The United States and Iraq since 1979: Hegemony, Oil and War 9780748631643
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THE UNITED STATES AND IRAQ SINCE 1979
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THE UNITED STATES AND IRAQ SINCE 1979 Hegemony, Oil and War
Steven Hurst
Edinburgh University Press
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© Steven Hurst, 2009 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh www.euppublishing.com Typeset in Palatino Light by Norman Tilley Graphics Ltd, Northampton, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 2767 7 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 2768 4 (paperback) The right of Steven Hurst to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgements Map 1: The Middle East Map 2: Iraq Acronyms Introduction
vi viii ix x 1
1 Towards a New Relationship, 1979–1984
24
2 From a Tilt to an Embrace, 1984–1989
52
3 The Persian Gulf War, 1990–1991
83
4 Dual Containment, 1992–2000
114
5 A Second War for Hegemony, 2001–2003
153
6 Things Fall Apart, 2003–2008
182
Conclusions: American Hegemony after the Iraq War
224
Bibliography Index
236 259
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My greatest intellectual debt is to those whose ideas I have pillaged in the course of writing this book. All scholarship is an exercise in standing on the shoulders of others, and in this case the work of three individuals in particular has been critical. In no particular order, therefore, I would like to express my gratitude to Bruce Cumings, for his contribution to World Systems Theory, to Simon Bromley, for his writing on the international oil system, and to Toby Dodge, for his expertise on Iraq. I also owe Toby thanks for the comments he made in a brief chat which helped to clarify some of the most recent developments in Iraqi politics. In addition, I would like to thank those who have commented on papers and articles produced in the course of writing this book, and in particular the regular participants at the American Politics Group Conference and the US Foreign Policy sessions of the European Consortium for Political Research. Special thanks should go to Tim Lynch for disagreeing with me about everything and forcing me to consider my arguments more carefully. The British Academy provided funding that enabled me to secure access to the National Security Archive’s Iraqgate collection. That support has contributed greatly to the book’s coverage of the period from 1979 to 1990. I would also like to express my gratitude to the National Security Archive and its staff for the work involved in compiling this excellent collection of documents. The map of the Middle East (Map No. 4102, Rev. 3, United Nations, August 2004) is reproduced with the kind permission of the UN Cartographic Section. The map of Iraq is based on UN Map No. 3835, Rev. 4, United Nations, January 2004. The editorial team at Edinburgh University Press, particularly Nicola Ramsey, Lianne Vella and Eddie Clark, responded helpfully to my vi
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various queries and were understanding of the slight delay in delivery of the manuscript, so my thanks to them, again. Last, but never least, I would like to once more thank my wife, Sam Faulds, for everything else, which is actually the important stuff.
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