The Unexcavated Buildings of Sardis 9780860546832, 9781407348322

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF SARDIS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
SARDIS SECTORS OF EXCAVATION
INTRODUCTION
PREFACE
CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER TWO: BUILDING A
CHAPTER THREE: BUILDING C
CHAPTER FOUR: THE HILLSIDE CHA MBERS
CHAPTER FIVE: THEATER-STADIUM COMPLEX
CHAPTER SIX: MINOR MONUMENTS
GAZETTEER
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
ILLUSTRATIONS

Citation preview

The Unexcavated Buildings of Sardis .

Robert Lindley Vann

BAR International Series 5 3 8 1989

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR S538,1989 The Unexcavated Buildings of Sardis © Robert Lindley Vann,1989 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860546832 paperback ISBN 9781407348322 e-book

DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546832 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

T o my mo ther a nd f a ther

ARCHAEOLOGICAL E XPLORAT ION OF SARD IS Genera lE d i tors

J ane Ayer S co t t Andrew R amage

R epor ts 1 .

2 .

3 .

A S urvey o f S ard i s a nd t h e Ma jor Monumen t s o u t s ide t h e C i ty W a l l s , b y George M .A . Han fmann a nd J ane C . Wa ldbaum ( 1 975 ) S cu lp tur e f r om S ard i s : T he F ind s t h rough 1 975 , b yG eorge M .A . Han fmann a nd Nancy H . R amage ( 1 978 ) T he B a th -Gymna s ium C omp lex a t S a rd i s , b y F ik re t K . Y egü l( 1 986 )

Monog raphs 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 .

7 .

8 . 9 .

B yzan t ine C o in s , b y G eorge E . B a te s ( 1 97 1 ) A nc i en t L i t e rary S our c e s o n S ard i s , b y J ohn G . P ed ley ( 1 972 ) N eue e p i chor i sche S ch r i f tzeugn i sse a us S ard i s , b y R obe r to Gusman i ( 1 975 ) B yzan t ine a nd T urk i sh S ard i s , b y C l ive F oss ( 1976 ) L yd ian H ouse s a nd A r ch i t e c tura l T err aco t ta s , b y Andrew R amage ( 1 978 ) A nc i en t a nd B yzan t ine G la s s f r om S ard i s , b y Axe l v on S a lde rn ( 1 980 ) , p ub l ished j o in t ly a s aCo rn ing Mu seum o f G lass Monog raph G re ek , R oman , a nd I s lam ic C o ins f r om S ard i s , b y T .V . B u t t rey , Ann J ohns ton , K enne th M . MacKenz ie a nd M ichae l L . B a tes ( 1 981 ) Me ta lwo rk f r om S ard i s : T he F ind s T hrough 1 974 , b yJ ane C . Wa ldbaum ( 1 983 ) T he B yzan t ine S hop s b y J ohn S . C raw fo rd

O ther Works G eorge M .A . Han fmann , S ard i s f r om P r eh i s to r i c t o R oman T ime s , ( Camb r idge : Ha rva rd Un iver s i ty P re ss , 1 983 ) G eorge M .A . Han fmann , L e t te r sf r om S ard i s ( Cambr idge : Harvard Un ive rs i ty P re ss , 1 972 ) G eorge M .A . Han fmann , F rom C ro e sus t o C ons tan t ine ( Ann A rbor : Un ive rs i ty o f M ich igan P re ss , 1 975 ) M i t ten , D av id G . , J ohn G . P ed ley a nd J ane A . S co t t , e ds . , S tud i e s P r e s en t ed t oG eorg e M .A . H anfmann ( Camb r idge : Harva rd Un ive rs i ty P re ss , 1 97 1 ) P ed ley , J ohn G . , S ard i s i nt h e A g e o fC ro e sus ( Norman : Un iver s i ty o f Ok lahoma P ress : 1 968 )

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A bbrev ia t ions I n troduc t ion

v i

P ref ace

v i i i

CHAPTER 1 :

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1

CHAPTER 2 :

BU ILD ING A

1

CHAPTER 3 :

BU ILD ING C

2 3

CHAPTER 4 :

H ILLS IDE CHA MBERS

4 0

CHAPTER 5 :

THEATER -STAD IU M CO MPLEX

4 7

CHAPTER 6 :

MINOR M ONU MENTS

6 6

G aze t teer

7 3

B ib l iography

1 02

I ndex

18

I l lus tra t ions

1 27

ABBREV IAT IONS

AA

A rchäo log ischer

A nze iger

A bhBer l

A bhand lungen d e r D eu tschen A kadem ie d er W i s senschaf ten z u B er l in

A lA

Amer ican J ourna l o f A r chaeo logy

ANR W

A uf s t i eg u nd N iedergang d er R öm i sche r W e l t

A nt S t

A na to l ian

A rchC l

A r cheo log ia C lass ica

A r tB

A r t B u l le t in

ASAtene

A nnuar io d e l la S cuo la A r cheo log ica d i A tene

A th M i t t

Mi t te i lungen d es D eu tschen A rchäo log i schen I n s t i tu ts , A then i sche A b te i lung

AvP

A l ter tümer v on P ergamon

B ASOR

B u l le t in o f t h e Amer ican S choo ls o f O r ien ta l R e sear ch

B ASORSup

B u l le t in o f t h e Amer ican S choo ls o f O r ienta l R e sear ch , S upp lement

B CH

B u l le t in d e c o rre spondance h e l ldn ique

B SA

B r i t i sh S choo l a t A thens , A nnua l

B SR

B r i t i sh S choo l o f A rchaeo logy a t R ome , P ape r s

CA

C ah ier s a rchdo log ique s

C IG

C orpus I n scr ip t ion um G rae carum

C IL

C orpus I n scr ip t ion um L a t inarum

C SCA

C a l i f orn ia S tud i e s i n C las s i ca l A n t iqu i ty

S tud ie s

D arSag

C har l e s D ar emb e rg a nd E dmund S ag l io , D ic t ion n a ir e d e s A n t igu i td s g r e cgue s e t r oma ine s ( Par i s : L ib ra i r i e H ache t t e , 1 877 1919 ) .

DOPap e r s

Dumbar ton O ak s P ape r s

F dD

F ou i l le s d e D e lphe s

Hanfmann , F rom C ro e sus t o C ons tant ine

F rom C roe sus t o C ons tan t ine :T he C i t ie s o f W e s te rn A s ia M inor a nd t h e i r A r t s i n G re ek a nd R oman T ime s . ( Ann A rbo r :Un ive r s i ty o fM ich igan P re ss , 1 975 ) .

Han fmann , L e t ters

L e t te r s f r om S ard i s . ( Camb r idge : Ha rva rd Un ive r s i ty P re s s ,1 972 ) .

Han fmann w i th M ie r se

Han fmann , G eo rge M .A . , w i th Wi l l iam M ie r se , A rchaeo log ica l E xp lo ra t ion o f S ard i s ( 1 958 -1975 ) ( Camb r idge : Ha rva rd Un ive r s i ty P re ss , 1 983 ) .

HSCP

H arvard S tud ie s i n C las s i ca l P h i lo logy

I s tFor sch

I s tanbu ler F or schungen

I s tM i t t

I s tanbu ler Mi t te i lungen

J dl

J ahrbuch d e s D eu t schen A rchäo log i schen I ns t i tu ts

Ja -EH

J ahrbuch d e s D eu t schen A rchäo log i schen I n s t i tu t s , E rgänzung she f t

J FA

J ourna l o f F i e ld A rchaeo logy

J HS

J ourna l o f H e l len i c S tud i e s

J ÖBG

J ahrbuch d e r Ö s te rre ich i schen B yzan t in ischen G ese l lschaf t

J RS

J ourna l o f R oman S tud i e s

MA MA

Monumen ta A s iae M inor i s A n t igua

M MA B u l le t in

Me tropo l i tan Museum o f A r t B u l le t in

Mi le t

M i le t , E rg ebn i s se d e r A usg rabung en u nd U n t e r s uchung en s e i t d em J ahre 1 899

Nash

E rne s t N ash , P ic tor ia l D ic t ionary o f Anc i en t R ome , 2v o ls . , 2 d e d . r ev . ( New Y o rk : F reder ick A . P raege r , 1 961-1962 ) .

( )H i

J ahreshe f te d es Ö s terre ich ischen A rchäo log ischen I n s t i tu ts i n W ien

Ö JhBe ib l

J ahre shef te d er Ö s terre ich i schen A rchäo lo g i schen I n s t i tu t s i n W ien , B e ib la t t

P la tne r -Ashby

P la tner , S amue l B .a nd T homas A shby , A T opo g raph ica l D ic t ionary o f A nc i en t R ome ( Ox ford : Un ive rs i ty P ress , 1 929 ) .

RA

R evue

Rd A

R ev i s ta d i a rcheo log ia

RE

P au ly -W i ssowa , R ea l -Encydopäd ie d er k l ass is c hen A l ter tumsw issenschaf t

REG

R evue d e s e t ude s g recque s

Röm M i tt

Mi t te i lungen d es D eu tschen A rchäo log ischen I ns t i tu ts , R öm i sche A b te i lung

S ard is

S ard is , P ub l ica t ions o f t h e Amer ican S oc ie ty f o r t h e E xcava t ions o f S ard is

S ard i s , Monog raph

A rchaeo log ica l E xp lora t ion o f S ard i s , Monograph S er ie s

S ard i s , R epo r t

A rchaeo log ica l E xp lora t ion o f S ard i s , R epor t S er ies

Wa rd -Perk ins , R IA

Ward -Pe rk ins , J ohn B . , R oman I mper ia l A rch i tec tur e ( New Y o rk : P engu in B ooks , 1 981) .

T ürkArkDerg

T ürk A rkeo lo j i D erg is i

Z PE

Z e i tschr i f t f ür P apyro log ie u nd E p ig raph ik

a rcheo log ique

SARD IS S ECTORS OF EXCAVAT ION

A A c A cN A cS A cT AT ATP

B S " ByzFor t " CG CW

EA HC HoB KG LA MC MRd MTE M TW NE W P Br

B u i ld ing A A c ropo l is A c ropo l is T op Nor th A c ropo l is T op S ou th A cropo l is T op A r tem is T emp le A r tem i s T emp le P rec inc t B a th -Gy mnas ium Comp lex B yzan t ine S hops " Byzan t ine F or t ress " B u i ld ing C B a th CG C i ty Wa l ls B u i ld ing D Church E Chu rch EA H i l ls ide Chambers House o f B ronzes K ag ir l ik T epe B u i ld ing L L yd ian A l ta r Church M Ma rb le C ou r t Ma in R oad M idd le T e r race E a s t M idd le T e r race We s t No r theas t Wad i P ac to lus B r idge

PC P IA PN P T P yT RT SW G S YN TU UT

(v )

P ac to lus C l i f f P ac to lus I ndus t r ia l A rea P ac to lus Nor th P eacock T omb P y ram id T omb R oad T rench S ou thwe s t Ga te S ynagogue A c ropo l is T unne ls Uppe r T e r race A rea

I NTRODUCT ION

S ince Cy r iacus o f Ancona i n t he 1 5 th c en tu ry , t r ave le rs h ave ma rve l led a t t he i mpo s ing r u ins v i s ib le a t S a rd is . I lus t r iou s a rch i tec t s s uch a s G .B . B or ra , amembe r o f R obe r t Wood 's e xped i t ion , a nd A . C ho i sy h ave t r ied t o r eco rd a nd i n te rpre t t he r u in s . T he ir g ue sse s h ave r anged f r om t he P a lace o f C roesus t o t he much -sough t e a r ly c hu rch o f S a rd is . L ind ley V ann , i n h i s ma s te r fu l s tudy , c l ea r ly o rgan ize s a nd p resen t s h i s d e ta i led r esearch o n t h is h is tor ica l ly a nd a rch i tec tura l ly i mpor tan t s ub jec t . C once ived o r ig ina l ly a s p a r t o f o ur t a sk t o c h ron ic le a l l f ea tu re s v i s ib le a bove g round , V ann 's b ook n o t o n ly p rov ide s au n ique r eco rd f o r e v idence r ap id ly b e ing l o s t t h rough a cce le ra ted i ndus t r ia l , c o mme rc ia l , a nd a g r icu l tu ra l d eve lop men t , i ta l so p re sen t s i mpor tan t d ocumen ta t ion f o r t he t opog raphy a nd u rban i s t ic d eve lopmen t o f t he a nc ien t c ap i ta l o f L yd ia a nd f o r t he f a sc ina t ing t r ans i t ion s f r om He l len is t ic t e chn ique s o f mason ry c ons t ruc t ion t o t he r ubb le c onc re te a nd o ther m ixed f o rms o f c ons t ruc t ion u t i l ized b y t he R omans , a nd b y e x ten t ion t o B yzan t ine s t ruc tu ra l f o rms . B e tween 1 970 a nd 1 972 V ann , w i th a t eam o f a rch i tec ts a nd p ho tog raphe r s , p repa red measured d raw ings a nd c a re fu l ly r eco rded t he ma jo r u nexcava ted r u ins s t i l l v i s ib le a ta nc ien t S a rd is . I n i n te rp re t ing t he e v idence p rov ided b y t he b u i ld ings t ha t r e ma in u nexcava ted , V ann t ouches o n s eve ra l ma jor p rob lems n o t s o lved b y t wen ty f ive y ear s o f e xcava t ion : t he l o ca t ion o f t he P a lace o f C roesus , t he t r an s fo rma t ion o f S a rd is f r om a L yd ian i n to a He l len is t ic c i ty , t he c ap tu re o f S ard is b y An t iochus I I i n 2 13 B .C . , t he r ep lann ing a nd a l ign men t o f t he n ew He l len i s t ic c i ty , t he mea su re s t aken b y t he R oman s t or ebu i ld t he c i ty a f te r t he e a r thquake o f A .D . 1 7 , a nd t he l oca t ion o f t he ma jor i ndu s t r ia l e n te rp r i se o f a nc ien t S a rd i s , t he i mpe r ia l a rm s f a c to ry . U s ing h i s w ide rang ing e xpe r t i se , V ann e xam ines t he d e s ign s a nd t r ends e v iden t a tS a rd is a nd c ompa re s t hem t o ag rea t v a r ie ty o f e x i s t ing s t ruc tu res . H is v a s t e xpe r ience p rove s p a r t icu lar ly a dvan tageous a s h e i lus t ra tes t he e xper i men ta l t r ends a nd d ivers i ty i n t he i mpor tan t t r an s i t ion o f He l len i s t ic t r ad i t ions t o R oman a nd t o t he l a te r B yzan t ine s t ruc tu ra l f o rms wh ich a re a d i rec t r e su l t o f d eve lopmen t s o ccu r ing i n we s te rn A s ia M ino r . U s ing a me thod ica l a pproach , V ann f i r s t d e f ines e ach s i te , t hen p re sen t s t he e v idence o f e a r l ie r t r ave le r s a nd r e sea rchers . A f te r av e ry d e ta i led d esc r ip t ion o f t he a c tua l r e ma in s a nd o f t he c ons truc t ion t e chn ique s , V ann d eve lop s h i s c a re fu l o bse rva t ions a nd d i scusse s p o ss ib le i n te rpre ta t ions o f t he b u i ld ing s . T he f ou r ma jo r s t ruc ture s e xam ined i n

d ep th i nc lude B u i ld ing A , i n terpre ted a s e i ther a n a r ms f ac tory , p rae tor ium , o r p os s ib ly a c aravansaray ; B u i ld ing C , aR oman b as i l ica o r b a th c o mp lex ; t he H i l ls ide Chambe rs , as ubs t ruc ture p erhaps a l so s e rv ing a s ac o mme rc ia l b u i ld ing ; a nd t he T hea ter -S tad ium Comp lex . T en m inor monu men ts a re b r ief ly d iscussed a nd i nc lude among o thers , t he " Byzan t ine F or tess , " t he " Roman Agora , " t he " Ode ion " a rea , a nd t he Hypocaus t S t ruc tu re . Unexcava ted B u i ld ing s o f S ard i s e nhances o ur k now ledge o f t he a nc ien t h i s tory o f S a rd is b y d iscuss ing p rob lem s o f a nc ien t u rban is m a nd t he f unc t ion o f v a r ious b u i ld ings o f t he G reek p o l is , i n e as tern R oman a nd G reek me t ropo l ises a s we l l a s i n t he f l ou r ish ing l a ter p ha se o f l a te a n t ique a nd e a r ly B yzan t ine u rban is m .

GEORGE M .A . HANF MANN HARVARD UN IVERS ITY

PREFACE

Du r ing my f i rs t s eason a s a membe r o f t he S a rd is E xped i t ion Iwa s g iven t he t a sk t or eco rd a s much a s p os s ib le o f t ho se many r ema in s o f t he a nc ien t c i ty t ha t t he s t a f f o fo u r Ha rva rd -Co rne l l t e am f e l t we wou ld n o t b e a b le t o e xcava te . T h is p ro jec t e vo lved f r om a n i n i t ia l r epo r t o f ad ozen p age s t o wha t wa s l a te r i n tended a s a n a ppend ix t o t he f i rs t v o lume o f t he f i na l p ub l ica t ion s . S omewhe re a long t he l i ne p ar t o f t h is r e sea r ch b ecame aP h .D . d i sse r ta t ion o n t he s tudy o f a nc ien t b u i ld ing t e chn ique s i n R oman A s ia M ino r ; t he o r ig ina l s tudy n ow a ppea rs a s as epa ra te monog raph . T he p urpose o f t h is monog raph was t o r eco rd a s much a s p oss ib le a bou t t he se b u i ld ings w i thou t e xcava t ion . B u i ld ings we re c l ea red o f a l l b u t t he mos t d e term ined u nde rg row th i n o rder t o measu re a nd t op ho tog raph t he r e ma in s . T he re was n o d igg ing o the r t han s c rap ing t he g round h e re t o f i nd a c orner o r t here t o d iscover t he s pr ing ing o f a n a rch . T he f r agmen ta ry r e ma ins r eco rded i n t h is p ro jec tr epresen t b u i ld ing s o f ab road c h rono log ica l r ange b u t t end t o d a te t o t he l a te r c en tu r ies o f t he c i ty 's h i s to ry d u r ing t he R oman a nd B yzan t ine p e r iods . I n o rde r t op re se rve a s much i n forma t ion a s p oss ib le , t he t ex t i s p r ima r i ly d e sc r ip t ive a nd o n ly whe re s u f f icen t e v idence e x is ts i n t he r e ma ins o r w i th c ompara t ive e xamp les f r om o the r c l ass ica l s i tes i n T urkey , a re t he re s ugge s t ions f o r r e s to ra t ion . T he s urvey ing a nd d raw ing o f t he u nexcava ted b u i ld ings wa s c a r r ied o u t w i th t he a s s is tance o f a rch i tec t s P au l K . Z ygas ( now A ssoc ia te P ro fe ssor o f A rch i tec tu re a t A r izona S ta te Un ive rs i ty ) , L eon S a tkowsky ( now A ssoc ia te P ro fe sso r o f A rch i tec tu re a t t he Un ive rs i ty o f M inneso ta ) , a nd E dwa rd R usse l l . S eve ra l o f t he o r ig ina l d raw ing s h ave b een a l te red a nd r e inked b y E r ic J enk in s , M ichae l Mona ldo , D an ie l Ha le , J ohn S ang ley , a nd V an F ranke , a l l s tuden ts i n t he S choo l o f A rch i tec tu re a t t he Un ive rs i ty o f Ma ry land . P ho tog raphs we re t aken b y E l izabe th G o mbo s i , Mar tha Hopp in a nd t he a u thor , a nd a dd i t iona l r epor ts b y T eo man Y ak inkaya , B r ian P e rc iva l , a nd G eorge M .A . Han fmann we re c on su l ted . V a r iou s f i e ld d i rec to rs f r om o the r s i tes we re a lway s g ene rou s w i th t he i r t ime a nd a lway s e age r t o d iscuss mu tua l a rchaeo log ica l p rob lems . A s pec ia l n o te o f t hank s g oes t o K enan T . E r im , Wo l fgang R ad t , H e rmann V e t te r s , An to in B amme r , J ame s R u sse l l , a nd P ao lo V e rzone . A s pec ia l wo rd o f t hank s g oes t o t he l a te A . H en ry D e twe i ler , my f i r s t d i sse r ta t ion c ha i rman a tC o rne l l Un iver s i ty a nd t he c o -d i rec tor o f t he S a rd is E xped i t ion . I t was d ue t o t he s uppo r t o f P ro fe ssor D e twe i ler a nd P ro fe sso r S tephen W . J a cob s , a l so d ecea sed , t ha t Iwa s a b le t o p a r t i c ipa te i n t he e xcava t ions . Iam i ndeb ted mo s t o f a l l t o t he l a te P ro fesso r H an fmann , D i rec to r o f t he S a rd is E xped i t ion f r om 1 958 t o 1 976 f o r t he o ppo r tun i ty t o wo rk a t t he s i te a nd t o b ecome p a r t o f t he S a rd is f am i ly o f s tuden ts a nd

s cho lars . A l though v e ry s pec ia l memor ies a re o f ten a t tached t o o ne 's f i rs t f i e ld e xper ience , t he d i rec t ion o f George a nd I l sa Han fmann , a nd l a ter C raw ford H . G reenewa l t , J r . , made S ard is av ery s pec ia l p lace . Many o the r c o l leagues — Jane S co t t , R ober t L . Hoh lfe lder , a nd Andrew R amage -have s uppor ted t h is e f fo r t a nd a t v a r ious t imes h ave r ead t he manuscr ip t a nd a dded s ugges t ions . Much o f wha t i s c orrec t h e re i s d ue t o t he ir e f for t s wh i le t he e r rors t ha t r ema in mus t b e my own . T he f i na l t e x t was p repa red f o r p ub l ica t ion b y E l ie Mansour . T he Hardware u sed i nc luded a n App le Mac in tosh I r unn ing M icroso f t Word 4 .0 a nd a L aserwr i ter+ u s ing t he P a la t ino F on t . F ina l ly , a l though Ih ave b ene f i t ted f r om many more p eop le t oo n u merous t o men t ion , as pec ia l d eb t i s owed C l ive F oss who h a s b een a f r iend a nd c ons tan t s uppo r ter o f t h is p ro jec t . I wou ld l i ke t o r ecogn ize t he Genera l R esearch B oard o f t he Un iver s i ty o f Ma ry land f o r i t s f i nanc ia l a ss is tance e nab l ing me t o r e turn t o t he s i te a nd t wo g roups o f a rch i tec tura l s tuden ts who a l lowed me t o p u t v i s i t s t o S ard is o n o u r i t inera r ies f o r s u mme r s choo l i n 1 987 a nd 1 988 . T he Un ivers i ty o f Ma ry land G radua te S choo l a nd t he S choo l o f A rch i tec ture a l so p rov ided g ene rou s s uppor t f o r t he p repara t ion a nd p ub l ica t ion o f t h is v o lu me .

J une 1 989 C o l lege P a rk , Ma ry land

CHAPTER ONE : BACKGROUND OF THE S TUDY

I n t roduc t ion T he r u ins o f S a rd is h ave b een v i s ib le s i nce a n t iqu i ty . A l though n o t a lways i n terpre ted c o rrec t ly , t he r e ma ins h ave b een s tud ied , d esc r ibed , measured , a nd s ke tched b y n u merous e ar ly t r ave lers a nd s cho lars , d ep ic t ing t hose b u i ld ing s a s t hey a ppea red a t v a r ious t imes f ro m t he 1 5 th c en tury o nward .1 I n a dd i t ion t o o ur k now ledge o f t he s t and ing r u ins g a ined f rom t hese e a r ly a ccoun ts , more h as b een l earned f rom s evera l a rchaeo log ica l e xped i t ions t ha t h ave s ubsequen t ly u near thed r e ma ins f r om e ach o f t he v ar ious h is tor ica l p hases o f t h is f a mous c i ty i n A s ia M inor . T he f i rs t s c ien t if ic e xcava t ions , d irec ted b y S p iege l tha l , P russ ian c onsu l i n Smyrna ( I zm i r ) i n t he 1 850 's , were f o l lowed b y a dd i t iona l v i s i ts b y s evera l f amous s cho lar s i nc lud ing G eo rge D enn is a nd Augus t Cho isy .2 B u t i t was 1 910 b e fore Howard C rosby B u t ler o f P r ince ton Un ivers i ty o pened l a rge -sca le e xcava t ions a t S ard is i n t he T emp le o f A r tem is a nd

1

Descriptions

s ubsequent

and drawings by the early travelers

chapters

on

individual

buildings.

will be

treated in

A comprehensive

s tudy

o f their accounts i s planned by the author and Jane S cott and will appear as part of the monograph series f or the f inal publications of the Sardis Expedition. European visitors arrived as early a s 1 446 when Cyriacus of Ancona described the Temple of Artemis. Cyriacus of Ancona,

L etter

1 446) Ms. Florence, Tozzetti, Toscana, Riemann,

Ignaz

Andrea

Giustiani-Banca

Relazione

d 'alcuni

BCH 1 (1877)

F . M.

von

from New

Phocea

( April

2 4,

4 9 of the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Published with omissions in G . Targoniv iaggi

I I ( Florence, 1 773), " Inscriptions grecques

d ' Ancone," 2

to

Pal. Targioni f . f . 2 9 r-v.

fatti

in

d iverse

parti

della

vol. V , 4 51-452. See also Othon provenant du Receuil de Cyriacus

8 4.

Olfers,

"Über

die

Lydischen

Königsgräber

bei

Sardes

und den Grabhügel des Alyates nach dem Bericht des Kaiserlichen General-Consuls Spiegelthal z u Smyrna," AbhBerl ( 1858) 5 39-556. A s ummary appears i n Georges Perrot and Charles Chipiez, History of Art of

Phrygia,

Lydia,

C aria,

and

Lycia

( London:

Chapman,

Hall

L td.,

1 892) 2 58-266. George Dennis, known primarily for his Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, was also British Consul in Smyrna where he occupied tomb

himself,

i n

part,

chambers

a t

Bin

investigations

of

1 882,

Choisy's,

"Note

by

Tepe.

s ur l es

drawing

and describing

Although

these

s ame

Dennis

tombs

tombeaux Lydiens

were

de

never l ater

S ardes,"

several

of

the

published

his

the

RA 3 2

subject ( 1876)

of 7 3-

8 1. Choisy, perhaps one of the most prolific architectural historians of the 1 9th c entury, also published several drawings of Buildings B , C ,

and D .

S oci6t6 3 .

August Choisy,

anonyme

de

L 'art

publications

de bätir

c hez

periodique,

les byzantines 1 883)

1 60-162,

( Paris: pl.

VI

2-

n earby L yd ian n ecropo l is . 3 Work c on t inued u n t i l 1 914 a nd , a f te r s evera l y ea rs i n a beyance , r e sumed w i th s hor t s ea sons i n 1 921 a nd 1 922 . 4 Wi th t he o u tbreak o f h os t i l i t ies i n t he T urk ish -Greek War , t he a c t iv i ty o f t he P r ince ton E xped i t ion wa s b rough t t o ac l o se . No a dd i t iona l e xcava t ions o ccu rred u n t i l t he f orma t ion o f t he A rchaeo log ica l E xp lora t ion o f S ard is , aj o in t v en ture o f Harvard a nd Corne l l u n ivers i t ies u nder t he d irec t ion o f George M .A . Hanfmann a nd A . Henry D e twe i le r ( F ig s . 1 3 , a l l r e fe rences t oF ig . 3a l so r e fe r t ot he f o ldou t p lan i si n r ea r o f v o lume ) . T he r esu l t s o f ma jor c a mpa igns f r om 1 958 -1975 we re p ub l ished i n n ume rous a r t ic le s a nd a re n ow t he s ub jec t o f as e r ie s o f f i na l r epor ts a nd monog raph s .5 E xcava t ions a tS a rd is h ave c on t inued s i nce 1 975 u nder t he d i rec t ion o fC raw fo rd H . G reenewa l t ,J r . o f t he Un ive r s i ty o f C a l i forn ia a tB e rke ley .6 T he f o l low ing b u i ld ings a re i nc luded i n t he p resen t s tudy : B u i ld ing A , B u i ld ing C , t he T hea ter -S tad ium C o mp lex a nd , t he H i l ls ide Chambers ( F ig . 3 ) . F ragmen ta ry r e ma ins o f d ozens o f o ther b u i ld ings , r ang ing f r om s ing le wa l ls t o mo re c omp lex s t ruc ture s , c an b e s een i n t he S ard is a rea , b o th w i th in t he c i ty wa l ls a nd t h roughou t t he s ur round ing c oun t ry s ide . Mos t o f t he l a rge r r u in s h ave a lways b een v i s ib le wh i le o the r s t ha t were b ur ied , h ave c ome t o l i gh t o nce mo re t h rough t he e ros ive a c t ion s o f w ind

Despite the untimely death of Butler in 1 921 on his r eturn f rom Turkey and the disappearance of some objects found in his excavations, the series of final reports for the Princeton 3

Expedition

i s

both

the

( as

under Butler,

r emarkable. names

S ardis

Theodore L . 4 09. The 1 922

4

I )

o f

Volumes

the

are

authors

l isted

f ollowed

a s well a s under the

in

by

s ponsored by the American

bibliography

volume

number

S ardis s eries.

S hear, " Sixth Preliminary Report," s eason w as l ed by Shear who l ater

the excavations

the

the

S chool

AJA 26 became

of

( 1922) 3 89director of

Classical

S tudies

in the Athenian Agora. 5

Annual

M . A.

r eports

Hanfmann

principal

of

with

f ield

each

campaign

contributions

r eport

by

appeared

have

been

various

i n

BASOR,

published

by

George

expedition members. although

summaries

The and

notes appeared each year in TürkArkDerg as well a s in Professor Mellink's "Annual Report on Archaeology i n Asia Minor," i n AJA. The series of final r eports of the Harvard Exploration of S ardis are l isted in the author's

name and under S ardis,

Report

Cornell Archaeological bibliography under the

o r S ardis,

Crawford H . Greenewalt, Jr., " The Eighteenth ( 1975)," BASOR 2 28 ( 1977) 4 7-59; i tem , " The

6

Monograph. Campaign at S ardis S ardis Campaign of

1 976," BASOR 2 29 ( 1978) 5 7-73; i tem , " The S ardis Campaign of 1 977," BASOR 233 ( 1979) 1 -32; i tem, Eugene L . S terud, and Donald F . Belknap, " The Sardis Campaign o f 1 978," BASOR 245 ( 1982) 1 -34; i tem , Andrew Ramage, Donald Tugla, " The S ardis Campaigns 4 4.

S ee additional

l istings

G . of

Sullivan, Kubiläy Nayir a nd Attila 1 979 and 1 980," BASOR 2 49 ( 1983) 1 -

i n Bibliography.

-2 -

a nd wa te r o r t he a c t iv i ty o f man . F o r e xamp le , t he b ank s o f t he P ac to lu s R ive r s out h o f t he p re sen t h ighway b r idge h ave s h i f ted t ot he e a s t , c u t t ing t h rough a n e a r l ie r i nhab i ted a rea . S ome o f t he s ec to rs s uch a s P ac to lus C l i f f ( F ig . 3 , n o . 1 3 ) a nd P ac to lus I ndus tr ia l A rea ( no . 7 ) h ave b een i nve s t iga ted ; o the r s , s uch a s t he ma rb le f ounda t ions i n t he r i ver b ed s ou thwes t o f t he T emp le o f A r tem is ( no .4 3 ) , h ave n o t .7 A lmo s t a ny wad i a round t he b ase o f t he a c ropo l is d i sc lose s e v idence o f wa l ls w i th in i t s b ank s a nd a f te r ac hance d i scove ry o f many f i ne L yd ian s he rd s , o ne o f t he se wad is n or theas t t he t emp le was c l ea red , r evea l ing L yd ian a nd R oman s t ruc tures ( no . 1 6 ) .8 O ther b u i ld ing s , n o t c l ea r ly v i s ib le , a re i nd ica ted b y t opog raph ica l f e a tu res . F o r e xamp le , e x ten s ive r e ma in s m igh t b e l o ca ted b enea th t he l a rge mound s e a s t o f t he B a th -Gymna s ium C omp lex ( Bu i ld ing B ) o r o the r s a long t he n o r th c i ty wa l 1 .9 P e rhaps f u tu re e xcava t ion s w i l l a l so i den t i fy o the r monumen t s t ha t a r e n ow k nown o n ly t h rough e p ig raph ic , l i te ra ry , o r n um isma t ic s ou rce s . F o r e xa mp le , o ne i n scr ip t ion l i s t s f oun ta in s i n t he c i ty , g iv ing t he ir l o ca t ions i n t e rms o f n ea rby b u i ld ing s ; t he f oun ta in o ppos i te t he G ymna s ium o f t he E lde rs , t ha t o ppo s i te t he t wo c on f ra te rn i ty h a l l s , t hose n ea r t he o de ion a nd t he Menogene ion , t he f oun ta in o f t he s ynagogue , t he f oun ta in o ppos i te t he A t t is c on f ra te rn i ty h a l l f l ow ing i n to t he p rec inc t o f Z eu s , t ha t n ear t he t wo -s to ry b u i ld ing " whe re a re a l so t he t owe r s " , a nd t he p a i r f l ow ing f r om t he r e se rvo i r . T he re we re a l so f oun ta ins o f D om i t ia , o f L y s i machos , o f . tos n ear t he g a te , o f A rs inoe , t ha t f l ow ing f r om t he f oun ta in o f A rs inod r ound a bou t t he p rec inc t o f Men a nd t he f oun ta in o f t h e men 's g ua rdhou se o n t he d e scend ing r oad t o t he a gora . A n umber o f o the rs a re l i s ted a s we l 1 . 1° Ano the r i n sc r ip t ion r eco rds c on s t ruc t ion o f a p o r t ico a nd s i t t ing p lace w i th a t wo -s tory s t orage r oo m a nd a no ther u nderground s t orage r oom .1 O the r b u i ld ings men t ioned i n i n sc r ip t ions

7 George M . A. Hanfmann, BASOR BASOR 1 62 ( 1961) 1 7-24, figs.

1 57 ( 1960) 1 2-17, figs. 6 -12; i tem , BASOR 1 66

2-7: i tem , ( 1962) 3 3;

i tem, David G . Mitten, and Andrew Ramage, BASOR 1 91 ( 1968) 3 8. S everal i ndustrial installations were f ound in the embankment over a 1 00

m .

s tretch

south

d iscussion

of

E .

Sardis

Mierse,

of

Pactolus from

the

Cliff

present see

Prehistoric

Archaeological Exploration of U niversity Press, 1 983) 4 1-42.

8

9

Hanfmann, The

f irst

c arried out ( 1987) 1 0

BASOR 1 99

i n

s ondages the

into

1 985

t o

S ardis

3 5-36,

T imes;

1958-1975

f igs.

mounds

s eason.

Roman

bridge.

Hanfmann

For with

Results

( Cambridge:

final

William of

t he

Harvard

2 2-24.

near

the

Greenwalt,

north

Jr.,

e t.

city al.,

wall

were

BASORSup 25

8 0-84.

William H .

Buckler

L atin

I nscriptions.

1 932)

no.

1

( 1970)

highway

George M . A.

and David M .

Part

1 :

Robinson,

Seasons

1 910-1914

1 7.

Buckler and Robinson,

S ardis VII ,

no.

-3 -

1 2.

S ardis

VII:

( Leiden:

Greek E .J.

a nd

Brill,

we re t he a queduc t ( no . 1 0 ) , h osp i ta l ( no . 1 9 ) , r ecord 's o f f ice ( no . 1 45 ) , a nd a wa te r -m i l l o f t he 4 -5 th c en tu ry ( no . 1 69 ) .1 2 O the r b u i ld ings a re k nown o n ly f rom l i tera ry s ource s .1 3 Among t hose s t ruc tures l i s ted i n t he a nc ien t s ources a re t he T e mp le o f Cybe le ( He rodo tus v . 102 f f ) , af i re a l tar ( Pausan ias v . 27 .5 f f ) , t he Me t roon ( P lu tarch , T hem istoc les 3 1) , a n e a r ly s ynagogue ( J osephus , J ew ish A nt iqu i t ie s x iv .235 ) , t he a gora ( He rodo tus v . 101 ) , a He l len is t ic g ymnas ium ( Po lyb iu s , x xx i .6 ) at r ea sury ( He rodo tus i . 30 a nd v i .125 ) ; D io Ch ry sos tom , O ra t ione s l xxx .32 ) , p a rks a nd g ardens ( C icero , D e s enec tu te , 5 9 ; D iodo ru s x iv .80 .2 ; X enophon , O econom icus i v .20 f f ) , t he G erous ia ( V i t ruv iu s , i8 , 10 ) , a nd t he r oya l p a lace ( Ar is to t le , Ana ly t ica P os ter iora 9 4 a ,b ; a nd P l iny , Natura l H i s tory x xv .172 ; V i t ruv ius , i . 8 , 9 10 ) among o ther s . L i tera ry r e fe rence s f r om t he l a te r p er iods f ound i n F oss i n c lude : a weapons f a c tory ( No t i t ia d ign i ta tum , 3 2 ) , monumen t s t aken f r om t he c i ty b y C ons tan t ine ( Pseudo -Cod inus , O r ig ines C ons tant inopo l is , t h e t o mb o f Aure l ia He sych ion a nd t ha t o f J u l ianus , make r o f t r ouse rs , t wo t emp le s d ed ica ted t o empero r s , amonumen t o f s nake s w i th b razen s ca le s a s p ar t o f af oun ta in , a nd t he works o f A cho l ius .1 4 An i mprov i sed a l ta r wa s r ebu i l t b y J us tus , ad evou t p agan who , u pon f i nd ing t ha t t he l oca l g overnor s hared h is v iews , " s e t h is h and t o t he r e ma ins o f t he t emp les w i th t he i n ten t ion o f r ebu i ld ing t hem " ( Eunap ius , V i tae S oph i s tarum , 5 03 ) . S evera l b u i ld ings a re a l so d ep ic ted o n t he c o ins o f S ard is .1 5 A l though t he a rcha ic t emp le t o A r tem is/Ko re h as y e t t o b e l o ca ted , t he b u i ld ing was i lus tra ted o n c o ins o f t he c i ty a s we l l a s o n a meda l l ion s t ruck d ur ing t he r e ign o f Ma rcus Aure l ius ( c . A .D . 1 40 ) f or t h e I on ian L eague a s as ymbo l o f t he c i ty .1 6 A no ther c o in , f r om t he r e ign o f Hadr ian ( A .D . 17 -38 ) d ep ic ted t he S h r ine o f Aph rod i te o f P aphos , c l ear ly i n

1 2

1 3

S ardis For

VII ,

full

Ancient

nos.

1 0,19,

citations

Literary

1 45

and

Sources

and 1 69.

further o n

bibliography

Sardis,

see

John

Archaeological

G .

Pedley,

Exploration

of

S ardis, Monograph 2 ( Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1 972) and Clive Foss, Byzantine and T urkish Sardis, Archaeological Exploration o f 1 4

S ardis, Foss,

Monograph

Sardis,

4

( Cambridge:

Monograph

4 ;

Harvard University Press,

nos.

6 ,

1 66,

1 68,

1 8,

1 7,

1 976).

and 2 0.

For a l ist of buildings depicted on coins s ee Barclay V . H ead, A Catalogue of t he Greek Coins in the British Museum , Lydia ( Bologna: 1 5

Arnaldo Martin

Forni J .

Architecture ( London:

1 6

Editore,

Price V .C.

on

and t he

1 964)

236-279,

Bluma

Ancient

L .

Coins

Vecchi and S ons,

Price and Trell,

f ig.

Trell,

1 977)

2 41.

4

of

pls.

xxiv-xxvii.

Coins Greece,

especially

and

their

Rome,

and

1 37-141.

S ee

also

C ities: P alestine

r e fe rence t o t he f amous c u l t l o ca ted o n Cyprus .1 7 I ts eems s a fe t o a ssume t he p resence o f al oca l b ranch o f t h is c u l t i n S ard is . T he s t ruc ture h ad a c en t ra l p or t ico f l anked b y t a l l t owe rs w i th ap aved , s em i -c ircu lar e nc losure i n f r on t a nd c on ica l s t one s t and ing i n t he c en t ra l r ece ss o f t he b u i ld ing . A b ronze c o in o f F au s t ina t he E lde r s howed a h exas ty le t emp le w i th a s t a tue i n s ide . Accord ing t o Head , t he f i gure r epre sen ted D iony sos .1 8 T he T emp le o f A r tern is/Kore wa s a l so s een w i th o ther s t ruc tures o n c o ins s t ruck t o c e leb ra te n eoco ra te t i t les o f t he c i ty , p robab ly d u r ing t he r e igns o f Hadr ian , An ton inus P iu s ( 1 38 161 ) , a nd E lagaba lus ( A .D . 2 16 -222 ) . A ccord ing t oP r ice a nd T re l l , t he f our s t ruc tures d o n o t r epresen t f our a spec ts o f A r tem is/Kore , b u t i nd ica te t ha t t h ree o the r t emp le s d ed ica ted t o i mper ia l c u l t sa re y e tt ob el o ca ted 1 9 . A monumen ta l a l ta r o fw i th a d jacen t s t a tue o f Z eus L yd ios wa s u sed f o r t he o bve rse o f c o ins o f A lexande r S everus ( A .D . 2 22 -235 ) , E lagaba lus , a nd P h i l ip I( A .D . 2 44 -249 ) .2 0 T he l a rge s tone a l tar i ss uppor ted b y t h ree f i gu res a nd c l ear ly b e longs t o t he s a me g roup a s t hose i n E phesos a nd P r iene .

T he T ask T he p u rpose o f t he f o l low ing t ex t i st o r ecord a s much i n fo rma t ion a s p oss ib le a bou t t he ma jor b u i ld ing s a nd s e lec t m inor o nes t ha t were n o t e xcava ted b y t he Harvard -Corne l l E xped i t ion d ur ing t he 1 958 -1975 c a mpa igns . T he emphas is w i l l b e o n w r i t ten d esc r ip t ions , p ho tog raph ic r e cord ing , a nd mea su red d raw ing s o f r e ma ins i ns i tu b u t w i thou t r e t r ieva l o f f urther e v idence t hrough e xcava t ions , t here c an b e a t te mp ts a t r e s tora t ion o f t hese b u i ld ings o n ly where s u f f ic ien t e v idence i s a l ready a va i lab le . P roposa l s f o r i den t i f ica t ions a nd d a tes a re p rov ided b y g enera l o bserva t ions a nd c o mpar isons o f b u i ld ing t ypes o r ma ter ia ls a nd t e chn iques o f c ons truc t ion f ound e l sewhere i n A s ia M inor . T hese d e scr ip t ions , d e s igned t o p rov ide a more c o mprehens ive s urvey o f t he u rban p lan f or t he i n teres ted r eader a nd t he v is i tor t o t he s i te , a re a ugmen ted b y ag aze t tee r .2 1

1 7

Head,

2 56,

no.

1 33.

1 8 Head, 258, no. 1 39. Another coin with a s ingle temple was s truck i n the r eign of Nero or Vespasian in the mid-First c entury A .D. Head

2 44,

no.

6 6,

pl.

xxv.4.

1 9

Price

and Trell,

2 0

Head ,

2 67,

2 1

See

1 36-7

and Head ,

1 78 and Price

2 65,

and Trell,

gazetteer 7 3-101.

5

no.

1 38-9,

1 71. f igs.

2 44-5.

B orra 's P lan T he e ar l ie s t k nown p lans o f t he s i te wh ich r eco rded t he u nexcava ted b u i ld ings were p repared b y G iovann i B a t t is ta B orra , a P ied mon t ise a rch i tec t a nd s urveyor who a ccompan ied R obe r t Wood , J a me s D awk ins , a nd J ohn B ouver ie o n t he ir e xped i t ion t o e xp lore t he t opography a nd a rch i tec tu ra l r e ma ins o f t he M idd le E a s t i n t he m id -18 th c en tu ry ( F igs .4 7 ) .2 T he p ub l ished r esu l ts o f t h is e xped i t ion ( Robe r t Wood , a nd J a mes Dawk ins , T he R u ins o f P a lmyra , o the rw i se T edmor i n t h e D e se r t ( London , 1 753 ) a nd T he R u ins o f B a lbec , o therw ise He l iopo l is i n C oe losyr ia ( London , 1 757 ) a re we l l k nown , b u t u n t i l 1 973 t he a ccoun t o f h i s t ou r i n A s ia M inor e x is ted o n ly i n as e t o f j ourna ls b y Wood , D awk ins , a nd B ouve r ie a nd s ke tchbooks b y B orra i n t he c o l lec t ion o f t he S oc ie ty f or t he P ro mo t ion o f He l len ic a nd R oman S tud ies ( London ) .2 3 B or ra 's o r ig ina l d raw ings , f r amed a nd n umbered f o r p ub l ica t ion , were d iscove red i n 1 973 a nd a re n ow i n t he C en ter f or B r i t ish A r t ( Ya le Un ivers i ty ) . T he f i na l p ub l ica t ion o f av o lu me o r v o lumes o n A s ia M inor n ever o ccurred , p erhaps d ue t o Wood 's i nvo lvemen t i n t he g ove rnmen t a s u nde r sec re ta ry o f s t a te u nder P i t t . A map o f t he He rmus p la in b e tween t he n or thern s l ope s o f Mt . Tmo lu s a nd L ake Gyge s i nd ica ted t he c ou r se o f t he r i ver ( G i n

For

2 2

Borra

s ee

Jean-Pierre

Lobies

( ed.),

I ndex Bio-Bibliogräphicus

Notorum Hominum: Pars C , Corpus alphabeticum sectio generalis ( Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1 981) vol. 2 1, 1 1143; Ulrich T hieme a nd Felix Becker ( eds.), Allegemeines Lexikon d er bildenden Künstler v on der

Antike

bis

zur

Gegenwart

( Leipzig:

E .A.

Seeman,

3 72; Alberto Maria Ghisalberti ( ed.), Dizionario Italiani ( Rome: Instituto della Enciclopedia vol. 1 2, 8 07-809; Henry A . Millon, Macmillan Architects, Adolf K . Placzek ed., ( New vol. 1 , 2 47; Alessandro Baudi de Vesme in

Schede

vol.

I ,

Vesme

( Turin:

1 77-178;

Carlo

vol.

4 ,

York: The Free Press, 1 982) " Borra, Giovanni B attista,"

S tamperia

Brayda,

1910)

biografico degli I taliana, 1 970) Encyclopedia of

Artistica

Laura

Coli

and

Nazionale, Dario

1 963)

S esia,

in

I ngegneri e architetti del sei e settecento in Piedmonte ( Turin: Societä degli ingegneri e degli architetti, 1 963) 20-21; Nino Carboneri, " Prodromi di neoclassicismo nell'architettura piemontese del

Settecento,"

Archeologia

ed

For

work

Borra's

S towe," I talian 1 966) 2 3

Bollettino

Artistici in

England

Societä

Provincia

s ee

d i

L awrence

Country Life ( 29 August Architecture, 1750-1914

per

g li

Cuneo

Whistler,

Studi

26

S torici,

( 1949)

" Signor

4 1-62;

Borra

a t

1 957) 3 90-393; Carroll L . V. Meeks, ( New Haven: Yale University Press,

4 2.

For

the

expedition

T he Architectural Travels pls.

della

nella

of

' Palmyra'

xv-xix;

Hans

s ee

T . M.

Review 1 01 Wood

Hecht,

Clarke,

( 1947) in

T .

" The

8 9-92;

1 750-1751,"

Percy ,

R .

Discovery

of

Caroline A .

W ood ,

JHS and

4 7

( 1927)

J . D.

P almyra,"

Hutton,

" The

1 02-128,

Michaelis,

e in

Beitrag zur Literaturgeschichte der Genieperiode ( Stuttgart: W . Kohlhammer, 1 933). For Wood and Dawkins see listings in S ir L eslie

S tephen

and

S ir

S idney

Bliography ,

( Oxford:

8 46,

s upplement,

vol.

2 2

Oxford

Lee

( eds.),

University

5 44-545.

6

T he Dictionary Press,

1 968)

of N ational

vol.

2 1,

8 44-

F ig .4 )a s we l l a s t he s cars l e f tb y af o rme r c hanne l ( H ) . Ma jor t opograph ica l f ea tu res s uch a s Mt . Tmo lus ( A ) , t he P ac to lus R iver ( C ) , t he c u r ren t r oad wh ich f o l lowed a p a th p a ra l le l t o , b u t n or th o f t he modern h ighway ( D ) , t he T abak c ay ( E ) , a nd ama r shy a rea ( F ) b e tween t he c i ty a nd L ake Gyge s ( M ) were a l so r eco rded . I n a dd i t ion t o r u ins o f t he c i ty ( B ) , B or ra a l so i den t i f ied t he T omb o f A lya t te s ( I ) , a s we l l a s t wo o ther f ea tu re s ( K a nd L ) i n t he a rea o f B in T epe c e me tery , t he f or mer a dd i t iona l t o mbs a nd t he l a t te r av i l lage .2 4 B orra 's f i rs t p lan o f t he c i ty r ecord ing t he p os i t ion o f t he ma jor s t and ing s t ruc tures was s u rpr is ing ly a ccura te d e sp i te t he s ho r t p e r iod o f o ne week s pen t a t t he s i te a nd t he i mpress ive n umber o f o the r d raw ing s p repared d u r ing t ha t b r ie f s t ay ( F ig s . 6 -7 ) . T he Wood t e am s ucceeded i n i den t i fy ing mos t ma jor monumen t s , i nc lud ing t he He l len is t ic T emp le o f A r tem is ( D ) , t he R oman b r idge ( P ) , t he B a th -Gymnas ium Comp lex ( H ) , B u i ld ing C ( K ) , B u i ld ing D ( I ) , t he T hea ter -S tad iu m C omp lex ( F a nd G ) , B a th CG ( L ) , a nd t he t h ird c en tury c i ty wa l l ( E ) . B u t o the r i mpo r tan t r u in s we re om i t ted o r r e ma ined i ncomp le te i n t he ir r epresen ta t ion . A l though t he a c ropo l is ( A ) a nd t wo o f i t s r i dges ( B a nd ( C ) were i nd ica ted , t he ma ss ive f o r t i f ica t ion wa l l a c ro ss i t s s ou the rn f ace was a bsen t . B u i ld ing A was i nc luded o n t he p lan n o r thwes t o f t he s t ad ium b u t n o t l abe led wh i le t he H i l ls ide Cha mbers were om i t ted a l toge ther , e ven t hough t hey a ppeared i n t he b ackg round o f ap anoram ic v iew l ook ing s ou th t owa rd t he a c ropo l is f r om t he a rea o fB a th CG ( F ig . 7 ,e as t ( l e f t ) o ft he t hea te r ) . Ano ther p rob lem e ncoun tered i n t he B orra p lan i s t ha t o f r e la t ive p os i t ions o f b u i ld ings a nd t he a l ign men ts o f t he ir a xes . A q u ick c ompar ison o f B u i ld ing A a nd t he T hea ter -S tad iu m C o mp lex p rov ides a g ood e xa mp le . B orra i nd ica ted t ha t t hese s t ruc tures h ad p ara l le l l ong i tud ina l a xes , r ough ly n or thwe s t t o s ou theas t , wh i le t he more r ecen t p lan b y t he Harva rd -Corne l l t e am i nd ica ted B u i ld ing A h ad a n o r thea s t t o s ou thwes t o r ien ta t ion , s ugges t ing t ha t a n e r ror o ccur red e i ther i n i n i t ia l s u rvey ing o r f i na l d raw ing b y B o r ra ( c ompare F ig . 3a nd F ig .6 ) . D is tances b e tween ma jor s t ruc tu res a l so p resen t ap rob lem . F or e xamp le , t he R o man b a th ( H i n F igs . 6 -7 ) was s hown 3 70 m . wes t o f B u i ld ing C o n t he B o rra p lan a l though more r ecen t s urveys i nd ica te t ha t t h is d is tance was a c tua l ly 5 30 m . Never the less , d e sp i te t he ir i naccurac ie s , t he B orra d raw ing s p rov ide i nva luab le e v idence f or t he monumen t s a nd t opog raphy o fS a rd i s .

2 4

There

are

problems

with

the

i nterpretation

of

s ome

features.

I s

" L" i n Figure 4 the village " G" in Figure 5 ? I f so, the site on the plan i s i n the plain a t the f oot of the hill while in the view a v illage, marked by i ts mosque's minaret, i s clearly on top o f the h ill west their

( to

the

j ournals

d irection of ( 1927) 1 09.

l eft

that

Pergamon,

o f) the

the

l arge

party

pausing

funerary mound E ."

l eft

the

briefly

at

7

city Bin

on

Tepe.

We

June

know f rom 2

Hutton,

in JHS

the 4 7

B u t le r 's P lan T he ma jo r u nexcava ted b u i ld ing s we re mapped more a c cu ra te ly b y L loyd T . Emory , s urveyor f or t he P r ince ton E xped i t ion , a nd d e s igna ted w i th l e t te rs o f t he a lphabe t t ha t h ave c on t inued t o b e emp loyed b y t he Harvard -Co rne l l t e am a nd t h roughou t t h is t e x t ( F igs . 8 -9 ) .2 5 T he p lan o f B u i ld ing A , i den t i f ied b y B u t le r a s ag ymna s ium , c on ta ined s eve ra l h ou se s o f av i l lage w i th in i t s e a s te rn e x t rem i ty . B u i ld ing B , t he B a th -Gymna s ium c omp lex , wa s o n t he ma in ( H igh ) r oad n eare r t he P ac to lus R ive r a nd wa s o n ly p a r t ly v i s ib le , y e t s t i l l r ecogn izab le a s ab a th .2 6 B u i ld ing s Ca nd D , l abe led a s " Chu rch ( ? ) " a nd " Bas i l ica " b y B u t le r , were c onsp icuous r u in s a nd h ad a l ready b een t he s ub jec t s o f n ume rou s d e sc r ip t ions .2 7 B u i ld ing E wa s l o ca ted n ea r t he P ac to lus b e tween t he a nc ien t b r idge a nd a v i l lage t owa rd t he s ou th . No i den t i f ica t ion was made o n t he p lan b u t t he t ex t s t a te s t ha t t hose r e ma ins we re p or t ion s o f d omes o f a sma l l B yzan t ine c hu rch o f l a te d a te .2 8 B u t le r 's o b se rva t ion s we re c or rec t . S ubsequen t e xcava t ions h ave r evea led a magn i f icen t 1 3 th c en tury e xamp le o f t he c ha rac te r is t ic c ro ss in -square p lan b u i l t a bove al a te f ou r th c en tu ry b as i l ica , b o th o f wh ich w i l l a ppea r i n t he f i na l v o lume o n t he c hu rche s o fS a rd is .2 9

Howard C . Butler, Sardis I : ( Leiden: E .J. Brill, 1 922) 3 0,

T he Excavations. i llus. 1 8.

2 5

2 6

This

s tructure

early travelers

of brick-faced concrete

a s

the

Palace

of

w as

Croesus

on

Part

1 :

1 910-1914

often misinterpreted by the

basis

of

a r eference

i n Vitruvius. " Then there of Sardis have set apart c itizens in the r etirement

i s the house o f Croesus which t he people as a place of r epose f or their fellow o f age,...a ' Gerousia' for the guild o f

the

The

elder

men"

( ii.8.10).

' Gerousia'

was

one

o f

several

brick buildings discussed by Vitruvius i n that passage. r ecent s tudy o f the palace i s f ound in George M . A. Hanfmann, Palace

of

Croesus,"

i n Festschrift

für Frank Brommer ,

famous A more " On the

Ursala H öckmann

and Antje Krug, eds., ( Mainz/Rhein: Philip von Z abern, 1 977) 1 45-154, pl. 4 1. For the final publication of the building s ee Fikret K . Yegül, T he Gymnasium Complex a nd t he Marble Court, Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, Report 3 ( Cambridge: Harvard University Press,

1 986).

monographs

the paintings 27

The

Other

and

portions

r eports

on

and mosaics

discussion

of

the

of

of

the

s ame

Synagogue,

complex

the

will

Byzantine

appear S hops,

a s and

S ardis.

Building

D

was

originally

part

of

the

unexcavated buildings recording project but the r esults will now appear a s a chapter by the author in Hans Buchwald, The Churches of Sa rdis,

Archaeological

( Cambridge: 2 8

2 9

E ,

Butler,

Exploration

Harvard University Press, S ardis I ( 1922)

A preliminary Preliminary

of

Sardis,

report

series

f orthcoming ).

3 3.

s tudy has

appeared.

Report, "

JÖBG

Hans

Buchwald ,

26(1977) 265-299.

-8 -

" Sardis,

See

also

Church George

T he p os i t ion l abe led ( F ) o n B u l ter 's p lan was t he l oca t ion o f a l eng thy i nsc r ip t ion c arved o n at a l l p edes ta l f ound i n t he f i e lds e as t o f B u i ld ing B .3 0 Ano the r monu men t , t he T omb o f C laud ia An ton ia S ab ina ( G ) , wes t o f t he R oman b r idge , was f u l ly e xcava ted a nd p ub l ished b y B u t le r . I t s s i te , marked b y o n ly meager r e ma ins i n B u t ler 's t ime , i sn ow c o mp le te ly c overed b y more r ecen t s t ruc tures e rec ted a long t he modern h ighway .3 1 T he l a s t a rea , a n e x ten s ive L yd ian n ec ropo l is ( A rea H ) was a l so e xcava ted a nd p ar t ia l ly p ub l ished .3 2 O ther monumen t s were i nc luded o n B u t le r 's p lan b u t were n o t p ar t o f t he l e t te red s ys tem o fr e ference . F o r e xamp le , t he T emp le o f A r tem is , i t s a l tar , a nd t he s urround ing p rec inc t were e xcava ted b y B u t le r a nd a ga in b y t he c urren t e xped i t ion . A l though t he p resen t s tudy o f t he u nexcava ted b u i ld ings a dds l i t t le t o t hose a reas s pec if ica l ly , i nforma t ion w i l l b e p rov ided f o r s evera l n ew ly d iscovered b u i ld ing f r ag men ts n earby . T he t hea ter , s t ad iu m , b r idge , a nd l a te f or t i f ica t ion wa l ls were l oca ted a nd i den t i f ied a s we l l a s t opograph ica l f ea tu res s uch a s t he a c ropo l is , P ac to lus R iver , a nd Dabbagh Cha i ( now t he T abak a y ) ., S evera l o ther wa l l f r agmen ts we re i nd ica ted b u t n o t i den t i f ied . T he P r ince ton E xped i t ion map i nc luded t he p lans o f r e ma ins i n s i tu f or e ach p r inc ipa l monumen t . F or e xamp le , t he i nd iv idua l p iers o f b u i ld ings B a nd C were s hown , a s we re t he c o lumns o f t he T emp le o f A r tem is a nd s epa ra te s t re tches o f wa l ls r e ma in ing i n B u i ld ing A a nd t he l a te f o r t i f ica t ion wa l l . I n t hree i n s tances , t he t hea ter , s t ad ium , a nd B u i ld ing C , t he re were s ugges t ions f o r r e s tored p lans . Nece ss i ty f o r t he S tudy T he n ecess i ty f o r t h is s tudy i s d emons t ra ted b y d esc r ip t ions a nd d raw ing s o f t he e a r ly t r ave lers who , e spec ia l ly s i nce t he m id -17 th c en tury , h ave p rov ided u s w i th g l i mpses o f t hese b u i ld ings a t t imes when t hey we re b e t te r p rese rved . T he u rgency o f t he t a sk i sf u r the r empha s ized when o ne c ons ider s c hange s made i n l o ca l t opog raphy i n t he p as t t wen ty y ears .3

M . A.

Hanfmann,

2 15(1974) 3 0

" The

3 3-40,

Butler,

f igs.

Sixteenth

Campaign

a t

Sardis(1973),"

BASOR

4 -9.

S ardis I ( 1922)

3 3,

i llus.

2 0.

CIG 3 467.

Butler, S ardis I ( 1922) 1 35-139, 1 70-174, i llus. 1 51-154, 1 89-192, and pl. I II. For d iscussion of the sculpture see Charles R . Morey, Sardis V : Roman a nd Christian Sculpture. Part 1 : T he Sarcophagus of C laudia Antonia Sabina ( Princeton: Princeton University Press, 3 1

1 924). 3 2

Work

3 5, 3 3

i n the

necropolis

i s

described in Butler,

S ardis

I ( 1922)

3 4-

1 58-165. George M .

the

Major

A .

H anfmann

Monuments

and J ane outside

C .

Waldbaum ,

t he

-9 -

City

A Survey of Sardis

Walls,

and

Archaeological

I ncreased a g r icu l tu ra l a c t iv i ty a lone i s p roduc ing s evera l p rob lems . C on t inuous p low ing e l im ina tes i den t i fy ing c on tours o f b u r ied s t ruc tu re s , a s e r ious c oncern i n t he R oya l C eme tery a t B in T epe where many o f t he sma l l mounds h ave b ecome u n recogn izab le . C onc re te s l abs h ave b een p oured i n s eve ra l f i e lds t o s e rve a s d ry ing a reas f o r t he p roduc t ion o f r a i s in s . Two o f t he se , o ne i n B u i ld ing D a nd o ne b u i l t a round a wa l l e a s t o f t he B a th -Gymna s ium C omp lex , w i l l h inde r a ny f u r the r i nves t iga t ion s i n t he se a reas . F ina l ly , t he a rchaeo log ica l f u tu re o f a nc ien t S a rd is s u f fe r s mos t f r om t he i nc reased p rospe r i ty -and r e su l t ing c on s t ruc t ion -o f t he mode rn v i l lages o f S a r t Mahmu t a nd S ar t Mu s ta fa .

Exploration Press, 1 975)

of S ardis, 1 7-34.

Report

1

( Cambridge:

-1 0 -

Harvard

University

CHAPTER TWO : BU ILD ING A

S i te B u i ld ing A was B u t ler 's d e s igna t ion f o r at e rraced a rea e nc losed o n i t s n or theastern c orner b y a p a ir o f h eavy wa l ls o f mor tared r ubb le c ons t ruc t ion l oca ted a t E 6 41-763 / S 2 2 -60 , j us t s ou th o f t he modern h ighway ( F ig . 3 , No . 2 4 a nd F ig . 1 0 ) .3 4 T he p re sen t g round l eve l w i th in t he wa l ls r i ses f r om * 127 .50 m . a . s . l . o n t he we s t t o * 132 m . a . s . l . o n t he e as t .3 5 I mmed ia te ly n or th o f t he s i te i s af a ir ly e ven g rade , r ang ing f r om * 126 -127 . F rom t here , ag radua l s l ope d escends i n to wha t mus t h ave b een a n i mpo r tan t a rea o f t he c i ty b e tween t he B a th Gymna s ium C omp lex a nd t he ma jo r u nexcava ted b u i ld ings t o t he n or theas t . E as t o f t he s i te t he g round s l opes d ownward mo re r ap id ly f r om s ou th t o n or th where t he h i l ls ide i s c ove red w i th v ineyards a nd o l ive t r ees b u t w i th n o v i s ib le a rch i tec tura l r ema ins . T he t e rra in s ou th o f B u i ld ing A i ss t eepe r a nd i st he s ource o f much o f t he t op s o i l t ha t h as washed d own f i l l ing t he e as te rn e nd o f t he s t ruc ture ( preva i l ing w inds f r om t he s ou thwes t h ave a dded t he ir d epo s i t s a s we l l ) . S eve ra l l a rge wa l l f r agmen ts a nd v au l ted s ubs t ruc tures a re s een o n t he f a ir ly l eve l g round we s t o ft he s i te ( wa l l f r agmen t s 1 5 i nF ig . 1 ) .3 6

E a r ly A ccoun t s T he f i r s t k nown d raw ings o f t he s t ruc ture we re i nc luded o n t he c i ty p lan a nd i n av iew o f t he monumen ts o n t he n or th s l ope o f t he a c ropo l is p repared b y B o r ra d u r ing h is s hor t v i s i t ( F igs . 6 -7 ) . T he p lan i nd ica ted a s imp le L -shaped p a i r o f wa l ls we s t ( t o t he r i gh t ) o f t he s t ad ium , w i th n o i nd ica t ion o f e i ther t he p ro trud ing t ower , t he f r ees tand ing wa l l a t t he

Coordinates

3 4

those

of

the

Master Urban end

of

1 958. ( 1959)

1 3-16

3 5

All

and

surveys Report

levels

3 ).

on

f igs.

of

the

Plans,

the

locations

Expedition

Grid point hall

the

For see

N/S

and the

Grids,

a more

S tuart

and

within

and

can

0 i s

Building

" Excavations

3 -5. s ite

in

site

H anfmann,

be

l ocated at

B ,

one

location a t

of

S ardis,

complete

L .

Carter,

Levels,"

in

the

text

f ound of

the

south

the

most in

BASOR 1 54

discussion

Hanfmann

the

excavations

1 958,"

"An

are

on

of

the

Explanation

of

and Waldbaum ,

/ ,7-16.

are

g iven

be

i ndicated throughout

3 6

These

Agora"

describe

central

monuments

Topographic

Sardis,

to

( Fig.

long

George M . A.

various the

Plan

the

conspicuous

u sed

Harvard-Cornell

s tructures

i n meters the text

have

been

above

s ea

l evel

by an a sterisk popularly

( m.a.s.1.)

but

will

( *).

identified

and will be d iscussed s eparately in Chapter

6 .

as

the

"Roman

s ou theas tern e nd , o r a ny wa l l f r agmen t s o r v au l t s t o t he wes t . On t he o the r h and , t he d i s tan t v iew f r om t he n o r th s hows t he c o rne r t ower a s a c onsp icuous f ea ture t ha t s t ood s eve ra l me te r s h ighe r t han t he t op o f t he n o r th wa l l . P roke sch v on O s ten v i s i ted t he s i te i n t he 1 820 's , a bou t e igh ty y ea r s l a te r . He s t a ted t ha t t he b u i ld ing l ay s eve ra l h und red p aces t ot he wes t o f t he c hurch ( Bu i ld ing D ) , wa s h ighe r o n t he s l ope o f t he a c ropo l i s , a nd wa s b u i l t o f b r ick , f i e lds tone a nd o the r r eused b locks . T here wa s aT urk ish v i l lage i n s ide t he " o s t l iche Wande u nd . . . lange Maue r o n d er No rd se i te . "3 7 Ano the r v i ew o f t he r u ins o f S a rd is p repa red b y E ug& ie L and ron f o r P h i l ippe L eBas i n t he 1 840 's a l so i nc luded B u i ld ing A , v iewed f r om t he e a s t f r om ap o s i t ion n ea r B a th CG ( F ig . 1 2 ) .3 8 T he e a s tf a ce o f Wa l l 2i ss een j u s t b enea th t he c raggy p eaks o f t he n ec ropo l is . T he c o rner t owe r wa s n o l onge r p rom inen t a l though t he s i lhoue t te o f t he wa l l was i r regu lar a nd b e t te r p re served t han i ti s n ow . T o t he r i gh t was a no the r s t ruc ture ( o r s t ruc tu re s ) t ha t a ppea rs t ob e j us t wes t o f B u i ld ing A , p e rhaps t he l o ca t ion o f wa l ls t ha t a re n ow i den t i f ied a s t he " Roman Agora . " O the r , s o mewha t f anc i fu l , v iews o f t he b u i ld ing was b y T ho ma s A l lom , a n i lu s t ra to r wo rk ing i n T u rkey a nd G reece d u r ing t he 1 860 's a nd 1 870 's ( F ig . 1 3 ) .3 9 S eve ra l o the r r e fe rence s t ot he b u i ld ing c an b ef ound i n Cu r t ius , t he B aedeke r g u ide s , a nd e a r ly p ho tog raphs o f t he s i te .4 0 F ina l ly , B u t le r d esc r ibed B u i ld ing A a s ag ymna s ium b ecau se o f t he

37 Prokesch von Kleinasiens, 1 825

Another

r eference

Osten, Anton, Erinnerungen ( Vienna: C . Armbruster, 1 831), to

the

village

i s

f ound

i n

aus vol.

Jakob

Aegypten und I II, 1 56-157.

Spon

and

Wheler, Voyage d 'Italie, de Dalmatie, de Gröce, e t du Levant annöes 1675 e t 1676 ( Amsterdam: H . and T . Boom , 1 679) 2 06. 3 8

LeBas,

Philippe,

Voyage

archdologique

en

Gröce

en

Asie

George

f ait

aux

Mineure,

sous l a direction de M . Philippe LeBas, 1 842-1844 ( Paris: FirminDidot, 1 888) pl. 5 6-58. Eugene Landron, both an artist and architect, traveled throughout Asia Minor and a s f ar away a s China. He

exhibited f or many

years

in

the

Royal

A cademy

and

was

well

known

a t the time f or his s eries of i llustrated wakes. For L andron see Hans Vollmer, ed., Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler ( Leipzig: E . A. Seemann, 1 928) vol. 2 2, 3 02 and Emile Bellier de La Chavignerie

and

artistes

l 'öcole

de

jusqu'ä nos jours

Louis ( Paris:

3 9 S ir L eslie S tephen Bibliography ( London:

and

George

Engravers,

C .

Auvray,

franQiase

Dictionnaire l 'origine

Librairie Renouard ,

des

1 882)

gönörale arts

vol.

du

1 ,

des

dessin

8 97.

and S ir S idney L ee, eds., Dictionary of National Oxford University Press, 1 968) vol. 1 , 3 35-336

Williamson,

new ed.

eds., depuis

r ev.

ed.,

( London:

Bryan's G .

Dictionary

Bell a nd S ons,

of

Painters

1 913)

2 5-26.

and

40 Ernst Curtius, "Beiträge zur Geschichte und Topographie Kleinasiens," AbhBerl ( 1872) 8 4-88 l abeled the building s imply as a

ruin. K .

Karl

Baedeker,

Baedeker, 1 905)

Konstantinopel

2 39-243.

12 -

u nd

Kleinasien

( Leipzig:

l a rge a gon is t ic i nscr ip t ion f ound t here i n 1 905 . S ince a T urk ish v i l lage t hen o bscured t he r e ma ins , t he e xcava tor d ec ided t ha t t he p lan " cou ld n o t b e t r aced w i thou t c l ear ing away t he h ouses , h ove ls , a nd s t ab les wh ich f i l l t he i n ter ior ." 41

D escr ip t ion o f t he A rch i tec tura l R ema ins T he v i s ib le r e ma ins o f B u i ld ing A c ons is t o f t hree wa l ls ; al ong n o r th wa l l (Wa l l 1 ) a nd i n te rsec t ing e as t wa l l (Wa l l 2 )j o ined a t t he c orne r b y a t o wer ( F ig . 1 4 ) . T he much sma l ler t h ird wa l l (Wa l l 3 ) s t ands i mmed ia te ly wes t o f a nd p a ra l le l t o t he s ou thern e nd o f Wa l l 2 . Ne i ther Wa l l 1n or Wa l l 2i s p reserved t o i t s f u l l h e igh t o r l eng th , l eav ing t he o r ig ina l p lan i n q ues t ion . T he ma jor a x is o f t he b u i ld ing i sa pprox ima te ly NE -S W a nd i s1 7 d eg ree s n o r th o f g r id e a s t . I ti si mpor tan t t on o te t ha t t h i s o r ien ta t ion c orresponds t o t hose o f t he o ther ma jor b u i ld ings i n t he e a s tern c i ty i n c lud ing B u i ld ing C , B u i ld ing D , a nd B a th CG .4 2 Wa l l 1 Wa l l 1i s 12 m . l ong , s t and ing r ough ly p ara l le l t o t he mode rn h ighway a nd p reserved t o a max i mum h e igh t o f 7m . ( F ig . 1 5 ) . I t i s e xposed a long i t s n o r th f ace b u t t he r i s ing g round l eve l w i th in ( t o t he s ou th ) g radua l ly c ove rs more o f i t s v er t ica l s ur face u n t i l t he e n t ire p reserved h e igh t i sb u r ied ( f rom E 7 33 / S3 6 t oi t s e a s te rn t e rm ina t ion ) . A t t he wes te rn e nd a max imum h e igh t o f 3 . 80 m . i se xposed o n t he s ou th s i de wh i le a t t he s a me p o in t o n t he n or th f a ce t he wa l l s t ands 7 m . a bove t he p re sen t g round l eve l . T hus Wa l l 1f unc t ions a s at e rrace o r r e ta in ing wa l l b u t whe the r o r n o t t h i s was i t s o r ig ina l r o le i su nc lea r .

4 1

Butler,

4 2

S ardis

Husseyin

r eported which

he

( E

3 1.

Yagren,

that

millhouse

I ,

in 8 50

r emoved

the

the

owner

early

of

a

1 960's

he

/ N 1 60)

a nd

i n

to

order

mill. Yagren a lso pointed out was found in earlier years. thoroughfare

r oughly

f ound make

parallel

c omparison

Pl.

with

the bent

axes

Arif Mansel, S ide, 1 978) f oldout plan;

dug

mill

in

a l arge

l ime

for

near

an

area

area

of

needed

Building s outh marble

r epairs

of

D , his

paving to

the

two o ther areas where s imilar paving These fragments suggest a paved to

the central axes o f Buildings between this axis and that of Palmyra. Basimevi,

small

of

the

north

wall

of

Building

A ,

and

C , D , and Bath CG. The difference the Bath-Gymnasium Complex, i nvites o ther

Roman

s ites,

notably

S ide

and

1947-1966. ( Ankara: Türk Tarih Kumuru Wood and Dawkins, T he Ruins of Palmyra,

I I.

13 -

D esp i te i t s c rude c ons t ruc t ion a nd r u inous s t a te , Wa l l 1o f B u i ld ing A i so ne o f t he mos t i mpre ss ive s i gh t s i n S a rd is . T he e as te rnmos t s ec t ion i s 4 3 .10 m . l ong , 2 . 30 m . t h ick , a nd s t ands 6 m . h igh o n t he n or th ( h ighway ) s ide ( F ig s . 1 6 -17 ) . B ecause o f t he r i s ing g round l eve l o n t he i n ter ior , t he wa l l i s 3m . h igh o n t he we s t b u t c omp le te ly b ur ied o n t he e as t . B e tween t he e a s te rn a nd c en t ra l p o r t ions o f t he wa l l i s a1 0 m . g ap t o t he n or th o f wh ich p ro jec t s ar ec tangu lar f ounda t ion ( * 126 .19 o n t he t op o f t he u pper c our se ) mea sur ing 6 . 55 m . ( N -S ) b y 7 . 80 m . ( E -W ) . T he c o rne rs a ga ins t t he n or th wa l l a re n o t p reserved a tp re sen t g round l eve l s o o ne d oe s n o t k now i ft he f ounda t ion i sb onded t o t he ma in wa l l o r s imp ly b u i l t a ga in s t i t . T he o r ig ina l w id th ( E -W ) d oes n o t r e ma in b u t i fo ne r econs t ruc ts t he wes t s ide f l ush w i th t he p re served e nd o f t he n or th wa l l ( E 6 97 / S 4 8 ) , t h is o u t s ide d i men s ion wou ld b e 1 m . T he c en t ra l s ec t ion o f Wa l l 1i s 1 .20 m . l ong , 2 . 30 m . t h ick , 3 . 65 m . h igh o n t he i n s ide ( s ou th ) , a nd 5 . 50 m . h igh o n t he o u t s ide ( F ig s . 1 8 -19 ) . T here i s af i n ished s ur face o n i t s e a s t e nd b u t n one o n t he we s t . A sma l l g ap o f 4m . d iv ide s t he f i na l t wo s ec t ions . T h is l a s t p iece i s4 3 .20 m . l ong a nd 2 . 30 m . t h ick b u t i t s o r ig ina l e x ten t i su nknown ( F ig . 2 0 ) . T he f a c t t ha t i t s c our se c anno t b e s een c ross ing an or th -sou th d ra inage d i tch 1 7 m . t o t he wes t wou ld s ugges t t ha t t he o r ig ina l l eng th o f t he n or th wa l l wa s 12 -129 m . T he l owe r p or t ion o f t he wa l l i st h ickened b y al edge 7 5 cm . w ide a long i t s s ou th f ace t ha t a ppears b e tween * 129 -130 . T h is p ar t o f Wa l l 1i s n o t v i s ib le a long t he c en t ra l a nd e as te rn s t re tche s whe re t he g round r i ses t o a h igher l eve l . Wa l l 2 Wa l l 2i s3 7 m . l ong a nd p re served t o ah e igh t o f * 140 .10 ( F igs . 2 12 2 ) . I ts t ands 6 . 25 m . a bove t he d eep f i l l t ha t h as c o l lec ted i n t he e as tern e nd o f t he b u i ld ing a nd 7 9 m . a bove t he s l op ing h i l ls ide t o t he e a s t . A t i t s n or thern e nd t he wa l l i s 6m . h igher t han t he p reserved t op o f t he t ower a nd 1 2 .30 m . a bove g round l eve l a tt he t owe rb a se . Wa l l 2c an b e d esc r ibed i n t h ree p a r t s f r om s ou th t o n or th : ( a ) t he s ou the rn s ec t ion b u i l t a ga ins t Wa l l 3( E 7 55 -763/ S 5 1-60 ) ; ( b ) ac en t ra l p or t ion c on ta in ing a c hange o f d irec t ion , al a rge r ec tangu lar r ece ss , t wo l a rge o pen ings i n t he b o t tom o f t he wa l l , a nd aw indow ( E 7 55 -764 / S 3 15 0 ) ; a nd ( c ) t he t owe r ( E7 46 -759 /S2 2 -31 ) . T he s ou thern t e rm ina t ion o f t he e as t wa l l i s 8 . 35 m . h igh , 2 . 30 m . t h ick , a nd i s p ara l le l t o b u t s e t b ack ( wes t ) 3 . 47 m . f r om t he c en t ra l s ec t ion o f t he wa l l . T here i s ap ar t ia l ly p re served v er t ica l s ur face o n i t s s ou the rn e nd b u t n o l og ica l c onc lus ion t o t he c ourse o f t he wa l l ( i .e . , i t d oes n o t a ppear t o t e rm ina te o r t urn a c orne r ) .4 3 T he t op o f Wa l l 2i sa t

4 3 Beyond t he s outh end o f t he w all i s a h eap o f f ieldstone w hich a ppears t o be the r esult o f r ecent l andowners clearing their f ields a nd s tacking the debris t o one s ide. No w all f ragments appear n or

14 -

* 140 , 3 0 cm . h igher t han t he f r ees tand ing wa l l a nd 8 . 20 m . a bove t he g round l eve l t o t he e as t . T he e a s tern wa l l s u r face i si n v e ry g ood c ond i t ion w i th a pprox ima te ly e i gh ty f ive p ercen t o f t he f a c ing ma te r ia l i n tac t . On ly t he l o wer p ar ts o f t he wa l ls a nd t he s ou the rn t e rm ina t ion a re n o t p rese rved . T he f i e lds tone f ac ing h as wea thered t o ay e l low ish -orange c o lor , i n s t r ik ing c on t ras t t o t he b rown f i e lds tone , r ed b r ick , a nd wh i te ma rb le f ound i n o ther p ar t s o f t he wa l l . T he m idd le s ec t ion i s2 1 m . l ong , 2 . 30 m . t h ick , a nd i sp rese rved a s h igh a s 9m . o n i t s n o r the rn e nd . T he t r ans i t ion f r om t he s ou thern t o t he c en t ra l p or t ions o f t he e a s t wa l l i sv e ry i nd is t inc to n i t s we s t f ace . T he wa l l s h i f t s d irec t ion t w ice , b o th t ime s a ta ng les o f 1 05 d eg ree s . T he o ve rhang ing mass a bove t h is i r regu lar c orner o n t he wes t s ide a ppears t o b e as qu inch b u t t h is r esemb lance p robab ly h ad n o s t ruc tura l v a l id i ty ( F ig . 2 3 ) .4 T he t wo s urfaces b enea th t he ' s qu inch ' ( l ower p o in t i s a t * 135 .20 ) a re 2 . 20 m . ( e as t ) a nd 3 .70 m . ( s ou th ) i n l eng th b u t d o n o t mee t i n ap rec ise j o in t ; t he c o rner p ro jec t ing o u tward i s ar ough mass o fr ubb le . A r ec tangu la r r e ce ss l o ca ted 2 . 20 m . n or th o f t he ' s qu inch , ' i s 6 . 15 m . l ong 3 .70 -4 .10 m . h igh , a nd 5 5 cm . d eep ( F ig . 2 4 ) . T he s ur face o f t he mo r tar h as i mpr in ts o f b r icks l a id i n ad oub le r i ng t o f o rm a n a rch 7 2 cm . t h ick , 3 . 50 m . w ide , i nc lud ing t he t h ickness o f t he v ousso irs , w i th a s pan o f 2 . 80 M. 45 B enea th t h is a rch i s ab reach i n t he wa l l , 2 . 35 m . w ide a nd 1 . 40 m . h igh , t ha t may o r may n o t r e la te t o a n o r ig ina l o pen ing . Ano ther are there indications of either s tone or l arge chunks of mortared r ubble from previous walls. But an early photograph o f 1 896 shows a f urther continuation of this wall. To the l eft i s the r ecessed panel o f Wall 2 ; in the c enter, behind the r oof of a mud hut, i s Wall 3 , and to the right is a portion of the wall that has since disappeared. Abbé L e Camus, Voyage aus sept 6glises de l 'Apocalypse, r eproduced by Foss i n Sardis, Monograph 4 , 2 10. 4 4

A

squinch

a cross

the

i s

a small

corners

o f

arch

or half-conical

a square base,

niche

provides

the

which,

when placed

octagonal

platform

f or another s eries o f squinches, a vault, or dome. This technique i s identified as an e arly pendentive f orm , generally a ssociated with Byzantine construction but has many precedents i n the Roman world. For an early discussion o f pendentives and squinches s ee Rivoira on examples such a s the Domus Augustana; two tombs, the " Sedia del Diavolo" and the " Casale dei Pazzi;" the Baths o f Caracalla; as w ell a s numerous examples f rom Syria. Rivoira a lso discusses Etruscan c orbelled v aulting t hat he considers the s ource f or early pendentives a nd squinches i n I taly. Giovanni Rivoira, Roman Architecture a nd i ts Principles of Construction under t he Empire, Rushford ( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1 925). identfication

of

a squinch

in

Building

B are

trans. Gordon McNeil References to the

f ound

i n

T he Gymnasium Complex a nd Marble Court, Archaeological S ardis, Report 3 ( Cambridge: Harvard University Press, a nd

Robert

the

Lingering

( Ph.D. 4 5

The

L .

Vann, R ole

dissertation, bricks

are

o f

"A of

S tudy

o f

Roman

a Hellenistic

Cornell University, two

s izes:

3 6

Construction

Tradition 1 976)

x 3 6

cm .

15 -

o f

in

Asia

Ashlar

1 65-167,

x 5 cm .

Fikret

and

Yegül,

Exploration of 1 986) 1 10-111,

f ig. 3 6

Minor:

Masonry," 1 38.

x 1 8

x x 5

b reak t h rough t he wa l l a ppea r s 4 . 80 m . n o r th o f t he f i r s t b u t t he re i sn o a rch i tec tu ra l e v idence s uch a s v ou sso i rs o r al i n te l t oi nd ica te t ha t t h is wa s a n o r ig ina l f ea ture . E i the r o r b o th o pen ings c ou ld b e t he r esu l t o f s ub sequen t a l te ra t ion s d u r ing al a te r p ha se o ft he b u i ld ing 's u se . A w indow i sl o ca ted a t E7 58 / S 3 3 , a bou t m id way b e tween t he s econd b reach a nd t he e nd o f t he wa l l ( F ig s . 2 5 -26 ) . T h i s a pe r tu re i ss e t h igh i n t he wa l l w i th i t s s i l l a t * 135 .20 , 3 . 30 m . a bove t he p resen t g round l eve l o n t he e a s t a nd 5 . 20 m . o n t he wes t . T he o pen ing i s a sma l l s l i t ( 26 x 9 3 cm . ) c l ear ly d e s igned f o r d e fen s ive p urpose s . A cce ss t o t he w indow wa s made p oss ib le t h rough a sma l l c ha mber , 0 . 73 x 1 . 78 m . , s e t i n to t he t h ickne ss o f t he wa l l . T he l eve l u pon wh ich o ne wou ld s i t o r s t and i sn o t p re se rved , n o r i s i t a pparen t f rom wha t l eve l o r b y wha t means o ne e n te red t he r oom b eh ind t he w indow . T he re a re s eve ra l o the r s t ruc tu ra l d e ta i ls t ha t s hou ld b e n o ted . F i r s t , t he h o r izon ta l l i ne b enea th t he ' s qu inch ' c ou ld b e m is in te rpre ted a s t he c av i ty l e f t b y p a r t o f awooden f o rm ( F ig . 2 3 ) . Ac l ose r i n spec t ion i nd ica ted t ha t t he l owe r p o r t ion o f an ew c ou r se o f r ubb le h as f a l len o u t o f t he wa l l , p robab ly t he r e su l t o f p oor mor ta r n o t p ene t ra t ing t he wa l l ma t r ix a nd t he reby f a i l ing t o b ond i nd iv idua l p ieces o f t he a gg rega te . T hus , t h is f ea ture s hou ld b e c ons idered a n i r regu la r i ty o f p rese rva t ion r a the r t han e v idence f o r t he o r ig ina l wa l l c ons t ruc t ion . S econd , t he re a re n o p re served f i n ished s u r face s o r c o rne rs o n t he ' s qu inch ' o r o n t he wa l l s u r faces b enea th i t .L ikew ise , t here a re s eve ra l p lace s o n t he we s t f a ce o f t he wa l l where s ma l l s t one s p ro t rude f rom a n o the rw i se smoo th s u r face . F ina l ly , t he g ene ra l a ppearance o f t he we s t f a ce o f Wa l l 2c hanges i n t he a rea b e tween t he t wo b reaches , ad i f fe rence o f c ons t ruc t ion r a ther t han p reserva t ion . T he n or th e nd o f t he wa l l a ppa ren t ly wa s b u i l t i n to a f o rmwo rk o f f a c ing ma te r ia ls ; t he s ou th wa s n o t . T he i mp l ica t ion s o f t h is d i f fe rence w i l l b e d iscussed i n t he l a te r s egmen t o n c ons t ruc t ion .4 6 T he t ower , 1 0 .40 m . ( E -W ) b y 8 .80 m . ( N -S ) r epresen ts t he t e rm ina t ion o f t he e a s t wa l l a nd a t r ans i t ion t o t he n o r th wa l l ( F ig . 2 7 ) . T he wa l ls a re 2 . 05 -2 .15 m . t h ick a nd p ro jec t 1 . 50 m . f r om t he e a s t wa l l a nd 4 . 50 m . f r om t he n o r th . V e ry l i t t le i sp re se rved o f t he i n te r ior wa l l s ur face s wh ich s t and l e ss t han a me te r a bove t he modern f i l l . On t he n or th ( ex ter ior ) f a ce o n ly a sma l l p e rcen tage o f t he f ac ing ma ter ia ls r e ma in , r evea l ing t wo r e l iev ing a rche s t ha t s uppo r ted af l oo r ( t op a t * 129 .30 ) . T he t wo a rches a re o f d i f fe ren t s i ze s b u t s pr ing f r om t he s a me l eve l , c .* 126 . T he e a s te rn a rch h as a c l ea r s pan o f 2 . 90 m . w i th v ouss iors r ang ing f r om 5 0 -60 cm . i n l eng th , wh i le t he we s te rn a rch i s3 . 80 m . w ide a nd 9 0 cm . h ighe r . T he k ey s tone e x t rados o f t he s econd a r ch s uppo r t s t he f l oo r wh ich

4 6

S ee

discussion

portion o f Wall

o f

c onstruction

1 o n page

without

1 7.

16 -

f ormwork

f or

central

c ons is t s o f ac our se o f r eu sed , s qua red ma rb le a nd l ime s tone b locks .4 7 A g ap i n t he c en ter o f t he u ppe r p o r t ion m igh t r epre sen t a n o r ig ina l o pen ing . Wa l l 3 Wa l l 3i s p ara l le l t o t he e as t wa l l a nd , i fe x tended t o t he n or th , wou ld c o inc ide w i th t he we s tern s i de o f t he c o rne r t ower . T he r e ma in ing p or t ion i s7 . 70 m . l ong , 1 . 95 m . w ide , a nd s t ands 7 . 50 m . a bove t he p re sen t g round l eve l o f * 131 .80 . Ne i ther i t s o r ig ina l l eng th n o r h e igh t i sk nown . A sma l l g ap b e tween t he t wo wa l ls i nc rea ses f r om 5 -20 cm . , b o t to m t o t op , r ep re sen t ing t he t i l t o f Wa l l 3t owa rd t he wes t . F i f ty p e rcen t o f t he f a c ing ma te r ia ls r e ma in o n t he wes t s ur face ; t he e as t f ace i s n o t v i s ib le b u t b locked o ve r i t s e n t ire l eng th b y Wa l l 2s t and ing b eh ind i t . T here i s as e r ie s o f f i ve v au l ted r ooms l o ca ted 9 0 m . we s t o f t he e nd o f t he n or th wa l l ( F ig . 1) . T he c on t inuous b ack ( s ou th ) wa l l o f t hese c hambers i sp ara l le l t o t he a x is o f B u i ld ing A a nd t he r ooms o pen t o t he n o r th w i th n o v i s ib le p re se rved f a cade . Chambe rs a verage 4 . 25 m . w ide ( E W) , t he ir p reserved l eng ths v ary f rom 3 . 10 -4 .10 m . , a nd t he c l ea rance b enea th t he k eys tone s ( * 127 ) v a r ie s f r om 2 . 00 -2 .50 m . R ad i i o f t he v au l t s a re 2 . 10 m . h o r izon ta l ly a nd 1 . 80 m . v e r t ica l ly , c rea t ing a s l igh t ly f l a t tened p ro f i le . T o t he wes t o f t hese v au l t s a re t he r e ma ins o f s evera l o ther b u i ld ings g enera l ly a s soc ia ted w i th t he " Roman Ago ra . "

C ons truc t ion T he c ommon d enom ina tor o f c ons t ruc t ion f o r a l l t hree wa l ls i st he u se o f mor ta red r ubb le , al o ca l v ar ian t o f R oman c oncre te t ha t c ons is t s o f u nworked f i e lds tones o r r i ver s tones , o f ten c omb ined w i th a ny o ther a gg rega te t o b e f ound n ea rby : c u t s t one , b r ick , t i le , a nd e ven p o t tery f r agmen ts ." A l l t h is ma ter ia l was s e t i n g enerou s amoun ts o f l ime mo r tar i n ame thod s im i lar t o t ha t u sed b y R oman b u i lder s i n I t a ly d ur ing t he l a te R epub l ican p er iod .4 9 Wo rkmen f i rs t b u i l t t he e x te r ior wa l l f ac ings i n

4 7

S tones

a nd 1 0-15

vary cm.

4 8

The

B .

Ward-Perkins,

Early

basic

i n

s tudies

Christian

Palace

of

University York:

s ize

from

6 0-80

cm .

t he

of

" Notes

on

the

Architecture,"

Byzantine

Press,

Penguin

mortared

For

l ate

s ources

Republic

l ength,

3 0-60

1 958)

Books,

r ubble

1 981)

on

s ee

the

in

David

T .

Second

Report

pls.16-38;

2 73-278;

development

Marion

Asia and

Emperors, 5 2-104,

in

S tructure

Roman Construction i n Asia Minor," 4 9

in

cm .

in

width,

i n height.

Elizabeth

Minor

are

Building Rice

i tem ,

Robert

L .

in

John

Methods

( ed.), The

of

Great

( Edinburgh:

The

RIA,

2d

ed.

( New

Vann,

"A

S tudy

of

1 73-200. o f

concrete

B lake,

i n

Ancient

I taly Roman

during

the

Construction

i n I taly from t he Prehistoric Period t o Augustus ( Washington, D .C.: Carnegie I nstitution, 1 947) 2 27-275; Giuseppe Cozzo, Ingegneria

17 -

c ou rses o f c onven ien t h e igh t ( 4 0 -50 cm . ) (F ig . 2 8 ) . T he se l ow wa l l s we re a l lowed t o s t and u n t i l t he mor ta r was f i rm ly s e t a nd t hen s e rved a s a f o rmwo rk i n to wh ich a dd i t iona l r ubb le wou ld b e p ou red c rea t ing t he c o re o f t he wa l l . Chunks o f a gg rega te were l a id i n p lace , t he mo r ta r p oured o ve r t hem , a nd t he m ix tu re t apped d own t o f i l l t he i r regu la r b ack s ide o f t he f a c ing ma te r ia ls . T he mo r ta r , g ene ra l ly made f r om l oca l i ng red ien t s , was s o me t i mes o f p oor q ua l i ty w i th t oo l i t t le v i scos i ty r e su l t ing i n i ncons is ten t s e t t l ing t ha t l e f t l a rge a i r p ocke t s t he reby weaken ing t he wa l l s t ruc tu re . E ach l aye r o f t he wa l l wou ld b e t opped w i th a s i ng le c ourse o f sma l l f l a t s t one s f o l lowed b y a no the r s ec t ion o f wa l l a dded a bove . S eve ra l f ea tu res s ugge s t t ha t Wa l l 1was s epa ra te a nd p robab ly t he i n i t ia l s t age o f c on s t ruc t ion o f B u i ld ing A . F i rs t , i ti sn o t b onded t o t he e as te rn t owe r a nd s econd , t he re i s an o t iceab le d i f fe rence i n t he p hy s ica l a ppea rance o f t h i s wa l l i n c ompa r ison t o t he r ema inde r o f t he b u i ld ing . T he n o r th wa l l was b u i l t u p i n l aye r s v a ry ing f r om 6 0 -75 cm . w i th l eve l ing c our se s c on s is t ing o f f l a t s t ones 1 0 -15 cm . l ong a nd 4 -6 cm . h igh ( F ig . 2 9 ) . O ccas iona l ly b r icks a nd sma l l p ieces o f c u t marb le a s t h in a s 1 7 mm . ( r eve tmen t f r agmen t s? ) we re a l so u sed i n t h is c ou r se . T he re a re t wo d i s t inc t t ype s o f f a c ing ma te r ia l o n Wa l l 1 . T he n o r th s ide h as a n o u te r f a ce o f u nwo rked f i e ld s tone s i n av a r ie ty o f s hapes a nd s i ze s w i th as ca t te red h and fu l o f r eu sed b lock s .T he ma te r ia l i s am ix tu re o f s ch is t , l imes tone , s ands tone , q uar tz i te , c ong lomera te , a nd marb le . A l though s ome p or t ion s o f t he wa l l e xh ib i t ac a re fu l s e lec t ion o f s t one s o f l i ke s i ze s e t i n to o rde r ly c ou r se s , o the r b and s c on ta in l a rger s t one s , u sua l ly p laced j u s t a bove t he l eve l ing c ou r se s . T he s ou th s i de o f Wa l l 1h a s av e ry d i f fe ren t a ppearance ; l aye r s o f c ons t ruc t ion a re v i s ib le a nd l eve l ing c our se s c an b e r ecogn ized b u t t he re i s n o o rde r ly p a t te rn o f ac ou r sed f a c ing . T he i r regu la r a ng le s a t wh ich s o me f l a t s t ones a nd b r icks a re p laced i n t he s u r face o f t he wa l l wou ld s ugge s t t ha t , f o r s ome r ea son , t h is s i de o f t he wa l l was d e l ibe ra te ly g iven a l e ss c are fu l t r ea tmen t t han t he n or the rn ( ex te r ior ) s ide a nd was p robab ly p ou red a ga in s t af o rmwo rk t ha t was s ub sequen t ly r emoved . T he c ore o f Wa l l 1h a s ah igh p e rcen tage o fb r ick , e spec ia l ly a tt he e a s te rn e nd a d jacen t t o t he t owe r . T he b reak b e tween t he n or th wa l l a nd t ower d oes n o t o f fer c onc lus ive e v idence t ha t t hese t wo we re b u i l t a td i f fe ren t t ime s o r , e ven i f t hey we re , h ow much t ime h ad e l apsed . B u t n one the less , t he p hys ica l a ppea rance o ft he t wo wa l ls s eem s t oa rgue f o r d i f fe ren t d a te s .

romana,

maestranze

( Rome:

Libreria

Lugli,

La

Lazio ,

2 vols.

tecnica

romane,

editrice edilizia

( Rome:

s trutture

Mantegazza romana

pre-romane, de

Cremonese,

con particolare

Giovanni B ardi,

18 -

1 968).

s trutture 1 928); r iguardo

romane

G iuseppi a Roma

e

T he i n te r io r a nd e x te r io r f a c ing o f t he t owe r i sn o t we l l p re se rved b u t f e a tu res s uch a s t he t wo a rches a nd t he f l oo r l eve l h ave b een n o ted . T he c ore o f t he t owe r wa l ls c on ta ins a g rea te r n umbe r o f s po l ia ( r eused b locks ) t han e xh ib i ted i n t he n o r th wa l l i nc lud ing c o lumn f r agmen t s o f t wo s i zes ( d ia . 5 5 cm . a nd 3 6 cm . , b o th o f p ink a nd wh i te b recc ia ) , a h o r izon ta l s ima b lock w i th a l i on 's h ead s pou t , s eve ra l f o l ia ted c ap i ta ls , a nd many b lock s w i th f r agmen t s o f c a rved mou ld ing s . T he mo r tar u sed i n t he t owe r c on ta in s l a rge c hunk s o fb r ick ( up t o 8cm . d ia . ) . T he c en t ra l p o r t ion o f Wa l l 2i s more c omp lex . T he e as t f a ce i s u n in te rrup ted a nd , e xcep t f o r t he l owe r p or t ions , mos t o f t he f a c ing i s p re se rved ( F ig . 3 0 ) . T he i n te r io r c o rne r b e tween t he n o r th e nd o f t he wa l l a nd s ou th f a ce o f t he t owe r i sb ad ly e roded b u t t he c on t inu i ty o f t he i nne r c o re p roves t ha t t he se t wo we re b u i l t a tt he s a me t ime . T he f a c ing i sf a i r ly r egu la r b u t h as ah ighe r p e rcen tage o fs po i ls t han we re s een i n Wa l l 1 . T he i n te r io r ( we s t ) f a ce p roduce s amo re c omp lex p ic tu re . T he re i sa c l ea r d i f ference i n t he t ype s o f f a c ing s epa ra ted b y ad iagona l l i ne b e tween t he n o r the rn b reach a nd t he r e c tangu la r r ecess ( F ig . 3 1 ) . T he p o r t ion o f t he wa l l t o t he n or th ( l e f t ) was b u i l t i n t he t r ad i t iona l me thod o f f i rs t c on s t ruc t ing a f o rmwo rk o f f a c ing ma te r ia ls ; b u t t he p o r t ion t o t he s ou th ( r igh t ) was c ons t ruc ted i n a d i f feren t me thod , e i ther w i th wooden s hu t te r ing o r a ga ins t a n e x i s t ing s t ruc tu re . T he s econd a l te rna t ive i sf avo red i n t h is i n s tance . A t t he t ime Wa l l 2 wa s b u i l t t he re mu s t h ave b een a no the r wa l l t ha t s t ood j u s t we s t o f i t a nd , r a the r t han t o r emove t he e x is t ing wa l l t ha t was b e ing r ep laced o r e n la rged , t he b u i lde r s d ec ided t o emp loy i t s r ema ins a s f o rmwo rk a ga in s t wh ich Wa l l 2wa s p laced . An ew f a c ing wa s p rov ided f o r t he e a s t s i de , b u t o n t he we s t n one was n ece ssa ry . Howeve r , b eyond t he e x ten t o f t h is h ypo the t ica l wa l l an ew f a c ing wa s r equ i red f o r b o th s i de s . T he d iagona l l i ne b e tween t he se t wo c ond i t ion s o f wa l l s u r face r ef lec t s t he i mage o f t ha t e a r l ier wa l l , c l ea r ly i nd ica t ing i t s s hape a t t he t ime t he n ew wa l l wa s b u i l t ( F ig .3 1 ) . T he r ema inde r o f Wa l l 2r e f lec t s t he c ou r se o f t he e a r l ier wa l l . T he r ec tangu la r r ece ss i n t he we s t f ace m igh t h ave b een p ou red a round a p ro jec t ing p o r t ion o f t he o r ig ina l wa l l a nd t he o ve rhang ing ' s qu inch ' l a id o ve r t he t op o f t ha t l owe r wa l l a s i tc hanged d i rec t ions . T he i r regu la r p a t te rn o f s t ones w i th in t he c o rne r b enea th t h is b roken ma ss o f r ubb le wa s t he r e su l t o f wa l l ma te r ia ls b e ing s tu f fed i n to t he d amaged c o rne r o f t he o r ig ina l wa l l . T h i s u n faced p o r t ion o f Wa l l 2c on t inue s s ou th a round t he c o rne r t hen d i sappea r s b eh ind t he f r ee s tand ing wa l l (Wa l l 3 ) . T he f a c ing c on s t ruc ted n o r th o f t h is h ypo the t ica l wa l l ( l e f t o f t he d iagona l l i ne i n F ig . 3 1 ) i ss t r ik ing ly d i f fe ren t , t he o n ly a rea i n B u i ld ing A

19 -

whe re t he re i s aw idespread u se o fb r ick s i n t he wa l l s u r face . 5° T he c ou r se s o f b r ick a re n o t c on t inuous h oweve r , b u t a re o f ten c omb ined w i th f l a t s t ones o f s im i la r s i ze s . A s many a s s i x c ou r se s o fb r ick a ppea r i n o ne a rea , wh i le i n a no the r , ac ou rse o fb r ick a l te rna te s w i th ac ou r se o fs t one . T he w indow f r ame w i th in Wa l l 2( e a s t f a ce ) c on s is t s o f f ou r r eu sed b locks t ha t d e f ine t he o pen ing , wh i le t he c hambe r w i th in t he wa l l i s s panned b y f ou r mo re b lock s , i nc lud ing o ne c o lumn f r agmen t ( F ig . 2 6 ) . Ano the r l a rge b lock i s p laced 8 5 cm . a bove t he w indow a nd mean t t o t r an s fe r t he we igh t o f t he wa l l f r om t he w indow b e low . T he e a s t s ide o f Wa l l 2h a s aw e l l p re se rved s y s tem o f p u t log h o le s ( 1 5 -17 cm . s qua re ) t ha t p rov ided s uppo r t f o r wooden b eams wh ich c a r r ied t he workmen 's s ca f fo ld ing . L ogs we re p laced d eep i n to t he s t ruc ture a bove e ve ry o the r l eve l ing c ou r se , o r a bou t 1 . 00 1 .10 m . a pa r t v e r t ica l ly a nd we re a l igned h o r izon ta l ly , 2 -3 m . a pa r t . T he t imbe rs we re s e t i n to t he wa l l a s i tr ose l ayer b y l ayer a nd t he s ca f fo ld ing e rec ted o n as e r ie s o f t hese s uppor t s a f te r t he wa l l h ad b een c on t inued u pward i n i n te rva ls o f 5 0 -55 cm . T he re fo re , t he i n i t ia l s t age o f e ach c yc le o f c ons t ruc t ion wou ld b e b e tween k nee a nd wa is t l eve l a nd w i th t he c omp le t iön o f e ach s ubsequen t l aye r , a dd i t iona l t imbe rs wou ld b e a dded t ha t wou ld s uppo r t t he n ex t s t age o f s ca f fo ld ing . Wo rk wou ld c on t inue o n t he n ex t l aye r o f t he wa l l b e tween wa is t a nd s hou lder l eve l a t wh ich t ime t he s ca f fo ld ing wou ld b e d i s man t led a nd r a ised t o a no the r s e r ies o f p u t log h o le s . T he l owe r l eve l o f l ogs were t hen r e moved a nd p repared f o r r euse i n t he s ub sequen t s ec t ion o f t he wa l l . T he me thod o f c ons t ruc t ion i n Wa l l 3i st he s a me a s e l sewhere i n t he b u i ld ing b u t t he e x te r io r f a c ing e xh ib i t s ah ighe r p e rcen tage o f ma rb le f r agmen t s ( F ig . 3 2 ) . T he l aye r s o f mo r ta red r ubb le v a ry f r om 4 5 -60 cm . a nd w i th t he e xcep t ion o f l eve l ing c ou rse s , t he f a c ing d oes n o t r evea l a ny a t temp t o f a l ignmen t i n to h o r izon ta l c our se s . A c l ose i nspec t ion o f t he t wo wa l ls w i l l s ugges t t ha t t he f r ee s tand ing wa l l p receded Wa l l 2a nd wa s p a r t o f t he e a r l ier s t ruc tu re t ha t was u sed a s t he f o rm i n to wh ich c onc re te wa s p oured f o r t he l a te r wa l l . E ven t he e roded mo r ta r j o in t s o f t he e a r l ie r wa l l a re r ef lec ted o n Wa l l 2b yr a i sed b ands o f mo r ta r . T he s equence o f c ons t ruc t ion s eem s t ob e a sf o l low s . P ha se 1wa s t he n o r th wa l l (Wa l l 1 ) , p e rhap s w i th a c onnec t ing s t a irca se l o ca ted w i th in t he p ro jec t ing f ounda t ion a t E7 00 / S4 5 . Du r ing P ha se 2 , an o r th sou th wa l l , p e rhaps Wa l l 3 wa s a dded b u t i t s o r ig ina l e x ten t i ss t i l l u nknown . F ina l ly , i nP ha se 3t he t owe r a nd e a s t wa l l we re a dded a ga in s t t he r u in s o f t he n ow mos t ly m is s ing wa l l o fP hase 2 .

5 0

Brick s izes

a re 5 0

x 5 0

x 5 cm .

a nd 5 0

20 -

x 2 5 x 5 cm .

C onc lus ions T he f i rs t s t age o ft he b u i ld ing was t he n or th wa l l wh ich a ppea rs t ob e s im i la r i n c ons t ruc t ion t o t he c i ty wa l l , b o th p robab ly d a t ing t o t he m id t h ird c en tury A .D . o r l a ter .5 1 I ta pparen t ly s erved t he d ua l f unc t ion o f r e ta in ing a t e r race t o t he s ou th a nd d e f in ing a n e nc lo sed a rea o n t ha t u ppe r l eve l , s im i lar t o t he t e r raced Uppe r Agora a t P e rgamon o r t he S ta te Agora a t E phesos .5 2 A c o lumn f r agmen t l o ca ted a t E7 16 / S 5 3 c ou ld b e f r om a c o lonnade b u i l t p ara l le l t o t he wa l l . F ina l ly , t he t e rraced a rea w i th in t h is f i rs t p hase o f B u i ld ing A m igh t h ave b een a n e x tens ion o f t he t e rrace s uppor ted b y v au l ted s ubs t ruc tu re s f a r ther wes t i n t he s o -ca l led " Roman Agora ." No th ing more c an b e a dded a bou t t he wa l l o f P hase 2 t ha t s t ood a t t he e as t e nd o f t h is u ppe r t e rrace e xcep t t ha t t he f a c ing o f Wa l l 3i sl e ss c a re fu l ly c on s t ruc ted t han Wa l l 1a nd a ppea rs t ob eo f al a te r d a te . T he e as t wa l l a nd t ower a dded i nP ha se 3a re i n te rpre ted a sp a r t s o fa f o r t i f ica t ion s y s tem . I t s sma l l w indow h igh i n t he «a l l o f fe rs a n e xce l len t v i ew a cross t he v a l ley t owa rd t he e a s t , a l ong t he r ou te o f t he a nc ien t r oad . T he u se o f B u i ld ing A a s af o r t i f ica t ion c ou ld h ave o ccurred a f ter t he g ene ra l d es t ruc t ion o f t he s i te i n A .D . 6 16 when an ew r oad was b u i l t o ver t he r u ins o f t he B yzan t ine S hops a nd when s im i la r f o r t i f ica t ions a ppea red o n t he s ou th s l ope o f t he A c ropo l is .5 3 C l ive F oss , i n h i s s tudy o f B yzan t ine a nd T urk ish S ard is , p re sen ts s eve ra l i n teres t ing s ugges t ions t ha t may b e r e levan t f or t he i den t i f ica t ion o f B u i ld ing A . F i rs t , h e men t ion s a n a r ms f ac tory n o ted i n t he Not i t ia d i gn i ta t ium o f c .A .D .4 00 p robab ly b u i l t b y D ioc le t ian .5 4 T he i n s ta l la t ion , a

51 David Waldbaum ,

Van Z anten e t al., " The S ardis, Report / , 3 5-52.

5 2 For sources on Der Grosze Altar,

the Upper der Obere

Walls,"

Agora a t Ephesos, A .F. Koska, 1 972)

s ee

Clive

o f the Evidence," 5 4

t o

Foss, the

S ardis, arms

ed. ( Berlin: s ources, 1 06, v aulted

tomb

Foss,

JÖBG 2 4

i s

" The

( 1975)

Monograph

f actory

Hanfmann

and

Wilhelm Alzinger, 3 7-45 f or a brief

f acing the agora.

53 Foss, Sardis, Monograph / 54-56. Acropolis see Butler, Sardis I ( 1922)

d estruction

in

Agora a t Pergamon see Jakob S chrammen, Markt, AvP, vol. 1 11.1 ( Berlin: Georg

R eimer, 1 906) and f or the S tate D ie Ruinen v on Ephesos ( Vienna: s ummary o f the buildings

City

/ ,

found

Fall

o f

For construction 4 7-49. For the S ardis

i n

6 16

on the Persian

and the

Value

1 1-22.

7 -8,

1 4-15,

in

Notitia

and

3 6-37.

The

dignitatum,

r eference

Otto

Seeck,

Weidmann, 1 876) 3 2 or in Foss's list of l iterary no. 1 . Two i nscriptions, i ncluding one painted in a in

the

valley

o f

the

Pactolus,

mention

fabricenses,

or

employees of the imperial f actory f or shields and weapons. Crawford H . Greenewalt, Jr., " The Sardis Campaign o f 1 976," BASOR 2 29 ( 1978)

21 -

s h ie ld a nd weapons f a c to ry ( f abr ica s cu tar ia e t a rmo rum ) , i sa n a t t rac t ive s ugge s t ion . I ti sp oss ib le t ha t t h is b u i ld ing , ow ing t o i t s a ppea rance a nd c en t ra l l oca t ion , may h ave s e rved a s t h is i n s ta l la t ion a t s ome p o in t i n i t s h i s to ry . Ano the r b u i ld ing o f t he s ame d a te t ha t m igh t b e i den t i f ied w i th o u r s t ruc ture was t he p rae tor ium , ag ove rnor 's r e s idence o r l o ca l m i l i tary h eadqua r te r s , wh ich F o ss men t ions i n t he c on tex t o f mounds s t and ing e a s t o f t he B a th -Gymnas ium C omp lex .5 Un t i l f u tu re e xcava t ions s y s tema t ica l ly u ncove r B u i ld ing A , i t mos t l i ke ly w i l l r e ma in a n e n igma .5 6 T he o ve ra l l d imen s ion s a nd s hape o f t he o r ig ina l b u i ld ing a re u nknown . Wa s i ta n o pen s t ruc tu re o r e nc lo sed b y wa l l s t o t he s ou th a nd we s t ? S t ra t ig raph ic i nve s t iga t ion wou ld n o d oub t r evea l af a sc ina t ing a nd c o mp l ica ted h i s to ry f o r t h is b u i ld ing t h roughou t c en tu r ie s o f u se .

6 1-64, ( 1979) ( 1977)

figs. 3 -7; item, " The Sardis Campaign of 1 979," BASOR 233 4 -8, f igs. 3 -5; L ouis Robert, " Bulletin Epigraphique," REG 9 0 4 53; Clive Foss, " The Fabricenses Ducenarii of S ardis," ZPE

3 5 ( 1979) 2 79-283; and George M . A. Hanfmann, "A Painter Imperial Arms Factory a t S ardis," AJA 8 5 ( 1981) 8 8-89. 5 5

Foss,

Sardis,

Monograph

1 ,

3 6.

The

Asiae Ecclesiarum e t Constantinopleos 2 9; Spon and Wheler, Voyage, 2 06; T urkey and back

t o England

( London:

W .

Reverend Thomas notitia Edmund Bowyer,

Smith,

( Oxford: Chishull, 1 757)

in

the

Septem

n .p., 1 674) Travels in

1 5.

Although there have been no s ystematic excavations in Building A , limited work was carried out in 1 983 to locate the ' Damas

5 6

I nscription'

( Buckler

and

Robinson,

S ardis

VII

( 1932)

7 9)

that

had

been r ecorded near the s tadium by the Princeton Expedition but l ater s een by Hanfmann near Building A . The s tone was not r ediscovered but s everal large walls were uncovered i n probes s outhwest o f the east wall and free-standing wall. The f irst, a north-south s tretch a meter wide, was parallel and 1 0.60 m . west of Wall 3 . Seven ' courses' of masonry, 9 0 cm . high, were revealed although the f oundations of the wall were not r eached. The s econd feature was a wide but

indistinct

been the a t l east

s outh wall of Building A due to i ts thickness ( undefined but 3 .5 m . ( N-S) by 4 .7 m . ( E-W ). That the north-south w all was

c learly

s tructure that

l ater than this mass

o f

s taff members

r ubble

was

s uggested might

evident

f rom the

f act

have

that

the wall abutted a finished , plastered surface on the north s ide. When compared to the thicknesses of the other three walls, the dimensions not

the

of

this

south wall

s tructure.

second o f

architectural

the building but

BASORSup 2 4

( 1986)

1 9.

22 -

f eature

suggest

that

i t

was

probably a platform w ithin the

CHAPTER THREE : BU ILD ING C

S i te B u i ld ing C l i e s o n t he e dge o f t he He rmus p la in b e low t he n o r the rn s l ope s o f t he a c ropo l is , c .3 50 m . n o r th o f B u i ld ing A a nd 2 50 m . n o r thea s t o fB u i ld ing D ( E6 40 -7 12 /N 2 74 -320 ) (F ig . 3 ,n o .3 3 ) . T he s i te i sr eached b y a d i r t r oad wh ich c ros ses t he e as te rn z one o f t he a nc ien t c i ty a nd n ow c onnec ts t he v i l lage o f S a r t Mahmu t t o t he I zm ir -Anka ra h ighway . T he b u i ld ing i ss i tua ted i n al eve l a rea t ha t i sh eav i ly c u l t iva ted a nd e ach y ea r b ecome s mo re d i f f icu l t t os ee f r om t he h ighway b ecau se o f t he t a l l s t and o f p op la r s t ha t l i ne t he f i e lds s ou th o f t he b u i ld ing .

E a r ly A ccoun t s B u i ld ing C i so ne o f t he b e t te r p re se rved monumen ts o f S a rd is a nd , b e ing s i tua ted c l ose t o t he ma jo r t ho rough fa re f r om Smy rna ( I zm i r ) t o t he h in te r land , was s een a nd men t ioned b y mo s t e a r ly t r ave le r s . B ecau se o f i t s b a s i l ican p lan t he r ema ins we re o f ten i den t i f ied a s ac hurch . I n 1 670 T ave rn ier s poke o f " T wo f a ire c hu rche s . . ." p re sumab ly b u i ld ing s C a nd D .5 7 T he f i r s t mea su red d raw ing s o f B u i ld ing C we re t he p lan a nd f r on ta l v i ew b y B o r ra i n 1 750 .5 8 T he p lan i n c luded a l l p ie r s , o ne o f wh ich wa s i nd ica ted i n d o t ted l i nes , p re sumab ly r ep resen t ing a r es tored e l emen t ( F ig .3 3 ) . T h i s f i r s t p lan a l so d ep ic ted b roken wa l l f r agmen t s o n t he n o r th f a ce s o f t he n o r thea s t ( r igh t ) a nd n o r thwe s t ( l e f t ) p ie rs . T he v iew was f r om t he n o r th t owa rd t he b e t te r p re se rved p ie r s o f t he s ou th f l ank , s hown h ere w i th s evera l me ters o f t he ir b r ick s upe rs t ruc ture s t i l l p reserved

Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste T avernier... en T urquie, en Perse e t aux Indes, pendant l 'espace de

5 7

quarante

ans

( Paris,

1 679)

3 7.

Tavernier

identified

the

site

of

S ardis in 1 670. S ee also Smith, Septem Asiae, 2 9; Spon and Wheler, V oyage, 2 06; Edmund Chishull, Travels i n T urkey and back to England ( London: W . Bowyer, 1 747) 1 6. 5 8

Hutton,

Piers

JHS

( d)(a

4 7

( 1927)

little

1 06.

distant)

The i n

diaries a

line

mention

( formerly c ased perhaps) now r uin' d ( Pl. XVII) Portico with a T ambour or Tribune a t each end , h ave been s ome publick Court

o f J udicature

23 -

" four

supporting

a

solid brick Brick

Arch

which f orm ' d a kind o f which We conjecture to

or the

l ike..."

( F ig . 3 4 ) .5 9 T he n or thea s t a nd n o r thwe s t p ie rs s t ood p rac t ica l ly t o t he ir f u l l h e igh t b u t w i th n o p reserved v au l t ing a bove . T he e x tens ions n or th o f t hese c orne r p ie rs , men t ioned a bove i n ad e sc r ip t ion o f B orra 's p lan , we re n o t s hown i n t he f r on ta l v iew . As econd p lan a nd v iew o f t he b u i ld ing , n o t a s c orrec t i n p ropor t ion a s t hose p repared f or Wood , were p ub l ished i n 1 765 b y d e P eyssone l ( F ig s .3 5 -36 ) . 6° " On e n v o i t u n a u t re d ans l e meme g oü t ( a s B u i ld ing D wh ich h e men t ioned p rev ious ly ) a u M id i d e c e lu i lä d ans l a p la ine . I i n 'a p lus q ue t r o is p i las t res e n d l dva t ion a vec l e s mass i fs e n b r iques , e t l ' on v o i t l e f ondemen t d e d eux a u t res . I l s s on t t ous d e l a meme h au teur e t d e l a meme g rosseur q ue l e s p rem iers . T ous c es p i las tres d to ien t t e rm inds p ar u n c or inche d ans l ' endro i t o u c omme rKo i t l a ma onne r ie . "6 1 D e P ey ssone l a l so a dded t ha th e t hough t t he b u i ld ings ,b o th C a nd D , were " magas ins d 'abondance " where h arves t s o f t he g ood y ears we re s t ored f or t hose o f t he l e an . B u t t h is d escr ip t ion c on ta ins s evera l e r ro r s . F i rs t , a f te r d escr ib ing B u i ld ing D a s s i tua ted o n al i t t le r i se , d e P eyssone l s t a ted t ha t as im i la r s t ruc ture , B u i ld ing C , wa s l o ca ted t o t he s ou th o n l eve l g round r a ther t han i n i t s a c tua l l oca t ion n or th o f t he f i rs t b u i ld ing . S econd ly , s peak ing o f t he p ie rs , t he a u thor s t a ted t ha t t he ir d i mens ion s were o f t he s a me t h ickness whereas c arefu l measure men ts h ave s ubsequen t ly r evea led a v ar ie ty o f p ier s i zes . F ina l ly , h e f a i led t o men t ion t he r e ma ins o f a l l p iers . L and ron 's v iew i nc ludes t he t hree p ie r s t opped

The

5 9

view

by

Borra

i s

an

incomplete

drawing

that

includes

the

f oreground and the piers but nothing south of the building. Pier 6 appears to have been mostly dismantled but s everal courses o f blocks r emain in place. On the o ther hand, pier 7 i s completely gone, marked only by a s light irregularity i n the terrain. The curved eastern blocks

apse a t

the

wall

i s

in the process

6°

Claude

sur

les

C .

de

peuples

T hyatire, pls. 2 . xiv

( left)

f oot

i s

of pier

much

better

8 ( left

preserved

f oreground )

and

suggest

the

number

o f

that this pier

of being r emoved.

Peyssonel,

Observations

babares...suivies

d 'un

ä Sardes, etc. ( Paris: and 8 . xiii. There appear

historique v oyage

et

fait

g6ographique

ä Magnesie,

ä

N . M. Tillard, 1 765) 3 49 a nd to be two numbering systems i n

the volume; Roman numerals describe a s equence of general v iews a nd plans of individual s tructures, probably i n the order in which they were sketched on the site. For example P .iii i s a view of the Temple o f Artemis, P . v-vi views of the acropolis, P . vii-viii of Building B ( the palace or Gerousia), and P . xiii-xiv the plan and view o f Building C . The other s et i s Arabic numerals that represent the plate number of the i llustration a s i t appears in the text. The view o f Building C i s published on No.2 and i ts plan on No. 8 . T he plan i s too wide in proportion to i ts width. Compare, f or example, the norths outh dimension of the piers w ith the gap l eft f or the apse.

6 1

De Peyssonel,

3 49.

24 -

w i th b r ick masonry a nd t he r e ma ins o f t wo o thers l e ss we l l p re served . Wha ti s om i t ted a re t he r e ma in s o fp ie r 5 ,o bs t ruc ted b yp ie r 3( s econd f r om t he l e f t i n F igure 3 6 ) . A l though a mound o f r ubb le a ppears i n t he b ackground a t t ha t p o in t , i ti s d i f f icu l t t o b e l ieve t ha t p ier 5 , s o c l ea r ly d e l inea ted b y B orra a nd s t i l l s t and ing i n t he l a te 2 0 th c en tury , was n o t v i s ib le t o L andron a nd d e P ey ssone l f i f teen y ea r s l a te r . B u i ld ing C wa s men t ioned b y as e r ies o f t r ave lers d ur ing t he n ex t c en tury i nc lud ing Chand ler , P rokesch v on O sten , A runde l , a nd Ham i lton .6 2 Mos t a ccoun t s r e fer red t o t he s t ruc ture o f a sh lar p ie rs t ha t c a rr ied b r ick a bove a nd i den t if ied t he r e ma ins a s ac hurch . T he n ex t d e sc r ip t ion o fi mpo r tance wa s t ha tb y Ad le r i n 1 872 who t a lked o fp or t icoes a nd a p a laes t ra f o r t h is " Haup tsaa l e ine s Gymnas ium ." 6 3 T he s ugges t ion t ha t B u i ld ing C m igh t h ave b een s ome th ing o ther t han a c hurch wa s n o t a ccep ted a nd i n h is s tudy o f B yzan t ine a rch i tec ture o f 1 883 Cho isy s t i l l s peaks o f t he b u i ld ings a s c hurches d ed ica ted t o S t . George a nd S t .J ohn ( F ig .3 7 ) .

6 2 Additional r eferences to Building Nicholas Revett, and William Pars,

account of Dilittanti,

a tour made at 3rd ed., 2 vols.

1 817) 254; Anton K leinasiens, 1825 Francis

V . J.

Description Antioch in J .

Hamilton,

Adler's

Researches 1 842)

von Osten, Erinnerungen aus Aegypten u nd C . Armbruster, 1 831), vol. I II, 1 55-156;

Discoveries

in

Asia

Minor,

including

a

und des

in

Asia

Minor , Pontus

and

Armenia

( London:

1 47.

account

Geschichte " Jenseits

Arundell,

the expense of the Society of the ( London: J . Booker and R . Priestley,

of t he ruins of several ancient c ities, a nd especially Pisidia ( London: R . Bentley, 1 834) 2 9; and William

J ohn Murray, 6 3

Prokesch ( Vienna:

C appear i n Richard Chandler, Travels in Asia Minor, or an

i s

published

Topographie Mühlbachs

in

Ernst

Kleinasiens,"

breitet

s ich

Curtius,

AbhBerl

eine

" Beitrage

( 1872)

Niederung

8 7,

aus,

pl.

welche,

zur v . im

Rücken von demselben begränzt, nördlich gegen die Heerstrasse ausgedehnt i st, in der Mitte die Ruine ( e) 8 0 S chritt von der S trasse entfernt.

' Es

s ind

die

Trümmer

eines

zur

christlichen

Kirche

umgestalteten antiken Gebäudes. Deutlich erkennbar i st ein oblonger gewölbter Saal, an seinen kurzen Seiten mit Halbkreistribünen begränzt.

Die

Masse

s ind beträchtlich,

1 7

M .

Breite

und

6 1

M .

L änge

mit Ausschluss der Tribünennischen, deren Spannung fast 13 M . beträgt. Die L angseiten sind völlig durchbrochen, so dass der Raum ähnlich wie d ie Maxentiusbasilika auf 8 Pfeilern r uht. Die 7 ,50 s tarken Pfeiler s ind aus grossen Marmorquadern erbaut; über ihren i onischen

Antenkämpfern

Anzatzpuren

verrathen

die

folgen

Backsteinschichten.

frühere

Existenz

von

grossen S eiten-stichkappen; Seitenschiffe waren doch befandensich 8 M . breite Portiken vor Hinterseite. M . künstlich

Hinter vertieft

der und

Erhaltene

Tonnengewölben

mit

nicht vorhanden, der Front and

letzteren z eigt s ich das Terrain um 3 breit umwallt, s o dass wahrscheinlich im

dem Raum der Hauptsaal eines Gymnasiums und in dem vertieften Platze die Palästra desselben z u erkennen i st.'"

25 -

grösseren

" . .ä S a in t Jean d e S a rde s , l ep lan , l a s t ruc tu re , t ou te s t r oma in ; S a in t -Georges l a s t ruc ture e n t i re d es v oü tes e s t d é jà b yzan t ine ." 6 4 A ccord ing t o Cho isy , B u i ld ing C wa s t he c hu rch o f S t J ohn , a s t ruc tu re o fR oman d a te t ha t was c onve r ted t oi t s n ew u se a t al a te r p e r iod , wh i le B u i ld ing D , t he c hu rch o f S t . G eo rge , was a B yzan t ine s t ruc ture . Cho isy 's p lan i nc luded o n ly t he b e t te r p re se rved e as tern h a l f o f t he b u i ld ing a nd c on s is ten t w i th h is emphas is o n c ons t ruc t ion , h i s d raw ing was much mo re c omp le te i n o the r way s . F i rs t , t he p ie r s were a ppa ren t ly mea su red v e ry c a re fu l ly w i th t he r e -en t ran t a ng les i n c o r rec t p ropo r t ion t o t he r e ma inder o f t he p ie r . S econd , o verhead i nd ica t ion o f v au l t ing c o r rec t ly r e con s t ruc ted l ong i tud ina l a nd t r an sve r se a rche s s uppo r t ing l a rge c ro ss v au l t sb etween t he p ie r s . T h i rd , a n a pse h as b een a dded . B u t Cho isy 's p lan a l so p resen t s s o me p rob lem s . T he a pse wa s i ncor rec t ly s hown a s ac on t inuou s ly c u rv ing e x te r ior wa l l r a the r t han a p a r t ia l s em i -c i rc le a bu t ing t he e a s te rn f a ce o f t he n o r theas t a nd s ou thea s t p ie rs . I n o ther wo rds , B or ra 's p lan o f 1 750 was more a ccura te ( c ompa re F ig s . 3 3 a nd 3 7 ) . Cho i sy 's p lan wa s s p l i t l e f t ( no r th ) t o r i gh t ( s ou th ) . T he s ou th s i de i nd ica ted t he p lan a tp re sen t -day g round l eve l ( j udg ing f r om t he e a r ly v iew s t he g round l eve l h as b een a bou t t he s a me s ince t he 1 8 th c en tu ry ) . T he o ppo s i te s i de p resumab ly i nd ica ted t he l eve l a bove t he p ie r s a t t he s pr ing ing o f t he a rches . T he t e x t d id n o t o f fer a n e xp lana t ion b u t p e rhaps t he s haded a reas a round t he i n te r ior f aces o f p iers a nd a pse , r epre sen ted t he c u rv ing e l emen t s o f a rche s a nd s em i -dome . Cho i sy f a i led t os how t ha t t he n o r th a nd s ou th p ie r s a re o f d i f fe ren t s i zes , b u t i n s tead h e r econ s t ruc ted a n o u ter wa l l s u r face e qua l t o t ha t o f t he l a rge r a nd b e t te r p re se rved p ie r s t o t he s ou th ( r igh t ) . L ikew i se , Cho isy 's p lan o f t he p ie r s , d e sp i te t he f a c t t ha t t hey s eem mo re c a re fu l ly measured , f a i led t o i nc lude t he a rche s t o t he n o r thea s t a nd n or thwes t p ie r s a nd t he wa l l f r agmen t b onded o n t he s ou theas t p ie r . F ina l ly , B u t ler s t a ted t ha t t he b u i ld ing , l ong a ssu med t o b e t he c hu rch o f S a rd is b y many t r ave le r s , c ou ld n o t b e i den t i f ied a s s uch w i thou t mo re c onv inc ing e v idence .6 5

6 4 Auguste Choisy, L'Art de bätir Soci6t6 anonyme de publications

chez les byzantines p6riodiques, 1 833)

f igs. 1 77-178, pl. xvi.2. Choisy i s first to publish a plan i ndicating the vaulting pattern of Building C . F igure cross-vaults

over

each

bay

s upported by

l ongitudinal

and

( Paris: 1 60-161, r eflected 1 78 shows transverse

arches from pier to pier but f ails to i nclude o ther f eatures on the outside s urfaces o f the piers. Finally, Choisy has also mistakenly r estored the exterior o f the apse ( compare F igs. 5 and 1 8).

6 5

Butler,

S ardis I ( 1922)

3 1.

26 -

D e sc r ip t ion o f A rch i tec tura l R ema ins S ix p ie rs d e f in ing a s i ng le i n te r io r s pace a re t he o n ly v i s ib le r e ma in s o f t h is i mpo s ing s t ruc tu re . T here were o r ig ina l ly t wo r o ws o f f our p ier s , n umbe red h ere c l ockw ise f ro m s ou theas t t o n o r theas t a round t he c en t ra l s pace ( F ig . 3 8 ) . P ie r 1i s i n t he s ou theas t c orner a nd p ier 5 i n t he n o r thwest . S u r faces o f t he p iers a re d esc r ibed a s i n ter ior o r e x te r ior i n r e fe rence t o t he c en t ra l s pace . T hus , t he i n te r ior f aces o f p ier s 2a nd 3 a re t ho se t o t he n or th , e as t , a nd we s t , wh i le t he e a s t f ace o fp ie r 1a nd t he wes t f a ce o fp ier 5a re e x te r io r s u r faces . Numbe r s 6a nd 7a re i nc luded o ne a r l ie r r econ s truc ted p lans a l though t here a re n o r e ma ins a bove t he p resen t g round l eve l o f * 101 . T he o vera l l d i mens ions o f t he r e ma ins , measur ing f r om t he o u t s ide s ur faces o f t he p iers a nd i nc lud ing t he r econs truc ted a pses , a re 7 5 .80 m . ( E -W ) b y 2 1 .10 m . ( N -S ) .6 T he c urved wa l ls o f t he a ps ida l e nds h ave a n i nner d iame te r o f 1 2 .25 m . a nd p ro t rude 2 . 70 m . f r om t he c o rner p ie rs . T he i n te r ior s pan b etween t he p ie rs i s1 3 .45 m . ( N -S ) a nd 1 3 .50 m . ( E -W ) wh i le t he i n te r ior l eng th o f t he b u i ld ing b e tween t he a pse wa l l s i s7 2 .30 m . P i e r 1 P ier 1 o n t he s ou theas t c orner i s we l l p rese rved , mea su r ing 6 . 13 m . ( E -W ) a nd 4 . 10 m . ( N -S ) (F igs . 3 9 -40 ) . T he w id th o f t he p ie r i nc ludes a r e e n t ran t a ng le o f 6 0 cm . o n t he n or thwes t c orner b u t om i ts a s econd i nden ta t ion o f 5 7 cm . t ha t r epresen ts t he t h ickness o f t he b locks o f t he i nne r a pse f a ce ( F ig . 3 8 ) . T he c urv ing n or th s i de o f t he a pse i sp re served f o r 4 .50 m . wh i le t he e as t f ace o f t he p ier measures 5 .70 m . f ro m t he s ou theas tern c o rner t o t he p o in t whe re t he wa l l o f t he a pse p ro t rude s f r om t he p ier . T he v i s ib le r e ma ins o f P ier 1 c ons is t o f t en c ourses o f a sh la r ma sonry measur ing 5 . 80 m . a nd s uppor t ing t he b r ick mass t ha t s t ands a n a dd i t iona l 1 . 75 m . T he o vera l l h e igh t a bove t he p resen t g round l eve l i s 7 . 56 m . ( s ee t ab le o np age 2 8 ) .

6 6 T he north-south m easurements, t aken f rom the exterior f aces o f t he p iers, do n ot i nclude the protruding wall f ragment a t the s outhwest c orner of pier 1 o r t he v oussoir blocks o n the north f aces o f piers 5 a nd 8 . T he s ize o f Building C i s approximately half that o f Church EA w hose external measurements excluding t he apse and a trium are 2 1 x 3 7 m . or w ith t hose f eatures, 2 1 x 6 2 m .

27 -

P IER MEASURE MENTS

P ier Nu mber

1

2

3

4

5

8

L owe s tG round L eve l

1 00 .50

1 01 .10

1 0 1 .80

1 0 130

1 01 .78

1 0 1 .45

H ighes tG round L eve l

1 02 .30

1 0 1 .72

1 02 .82

1 01 .95

1 02 .10

1 00 .60

H ighes t P rese rved P o in t

1 07 .95

1033

1 08 .38

1 04 .42

1 05 .35

1 05 .87

P reserved i n He igh t*

7 . 56

8 . 93

6 . 82

2 . 17

3 . 57

3 . 42

He igh t o f A sh lar

5 . 81

4 . 63

4 .72

2 . 17

3 . 57

3 . 42

H e igh t o f V au l t ing

1 . 75

4 . 30

2 . 10

-

-

1 0623

1 06 .28

-

8

8

4

S pr ing ing P o in t

1 06 .20

Numbe ro fC ou r se s

1 0

5

5

H e igh t o fC orn ice

0 .64 *

0 . 50

0 . 45

-

He igh t o f F i rs t C ourse **

0 . 51

0 . 63

0 . 45

-

-

H e igh to fS econd C ourse

0 . 62

0 . 54

0 . 44

-

0 . 63

0 . 57

He igh to fT h ird C ourse

0 . 56

0 . 84

0 . 61

0 . 62

0 . 91

0 . 70

H e igh to fF our th C our se

0 . 45

0 . 60

0 . 65

0 . 70

0 . 35

0 . 54

H e igh t o f F i f th Cou rse ***

0 . 59

0 . 65

0 . 65

0 . 72

0 . 65

1 . 04

He igh t o f S ix th C our se

0 . 62

0 . 45

0 . 75

0 . 13+

0 . 58

0 . 57

He igh t o fS even th C our se

0 . 54

0 . 42+

0 . 75

-

0 . 45

He igh t o f E igh th C ourse

0 . 68

-

-

-

He igh t o f N in thCour se

0 . 60

*

Measurements

r esults

can be

of

the piers

-

-

are taken where the most

obtained and do not

r eflect those

a t

accurate

the

lowest ground

l evel. * *

This i s the height exterior. * ** * ***

o f the top course

Numbered from the c ornice down to H ight

o f

i n the

core and not t he

insure uniform system .

courses vary f rom f ace to

s ame course

28 -

f ace and even within the

T h is p ie r h as t wo s pec ia l f e a tu re s ; t he p ro t rud ing a pse wa l l a nd wa l l f r agmen ts b onded i n to i t s s ou thwes t c orner . T he a pse wa l l ( 1 .75 m . t h ick ) emerges f r om t he n or theas t c orne r o f t he p ier , c on t inu ing i n t he s a me l i ne o f t he c urv ing n or th f a ce . Wa l l b lock s a re l a id i n amanne r t ha t r esemb les a h eader a nd s t re tche r t e chn ique b u t ac l ear p a t te rn o f n a r row a nd w ide b lock f a ces i sn o t c on s is ten t . T he wa l l f r agmen t b onded i n to t he o ppos i te ( s ou thwes t ) c orne r o f P ie r 1i s 1 . 20 m . t h ick a nd p ro t rudes 5 0 cm . f r om t he s ou th f ace . T h is f ea tu re i s b es t p reserved i n t he h eaders a nd s t re tchers o f t he c ourses b e tween * 101 .80 -103 .55 b u t t he e x ten t o f t h is wa l l t o t he s ou th r e ma ins u nkno wn . T he i n ter ior o f t he a pse a nd t he i nne r wes t wa l l we re o nce r eve t ted w i th a no the r f a c ing ma ter ia l b u t t he a bsence o f a ny c u t t ing s f o r r eve tmen t p in s i nd ica tes t ha t t he e x te r io r e a s t a nd s ou th f a ces we re n o t t r ea ted i n t he s a me manner . T he l o ca t ion o f t he p ins o n t he we s t f a ce a re o n i t s n o r the rn h a l f , s ugge s t ing a d i f ference i n s ur face t r ea tmen t o n t ha t p or t ion o f t he p ie r . P ier 1 was much b e t ter p rese rved d u r ing t he m id -18 th c en tu ry when B o r ra f i rs t d rew B u i ld ing C ( s econd f r om t he l e f t i n F igure 3 3 ) . A lso , t he b r ick s upers t ruc tu re s t ood t o ag rea ter h e igh t t han t ha t o n e i the r p ier 2o r 3 , t he a pse wa l l s t ood h igher , a nd a t l e as t o ne b lock o f ap ro t rud ing c orn ice wa s s t i l l i n p lace o n t he n or th f a ce o f t he p ie r . P i e r 2 P ie r 2 mea sure s 7 . 75 m . ( E -W ) a nd 4 . 40 m . ( N -S ) , i nc lud ing r e -en t ran t a ng le s o f 6 0 -62 cm . o n t he n or theas t a nd n o r thwes t c orners ( F igs . 4 1 -44 ) .6 7 E igh t c ourses o f mason ry s t and 4 . 56 m . h igh a nd c a r ry t he r e ma in s o fb r ick v au l t ing wh ich i sp re served a no ther 4 . 30 m . , t o a n o ve ra l l h e igh t o f 8 . 93 m . T he p ie r f a c ing i sf a i r ly we l l p rese rved e xcep t f o r t he s ou theas t c o rne r a nd t he wes t s ide . A s im i lar p a t tern o f wa l l r eve tmen t f o r t he i n ter ior f a ce s ( nor th , e as t , a nd we s t ) wa s f ound o n b o th p ie rs 1a nd 2 .T he re a re n o mou lded c orn ice b locks p reserved o n t he i n te r io r f a ces o f p ie r 2a l though t he v iew p rov ided b y B o rra s hows s eve ra l b locks r e ma in ing i n p o s i t ion o n t he r i gh t ( nor thwe s t ) c o rne r . T he s ou th f a ce o f t he p ie r i sb e t te r p rese rved w i th mos t o f i t s t op c ourse s t i l l i n p lace , c l ea r ly d emons t ra t ing t ha t t he e x ter ior f aces o f a l l p ier s we re t r ea ted i n t he s a me manner a nd t ha t n one h ad t he p ro jec t ing c o rn ice ( F ig . 4 1 ) . R eve tmen t p in h o le s were l o ca ted o n

6 7

The

view provided by Borra

s hows

a preserved moulded c ornice block

s till in place a t the northwest(right) corner of pier 2 . There are proportional problems with the depiction of piers in Borra's view. H is

r ecording

of

pier

2 shows

eight

the cornice. Although the pier i s entrant angles, and 4 .40 m . w ide,

courses

of

wall

blocks

i ncluding

7 .75 m . l ong, including the two r ei n Borra's drawing the pier appears

much taller and out o f proportion with

29 -

i ts

width and l ength.

t he n or th f ace , i n t he r e -en t ran t a ng le s , a nd a l ong t he n or thern p o r t ions o f b o th t he e as t a nd we s t wa l ls ( F ig s . 4 3 a nd 4 4 ) .6 8 T he p ro f i les o f t he h uge v au l ts a re we l l -preserved i n t he mass o f b r ick s e t b ack 1 . 20 -1 .25 m . f r om e ach o f t he t h ree i n ter ior f ace s o f t he p ie r ( F ig . 4 3 ) . T he s ou th ( ex te r io r ) s i de o f t he b r ick i sf l ush w i th t he e dge o f t h e v e r t ica l f a ce a nd , o ve r al eng th o f 4m . ,t he p rese rved v e r t ica l f a ce o f t he b r ick h as a max i mum p reserved h e igh t o f 1 . 30 m . T here a re s i x s qua re h o les , v a ry ing i n s i ze f r om 1 5 -18 cm . o n as i de , s e t i n t wo r ow s o f t h ree e ach . T he l owe r r ow i ss e t 1 . 20 m . a bove t he f i rs t . Ano ther l a rge c u t t ing , 3 2 x3 5 cm . , i sj u s t a bove t he s t one c ou rse , 2 . 70 m . f r om t he s ou thwe s t c orne r ( F ig .4 1 ) . P i er 3 T he t h ird p ier i st he s a me s i ze a s p ie r 2 , measur ing 7 .70 x4 . 40 m . a nd s t and ing 6 . 80 m . h igh i nc lud ing i t s b r ick s upe r -s t ruc ture ( F igs .4 5 -48 ) . T he mos t i mpor tan t f ea ture o f t h is p ie r i st he p re se rva t ion o f mou lded c orn ice b locks o n t he n o r th a nd wes t f a ces ( F igs . 4 6 -48 ) .6 9 C ons is ten t w i th t he p a t te rn o f t he o ther t wo p ier s , t he re a re n o mou lded b locks o n t he e x ter io r ( s ou th ) f a ce ( F ig . 4 5 ) . T he f a c ing b lock s o f p ie r 3a re t he b es t p re se rved i n B u i ld ing C . E xcep t f o r t he m iss ing c o rn ice b locks , t he s ou th a nd wes t f a ce s a re c omp le te a nd o f t he n or th a nd e as t e l eva t ions , o n ly t hree c ou rses a re d amaged . O therw ise a l l b locks r e ma in i n t he ir o r ig ina l p os i t ions . T he r eve tmen t p a t te rn i st he s a me a s o n t he o ther p ie rs . P i er 4 P ie r 4i sp oo r ly p re served a nd c anno t b e p rope r ly r ecorded w i thou t e x tens ive c l ear ing a nd e xcava t ion . T he re s eem t ob e t r aces o f a l l f our f a ce s t ha t , i fr econs t ruc ted , wou ld r e su l t i n ap ier s im i lar i n s i ze t o n umber 1 . T he s ou th f a ce wou ld b e 6m . l ong a nd t he e as t , i nc lud ing t he r e -en t ran t a ng le , 4 .20 m . T hese measure men ts c o mpare t o 6 . 13 m . a nd 4 . 10 m . r e spec t ive ly f o r t he b e t ter p reserved p ier 1 . On ly t hree b locks o f t he n or th f ace a re p reserved a bove g round l eve l . I f t he c urva ture o f t he ir i nner f a ces i se x tended a nd t he a pse wa l l we re 1 . 75 m . t h ick , t he l eng th o f t he wes t wa l l , f r om t he s ou th o u t s ide c o rner t o t he p o in t o f t he emerg ing c urved wa l l , wou ld mea su re 5 . 70 m . , i den t ica l w i th t he f i rs t p ie r . On ly o ne c ourse o f t he f a c ing i sp rese rved b u t t h ree c an b e i den t i f ied w i th in t he c o re w i th a n o ver -a l l h e igh t i s 2 . 17 m . a bove t he p resen t g round l eve l o f

6 8 The west f ace i s too poorly preserved f or measurement but t he l ast pin hole on the east f ace was 1 .97 m . s outh of the northeast corner

compared to 2 .10 m . 6 9

The

above, cut

cornice

f ace

another

was

a cavetto o f

1 3

4 5-47

cm.

moulding

cm.,

vertical

on the adjacent

then

f ascia

of

tall 1 2

overhang on the top surface

1 0

and

cm.

a nother of

f ace of pier

and 1 0

consisted

followed

quarter

cm.

The cm.

30 -

1 .

by

of

a

r ound moulding entire

below.

8 cm.

another

cornice

fascia

diagonallyof

3 cm.

and

has

a 4 6

cm.

* 101 .95 . A ssum ing t ha t a l l c o rn ices a re o n t he s a me l eve l t h roughou t t he t he b u i ld ing ( * 106 .20 ) , t he re wou ld b e t h ree o r f our a dd i t iona l c our ses p lus t he c o rn ice t ha t h ave c o mp le te ly d i sappea red . P i e r 5 P ier 5i sl o ca ted a tt he n o r thwe s t c orner o f B u i ld ing C ( F igs .4 9 -51 ) . I t measures 5 . 50 m . o n i t s n o r th ( ou t s ide ) f ace , 3 . 20 m . o n t he e as t a nd 3 . 50 m . a l ong t he we s t s i de t o t he p o in t whe re t he c u rv ing a pse wa l l p ro t rudes . T he p ier i sp re se rved o n ly t o ah e igh t o f 3 . 57 m . ( * 105 .35 ) , a l low ing f o r o ne mo re c ourse 4 0 cm . p lus t he c orn ice . T he s y s tem o f r eve tmen t i sc on s is ten t w i th t he o ther p ie rs . T he mos t i n teres t ing f ea ture o f t h is p ier i s t he s pr ing ing o f av au l t f r om i t s n o r th f ace ( F ig s . 5 0 -51 ) . T he l eng th o f t he r e ma in ing v au l t i s 2 . 20 m . b u t t h is i s c er ta in ly n o t i t s o r ig ina l e x ten t . F igu re 5 0 i nd ica tes t he p orpor t ion o f v ousso irs i ns i tu ( r igh t , b eh ind t he f i g t r ee ) t o t he d es t royed p or t ion o f t he p ie r ( l e f t , n ow f i l led w i th f i e lds tones ) . T he s pr ing ing o f t he v au l t i sa t* 102 .76 . P i e r s 6a nd 7 No r ema ins c an b e s een a bove t he p resen t g round l eve l f o r e i ther o f t hese p iers . A l though p ier 6 was r ecorded i n 1 750 b y B orra , p ie r 7h ad a l ready d i sappea red . P i e r 8 T h is i st he n or thea s t c orner p ie r o f t he s t and ing r e ma ins o f B u i ld ing Ca nd , l i ke t he n or thwe s t p ie r 5 ,i sp oo r ly p re se rved ( F ig s . 5 2 -53 ) . I ti s5 . 05 m . l ong a c ross t he n o r th , 3 . 20 m . w ide a long t he wes t a nd 4 . 15 m . o n t he e as t f ace t o t he p o in t where t he a pse wa l l eme rges . F ive c ourses o f masonry s t and 3 .42 m . a bove g round l eve l ( * 101 .45 ) . A ssu m ing a c on s isten t c orn ice h e igh t , t here i s r oo m f o r t wo a dd i t iona l c ourses o f b locks a ve rag ing 4 5 cm . e ach p lus t he c o rn ice . T he i n te r ior f a ce s o f t he p ie r we re r eve t ted a nd , l i ke n u mber 5 , t here a re r e ma ins o f ab arre l v au l t emerg ing f r om t he n or th f a ce a nd p re served o ver a l eng th o f 3 . 90 m . T he v au l t s pr ing s f r om al eve l o f * 101 .93 , o r 8 3 cm .b e low i t s c oun terpar t a tt he o the r e nd o f t he b u i ld ing .

T he measu remen ts o f t he e x is t ing r e ma ins i nd ica te t ha t t he s ou th p ie rs ( 1 -4 ) a verage 4 . 40 m . i n w id th ( N -S ) wh i le t hose o n t he n or th a re a bou t 3 . 30 m . , ad i f fe rence o f mo re t han ame ter . L ikew ise , t he c orner p ie r s o n t he s ou th s i de ( 1a nd 4 ) a re 6 . 10 m . a nd 6 . 00 m . l ong ( E -W ) wh i le t hose o n t he n o r th ( 5 a nd 8 ) mea sure 5 . 50 m . a nd 5 . 05 m . r e spec t ive ly . I n o ther words , t he l a rges t p iers , l eng th a nd w id th , a re o n t he s ou th s ide o f t he c en tra l s pace , s ugges t ing a d i f feren t s t ruc tura l r o le f o r wha t o therw ise a ppear t ob e t wo s e t so fi den t ica l s uppo r ts .

31 -

O ther t han t he s i x ma jor p iers t he re i s l i t t le e l se t o b e s een o f B u i ld ing C t ha t a ppea rs t ob e i ns i tu . As e r ie s o f s t one s a re l oose ly s ca t te red a long a l i ne 6 . 00 -6 .40 m . s ou th o f t he e x te r io r f a ces o f p iers 2 a nd 3 . T he se a re ma rb le b locks o f i r regu lar s i zes t ha t d o n o t a ppear t o b e s e t i n a ny l og ica l p a t te rn a nd i n f a c t may h ave f a l len f r om t he p iers . T he re a re a l so b r ick s a nd t i les t ha t p re sumab ly b e longed t o t he r oo f . One c o lumn o f wh i te marb le was s een n ear t he wes te rn a pse i n 1 970 b u t h ad b een r emoved b y 1 979 .7 0 F ina l ly , al a rge mass o fr ubb le -2 -3 m .i nd iame te r a nd c ons is t ing o f b r ick , f i e lds tone , a nd mor ta r is l o ca ted 1 0 m . n or th o fp ier 8 . Ar e s tored p lan o f t he a rea d e f ined b y t hese s i x r e ma in ing p ie r s c an b e p rov ided w i thou t e xcava t ion ( F ig . 5 4 ) . T here a re t hree b ays o f a pprox ima te ly t he s a me s i ze w i th s em i -c ircu la r a pse s t e rm ina t ing t he l ong r oom o n t he e as t a nd we s t e nds .7 1 T he b as ic r oo f ing p a t tern was a h uge b arre l v au l t e x tend ing t he l eng th o f t he b u i ld ing , i n tersec ted b y t hree s hor ter b arre l v au l ts c ross ing a t r i gh t a ng les t o t he ma jo r a x is . T h is a rrangemen t c rea ted a s er ies o f t hree g ro ined v au l ts s uppor ted o n t r ansverse a nd l ong t i tud ina l a rches s pr ing ing b e tween t he p ie rs . T he l ong t i tud ina l a rches c rea ted a s er ies o f l une t te w indows a long t he n or th a nd s ou th f l anks . Ha l f -domes o f ma sonry p re sumab ly c overed t he s em i c i rcu lar a pse s .7 2

C ons truc t ion T he p ie rs o f B u i ld ing C a re b u i l t o f s o l id s t one w i thou t a ny c onc re te o r mor tared r ubb le c ore . B locks a re o f l imes tone a nd l ow -g rade marb le v ary ing i n s i ze f r om 2 0 x4 0 x 4 0 cm t o 2 . 60 x 0 . 80 x 1 . 50 m . T hose i n t he c o re o f t he p ier a re c are fu l ly h ewn o n t op a nd b o t tom t o p rov ide p rope r s u r faces f o r s t ack ing o ne u pon a no the r , b u t r e ma in r ough o n t he v e r t ica l f a ces . T here was n o g rea t c oncern f o r t i gh t r i s ing j o in t s w i th in t he c o re a s t he i n ters t ices b e tween b locks were s ome t ime s f i l led w i th sma l ler s tone s b u t were o f ten l e f t emp ty . S tones were s t acked i n c ourses t o r ough ly c o inc ide w i th t he l ayers o f t he f i ner -cu t f ac ing b locks . The se p ie rs we re p robab ly b u i l t c ou rse b y c ourse w i th b locks o f t he i n te r ior s e t i n to p lace a f te r t he p e r ime te r f a c ing h ad b een f i n ished . E ach s t one h ad al ew is c u t t ing

7 0

Diameter

7 1

The

bay

7 2

5 0

The

and l ength

eastern bay was

1 4.46 m .

have

cm .

( E-W ),

although

i t

i s

covered these

of not

1 4.46 m .

( E-W )

and 1 4.30

and the western bay 1 4.63 m .

s emi-circular

diameters

1 .05 m .

apses

1 2.25

m .

to

the

which

inconceivable

east could

that

a nd

m .

west

e asily

( N-S),

ends

be

pitched wooden

spaces.

32 -

the

central

( E-W ). of

spanned

the

space

by

brick

roofs might

have

s l igh t ly o f f -cen te r t o e nab le e asy l i f t ing a nd maneuve r ing .7 3 Af ew b lock s i n t he c ore were c l amped t o a d jo in ing s t ones o f t he f a c ing ( t he c u t t ing s we re f o r s t anda rd b u t te rf ly c l amps , 2 5 cm . l ong , 9 cm . w ide a tt he e nds a nd 6cm . a tt he c en te r , a nd 2 -3 cm . d eep ) .7 4 F ac ing b locks we re o f t he s a me ma ter ia l a nd s i ze r ange a s t hose o f t he c ore . Mos t we re l a id i n s t re tcher f a sh ion , w i th a l ong s i de v i s ib le . S ome o f t he sma l le r s t one s a re s e t w i th t he ir l ong f a ces t o t he e x ter ior b u t l a id i n av e r t ica l r a the r t han a h or izon ta l p os i t ion ( F ig . 4 1 ) . T he t ab le o n p .2 8 i nd ica tes t ha t a l though i n s ome a reas t he c ou rs ing a ppears t o b e i s odom ic ( i .e . , a l l c our ses o f e qua l h e igh t ) , i n f ac t a lmos t a l l c ourses a re d i f feren t a nd w i th in i nd iv idua l c ou rses t he re a re o f ten b locks o f v a ry ing h e igh ts . T here a re many i ns tances whe re sma l ler s tones h ave b een i nser ted i n to t he i r regu lar c av i t ies l e f t b y l a rger b locks b u t a l l i ncons is tenc ies we re n o d oub t a man i fes ta t ion o f b u i ld ing e conomy a nd wou ld h ave n o t b een v i s ib le when t he p ier was f a ced w i th i t s r eve tmen t o r c overed w i th p las te r ( F ig . 4 6 ) . Ano ther i n teres t ing f ea ture t ha t i s r epea ted s evera l t imes i n t he f a c ing i s t he u se o f t r apezo ida l b locks ( F igs . 4 4 -46 , 4 8 ) . B ecause o n ly o ne b lock o f t h is s hape a ppea rs i n a ny o ne c our se , i ti sp oss ib le t ha t t hey we re u sed t o f ac i l i ta te t he p lacemen t o f t he l a s t s t one i n ac our se .7 5 T he u se o f t r apezo ida l b locks i n He l len is t ic masonry i s we l l a t tes ted i n A s ia M inor a nd t he ir p resence i n t he p iers o f B u i ld ing C s ugge s t s t ha t t he c on t inued u se o f t h is mason ry f o r R oman b u i ld ings i n A s ia M inor i si nd ica t ive o f i t s s t rong t r ad i t ion .7 6 T here were s eve ra l d i f feren t me thods o f c u t t ing a nd j o in ing c orner b locks . T he mos t s imp le means o f c on s t ruc t ing t he r e -en t ran t c orne rs was t o o ve r lap e ach c ou r se i n as ys tem o f q uo in s ( t ype A , t he s imp le b ond i n F ig . 5 5 ) . T h is me thod was emp loyed o n a l l e x ter ior c o rners t ha t d id n o t

7 3 There were s everal different s izes of l ewis holes: ( 1) cm., ( 2) 8 x 1 0 x 1 3 cm ., and ( 3) 8 x 8 x 1 2.5 cm.

devices

s ee

Martin,

Manuel,

2 09-219;

Anastasios

K .

5 x 8 x 1 0 For l ifting

Orlandos,

Les

matöriaux de construction e t la t echnique architecturale des a nciens Gräces, trans. Vanna Hadjimichali and Krista Laumonier ( Paris: Editions de Boccard, 1 968) vol. I I, 8 7-9 8; " Lifting Devices i n Early Greek Architecture,"

7 4

Martin,

Manuel,

2 55,

f ig.

75 Small s tones s et as probably used i n t he s ame

c orners 7 6

For

1 13,

and John J . BSA 9 4 ( 1974)

Coulton, 1 -19.

type A .

vertical elements described above were way after placing the l arger s tones a t the

and working i nward. Hellenistic

trapezoidal

work

s ee:

Martin,

Manue/,382-284

and

Orlandos, Les matöriaux de construction vol.II, 2 18-219. For a c ontinuation o f Greek techniques of construction during the Roman period

s ee

Robert

L ingering Role o f ( Ph.D. dissertation,

L .

Vann,

"A

S tudy

of

Roman

a Hellenistic Tradition Cornell University, 1 976).

33 -

of

Construction: Ashlar

the

Masonry,"

h ave r e -en tran t a ng les , a s we l l a s o n af ew i n ter ior c orners . O ther r e e n tran t a ng les were t urned w i th s tones o f v ar ious s hapes . S evera l e xamp les h ave o ne s tone n o tched t o r ece ive a no ther ( t ype B , n o tched b ond ) ; o the r s h ave t he c orne r c u t i n o ne b lock ( t ype C , r evea led b ond ) ; a nd t he l a s tw i th b lock s e xh ib i t ing d iagona lj o in t s ( t ype D , m i t red b ond ) . F ac ing b locks were c l amped t o a d jacen t s tones w i th in t he s ame c our ses b u t t here a re n o t r aces o f d owe ls t o j o in b lock s o f o ne c ourse t o t hose o f a no the r . B locks b e low t he c orn ice we re f a s tened w i th b u t terf ly c l amps ( de sc r ibed a bove ) b u t i n n o a pparen t p a t te rn . F or e xamp le , o n ly a s i ng le c l amp was f ound i np iers 1a nd 4 ,n one o np ie rs 5a nd 8 ,b u t a tl e as t a d ozen e ach i n p ie rs 2a nd 3 . As econd a nd t h i rd c l amp t ype i sf ound i n t he c o rn ice c our se .7 T he re a re t wo t ype s o f c u t t ings o n t he s ou th f aces o f p ie rs 2 a nd 3 t ha t a re o f p a r t icu lar i n teres t ( F igs .4 1 a nd 4 5 ) .The f i rs t s e t i sl o ca ted i n t he t op c ourse j u s t b e low t he c orn ice , a ppear ing s even t imes o n p ie r 3a nd t w ice o np ie r2 .7 8 T he c u t t ing s a re 0 . 80 -1 .40 m . a pa r t , 2 5 -40 cm . w ide , a nd 2 5 3 0 cm . t a l l . T he c av i t ies a re b eve led , c u t 1 0 -15 cm . i n to t he s tone a tt he t op a nd f l ush w i th i t s o u ter s u r face a t t he b o t tom a s i f t o s uppor t s ome d iagona l b eam ( bes t s een i n F ig . 4 5 ) . T he p u rpose o f t hese f e a tures i s u nce r ta in b u t w i l l b e c on s idered a t al a ter p o in t i n t he d i scuss ion . A s econd s e r ie s o f c u t t ings a ppears i n t he f our th c our se b e low t he c orn ice o n t he s ou th f a ce o f p ier 3 ( F ig .4 5 ) . T he se c av i t ies a re v e ry p oor ly c u t a nd i r regu lar i n s hape , s i ze , a nd s pac ing . Wh i le s o me m igh t b e a t t r ibu ted t op er sons t e a r ing i n to t he f abr ic o f t he b u i ld ing i n s earch o f l e ad t ha t o f ten was p oured a round i r on c l amps , o ther h o les were n o t c u t i n to t he j o in t s b e tween b lock s b u t r a the r i n ah or izon ta l r ow t ha t m igh t s ugge s t t hey we re u sed t os uppor t as e r ies o fc e i l ing o rr oo f b eams . None o f t he v au l t ing o f B u i ld ing C r ema ins i n p lace b u t i t s p a t te rn c an b e e as i ly r ecogn ized i n t he c on f igura t ion o f t he p ier s a nd t he r e ma in s o f b r ick ma sses c a rr ied a bove . T he p rese rved b r ick i s as o l id c o re l a id i n h or izon ta l c ourses a nd w i thou t ac oncre te o r r ubb le c ore .7 9 O r ig ina l

7 7 Clamp B i s a double-T type with holes 3 cm. in diameter and 5 cm. deep a t each end. The l ength o f the c lamp was 25 cm . Clamp C was also a double-T clamp with r ectangular rather than c ircular

cuttings

and

cantilevered cm. 7 8

was beyond

used

j ust

the

f ace

the

the

point

pier.

where

Clamp

B

the was

cornice

s et

2 0-25

behind Clamp C . The

c ourse

i s preserved the

only half o f pier 2 ( c. 7 9

over of

The whole bricks measure

x 5 cm .

and the mortar

2 have much a deeper

thicker

r ed

color.

full

l ength o f pier

3 ( c.

7 .70

m .)

but

3 .60 m .). 3 2

j oints

bricks No

x 3 2 vary

that

x 5 cm .; f rom 2 -4

measure

f ieldstones

are

34 -

6 -7

half-bricks cm . cm.

u sed

are

S ome portions

in

i n

thickness

the

fill.

3 2

x 1 6

of pier and are One

tiny

s u r face s o f t h is b r ick ma ss c an b e r ecogn ized o n ly o n p ie rs 2 a nd 3 . On t he f o rme r , t he o u t l ine o f t he v au l t e x t rados f o r t he e as t a nd wes t l a te ra l a rches i ss een i n F igures 4 1-42 wh i le t he c u rva ture o f t he t r ansve rse a rch o n t he n or th s ide o f t he p ier i sc l ear i n F igure 4 3 . T he r ear ( s ou th ) o f t he b r ick mass e xh ib i ted n o c urva ture b u t i sp re se rved i n av er t ica l f ace f l ush w i th t ha t o f t he p ie r b e low ( F ig .4 1 ) . L e ss we l l -pre served i st he c u rved f a ce o f b r ick o n t he e a s t s i de o fp ie r 3( l e f ti nF ig .4 6 ) . Wha t d o t he r e ma ins t e l l u s a bou t t he me thod o f c ons t ruc t ion f or t he v au l t s o f B u i ld ing C ? F i rs t , t he p rese rved b r ick s ur faces a re f l ush w i th t he p ie r s u r face o n ly o n t he s ou th s i des o f p iers 2 a nd 3 whe re n o v au l t ing i si nd ica ted . On e ach o f t he o ther t h ree f ace s t ha t s uppor ted a rches , t he p re se rved s u r face s o f t he b r ick s upe r s t ruc tu re a re s e tb ack 1 . 20 -1 .25 m , f r om t he p ier s ur face o r 1 . 50 -1 .55 m . f r om t he c an t i levered e dge o f t he mou lded c orn ice b lock s . A ssum ing t ha t t he c o rn ice l eve l was emp loyed a s as uppo r t f or t he wooden s ca f fo ld ing o n wh ich t he v au l t s were c ons truc ted , t here r e ma ins a v ery b road s he l f o f 1 . 20 -1 .25 m . wh ich p resumab ly c arr ied t he v au l t s t ruc ture . T he s equence o f c ons t ruc t ion f or p ier 2 wou ld b eg in w i th t he e rec t ion o f wooden s ca f fo ld ing , s uppor ted i n p ar t b y p ro t rud ing c orn ice l edges o n e ach o f t he t h ree s i des o f t he p ie r t ha t wou ld s uppor t a n a rch ; t wo l ong t i tud ina l a rches t o p ie rs 1 a nd 3 ,a nd a t r ansver se a rch t o p ier 7 . T he s ca f fo ld ing wou ld c a rry a c urved wooden s ur face c a l led t he c en ter ing o n wh ich t he v au l t was b u i l t i n t wo p hases . T he f i rs t s t ep was t he c ons t ruc t ion o f as t rong l aye r t ha t wou ld e ven tua l ly s e rve a s t he c e i l ing o f t he f i na l b u i ld ing b u t t ha t wou ld t empora r i ly s e rve a s a dd i t iona l s uppor t f o r t he we igh t o f t he v au l t . Once t h is l aye r was s e t , t he r e ma inder o f t he s t ruc ture wou ld b e p ou red o r s e t i np lace . T he b r ick mass a bove p iers 2a nd 3b e longs t o t he s econd o f t hese p hases a nd was e rec ted a f ter b r ick v ouss iors we re p laced o n t he c en te r ing . T he l a rge mass o f r ubb le s een i n a n e ar l ier v iew o f B u i ld ing C p ub l ished b y Cur t ius i sn ow l o ca ted 1 0 m . n o r th o f p ie r 8i n t he m idd le o f a t h icke t a nd h as n o t b een p roper ly c l ea red a nd s tud ied . One o f i t s v i s ib le s ur face s e xh ib i t s ac u rve t ha t p robab ly r ef lec ts t he i mpr in t o f t he v au l t ing .

C onc lus ions B u i ld ing C i s p robab ly p a r t o f al a rge r b u i ld ing o r c omp lex o f b u i ld ings t ha t w i l l n o t b e c omp le te ly u nder s tood u n t i l f u ture e xcava t ion s e xpose t h is a rea . F o r t he p re sen t , we a re l im i ted t o o bserva t ions o f t he r e ma ins a s t hey s t and a nd t o c ompa r isons w i th s im i lar b u i ld ings i n A s ia M inor a nd e l sewhere t h roughou t t he R oman wor ld .

fragment r evetment?)

of was

marble

( 10

x

8

x

2

f ound w ithin the mortar.

35 -

cm.,

perhaps

a

piece

of

Wha t d o we k now a bou t t h is l a rger b u i ld ing? F i rs t , a n i n spec t ion o f p ie rs 2 a nd 3 ( and p resumab ly 6a nd 7 )i nd ica te s n o b onded f e a ture s uch a s ac ur ta in wa l l o r s c reen wa l l . T hese p ie r s , a nd p erhaps t hose a t t he f our c orners , c l ear ly s t ood w i th in t he l a rge r s t ruc ture . S econd , t he v au l ted p assages o n t he n o r th s ides o f p ie rs 5 a nd 8 s ugges t c o mmun ica t ion w i th a dd i t iona l p ar ts o f t he b u i ld ing wh i le t he f r ag men t o f wa l l b onded t o t he s ou thwes t c orne r o f p ier 1 i nd ica te s ac on t inua t ion t o t he s ou th . T h ird i s t he d i f ference i n p ier s i zes . T he l a rger s uppor t s o n t he s ou th s ide m igh t h ave b een n ecessa ry t o c ar ry a dd i t iona l l oads a l though t he s ymme tr ica l n a tu re o f B u i ld ing C d oes n o t s t rong ly e ndo rse t h is s ugges t ion d e sp i te t he m ino r d i f fe rences b e tween t he n or th a nd s ou th s ides o f t he b u i ld ing ( i .e . , t he v au l ted p a ssages ) n o ted a bove i n t he s econd p o in t . T he p o ss ib i l i ty t ha t e i the r v au l t s o n t he n or th f l ank o r a n e x ten t ion t o t he s ou th m igh t b e p ar t o f t he p o r t icoes d escr ibed b y Ad le r c an o n ly b e d e term ined a f ter e xcava t ion ( s ee a bove p age 2 5 ) . F ina l ly , t here a re a f ew o bserva t ions o n t he i n ter ior d ecora t ion o f B u i ld ing C . F ragmen t s o f a mou lded c orn ice r e ma in ing i n p lace o n p ie r 3 a nd s een i n e a r l ie r v iew s b y B o r ra o n p ier s 1 ,2 ,a nd 4 wou ld s ugges t t ha t t h is c ourse was c ar r ied a round t he i n te r ior o f t he r oom . T ha t t he c o rn ice d id n o t c on t inue a round e ach p ie r i sc l ear f r om t he p reserved t op c ou rse o f s tones o n t he o u ts ide f aces ( F igs . 3 9 , 4 1 , 4 5 ) . On t he o ther h and , i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t h is c ourse a nd p e rhaps o ther s were c ar r ied f r om p ier t o p ier b y f r ee -stand ing c o lu mns . T he i n ter ior o f t he r oo m was a l so more e l abora te ly d ecora ted w i th t he r e ma ins o f r eve tmen t p in h o les f ound o n ly o n t he ' i n te r ior ' s ur face s o f e ach p ier . On f i rs t i nspec t ion B u i ld ing C a ppea rs t o b e ab as i l ica , d i s t ingu ished f r om t he n orma l p lan b y al a ck o f i n terna l d iv is ions i n to n ave a nd s ide a i s les . T h is a rrangemen t , h oweve r , i s n o t u nknown a nd h ad a l ong h i s tory o f u se , i nc lud ing t wo r ooms , t he b as i l ica a nd t he a u la r eg ia ( av as t r ecep t ion h a l l ) i n t he Do mus F lav ia o f Do m i t ian o n t he P a la t ine H i l l i n R o me ( F ig . 5 6 ) .8 0 T he f i rs t r oom , s e t i n to t he n o r th c orner o f t he p a lace , was 2 0 x3 0 .5 m . , i nc lud ing t he a pse . I t s s im i la r i ty t o t he e ar ly Chr i s t ian b as i l ica l ed R ivo ira t o s ugges t ac onnec t ion w i th t he d eve lop men t o f t he c hurch p lan . B u t a ccord ing t o MacDona ld , t he i n ter ior c o lu mn f ounda t ions a re d ub ious r e s to ra t ions a nd h e om i ts t he m f rom h i s p lan o f t ha t r oo m .8 1 T he a u la r eg ia , 3 4 x4 1 m . ( max i mu m i n ter ior ) , l i ke t he a d jacen t b as i l ica , was a s ing le o pen r oom w i thou t i n ter ior s uppor ts ,

8 0

William

L .

vol. I:

An

Press,

1 982)

8 1

Giovanni

Construction ( Oxford:

MacDonald,

T he

I ntroductory Study ,

ed.

( New

of

the

Haven:

Roman Yale

Empire,

University

4 7-74. T .

Rivoira, under

Clarendon

Architecture,

Architecture r ev.

the

Roman

Architecture

Empire,

Press,

1 925)

trans.

1 06-107

5 3.

36 -

and

Gordon and

its

Principles

MacNeil

of

Rushford

MacDonald,

Roman

t e rm ina ted b y as ha l low a pse i n wh ich t he empe ror wou ld b e s ea ted f o r a ud iences . 82 S im i lar e xamp le s were f ound i n t he b as i l ica a tT r ier a nd t he S ec re ta r ium S ena tus i n t he S e sso r ian P a lace a t R ome ( F ig . 5 7 ) . 83 P e rhaps t he c l o ses t p a ra l le l among R oman b as i l icas f or t he i n ter ior s pace o f B u i ld ing C i st he B as i l ica Nova o f Maxen t ius a nd C ons tan t ine .8 4 I t s c en t ra l n ave was 8 0 x3 0 m . w i th s em i -c ircu lar a pse s t o n o r th a nd s ou th ( F ig . 5 8 ) . T h is g rand s pace was d iv ided i n to t h ree s qua re b ays c overed b y i mmense g ro ined v au l t s w i th s pans o f 2 3 m . t ha t s oa red 3 5 m . a bove t he f l oor . T he n ave was f l anked b y t h ree g ian t e xedras ( 17 x 2 3 m . ) o n e ach s i de ( t hose t o t he n or th a re t he o n ly s ubs tan t ia l r e ma ins o f t he b u i ld ing ) t ha tc o r responded t ot he s ide b ay sb e tween t he p ie rs o f B u i ld ing C . D esp i te t he s im i la r i t ie s o f B u i ld ing C t o ab as i l ica , o ne mus t r eca l l t he f ew b u i ld ings o f t ha t t ype f ound i n A s ia M inor . F unc t ions o f t he b as i l ica , whe ther j ud ic ia l o r c o m merc ia l , were a dequa te ly h oused b y e x is t ing s t ruc tures o f o the r t ypes f r om c en tur ies o f c l a ss ica l a nd He l len is t ic b u i ld ing t r ad i t ion . When t he d emand d id o ccur , s uch a s i n t he p rov inc ia l c ap i ta l o f E phesos o r t he b usy s eapo r t o f Smyrna , t he n ew b a s i l ica s o f A s ia M inor f o l lowed t he t r ad i t iona l s cheme o f d iv is ion i n to c en tra l a nd f l ank ing a i s les b y l ong c o lonnades . T he g rea t c ommerc ia l b a s i l ica n ear t he Ha rbor B a ths i n E phesos s e rve s a s a n e xamp le ( F ig . 5 9 ) .8 5 I n i t s f i rs t p ha se ( 2nd c en tury A .D . ) , t h is 2 60 m . l ong h a l l was d iv ided b y t wo r ows o f c o lumns i n to n ave a nd s ide a i s les w i th d oors o pen ing t h rough t he l ong n or th a nd s ou th wa l ls . B o th t he e as t a nd wes t e nds o f t he n ave we re t e rm ina ted b y a pses s e t w i th in t he s quared r ec tangu lar wa l ls o f t he

8 2

Axel

( 1951)

Boöthius, 2 5-31

Bollettino ( 1960) 8 3

" The

Reception

and Marcello

del

Centro

di

Halls

of

Petrignani, Studi

per

the

"La la

Roman

Domus

s toria

Emperors,"

Flavia,"

BSA

dell'architettura

Harald

Käthe,

S essorian der

Palace

vol.

I I,

Stadt

" Die

Trierer

John

B .

Minoprio, ( 1932) 8 5

Basilika, "

Trierer

Zeitschrift

im

1 907)

f igs.

Roman

Architecture,

1 169-1173;

Altertum,

vol.

Henri

1 ,3

2 02,

Jordan,

( Berlin:

fig.

2 46;

Topographie

Weidmannsche

2 49.

Ward-Perkins, "A

the and

Ephesos, Ephesos;

Restoration

RI A

of

4 26-428;

the

( Vienna: Cambridge

commercial Josef

Keil,

basilica Die

Nash,

Basilica

a t

of

Rudolf A

M .

Late

Rohrer,

University,

internazionale,

1 964)

Antique,

Enciclopedia 1 959)

vol.

I ,

1 80-182;

Constantine,"

A .

PBSR

1 2

1 979)

see

in

Emil

Ephesos,

Reisch,

Fritz

Forschungen

in

Benno Filser, 1 932); Josef Keil, Ruinenstätte und ihre Geschichte 6 8-73;

Byzantine 5 2-54.

Classica, f igs.

Ephesos

Marienkirche

vol. IV, no. 1 ( Vienna: ein Fuhrer dürch die

Antiquity: romana,

Rivoira,

1 2 der the

1 -25.

For

Knoll,

see

3 84-386,

Rom

Buchhandlung, 8 4

1 6

5 7-60.

( 1937) 1 51-179; Erika Brödner, " Einige Bemerkungen zur Heizung Aula Palatina in Trier," Germania 3 4 ( 1956) 2 77-278. For Nash,

4 6

Palladio,

37 -

Foss,

T urkish

Luigi

I II.1

4 42-444.

Clive

and

Crema,

( Turin:

Ephesus

City

( New

after York:

L'architettura Societä

editrice

s t ruc ture . B u t d u r ing t he 4 th c en tury t he wes tern e nd o f t he b as i l ica wa s r ep laced w i th a n o pen c ou r tyard wh i le t he e a s tern p o r t ion o f t he o r ig ina l b u i ld ing r e ma ined d iv ided i n to n ave a nd s ide a i s les a nd p re sumab ly wa s c ove red b y at imbe r r oo f . I t was o n ly d ur ing t he t h ird p hase ( 7 th c en tu ry ) t ha t t he i n ter ior c o lonnade was r e moved a nd h uge p ie rs a dded t o s uppor t av au l ted masonry r oo f . A s econd c iv ic b as i l ica f r om wes tern A s ia M inor t ha t s hou ld b e c ons idered i sf r om Smyrna ( F ig . 6 0 ) .8 6 T he b u i ld ing measu red 1 60 x2 7 m . , s i ted l eng thw ise a c ross t he w id th o f t he a go ra w i th as o l id r ea r ( no r th ) wa l l a nd a n o pen t wo -s torey c o lonnade f a c ing t he p aved c our t . A l though t he f acade r esemb led a G reek s t oa , t he i n ter ior a rrangemen t was t yp ica l ly R oman w i th ac en t ra l n ave f l anked b y r ow s o f c ompo s i te p ie rs .8 7 A f i na l b as i l ican p lan c omes f r om t he B a th -Gymnas ium C omp lex a t S ard is . Dur ing t he e xcava t ion a nd r econs truc t ion o f t he s ynagogue i t b ecame c l ea r t ha t t he r oom s a long t he s ou th f l ank o f t he p a laes t ra h ad b een a l tered o n s evera l o ccas ions ( F ig . 6 1 ) .8 S ome t ime d ur ing t he l a te s econd c en tu ry t he t wo o r ig ina l c rosswa l ls were r e moved c rea t ing a s i ng le h a l l t ha t i n t u rn was d iv ided b y c o lonnades i n to t hree a i s les . An a pse was a dded t o t he wes t a s at e rm ina t ion f o r t he n ave a nd ad oor o pened t h rough t he e ast wa l l i n to a n e n try c our t b eyond . T h is p hase was i den t i f ied b y Hen ry D etwe i le r a s ac i v ic b a .s i l ica .8 9 Was B u i ld ing C a b as i l ica? I ta ppears n o t t o f o l low t he p a t te rn o f t hose f ew b as i l icas o f t he i mpe r ia l p e r iod i n A s ia a nd , d esp i te s im i lar i t ie s t o t he l a te R o man a ud ience h a l ls o f t he o f t he wes t , was p robab ly n o t d es igned a s a n a ssemb ly b u i ld ing . A s econd p roposa l f o r t he i den t if ica t ion o f B u i ld ing C i s t ha t i t s c en t ra l s pace o f t h ree s qua re b ays was p a r t o f al a rger b a th b u i ld ing . I t s s pac iousne ss a nd p lan i mmed ia te ly r eca l l t he l a rge v au l ted h a l ls o f R oman

8 6

Rudolf

Naumann

Istanbuler 2 87-288;

8 7

of

Ephesos, 1 6

8 8

type

of

this S ee

R .

During

Seager,

type

i ts

substitution

" The

of

phase

was

eight

was

the

B .

und

Byzanz,

Ward-Perkins,

RIA

basilica

Augusteische

in

the

S tate

Architektur

Archäologischen

in

Instituts

2 4-37. History

of

the

S ardis

Synagogue,"

2 . ( late

altered

pairs

Augustan

Österreichen 1 974)

Kleinasien

John

3 71-374.

Alzinger,

Building

f ig.

third

basilica

des

in

6 9-114;

C lassica,

Rohrer,

4 25-435,

Kantar,

( 1950)

Wilhelm

Rudolf M .

( 1972)

the

1 7

Sonderschriften

Andrew

A .D.)

S elähattin

Enciclopedia

Ephesos.

( Vienna:

AJA 7 6

89

Crema,

Another

Agora

and

Forschungen

with

of piers

second the

and

r emoval

early of

the

third

century

f orecourt

for the earlier colonnades.

38 -

and

a rch i tec ture u sed a s t he f ocus o f t he i mper ia l t hermae o f T i tus , T ra jan , D ioc le t ian , C a raca l la , a nd C ons tan t ine ( F ig . 6 2 ) .9 0 I fB u i ld ing C we re ab a th i t wou ld b e t he t h ird ma jor t hermae i n S ard is a long w i th B u i ld ing B ( Ba th -Gy mnas ium C omp lex ) a nd B a th CG . J udg ing f r om t he n umbe r o f l a rge p ub l ic b a ths i n E phesos , t h is d oes n o t s ee m t o b e a n e xcess ive n u mber . A f i na l c ompa r i son f o r t he i den t i f ica t ion o f B u i ld ing C c ome s f r om t he s ma l ler b a ths a tH ie rapo l is ( F ig . 6 3 ) .9 1 T h is b u i ld ing i sl o ca ted i n t he n or the rn p ar t o f t he c i ty b e tween t he A rch o f Dom i t ian a nd t he we l l p rese rved n ec ropo l is . T he p lan , a l tered t o i t s p resen t f o rm b y Ch r is t ian s i n t he 5 th c en tu ry , o r ig ina l ly c on s is ted o f t h ree c en t ra lb ay s c ove red b y v au l t ing t ha t wa s s uppor ted b y l a rge a sh la r p ie r s o n b o th f l ank s . R ema in s o u t s ide t h is c en t ra l s pace were e v iden t ly n o t u sed b y t he Ch r is t ian c ommun i ty a nd were n o t a s we l l p re se rved . Un t i l e xcava t ion s r ecover more e v idence f o r B u i ld ing C we c an p rov ide l i t t le more t han s ugges t ion s f o r i t s f i na l a ppea rance . L ong i tud ina l a nd t r ansver se s ec t ions r e -c rea te t he s pac ious i n te r ior o f amed iu m -s ized p ub l ic b a th . L igh t i si n t roduced t h rough t wo p a irs o f l a rge l une t te w indow s b enea th t he v au l ts a nd o pen c i rcu la t ion e x is ts b e tween t he c en t ra l s pace a nd f l ank ing s r ooms t o n o r th a nd s ou th . T he p oss ib l i ty a l so e x is t s t ha t t he re we re d oo rs i n t he a pse t ha t l ed t oo ther r ooms e as t a nd wes t o f t he ma jor s pace .

9 0 P latner and Ashby, 7 6-78 with bibliography on 7 8; Ettore De Ruggiero, I l Fore Romano ( Rome: S ocietä tipografia arpinta, 1 913), 4 19-428.

K arl Humann, "Altertümer von 9 1

Conrad Cichorius, Walter Judeich, and Franz Hierapolis," JdIEH , 4 ( Berlin: Georg Reimer,

Winter, 1 898).

Two plans of the building, one of the original baths ( partial, of r emains in s itu ) a nd s econd with piers added to s erve a s a church are found

in

Missione

Paolo

Verzone,

archeologica

archeologische",

vol.

I

" Hierapolis i taliana: ( Rome:

in

di

Frigia

"Un

Consiglio

nei

Decennio

nazionale

l avori di

delle

della

ricerche r icerche,

1 978) f igs. 6 5 and 8 8. For comparison of Bath CG and the l arge baths a t H ierapolis s ee H anfmann and Waldbaum , Sardis, Report 1 , 1 31-132, 1 36-137.

39 -

CHAPTER FOUR : THE H ILLS IDE CHA MBERS

S i te A s e r ies o f v au l ted c hambers p ene t ra t ing a s t eep h i l ls ide a re t o b e f ound a t E 144 -1190 / S 2 10 -242 ( F ig . 3 ,n o . 2 7 ) . T hese r oo m s a re l oca ted a bou t 1 00 m . e a s t o f t he r ounded e nd o f t he s t ad ium s ubs truc tu re i n as i te t ha t i s n ow h eav i ly c u l t iva ted d e sp i te t he d i f f icu l t t e r ra in . T o t he n or th t he g round l eve l s l opes r ap id ly d own t o t he H ermus p la in a nd t ot he s ou th c l imbs s t eep ly t owa rds ap la teau o n ah ighe r l e ve l .

E a r ly A ccoun t s B ecause o f t he ir more r e mo te l oca t ion h igher o n t he s l opes o f t he a cropo l is , f ewer t r ave lers v i s i ted t he H i l ls ide Chambers . A s ar e su l t , o ur e ar l ie s t e v idence f o r t he s t ruc ture i s f r om i lus t ra t ions r a the r t han f r om t he a u tho rs ' t ex ts . I n h is v iew o f t he c i ty f r om a p os i t ion n or th o f t he Hermus , B orra i nd ica tes a s er ies o f s i x v au l ts e as t ( l e f t ) o f t he t hea te r ( F ig . 7 ) . I ft hese v au l t s r epresen t t he H i l ls ide Chambers , a nd t here i sn o o ther l i ke ly c and ida te , t he ir p os i t ion i si n e r ror . T he a rched o pen ings a re t oo c l ose t o t he t hea ter r e ta in ing wa l l a nd t oo l ow o n t he h i l ls ide . T he c or rec t p os i t ion wou ld a ppear t ob e h ighe r a nd s e t i n to t he h i l l t ot he r i gh t . T here i sn o i nd ica t ion o f a n u pper l eve l o f r ooms . T he n ex t v iew b y L andron s hows s eve ra l a rched o pen ing s , n o t i n to t he h i l ls ide , b u t r a ther s uppor t ing wha t a ppear s t o b e al a rge t e r race wa l l ( F ig . 1 2 ) . T he s t ruc ture i s s e t ap roper d is tance f r om t he t hea ter b u t i s i ncons is ten t w i th t ha t wh ich B orra h ad d rawn t ha t s a me y ea r ( c o mpare w i th ac om tempo ra ry v iew t aken we s t o f L andron 's l o ca t ion , F ig .6 8 ) . Wr i t ten a ccoun ts f or t he b u i ld ing a re l im i ted . I t a ppears t ha t t r ave ler s were i n teres ted p r imar i ly i n v is i t ing t he ma jor r u in s , r ecord ing i n sc r ip t ions , o r i den t i fy ing c hurches . A l te rna t ive ly i ft hey d id i n spec t t he c hambe rs t hey s eem t o h ave h ad l i t t le t o s ay c once rn ing t hem . Cur t ius i den t i f ies t hem a s S ubs truc t ionen b u t B u t ler f a i ls t o men t ion t he m i n h i s t e x t a nd Emo ry d oe s n o t i n c lude t hem o n h i s p lan o f t he c i ty ( F ig . 9 ) .9 2

9 2 Ernst Curtius, Kleinasiens," AbhBerl

connecting these s ubstructure used i n the odeion was

"Beitrage ( 1872) pl.

chambers

with

and to the east

zur Geschichte und V . There has been some

an

odeion.

identifies

C urtius

an odeion.

1 905 Baedeker, but the s emicircular omitted and the vaulted chambers

40 -

l abels The

Topographie c onfusion i n t he

r ooms

a s

s ame plan was

r epresentation of the r elabeled a s such.

D e sc r ip t ion o f A rch i tec tura l R ema ins T he r ooms were b u i l t i n ar ow f a c ing n or thwes t ( 2 3 d egrees we s t o f g r id n or th ) . F or t he p urpose o f d esc r ib ing t he b u i ld ing t hese c hamber s h ave b een n u mbe red 1 -7 f r om wes t t o e a s t ( F ig . 6 4 -68 ) . T he r e ma in s o f s i x r oom s a re k nown a nd a s even th i s p resu mab ly l oca ted i n t he s pace b e tween n umbers 5 a nd 7 . T he o ve ra l l l eng th o f t he v i s ib le r e ma ins i s 4 9 m . a nd i t s max imu m p reserved d ep th i s 1 3 m . T he r oo ms a re o f v a ry ing s i zes w i th t he l a rger o ne s b e ing f l anked b y t he sma l le r . T here wa s n o e f for t t o ma in ta in a c on t inuous b ack wa l l a nd n o i nd ica t ion o f af a cade t o t he n or th . A wa l l f r agmen t 1 0 m . n or th o f r oo m 7 m igh t b e p ar t o f a r e ta in ing wa l l f or a t e rrace i n f r on t o f t he b u i ld ing , b u t w i thou t e xcava t ion t h is r e la t ionsh ip c an o n ly b e c on jec ture . T here i s e v idence o f a n u pper l eve l b e tween r oom s 5 ,6 ,a nd 7 . C hamber 1 Chamber 1 , t o t he wes t , i s p rac t ica l ly b ur ied u nde r modern f i l l ( F ig . 6 9 ) . I ti s5 . 13 m . w ide a c ross t he s ou th wa l l a nd 4 . 60 m . a nd 4 . 64 m . o n t he e as t a nd wes t wa l ls t o t he p o in t s where t hey a re o bs t ruc ted b y f a l len d ebr is .9 3 T he p resen t f l oor l eve l i s * 143 .68 a nd t he o pen ing b enea th t he v au l t v ar ies f ro m * 145 .40446 . Mos t o f t he i n ter ior h as b een f i l led w i th e a r th a s ar e su l t o f e ros ion f r om t he s t eep h i l ls ide a bove . C hamber 2 Chambe r 2i ss l igh t ly l a rger mea su r ing 3 . 90 m . a c ross t he b ack wa l l , 5 . 30 m . o n t he e as t , a nd 5 . 75 m . o n t he wes t ( F ig s . 7 0 -72 ) . T he f l oor l e ve l i s * 142 .91 a nd t he e n t rance v a r ie s f r om * 144 .05444 .60 . I t s c ur ious ly p o in ted v au l t i s s ign i f ican t ly d i f feren t f r om t he s egmen ta l p ro f i les o f t he o thers ( c ompare F igs . 7 1 a nd 7 3 ) . T he k eys tone ( bo t to m a t * 145 .91) c ons is t s e n t i re ly o f f i e lds tone ( F ig . 7 2 ) . S eepage o f g round wa te r i n to t he r ea r o f t he v au l th as b ad ly e roded t he mo r ta r , c au s ing p or t ions t o c o l lapse wh i le many o the r s tones h ang l i ke s t a lac t i tes f rom t he d ecay ing s ur face . I n t he e as t c o rne r t here i s ah o le t h rough t he v au l t 8 7 cm . n or th o f t he r ea r wa l l t ha t p robab ly p rov ided e n t ry f o r ap ipe o f s ome s o r t , a l though n o t r ace o f i nne r

" Weiter

südöstlich

( from

the

theater)

s ind

gewölbte

Unterbauten

und

e in s ogenanntes Odeion erhalten." The question i s whether or not the " Unterbauten" and " Odeion" r efer to the s ame r epresentation on the plan. Karl Baedeker, Konstantinopel und das westliche Kleinasien ( Leipzig: 9 3

T he

K .

Baedeker,

chamber

widths

1 905) are

2 41.

taken

a t

present

ground

l evel

are, thus, not always measured below the vault T herefore, not all figures give the actual size o f s ectional elevation,

Fig.

6 5).

41 -

( fill)

and

spring l ine. the r ooms ( see

c ondu i t r e ma ins t oday . T h is c av i ty h as a d iame ter o f 1 8 cm . a nd c ou ld b e p robed w i th t he r ange p o le t o ad ep th o f2 . 70 m . C hamber 3 Chamber 3 i st he l a rge s t a nd mea sure s 8 . 20 m . a c ross t he s ou th wa l l , 7 . 65 m . o n t he e as t s ide , a nd 8 . 68 m . o n t he wes t ( F ig . 7 3 ) . T he b o t tom o f t he k ey s tone i s * 145 .98 a nd t he f l oor l eve l c .4 m . b e low , c ompa red t o a c l ea rance o f 3m . i n R oom 2 .A lso , i n c on t ras t t oR oom 2 ,t he k ey s tone u n i t o f t h is v au l t c ons is t s o f n ine ty p e rcen t c u t l ime s tone b locks w i th v e ry f ew u nwo rked s t ones ( F ig . 7 4 ) . T here i sa no ther c i rcu la r h o le i n t he wes t s ide o f t he v au l t , 3 . 14 m . a bove t he f l oor a nd 3 0 cm . f ro m t he s ou th wa l l ( F ig s . 7 5 -76 ) . T he t i le p ipe w i th in h as ad iame te r o f 3 0 cm . a nd i sc l ea r t o a d ep th o f 1 . 80 m . , t hrough t he t h ickness o f t he v au l t a nd ( p re su mab ly ) b eyond . B ecause o f t he d i scon t inu i ty o f t he r ea r wa l ls b e tween c hambe rs 2 a nd 3 t here d oes n o t a ppear t o b e a ny c onnec t ion b e tween t hese t wo c av i t ies u n less t hey c hange d i rec t ions a nd j o in i n t he g round a bove t he v au l t s . Two p ipe s w i th i nne r d iame te r s o f 1 5 cm . a re l o ca ted i n t he s ou th wa l l , 5 7 cm . a nd 3 . 45 m . f r om t he s ou thwe s t c o rne r a nd a t al eve l o f * 142 ( F ig . 6 5 ) . A 3m . p or t ion o f t he v au l t a nd s uppor t ing wa l l h as c o l lapsed i n t he s ou theas t c orner , c rea t ing a n o pen ing i n to Chamber 4 . T he f r esh p ink c o lor o f t he mor tar i s c ha rac ter is t ic o f au nwea thered , r ecen t ly b roken s urface .9 4 T h is i s t he o n ly p ar t o f t he b u i ld ing i n wh ich a d irec t measure men t o f t he v au l t t h ickness c an b e o b ta ined ( 80 cm . ) . T he s pr ing ing o f t he v au l t b e tween r oom s 3a nd 4i ss t reng thened b y l a rge , f l a t s l abs o f s ch is t , o ne o f wh ich i sa c t ing a s al i n te l o ve r t he d amaged c orne r a nd i sp robab ly t he r eason n o mo re o f t he v au l t h as c o l lapsed . T he v e r t ica l wa l ls we re h eav i ly p las tered a nd t wo l aye rs c an b e i den t if ied b enea th t he mo re r ecen t c oa to fd us t a nd s oo t . C hamber 4 Chamber 4 i sa bou t t he s a me s i ze a s Chamber 3 ( F igs . 7 7 -78 ) . T he r oom i s7 . 75 m . w ide a nd p re se rved f o r 8 . 60 m .o n t he wes t a nd 8 . 90 m . o n t he e as t . T he p re sen t f l oor l eve l i s* 142 .73 a nd t he b o t tom o f t he k ey s tone i sa t * 145 .96 , w i th a c l earance o f 3 . 75 m . T he e n t rance l eve l v a r ies f r om * 142 .97 -144 .56 a nd t he f r on t p or t ion o f t he c hamber i sf i l led w i th d ebr is . T he k eys tone u n i t i s a bou t s i x ty p ercen t l imes tone a nd f o r ty p ercen t u nworked f i e lds tone ( F igs . 7 9 -80 ) . T he re i sa n a rched o pen ing i n t he s ou th e nd o f t he e a s t wa l l ( E 174 /S2 32 ) , t he s pan o f wh ich i s1 . 17 m . a nd t he t op o f i t s k ey s tone i ss e t j u s t b e low t he s pr ing ing o f t he v au l t o f Chambe r 4( * 142 .73 ) ( F igs . 8 1 -82 ) . T he a rch i s made o f d i f fe ren t s i zed s t ones , e very s econd o r t h ird o f wh ich i sa

9 4

The

mortar

l arger chips

consists

o f

coarse

gravel,

of brick or t ile.

42 -

s and,

l ime,

brick

dust,

and

v ousso ir 3 5 cm . l ong t ha t d e f ines t he t h ickne ss o f t he a rch . Sma l le r s t one s a re s e t i n t h ick mo r ta r w i th j o in t s 2 -5 cm . t h ick . T h is o pen ing , e v iden t ly l e ad ing t o Chambe r 5 , g ives u s s ome i dea o f t he p o s i t ion o f t he o r ig ina l f l oor l eve l ( approx ima te ly * 139 .00 ) . T he c ons t ruc t ion o f t he s ou th wa l l d i f fe rs s omewha t f r om t he p a t tern o f r egu la r l aye rs s een i n R oom 3 . T here i s l e ss v ar ie ty i n t he s i zes o f t he s t ones a nd t here a re n o f l a t l eve l ing c ourses a t t he s pr ing l i ne o f t he v au l t . Ho le s i n t he wa l l s how t ha t t he i n ter ior c ore i s mor ta red r ubb le b u t d o n o t p rov ide a n o ppor tun i ty t o measure t he t h ickne ss o f t he wa l l . C hamber 5 E as t o f Chamber 4 a re t he r e ma ins o f t he wes tern s ide o f a no ther r oom ( E 173 / S 2 27 ) . One c an e n ter t he r ea r o f R oom 5 t h rough ah o le i n t he u pper p or t ion o f t he v au l t . T he a rea o f t h is r oom t ha t h as n o t b een b ur ied b enea th t he f i l l i s 5 . 55 m . a c ross t he r ear wa l l , a nd 3 . 00 m . a nd 4 . 50 m . a long t he e as t a nd wes t wa l ls r e spec t ive ly wh i le t he b o t tom o f t he k eys tone i sa t * 145 .90 a nd t he mode rn l eve l o f t he f i l l , * 143 .80 . A me ter b e low t h is l eve l o ne wou ld e xpec t t o f i nd t he a rched o pen ing c onnec t ing t h is r oom w i th Chamber 4 . C hamber 6 T he p lan i nd ica tes t ha t t he re i se nough s pace b e tween r ooms 5 a nd 7 f o r s t i l l a no ther c hamber . I ti s sma l ler t han t he o thers a nd h as a wedge s haped p lan , d ue t o t he i r regu la r s pace b e tween r ooms 5 a nd 7 . A ssum ing t ha t a l l s ide wa l ls we re 0 . 80 -1 .00 m . t h ick , t he i n ter ior o f t he c on jec tu red r oom wou ld h ave b een 4 . 20 m . w ide a t t he b ack wa l l a nd 3 . 50 m . w ide a t t he p o in t i n l i ne w i th t he c ross wa l l o f R oom 7 . C hamber 7 T he e as te rnmos t r oom i s4 . 20 m . w ide a nd c on ta ins a c ross -wa l l 8 5 c m . t h ick ( F ig . 8 3 ) . T he c rosswa l l i sn o t b onded w i th t he v au l ts b u t i s a l a ter a dd i t ion . I f t he re was a d oor , t he f r am ing m igh t s t i l l b e i n p lace b enea th t he d ebr is b u t n o e v idence o f a ny means o f c ommun ica t ion f r om o ne r oom t o t he o the r i sv i s ib le n ow . T he a rea b eh ind ( s ou th o f ) t he wa l l i st r apezo ida l i n p lan w i th c orne rs o f 1 07 d eg ree s a nd 7 3 d eg rees . I t s e as t wa l l measures 4 . 21 m . a nd t he wes t 4 . 90 m . B eyond t he c rosswa l l , t he e as tern s ide o f t he v au l t c an b e t r aced 5 m . t o t he n or th . T he l eve l o f modern f i l l i s* 144 .65 a nd t he v au l t k ey s tone i s* 145 .88 . Aga in , t he re i sn o e v idence f o r t he a nc ien t f l oor l eve l . T he re i sa n i nd ica t ion t ha t t he b ack ( s ou th ) wa l l o f Chambe r 7was a t o ne p o in t p ara l le l t o t he o ther r ea r wa l ls o f c hambe rs 1 5 . A t r iangu lar p a tch o f v e ry i r regu la r c on s t ruc t ion a bu t ts t he r ad ia l ly -se t f i e lds tone s o f t he r ema inder o f t he v au l t i n i t s s ou th e nd . T h is s eam b e tween t he v au l t a nd p a tched a rea i sp e rpend icu lar t o t he l i ne o f t he k ey s tone a nd , t he re fore , p ara l le l t o t he l i ne o f t he s ou th wa l ls i n t hose o the r r ooms .

43 -

Upper L eve l Ad jacen tt o Chambe r 7( E 188 /S2 18 t o E 190 /S2 20 ) i s aw a l lb u i l t s ou th o f a nd p ara l le l t o t he v au l t a x is i nd ica t ing t ha t a t s o me p e r iod t he re wa s as econd l eve l o fr oo ms ( F igs . 6 4 a nd 8 4 ) . T he c on s t ruc t ion o fi t s r ubb le f a ce i ss im i la r t o t ha t o f t he r ea r wa l l o f t he r oom b e low . As e r ie s o f wa l ls o n t h is s a me l eve l b u t a bove c hambers 5a nd 6h as t he s a me o r ien ta t ion a s t he wa l ls o f t he l ower c hambe rs ( E 181-1188 / S 2 27 2 35 ) . T he wes te rn wa l l , a bove Chamber 5 ( on t he r i gh t i n F ig . 8 6 ) , i s1 . 60 m . l ong , p re se rved t o ah e igh t o f 2 . 10 m . a bove t he l eve l o f mode rn f i l l a t * 147 .53 , a nd i sp a ra l le l t o t he b ackwa l ls o f t he r ooms b e low . T he e a s tern wa l l i s 4 .42 m . l ong , s t ands 2 . 25 m . h igh , a nd i s o r ien ted i n t he s a me d i rec t ion a s t he r ear wa l l o f r ooms 6 a nd 7 . Ap ro jec t ing s pur b e tween t he t wo wa l ls i sb onded t o e ach o ne , f o rm ing a 9 0 d eg ree a ng le w i th t he wes t wa l l a nd a 7 3 d egree a ng le w i th t ha t o n t he e as t . T h is t h ird wa l l i s p reserved f o r 1 . 85 m . , c an b e t r aced o n t he s u r face f o r a no ther 2 . 00 m . , a nd i sa l igned w i th t he a x is o f R oom 7 . T he p os i t ions o f t hese wa l ls i nd ica te t he p re sence o f a n u pper t i er o f r oo ms a nd/or f ea tures s har ing t h e s a me o r ien ta t ions w i th t he r ooms b e low , b u t t he r e ma ins p rov ide n o e v idence o fh ow t hey we re c l o sed o r c ove red , i fi n f a c t t hey we re .9 5

Cons truc t ion T he H i l ls ide Cha mbers a re b u i l t a lmos t e n t ire ly o f u nworked f i e lds tones l a id i n at h ick mo r tar . T he b ack wa l ls , a s we l l a s t he s i de wa l ls b enea th t he l eve l o f t he s pr ing ing o f t he v au l ts , a re o f mor tared r ubb le f a ced w i th f i e lds tone . S o me a reas a long t he s pr ing l i ne o f t he v au l t a re r e in forced b y l a rge s ch is t s l abs b u t t h is p rac t ice was n o t u n ifor m t h roughou t a l l c hambe rs . T he v au l t s , 5 0 -55 cm . t h ick , c ons is t o f r ad ia l ly -se t f l a t s t ones l a id o n to t he wooden c en ter ing b y h and a nd t hen c ove red w i th mor ta r ( F ig . 8 5 ) . T h is p rocess i sr epea ted , l ay ing u p t he v au l t i n l aye rs o f 3 8 -42 cm . T he r esu l t ing v au l t i s n o t a mono l i th ic mass o f c onc re te l i ke e xamp les f r om I t a ly c ons t ruc ted i n b e t ter ma te r ia ls , n or i s i t as ys tem o f s tone v ousso irs t ha t wou ld b e c harac ter is t ic o f a sh lar c ons truc t ion .9 6

9 5

A note

of

George M . A.

were visible a s 9 6

The

l ate a s

development

o f

Hanfmann July,

r ecords

that

the

outline

o f

vaults

f or

a shlar

1 957.

concrete

as

a s ubstitute

material

arches, vaults and d omes i s discussed i n Blake I , 3 44 f f. F or many monuments i n the Augustan period a shlar masonry r emained i n p lace as a permanent

c entering ,

i ndicating

a continued

distrust

and a l ack o f f ull appreciation of i ts characteristics. wooden centering was much the same as that employed

44 -

f or

c oncrete

The r equired for arches,

I ns tead , t he r ubb le v au l t ing i s a c o mb ina t ion o f t he t wo s ys te ms , d epend ing b o th o n t he s t reng th o f t he r ad ia l ly -se t a ggrega te a nd t he b ond ing q ua l i t ies o f t he mo r ta r . T h is t ype o f c ons t ruc t ion i su sed a tS ard is , n o t b ecause b u i lde rs we re u nawa re o f o the r me thods emp loyed , b u t r a ther b y t he l ack o f q ua l i ty ma ter ia ls f o r c oncre te . One s hou ld n o t , h oweve r , u nderes t i ma te t he s t urd iness o f t he f i n ished p roduc t . S urv iv ing p or t ions o f t h e v au l ts p rove t ha t t he mor ta r was s u f f ic ien t ly a dhe s ive t o h o ld s t one s i n p lace e ven where much o f t he b ind ing ma ter ia l h ad b een e roded . E xamp les o f t h is b ond ing c an b e s een n o t o n ly i n t he H i l ls ide Chambers , b u t a l so i n t he v au l ted r ooms wes t o f B u i ld ing A a nd i n t he s ubs t ruc ture f o r t he s t ad ium s ea t ing . T he mos t i n teres t ing s t ruc tura l f ea ture o f t he b u i ld ing i st he v ar ie ty e xh ib i ted i n k eys tone u n i t s . T he k ey s tones a re u n i form ly 2 8 -32 cm . w ide a nd 5 0 -55 cm . h igh . Cu t l ime s tone b locks a re a s t h ick a s 3 0 cm . wh i le t he p iece s o f f i e lds tone a re a s t h ick a s 8 cm . T h is c en tra l u n i t i se ncased b y p a ir s o f s ch is t s l abs u p t o 2 . 50 m . l ong . T he c o mb ined w id th o f t he k ey s tone a nd s ch is t i s4 2 -45 cm . o n t he l ower f ace a nd 5 0 -53 cm . o n t he u pper ( ex trados ) . T he c o mpos i t ion o f t he c en tra l ‚ un i t v ar ies f r om 1 00 p ercen t f i e lds tone i n Cha mber 2 t o 9 5 p ercen t a sh lar i n Cha mber 3 ( c ompare F igs . 7 2 a nd 7 4 ) . A l though i n R oo m 4 t here i s ar egu lar a l te rna t ion o f t he t wo ma te r ia ls ( F ig . 8 0 ) , o ther e xamp les a re n o t a s s ys tema t ic . I t b u i ld ing v au l t i s ma ter ia l

s hou ld b e emphas ized t ha t d esp i te t he p edes tr ian n a ture o f ma ter ia ls , t he H i l ls ide Chambers a re v e ry s turdy s t ruc tures . E ach c are fu l ly c ons t ruc ted a nd s hows n o t r ace o f b r ick o r r eused i n t he v i s ib le p o r t ions .

C onc lus ions T he re i s n o t s u f f ic ien t e v idence t o d e ter m ine t he f unc t ion o f t he H i l l s ide Chambe rs . T he a rched o pen ing b e tween r oom s 4a nd 5i st he o n ly k nown i n te rna l means o f c i rcu la t ion , a l though o thers m igh t b e f ound b enea th t he h igh l eve l o f f i l l . T er raco t ta p ipes i n t he v au l t s o f c hambers 2 a nd 3 a s we l l a s i n t he b ack wa l ls o f 3a nd 4 a re n o t a dequa te e v idence f o r t he i den t i f ica t ion o f t he se p a ra l le l r ooms a s as e r ies o f c i s terns a l though t ha t was a c o mmon p lan t ype .9 7 I ts eems r easonab le t ha t t h is r ange o f vaults, would be

and

domes

i n

a shlar

l aid by hand then

construction

covered with

u sed elsewhere in t he building been a selection o f different until

except

a mixture

that of

the

the

caementa

s ame

mortar

( i.e., there does not appear to have mortars or aggregate for the vaults

after the Augustan period.

9 7 A lthough are not a s

w orld v aulted

cisterns are preserved at many sites i n Asia Minor they well documented a s those i n o ther parts of the Roman

The multiple-unit plan consisting of chambers was common i n North Africa.

45 -

individual r ectangular For a general s ources,

v au l t s f o rmed t he b a semen t o f s ome u ppe r s t ruc ture , s t i l l t o b e s een i n t he s ke tche s b y B or ra a nd L andron , a nd t ha t i n a dd i t ion t o t he ir s uppor t ing f unc t ion t hey were p robab ly o pen t o t he n or th a nd s erved i n s ome c o mmerc ia l c apac i ty o r s imp ly a s s torage u n i ts .9 8 I s i tp oss ib le t ha t t he H i l ls ide Chambe rs were t he t wo -s torey s t orage r ooms men t ioned i n t he e p igraph ica l e v idence? 9 No t e nough i sk nown o f t he H i l ls ide C hamber s t o o f fe r more t han a n a pprox ima t ion o f i t s d a te . T he e xce l len t c ond i t ion o f i t s v au l ts s ugge s t s t ha t t he b u i ld ing was e rec ted a f ter t he d i sas t rous e a r thquake o f A .D . 1 7 . Any ma jor v au l ted s t ruc ture b u i l t b efore t he p er iod o f T ibe r iu s wou ld p robab ly h ave b een d es t royed o r a tl e a s t b ad ly d amaged t o t he e x ten t t ha t r epa i rs wou ld b e v i s ib le . T he re i sv e ry l i t t le t o s ugge s t d i f fe ren t p hase s o f d eve lop men t . Was t he a l terna t ion i n t he r ea r o f Cha mber 7 p ar t o f a r ebu i ld ing? Many q ue s t ions r e ma in t ha t c an o n ly b e a ns we red p rope r ly t h rough f u tu re e xcava t ion .

including

ancient

literary

r eferences,

s ee

RE ,

1 11,2,

general survey of cisterns in North Africa Romanelli, T opografia e archeologia dell'Africa c lassica, ( Turin:

Sezione Societä

cisterns

in

Cisterns

the

in

vol.

VI

29;

J . A.

Vaulted

are

Libya

in

L .

Antigua

varying

Numerous abundance,

Vann,

1 981) at

are

among

the

and

f orm

s ize

examples

in

especially

1 -34,

( 1887) and, Guide

9 9

Georg

8 3-118;

George

Bean,

( London:

Buckler

Reimer, Walter

1 913); Judeich,

Turkey

Ernest

& Robinson,

Benn

most i n

common

S ardis VII

46 -

to

f ieldstone

E .L.

Hicks,

AthMitt

Maeander:

1 971)

, No.

the

1977, 1 and

Benghazi

Department

n earby Cayster

I asos, the

I ,

features

accordance

a s imilar

L imited,

of

especially f ns. Khrebish

X .7

other

Carthage,

V )(Tripoli:

" Iasos,"

Beyond

A

of

1 979).

in the

in

For

Architecture at

s tructures in Nysa see Walter von Diest, Nysa ad Forschungen und Aufnahmen in dem Jahren 1907 u nd ( Berlin:

c lassica,

2 20-229.

" The

S ide

Supplement

of Education,

in

dell'arte

1 970)

Excavations

Excavations

substructures

support. f ound

Robert Field,"

Kelsey Museum ,

S ecretariat

construction, they

see

ed.,

e s toria

I nternazionale,

Michigan

Lloyd,

( Berenice),

Archeologia

r egion

the

( Ann Arbor:

Antiquities,

9 8

III:

Editrice

2 606-2607.

i s found in Pietro romana, E nciclopedia

1 2.

6 9-81.

the

Roman

c onstruction v alley.

For

Maeandrum nach 1909, JdIEH 1 0 "Iasos,"

1 5(1890), An

i n

building

JHS

8

1 37-155;

Archaeological

CHAPTER F IVE : THEATER -STAD IU M CO MPLEX

T he c omb ina t ion o f t he t hea ter a nd s t ad ium , b o th n ow i n p oor s t a tes o f p reserva t ion , o nce f o rmed o ne o f t he mos t i mpor tan t f ea tures i n t he u rban p lan o f a nc ien t S ard is ( F ig . 3 , n os . 2 5 -26 a nd F ig . 8 6 ) .1 0 0 T he t hea te r c an b e i den t i f ied b y t he g ene ra l c on tours o f t he c avea w i th ap o r t ion o f i t s r e ta in ing wa l l a nd t he p resence o f t wo mass ive p arodos wa l ls . A l l t ha t c an b e s een o f t he s t ad ium i st he v au l ted s ubs t ruc ture o f t he n or th s ide a nd t he r ounded e as tern e nd . D esp i te t he d i sappo in t ing c ond i t ion o f t he c omp lex , t here a re n o tewor thy f ea ture s t ha t d ese rve a t ten t ion a nd f u ture e xcava t ion .

THEATER

S i te T he t hea te r i sb u i l t i n to t he s t eep f a ce o f o ne o f t he sma l le r h i l ls t ha t f o rms t he l ower s l ope s o f t he a c ropo l i s , y e t h igh e nough s t i l l t o o f fe r aw ide p anorama o f t he r i ch S ard ian p la in ( E 9 20 -1058 / S 2 60 -346 ) (F ig s . 8 7 -88 ) . G round l eve l t o t he n or th d e scends g radua l ly i n to t he v ineyards a nd o l ive t r ees t ha t s urround B u i ld ings A a nd D , t hen i n to t he Hermus R iver v a l ley . The a rea o f t he c i ty t o t he e a s t , i n t he d irec t ion o f t he H i l ls ide Chambers a nd t he T abak c ay ,r e ma ins o ne o f t he l eas t e xp lored a nd u nde r s tood p or t ions o f t he a nc ien t c i ty b u t c op ious amoun ts o f s u r face p o t te ry a nd r oo ft i le s c l ea r ly i nd ica te t ha ti t was i nhab i ted .

E ar ly A ccoun t s T he f i rs t a ccoun t o f at hea ter a t S ard is was b y P o lyb ius i n h is d esc r ip t ion o f t he a t tack o n t he c i ty b y t he a r my o f An t iochus t he G rea t i n 2 13 B .C .

1 00

For

general

History

of

s ources

the

Greek

on

R oman

and

theaters

Roman

s ee

T heater

Margarete

( Princeton:

Bieber,

T he

Princeton

University Press, 1 961) 1 47-253 and f urther r eferences provided in the bibliography on pages 3 26-327. The most complete r egional s tudy o f

theaters

c lassici vols.

i n the in

( Rome:

a ncient

Asia " L'Erma"

world i s Dan a de Bernardi-Ferrero,

Minore,

S tudi

di

di Bretschneider,

47 -

Architettura

1 966-1974).

T eatri

Antica,

4

" See ing t ha t t he wa l l a long t he s o -ca l led S aw - t he p lace wh ich l i nks t he c i tade l w i th t he l owe r c i ty -was u nguarded , h e b ecame h ope fu l a nd b egan t o h a tch p lo ts i nvo lv ing t h is . He c hanced t o n o t ice t he s l opp iness o f t he s en t ine ls . . .Two t housand men wou ld f o l low b eh ind t hese t h ir ty , a nd t he ir a ss ign men t was t o d a sh t h rough t he g a te a nd s e ize t he c rown o f t he t hea te r , ap os i t ion we l l s i tua ted b o th a ga ins t t he e nemy i n t he a c ropo l is a nd t hose i s su ing f r om t he l owe r t own ." 1 0 1 T he s e ige was b roken when t he i nvaders were a b le t o s ca le t he f o r t if ica t ion wa l ls a long a n u nguarded s t re tch a top t h is r i dge ( F ig . 8 9 ) . A ccord ing t o t he a ccoun t , a n a dvance p a r ty o pened o ne o f t he g a tes , a l low ing al a rge rf o rce t oe n te r a nd o ccupy t he u ppe re dge o f t he t hea te r . I n a dd i t ion t o c on f i rm ing t he e x is tence o f a He l len is t ic t hea ter , t h i s p a ssage p rov ides u s v a luab le t opog raph ica l i n forma t ion f o r t he G reek c i ty d u r ing t ha t p er iod . I f , f o r t he momen t , we a ssume t ha t t he p resen t t hea te r i so n t he s a me s i te a s i t s He l len is t ic p redecessor , we c an t hen p lace t he e ar l ie r t hea ter . Nex t , we c an l ook t o t he s ou thea s t , h igher o n t he s l opes i n to wh ich t he c avea i sp laced , f o r o ne o f t he c i ty g a tes . F ina l ly , we c an i den t i fy t he s harp ly p o in ted f o rma t ion b eh ind t he c avea a s al i ke ly c and ida te f o r t he " Saw " ( F ig . 8 9 ) . F ur ther r e ferences t o at hea ter a t S ard is c ome f rom e p igraph ica l e v idence . An i n sc r ip t ion f ound b y B u t ler i n h i s e xcava t ion o f t he T emp le o f A r te m is s t a tes t ha t o ne T imarchos , g uard ian o f t he t r easury i n P ergamon , was a ppo in ted a s t emp le -gua rd ian o f t he g odde ss ( A r te m is ) a nd was c rowned w i th a n o l ive w rea th i n t he t hea te r d u r ing t he f e s t iva ls o f D ionysos . A d a te o f a round t he m idd le o f t he s econd c en tu ry B .C . i s a ss igned b y B uck ler a nd R ob inson .1 0 2 Ano ther i nsc r ip t ion , f ound i n t he f o r t i f ica t ion wa l l i n 1 910 b y R ob inson , wa s ad ec ree o f t he Hadr ian ic s t age g u i ld men t ion ing t he g ames o f D ionysos a nd t he Impe ra tor C aesar T ra ianus Hadr ianus Augus tus ( Hadr ian ) , t he n ew D ionysos .1 0 3 T he d a te o f t he s econd i n sc r ip t ion i sg iven a s j u s t p r ior t oA .D . 1 28 . T he f i rs t d raw ing o f t he T hea te r -S tad ium Co mp lex was t ha t b y B o r ra i n 1 750 . T h is e ar ly v iew s hows b o th e as t a nd wes t p arodos wa l ls , t he e a s tern c avea r e ta in ing wa l l , a nd a no ther f e a ture h igh i n t he c avea n ear t he c en t ra l a x is o f t he b u i ld ing ( F ig . 8 9 ) . T he re i sn o e v idence o f t he s t age b u i ld ing n o r i st here a ny i nd ica t ion o f h ow t he t hea te r a nd s t ad ium we re j o ined i f , i n f ac t , t hey we re . B o r ra 's mo s t s e r ious e r ror i n r eco rd ing wa s h i s d ep ic t ion o f t he s t ad ium . T he p lan s how s e igh t wedged -shaped r ooms a round t he e as tern e nd a nd s even teen a rched o pen ings a long t he n or th

1 01

Polybius,

Histories ,

vii.15.6-7;

1 6.6.

1 02

Buckler and Robinson,

S ardis

VII

( 1932)

no.

4 .

1 03

Buckler and Robinson,

S ardis VII

( 1932)

no.

1 3.

48 -

f a ce . A l though t h is t ype o f v au l ted c ons t ruc t ion i s c ommon ly s een i n o the r s t ad iums s uch a s t hose i n P erge a nd A spendos , t he s ubs t ruc ture a t S a rd is d id n o t c ons is t o f as er ies o f s epara te ly v au l ted c hambers o n t he n or th f l ank b u t , i n s tead , as ing le l ong s pace c overed b y o ne c on t inuous b a rre l v au l t .1 0 4 I tr e ma ins a p oss ib i l i ty , h owever , t ha t af a cade d ecora ted w i th a c on t inuous a rcade s t ood i n f r on t ( no r th ) o f t he b a rre l v au l t . E ven i f t h is wa l l h as b een d es t royed , e xcava t ing i n t h is a rea s hou ld r evea l i t s f o rmer p os i t ion . T he n ex t r e fe rence c ome s f r o m Chand ler . " The s i te o f t h is o nce n ob le c i ty was n ow g reen a nd f l owery . Co m ing f r om t he e as t , we h ad t he g round -p la t o f t he t hea t re o n o ur l e f t h and , w i th a sma l l b rook n ear u s , r unn ing b e fore i t . T h is s t ruc ture wa s i n ab row , wh ich u n i tes w i th t he h i l l o f t he Acropo l is , a nd was c a l led P r ion . S ome p ieces o f t he v au l t , wh ich s uppor ted s ea ts , a nd c o mp le ted t he s em ic irc le , r e ma in ." 1° 5 R e ference s t o v au l t ing a nd a s em ic irc le m igh t a s e as i ly r e fer t o t he s t ad iu m r a ther t han t he t hea ter . Chand ler c on t inued w i th a n a ccoun t o f t he s e ige o f t he c i ty b y An t iochus b e fore mov ing n or thwa rd i n t he d i rec t ion o f B u i ld ing D . No f ur the r i n fo r ma t ion wa s p rov ided c oncern ing t he s t ad iu m . L eake 's a ccoun t o f t he c i ty i sv e ry b r ie f a nd s imp ly s t a te s t ha t , " He re a l so i s at hea t re c onnec ted w i th a s t ad ium ." 1 0 6 T he d escr ip t ion b y P roke sch v on O s ten i s more d e ta i led . " S tad iu m u nd T hea ter lehn ten s i ch a n d ie u n tere Um mauerung . Chand ler , d essen B eschre ibung v on S ard is ü berhaup t s ehr o be r f läch l ich u nd u nk la r i s t , n i mm t j enes f ür d ieses ! D ie L änge d es e rs teren b e träg t 7 11 Wien F uss . D ie S p isse (? ) r uh ten a u f G ewö lben . An d em S tad iu m i s t d as T hea ter , we lche s i n d en K r iegen d es An t iochus e ine f ür S a rd is t r aur ige B erühm the i t e rh ie l t . E s we ise t n un n ich t s a usser h ohen m i t Quade rn v erk le ide te Mauermassen . D essen Durch messer

1 04 F or s tadia s et on a s eries of s loping barrel vaults s ee Karl Graf L anckoronski-Brzezie and George Niemann, Die Städte Pamphyliens u nd P isidiens ( Vienna: F . T empsky, 1 890) vol. 5 5-57 and f igs. 4 0-41.

1 05

Richard

Chandler,

Nicholas

Revett

Asia Minor, or an account of a S ociety of t he Dilettanti, 3 rd ed. R . 1 06

Preistley,

1 817)

William L eake,

remarks ( London:

made

o n

and

William

tour made i n 2 vols.

Pars,

Travels

in

at the expense of t he ( London: J . Booker and

2 54. A Journal

t he

John Murray,

ancient 1 824)

of a T our in Asia Minor w ith a nd

modern

2 65.

49 -

geography

of

comparative

t hat

country

b e t räg t 3 82 . ' I n d em Gewö lbe d e s S tad iums , t r a t m ich e in T u rkomanenwe ib m i t d e r V e r s iche rung a n , g ros se S chä tze l ägen d a v e rborgen , a be r e ine g lück l iche Hand , v ie le Menschen u nd d re iss ig T age A rbe i t g ehö r ten d azu , um d ie se lben z u h eben . D ie S age d es r i es igen R e ich thum s v on S a rd is l eb t s e lbs t i n d em Munde d er Wande rs tämme f o r t . D ie wen igen B ewohne r v on S ar t s chwören d arau f . G e sch ich te u nd S age s ind S chwes te rn , d ie se a be r i s t d ie ä l te re . "1 0 7 F e l low s b r ief ly men t ions t he t wo b u i ld ing s b u t Ham i l ton 's d e sc r ip t ion i s mo re c o mp le te .1 0 8 " The t hea t re a ppears t o b e o f R oman c ons t ruc t ion , i ti s e n t ire ly b u i l t o f l oose r ubb le , e xcep t t he w ing s o f t he c avea , wh ich we re f a ced w i th s t one ; t he ma rb le s ea t s , t he p ro scen ium a nd s cena , a re a l l g one . I mmed ia te ly i n f r on t , a nd c ross ing i ta t r i gh t a ng les , a re t he r ema ins o f as t ad ium , t he n o r thern s i de o f wh ich h a s b een a r t i f ic ia l ly f o rmed b y awa l l s uppo r ted o n a rches r unn ing a long t he h i l l ." S eve ra l y ea r s l a te r T ex ie r v i s i ted t he s i te : " De l ' au t re c ö te d e l ' ac ropo le , d an s l ap a r t ie n ord -e s t , s on t l e s r u ine s d u t heä tre , q u i n e p resen ten t q u 'un t rs -med ioc re i n te re t . L a s cene e s t e n t iremen t d e t ru i te ; l af o rme d e l ac avea r e s te a vec q ue lque s g rad ins e tl e s mu r s d e s ou tenemen t , q u i s on t e n p ie rre d e t a i l le . L e d iamt re e x te r ieur d u t heä t re , p r is a l a h ä te , d epasse c en t d ix me t res ; l ' in te r ieu r d e l a c avea e ta i t d e c i nquan te me t re s . E n j ugean t d 'aprs d 'au t re s t heä t re s , m ieux c onse rve s , c e lu i d e S a rdes p ouva i t c on ten ir p lus d e d ix m i l le s pec ta teu rs . C e q u i r e s te p a ra i t e t re d e c ons t ruc t ion r o ma ine ; ma is c omme i le s t f a i t men t ion d e c e t e d i f ice d ans l a g ue rre d 'An t iochu s , i le s t c e r ta in q ue d é jà ac e t te é poque u n t heä t re g rec e x is ta i t aS a rde s . L e s t ade s ' e tend p a ra l lMemen t al a mon tagne ; l a b ranche n ord e s t s ou tenue p ar u n r ang d 'a rcades d e p ie r re , l e s s t ades d 'Eph se e t d e Smy rne s on t d isposes d e l a me me man i .& .e . L e g en re d e c ons t ruc t ion e s t t ou r af a i t r o ma ine . "1 0 9

1"

1 08

Prokesch von O sten, Charles

Minor,

Researches

1 842) 1 09

Fellows, ( London:

1838 in

Asia

Erinnerungen

A

Journal

J ohn

Minor ,

III ,

Written

Murray,

Pontus

1 53. during

1 839)

and

2 89.

Armenia

an

Excursion

William ( London:

J .

in

Asia

H amilton,

J ohn

Murray,

1 47. Charles

histori que

Texier, et

Asie

Mineure;

archäologique

C hersonnäse d 'Asie

( Paris:

des

Description

provinces

Firmin Didot,

50 -

1 862)

et

des

2 54.

gäographique, v illes

de

la

T he l a s t i mpor tan t d esc r ip t ion o f t he t hea ter a nd s t ad iu m p r ior t o t he P r ince ton e xcava t ions a tS a rd is was t ha t o f Ad le r q uo ted b y Cu r t iu s . " Von d ie sen B au ten ( t hea ter a nd s t ad iu m ) s ag t Ad ler i n d e r d eu tschen B auze i tung 1 872 S .4 3 ' E s i s t i n r öm ischer We ise e rbau t : d er Durchmesse r b e t räg t 1 26 M . Oben war e ine S äu lenha l le , i n h a lber Höhe e in Mit te lgang ; d ie P la tze inr ich tung i s t d er V erschü t tung wegen u nkennt l ich g eworden . D ie b e iden S t i rnmaue rn z e igen Gussmauerwe rk m i t Marmorquadern b ek le ide t . D ie S ch ich ten techn ik d er u n teren Quaderre ihen s pr icht f ür e inen Neubau d es d r itten J ahrhunder ts a us d er Z e i t d er A t ta l iden . D ie o beren m inde r s org fä l t ig b ea rbe i te ten Quade rsch ich ten l a ssen mehr fache u nd n ach läss ige Ausbesserungen e rkennen . Zu d en F üssen d es Thea ters u nd d er H interfron t s e ines S kenengebäudes u nm i t te lbar a nge sch lossen l i eg t d as S tad ion m i t d er r i ch t igen L änge v on c a . 1 90 M . S e ine L ängsaxe i s v on SO n ach N W g er ich te t ; d ie l i nke S i tzre ihe i s t i n d as a bgeschräg te T erra in e ingeschn i t ten , d ie r ech te r uh t a uf w inke lrech t g es te l l ten r undbog igen T onnengewö lben r öm ischer T echn ik . D ie Haup tw iederhe rs te l lung i s t n ach d em g rosse m E rdbeben i n T iber ius ' Z e i t e r fo lg t , w ie v or tre f f l iche ä l tere B aus tücke e xk ennen l a ssen , d ie z u d em Gu ss mör te lbau v erwende t worden s ind . ' D ie merkwü rd igs ten Uebe rres te f i nden s i ch n örd l ich v om S tad ion ( i ) , wo a us d em S chu t te d ie T rü m mer e iner a l ten B e fes t igung san lage h ervor ragen , we lche w ie e ine A r t P e lasg ikon d en B u rgabhang e inge fass th aben muss ( Ta fe l V , 2 ) . . ,no

D e sc r ip t ion o f t he A rch i tec tura l R ema ins B ecause o f t he d i lap ida ted s t a te o f t he t hea ter , f ew p rec ise mea sure men t s c an b e t aken . T he c avea , d e f ined b y i t s p arodos wa l ls , i s s l igh t ly g rea ter t han a s em i -c irc le , c a . 1 90 d egree s ( F ig . 8 6 ) . T h is f ea tu re i s c ha rac ter is t ic o f He l len is t ic t hea ter s i n A s ia M ino r a nd c ommon i n man s R o man mod if ica t ions o f o f t hose s a me b u i ld ings . 11 Most R o man

10 Curtius,

AbhBerl

( 1872)

8 6.

A cavea o f more than 1 80 degrees i s characteristic of theaters throughout the Greek world including Asia Minor but because most theaters f ew can

i n that r egion were s ubsequently be s tudied in their original

exception. Theodor W iegand and H ans Ausgrabungen und U ntersuchungen in Georg Reimer, Priene, als

1 904) 2 35-257 Einzelanlage

hellenistische

S chrader, Priene, Ergebnisse der dem J ähren 1895-1898 ( Berlin:

and Armin von Gerkan Das T heater und in seiner Bedeutung für

Bühnen wesen

K unstwissenenschaft,

altered during the Empire, s tate, Priene a notable

( Berlin:

1 921).

51 -

Verlag

für

von das

Praktische

r e mode l ing r e ta ined o r ig ina l G reek p lans a nd a dded c i rcu la t ion s pace ( c orr ido rs , r a mps a nd s t a ircase s ) a nd n ew s t age b u i ld ings . A s ar e su l t , p lan s o f g rea ter t han 1 80 d egree s r e ma ined w ide sp read t h roughou t A s ia Mino r . An e xamp le c an b e f ound i n M i le tos . T he He l len is t ic s t ruc ture was s i gn i f ican t ly a l tered w i th v au l ted s t a irway s l e ad ing i n to t he c avea a t t he l eve l o f a n i n termed ia te c oncourse ( 20 th r ow a bove t he o rches tra ) . A v au l ted s em i -c ircu lar p assage , p ara l le l t o t he c oncourse , was s e t j u s t b enea th t he s ea t s o f t he n ex t h igher s ec t ion . I n a dd i t ion t he re we re v au l ted s t a ircases a nd r a mps t ha t l ed i n to t he se t wo c orr idors , b o th i n te r ior a nd e x te r ior , f r om t he p er ime ter o f t he t hea ter , o ne e n t rance e ach t h rough t h e e as tern a nd wes te rn p arodos wa l ls a nd t wo more i n t he r ea r wa l l o n t he n or thwes t s ide o f t he c avea ( a s im i lar s i tua t ion m igh t e x is t b enea th t he l a ter b u i ld ings o n o the r s ide o f t he t hea te r ) . 12 T he e x terna l d ia me ter , mea su r ing f r om t he o u t s ide c o rne rs o f t he p arodos wa l ls , i s1 36 m . a nd t he d is tances b e tween t he p reserved i nner p o in ts i s c .7 0 m . B o th wa l ls a re p a r t ia l ly b ur ied a long w i th t he o rche s t ra a nd wha tever r e ma ins o f t he s t age b u i ld ing . Any a dd i t iona l measuremen ts o f t hese a reas wou ld r equ ire f u ture e xcava t ion . T he d iscuss ion o f t he ma ter ia l i n s i tu i s l im i ted t o t h ree ma jor wa l ls : t he e as tern c avea r e ta in ing wa l l , t he e a s te rn p a rodos r e ta in ing w a l l , a nd t he we s te rn p a rodos r e ta in ing wa l l . T he E as tern C avea R e ta in ing Wa l l T he e as te rn c avea wa l l i s2 5 .20 m . l ong , 4 . 10 m . t h ick , a nd u p t o 1 4 m . h igh ( F ig . 9 0 ) 13 . I tf o rms a c on t inuous s uppor t w i th t he p a rodos w a l l f o r t he n o r theas te rn c orner o f t he t hea ter s ea t ing wh ich wa s b u i l t a bove t he n a tu ra l g round l eve l . T he re i sn o c oun te rpa r t f o r t h is wa l l o n t he w e s t s ide o f t he t hea ter where t he e n t ire h e igh t o f t he c avea i s s e t i n to t he h igher h i l ls ide . T he e as te rn c avea wa l l was s t reng thened b y t h ree b u t t resses . Number 1 i sa c tua l ly t he e x ten s ion o f t he c avea r e ta in ing wa l l b eyond t he s ou th f a ce o f t he a d jo in ing p arodos wa l l ( F ig . 8 6 ) . B u t t ress 2i s 8 . 70 m . s ou th o f t he f i rs t a nd measures 3 . 50 m . ( N -S ) b y 2 . 60 m . a nd 3 . 20 m . ( E -W ) w i th i t s t op a t * 163 .40 , we l l b e low t he e s t i ma ted t op o f t he r e ta in ing wa l l ( * 167 ) . B u t t re ss 3 i s 4m . s ou th o f n umber 2 a nd i ss l igh t ly sma l ler , measur ing c .2 m . ( N -S ) a nd 1 . 80 -2 .00 m . ( E -W ) (F ig . 9 1 ) . B eyond t h is b u t t re ss t he wa l l h as an o t iceab le c u rva tu re c or re spond ing t o t he i nne r p ro f i le o f t he a ud i to r ium . T he c on t inua t ion o f t he r ea r o f t he t hea te r c an b e t r aced f ur the r t o t he s ou th b y f o l low ing al i ne o f f r agmen t s t ha t eme rge s s porad ica l ly a bove t he s u r face ( E 1 040 -1060 /S3 00 -330 ) .

1 12

Friedrich Krauss,

Zuschauerbau,

Milet,

Gerhard Kleiner, 1 968) 1 13

Das hellenistische vol.

1 1.1

Die Ruinen

( Berlin:

v on Milet

T heater:

der römische

Walter de Gruyter,

( Berlin:

1 921)

Walter

de

Gruyter,

None

of

the

a nd

6 8-76.

All

measurements

dimensions

are

are

the

r emains

i n

known.

52 -

s itu.

original

A b e t ter p re se rved wa l l f r agmen t a t E1 047 -1052 / S 3 03 -308 , c .* 163 , a l so a ppears t o b e p ar t o f t h is c i rcu m ference b u t t wo l a rger f r agmen ts , l o ca ted a t E1 040 -1052 / S3 12 -338 , l i e o u ts ide t h is l i ne a nd s ugges t t ha t t he r ea r o f t he c avea m igh t n o t h ave f o l lowed a s em i -c ircu lar s hape . O ther t hea ters s e t i n to s t eep h i l ls ides a l so r esu l t i n i r regu la r ly s haped c aveas . P e rga mon i sb u t as i ng le e xamp le . 14 T he f i na lp iece o ft he u ppe rc avea i s al a rge ma ss o fr ubb le a t E9 82 -987 / S3 44 -349 b e tween * 162 -166 . T he i den t i f ica t ion o f t hese r e ma ins s eems c l ea r when o ne r e -exam ine s t he v iew o f t he s t ad ium b y B or ra ( F ig . 8 9 ) . A t t he u pper e dge o f t he c avea a nd p oss ib ly o n i t s c en t ra l a x is , was a we l l p re served s ec t ion o f wa l l w i th a l a rge a rched o pen ing l e ad ing t h rough i t . Wa s t h is a n e n trance t o t he t hea ter? S uch a p oss ib i l i ty m igh t b e c l ar i f ied t h rough e xcava t ion . T he E as tern P arodo s R e ta in ing Wa l l The e a s tern p a rodos i st he b es t p re served o f t he t h ree wa l ls a nd i s d iv ided b y ap a ssageway t ha t c rea te s al owe r we s te rn p o r t ion a nd a n u ppe r e as te rn o ne ( F igs . 9 2 -93 ) . T he n or th f a ce o f t he u pper wa l l i s1 7 .50 m . l ong a nd 4 . 20 m . t h ick w i th n ine c ourses o f a sh lar f a c ing p re served f o r mos t o f t he i r l eng th . Above t he f a c ing b locks t ha t r e ma in i n s i tu , f i ve a dd i t iona l c ou r ses o f r ubb le c an s t i l l b e i den t i f ied . T he i n te r ior , o r s ou th f ace , i s p re served a s h igh a s 3m . a bove t he s l op ing modern f i l l o f t he c avea ( F ig .9 4 ) . T here a re t wo r ubb le wa l ls p ro jec t ing f r om t h is f a ce , o ne j u s t b e low t he me ter s t ick i n F igu re 9 4 a nd t he o the r a t t he p o in t where t he p assage c u ts t h rough t he p arodos wa l 1 . 15 T he s ou th s i de o f t he r e ta in ing wa l l i sf aced w i th f i e lds tone r a the r t han a sh lar . Th is e as tern r e ta in ing wa l l was much b e t ter p reserved i n t he m id 1 8 th c en tu ry when t he Wood p ar ty v i s i ted t he s i te ( F ig . 8 9 ) . A l l a sh lar f a c ing b locks were s t i l l i n p lace f or t he r e ta in ing wa l l a nd i t s b u t t resses t o t he l e f t . A l though t he c avea was f i l led w i th v ege ta t ion a nd t he e dge o f t he wa l l i nd is t inc t , t he g ap b e tween e as te rn a nd wes tern p or t ions i s a l ready v i s ib le . Th is p a ssage t h rough t he wa l l i s1 . 55 m . w ide a nd 5 . 30 m . l ong . I ti s p oo r ly p re se rved a nd o n ly a f ew s t ones o f i t s o r ig ina l s u r faces a re s t i l l i n p lace . A wa l l f r agmen t a t E1 040 /S2 78 s ugge s t s t he p resence o f ad iazoma w i th in t he t hea te r t ha t m igh t b e r eached b y ap or ta l t ha t s t ood w i th in t h is p as sage . Ano ther i n te res t ing f ea tu re o f t he e a s te rn p a rodos wa l l i st ha t i t s

1 14

R ichard Bohn,

AvP

IV

( Berlin:

W .

Spemann,

1 896),

a tlas,

pls.

xv-

xvii. 1 15

T he

while m .

west

the

wall

east

i s

wall

1 .25

m .

measures

l ong, 1 .20

2 .20 m .

t hick.

53 -

m .

l ong,

high, 1 .50

and m .

6 5

high,

cm . and

thick 1 .00

t wo p or t ions o n e i ther s ide o f t he p assage a re n e i the r t he s ame t h icknes s n or a l ign men t . T he l ower , wes tern s egmen t o f t he p a rodos wa l l ( 10 .50 m . l ong , 4 m . t h ick a nd u p t o 5m . h igh ) i ss e t 2m . i n f r on t ( no r th ) o f t he e a s te rn h a l f . I th as a l edge 1 . 10 m . w ide o n i t s n or th s i de wh ich e x tends 5 .75 m . we s t o f t he b reach ( F ig . 8 8 ) . T h is l edge i sl eve l b u t d oes n o t h ave a f i n i shed u ppe r s ur face . Mos t o f t he l ime s tone f a c ing o f t he wa l l b e low t h is p o in t ( c . * 158 ) i ss t i l l i n s i tu . Above , mos t o f t he b locks h ave b een r e moved b u t o ne c our se o f a sh la r a nd t he o the r c ourses o f mo r tared r ubb le f i l l , wh ich a re i den t ica l i n h e igh t w i th t he l imes tone b lock s t ha t o nce f aced t hem , a re s u f f ic ien t p roo f t ha t t hese c our ses a re c on t inua t ions o f t hose o n t he o the r s i de o f t he b reach . I n t h is p ar t o f t he wa l l t he c ourse s a re n o t h or izon ta l b u t t i p 2 . 5 d eg ree s t o t he wes t . T he d i s to r t ion i s ar esu l t o f t he e n t ire wa l l s e t t l ing d ownh i l l , a ggrava ted b y t he r e mova l o f t he mason ry t ha t o nce c ove red t he g ap a bove t he d oo rway , p rov id ing as t ruc tu ra l t i e w i th t he r e s t o f t he wa l l . T he b ack s ide o f t he l ower s ec t ion a l so e xh ib i ts p ro jec t ions o f mor tared r ubb le ( E 1 030 / S2 75 , c .* 156 -158 ). 1 6 T hese m igh t h ave p rov ided s uppor t f o r s t a irs . Ano ther wa l l f r agmen t , 6m . l ong , 2m . t h ick , a nd 2 m . h igh i sl o ca ted a t t he n o r thwe s t c orner o f t he p a rodos wa l l ( E 1 030 / S 2 68 , c .* 152 -154 ) . T he We s tern P arodos R e ta in ing Wa l l T here a re t wo wa l ls o n t he wes t s ide : t he p r inc ipa l r e ta in ing wa l l a nd a sma l ler o ne t o t he n or th ( F igs . 9 5 -96 ) . 17 T he l owe r wa l l i s2 0 m . l ong a nd s t ands 6m . h igh ; t he l a rge wa l l 2 6 m . l ong a nd u p t o 1 4 m .h igh . T he a rea b e tween t he t wo i s ar ec tangu lar p la t fo rm , 7m . l ong ( E -W ) a nd 3 . 50 m . w ide ( N -S ) , s uppor ted b y t he l ower wa l l . T he e x ten t t o t he wes t i s u nknown b u t o n t he e a s t i ti sa brup t ly t e rm ina ted b y awa l l 2 . 50 m . h igh ( E 9 52 / S2 64 ) . B eyond t h is p o in t , t o t he e as t , b o th wa l ls me rge b u t t he ir t o ta l t h ickness c anno t b e d e term ined w i thou t e xcava t ion . T here a r e n o f ac ing b lock s r ema in ing o n t he p a rodo s wa l l a nd f ew o n t he l ower w a l l a l though o nce a ga in , t he i lus t ra t ion b y B orra s how s t he wa l l i n a much b e t ter s t a te o f p re se rva t ion w i th a l l o f i t s f a c ing ma te r ia l s t i l l i np lace ( F ig . 8 9 ) . L i t t le i s k nown o f t he s t age b u i ld ing . T he B orra d raw ing h ad i nc luded o n ly a s ca t ter ing o f l a rge b lock s , s o me o f wh ich w e re c o lumn d rums . Ha m i l ton r epor ted i n 1 842 t ha t t he s t age b u i ld ing was n o l onge r

2 26

S uch

a passage

i s

s een

i n

the

Miletos

theater.

See

above,

note

1 12. 1 17

T he

thickness

o f

the

w all

( 4

m .)

i ncludes

the

l edge

( 2 m .).

T his

means that the u pper portion o f this w all i s only 2 m . thick compared t o 4 .20 m . o f the thickness o f the o ther w all f ragment. The north f aces

a lign but

t he

s outh

f aces

do

n ot.

54 -

p re se rved a nd i n 1 882 F ranc is H . B acon , s t a ted t ha t s tones r e ma in ing we re r e moved a t t ha t t ime b y t he c ons t ruc t ion c rew o f t he F rench r a i lroad c ompany l ay ing b ed f o r at r ack s evera l h undred me ters t o t he n or th . 18 T he d epress ion t ha t n ow ma rks t he a rea o f t he s t age b u i ld ing i sp robab ly t he r e su l t o f t ha t o pera t ion .

C ons truc t ion A l l t hree wa l ls , t he p arodo i a nd c avea , were o f t he s a me b as ic c ons t ruc t ion : mor tared r ubb le e ncased a sh lar ( F ig . 9 7 ) . B u t ac l oser i n spec t ion r evea ls u n ique f ea tures i n e ach . T he a ggrega te o f t he mo r tared r ubb le c ons is ted o f sma l l u nwo rked f i e lds tones a nd s o me u nused p ieces f rom o ther b u i ld ings . T he c avea r e ta in ing wa l l h ad n o r eused ma te r ia ls i n t he s ou the rn p or t ion . However , a t ap o in t 3 . 90 m . f r om t he n or th f ace o f b u t tress 1 t here i s ac l ear ly i den t i f iab le v e r t ica l l i ne , n o r th o f wh ich o ne f i nds ag rea t many c u t ma rb le b locks i n t he f i l l , i nc lud ing o ne mou lded I on ic b ase a nd a t r ip le fasc ia a rch i t rave b lock . T he wa l l f ac ing i s p oor ly p rese rved b u t i nd ica tes t wo d i f feren t me thods o f c ons truc t ion were c o mb ined . B e tween b u t t resses 1 a nd 2 a nd o n t he n or th s ide o f n umbe r 2t he f a c ing was o f l a rge b locks o f l imes tone , wea the red t o ay e l low ish -orange ( F ig . 9 0 ) . T he e as t s ide o f t he p ie r i sn o t p re served b u t t he s ou th i sf a ced w i th sma l ler b locks u p t o 2 5 cm . o n as ide ( F ig . 9 3 ) . T he r e ma inder o f t he c avea wa l l wa s f a ced w i th f i e lds tones o f t he s a me s i ze a s t hose i n t he a ggrega te , mos t ly f l a t u p t o 3 0 cm . i n l eng th a nd 1 5 cm . t h ick . T he e as te rn p arodos wa l l h as n ine c our ses o f p reserved f ac ing o n t he n or th ( ex te r ior ) f a ce ( F ig s . 9 2 -93 ) . T hese a re t he s a me d i mens ions a s t hose d esc r ibed a bove . Many were b ond ing e lemen ts t ha t were s e t l eng thw ise i n to t he r ubb le c ore w i th t he ir n ar row e nds e xposed . Ap a t te rn o f h eaders a nd s t re tche rs c an b e i den t i f ied i n a l l r e ma in ing c ourses e xcep t t he n in th f r om t he b o t tom wh ich c ons is ts e n t ire ly o f h eaders . T he n or th wa l l s urface i nc ludes a n u mber o f ma rb le b locks , smoo th ly c u t when c o mpa red t o t he h ammer -dre ss f i n ish o f t he l ime s tone . I ti s i mpo ss ib le t o d e te rm ine i fc u t t ing s i n t he se b locks b e long t o p r ima ry o r s econda ry u se . T he s ou th s ide o f t he s a me wa l l h as n o a sh la r f a c ing b u t c on s is ts e n t i re ly o f f i e lds tones . T he wes te rn r e ta in ing wa l l h as v e ry l i t t le p rese rved f a c ing ma te r ia l . I t s mos t u n ique f ea ture i st he s e r ies o f l a rge r ec tangu lar p iers t ha t e x tend

1 18

Hamilton,

Researches

in Asia Minor ,

55 -

1 47.

t h rough t he e n t ire t h ickne ss o f t he wa l ls ; f ou r i n t he l owe r s ec t ion a nd s i x i n t he u pper ( F ig . 9 8 ) . T he p ie r w id ths v a ry f r om 1 . 05 -1 .40 m . 119 E ach p ie r wa s b u i l t o f l ong r ec tangu la r b lock s s e t i n to t he w a l l w i th t he i r s ho r t s ide s e xpo sed ( 5 0 -70 cm . h igh a nd 3 0 -50 cm . w ide ) . T he se b lock s we re s e t i np a i r s o fe qua l h e igh t w i th t he i n te rva l b e tween ( 30 -50 c m . )f i l led w i th r ubb le . E ve ry f ou r th o r f i f th c ou r se i s ab ond ing e l emen t , w i th as t one o f s im i la r s i ze l a id i n s t re tche r f a sh ion e x tend ing t he f u l l w id th o f t he p ie r . T he wa l l s b e tween e ach s e t o f p ie rs we re a l so b u i l t u p i n l ayer s t ha t c or respond t o t he h e igh t o f e ach c our se o f a sh la r w i th in t he p ier . T he p roce ss o f c ons t ruc t ion s eem s t oh ave p rog res sed u pwa rd a t t he s a me r a te , a c ro ss t he f u l l w id th o f t he wa l l . F o r e xamp le , a t* 152 .14 t he t h ree c our se s o fp ie r s 8 10 a re r ough ly e qua l : 5 9 cm . ,5 4 cm . , a nd 5 6 cm . T he re a re t wo p roposa ls f o r t he u se o f t he se p ie r s w i th in t he wa l l s . F i rs t , t h is d ev ice may h ave b een emp loyed t o p rov ide s t ab i l iza t ion d ur ing e a r thquake s . Ac on t inuous wa l l o f t h is l eng th a nd h e igh t wou ld f a re b ad ly d u r ing e a r th t r emo r s . T h is s ys tem o f a l te rna t ing s ec t ions o f ma son ry faced p ie rs a nd i n te rven ing r ubb le f i l l were n o t s t rong ly b onded a nd wou ld r e su l t i n as e r ie s o f v e r t ica l e l emen t s , e ach b e ing a b le 't o a c t i ndependen t ly o f t he o the r . I tc ou ld b e q ue s t ioned whe the r o r n o t t he i n ten t ion was t o c r ea te a wa l l o f s epa ra te v e r t ica l u n i t s o r t o s imp ly r e in force t he wa l l a t i n te rva ls w i th p ie r s .1 2 0 A s econd , more l og ica l , c onc lu s ion t ha t wou ld a ccoun t f or t he d i f fe ren t t r ea tmen to ft he e a s t a nd we s t wa l ls i st ha t t he p ie rs we re a dded t o p rov ide g rea te r s t reng th f o r t he r e ten t ion o f t he s t eepe r h i l ls ide t ot he we s t o f t he c avea . A c on t inuous wa l l o f mo r ta red r ubb le wou ld c on s is t o f c ou r ses o f s t one a nd mo r ta r s t acked o ne o n t op o f t he o the r wh ich , b ecau se o f t he c ha rac te r o f t he mo r ta r , wou ld n o t b ond s ucce ss fu l ly . Aw a l l o f t h i s n a tu re i ss a t is fac to ry f o r t he f r ee s tand ing c i ty wa l l b u t n o t f o r t he r e ta in ing wa l l o f at hea te r p a rodo s . T he s e r ies o f v er t ica l u n i t s wou ld p rov ide g rea te r s t ab i l i ty . I ft h i s we re t he c a se , s im i la r t r ea tmen t was n o t r equ ired o n t he o ppo s i te s ide b ecau se o f t he d i f fe rence i n t e r ra in ; t he we s t wa l l s uppo r ted t he h i l ls ide b u t t he e a s t wa l l , a long w i th t he c avea r e ta in ing wa l l , s t ab i l ized as ma l le r l oad .

1 19 These piers are numbered 1 -4 from east to west f or the l ower wall and 5 -11 east to west f or the upper level. Piers 3 and 4 in the l ower wall are closely but not exactly aligned with piers 4 and 6 o f

the upper 1 20

l evel.

Whether

or

r ecognized the Their approach r esult

not

Roman

architects

and

engineers

would

have

possibilities of the f irst s uggestion i s unknown. seems to have been l ess theoretical and more the

o f experimentation.

56 -

C onc lus ions Any r econs t ruc t ion o f t he t hea ter o n t he b a s is o f p re sen t k now ledge mu s t b e o f as uper f ic ia l n a ture . T here i s ad i f fe rence o f c .2 0 m . f r om t he p resen t l eve l o f t he o rches t ra t o t he t op o f t he p roposed r econs t ruc ted s ea t ing . A ssu m ing t ha t t he d iame ter o f t he o rche s t ra i s3 0 -35 m . , t here wou ld h ave b een a pp rox ima te ly 3 5 -40 r ows o f s ea ts a nd a n e s t i ma ted s ea t ing c apac i ty o f 1 2 ,000 -15 ,000 . I fa n u pper s ec t ion were a dded , a s t he s hape o f t he h i l ls ide s ugges t s , t he t o ta l s ea t ing m igh t h ave e xceeded 2 0 ,000 .1 2 1 Uncove red were t we lve b locks w i th s imp le p ro f i les , t wo o f wh ich d isp layed t he c hes t a nd f e e t o f a n a n i ma l . One o f t he se b locks ( 35 x 4 0 x9 3 cm . )b ears t he l e t te rs M A , a s we l l a s t r aces o f o ther l e t te rs o n t he e x te r ior f a ce ( F ig . 9 9 ) . Ano the r b lock h as t he s a me l e t te rs o n av e r t ica l f a sc ia o ver t he p ro f i le . A cco rd ing t o P ro fe ssor L ou is R obe r t , t he l e t ter s s t ood f or m e semer ine a na to l ike ( k e rk is ) , i . e . , " sou theas t ." a nd f e l t t hey wou ld b e long t o t he He l len is t ic p e r iod . Han fmann , o n t he o ther h and , warns t ha t t hey may b e e p ichor ic . Ad jacen t b lock s w i th in t he s a me c ourse were j o ined w i th l a rge i r on c l amps s e t i n l e ad a nd t hose o f d i f fe ren t c 9ur ses we re f a s tened w i th d owe ls . A l l b locks were r ebu i l t i n aR o man s t ruc ture t ha t h ad c o l lapsed i n to t he F ac to l is C l i f f s ec tor . A s im i lar b lock was f ound l y ing n ea r B u i ld ing E . A l though p oor ly p re se rved , t he S a rd is t hea te r eme rges a s among t he l a rges t i n A s ia M ino r ( F ig . 1 00 ) . C ircu la t ion p a t te rns w i th in t he t hea ter a re s ugge s ted b y s ome o f t he e a r l ier o bse rva t ions . B orra 's i lus tra t ion s hows a n a rched e n t ry i n t he u ppe r z one o f t he c avea t ha t was p robab ly p ar t o f t he c o lonnaded wa lk men t ioned b y Ad ler . 122 One f r agmen ta ry c o lumn s ha f t l o ca ted a t E9 32 / S 3 15 , *1 68 , m igh t h ave b een p a r t o f t ha t c o lonnade . Ano ther e n t ry i n to t he t hea te r a ppears t o h ave b een a ssoc ia ted w i th t he g ap i n t he e as te rn p a rodos r e ta in ing wa l l wh ich i s a l igned w i th t he p os i t ion o f o ne o f t he i n ter ior c oncourses . J udg ing f r om t he s i ze o f t he S a rd is t hea ter i n r e la t ionsh ip t o o thers i n A s ia M ino r , o ne c an r econs truc t a s e r ies o f s t a ircases f or c i rcu la t ion w i th in t he c avea .1 2 3 I den t ify ing t he s ys tem o f c i ty s t ree ts t ha t l ed t o t he t hea te r i s amore d i f f icu l t p rob lem . T h is i s sue w i l l b e c on s idered l a te r w i th c i rcu la t ion p rob lems d ea l ing w i th t he s t ad ium .

1 21

Hanfmann

excavations 1 57 1 22

9 32

( 1960)

has of

s uggested

Pactolus

that

several

Cliff might

have

marble come

blocks

from the

found

in

theater

the

BASOR

1 4.

Curtius, / S 3 15,

AbhBerl,

8 6.

One

fragmentary

c olumn

* 1 68 might have belonged to that

shaft

l ocated a t

E

colonnade.

1 23 The r econstructed plan i s based on the positions of the parodos walls and the suggestions within f or two i nternal diazomas, one at the level of the breach i n the eastern parodos wall and the o ther at

the upper f eatures

l evel in

the

where Borra plan

are

r ecorded a large masonry arch.

suggested

on

o ther Asian theaters.

57 -

the

basis

of

All

comparison

o ther with

Chrono logy T he t hea te r , wh ich mus t h ave b een b u i l t i n t he t h ird c en tury B .C . o r p e rhaps a s e a r ly a s t he l a s t q ua r te r o f t he f our th c en tury B .C . , i s ap roduc to f t he p roce ss o f h e l len iza t ion o f t he c i ty a f te r t he a r r iva l o f A lexander i n 3 34 B .C . An e ar ly t h ird c en tury d a te i s a ppropr ia te f or t he a ppearance a nd workmansh ip o f t he l imes tone f a c ing b lock s when c ompared t o s im i lar ma ter ia l u sed i n t he t hea ter a t P ergamon . T he He l len is t ic C hea ter was p robab ly b ad ly d am maged o r p erhaps d es t royed i n t he e ar thquake o f A .D . 1 7 a nd r ebu i l tb y t he R omans , mos t l i ke ly d u r ing t he f i rs t c en tury .1 2 4

1 24

The

best

evidence

that

we

have

f or

r epairs

after

the

earthquake

c ome f rom the T emple of Artemis. Butler, S ardis I ( 1922). Both the temple and theater would have been high o n the l ist o f priorities for r epairs

to

T acitus,

Annals,

t o

t he

End

public of

buildings.

2 47.

t he

See

T hird

For

the

earthquake

also David Magie,

Century after

Roman

Christ

at

Rule

Sardis

see

in Asia Minor

( Princeton:

Princeton

University Press, 1 950) vol. A s ummary of archaeological evidence f or r epairs are provided by H anfmann and W aldbaum , S ardis, Report I , 3 1.

58 -

S TAD IU M S i te The s t ad ium i sl o ca ted n o r th o f t he t hea te r w i th i t s r ounded e a s te rn e nd o ppos i te t he o rches tra a nd s t age b u i ld ing ( E 8 40 -1055 / S 1 95 2 60 ) (F ig . 8 6 ) . I ti s s e t a ga ins t t he s a me h i l ls ide i n to wh ich t he t hea ter i s b u i l t a nd f l anked o n t he n o r th a nd e as t b y g radua l ly d e scend ing t e r ra in . A t t he t ime o f t h is s tudy t he o u t l ine o f t he s t ad iu m r ace t r ack i s e as i ly r e cogn izab le a s ar e su l to fv ineyards p lan ted i n s ide ( F ig . 1 01) .

E a r ly Accoun t s Once more t he v iew b y B orra i s t he b es t e ar ly e v idence f or t he s t ad iu m a nd t he i mage i sf a r d i f feren t t han o ne s ees t oday ( F ig . 7 ) .1 2 5 T he n o r th s ide i sf a ced w i th a s e r ies o f a rches ; a t l e as t f i f teen c an b e c oun ted i n c lud ing t hose d i sappear ing a round t he c u rved e as te rn e nd . T he re i sn o i nd ica t ion o f t he o ppo s i te , wes te rn t e rm ina t ion o f t he s t ad ium . Wi th in t he s ame y ear L andron r e corded t he s t ad ium o nce mo re ( F ig . 1 2 ) . T he s econd v iew a l so i nd ica tes a n o r th f acade i nc lud ing a s er ies o f a rched o pen ing s a nd , a l though much o f t he s t ruc tu re i sh idden b y r i s ing g round t o t he e as t ( l e f t ) , t here a ppears t o b e ap re served f i n ished ( i .e . , v er t ica l ) c orner t o t he we s t .

D esc r ip t ion o f A rch i tec tura l R ema ins T he v i s ib le r u ins a re t he v au l ted s uppor ts f o r t he s ea t ing , ab arre l v au l t 1 94 m . l ong , a nd r e ma ins o f s i x v au l ted c hambers a t t he e as tern s em i -c ircu la r e nd . T h is l ong b a rre l v au l t s uppor ted t he n o r thern r ange o f s ea ts wh i le t hose t o t he s ou th were s e t d irec t ly o n t he h i l ls ide . T he s t ad iu m w id th , mea su r ing f rom t he b ack ( nor th ) s ide o f t he v au l t t o a c o mparab le l eve l o n t he h i l ls ide o ppos i te i s3 5 -40 m . T he n or th b a rre l v au l t h as ac l ear s pan o f4 . 80 m . a nd i s8 0 cm . t h ick . T he p ro f i le i ss l igh t ly f l a t tened , t he s pr ing ing p o in t o n ly 1 . 75 m .b e low t he k eys tone , c ompared t o t he h or izon ta l r ad ius o f 2 . 40 m . T he o r ig ina l f l oor l e ve l i s u nknown . T o t he n or th , o n t he d ownh i l l s ide , t he v au l t i s s t reng thened b y t he a dd i t ion o f ac on t inuous mass o f r ubb le wh ich a l so s e rved a s a n embankmen t t o c a r ry t he u ppe r r ow s o fs ea t ing . T he n or th b a r re l v au l t i s p reserved i n t h ree ma jor p or t ions . T he w e s ternmos t s ec t ion i s4 7 m . l ong , b u t , d ue t o t he c o l lapse o f i t s wes t e nd ,

1 25

For earlier

r eferences

to the

s tadium s ee pages

59 -

4 7-51.

t he o r ig ina l e x ten t o f t he s t ad ium i su nknown ( F ig . 1 02 ) . T he f l oor l eve l o f modern f i l l i sa s much a s 1 . 60 m . b e low t he i n t rado s o f t he v au l t k eys tone a nd s l opes u pward t o i t s b locked wes tern e x t rem i ty . T he r e ma ins o f a n a rched o pen ing t h rough t he n or th wa l l c an b e s een i n s ide t he v au l t a t E 8 82 /S2 00 . A g ap o f 2 6 m . s epara tes t he wes tern a nd c en tra l s ec t ions o f t he v au l t . T h is s econd p or t ion o f v au l t ing i s4 3 m . l ong a nd b e t te r p reserved t han t he f i rs t . T he l eve l o f mode rn f i l l v ar ie s f r om 1 . 15 -2 .20 m .b e low t he l eve l o f t he k eys tone , a l low ing e asy p assage t hough mos t o f t he l eng th o f t he c en t ra l s ec t ion . T he re i sa no ther a rched o pen ing o f s im i l iar s i ze t o t ha t f ound i n t he f i rs t s ec t ion l oca ted i n t he s ou th wa l l 1 4 .50 m . f r om t he wes tern e nd o f t h is s ec t ion ( F ig . 1 03 ) . T he s p r ing ing p o in t o f t he a rch i s a bou t t he s a me l eve l a s t ha t o f t he v au l t i t se lf , * 137 .45 , t hus t he p ro f i le o f t he a rch s pan ing t h is d oorway s w ings o u twa rd , f o l low ing t he c u rva ture o f t he b ar re l v au l t . T he s ou th wa l l s uppo r t ing t he v au l t i sp e r fo ra ted b y as e r ie s o f sma l l o pen ing s j u s t b e low t he v au l t s pr ing l i ne ( F igs . 1 04 -105 ) . T hese c av i t ies a re 5 0 cm . w ide , 1 5 -20 cm . h igh , a nd e ach s panned b y af l a t s tone l i n te l 8 0 cm . l ong . T he d ep th o f t hese o pen ings v ar ies a ccord ing t o t he ir d egree o f p reserva t ion ( up t o 8 5 cm . t hrough t he t h ickness o f t he wa l l ) . T he r egu lar i ty o f s pac ing a nd p os i t ion o f t he se h o les , a s we l l a s t he ir c are fu l c on s t ruc t ion w i th l i n te ls s e t i n to t he f ab r ic o f t he wa l l , s ugges t s t ha t t hey a re o r ig ina l f e a tures r a the r t han a l tera t ions made b y l a te r o ccupan t s . T he ir p urpose was mos t l i ke ly t o r ece ive t imbe rs s uppor t ing t he f ormwork t ha t was u sed d ur ing t he i n i t ia l c ons t ruc t ion o f t he s t ad ium v au l t . T he re i s a no ther s er ies o f e igh t h o les o n t he n o r th s ide o f t he v au l t v ary ing i n w id th f ro m 7 5 -80 cm . , n one o f wh ich a re p reserved t o t he ir t o ta l h e igh t .T hey a re a s much a s 1 . 25 m d eep a nd p ene t ra te t he f u l l t h ickne ss o f t he v au l t . T hese o pen ings were s panned b y s t one l i n te ls t ha t w ere u p t o 1 . 10 m . i n l eng th . T he t h i rd ma jor p or t ion o f t he s t ad ium n o r th v au l t i s8 5 m . l ong ( E 9 62 -1020 / S 2 06 -218 ) . A wes te rn s t re tch o f 2 8 m . i sp oor ly p re served ; i n t wo p lace s n a r row a rches a re a l l t ha t r e ma in o f t he e roded v au l t ( E 9 65 / 2 10 a nd E 9 76 / S 2 12 ) (F ig . 1 06 ) . T he r e ma inder o f t he v au l t i si n g ood c ond i t ion a nd i t s e x te r ior ( nor th ) v er t ica l f a ce i s s t i l l i n tac t t oward t he e as te rn e x trem i ty ( F ig . 1 07 ) . T h is s ec t ion o f t he n or th b arre l v au l t i s t e rm ina ted a t i t s e as te rn e nd b y ac ross wa l l , 1 . 25 m . t h ick , t h rough wh ich a no ther a rched d oorway l e ads i n to a sma l l s qua re r oom ( 2 .30 m .o n as ide a nd l o ca ted a t E1 020 /S2 18 ) . T he a rch i st he s a me s i ze a nd c on s t ruc t ion a s t he o the rs d esc r ibed e l sewhere i n t he n or th v au l t a nd i t s s pr ing l i ne s e t 1 . 80 m . b e low t he v au l t k ey s tone . Y e t a no ther a rch a ppears i n t he p re served p or t ion o f t he e x ter ior n or th wa l l a t E1 006 / S 2 11 ( l ead ing i n to t he v au l t , 1 5 m . w es t o f t he s quare r oom ) . Above t h is d oorway a re s even h o les , 2 8 -30 cm . s qua re , 3 0 -35 a par t , a nd 8 0 cm . d eep . E ach i sc are fu l ly b u i l t w i th a f l a t s l ab o f s t one t o

60 -

s e rve a s al i n te l a nd w i th l a rge r c ube -shaped b lock s s e lec ted t o f i l l i n te rva ls b e tween t he o pen ings . One a s sumes t h is s e r ies o fo pen ing s was p a r t o f t he o r ig ina l c ons t ruc t ion . 3 . 50 m . t o t he wes t ( E 1 003 / S 2 12 ) t here i s a4 m .b reak i n t he wa l l , b eyond wh ich t he c on t inua t ion o f t he p reserved n o r th wa l l p ro jec ts 1 . 60 m . t o t he n or th b u t i sn o t p a ra l le l t o t he p or t ion d i scussed a bove . T he sma l l s qua re r oom p rov ides a t r an s i t ion t o t he a ps ida l e as tern e nd o f t he s t ad iu m a nd was c overed b y as l op ing b arre l v au l t , 1 . 40 m .h ighe r o n t he n or th s ide t han o n t he s ou th . T h is e nd o f t he s t ad ium was d e f ined b y as em i -c irc le o f s ea t ing , 4 7 m . i n d ia me te r , s uppor ted b y f i f teen wedge -shaped r oo ms . E ach r oom , v ary ing i n w id th f r om 2 -4 m . , wa s c overed b y a n i nd iv idua l s egmen ta l b arre l v au l t whose s l ope o f i nc l ine d e term ined t he a ng le o f t he s ea t ing a bove . Chambe r 1 ,t o t he n o r th a nd a t t he e nd o f t he l ong b arre l v au l t , i s b es t p reserved a nd was 6 . 10 m . l ong ( nor th -sou th ) (F ig . 1 08 ) . Mos t o f t he e as te rn r ooms a re c omp le te ly f i l led w i th e ar th b u t p o r t ions o f s eve ra l o the rs c an b e t r aced o n t he s ou th s i de o f t he s em i -c irc le ( F ig . 1 09 . ) No s t ruc ture h as b een i den t if ied t o t he s ou th where s ea t ing was a ppa ren t ly s e t d i rec t ly o n t he h i l ls ide . A l though n o e xcava t ion s h ave b een c a r r ied o u t , s evera l s t one s ea t s h ave b een f ound i n a modern r oad c u t a tE 8 60 / S 2 50 ( F ig . 10 ) . B u t t he ma jor q ues t ion , t he e xac t r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he t hea te r a nd s t ad ium , r e ma ins u nan swered . P or t ions o f s eve ra l a rches a re l oca ted 1 5 m .n or th o f t he l ong b a r re l v au l t n ear t he wes tern e nd o f t he s t ad iu m ( E 8 65 -880 / S 1 75 -183 ( F ig . 1 11) . 12 6 T he e as tern a rch i s b es t p reserved ( F igs . 12 -113 ) . N ine v ousso irs , e ach 1 . 65 m . l ong , s pr ing f r om r ec tangu lar i mpos t b lock s t ha t measure 2 . 00 x 1 . 30 m . a nd a re t opped b y ac rown c ons is t ing o f as imp le v e r t ica l f ace ( 15 cm . )a bove a d iagona l s ur face ( 1 5 cm . ) . T he c l ear s pan o f t h is o pen ing i s1 . 95 m . T he o pen ing i sn o t s e t o n t he s a me a x is a s i t s b ase r e su l t ing i n al edge b enea th t he a rch t ha t v ar ie s i n w i th f r om 2 2 -36 cm . ( s ee l edge t o l e f to f me ter s t ick i nF ig . 12 ) . The a rch d id n o t s t and i ndependen t ly b u t s panned a d oorway t h rough a wa l l , p or t ions o f wh ich c an b e s een s t i l l b ur ied i n t he h ighe r g round t o t he s ou th ( r igh t i n F ig . 13 ) . T he wa l l , p robab ly c onnec t ing t h is a rea w i th t he s t ad ium a bove , c on t inued o ve r t he a rch , c ove r ing t he r ough h ammer d ress ing a nd l ew is c u t t ings t ha t a re c l ea r i n t he d e ta i led p lan ( F ig . 11 ) . A s econd a rch i sl o ca ted 3 . 05 m . wes t o f t he f i rs t . On ly t wo v ousso ir s a nd s o me a d jo in ing wa l l b locks a re s t i l l i n p lace b u t t hese d o n o t a l ign i n p lan w i th t he f i rs t a rch n or d oes t he d i f ference i n t he ir a xes p rov ide a l og ica l r e la t ionsh ip . T he c en te r l i ne o f t he s econd a rch i s mo re t han a

1 26

The

intrados

o f the arch i s

a t

* 143.60.

61 -

me te r s ou th o f t he f i rs t , a nd i sv i s ib le ( a l though n o t t oo c l ea r ly ) o n a x is t h rough t he f i rs t s pan ( F ig . 14 ) . At h ird s e r ie s o fb locks r e ma in i ns i tu 3 . 60 m . we s t o f t he s econd a rch a l though n o v ouss ior s c an b e i den t i f ied a nd i ti s n o t c l ear whe the r o r n o t t h is wa l l l i ne m igh t h ave c on ta ined a t h ird a rched o pen ing .

Cons truc t ion T he s tad iu m s ubs t ruc ture v au l t ing c ons is ts o f l a rge s t ones l a id r ad ia l ly a nd s e t b y h and o n to wooden f o rms b e fore b e ing c ove red w i th a l ayer o f b ond ing mor tar . T he s t ruc tura l p r inc ip le i s t he s a me a s t ha t f o l lowed i n t he v au l t s o f t he H i l ls ide Chambe rs a l though t he s ca le a nd s i ze o f ma te r ia ls d i f fe rs s ubs tan t ia l ly . V au l t s o f t he H i l ls ide Chambe rs a re b u i l t o f r egu la r ly c oursed , f l a t s t ones t ha t c r ea ted ap a t te rn o f s im i la r b ands t ha t were i n t urn s epara ted b y b ond ing c our ses o f l a rger s t ones . T he s t ad ium v au l ts c ons is t o f aw ider v a r ie ty o f a ggrega te s i zes , b u i l t i n o ne o pera t ion w i th n o r ecogn izab le l aye r ing ( F ig . 14 ) . T he re i sn o emphas i s , v i sua l ly o r s t ruc tura l ly , o n t he k ey s tone o r t he s pr ing l i ne o f t he v au l t . I n t h is r e spec t , t he s t ad ium v au l t s a re more s im i la r t o t ho se sma l l v au l ts i n t he r ooms wes t o f B u i ld ing A ( F ig .3 ,n o . 2 5 ) . Once t he mor tar h a rdened a nd t he l ong n or th b a r re l wa s s t ab i l ized , t he u pper s ur face was c overed b y at h ick l aye r o f mo r ta r ( 5 cm . ) (F ig . 15 ) . B ecause t he v au l t was b u i l t t o s uppo r t t he s l oped t i e rs o f s ea t ing , t he r ea r ( nor th ) h a l f was r a ised h igher w i th t he a dd i t ion o f more r ubb le . T he r ea r wa l l , whe re s t i l l p rese rved , was v er t ica l ( t he a dd i t iona l r ubb le a long t he n or th s ide o f t he v au l t i sv i s ib le i n F ig . 17 a nd t he f i n ished v e r t ica l wa l l i n F ig . 1 07 ) .

C onc lus ions Once more t he l a ck o f a ccu ra te measu remen t s c rea tes a p rob lem i n s ugges t ing a r es tora t ion f or t he S ard is s t ad ium . T he r e la t ive e ase o f d i sman t l ing s t ad ium s ea ts f o r r euse i n o the r b u i ld ings i so ne r ea son f o r t he p oo r s t a te o fp re se rva t ion h ere a s we l l a s i n o the r s i te s . T he s t andard iza t ion o f s t ad ia i s ar esu l t o f t he r equ ired l eng th o f t he ir r acecourse .1 2 7 One wou ld e xpec t t o f i nd l i t t le d i f ference i n t he ir o vera l l d i mens ions y e t v a r ia t ion i n p lans d oe s e x is t b ecause o f d i f fe rences i n s ea t ing a r rangemen t s . F o r e xamp le , t he s t ad ia a tE phe sos , A izano i , P e rge a nd A spendos h ad a s ing le a ps ida l e nd wh i le t hose a t Aph rod is ias a nd

1 27

F or s tadia

i n t he a ncient w orld RE I II.A ,

62 -

1 930-1973.

Ny sa h ad t wo .1 2 8 E l sewhe re , t he s t ad ium s a t M i le to s , a nd p e rhaps a t P erga mon , h ad t wo s qua red e nds .1 2 9 T he r e ma ins a t S a rd is a ppea r t o b e long t o t he f i rs t g roup a l though i ti sp oss ib le t ha t as econd a ps ida l e nd c ou ld s t i l lb el o ca ted a tt he we s te nd o ft he r ace t rack . E n t ry i n to t he s t ad ium was f r om s eve ra l d i rec t ion s . One wou ld e xpec t t he ma jo r e n t rance f r om t he n o r th o r we s t i n ad i rec t ion t o p rov ide a cce ss f r om t he c i ty . P e rhaps a s i ng le r oad a l ong t he h i l l s ide l ed i n to b o th t hea ter a nd s t ad ium f r om t he we s t . Whe the r o r n o t t he s o -ca l led S tad ium A rch was a ny p ar t o f as y s tem o f c i rcu la t ion c an o n ly b e d e te rm ined t h rough e xcava t ion . L ikew ise , i fc l ea red o f i t s o ve rbu rden , t he c o l lapsed a rea b e tween p o r t ion s o f i r regu la r ly a l igned n o r th wa l l o u t s ide t he s ea t ing s ubs t ruc tu re m igh t r evea l as t a i rca se o r r a mp l e ad ing t ot he u ppe r r ows o f s ea ts .1 3 0 F ina l ly , e v idence f o r t he n ume rous a rched o pen ings a cross t he n o r th s ide o f t he s t ad ium s ubs t ruc tu re , s o p romen ien t i n t he v iews o f B o r ra a nd L andron , m igh t b e l oca ted . I f s o , t he ir r e la t ionsh ip t o t he s t ad ium c ou ld b e d e te rm ined . J udg ing f r om t he n ume rous d oo rways t he re wa s c e r ta in ly s ome c i rcu la t ion t h rough t he s ub s t ruc tu re . T he d a te o f t he s t ad ium i su nknown . Whe the r o r n o t t he re wa s a s t ad iu m a t t h i s l o ca t ion i n t he He l len i s t ic p e r iod a t t he s a me t ime t he f i r s t t hea te r wa s c on s t ruc ted c anno t b e d e te rm ined w i thou t e xcava t ion . A s i t s t ands t oday , t he s t ad ium , l i ke t he t hea te r , a ppear s t ob e p a r t o f t he R oman r ebu i ld ing o f t he c i ty a f te r t he e a r thquake o f A .D . 1 7 . Un l ike t he t hea te r , t he re a re n o r eu sed ma te r ia ls n o r i st here e v idence f o r a n e a r l ie r s t ruc tu re o n t he s i te . T he a b sence o f a ny r eused ma te r ia ls i n t he s t ad ium v au l t s m igh t s ugge s t t ha t t he s t ruc tu re , l i ke t he H i l ls ide Chambe rs d i scu ssed i n t he p receed ing c hap te r , d id n o t b e long t o t he p e r iod i mmed ia te ly a f te r t he d e s t ruc t ion o f t he c i ty . A t t ha t t ime o ne m igh t e xpec t t o t o f i nd a g rea te r amoun t o f s po l ia emp loyed i n t he v a s t r ebu i ld ing p rog rams . T he d a te o f t he s t ad ium m igh t b e b e s t a ss igned t o al a te r p e r iod , a t l e as t b y t he l a te s econd c en tu ry when we h ea r o f g lad ia to r ia l g ames i n a n i mpe r ia l a dd res s r e co rded o n a n i n sc r ip t ion f ound a tS a rd i s .1 3 1

1 28

Ephesos:

Keil,

6 1-63;

" IX Vorläufiger Bericht über die Grabungen

in Ephesos," ÖJhBeibl 1 5 ( 1912) Description de l 'Asie Mineure I , 9 7, S tädte

Pamphyliens

I ,

5 5-57,

figs.

1 80-181; pl. 2 3; 4 0-42;

S tädte Pamphyliens I , plan opposite Description de l 'Asie Mineure III, pl. Nysa 1 29

Aizanoi: Texier, Perge: Lanckoronski,

Aspendos:

Lanckoronski,

8 5: Aphrodisias: Texier, 1 57; and Nysa: von Diest,

ad Maeandrum .

Armin

von

Gerkan,

T heater -Terrasse ,

Milet

11.1,

Abb.

p l.

1 30

see page

6 0.

1 31

Buckler and Robinson,

Sardis VII .

63 -

1 .

Richard Bohn,

AvP

IV :

Die

T he mos t i n t r igu ing q ues t ion c oncern ing t he s t ad iu m a t S ard is c on t inues t o b e i t s r e la t ionsh ip w i th t he a d jacen t t hea ter ( F ig . 16 ) . C omb ina t ions o f s t ad ia w i th p a laes t ras a nd b a th c omp lexes we re c ommon i n t he R o man wor ld a nd u l t i ma te ly d e r ived f r om c l ass ica l G reece . T he l o wer g y mnas iu m a t D e lph i i s a we l l k nown e xamp le .1 3 2 S im i lar a rrange men ts o f He l len is t ic d a te a re s een a t P r iene i n t he l o wer g ymna s iu m a nd a d jacen t s t ad ium .1 3 3 A r a re r j ux tapos i t ion i st ha t o f t he t hea te r a nd s t ad iu m s uch a s t he e xamp le h ere a t S ard is . A s im i lar c omb ina t ion o f b u i ld ings i n a much b e t ter s t a te o f p reserva t ion i sf ound a tA izano i i nP h ryg ia where t he c en t ra l a x is d iv id ing t he c avea o f t hea ter c on t inues a s t he l ong t i tud ina l a x is b isec t ing t he s t ad ium ( F ig . 17 ) .1 3 4 T he s t age b u i ld ing i sp rese rved we l l e nough t o i nd ica te t ha t i ts e rved b o th a s t he t hea te r s c aena f r ons a s we l l a s at e rm ina t ing f a cade f o r t he c l osed e nd o f t he s t ad ium . Ano ther g rand iose r econs t ruc t ion o f at hea ter -s tad iu m c omp lex a t P e ss inus was p ub l ished b y T ex ier ( F ig . 18 ) .1 3 5 T he s i te , l oca ted 1 20 m i les s ou thea s t o f A izano i a nd 2 25 m i le s e as t o f S ard is , i sv ery p oor ly p re served a nd f ew v i s ib le r e ma ins o f t he b u i ld ings c an s t i l l b e l oca ted . T he t wo s t ruc tures p resumab ly s ha red a c o m mon c en t ra l a x is ; t he p e rpend icu lar a x is t h rough t he c avea a nd s t age b u i ld ing c on t inued a c ross t he m idpo in to f t he s t ad ium a s i t s t r ansver se a x is . A t h ird e xa mp le , n o t a s d is t inc t , c omes f r om t he c i ty o f T ra l les , 2 5 m i les e as t o f E phesos i n t he Maeande r V a l ley ( F ig . 1 21 ) .1 3 6 T he s i te wa s e xcava ted b r ie f ly i n 1 888 b y Humann a nd Dörp fe ld a nd a p lan o f t he r e ma in s p repared t ha t r ecorded a t hea ter -s tad ium c omb ina t ion s e t i n to t he s ou thwes t s l opes o f t he a c ropo l is . T he t hea ter wa s o f c ons ide rab le i n teres t t o t he e xcava tors , t unne ls p rese rved b enea th t he o rches t ra were s im i la r t o

1 32

Jean

Jannoray,

Gymnasium

( Paris:

FdD,

1 1.3,

measured 1 85 x 7 .50 m . and gymnasium and outdoor pool. with the principal 1 33

1 34

Texier,

Description

1 35

1 36

Texier, Carl

AthMitt

pl.

Priene , de

( 1893)

and pl.

Architecture, pl.

2 58-265 and S chede,

l 'Asie

TCAM III ,

Wilhelm

et 3 6,

xi.

Le

The xystos

above the main s anctuary.

Mineure tay.

Dörpfeld ,

xii.

64 -

I ,

pl.

Priene,

6 3;

8 6-89.

LeBas,

Voyage

xxxviii.

Description de l 'Asie Mineure I ,

Humann 1 8

3 -4;

1 953)

was set on an upper terrace above the This track was should not be c onfused

s tadium of Delphi

Wiegand and S chrader,

archäologique,

Topographie

Editions de Boccard ,

pl.

6 2.

"Ausgrabungen

in

Tralles,"

t ho se n ow t o b e s een a t T aorm ina i n S i c i ly .1 3 7 T he s t ad ium h ad t wo r ounded e nds a nd , a ccord ing t o B ean , s t i l l h ad a p reserved v au l ted e n trance a t t he e as t e nd i n 1 946 . Un for tuna te ly t he c i ty i s n ow o n a m i l i ta ry r eserva t ion n ear t he modern c i ty o f Ayd in , i s p oo r ly p reserved , a nd s e ldo m v i s i ted . No t e ven B ean b o the red t o i nc lude a s ke tch map w i th h i s b r ie f d esc r ip t ion o f t he s i te . B u t o n t he b as is o f t he l a te -19 th c en tury G e rman map i ti sc l ea r t ha t t he s t ad ium a nd t hea ter we re s e t a tr i gh t a ng le s t o o ne a no ther a nd , l i ke S ard is , t he t hea te r p o s i t ioned n ea r o ne e nd o f t he r acecourse . T he f i na l e xamp le i s f ro m t he s ou th c oas t t o wn o f P erge i n P amphy l ia whe re t he t hea ter a nd s t ad ium , a l though s e t i n c l ose p rox im i ty a nd a t r igh t a ng les t o o ne a no ther , were s epara ted b y ad is tance o f 6 0 m . ( F ig . 1 20 ) .1 3 8 T he t hea te r -stad ium s eems t o b e ab u i ld ing g roup f ound o n ly i n A s ia M inor a l though t here a re o ther t hea ters , i nc lud ing t ha t a t H ippo R eg iu s ( Annaba , A lge r ia ) t ha t e xh ib i t s im i la r i t ie s ( F ig . 1 21 ) . Ma rec 's p lan i nc ludes a d oub le -apsed s t ruc ture w i th e x ter ior d i mens ions o f 1 3 x1 62 m . s e t p erpend icu la r t o t he s t age b u i ld ing wh ich , o n c l oser e xam ina t ion , p rooves n o t o n ly t o b e f a r sma l ler t han a s t ad ium , b u t p robab ly i sp a r t o f t he t hea ter c omp lex , p e rhaps a g a rden w i th s u rround ing p or t ico . A lthough t he S ard is T hea ter -S tad iu m Comp lex i s n o t a s we l l p re se rved a s t ha t i n A izano i , i tr e ma ins a n e xce l len t c and ida te f o r l im i ted e xcava t ion t ha t c ou ld o f fer c l a r i f ica t ion t o t h is s pec ia l b u i ld ing t ype . F u r thermore , d esp i te t he wea l th o f p ub l ished t hea ters i n A s ia M inor , t ha t a t S a rd is r e ma ins i n t r igu ing b ecause o f i t s s i ze a s we l l a s f o r t he u n ique h i s to r ica l a nd s t ruc tura l c harac te r is t ics f o r b o th i t s He l len is t ic a nd R oman p hases .

1 37 L anckoronski, S tädte Pamphyliens s tadium and theater are roughly 6 0 m .

9 0 d egrees 1 38

Erwan

Direction 1 954)

one to the o ther.

Marec, de

Hippone

l 'Int6rieur

la et

I , 55-57, apart with

S ee city plan, Royale, des

Antique

Beaux-Arts,

79-87.

65 -

f ig.

figs. 4 0-42. The axes approximatley 2 0

Hippo

on page Regius

Service

des

3 4.

( Algiers: Antiquit6s,

CHAPTER S IX : MINOR MONU MENTS

" Byzan t ine F o r t ress " ( E 6 67 -703 /S3 33 -375 ) (F ig . 3n o .2 3 ) " Ne i the r B yzan t ine n or a f o r t , " a ccord ing t o G reenewa l t , t h is s ec tor c on t inue s t o b e d es igna ted b y t he n ame o r ig ina l ly g iven i tb y t he Ha rvard C orne l l E xped i t ion . R epor t s p ub l ished o r a bou t t o a ppear i nd ica te t ha t u nde r a nd b eh ind L a te R oman a nd He l len i s t ic c ons t ruc t ions t here i ss t i l l p rese rved a m igh ty L yd ian t e r race o f a sh la r mason ry .1 3 9 T he p os i t ion o f " ByzFor t " , ad oub le c i rcu i t o f wa l ls r e ta in ing ar ec tangu lar t e r race , i so ne o f t he mos t p rom inen t p o in ts o n t he l o wer s l opes o f t he a c ropo l is a nd c ommands a n e xce l len t v iew o f t he e n t ire He r mus p la in ( F igs . 1 22 -124 ) . T he s t ruc ture i sf ur ther u p t he s l ope f r om t he r ecen t ly d iscove red p seudo d ip te ra l t emp le b u t b e low t he l eve l o f t he A c ropo l i s T unne ls .1 4 0

D esc r ip t ion o f A rch i tec tura l R ema ins T he n o r th s ide o f t he s t ruc tu re i st he b e s t p re served ( F ig s . 1 25 -126 ) . T he i nner r e ta in ing wa l l i s 2 5 .50 m . l ong b u t i s v ery f r agmen tary i n i t s p re sen t c ond i t ion . T he wa l l i s made o f av a r ie ty o f l a rge u nwo rked s t one s o fd i f fe ren t s i ze s ( s ome a s l ong a s 7 0 cm . a nd a s h igh a s 4 0 cm . )l a id i n t h ick mor ta r . No f i n ished s ur faces r e ma in o f t he r e ta in ing wa l l s o t he w id th o f t he p a ssage ( 1 .20 -1 .25 m . ) b etween i ta nd t he e x te rna l wa l l d oe s n o t r ef lec t t he o r ig ina l d i men s ion . S evera l s t re tches o f t he e x te r ior wa l l c an b e s een . A s ec t ion 5 . 10 m . l ong a nd 7 0 cm .h igh i sp re se rved a t t he n o r theas t c o rner ( E 6 66 -671 / S 3 36 , * 187 .69 a t t he b o t tom ) . Ano ther sma l l f r agmen t w i th a f i n ished s u r face t o t he s ou th i sl o ca ted a t E6 81 / S 3 33 -334 , b u t n e i the r o f t he se t wo r e ta in t he ir o r ig ina l t h ickness . A t h ird wa l l f r agmen t a t E6 83 6 88 / S 3 32 -334 h as f i n ished s ur faces o n b o th t he n or th a nd s ou th f a ces . T h is p or t ion c ons is t s o f t wo wa l ls ; at h icker wa l l ( 1 .35 m . ) t o t he n o r th a nd a sma l ler o ne t o t he s ou th ( 90 cm . ) . Near t he n or theas t c orne r t here i sa l a rge mass o f masonry t ha t p ro t rude s i n to t he c or r idor b e tween t he wa l ls

1 39

S ince

the

s tudy

of

the

unexcavated

buildings

was

carried

out

between 1 970 and 1 972 this s ector has been partially excavated. For preliminary r eports see Crawford H . Greenewalt Jr., Marcus L . Rautman and

Recep

Meric,

" The

S ardis

Campaign

of

1 983,"

BAS ORSup

2 4

( 1986)

and Crawford H . Greenewalt Jr., Nicholas D . Cahill and Marcus L . Rautman, " The S ardis Campaign of 1 984," BASORSup 25 ( 1987) 7 2-80. 1"

S ee Gazetteer,

nos.

2 1

and

6 7.

66 -

a nd m igh t b e a n i n terna l d iv is ion . T he e x te r ior f o r t i f ica t ion wa l ls a re b u i l t o f sma l ler s tone s t han t he i n te r ior r e ta in ing wa l ls .1 4 1 T here a re t wo c rosswa l ls r unn ing n or th -sou th t ha t a ppea r i n t he u ppe r s carp o f t he n or th f a ce o f t he p la teau . B o th s eem t o b e o f t he s a me c ons truc t ion a s t he r e ta in ing wa l l : af r agmen t a t E6 73 / S 3 38 i s 1 . 20 m . h igh a nd h as ap re served e a s te rn f ace ; wh i le a no ther a t E6 81 / S 3 37 3 38 h as a p reserved n or th f ace * 189 .99492 .19 s e t a bove a n e roded , p ro t rud ing f ounda t ion . T races o f b o th ma jor wa l ls c an a l so b e r ecogn ized o n t he e a s t s ide o f t he " ByzFor t ." T o t he n or th a s t re tch o f masonry ( E 6 92 /S3 38 -343 ) m igh t r e ta in p ar t o f t he o r ig ina l s ur face o f t he wa l l , b u t a f r agmen t a t E6 94 / S 3 51-353 a nd a s t re tch f ro m E 6 94 / S 3 61-370 a re c e r ta in ly p a r ts o f t he i n ter ior o f t he wa l l . T he e x te r ior wa l l o f t he d oub le c i rcu i ti sv ery b ad ly p re se rved a nd a ppea r s a s ar i dge o fe a r th p a ra l le l t ot he s ca rp . A t t wo p o in t s , e a s t -we s t wa l l f r agmen t s ( E 6 98 / S3 53 a nd E 7 02 / S 3 77 ) s een i n t he mound , i nd ica te o r ig ina l o pen ings . An a dd i t iona l wa l l f r agmen t , 9 0 cm w ide a nd 1 . 32 m . h igh ( E 7 01 / S 3 72 ) a ppears w i th in t he p a ssage a nd an o r th -sou th wa l l , 1 . 00 m . w ide ( E 7 03 /S3 77 ) m igh tb ep ar to f t he e x te r ior wa l l s y s tem . S evera l wa l ls a nd a ssoc ia ted f l oors c an b e s een i n t he e as tern s ca rp o f t he " ByzFor t " Near t he t op o f t he h i l l ( E 6 90 / S 3 44 3 50 ) a re t wo eme rg ing e as t -we s t wa l ls w i th a no the r wa l l ( 3 .50 m . l ong a nd 2 . 30 m . t a l l ) p erpend icu lar t o t hem . O ther e as t -wes t wa l ls a ppea r a t l ower l eve ls ( E 6 92 / S3 52 a nd E 6 92 / S 3 57 ) . A t t he s ou the rn e x t rem i ty a re t wo wa l ls w i th o r ien ta t ions d i f feren t f rom t hose p rev ious ly men t ioned . T he f i r s t ( E 6 92 / S 3 72 ) d isappears i n to t he h i l ls ide i n as ou thwe s te r ly d i rec t ion a nd t he s econd ( E 6 93 / S 3 73 ) t o t he n or thwes t . T hey s eem t o mee t a t a r i gh t a ng le w i th in t he s carp .

C onc lus ions T he s i te o f t he " ByzFor t " was u sed i n many p er iods j udg ing f r om t he e xposed s t ra t ig raphy o f i t s s t eep s ides . T he l owe r l eve ls a re a s e a r ly a s t he L yd ian p e r iod a ccord ing t o t he c eram ic e v idence , we re l a ter f i l led i n a nd n ew s t ruc tu res b u i l t a bove . 142 T he e x ten t o f t he " ByzFor t " t o t he s ou th i su nknown . P erhaps t he o r ien ta t ion o f t he t wo wa l ls a t t he s ou thwes t c orner i nd ica te s ac hange o f d i rec t ion o f t he e x ter ior wa l l . B u t , t he c our se a nd e x ten t o f t he o u t l ine o f t he s t ruc tu re c anno t b e d e te rm ined w i thou t e xcava t ion .

1 41

1 5-35 x 1 5-35

x 5 -15

1 42

A serpentine

r oad was

direction

of

c onversation Gazetteer,

the

with

No.

cm . r eported

"Byzantine

Orhan

Araz

in

lower

on

Fortress." August,

3 6.

67 -

the

hill

George

1 971)(Fig.

l eading M . A.

3 ,

no.

in

the

Hanfmann, 3 6).

S ee

T he t opograph ica l a sse ts i ts p rox im i ty t o t he l arge b u i ld ing f ounda t ion t o t he n or theas t , t o t he t unne ls b eh ind , t he c o m mand ing v iew o f t he v a l ley , a nd a r epo r t b y v i l lage rs o f ama rb le r oad l ead ing u p t o t he s i te -a l l i nd ica te t ha t t h is l o ca t ion was o f i mpo r tance i n s evera l p e r iods . I t m igh tb e t o s uch as i te t ha t o ne wou ld t u rn t oi n s eek ing t he l o ca t ion o f t he l o s tP a lace o fC roe su s o r t he r e s idence o f aP e rs ian s a t rap o r l a te r R o man o r B yzan t ine o f f ica l .

T he " Roman Agora " ( E 3 01-481 /S7 5 -142 ) (F ig . 1 ,n o . 3 8 ) F ive wa l l f r agmen ts r epresen t ing t he r e ma ins o f t hree o r f our b u i ld ings a re l o ca ted wes t o f B u i ld ing A ( F ig . 3 ,n o . 3 8 a nd F ig . 1) . T he a rea , i nc lud ing B u i ld ing A , h as b een p opu lar ly i den t i f ied a s t he a go ra o f t he R o man p er iod b u t t here i s n o e v idence t o s ubstan t ia te t h is i den t i f ica t ion . T he wa l ls h ave b een n umbered 1 5 f r om wes t t o e as t f o r t he p u rpose o f t h is d e sc r ip t ion . F ragmen ts 1 a nd 2 a re p ar ts o f t he s a me wa l l ( E 3 01-314 / S 7 6 -81 ) . Numbe r 1i s3 . 60 m . l ong , 2 . 40 m . w ide a nd s t ands 4 .20 m . h igh w i th i t s u ppe rmos t p o r t ion a t * 121 .40 . T he n o r th f a ce i s we l l p re served b u t o n ly a sma l l p a r t o f t he s ou th a nd n one o f t he s ho r t e nds p resen t af i n i shed s u r face . T he wa l l i sc on s t ruc ted o f mor tared r ubb le , f aced w i th f i e lds tone i n a l terna t ing b ands o f b r ick , t h ree c ou rses p e r b and . T he h e igh t o f t he b r ick b ands i s2 0 cm . h igh a nd t he i n te rven ing r ubb le , 8 5 cm . T he b r ick b ands e x tend t hrough t he t h ickness o f o f t he wa l l . P u t log h o les , 1 5 cm . s quare , a ppear b e tween t he u pper a nd l ower c ourses o f b r ick a nd measure 1 . 10 m . c en ter t o c en ter v e r t ica l ly ( no h or izon ta l d i mens ions b e tween h o le s a re p rese rved ) . T he e a s tern e nd i sb roken away b u t r e ta in s t he i mpr in t s o f s quare b locks t ha t h ave b een r e moved . One b lock n ea r t he g round r e ma ins w i th in t he f a c ing o f t he wa l l ( 7 0 x8 0 x3 0 cm . ) . F ragmen t 2 i s 7m . t o t he e as t , 3 . 40 m . l ong , 2 . 40 m . w ide , a nd 3 .70 m . h igh ( t op a t * 120 .90 ) . T he wa l ls a re a l igned a nd t he c on s t ru c t ion s im i la r . T he t h i rd wa l l i s1 20 m . s ou thea s t ( E 4 16 -432 / S 1 29 -143 ) . T he ma jor p o r t ion i s1 6 m . l ong a nd r ough ly p a ra l le l t o t he n or th wa l l o f B u i ld ing A . T he re i sa no the r p a ir o f wa l ls t ha t p ro jec t 6 . 20 m .o n t he n or th . T h is ma in wa l l i s1 . 75 m . t h ick i n i t s u pper p o r t ion b u t 2 . 75 m . t h ick i n t he l ower p a r t t ha t i sn ow b enea th t he p re sen t g round l eve l . T he t op o f t he wa l l i sc .* 133 , 5 .20 m . a bove t he g round t o t he n or th . T he ma ter ia l i nc ludes a l a rge n umbe r o fr eused b locks a nd t he f a c ing o f t he wa l l c l o se ly r esemb les t ha to f t he e a s t wa l l (Wa l l 2 )o f B u i ld ing A a nd i ta ppears t ob e o f al a te r d a te t han f r agmen t s 1o r 2 . Wa l l 4i s4 5 m . e as t o f wa l l 3( E 4 72 -477 / S 1 27 -132 ) . I t s a x is i s9 0 d egrees t o t ha t o f wa l l 3 . T he r e ma in ing s t re tch i s 6 . 80 m . l ong , 1 . 75 m . t h ick , a nd c .5 m . h igh ( t op a t * 132 ) . T he e as t a nd wes t f aces a re

68 -

p re se rved b u t t he e x ten t o f t he wa l l i su nknown . T he re a re n o b r icks i n t he f a c ing b u t many w i th in t he wa l l , s im i lar t o t he n or th wa l l (Wa l l 1 ) o f B u i ld ing A . Ap iece o f f o l ia ted ma rb le f r ieze i st he o n ly e xamp le o fr eused ma te r ia l v i s ib le . Wa l l 5i s4 4 m . n or th a nd i t s a x is a pprox ima te ly p a ra l le l t o wa l l 4 . I t c on s is t s o f t wo wa l ls ( nor th a nd e as t ) f o rm ing ac o rne r . T he n or th wa l l c an b e t r aced f o r al eng th o f7 . 75 m . a nd i s1 . 75 -2 .00 m . t h ick wh i le t he e a s t wa l l i s6 . 75 m . l ong a nd t he s a me w id th . T he c orne r s t ands c .9 m . a bove t he p re sen t g round l eve l ( * 122 ) . T he p reserved e x te r ior s u r face s i nc lude a we l l c ons t ruc ted q uo ined c orner o f c u t b locks c o mb ined w i th t he f ac ing o f f i e ld s tones a nd a rch i tec tu ra l s po i ls .

R ubb le Wa l l e ast o f B a th -Gymnas iu m Co mp lex ( E 1 87 -192 / N 5 2 -77 ) ( F ig .3 ,n o . 3 9 ) Two wa l l f r agmen ts o f mor tared r ubb le a re l o ca ted 7 2 m . e a s t o f t he ma in e n trance t o t he p a laes t ra o f t he B a th -Gymna s iu m C omp lex . B o th a re o r ien ted n o r th -sou th , p ara l le l t o t he r oad wh ich r uns a long t he e as te rn s ide o f t ha t s t ruc ture . T he wa l ls n ow s t and w i th in a c onc re te s l ab p oured b y owners o f t he f i e ld . T he n or the rn f r agmen t i s1 0 .50 m . l ong , 1m . h igh , a nd h as a max imum t h ickness o f 3 . 50 m . S even me ters t o t he s ou th i s a s econd wa l l , 1 0 .50 m . l ong , 1 . 50 m w ide , a nd 7 5 cm . h igh . None o f t he o r ig ina l f aces i sp re se rved .

T he " Ode ion " A rea ( E 1 400 /S2 00 ) (F ig .3 ,n o .4 0 ) A s er ie s o f mo r tared r ubb le wa l ls a re l o ca ted j u s t i n s ide t he c i ty wa l l a t t he l o wer l eve l o f al a rge b ow l -shaped d epress ion i n t he h i l ls ide . T he wa l ls m igh t b e t ho se t en ta t ive ly i den t i f ied b y Cur t ius a s a n o de ion .1 4 3 T he re a re t wo p ara l le l wa l ls , 7 0 a nd 7 5 m . f r om t he r oad t ha t l e ads a long t he T abak c ay t o t he v i l lage o f c a t i l i . T he f i r s t i s 5m .l ong a nd t he s econd , 3 0 m . B o th h ave t he ir n or th f aces p ar t ia l ly p reserved b u t t he o r ig ina l t h icknesses , h e igh t s , a nd l eng ths c anno t b e d e term ined . A t h ird wa l l , 5 m . l ong a nd 1m . t h ick , i sp e rpend icu lar t o t he we s tern e nd o f t he s econd ( l ong ) wa l l .

1 43

Ernst

( Leipzig:

Curtius, K .

" Beiträge,"

Baedeker,

1 905)

8 6;

Karl

2 41.

69 -

Baedeker,

Konstantinopel

Hypocaus t S t ruc tu re (W 2 20 /S2 25 ) (F ig . 3 ,n o .4 2 ) T he r e ma ins o f a R o man h ouse , i nc lud ing o ne r oo m w i th a h ypocaus t , i s l o ca ted i n t he s t eep b anks o f t he P ac to lus j us t n o r th o f t he v i l lage 's p ub l ic f oun ta in . A s e r ie s o f wa l ls emerges f r om t he s ca rp o ver a l eng th o f 2 5 -30 m . I nhab i ted l eve ls a re a s much a s 2m . b e low p resen t g round l eve l a nd wa ter p ipes c an b e f ound 2 -3 m . d eeper . T he a rea h a s s evera l h ypocaus t u n i t s a nd l ayer s o f b urned ma te r ia l . T h is c omp lex wa s p robab ly s im i la r t o , b u t n o t a s l a rge a s , t he l a te R oman b a th e xcava ted i n P ac to lus No r th .1 4 4

Marb le F ounda t ion i n t he P ac to lus B ed (W 2 50 -282 / S 1 275 -1280 ) ( F ig . 3 , n o . 4 3 a nd F ig . 1 27 ) A wa l l 1 5 .80 m . l ong , 0 . 80 -2 .35 m . w ide , a nd c ons is t ing o f a t l e a s t t h ree c ourses o f ma rb le b locks i sl o ca ted i n t he b ed o f t he P ac to lus R ive r c .6 0 m . s ou thwes t o f t he L yd ian A l tar . I t s a x is i s3 6 d eg ree s wes t o f g r id n or th ( B -gr id ) o r 1 0 d eg ree s we s t o f magne t ic n or th . None o f t he o r ig ina l mea suremen t s o f t he wa l l c an b e a scer ta ined a nd t he s ou thwe s t f a ce o f t he wa l l i sb ad ly wea the red b y s easona l t o rren t s r ush ing t h rough t he P ac to lus . S ix s t ones a re p re served i n b o th t he f i rs t a nd s econd c ourse s a nd t h ree i n t he u pper o ne .

R oman B u i ld ing (W 1 7 -37 /S 1 024 -1037 ) (F ig .3 ,n o .4 4 , a nd F ig . 1 27 ) T h is b u i ld ing , l o ca ted o n t he s ou th s i de o f t he f i rs t wad i n o r th o f t he E xped i t ion House , was p ar t ia l ly e xcava ted b y B u t ler a nd S hear .1 4 5 I t measu re s r ough ly 1 0 x2 0 m .b u t t he f u l l e x ten t h as n o t b een d e te rm ined . T he f ea tu res d escr ibed b y S hear r e ma in r ecogn izab le : t he " broad p assage " i s 9m . w ide a nd t he " spac ious r ooms t o e i ther s ide " a re 7 . 20 x6 . 85 m . ( Ea s t R oom ) a nd 5 . 10 x 6 . 00 m . (Wes t Wa l l ) . T he o u ter wa l ls , p oo r ly p reserved t o amax imum h e igh t o f 1 . 25 m . , c ons is t o f mo r ta red r ubb le b e tween a sh la r b lock s t ha t s t reng then d oo rways a nd c orner s . Wa l ls o n t he s ou th s ide , 2 3 m . h igh , a re s t i l l b u r ied w i th in t he s ca rp . Two p edes ta l b a ses a nd ac o lumn f r agmen t r e ma in i n t he e a s tern r oom .

1 44

S ee Gazetteer,

1 45

S hear,

AJA 2 2

No.

1 0.4.

( 1926)

4 07,

f ig.

1 5.

70 -

R ubb le Wa l l i n t he P ac to lu s (W 2 05 /S8 80 ) (F ig . 3 ,n o .4 5 ) A wa l l o f mo r ta red r ubb le o ve r 4 0 m . l ong i sl o ca ted i n t he P ac to lu s b ed n ear a modern v i l lage f oun ta in . T he wa l l c ons is t s o f 1 0 -15 p ieces , a l igned a nd p resumab ly o nce j o ined ( l onges t 3 . 20 m . , w ide s t 1 . 50 m . , a nd h ighe s t 1 . 20 m . ) . Sma l ler wa l ls o f s im i la r n a ture a re s een i n t he r i ve r b ed b e tween t he modern h ighway a nd E xped i t ion Headquar ters . A c oncen t ra t ion o f s uch wa l ls i sf ound we s t o f P ac to lus C l i f f (W 3 50 -380 / S 5 80 -620 ) .

B r ick V au l ted T omb ( W4 0 /S9 64 ) (F ig . 3 ,n o .4 7 ) A v au l ted t omb c an b e s een h igh i n t he n or th s ca rp a bove t he f i r s t wad i n or th o f E xped i t ion Headquar te rs . I ti sl o ca ted ame te r o r t wo b e low t he s u r face , 2 . 20 m . l ong a nd 1 m . w ide . T he r ad ius o f t he v au l t , b u i l t o f t h ir ty s ix c our ses o f b r ick , i s5 0 cm . a nd t he s pr ing ing i s2 6 cm . a bove t he l eve l o f modern f i l l . V e r t ica l wa l ls a re b u i l t o f a l terna t ing c ourses o f f i e ld s tone a nd b r ick ,b o th c ove red w i th ah eavy c oa to fp las te r .

Wa l ls o n We s t B ank o f t he P ac to lus (W 4 68 -497 /S3 09 -378 ) ( F ig .3 ,n o .4 8 ) T he n or th -sou th r oad l e ad ing t h rough t he v i l lage o f S a r t Musta fa p a sse sb e tween t wo l a rge wa l ls s t and ing 1 30 m . we s to ft he P ac to lu s a nd 3 00 m . s ou th o f t he mode rn h ighway . T he f i rs t , al ong wa l l s t and ing p a ra l le l t o t he r oad , i sp reserved f o r al eng th o f 6 8 m . , i s 2m . w ide a nd 3 -4 m . h igh . T he n or the rn e nd e xh ib i t s ac u rve , p erhaps a n a ps ida l e nd t o t h is b u i ld ing . T he re a re t wo wa l ls , e ach 1m . t h ick ,b onded i n to t he e a s tf a ce o ft h is wa l l , 5 m . a nd 1 2 .50 m . f r om t he n o r th e nd . T he c ons truc t ion i sv ery c rude a nd m igh t d a te t o t he m idd le B yzan t ine p er iod ( 12 -13 th c en tury A .D . ) when t h is a rea s eem s t oh ave b een t he f ocu s o f t he l oca l t own .1 4 6 A c ross t he r oad , o ppos i te t he n or th e nd o ft he f i r s t wa l l i s as econd , 7 m . l ong , 3m . h igh , a nd 7 5 cm . t h ick . T he u pper p or t ion o f Wa l l 2i s 6 0 cm .w ide a nd s e tb ack 1 5 cm . f r om t he e a s t f a ce o ft he l owe r wa l l s ec t ion ( 7 5 cm . t h ick ) . An a r row l edge b etween u pper a nd l owe r s ec t ions o f t he wa l l i s 2 5 cm . w ide , t hus p ro t rud ing 1 0 cm . i n to t he wa l l . T h is c u t t ing i sa l so 1 0 cm . h igh . P e rhaps t he c av i ty r e f lec t s t he u se o f a wooden b eam s im i lar t o t ho se f ound i n Chu rch E o n t he o ppo s i te s ide o f t he P ac to lus . 147

1 46

For

a discussion

o f

the

Byzantine a nd T urkish S ardis, 1 47

S ee Gazetteer,

No.

l ate

phase

7 3-74,

of

8 4-86.

1 1.2.

71 -

Sector

PN

s ee

Clive

Foss,

T races o f t wo c rosswa l ls , e ach 7 0 cm . t h ick , a nd t wo a rches ( 9 0 cm . s pan ) c an b e s een i n Wa l l 2 . T he o pen ing s a re p resen t ly b locked b y e ar th o f t he h igh g round wes t o f t he wa l l , o f t he wa l l . T he u ppe r wa l l s ec t ion c on ta ins t wo p ipes s e t 1 0 cm . a bove t he n arro w l edge ( 22 cm . d iame ter ) . Wa l l 2 was b u i l t o f more c are fu l ly s e lec ted s tones t han Wa l l 1a nd d oe s n o t a ppea r t ob e long ( o r ig ina l ly ) t ot he s a me s t ruc tu re .

72 -

GAZETTEER

1

GY M NAS IU M -BATH CO MPLEX ( B ) ( E 1 25 -W 5 5 /N 1 23 -S 3 0 ) S econd c en tury A .D . t o6 16 . E xcava ted i n 1 958 -1962 , 1 964 -1965 , 1 967 1 968 . D escr ip t ion : Huge r ecrea t iona l c o mp lex c o mb in ing Ro man b a th w i th He l len is t ic g y mnas iu m , at ype c o m mon i n A s ia Minor d ur ing i mper ia l e ra . Hea ted r oo ms t o wes t w i th c hang ing r oo m s a nd a rea s f or c i rcu la t ion o rgan ized a bou t ma jor e as t - wes t a x is . L arges t o f k no wn b a ths w i th in c i ty . S ource s : BASOR 1 54 ( 1 959 ) 1 3 -16 , f i g s . 3 -5 ; 1 57 ( 1960 ) 3 5 -38 , f i g s . 1 9 2 1 ; 1 62 ( 1961 ) 4 0 -43 , f i gs . 2 5 -28 ; 1 66 ( 1962 ) 4 8 -49 ; 1 77 ( 1965 ) 2 1-27 , f i gs . 2 2 -26 ; 1 70 ( 1 963 )3 8 ; 1 74 ( 1 964 )2 5 -30 ,f i g . 1 4 ; 1 82 ( 1 966 )3 0 -32 ; 1 86 ( 1 967 ) 4 7 ; 1 99 ( 1 970 ) 4 2 -44 , f i gs . 3 2 -35 ; 2 11 ( 1973 ) 1 9 -29 , f i g s . 1 ,3 -10 ; 2 15 ( 1974 ) 4 4 -46 , f i g s . 1 3 , 1 8 -20 ; 2 28 ( 1977 ) 4 8 ; Han fmann , L e t te r s , 3 2 3 3 , 2 02 , 2 22 , 2 37 , 2 43 -244 ; Han fmann , F rom C roe sus t o C ons tan t ine , 4 2 , 5 2 -54 , f i g s . 8 7 , 1 06 , 17 ; Han fmann w i th Mier se , 1 48 -161 , f i g s . 2 112 37 ; S ard i s , R epor t 3 .

1 . 1

M ARBLE COURT (MC ) ( E 1 5 -34 / N 4 0 -82 ) S econd c en tury A .D . t o 6 16 . E xcava ted i n1 960 -1963 ,r e s to red f r om 1 964 -1972 . D escr ip t ion : R oom o n p r inc ipa l e as t -wes t a x is o f B a th -Gy mnas iu m C o mp lex f ac ing p a laes t ra t hrough s creen c o lonnade a nd a d jacen t p or t ico . F unc t ion i den t i f ied w i th i mper ia l c u l t , s im i l ia r t o r oo ms f ound i n s evera l o ther A s ia Minor b a ths . R ich ly d ecora ted i n ter ior r econs t ruc ted b y Harva rd -Corne l l t ea m . S ources : BASOR 1 62 ( 1 961 ) 4 0 -43 , f i g s . 2 5 -28 ; 1 66 ( 1962 ) 4 6 -48 , f i g . 3 8 ; 1 70 ( 1963 ) 3 7 -38 , f i g . 2 5 ; 1 82 ( 1966 ) 3 2 -34 , f i g . 2 6 ; 1 87 ( 1967 ) 5 2 -66 , f i gs . 6 6 -69 ; 1 91 ( 1 968 ) 3 4 -38 , f i g s . 3 1-36 ; 2 06 ( 1972 ) 2 4 -29 , f i g s . 1 2 -18 ; Han f mann , L e t te r s ; Y egü l ,J FA 3 . 2 ( 1976 ) 1 69 -174 ; i de m , A r t B u l le t in 6 4 .1 ( 1982 ) 7 -31 ; Han fmann , F rom C roe sus t o C ons tan t ine , 5 3 , f i gs . 1 07 -109 ; Han fmann w i th Mierse , 1 52 -161 , f i gs . 2 21-231 , 2 35 -237 ; S ard is , R epor t 3 .

73-

2

S YNAGOGUE ( SYN ) ( N 3 3 -125 / N 0 20 ) S econd t o f ou r th c en tury A .D . E xcava ted f r om 1 962 -1972 . D esc r ip t ion : L arges t k no wn s ynagogue f ro m a nc ien t wor ld . B u i l t i n to r oo ms s ou th o f p a laes tra w i th in B a th -Gy mnas iu m Co mp lex ( No . 1 ) a t t ime when b a th c on t inued t o f unc t ion . S evera l p hases o f d eve lop men t f ro m 3 -4 th c en tur ies s ugges t i tm igh t h ave s erved a s c iv ic b as i l ica ( l awcou r t? )b e fore b e ing r e furb ished a s s ynagogue . S ource s : BASOR 1 70 ( 1963 )3 8 -48 ,f i g s .2 6 -35 ; 1 74 ( 1964 ) 3 0 -44 ,f i g s . 1 5 2 7 ; 1 77 ( 1 965 ) 1 7 -19 ,f i gs . 1 5 -27 ; 1 82 ( 1 966 )4 6 -54 ,f i gs . 2 7 -36 ; 1 87 ( 1 967 ) 9 -50 , 6 0 -62 , f i g s . 3 7 -65 , 7 0 -71 ; 1 91 ( 1968 ) 2 3 -32 , f i g s . 2 2 -30 ; 1 99 ( 1970 ) 4 5 -53 , f i g s . 3 6 -43 ; 2 06 ( 1972 ) 2 0 -23 , 3 3 -39 , f i g s . 8 11 , 2 4 -25 ; 2 11 ( 1973 ) 3 0 -31 ; 2 15 ( 1974 ) 5 2 , f i g s . 1 8 -19 ; S eager , A JA 6 ( 1972 ) 4 25 -435 ; i d em , Qad mon i ot 7 1 974 ) 1 23 -128 ; Han f mann , F rom C roesus t o C ons tan t ine , 5 1 , 5 4 -55 , 8 7 -90 , f i gs . 1 02 , 16 -117 , 1 83 -184 ; Hanfmann w i th Mierse , 1 66 , 1 68 -190 , f i gs . 2 48 -280 ; S ard is , R epor t ( f or thco m ing ) ; Han fmann , L e t te rs .

2 . 1

S YNAGOGUE T ETRAPYLON ( E 16 -122 /S4 11 ) D escr ip t ion : Monu men t l oca ted a t s ou theas t c orner o f S ynagogue ( No . 2 ) whe re c o lonnaded s idewa lk s o f B yzan t ine S hops ( No . 3 ) a nd E as t R oad ( No . 6 0 ) j o in . T h ree o f f ou r p iers r e ma in i n s i tu . P e rhaps d a ted t op e r iod o fs hops . S ou rce s : BASOR 2 03 ( 197 1) 1 2 -15 , f i g .9 ; BASOR 2 28 ( 1977 ) 5 0 .

3

BYZANT INE SHOPS ( BS ) (W 8 0 -E 16 / S 0 -6 ) E xcava ted i n 1 964 , 1 967 -1969 , 1 97 1 -1972 .

E ar ly B yzan t ine .

Descr ip t ion : S er ies o f t wo -stor ied s hops b u i lt s ou th o f B a th Gy mnas iu m Co mp lex ( No . 1 ) a nd f ac ing Co lonnaded S t ree t ( No . 6 5 ) . P rov ided wea l th o f i n for ma t ion c oncern ing o ccupan t 's t r ade ( dye/pa in t , g la ss ,h a rdwa re ,e t c . ) . S ou rce s : BASOR 1 54 ( 1 959 ) 1 6 -18 ; 1 57 ( 1 960 ) 3 2 -35 , f i g . 1 8 ; 1 70 ( 1963 ) 4 9 -51 ; 1 74 ( 1 964 ) 4 5 -47 , f i g . 2 8 ; 1 77 ( 1 965 ) 1 9 -21 , f i g s . 1 8 -20 ; 1 86 ( 1967 ) 2 8 -30 ; 1 91 ( 1 968 ) 1 6 -22 ,f i g s . 1 5 -21 ; 1 99 ( 1970 )4 4 ; 2 11 ( 1973 )2 9 -30 ; 2 15 ( 1 974 ) 5 2 , f i gs . 1 8 -19 ; S ard i s Monog raph , 4 ,1 5 , 1 6 , 2 1 , 3 4 , 4 2 -3 , 5 1 , 5 3 , 5 7 , 5 9 ; Han fmann w i th Mierse , 1 61-167 , f i gs . 2 39 -246 ; C raw ford , " Ro man Co m me rc ia l B u i ld ing s ;" Han fmann , L e t ters , 3 3 , 3 7 , 5 5 -56 , 2 01 ,2 44 ,f i g s . 1 9 -2 1 ,3 3 ,9 6 , 1 54 -155 .

74-

4

HOUSE OF BRONZES ( HoB ) (W 4 3 -E 3 0 /S5 0 -130 ) t h rough B yzan t ine . E xcava ted f ro m 1 958 .

L a te B ronze

D e sc r ip t ion : P r inc ipa l s ec tor s ou th o f modern h ighway w i th l onges t s equence o f h uman a c t iv i ty i n c i ty . L a te B ronze Age t hrough B yzan t ine p er iod . C ruc ia l L yd ian p er iod f ea tures s eve ra l we l l d e f ined s t ra ta . S ou rce s : BASOR 1 54 ( 1 959 ) 2 2 -34 , f i gs .8 15 ; 1 57 ( 1 960 ) 2 2 -28 , f i g s .9 1 7 ; 1 62 ( 1 961 ) 9 16 ,f i gs . 1 -5 ; 1 66 ( 1 962 ) 5 15 ,f i g s . 1 10 ; 1 70 ( 1 963 )4 13 , f i gs . 2 -7 ; 1 74 ( 1964 ) 5 -14 , f i gs . 1 -7 ; 1 77 ( 1965 ) 1 0 -14 , f i gs . 1 1-12 ; 1 82 ( 1966 ) 8 18 , f i g s . 1 13 ; 1 86 ( 1967 ) 3 1-37 , f i gs . 3 -15 ; 1 99 ( 1970 ) 2 8 -29 , f i g . 2 8 ; 2 03 ( 197 1 ) 8 11 , f i g . 3 ; 2 49 ( 1 983 ) 1 5 -20 , f i g s . 2 0 -23 ; S ard is , R epor t 1 , 3 ,9 ,1 0 , 3 0 , 3 1 , 1 06 , 1 24 ; S ard i s , Monog raph 4 , 1 5 , 3 4 , 4 3 -44 , 5 1 , 5 3 , 8 3 ; S ard i s , Monog raph 5 , 1 -2 , 5 ,7 ; Han fmann w i th Mie r se , 2 0 2 4 , 2 6 -33 , 1 22 -123 ; BASORSup 2 4 ( 1 986 ) 1 8 -19 , f i gs . 2 6 -29 ; BASORSup 2 5 ( 1987 )8 4 .

4 . 1

HoB LATE ANT IQUE HOUSE ( E 4 -29 / S 5 0 -90 ) 4 -6 th c en tu r ies . E xcava ted i n 1 958 , 1 959 , 1 962 , 1 980 . D escr ip t ion : L arge t wo -s tor ied h ouse w i th a d jacen t g a rden s ou th o f a nc ien t s t ree t ( No . 6 5 ) . R ich ly d ecora ted f l oors o f mosa ic a nd o pus s e c t i le . B ronze l i turg ica l v esse ls f ound i n s torage c ha mbe r s ugges t h ouse b e longed t oc hu rch d ign i ta ry . S ource s : BASOR 1 54 ( 1959 ) 2 2 -27 , f i g s .8 -12 ; 1 57 ( 1960 ) 2 2 -28 , f i g s .9 1 4 ; 1 70 ( 1963 ) 1 3 ; 1 82 ( 1966 ) 8 , 1 5n ; S ard is , Monograph 4 , 4 3 -44 , f i g . 2 1 ; Han fmann w i th M ierse , 1 92 , f i g . 2 83 ; Han fmann , L e t te r s , 3 8 4 0 , 5 6 , 5 9 -60 , 8 7 , 3 17 , f i g s . 4 , 2 3 -35 , 3 4 -37 , 6 3 , 1 53 ; M i t ten , HSCP 6 9 ( 1 965 ) 1 63 -167 .

4 . 2

HoB LYD IAN MARKET ( E 2 0 -W 3 5 /S 8 5 -120 ) L a te B ronze t o L a te B yzan t ine . E xcava ted i n 1 959 -1960 , 1 970 . D esc r ip t ion : D eep p robe i n s ec tor HoB r evea led g rea tes t c on t inu i ty o f i nhab i ta t ion a t s i te . I mpor tan t c en ter o f d o mes t ic a nd i ndus t r ia l a c t iv i ty i n L yd ian p er iod w i th t hree ma jor p hases f ro m 7 00 -547 B .C . i den t i f ied b y Sw i f t . S ource s : BASOR 1 54 ( 1 959 ) 2 7 -34 ,f i g s . 1 3 -15 ; 1 57 ( 1 960 ) 3 0 -32 ,f i g s . 1 5 1 7 ; 1 62 ( 1 961 ) 9 16 ; f i gs . 2 -5 ; 1 66 ( 1 962 ) 5 15 ,f i g s . 2 10 ; 1 70 ( 1 963 )4 13 , f i gs . 3 -7 ; 1 74 ( 1 964 ) 5 -14 , f i gs . 1 -7 ; 1 77 ( 1965 ) 1 0 -14 , f i g s . 1-12 ; 1 82 ( 1 966 ) 8 18 , f i gs . 1 13 ; 1 86 ( 1967 ) 3 1-37 ; 1 99 ( 1970 ) 2 8 -29 , f i g . 1 6 ; BASORSup 2 4 ( 1 986 ) 1 8 -19 , f i g s . 2 6 -29 ; Han fmann w i th M ie rse , 2 0 -

75-

3 3 , f i gs . 5 , 8 .4 , 3 1 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s ; BASORSup 2 4 ( 1986 ) 1 8 -19 , f i g s . 2 6 -29 .

4 . 3

S ard is , Monog raph 5 ;

HoB CHA MBER TO MBS J ,K , N ( E 0 10 / S 5 0 -60 ) He l len i s t ic a nd R o man . E xcava ted i n 1 959 . Descr ip t ion : T hree c ha mber t o mbs s ou th o f modern h ighway a nd p ar t o f He l len is t ic a nd Ro man c e me tery o f u nknown e x ten t d eve lop ing h e re a t t ime when c i ty s h i f ted f u r ther t o e as t a f te r 2 13 B .C . d es t ruc t ion . Cha mbers 3 .25 x 2 .50 m . d ecora ted w i th i nc ised s tucco i m i ta t ing a sh lar masonry . E ach e n te red b y s ta irway f r om s ou th . S ources : BASOR 1 57 ( 1960 ) 2 8 , f i gs . 8 -9 ; 1 23 124 ,f i g . 1 86 .

4 . 4

Han fmann w i th M ie rse ,

HoB VAULTED TO MB B ENEATH UN IT 1 6 ( E 1 0 / S7 5 ) P robab ly 4 th c en tury A .D . p reserved u nder r es idence o f 4 -6th c en tu ry ( No . 4 . 1 ) . D e scr ip t ion : Sma l l v au l ted t o mb o f b r ick a nd c oncre te ( 2 .50 x 0 . 60 x 1 . 0 m . ) s tuccoed a nd p a in ted w i th f l owe rs a nd f l ora l f i l le ts s im i la r i n s ty le t o t ha t i n t o mb e xcava ted b y S hea r o n wes tern f ace o f K ag ir l ik T epe ( No . 1 9 ) . S ource s : BASOR 1 57 ( 1960 ) 2 6 , f i gs . 9a nd 1 3 ; S ard i s , R epo r t 2 ,f i gs . 1 a nd 4 ; Han fmann w i th M ie rse , 2 08 , f i g . 1 86 .

5 . 1

UPPER T ERRACE ( UT ) ( E 7 0 -85 / S 1 65 -210 ) L a te R oman . E xcava ted i n 1 959 a nd 1 964 . D esc r ip t ion : I n L a te An t iqu i ty a ma jor r es iden t ia l a rea o f c i ty w i th f i ne v iew o ver c i ty a nd He r mus Va l ley b eyond . S im i lar t o h i l ls ide n e ighborhoods a t E phesos . S ign i f ican t i n fo r ma t ion o n e ar thquake o f A .D . 1 7 g a thered i n f i l l o f t e rraces f or l a ter s t ruc tures . Wi th in d ebr is were a bundan t r e ma ins o f He l len is t ic p o t tery a nd wa l l p a in t ings . S ource s : BASOR 1 57 ( 1 960 ) 1 9 -22 , f i g . 8 ; 1 77 ( 1 965 ) 1 4 -17 , f i g s . 1 3 -17 ; Han fmann , L e t t er s , 6 6 , 3 17 ; Han fmann w i th M ie rse , 10 .

76 -

5 . 2

MIDDLE TERRACE EAST (MTE ) ( E 3 5 -75 / S 1 23 -165 ) L a te He l len is t ic a nd L a te R o man . E xcava ted i n 1 959 a nd 1 964 . D e scr ip t ion : T rench c u t t h rough e normous d u mp o f He l len is t ic a nd R o man p er iods w i th masses o f p o t tery a nd o ther m inor o b jec t s f ound . L o we r p or t ion o f t r ench i nc luded r e ma ins o f Co lonnaded S t ree t ( No . 5 8 ) a nd a d jacen t s t ruc tu res . S ources : f i g . 1 21 .

5 . 3

BAS OR

1 77 ( 1965 ) 1 4 -17 ;

Han f mann , L e tters , 1 52 ,

MIDDLE TERRACE WEST (MT W ) ( E O -W 2 2 /S 1 65 -217 ) L a te R o man a nd E a r ly B yzan t ine . E xcava ted i n 1 959 a nd 1 964 . Descr ip t ion : R es iden t ia l r e ma ins o n t e rraces a bove Co lonnaded S t ree t w i th f l ank ing s hops ( No . 5 8 ) . Modern v i l lage p a th f o l lows s a me r ou te o f a nc ien t s t ree t . S ources : s a me a s No . 5 . 2 .

6

PACTOLUS BR IDGE ( PBr ) (W 2 85 -315 / S 1 9 -42 ) R o man t h rough O t to man . C lea red i n 1 967 , 1 969 , a nd 1 983 . Descr ip t ion : Anc ien t a nd med ieva l b r idge l oca ted s ou th o f modern h ighway b r idge . F rag men ts o f a bu t men ts b onded i n to r e ta in ing wa l ls a long b anks o f P ac to lus , p ar t o f c i ty f or t i f ica t ion s ys te m ( f ragmen t 9 . 28 ) . S ources : S ard is , R epor t 1 , 4 , 3 8 , 4 7 -49 , f i gs . 5 4 -58 ; u npub l ished d raw ing b y B o r ra ( B 1 977 .14 .958 ) ; BASORSup 2 4 ( 1986 ) 1 9 -20 , f i gs . 3 2 3 5 .

7

PACTOLUS I NDUSTR IAL AREA ( P IA ) PACTOLUS B ED/EAST ( PB/E ) (W 1 0 -325 / S 1 75 -270 ) L a te He l len is t ic t o E a r ly R o man , L a te R o man , E a r ly B yzan t ine . E xcava ted i n 1 967 . Descr ip t ion : I ndus t r ia l a rea , p r i mar i ly l ime k i lns a nd p e rhaps a l amp k i ln a long b ank s o f P ac to lus . Nu me rous r e jec ted l amps f ound . S ources : BASOR 1 91 ( 1 968 ) 3 8 ; S ard i s , R epor t 1 ,4 .

77-

8

SOUTH WEST GATE ( S WG ) (W 8 2 /S2 23 ) E ar ly B yzan t ine . E xcava ted i n 1 966 a nd 1 970 . D escr ip t ion : P iers a t e nds o f t wo s t re tches o f wes tern c i ty wa l l , p erhaps g a te men t ioned i n " Te trapy lon I nscr ip t ion " ( No . 5 9 .1) . P or t ions o f p aved marb le r oad i n s ide . C eased t o f unc t ion a s g a te a f te r d e s t ruc t ion o fA .D . 6 16 . R oad l ed t o Hypaepa . S ources : BASOR 1 86 ( 1 967 ) 2 7 -28 , f i g . 2 ; S ard i s , R epo r t / ,2 5 , 3 6 -38 ,45 4 7 , f i gs .4 3 -50 ; S ard i s , Monog raph 4 , 8 4 .

9

C ITY W ALLS ( CW ) (W 3 20 -E 1 480 /N 4 40 -S 1 000 ) E a r ly B yzan t ine . S tud ied i n 1 959 a nd 1 97 1 . D e sc r ip t ion : 4 km . c i rcu i t i nc luded n or thern s l ope s o f a c ropo l is a nd p or t ion s o fc i ty a ti t s b a se . Wa l ls d id n o te x tend b eyond P ac to lu s b u t f o l lowed c ourse f o r c .4 00 m . where ma jor h ighway c rossed B r idge ( No . 6 ) . P a r t o f r e fo r t i f ica t ion o fA s ian c i t ies i n3 rd c en tu ry A .D . S ou rces : S ard i s I ,2 9 -31 , f i g s . 1 8 ; BASOR 1 57 ( 1 960 ) 2 0 -22 , f i g .8 ; 2 06 ( 1 972 ) 3 1-32 , f i gs . 1 9 -21 ; Han fmann , L e t ters , 6 6 , 2 67 , 3 02 ; S ard is , R epor t / ,3 5 -52 , f i g s . 1 , 4 2 ; S ard i s , Monog raph 4 ,3 ,4 5 , 5 4 , 8 4 .

9 . 1

P ERS IAN GATE L oca ted n ea r B a th CG? D escr ip t ion : Ga te o f L yd ian c i ty wa l l i n p la in b e low t hea ter . A ccord ing t o P o lyb ius , An t iochus f ough t i n t h is a rea wh i le o the r t r oops s ca led wa l l s o f " Saw " a bove t hea te r a nd t ook t ha t g a te f r om w i th in c i ty . S ources : P o lyb ius 7 . 15 -17 ; S ard i s I ,1 7 n . 1 ; S ard is Monograph 2 , n os . 2 83 -285 ; Han fmann w i th M ie r se , 7 5 , 16 , 18 , p lan I .

78-

1 0

PACTOLUS NORTH ( PN ) (W 2 02 -310 / S 3 15 -392 ) L yd ian t hrough T u rk ish . E xcava ted f rom 1 960 -1965 , 1 967 -1968 , 1 970 , 1 973 , 1 983 . D escr ip t ion : I mpor tan t L yd ian h ab i ta t iona l s equence b eg inn ing i n 6 th c en tury B .C . Charac ter ized b y dwe l l ing u n i t s , t i gh t ly p acked a nd s har ing p ar ty wa l ls . F inds o f r ock c ry s ta l a nd g o ld s ugges ts p ar t m igh t h ave b een c ra f t s man 's q ua r te r . F ewe r He l len is t ic a nd R o man r e ma ins . Migh t h ave b een d eser ted i n e ar ly R o man p er iod b u t r eoccup ied i n L a te R o man a nd E a r ly B yzan t ine p ha se . S ource s : BASOR 1 62 ( 1961 ) 2 4 -29 ,f i g s . 1 3 -16 ; 1 66 ( 1 962 ) 1 5 -24 ,f i gs . 1 11 8 ; 1 70 ( 1963 ) 1 3 -31 ,f i g s . 8 -21 ; 1 74 ( 1 964 ) 1 4 -25 ,f i g s .8 13 ; 1 77 ( 1 965 ) 3 1 0 , f i g s . 1 10 ; 1 82 ( 1 966 ) 1 8 -25 , f i g s . 1 4 -20 ; 1 91 ( 1 968 ) 1 0 -16 , f i g s . 7 14 ; 1 99 ( 1970 ) 1 6 -28 , f i g s . 6 -15 ; 2 15 ( 1983 ) 3 3 , 4 3 -44 , f i g s . 3 ,1 6 -17 ; S ard i s , Monograph 4 , Han fmann , L etters , 1 43 -144 , 3 18 -319 , f ig . 7 5 ; Hanfmann w i th M ierse , 3 4 -36 , 1 22 , f i g s .4 3 -45 ; BASORSup 2 4 ( 1986 ) 2 2 -23 , f i g s .3 2 -35 .

1 0 .1

PN APS IDAL BU ILD INGS ( Foun ta in House? ) (W 2 45 -260 / S 3 65 3 85 ) L yd ian o r P ers ian . E xcava ted i n 1 961 a nd 1 962 . Wa l ls s ubsequen t ly r e moved f or f ur ther e xcava t ion . Descr ip t ion : Two l a rge a ps ida l s t ruc tures w i th n arrow a l ley b e tween . S ou the rn r oo m h as we l l i n a pex a s d id p reced ing s t ruc ture o n s a me s i te . P e rhaps a f oun ta in h ou se . Aps ida l s t ruc tures s ee m t o b e p a r t o f r e mode l ing o f t h is a rea . Cons t ruc t ion s im i lar t o Cybe le A l tar ( No . 1 0 .2 ) . S ou rces : BASOR 1 62 ( 1961 ) 2 6 , f i g . 1 4 ; 1 66 ( 1 962 ) 1 9 -24 , f i gs . 1 4 -15 ; Han fmann w i th M ie rse , 3 7 , 7 0 , 7 4 , 1 01 , 2 38 , f i g . 5 3 .

1 0 .2

PN CYBELE ALTAR (W 2 68 /S3 38 ) 5 70 B .C . E xcava ted i n 1 967 a nd 1 969 . Desc r ip t ion : Sma l l o pen -a ir a l ta r w i th f our l i ons f ac ing we s t . Above we re l aye rs o f a sh w i th c har red b one a nd h o rn . F oca l p o in t o f o pen a rea , c .1 0 m . s qua re w i th l a rge s t ruc tu re , p e rhaps ap r ies t 's h ouse , t o o ne s ide . Conve r ted t of i re a l tar b y P e r s ian s . S ource s : BASOR 1 91 ( 1 968 ) 1 0 -14 ,f i g s . 7 ,9 13 ; 1 99 ( 1 970 ) 1 6 -26 ,f i g . 7 9 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , 2 21-222 , f i gs . 1 69 -170 ; S ard i s , Monog raph 5 ,2 , 8 -9 , p l . 4 2 ; Hanf mann , F rom C roe sus t o C ons tant ine , 6 , 1 2 , 1 4 ; Han fmann w i th M ie r se , 3 4 , 3 6 -37 , 3 8 , 9 5 -96 , 1 01 , 1 04 , f i gs . 4 2 , 4 9 -50 , 5 4 ,5 8 , 1 39 .

79-

1 0 .3

PN LATE RO MAN V ILLA (W 3 31-269 / S 3 51-375 ) c en tury . E xcava ted i n 1 960 -1962 .

E ar ly 5 th

Descr ip t ion : L uxur ious v i l la w i th we l l p reserved mosa ic f l oors ( Do lph in Mosa ic i n Roo m D a nd E ag le Mosa ic i n R oo m E ) . D e s igned t o i ncorpora te sma l l b a th ( No . 1 0 .4 ) r ecen t ly b u i l t o n s a me s i te . B uchwa ld i den t i f ies a s b i shop 's h ou se . S ources : BASOR 1 66 ( 1962 ) 1 6 -19 , f i g s . 1, 1 3 ; 1 70 ( 1963 ) 1 6 -18 , f i g s . 1 , 1 3 -15 ; 1 74 ( 1 964 ) 2 0 -22 , f i g . 1 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , 7 8 -80 , 9 5 , 1 06 , 1 29 -130 , f i g s . 5 0 , 7 3 -75 ; S ard i s , Monog raph 4 ,4 6 -47 , 7 3 -74 , f i g s . 2 5 2 6 ; Han fmann w i th M ie rse , 1 94 .

1 0 .4

PN LATE RO MAN BATH (W 2 50 -270 / S3 50 -370 ) L a te 4 th o r e ar ly 5 th c en tu ry . E xcava ted i n 1 961 . Descr ip t ion : B u i l t o u ts ide g a te o n r oad l ead ing t o T e mp le o f A r te m is ( No . 1 7 .1 ) a nd Hypaepa . B e t ter p re served n or the rn p o r t ion i nc ludes b ase men t l eve l w i th s t a irs l ead ing d o wn t o f urnace a nd h ypocaus t c hambe r . S ources : BASOR 1 66 ( 1962 ) 1 6 -19 , f i g . 1 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , 1 06 1 07 , f i g s . 7 3 -75 ; S ard i s , Monog raph 4 ,4 5 -46 , f i g . 2 4 .

1 0 .5

PN GOLD I NSTALLAT ION E xcava ted i n 1 969 a nd 1 973 .

(W 2 60 -285 / S 3 25 -350 )

L yd ian .

Desc r ip t ion : I ndus t r ia l q uar ter o f PN . Two f unc t ions i den t i f ied : p roduc t ion o f e l ec tru m ( cupe l la t ion f l oo rs ) a nd s epara t ion o f g o ld a nd s i lver ( f urnaces ) . P o t te ry a ssoc ia ted w i th r e f ine ry d a tes t o 6 00 B .C . No i n fo r ma t ion when a rea c ea sed t o f unc t ion . S ource s : BASOR 1 99 ( 1970 ) 1 6 -28 , f i gs . 7 15 ; 2 15 ( 1 974 ) 3 3 , 4 3 , f i g s . 3 , 1 6 -17 ; 2 28 ( 1977 ) 5 3 -57 , f i gs . 9 -11 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , 2 30 -234 , 2 49 , f i gs . 1 72 -179 ; Han fmann w i th M ie rse , 3 4 -40 , 2 12 .

80 -

1 0 .6

PN M O NU ME NT M (W 2 20 -223 / S 3 45 -348 ) a s soc ia ted p o t te ry . E xcava ted i n 1 963 .

3 0 B .C . - A .D . 1 7 b y

D e scr ip t ion : Two s t eps , a l igned w i th S t ree t o f P ipes ( No . 5 7 ) , a re a l l t ha t r e ma ins o f t h is He l len is t ic mauso leu m t o mb . B locks l abe led a l pha , b e ta , g amma . S ources : BASOR 1 74 ( 1 962 ) 2 2 , f i g . 1 ; Han fmann w i th Mier se , 1 23 1 24 ,f i g . 1 .

1 .1

CHURC H EA ( EA ) (W 2 02 -250 / S 3 60 -392 ) m id -4 th c en tury . E xcava ted i n 1 962 -1963 , 1 972 -1973 . D escr ip t ion : B u i l t i n Ch r is t ian c e me tery n ear P ac to lus . E ar ly a nd l a rge e xa mp le o f s t andard t hree -a is le p lan w i th a t r iu m , n a r thex , n ave w i th f l ank ing s ide a i s les , a nd t e rm ina ted b y a pse . Mosa ic f l oo rs we l l p re served i n n or th a i s le . S ou rces : BASOR 1 70 ( 1 963 ) 1 9 -20 , f i g . 1 3 ; 2 11 ( 1 973 ) 1 7 -19 ; 2 15 ( 1 974 ) 3 3 -41 , f i gs . 3 -12 ; T i irkArkDerg 2 1 ( 1975 ) 6 0 ; 2 4 ( 1977 ) 17 ; S ard is , Monograph 4 ,4 6 , 7 4 ; Han fmann w i th Mierse , 1 87 , 1 94 -206 , f i g s . 2 88 2 90 ; B uchwa ld , C hur che s o f S ard i s , f or thco m ing .

1 .2

CHURC H E ( E ) (W 2 04 -225 / S 3 65 -385 ) 1 3 th c en tury . E xcava ted i n 1 962 -1963 , 1 972 , 1 974 . D escr ip t ion : E xce l len t e xa mp le o f Midd le B yzan t ine c ross in -squa re p lan . F ive -do med c hurch w i th h igh ly d ecora t ive b r ickwork . S t ruc ture p robab ly t ob e a ssoc ia ted w i th c ou r t o fJ ohn V a ta tze s ( 1222 1 245 ) who s pen t much t ime i n n earby Nymphaeu m a nd Magnes ia o n S ipy lus . S ou rces : BASOR 1 70 ( 1963 ) 1 5 -16 ; 1 74 ( 1 964 ) 1 4 -20 ; 2 15 ( 1974 ) 3 3 -37 , f i gs . 3 -4 , 6 ; B uchwa ld , J ÖAB 2 6 ( 1977 ) 2 65 -299 , Han fmann , L e t ters , 1 01 , 1 30 , 1 40 -141 , f i g s . 7 5 , 1 77 ; S ard i s Monog raph 4 , 7 4 , 8 4 , 8 6 , 9 1 , 9 7 , 1 01 ; A JA 7 7 ( 1973 ) 1 92 , f i g . 2 9 , p l . 3 6 ; Han fmann w i th Mier se , 2 012 04 ; B uchwa ld , C hurche s o f S ard i s ( f or thco m ing ) .

81 -

1 2

P EACOCK TO MB ( PT ) (W 2 50 / S 4 48 ) o r a bou t 5 0 m . n or th o f P ac to lu s No r th ( 10 ) . E ar ly B yzan t ine . E xcava ted i n 1 961 a nd 1 968 . Desc r ip t ion : B arre l v au l ted t o mb d ecora ted w i th ' dense ' s ty le o f d ecora t ion f l owe rs , b irds , g ar lands , p eacock s , a nd f l owe r b aske t s . P a in t ing s n ow i n Man isa Museu m . One o f many t o mbs b u i l t a long r oad t oT emp le o fA r te m is ( No . 1 7 .1 ) a nd b eyond t o Hypaepa . S ou rces : BASOR 1 66 ( 1962 ) 3 0 -33 ,f i g . 2 6 ; 1 99 ( 1 970 ) 5 5 -58 ,f i g s .4 4 -45 ; S ard is , Monograph 4 , 4 0 , 4 7 , f i g . 2 8 ; S ard is , R epor t 2 , f ig . 1 . 12 ; S t rocka , E phe sos 8 . 1 , 4 1-42 ; Han fmann , L e t te r s , 8 9 , f i g . 6 1 , Han fmann w i th M ie rse , 2 05 , 2 07 , 2 08 , f i g . 2 96 .

1 3

PACTOLUS CL IFF ( PC ) (W 2 25 -242 / S 6 00 -615 ) S ou th o f PN b enea th v i l lage h ouses a nd a long P ac to lus embank men t . L yd ian t h rough B yzan t ine . E xcava ted i n 1 959 -1961 , 1 968 . D escr ip t ion : R iver b ank e xposed b y w in ter f l ood ing e xcava ted t o r evea l mo sa ic -paved f l oor o f l a te R oman o r e ar ly B yzan t ine p e r iod . B enea th we re s evera l l ayers t e s t ify ing t o l ong p er iod o f L yd ian o ccupa t ion . P ar t ia l e xcava t ion d ue t o v i l lage h ouses s t and ing a bove . Wa shed away b y 1 980 f l ood s . S ou rces : BASOR 1 57 ( 1960 ) 1 2 -18 , f i gs .3 -7 ; 1 62 ( 1 961 ) 1 7 -24 ,f i g s . 6 -12 ; 1 66 ( 1962 ) 3 3 ; S ard i s , R epor t , 12 6 ; S ard is , Monog raph 4 , 4 7 , 7 3 , 8 3 ; Han fmann w i th M ie r se 4 1 -42 , 7 2 , 1 01 , f i g s . 6 3 -64 .

1 3 .1

TO MB OF THE L INTEL (W 2 34 -237 /S6 09 -613 ) c .1 75 B .C . E xcava ted i n 1 959 -1960 . Descr ip t ion : E ar l ies t k nown He l len is t ic c ha mber t o mb a t S ard is . S tuccoed f a cade , f l a t s tone s l ab c e i l ing , 5m . d ro mos . L in te l a nd t wo b u r ia ls r e ma ined i n p lace . S ources : BAS OR 1 57 ( 1960 ) 1 6 -18 , f i gs . 3 , 5 -6 ; Han fmann w i th M ie rse , 1 23 -124 , f i g . 1 68 .

82-

1 62 ( 1961 ) 1 8 ;

1 4

PYRA M ID TO MB ( PyT ) ( E 6 -15 / S 8 10 -819 ) 6 th c en tury B .C . E xcava ted i n 1 914 a nd a ga in f r om 1 960 -1961 , 1 969 . Desc r ip t ion : B u t ler r econs t ruc ted a f te r T omb o f Cy rus a tP a sa rgadae a nd K asper a s f u l ly d eve loped p yra m id . C e r ta in d a te i mposs ib le t o d e term ine . Han fmann i den t i f ied w i th P e rs ian n ob le Abrada tas who d ied a tS ard is a nd b u r ied i n t o mb b u i l tb y Cy ru s . S ources : X enophon , C yroped ia 7 . 3 .4 -5 a nd 7 . 3 .15 ; B u t le r , S ard i s 1 , 1 55 , 1 67 -170 ; BASOR 1 62 ( 1961 ) 3 1 ,f i g . 1 :1 66 ( 1 962 ) 2 8 -30 ,f i g . 2 4 ; 1 99 ( 1970 ) 3 6 -38 , f i g s . 2 7 -28 ; 2 15 ( 1974 ) 4 3 ; Han fmann , F rom C roe sus t o C ons tant ine , 1 5 , f i g . 3 7 ; Han fmann , L e t ters , 7 5 , 9 2 , 2 59 -260 , f i gs . 6 2 , 1 92 -193 ; S ard i s , Monog raph 2 , n os . 2 76 -277 ; Han fmann w i th M ier se , 4 2 , 5 2 , 1 00 , 1 03 ; Han fmann , E s say s i n Honor o fN e l son G lue ck , 3 16 .

1 5

EXPED IT ION HEADQUARTERS (W 1 90 -270 / S 110 -1165 ) B u i l t i n 1 959 -1960 . Desc r ip t ion : C ompound b u i l t n o r th o f A r te m is T e mp le ( No . 1 7 .1 ) t o h ouse e xped i t ion . F ac i l i t ies i nc lude l i brary , d ra f t ing r oo m , d epo t a nd s t orage , l abo ra tory , l i v ing a nd d in ing a rea s . L im i ted e xcava t ion p r ior t o c ons t ruc t ion o f L yd ian T i le P ro jec t ( No . 6 6 ) . S ources : BASOR 1 57 ( 1960 ) 8 10 ; BASOR 2 49 ( 1983 ) 2 5 -26 , f i g . 3 1 ; Han fmann , L e t ters , 2 7 , 3 5 , 7 1-72 , f i gs . 1 3 -14 , 4 6 ; Han fmann w i th Mie r se , f i g . 7 ; T ürkArkDe rg 2 6 .1 ( 1982 ) 1 08 , f i g s . 2 7 -29 .

1 6

N ORTHEAST W AD I E xcava ted i n 1 969 .

( NE W ) (W 1 07 -120 / S 112 -1120 ) L yd ian .

Descr ip t ion : P or t ions o f t wo h ouses a nd c i rcu lar s torage b in p roduc ing s pec tacu lar c ache o f L yd ian p o t tery . R o man r e ma ins f ound i n u ppe r l eve ls . S ou rce s : BASOR 1 99 ( 1970 ) 3 5 -36 , f i g s . 2 2 -26 ; 2 33 ( 1979 ) 1 9 -21 , f i g .2 5 ; Hanf mann , S tud ies P resented t o D .M . R ob inson I ,1 74 ; i de m , L e t te r s , 2 55 -256 , 3 18 , f i g s . 1 89 -191 ; S ard i s , R epor t 1 , 18 -125 , f i g s . 2 82 3 19 .

83-

1 7

ARTE M IS T E MPLE PREC INCT ( ATP ) (W 1 00 -200 / S 120 -1320 ) He l len is t ic t h rough B yzan t ine . E xcava ted f r om 1 910 -1914 , 1 958 , 1 960 1 961 , 1 968 1972 . D escr ip t ion : P rec inc t o f He l len is t ic t emp le p robab ly e n te red f ro m n o r th a l though n o e v idence o f t emenos wa l l o r g a te k nown . L a ter t he s i te o f B yzan t ine s e t t le men t w i th n u me rous s t ruc tures o f No r thwe s t Qua r te r f ocu sed o n l a rge c i s te rn b u i l t i n to t e mp le c e l la . S ou rce s : S ard i s I ,3 7 -154 , f i g s . 2 3 -173 , p ls . I I I ; S ard i s I ; BASOR 1 62 ( 1 961 )2 9 -31 ,f i g . 1 ; 1 66 ( 1 962 )3 4 -35 ,f i g . 2 7 ; 1 99 ( 1970 )2 9 -35 ,f i g s . 1 7 -21 ; 2 15 ( 1 974 ) 4 1 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , p ass im ; Han fmann w i th M ier se , 4 9 -51 , 19 -12 1 , f i g s . 7 -8 , 8 8 -90 , 2 84 -285 ; S ard i s , R epo r t / ,5 3 -73 , f i g s . 5 9 19 .

1 7 .1

T E MPLE OF ARTE M IS ( AT ) (W 1 00 -2 10 / S 1 210 -1260 ) E a r ly 3 rd c en tu ry . E xcava ted i n 1 910 -1914 , 1 958 , 1 960 1961 . Descr ip t ion : Un f in ished p seudo -d ip te ra l t e mp le o f I on ic o rder c rea ted a s r e su l t o f t hree b u i ld ing p ha ses . ( 1 ) ( 280 -220 B .C . ) o ne -ce l la b u i ld ing f ac ing wes t f or wh ich l owe r c e l la wa l ls c omp le ted ; ( 2 ) ( l a te 3 rd B .C . t o e a r ly i s t c en tu ry A .D . ) c e l la d iv ided i n to p a ir o f r oo ms w i th Z eus f a c ing e as t a nd A r te m is we s t ; ( 3 ) ( 1 -2nd c en tu r ie s A .D . ) r ebu i l t a f te r e a r thquake o f A .D . 1 7 a nd d ed ica ted t o T iber ius a nd L iv ia , l a te r t o An ton inu s P ius a nd F aus t ina . No e v idence d iscovered f o r a rcha ic o r P er s ian t emp le . S ources : S ard i s I ,7 4 -87 , f i g s . 1 20 -177 ; S a rd i s I ; BASOR 1 54 ( 1 959 ) 8 9 ,f i g . 2 ; 1 62 ( 1961 ) 2 9 -31 ; 1 66 ( 1 962 ) 3 4 -35 , f i g . 2 7 ; 1 99 ( 1970 ) 2 9 -35 ; 2 11 ( 1973 ) 1 7 ; 2 15 ( 1974 ) 4 1 , f i g s . 1 3 -14 ; D ins moor , 2 26 -229 ; B e rve , G ruben , a nd H i r me r , 4 70 -473 , f i g . 1 36 , p ls . 1 62 -163 ; L aw rence , 1 98 -199 , f i g . 1 09 , p l . 9 6 ; G ruben , At hM i t t 7 6 ( 1961 ) 1 55 -196 ; Han f mann , L e t te r s , 2 65 -266 , 2 72 -273 , f i gs . 1 -2 , 9 , 1-12 , 2 02 -203 ; Hanfmann , F rom C roesus t o C ons tan t ine , 7 , 2 3 , 7 3 , f i g . 1 6 ; S ard i s , R epor t 1 , 7 4 -87 , f i gs . 1 20 -177 ; Han fmann w i th Mie rse , 1 3 ,4 9 ,5 0 -51 , 19 -120 , 1 27 , 1 36 .

1 7 .2

LYD IAN ALTAR ( LA ) (W 1 98 -210 / S 1 220 -1250 ) Lyd ian w i th He l len is t ic a dd i t ions . E xcava ted i n 1 910 -1914 , 1 969 -1970 , 1 972 . D e sc r ip t ion : Open -a ir a l ta r i n t wo p ha se s . LA 1 : f ou r -s tepped b a se 8 m . s quare a nd j o ined w i th c la mps o f 6 th c en tury B .C . P erhaps o r ien ted t o Necropo l is o n o ppos i te b ank o f P ac to lus . LA 2 : He l len i s t ic s t ruc tu re 1 x2 2 m . , b u i l t o ve r a nd a round e ar l ie r a l ta r . S ources : S ard i s I ,2 6 -29 , 4 0 -48 ; S a rd i s I , 3 -4 ,8 7 -89 , f i g s . 2 ,9 5 , a t las I ; BASOR 1 99 ( 1970 ) 2 9 -35 , f i gs . 1 8 -21 ; Han fmann , L e t te r s , 2 65 -266 , 2 72 2 73 , f i gs . 2 02 -203 ; S ard i s , R epor t 1 , 8 8 -103 , f i gs . 1 78 -218 ; Han fmann w i th M ie r se ,5 1 , 19 -12 1 ,f i g s . 7 -8 , 8 8 -90 ,2 84 -285 .

84 -

1 7 .3

BU ILD ING L ( L ) (W 1 66 -200 / S 1 297 -1315 ) B yzan t ine . E xcava ted i n 1 958 a nd 1 968 .

R oman t hrough

Descr ip t ion : S truc ture o f u ncer ta in f unc t ion o n r i se s ou th o f A r te m is T emp le ( No . 1 7 .1 ) . I mprec ise p lan o f a t l eas t t en r oo ms n o t p ara l le l w i th t emp le a x is . S ugge s t ions i nc lude s torage b u i ld ing a nd p r ies t 's h ouse . S ources : S ard i s I ,p lan I I ; BASOR 1 54 ( 1959 ) 1 0 -13 , f i g . 1 ; 1 99 ( 1970 ) 2 9 ; S ard i s , Monog raph 4 , 3 8 , 5 0 , 7 3 , 8 3 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , 2 9 -30 , f i g . 1 0 ; S ard is , R epor t / , 1 07 -116 , f i gs . 2 47 -281 ; Hanfmann w i th M ierse ,4 9 , 1 21 . 1 7 .4

TO MB 2 (W 1 95 -206 / S 187 -1200 ) E ar ly R o man . E xcava ted b y B u t ler ; c l eaned a nd p a r t ia l ly r e -excava ted i n 1 969 -1970 . D escr ip t ion : Con t inua t ion o f He l len is t ic t ype i n to e a r ly Emp ire b u t b u i l t o f r ubb le wa l ls a nd b r ick v au l t . L a ter B u i ld ing U ( s ee No . 1 7 ) i ncorpora ted i n to i t s n or th c orner . P a in ted w i th b ird a nd g a r land (WP 6 9 .1 ) . S ources : BASOR 1 99 ( 1970 ) 3 3 , f i g . 1 7 , n o . 2 ; S ard i s , R epor t 1 ,5 9 -60 , f i gs . 5 9 ,6 9 ,7 2 -73 .

1 8

CHURCH M ( M ) (W 8 3 -100 / S 1 242 -1256 ) B yzan t ine . E xcava ted i n 1 911- 1 914 , 1 960 , 1 969 -1970 . L a te 4 th c en tury A .D . Descr ip t ion : F une ra ry c hape l f or c e me tery o n s ou th s ide o f T e mp le o f A r te m is ( No . 1 7 .1 ) . Hoard o f c o ins f ound b y B u t le r o u t s ide n o r th d oo r i nd ica te d a te b e fo re A .D .4 00 . S ources : S ard i s I , 12 -115 , f i g s . 9 1-93 , 18 -121 ; BASOR 1 66 ( 1962 ) 4 9 5 4 , f i gs . 3 9 -40 ; 1 99 ( 1970 ) 3 3 -35 ; 2 15 ( 1974 ) 4 3 , f i g . 1 5 ; S ard is , Monog raph 4 , 3 4 , 4 8 -50 , 5 2 , 5 9 , 7 3 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , 2 66 -267 , 3 03 , f i gs . 6 7 , 1 97 -198 ; Han fmann w i th M ie r se , 1 95 ,2 09 ,f i g s . 2 84 -286 .

85-

1 9

KAG IRL IK T EPE ( KG ) ( S tone o r Masonry H i l l ) 1 082 ) R o man . E xcava t ions i n 1 958 .

( E 3 8 -50 / S 1 07 1-

D escr ip t ion : R o man c e me tery o n f l a t topped h i l l n or theas t o f A r te m is T e mp le ( No . 1 7 .1 ) . A d ozen g raves l oca ted , t h ree o f t i le s f o r med i n to r ec tangu lar c a ske t s a nd c ove red w i th f l a t s l ab s o f s tone . T rench f i l led a f te r e xcava t ion . S ources : S hear , AJA 3 1(1927 ) 1 9 -25 ; BAS OR 1 54 ( 1959 ) 1 3 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , 3 4 , 3 18 ; S ard i s , R epor t / , 1 25 -128 , f i gs . 3 20 -330 ; Han fmann a nd M ie r se , 2 07 -208 .

2 0

ACROPOL IS ( Ac ) ( E8 85 -1160 /S9 50 1140 ) D e sc r ip t ion : P ic tu re sque e roded p eak c onnec ted t o p r inc ipa l r ange o f Mt . Tmo lus t o s ou th . F or t i f ied i n L yd ian p e r iod a nd c on t inued t o s e rve a s ma jor c i tade l t hrough a l l p e r iods . F ocu s o f ma jo r b a t t le s i n 5 47 a nd 2 13 B .C . Chape l c u t i n to c en t ra l p eak e xa m ined b y Ma jew sk i i n 1 968 . I den t i f ied t h ree l ayers o f p a in ted wa l l p las ter i n s eve ra l c o lors . 3 . 50 m . o f d eb r is f ound i ns ide . E a r l ie r l eve ls b ad ly d a maged b y d ense o ccupa t ion o f 7 -8 th c en tu r ies a nd a ga in f ro m 1 0 -11 th . S ources : A JA 2 6 ( 1922 ) 3 2 -39 , f i gs . 1 7 -24 ; BASOR 1 62 ( 1 961 ) 3 2 -39 , f i g s . 1 7 -24 ; 1 66 ( 1 962 )3 5 -40 ,f i g s . 2 8 -31 ; 1 70 ( 1 963 )3 1 -37 ,f i g s .2 2 -24 ; 1 77 ( 1 965 ) 8 10 , f i g . 9 ;2 11 ( 1 973 ) 3 1 ; I LN 3 . 9 .63 , 3 42 ; Han f mann , L e t te r s ,4 , 3 17 -318 , f i gs . 2 -3 , p l . I ; Han fmann , F r om C roe sus t o C ons tan t ine , 8 -9 ; Han fmann w i th Mie rse , 4 2 -47 , 1 15 , f i g . 8 :20 .1-3 ; a nc ien t s ources c o l lec ted i n S ard i s , Monograph 2 , 6 8 -69 .

2 0 .1

ACROPOL IS TOP ( AcT ) ( E 9 90 -1000 / S 1 010 -1100 ) E xcava ted f rom 1 961 -1962 , 1 968 ,1 97 1 . Descr ip t ion : B road e xpanse i m med ia te ly s ou th o f p eak w i th r e ma ins o f B yzan t ine h ouse s a nd s ca t te red e a r l ier ( i nc lud ing L yd ian ) d epos i t s . S ources : BASOR 1 62 ( 1 961 ) 3 2 -37 , f i g s . 1 7 -20 ; 1 66 ( 1 962 ) 3 5 -40 ,f i g s . 2 8 3 1 ; 1 70 ( 1963 ) 3 1-35 , f i g s . 2 2 -23 ; 2 06 ( 1 972 ) 1 5 -16 ; S ard i s , Monog raph 4 , 5 6 -61 , 6 7 , 7 0 , 8 2n , 9 5 , 1 02 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , 7 7 -78 , 3 07 ; S ard is , Monograph 4 ,4 6 , 7 0 ; Han fmann w i th M ie rse , 1 95 -196 .

86 -

2 0 .2

ACROPOL IS NORTH ( AcN ) ( E 8 85 -900 / S 9 50 -1020 ) D iscovered i n 1 922 . E xcava ted i n1 960 , 1 97 1 , 1 973 -1974 . S ee a l so No . 5 1 . De sc r ip t ion : S e r ie s o f t h ree wa l ls o n n or th s l ope ; t wo d iscove red i n 1 960 p a r t o f s ame s ys te m a nd t h ird u ncovered i n 1 971 s e t o n h igher l eve l . 1a nd 3 o f p seudo isodo m ic masonry . A l l b locks d ra f ted l imes tone . A l though o f L yd ian d a te , Hanfmann s ugges ted t hese wa l ls m igh t h ave b een p ar t o f t he s ubs truc ture o f A lexander t he G rea t 's p a lace k nown t o h ave b een o n a c ropo l is . S ources : E .R . S toever , R epor t o n t h e E xcava t ions o f S ard i s . S eason o f 1 922 , ( unpub l ished ) ; BASOR 1 62 ( 1961) 3 7 -39 , F ig s . 2 1-24 ; 2 06 ( 1972 ) 1 6 -20 , f i g s . 5 -7 ; 2 28 ( 1977 ) 4 8 -50 , f i g s . 2 -3 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , 7 5 ,1 40 ,2 49 -250 ,3 04 ,3 06 -307 ,f i g s .4 7 ,2 29 .

2 0 .3

ACROPOL IS SOUTH ( AcS ) ( E 1 000 -1160 / S 1 060 -1140 ) Mid -7 th c en tu ry A .D . E xcava ted i n 1 960 -1961 . Desc r ip t ion : B yzan t ine f or t i f ica t ion wa l ls d a ted t o s a me p e r iod o f Midd le B yzan t ine f or t i f ica t ion i den t i f ied i n B u i ld ing A ( No . 2 4 ) . 2 00 m . s t re tch p re se rved o n s ou th s l ope w i th g a te i n c en ter . Con s t ruc ted o f mor tared r ubb le f aced w i th r eu sed ma te r ia ls i nc lud ing n umerous i nscr ip t ions . S ources : S ard i s I ,2 1-25 , f i gs . 8 , 1 3 -15 ; ( 1962 ) 5 , BASOR 2 15 ( 1 974 ) 3 1 -33 .

2 1

BASOR 1 62 ( 1961) 3 2 ;

1 66

ACROPOL IS TUNNELS ( TU ) ( E 8 65 -915 / S 7 75 -820 ) . Da te unknown , a ny t i me f ro m 6 th c en tu ry B .C . t o 1 2 th c en tu ry A .D . E xcava ted i n 1 962 a nd 1 964 . Descr ip t ion : Cu t i n to c ong lo mera te o f h i l ls ide . 1 27 m . mapped f ro m 2 80 -315 m . a . s . l . T e rm ina ted i n l a rge r ec tangu lar c ha mber a bove b u t l owe s t p o r t ion n ever d i scovered . He igh t v a r ied 1 . 70 -2 .10 m . w i th n o r e l iab le d a tab le ma te r ia ls . S ource s : BASOR 1 70 ( 1 963 ) 3 5 -37 , f i g . 3 6 ; 1 77 ( 1965 ) 8 ;I LN (Ma rch 9 , 1 963 ) 3 42 ; Han fmann , F rom C roe sus t o C ons tan t ine , 8 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , 1 01 , 1 05 -106 , f i gs . 6 9 -70 ; S ard is , R epor t 1 ,4 , 2 7 ; Han fmann w i th M ie rse ,4 7 -48 , f i g .8 3 .

87 -

2 2

F LY ING TO WERS (WESTERN R IDGE FORT IFICAT IONS ) ( E6 16 -632 /S9 23 -941 ) L a te B yzan t ine . S tud ied i n 1 970 . D escr ip t ion : I so la ted f r ag ment o f d oub le wa l l w ith g a te o n wes ternmos t p o in t o f a c ropo l is . C ons t ruc ted o f mor tared r ubb le f aced w i th f i e lds tones a nd r egu lar b r ick b and ing i n t r ad i t ion o f C ons tan t inopo l i tan wa l ls . S ources : BASOR 2 03 ( 1971 ) 1 2 , f i g . 1 8 ; f i g . 2 18 ; S ard i s , Monog raph 4 ,5 8 .

2 3

Han fmann , L e t ter s , 2 86 ,

" BYZANT INE FORTRESS " " ByzFo r t " ( E 6 60 -7 10 /S3 30 -380 ) L yd ian t o L a te R oman . S urveyed f r om 1 970 -1972 . E xcava t ion f r om 1 983 . D escr ip t ion : " Ne i ther B yzan t ine n or a f or tress , " a ccord ing t o G reenewa l t . E xcava t ion o f t hese mass ive l a te r ubb le wa l l s n ow r evea l ing i mpo r tan t n ew L yd ian r e ma in s . U -shaped s y s te m o f wa l ls e nca s ing s pu r o f a rcopo l is . S ources : BAS OR 1 99 ( 1970 ) 4 2 , S ard i s , Monograph 4 , 6 0 , 7 5 ; Hanfmann , L e t ters , 3 26 ; i n f ra , Chap te r 6 ; BASORSup 2 4 ( 1 986 ) 1 3 1 7 ,f i gs . 1 9 -25 ; BASORSup 2 5 ( 1 987 ) 7 2 -80 .

2 4

BU ILD ING A ( A ) ( E 6 41-763 / S 2 2 -60 ) R o man t h rough T u rk ish . S urveyed f r om 1 970 -1972 . L im i ted e xcava t ion i n 1 982 . D escr ip t ion : L arge b u i ld ing o f s evera l p hases s ou th o f p resen t h ighway . F i rs t p er iod p robab ly R oman r e ta in ing wa l l ; s econd p hase o f u nknown d a te ; a nd t h ird , r e fo r t i fy ing d ur ing e ar ly 7 th c en tu ry . L oca t ion o f 1 9 th c en tu ry T u rco man v i l lage , p erhaps c aravan sa ray men t ioned b y e ar ly E u ropean t r ave le rs . S ource : I n f ra , Chap ter 2 .

2 5

S TAD IU M AND ARCH ( E 8 20 -1050 / S 1 80 -260 ) R oman . S u rveyed f r om 1 970 -1972 . D escr ip t ion : P oor ly p rese rved v au l ted s ubs t ruc ture o f n or th s i de o f s t ad iu m . Ax is p erpend icu lar t o t ha t o f t hea te r . S e r ies o f a rches i n a sh lar ma son ry t on o r th , p robab ly p a r to f as e r ies o fg a tes . S ource : I nf ra , Chap ter 5 .

88-

2 6

THE ATER ( E 9 20 -1060 / S 2 60 -350 ) S urveyed f ro m 1 970 -1972 .

He l len is t ic a nd Ro man .

Desc r ip t ion : Two p owe r fu l p arodo i wa l ls a nd f ew f r agmen t s o f r ear c avea wa l l , a l l i n mor ta red r ubb le b u t f aced w i th r eu sed l imes tone b locks f ro m He l len is t ic t hea ter p resu mab ly o n s a me s i te . One o f s eve ra l t hea te rs i n A s ia M inor w i th a d jacen t s t ad iu m . S ource : I nf ra , Chap ter 5 .

2 7

H ILLS IDE CHA MBERS ( HC ) ( E 1 144 -1190 / S 2 10 -242 ) S urveyed f r om 1 970 - 1 972 .

Ro man .

Desc r ip t ion : S e r ie s o f v au l ted c ha mbers w i th g roup o f r oo ms o n u pper l eve l . S e t i n to h i l ls ide e as t o f t hea ter . P robab ly p ar t o f c o m merc ia l c omp lex . F ie lds tone c ons t ruc t ion s im i lar t o S tad iu m v au l t ( No . 2 5 ) a nd sma l l c ha mbe rs we s t o f B u i ld ing A ( No . 3 7 ) . S ource : I nf ra , Chap ter 4 .

2 8

BATH CG ( CG ) ( E 1 405 -1485 / N 2 00 -330 ) R oman . E xcava ted f r om 1 958 -1960 , 1 968 -1969 . Descr ip t ion : L arge p ub l ic b a th o f 1 -2nd c en tu ry A .D . c on t inu ing t o f unc t ion i n to 6 th . B u i l t p r i mar i ly o f c u t s tone w i th m in i mu m o f mor ta red r ubb le , as ty le s im i lar t o b a ths i n H ierapo l is , Aph rod is ia s , Mi le tus a nd E phe sus . I nco mp le te e xcava t ion d ue t o h igh wa ter t ab le . S ource s : BASOR 1 54 ( 1 959 ) 1 8 -22 , f i g s . 6 -7 ; 1 57 ( 1960 ) 3 8 -43 , f i g s . 2 2 2 4 ; 1 62 ( 1961 ) 4 3 -47 , f i gs . 2 9 -30 ; 1 99 ( 1970 ) 4 0 -41 , f i g . 3 1 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , 3 0 -31 , 3 3 -34 , 6 7 , 7 0 , 3 19 , f i g s . 2 2 , 3 9 -40 , 5 4 ; S ard i s , Monograph 4 ,3 7 , 3 9 ,5 1 ,5 3 , 7 5 ; S ard i s , R epo r t 1 ,1 29 -166 , f i gs . 3 31 -436 ; Han fmann w i th M ie rse , 3 -4 , 1 93 ; Vann , " Ro man Cons t ruc t ion i n A s ia Minor , " 1 56 -160 , 1 91 -193 .

89-

2 9

BU ILD ING D ( D ) ( E 8 30 -880 /N 6 5 -100 ) E a r ly 6 th c en tury . S u rveyed f r om 1 970 -1972 . D escr ip t ion : B yzan t ine c hurch o f J u s t in ian ic d a te ( ? ) b u i l t w i th s po l ia o f e ar l ier R oman s t ruc ture (s ) . R e ma ins o f p iers s ugges t r e la t ive ly sma l l c hurch p erhaps b u i l t o n e x ist ing p la t for m . O r ien ta t ion s im i lar t o t hose o f B u i ld ing A ( no r th wa l l ) a nd B u i ld ing C . C loses t p ara l le l i n s i ze a nd c on f igu ra t ion o f p lan i s Chu rch o f S t .J ohn t he T heo log ian i n A laseh ir ( Ph i lade lph ia ) . S ources : S ard is I , 3 3 , f i g . 1 8 ; Han fmann , L etters , 2 85 ; S ardis , Monog raph 4 , 3 4 , 3 9 , 6 0 , 8 4 ; Han fmann w i th M ierse , 1 96 , f i g s . 8 : 29 , 2 87 ; V ann i n T he C hurche s o f S ard i s ( f o r thcom ing ) ; B uchwa ld , T he C hur che s o f S ard i s , f or thco m ing .

3 0

BU ILD ING C ( C ) ( E 6 40 -7 12 / N 2 74 -320 ) S urveyed f r om 1 970 -1972 .

R oman a nd B yzan t ine .

D e scr ip t ion : R ema in ing p iers o f R oman c ons t ruc t ion i den t i f ied a s p a r t o f b a th s t ruc ture , p e rhaps r eused l a ter a s c hurch . T echn ique o f c ons t ruc t ion , s o l id s t one p iers c ar ry ing s o l id b r ick v au l t ing s een a t P ergamon i n T emp le o f S erap is . S ource : I n f ra , C hap ter 3 .

3 1

MILL ( E8 45 -875 /N 1 65 -180 ) 1 9 th c en tu ry . D escr ip t ion : Sma l l m i l l b e tween b u i ld ings C a nd D . A m i l l men t ioned i n 1 820 b y R ev . F i ske whe re G reeks l i ved a nd wo rked . No a ppa ren t c onnec t ion t o s eve ra l m i l ls k nown i n a nc ien t a nd med ieva l c i ty . T ombs tone o f a wa te r m i l l e ng ineer ( Euchrom ius , a l so c a l led L eon t iu s ) f ound b y B u t ler . S ource s : S ard i s , Monog raph 4 , 1 6 -17 f o r d e sc r ip t ion b y F i ske , n o . 1 0 f o r i n sc r ibed t o mbs tone ; S ard i s I , 16 f o r modern m i l l a nd S ard is V I I .1 , n o . 1 69 f o r a nc ien t m i l l .

90 -

32.1

TOMB OF CLAUDIA ANTONIA SABINA (W 558 / S 60) c. 215 A.O. Excavated in 1913 and re-examined in 1972. Description: Roman mausoleum containing sarcophagus of Claudia Antonia Sabina, one of two prominent Sardian women responsible for early 3rd century decoration of Marble Court (No. 1.1). Tomb stood west of bridge along modern highwa y . Remains now removed. Sources: Sardis I, 170-174; Sardis V; Hanfmann, Letters, 149, Sardis, Monograph 4, 39; Hanfmann with Mierse, 145, 146, 156, 205; Sardis, Report 3, no. 243.

32.2

BUTLER PAINTED TOMB (W 550 / N 50) A.O. 330-350. Examined in 1972. Description: Painted tomb across highway from Tomb of Claudia Antonia Sabina (No. 32.1). 'Free-field' design with scattered flowers, birds, basket, stocking-g arland, two peacocks, and a Constantinian Chrestogram. Sources: Sardis I, 174, 181-183, fig. 18, pls. 4-5; Strocka, Ephesos 8.1, 60; Hanfmann with Mierse, 208.

33

BRICK VAULTED TOMBS (W 270 / S 480-500) Roman? Surveyed in 1972. Description: Group of unexcavated chamber tombs within east banks of Pactolus south of Peacock Tomb (No. 12).

34

ROMAN CHAMBER TOMB (W 16 / S 1094) Roman. Surveyed in 1972. Description: Vaulted chamber tomb containin g painted plaster decoration of flowers, garlands, birds, and baskets of fruit. 50 m. west of (downhill from) Kagirlik Tepe (No. 19). Sources: Shear AJA 26 (1922) 405-407; AJA 31 (1927) 19-25.

-91-

3 5

ROAD UNDER MILL ( E8 50 /N 1 70 ) S u rveyed i n 1 972 . Descr ip t ion : T hree a reas o f marb le p av ing f ound b y l and owners i nd ica tes p resence o f monumen ta l p aved a venue p ass ing b enea th m i l l w i th a x is a pprox ima te ly s a me a s t ha t o f b u i ld ing s C a nd D ( Nos . 3 0 , 2 9 ) a nd t he n o r th wa l l o fB u i ld ing A ( No . 2 4 ) . S ource s : Han fmann w i th M ie r se , 1 46 , i n f ra , c hap ter 2 ,2 1 f n .3 3 .

3 6

ROAD TO " BYZANT INE FORTRESS " ( E 6 00 / S 3 50 ) S u rveyed i n 1 972 . D escr ip t ion : R oad l e ad ing i n d i rec t ion o f " Byzan t ine F or t re ss , " ( No . 2 3 ) r epo r ted b yl o ca l v i l lage rs . S ource : I nf ra , 6 7 .

3 7

VAULTED SUBSTRUCTURES WEST OF BU ILD ING A ( E 5 76 -603 / S6 6 -79 ) S u rveyed i n 1 972 . D esc r ip t ion : S er ie s o f f i ve v au l ted c hambe r s s uppor t ing t e r race wes t o f B u i ld ing A ( No . 2 4 ) . Open t o n or th a nd p e rhaps p ar t o f t he s o c a l led " Roman Agora ." S ource : I nf ra , 1 7 .

3 8

" RO MAN AGORA "

( E3 00 -480 /S7 5 -140 ) S u rveyed i n 1 972 .

D escr ip t ion : F ive wa l l f r ag men ts r epresen t ing t hree o r f our b u i ld ings o f l a te d a te l oca ted wes t o f B u i ld ing A a nd d es igna ted a s t he " Ro man Agora ." Mor tared r ubb le a nd b r ick b and ing f or f r agmen t s 1a nd 2r epre sen t s d a te o f4 th c en tu ry o rl a ter . S ource : I nf ra , Chap ter 6 .

3 9

RUBBLE W ALLS EAST OF BATH -GY MNAS IU M ( E 1 87 -192 /N 5 2 7 7 ) S u rveyed i n 1 972 . D e scr ip t ion : Two f r agmen t s e a s t o f p a lae s t ra e n trance . B o th p a ra l le l t oE a s t R oad ( No . 6 0 ) . Heavy mo r ta red r ubb le c on s t ruc t ion . S ource : I nf ra , Chap ter 6 .

92-

4 0

ODE ION AREA

( E1 420 /S2 20 ) S u rveyed i n1 972 .

D e sc r ip t ion : S e r ie s o fr ubb le wa l ls i n b ow l -shaped d epress ion e as t o f H i l ls ide Cha mber s ( No . 2 7 ) . T en t i t ive ly i den t if ied b y Cu r t ius a s o de ion b u t t oo p oo r ly p reserved f o r r econs t ruc t ion . S ource : I nf ra , Chap ter 6 .

4 1

FOUNDAT IONS B ENEATH " BYZANT INE FORTRESS " ( E 7 50 / S 3 40 ) S urveyed i n 1 972 , e xcava t ion b eg inn ing i n 1 983 . D escr ip t ion : Heavy a sh lar -faced r e ta in ing wa l ls b u i l t a round a c ropo l is s pur . P oor ly p reserved a nd ma ter ia ls r obbed i n many p laces y e t s t i l l s t ands mo re t han t han 1 3 m . h igh . C e ram ic e v idence p rov ides d a te o f 5 50 B .C . Cons iderab le s t ra ta o f L yd ian ma ter ia l o ver la id b y He l len is t ic a nd R oman l eve ls . S ource : S ame a s No . 2 3 .

4 2

HYPOCAUST S TRUCTURE NEAR PACTOLUS B ED (W 2 25 -230 /S 8 25 -850 ) R oman . S u rveyed i n 1 972 . D escr ipt ion : R ema ins o f R o man h ouse w i th h ea ted r oo ms r evea led i n s t eep b ank s c u t b y P ac to lus R iver . Hypocaus t , mos iac f l oors , s een o ve r s t re tch o f2 5 -30 m . ,n ow b ur ied 2 -3 m . S ource : I nf ra , Chap ter 6 .

4 3

MARBLE FOUNDAT ION I N PACTOLUS B ED (W 2 50 -282 /S 1 275 1 285 ) S u rveyed i n1 972 . D escr ip t ion : Wa l l o f t hree c ourses o f marb le b locks i n b ed o f P ac to lus , c a . 6 0 m . s ou thwe s t o f L yd ian A l ta r ( No . 1 7 .2 ) . None o f i t s o r ig ina l d i mens ions p reserved . Covered b y r ecen t b reakwa ters c ons t ruc ted t op ro tec t r i ve r b ank s . S ource : I nf ra , Chap ter 6 .

93 . .

4 4

MINOR RO MAN BU ILD ING ( FOUNTA IN HOUSE? ) (W 1 7 -37 / S 1 024 -1037 ) E xcava ted b y B u t ler a nd S hear i n 1 922 a nd s urveyed a ga in i n 1 972 . Descr ip t ion : Sma l l s t ruc ture , 1 0 x2 0 m . w i th c en tra l s pace a nd sma l ler r oo ms t o e i ther s i te . B u r ied wa l ls p reserved 2 -3 m . h igh . P erhaps a f oun ta in h ou se . S ou rce s : S hear , A JA 2 6 ( 1 922 ) 4 07 , f i g . 1 5 ; i n f ra , Chap ter 6 .

4 5

RUBBLE W ALL I N PACTOLUS B ED (W 2 50 /S 8 65 -890 )

S u rveyed

i n 1 972 . Desc r ip t ion : Mor tared r ubb le wa l l o ve r 4 0 m . l ong p re served i n P ac to lus b ed n ea r mode rn v i l lage f oun ta in . S im i lar wa l ls f ound i n r i ver b ed f ro m E xped i t ion Headquar te rs ( No . 1 5 ) t o P ac to lus No r th ( No . 1 0 ) . S ource : I nf ra , Chap ter 6 .

4 6

W ALL SOUTHEAST OF PYRA M ID TO MB ( E 7 0 -95 / S8 70 -880 ) Descr ip t ion : Rubb le wa l l 2 4 m . l ong a nd 1 .20 w ide l oca ted s ou theas t o f P yra m id T o mb ( No . 1 4 ) . H igh o n n or th s l ope o f l a rge wad i n or th o f A r te m is T e mp le ( No . 1 7 .1) . Area f i l led w i th f r ag men t s o f o the r R o man a nd l a te R o man s t ruc tures ( Nos . 4 4 , 4 6 , 4 7 ,5 0 ) . S ource : I nf ra , Chap ter 6 .

4 7

BR ICK VAULTED TO MB

(W 4 0 /S9 64 )

D esc r ip t ion : R o man v au l ted t o mb l o ca ted h igh o n n o r th s ide o f f i rs t wad i n or th o f E xped i t ion Headqua r te r s ( No . 1 5 ) j us t a bove t he s o c a l led F oun ta in House ( No . 4 4 ) . S ource : I nf ra , Chap ter 6 .

94-

4 8

W ALLS WEST OF PACTOLUS

(W 4 68 -497 /S3 09 -378 )

Desc r ip t ion : Two l a rge wa l ls o f c rude c ons t ruc t ion 1 30 m . wes t o f P ac to lus , p e rhaps d a t ing t o m idd le B yzan t ine p e r iod when P ac to lus Nor th ( No 1 0 ) a nd Chu rch E ( No . 1 .2 ) were f ocus o f t own . S ource : I nf ra , Chap ter 6 .

4 9

BUTLER 'S HOUSE ( E 1 00 /S190 ) Descr ip t ion : E xcava t ion h ouse b u i l t b y P r ince ton Un ivers i ty o n l o wer s lopes o f Acropo l is ( No . 2 0 ) j us t a bove T e mp le o f A r te m is e xcava t ions ( No . 1 7 .1 ) . S ources : S ard i s I ,5 7 -60 , f i g . 5 0 -55 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , S hear , A JA 3 1 ( 1927 )

5 0

SHEAR 'S S TOA E 1 35 /S 1 015 ) S urveyed i n 1 972 . Desc r ip t ion : 9m . wa l l l oca ted i n wad i 1 00 m . n or th o f T e mp le o f A r te m is ( No . 1 7 .1) . R e ference i n i nsc r ip t ion f ound b y B u t le r a nd S hear i n 1 922 . S ou rce : S hea r , A JA 2 6 ( 1922 ) 4 08 -409 .

5 1

LYD IAN W ALLS ON ACROPOL IS ( E 8 88 -895 / S 9 57 -976 ) L yd ian a nd P e rs ian . S u rveyed i n 1 960 , 1 971 , 1 974 . Desc r ip t ion : S ee No . 2 0 .2 ( AcN ) .

5 2

PRE -HELLEN IST IC W ALLS ON ACROPOL IS 155 ) L yd ian . S u rveyed i n 1 973 .

( E 150 -1160 /S145 -

Descr ip t ion : T hree wa l ls b e long ing t o p re - He l len is t ic d e fens ive s ys te m . I den t if ied b y Hanf mann a s t r ip le wa l ls a dm ired b y A lexande r t he G rea t . M idd le wa l l 1 0 m . l ong , 3 . 5 m . t h ick , a nd e igh t c our ses h igh . S ou rce : BASOR 2 15 ( 1 974 ) 3 1 -33 , f i gs . 1 -2 .

95-

5 3

HOLES I N ACROPOL IS S CARP ( E 9 25 -970 / S 1 015 -1035 ) S urveyed i n 1 971 . D esc r ip t ion : S eve ra l c av i t ies i n s hee r s ou thwes t s l ope o f A cropo l is ( No . 2 0 ) j us t b enea th " chape l " e xcava ted i n u pper p or t ion . No a ppa ren t c onnec t ion w i th man - made f ea tu res . Na tura l f o r ma t ion s? S ee No . 2 0 .1 .

5 4

S EYTAN DERE CE METERY (W 1 25 / S 7 60 ) S urveyed i n 1 966 .

L yd ian a nd R o man .

De sc r ip t ion : R e ma ins o f c eme te ry f ound 2 80 m . n o r th o f E xped i t ion Headquar te rs ( No . 1 5 ) i n r oad -cu t . L yd ian a nd Ro man o b jec ts r ecovered i nc lud ing 6 th c en tury s te le a nd l a rge l imes tone s arcophagu s . S ou rce : BASOR 1 86 ( 1 972 ) 3 7 .

5 5

HELLE N IST IC S TRUCTURE B ENEAT H BYZANTI NE SHOPS ( E 8 4 -92 / S 0 -3 ) He l len is t ic . L oca ted b enea th J acob 's S hop . E xcava t ion i n 1 962 . Descr ip t ion : T h ree l ime s tone s t eps a nd p la t fo rm o f mo r ta red r ubb le f ound 3 m . b e lo w s hops . Un f in ished b locks w i th mason 's s e t t ing ma rks a nd p ro tec t ive s ur faces s t i l l i n p lace . F ace ted Dor ic c o lu mn f ound n ea rby . Da te p rov ided b y a ssoc ia ted p o t tery a nd c o ins . No f ounda t ions e x tended b enea th S ynagogue ( No . 2 ) . S ou rce s : BASOR 1 70 ( 1963 ) 5 1 , f i g . 3 7 ; 1 74 ( 1964 ) 4 7 -50 , f i gs . 2 9 -30 ; 1 91 ( 1968 ) 3 8 -39 ; S ard is , Monograph 4 , 4 2 -43 , f i g . 1 9 ; S ard is , Monog raph 6 ,p lan I V ; Han fmann w i th M ie rse , 1 24 .

5 6

HELLE NISTIC TO MBS (W 5 -E 1 5 /S5 0 -63 ) R o man . E xcava ted i n 1 959 . De sc r ip t ion : S ee No . 4 . 3 .

96 -

He l len ist ic t o

5 7

S TREET OF THE P IPES I N S ECTOR PN (W 2 55 -220 / S 3 60 -390 ) E xcava ted i n 1 961 -1962 . Descr ip t ion : S tree t o f L a te R o man p e r iod s ou theas t o f PN B a th Co mp lex ( No . 1 0 .4 ) b enea th wh ich r an 6 -8 s epara te wa ter p ipes . F o l lowed s a me d iagona l p a th o f e a r l ier He l len is t ic s t ree t . S ources : BASOR 1 70 ( 1963 ) 2 0 -22 ; 2 06 -208 .

5 8

Han fmann w i th Mie rse , 3 7 , 17 ,

COLONNADED S TREET I N S ECTOR HoB (W 2 0 -E 5 5 /S 1 25 -180 ) E xcava ted i n 1 964 . Descr ip t ion : 7m . w ide r oad p aved w i th ma rb le a nd l i ned b y c o lonnades a nd s t a tuary s im i lar t o b e t ter p reserved s t ree ts i n E phesos. S hops o n b o th s ides . I den t i f ied w i th c o lonnaded s t ree t l ead ing f ro m T e trapy lon ( No . 5 9 .1) t o ward , Hypaepa o r t he Hypaepan Ga te ( No . 8 ) . S ources : BASOR 1 66 ( 1962 ) 4 0 -46 , f i gs . 3 2 -37 ; 1 74 ( 1964 ) 4 7 , f i g s . 2 9 3 0 ; 1 77 ( 1965 ) 1 4 -17 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , 2 77 , f i g . 2 05 ; S ard i s , R epor t 1 ,3 1 .

5 9

BU ILD ING R I N S ECTOR HoB E a r ly B yzan t ine .

( E 1 0 -63 / S 9 0 -130 )

Ro man a nd

Descr ip t ion : L arge r ec tangu lar b u i ld ing o f h eavy c ons truc t ion o n Co lonnaded S t ree t ( No . 5 8 ) . P erhaps i ndus t r ia l . Wa l ls p reserved o ver l eng th o f 2 8 .5 m . S ources : BASOR 1 62 ( 1961 ) 1 7 ; 1 66 ( 1962 ) 5 ; 1 74 ( 1964 ) 8 ;1 77 ( 1965 ) 1 7 ; 1 99 ( 1 970 ) 2 9 ; 2 03 ( 197 1 ) 1 ; S ard i s , Monog raph 4 ,4 4 .

5 9 .1

T ETRAPYLON

( E 5 1 /S1 02 f i ndspo to fi n sc r ip t ion )

D esc r ip t ion : S t ruc tu re n ex t t o B u i ld ing R ( No . 5 9 ) i den t i f ied b y F oss a s t ha t men t ioned b y i nsc r ip t ion b e ing a t o ne e nd o f c o lonnaded s t ree t l e ad ing t owa rd Hypaepan Ga te ( No . 8 ) . S ources : BASOR 1 99 ( 1970 ) 2 8 -29 , f i g . 1 6 ; Monograph 4 ,2 1 , 4 4 -45 , 5 1 , f i g . 2 2 .

97-

2 03 ( 1971) 1;

S ard is ,

6 0

EAST ROAD ( E 1 25 -130 / N 0 -20 ) Ro man t hrough B yzan t ine . E xcava t ion 1 966 , 1 968 , a nd 1 970 . Descr ip t ion : Nor th -sou th c o lonnaded s t ree t a long e as t f l ank o f B a th -Gy mnas iu m Co mp lex a nd S ynagogue ( Nos . 1a nd 2 ) . Ma jor i n tersec t ion a t s ou theas t c orner o f S ynagogue marked b y t e t rapy lon ( No . 2 . 1) . S ou rce s : BASOR 1 87 ( 1 967 ) 5 0 -52 ; 1 99 ( 1 970 )4 0 -42 ; 2 03 ( 197 1 ) 1 2 -14 .

6 1

WEST ROAD (W 5 9 -73 / S 5 -N 1 0 ) E xcava ted i n 1 966 a nd 1 968 .

R o man t hrough B yzan t ine .

Desc r ip t ion : Nor th -sou th s t ree t a long u nexcava ted wes t f l ank o f B a th -Gy mnas iu m Co mp lex ( No .1 ) . S ou rce : BASOR 1 86 ( 1 967 ) 2 8 -31 .

6 2

CON JECTURED ANC IENT ROAD ( E 1 90 -540 /N 5 0 -360 )

6 3

S ECTOR M MS ( E 10 -155/ S 5 0 -95 ) E xcava t ion b eg in ing i n 1 976 .

L yd ian a nd L a te Ro man .

Desc r ip t ion : Mass ive mudbr ick s t ruc ture i den t i f ied i n h ighway c u t s ou th o f mode rn h igh way j us t o ppos i te t he S ynagogue ( No .2 ) . P urpose u nknown . P e rhaps p ar t o f L yd ian d e fen s ive s ys te m . T h ree c lus ters o f L a te R o man h ouses b u i l t o ver a nd i n to l a rger L yd ian s t ruc tu re . P o t te ry s ugge s t s o r ig ina l d a te o fl a te 7 th c en tu ry . S ources : BASOR 2 29 ( 1978 ) 6 4 -65 , f i g . 8 ;2 33 ( 1979 ) 2 1-26 , f i g s . 2 6 -31 ; 2 45 ( 1982 ) 1 5 -24 , f i g s . 1-24 ; 2 49 ( 1983 ) 1 -8 , f i gs . 1 -8 ; BASORSup 2 3 ( 1985 ) 6 8 -76 , f i gs . 1 -2 -24 ; T ürkArkDerg 2 5 .1 ( 1980 ) 9 1-92 , f i g . 1 0 ; BASORSup 2 3 ( 1985 ) 6 8 -76 , f i g s . 1 2 -14 ; BASORSup 2 4 ( 1986 ) 1 -6 , f i g s . 2 -5 ; BASORSup 2 5 ( 1 987 ) 5 2 -72 .

98-

6 4 .1

S ECTOR M MS -NORT H ( E 1 30 -163 / S 5 -35 ) R o man . E xcava ted s ince 1 976 .

L yd ian a nd L a te

Desc r ip t ion : E xcava t ions n o r th o f I zm ir -Ankara h ighway s eek ing t o u ncove r e x tens ion o f Monu men ta l Mudbr ick S t ruc ture u ncove red i ns tead ad i f fe ren t t ype o fb u i ld ing i n te rpre ted e i ther a s ap la t form o r p e rphaps ag a teway . S ources : BASOR 2 45 ( 1978 ) 1 5 -21 , f i gs . 1-13 , 2 2 ; 2 49 ( 1983 ) 1 0 -15 , f i gs . 1 ,8 ,1 3 -19 ; BASORSup 2 3 ( 1985 ) 7 8 -81 , f i g s . 2 0 -28 ; BASORSup 2 4( 1986 ) 1-13 ,f i gs . 1 6 , 1 7 .

6 4 .2

S ECTOR M MS-SO UT H ( E 9 0 -120 / S 9 0 -120 ) R o man . E xcava ted s ince 1 978 .

L yd ian a nd L a te

Desc r ip t ion : E xcava t ion i n s add le b e tween M MS h i l lock a nd h i l l f ur ther s ou th u ncovered L a te R o man c o lonnaded s t ree t a nd a d jacen t s t ruc tures b u i l t o ver L yd ian r e ma ins . Co mpar ison o f t h is s t ree t w i th t ha t i n HoB ( No . 5 8 ) s ugges t s as im i lar d a te f or t he ir c ons t ruc t ion . S ou rces : BASOR 2 45 ( 1978 ) 2 1-24 , f i gs . 1 , 2 3 -24 ; 2 49 ( 1980 ) 8 -10 , f i gs . 1 ,8 12 ; BASORSup 2 3 ( 1985 ) 7 6 -78 , f i g . 2 5 ; BASORSup 2 4 ( 1 986 ) 8 11 ,f i g s . 115 .

6 5

RO MAN COLONNADE : MA IN AVENUE ( RT o r MRd ) (W 7 0 - E 1 30 / S 5 -30 ) R o man t hrough O t to man . E xcava ted i n 1 961 , 1 976 . F or more r ecen t e xcava t ion t o e a s t s ee No . 6 4 , M MS -Nor th . Desc r ip t ion : P r inc ipa l e as t - wes t t horough fare o f c i ty? Dur ing 4 th c en tury A .D . s t ree t f l anked o n e ach s ide b y mosa ic -paved c o lonnaded wa lkway s w i th s hops ( No . 3 ) o pen ing o n to s t ree t . S hops t o s ou th r e ma in u nexcava ted b enea th modern h ighway . S ou rces : BASOR 1 66 ( 1962 ) 4 0 -46 , f i g s . 3 2 -37 ; 2 03 ( 197 1 ) 1 2 -15 , f i g . 9 ; 2 15 ( 1 974 ) 4 6 , f i g . 1 8 ; 2 28 ( 1977 ) 5 0 ; BASORSup 2 3 ( 1 985 ) 7 6 ; 2 4 ( 1 986 ) 9 -11 ; 2 5 ( 1987 ) 1 6 -20 ; Han f mann , F rom C roe sus t o C ons tan t ine , 8 8 ; Han fmann , L e t ter s , 8 8 , 9 4 , 1 52 , f i g s . 6 4 -65 , 1 53 ; S ard i s , Monograph 4 , 2 1 , 4 2 -43 , f i g . 1 9 ; Han fmann w i th M ier se , 1 61 -163 .

99-

6 6

LYD IAN T ILE RECONSTRUCT ION (W 2 00 /S 160 ) 1 976 -1985 . D esc r ip t ion : Anc ien t L yd ian r oo f t i les a nd d ecora t ive r eve t men ts d isp layed o n c orner o f h ypo the t ica l s t ruc ture o f 6 th c en tu ry B .C . V a r ie ty o f s hape s a nd d ecora t ions b ased u pon f r agmen ts o f t e r raco t ta f r agmen ts f ound a ts i te . S ou rces : BASOR 2 29 ( 1 978 ) 6 7 -70 , f i g s . 1 5 -17 ; 2 33 ( 1 979 ) 2 6 -27 ,f i g . 3 2 ; 2 45 ( 1982 ) 2 5 -30 , f i gs . 2 7 -29 ; 2 49 ( 1983 ) 2 5 -28 , f i gs . 3 1 , 3 4 -35 ; A rchaeo logy 3 4 ( 1981 ) 5 6 -59 ; T i irkArkDerg 2 5 .1 ( 1980 ) 8 7 -88 , f i gs . 1 -2 ; BASORSup 2 3 ( 1 985 ) 8 5 , f i g s . 3 3 -35 .

6 7

W AD I BI ON IC T E MPLE ( E 7 20 / S 2 30 ) E a r ly I mper ia l . E xcava ted i n 1 981-1982 . De sc r ip t ion : Co rne r o fe a r ly I mpe r ia l p seudo -d ip tera l t emp le l o ca ted i n wad i 1 20 m . we s t o f s t ad ium ( No . 2 5 ) . I nsc r ibed t y mpanum b lock s uggests d ed ica t ion t o i mper ia l c u l t . Approx i ma te ly s a me o r ien ta t ion a s s t ad iu m . S ources : R a t t, F oss , a nd Howe , A JA 9 0 ( 1 986 ) ; BASORSup 2 3 ( 1985 ) 6 0 -64 ,f i gs .3 -7 .

6 8

F IELD 4 9 LYD IAN W ALL ( E 8 20 -970 / S 3 05 -310 ) R oman . E xcava ted i n 1 983 .

L yd ian a nd

Descr ip t ion : Mass ive t e rrace wa l l e ncas ing s pur o f a c ropo l is s ou theas t o f e ar ly I mpe r ia l t emp le ( No . 6 7 ) a nd s ou thwe s t o f T hea ter ( No . 2 6 ) . B u i l t w i th m ix ture o f p o lygona l a nd a sh lar mason ry a nd p re se rved o ve r l eng th o f 2 0 m . P ar t ia l ly o b l i te ra ted b y l a te r R o man c ons t ruc t ion . S ou rce : BASORSup 2 3 ( 1985 ) 6 4 -67 , f i gs .8 11 .

6 9

" POT OF GOLD " F INDSPOT Descr ip t ion : Sma l l p o t , 1 1 .8 cm . ( d ia . ) f ound i n f i e ld n or th o f T emp le o f A r te m is ( No . 1 7 .1 ) . Con ta ined 3 0 g o ld s t a ters o f C roesu s d a t ing t oc .5 50 B .C . S ources :

A JA 2 6 (1922 ) 3 96 -399 , f i gs . 6 -8 , p l . v i ; M MA

( J anua ry 1 968 ) 5 .

100 -

B u l le t in ,

7 0

LYD IAN S PR ING/C ISTERN Desc r ip t ion : Wes t o f P ac to lus i n a rea o f S ey tan De re c e me te ry ( No . 5 4 ) .

7 1

TO MB OF F LAV IUS CHRYSANTH IOS AND FA M ILY ( TO MB 7 6 .1) (W41 / S576 ) L oca ted 2 00 m . e a s t o fP ac to lus C l i f f a nd 2 00 m . n o r th o f P y ram id T o mb ( No . 1 4 ) . A .D .3 40 -400 . Desc r ip t ion : V au l ted t o mb w i th we l l -prese rved p a in ted d ecora t ion a nd i den t i f ied w i th Chry san th ios , ap a in ter a nd h igh o f f ic ia l o f t he i mpe r ia l a r ms f ac to ry . S ource s : BASOR 2 29 ( 1978 ) 6 1 -64 , f i g . 2 97 ; 2 33 ( 1979 ) 4 -6 , f i gs , 3 -9 ; G reenewa l t , BASOR 2 29 ( 1975 ) 6 1-64 , f i g s . 3 -7 , i dem , 2 33 ( 1979 ) 4 -8 , f i g s . 3 -5 ; Han fmann , A JA 8 5 ( 1 981 ) 8 8 -89 ; F oss , ZPE 3 5 ( 1979 ) 2 79 2 83 ; T ürkArkDe rg 2 5 .1 ( 1980 ) 9 0 -91 , f i g s . 7 -9 . .

7 2

ORTHOSTATE TO MB ( TO MB 7 7 .1 ) (W134 -140/S695 -701 ) Nor th s ide o f K ek l iksuyu t o r ren t b ed a nd n or th o f E xped i t ion Headquar ters ( No . 1 5 ) . L yd ian , l a te 7 th t oe a r ly 5 th c en tu ry . E xcava ted i n 1 977 . Desc r ip t ion : D romos a nd s ing le s quare c ha mber b u i l t w i th r ough ly t r i m med b locks , s ands tone , c ong lo mera te , a nd l imes tone . Two c ouches i ns ide a ga ins t f l ank wa l ls . Da ted b y p o t tery f r ag men ts r ecove red f ro m b enea th c hamber p av ing . S ou rce : BASOR 2 33 ( 1979 ) 9 19 f i g s . 7 -24 .

7 3

TO MB 7 9 .2 AND TO MB 7 9 .3 (W60/S570 ) L a te R oman . E xcava ted i n 1 979 ) . De sc r ip t ion : R ec tangu la r b a rre l -vau l ted s ub te r ranean t o mbs e n tered t hrough s quare h o les a t t op n ea r t he n or th e nds . C an t i levered s l abs i n wa l l s s e rve a s s t eps . P a in ted f l ora l p a t te rns p rese rved i n 7 9 .2 b u t n o p las te r r e ma in s i n 7 9 .3 S ou rce : BASOR 2 49 ( 1983 ) 2 1 -24 ,f i gs . 2 5 -30 .

101-

B IBL IOGRAPHY

Ada m , J ean -P ierre , L a c ons truc t ion r oma ine , ma td r iaux e t t e chn iques ( Pa r i s : G rand Manue ls P icard , 1 984 ) . Akurga l , E k rem , A nc ien t C iv i l iza t ions a nd R u ins o f T urk ey , 3 rd e d . t r ans . J ohn Whybraw a nd Mo l l ie Emre ( I s tanbu l : Hase t K i tabev i , 1 973 ) . A l lo m , T ho mas , C ons tan t inop le a nd t h e s c enery o f t h e S even C hurche s o f A s ia Minor , ( London : F i sher a nd S on s , n .d . ) . A lz inger , Wi lhe lm , D ie R u inen v on E phesos , Österre ich isches A rchäo log isches I ns t i tu t ( V ienna : A .F .K oska , 1 972 ) . A runde l l , F ranc is V .J . , A V i s i t t o t h e S even C hur che s o f A s ia w i th a n e xcur s ion i n to P is id ia ( London : R . R odwe l l , 1 828 ) . D i scover ie s i n A s ia Minor , i n c lud ing a d escr ip t ion o f t h e r u ins o f s evera l a nc i en t c i t ie s , a nd e spec ia l ly A n t ioch i n P i s id ia ( London : R . B en t ley , 1 834 ) . B aedeker , K ar l , K ons tant inope l u nd d as w e s t l iche K le inas ien K . B aedeker , 1 905 ) 2 39 -243 .

( Le ipz ig :

B a tes , George E . , B yzan t ine C o ins , A rchaeo log ica l E xp lora t ion o f S ard is , Monog raph 1( Cambr idge : Harva rd Un ivers i ty P re ss , 1 97 1 ) . B ean , George A . , A egean T urk ey : An A rchaeo log ica l G u ide (Wash ing ton , D .C . : F rede r ick A .P raeger , 1 966 ) . T urkey 's S outhern S hore : An A rchaeo log ica l G u ide D .C . : F rede r ick A . P raeger , 1 968 ) . T urkey B eyond t h e Maeande r : E rnes t B enn , 1 97 1 ) .

(Wa sh ing ton ,

An A rchaeo log i ca l G u ide ( London :

d e B ernard i -Ferre ro , Dana , T ea tr i C las s ic i i n A s ia Minore , v o l . 1 : C ibyra , S e lg e , H ie rapo l i s , S tud i d i A rch i te t tura An t ica I( Rome : " L 'Erma " d i B re t schne ide r , 1 966 ) . T ea t r i C las s ic i i n A s ia M inor e , v o l . 2 : C i t tä d i P i s id ia , L i c i a , eC ar ia , S tud i d i A rch i te t tura An t ica I ( Rome : " L 'Er ma " d i B re t schne ider , 1 969 ) .

102-

,T ea tr i C lass ic i i n A s ia Minore , v o l . 3 : C i t td d a l la T roade a l la P amf i l ia , S tud i d i A rch i te t tura An t ica I V ( Ro me : " L 'Er ma " d i B re t schne ide r , 1 970 ) . T ea tr i C las s ic i i n A s ia Minor e , D eduz ione e p ro p o s te , S tud i d i A rch i te t tura An t ica V ( Ro me : " L 'Er ma " d i B re t schne ider , 1 974 ) . B erve , He l mu t , Go t t f r ied G ruben , a nd Max H ir mer , G reek T emp les , T hea te r s , a nd S h r ine s ( London : T ha mes a nd Hudson , 1 963 . B ieber , Margarete , T he H i s tory o f t he G reek ( P r ince ton : P r ince ton Un ive r s i ty P re ss , 1 961 ) .

a nd

R oman

T hea ter

B i t te l , Ku r t , " Beobach tungen i n P ess inus , " AA 8 2 ( 1967 ) 1 42 -150 . B lake ,

Mar ion E . , A nc ien t R oman C ons truc t ion i n I t a ly f r om t h e P reh i s tor ic P er iod t o A ugus tus (Wash ing ton , D .C . : Carneg ie I ns t i tu t ion , 1 947 ) .

,R oman C ons truc t ion i n I t a ly f r om T ibe r ius t h rough t h e F l av ians (Wash ing ton , D .C . : C a rneg ie I ns t i tu t ion , 1 959 ) . R oman C ons truc t ion i n I t a ly f r om N erva t h rough t h e A n ton ine s , Dor is T ay lor -B ishop , e d . ( Ph i lade lph ia : Ame r ican P h i losoph ica l S oc ie ty , 1 973 ) . B lü mner , Hugo , T e chno log i e u nd T e rm ino log ie d e r G ewe rbe u nd K i ins te b e i G r e ichen u nd R öme rn , 4v o ls . i n 3( Le ipz ig : B .G .Teubner , 1 879 1 912 ) . B ohn , R icha rd ( ed . ) , " A l te r tü me r v on A iga i , " I d IEr 2 ( 1 889 ) . B ohn , R ichard , D i e T hea t er T er ra sse , A l ter tü mer v on P erga mon ( Ber l in : W. S pe mann , 1 896 ) . B ond , A lvan , Memo i r o f t h e R ev e rand P l iny F i sk ( Bos ton : B rew s te r , 1 828 ) .

C rocker a nd

B osch , C le mens , P amphy l ia T ar ih ine D a ir T e tk ik ler , ( S tud ien z ur G e sch i ch te P amphy l i ens ) Türkceye Cev iren , S abaha t A t lan ( Ankara : Türk T ar ih Kuru mu , 1 957 ) . B rough ton , T ho ma s R .S . , A s ia M inor : E conom ic S urvey o f R ome , v o l . I V , T enny F rank , e d . ( Ba l t i more : T he J ohns Hopk ins P ress , 1 938 ) . B uchwa ld , Hans , " Sard is , Church E , P re l im inary R epor t , " J ÖBG 2 6 ( 1977 ) 2 65 -299 .

103-

, " The Church o f S t . J ohn t he ( Ph i lade lph ia ) , "J ÖBG 3 0 ( 1 981 ) 3 01 -318 .

T heo log ian

i n

A laseh ir

T he C hurches o f S ard is , A rchaeo log ica l E xp lora t ion o f S ard is , r epo r t s s e r ies ( Ca mbr idge : Ha rva rd Un iver s i ty P re ss , f o r thcom ing ) . B uck ler , Wi l l ia m H . a nd Wi l l ia m M . C a lder , e ds . , Ana to l ian S tud ies P re sen ted t o S i r W i l l iam Mi tche l l R amsay , (Manches ter : Un ive rs i ty o f Manche s te r P ress , 1 923 ) . B uck ler , Wi l l iam a nd Dav id M . R ob inson , " Greek I nscr ipt ions f rom S ardes , " A JA 1 6 ( 1 912 ) 1-82 . " Greek I nsc r ip t ions f r om S arde s I I , " A JA 1 7 ( 1 913 ) 3 53 -370 . B uck ler , Wi l l iam H . a nd Dav id M . R ob inson , S ard i s V I I : G r eek a nd L a t in I n scr ip t ions . P ar t 1 : S easons 1 910 -19 14 ( Le iden : E . J . B r i l l , 1 932 ) . B urre l l , B arbara , " Neokoro i : G reek C it ies o f ( Ph .D . d i sser ta t ion , Ha rvard Un ive r s i ty , 1 980 ) .

t he

R o man

E ast "

B u t ler , Howard , C . , " F if th P re l im inary R epor t o n t he Amer ican E xcava t ion s a tS a rdes i n A s ia M ino r , " A JA 1 8 ( 1 914 ) 4 27 -430 . S ard i s I : T he E xcava t ions . P ar t 1 : 1 9 10 -19 14 ( Le iden : E . J . B r i l l , 1 922 ) . S ard i s I : A rch i tec ture . P ar t 1 : T he T emp le o f A r tem i s , t ex t a nd a t las ( Le iden : E . J . B r i l l , 1 925 ) . C a lder , Wi l l iam M . a nd J ose f K e i l , e ds . , A na to l ian S tud ie s P re sen ted t o W i l l iam H epburn B uck ler (Manches te r : Un ivers i ty o f Manches ter P ress ,1 939 ) . C a lder , Wi l l ia m M . a nd George E . B ean , A C lass ica l Map o f A s ia M inor b e ing a p ar t ia l r ev is ion . . .of Anderson 's Map o f A s ia Minor , s upp l . A na to l ian S tud ie s 7( London : B r i t ish S choo l a t Ankara , 1 957 ) . C a r te r , S tuar t L . , " An E xp lana t ion o f t he T opograph ic P lans , G r ids , a nd L eve ls , " i n George M .A . Han fmann a nd J ane C . Wa ldbaum , A S urvey o f S ard is a nd t h e Ma jor Monumen ts o u ts ide t h e C i ty Wa l ls , A rchaeo log ica l E xp lo ra t ion o f S a rd is , R epor t 1( Cambr idge : Harva rd Un ive rs i ty P ress , 1 975 ) 7 12 . Chand ler , R icha rd , N icho las R eve t t a nd Wi l l iam P ars , T rave ls i n A s ia M inor , o r a n a ccoun t o f at o ur m ade a t t h e e xpense o f t h e S oc ie ty o f t h e D i le t tan t i , 3 rd e d , i n 2v o ls . ( London : J .B ooker a nd R . P r ies t ley , 1 817 ) .

104-

Cho isy , Augus te , L 'A r t d e b ä t i r c hez l e s r oma ins ( Pa r is : Ducher , 1 873 ) . " No te s ur l e s t ombeaux L yd iens d e S arde s , " RA 3 2 ( 1876 ) 7 3 -81 .

L 'Ar t d e b ä t ir c h ez l e s b yzan t ine s ( Par is : p ub l ica t ions p& iod ique s , 1 883 ) .

S oc ié té a nony me d e

Chush i l l , Ed mund , T rave ls i n T urk ey a nd b ack t o E ng land W . B owyer , 1 747 ) .

( London :

Cook , J ohn M . , " O ld Smy rna , 1 948 -1951 ; t he S i te a nd i t s E nv irons ; t he H i s tory o f O ld Smy rna , " B SA 5 3 -54 ( 1 958 -1959 1 -34 . Cou l ton , J ohn J a mes , A nc ien t G re ek A rch i tec t s a t Work : P rob lems o f S t ruc tur e a nd D e s ign ( I thaca : Corne l l Un ive r s i ty P ress , 1 977 ) . Cozzo , G iusseppe , I ng egner ia r omana , m ae s tranz e r omane , s t ru t tur e p re r omane , s t ru t tur e r omane ( Ro me : L ibrer ia e d i tr ice Man tegazza d e C re monese , 1 928 ) . C ra mer , J ohn An thony , A G eog raph i ca l a nd H i s tor ica l D e scr ip t ion o f A s ia M inor ( Ox ford : Un ivers i ty P re ss , 1 832 ) . C raw ford , J ohn S teven , " Ro man Co m merc ia l B u i ld ings o f A s ia Minor , " ( Ph .D . d isser ta t ion , Ha rva rd Un iver s i ty , 1 969 ) . " Shopp ing C en ters i n G reece a nd Ro me , " P ennsy lvan ia C las s ica l A ssoc ia t ion B u l le t in 2 1 .3 ( 1974 ) 3 -6 . C rema , Lu ig i , L 'arch i t e t tura r omana , E nc i c loped ia C las s i ca , I I . 1 2 .1 ( Tur in : S oc ie tä e d i t r ice i n te rnaz iona le , 1 959 ) . Cur t ius , E rns t , " Be i t rage z ur Gesch ich te u nd T opograph ie K le inas iens , " A bhBer l ( 1872 ) 8 4 -88 . Da ldrop , Georg , U lr ich Haus mann , a nd Max Wegner , D as H e rrscherb i ld 2 : 1 , D i e F l av i e r ( Be r l in : Gebr . Mann , 1 966 ) .

r öm i sche

De lbrueck , R ichard , H e l len i s t i sche B au ten i n L a t ium m i t B e ih i lf e d e s E duard G erhard s t ipend iums d e r K ön ig l ich p reuss i schen A kadem ie

d e s W i s senscha f ten ( S t rassburg : K ar l J .T rubne r , 1 907 ) . D ies t ,

Wa lther v on , Ny sa a d Maeandrum n ach F orschungen u nd Aufnahmen i n d en J ahren 1 907 u nd 1 909 , J dI EH , 1 0 ( Ber l in : G . R e i me r , 1 913 ) .

D ins moor , Wi l l ia m B . , T he A r ch i te c tur e o f A nc i en t G r e ec e : a n i t s h i s to r i ca l d ev e lopmen t ( London : B .T . B a ts ford , 1 950 ) .

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a c coun t o f

Dur m , J osef Wi lhe lm , D ie B aukuns t d er E trusk er , d i e B aukuns t d er R omer , Handbuch d er A rch i tek tu r , T e i l I , B and 2 ( S tu t tga r t : K rone r , 1 905 ) . F aso lo , F ur io , " La b as i l ica d e l c onc i l io d e E feso c on a l cune n o te s u l l 'arch i te t tura r o mana d e l la v a l le d e l Meandro , " P a l lad io 6 ( 1956 ) n . s . , 1 -21 . " L 'arch i te t tura r o mana d i E feso , " B o l le t t ino d e l C en tro d i S tud i d e l l 'ar ch i t e t tura 1 8 ( 1 962 ) 1 92 . F e l lows , Char les , A J ourna l W r i t ten d ur ing a n E xcur s ion i n A s ia Mino r , 1 838 ( London : J ohn Mur ray , 1 839 ) .

_ _____ , An A ccoun t o f D i scov e r i e s i n L yc ia b e ing a j ourna l k ep t d ur ing a s e cond e x cur s ion i n A s ia M ino r ( London : J ohn Mur ray , 1 841 ) . I ntroduc tory R emark s t o L yc ia , C ar ia , L yd ia , i lus tra ted b y Mr . G eorge S chrar f w i th d e scr ip t ive l e t te rp i ece s b y S i r C har le s F e l low s ( London : J ohn Mur ray , 1 847 ) . F oss , C l ive , " Byzan t ine C i t ie s o f Wes te rn A s ia Minor , " ( Ph .D . d isser ta t ion , Ha rvard Un iver s i ty , 1 972 ) . " The F a l l o f S ard is i n 6 16 a nd t he V a lue o f t he E v idence , " J ÖBG 2 4 ( 1 975 ) 1-22 .

B yzan t ine a nd T urk i sh S ard i s , A rchaeo log ica l E xp lora t ion o f S ard is , Monog raph 4 ( Ca mbr idge : Ha rvard Un iver s i ty P re ss , 1 976 ) . E phe sus a f te r A n t iqu i ty : A L a te A n t ique B yzant ine a nd T urk i sh C i ty ( New Y o rk : C a mbr idge Un ive r s i ty P re ss , 1 979 ) . " The F ab r icense s Ducena r i i o fS a rd i s , " Z PE 3 5 ( 1979 ) 2 79 -283 . E xp lora t ions i n Moun t Tmo lus , " C SCA 1 ( 1 979 ) 2 1 -61 . Gerkan , A rm in v on a nd F r i tz K r ischen , T he rmen u nd P ä le s tr en , Mi le t , E rgebn isse d e r Au sgrabungen u nd Un te r suchungen s e i t d em J ahren 1 899 ( Be r l in : H . S choe tz , 1 928 ) . G iovann i , Gus tavo , L a t e cn i ca d e l la c o s truz ione p r e s so iR oman i ( Ro me : S oc ie tä e d i t r ice d 'ar t i lu s t ra ta , 1 925 ) . G reenewa l t , J r . , C raw ford H . , " The F i f teen th C a mpa ign a t S ard i s ( 1972 ) , " BASOR 2 11 ( 1 973 ) 1 4 -36 .

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" The E igh teen th C ampa ign a t S a rd is ( 1975 ) , " BASOR 2 28 ( 1 977 ) 4 7 5 9 . " The Twen t ie th C ampa ign a t S a rd is , 1 977 , " R dA 1 . 1-2 ( 1977 ) 1 05 1 08 . " The S a rd is C ampa ign o f 1 976 , " BASOR 2 29 ( 1978 ) 5 7 -73 . " The S a rd is C ampa ign o f 1 977 , " BASOR 2 33 ( 1979 ) 1 -32 . " Sa rd is , 1 979 , " T ürkArkDe rg 2 6 .1 ( 1982 ) 9 5 -109 . G reenewa l t , J r . , C raw ford H . , Andrew R a mage , Dona ld G . S u l l ivan , Kub i läy Nay i r a nd A t t i la T ug la , " The S a rd is C ampa igns o f 1 979 a nd 1 980 , " BASOR 2 49 ( 1 983 ) 1 -44 . G reenewa l t , J r . , C raw ford , Marcus L . R au t man a nd R ecep Mer i, " The S ard is C ampa ign o f 1 983 , " BASORSup 2 4 ( 1986 ) 1 30 . G reenewa l t , J r . , C raw ford H . , Dona ld G . S u l l ivan , Chr is topher J . R a t te , T ho mas N . Howe , " The S ard is Ca mpa igns o f 1 981 a nd 1 982 , " BASORSup 2 3 ( 1 985 ) 5 3 -92 . G reenewa l t , J r . ,C raw ford H . , N icho las D . C ah i l l , a nd Ma rcus L . R au tman , " The S a rd is C ampa ign o f 1 984 , " BASORSup 2 5 ( 1987 ) 1 3 -54 . " The S ard is C ampa ign o f 1 985 , " BASORSup 2 5 ( 1987 ) 5 5 -92 . G reenewa l t , J r . , E ugene L . S terud a nd Dona ld F .B e lknap , " The S a rd is C a mpa ign o f 1 978 , " BASOR 2 45 ( 1982 ) 1 34 . Ha m i l ton , Wi l l ia m J . , R e searches i n A s ia Minor , P ontus a nd A rmen ia ( London : J ohn Mu r ray , 1 842 ) . Han f mann , George M .A . , " Preh is tor ic S ard is , " i n S tud ie s P re sen ted t o D .M . R ob inson I , George My lanos , e d . ( S t . L ou is : Wash ing ton Un ive r s i ty P re ss , 1 951 ) 1 60 -183 . " Excava t ion s a tS ard is , 1 958 , " BASOR 1 54 ( 1959 ) 5 -35 . " Excava t ion s a tS a rd is , 1 959 , " BASOR 1 57 ( 1960 ) 8 -43 . " The T h ird C a mpa ign a tS ard is ( 1960 ) , " BASOR 1 62 ( 1961 ) 8 -49 . " The F ou r th C a mpa ign a tS a rd is ( 1 961 ) , " BASOR 1 66 ( 1962 ) 1 -57 .

" The F i f th C ampa ign a tS a rd is ( 1 962 ) , " BASOR 1 70 ( 1 963 ) 1 64 .

107-

" The S ix th C ampa ign a tS a rd is ( 1 963 ) , " BASOR 1 74 ( 1964 ) 3 -58 . " The S even th C a mpa ign a tS ard is ( 1964 )7 BASOR 1 77 ( 1965 ) 2 -37 . " The E igh th C a mpa ign a tS a rd is ( 1 965 ) , " BASOR 1 82 ( 1966 ) 2 -54 . " The N in th C ampa ign a t S ard is ( 1966 ) , " BASOR 1 86 ( 1967 ) 1 7 -52 ; 1 87 ( 1 967 )9 -62 . " The T en th C ampa ign a tS a rd is ( 1967 ) , " BASOR 1 91 ( 1 968 ) 2 -4 1 . " The S ix teen th C a mpa ign a tS a rd is ( 1 973 ) , " BASOR 2 15 ( 1974 ) 3 1 -60 . L e t te r s f r om S ard i s ( Ca mbr idge : Ha rva rd Un iver s i ty P ress , 1 972 ) . F rom C roesus t o C ons tant ine : T he C i t ie s o f Wes tern A s ia Minor a nd t h e ir A r ts i n G reek a nd R oman T imes , 1 0 th s er ies J ero me L ec ture s ( Ann A rbor : Un ive r s i ty o fM ich igan P re ss , 1 975 ) . " On t he P a lace o f C roe sus , " F e s t schr i f t f ür F rank B romme r , U r sa la Höck mann a nd An t je K rug , e ds . ( Ma inz/ Rhe in : P h i l ip v on Z abe rn , 1 977 ) 1 45 -154 ,p l .4 1 . " A P a in ter i n t he Impe r ia l A r ms F ac tory a t S ard is , "AJA 8 5 ( 1981 ) 8 7 -88 . S ard is f rom P reh is tor ic t o R oman T imes : R esu l ts o f t he A r chaeo log ica l E xp lora t ion o f S ard i s 1 958 -1975 ( Ca mbr idge : Ha rvard Un ive r s i ty P re ss , 1 983 ) . Han f mann , George M .A . , Ke ma l Z . P o la tkan , a nd L ou is Rober t , " A S epu lch ra l S te le f r om S a rd is , " A JA 6 4 ( 1960 ) 4 5 -56 . Han fmann , George M .A . a nd Nancy R a mage , S cu lp ture f r om S ard i s : T he F inds t h rough 1 975 , A rchaeo log ica l E xp lo ra t ion o f S ard is , R epo r t 2 ( Ca mb r idge : Ha rva rd Un iver s i ty P re ss , 1 978 ) . Han fmann , George M .A . a nd Ru th S .T homa s , " The T h ir teen th C a mpa ign a tS a rd i s ( 1970 ) , " BASOR 2 03 ( 1 97 1 ) 8 -22 . Hanfmann , George M .A . a nd J ane C . Wa ldbau m , " The E leven th a nd Twe l f th C ampa ign s a tS a rd is ( 1968 -1969 ) , " BASOR 1 99 ( 1970 ) 7 -58 . " New E xcava t ions a t S ard is a nd S o me P rob le ms o f We s tern Ana to l ian A rcheao logy , " i n Near E as tern A rchaeo logy i n t h e Twent ie th C entury : E ssays i n Honor o f N e lson G lueck , J a mes A . S ande rs , e d . ( Ga rden C i ty , New Y o rk : Doub leday , 1 970 ) 3 07 -326 .

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V ann , R ober t L . , " A S tudy o f R o man C ons t ruc t ion i n A s ia M inor : T he L inger ing R o le o f a He l len is t ic T rad i t ion o f A sh lar Masonry , " ( Ph .D . d isse r ta t ion , C o rne l l Un ive rs i ty , 1 976 ) . " Church D , " i n Hans B uchwa ld , T he C hurches o f S ard is , A rchaeo log ica l E xp lora t ion o f S ard i s , r epor t s er ies ( Ca mbr idge : Ha rva rd Un ive rs i ty P re ss , f or thcom ing ) . V ermeu le , Corne l ius C . , R oman I mper ia l A r t i n G re ece a nd A s ia Minor ( Cambr idge : Ha rva rd Un iver s i ty P re s s , 1 968 ) . V e rzone , P ao lo , " Le c h iese d i H ierapo l is i n A s ia Minore , " CA 8 ( 1 956 ) 3 7 6 1 ,f i gs . 1 -29 . " H ierapo l is d i F r ig ia n e i l avor i d e l la Miss ione a rcheo log ica i t a l iana , " U n D ecenn io d i r i cerche a rcheo log iche , v o l . I( Ro me : C on s ig l io n az iona le d e l le r i ce rche , 1 978 ) 3 91 -475 . Wa ldbaum , J ane C . , Me ta lwork f r om S ard i s : T he F inds f r om 1 958 -1974 , A rchaeo log ica l E xp lora t ion o f S ard is , Monograph 8 ( Cambr idge : Ha rva rd Un ive rs i ty P re ss , 1 983 ) . Ward -Perk ins , J ohn B ryan , " The Aqueduc t a t A spendos , " PBSR 2 3 n . s . ( 1 955 ) 15 -123 . " Roman C onc re te a nd R o man P a lace s , " T he L i s tener 5 6 ( 1 956 ) 7 017 03 . " No te s o n t he S t ruc tu re a nd B u i ld ing Me thods o f E ar ly B yzan t ine A rch i tec ture , " i n Dav id T a lbo t R ice , e d . , T he G rea t P a lace o f t h e B yzant ine Emperor s , S econd R epor t ( Ed inburgh : The Un ivers i ty P re ss ,1 958 )5 2 -104 . ,C i t ie s o f A nc ien t G re ece a nd I t a ly : ( New Y ork : G eo rge B raz i l le r , 1 974 ) .

P lann ing i n C lass ica l A n t iqu i ty

,R oman I mpe r ia l A rch i tec ture ( New Y o rk : P engu in B ook s , 1 981) . Whe ler , G eorge : S ee S pon , J akob . Wh is t le r , L aurence , " S ignor B orra a t S towe , " C oun try L i f e 1 22 ( 2 9 Augus t 1 957 )3 90 -393 . Wh i te , K enne th D . , G reek a nd R oman T echno logy , A spec ts o f G reek a nd R oman L i fe ( London : T hames a nd Hudson , 1 984 ) .

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Wiebenson , Dora , S ource s o f G reek R ev iva l A rch i tec ture P ark : P enn s lyvan ia S ta te Un iver s i ty P ress , 1 969 ) .

( Un ivers i ty

Wiegand , T heodor , " Be r ich te ü be r d ie Ausg rabungen i n P e rga mon , 1 927 , " A bhBer l , P h i l . H is t . K la sse , n o . 3( 1 928 ) 1 -22 . " Z we i ter B e r ich t ü ber d ie Ausg rabungen i n P e rga mon 1 928 -1932 : Das Ask lep ie ion , " A bhand lungen d er P reuss ischen Akadem ie d er W i ssenscha f ten , P h i l . H is t . K lasse , 5( 1932 ) . Wiegand , Theodor a nd Hans S chrader , P r iene , E rgebnisse d er Ausgrabungen u nd d i e Untersuchungen i n d en J ahren 1 895 -1898 ( Be r l in : Georg R e ime r , 1 904 ) . Y egü l , F ikre t K . , " Ea r ly B yzan t ine C ap i ta ls f ro m S ard is :

A S tudy o f t he

I on ic Impos t T ype , " DOPape r s 2 8 ( 1 974 ) . __ ___ , " The Marb le Cour t o f S ard is a nd H is tor ica l R econs t ruc t ion , " I FA 3 . 2 ( 1976 ) 1 69 -194 . " A S tudy i n A rch i tec tura l I conography : K a isersaa l a nd t he I mper ia l Cu l t , " A r t B u l le t in 6 4 ( 1 982 ) 7 -31 , f i gs . 1 32 . T he G ymnas ium C omp lex a nd Marb le C our t , A rchaeo log ica l E xped i t ion o f S ard is , R epor t 3( Ca mbr idge : Harvard Un ivers i ty P ress , 1 986 ) . Z iegenhaus , O skar a nd G io ia d e L uca , D as A sk lep ie ion , d er s üd l iche T emenosbez irk i n h e l len is t ischer u nd f rühröm ischer Z e i t , D ie A l te r tü me r v on P e rgamon , XV .1 ( Be r l in : Wa l te r d e G ruy ter , 1 968 ) .

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a r ch : i mpr in to fb r ick v ous so ir s , 1 5 ,F ig . 2 4 ; i nt owe ro fB u i ld ing A , 1 6 ,1 9 ;F ig .2 7 ;i n H i l ls ide Chambers , 4 2 -43 , 8 1-82 ; i n S tad iu m , 6 0 , F igs . 1 02 , 1 06 ; s ee a l so r e l iev ing a rch . A rchaeo log ica l E xp lora t ion o f S a rd is : 2 ,5 , 1 2 . a r ch i t rave b lock : 5 5 . A r is to t le : 4 . A r s inoö ,f oun ta in o f( Sard is ) : 3 . A r tem is , T e mp le o f ( Sard is ) : 1 , 2 4 , 18 , F ig s . 3( G -17 .1 ) , 5,6 ,8 ,9 ,8 0 , 8 4 ,8 5 ,8 6 , 9 3 , 9 4 , 9 5 , 1 00 ; f ounda t ions n earby , 3 ; d esc r ibed b yC y r iacus o f Ancona , 1f n .1 ; i den t i f ied b y Wood , 7 ; e xcava ted b y B u t ler , 1 ; e v idence o f e ar thquake r epa irs , 5 8 . A r tem is/Kore , A rcha ic T emp le o f ( Sard is ) : 4 ,5 ,8 4 . A r te is T emp le P rec inc t ( S ard is ) : F ig s . 3 ( G -17 ) , 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 8 4 ; e xcava ted b y B u t ler , 9 ; e xcava ted b y Harvard C orne l l , 9 . A runde l l , F ranc is V . J . : 2 5 . a sh la r mason ry : 1 7 -18 , 2 7 -34 , 4 2 -45 , 5 3 -56 , 1 00 ; s ee a l so l imes tone , ma rb le . A spendo s : 4 8 ,6 2 . A t t is c on f ra tern i ty h a l l ( Sa rd is ) : 3 . a xes : p rob le ms w i th B orra p lans , 7 ; B u i ld ing A , 7 ,1 3 ; s t ree t p ara l le l t oa xes o fb u i ld ing sC , D , B a th CG , 1 3 ;S tad ium A rch , 8 7 . Ayd in : 8 8 .

I NDEX

Ab rada tes : 8 3 ,s ee a l so P y ram id T omb . A cho l ius : 4 . A cropo l is ( S ard is ) : 7 ,9 ,2 1 , 2 3 , 4 7 , 6 6 , 7 8 , 8 6 , 8 8 , 9 5 , 1 00 , F igs . 2 , 3( G -20 ) , 4 ,6 9 , 1 , 1 2 , 6 8 ; f o r t if ica t ions o n s u mm i t om i ted b y B orra , 7 ; r ecorded b y B u t ler/Emory ,9 ;f o r t i f ica t ion so n s ou th s l ope c on s truc ted ,2 1 ;F ly ing T owe rs :8 8 , F ig . 3( G -22 ) ; A cropo l is Nor th ( AcN ) , 8 7 , F ig . 3( G -20 .2 ) ; A cropo l is S ou th ( AcS ) , 8 7 , F ig . 3( G -20 .3 ) ; A c ropo l is T op ( AcTop ) , 8 6 , F ig . 3( G -20 .1) ; d rawn b y B or ra , 7 ;d rawn b yL andron , 2 4 ; L yd ian Wa l ls , 9 5 , F ig . 3 ( G -51) ; Ho les i n A cropo l is S carp , 9 6 , F ig . 3 ( G -53 ) ; A c ropo l is T unne ls , 6 6 , 8 7 , F ig . 3( G -21 ) ; P re -He l len is t ic Wa l l , 9 5 , F ig . 3( G -52 ) . Ad ler : 2 5 ,3 6 ,5 0 ,5 7 . a gg rega te : 1 6 , 1 7 ,4 4 -45 . a gora ( Sard is ) : f oun ta in n earby , 3 ,4 ; s ee a l so " Roman Agora " . a gr icu ltura l a c t iv i ty : a s a t hrea t t o p reserva t ion o f monu men ts , 1 0 ; i n v i c in i ty o fB u i ld ing A , 1 ; i nv i c in i ty o f B u i ld ing C , 2 3 ; i n v i c in i ty o f H i l ls ide Chambers , 4 0 , F ig . 6 7 ; i n v i c in i ty o f T hea te r -S tad ium C omp lex , 4 7 , 5 9 , F igs . 8 7 ,8 8 , 1 00 107 . A izano i : 6 2 ,6 4 ,F ig . 16 . A laseh ir : S ee P h i lade lph ia . A lexande rS everus : 5 . A lexande r t he G rea t : 5 7 -58 ,8 7 ,9 5 . A lger ia : 6 5 . A ho r n ,T homas : 1 2 -13 ,F ig . 1 3 . a l tar : 4 ,5 ,9 . A lya t tes : S ee T omb o fA lya t te s . Amer ican S oc ie ty f o r t he E xcava t ions o f S ard is : S ee P r ince ton E xped i t ion . Ankara : 2 3 , 9 9 . Annaba : s ee H ippo R eg ius . An t iochus I I : v ,4 7 ,8 6 . An ton inus P ius : 5 ,8 4 . Aphrod is ias : 6 2 , 8 9 . Aph rod i te o fP aphos : 4 . a pse : 2 7 ,7 9 . a queduc t ( S a rd is ) : 4 ,F ig . 8 .

B acon ,F ranc is : 5 4 . B aedeke rg u ide : 1 2 ,4 0 -41 f n .9 2 . b as i l ica : L a te 4 th c en tury c hurch i n B u i ld ing EA , 9 ; B u t ler i den t if ies B u i ld ing D , 8 ,F igs . 8 ,9 ;c i v ic b as i l ica i n B a th -Gymnas iu m C omp lex , 3 8 , F ig . 6 1 ;s ee a l so T r ie r . B as i l ica Nova ( Rome ) : 3 9 , F ig . 5 8 . b a th : s ee a lso B a th CG , B a ths o f C araca l la , C ons tan t ine , D ioc le t ian , T ra jan ,T i tus , B u i ld ing C . B a th CG ( S ard is ) : 3 9 ,8 9 , F ig s . 3( G -28 ) , 1 ; r e corded b y B orra , 5 ; i lus tra ted b y L andron ,1 2 ;a x is o fb u i ld ing ,1 3f n .4 2 .

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B a th -Gymnas iu m C omp lex ( S a rd is ) : 3 ,7 ,8 , 1 0 , 1 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 7 4 , 9 2 , 9 8 , F ig s . 3( G -1 ) , 6 , 8 ,9 ,1 2 ,6 1 . B a ths o fC araca l la ( Ro me ) : 1 5 , 3 9 . B a ths o fC ons tan t ine ( Ro me ) : 3 9 , F ig . 6 2 . B a th s o fD ioc le t ian ( Ro me ) : 3 9 , F ig . 6 2 . B a ths o fT i tus ( Ro me ) : 3 9 , F ig . 6 2 . B a ths o fT ra jan ( Rome ) : 3 9 , F ig . 6 2 . B in T epe C e me tery ( Sard is ) : 7 , 1 0 , 1-12 , F ig s .2 ,4 ,5 . B orra , G iovann i B a t t is ta : v , 6 -7 , 4 0 , 4 6 , 5 3 , 5 4 , 5 7 , 5 9 , 6 3 , F igs . 4 -7 , 3 3 -34 , 8 9 . P iedmon tese a rch i tec ta nd s urveyor , 6 ; f i rs t p lan o f r eg ion , 6 ,F ig . 4 ;i den t i f ies T omb o fA lya t tes , 7 ;f i r s t p l an o fc i ty , 7 , F ig . 6 ;p rob lem s a r is ing w i th d raw ings , 7 ;p l an a nd e l eva t ion o f B u i ld ing C , 2 3 2 4 , 3 1 , 3 6 , F ig . 3 3 -34 ; v iew o f T hea te r S t ad ium Co mp lex ,4 8 . B ouve r ie ,J ohn : 6 . b recc ia : 1 9 . b r ick : u sed i n B u i ld ing A , 1 2 , 1 5 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 1 9 , 2 0 , F igs . 2 1 , 2 4 , 2 5 , 3 1 ; u sed i n B u i ld ing C , 2 3 , 2 7 f . , 3 4 , F igs . 3 9 -46 ; u sed i n " Roman Agora " ,6 8 , 9 2 . B r ick V au l ted T omb ( Sard is ) : 9 4 , F ig . 3( G 4 7 ) . B r ick V au l ted T o mbs ( Sa rd is ) : 9 1 , F ig . 3 ( G -33 ) . b r idge ( S a rd is ) : 3 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,7 7 , 7 8 , F igs . 3( G 6 ) ,6 ,9 . B u i ld ing A ( Sard is ) : v i , 2 , 1-22 , 2 3 , 8 8 , 9 0 , 9 2 , F igs . 3 ( G-24 ) , 6 10 , 1 4-32 , 8 7 ; r e co rded b y B or ra , 7 ,F ig s . 6 ,7 ;a x is o f b u i ld ing , 7 ;r ecorded b y B u t ler , 8 ,9 ,1 2 , F igs . 8 , 9 ; p resen t g round l eve l , 1 ; e a r ly a ccoun ts , 1-13 ; d escr ip t ion o f r ema ins , 1 3 17 ; Wa l l 1 , 1 3 -14 , 1 8 -19 , F ig s . 1 6 -20 , 2 9 ; Wa l l 21 4 -17 , 1 9 -20 , F igs . 1 5 , 2 1-26 , 3 0 , 3 1 ; Wa l l 3 , 1 7 , 2 0 , F igs . 2 2 , 3 2 ; c ons truc t ion , 1 7 -20 ; f a c ing ma ter ials , 1 6 , F igs . 2 4 , 2 9-32 ; o r ien ta t ion , 1 3 ; t o wer , 1 2 , F ig . 2 7 ; ma rb le s t ree t p ara l le l t o , 1 3 ; p hases , 2 1 ; p osss ib le f unc t ions , 2 1-22 ; s ub sequen te xcava t ion s ,2 f n .5 6 . B u i ld ing B ( Sard is ) : s ee B a th -Gymnas iu m C omp lex . B u i ld ing C ( Sard is ) : v i , 1 3 , 4 7 , F ig s . 3( G 3 0 ) ,5 -7 , 9 ,1 0 ,3 3 -55 , 9 0 , 9 2 ;o b jec to ft h is s t udy , 2 ;r ecorded b y B o r ra , 7 ,F igs . 3 3 3 4 ; l abe led " church " b y B u t ler , 8 ; ma rb le s t ree t p ara l le l t o , 1 3 ; e nv irons o f , 2 3 ; e ar ly a ccoun ts o f , 2 3 -27 ; p resen t

119-

g round l eve l , 2 3 , 2 8 ; d escr ip t ion o f r e ma in s , 2 7 -32 ; P ier 1 ,2 7 -29 , F igs . 3 9 4 1 ; P ie r 2 ,2 8 , 2 9 -30 , F igs . 3 9 ,4 2 -44 ; P ier 3 ,2 8 , 3 0 , F igs . 3 9 , 4 5 -48 ; P ier 4 ,2 8 , 3 0 3 1 ; P ie r 5 ,2 8 , 3 1 , F ig s . 4 9 -51 ; P ier s 6 -7 , 2 8 ,3 1 ;P ie r8 ,2 8 ,3 1 -32 , F igs . 5 2 -53 ; a pses , 2 7 f . ; c ons truc t ion , 3 2 -35 ; b a r re l v au l t ing o nn or th f l ank , 3 1 , F ig s . 5 0 , 5 1 , 5 3 ;f unc t ion o fs t ruc tu re ,3 5 -39 ;a sR oman b a th , v i , 3 8 -39 ; a s R o man b as i l ica , 1 3 , 3 6 -38 . B u i ld ing D ( S ard is ) : 1 2 ,4 7 , 4 9 , 9 0 , 9 2 , F igs . 3 ( G -29 ) , 5 10 ; l abe led " bas i l ica " b y B u t ler , 8 ; c oncre te s l ab p oured , 1 0 ; marb le s t ree t p ara l le l t o , 1 3 ; a x is o f b u i ld ing , 1 3 . B u i ld ing E ( S a rd is ) : s ee Chur ch E . B u i ld ing L ( Sa rd is ) : 8 5 , F ig . 3( G 17 .3 ) . B u i ld ing M ( Sa rd is ) : s ee Church M . B u i lO ing R i n S ec tor HoB ( Sard is ) : 9 7 , F ig . 3( G -59 ) . B u i ld ing U ( Sard is ) : 8 5 . b u i ld ing ma ter ia ls : s ee b recc ia , b r ick , f i e lds tone , marb le , s ch is t , t i le . B u t le r , Howa rd C rosby : 4 8 , 7 0 , 8 3 , 8 5 , 9 0 , 9 4 ; d irec tor o f P r ince ton E xped i t ion , 1 ; u n t i me ly d ea th i n 1 921 , 2 f n . 3 ; d es igna t ion o f B u i ld ing A , 1 2 ; o n B u i ld ing C , 2 6 . B u t le r House ( S a rd is ) : 9 3 , F ig s . 3( G -49 ) , 9 . B u t le r P a in ted T o mb ( Sard is ) : 9 1 , F ig . 3( G 3 2 .2 ) . b u t t ress : 5 2 ,F ig s .9 0 ,9 1 . B yzan t ine c on s t ruc t ion : 1 7f n4 8 ,9 5 ,s ee a l so mor ta red r ubb le . " Byzan t ine F or tress " ( Sard is ) : v i , 6 6 -67 , 8 8 , F igs . 3( G -23 ) , 1 21126 ; r ubb le Wa l ls b enea th , 9 3 , F ig . 3( G -41 ) . B yzan t ine S hops ( Sa rd is ) : 2 1 , 7 4 , 9 9 , F ig . 3 ( G -3 ) ; He l len is t ic S truc ture b enea th , 9 6 , F ig . 3( G -55 ) .

c ap i ta l : 1 9 . C araca l la : 1 5 , 3 9 . c a ravansaray ( Sard is ) : v i , 8 8 . C ar thage : 4 6 . " Casa le d e i P azz i " ( t omb ) : 1 5 . a ta l i : 6 9 . C ays ter V a l ley : 4 6 . Chand le r , R ichard : 2 5 , 4 9 .

Ch ishu l l ,E dmond : 2 2f n .5 5 ,2 3 . Cho isy , Augus te : v ,1 ,2 5 ,F ig 3 7 . c hurch : 2 7 ; a t te mp t t o f i nd t he e ar ly c hurch , v ;s ee a l so B u i ld ing E ,B u i ld ing EA ,B u i ld ing L ,S t .G eo rge ,S t .J ohn . Church E ( Bu i ld ing E ) ( S ard is ) : 8 ,5 7 , 7 1 8 1 , 9 5 , F igs . 3( G -11 .2 ) , 8 ,9 ; l o ca ted b y B u t ler . Church EA ( Bu i ld ing EA ) ( Sard is ) : 8 1 , F igs . 3 ( G-11 .1) ; l a te 4 th c en tury b as i l ica , 9 ; measuremen ts c ompa red t o B u i ld ing C ,2 7 . Church o f S t . J ohn t he T heo log ian ( Ph i lade lph ia ) : 9 0 . Chur ch M ( Sard is ) : 8 5 , F ig . 3( G -18 ) . C icero : 4 . c i ty p lan ( Sard is ) : f i rs t p repared b y B or ra , 6 8 ; B u t ler/E mory p lan , 8 10 ; a xes o f a nc ien t c i ty , 1 3 . c i ty wa l l ( S ard is ) : 7 8 , F igs . 3( G -9 ) , 6 ,8 ,9 ; r e corded b yB or ra ,7 ,F ig .6 ;r e corded b y B u t le r/E mory ,9 ,F igs . 8 9 . c l amps : 3 3 ,3 4 -35 ,5 7 . C laud ia An ton ia S ab ina ( S a rd is ) : s ee T o mb o f C laud ia An ton ia S ab ina . C o lonnaded S t ree t i n S ec tor HoB ( S a rd is ) : 7 4 ,7 7 ,9 7 ,F ig . 3( G -58 ) . c o lumn :5 5 ,9 6 ;r eused i nB u i ld ing A , 1 9 ,2 0 , F ig . 2 6 ; f ound i ns ide B u id l ing A , 2 1 ; f ound s ou th o f B u i ld ing C , 3 2 ; f ound i n s ide T hea ter -S tad ium C omp lex , 5 4 , 5 7 ;f ound i n s ide R oman B u i ld ing ,7 0 ,9 4 , F ig . 3( G -44 ) . c om merc ia l a rch i tec ture : s ee a l so H i l ls ide C ha mbers . c oncre te : 1 7 -18 f n . 4 9 , s ee a l so mor tared r ubb le . c on f ra tern i ty h a l ls : 3 , s ee a l so A t t is c on f ra tern i ty h a l l . C ons tan t ine t he G rea t : 4 ,3 7 ,3 9 . c on s t ruc t ion : s ee a l so E t ruscan c ons truc t ion , He l len is t ic c ons truc t ion , R epub l ican c ons truc t ion , I mper ia l c ons truc t ion i n A s ia M inor . c oord ina te s ys te m : 1 . c o rn ice : 2 8 ,2 9 ,3 0 ,3 4 ,F igs .4 7 -48 . C roesus :i v ,8 ,1 00 . c ros s in -squa re p lan : 8 ,9 ,8 1 . Cur t ius , E rns t : 1 2 , 2 5 , 3 5 , 4 0 , 5 0 , 5 7 f n . 1 22 , 6 9 ,9 3 . Cybe le , A l tar o f ( Sard is ) : 7 9 , F ig . 3( G 1 0 .2 ) . Cybe le , T emp le o f( S a rd is ) : 4 . Cyprus : s ee Aphrod i te o fP aphos .

C y r iacus o f An cona : 1f n .1 . Cy rus t he G rea t : 8 3 .

D abbagh C ha i ( Sard is ) : s ee T abak " Damas I nsc r ip t ion " : 1 2 . D awk ins ,J ame s : 6 ,1 3f n .4 2 . D e lph i : 6 4 . D enn is ,G eo rge : 1 . d es truc t ion o fA .D .6 16 : 2 1 ,7 8 . D e twe i ler , A . Henry : v i i ; f ounda t ion o f e xcava t ions , 2 ; i den t if ica t ion o f c iv ic b as i l ica , 3 8 . D ioc le t ian : 2 1 , 3 9 . D iodorus :4 . D iony sos : 5 ,4 8 . d omes : 8 9 . D o tn i t ia , f oun ta in o f ( S ärd is ) : 3 . D om i t ian : 3 6 ,3 9 . D omus Augu s tana ( Rome ) : 1 5 . D o mus F lav ia ( Rome ) : 3 6 ,3 7f n .8 2 ,F ig .5 6 .

e ar ly t r ave l le rs : 2 3 ; e ar ly d raw ings , 9 10 ; monog raph i np repara t ion , 1f n . 1 . e ar thquake o fA .D . 1 7 : v ,4 6 ,5 8 ,6 3 ,8 3 . E as tR oad ( S a rd is ) : 7 4 ,9 2 ,9 8 , F ig . 3( G -60 ) . E lagaba lus : 5 . Emory ,L loyd T . :4 0 ,F ig s .8 -9 . E phesos : 7 6 , 8 9 , 9 7 ; a l tar s im i lar t oo ne i n S ard is , 5 ;c o mmerc ia l b as i l ica , 3 7 , F ig . 5 9 ; Harbor B a th s , 3 7 ; p ub l ic b a th s , 3 9 ; s t ad iu m , 6 2 ; S ta te Agora , 2 1 , 3 8 ; t hea ter , 6 3 . e p ig raph ic s ources : 3 ,4 6 . e ros ion : 2 3 . E t ru scan c on s t ruc t ion : 1 5 . E uch rom ius : 9 0 . E unap ius : 4 . E xped i t ion H eadqua r te rs ( Sard is ) : 8 3 , 9 4 , 9 6 , 1 01 ,F ig . 3( G -15 ) .

f a br i cen se s : 2 1 f n . 5 4 . f a c ing ma ter ia ls : i n B u i ld ing A , 1 6 , 1 7 -19 , F igs . 2 9 -32 ; i n B u i ld ing C , 3 2 -35 ; i n H i l ls ide C ha mbe rs , 4 4 -45 ; i n T hea ter -

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S tad iu m C o mp lex , 5 5 -56 , F igs . 9 0 -94 , 9 7 . F aus t ina t h e E lder : 5 . F ie ld 4 9 L yd ian Wa l l ( Sard is ) : 1 00 , F ig . 3 ( G -68 ) . f i e lds tone : i n B u i ld ing A , 1 2 , 1 4 f n . 4 3 , 1 5 , 1 7 ; n o t u sed i n B u i ld ing C , 3 4 f n . 7 9 ; i n H i l ls ide Cha mbe rs , 4 1-45 ; i n T hea ter S tad ium C o mp lex , 5 3 -56 ; s ee a l so r i ver s t one . F i ske , T he R everend : 9 0 . F ly ing T owe rs ( Sard is ) : 8 8 , F ig . 3( G -22 ) , 6 , 9 . f ormwo rk : 1 6 ,4 4 ,4 5 ,6 2 ,F ig .3 1 . f o r t if ica t ions : s ee A c ropo l is , An t iochus I I , c i ty w a l l , l a te f o r t i f ica t ions . F oss : v i i i ,4 ,2 1 ,3 7f n .8 5 ,7 1 f n . 1 46 ,9 6 . f ounda t ion s : 3 ,9 3 ,F ig .3 ( G -41 ) , ( G -43 ) . F oun ta in House ( Sard is ) : S ee R o man B u i ld ing .

g ardens ( S a rd is ) : 4 . g a tes : s ee S ou thwes t Ga te , P er s ian G a te , Hypaepan Ga te . g aza t tee r : 7 3 -99 . Ge rous ia ( S a rd is ) : 4 , 8f n . 2 6 . g lad ia tor ia l g a mes : 6 3 . g o ld : 7 9 , s ee a l so PN Go ld I ns ta l la t ion . Go mbo s i , E l izabe th : v i i . G reenewa l t ,J r . , C raw ford H . : v i i , 2 ,6 6 ,8 8 . g r id s y s tem s : 1 . Gygean L ake ( Sard is ) : 6 ,F ig s . 2 ,4 ,5 . g ymnas ium : 6 4 ; B u t le r i den t i f ies B u i ld ing A a s g y mnas iu m , 8 , 1 2 , F ig . 9 ; He l len is t ic g y mnas iu m , 4 ; Ad ler i den t i f ies B u i ld ing C a s , 2 5 . Gymna s ium o ft he E lder s ( S ard is ) : 3 .

He l len is t ic c ons t ruc t ion : 1 5f n .4 4 ,3 3 . He l len is t ic S t ruc ture b enea th B yzan t ine S hops ( S ard is ) : 9 6 , F ig . 3( G -55 ) . He l len is t ic T o mbs ( Sard is ) : 9 6 , F ig . 3( G 5 6 ) . Hermus R iver ( Sard is ) : 6 -7 , 2 3 , 4 0 , 4 7 , 6 6 , F igs . 1 ,2 ,4 -7 ,9 ,1 0 . He rodo tus : 4 . H ierapo l is : 3 9 , 8 9 , F ig . 6 3 . h ighway ( modern ) ( Sard is ) : 3 ,9 ,1 , 1 3 , 2 3 , 7 1 , 7 5 , 7 7 , 8 8 , 9 1 , 9 8 , 9 9 ,F ig . 3 ;s ee a l so b r idge . H i l ls ide Cha mbers ( Sard is ) : v i , 4 0 -46 , 4 7 , 6 3 , 8 9 , 9 3 , F ig s . 3( G -27 ) , 7 , 1 , 6 4 -85 ; o b jec t o f t h is s tudy , 2 ; om i t ted o n B orra 's p lan , 7 ; e nv irons o f , 4 0 ; e ar ly a ccoun ts o f , 4 0 ; d escr ip t ion o f r e ma ins , 4 1-44 ; c ons t ruc t ion , 4 4 -45 ; f unc t ion o f s t ruc ture , 4 5 -46 ; o r ig ina l f l oor l eve l , 4 3 ; d a te , 4 8 . H ippo R eg ius : 6 5 . Hopp in , Mar tha : v i i . h osp i ta l ( Sa rd is ) : 4 . House o f B ronzes ( HoB ) (Sard is ) : 7 5 , F ig . 3 ( G -4 ) . HoB An t ique House ( Sard is ) , 7 4 , F ig . 3 ( G-4 .1) HoB L yd ian Marke t ( Sard is ) , 7 4 -75 , F ig . 3 ( G -4 .2 ) ; HoB Chamber T o mbs J ,K , N ( Sard is ) , 7 6 , F ig . 3( G -4 .3 ) ;HoB V au l ted T o mbs b enea th Un i t 1 6 ( S ard is ) , 7 6 , F ig . 3( G 4 . 4 ) ; HoB Co lonnaded S t ree t ( Sard is ) , 9 7 , 9 9 , F ig . 3( G -58 ) . HoB B u i ld ing R ( Sard is ) , 9 7 , F ig . 3( G -59 ) . Hypaepa : 8 0 , 8 2 , 9 5 , 9 7 , F ig . 2 . Hypaepan Ga te ( Sard is ) : s ee S ou thwes t Ga te . Hypocaus t S t ruc ture ( Sard is ) : v i , 7 0 , 9 3 , F ig . 3( G -42 ) .

I a sos : 4 6 . I mpe r ia l c ons t ruc t ion i nA s ia M inor : 3 3 f n . 7 6 , 16 ( Vann , 1 976 ) ; s o l id a sh lar c ons truc t ion , 3 2-33 ; s o l id b r ick c ons t ruc t ion , 3 4 -35 ; s ee a l so mor tared r ubb le . i mper ia l c u l t : 5 ,7 3 , 1 00 , F ig . 3( G -1 .1 ) . i n sc r ip t ion : e as to fB u i ld ing B ,9 ,8 7 . I on ian L eague : 4 . I on ic b ase : 5 5 . i s odo m i c mason ry : 3 3 .

Had r ian : 4 ,5 ,4 8 . Ha m i l ton , Wi l l ia m : 2 5 , 5 0 , 5 4 . Han fmann ,G eorge M .A . : v i i ,6 7 ,8 3 ,8 7 ,9 5 ; f o rma t ion o f e xcava t ions , 2 ; r epor ts c onsu l ted , v i i ; o n u pper l eve l o f H i l l s ide Cha mbe rs , 4 4 f n . 9 5 . Harvard-Corne l l E xped it ion : s ee A r chaeo log ica l E xp lora t ion o f S ard is . h eade ra nd s t re tche r t e chn ique : 2 9 , 5 5 .

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I zm i r : 1 ,2 3 ,9 9 , F ig . 1 ,s ee a l so Smy rna .

Maeander V a l ley : 6 4 . Magnes ia o nS ipy lus : 8 2 , s ee a l so Man isa . Man isa : 8 2 ,s ee a l so Magnes ia o nS ipy lus . marb le : f ounda t ions i n P ac to lus , 3 ,F ig . 3 ( G -43 ) ; s t ree t p ave men t , 1 3 ; i nB u i ld ing A , 1 5 , 1 7 , 2 0 , F ig . 3 2 ; i n B u i ld ing C , 3 2 , 3 5 ,9 2 . Marb le C our t ( Sard is ) : 7 3 , 9 1 , F ig . 3( G 1 . 1) . Marb le F oundat ion i n P ac to lus B ed ( Sard is ) : 7 0 , 9 3 , F ig . 3( G -43 ) . Ma r cus Au re l ius : 4 . Maxen t ius : 3 7 . Men ,P re c inc to f( Sard is ) : 3 . Menogene ion ( Sard is ) : 3 . men 's g ua rdhouse ( S a rd is ) : 3 . m e se r ne r ine a na to l ik e : 5 7 , F ig . 9 8 . Me t roon ( S ard is ) : 4 . M idd le T e r race ( Sa rd is ) : 7 6 , F ig . 3( G -5 .2 ) . M idd le T e r race Wes t ( Sard is ) : 7 7 , F ig . 3 ( G5 . 3 ) . M i le tos : 5 1 ,5 2f n . 10 ,5 4 f n . 16 ,6 3 ,8 9 . m i l l : 1 3 , 2 5 f n . 6 3 , 9 0 , F igs . 8 ,9 ,G -31 , s ee a l so wa te r -m i l l . M MS : s ee S ec tor M MS . Monu men t o f s nakes w i th b razen s ca les ( Sa rd is ) : 4 . Monumen tM ( Sard is ) : 8 1 ,F ig . 3( G 10 .6 ) . mor ta r : i nB u i ld ing A , 1 6 -18 , 2 0 ; i nH i l ls ide Chambe rs ,4 1 ,4 2 . mor ta red r ubb le c ons t ruc t ion : 8 7 , 8 , 8 9 , 9 4 , 9 6 ; i nB u i ld ing A , 1 , 1 7 , 1 8 , F ig s . 2 9 -31 ; s im i lar ity t o L ate R epub l ican c ons truc t ion i n I ta ly , 1 7 ; wa l l c ons truc t ion , 17 -18 ; i n H i l ls ide Chambe rs , 4 4 -45 ; i n T hea ter -S tad iu m C o mp lex , 5 3 -56 , 5 9 -62 ; i n " Ro man Agora " , 6 8 -69 , 9 2 . mosa ics :8 0 ,9 3 ,9 9 . Mos lem c e me tery ( Sard is ) : F ig s . 8 9 . mounds e as t o f B a th -Gymnas ium C omp lex ( Sa rd is ) : 3 . Moun t Tmo lus ( Sard is ) : 6 ,8 6 , F ig s . 1 ,2 ,4 ,6 , 7 ,9 ,1 2 .

J osephus :4 . J us t in ian : 9 0 .

K ag ir l ik T epe ( Sard is ) : 8 6 , 9 1 , F ig . 3( C 1 9 ) . K ek l ik suyu Wad i ( S ard is ) : 1 0 1 . k eys tone : 1 7 , 4 1 f . , 6 0 , F igs . 7 2 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 7 9 , 8 0 .

L ake Gyges ( Sa rd is ) : s ee Gygean L ake . L and ron ,E ugene : 1 2 ,2 4 ,4 0 ,4 6 ,5 9 ,6 3 ,F ig s . 1 ,3 5 ,3 6 . L eake , R ichard : 4 9 . L eBas , P h i l ippe : 1 2 . L eon t ius : 9 0 . l eve l ing c ourse : 1 8 ,2 0 . l eve ls : 1 . l ew is c u t t ing s : 3 2 -33 . l ime s tone : i nB u i ld ing A , 1 7 , F igs . 2 1 , 2 5 -27 , 3 0 , 3 2 ; i n B u i ld ing C , 3 2 , F igs . 3 9 -53 ; i n H i l ls ide Chambers , 4 2 -45 , F igs . 7 3 -75 , 7 9 , 8 0 ; i nT hea te r , 5 5 -56 , 8 9 ; i nS tad ium A rch , 6 1 . l i n te l : 1 6 ,4 2 , 6 0 . l i on 's h ead s pou t : 1 9 . l i te ra ry s our ces : 3 ,4 . L iv ia : 8 4 . L yd ian A l tar ( Sard is ) : 8 4 , 9 3 , F ig . 3( G 1 7 .2 ) . L yd ian F or t if ica t ion Wa l ls ( Sard is ) : s ee S ec tor M MS . L yd ian Necropo l is ( S ard is ) : 2 ,1 2 , 8 4 , F igs . 3 8 , 1 0 . L yd ian S p r ing ( S a rd is ) : 1 00 , F ig . 3( G -70 ) . L yd ian T i le R econs truc t ion ( Sard is ) : 8 3 , 1 00 ,F ig . 3( G -66 ) . L yd ian Wa l ls o n A cropo l is ( Sard is ) : 9 5 , F ig . 3( G -51 ) .

n ecropo l is : s ee L yd ian Nec ropo l is . n eocora te t i les : 5 .

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Nor theas t Wad i ( Sard is ) : 3 ,8 3 , F ig . 3( G 1 6 ) . N o t i t ia d ign i ta tum : 4 ,2 1 . n um isma t ic s our ces : 3 ,4 5 . Nysa : 4 6 , 5 3 .

o de ion ( Sard is ) : 4 0 -41 f n . 9 2 , 6 9 , 9 3 , F igs . 3 ( G -40 ) , 1 . O l fers ,I gnaz F .M .v on : 1f n . 2 . o pu s s e c t i l e : 7 5 . O r thos ta te T o mb ( Sard is ) : 1 00 , F ig . 3( G 7 2 ) .

P ac to lus B r idge ( Sard is ) : 3 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,7 7 , 7 8 , F ig s . 3( G -6 ) ,6 ,8 ,9 . P ac to lus C l i f f ( Sard is ) : 3 , 1 3 , 5 7 , 8 1 , 1 0 1 , F ig . 3( G -13 ) . P ac to lus I ndus tr ia l A rea ( Sard is ) : 3 , 7 7 , F ig . 3( G -7 ) . P ac to lus Nor th ( PN ) (Sard is ) : 7 9 , 8 2 , 9 5 , F ig . 3( G -10 ) ; PN Aps ida l B u i ld ing , 7 9 , F ig . 3( G -10 .1) ; PN Cybe le A l tar , 7 9 , F ig . 3( G -10 .2 ) ; PN L a te V i l la , 8 0 , F ig . 3 ( G -10 .3 ) ; PN R o man B a th , 8 0 , 9 5 , F ig . 3 ( G -10 .4 ) ; PN Go ld I ns ta l la t ion , 8 0 , F ig . 3( G -10 .5 ) ; PN Monu men t M , 8 1 , F ig . 3 ( G -10 .6 ) ; PN S tree t o f P ipes , 8 1 , 9 7 , F ig .3 ( G -57 ) . P ac to lus R ive r ( Sard is ) : 7 1 , 7 8 , 8 1 , 9 1 , 9 3 , 9 5 , F igs . 3 ,4 ,6 -9 , 1 2 ; s h i f t ing c ou rse , 3 ; ma rb le f ounda t ions i n r i ver b ed , 3 ,F ig . 3( G -43 ) ; r ecorded o n B orra 's map , 7 , F igs . 4 -7 ; r ecorded o n B u t ler/E mory map , 8 ,9 ,F igs . 8 9 . P a lace o fC roesus ( S ard is ) : v ,4 ,8 ,2 4 . p a lae s t ra : 2 5 , s ee a l so g ymnas iu m . P a la t ine H i l l ( Ro me ) : 2 5 . P a l my ra : 1 3 f n . 4 2 . p arks ( Sa rd is ) : 4 . p arodos wa l l : 4 7 , F igs . 8 6 , 9 2 -99 . P asa rgadae : 8 3 . P ausan ias : 4 . P eacock T o mb ( Sard is ) : 8 2 ,9 1 ,F ig . 3( G 12 ) . p enden t ive : 1 5 . P erc iva l , B r ian : v i i . P e rgamon : 7f n .2 4 ,2 1 ,4 8 ,5 8 ,6 3 ,9 0 .

P erge : 4 8 ,6 2 ,6 5 ,F ig . 18 . P e r ro ta nd Ch ip iez : 1f n . 2 . P er s ian Ga te ( Sa rd is ) : 7 8 , F ig . 3 ,G -9 .1 . P es s inus : 6 4 , 1 03 ( B i t te l ) , F ig . 17 . P h i lade lph ia : 9 0 . P h i l ip I : 5 . p ipe : s ee wa te r p ipe . P l iny t he E lde r : 4 . P lu tar ch : 4 . P o lyb ius : 4 . p or t ico : 2 1 ,3 6 . " Po t o f Go ld " F indspo t ( Sard is ) : 1 00 , F ig . 3 ( G -69 ) . p o t tery f r agmen ts : 1 7 . p rae tor ium ( Sard is ) : v i , 2 2 . P re -He l len is t ic Wa l ls o n Acropo l is ( Sa rd is ) : 9 5 , F ig . 3( G -52 ) . P r iene : 5 ,5 1 ,6 4 . P r ince ton E xcava t ions : 1 2 ,8 -9 . P r ion ( Sard is ) : 4 9 . P rokes ch v on O s ten , An ton : 1 2 ,2 5 . P seudo -Cod inus : 4 . p seudo -d ip te ra l t emp le ( Sard is ) : 8 4 , 1 00 . p seudo isodo m ic ma son ry : 8 7 . p u t log h o les : 2 0 , 6 8 . P y ram id T o mb ( Sard is ) : 8 3 , 9 4 , 1 01 , F ig . 3 ( G -14 ) .

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r a i lroad : 5 4 , F ig s . 2 ,8 ,9 . r e cords o f f ice ( Sard is ) : 4 . r e -en t ran ta ng les : 2 6 , 2 7 ,2 9 ,3 3 -34 , F ig . 5 5 . r e l iev ing a rch : 1 6 . R epub l ican c on s t ruc t ion : 1 7 . r e servo ir ( Sard is ) : 3 . r e s tora t ion o fb u i ld ing s : 5 . r e ta in ing wa l l : 1 3 , 8 8 . r eused b locks ( spo / ia) : 8 7 , 8 8 , 9 0 ; i n B u i ld ing A , 1 2 , 1 7 , 1 9 , F ig s . 2 5 -27 , 3 2 ; i n T hea ter , 5 5 ; l a ck o f i n S tad iu m , 6 2 ; i n " Ro man Agora " , 6 8 . r eve tmen t : 2 9 , 3 0 . r eve tmen tp in s : 2 9 -30 ,F ig .4 4 . r i ve rs t ones : 1 7 . r oad : d escend ing t o t he a gora , 3 ; ma in ( h igh ) r oad r ecorded b y B u t le r , 8 ,F igs . 4 , 8 , 9 ; b u i l t o ver d es truc t ion o f B yzan t ine S hops , 2 1 ; p ass ing n ear B u i ld ing C , 2 3 ; i n d irec t ion o f " Byzan t ine F or t " , 6 7 , 9 2 , F ig . 3( G -36 ) ; ma rb le r oad i n v ic in i ty o f S ou thwes t

G a te , 7 8 ; E as t R oad , 9 2 , 9 8 , F ig . 3( G 6 0 ) ; R oad u nder m i l l , 9 2 , F ig . 3( G -35 ) ; Wes tR oad ,9 8 ,F ig . 3( G -61 ) ;c on jec tured a nc ien tr oad ,9 8 , F ig . 3( G -62 ) . R obe r t ,L ou is : 5 7 . " Roman Agora " S ard is ) : 1 , 1 2 , 8 9 , F igs 3 ( G -38 ) , 1 2 , 9 1 . R oman B u i ld ing ( Sard is ) : 7 0 , 9 4 , F ig s . 3( G 4 4 ) , 1 25 . R oman Cha mber T o mb ( S ard is ) : 9 1 , F ig . 3 ( G -34 ) . R o man C o lonnade ( Sard is ) : 9 9 , F ig . 3( G 6 5 ) . R o me : B as i l ica Nova , 3 7 ; B aths o f C araca l la , 1 5 , 3 9 , F ig . 6 2 ; B a ths o f C ons tan t ine , 3 9 , F ig 6 2 ; B a ths o f D ioc le t ian , 3 9 , F ig . 6 2 ; B a ths o f T i tus , 3 9 , F ig . 6 2 ; B a ths o f T ra jan , 3 9 , F ig . 6 2 ; Domus Augus tana , 1 5 ; Do mus F lav ia , 3 6 , F ig . 5 6 ; S essor ian P a lace , 3 7 . Rubb le Wa l l e as t o f B a th -Gy mnas iu m C omp lex ( S a rd is ) : 6 9 ,9 2 , F ig . 3( G -39 ) . R ubb le Wa l l i n P ac to lus B ed ( Sa rd is ) : 7 1 , 9 4 , F ig , 3( G -45 ) . R usse l l , E dward : v i i .

S ard is : F igs . 1 3 , 8 9 ; d es t ruc t ion i n 5 47 B .C . , 8 6 ; d es truc t ion b y An t iochus I I ( 2 13 B .C . ) , v , 4 7 , 8 6 ; d es truc t ion b y P e rs ians ( A .D . 6 16 ) , 2 1 , 7 8 ; e ar thquake o fA .D . 1 7 , v i , 1 7 ,4 6 , 8 3 ; n ecora te t i t les , 5 ; a r r iva l o f A lexander t he G rea t , 5 7 5 8 . S ar t Mahmu t : 1 0 ,2 3 ,F ig s . 8 ,9 . S a r t Mus ta fa : 1 0 , 7 1 ,F igs . 5 ,8 ,9 . S a tkowsk i , L eon : v i i . " Saw " ( S ard is ) : 4 7 -48 , 7 8 , F igs . 3 ,6 9 , 8 7 . s c a f fo ld ing : 1 7 -18 , F ig . 2 8 ; s ee a l so p u t log h o les . s ch is t : 4 2 ,4 4 . S co t t ,J ane C . : 1f n . 1 . S ecre ta r ium S ena tus ( Rome ) : 3 7 . S ec tor M MS ( S ard is ) : 9 8 ,F ig . 3( G -63 ) . S ec tor M MS -N ( S ard is ) : 9 9 , F ig . 3( G -64 .1 ) . S ec tor M MS -S ( Sard is ) : 9 8 , F ig . 3( G -64 .2 ) . " Sed ia d e l D iavo lo " ( t omb ) : 1 5 . s egmen ta lv au l t : 4 1 ,F ig . 7 1 . S essor ian P a lace ( Ro me ) : 3 7 . S ey tan D ere C e me tery ( Sa rd is ) : 9 6 , 1 01 , F ig . 3( G -54 ) .

S hear , T heodore L es l ie : 2f n . 4 ,7 0 , 9 1 , 9 4 , 9 5 . S hear 's S toa ( S ard is ) : 9 5 , F ig . 3( G -50 ) . s h r ine : S hr ine o f Aphrod i te o fP aphos ,4 . S i c i ly : 6 5 . S ide : 1 3 f n .4 2 . s ima b lock : 1 9 . Sm i th , T he R eve rand T homas : 2 3 . Smy rna : 1 ,2 3 ,3 7 ,3 8 ,F ig .6 0 ,s ee a l so I zm ir . S ou thwe s t G a te ( Sard is ) : 7 8 , F ig . 3( G -8 ) . S p iege l tha l : 1 . s po l ia : s ee r eused ma te r ia ls . S pon ,J akob : 1 2 ,2 f n .5 5 ,2 3 . s qu inch : 1 5 ,F ig s .2 1 -23 . S t . G eorge ( S ard is ) : 2 5 -26 . S t . J ohn ( S ard is ) : 2 5 -26 . S t ad ium ( S ard is ) : 1 1 , 4 0 , 5 9 -65 , 8 7 , 8 9 , 1 00 , F igs . 3( G -25 ) , 6 9 , 8 6 -89 , 1 00 110 , 13 15 ;r e corded b yB u t le r/E mo ry , 9 ;e a r ly a ccoun ts ,5 9 ;d escr ip t ion o fr ema ins ,5 9 6 2 ; c on s t ruc t ion , 6 2 , F igs . 13 -114 ; d a te , 6 3 . S t ad ium A rch ( Sa rd is ) : 6 1-62 , 8 8 , F igs . 3 ( G -25 ) , 8 6 , 10 -112 . s t age g u i ld : 4 8 . s t orage r oom ( Sa rd is ) : 3 . s t ree ts ( Sard is ) : C o lonnaded S t ree t i n S ec tor HoB ( Sard is ) : 9 7 , F ig . 3( G -58 ) ; S t ree t o f P ipes ( Sard is ) : 8 1 , 9 7 , F ig . 3 ( G -57 ) ; s t ree t l e ad ing t o t hea ter , 5 7 ; s t ree t t oward Hypaepan G a te , 9 7 ; R oman C o lonnade Ma in Avenue , 9 9 , F ig . 3( G -65 ) . s ubs t ruc tu re :v au l ted c hambers i n " Ro man Agora " , 1 7 , 4 5 , F igs . 3 ( G -37 ) , 9 , 9 1 ; H i l ls ide C hambe rs a ss ubs t ruc tures ,v i . S ynagogue ( S ard is ) : 3 8 , 7 4 , 9 6 , 9 8 , F igs . 3 ( G -37 ) ,6 1 .f oun ta in n ea rby as ynagogue , 3 ; e ar ly s ynagogue i n t he c i ty , 4 ; S ynagogue T e trapy lon ( Sard is ) : 7 4 , F ig . 3( G -2 .1 ) .

T abak c ay ( S a rd is ) : 7 ,9 ,4 7 ,6 9 , F igs . 3 5 , 6 , 7 ,8 ,9 . T aorm ina ( S ic i ly ) : 6 5 . T avern ier , J e an -Bap t is te : 2 3 . t emp le : t wo d ed ica ted t o empe rors , 4 ; r ebu i ld ing t emp les b yJ us tus ,4 ;a r cha ic t emp le o fA r tem is/Kore , 4 ,5 ;h exas ty le t emp le o n c o in o fF aus t ina t h e E lder , 5 ;

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o nc o in o f Ne ro o rV espas ian ,5 ;s ee a l so A r te m is , Cybe le , D ionysos , Wad i B t emp le , n eocora te t i t les . T emp le o fA r te m is ( Sard is ) : s ee A r tem is . t e r race wa l l : 1 3 . T e trapy lon ( Sard is ) : 7 4 , 7 8 , 9 5 , 9 6 , 9 7 , 9 8 , F ig . 3( G -2 .1) , ( G -59 .1 ) . T ex ier , C ha r les : 5 0 , 6 4 . T hea ter ( Sard is ) : 4 7 -58 , 6 3 , 8 8 , 8 9 , 1 00 , F igs . 3( G -26 ) , 6 -9 , 8 6 -99 , 1 20 ; c apac i ty , 5 6 ; s t age b u i ld ing , 5 4 -55 ; He l len is t ic b u i ld ing , 4 8 ; e ar ly a ccoun ts , 4 7 -51 ; d escr ip t ion o f r e ma ins , 5 1 -55 ; E as tern C avea R e ta in ing Wa l l , 5 2 -53 , F igs . 9 0 9 1 ; E as tern P arodos R e ta in ing Wa l l , 5 3 5 4 , F igs . 9 2 -94 ; Wes tern P arodos R e ta in ing Wa l l , 5 4 -55 , F igs . 9 5 -99 . T hea ter -S tad iu m Co mp lex ( Sa rd is ) : 4 7 -65 , F ig s . 3 ,6 -9 , 1 , 8 6 115 , 1 20 ;o b jec to ft h is s t udy , 2 ;r ecorded b y B or ra , 7 ;r e corded b y B u t ler/E mory , 9 ; e nv irons o f , 4 7 ; c ompared t oo the rc omp lexes ,6 4 -65 . T hra l les : 6 4 . T ibe r ius : 4 6 ,8 4 . t i le : 1 7 ,4 2f n . 9 4 , 1 00 . T i marchos : 4 8 . t o mb : s ee a l so B in T epe C eme tery , B u t ler P a in ted T o mb , " Casa le d e i P azz i " , K ag ir l ik T epe , L yd ian Necropo l is , O r thos ta te T o mb , P eacock T o mb , PN Monu men t M , P y ra m id T o mb , R o man C hamber T omb , " Sed ia d e D iavo lo " , a nd S ey tan D ere C eme tery . T o mb 2( Sard is ) : 8 5 , F ig . 3( G 17 .4 ) . T o mb 7 9 .2 ( Sard is ) : 1 01 ,F ig . 3( G -73 ) . T omb 7 9 .3 ( Sa rd is ) : 1 01 ,F ig . 3( G -73 ) . T o mb ( Tu mu lus ) o f A lya t tes ( Sa rd is ) : 1f n . 2 ,7 ,F igs . 4 -5 . T o mb o f C laud ia An ton ia S ab ina ( Sard is ) : 9 ,9 1 ,F ig . 3( G -32 .1) ,9 . T o mb o f F lav ius Chrysan th ios ( Sard is ) : 2 1 , 1 00 , F ig . 3( G -7 1 ) . T omb o fJ u l ianus ( Sard is ) : 4 . 2 , F ig . 3( G T omb o f t he L in te l ( Sard is ) : 8 1 3 .1) . Tmo lu s : s ee Moun t Tmo lus . T ra jan : 3 9 . t r apezo ida l masonry : 3 3 , F igs . 4 1 ,4 4 . t r ave le rs : s ee e ar ly t r ave le rs . t r easury ( Sard is ) : 4 . T r ie r b as i l ica : 3 7 , F ig . 5 7 . T u rk ish -Greek War : 2 . t wo -s tory b u i ld ing ( Sard is ) : 1 t ypanu m : 1 00 .

125-

u nde rg round s t orage r oom ( S a rd i s ) : 3 . Uppe r T er race ( Sard is ) : 7 6 , F ig . 3( G -5 .1) .

V a ta tze s , J ohn : 8 1 . v au l ted c ha mbers : 4 6 f n . 9 8 ; " Ro man Agora " , 1 7 , 4 5 , 8 9 , 9 2 , F ig s . 3 ( G -37 ) , 9 ; H i l ls ide Cha mbers , 4 0 -46 ; o f s t ad iu m , 4 5 ,6 1 ,8 8 ,8 9 ,F ig s . 8 6 , 1 07 , 1 08 . v au l t ing : i n B u i ld ing C , 2 8 , 3 5 , F ig s . 3 4 , 3 6 , 3 9 -44 ; i n T hea te r -S tad ium C omp lex , 4 8 , 5 9 -62 , F igs . 1 03 -104 . V espas ian : 5 ,8 . v i l lage : b u i l t w i th in B u i ld ing A , 8 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 8 8 , F igs . 8 , 9 ; n ea r B u i ld ing E , 8 , F ig s . 8 ,9 ;p rosper i ty , 1 0 . V i t ruv ius : 4 . v ousso i r s : 4 2 -43 ,6 1 -62 .

Wad i BI on ic T e mp le ( Sard is ) : 1 00 , F ig . 3 ( G -67 ) . wa l lc ons t ruc t ion : 1 7 -18 ,2 0 . Wa l l s ou thwes t o f P y ra m id T omb ( Sard is ) : 9 4 , F ig . 3( G -46 ) . Wa l ls o n Wes t B ank o f P ac to lus ( Sa rd is ) : 7 1 ,9 5 , F ig . 3( G -48 ) . wa ter -m i l l ( Sard is ) : 4 ,F ig s . 8 ,9 . wa te rp ipe : 4 1 -42 ,4 5 , 7 2 ,8 1 , F ig s . 6 5 , 7 6 . weapons f a c tory ( Sa rd is ) : v ,v i , 4 ,2 1 , 1 00 . Wes t R oad ( Sa rd is ) : 9 8 , F ig . 3( G -61 ) . Whe le r ,G eorge : 1 2 ,2 2 f n . 5 5 . w indow : 1 4 , 1 6 ,2 0 ,F ig s . 2 5 -26 . Wood , R ober t : v ,6 ,1 3 f n . 4 2 , F igs . 4 -7 , 3 3 3 4 ,8 9 . wooden f o rmwo rk : 1 6 ,4 4 ,6 0 .

X enophon : 4 ,8 3 .

Y ag ren , Hus sey in : 1 3 . Y a lc inkaya , T eo man : v i i .

Z eus : 8 4 . Z eus ,P rec in c to f( S ard is ) : 7 . Z eus L yd ios , s t a tue o f ( S ard is ) : 5 . Z ygas , P au l K . : v i i .

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138-

F igure 1 0 .

V iew o f B u i ld ing A f ro m h i l l a bove s i te w i th p iers o f B u i ld ing C v i s ib le t o l e f t a nd t ho se o f B u i ld ing D t o r i gh t .

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V iew o f Wa l l 1 ( Nor th Wa l l ) l ook ing n or theas t a nd i nd ica t ing r e la t ive p os i t ions o f Wa l l 1 , Wa l l 2 , a nd d ebr is f i l l ing n o r theas t c orne r o f b u i ld ing .

144-

F igure 1 6 .

Wa l l 1( Nor th Wa l l ) , n or th f a ce o f e as tern p or t ion b e tween E 7 30 -758 s how ing n o r th f ace o f t ower a nd u pper p or t ion o f Wa l l 2( bo th t ol e f t ) .

145-

F igure 1 7 .

Wa l l 1( Nor th Wa l l ) , s ou th f a ce b e tween E 7 15 -740 s how ing r i se o f g round l eve l w i th in n or thea s t c orner o f B u i ld ing A .

146 -

F igure 1 8 .

Wa l l 1 ( Nor th Wa l l ) , n or th f ace b e tween E 6 65 -700 w i th c en t ra l p or t ion o f wa l l , i n terven ing g ap , a nd wes tern p or t ion .

147-

F igure 1 9 .

Wa l l 1( No r th Wa l l ) , s ou th f a ce b e tween E 6 70 -705 s how ing s a me f ea tu re s i n F igu re 1 8 f r om o ppo s i te s ide .

148-

F igure 2 0 .

Wa l l 1( Nor th Wa l l ) , s ou th f a ce b e tween E 6 45 -665 .

149 -

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F igure 2 2 .

V iew o f Wa l l 2( Ea s t Wa l l ) w i th f ea tures l e f t t o r i gh t : Wa l l 3 , " squ inch , " r ece ssed p ane l w i th i mpr in t o f a rch , w indow a nd t ower ( a t g round l eve l a nd n o t v i s ib le ) .

151-

F igu re 2 3 .

D e ta i l o f i r regu lar c orner a t a ng le o f Wa l l 2w i th Wa l l 3 ( F reestand ing Wa l l ) t o r i gh t a nd r ec tangu lar n iche t o l e f t . No t ice i r regu lar s ur face o f i n te r ior c orner a nd f a c t t ha t wa l l i s n o t b u i l t i n to f o rmwo rk o f f a c ing ma te r ia ls .

152-

F igure 2 4 .

D e ta i l d raw ing o f r ec tangu la r r ece ss s how ing i mpr in t o f b r ick a rch a nd b reak t h rough wa l l b e low .

153-

F igure 2 5 .

Wes t o pen ing f or w indow i n Wa l l 2 . No t ice sma l l s l i t o pen ing t h rough wa l l o n o ppo s i te ( e a s t ) s ide .

154 -

F igure 2 6 .

D e ta i l w indow i n te r ior w i th c e i l ing b u i l t o f l a rge r eused marb le b locks i nc lud ing p or t ion o f c o lumn s ha f t a nd f l a t r e c tangu la r b lock w i th c u t t ing f o r l ew is a t tachmen t .

155 -

F igure 2 7 .

L owe r l eve l o f n o r theas t c o rne r t ower s how ing s t one a rches .

156 -

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D e ta i l o f C ons t ruc t ion i n Wa l l 1( Nor th Wa l l ) , n or th f a ce s how ing h omogenous c ha rac te r o f f a c ing i n l aye rs o f 6 0 -75 cm . w i th n o b r ick o r c u t s t one .

158 -

F igure 3 0 .

D e ta i l o f C ons t ruc t ion f o r Wa l l 2( Eas t wa l l ) , e a s tf ace s how ing s quared c orner o ppos i te a rea o f s o -ca l led " squ inch ." No t ice a sh la r mason ry u sed a s q uo ins a te x te r ior c orner s .

159-

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De ta i l o f F igure 2 1 i lus t ra t ing d iagona l d iv is ion b e tween f aced a nd u n faced p o r t ions o f Wa l l 2 . A rea r i gh t o f t h i s l i ne i nd ica tes p os i t ion o f e ar l ier wa l l f r ag men t a ga ins t wh ich p resen t wa l l was b u i l t . New f ac ing r equ ired t o l e f t ( no r th ) a nd , t os ome e x ten t , a bove r e ma ins o ff i rs t wa l l .

160 -

F igure 3 2 .

D e ta i l o f c ons t ruc t ion f o r Wa l l 3( F rees tand ing Wa l l ) . No te l a rge p ercen tage o f s po i ls , s een h ere a s l i gh ter t ones o f l ime s tone a nd ma rb le f r agmen t s .

161-

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F igu re 6 6 .

H i l ls ide Cha mbe rs : I so me t r ic V iew o f c ha mbe rs 1 -7 , l ook ing s ou theas t ( J enk ins ) .

F igu re 6 7 .

V iew o f H i l ls ide Cha mbers l ook ing wes t t o ward T hea ter S tad iu m Comp lex .

193-

F igure 6 8 .

V iew o f t he H i l ls ide Chambers a nd C omp lex f r om a rea e as t o f B u i ld ing C .

194-

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F igure 6 9 .

H i l l s ide Chambe rs : E a r th f i l led e n t ry i n to Chambe r 1 .

195 -

F igure 7 0 .

H i l ls ide Chambe r s : v iew o f c hamber s 2 -4 , ( r igh t t o l e f t ) , w i th u pper p or t ions o f t hea ter 's e a stern r e ta in ing wa l l i n b ackg round .

196 -

F igu re 7 1 .

H i l ls ide Cha mbe r s : f r on ta l v iew o f Cha mbe r 2 .

197-

F igu re 7 2 .

H i l ls ide Chamber s : Chambe r 2 .

f i e lds tone c ons truc t ion o f k ey s tone i n

198 -

F igure 7 3 .

H i l ls ide Chambe rs : f r on ta l v iew o f Chambe r 3 .

199 -

F igu re 7 4 .

H i l ls ide Cha mbers : Chambe r 3 .

a sh lar c ons truc t ion o f k eystone i n

200 -

F igu re 7 5 .

H i l ls ide C hambers : n or th wa l l a nd v au l t c ons t ruc t ion i n C hambe r 3 . A sh la r k ey s tone u n i t a bove a nd t e r raco t ta p ipe t o l e f t .

201-

F igu re 7 6 .

H i l l s ide Chambe r s : d e ta i l o f t e r raco t ta d ra in p ipe .

202 -

F igu re 7 7 .

F l f ' ls ide Chambe r s : f r on ta l v iew o f Chambe r 4 .

203 -

F igure 7 8 .

H i l ls ide Chambers : r ear wa l l o f Chamber 4 w i th a rched d oo rway i n to Chamber 5 t ol e f t .

204 -

F igure 7 9 .

H i l ls ide Chambe rs : d e ta i l o fv au l t t h ickness i n Chambe r 4 .

205 -

F igu re 8 0 .

H i l ls ide Chambers : a sh lar a nd f i e lds tone c ons t ruc t ion o f k ey s tone i n Chambe r 4 .

206 -

F igu re 8 1 .

H i l ls ide Chambe r s : d e ta i l o f a rched d oo rway i n Chambe r 4 .

207-

208 -

F igure 8 3 .

H i l ls ide Chambe rs : f r on ta l v iew o f Chamber 7 w i th r e ma ins o fc ro sswa l l t ol e f t .

209-

F igure 8 4 .

H i l ls ide Cha mbers : wa l ls o n u pper l eve l . T o r i gh t i s wa l l a bove a nd p a ra l le l t o r ea r wa l l o f Chamber 5 ; t o l e f t i s wa l l a bove a nd p ara l le l t o r ear wa l l o f Cha mbe r 6 , l ook ing s ou theas t .

210 -

F igure 8 5 .

H i l ls ide C hambe rs : D e ta i l o f v au l t c ons t ruc t ion .

211-

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( Le f t ) P lan o f T hea te r -S tad ium C omp lex ( Vann ) .

F igu re 8 7 .

( Above ) V iew o f T hea ter -S tad ium C omp lex l ook ing f rom n or th t o s ou th . S teep h i l ls ide i mmed ia te ly b eh ind c avea i den t i f ied a s t he ' S aw ' a nd p eak o f A c ropo l is i n u ppe r r i gh t c orner .

213-

F igu re 8 8 .

( Above ) V iew o f T hea te r -S tad ium Comp lex l ook ing f rom e a s t t o wes t . E as te rn c avea wa l l i n f o reg round , s t ad ium p lan ted a s v ineyard , B u i ld ing A t o r i gh t , a nd B u i ld ing B a nd Marb le C our t .

F igure 8 9 .

( R igh t ) B o rra v iew o f t hea ter : ( A ) e as tern p a rodos wa l l , ( B ) we s te rn p a rodos wa l l , ( C ) v au l ted e n t rance a tr ear o f c avea , ( D ) t he " Saw , " a nd ( E ) S tad ium ( Ya le C en ter f or B r i t i sh A r t ) .

214-

215-

F igure 9 0 .

E as tern C avea Wa l l : v iew l ook ing wes t a t a rea o f e x terna l b u t t resses . B u t t ress 1 t o r i gh t ; n umber 2 i m med ia te ly l e f t ( s ou th ) o fp re se rved a sh la r f a c ing ; a nd t h ird , f ur the r t os ou th .

216 -

F igure 9 1 .

E as te rn C avea Wa l l : p reserved a sh lar f ac ing o n s ou th f ace o f B u t t re ss 2 . T o l e f t a bove me te r s t ick i s p or t ion o f f i e lds tone f a c ing .

217-

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F igu re 9 2 .

( Le f t ) P arodos Wa l l : e l eva t ion a nd t wo s ec t ion s ( Vann ) .

F igu re 9 3 .

( Above ) E a s te rn P arodos Wa l l : v iew o f t wo p or t ions w i th g ap b e tween . S lopes o f t he ' S aw ' v i s ib le i n b ackg round .

219-

F igu re 9 4 .

( Above ) E as te rn P arodos Wa l l : v iew o f r ear o f wa l l w i th S ard ian p la in b eyond . Wa l l f r ag men t p erpend icu lar t o p arodos wa l l i mmed ia te ly b e low me ter s t ick .

F igure 9 5 .

( R igh t ) We s te rn P a rodos Wa l l : p lan a nd e l eva t ion ( Vann ) .

220 -

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Wes te rn P arodos Wa l l : m iss ing p ier s .

v iew o f r e ta in ing wa l l ma rked b y

222-

F igu re 9 7 .

E as te rn P a rodo s Wa l l : r ubb le c ore .

d e ta i l o f a sh la r f a c ing a nd mo r ta red

223 -

F igu re 9 8 .

We s te rn P a rodos Wa l l : d e ta i l o fp ie r s 6a nd 7w i th p o r t ion s o f n umbe r 8t or i gh t .

224 -

F igure 9 9 .

E a s te rn P arodos Wa l l : b lock i n scr ibed w i th ' MH .'

225-

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226 -

F igu re 1 01 .

( Above ) S tad iu m : v iew o f s em i -c ircu lar e as tern e nd w i th s ec t ions o f n or th b a r re l v au l t v i s ib le b eyond v ineya rd . P ier s o f B u i ld ing D ( r igh t ) a nd e as t wa l lo f B u i ld ing A ( l e f t ) .

F igu re 1 00 .

( Le f t ) C ha r t o f c ompar t ive p lans ( Franke a f ter d e B ernardo F e rrero , T CA M ) .

227-

F igure 1 02 .

S tad ium : v iew a long t op o f wes tern s ec t ion o f n or th b ar re l v au lt . A rea c l eared a s d ry ing f l oor f or r a is ins when p ho tog raph t aken i n 1 970 .

228 -

F igure 1 03 .

S tad ium : a rched o pen ing t hrough s ou th wa l l o f s t ad iu m p resumab ly l e ad ing i n to s ea t ing a rea .

229-

F igu re 1 04 .

S tad iu m : i n ter ior v iew o f c en tra l p or t ion o f p reserved s ubs t ruc tu re ( l ook ing wes t ) .

230 -

F igu re 1 05

S tad ium : i n te r ior v iew o f c en t ra l p or t ion o f p reserved s ubs t ruc tu re , l ook ing e a s t . S e r ie s o f sma l l o pen ings i n s ou th ( r igh t ) s i de o fv au l t s panned b y f l a t s t one l i n te l s .

231-

F igu re 1 06 .

S tad ium : e roded a rea o f e as te rn s ec t ion o f n or th b a r re l v au l t ( l ook ing e a s ta t E9 65 ) .

232 -

F igu re 1 07 .

S tad ium : p re served n or th wa l l o f w i th s er ies o f s quare c u t t ing s a nd v i s ib le r ema ins o f a rch .

233-

F igure 1 08 .

S tad iu m : wedge -shaped r oo ms a t e as tern e nd o f n o r th b a r re l v au l t . Chambe rs 1( r igh t ) a nd 2 ( l e f t ) .

234 -

F igu re 1 09 .

S tad ium : b u r ied wedge -shaped r ooms o n s ou theas t p a r t o f e a s te rn e nd o fr ace c ou rse a nd d i rec t ly i nf r on to f t he t hea ter .

235 -

F igu re 10 .

S tad iu m : r ace t rack .

e xposed

s ea t ing u ncovered o n h i l l s ou th o f

236 -

F igu re 11 .

P lan o f wa l ls n o r th o f s t ad iu m ( Vann ) .

237 -

F igure 12 .

V iew o fA rch 1 ,l ook ing we s t .

238-

Figure 113.

View of Arch 1, looking east.

·-239-

F igure 14 .

S tad iu m : d e ta i l o f v au l t c ons t ruc t ion s ho w ing c ond i t ion o f e roded v au l t .

240 -

F igu re 15 .

S tad ium : d e ta i l o f v au l t c on s t ruc t ion s how ing h eavy l aye r o f mo r ta r a bove v au l t a nd ma ss o f r ubb le a dded a bove t o s uppo r tu ppe r t i e r so fs t ad ium s ea t s .

241-

( S chema t ic

F igure 16 .

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S chema t ic p lan o f T hea te r -S tad ium C omp lex .

242-

Comp lex

0 5 10

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A IZANO I M ETERS

F igure 1 17 .

P lan o f T hea ter -S tad iu m Co mp lex a t A izano i ( Phryg ia ) ( Sang ley a f te r T ex ie r , D e scr ip t ion d e l 'A s ie Mineure , I ,p l . 2 3 ) .

243 -

0 5

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F igu re 18 .

P lan o f T hea ter -S tad iu m Co mp lex a t P ess inus ( Phyrg ia ) ( Sang ley a f ter T ex ier , D e scr ip t ion d e l 'A s ie Mineur e , I ,6 2 ) .

244-

T RALLES

F igu re 19 .

D e ta i l o f p lan o f T ra l les s how ing p os i t ion o f T hea ter -S tad ium Comp lex (S ang ley a f ter Humann a nd Dö rpfe ld , A th M i t t 1 8 ( 1 903 ) T a f .x i i ) .

245-

02 55 0 1 00

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