo nes t a t e me nty o ua r ei nt e r e s t e di ni st r u eo r f a l s e . Byc o nt r a s t , aq u a nt u mc o mp u t e re x p l o i t sc u r i o u sc o r r e l a t i o ns t ob y p a s sr e d u nd a nti nf o r ma t i o na b o u tt hec o mp o ne nt s . Re a do nt os e eho wt hi swo r k s . T?He l l o ? Nos t i c k yno t e ? Noc o mme nt ?Nob i t i ngc r i t i c i s m? Ar ey o ue v e nr e a d i ngt hi s ?

[ Thi s ]p r o b l e mi sno tj u s ts o mes i l l y c o mmu ni c a t i o nt a s k ; i ti si nf a c tt hemo s td i ffic u l t c o mmu ni c a t i o nt a s kp o s s i b l e( t e c hni c a l l yc a l l e dt he “ i nne rp r o d u c t ”p r o b l e m) . I nd e e d , e v e r yo t he r c o mmu ni c a t i o np r o b l e mc a nb ema p p e do nt o t hi so ne , s or e mo v i ngt her e d u nd a nc yf r o mt hi s… p r o b l e mme a nsr e mo v i ngt her e d u nd a nc y f r o ma l l c o mmu ni c a t i o np r o b l e ms .

em l b o r p s i h et s u s ’ et l , eyT H . n o i t ec gs n i t u p m o mc u t n a u eq h t r o f

—Sa nduPope s c u

y OUK N OWt H OSE QU OI N SSA V E DOU R SK I N S.

l OOK , i H A V EAR OL L OFQU a R T E R S. mA Y B EWE SH OU L DP U TT H E Ma l l T H R OU G HT H ET OA ST E R . j U STI NC A SE .

h E R E , Y OU ’ DB E T T E R M A R KT H E MSOWE C A NK E E PT R A C KOF T H EP A i R S.

On ef ory oua n don ef orme . On ef ory oua n don ef orme . OK , T h a t ’ sa l loft h e m.

Wh oa h ! ! ! T a k eal ooka tt h a tp l a c e ! L e t ’ sgoi na n dc h e c ki tou t .

188

D oe s n ' tt h i sl ook gr e a t ?Al i t t l ef u ni s j u s twh a twen e e d !

We ’ r ei n !

190

Ohd a r l i n g, d ol e t ’ sp l a y . I ' mf e e l i n g l u c k y !

P a r t n e r s Od dorE v e n , D ou b l eorN ot h i n g. A r et h e r ea ne v e n n u mb e rofp a i r sof on e sora nod dn u mb e r ? H a z a r daG u e s sa n dy ou c ou l dwa l ka wa y wi t hs i xb i t c oi n s !

T h a n ky ous i r . T h a t ' ss i xb i tc oi n s f ory ou .

191

Wh owi l l r e gi s t e rt h e a n s we r ?

Iwi l l !

192

A sy ouwi s h . Si r , ma yIi n v i t e y out ot h e c ommu n i c a t or ’ s s i d e ?R e a d y ? l e t ’ sb e gi n .

p e e k a b oo d a r l i n g! G oodl u c k !

A l r i gh tl a d i e sa n dge n t s , a r et h e r ea ne v e norod dn u mb e r ofp a i r sof1 ’ sa c r os st h et a b l e ? A n s we rc or r e c t l y , d ou b l ey ou rb i t c oi n s . G e ti twr on g, b i tc oi n s got ot h eh ou s e .

Si r , wou l d y ouc a r et o s p e n dab i tc oi n t oc ommu n i c a t e ab i tt oy ou r p a r t n e r ?

oh , n ot h a n ky ou . H e rl u c k yf e a t h e ri s t i n gl i n g, y ouk n ow, h e h , h e h !A l r i gh tp u s s y c a t , wh a t ' sy ou rgu e s s ?

Ohmy , Id on ' tk n ow! I ' l ls a ye v e n , n ood d !I ' m goi n gt ogu e s st h e r ea r ea n od dn u mb e rofp a i r sof1 ’ s !

194

N ott owor r ymy l i t t l eh e n . Wea l wa y s wi na sma n ya swel os e wi t ht h a ts t r a t e gy .

We ’ l lp l a y .

c a r et os p e n d ab i tc oi nt os h a r e ab i twi t hy ou r p a r t n e r ?

Ohi n d e e dIwou l d ! A l r i gh tb a b y , I ’ v egotmy b i tc oi n sf a c i n gt h es a me wa ya smyl a n ev a l u e s , i n or d e ra n dr e a d y t os h a r e . s t a n d i n gb y f ory ou rf i r s t l a n e ’ sv a l u e , d u c k y .

196

G oti t . b u tI ’ l l n e e dt h e n e x tl a n e t ood u c k y .

H erey ou goba by .

N o p r ob l e m. T h a n k s . H i tme a ga i n d u c k y .

OK . T h i r d l a n ec omi n g a t t c h a !

197

T h a t ’ s a l lI n e e d .

N otou rl u c k i e s t h a n d , e hd u c k y ?We l l , a t l e a s twed ou b l e dt h e T r u e , b a b e . t h r e eb i tc oi n s Ic h a l l e n gea n y on e weh a dl e f t . t ob e a tab r e a k e v e n s t r a t e gyf ort h a t ga me .

198

H mmm, Id on ’ tl i k et h e s ou n doft h os eod d s . L e t ’ st r yt h es l ot s .

Qu oi nme c h a n i c s ?

I th a st od owi t h qu oi nme c h a n i c s . Ofc ou r s e . Is h ou l dh a v egu e s s e d . F i n e . s ot e l lmey ou rgr e a tp l a n .

199

200

We ’ r egoi n gt o E x p l oi tt h ec u r i ou s c or r e l a t i ont o “ ga me ”t h ega me ?

H ow? ! ?

i Fwet a k eap a i rofqu oi n sa n d e a c ht os son e , s t a r t i n gt h e m b ot hH E A D SU P , ON Ep e r s on ’ s qu oi nWi L LL A N DT A i L SA N DT H E OT H E R ’ sH E A D S.

s oon ep e r s onwi l lge tah e a d s l a n d i n gA NOD DN U M B E ROFT i M E S, N A M E L YON C E ,a n dT H EOT H E Rp e r s onwi l lge ta h e a d sl a n d i n ga nE V E NN U M B E R OFT i M E S, N A M E L Y Z E R O . p u t t i n gon eofu si nt h e od d n u mb e r of h e a d s l a n d i n gsc a mpa n dt h eot h e ri nt h ee v e n n u mb e r of h e a d s l a n d i n gsc a mp .

201

A n di fwes p l i tu pt wop a i r s ofqu oi n sa n de a c ht os s b ot hoft h e ms t a r t i n g h e a d su p . . .

I fon ep e r s onge t son ea n d on l yon eh e a d sl a n d i n g, t h e nt h eot h e rp e r s ona l s oh a st o ge te x a c t l yon eh e a d sl a n d i n g.

202

T H i SWOR K SN OM A T T E RH OWM A N YT i M E S weT OSSP A i R SOFQU Oi N SST A R T i N GT H E M B OT HH E A D SU P .

203

I fwet os st h equ oi n ss t a r t i n gt h e ma n y ot h e rwa y , s a yt a i l s / t a i l sorh e a d s / t a i l s . . .

t h e nt h e ya l wa y sh a v et of a l l t h es a mea se a c hot h e r .

s of orn on h e a d s / h e a d st os s e si fon ep e r s onge t s a ne v e nn u mb e rofh e a d sl a n d i n gs , t h e ns owi l lt h e ot h e rp e r s on , a n di fon ep e r s onge t sa nod dn u mb e r ofh e a d sl a n d i n gs , t h e ns owi l lt h eot h e rp e r s on .

204

M e a n i n gt h a tn on h e a d s / h e a d st os s e s , wh i c ha l wa y sl a n dt h es a mea se a c hot h e r . . .

won ’ tc h a n gewh e t h e ror n otwea r ei nt h es a me e v e n od dc a mp . . .

a n dl i k e wi s en on h e a d s / h e a d st os s e s won ’ tc h a n gewh e t h e r orn ot . . .

wea r ei nd i f f e r e n tc a mp se i t h e r .

s oi fwea r ei nt h es a mee v e n od dc a mp , t h e nt h e r emu s t h a v eb e e na ne v e nn u mb e rofh e a d s / h e a d st os s e s , a n di f wea r ei nd i f f e r e n te v e n od dc a mp s , t h e nt h e r ewe r ea n od dn u mb e rofh e a d s / h e a d st os s e s , n oma t t e rh owma n y p a i r sofqu oi n swet os s e da n dh owwet os s e dt h e m.

205

Some t i me sIwon d e r h owy out i ey ou r owns h oe s .

H on e s t l y .

I ’ mj u s th a v i n ga t h ou gh t .

h a n gon .

206

I ft h el a n eh a sa on e , s t a r tt h et os s h e a d su p .

A f t e rwe ’ v et os s e dt h e qu oi n sf ora l lf i v e l a n e s , Y ous p e n don eb i t c oi nt ol e tmek n owi f y ou ’ r ei nt h ee v e n -or od d h e a d s l a n d i n gc a mp .

I ft h el a n eh a s az e r o, s t a r t t a i l su p .

z e r owi l lme a n y ou ’ r ei nt h e e v e n l a n d i n g c a mp .

on ewi l lme a ny ou ’ r e i nt h eod d l a n d i n g c a mp .

I fwe ’ r ei nt h es a mec a mp , t h a tme a n st h e r ea r ea ne v e n n u mb e rofp a i r sofon e s . I f we ’ r ei nd i f f e r e n tc a mp s , t h e n t h e r ea r ea nod dn u mb e r . Si n c ewe ’ l ls p e n don l yon e b i tc oi na n dd ou b l ewh a t ’ s l e f t , We ’ l lwa l ka wa ywi t ht e n b i tc oi n se v e r yr ou n d ! I t ’ sb r i l l i a n t ! ! ! I t ’ si n f a l l i b l e ! ! !

Y ou ’ r ep a y i n g, r i gh t ? J u s tc h e c k i n g.

207

208

209

We ’ r egon n ab er i c h ! ! !

Y oua r e C or r e c t ! Ou rwi n n i n gt e a m wa l k sa wa ywi t ht e n b i tc oi n s . Wou l d y ouc a r et o p l a ya ga i n ?

I n d e e dwewou l d ! D e a lu si n !

211

C or r e c t ! Y ouwa l ka wa y e l l wi t ht e nb i tc oi n s ! h y e a h ! Wi l ly oup l a y a ga i n ?

A n ot h e r wnwi t ha n Oh , e v e nn u mb e rof W e ’ r e p a i r sofon e sa n d j u s t t e nmor eb i tc oi n s ! t i n g M a yIe n t i c ey ou ge s t a r t e d ! t op l a y a ga i n ?

T h a t ’ sr i gh t ! T h e r ea r ei n d e e da n e v e nn u mb e r . A na ma z i n g s t r e a ka n dt e nmor eb i t c oi n sf orou r wi n n i n gd u o. M u s tb eou r l u c k yd a y , h e h , h e h . 212

Ê

E v e n i n ’ G u v s . Al i t t l e b i r dt ol du sof a nu n c ommonr u nof goodf or t u n ea t t h i sv e r yt a b l e .

Qu i c k , j u s tt r a d ei nf or on eoft h ep r i z e sa n d l e t ’ sge tt h eh e c k ou tofh e r e !

Wooh oo!D i dwe e v e rp u l laf a s t on eont h e m!

215

HeyT,whatar eyoudoi ng. Resear ch. Ah,f ami l i ar i zi ngyour sel fwi t h t hei nsandout sofquant um t el epor t at i on. Somet hi ngl i ket hat . Soyou’ vepr obabl yr uni nt ot he f actt hatmeasur i nganobj ectt o getanyi nf or mat i onabouti t s quant um st at enecessar i l y changest hest at er andoml y . Fasci nat i ngst uf f . Yeah.Fasci nat i ng. Andwhatdi dyout hi nkoft henocl oni ngt heor em,whi chpr oves t hatyoucan’ tcopyanunknown quant um st at e? Bl ewmeaway . You’ l lnodoubthaveconsi der ed t hati fyoucoul ddemat er i al i zean obj ecti nonepl aceand mat er i al i zei tsomewher eel seby sendi ngi nf or mat i onabouti t s st at e,i twoul dr equi r et r ansmi t t i ng ani nf i ni t eamountofdat aevent o speci f yt hepol ar i zat i ondi r ect i on ofasi ngl ephot ont oi nf i ni t e pr eci si on.What ’ samazi ngi st hat youcanexpl oi tent angl ementt o t el epor taquant um st at eby t r ansmi t t i ngasi ngl ebi tof i nf or mat i on. Socool . You' r enotr eal l ypayi ng at t ent i ont oanyofwhatI ' m sayi ngar eyou? That ’ samazi ng.

Soul(st at e) Tel eport at i on

L a t e r , whe nane ws ma na s k e dmewhe t he r i twa sp o s s i b l et ot e l e p o r tno to nl yt heb o d y b u ta l s ot hes o u l , Ia ns we r e d“ o nl yt hes o u l . ” Ev e nt ha ti sag r o s so v e r s i mp l i fic a t i o n. —As he rPe r e s

It h i n kwe ’ r e i nt h ec l e a r . L e t ' sop e ni t !

Woa h ! C ool n e s s ! ! ! L e t ’ ss e ewh a t ’ s i nt h eb ox .

218

219

H a n gon . L ook sl i k ei t t a k e saqu a r t e r .

D oe s n ’ tL ooka n yd i f f e r e n t B u tIgu e s st h a tn owi t ’ s s u p p os e dt oh a v ea 7 9p oi n ts ome t h i n g p e r c e n tc h a n c e ofl a n d i n g h e a d son t h en e x t t os s .

220

T a i l s ? We l l , h owt h eh e c ka r ewe s u p p os e dt ok n owi ft h i st h i n g a c t u a l l ywor k sorn ot ?

Y u p , i twor k s .

Wh a t ' st h e s t a t es wi t c h e r t h i n gd o?

221

Se tt h ed i a l t o1 00%. T h a t wi l lma k ei t e a s i e rt ot e s t t h es wi t c h e r .

T a i l s . N e a t .

I st h e r ea n y t h i n gont h eb a c k oft h a ti n f op a ge ?

222

A h a !N owwe ’ r et a l k i n g!

L ook sl i k ewen e e d t h r e equ a r t e r s . H e r e . Y ouma r kt h e m.

B e a u t i f u l . R e a d yf orSt e pt wo? weT u r nc oi n“ A ”i n t o aSp oc kc oi n !

D on e ?G r e a t . G u e s swh a twen e e d f orSt e pt h r e e .

L u c k ywes t i l lh a v e t h i st h i n g, h u h ?

Ont os t e pf ou r .

224

Ok , I t ’ sab i th a r d e rt o ma k es e n s eofb u tI t h i n kon eofu sh a st o t a k ee n t a n gl e dqu oi nC a n dt h es t a t es wi t c h e r a wa yf r omqu oi nB , t h e Sp oc kc oi na n dt h e t oa s t e r . H e r ey out a k et h e i n s t r u c t i on s . I ’ l lgo.

D oy out h i n kt h i si sf a re n ou gh ? Wh a td owed on e x t ?

225

226

Y ous a y“ A ”a n d“ b ”we r e“ ” ?So?Ih a v et op u t“ C ”t h r ou gh t h es t a t es wi t c h e rt of i n i s ht h et e l e p or t a t i on ?ok .

H e a d s . 228

I twor k e d , Igu e s s . H a n gon . I ’ mc omi n gb a c k .

C ool .

229

Y e a h , wh e ny ou t h i n ka b ou ti t t h a ti sv e r y c ool .

Iwon d e rwh o ma k e st h e s et h i n gs a n y wa y ?

h mmmm. N e v e rh e a r dof‘ e m. Y ou ? M a y b ewes h ou l di n v e s ti nt h e c omp a n y . C ou l db er e a l l yb i gon ed a y .

H e y , l ook !

r i gh tN ow? Y e a h , s u r e wh yn ot ? Wh a tc ou l d gowr on g?

Y ' k n ow, Iwa s j u s tt h i n k i n g.

Wh a ti fWEwe r e s ome h ow, Id u n n o, ma d eofc oi n s .

wh a ti fy ouc ou l d t e l e p or tt h es t a t eofa wh ol eb u n c hofc oi n s ?

I twou l db e p r e t t ys we e t . T h i n kof wh a ty ou ‘ ds a v eon i n f l i gh tb e v e r a ge s .

Wow! Wh a td oy ou t h i n ki ti s ? G os t a n don t h ep l a t f or ma n d I ’ l lt a k ey ou rp i c t u r e .

H ah a !Y ou l ookh i l a r i ou s i nt h e r e !

h u h ?

Iwon d e r wh a tt h i s t h i n gd oe s ?

238

Oop s .

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Qu i c k , C a t c h ! T h e ymi gh t c omei nh a n d y onp a geon e .

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Notes For a link to an expanded version of these notes, see http://totallyrandom.info, where we also have lots of good stuff from the uncut version and more on how quoin entanglement relates to real-world quantum entanglement.

Most of the dialogue in the sequences with Einstein and Schrödinger is from the following sources, slightly tweaked to fit the narrative: [1] Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen, “Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?” Physical Review 47, 777 (1935). [2] Max Born (ed.), The Born-Einstein Letters (Walker and Co., New York, 1971). [3] John D. Trimmer, “The present situation in quantum mechanics: A translation of Schrödinger’s ‘cat paradox’ paper,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 124, 323– 338 (1980). From Schrödinger’s three-part paper “Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik,” Die Naturwissenschaften 48, 807–812; 49, 823–828; 50, 844–849 (1935).

Quotations from John Bell are mostly from his collection of papers: [4] J. S. Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987).

Page 7 The Superquantum Entangler PR01 takes two ordinary coins and turns them into “quoins” that produce the curious correlation when tossed. The correlation is the same as the correlation between inputs and outputs of a “nonlocal box” (generally referred to as a PR-box) introduced by Sandu Popescu and Daniel Rohrlich in “Quantum nonlocality as an axiom,” Foundations of Physics 24, 370– 385 (1994). Quantum systems like entangled photon pairs can produce something close to this correlation, but not quite. Page 9 “I would not call . . . lines of thought.” Erwin Schrödinger, “Discussion of probability relations between separated systems,” Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 31, 555– 563 (1935), p. 555. Pages 16–17 Papers strewn on desk: • •

Zeeya Merali, “Toughest test yet for quantum ‘spookiness,’ ” Nature 525, 14–15 (September 2015). B. Hensen et al., “Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by

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• •

1.3 kilometres,” Nature 526, 682–686 (October 2015). Gregor Wehs et al., “Violations of Bell’s inequality under strict Einstein locality conditions,” Physical Review Letters 81, 5039–5043 (1998). K. Shalm et al., “Strong loophole-free test of local realism,” Physical Review Letters 115, 250402–250412 (2015).

Page 22 “The scientific attitude . . . explanation.” John Bell in [4], p. 152. Page 37 John Bell derived the inequality that goes by his name in “On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox,” Physics 1, 195–200 (1964), reprinted in [4], pp. 14–21. Since Bell’s original paper, there have been many versions of his theorem, with several related inequalities. One of the most useful inequalities was derived by J. Clauser, M. Horne, A. Shimony, and R. Holt in “Proposed experiment to test local hidden variable theories,” Physical Review Letters 23, 880–884 (1969). The inequality on “The Punchline” page is a version of the Clauser-Horne-Simony-Holt inequality. Page 38 This version of Bell’s theorem is closely related to (and was stimulated by) the proof in Nicolas Gisin’s book Quantum Chance: Nonlocality, Teleportation and Other Quantum Marvels (Copernicus, Göttingen, 2014). Pages 42–43 “Conceivably, . . . velocity of light.” John Bell in [4], p. 20; A. Aspect, J. Dalibard, and G. Roger, “Experimental test of Bell’s inequality using time-varying analyzers,” Physical Review Letters A 260, 323–327 (1999). Pages 56–57 “Do not keep saying . . . like that.” Richard Feynman, The Character of Physical Law (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1967), p. 129. “Those who are not shocked . . . understood it.” Niels Bohr, as quoted by W. Heisenberg in Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations (Harper and Row, New York, 1971), p. 206. “It seems . . . single moment.” Albert Einstein in a letter to Cornelius Lanczos, March 21, 1942, Einstein Archive 15, 294. Translated in H. Dukas and B. Hoffmann (eds.), Albert Einstein: The Human Side (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1979), p. 68. “One should . . . point of a needle.” Wolfgang Pauli in a letter to Max Born [2], p. 223. “Can nature . . . atomic experiments.” W. Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations (Harper and Row, New York, 1971), p. 42. Pages 66–67 “I don’t like it . . . do with it.” Commonly attributed to Erwin Schrödinger, referring to the probability interpretation of quantum mechanics. For example, epigraph, without citation, in John Gribbin, In Search of Schrödinger’s Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality (Bantam Books, New York, 1984), p. v. We have been unable to find a plausible citation. This may be a variation on a comment by Schrödinger reported by Heisenberg describing Schrödinger’s time spent debating Bohr in Copenhagen in September 1926: “If all this damned quantum jumping were really here to stay, I should be sorry I ever got involved with quantum theory,” in Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations (Harper and Row, New York, 1971), p. 75. Papers strewn on page: • • •

David Z. Albert and Rivka Galchen, “A quantum threat to special relativity,” Scientific American, March 2009, 32–39. Sabine Hossenfelder, “Testing superdeterministic conspiracy,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 504, 012018 (2014). Roger Colbeck and Renato Renner, “Free randomness can be amplified,” Nature Physics 8, 450–454 (2012).

Pages 74–75 New York Times articles: William L. Laurence, “The week in science: Bohr and Einstein at odds,” Science, New York Times, July 28, 1935; “Einstein attacks quantum theory; Scientist and two

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colleagues find it is not ‘complete’ even though ‘correct,’” Social News-Art-Books, New York Times, May 4, 1935. “Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?’’ is the famous “EtPR” article [1] that motivated Bell’s theorem. “I cannot seriously . . . spooky action at a distance.” Einstein in a letter to Max Born [2], March 3, 1947, p. 158. “Unless one makes . . . not be possible.” Einstein in [2], p. 170. From Max Born’s translation of Einstein’s paper “Quanten-Mechanik und Wirklichkeit,’ Dialectica 320 (1948), reproduced as “Quantum mechanics and reality” in [2], pp. 168–173. Pages 76–77 “Do not worry . . . all the greater.” Einstein, in response to a letter from a schoolgirl, Barbara, in A. Calaprice, Dear Professor Einstein: Albert Einstein’s Letters to and from Children (Prometheus Books, New York, 2002), p. 140: “Do not worry about your difficulties in mathematics; I can assure you that mine are still greater.” “Subtle is the Lord, but malicious he is not.” Translation of “Raffiniert ist der Herrgott, aber boshaft ist Er nicht,” a remark by Einstein to Princeton mathematician Oswald Veblen during a May 1922 visit to Princeton University, when Einstein gave four lectures on the theory of relativity in response to an account of some experiments by Dayton Miller, a physicist at the Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, who claimed to have falsified the theory of relativity. See D. Brian, Einstein: A Life (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997), p. 127. “You ask yourself . . . that outcome, no?” The reference here is to Einstein’s notion of the state of an object as the “being-thus” (“So-Sein” in the original German) of the object [2], p. 170, and to the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen criterion of reality in [1], p. 777: “If, without in any way disturbing a system, we can predict with certainty (i.e., with probability equal to unity) the value of a physical quantity, then there exists an element of physical reality corresponding to this physical quantity.” “Given your prior findings, . . . the second.” This echoes the sentence in [1], p. 780: “This makes the reality of P and Q depend on the process of measurement carried out on the first system, which does not disturb the second system in any way.” “And you find yourself  .  .  . the mere suggestion!” From Einstein’s comments to Max Born on Born’s book Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1951), particularly on the last chapter, “Metaphysical Conclusions.” The comments are reproduced after a letter from Einstein to Born dated March 18, 1948, in [2], p. 164. Pages 78–79 “Because you must . . . not be possible.” Einstein in [2], p. 170. From Max Born’s translation of Einstein’s paper “Quanten-Mechanik und Wirklichkeit,” Dialectica 320 (1948), reproduced as “Quantum mechanics and reality” in [2], pp. 168–173. “And as such . . . spooky action at a distance.” Einstein in a letter to Max Born dated March 3, 1947, in [2], p. 158. “No reasonable definition of reality . . . permit this!” From [1], p. 780. “And if physics accepts . . . than a physicist.” From Einstein’s letter to Max Born dated April 29, 1924, in [2], p. 82: “I find the idea quite intolerable that an electron exposed to radiation should choose of its own free will, not only its moment to jump off, but also its direction. In that case, I would rather be a cobbler, or even an employee in a gaming house, than a physicist.” Also, Einstein’s letter to Schrödinger dated December 22, 1950, on p. 39 in K. Przibram (ed.), Letters on Wave Mechanics (Philosophical Library, New York, 1967): “If one wants to consider the quantum theory as final (in principle), then one must believe that a more complete description would be useless because there would be no laws for it. If that were so then physics could only claim the interest of shopkeepers and engineers; the whole thing would be a wretched bungle.”

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“And yet we cannot sulk . . . somehow incomplete.” Einstein’s view was that quantum mechanics is an incomplete theory, as indicated by the previous quotation. “And like the moon, . . . closing our eyes.” Attributed to Einstein by A. Pais in “Einstein and the quantum theory,” Reviews of Modern Physics 51, 863 (1979): ‘We often discussed his notions on objective reality. I recall that during one walk Einstein suddenly stopped, turned to me and asked whether I really believed that the moon exists only when I look at it.” “I, in any case, am convinced . . . does not play dice.” Einstein in a letter to Max Born dated December 4, 1926, in [2], p. 9. “Perhaps . . . God is malicious.” Einstein remarked: “I have had second thoughts. Maybe God is malicious,” to his assistant Valia Bargmann and Peter Gabriel Bergmann, as reported in Valia Bargmann, “Working with Einstein,” in H. Woolf (ed.), Some Strangeness in the Proportion: A Centennial Symposium to Celebrate the Achievements of Albert Einstein (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1980), pp. 48–481. Page 81 “Schrödinger’s So-Sein Detection Services. Detecting the being-thus of ANY object.” Erwin Schrödinger’s views on quantum mechanics were closely aligned with Einstein’s, so we think it appropriate to use Einstein’s notion of the state of an object as its “being-thus,” or “So-Sein” in German, for Schrödinger’s device. Schrödinger’s dialogue in this sequence follows the logic of his well-known cat paper [3], in which he contrasts the classical notion of the state of an object with the quantum notion. Pages 82–83 “One can even . . . by the cat . . .” Schrödinger in [3], p.157. In the original three-part paper, the cat appears at the end of the first part, on p. 812. The loose pages that T comments on are pp. 323 and 328 of [3]. Page 85 “Nature always knows.” Schrödinger uses the expression “the system knows” in [3], p. 166: “The expression ‘the system knows’ will perhaps no longer carry the meaning that the answer comes forth from an instantaneous situation; it may perhaps derive from a succession of situations, that occupies a finite length of time. But even if it be so, it need not concern us so long as the system somehow brings forth the answer from within itself, with no other help than that we tell it (through the experimental arrangement) which question we would like to have answered;” “My So-Sein machine, . . . a catalog of properties.” Schrödinger refers to the quantum state as “a catalog of expectations” on numerous occasions in [3]. For example, in [3], p. 158, he writes about the quantum state: “In it is embodied the momentarily-attained sum of theoretically based future expectations, somewhat as laid down in a catalog.” Later on the same page he refers to the quantum state as a “prediction-catalog.” So the classical state would be a “catalog of physical properties,” rather than a catalog of expectations. “If you know . . . nature certainly knows.” This was a comment by Nicolas Gisin to one of us (J) in a correspondence about quantum entanglement that highlighted for us Schrödinger’s reference to “the system knows.” Pages 86–87 “I specialize . . . intractable problems.” Of course, Schrödinger does not argue for classical principles in [3]. But he does contrast the classical notion of the state of an object with the quantum notion to bring out the problematic features of the quantum state as a catalog of expectations. Referring to the quantum state in [3], pp. 160–161, he points out: “Best possible knowledge of a whole does not necessarily include the same for its parts. . . . The whole is in a definite state, the parts taken individually are not.” Our Schrödinger is a classical chap who discovers entanglement through the adventure with the quoins. The real Schrödinger introduced the term “entanglement” into the literature on quantum mechanics in a seminal two-part article he wrote in response to the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paper [1]: “Discussion of probability relations between separated systems,” Proceedings of the Cambridge Phil-

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osophical Society 31, 555–563 (1935) and “Probability relations between separated systems,” Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 32, 446–452 (1936). “My Correlator Classique. . . . and two.” The two pages show explicitly that the two possible states of the parts, in which one coin is rigged (biased) to land heads and the other tails, expresses what we don’t have with quantum states or quoin states, in which, as Schrödinger puts it in [3], p. 160: “Maximal knowledge of a total system does not necessarily include total knowledge of all of its parts, not even when these are fully separated from each other and at the moment are not influencing each other at all.” Our Schrödinger emphasizes the classical nature of his Correlator Classique (which simply biases a coin, either to land heads with certainty or tails with certainty) with the comment: “Here you see that the mechanics of the whole expresses the state of the pair of coins after they go through the correlator. This state of the whole is simply a function of its parts, the being-thus of each of the two coins which make up the pair.” Page 94 “I see you have supplied . . . each individual quoin?” This is precisely the difference between a classical correlation, with which we are all familiar, and the curious correlation of the quoins: there is no second page, because (to echo Schrödinger’s comment in [3], p. 161) “the whole is in a definite state, the parts taken individually are not.” Page 97 “A hero both dead and alive!” Schrödinger [3], p. 157, referring to his thought experiment with a cat: “The ψ-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and the dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.” The “Choose Your Own Adventure” story is our attempt to make vivid Schrödinger’s insight about entanglement, specifically the peculiar relation of the parts to the whole. In [3], pp. 161–162, Schrödinger writes: “The expectation-catalog of the object has split into a conditional disjunction of expectation-catalogs—like a Baedeker that one has taken apart in the proper manner. Along with each section there is given also the probability that it proves correct—transcribed from the individual expectation-catalog of the object. But which one proves right—which section of the Baedeker should guide the ongoing journey—that can be determined only by actual inspection of the record.” The Baedekers were popular travel guides published by Karl Baedeker in Germany. Page 102 Schrödinger sums up the significance of the “Choose Your Own Adventure” story with this comment: “You must then appreciate that your quoin mechanics cannot be correct because it ascribes a state to the whole which rules out any possibility of assigning definite states to its parts.” In [3], p. 156, he says: “. . . if I wish to ascribe to the model at each moment a definite (merely not exactly known to me) state, or (which is the same) to all determining parts definite (merely not known to me) numerical values, then there is no supposition as to these numerical values to be imagined that would not conflict with some portion of quantum theoretical assertions.” Pages 104–105 “Our story . . . even possible.” Schrödinger characterizes the quantum state (the wave function or ψ-function) in [3], p. 156, as “an imagined entity that images the blurring of all variables at every moment just as clearly and faithfully as the classical model does its sharp numerical values.” He goes on to say: “Inside the nucleus, blurring doesn’t bother us.” The point of his thought experiment with a cat is to show [3, p. 156]: “But serious misgivings arise if one notices that the uncertainty affects macroscopically tangible and visible things, for which the term ‘blurring’ seems simply wrong.” The cat example is set out in [3], p. 157, beginning with the remark: “One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, . . .” “You must take . . . are in effect.” From [3], p.162: “Suppose the expectation-catalogs of two bodies A and B have become entangled through transient interaction. Now let the bodies be again separated. Then I can take one of them, say B, and by successive measurements bring my knowledge of it, which had become less than maximal, back up to maximal. I maintain: just as soon as I succeed in this, and

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not before, then first, the entanglement is immediately resolved and, second, I will also have acquired maximal knowledge of A through the measurements on B, making use of the conditional relations that were in effect.” Page 107 “Must I turn aside . . . catalog of expectations?” In [3], p.157, Schrödinger asks: “So what is left?” after having shown that the indeterminacy of quantum mechanics can’t arise because we simply don’t know the values of certain variables, while the cat thought experiment shows that the indeterminacy can’t be an actual blurring, because “an easily executed observation provides the missing knowledge.” He answers in [3], p. 157: “From this very hard dilemma the reigning doctrine [the Copenhagen interpretation] rescues itself or us by having recourse to epistemology. We are told that no distinction is to be made between the state of a natural object and what I know about it, or perhaps better, what can be known about it if I go to some trouble. Actually—so they say—there is intrinsically only awareness, observation, measurement. If through them I have procured at a given moment the best knowledge of the state of a physical object that is possibly attainable in accord with the natural laws, then I can turn aside as meaningless any further questioning about the ‘actual state,’ inasmuch as I am convinced that no further observation can extend my knowledge of it.” “I do not like quoin mechanics, and I am sorry I ever had anything to do with it.” See the note for pp. 69–70. Pages 110–111 “It is true that . . . seeming simplicities.” Martin Gardiner, “Multiverses and blackberries,” Skeptical Inquirer vol. 25.5, September/October 2001. “The final strategy is . . . accept that.” Sean Carroll, “Why the many-worlds formulation of quantum mechanics is probably correct,” posted on June 30, 2014, to www.preposterousuniverse.com/ blog/. “[The many-worlds interpretation] . . . the picture.” Scott Aaronson, “Why many-worlds is not like Copernicanism,” posted on August 18, 2012, to Shtetl Optimized, https://www.scottaaronson .com/blog/. “This universe . . . copies of itself.” Bryce deWitt in B. S. DeWitt and N. Graham (eds.), The ManyWorlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1973), p. 161. Pages 124–125 The Pauli effect. Hugh Everett is knocked unconscious by Wolfgang Pauli’s dropping a roller on his head, illustrating the so-called Pauli effect: something would mysteriously go wrong with experimental equipment when Pauli entered a laboratory. From Otto Stern’s interview with Res Jost: “And . . . you know, he was not allowed to enter our laboratory, because of the Pauli effect. Don’t you know the famous Pauli effect?” As reported by Charles Enz in C. P. Enz, No Time to Be Brief: A Scientific Biography of Wolfgang Pauli (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002), p. 149. Page 126–127 The GRW theory was first proposed by G. Ghirardi, A. Rimini, and T. Weber: “Unified dynamics for microscopic and macroscopic systems,” Physical Review D 34, 470–491 (1986). Since then there have been several versions of the theory with contributions by others, notably Philip Pearle and Roderich Tumulka. “There are subjective collapse interpretations by guys like von Neumann.” John (Johann) von Neumann developed the first fully rigorous formulation of quantum mechanics in Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1955), a translation by Robert T. Beyer of Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik (Springer, Berlin, 1932). On p. 351, he remarks: “We therefore have two fundamentally different types of intervention which can occur in a system. . . . First, the arbitrary changes by measurements which are given by the [collapse] formula . . . Second, the automatic changes which occur with the passage of time. Why do we need the special [collapse] process for the measurement? The reason is this: In the measurement we cannot observe the system S by itself, but must rather investigate the system S+M, in order to obtain (numerically) its interaction with the measuring apparatus M. . . . Moreover, it is rather arbitrary whether or not one

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includes the observer in M, and replaces the relation between the S state and the pointer positions in M by the relations of this state and the chemical changes in the observer’s eye or even in his brain (i.e., to that which he has ‘seen’ or ‘perceived’).” Eugene Wigner was more explicit. On the basis of a quantum-mechanical thought experiment known as the “Wigner’s friend” experiment, where a friend makes a measurement and Wigner measures the friend, Wigner argued in “Remarks on the mind-body question,” in I. J. Good (ed.), The Scientist Speculates (William Heinemann, London, 1961), pp. 171–184, that ‘it is the entering of an impression into our consciousness which alters the wave function because it modifies our appraisal of the probabilities for different impressions which we expect to receive in the future. It is at this point that consciousness enters the theory unavoidably and unalterably.” (pp. 175–176). “Collapsing the Limbo of Potentialities . . . .” In Sneaking a Look at God’s Cards: Unraveling the Mysteries of Quantum Mechanics (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2007), p. 402, Giancarlo Ghirardi sums up Wigner’s view, following his account of the “Wigner’s friend” thought experiment, as follows: “It is the act of becoming conscious that makes reality pass from the limbo of potentialities to the clarity of actualities.” “Einstein’s criticism . . . looking at it.” Hugh Everett III, “The theory of the universal wave function,” in B. S. DeWitt and N. Graham (eds.), The Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1973); pp. 3–140. Everett’s remarks, recalling Einstein’s 1954 Palmer lecture at Princeton, are on p. 116: “We should like now to comment on some views expressed by Einstein. Einstein’s criticism of quantum theory (which is actually directed more against what we have called the ‘popular’ view than Bohr’s interpretation) is mainly concerned with the drastic changes of state brought about by simple acts of observation (i.e., the infinitely rapid collapse of wave functions), particularly in connection with correlated systems which are widely separated so as to be mechanically uncoupled at the time of observation. At another time he put his feeling colorfully by stating that he could not believe that a mouse could bring about drastic changes in the universe simply by looking at it.” Page 131 “What about the cat, then?” This echoes Einstein’s remark as reported by Everett, in the quotation on p. 130. There is a related remark by John Bell in “Against measurement,” Physics World 3, 33–40 (1990), p. 34: “It would seem that the theory is exclusively concerned about ‘results of measurement,’ and has nothing to say about anything else. What exactly qualifies some physical systems to play the role of ‘measurer’? Was the wavefunction of the world waiting to jump for thousands of millions of years until a single-celled living creature appeared? Or did it have to wait a little longer, for some better qualified system . . . with a Ph.D.?” “So you want to know . . . or the other?” This remark echoes Schrödinger’s comment after his discussion of the cat thought experiment in [3], p. 157: “The ψ-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and the dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.” Page 133 “It is the act of becoming conscious . . . the clarity of actualities.” Giancarlo Ghirardi, Sneaking a Look at God’s Cards: Unraveling the Mysteries of Quantum Mechanics (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2007), p. 420, sums up Wigner’s view following Ghirardi’s account of the “Wigner’s friend” thought experiment as follows: “It is the act of becoming conscious that makes reality pass from the limbo of potentialities to the clarity of actualities.” This is Ghirardi’s characterization of Eugene Wigner’s view, not von Neumann’s, but the two are sufficiently close that we’ve used the quote here. “We must always . . . or the other.” John von Neumann, Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1955), p. 420, a translation by Robert T. Beyer of

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Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik (Springer, Berlin, 1932): “That is, we must always divide the world into two parts, the one being the observed system, the other the observer. In the former, we can follow up all physical processes (in principle, at least) arbitrarily precisely. In the latter, this is meaningless. The boundary between the two is arbitrary to a very large extent. . . . That this boundary can be pushed arbitrarily deeply into the interior of the body of the actual observer . . . does not change the fact that in each method of description the boundary must be put somewhere, if the method is not to proceed vacuously, i.e., if a comparison with experiment is to be possible. Indeed, experience only makes statements of this type: an observer has made a certain (subjective) observation; and never any like this: a physical quantity has a certain value. Now quantum mechanics describes the events which occur in the observed portions of the world, so long as they do not interact with the observing portion . . . , but as soon as such an intervention occurs, i.e., a measurement, it requires the application of [the collapse] process.” Page 134 “Do you suffer from uncontrollable urges to picture an underlying reality?” Niels Bohr rejected the possibility of picturing events at the quantum level. For example, Bohr writes in Essays 1958–1962 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge (Vintage Books, New York, 1966), p. 6: “The decisive point, however, is that in this connection there is no question of reverting to a mode of description which fulfills to a higher degree the accustomed demands regarding pictorial representation of the relationship between cause and effect.” Referring to the 1927 Solvay Conference in the same collection of essays, Bohr comments, on p. 89: “A main theme for the discussion was the renunciation of pictorial deterministic description implied in the new methods.” Page 135 “The world . . . by any chance observes.” Sherlock Holmes to Dr. Watson in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Hound of the Baskervilles (Dover, New York, 1994), chap. 3, p. 18. Page 137 “There is no quantum world. . . . about nature.” Niels Bohr, as quoted by Aage Petersen in “The philosophy of Niels Bohr,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 19, 8–14 (1963). “The Heisenberg-Bohr tranquilizing philosophy  .  .  . lie there.” Albert Einstein in a letter to Schrödinger dated May 1928, in K. Przibram (ed.), Letters on Wave Mechanics (Philosophical Library, New York, 1967), p. 31. Page 140 “I regard consciousness . . . from consciousness.” Max Planck, as quoted in The Observer, January 25, 1931. Page 142 “Ask not . . . said about a quoin.” Bohr’s affirmation is inspired by the comment attributed to Bohr by Aage Petersen in “The philosophy of Niels Bohr,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 19, 8–14 (1963): “It is wrong to think that the task of physics is to find out how nature is. Physics concerns what we can say about nature.” The quotation is on p. 12. Also, of course, the words echo John F. Kennedy’s exhortation in his inaugural address, January 20, 1961: “And so my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.” Page 147 Einstein highlights the essential point about the theory of relativity that is relevant here in the article “What is relativity?” written for the Times (London), November 28, 1919: “It became clear that to speak of the simultaneity of two events had no meaning except in relation to a given coordinate system, and that the shape of measuring devices and the speed at which clocks move depend on their state of motion with respect to the coordinate system.” Page 148 Albert Einstein: “quoin mechanics is incomplete.” The point of [1] was to argue that the quantum state is an incomplete description. On p. 780, the authors conclude: “While we have thus shown that the wave function does not provide a complete description of the physical reality, we left open the question of whether or not such a description exists. We believe, however, that such a theory is possible.” Niels Bohr: “How wonderful . . . making progress.” As quoted on p. 196 in R. Moore, Niels Bohr:

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The Man, His Science, & the World They Changed (Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1966). Niels Bohr: “Time and again . . . leads to contradictions.” In “Discussion with Einstein on epistemological problems in atomic physics,” in P. A. Schilpp (ed.), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist (Open Court, La Salle, IL, 1949), p. 221, Bohr remarks: “In any attempt of a pictorial representation of the behaviour of the photon we would, thus, meet with the difficulty: to be obliged to say, on the one hand, that the photon always chooses one of the two ways and, on the other hand, that it behaves as if it had passed both ways.” Pages 152–153 David Bohm’s “Picture of Underlying Reality”: “There is a ‘PREFERRED’ REFERENCE FRAME which reflects the REAL order of events.” Referring to Bohm’s theory in [4], p. 133, John Bell remarks: “It may well be that a relativistic version of the theory, while Lorentz invariant and local at the observational level, may be necessarily non-local and with a preferred frame (or aether) at the fundamental level.” Giancarlo Ghirardi remarks in “Collapse Theories” in Edward N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2016 ed.), comparing Bohm’s theory to the “dynamical collapse” theory of Ghirardi and associates: “Bohmian mechanics shows that one can explain quantum mechanics, exactly and completely, if one is willing to pay with using a preferred slicing of spacetime; our model suggests that one should be able to avoid a preferred slicing of spacetime if one is willing to pay with a certain deviation from quantum mechanics.” “We must be clear . . . creating images.” Niels Bohr: “We must be clear that when it comes to atoms, language can be used only as in poetry. The poet, too, is not nearly so concerned with describing facts as with creating images and establishing mental connections.” As reported by Werner Heisenberg in Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations (Harper and Row, New York, 1971), p. 41. “A quoin state . . . flipping.” Niels Bohr in Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1961), pp. 56–57: “In any discussion of these questions, it must be kept in mind that, according to the view taken above, radiation in free space as well as isolated material particles are abstractions, their properties on the quantum theory being definable and observable only through their interaction with other systems.” Pages 154–155 Hugh Everett’s “BIG PICTURE OF QUOIN MECHANICS REALITY! RELATIVITY COMPATIBLE.” In [4], p. 133, John Bell points out that Everett’s “many worlds” theory can be understood as Bohm’s pilot-wave theory without trajectories: “It can be maintained that the de BroglieBohm orbits, so troublesome in this matter of locality, are not an essential part of the theory. Indeed it can be maintained that there is no need whatever to link successive configurations of the world into a continuous trajectory. Keeping the instantaneous configurations, but discarding the trajectory, is the essential feature (in my opinion) of the theory of Everett.” “Even the discovery . . . grave conceptual difficulties.” Bohr often introduces a discussion of the conceptual problems of quantum mechanics by considering Einstein’s insight about the relativity of simultaneity, as on p. 290 in “Causality and complementarity,” Philosophy of Science 4, 289–298 (1937): “It was in fact the clarification of the paradoxes connected with the finite velocity of propagation of light and the judgment of events by observers in relative motion which first disclosed the arbitrariness contained even in the concept of simultaneity, and thereby created a freer attitude toward the question of space-time coördination which finds expression in the theory of relativity. As is well known, this has made possible a unified formulation of the phenomena appearing in different frames of reference, and through this brought to light the fundamental equivalence of hitherto separate physical regularities. The recognition of the essential dependence of any physical phenomenon on the system of reference of the observer, which forms the characteristic feature of relativity theory, implies, however—as especially Einstein himself has emphasized—no abandonment whatever of the assumption underlying the ideal of causality, that the behavior of a physical object relative to a given system of coördinates is uniquely determined, quite independently of whether it is observed or not.”

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“A challenge, implicit in . . . renounce as naïve.” These comments are suggested by Bohr’s response to [1] in “Discussion with Einstein on epistemological problems in atomic physics,” P. A. Schilpp (ed.), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist (Open Court, La Salle, IL, 1949), pp. 199–241: “Indeed the finite interaction between object and measuring agencies conditioned by the very existence of the quantum of action entails—because of the impossibility of controlling the reaction of the object on the measuring instruments, if these are to serve their purpose—the necessity of a final renunciation of the classical ideal of causality and a radical revision of our attitude towards the problem of physical reality.” (pp. 232–233). Pages 156–157 “And so while . . . isn’t that right, kitty?” This is a common theme of Bohr’s discussions of his concept of “complementarity,” as on p. 291 in “Causality and complementarity,” Philosophy of Science 4, 289–298 (1937): “The apparently incompatible sorts of information about the behavior of the object under examination which we get by different experimental arrangements can clearly not be brought into connection with each other in the usual way, but may, as equally essential for an exhaustive account of all experience, be regarded as ‘complementary’ to each other.” “This exclusive . . . classical conception of causality.” Bohr often talked this way, e.g., in “Causality and complementarity,” p. 293: “The renunciation of the ideal of causality in atomic physics which has been forced on us is founded logically only on our not being any longer in a position to speak of the autonomous behavior of a physical object, due to the unavoidable interaction between the object and the measuring instruments which in principle cannot be taken into account, if these instruments according to their purpose shall allow the unambiguous use of the concepts necessary for the description of experience.” “That no single state . . . verifying quoin mechanics.” Suggested by Bohr’s comments on pp. 24–25 in “The causality problem in atomic physics,” New Theories in Physics (International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, Paris, 1939), pp. 11– 45: “These conditions, which include the account of the properties and manipulation of all measuring instruments essentially concerned, constitute in fact the only basis for the definition of the concepts by which the phenomenon is described. It is just in this sense that phenomena defined by different concepts, corresponding to mutually exclusive experimental arrangements, can unambiguously be regarded as complementary aspects of the whole obtainable evidence concerning the objects under investigation.” Pages 160–161 “A Snapshot of Foundational Attitudes toward Quantum Mechanics,” M. Schlosshauer, J. Koffler, A. Zeilinger, Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 44, 222–230 (2013). The results of a poll carried out among 33 participants at the conference “Quantum Physics and the Nature of Reality,” in July 2011 at the International Academy, Traunkirchen. “An engineer . . . how they function.” Nicolas Gisin, “Sundays in a Quantum Engineer’s Life,” in R. A. Bertlmann and A. Zeilinger (eds.), Quantum (Un)speakables: From Bell to Quantum Information (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2002), pp. 199–208. Page 166 “Thus if we accept . . . brings us to cryptography.” Artur Ekert, “Less reality, more security,” Physics World 22, 28–32 (2009), p. 5. The original quotation has EPR for [Einstein]. “The first practical application of Bell’s inequality . . . detecting eavesdropping.” Artur Ekert, “Less reality,” p. 5. Pages 186–187 “If you take . . . at once.” From the motto at the top of Scott Aaronson’s blog page, Shtetl Optimized. “[This] problem is not . . . all communication problems.” Sandu Popescu, on p. 266 in “Nonlocality beyond quantum mechanics,” Nature Physics 10, 264–270 (2014). The solution to this problem is used by our heroes to break the bank in the Quantum Quasino sequence. The three pages strewn on the page are from this article. Page 217 “Later, when a newsman  .  .  . a gross oversimplification.” Asher Peres in “What is actually

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teleported,” IBM Journal of Research and Development 48, 63–68 (2004). Asher Peres was one of the authors of the original paper on quantum teleportation: C. H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crépeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres, and W. K. Wootters, “Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels,” Physical Review Letters 70, 1895–1899 (1993). We use Peres’s “soul” terminology to emphasize that it’s the state that is teleported, not a material body. Page 233 “Closed Timelike Curve.” According to the general theory of relativity, gravity is an effect of the bending of space-time by matter and allows the possibility of “closed timelike curves”—regions of space-time where locally, at each point of the space-time trajectory, the direction is forward in time, but globally the trajectory loops backward in time, reversing the causal direction, to close in on itself. Our heroes have walked into a laboratory of experimental “bleeding edge” quantum technologies and should heed the warning.

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Acknowledgments Thanks to these next-gen potential scientists, physicists, and philosophers: Arlo, 12, who suggested a change to the encryption section that made it way cooler (but seems to baffle PhD-level readers) and rooted out more typos than anyone else. Anouk, 15, who tirelessly fought for rigor over humor, and substance over appearance. Thank you, the book is better for it! Calvin, 10, who took a position on entanglement and stood his ground against his dad, and wants an Entangler of his own. Nova, 13, who thought “this book was awesome,” asked just the right questions, and was one of the first people to “get” the (non)ending. Stephen, 12, who would like to send his friends unhackable messages and is glad he doesn’t need a PhD to not understand quantum mechanics. Solomon, 15, who feels that “one of the primary things the world could use more of would be accessible explanations of complex, important ideas in science and philosophy.” We couldn’t agree more! You guys blow us away!

We owe particular thanks to Mike Dascal, who made many useful suggestions that we incorporated into early drafts; to Michel Janssen, who sent us detailed comments, including the suggestion to add a section of notes referencing the sources of the dialogue by historical figures like Einstein and Bohr; and to Clive Reis, who worked out the probabilities for various versions of our “distributed computing challenge” game in the Quantum Quasino. Thanks also to Dan Bub, Gil Bub, Kathlene Collins, Luc Janssen, Charles Midwinter, Robin Shuster, Jacqui Starkey, Dennis Whittle, and Jamie Winton, who gave us helpful input on various drafts; and to Ian Watts and Ronit Bub for their unflagging emotional support. Finally, we’d like to thank our agent, Peter Tallack; and Eric Henney, our editor at Princeton University Press, who saw the potential in a very early draft of the comic and shepherded the project to its conclusion.

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Images Credits From Shutterstock.com. P. vii: sphinx/Nerthuz; skeleton/Valentyna Chukhlyebova; teleportation portal/denisikym. Pp. viii–xii, 2–3: sphere with lines and dots/Login; earth/Egyptian Studio and NASA; cat/Oksana; time warp clock/dani3315; human head/Quick Shot. P. 3: hand/indigolotos; pointing hand/viewgene; empty palm hand/Evannovostro. Pp. 12, 14, 20, 27: hand flipping coin/macbrianmun. Pp. 12, 14, 15, 21, 32, 33: eagle coin/di Bronzino. P. l5: Schrödinger’s cat/Rhoeo. P. 21: hand thumb up/Malyugin. P. 37: fist/Akim D. P. 40: earth/owatta. P. 52: lightning/Albert199. P. 65: time warp clock/dani3315. P. 67: black cat walking away/bluedarkat. P. 83: medicine bottle/picturepartners. P. 108: dragon/Valentyna Chukhlyebova. Pp. 125, 132, 135: man on ground/JOCIC. P. 136: psychologist/god.muahaha. Pp. 141, 148, 153: businessman/Sean Locke Photography. P. 142: impossible geometric shape/MSSA. Pp. 146–148: train/rails/Rashevskyi Vlacheslav. P. 163: billboard/Maxx Studio. P. 164: bell/alya haclyeva; 3D optical illusion/Pedro Alexandra Teixeira; letter house/Sedegova Alena; isometric data wave/aurielaki. P. 165: staircase/Aspect3D. P. 167: hacker icon/Janice Abolins; revolver with bang flag/MoreVector; hacker icon/Le Mon; spy agent/Sly Vectors. P. 168: metal door/Arth63; gate with wooden doors/Piper33. Pp. 169–172, 178, 182: sphinx/Nerthuz; escalator/Petr Born. P. 170: robot/stuar. P. 171: knight/FXQuadro. Pp. 171, 173: helmet/David C Azor. Pp. 171, 180, 181: alarm lever/Federico Rostagno. Pp. 171–175, 177: skeletons/Valentyna Chukhlyebova. P. 175: light burst/Elks. Pp. 176, 177: oscillating wave/Titima Ongkantong. P. 177: 10-ton weight/gazanfer. Pp. 180, 181: 0, 1 logo/LogotypeVector. P. 182: sphinx/Nerthuz. P. 183: crypt with altar/Unholy Vault Designs. Pp. 183, 185: rubble/gualtiero boffi. P. 188: quarter roll/Mega Pixel. Pp. 189, 190: zebra, horse in coat, dressedup goat, Doberman Pinscher in black suit, rooster and hen couple/Olga Angelloz. Pp. 189, 191: slot machine/Alex Mit. Pp. 191–195: rooster and hen couple/Olga Angeloz. Pp. 195–198: fox couple/Olga Angeloz. Pp. 212–214: rhino in tuxedo, dressed-up lion, squirrel/Olga Angelloz. P. 215: Doberman Pinscher in black suit/Olga Angelloz; arch/archideaphoto. P. 216: cat and dog/Dmitry Trubitsyn. P. 217: watching TV/Blackregis. Pp. 230, 231: road sign/Wth. Pp. 232, 234: teleportation portal/denisikm. P. 233: warning sign/IVVIVVI. Pp. 238, 240, 241: people images/grynold. Pp. 244, 245: tunnel with binary language/Carlos Castilla. P. 246: X-ray glasses/Ron and Joe. P. 247: artemia plankton/Napat. P. 347: retro woman/Evart. From iStock by Getty Images. P. 79: planetary system. P. 134: sketch of Bohr with pipe/ Jacobson, Herdis & Herm.

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