The Visual Dictionary: English, French, German, Spanish 0968619304, 9782764400197

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DICTIONARY ENGLISH

• FREN C H

• GERM A N

• SP A N ISH

Jean-Claude Corbeil • Ariane Archambault

D IC T IO N A R Y ENGLISH

•FRENCH

•GERMAN

•SPANISH

The Visual Dictionary was created and produced by QA International

329, rue de la Commune Ouest, 3e étage, Montréal, Québec, H2Y 2E1 Tel.: (514) 499-3000 - Fax: (514) 499-3010 www.qa-international.com

QA International. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP) for our publishing activities.

Canada The Visual Dictionary has been entirely created on Macintosh by Apple Computer Inc. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 02 01 00 99 Printed in U.S.A.

EDITORIAL STAFF FOR THE ORIGINAL EDITION Jacques Fortin - Publisher Jean-Claude Corbeil - Editor-in-chief Ariane Archambault - Assistant Editor François Fortin - Illustrations Editor Jean-Louis Martin - Art Director COMPUTER GRAPHIC ARTISTS Jacques Perrault Anne Tremblay Jocelyn Gardner Christiane Beauregard Michel Blais Rielle Lévesque Marc Lalumière Stéphane Roy Alice Comtois Jean-Yves Ahern Benoît Bourdeau COMPUTER COPYEDITING Daniel Beaulieu Yves Ferland RESEARCH EDITOR Serge D'Amico PAGE SETUP Pascal Goyette Lucie Mc Brearty Martin Langlois PRODUCTION Tony O'Riley Marie Duelos Éric Hince GRAPHIC DESIGN Emmanuel Blanc

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The creators of the original edition would like to acknowledge the contribution of the following people and organisations: A.C. Delco Aérospatiale (France) Aérospatiale Canada (ACI) Inc. Air Canada (Linguistic Policy and Services) Amity-Leather Products Company Animat Inc. Archambault Musique International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (Marie-Hélène Grillet) Association des groupes d'astronomes amateurs (Jean-Marc Richard) Atlas Copco Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (Pierre Giguère) Bell Canada Bell Helicopter Textron Bellefontaine Benoît, Richard Beretta Black & Decker Bombardier Inc. Boutique de harnais Pépin British Hovercraft Corporation Ltd. (Division of Westland Aerospace) C. Plath North American Division Caloritech Inc. Cambridge Instruments (Canada) Inc. CAM IF (Direction relations extérieures) Canada Billard & Bowling Inc. (Bernard Monsec) Canadian National (Information and Linguistic Services) Canadian Kenworth Company Canadian Coleman Supply Inc. Canadian Liquid Air Ltd. Canadian Curling Association Canadian Coast Guard Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Gilles Amyot, Pierre Beaucage, Claude L'Hérault, Pierre Laroche) Carpentier, Jean-Marc Casavant Frères Limitée (Gilbert Lemieux) Centre de Tissage Leclerc Inc. Chromalox Inc. Clerc, Redjean Club de tir à l'arc de Montréal Club de planeur Champlain Collège Jean de Brébeuf (Paul-Émile Tremblay) Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean Communauté urbaine de Montréal (Bureau de transport métropolitain) Complexe sportif Claude-Robillard Control Data Canada Ltd. Cycles Performance David M. Stewart Museum (Philippe Butler) Department of National Defence of Canada (Public Relations) Detson Direction des constructions navales (Programmes internationaux) (France) Distributions TTI Inc. Energy, Mines and Resources Canada (Canada Centre for Remote Sensing) Environment Canada (Atmospheric Environment Service, Gilles Sanscartier) FACOM Fédération québécoise des échecs Fédération québécoise de tennis Fédération québécoise de luge et bobsleigh Fédération québécoise de canot-camping Fédération québécoise de boxe olympique Fédération québécoise de badminton Fédération québécoise d'haltérophilie

Fédération québécoise d'escrime Fédération de patinage de vitesse du Québec Festival des Montolfières du Haut-Richelieu Fincantieri Naval Shipbuilding Division Fisher Scientific Ltd. Ford New-Holland Inc. Gadbois, Alain GAM Pro Plongée G.E. Astro-Space Division G.T.E. Sylvania Canada Ltd. General Electric Canada Inc. (Dominion Engineering Works, Mony Schinasi) General Motors of Canada Ltd. GIAT Industries Government of Canada Terminology Bank Gym Plus Harrison (1985) Inc. Hewitt Equipment Ltd. Hippodrome Blue Bonnets (Robert Perez) Honeywell Ltd. Hortipro Hughes Aircraft Company Hydro-Québ.ec (Centre de documentation, Anne Crépeau) IBM Canada Ltd. Imperial Oil Ltd. Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ) International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat) International Civil Aviation Organization (IATA) Jardin Botanique de Montréal John Deere Ltd. Johnson & Johnson Inc. La Maison Olympique (Sylvia Doucette) La Cordée Le Beau Voyage Le Coz, Jean-Pierre Lee Valley Tools Ltd. Leica Camera Les Manufacturiers Draco Itée Les Instruments de Musique Tw igg Inc. Les Équipements Chalin Itée Les Appareils orthopédiques BBG Inc. Levitón Manufacturing of Canada Ltd. Liebherr-Québec Manac Inc. Manutan Marcoux, Jean-Marie Marrazza Musique MATRA S.A. Matra Défense (Direction de la communication) Mazda Canada Médiatel Mendes Inc. (François Caron) Michelin MIL Tracy (Henri Vacher) Ministère des transports du Québec (Sécurité routière, Signalisation routière) Monette Sport Inc. Moto Internationale National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) — National Environmental Satellite and Information Service (Frank Lepore) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Nikon Canada Inc. Northern Telecom Canada Ltd. Office de la langue française du Québec (Chantal Robinson) Ogilvie Mills Ltd. (Michel Ladouceur)

Olivetti Systems and Networks Canada Ltd. Ontario Hydro Paterson Darkroom Necessities Petro-Canada (Calgary) Philips Electronics Ltd. (Philips Lighting) Philips Electronics Ltd. (Scientific and Analytical Equipment) Pierre-Olivier Decor Planétarium Dow (Pierre Lacombe) Plastimo Port of Montreal (Public Affairs) Pratt & Whitney Canada Inc. Quincaillerie A.C.L. Inc. Radio-Québec Remington Products (Canada) Inc. Russell Rinfret Rodriguez Cantieri navali S.p.A. S.A. Redoute Catalogue (Relations extérieures) Samsonite Secretary of State of Canada (Translation Bureau) Shell Canada SIAL Poterie Smith-Corona (Canada) Ltd. SNC Defence Products Ltd. Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer français (S.N.C.F.) (Direction de la communication) Société de transport de la Communauté urbaine de Montréal Spalding Canada Spar Aerospace Ltd. (Hélène Lapierre) St. Lawrence Seaway Authority (Normand Dodier) Sunbeam Corporation (Canada) Ltd. Swimming Canada Teleglobe Canada Inc. (Roger Leblanc) Telesat Canada (Yves Comtois) The Coal Association of Canada The British Petroleum Company p.l.c. (Photographie Services) Thibault Tideland Signal Canada Ltd. Transport Canada (Montreal Airports, Gilbert L'Espérance, Koos R. Van der Peijl) Ultramar Canada Inc. United States Department of Defense (Department of the Navy, Office of Information) Université du Québec à Montréal (Module des arts, Michel Fournier) Université du Québec (Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Benoît Jean) Varin, Claude Via Rail Canada Inc. Viala L.R. Inc. ( J e a n Beaudin) Ville de Montréal (Bureau du cinéma; Service de l'habitation et du développement urbain; Service de la prévention des incendies, Robert Gilbert, Réal Audet; Service des travaux publics) Volcano Inc. Volkswagen Canada Inc. Volvo Canada Ltd. Water Ski Canada Weider Wild Leitz Canada Itée Xerox Canada Inc. Yamaha Canada Music Ltd.

Oxford University Press would like to acknowledge the contribution of Enrique Gonzalez Sardinero and Robin Sawers.

INTRODUCTION

T

his world-renowned dictionary is the first comprehensive visual dictionary in full colour. Covering some 600 subjects, it identifies more than 25,000 terms by the use of thousands of detailed and accurate illustrations. The dictionary lets you see, at a glance, the vocabulary of a subject in not one, but four, languages: English, French, German, and Spanish.

A PICTURE/WORD DICTIONARY

complicated than those for fruits and vegetables. In addi­ tion, our world is changing: photographic vocabulary, for example, has become much more complicated due to camera automation. Similarly, although microcomputer fans are familiar with computer terminology, the field remains a mystery for much of the rest of the population. The Visual Dictionary allows for these phenomena, and reflects the specialized vocabulary commonly used in each field.

The Visual Dictionary closely links pictures and words. The pictures describe and 'analyze today’s world: the objects of everyday life, our physical environment, the animal and vegetable life that surrounds us, the communi­ cation and w ork techniques that are changing our lifestyles, the weapons that preoccupy us, the means of transportation that are breaking down geographical barri­ ers, the sources of energy on which we depend, etc. Illustrations play a specific role in our dictionary: they serve to define words, enabling dictionary users to “see” immediately the meaning of each term. Users can thus recognize the objects they are looking for and, at a single glance, find the corresponding vocabulary. The Visual Dictionary provides users with the words they need to accurately name the objects that make up the world around them. The terms in the dictionary have been carefully selected from current documents written by experts in each area. In case of doubt, the vocabulary has been stud­ ied by specialists in the corresponding field and cross­ checked in encyclopedias and language dictionaries. We have taken these precautions to ensure the accuracy of each word and a high level of standardization.

AN EASY-TO-CONSULT DICTIONARY People may use the Visual Dictionary in several different ways, thanks to the List of Chapters (page xxxi), the detailed table of contents (page xv), and the index (page 833). Users may consult the dictionary: By going from an idea to a word, if they are famil­ iar with an object and can clearly visualize it, but cannot find or do not know' the name for it. The table of contents breaks down each subject according to an easy-to-consult, stratified classification system. The Visual Dictionary is the only dictionary that allows users to find a word from its meaning. By going from a word to an idea, if they want to check the meaning of a term. The index refers users to the illustrations, which provide the names for the individ­ ual features. At a glance, by using the List of Chapters. The coloured page edges help users find the chapters they are looking for. For foreign language equivalents, by browsing through the book or going into depth for particular themes. The objects of the modern world are clearly iden­ tified at a glance in four languages. For sheer pleasure, by flipping from one illustra­ tion to another, or from one word to another, for the sole purpose of enjoying the illustrations and enriching their knowledge.

A DICTIONARY FOR ONE AND ALL The Visual Dictionary is aimed at all persons who participate in one way or another in contemporaiy civi­ lization and, as a consequence, need to know and use a great number of technical terms from a wide range of fields. It thus addresses the needs and curiosity of each and every one of us. It is not designed only for specialists. The depth of analysis varies according to the subject. Rather than arbitrarily providing a uniform breakdown of each subject, the authors have acknowledged that peo­ ple’s degrees of knowledge differ from one field to anoth­ er, and that the complexity of the topics dealt with varies widely. For example, more people are familiar with cloth­ ing and automobiles than with atomic energy or telecom­ munications satellites, and find the former subjects simpler than the latter. Another aspect of the same problem is that, in describing human anatomy, we are obliged to use medical terminology, even though the terms seem more

A DICTIONARY WITH A DIFFERENCE We are all familiar with several types of dictionaries and encyclopedias. It is not always easy, however, to grasp their d istinguishing features. The follow ing overview highlights the main differences betw een the Visual Dictionary and other reference works.

VIII

INTRODUCTION

a) Language dictionaries

d) Specialized lexicons and vocabularies

These dictionaries describe the meanings given by speakers to the general vocabulary of their language. They provide two major types of information: head­ words (vocabulary), and a list of the meanings of each term (dictionary entries). The vocabulary, which comprises all of the words covered by lexicographical descriptions, constitutes the framework of the dictionary. For consultation purposes, the headw ords are arranged in alphabetical order. Generally speaking, the vocabulary includes common, contemporary language, archaic words useful for under­ standing the texts or history of a civilization, and a cer­ tain number of widely used technical terms. Each dictionary entry provides an itemized, semantic description of the corresponding headword. Generally, the entry indicates the part of speech for the headword, its etymology and its various meanings, as well as the w ord’s social usage (familiar, colloquial, vulgar, etc.) according to criteria that, even today, remain somewhat “impressionistic.” In general, language dictionaries are classified according to their target users and the number of terms in th e v o cab u la ry , w h ich , in a d d itio n to n o u n s, includes all other parts of speech (verbs, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, etc.). A 5,000-w ord dictionary is in ten d ed for children, one with 15,000 words is suitable for schools and a 50,000 word dictionary covers the needs of the general public.

These works usually address specific needs created by scientific and technological progress. They focus on ensuring efficient communication through precise, stan­ dardized terminology. They vary in all respects: the method of compilation, the authors’ approach to the sub­ ject matter, the scope of the vocabulary, the number of languages, and the means of establishing equivalents in the various languages (i.e., by simple translation or by a comparison of unilingual terminologies). Specialized lexi­ cography has become an area of intense activity. The number of works is multiplying in all sectors and in all language combinations.

e) The Visual Dictionary The Visual Dictionary is a terminology-oriented dic­ tionary. It is aimed at providing members of the general public with the specific terms they need, in their own or another language, to name the objects of daily life, and helping them grasp the meaning of words through illus­ trations. The dictionary is an ideal tool for both secondlanguage and m other tongue vocabulary building. Grouped together in interlocking categories, the various elements are interdefined. The dictionary is thus orga­ nized according to chapters, subjects, specific objects, and features of these objects. Depending on a person’s degree of familiarity with a given chapter, the terminolo­ gy may seem simple or technical. The fundamental goal, however, is to provide non-specialists with a coherent analysis of useful, necessary vocabulary for each subject. The Visual Dictionary is not an encyclopedia, for at least two reasons: rather than describing objects, it names them; in addition, it avoids listing all the objects in a given category. For example, rather than enumerating the various types of trees, it focuses on a typical representa­ tive of the category, and examines its structure and indi­ vidual parts. It may even less be considered a language dictio­ nary: like other terminological works, it contains no writ­ ten definitions and covers only nouns and, in particular, noun phrases. Nor may it be seen as a compendium of specialized vocabularies, as it avoids terminology used only by spe­ cialists, focusing instead on more widespread terms—at the risk of being considered simplistic by experts in specific fields. The Visual Dictionary is the first terminology-orient­ ed dictionary to group together in a single volume the thousands of technical and not-so-technical terms most commonly used in our society, where science, technolo­ gy, and their end products are part of everyday life. This is the editorial policy that has guided us in cre­ ating this dictionary. Consequently, the number of words it contains does not have the same significance as for a language dictionary, for several reasons: in keeping with our editorial policy, we have deliberately chosen to limit

b) Encyclopedic dictionaries In addition to the information included in language dictionaries, encyclopedic dictionaries provide details about the nature, functioning, and history of things, thus enabling laymen with solid general knowledge and spe­ cialists to understand the scope of a word. They devote much more space to technical terms, and reflect current scientific and technological developments. Generally speaking, pictures play an important role in illustrating the text. The size of encyclopedic dictionaries varies according to the breadth of the vocabulary, the length of the entries, the emphasis placed on proper nouns and the number of fields of specialization covered.

c) Encyclopedias Unlike the preceding category of reference works, encyclopedias do not deai with language. They are devoted to providing scientific, technical, occasionally economic, historical and geographic descriptions. The arrangement of the entries varies, as all classification sys­ tems are valid: alphabetic, conceptual, chronological, by field of specialization, etc. The number of different ency­ clopedias is virtually unlimited, given the fragmentation of civilization into multiple categories. There is, however, a distinction between universal encyclopedias and spe­ cialized encyclopedias.

IX

INTRODUCTION

or th e g u id elin es o f the In te rn a tio n a l S tandard Organization (ISO), product instructions, technical docu­ ments provided by manufacturers, official government publications, etc.; • Catalogues, commercial texts, advertisements from specialized magazines and major newspapers; • Encyclopedias, encyclopedic dictionaries, and unilingual language dictionaries; • Unilingual, bilingual, and multilingual specialized vocabularies and dictionaries. The quality and reliability of these works, however, must be carefully assessed; • Bilingual and multilingual language dictionaries. In all, we consulted four to five thousand references. The selected bibliography included in the dictionary indi­ cates only the general documentary sources consulted, and does not include specialized sources.

the number of words; unlike conventional dictionaries, this w ork focuses exclusively on nouns, the most significant words in the language, to the exclusion of adjectives, verbs, prepositions, etc.; and finally no one is sure exactly how to count compound terms!

COMPUTER-PRODUCED ILLUSTRATIONS The illustrations in the Visual Dictionary have been created by computer from recent documents and original photographs. The use of computers has given the illustrations a highly realistic, almost photographic look, while allow­ ing to highlight the essential features corresponding to the vocabulary. The graphic precision of the Visual Dictionary is one of the main sources of its excellence as an encyclopedic and lexicographical reference tool. In addition, thanks to computers, we have been able to improve the accuracy of the lines joining objects to their names, thus enhancing the clarity of the link between words and the things they describe.

Sifting through the documents A terminologist went through the documents for each subject, in search of specific concepts and the words used to express them by different authors and works. Gradually, a framework was established, as the terminolo­ gist noted the use of the same term for a given concept from one source to another, or, on the contrary, the use of several terms for the same idea. In the latter case, the terminologist continued his research until he was able to form a well-documented opinion of each competing term. All of this research was recorded, with reference notes.

CAREFULLY ESTABLISHED VOCABULARY In creating the Visual Dictionary, we have used the method of systematic and comparative terminological research, which is standard practice among professionals who prepare works of this type. This method comprises several steps, which follow one another in a logical order. The following paragraphs provide a brief description of each of these steps.

Creation of a multilingual terminology base The English terminology is based on standard British usage; the French terminology on the European French norm; and the Spanish terminology on Castilian usage. The norm for German terminology reflects the criteria used by major German publishing houses. Nothing in this dictionary is the result of translation; all languages have been prepared by renowned specialists and verified by major dictionary houses. Because of this, errors frequent­ ly found in other multilingual dictionaries based exclu­ sively on a translation approach have been avoided.

Field delimitation First of all, on the basis of our objectives, we defined the scope and contents of the proposed work. We began by choosing the chapters we felt it nec­ essary to cover. We then divided each chapter into fields and sub-fields, taking care to abide by our editorial poli­ cy and avoiding overspecialization and the temptation to cover all subjects in detail. This step resulted in a work­ ing table of contents, the dictionary framework, which guided our subsequent steps and was refined as the work progressed. The detailed table of contents is the end result of this process.

Creation of terminological files The preceding step enabled us to assemble all of the elements for our terminological files. Each concept identified and defined by an illustra­ tion has been paired with the term most frequently used to describe it by the leading authors or in the most reli­ able sources. Where several competing terms were found in the reference material, following discussion and con­ sensus between the terminologist and the scientific direc­ tor, a single term was chosen.

Documentary research In keeping with our production plan, we assembled pertinent docum ents likely to provide us with the required information about words and concepts in each subject matter. In order of reliability, our documentary sources were as follows: • Articles and books by experts in the various fields, written in their native language, with an acceptable degree of specialization. Translations of such texts pro­ vide revealing information about vocabulary usage, but must be used with due caution; • Technical documents, such as national standards

Terminological variants Frequently, several words may be used to desig­ nate virtually the same concept. We dealt with such situations as follows: • In some cases, a term was used by a single author or ap p eared only once in our docum entary

X

INTRODUCTION

sources. We retained the most frequently used compet­ ing term. • Technical terms are often compound words with or without a hyphen, or several-word expressions. This results in at least two types of terminological variants: a) The compound technical term may be shortened by the deletion of one or more of its elements, especial­ ly where the meaning is clear in the context. The short­ ened expression may even become the normal term for the concept. In such cases, we retained the compound form, leaving users the freedom to abbreviate it accord­ ing to the context. b) An element of the compound term may itself have equivalents (most often synonyms from the com­ monly spoken language). We retained the most fre­ quently used form. Variants may stem from the evolution of the lan­ guage, without terminological consequences. We there­ fore retained the most contem porary or well-known form.

Language dictionaries have a long history. They are familiar reference works, used by most people since early school age, with a well-established, widely known and accepted tradition. We all know how to consult a dictio­ nary and interpret the information it provides—or fails to provide. Terminological dictionaries are either very recent or intended for a specialized public. There is no solid tradi­ tion to guide those who design and produce such works. Although specialists know how to interpret dictionaries pertaining to their own fields, given that they are familiar with the terminology, the same cannot be said for the layperson, who is confused by variants. Finally, whereas language dictionaries have to a certain extent established standard word usage among their users, specialized vocabularies are characterized by competing terms in new fields of specialization. Users of a reference work such as the Visual Dic­ tionary should take into account these elements in as­ sessing this new type of reference tool.

TERMINOLOGICAL APPROACH A few comments about the terminological approach, as compared to the lexicographical approach, are in order.

XI

HOW TO USE THE DICTIONARY

GOTHIC CATHEDRAL CATHÉDRALE' GOTHIQUE GOTISCHER DOM" CATEDRAL'GÓTICA

HEADING •

C ATH EDRA LE

identifies the topic of each page. transept spire flèche' de transept“ Vierungsturm“ aguja' del transepto"

SUBHEADING indicates the object depicted.

CHAPTER • of the dictionary is shown in the side margin on each page.

To find the correct term for something, start by turning to the table o f contents, which lists the dictionary’s chapters, headings, and subheadings, with the first page reference for each heading.

COLOUR ILLUSTRATIONS • contrefort" Strebepfeiler" contrafuerte"

realistically depict the objects and their component parts.

crossing croisée' Vierung' crucero“

pillar piller“ Pfeiler“ pilar“

XII

HOW TO USE THE DICTIONARY

Lady chapel-----chapelle* axiale Chorscheitelkapelle' capilla' axial - chevet chevet" Chorhaupt* ábside" ambulatory déambulatoire" Chorumgang" deambulatorio"

apse abside' Hauptapsis' ábside"

---------------- • COLOURED TAB on the edge of the page corresponds to the chapter as show n in the List of Chapters. This colour-coding allows you to find, at a glance, the subject you are looking for.

- crossing croisée' du transept" Vierung' crucero"

traverse arch arc■'-doubleau" SchildboQen’ nervio" transversal

VO Û TE BOVEDA

• DOTTED LINES link the terms with the objects they describe.

Gurtbogen imposta' principal

INDICATION OF GENDER f: feminine m: masculine n: neuter

------------------------- • TERMS

Lady chapel chapelle' axiale Chorscheitelkapelle' capilla' axial

apsidiole absidiole’ Radialkapelle' capilla' radial

are included in the index, with references to all pages on which they appear.

To see an illustration depicting a term that you know, consult the index.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

DICTIONARIES • Gage Canadian Dictionary. Toronto: Gage Publishing Limited, 1983, 1 31 3 p. • The New Britannica/Webster Dictionary and Reference Cuide. Chicago, Toronto: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1981, 1505 p. • The Oxford English Dictionary. Second edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989, 20 vol. • The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 1994, 2 vols. • Concise Oxford Dictionary, 1995, 1673 p. • The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967, 974 p. • Oxford American Dictionary. Eugene Ehrlich, et al. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980, 816 p. • The Random House Dictionary of the English Language. Second edition. New York: Random House 1983, 2059 p. • Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. New York: Portland House, 1989, 2078 p. • Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, 1986, 2662 p. • Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield: Merriam-Webster, 1984, 1563 p. • Webster's New World Dictionary of American Language. New York: The World Pub., 1953.

ENCYCLOPEDIAS •Academic American Encyclopedia. Princeton: Arete Publishing Company, 1980, 21 vol. •Architectural Graphic Standards. Eighth edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1988, 854 p. • Chamber's Encyclopedia. New rev. edition. London: International Learning System, 1989. • Collier's Encyclopedia. New York: Macmillan Educational Company, 1984, 24 vol. • Compton's Encyclopedia. Chicago: F.E. Compton Company, Division of Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 1982, 26 vol. • Encyclopedia Americana. International Edition, Danbury: Grolier, 1981, 30 vol. • How It Works, The Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia. New York: H.S. Stuttman, 1977, 21 vol. •McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, T982, 15 vol. •Merit Students Encyclopedia. New York: Macmillan Educational Company, 1984, 20 vol. • New Encyclopedia Britannica. Chicago, Toronto: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1985, 32 vol. • The joy of Knowledge Encyclopedia. London: Mitchell Beazley Encyclopedias, 1976, 7 vol. • The Random House Encyclopedia. New York: Random House, 1977, 2 vol. • The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: Field Enterprises Educational Corporation, 1973.

XIV

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ASTRONOM Y celestial coordinate system............................................................................................. 3 Earth coordinate system..................................................................................................3 solar system..................................................................................................................... 4 planets and moons, orbits of the planets

Sun.................................................................................................................................... 6 structure of the Sun, phases of the Moon

Moon................................................................................................................................. 7 lunar features

solar eclipse..................................................................................................................... 8 lunar eclipse..................................................................................................................... 8 seasons of the year.......................................................................................................... 8 galaxy................................................................................................................................9 com et................................................................................................................................9 Hubble's classification

constellations of the northern hemisphere................................................................. 10 constellations of the southern hemisphere.............................................................. 12 astronomical observatory.............................................................................................14 telescope, observatory

radio telescope........................... ..................................................................................15 altazimuth mounting

planetarium................................................................................................................... 16 Hubble space telescope................................................................................................ 16 GEOGRAPHY profile of the Earth's atmosphere.................................................................................19 configuration of the continents..................................................... 20 structure of the Earth....................................................................................................22 section of the Earth's crust............................................................................................22 earthquake......................................................................................................................23 cave.................................................................................................................................24 volcano........................................................................................................................... 25 glacier..............................................................................................................................26 mountain........................................................................................................................27 ocean floor......................................................................................................................28 mid-ocean ridge, topographic features, abyssal plain, continental margin

wave................................................................................................................................ 30 common coastal features............................................................................................. 30 ecology........................................................................................................................... 31 structure of the biosphere, food chain, pollution of food on and in the ground, pollution of food in water, atmospheric pollution, hydrologic cycle

precipitations................................................................................................................. 36 stormy sky, classification of snow crystals

meteorology...................................................................................................................38 weather map, station model, wind

international weather symbols..................................................................................... 39 fronts, cloud amount, present weather

meteorological measuring instruments.......................................................................40 m easurem ent of sunshine, m easurem ent of rainfall, m easurem ent of temperature, instrument shelter, measurement of air pressure, measurement of wind direction, measurement of wind strength, measurement of humidity, measurement of snowfall, measurement of cloud ceiling

weather satellite.............................................................................................................42 geostationary satellite, orbit of the satellites, polar-orbiting satellite

clouds and meteorological symbols............................................................................ 44 high clouds, clouds with vertical development, middle clouds, low clouds

XV

TABLE OF CONTENTS

climates of the world..................................................................................................... 45 tropical climates, temperate climates, polar climates, continental climates, subtropical climates, highland climates, subarctic climates

desert...............................................................................................................................46 cartography....................................................................................................................47 hemispheres, grid system

remote detection satellite............................................................................................. 48 Radarsat satellite, map projections, political map, physical map, urban map, road map

PLANT KINGDOM mushroom......................................................................................................................55 structure of a mushroom, edible mushrooms, deadly poisonous mushroom, poisonous mushroom

types of leaf....................................................................................................................56 leaf margin, leaf, compound leaves, simple leaves

structure of a plant........................................................................................................ 57 conifer............................................................................................................................ 58 branch, types of leaves

structure of a tree...........................................................................................................59 tree, cross section of a trunk, stump

structure of a flower...................................................................................................... 60 types of inflorescence

grape...............................................................................................................................61 steps to ripeness, vine stock, bunch of grapes, vine leaf

fleshy fruits: berry fruits................................................................................................ 62 section of a berry, section of a raspberry, section of a strawberry, principal types of berry

fleshy stone fruits...............................................................................................

63

section of a stone fruit, principal types of stone fruit

fleshy pomes.................................................................................................................. 64 section of a pome, principal types of pome

fleshy fruits: citrus fruits.................................................................................................65 section of a citrus fruit, principal types of citrus fruit

dry fruits: nuts................................................................................................................ 66 section of a hazelnut, section of a walnut, principal types of nut, husk

various dry fruits............................................................................................................67 section of a follicle, section of a silique, section of a legume, section of a capsule

tropical fruits...................................................................................................................68 principal types of tropical fruit

vegetables....................................................................................................................... 69 fruit vegetables, inflorescent vegetables, section of a bulb, bulb vegetables, tuber vegetables, root vegetables, stalk vegetables, pulses, leaf vegetables

herbs............................................................................................................................... 74 ANIM AL KINGDOM insects and spiders.........................................................................................................77 butterfly...........................................................................................................................78 caterpillar, chrysalis, hind leg

honeybee........................................................................................................................ 80 worker, foreleg (outer surface), middle leg (outer surface), hind leg (inner surface), mouthparts, worker, queen, drone, honeycomb section, hive

gastropod....................................................................................................................... 83 snail, principal edible gastropods

amphibians.................................

84

frog, life cycle of the frog, eggs, tadpole, principal amphibians

fish................................................................................................................................... 86 morphology, gills, anatomy

XVI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

crustacean.......................................................................................................................90 lobster, major edible crustaceans

mollusc........................................................................................................................... 92 oyster, principal edible molluscs

univalve sh ell................................................................................................................. 94 bivalve sh ell................................................................................................................... 95 dorsal view, left valve

reptile............................................................................................................................. 96 venomous snake's head, rattlesnake, shell, turtle

types of ja w ................................................................................................................... 98 rodent's jaw, carnivore's jaw, herbivore's jaw

principal types of horn................................................................................................. 99 principal types of tusk...................................................................................................99 types of hoof.................................................................................................................. 99 horse............................................................ 100 morphology, gaits, skeleton, plantar surface of the hoof, horseshoe, hoof

deer family....................................................................................................................105 deer antlers, principal kinds of deer

d o g................................................................................................................................106 morphology, dog's forepaw

c a t...............................................

107

cat's head, extended claw, retracted claw

bird................................................................................................................................108 morphology, head, egg, wing, contour feather, principal types of bill, principal types of foot

bat................................................................................................................................. 11 2 bat's head

HUMAN BEING plant cell.................................................. 115 animal cell.....................................................................................................................115 human body.............................................................................................................. 116 muscles....................................................................................................................... 120 anterior view, posterior view

skeleton...................................................................................................................... 122 anterior view, posterior view

blood circulation..........................................................................................................124 circulation diagram, heart, principal veins and arteries

male genital organs..................................................................................................... 127 sagittal section, spermatozoon

female genital organs..................................................................................................128 egg, sagittal section

breast.............................................................................................................................129 respiratory system......................................................................................................130 digestive system.........................................................................................................131 large intestine, small intestine

urinary system............................................................................................................ 132 nervous system ............................................................................................................133 peripheral nervous system, central nervous system, lumbar vertebra, chain of neurons, sensory impulse

sense organs: touch................................................................................................. 1 36 skin, finger, hand

sense organs: hearing............................................................................................... 138 parts of the ear, auditory ossicles, auricle

sense organs: sight..................................................................................................... 140 eye, eyeball

sense organs: sm ell....................................................................................................141 external nose, nasal fossae

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

senses of smell and taste...........................................................................................142 mouth, sagittal section, dorsum of tongue, taste sensations

teeth............................................................................................................................ 144 human denture, cross section of a molar

FARMING tractor..........................................................................................................................147 farmstead.................................................................................................................... 148 farm animals...............................................................................................................150 principal types of cereal............................................................................................152 bread...........................................................................................................................153 steps In soil cultivation.............................................................................................. 154 ribbing plough, manure spreader, tandem disc harrow, cultivator, seed drill, flail mower, .rake, hay baler, combine harvester, forage harvester, forage blower

ARCHITECTURE traditional dwellings.................................................................................................. 165 architectural styles......................................................................................................166 doric order, ionic order, corinthian order

Greek temple............................................................................................................. 168 Roman house............................................................................................................. 170 mosque....................................................................................................................... 172 types of arch...............................................................................................................174 semicircular arch, types of arches

gothic cathedral......................................................................................................... 175 Vauban fortification....................................................................................................1 78 castle........................................................................................................................... 180 roofs................................................................................................................... ........ 182 city centre................................................................................................................... 184 cross section of a street...............................................................................................186 town houses................................................................................................................ 187 theatre.........................................................................................................................188 stage

office building............................................................................................................ 190 HOUSE reading plans..............................................................................................................193 elevation, site plan, mezzanine floor, first floor, ground floor

exterior of a house.....................................................................................................196 structure of a house...................................................................................................198 timber frame, roof truss, foundations

wood flooring.............................................................................................................. 200 wood flooring on cement screed, wood flooring on wooden base, wood flooring types

stairs..............................................................................................................................201 door...............................................................................................................................202 exterior door, types of door

window......................................................................................................................... 203 structure, types of window

heating......................................................................................................................... 204 fireplace, slow-burning stove, chimney, fire irons, forced warm-air system, electric furnace, types of outlet, pumped hot-water system, gilled-tube radiator, boiler, oil burner, humidifier, hygrometer, floor-level electric convector, convector heater, auxiliary heating, heat pump, room thermostat

air conditioning............................................................................................................214 ceiling fan, room air conditioner

plumbing system....................................................................................................... 215

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

pedestal-type cesspit pump....................................................................................... 216 septic tan k................................................................................................................... 216 HOUSE FURNITURE table.................................................................................................

219

principal types of table

armchair.......................................................................................................................220 principal types of armchair

seats...............................................................................................................................222 side chair......................................................................................................................223 types of chair

bed................................................................................................................................224 bed linen

storage furniture......................................................................................................... 225 armoire

window accessories....,............................................................................................... 228 types of curtain, types of pleat, types of heading, curtain pole, curtain track, traverse rod, roller blind, Venetian blind

lights............................................................................................................................. 232 incandescent light bulb, fluorescent tube, tungsten-halogen bulb, energy saving bulb, adjustable lamp, track lighting, chandelier

glassware......................................................................................................................237 crockery........................................................................................................................238 cutlery........................................................................................................................... 239 principal types of knife, principal types of fork, principal types of spoon

kitchen utensils.....................................................

242

types of kitchen knife, for straining and draining, for grinding and grating, set of utensils, for opening, for measuring, baking utensils

coffee makers...............................................................................................................247 automatic filter coffee maker, vacuum coffee maker, percolator, cafetière with plunger, Neapolitan coffee maker, espresso coffee maker

cooking utensils.......................................................................................................... 248 wok set, fish kettle, fondue set, pressure cooker

domestic appliances....................................................................................................250 blender, hand mixer, hand blender, table mixer, beaters, food processor, discs, lemon squeezer, ice cream maker, juice extractor, kettle, toaster, deep fryer, waffle iron, microwave oven, griddle, refrigerator, extractor hood, electric cooker, steam iron, coffee mill, tin opener, dishwasher, washing machine, electric tumble dryer, hand vacuum cleaner, cylinder vacuum cleaner, cleaning tools

CARD EN IN C pleasure garden......................................................................................................... 263 tools and equipment................................................................................................. 264 impulse sprinkler, revolving sprinkler, hose trolley, watering can, hedge trimmer, motorized ground auger, wheelbarrow, hand mower, trimmer, power mower, chainsaw, Rotavator

DO-IT-YOURSELF carpentry: tools.......................................................................................................... 275 daw hammer, nail, ball-peen hammer, mallet, screwdriver, spiral screwdriver, screw, plane, hacksaw, handsaw, slip joint pliers, water pump pliers, mole wrench, washers, adjustable spanner, bolt, nut, electric drill, hand drill, brace, auger bit, twist drill bit, C-clamp, vice, router, pillar drill, circular saw, table saw

building materials......................................................................................................286 basic building materials, covering materials, insulating materials, wood, board, wood-based materials

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

lock................................................................................................................................290 mortise lock, tubular lock

masonry........................................................................................................................ 291 mason's trowel, caulking gun

plumbing: bathroom...................................................................................................292 toilet

plumbing......................................................................................................................294 bib tap, ball-type mixer, disc mixer, cartridge mixer, sink with waste disposal unit, geyser

plumbing: examples of branching.............................................................................298 washing machine, dishwasher

plumbing......................................................................................................................299 plumbing tools, mechanical connections, transition fittings, fittings

ladders and stepladders...............................................................................................302 stepladder, extension ladder, platform ladder

painting accessories.................................................................................................... 304 spray gun, scraper, paintbrush, paint roller

soldering and welding.................................................................................................305 soldering gun, arc welding, cutting torch, welding torch, oxyacetytene welding, pressure regulator, butt welding, blowtorch, striker

welding: protective equipment.................................................................................308 electricity......................................................................................................................309 lampholder, American plug, European plug, electrician's tools, multimeter, tester screwdriver, inspection light, multipurpose tool, combination pliers, wire stripper, fuse box, fuses

CLOTHING features of historical costume.....................................................................................315 men's clothing............................................................................................................. 319 raincoat, trench coat, duffle coat, overcoat, windcheater, parka, doublebreasted jacket, waistcoat, single-breasted jacket, belt, braces, trousers, shirt, necktie, underwear, briefs, vest, socks

sweaters........................................................................................................................ 326 V-neck cardigan, knit shirt

gloves............................................................................................................................327 headgear....................................................................................................................... 328 trilby, hunting cap, cap, balaclava, rainhat

women's clothing.........................................................................................................330 types of coat, pea jacket, raglan, pelerine, cape, suit, types of dress, types of skirt, types of pleat, types of trousers, types of blouse, waistcoats and jackets, types of pockets, types of sleeves, types of collars, necklines and necks, hose, underwear, bra, nightwear

children's clothing....................................................................................................... 349 hooded towelling robe, plastic pants, frilly pants, blanket sleepsuit, high-back dungarees, sleepsuit, babygro, training set, dungarees with crossover back straps, snowsuit

sportswear.................................................................................................................... 352 running shoe, training suit, exercise wear

shoes.............................................................................................................................354 parts of a shoe, principal types of shoe, accessories

PERSONAL ADORNMENT jewellery...............................................................................................................

361

earrings, necklaces, cut for gemstones, brilliant cut facets, precious stones, semiprecious stones, rings, bracelets, pins, charms

manicure....................................................................................................................... 365 manicure set, manicuring implements, nail clippers

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

make-up....................................................................................................................... 366 lip make-up, eye make-up, sponges

hairdressing................................................................................................................. 368 illuminated mirror, hairbrushes, combs, haircutting scissors, notched doubleedged thinning scissors, notched single-edged thinning scissors, hair roller, hairstyling accessories, curling iron, styling brush, hair dryer

PERSONAL ARTICLES dental care....................................................................................................................373 toothbrush, electric toothbrush

razors.............................................................................................................................374 electric razor, cut-throat razor, double-edged razor, shaving brush

umbrella and stick....................................................................................................... 375 umbrella, telescopic umbrella, stick umbrella

spectacles.....................................................................................................................376 parts of spectacles, bifocal lens, frames, principal types of spectacles

leather goods............................................................................................................... 378 attaché case, briefcase, bottom-fold document case, calculator/cheque book holder, credit card wallet

handbags..................................... ,............................................................................. 380 satchel bag, shoulder bag, accordion bag, drawstring bag

luggage ........................................................................................................................ 382 travel bag, vanity case, suit carrier, luggage trolley, suitcase, weekend case, trunk

smoking accessories....................................................................................................384 cigar, cigarette, cigarette packet, pipe, pipe tools, book of matches, matchbox, gas lighter, ashtray

writing instruments.....................................................

389

fountain pen, communications, ballpoint pen

photography................................................................................................................ 390 cross section of a reflex camera, camera back, single-lens reflex (SLR) camera, lenses, lens accessories, photographic accessories, electronic flash, tripod, still cameras, films, exposure meter, spotmeter, slide projector, projection screen, slide, developing tank, negative carrier, enlarger, developing baths, print washer

stereo sound system....................................................................................................400 system components, loudspeaker, tuner, amplifier, cassette, cassette tape deck, record, turntable unit, compact disc, compact disc player

dynamic microphone................................................................................................. 406 headphones................................................................................................................. 406 radio: studio and control room .................................................................................407 portable sound systems.............................................................................................. 408 personal radio cassette player, portable CD radio cassette recorder

video camera...............................................................................................................409 television..................................................................................................................... 410 television set, picture tube, remote control, videocassette recorder, studio and control rooms, production control room, studio floor, camera

mobile unit.................................................................................................................. 415 satellite broadcasting................................................................................................. 416 telecommunications by satellite.............................................................................. 417 telecommunication satellites..................................................................................... 418 examples of satellites, Eutelsat II, launching into orbit

communication by telephone................................................................................... 420 telephone answ ering m achine, telephone, telex, fax m achine, types of telephone, telecommunication terminal, pay phone

XXI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ROAD TRANSPORT car.................................................................................................................................425 types of bodywork, body, bucket seat, rear seat, door, lights, dashboard, instrument panel, windscreen wiper, disc brake, drum brake, tyre, belted radial tyre, wheel, petrol engine

types of engine............................................................................................................436 four-stroke engine, two-stroke engine, diesel engine, rotary engine, radiator, turbo-charged engine, sparking plug, exhaust system, battery

trucking........................................................................................................................440 tractor unit, articulated lorry with trailer, semitrailer, flatbed

motorcycle....................................................................................................................442 crash helmet, instrument cluster

snowmobile................................................................................................................. 445 bicycle.............. 446 power train, accessories

caravan......................................................................................................................... 449 trailer caravan, camper

road system................................................................................................................. 450 cross section of a road, principal types of interchange, cloverleaf

service station..............................................................................................................453 petrol pump, service station

fixed bridges................................................................................................................ 454 types of beam bridge, types of arch bridge, types of arch, suspension bridge, cable-stayed bridges

movable bridges......................................................................................................... 457 swing bridge, floating bridge, single-leaf bascule bridge, lift bridge, transporter bridge

RAIL TRANSPORT high-speed train...........................................................................................................458 types of passenger coach........................................................................................... 460 open-plan coach, sleeping car, restaurant car

passenger station........................................................................................................ 462 railway station..............................................................................................................464 marshalling yard ............................................... 465 railway track................................................................................................................. 466 rail joint, rail section, railway track, remote-controlled points, manuallyoperated points

diesel-electric locomotive...........................................................................................468 goods van.................................................................................................................... 470 bogie van, container, coupling

level crossing............................................................................................................. 471 types of goods truck.................................................................................................... 472 underground railway...................................................................................................474 underground station, bogie and track, underground train, passenger car

M ARITIME TRANSPORT four-masted bark..........................................................................................................478 masts and rigging, sails

types of sail.................................................................................................................. 482 types of rig....................................................................................................................482 anchor.......................................................................................................................... 483 ship's anchor, types of anchor

navigation devices....................................................................................................... 484 sextant, liquid compass, echo sounder, echo sounder probe

maritime signals...........................................................................................................486 lighthouse lantern, lighthouse, cylindrical buoy, high focal plane buoy

maritime buoyage system.......................................................................................... 488

XXII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

cardinal marks, buoyage regions, operational pattern of marks by night, day marks (region B)

harbour........................................................................................................................490 canal lock.....................................................................................................................492 hovercraft................................................................................................................... 492 ferry............................................................................................................................. 494 container ship.............................................................................................................494 hydrofoil boat.............................................................................................................495 cruiseliner................................................................................................................... 496 AIR TRANSPO RT long-range jet airliner................................................................................................ 498 types of tail unit......................................................................................................... 498 types of w in g..............................................................................................................499 flight deck................................................................................................................... 500 turbofan engine.......... .............................................................................................. 501 airport.......................................................................................................................... 502 passenger terminal, runway, ground airport equipment

helicopter.................................................................................................................... 508 SPACE TRANSPORT rocket.......................................................................................................................... 509 space shuttle...............................................................................................................510 space shuttle at takeoff, space shuttle in orbit

spacesuit......................................................................................................................512 OFFICE SUPPLIES stationery.....................................................................................................................515 office furniture.............................................,.............................................................520 calculator.....................................................................................................................523 pocket calculator, printing calculator

electronic typewriter................................................................................................. 524 OFFICE AUTOM ATION configuration of an office automation system........................................................526 input devices, communication devices, data storage devices, output devices

basic components......................................................................................................528 personal computer (view from above), video monitor, floppy disc, mini-floppy disc, hard disc drive, keyboard, mouse, dot matrix printer

photocopier................................................................................................................532 control panel

MUSIC traditional musical instruments................................................................................ 535 zither, mandolin, lyre, balalaika, banjo, accordion, bagpipes, Jew's harp

musical notation........................................................................................................537 staff, clefs, time signatures, scale, intervals, note values, rest values, acciden­ tals, ornaments, chord, other signs

musical accessories.................................................................................................... 539 music stand, tuning fork, quartz metronome, metronome

keyboard instruments................................................................................................ 540 upright piano, upright piano action

organ........... ............................................................................................................... 542 organ console, flue pipe, reed pipe, mechanism of the organ, production of sound

stringed instruments................................................................................................. 544 violin, bow, violin family, harp, acoustic guitar, electric guitar

wind instruments.......................................................................................................548

XXIII

TABLE OF CONTENTS

saxophone, woodwind family, reeds, trumpet, brass family

percussion instruments................................................................................................552 drums, snare drum, kettledrum, triangle, tambourine, xylophone

electronic instruments.................................................................................................555 synthesizer, electronic piano

symphony orchestra.................................................................................................... 556 examples of instrumental groups..............................................................................558 CREATIVE LEISURE A CTIVITIES sewing.......................................................................................................................... 561 sewing machine, foot control, presser foot, needle, tension block, bobbin case, pin cushion, tracing wheel, scissors, lining fabrics, pattern, fasteners, hook and eyes, fabric structure, snap fastener, buckle, zip fastener

knitting......................................................................................................................... 567 knitting needles, crochet hook, stitch patterns

knitting machine..........................................................................................................568 needle bed and carriages, latch needle, tension block

bobbin lace.................................................................................................................. 570 pillow, bobbin

embroidery...................................................................................................................571 frame, hoop, cross stitches, flat stitches, couched stitches, knot stitches, loop stitches

weaving........................................................................................................................ 572 low warp loom, heddles, shuttle, high warp loom, bobbin winder, ball winder, warping frame, diagram of weaving principle, basic weaves, other techniques

fine bookbinding..........................................................................................................577 bound book, gathering, trimming, sawing-in, sewing, board cutter, sewing frame, pressing, standing press, backing, backing press, backing hammer, covering, bookbinding leather

printing......................................................................................................................... 580 relief printing, intaglio printing, lithographic printing

relief printing process..................................................................................................581 inking slab, equipment, etching press

intaglio printing process............................................................................................. 582 equipment

lithography...................................................................................................................583 levigator, lithographic press, equipment

pottery.......................................................................................................................... 584 turning, tools, coiling, turning wheel, slab building, electric kiln, firing

wood carving............................................................................................................... 586 steps, accessories, types of tools, principal types of carving blade

painting and drawing.................................................................................................. 588 principal techniques, equipment, supports, airbrush, drawing board, access­ ories, useful liquids

TEAM GAMES baseball......................................................................................................................... 595 catcher, batter, bat, baseball, fielder's glove, field

cricket............................................................................................................................598 cricket player, cricket ball, bat, wicket, field, pitch

association football..................................................................................................... 600 footballer, football, playing field

American football.........................................................................................................602 American football player, protective equipment, football, scrimmage, offence, defence, playing field for American football, playing field for Canadian football, scrimmage in Canadian football

XXIV

ÍNDEX DE MATÈRIES

fútbol................................................................................................................................... 600 futbolista, pilota de fútbol, camp fútbol amerlcá....................................................................................................................602 jugador, equip de protecdó, pilota de fútbol americá, xoc, atac, defensa, camp de fútbol americà, camp de fútbol canadenc, xoc en fútbol canadenc rugbi..................................................................................................................................... 606 camp, pilota de rugbi hoquel sobre herba............................................................................................................607 camp, estic, pilota d'hoquei hoquei sobre g e l................................................................................................................ 608 pista, disc, estic de jugador, porter, jugador básquet............................................................................................................................... 61 o pista, cistella, pilota de básquet netball................................................................................................................................. 6 II pista, pilota handbol...............................................................................................................................612 pista, pilota voleibol............................................................. ..................................................................613 pista, pilota, xarxa tennis.................................................................................................................................. 6i4 pista, xarxa, jugadora de tennis, raqueta de tennis, pilota de tennis esquaix.................................................................................... 616 pilota d'esquaix, raqueta d'esquaix, pista internacional d'individuais raquetbol............................................................................................................................. 617 pilota de raquetbol, raqueta de raquetbol, pista badm inton.......................................................................................................................... 618 raqueta de bàdminton, volant, pista, xarxa p in g-p o n g..................................................................................... 619 taula, tipus de presa, pala de ping-pong curling...................................................................................................................................620 pedra de curling, pista, escombres de curling

ESPORTS AQ UATICS natació...........................................................- .................................................................... 621 piscina olímpica, bloc de sortida, crol, braga, papallona, sortida d'esquena, esquena salts de tram polí................................................................................................................. 624 trampolí, posicions de sortida, vols, entrades a l'aigua, salt endavant, salt enrere, sait en equilibri, salt amb tirabuixó, sait invers, salt endins w aterpolo............................................................................................................................ 626 superficie de joc, portería, pilota de waterpolo submarinisme...................................................................................................................... 627 submarinista vela........................................................................................................................................ 628 veler, disposidó de les veles, obra moría, carril d'escota surf de vela.......................................................................................................................... 631 rem........................................................................................................................................ 632 rem en couple, rem en punta, tipus de rems, bots de couple, outriggers esquí aquatic.......................................................................................................................633 tipus d'esquís, esquí, esquí d'eslálom, esquí de figures, tipus de punys

ESPORTS AERIS vol aerostatic....................................................................................................................... 634 globus, cistella caiguda lliure....................................................................................................................... 635 \ paracaigudista ala de pendent.................................................................................................................... 636 ala de pendent

XXV

ÍNDEX DE MATÈRIES

vol lliure................................................................................................................................ 637 ala delta vol sense m otor...................................................................................................................638 planador, cabina de pilotatge

ESPORTS D'HIVERN esquí alpí.......................................................................................................... 640 esquiador alpí, fixació de seguretat, bota d'esquí esquí de fo n s....................................................................................................................... 642 esquiadora de fons, esquí de fons luge....................................................................................................................................... 643 bobsleigh............................................................................................................................. 643 patlnatge............................................................................................................................. 644 pa tí de patinatge artistic, pa tí d'hoquei, pa tí de velocitat, protector de la ganiveta raqueta.................................................................................................................................645 raqueta tipus Michigan patí en lim a..........................................................................................................................645

ESPORTS EQUESTRES equltacló: concurs de salts............................................................................................... 646 recorregut de salts d'obstacles, obstacles, genet, sella, brida tipus de frens.......................................................................................................................650 filet, fre de sotabarba carrera de cavalls................................................................................................................ 651 ¡oque!, tribuna i pista carreres al trot........................................ 652 sulky

ATLETISM E atletlsme............................................................................................................................... 654 estadi, bloc de sortida, sait d'alçada, sait de perxa, llançaments, martell, javelines, pes, dise gim nástica........................................................................................................................... 659 cavall de salts, barres asimètriques, trampoli, barra d'equilibri, trampoli elàstic, anelles, barra horitzontal, cavall amb arcs, barres paral-leles halterofilia............................................................................................................................ 662 aixecador, arrencada, dos temps aparells d'exerclcis..............................................................................................................663 banc de musculado, halter, bicicleta estática, pesos, máquina de remar, barra de torsió

ESPORTS DE COM BAT esgrim a................................................................................................................................. 666 parts de l'arma, armes, pista, esgrimidor, blancs, posicions ju d o ...................................................................................................................................... 668 quimono, exemples de preses, tatami boxa...................................................................................................................................... 669 ring, embenat, guants de boxa

ESPORTS RECREATIUS pesca.....................................................................................................................................670 canya de mosca, rodet, mosca artificial, canya de Hangar, rodet de tambor fix, ham, esquer de cultera, baix de l'ormeig, roba de pesca, accessoris billar.......................................................................................................................................673 carambola, billar americá, billar angles, snooker, taula, cavallet, tac de billar golf........................................................................................................................................ 676 recorregut, pilota de golf, fusta, ferro, basions de golf, guant de golf, caputxó de bastó, carreta de golf, bossa de golf, carro de golf eléctric

XXVI

ÍNDEX DE MATÈRIES

alpinisme....................................................................................................................... 680 alpinista, martell piolet, mosquetó, pitó de rosca, piolet, descensor, encastador, pitó

bitlles i botxes.............................................................................................................. 682 gespa, ilança ment

joc de bitlles................................................................................................................. 683 bola, tipus de bitlles, disposlció de les bitlles, pista

tir amb are.................................................................................................................... 684 fletxa, arquer, arc de poUtges, blanc

CAM PING camping....................................................................................................................... 685 tenda de dues persones, tenda familiar, tenda de campanya, principals tipus de tendes de campanya, lliteres I matalassos, sacs de dormir, navalla suïssa, estris de cuina, coberts de càmping, accessoris de propà o butà, llanterna, estufeta de gas, cuinq portátil de dos fogons, fogó de gas, eines

nusos............................................................................................................................. 691 entolladura

cable.............................................................................................................................. 692 cable retort, cable trenat

JOCS D INTERIOR naips (baralla francesa)............................................................................................... 695 simbols, combinacions de póquer

domino......................................................................................................................... 695 escacs............................................................................................................................ 696 escaquer, tipus de movlments, peces

jaquet................................................................................ ............................................ 697 g ° ................................................................. ......... — .............................................. 697 tauler (go-ban), principals moviments

joc de dards................................................................. ................................................ 698 rodella, dard, àrea de joc

sistema de jocs de video............................................................................................. 699 daus.............................................................................................................................. 699 taula de ruleta.............................................................................................................. 700 ruleta americana, taula d'apostes americana, ruleta francesa, taula d'apostes francesa

máquina escurabutxaques.......................................................................................... 702 A PA RELLS DE MESURES mesura de la temperatura.......................................................................................... 705 termómetre, termómetre clinic, termómetre bimetóllic, termóstat ambiental

mesura del temps...................................................................................................... .... 706 cronometre, reilotge mecánic, rellotge analogic, rellotge digital, rellotge solar, rellotge de caixa, mécanisme del rellotge de pes

mesura del pes............................................................................................................. 708 balança de braços iguals, romana, balança de Roberval, pesador de ressort, balança electrónica, báscula de bany, balança de precisió

mesura de la pressió.................................................................................................... 710 barómetre/termómetre, tensímetre

mesura de llargada...................................................................................................... 711 cinta métrica

mesura de distancia..................................................................................................... 711 podómetre

mesura d'espessor........................................................................................................ 711 pólmer

wattímetre.................................................................................................................... 712 vista exterior, mécanisme

XXVII

ÍNDEX DE MATÈRIES

mesura d'angles..................................................................................................................713 teodolit, salta-regle, transportador mesura d'ones sismiques................................................................................................... 714 detecdô d'ones sismiques, amplificado d'ones sismiques, transcripció d'ones sismiques, visualització d'ones sismiques

INSTRUMENTS OPTICS microscopi d'electrons.......................................................................................................717 secciô d'un microscopi d'electrons, elements d'un microscopi d'electrons microscopi binocular......................................................................................................... 718 visor telescopic.................................................................................................... 7i8 prismàtics............................................................................................................................. 719 brúixola m agnética............................................................................................................ 719 telescopi reflector............................................................................................................... 720 telescopi refractor............................................................................................................... 721 lents...................... 722 lents convergents, lents divergents radar..................................................................................................................................... 722

SALUT ISEG U R ETA T farmaciola de primers auxilis............................................................................................ 725 material de primers auxilis................................................................................................ 726 estetoscopi, xeringa, llitera d'hospital, liitera cadira de rodes................................................................................................................... 727 auxiliars ortopèdics per cam inar..................................................................................... 728 crossa d'avantbraç, crossa corrent, basions protecció de l'oïda.............................................................................................................. 729 protector d'oïda, orellera antisoroll protecció dels ulls...............................................................................................................729 ulleres de seguretat, ulleres de protecció protecció del c a p ................................................................................................................729 case de seguretat protecció de les vies respiratories....................................................................................730 mascara de gas, mascara protectora buconasal armilla de seguretat........................................................................................................... 730 protecció dels peus............................................................................................................ 730

ENERGIA mina de carbó..................................................................................................................... 733 mina a cel obert en embut, mina a cel obert transversal, martell perforador de cilindre pneumàtic, boca de mina, martell pneumatic, mina subterrània petroli.................................................................................................................................... 737 camp de perforado, sistema rotatori, plataforma de producció, perforado marina, arbre de connexions, xarxa d'oleoductes, tañe de sostre fix, tañe de sostre dotant, camió cisterna, pétrolier, vagó cisterna, productes de refinería electricitat.............................................................................................................................746 complex hidroelèctric, secció d'una central hidroeléctrica, presa de terraplé, presa de gravetat, presa de volta, presa de contraforts, central mareomotriu, turboalternador, turbina Francis, turbina Kaplan, roda Pelton, étapes de la producció d'electricitat, torre d ’alta tensió, transport d'electricitat, connexió aéria energía nuclear................................................................................................................... 758 central nuclear, reactor de dióxid de carboni, reactor d'aigua pesant, reactor d'aigua a pressió, reactor d'aigua en ebullició, seqüéncia del maneig del combustible, feix de cárrega de combustible, reactor nuclear, producció d'electricitat amb energía nuclear

XXVIII

INDEX DE MATERIES

energía solar....................................................................................................................... 768 cèl-lula solar, captador solar pla, circuit de cèflules solars, torn solar, producció d'electricitat amb energía solar, casa solar, paret de Trombe energía eôllca..................................................................................................................... 773 molí de vent, molí glratorí, turbina de vent d'eix horizontal, turbina de vent d'eix vertical

M AQUINARIA PESANT prevenció d'íncendís.......................................................................................................... 777 Hum portátil, bomber, corretja per a escala i mánega, case de bomber camions de bom bers......................................................................................................... 778 camió bomba, camió d'escala telescópica, extintor vehicles pesants.................................................................................................................. 782 carregadora amb retroexcavadora, buldàzer, estripadora de paviment, anivelladora, camió de trabuc, pala hidráulica maneig de materials..........................................................................................................786 grúa torre, grúa automobil, grúa de pôrtic, transportadora de forqueta, paleta amb ales, paleta de caixa, transportadora hidráulica de forqueta

ARMES armes de l'edat de p edra.................................................................................................. 791 armes de l'època romana.................................................................................................. 791 guerrer gai, legionari romà arm adura............................................................................................................................. 792 elm arcs i ballesta............................................................................................. 793 arc, ballesta armes blanques.................................................. 794 arcabús................................................................................................................................. 795 clau de pedra foguera metralleta............................................................................................................................ 795 fusell autom atic.................................................................................................................. 796 metralladora........................................................................................................................796 revólver................................................................................................................................. 797 pistola................................................................................................................................... 797 armes de c a ça ..................................................................................................................... 798 cartutx de rifle, rifle (ánima estriada), cartutx d'escopeta, escopeta (ánima llisa) cañó del segle X V II............................................................................................................. 800 cañó d'avantcárrega, secció d'un cañó d'avantcárrega, accessoris per disparar, projectils obús m odern....................................................................................................................... 802 morter...................................................................................................................................803 morter modern, morter del segle XVII granada de m á ................................................................................................................... 804 llançagranades.................................................................................................................... 804 cañó sense retracés............................................................................................................ 804 tañe....................................................................................................................................... 80s subm arí................................................................................................................................ 806 fragata............... sos portaavlons.......................................................................................................................... 810 avió de com bat................................................................................................................... 812 abastiment en vol míssils.....................................................................................................................................814 estructura d'un míssil, principals tipus de míssils

XXIX

ÍNDEX DE MATÈRIES

SÍMBOLS heráldica.............................................................................................................................. 817 parts d'una bandera, formes de banderes, divisions dels escuts, exemples de particions, exemples de peces honorables, exemples de càrregues, exemples de metalls, exemples de foires, exemples de colors signes del zodiac................................................................................................................. 820 signes de foc, signes de terra, signes d'aire, signes d'aigua simbols de seguretat.......................................................................................................... 821 materials perillosos, protecció simbols d'us corrent........................................................................................................... 822 senyals de circu lad o ............................................................................................. 824 principals senyals de circulado nord-americans, principals senyals de circulado internacionals conservado de.telxlts........................................................................................................ 829 rentat, assecat, planxament simbols clentifics corrents................................................................................................. 830 matemàtiques, geometría, biología, química, simbols diversos signes diacritics................................................................................................................... 832 signes de puntuado........................................................................................................... 832 exemples d'abreviatures de m onedes............................................................................ 832

ÍNDEX ÍNDEX ÍNDEX INDEX

C A T A L A ......................................................................................................... 833 C A S T E LLÀ ......................................................................................................865 A N C LE S .......................................................................................................... 899 FRANCÉS ........................................................................................................ 929

XXX

1

ASTRONOM IA 17

53

GEOGRAFIA

REGNE VEGETAL

75

REGNE ANIMAL

11 3 145 163

ÉSSER HUMÀ AGRICULTURA

ARQUITECTURA 191

21 7

M OBILIARI DOM ESTIC 261 273

JARDINERIA BRICOLATGE 313

359

ÍNDEX DE CAPÍTOLS

CASA

ROBA

ADORNAM ENT PERSONAL 371

A RTICLES PERSONALS 387

COM UNICACIONS 423 TRANSPO RT

51 3

M ATERIAL D'OFICINA 533

559

TR EBA LLS MANUALS 593 693

703

MÚSICA

ESPORTS

JOCS D INTERIOR

A PA RELLS DE MESURES

715 723

INSTRUMENTS OPTICS SALUT I SEGURETAT 731

775

ENERGIA

MAQUINARIA PESANT 789 815 833

ARMES SÍMBOLS ÍNDEXS

■

ASTRONOMIA ASTRONOMÍA

ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMIE

ÍNDEX DE MATÈRIES

ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMIE

COORDENADES ASTRONOMIQUES................................................................................................................................. 3 COORDENADES CEOCRÀFIQUES...................................................................

3

SISTEMA SOLAR............................................................ !...................................................................................................4 SO L........................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 FASES DE LA LLUN A............................................................................................................................................................ 6 LLU N A ...................................................................................................................................................................................7

ASTRONOMIA ASTRONOMÍA

ECLIPSI DE S O L .................................................................................................................................................................... 8 ECLIPSI DE LLUNA............................................................................................................................................................... 8 ESTACIONS DE L'A N Y......................................................................................................................................................... 8 COM ETA............................................................................................................................................................................... 9 GALAXIA............................................................................................................................................................................... 9 C O N S 'F! -I A GO N S DE L'HEMISFERI BOREAL.............................................................................................................. 10 CONSTEL-LACIONS DE L’HEMISFERI AUSTRAL............................................................................................................. 12 OBSERVATORI ASTRO NO M IC..................................................................................................

14

RADIOTELESCOPI............................................................................................................................................................. 15 TELESCOPI ESPACIAL HUBBLE......................................................................................................................................... 16 PLANETARI......................................................................................................................................................................... 16

2

COORDENADES ASTRONOMIQUES

estera' celeste esfera' celeste celestial sphere sphère' céleste

ASTRONOMIA ASTRONOMÍA

COORDENADAS ASTRONÓMICAS CELESTIAL COORDINATE SYSTEM COORDONNÉES" CÉLESTES

pol" Nord celeste polo" Norte celeste North celestial pole pôle" Nord céleste declinado' declinación' declination déclinaison'

ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMIE

equador' celeste ecuador" celeste _ celestial equator équateur" celeste

eclíptica' écliptica' ecliptic écliptique"

equlnocci" de primavera' equinoccio" de primavera' vernal equinox point" vernal

ascensió' recta ascensión'recta right ascension ascension' droite

eslera'terrestre esfera'terrestre terrestrial globe sphère'terrestre

meridià” celeste meridiano" celeste celestial meridian méridien" céleste

pol" Sud celeste polo" Sur celeste South celestial pole pôle" Sud céleste

COORDENADESFGEOGRÀFIQUES

COORDENADAS' GEOGRÁFICAS EARTH COORDINATE SYSTEM COORDONNÉES" TERRESTRES

cercle" polar àrtic círculo" polar ártico Arctic Circle cercle" polaire arctique

pol" Nord polo" Norte North Pole pôle" Nord

latitud' latitud' latitude latitude'

hemisferi"Nord hemisferio" Norte Northern hemisphere hémisphère" boréal

tropic" de Cáncer" trópico" de Cáncer tropic of Cancer’ tropique" du Cancer" equador" ecuador" equator équateur"

hemisferi“ Sud hemisferio" Sur Southern hemisphere hémisphère" austral

tropic" de Capricorn" trópico" de Capricornio tropic of Capricorn tropique" du Capricorne" longitud' longitud' longitude longitude' cercle" polar antàrtic círculo" polar antártico Antarctic Circle cercle" polaire antarctique

pol" Sud polo" Sur South Pole pôle" Sud

3

ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMIE ASTRONOMIA ASTRONOMÍA

SISTEMA'SOLAR SISTEMA" SOLAR SOLAR SYSTEM SYSTÈME" SOLAIRE PLANETES” I LLUNES PLANETAS” Y LUNAS' PLANETS AND MOONS PLANÈTES' ET SATELLITES"

Fobos Fobos Phobos Phobos Mart Marte Mars Mars

Deimos Deimos Deimos Deimos

C f " .

Liana” Luna' Moon Lune' Terra' Tierra' Earth ± Terre' O " Venus Venus q __ Venus V Vénus Mercuri Mercurio Mercury ▼ Mercure Ganimedes - - Ganimedes Ganymede Ganymède Callista Calixto Callista Callista

Europa Europa Europa Europe

ló lo lo lo

ORBITES DELS PLANETES” ÓRBITAS’ DE LOS PLANETAS” ORBITS OF THE PLANETS ORBITES' DES PLANÈTES'

4

zona’ d asteroides'* zona'de asteroides" asteroid belt

^ Júpiter Júpiter Jupiter Jupiter

ASTRONOMIA ASTRONOMÍA

Saturn Saturno Saturn Saturne

Tita Titán Titan Titan

Piuló Plutón Pluto Pluton I f

tÿ

Neptú Neptuno Neptune Neptune

Caront Carón Charon Charon

ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMIE

Urà Urano Uranus Uranus $

Tritó Tritón Triton T riton

5

ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMIE ASTRONOMIA ASTRONOMÍA

SOL1' SOL"' SUN SOLEIL“ ESTRUCTURA DEL SOL" ESTRUCTURA' DEL SOL" STRUCTURE OF THE SUN STRUCTURE'DU SOLEIL"

fotosfera fotosfera' photosphere photosphère'

espícules' espículas' spicules spicule"

cromosfera’ cromosfera' chromosphere chromosphère'

corona' corona' corona couronne' zona'de convecció' zona'de convección' convection zone zone'de convection' zona'de radiado zona'de radiación' radiation zone zone' de radiation' nucli" núcleo" core noyau" erupció' erupción' flare éruption' fàcules' fáculas' faculae facule' laca'solar mancha'solar sunspot tache' filament" filamento" filament filament" protuberancia' protuberancia' prominence protubérance' granulado' granos" de arroz" granulation granulation'

FASES D E L A LLUNA FASES' DE LA LUNA' PHASES OF THE MOON PHASES'OE LA LUNE' Lluna nova Luna'nueva new moon nouvelle Lune'

creixent" creciente" new crescent premier croissant"

quart" creixent cuarto" creciente first quarter premier quartier"

lúnula'creixent quinto" octante waxing gibbous gibbeuse'croissante

badia' bahía' bay bale'

penya-segat" risco" cliff falaise'

SUPERFICIE'LUNAR oceàM océano* ocean océan*'

SUPERFICIE' LUNAR LUNAR FEATURES RELIEF" LUNAIRE

m ar'lunar mar" sea mer'

cadena'de muntanyes cordillera' mountain range chaîne'de montagnes'

cráter" cráter" crater cratère"

mur" muro* wall rempart"

cire" lunar circo" cirque cirque"

LIuna' plena Luna'llena full moon pleine Lune'

lúnula'decreixeni tercer" octante waning gibbous gibbeuse' décroissante

quart" mlnvant cuarto" menguante last quarter dernier quartier"

minvant" menguante" old crescent dernier croissant"

ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMIE

Mac“ lago" lake lac"

ASTRONOMIA ASTRONOMÍA

LLUNA' LUNA' MOON LUNE

ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMIE

EC LIP Sr DE SOL" ECLIPSE" DE SOL" SOLAR ECLIPSE ÉCLIPSEf OE SOLEIL" TIPUS" D’ECLIPSIS" órbita'de la Lluna' órbita'lunar Moon’s orbit orbite'lunaire

Lluna' Luna' Moon Lune'

TIPOS" DE ECLIPSES" TYPES OF ECLIPSES TYPES" D’ÉCLIPSES'

Terra' Tierra' ■Earth Terre'

ASTRONOMIA ASTRONOMÍA

eclipsi" total eclipse" total total eclipse éclipse' totale eclipsi" anular eclipse" anular annular eclipse éclipse'annulaire umbra cône" d’ombre'

penumbra cône" de pénombre'

eclipsi" parcial eclipse" parcial partial eclipse éclipse'partielle

ECLIPSI" DE LLUNAF

ECLIPSE" DE LUNAf LUNAR ECLIPSE ÉCLIPSE'DE LUNEf órbita'de la Lluna' órbita'lunar Moon’s orbit orbite'lunaire

ombra'de la Terra' cono" de sombra' umbra cône" d’ombre'

Lluna' Luna' Moon Lune'

TIPUS" D’ECLIPSIS" TIPOS" DE ECLIPSES" TYPES OF ECLIPSES TYPES" D’ÉCLIPSES' eclipsi" parcial eclipse" parcial partial eclipse éclipse'partielle

¡ Terra' Tierra' Earth Terre'

penombra de la Terra cono" de penumbra' penumbra cône" de pénombre'

eclipsi" total eclipse" total total eclipse éclipse'totale

ESTACIONS' DE L’ANY"

ESTACIONES'DEL AÑO" SEASONS OF THE YEAR CYCLE" DES SAISONS'

primavera' primavera' spring printemps"

equlnocci"de primavera' equinoccio" de primavera' vernal equinox équinoxe" de printemps"

solstici" d’hlvern” solsticio" de Invierno" winter solstice solstice" d’hiver"

Sol" Sol" Sun Soleil"

solstici"d’estiu" solsticio" de verano" summer solstice solstice" d’été"

-tardor' estlu" verano" summer été"

- equlnoccl" de tardor' equinoccio" de otoño" autumnal equinox équinoxe" d’automne"

cua de gasos“ cola'gaseosa gas tail queuef de gaz"

cabellera cabellera' coma chevelure'

ASTRONOMIA ASTRONOMÍA

COMETA" COMETA" COMET COMÈTE"

midi" núcleo" nucleus

ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMIE

cap" cabeza' head tête'

cua'de pois' co la 'de polvo" dust tall queue' de poussières'

GALÀXIA"

GALAXIA" GALAXY GALAXIE" CLASSIFICACIO DE HUBBLE CLASIFICACIÓN" DE HUBBLE HUBBLE'S CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION" DE HUBBLE

galàxia" espiral galaxia" espiral spiral galaxy galaxie" spirale

galaxia" el-lfptica galaxia" elíptica elliptical galaxy galaxie" elliptique

galaxia" lenticular galaxia" lenticular lenticular galaxy galaxie" lenticulaire

braç" espiral brazo" espiral spiral arm bras" spiral

nucll" núcleo" nucleus noyau" galactique

galaxia'irregular galaxia' irregular Irregular galaxy galaxie'irrégulière

galaxia'espiral amb braços" galaxia'espiral con barras" barred spiral galaxy galaxie" spirale barrée

9

CONSTELLACIONS DE L’HEMISFERI' BOREAL

CONSTELACIONES" DEL HEMISFERIO" BOREAL CONSTELLATIONS OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE CONSTELLATIONS" DE L’HÉMISPHÈRE" BORÉAL

oo c e h* Ho c

CO CO « c

S S

< e

< S

oo e s

CO CO

10

Balena' Ballena Whale Baleine'

10 Saeta Arrow

Aries" Aries Ram Bélier"

eigne" 1 -i Cisne Swan Cygne"

Hércules 2 7 Hércules Hercules Hercule

Triangle" Triángulo Triangle Triangle"

Llangardalx" i T Lagarto Lizard Lézard"

Serpentarl" 2 » Serpentario Serpent Bearer Ophlucus

Ceteu 1 j Cefeo Cepheus Céphée

Serpent" 2 Q Serpiente Serpent Serpent"

Cassiopea 1 a Casiopea Cassiopeia Cassiopée

jQ

Girata' i c Jirafa 3 Giraffe Girafe'

j1

Perseu 1 5 Perseo Perseus Persée

j2

1

Águila' Aguila Eagle Aigle"

Dragó" 2 5 Dragón Dragon Dragon"

Sageta'

26

Flèche'

Cotxer" 1 7 Cochero Charioteer Cocher"

18

io

Taure" Tauro Bull Taureau" Orió Orion Orion Orion

Via' Làctia 2 f i Via Láctea Milky Way Voie' lactée Andrómeda Andrómeda Andromeda Andromède

Bessons" 2 1 Gémlnls 1 Twins Gémeaux"

Pegàs" Pegaso Pegasus Pégase"

Linx" 2 2 Lince Lynx Lynx"

Cavallet" Caballito Little Horse Petit Cheval"

estel"Polar 2 3 Estrella Polar 3 Pole Star étoile'Polaire

Dolí" Delfín Dolphin Dauphin"

Óssa' Menor 7 4 Osa Menor Little Bear Petite Ourse'

Lira' Lira Harp Lyre'

ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMIE

q

ASTRONOMIA ASTRONOMÍA

2

Peixos" Piscis Fishes Poissons"

Corona'Boreal Corona Boreal Northern Crown Couronne'boréale

Bom " Boyero 1 Herdsman Bouvier"

j j

j4

ir

36

j7

io

39

Cabellera'de Berenice Cabellera de Berenice Berenice’s Hair Chevelure'de Bérénice Llebrers" Lebreles Hunting Dogs Chiens" de chasse' Ôssa' Major Osa Mayor Great Bear Grande Ourse' Lleó" Menor León Menor Little Lion Petit Lion" Crane" Cáncer Crab Cancer" Ca" Menor Can Menor Little Dog Petit Chien" Hidra'femella Hidra Water Monster Hydre'femelle Lleó" Leo Lion Lion" Verge'

4 0 Virgo

Virgin Vierge'

11

CONSTEL-LACIONS DE L’H EM ISFERr AUSTRAL

CONSTELACIONES' DEL HEMISFERIO" AUSTRAL CONSTELLATIONS OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE CONSTELLATIONS DE L ’HÉMISPHÈRE" AUSTRAL

Balena Ballena Whale Baleine'

3

4

Aquarl" Acuario Water Bearer Verseau"

12 Pez Dorado

Capricorn" Capricornio Sea Goat Capricorne" Peix" Austral Pez Austral Southern Fish Poisson" austral

Orada' Swordfish Dorade'

Cauallet" del Pintor 2 g Caballete del pintor Painter's Easel Chevalet" du Peintre

13

Reticle" Retículo Net Réticule'

Coloma' o q Paloma Dove Colombe'

14

Hidra'másele Hidra macho Sea Serpent Hydre' mâle

Ca" Major o n Can Mayor Big Dog Grand Chien"

Tucán" Tucán Toucan Toucan"

Popa' 3 1 Popa Ship's Stern Poupe'

16

Gall" dindi Pavo Peacock Paon"

Brúixola' 3 2 Brújula Compass Boussole'

17

Indi" Indio Indian Indien"

33

Quilla' Quilla Ship's Keel Carène'

18

Corona'Austral Corona Austral Southern Crown Couronne'australe

34

Vela' Velas Ship’s Sails Voiles'

U

Sagitari" ••o Sagitario Archer Sagittaire"

Creu'delsud" o r Cruz del Sur Southern Cross Croix'du Sud"

Serpent" 2 Q Serpiente Serpent Serpent"

Centaure" 3 /r Centauro Centaur Centaure"

Escorpió" 2 i Escorpión 1 Scorpion Scorpion"

37

Serpenta ri" Ofiuco Serpent Bearer Ophiucus

22

Altar” Altar Altar Autel"

38

Balança' Libra Balance Balance'

Forn" Horno Furnace Fourneau"

23

Triangle" Austral Triángulo Austral Southern Triangle Triangle" austral

39

Hidra' temella Hidra Water Monster Hydre' femelle

Eridà Eridano River Eridanus Éridan

24

Au' del Paradis" Ave del Paraíso Bird of Paradise Oiseau" de Paradis"

40

Corb“ Cuervo Crow Corbeau"

Orió Orion Orion Orion

25

Mosca' Mosca Fly Mouche'

41

Verge' Virgo Virgin Vierge'

10

Liebre' Liebre Hare Lièvre*

26

Camaleó" Camaleón Chameleon Caméléon"

42

Copa' Cráter Cup Coupe'

11

Burí" Buril Chisel Burin"

27

Peix" Volant Pez Volador Flying Fish Poisson" volant

43

Sextant" Sextante Sextant Sextant"

TELESCOPr TELESCOPIO" TELESCOPE TÉLESCOPE"

focus" primar! foco" primario prime focus foyer" primaire

ASTRONOMIA ASTRONOMÍA

ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMIE

OBSERVATOR!" ASTRONOMIC

OBSERVATORIO" ASTRONÓMICO ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY OBSERVATOIRE" ASTRONOMIQUE

mirait" pía espejo" plano flat mirror m iroir" plan rétractable angle" hora ri ángulo" horario hour angle gear engrenage" horaire — -

eix" de declinació' eje" de declinación' declination axis axe" de déclinaison' mirall" primari espejo" primario primary mirror m iroir" primaire concave

cabina'd'observació' cabina' en el foco" primario prime focus observing capsule nacelle'd'observation'

anella' de capçal" mobil anillo" movible interchangeable end assembly anneau" de tête' amovible

muntura'de lerradura' m ontura'de herradura' 'horseshoe mount monture'en fer" à cheval" eix" polar eje" polar polar axis axe" horaire sabata' hidrostàtica zapata' hidrostática hydrostatic pad patin" hydrostatique base'deltelescopi" base'del telescopio" telescope base base'

OBSERVATOR!" OBSERVATORIO" OBSERVATORY OBSERVATOIRE" cercle" meridià reversible............. obturador" de la cúpula' dome shutter cimier* mobile

respirador" respiradero" air intake prise' d’air" de ventilation' cúpula' giratoria cúpula'giratoria rotating dome coupole' rotative

groa' grúa' crane treuil"

Jelescopi" telescopio" telescope télescope" compartiment" eslanc esclusa' de aire" airlock sas"

parabrisa" cortavientos" windscreen rideau" pare-vent"

cambra'de buit" cámara' de vacío" air space vide" coberta' exterior de la cúpula' cubierta' exterior de la cúpula' exterior dome shell enveloppe' extérieure

sala'de control" sala' de control" control room salle'de commandes' estructura' de base' estructura' de base' girder couronne'de base'

14

rotació' de la cúpula' sistema" rotativo de la cúpula' rotating dome truck boggie" coberta' interior de la cúpula' cubierta' interior de la bóveda' interior dome shell enveloppe'intérieure

RADIOTELESCOPE

MUNTURA AZIMUTAL MONTURA' ACIMUTAL ALTAZIMUTH MOUNTING MONTURE'ALTAZIMUTALE

laboratory superior laboratorio" alto upper laboratory laboratoire" supérieur

ona radioelèclrica onda' radioeléctrica radio wave onde' radio

ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMIE

reflector'parabolic reflector“ parabólico parabolic reflector réflecteur" parabolique

ASTRONOMIA ASTRONOMÍA

RADIOTELESCOPIO" RADIO TELESCOPE RADIOTÉLESCOPE1’

receptor' receptor" receiver récepteur"

contrapès" contrapeso" counterweight contrepoids"

reflector" secundan reflector" secundario secondary reflector réflecteur" secondaire

primera cabina'focal primer recinto"focal first focal room première cabine'focale

segona cabina* focal segundo recinto" focal second focal room deuxième cabine'focale

rail" de rotació riel" de rotación' rotating track rail" de guidage"

estructura'de suport" estructura' de soporte" support structure bouclier" annulaire

laboratori". laboratorio" laboratory laboratoire"

ascensor" ascensor" lift ascenseur"

sala'de control" sala'de control" control room cabine'de commandes'

15

antena antena' antenna antenne'

pantalla'protectora protección'contra ia luz' light shield écran" protecteur

porta' puerta' aperture door couvercle"

secció'dequipament" sección' para el equipo" equipment section case'd'équipement"

ASTRONOMIA ASTRONOMÍA

ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMIE

TELESCOPIO ESPACIAL HUBBLE

TELESCOPIO" ESPACIAL HUBBLE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE TÉLESCOPE" SPATIAL HUBBLE

sistema" de conduced)' de precisic sistema" afinado de dirección' ‘fine guidance system système“ de pointage" fin revestiment" de la popa' recubrimiento" de la popa' aft shroud bouclier" arrière captador" d energía solar panel" solar solar panel panneau" solaire mirait" secundan espejo" secundario secondary mirror m iroir" secondaire mirai!" primari espejo" primario primary mirror m iroir* primaire

instruments" cientifi cs instrumentos" científicos "scientific instruments appareils" scientifiques

radiador” radiador" radiator radiateur"

rastrejador" d'estrelles rastreador" de estrellas' star tracker senseur" stellaire

camera cámara' camera caméra'

PLANETARI"

PLANETARIO" PLANETARIUM PLANÉTARIUM" zona'de treball" zona' de trabajo" working area zone'de manœuvre'

altaveu” dalts" altavoz" para frecuencias' altas treble loudspeaker haut-parleur" d’aigus"

zenit" cénit" zenith zénith"

volta'de projecció' bóveda' de proyección' projection dome voûte' de projection' altaveu' de miljos" altavoz" para frecuencias' medias midrange loudspeaker haut-parleur" de médiums" sala'de projecció' sala'de proyección' auditorium salle' de projection' cabina'de control" cabina' de control" control room salle' de contróle"

16

consola' de control" tablera" de controles" control console pupitre" de commandes'

altaveu” de baixos" altavoz" para frecuencias' bajas bass loudspeaker haut-parleur" de graves"

projector” planetari proyector" múltiple planetarium projector planétaire"

projector" auxiliar proyector" auxiliar auxiliary projector projecteur" auxiliaire

SUMMARY PROFILE OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE......................................................

19

CONFIGURATION OF THE CO N TIN EN TS.................:.................................................................................................. 20

GEOGRAPHIE GEOGRAFÍA

STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH.............................................................................................................................................. 22 SECTION OF THE EARTH'S CRU ST...................................................................................................................................22 EARTHQUAKE......................................................................................................................................................................23 CAVE.................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 VOLCANO........................................................................................................................................................................... 25 GLACIER...............................................................................................................................................................................26

GEOGRAPHY GÉOGRAPHIE

M OUNTAIN........................................................................................................................................................................27 OCEAN FLO O R .................................................................................................................................................................. 28 WAVE................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 COMMON COASTAL FEATURES...................................................................................................................................... 30 ECO LO G Y........................................................................................................................................................................... 31 PRECIPITATIONS................................................................................................................................................................36 METEOROLOGY................................................................................................................................................................. 38 INTERNATIONAL WEATHER SYM BOLS......................................................................................................................... 39 METEOROLOGICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS.........................................................................................................40 WEATHER SATELLITE........................................................................................................................................................ 42 CLOUDS AND METEOROLOGICAL SYMBOLS............................................................................................................... 44 CLIMATES OF THE W O R LD .............................................................................................................................................. 45 DESERT................................................................................................................................................................................46 CARTOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................................................................. 47 REMOTE DETECTION SATELLITE.....................................................................................................................................48

18

PROFILE OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE COUPEf DE L'ATMOSPHÈREf TERRESTRE PROFIL» DURCH DIE ERDATMOSPHÄREf CORTE" DE LA ATMÓSFERA' TERRESTRE

space probe sonde'spatiale Raumsonde' sonda' espacial

GEOGRAPHIE GEOGRAFÍA

altitude scale échelle'des altitudes' Höhenskala' escala'de altitud'

temperature scale échelle' des températures' Temperatu rskala' escala' de temperaturas'

GEOGRAPHY GÉOGRAPHIE

exosphere exosphère' Exosphäre' exosfera'

artificial satellite satellite" artificiel künstlicher Erdsatellit" satélite" artificial

thermosphere thermosphère' Thermosphère' termosfera' polar lights aurore'polaire Polarlicht“ aurora' boreal

shooting star étoile'filante Sternschnuppe' estrella' fugaz noctilucent cloud nuage" nocturne lumineux leuchtende Nachtwolke' nube'noctiluciente

mesosphere mésosphère' Mesosphäre' mesosfera'

nacreous cloud nuage"nacré Perlmutterwolke' nube'nacarada ozone ozone" Ozon“ ozono*

stratosphere stratosphère' Stratosphäre' estratosfera'

Concorde Concorde" Concorde' Concorde"

troposphere _ troposphère' Troposphäre' troposfera' -

Mt Everest Mt Everest" Mount Everest" Monte" Everest

19

GEOGRAPHIE GEOGRAFÍA

CONFIGURATION OF THE CONTINENTS CONFIGURARONLES CONTINENTS" KONFIGURATION'DER KONTINENTE" CONFIGURACIÓN'DE LOS CONTINENTES"

Arctic Arctique' Arktis' Artico" ■

GEOGRAPHY GÉOGRAPHIE

Greenland Sea m er'du Groenland" Grönlandsee' mar" de Groenlandia ■

North America Amérique' du Norç Nordamerika1' América' del Nocí

Atlantic Ocean ocean" Ozean“ océano"

Central America Amérique' centrale ; Mittelamerika" América'Central

Pacific Ocean océan* Pacifique Pazifischer Ozean" océano"Paclfico

~S~\ ° ^

Caribbean Sea m er' des Antilles'! »i ” Karibisches Meer" ' : mar* Caribe

„

South America Amériqüe' du Sud" Südamerika* Am ériqa'del Sur

Antarctica Antarctique' Antarktis' Antártida'

20

Arctic Ocean océan" Arctique Nordpolarmqer* océano" Glacial Artico

GEOGRAPHY GÉOGRAPHIE

North Sea m er'du Nord" Nordsee m a r del Norte

Eurasia Eurasie' Eurasien“ Eurasia'

GEOGRAPHIE GEOGRAFÍA

Bering Sea m er'de Béring Beringmeer* mar" de Bering

China Sea mer' de-GWne' Chinesisches Meer* mar" de la China' Meridional

Oceania \ Océanie' , Ozeanien1 - J Oceania'

Afnca ¡Atrique' ■ J^trika*

1 AtriST Indian Ocean océan" Indien Indischer Ozean" océano" Indico

Australia Australie* iüstralien* AttstraHa'

Caspian Sea mer' Caspienne Kaspisches Meer* mar“ Caspio Black Sea mer' Noire ' Schwarzes Meer* mar“ Negro

Mediterranean Sea mer'Méditerranée' Mittelmeer* m ar" Mediterráneo Red Sea m e r'Rouge Rotes Meer* m ar" Rojo

21

GEOGRAPHY GÉOGRAPHIE

GEOGRAPHIE GEOGRAFÍA

STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH S T R U C T U R E D LA TERRE" S T R U K T U R IE R ERDE" ESTRU CTU RALE LA TIERRAf

asthenosphere asthénosphère' Asthenosphäre' astenosfera' Earth's crust croûte'" terrestre Erdkruste' corteza'terrestre

outer core noyau" externe äußerer Kern" núcleo" exterior

upper mantle manteau" supérieur oberer Mantel" manto" externo

lower mantle manteau" Inférieur unterer Mantel" manto" interno

Mohorovicic discontinuity discontinuité'de Mohorovicic Mohorovicic-Diskontinuität' discontinuidad'de Mohorovicic

inner core noyau" interne innerer Kern" núcleo" interior

Gutenberg discontinuity discontinuité'de Gutenberg Gutenberg-Diskontinuität' discontinuidad" de Gutenberg

atmosphere atmosphère' Atmosphäre' atmósfera'

SECTION OF THE EARTH'S CRUST C0UPEf DE LA CR0ÛTEf TERRESTRE SCHNITT" DURCH DIE ERDKRUSTE" CORTE" DE LA CORTEZA" TERRESTRE continental shelf plateau" continental Kontinentalschelf“ plataforma'continental sea level niveau" de la mer' Meeresspiegel" nivel" del mar" continental slope talus" continental Kontinentalhang" talud" continental deep-sea floor fond" de l'océan" Tiefseeboden" lecho" oceánico granitic layer croûte'granitique Granitschale' capa'granita basaltic layer croûte' basaltique Basaltschale' capa' basáltica

22

Mohorovicic discontinuity discontinuité'de Mohorovicic Mohorovicic-Diskontinuität' discontinuidad' de Mohorovicic

'

-•

EARTHQUAKE SÉISME" ERDBEBEN* TERREMOTO"

■ ---------epicentre épicentre“ Epizentrum" epicentro“

depth of focus profondeur' du foyer" Herdtiefe' profundidad'del hipocentro"

focus foyer" Herd“ hipocentro"

fault faille' Verwerfung' falla'

GEOGRAPHIE GEOGRAFÍA

Earth's crust .croûte'terrestre Erdkruste' corteza'terrestre

GEOGRAPHY GÉOGRAPHIE

¡soseismal line ligne' isosiste Isoseiste' linea' ¡sosísmica

seismic wave onde' sismique seismische Welle' onda'sísmica

cliff - -falaise' Kliff" acantilado" beach - -plage' Strand“ playa'

mountain range chaîne' de montagnes' Gebirgskette' cordillera' fault .fa ille' Verwerfung' falla' sedimentary rocks .roches'sédlmentaires Sedimentgesteine" rocas'sedimentarias metamorphlc rocks -roches' métamorphiques metamorphe Gesteine" rocas'metamórflcas Igneous rocks -ro c h e s'ignées Eruptivgesteine" rocas' ígneas Intrusive rocks -roches'd’intrusion' Intrusivgesteine" rocas'Intrusivas

23

stalactite stalactite' Stalaktit" estalactita'

gorge gorge' Schlucht' desfiladero"

dolina doline' Dollne' sumidero"

y “ y

pothole aven" Einstiegsloch* hoyo" grike lapiaz" Schratten" lapiaz"

GEOGRAPHY GÉOGRAPHIE

GEOGRAPHIE GEOGRAFÍA

CAVE GROTTE1 HÖHLE GRUTAf

swallow hole gouffre" Schluckloch* tragadero" dry gallery galerie'sèche trockenliegender Höhlenraum" galería' seca column colonne' Säule' columna' gour gour“ Zeugenberg" derrubios" siphon siphon" Siphon" sifón"

water table nappe' phréatique Grundwasserspiegel“ nivel" freático

Stalagm ite

subterranean stream rivière' souterraine unterirdisches Gerinne* corriente'subterránea

stalagmite' Stalagmit"

dormant volcano volcan" au repos"__ untätiger Vulkan"’ ’ volcán" Inactivo

e sta la gm ita'

fumarole fumerolle' Fumarole' fumarola'

24

cone cône" Kegel* cono"

Lagergang"

reborde"

VOLCANO VOLCAN" VULKAN" VOLCÁN"

GEOGRAPHIE GEOGRAFÍA

cloud of volcanic ash nuage" de cendres' vulkanische Asche' nube' de cenizas'- ~n.

GEOGRAPHY GÉOGRAPHIE

VOLCANO DURING ERUPTION VOLCAN" EN ÉRUPTION' VULKAN" MIT AUSBRUCHSTÄTIGKEIT' VOLCAN" EN ERUPCIÓN'

crater cratère" Krater" cráter" volcanic bombs bombe' volcanique vulkanische Bomben' bombas'volcánicas

mam vent cheminée' Hauptschlot" chimenea'principal

lava flow coulée'de laves' Lavastrom" lava'

side vent cône" adventif Seitenschlot" chimenea' lateral geyser geyser* Geysir" géiser" laccolith laccolite' Lakkolith" lacolito"

dike dyke* Gang“ dique"

cámara'de magma" magma magma" Magma* magma"

ash layer couche'de cendres' Ascheschicht' estrato" de cenizas'

lava layer couche'de laves' Lavaschicht' estrato" de lava'

25

GEOGRAPHY GÉOGRAPHIE

GEOGRAPHIE GEOGRAFÍA

GLACIER GLACIER" GLETSCHER" GLACIAR"

bergschrund r¡mayef Bergschrund" rimaya' névé névé" Firn" neviza'incipiente

glacial cirque cirque" glaciaire Kar* circo" glaciar sérac sérac" Sérac" sérac" hanging glacier glacier" suspendu Hängegletscher" glaciar" suspendido

rock basin ombilic" Felsenbecken* cuenca' rock step verrou" glaciaire Kartreppe' escalón"rocoso crevasse crevasse' Gletscherspalte' grieta'

glacier tongue langue'glaciaire Gletscherzunge' lengua'glaciar

26

ground moraine moraine'de fond" Grundmoräne' m orrena'de fondo"

medial moraine moraine'médiane Mittelmoräne' morrena' central

MOUNTAIN MONTAGNEf BERG" MONTAÑA

pass col* Pass*1 paso"

peak pic* Spitze' pico*

perpetual snows neiges'éternelles ewiger Schnee" nieves' perpetuas

crête' Grat" cresta'

crest arête' Kamm" cresta'

mountain slope versant" Berghang" ladera'

GEOGRAPHIE GEOGRAFÍA

spur contrefort" Vorsprung" picacho"

GEOGRAPHY GÉOGRAPHIE

summit sommet" Gipfel" cima'

cliff falaise' Steilhang" acantilado"

plateau plateau" _ Hochebene' meseta' mountain torrent to rre n t"_ Gebirgsbach" torrente" de montaña'

forest forêt' Wald" bosque"

waterfall chute' _ Wasserfall" cascada'

valley vallée' Tal* valle"

lake lac" See" lago"

hill colline' Hügel" colina'

piedmont glacier glacier" de piémont* Piedmont-Gletscher" glaciar" de pledemonte" terminal moraine moraine'frontale Endmoräne' m orrena'terminal

meltwater eau' de fonte' Schmelzwasser" agua'de deshielo"

lateral moraine m oraine'laterale Seitenmorane morrena' lateral

outwash plain plaine'fluvio-glaciaire Schotterfläche' planicie'fluvio-glaciar

27

MID-OCEAN RIDGE DORSALEFMÉDIO-OCÉANIQUE OZEANISCHER RÜCKEN" DORSALf OCEÁNICA

transform fault faille'transformante Transform-Verwerfung' falla'

GEOGRAPHY GÉOGRAPHIE

GEOGRAPHIE GEOGRAFÍA

OCEAN FLOOR FOND" DE L'OCÉAN" MEERESGRUND" LECHO" MARINO

rift rift' Rift" hendidura' magma magma" Magma” magma*

TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES ÉLÉMENTS" TOPOGRAPHIQUES TOPOGRAPHISCHE MERKMALE” CONFIGURACIÓN'TOPOGRÁFICA

volcanic Island île'volcanique vulkanische Insel' Isla' volcánica

sea level niveau* de la mer' Meeresspiegel" nivel* del mar"

trench fosse' abyssale Tiefseegraben“ fosa'abisal

r

atoll atoll" Atoll” atolón"

mm

guyot guyot" Guyot" mesa'

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