The Thracian City of Seuthopolis 9780860540038, 9781407346670

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I: TOWN-PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
CHAPTER II: ECONOMIC LIFE
1. AGRICULTURE
2. MANUFACTURE AND MINOR ARTS
3. COMMERCE
CHAPTER III: MONEY CIRCULATION IN SEUTHOPOLIS AND THE MINT OF SEUTHES II
CHAPTER IV: RELIGION
1. Epigraphical Data on Religion
2. Cult Hearths
3. Burial Custo ms
CONCLUSION
NOTES
FIGURES

Citation preview

The Thracian City of Seuthopolis

Dimitur P. Dimitrov and Maria Čicikova translated from the Bulgarian by . Marguerite P. Alexieva

BAR Supplementary Series 3 8 1978

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y. M. Hands

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

"The Thracian City of Seuthopolis." B.A.R. Supplementary Series 3 8, 1978: e/o Jusautor, Sofía, Bulgaria, © Dimitur P. Dimitrov and Maria éiéikova, 1978.

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540038 paperback ISBN 9781407346670 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540038 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

Page L ist o f Abbrev iat ions

1

Preface

3

I n troduct ion

6

I . I.

Town-Plann ing a nd Arch itecture E cono m ic L ife 1 .

Agr icu lture

2 .

Manu facture a nd Minor Arts

1 6

3 .

Co m merce

2 7

I I.

Monetary C ircu lat ion i n S euthopo l is a nd t he Min t o f S euthes I I

I V.

Re l ig ion

1 5

3 3

1 .

Ep igraph ical Data o n Rel ig ion

4 3

2 .

Cu lt Hearths

4 8

3 .

Funera l Custo ms

5 2

Conc lus ion

5 7

Notes

5 9

F igures

6 4

L IST OF ABBREV IAT IONS

AAPh i l

A c ta An t igua P h i l ippopol i tana .

AGSP

An t ichn ie g oroda S evernogo P r icherno mor iya ( Ancien t c i t ies o f N or th B lack S ea S hore ) .

BCH

Bu l le t in d e C orrespondance H e l l6n igue .

BSA

Annua l o f t he B r i t ish S choo l o f A thens .

GNA MP I

G odishn ik n a N arodn iya a rcheo log ichesk i Muze i P lovd iv . ( Year B ook o f t he N a t iona l A rchaeo log ica l Museu m i n P lovd iv ).

GSOu I FF

G od ishn ik n a S o f i isk iya Oun ivers i te t , I s tor ico-f i lo log ichesk i f aku l te t . ( Year B ook o f t he Un ivers i ty o f S o f ia , Depar t men t o f H is tory a nd P h i lo logy ) .

I AI

I zves t iya n a Arheo log ichesk iya I ns t i tu t ( Sof ia ) . ( Bu l let in o f t he Archaeo log ica l I ns t i tu te ) .

MCA

Ma ter ia le e i c erce tär i a rheo log ice ( Bucaree t i ) . ( Ma ter ia ls a nd Archaeo log ica l R esearches ).

S A

S ove tskaya Arheo log iya ( Moscow ) .

S CIV

S tud i i e i c erce tär i d e i s tor ie v eche ( Bucaree t i ) . ( S tud ies a nd R esearches o f Ancien t H is tory ) .

VDI

Ves tn ik d revne j i s tor i i ( Moscow ) .

PREFACE

T he d iscovery o f t he Thrac ian c i ty o f S euthopo l is i s t he most i mportan t a ch ieve men t o f Thrac ian a rchaeo logy i n t he l ast 3 0 y ears i n Bu lgar ia.

The

c ity w as d iscovered d ur ing t he d igg ing u ndertaken i n c onnec t ion w ith t he c onst ruct ion o f t he l arge Georg i D im itrov Da m o n t he R iver Tound ja , t he a nc ien t Tonsos , 8 km west o f t he modern t own o f K azan luk .

The v ery f i rst s ods

t urned i n t he b as in o f t he d am r eservo ir l ed t o t he o rgan iz ing o n al arge s ca le o f a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat ions b y t he Archaeo log ica l I nst itu te a nd Museu m a t t he Bu lgar ian Acade my o f S c iences.

A n umerous g roup o f r esearch f el lows

a nd t echn ical a ss istan ts, u nder t he g u idance o f c orrespond ing me mber o f t he Acade my Prof . D i miter P . D im itrov , who was D irector o f t he Archaeo log ica l Museu m i n S of ia a t t hat t ime , worked a t t hese e xcava t ions w ith p ers istence a nd s e l f-den ia l f or 7 y ears , f rom 1 948 t o 1 954. c ourse o f d igg ing w ere u nexpected.

The d iscover ies made i n t he

The e xped it ion c a me u pon t he r u ins o f a

Thrac ian c i ty wh ich was a l most c omp letely r evea led.

The n a me o f t he c ity

S eu thopo l is — w as e stab l ished, t he c ap ita l o f S euthes I I, a Thrac ian r u ler o f t he E arly Hel len ist ic e poch , ac i ty p rev ious ly u nknown t o h istory. B es ides t he h ead o f t he e xped it ion , P ro f. D . P . D im itrov , t he me mbers o f t he g roup w ere :

Mar ia n6 ikova , d epu ty h ead o f t he d ig , Lyuba Ognenova-

Mar inova , Anna A lex ieva-Ba lkanska a nd Yordanka Changova , r esearch f el lows o f t he Archaeo log ica l I nst itu te a t t he Bu lgar ian Acade my o f S c iences, Gergana Tabakova-Tsanova , c ura tor a t t he I skra ' Museu m i n K azan luk , a nd D im iter N iko lov o f t he H istor ica l Museum i n t he t o wn o f S tara Z agora.

A

l arge n u mber o f s tuden ts o f h istory a nd a rch itecture a lso t ook p art i n t he d igg ing , d o ing t he ir p ract ica l work h ere.

The p lans w ere made b y a rch itect

Dete l in Moushev a nd a rch itect K osta Chervenrakov , t he d raw ings o f t he a ltar-hearths were t he work o f Lyuba O gnenova a nd a rch itect N iko la i Gyu lbarov.

The p hotographs o f t he t erra in w ere made b y P ro f. D . P .

D im itrov , a nd o f t he f inds b y Rosa S taneva , h ead o f t he Photo S tud io a t t he Archaeo log ica l Museu m i n S of ia.

We e xpress o ur w ar m t hanks t o a l l f or

t he ir c o l labora t ion a nd a ss is tance d ur ing t he d igg ings , a nd a lso i n p repar ing t he p resen t p ubl icat ion. T here i s a lready a n e x tens ive l i terature o n S eu thopo l is, o ne w h ich i nc ludes p rel im inary r eports, a s we l l a s s pec ia l s tud ies o n i mportan t q uest ions c onc ern ing t he e conom ic a nd c u l tura l d eve lop men t o f t he c i ty.

Un fortunate ly

t he p re mature d eath o f Acade m ic ian P rof . D . P . D im itrov d id n o t a l low h im t o f in ish h is s tud ies o f S eu thopo l is a nd t o s ee t he c o mp lete p ub l ica t ion o f t he r esu l ts , a work o n t he p reparat ion o f wh ich h e a nd t he g roup who t ook p art i n t he d igg ings w ere e ngaged a t t he t ime o f h is d ea th.

However, t he work

i s t o c on t inue , t he a uthors b e ing g u ided i n t he ir r esearch b y t he v a luab le i nst ruc t ions o f t he ir h ead a nd b eloved t eacher.

1

The p resen t b ook i nc ludes t he s tud ies o f Acade m ic ian D . P . D im itrov o n The Town-P lann ing a nd Arch itecture o f S euthopo l is — Chap ter I , a nd o n T he Thrac ian Re l ig ion o n t he Bas is o f Ep igraph ic Data — Chapter I V, 1 a nd t he Conc lus ion . The I n troduc t ion , Chapter I —Econo m ic L ife a nd Chap ter I V , 2 , 3— Cu lt Hearths a nd Funera l Custo ms — a re t he work o f Mar ia ë i ikova. K a men D im itrov i s t he a u thor o f Chap ter I I — Monetary C ircu la t ion a nd t he M in t o f S eu thes I I. He w rote t h is s um mar iz ing r ev iew o n t he b as is o f t he c ata logue p art ly c o mposed , b u t l ef t u n f in ished b y D . P . D im itrov .

Mar ia ü i6 ikova

2

I NTRODUCTION

I n A n t iqu i ty t he c en tra l a nd t he E as tern p ar t o f t he B a lkan P en insu la was i nhab i ted b y t he Thrac ians , ap ro l i f ic b ranch o f t he I ndo-European f am i ly . Anc ien t G reek mytho logy a nd wr i t ten t rad i t ion h ave p reserved many me mor ies o f t hem .

H o mer was a lready f am i l iar w i th ' t he s nowy T hrac ian moun ta ins

w i th t he h ighes t p eaks ' a nd t he T hracian l and , ' mother o f s heep a nd h o me o f s wi f t h orses ' .

H eca taeus o f M i le tus men t ions T hrac ian s e t t le men ts i n t he

i n ter ior o f t he c oun try s i tua ted a t t he f oo t o f t he H ae mus ( t he B a lkan R ange ) a nd a long t he b anks o f t he D anube .

F ro m t he f i f th c en tury B . C . o nwards d a ta

a bou t t he T hracians b eg in t o b e more f requen t .

T he T hrac ian c oas ts o f t he

B lack S ea , t he S ea o f Mar mara a nd t he A egean h ad a t t ha t t ime b een f ina l ly o ccup ied b y t he Greek c o lon is ts who f ounded a n u mber o f f lour ish ing c o lon ies , s uch a s T om i ( t oday C ons tanp , ) , Odessos ( Varna ) , Mesambr ia ( Nessebur ) , Apo l lon ia ( S ozopo l ) , B yzan t ion ( I s tanbu l ) o n t he B lack S ea , P er in thus o n t he S ea o f Mar mara , A enus , A bdera a nd A xnph ipo l is o n t he A egean .

T hrace was

i nc luded i n t he r ange o f t he e cono my o f t he E as tern Med i terranean wor ld a nd c lose ly i nvo lved i n t he h is tor ica l e ven ts wh ich t ook p lace i n t h is p ar t o f t he a n t ique w or ld i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he f irs t mi l lenn iu m B . C .

T he h is tory o f

t he T hrac ians i n t h is p er iod i s t o b e f ound i n t he works o f H erodo tus , T h .ucyd ides , Xenophon , D iodorus , S trabo a nd o ther a nc ien t a u thors i n who m we f ind v a luable d a ta o n T hrac ian c u l ture , r e l ig ion a nd c us to ms .

They a lso g ive u s t he n a mes

1

o f many T hrac ian t r ibes , t he mos t impor tan t o f wh ich were t he Odrysae , who i nhabi ted t he f er t i le v a l leys a long t he l ower r eaches o f t he T onsos ( Tound ja ) a nd t he H ebros ( Mar i tsa ) , t oge ther w i th t he r eg ion o f t he E as tern R hodopes . I n t he e ar ly y ears o f t he f i f th c en tury B . C . t he O drysae h ad a lready s ucceeded i n c rea t ing a l arge s tate , whose t err i tory f ro m t he e nd o f t he f i f th t o t he e ar ly t h ird c en tury B . C . a lso i nc luded t he midd le a nd t he u pper r eaches o f t he R iver Tound ja . T he c ons iderable a rchaeo log ica l d iscover ies i n t he r eg ions o f S tara Z agora , S l iven , Ya mbo l a nd S v i lengrad a re o f g rea t impor tance i n r ecrea t ing t he c u l tura l a nd p o l i t ica l h is tory o f t he Odrysae .

T h is was t he o n ly T hrac ian

s ta te wh ich e x is ted f or a c o mpara t ive ly l eng thy t ime a nd p layed a n impor tan t r ole i nt he l i fe o f t he S ou thern T hrac ian l ands i n t he p er iod f ro m t he e nd o f t he f i f th t o t he e nd o f t he f our th c en tury B . C .

A f ter t he d ea th o f Ko tys Ii n 3 59

B . C . t he c en tri fuga l f orces i nt he Odrysaean k ingdo m g o t t he u pper h and a nd i t was d iv ided i n to t hree p ar ts , wh ich c on tr ibu ted t o i t s p o l i t ica l a nd e cono m ic weaken ing .

Th is f ac i l i ta ted t he a sp ira t ions o f P h i l ip I , who u nder took t he

s ub jec t ion o f T hrace t o s ecure h is r ear b e fore t he d ecis ive e ngage men t w i th A thens .

I n s evera l c a mpa igns h e s ucceeded i n c rush ing t he r es is tance o f t he

Thrac ians , h eaded b y K erseb lep tes , a nd i n a bou t 3 42-339 i nc luded T hrace w i th in t he b oundar ies o f t he Macedon ian K ingdo m .

2

I t wou ld a ppear , h owever ,

t ha t n e i ther P h i l ip n or A lexander s ucceeded i n l as t ing ly s ub jec t ing t he T hrac ian H in ter land .

The Macedon ian p resence was c h ie f ly c oncen tra ted i n A egean

Thrace a nd a long t he R ivers T ound ja a nd Mar i tsa , where Macedon ian g arr isons were l e f t .

T he u nsub m iss ive t r iba l c h ie f ta ins were p robab ly r ep laced , b u t

3

n ever the less c er ta in o f t he l oca l d ynas ts were l e f t a t t he h ead o f i nd iv idua l T hrac ian t--es .

I ti s q u i te p oss ib le t ha t S eu thes o ccup ied s uch a p os i t ion ,

o i wh ich h e made s k i l fu l u se t o p lace h i mse l f a t t he h ead o f t he s trugg les o f h is f el low-tr ibes men a ga ins t t he Macedon ian i nvaders .

3

I n aD ecree i ssued b y

t he A then ian Asse mb ly i n 3 31-330 B . C . men t ion i s made o f ' Rhebu las , s on o f S eu thes a nd b ro ther o f K otys ' .

The p o l i t ica l s i tua t ion g ives g rounds t o l i nk

t he S eu thes men t ioned i n t h is d ecree w i th S eu thes I I , who h ad t r ied t o r es tore t he t rad i t iona l Odrysaean-A then ian r e la t ions , d epend ing o n A thens i n h is s trugg le a ga ins t t he Macedon ians .4

T he r eason f or t h is r approche men t w i th

A thens was t he mu t iny wh ich b roke o u t a t t he s a me t ime ( 331 B . C .) h eaded b y Me mnon , o ne o f A lexander 's mos t c apab le s tra tegoi , l e f t i n Thrace t o s treng then Macedon ian r u le.

H owever , Me mnon b e trayed A lexander , d ec ided t o b reak

away f ro m t he K ing a nd t o b eco me t he i ndependen t r u ler o f T hrace .

H e s t irred

t he ' barbar ians ' t o r evo l t a nd o rgan ized a g rea t a n t i- Macedon ian r ebe l l ion .

5

T he r ebe l l ion i n Thrace i n tens i f ied t he a n t i- Macedon ian moods i n Greece a s we l l , a t t he h ead o f wh ich s tood t he S par tan K ing A g is I I . p u t d own b o th r ebe l l ions .

An t ipa ter s w i f t ly

H owever , t h is d id n o t p u t a n e nd t o t he s trugg les

o f t he T hrac ians a ga ins t t he Macedon ians , a nd t he ir r evo l ts f ol lowed o ne a no ther i n r apid s uccess ion .

The f a i lure o f Z opyr ion 's e xped i t ion a ga ins t t he

G e tae , t he S cy th ians a nd t he P on t ic c i t ies i n 3 29-328 B . C ., a nd t he n ews o f t he d oo m o f A lexander 's c o m mander a t O lb ia s erved a s as igna l t o S eu thes I I t o i n tens i fy h is a c t ions .

6

H e a ppears t o h ave a ch ieved c ons iderab le s uccess

a nd h is k ingdo m g rew r apid ly s tronger . The f o l lowing d a ta a bou t S eu thes g o b ack t o t he y ear 3 23 B .C .

A f ter t he

d ea th o f A lexander Thrace was e s tab l ished a s a n i nd iv idua l S a trapy a nd g iven t o L ys i machus .

H e c lashed w i th S eu thes I I o n h is a rr iva l i n Thrace , t he

Thracian k ing l ead ing o u t a ga ins t h im 2 0 ,000 f oo t a nd 8 ,000 h orse .

7

H e d oes

n ot a ppear t o h ave a l lowed L ys i machus t o e s tabl ish mi l i tary c on tro l o ver t he i n ter ior o f t he c oun try .

The p ower o f L ys i machus o ver t he Thrac ian H in ter-

l and a ppears t o h ave b een o n ly n om ina l .

H is p resence i n T hrace was l im i ted

c h ie f ly t o t he c oas ta l s tr ip o f t he P on tus a nd t o T hracian C hersonese .

8

T he

s ever i ty o f h is c lashes w i th S eu thes c an b e j udged b y t he f ac t t ha t h e was u nable t o i n tervene i n t he L am ian War ( 323-322 ) a nd t o c o me t o An t ipa ter 's a id , a lt hough h e was n eares t t o t he t hea tre o f mi l i tary o pera t ions .

9

On t he o ther

h and , t he f lour ish ing o f S eu thes ' c i ty a f ter 3 23 s hows t ha t h e h ad s ecured t he i ndependence o f t he t err i tor ies h e c on tro l led .

I t may b e n o a cciden t t ha t a s

e ar ly a s 3 23 a nd 3 13 D iodorus c a l ls S eu thes ' K ing o f t he T hracians '. S eu thes a lso i n tervened i n t he t h ird war wh ich b roke o u t among t he D iadoch i i n 3 15 B .C ., i n t he ir s trugg les t o d iv ide A lexander 's h er i tage .

L ys i machus ,

C assander , S e leucus a nd P to le my o rgan ized a s trong c oa l i t ion a ga ins t t he a ggress ion o f An t igonus t he One-Eyed , g overnor o f G rea t P hryg ia , who , h owe ver , t ook d ec is ive s teps a ga ins t t he m b y t ranspor t ing h is t roops t o t he E urop ean s hore , g e t t ing i n t ouch w i th t he G reek c i t ies o n t he B lack S ea c oas t a nd t he Thrac ians o f t he H in ter land , h eaded b y S eu thes , a nd p ro m is ing t he m h is s uppor t i n t he ir r es is tance a ga ins t L ys i machus .

I n 3 13 B . C . when t he r e-

b e l l ion o f C a l la t is b roke o u t c o m mon mi l i tary o pera t ions c oncer ted b e tween t he Greek c i t ies , t he Odrysae a nd . An t igonus b egan , t he l a t ter s end ing h is c o mmander L yconos w i th a f lee t i n to t he P on tus , a nd P ausan ias w i th t roops i n to Thrac ian C hersonese .

1 0

L ys i machus s ucceeded i n c ap tur ing Odessos a nd

4

o rgan izing t he s iege o f C a l la t is , b u t was f orced t o march s ou th s wi f t ly t o mee t P ausan ias . H owever , S eu thes I I h ad a lready t aken o ver t he p asses i n t he B a lkan R ange a nd b arred h is r oad b ack . t ween t he t wo .

Ab loody b a t t le was f ough t b e-

T h is i s h ow D iodorus d escr ibes i t: 1 1

' When L ys i machus w i th

t he b es t p ar t o f h is t roops a rr ived a t t he wa tershed o f t he Hae mus , h e f ound t here t he Thrac ian K ing S eu thes who was g uard ing t he p ass w i th many s o ld iers . A f ter wag ing b a t t le w i th h im f or q u i te a l ong t ime , a nd l os ing n o t af ew o f h is men , h e s lew many o f t he e ne my a nd r epe l led t he b arbar ians .'

L ys i machus

s ucceeded i n b reak ing h is way t hrough ( qu i te p oss ib ly a f ter a n a gree men t w i th S eu thes ) a nd d e fea t ing P ausan ias .

S eu thes i s n o t men t ioned a ga in i n t he s ources .

Un t i l r ecen t ly t he e xp lana t ion was a ccep ted t ha t h e r ecogn ized t he r u le o f Lys i machus a nd f u l ly s ub m i t ted t o h im , o r f led t o h is a l ly An t igonus .

1 2

R e .

c en t ly t he s uppos i t ion h as b een p u t f orward t ha t a t t he e nd o f t he f our th c ent ury B . C . L ys i machus s ough t a n u nders tand ing w i th S eu thes I I , i n o rder t o d irec t h is f orces t o As ia M inor , where s evere t r ia ls awa i ted h im .

1 3

T he

s can ty d a ta a va i lab le i n wr i t ten t rad i t ion a bou t t h is impor tan t a nd d ra ma t ic p er iod i nt he h is tory o f S ou thern Thrace were r ich ly s upp le men ted b y t he d isc overy o f S eu thopo l is .

1 4

T he s tudy o f t he c ap i ta l o f S eu thes I L I , wh ich a cqu ired

i ts g rea tes t p rosper i ty a nd impor tance i n t he l as t d ecades o f t he f our th c en tury a nd t he f irs t d ecades o f t he t h ird c en tury B . C ., e loquen t ly s hows t ha t S eu thes h ad s ucceeded i n f ound ing t he i ndependen t Odrysaean K ingdo m a long t he u pper r eaches o f t he Tound ja i n t he r eg ion b e tween t he B a lkan R ange a nd t he S redna Gora Moun ta ins , a nd f o l low ing t he e xa mp le o f t he o ther H e l len is t ic r u lers , h e h ad b u i l t ac ap i ta l t o wh ich h e g ave h is own n a me , S eu thopo l is ( F ig . 1 ) .

More-

o ver , t he c o ins o f C assander a nd L ys i machus w i th t he t i t le p a cc t , Xgug wh ich S eu thes o vers truck , a re p roo f t ha t h e s truck c oins e ven a f ter 3 06 B . C . a nd a lso t ha t h e p layed a f ore mos t p ar t i n Thrace u n t i l t he e nd o f t he f our th c en tury B . C .

1 5

T he g rea t i nscr ipt ion f ound i n S eu thopo l is o f fers u s t he l as t

i n for ma t ion a bou t S eu thes I I .

The i nscr ipt ion c an b e d a ted t o t he v ery e nd o f

t he f our th o r t he b eg inn ing o f t he t h ird c en tury B . C . when S eu thes was s er ious ly i l l o r a lready d ead , a s c an b e c onc luded f ro m t he t ex t . was a t t he h ead o f a f fa irs i n S eu thopo l is .

B eren ice , t he R egen t ,

I fi n t he d ecree f ro m A thens ( 331-

3 30 B .C .) R hebu las a nd K o tys , a re r ea l ly t he s ons o f S eu thes i f i ,t hen B eren ice was t he s econd w i fe o f S eu thes I I , o r ig in .

1 6

a nd was p robab ly a p r incess o f Macedonian

S he b ore S eu thes f our s ons , H ebr isel mes , T eres , S a tokos a nd S ada l las ,

w i th n a mes c harac ter is t ic o f t he Thracian R oya l F am i ly who , a t t he e nd o f t he f our th c en tury , were n o t y et o f a ge .

T he i nscr ip t ion i s as worn t rea ty o f

Beren ice a nd h er s ons a s r egards E p i menes . f irs t t ime a nd i ti s n o t c lear w ho

Th is n a me i s me t w i th f or t he

E p i menes was a nd wha t p os i t ion h e o ccup ied .

Never theless , h e was a n em inen t p ersonage who h ad t aken r e fuge i n t he S anct uary o f t he Grea t G ods i n t he p a lace o f S eu thopo l is , a nd a ccord ing t o t he t rea ty h e was t o b e h anded o ver t o S par tokos t o s erve h im a l l h is l i fe . I ti s c lear f ro m t he i n terpre ta t ion o f t he t ex t t ha t S par tokos was a Thrac ian d ynas t whose r es idence was i n Kaby le , a Thrac ian c i ty t o t he E as t o f S eu thopo l is a t t he b end o f t he R iver T ound ja .

H e was a n i ndependen t mas ter o f aT hracian d ynas t ic

e s ta te o n t he t err i tory o r i n t he n e ighbourhood o f S eu thes ' k ingdo m , wh ich i s as ign o f t he i n tens i f ied p rocess o f p o l i t ica l d ecen tra l iza t ion i n Thrace a f ter t he d ea th o f S eu thes I L I , ap rocess wh ich was f ur ther i n tens i f ied a f ter t he C e lt ic i nvas ion o f t he Ba lkans ( 280-277) .

5

CHAPTER I TOWN-PLANN ING AND ARCH ITECTURE

The p lace where t he r u ins o f t he Thrac ian c i ty o f S eu thopo l is w ere d isc overed l i es a bou t 8 km t o t he w est o f t he t own o f K azan luk a nd a bou t 3 km t o t he s outh-west o f t he v i l lage o f K opr inka . Here, ow ing t o t he e ros ion o f t he R iver Tound ja ( t he a nc ien t Tonsos ), a w ide t erracel ike p lace h ad b een f or med , b ound o n t he n orth a nd e ast b y t he g radua l ly s lop ing p lateau , a nd o n t he s outh b y s teep h e igh ts, s lop ing t o t he b anks o f t he r iver, t hese h e igh ts b e ing p art o f t he l ast f ooth il ls o f t he S redna Gora Moun ta ins. The l ast a nd l owest s tep o f t h is t errace-l ike l oca l ity o n t he s outh-west a nd t he s outh i s c u t b y t he b ends o f t he Tound ja , wh i le o n t he e ast b y i t s sma l l t r ibu tary Go lyama Varov itsa.

I n t h is w ay a p en insu la was f or med w ith b anks o n t he

r iver u p t o 4 -5 m i nh e igh t.

Th is i s where t he Thrac ian c i ty o f S eu thopo l is

w as s i tuated , o n t he l ef tb ank o f t he Tound ja , n a tura l ly p ro tected o n t he s outhw est , t he s ou th a nd t he e ast ( F ig. 2 ). Un t i l e xcavat ions w ere b egun i n 1 948 n o o ne k new a bou t t he e x istence o f t h is c ity .

I t s n ame w as n ot met w ith i n as ing le a nc ien t s ource.

N ever the-

l ess, t he t races o f a n t ique c u l ture i n t hese p laces h ad n o t b een e n t ire ly e f faced b y t ime a nd men .

The l arge n umber o ft umu l i s ca t tered i n s evera l g roups

o n b oth s ides o f t he r iver h ad a lready i mpressed t ravel lers i n t he l ast c en tury. The c onstruct ion o f t he l arge Georg i D im itrov Dam w as b egun i n 1 947 , a nd i t s a rt if ic ia l l ake was t o c over t h is e n t ire l oca l ity w ith i t s waters. T h is l ed t o t he Archaeo log ica l I nst itu te a nd Museum a t t he Bu lgar ian Acade my o f S c iences i n S of ia o rgan iz ing t he a rchaeo log ica l s tudy o f t he s i te. D igg ing b egan i n 1 948 a nd c on t inued u n t i l 1 954.

Two o f t he l arge t u mu l i i n wh ich

s evera l t o mbs w ere f ound w ere e xcavated i n t he f i rst t wo s easons.

The

b oundar ies o f t he s et t le men t w ith i t s f or t , p art o f t he t owers a nd t wo o f t he c i ty g ates w ere e stab l ished a s e ar ly a s 1 948. b egan i n 1 950. t erest ing.

Work i ns ide t he s et t le men t

Y ear b y y ear t he f inds g rew more a nd more v ar ied a nd i n-

I n t he f i rst d igg ings i nd iv idua l b u i ld ings, s treets , wel ls, p o t tery

— Thrac ian a nd G reek — t erracot tas, e tc., c a me t o l i gh t.

The f inds o f c o ins

w ere p art icu larly n umerous. Over 2 ,000 c o ins w ere f ound o f wh ich 1 ,200 w ere f ourth t o t h ird c en tury B .C. a nd t he r e ma inder were d ated t o t he 1 3th1 4th c en tury .

Among t he a n t ique c o ins t he l arges t n umber — o ver 8 00 — b e-

l onged t o t he Thrac ian r u ler S eu thes I I, who i s k nown a s t he l eader o f t he Thrac ians i n t he ir w ar o f l i berat ion a ga inst A lexander I I a nd Lys i machus. S yste mat ic a rchaeo log ica l s tud ies a nd t he n um ismat ic ma ter ia l made i tp oss ib le t o e stab l ish t he c hrono logy o f t he l i fe o f t h is a nc ien t s et t le men t . I n t he t ime o f Ph i l ip I a sma l l Thrac ian s et t le men t e x isted h ere, p robably s itua ted a round a f ort if ied r es idence ( t yrs is Ti )pc t .c ).

Co ins o f Ph il ip I

a nd p art o f t he Thrac ian p ot tery b elong t o t h is s et t le men t .

6

A t h in b urn t

l ayer s eparated t he r u ins o f t h is p er iod f rom t he u pper c u ltura l s tratum , w h ich e v idenced t hat i n t he p er iod o f S euthes I I af ort if ied c en tre w ith t he a spect o f ac i ty was b u ilt h ere, t o w h ich t he f ort if ica t ions , t he s tone f oundat ions o f s pac ious b u ild ings , s treets a nd v ar ious a rt icles o f Greek a nd T hrac ian o r ig in , t he c o ins o f S eu thes I I, A lexander o f Macedon a nd t he D iadoch i a re a l l t o b e a ttr ibu ted. Th is f ort if ied c en tre was t aken b y s tor m a f ter a s iege , d estroyed a nd p lundered.

The b urn t s un-dr ied b r icks a nd t he n umerous s tone b a l ls a re

e loquen t o f t he t rag ic e nd o ft he c i ty o f S eu thes.

The t h ird p er iod o f i t s h is-

t ory , w h ich l asted a v ery s hort t ime, a nd o f w h ich o n ly a f ew i ns ign if ican t r estorat ions a re l ef t , b eg ins w ith a n a t te mp t t o r estore t he r u ined c i ty . A f ter a n i n terva l o f a bou t 1 ,400 y ears a sma l l med iaeva l Bu lgar ian s et t le men t a pp eared h ere whose i nhab itan ts l ived i n f l i msy b u i ld ings. T he med iaeva l p ot tery , v ar ious t oo ls a nd j ewel lery , ap oor n ecropo l is s i tua ted i n t he Eastern p art o f t he a n t ique s et t le men t a nd o n Tumu lus N o. 1 , a nd a l arge n umber, o ver 7 00, o f med iaeva l Bu lgar ian a nd Byzan t ine c o ins b e long t o t h is s et t le men t . U p t o 1 953 t he n ame o f t he a nc ien t c i ty r ema ined u nknown.

On ly i n

Oc tober o f t ha t y ear, i n o ne o f t he r ooms o f t he l arge b u ild ing — t he P a laceTe mp le — was t he f i rst e p igraph ic monumen t o f t h is s ett le men t f ound. I t p roved t o b e a t t he s a me t ime t he f i rst o f f ic ia l d ocumen t t o b e f ound i n Bu lgar ia i ssu ing f ro m t he c hancery o f t he Thrac ian r u lers. The i nscr ip t ion i s a marb le s lab w ith a p ed i men t , 6 3 cm h igh a nd c on ta in ing 3 7 l ines o f t he Greek t ex t o f a sworn t reaty b etween em inen t p ersonages o f t he r u l ing c aste. I n t h is c ase, t he s evera l l ast l ines o f t he i nscr ip t ion a re o f s pec ia l i mportance f or u s. They men t ion t he e x istence o f f our c op ies o f t h is i nscr ip t ion , t wo o f wh ich h ad b een p laced i n K aby le (K co()X ,T1 )a nd t wo i n S euthopo l is

E cve6 r t oXLg

The t own o f K aby le i s k nown t o u s f ro m a nc ien t l i terature. I t s r u ins a re b e ing s ough t f or i n t he v ic in ity o f t he p resen t-day t own o f Yambo l i n s ou thern Bu lgar ia.

The o ther c i ty men t ioned i n t he i nscr ip t ion i s S euthopo l is, u n-

d oub ted ly t he n ew ly-d iscovered c i ty i n wh ich o ne o f t he c op ies o f t h is i nscr ipt ion w as f ound. I t was t hus e stab l ished t ha t t he s econd a nd r ichest a nt ique s tratum o f t he n ew ly d iscovered Thrac ian s ett le men t was f or med b y t he r u ins o f t he Thrac ian c i ty o f S euthopo l is , u nknown s o f ar.

Th is p ar t o f t he i nscr ip-

t ion i s a lso o f v ery g reat i mportance b ecause f or t he f i rst t ime d ata a re g iven i n i ta bou t c erta in b u i ld ings i nb oth c i t ies , d ata wh ich r ad ica l ly c hange o ut i deas a bou t t he Thrac ian c i ty i n t he Ear ly He l len ist ic e poch.

K aby le i s

men t ioned a s ac i ty w ith a n a gora , aT e mp le o f Arte m is Hecate a nd a n A l tar t o Apo l lo.

I n S euthopo l is men t ion i s a lso made o f aS anctuary o f t he Grea t

Gods ( 8E01 , m cy6A0

)a nd a n a l tar t o D ionysus, s i tuated i n t he a gora.

These d a ta c oncern ing S euthopo l is g iven i n t he i nscr ipt ion w ere c on f irmed b y t he a rch itecture a nd p lann ing o f t he c i ty e stab l ished d ur ing t he d igg ing. T own P lan. S eu t hopo l is w as i n d i mens ions a sma l l c i ty. 1 7 I tc ons isted o f af or t if ied s et t le men t i nc lud ing a n a rea o f a bou t 5 .00 h ectares, o u ts ide wh ich , h owever, p robab ly o n t he N orth s ide, s evera l s et t le men ts e x isted , a s c an b e j udged b y t he r oof-t iles d iscovered t here. The f or m o f t he f ort if ied c ity i s o u t l ined b y t he wa l l o f t he f ortress, wh ich f or ms a p en tagon ( F igs. 3 , 4a nd 5 ) .

Two o f i t s s ides — t he s ou th-western a nd t he n orth-western —

i n tersect a t r ight a ng les.

The f ort if ied p art o f t he t own was b u il t t o ap re-

v ious ly made p lan , i n c on form ity w ith t he s o-ca l led r egu lated p lann ing i n u se

7

i n t he p lann ing o ft he Greek p o l is, a s e ar ly a s t he f i f th c en tury B .0 C .

T he

a rch itect H ippoda mus o f Miletus, w hose n ame w as g iven t o t h is s yste m, i s c ons idered i t s c reator. Regular p lann ing was p art icu larly w idespread i n t he He l len ist ic e poch , i n t he t ime o f A lexander a nd h is s uccessors , when t he mass c ons truct ion o f n ew c i t ies a nd t he r econstruct ion o f o ld o nes w as p u t i n h and.

I tb eca me c haracter ist ic o f most Ear ly H el len ist ic c i t ies i n G reece ,

As ia M inor a nd Egypt.

Two g a tes s tood i n t he n orth-western a nd s ou th-western

wa l ls o f S euthopo l is, t he o n ly t wo g a tes o f t he c i ty .

Two s treets , e ach 6m

w ide, l ed f ro m t he m t o t he c en tre o f t he t own a nd d el im ited a l arge a l mos t s quare p lace ( 46 x 4 8 m ) o n t he w est , c over ing a n a rea o f 2 208 s q m. T h is w as t he a gora o f t he c i ty men t ioned i n t he l arge i nscr ip t ion f rom S eu thopo l is. The l evel o ft he a gora i s 3 0 cm l ower t han t hat o f t he s urround ing s tree ts. I t was c lear ly d e l im ited f ro m t he m b y s tone b orders, t races o f wh ich were f ound a t s evera l p laces. The a gora t ook u p a bou t 1/2 5 th o f t he a rea o f t he f ort if ied c i ty a nd i nc luded a bou t 2i nsu lae. I tw as o pen t o t he p r inc ipa l t horo ughfares o nt he n orth-east a nd t he s ou th-east , w h ile v ar ious b u i ld ings w ere s i tuated o n t he s ou th-west a nd t he n or th-west. The a gora w as a n e ssen t ia l e le men t i n t he s truc ture o f t he c i ty p lan . I n S eu thopo l is i th ad , a bove a l l , p o l it ica l a nd r el ig ious f unct ions.

The s quare w as empty , t here was o n ly a

l arge a l tar t o D ionysus o n i t , n ear w h ich t he l arge s tone b ase a nd g ran ite b lock w ith t he i nscr ipt ion w ere f ound , men t ion ing t he n ame o f o ne o f t he p r iests o fD ionysus , Ama istas, s on o f Med istas ( F ig. 6 ) . The r u ins o f a l arge b u i ld ing d iscovered a long t he n orth-western s ide o f t he a gora w ere a lso p robab ly t hose o f ac u lt b u i ld ing. The o rthogona l p lan o f Greek u rban is m was s tr ict ly a pp l ied i n S eu thopo l is i n t he n etwork o f s treets i n tersect ing a t r igh t a ng les. The o r ien tat ion o f t he l ong itud ina l a rter ies s hows a d ev ia t ion o f 35 ° t o t he west , wh ich was i mposed b y t he p ecu l iar it ies o f t he p en insu la 's t erra in — t he l ine o f t he b ank , c ommun icat ion w ith t he H in ter land , a s w el l a s b y c erta in c l i mat ic c ons idera t ions, s uch a s t he p reva i l ing w inds, e tc. With t he e xcep t ion o f t he p r inc ipa l t horoughfares wh ich a re 6 m w ide, t he r e ma in ing s treets a re n arrower , u p t o 4 -3.50m. They a re a l l p aved w ith r iver c obb lestones , l ike t he a gora. Ad istr ict w ith a n a rea o f4 620 s q m., d iv ided f rom t he o ther p arts o f t he c i ty b y af or t if ied wa l l , w as d iscovered i n t he N orthern c orner o f t he c i ty. I th as t he f or m o f ar ectang le w ith t wo r igh t a ng les a nd a ccess t o t he c ity t hrough a p ropy lon o n t he s ou th-eastern wa l l.

On ly o ne b u ild ing r ose o n t he

i n ter ior , b u t i t was t he l argest o f a l l t hose d iscovered i n t he t own .

I tw as

s i tuated a t t he e nd , n ear t he n orth-western f ortress wa l l , s ym metr ica l ly p laced t o t he a x is o ft he e n trance.

The who le s pace b etween t he e n trance

a nd t he b u i ld ing w as p aved w ith c obb les. A s pec ia l f eature o f t he p lan o f S eu thopo l is i s t he c lose d ependence b etween t he b u il t-up a rea a nd t he f or tress wa l ls, w h ich d ist ingu ishes i tf rom t he Greek c i t ies.

I n many o f t he m t he l ine

o f t he w a l ls h as n o c onnect ion w ith t he p r inc ipa l l ines o f t he p lan , t he b u i ltu p a rea b e ing f requen t ly sma l ler t han t he s pace s urrounded b y t he w al l a nd t he

g a tes n ot a lways h av ing a l ink w ith t he p r inc ipa l t horoughfares .1 8

I n

S euthopo l is, o n t he c on trary , b o th t he p r inc ipa l a xes l ead t o t he g ates o f t he t own , w h ich i s a lso c haracter ist ic o f c erta in c i t ies i n I t a ly , wh ich p res erved t he E truscan t rad it ion .

L ike most o f t he Greek c it ies, h owever, t he

8

b u ild ings i n S euthopo l is d id n ot t ouch t he f ortress w a l l , b ut w ere s eparated f ro m i tb y ar ing-road. F ort if icat ions. The f ort if ied t own wa l l h ad a t ota l l ength o f 8 90 m. I t was e verywhere 2 m t h ick , w ith t he e xcept ion o f t he s ou th-eastern w a l l w h ich r ose d irect ly o n t he b ank o f t he Tound ja.

There t he t h ickness was 1 .80 m.

The p en tagona l f or m o f t he f ort was c ond it ioned b y t he c on f igurat ion o f t he t erra in .

With t he e xcept ion o f t he n orth-western w a l l , t urned t owards t he

p la in , a l l t he o thers f o l lowed t he d irect ion o f t he s teep b ank . Tound ja a nd i t s t r ibu tary f or med a n a tura l moat .

On t he n orth-western

f ron t f ac ing t he p la in t here w ere n o n atura l o bstac les. moat w as f ound.

Here t he

Here n o a rt if ic ia l

However , o n t he o ther h and , t he f ortress wa l l was s treng th-

e ned h ere b y d efens ive i nsta l lat ions.

The n orth-western g ate was p laced

e xact ly i n t he c en tre o f t h is f ron t , a nd w as b u ilt i n t he f or m o f as quare t ower w ith t wo p assages t o t he p la in a nd t o t he c ity. S quare t owers a lso p robab ly r ose a t e ach c orner o f t he f ort . The f oundat ions o f t he w estern , n orthern a nd n orth-eastern t owers w ere v ery w e l l p reserved ( Figs. 7 , 8 ). Bare ly p ercep t ib le t races h ad r e ma ined o f t he s ou thern c orner t ower, a nd o n ly t he t ower a t t he e astern c orner was n o t d iscovered. On t he n orthwestern f ron t o ft he c i ty t he d efence h ad b een r e in forced b y t wo i nter med iary s quare t owers s i tua ted a t a l most e qua l d istances f rom t he g ate a nd t he c orner t owers ( F igs. 9 , 1 0 ).

The s ou th-western f ron t o f t he w a l l , w h ich

f o l lowed t he b ank a t ac erta in d is tance, was r e inforced i nstead b y t owers, a nd b y b ast ions i n t he f or m o f r ec tangu lar t wo- meter e x tens ions o n t he o uter s ide o f t he c urta in ( Fig. 1 1). Two o f t hese b ast ions d irect ly f l anked t he o pen ing o f t he s ou th-western g a te, wh i le t he t h ird was s i tua ted b etween t he g a te a nd t he w estern c orner t ower ( F igs. 1 2, 1 3, 1 4 ).

On t he r e ma in ing f ron ts o f t he

f ort , w h ich a re d irect ly o n t he b ank o f t he Tound ja a nd i t s t r ibu tary t here a re n o i n ter med iary t owers a nd b ast ions. I ti s o bv ious t ha t t he w ho le s yste m o f d efence was a dap ted t o t he s tronger o r w eaker n atura l p rotect ion o f t he p lace. The s ituat ion o f t he i nner f ort , t he c i tadel , w as more s pec ia l. I tw as o r ig ina l ly c onnected w ith t he g enera l p lan o f t he c i ty , a va il ing i t sel f o f p art o f t he n orth-western a nd t he who le n orth-eastern w a l l wh ich d efend i to n t he o uts ide. t he c i ty .

I t s s ou th-western a nd s ou th-eastern w a l ls, h owever, w ere i ns ide A v ery l arge t ower, d efend ing t he p ropy lon ( t he e n trance ) w as b u il t

a t t he s ou thern c orner.

There was a lso a n i n termed iary t ower o n i t s s ou th-

western w a l l. Th is f ort if ied d istr ict o ccup ied t he n orth-eastern c orner o f t he c i ty wh ich was a lso t he h ighest p o in t f rom t he s quare o f t he c i ty , a lthough t here w as o n ly a d if ference o f 1 .50 m b etween i ta nd t he l owest p ar t o f t he c ity a round t he R iver Tound ja. t he d efence o f t he p a lace.

The p urpose o f t he c i tadel was, a bove a l l ,

There was p robab ly a f ort if ied p a lace ( T 40

h ere b efore t he c i ty w as b u i lt , w h ich was d estroyed a nd t hen r estored , a nd i nc luded i n t he g enera l p lan o f t he n ew ly-crea ted t own .1 9 The w a l ls a nd t owers w ere b u il t o f s un-dr ied b r icks a nd wood o n l ow s tone f oundat ions. The p reserved p arts o f t he m h ad a smoo th a nd e qua l s urface.

The f ron t a nd b ack f aces o f t he f oundat ions w ere made o f t wo r ows

e ach o f l arger a sh lars w ith a n e ven o u ter s urface. s l igh t ly , f or m ing a o f fset o n t he w a l l.

9

The l ower c ourse p ro jected

The a sh lars w ere u sua l ly i rregu lar

i n f or m. They w ere o n ly h ewn i n to s quare b locks a t s ome laces. The s pace b etween t he f ac ing w as f i l led i n w ith h ewn s tones o f v ar io l s i zes , b ound w ith mud. The s un-dr ied b r ick w a l ls r ose u p o n t he s tone f ounda t ions , l eve l led w ith wooden b eams n a iled t ogether w ith l ong i ron n a i ls, c ons iderab le q uan t it i es o f wh ich w ere f ound a long t he who le l ength o f t he wa l ls. S ta irs l ed o u t t o t he b reastworks o f t he wa l ls a nd s o me o f t he t owers. The p lace o f t wo s ta ircases i s v ery c lear ly a pparen t i n t he s tone e x tens ions o n t he i ns ide b es ide t he w estern a nd n orthern c orner t owers. S un-dr ied b r icks w ere w idely u sed a s b u ild ing ma ter ia l i n t he c onstruct ion o f f ort if ied wa l ls b y t he Greeks. We h ave a n u mber o f a rchaeo log ica l a nd w r itten d ata o n w a l ls o f s un-dr ied b r icks f rom t he s ix th t o t he s econd c en tury B .0 .i n Greece. I n t he d igg ings a t O lyn th .us t races o f s un-dr ied b r icks w ere f ound o n t he s tone p l in th o f f ort if ied c i ty w a l ls o f a bou t t he y ear 4 00. Xenophon t e l ls o f t he t ak ing o f Man t inea i n 3 85, b y d ivert ing t he R iver Oph is t owards t he w a l ls, wh ich , s ince t hey were made o f s un-dr ied b r icks, w ere e as ily u nder m ined a nd b rough t d own . Xenophon h as a n i nterest ing d escr ip t ion o f t he f ort if ied v il la o fA z idatus i n Mys ia i n As ia M inor n ot f ar f rom P ergamum a t t he e nd o f t he f i f th c en tury B .C. The f ortress w a l l o f t he v i l la was e igh t s un-dr ied b r icks w ide. I n s uch a c ase i ti s p oss ib le t o s ee i n t he b u ild ing t echn ique o f s un-dr ied b r icks o n as tone p l in th i n S eu thopo l is t he i n f luence o f t he G reek a rt o f b u ild ing , a s w el l a s t he r ef lect ion o f o lder b u i ld ing t rad it ions w h ich h ad s truck d eep r oots i n t he p er iphera l r eg ions o f t he Aegean wor ld. Dwe l l ings a nd O ther Bu ild ings. The e xcava t ion a t S euthopo l is g ives a g ood i dea o f t own dwel l ings i n Thrace i n t he Ear ly H e l len ist ic a ge. The r es iden t ia l d istr icts i n S eu thopo l is were d ist ingu ished b y t he ir sma l l a rea wh ich c orresponded t o t he sma l l d i mens ions o f t he c i ty . I n t he p lan o f t he t own , a s i nt hose o f t he o ther He l len ist ic c i t ies w ith a n o r thog ona l s yste m , t he i nsu lae w ere t he b as ic e le men t , t he modu le t o wh ich t he dwe l l ings a nd p ub l ic s quares c on for med. The d istr icts o f S eu thopol is w ere r ectangu lar i n f or m w ith l eng thened p roport ions, t he l arge s ide a long t he l ong itud ina l a xes.

The e xact d i mens ions o f a l l t he i nsu lae c anno t b e e stab-

l i shed , b u t t hose measur ing 4 5 x1 8 m o r 1 50 x 6 0 f eet p redo m inated , a ccordi ng t o t he A t t ic-Euboean o r I on ian s yste m i n wh ich o ne f oo t was e qua l t o 0 .295-0.296 m. The p roport ion o f t he i nsu lae i n S eu thopo l is, 5 :2, a re t he s a me a s t he p roport ions o f t he i nsu lae i n O lyn thus wh ich , h owever , a re t w ice a s l arge i n d i mens ions — 3 00 x 1 20 f eet. The a rea o f t he a gora i n S euthopo l is c overs t wo i nsu lae, l ike t he s outhern p art o f t he s quare i n P r iene , w h ile t he c i tadel was b u ilt w ith in t he l im its o f f our i nsu lae.

The t wo p r inc ipa l

s treets w ere 2 0 f eet w ide , wh ile t he w id th o f t he r e ma in ing s treets w as f ro m 1 2 t o 1 4 f eet , wh ich b rough t t he m c lose t o t he s treets o f P r iene a nd M i letus. The n umber o f dwel l ings i n o ne i nsu la was n ot s tr ict ly e stab l ished b ut i t i s p oss ib le t o c onc lude f rom t he b et ter p reserved f ounda t ions o f dwe l l ings i n S eu thopo l is t ha t t wo w ere i nc luded i n e very i nsu la. The dwel l ings a re d ist i ngu ished b y t he ir s pac iousness. They i nc lude a n a rea o fb etween 3 00 a nd 3 50 s q m t ogether w ith t he c our tyard , wh ich f ormed t he a verage a rea o f t he b u i lt-up s ectors i n t he c i t ies o f t he b eg inn ing a nd m idd le o f t he Hel len ist ic a ge. They a re p laced i n s uch a way t hat t hey s tand o n t wo , a nd s o me e ven o n t hree s treets.

The h ouses a re i n most c ases o b long i n f or m.

1 0

The

n arrow s ou th-eastern s ide, w h ich i s t he b ack , l i es o n t he t ransversa l s treets.

The b road f acade i s t urned t o t he l ong itud ina l s treets w ith t he e x-

c ept ion o f Houses 1 a nd 5 .

T he h ouses a re d eeper t han t hey a re w ide. The

p roport ion o f w idth t o l eng th i n t hese h ouses ( Nos. 1 a nd 5 ) i s 3 :4 a s i n t he h ouses i n P r iene a nd i n V ar i. I n t he p a lace a nd b u i ld ing N o. 1 0 t he p roport ion i s 1 :2. The dwe l l ings i nS eu thopo l is s how v ar ious t ypes o f l a te c lass ica l a nd H el len ist ic Greek h ouses. They c ons ist o f many r ooms s i tua ted a round ac en tra l c ourtyard.

The p r inc ipa l l iv ing r ooms a re o n t he n orth-western

s ide o f t he c ourtyard , b ack in g o n t he n orth w inds c om ing f rom t he Ba lkan Range a nd w ide o pen o n t he s ou th-eastern s ide f ac ing t he c ourtyard wh ich was t he s ource o f l igh t a nd h ea t. The dwe l l ings s how g reat v ar iety i nt he d eta i ls o f t he ir p lans , av ar iety c ond it ioned b y t he s i tua t ion o f t he h ouse i n t he i nsu la a nd t he p lac ing o f t he e n trance, wh ich c hanged t he p os it ion o f t he o ikos a nd t he a ndron.

I n most h ouses a l arge p art o f t he f oundat ions h ad , i ndeed ,

d isappeared , p art icu lar ly i n t he Eastern p art o f t he c i ty w here t he n ecropo l is o f t he med iaeva l s et t le men t w as. Th is made i ti mposs ib le t o r econstruct t he p lan o f e very h ouse. I n many p laces t he p resence o f ah ouse w as o n ly e st ab l ished b y t he r e ma ins o f t i les o r b y t he w el ls. Fortunate ly , h owever, h ouse n o. 5 , whose f ounda t ions w ere v ery w el l p reserved , e nab led u s f uly t o d isc over t he c lear ly f or med p lan o f ap astas t ype o f dwe l l ing ( F igs. 1 5, 1 6 , 1 7 ). I t was p laced b etween t wo p ara l lel s treets i n an orth-western a nd s outhe astern d irect ion , l y ing e ast o f t he p r inc ipa l l ong itud ina l a x is. The e n trance was o nt he s ou th-western s ide a nd l ed f ro m t he s treet t o t he i nner c ourtyard. A c overed p ort ico — p as tas , 2 .60 m d eep a nd o pen t o t he c our tyard t hrough f ive w ooden c o lumns s tand ing o n s quare s tone b ases, p reserved i n s i tu , r an a long i t s n orth-western s ide. Two l arge r oo ms w ere e n tered t hrough t he p ort ico. The f i rs t was u sed a s as toreroo m f or f oodstu f fs , wh i le i n t he s econd a h earth-a ltar was f ound i n t he m idd le. Th is p art o f t he h ouse i nc luded t he o ikos, t he l iv ing r oo ms w ith t he k itchen i n t he n orthern c orner o f t he h ouse. On t he n orth-east , o n t he s ame a x is a s t he e n trance, l ay t he a ndron ( t he r ecep t ion r oo m ) w ith a c o lumned p orch o r a n te-roo m. The f oundat ions o f as ta ircase l ead ing t o t he s econd f l oor w ere d iscovered a long i t s w estern wa l l. I t was r estr icted o n ly t o a bove t he n orth a nd t he n orthwest w ing o f t he h ouse, a g a l lery l y ing a bove t he p as tas. I n h ouse n o. 5 t here was a lso a smal l r oom f or t he s lave-por ter, s i tua ted o n t he s ou th s ide o f t he e n trance.

We a re f am i l iar w ith a c lass ica l e xamp le o f ap astas t ype o f

h ouse f ro m t he He l len ist ic dwel l ings i n O lyn thus d at ing b ack t o t he e nd o f t he c lass ica l e poch . 2 0

Th is t ype i s t o b e f ound i n d if feren t v ar ian ts.

The p or-

t i co c ou ld b e p laced o n a l l s ides o f t he c ourtyard , when i tb ecame a p er isty le. The i n ter med iary v ar ian ts a re t he e xa mp les w ith t wo o r t hree p ort icoes , b ut o ne o f t he m i s a lways l onger a nd b roader a nd r e ma ins a p astas. The h ouses o f t he p er isty le t ype w ith N orthern p ort icopastas a re w idespread b es ides i n O lyn thus i n an umber o f r eg ions o f Con t inen ta l a nd I s land G reece , As ia Minor a nd t he c o lon ies a t t he e nd o ft he c lass ica l a nd p art icu larly d ur ing t he Hel len is t ic e poch.

House n o. 1 i n S euthopo l is v ery much r eca l ls t he p er i-

s ty le t ype o f dwe l l ing i np lan ( F ig. 1 8 ).

Rooms o n a l l s ides s urround a

c en tra l r ec tangu lar c ourtyard , b e ing i n t wo r ows o n t he s ou th-western s ide. The e n trance was p robab ly o n t he n orth-eastern s ide. c lear ly g rasped i nt he p lans o ft he o ther h ouses.

The ir t ype c annot b e

O ther f or ms a ppear t here,

o f wh ich , b ecause t hese dwel l ings w ere n ot w el l p reserved a nd a lso b ecause 1

w e a re n ot f am il iar w ith t he Thrac ian dwe l l ing , w e c annot s ay i n h ow f ar t hey c on t inued a l oca l t rad it ion a nd i n h ow f ar t hey w ere i n f luenced b y Greek a rch it ecture ( F igs. 1 9, 2 0 , 2 1). House n o. 1 0 , 2 3.50 m l ong a nd 1 0 m w ide, h as a most i n terest ing p lan ( F igs. 2 2, 2 3 ). Three o f i t s s ides g ive o n s treets — t o t he n orth-east o n t he p r inc ipa l l ong itud ina l s treet , wh ich r uns f rom t he n orth-western c ity g a te , t o t he n orth-west o n as treet a t r ight a ng les t o t he p r inc ipa l s treet , wh i le o n t he s ou th-east i tc omes o ut o n t he a gora. I t c ons ists o f t en r ectangu lar r oo ms, p laced i n t wo r ows , f orm ing f ive d oub le r ooms c onnected b y e n trances b etween t he m. The ir d i mens ions a re a l most t he s ame, w ith t he e xcep t ion o f t he m idd le p a ir wh ich i s sma l ler. Th is i s where t he ma in e n trance t o t he b u i ld ing was o nt he n orth-eastern s ide f ro m t he p r inc ipa l s treet. y ard p robab ly l ay o n t he s ou th-western s ide.

The c ourt-

The t hree s tone b ases o f t he

wooden c o lonnade c an b e l inked w ith i t . The c ur ious p lan o f t he b u ild ing — a l ong a nd n arrow o ne, f o l low ing t he p r inc ipa l s tree t a long i t s l ong itud ina l a x is , a s w e l l a s t he f inds a nd c o ins wh ich c a me t o l i gh t i n i t s r ooms, g ive g rounds f or i tt ob e c ons idered a s ab u ild ing c onnected w ith c om merc ia l a ct iv it ies. The dwel l ings i n S euthopo l is w ere b u ilt o n f ounda t ions o f h ewn s tones b ound w ith mud.

The s uperstructure was o f l ath a nd p laster , a wooden

s keleton f i l led w ith s un-dr ied b r icks.

The r oof ing c ons isted o f a wooden

g r il l c overed w ith b oards a nd p lastered w ith c lay o n w h ich b road f la t t i les w ere a rranged , t egu lae ( so lenes ) o f t he Cor in th ian f or m f am i l iar i n Greek a rch itecture. The g aps b etween t he m w ere c overed w ith s em i-cy l indr ica l c urved t i les, i mbr ices ( ka lypteres ) o f t he L acon ian t ype.

I n g enera l, i nt he

p lan o f c i ty a nd dwe l l ings , a s w e l l a s i n t he b u ild ing t echn ique S euthopo l is s howed c lose l inks w ith t he Hel len ist ic b u ild ing t rad it ions w h ich , h owever , t ook Thrac ian l i fe i n to c ons idera t ion .

A c haracter ist ic f ea ture o f t he S eu tho-

p o l is h ouse w as t he p resence o f sma l l c lay h earth-p lat forms o f as quare s hape o n t he f l oor o f o ne o f t he p r inc ipa l r ooms ( F ig. 2 4 ).

They w ere r ich ly

o rnamen ted b y h av ing v ar ious o rnamen ts s tamped o n t he d amp p laster w ith ac ord :

c oncen tr ic c irc les a nd r ec tang les, g ar lands o f i vy l eaves a nd t w igs,

r oset tes, e tc. The s urface o f o ne s uch p la t for m h ad b een c o loured r ed a nd b lue. A l l t h is g oes t o s how t hat t hese l i t t le p lat for ms w ere n o t s i mp le h earths , b u t w ere 6 : : : rxäpa

,d omest ic h earth-a ltars , c onnected w ith t he

c u lt ( see Chapter I V ). The most c ons iderab le b u i ld ing i n S euthopo l is w as t he o ne i n t he f ort if ied d istr ict ( t he c i tadel ); i tw as p laced a t r igh t a ng les t o t he a x is o f t he p ropy lon , a t t he monumen ta l e n trance o f wh ich t he f ounda t ions o f as tone p l in th h ave b een p reserved ( F igs. 2 5 , 2 6 ). The p arts o f t he o n ly c o lumn f ound i n t he c i ty — a Dor ic c ap ita l a nd t he l owest d ru m w ith a s quare b ase — may h ave c ome f rom t he p ropy lon ( Fig. 2 7 ).

The e ch inus o f t he c ap ita l h as a n a lmost

r ect i l inear c on tour w h ich f u l ly c orresponds t o t he t ime, t he t urn o f t he f ourth a nd t h ird c en tury , when t he Dor ic c ap ita l l ost t he e last ic ity o f i t s p rof i le. The d rum was c u t f rom a b lock t ogether w ith t he b road p ed i men t , wh ich w as u nusua l f or Dor ic c o lumns a nd a nc ien t G reek a rch itecture. I ti s o bv ious t hat t h is v io lat ion o f t he c anon w as p er m itted b y t he men who made i t — Thrac ian s tone masons a nd master b u ilders —under t he i n f luence o f l oca l c ond it ions a nd d e mands. 1 2

T he l arge b u i ld ing was e rected a t t he e nd o f al arge c our tyard ( t e menos ), q uadrangu lar i n f or m a nd i nc lud ing a n a rea o f a bou t 0 .4 h a , p aved w ith r iver s tones.

The b u i ld ing i t se l fh as a n e x tre mely i n terest ing a nd o r ig ina l p lan

( F igs. 2 8, 2 9 ). An a n te-chamber , 4 0 m w ide a nd a bou t 5m d eep , s i tuated a long t he l eng th o f t he b u ild ing , l eads t o i t s i n ter ior. I t s f acade p robab ly h ad a c o lonnade.

The i n ter ior o f t he b u ild ing i s most i rregu lar ly d iv ided.

A lmost t he who le e astern h a lf i s s epara ted i n to a s pac ious h a l l , 1 8 m l ong a nd 1 2 m w ide ( F ig. 3 0 ). I t s e n trance i s o n t he s ide o f t he a n te-chamber. The r e ma in ing h a lf o f t he b u i ld ing i s d iv ided i n to t hree d oub le r ooms, i so lat ed f rom o ne a no ther , b u t e ach p a ir c om mun icat ing w ith e ach o ther a nd w ith t he c om mon a n te-cha mber ( F igs. 3 1, 3 2 ).

A s ta ircase, l ead ing t o t he

s econd f l oor, was f ound i n t he i nner s ect ion o f t he midd le r oo m. The b u ildi ng mater ia l i s t he s a me a s i n t he r e ma in ing b u ild ings i n S eu thopo l is. Bec ause t hey h ad b een s evere ly b urn t t he s un-dr ied b r icks o f wh ich t he w a l ls a bove t he s tone p l in th h ad b een b u i lt , w ere w el l-preserved h ere.

T he

imbr ices a long t he e dge o f t he r oof e nded i n a n tef ixes o rnamen ted w ith p a lmet tes ( F ig. 3 3 ). Th is w as u ndoub ted ly t he most monumen ta l b u i ld ing i n S eu thopo l is, a nd i t s i nner b r i l l iance c erta in ly d id n ot y ie ld p r ide o f p lace t o i t s e x ter ior.

Re ma ins o f r ich p laster ing w ere f ound i n t he g rea t h a l l.

S tucco w ork h ad b een p laced o n af our-layer f oundat ion , a nd i m ita tes marb le i ncrustat ion ;

t here w as a b and o fb lack o r thostats b e low , a bove i t ab road

p ro ject ing s tr ip i m itat ing mu l t i-co loured marb le, a nd t he r e ma in ing p art o f t he w a l ls i n t he h a l l w ere c overed w ith P ompe ian r ed.

I n i t s s pac iousness

a nd d ecora t ion t h is h a l l was a r ea l r ed c ere mon ia l r ecept ion r oom i n w h ich t he b lack b and o f o rthostats f or med a c on trast w ith t he wh ite marb le i m itat ion o f t he c e il ing. Th is t ype o f s tuccowork , im ita t ing t he s o-ca l led i ncrusta t ion d ecora t ion o f t he r ich b u ild ings i n a nc ien t Greece, i s k nown t o u s i n Bu lgar ia f rom t he s yste m o f d ecora t ion o f t he c elebrated K azan luk t o mb , wh ich l i es 7 -8 km e ast o f S eu thopo l is. 2 1 Th is manner o f d ecora t ion i s a lso w el l k nown f rom t he d ecorat ion o f t he h ouses i n O lyn thus, De los, P r iene, e tc . 2 2 I ti s o f i n terest t hat i n t h is r oo m , w here Hel len ist ic d ecora t ion r e igns s upre me, ah earth-a ltar i s a lso t o b e f ound wh ich i s n o t c harac ter ist ic o f t he c on te mp orary G reek b u i ld ings.

Ah earth-a l tar l ike t h is o ne w as a lso f ound i n o ne

o f t he o ther r oo ms n ear w h ich t he Great I nscr ip t ion w as f ound.

The s pec ia l

p lan o f t he b u ild ing , i t s d ecorat ion a nd i t s s i tua t ion i n t he p lan o f t he c i ty i n as epara te, s trong ly f ort if ied d istr ict , l eaves n o d oubt t hat t h is w as t he p ersona l r es idence-pa lace o fS eu thes I I.

The c ircumstance t ha t i tw as

p rec ise ly i n t h is b u ild ing t ha t o ne o f t he s labs w ith t he i nscr ipt ion w as f ound , a nd t hat w e e stab l ished t he p lace o f t he a l tar o fD ionysus i n t he a gora , where t he s econd s lab s hou ld h ave b een f ound , makes u s a ccep t , a ccord ing t o t he d ata o f t he i nscr ip t ion , t ha t t he r es idence o f S eu thes I I f u l f il led s evera l f unct ions. A long w ith t he l arge t hrone-room a nd c ere mon ia l h a l l i n t he e astern p art o f t he b u i ld ing a nd t he l iv ing r ooms o n t he w est , t he S anctuary o f t he G reat Gods o f S a mothrace h ad b een i ncluded i n t he d oub le r oom n ex t t o t he r ecep t ion r oo m. Th is a rch itectura l u n it ing o f S anc tuary a nd P a lace o f t he T hrac ian r u ler c orresponds t o t he d oub le f unct ions wh ich t he K ing h ad — r e l ig ious a nd p o l it ica l p ower w ere u n ited i n h is p erson .

I ti s , h owever,

p oss ib le t ha t t he p r iest ly f unc t ions o f t he r u ler w ere l im ited t o t he mos t i mp or tan t c u lt o n ly , i n t h is c ase t he c u lt o f t he C abe iro i.

1 3

The c o mpos it ion o f t he who le a rch itectura l e nse mb le o f t he f ort if ied d istr ict , t he c i tadel w ith i t s p ropy lon a nd t he a x ia l s i tuat ion o f t he p a lace , r eca l l i n t he most g enera l f eatures t he B eu leuter ion a nd t he Gymnas ium i n M i letus. 2 3 The p lan o f t he p a lace-te mp le, h owever, f inds i t s c losest p ara ll e ls i nt he p lan o f t he Herak le ion ( t he S anctuary o f H erak les ) o n t he I sland o f Thasos . 2 4 I th ad u ndergone a r ad ica l r econstruct ion a t t he e nd o f t he f ourth c entury when i t was f or med o f f ive r ooms w ith a n e n trance g iv ing o nt o t he a n te-chamber , 5m w ide a nd 3 6 m l ong.

O f c ourse, t here i s ac ons id-

e rab le d i f ference i n t he i nner d is tr ibu t ion : t here i s n o l arge h a l l i n t he Herak le ion , t he r ooms a re s ing le , o n o ne a x is. However , t h is c orresponds t o t he f eatures a nd t he s pec ia l p urpose o f t he t wo b u i ld ings. The d igg ings s howed t ha t S euthopo l is w as n o t o n ly a c orrect ly p lanned c i ty , a s w ere t he He l len ist ic c i t ies b u ilt f ro m t he f i f th c en tury o nward ; l i ke t he m i th ad s ewerage i n t he h ouses a nd i n t he c i ty .

Dra ins , c ons ist ing o f

c lay p ipes o r o f o ther c urved t i les c over ing o ne a nother, w ere d iscovered i n many dwel l ings. They a l l l ed t o c o m mon d ra ins w h ich w ere s itua ted i n t he m idd le o f t he s treets , a nd c h ief ly a long t hose w h ich r an f rom t he n orth-west t o t he s ou th-east w ith a s lope t owards t he s outh-eastern f ortress wa l l.

H ere,

a t v ar ious p laces i n t he f ortress w a l l t here w ere o pen ings w ith o u t-fa l ls , t hrough wh ich r a in a nd t he w aste w ater o f t he c i ty w ere p oured i n to t he R iver Tound ja. Wa ter w as s upp l ied t o t he c i ty o n ly b y w e l ls.

A w el l , b u ilt o f s tones,

i n t he f or m o f ac y l inder o r ap r is m, w as f ound i n t he c ourtyard o f e very dwel l ing.

One o f t he we l ls w as b u i lt o f b r icks ( F ig. 3 4 ).

The s ca le o f c onstruct ion i n S euthopo l is w h ich r equ ired l arge f unds, i nd ica tes t he g rea t e conom ic p oss ib i l it ies o f S eu thes I I a nd h is h e ightened p o l it ica l i mportance. The c i ty w as b u il t a ccord ing t o ap rev ious ly c once ived p lan , r ea l ized i n as hort t ime a s ac omp lex e nsemb le , b y o rder o f t he K ing , j ust a s w e h ave a n umber o f e xa mp les i n t he u rban is ing a ct iv ity o f A lexander I I a nd h is s uccessors.

S euthes d id n o t s tand a s ide f rom t he f ash ions o f h is

t ime a nd i n b u ild ing h is c ap ita l h e a dopted t he p r inc ip les o f t he a nc ien t a rt o f t own b u i ld ing , a s w el l a s t he e xamp le o f t he o ther He l len ist ic r u lers, i n g iv ing i th is own n a me.

The c i ty w as b u il t a f ter S eu thes ' s uccessfu l c lashes

w ith t he Macedon ians, p robab ly a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he l ast q uarter o f t he f ourth c en tury B .C.

1 4

CHAPTER I ECONO MIC L IFE

1 .

AGR ICULTURE T he n u merous a rchaeo log ica l f inds wh ich c a me t o l igh t i n S eu thopo l is r e-

v ea led many s ides o f t he c u l ture o f i t s i nhab i tan ts a nd t he e cono my o f t he t own i n t he E ar ly H e l len is t ic a ge . F arm ing a nd s tockbreed ing were i mpor tan t b ranches o f a gr icu l ture .

N o

r e ma ins o f c erea ls were f ound , b u t t races o f s traw a re c lear ly t o b e s een i n t he p ieces o f p las ter f ro m t he wa l ls o f t he d we l l ings , s ince i t was mixed w i th t he c lay t o g ive r es i l ience t o t he mix ture .

B es ides t h is , l arge n u mbers o f

p i tho i , c lay j ars , were f ound i n t he t own , wh ich were u sed t o s tore c erea ls . Whea t w as g round i np r im i t ive q uerns , b u t b et ter made mi l ls tones k nown f ro m O lyn thus , D e los , P r iene a nd t he t owns a long t he N or thern B lack S ea c oas t were f ound i n many h ouses ( F ig . 3 5 ) .

S evera l i ron p loughshares w i th a sma l l s poon -

s haped l ower p ar t a nd a l ong f la t h and le n arrowing t owards t he t op , where i t c urved l i ke a h ook , p erpend icu lar ly o u tward , were a lso f ound a t t he S eu thopo l is d ig ( F ig . 3 6 ) .

A l though i ti s s t i l l d i f f icu l t t o s ay w i th c er ta in ty t o wha t k ind o f

p lough ap loughshare o f t h is k ind was a t tached , t he u se o f ap lough w i th i ron p ar ts i s p roo f o f t he h igh t echno logy u sed b y t he T hracians i n c u l t iva t ing t he l and .

2 5

C ond i t ions a round S eu thopo l is were f avourab le f or t he d eve lop men t o f v i t ic u lture .

Dur ing d igg ing s evera l c urved k n ives made o f i ron were f ound ( prun ing

k n ives ) w i th wh ich t he v ine s tocks were p runed . T he t re mendous amoun t o f b ones o f d o mes t ic a n i ma ls s how t ha t s tockbreed ing was h igh ly d eve loped .

2 6

T he b ones o f c a t t le , c ows a nd o xen p redo m ina te among

t he m , b u t t he a bundance o f o ther b ones s hows t he g rea t e x ten t t o wh ich s heep , g oa ts a nd p igs were b red . sma l ler q uan t i t ies .

T he b ones o f h orses a re f ound i n c o mpara t ive ly

Nu merous f inds o f we igh ts f or l oo ms a nd s p ind les ,wh ich

c a me t o l i gh t i n a l mos t e very h ouse , s howed t he e x tens ive d eve lop men t o f h o me s pinn ing a nd weav ing , wh ich was c lose ly c onnec ted w i th t he d eve lop men t o f s tockbreed ing . The p rox im i ty o f t he s w i f t ly-f low ing T onsos a nd i t s t r ibu tar ies made f ish ing a n impor tan t means o f l i ve l ihood f or t he p opu la t ion .

C ons iderab le q uan t i t ies

o f weigh ts f or f ish ing n e ts , made o f t i les o r t he b o t to ms o f c lay v essels , s haped l ike d iscs w i th a h o le i n t he m idd le , were f ound i n a l mos t e very h ouse . Hun ti ng was o ne o f t he f avour i te p as t i mes o f t he T hrac ians . T he l arge q uan t i ty o f b ones f ro m b oars , b ears , s tags a nd d eer f ound i n S eu thopo l is i nd ica tes t ha t t here w ere l arge t rac ts o f f ores ts f u l l o f g a me i n t he s urround ings o f t he c i ty a nd i nt he n earby moun ta ins .

T hese b ones a re a n impor tan t s ource f or t he

s tudy o f t he f auna i n t he T hrac ian l ands i n a n t iqu ity .

An impor tan t f ind i n t h is

r espec t i s t ha t o f t he s ku l l a nd h orns o f a n a urochs ( Urus b os p r im igen ius ) . 1 5

T he s k i l led Thrac ian c ra f ts men u sed t he h orns o f a n i ma ls , c h ie f ly o f s tags , t o make h and les f or k n ives a nd o ther a r t ic les .

Many p ieces o f c u t a nd p o l ished

s tag h orns f or t he mak ing o f h and les were f ound i n o ne o f t he r oo ms o f H ouse N o 1 . 2 .

MANUFACTURE AND MINOR ARTS P o t tery .

The l oca l v esse ls , f ound i n a bundance i n S eu thopo l is , a re e v idence

o f t he e x tens ive p roduct ion o f p o t tery . g roups :

I n t echn ique i tc an b e d iv ided i n to t wo

h and- made p o t tery , a nd p o t tery t hrown o n a whee l .

Thrac ian h and- made p o t tery f or ms a n o r ig ina l g roup o f t he l oca l p o t tery wh ich was u sed b y t he masses o f t he p opu la t ion .

I ti nc ludes v ar ious v esse ls

f or e veryday n eeds , a nd a lso o thers u sed i n t he c u l t a nd t he r i tua l o f b ur ia l . There d oes n o t s ee m t o h ave b een a ny s tr ic t d i f feren t ia t ion i n t he u se o f t hese v esse ls .

F or ms o f v esse ls c harac ter is t ic o f t hose u sed i n d a i ly l i fe a re a lso

f ound i n t he c e me ter ies .

A c harac ter is t ic f ea ture o f t h is g roup o f p o t tery i s

t ha t i ti s more r ough ly made o f c lay c on ta in ing a c ons iderab le q uan t i ty o f s and , q uar tz o r mica , wh ich g ave g rea ter r es i l ience t o t he c lay , a nd made t he e vap ora t ion o f wa ter i n d ry ing t he v esse ls q u icker .

I n o ne c lass o f v esse ls t he

c lay h as sma l ler a dm ix tures , t he f or m i s more r egu lar , t he wa l ls were e qual ly t h ick a nd we l l-s moo thed .

I ti s p oss ib le t ha t ap r im i t ive whee l was u sed i n

g iv ing t he m t he ir f ina l s hape . a dded b e fore t hey were b aked .

T he o rna men ta t ion o f t he r ough v esse ls w as I tc ons is ted o f b ands i n r e l ie f , made s epara tely

a nd c arefu l ly s tuck o n to t he wa l ls w i th d i lu ted c lay . Mos t o f t he b ands w ere b roken b y h o l lows , l i t t le p i ts o r s lan t ing i nc is ions made w i th t he a id o f ap oin t o r b y t he p ressure o f af inger .

V ar ious o ther e le men ts were a dded o n t o t he

b ands o r t he wa l ls o f t he v esse ls , p ro tuberances i n t he f or m o f t ongues o r b uds, s p ira ls i n r el ie f , s was t ikas , e tc . s erved a s h and les .

S o me o f t he m , s uch a s a rc-shaped a d f ixes ,

P erpend icu lar h and les w i th o va l o r r ec tangu lar c ross-

s ec t ions were a lso a dded o n a f ter t he p o t was made . were smoo thed i n d i f feren t ways .

T he wa l ls o f t he v essels

A f ter t he r ougher v esse ls h ad d r ied t hey

were smoo thed w i th a we t r ag o r at u f t o f g rass , wh ich i s c lear ly a pparen t f ro m t he t races l e f t o n t he s ur face .

I n o ther v esse ls t he s ur face was s l igh t ly p o l ished ,

f or wh ich wooden o r b one smoo thers 3 -4 m m w ide w ere u sed .

The h and-work ing

o f t he r ough v esse ls g ives g rounds f or t he s uppos i t ion t ha t p roduc ing t he m was p ar t o f t he f unc t ions o f t he d o mes t ic e cono my a nd was u sua l ly d one b y w o men . H owever , t he p resence o f ac er ta in s tandard iza t ion o f t he f or ms , d espi te t he c onserva t ive a nd p r im i t ive t echno logy , p roves o n t he o ther h and t ha t t he p rod uc t ion o f s o me o f t hese v essels was t he work o f c ra f ts men i n workshops , where t he p ro fess iona l l eve l o f t he work was h igh . There i s n o t much v ar ie ty o f f or m i n t h is g roup o f v esse ls .

T he mos t

c haracter is t ic o f t he m a re l arge v esse ls o f ac yl indr ica l o r b el l s hape , 2 0 t o 4 0 cm h igh ( F igs 3 7 , 3 8 ) .

They a re f ound i n a l l t he a rchaeo log ica l c en tres

i n Thrace f ro m t he f i f th t o t he t h ird c en tury B . C . p ol ls s how t he ir e x tens ive u se i n d a i ly l i fe : c ook ing .

2 7

The f inds f ro m S eu tho-

f or s tor ing f oods tu f fs a nd f or

A t t he s a me t ime t hey were u sed a s f unerary u rns i n an umber o f

T hrac ian mound b ur ia ls o f t he f our th t o t h ird c en tury B . C .

T he o lder t rad i-

t ions o f p o t tery i n t he B ronze a nd E ar ly I ron Age u ndoub ted ly i n f luenced t he d eve lop men t o f t h is f or m .

C lose p ara l le ls t o t h is g roup o f T hracian v esse ls

a re t o b e f ound i n t he s e t t le men ts a nd c e me ter ies o f R o man ia a nd t he f ores t1 6

s teppe r eg ions o f Mo ldav ia u p t o t he Dn ies ter , where a t r iba l e thnocu l tura l c en tre i n wh ich t he p redo m inan t e thn ic e le men t was N or thern T hrac ian was a pparen t . Ano ther b as ic f or m o f T hrac ian p o t tery made b y h and was a d eep d ish i n t he f orm o f at runca ted c one w i th f our a rc-shaped h and les p laced c ross-wise u nder t he e dge o f t he mou th . C ups wh ich , i n n umbers , c o me s econd a f ter t he c y l indr ica l v esse ls , h ad ac ons iderab le s hare i nt he h and- made p o t tery . T hey f ormed t wo s ub-groups : t hose w i th h and les a nd t hose w i thou t . C ups w i th a p erpend icu lar h and le w ere c y l indr ica l i n f or m , h ad a n e ven b o tto m a nd were o rna men ted w i th b ands i n r e l ie f b roken u p b y sma l l p i ts a nd t onguel ike p rotuberances .

T hey v ar ied i n h e igh t b e tween 1 0 a nd 1 9 cm .

Sma l ler c ups ( 5t o 1 1 cm h igh ) w ere f ound t oge ther w i th t he m ; t hey w ere o rnamen ted b e low t he mou th w i th a r ow o f sma l l c onelike b uds . S im i lar c ups h ave b een f ound i n Thrac ian c en tres i n N or th a nd S ou th B u lgar ia . A l mos t n o l oca l f ea tures w ere f ound i n t he p o t tery f or ms f ro m d i f feren t r eg ions , wh ich i s a s ign o f a n i ncreased t rend t owards t he ma ter ia l a nd c u l tura l u n i ty o f T hrace i n t h is p er iod . A c harac ter is t ic f ea ture o f t he s econd g roup o f c ups was t he l ack o f ah and le . T hey w ere sma l l i n s i ze , were s haped l i ke t runca ted c ones o r c y l inders , w i th a n e ven b o t to m a nd a s tra igh t r idge a round t he mou th , u nder wh ich t here was ad es ign o fb uds i n r e l ie f . The l as t g roup i nc luded a n umber o f sma l l v esse ls c yl indr ica l i n f or m o r p ear- o r e gg-shaped , f ro m 5t o 1 0 cm h igh , wh ich were p o ts f or me l t ing sma l l q uan t i t ies o f me ta l . Three r ough ly-worked l a mps o f c ur ious l oca l f or ms w ere a lso f ound ( F ig . 3 9 ). One o f t he m r epea ted t he f or m o f t he l a mps o f t he H e l len is t ic a ge w i th ar ound f l a t r eservo ir a nd a p rotrud ing w ick-ho lder . The h and-worked p o t tery i s a n impor tan t c o mponen t o f T hrac ian c u l ture , a nd a v a luab le s ource f or t he s tudy o f t he way o f l i fe o f t he p opu la t ion o f S eu thop o lis . A l though made b y h and , i n mos t c ases t he v esse ls a re we l l p ropor t ioned i n f orm , a re c are fu l ly worked a nd o rna men ted i n v ar ious ways . T he t hrown p ot tery , i mpor ted o r l oca l ly made , h ad p ract ica l ly n o i n f luence o n i t s d eve lopmen t a nd s hows t he s tab i l i ty o f t he o r ig ina l t rad i t ions o f T hrac ian p o t tery . T he f ind ing o f t h is r ough p o t tery i n S eu thopo l is i n a l mos t t he s a me q uan t i ty a s t he t hrown p o t tery i nt he h ouses o f t he r ich T hracians d e f in i te ly s hows t ha t i t was n o t u sed b y t he p oor p opu la t ion a lone . A longs ide t he wheel- made T hracian p ot tery a nd t he impor ted G reek p o t tery t he h and- made p ot tery h ad i t s o wn i nd ependen t p lace a nd was w ide ly u sed f or d e f in i te n eeds i n l i fe a nd i n .cu l t . Thrac ian whee l- made p o t tery i nc ludes t he e n t ire v ar ie ty o f v esse ls u sed i n e veryday l i fe a nd i n c u l t . T he v essels were mos t s k i l fu l ly made o f we l lp ur i fied a nd worked c lay wh ich , a f ter b ak ing , a cqu ired a g rey o r r ed c olour . T he d i f ference i n t he c o lour w as d ue t o t he way i n wh ich t he g rey p o t tery was b aked , a s i t was d one u nder s pecia l c ond i t ions , w i th a r es tr ic ted a ccess o f o xygen ; t i ca l .

h owever , r egard less o f t he c o lour , t he f or ms o f t he v esse ls a re i denT he e ar ly i n troduct ion o f t he p o t ter 's whee l i n to T hrace a bou t t he midd le

1 7

o f t he s ix th c en tury B .C . g ave a s trong impetus t o t he d eve lop men t o f p o t tery , wh ich a lready h ad t he c haracter o f ac ra f t i n S eu thopo l is .

Work o n t he w hee l

a l lowed t he T hrac ian p o t ter t o a t ta in a g rea t v ar ie ty o f f or ms a nd d e ta i ls i n h is v esse ls . A smoo th a nd h ar mon ious f or m i s c harac ter is t ic o f h is work , w i th p ure l ines a nd a smoo th c urve o f t he o u t l ines . Orna men ta t ion i s modes t , u sua l ly c ons is t ing o f h or izon ta l ly i nc ised o r i mpressed l i nes wh ich emphas ized t he i nd iv idua l p ar ts o f t he v esse l . P o l ished , w avy b ands a re a lso f ound . A s ta mped d ecora t ion o f r ose t tes was f ound o n o ne j ug . A s l ip , as o lu t ion o f d il u ted c lay p oured o ver t he s ur face lwas a c harac ter is t ic f ea ture o f t he T hracian v esse ls . A f ter t h is was d one t hese v esse ls , p ar t icu lar ly t he g rey o nes , w ere g iven a h igh p o l ish , r esu l t ing i n a n a l mos t meta l l ic b r i l l iance o f as i lvery-grey o r l ead -grey s ur face . On s evera l f ragmen ts d ecora t ion c ons is ted o f b ands i n r e l ief w i th s lan t ing i nc is ions , wh ich i nd ica tes t he i n f luence o f t he r ough p o t tery. Many f rag men ts o f b road-bo t to med g rey amphorae , w i th s hor t c y l indr ica l n ecks a nd t wo h and les , r epea t ing a we l l-known c lass ica l G reek f or m , w ere f ound i n S eu thopo l is . D eep v esse ls w i th a k ra ter s hape , t he ir r im c urv ing o u tward a round t he mou th , were a lso e x tens ive ly u sed ( F ig . 4 0 ) .

B e low t he mou th

t wo a rc-shaped h and les were s tuck t o t he wa l ls . V esse ls o f t h is f or m w ere u sed a s u rns i n many T hrac ian b ur ia ls o f t he f i f th t o f our th c en tury B .C . Vesse ls f or f lu ids — j ugs , e wers , o inochoe a nd k an tharos-l ike c ups — w ere p ar t icu lar ly w idespread . 28 A bou t 5 0 we l l-preserved e wers a nd o inocho i w i th r ounded o r e gg-shaped b od ies , h igh s lender n ecks a nd r i ms s l igh t ly c urv ing o u tward were f ound i n S eu thopo l is ( F igs 4 1 , 4 2 ). T he h and les were p erpend ic u lar , r a ised a bove t he mou th a nd e nd ing i n t he u pper h al f o f t he b ody . T hese v esse ls a re b e tween 1 1 a nd 2 0 cm h igh . A l l t he v esse ls o f t h is g roup h ave h ar mon ious l ines , c orrect p ropor t ions a nd a re w e l l made . C lose p ara l le ls t o t he m a re t o b e f ound i n an umber o f T hrac ian t umu l i a nd s i tes f ro m t he t urn o f t he f our th a nd t h ird c en tury B .C . F rag men ts o f b et ter p reserved t ypes o f c ups o f t he k an tharos f or m w i th r ounded o r d oub le-cone-shaped b od ies were a lso f ound . T he l ower p ar t i s smoo th o r o rna men ted w i th i nc ised p erpend icu lar l i nes wh ich im i ta te t he g rooves o f t he Greek k an tharo i ( F ig . 4 3 ). D eep d ishes i n t he f or m o f at runca ted c one t urned u ps ide d own a re a no ther t ype o f v esse l f requen t ly f ound i n S eu thopo l is ( F ig . 4 4 ). T hey h ave a s l igh t ly t h ickened a nd i nward c urv ing r im a round t he mou th , t he b o t to m i s p laced o n al ow r ingl ike s tand . T h is was a f or m we l l-known i n T hrace i n t he B ronze a nd t he E ar ly I ron Age , b u t i th ad u ndoub ted ly u ndergone t he i n f luence o f t he Greek b ow ls o f t he f i f th t o f our th c en tury . F ish p la tes , wh ich w ere im i ta t ions o f t he G reek b lack-g laze f ish d ishes , were a lso w ide ly u sed i n S eu thopo l is . T he T hrac ian d ishes were made o f g rey o r r ed c lay a nd h ad t h icker wa l ls ( F ig . 4 5 ) . F ragmen ts o f a sko i l ekytho i a nd l acr i mar ia e l oca l im i ta t ions o f G reek f or ms , were a lso f ound . One d eep c up w i th a s em i-spher ica l b ody a nd a h igh n eck w i th c oncave wa l ls , h av ing a n ompha los o n t he r ounded b o t to m , was o f g rea t i n teres t . I t was made o f r ed c lay a nd c overed w i th a s l ip . T he g race fu l f or m a nd i t s p ure l ine s how t he s trong i n f luence o f s i lver b ow ls ( F ig . 4 6 ).

1 8

A r are v esse l , ak ernos , was a lso f ound i n S eu thopo l is ( F ig . 4 7) . I ti s ah o l low r ing w i th a d ia me ter o f 2 3 cm , made o f r ed c lay w i th f our sma l l c ups ( k o t i l isko i ) a t tached t o i t , wh ich a re i den t ica l i n f or m w i th t he c up d escr ibed a bove . T he e x is tence o f t he k ernos h as b een r ecorded i n C rete , i n t he e ar ly p er iod o f t he C re to- Mycenaean c u l ture . T he f our th c en tury B .C . f inds i n E leus is a re mos t impor tan t i n e s tab l ish ing t he c hanges i n i t s f or m a nd u se i n G reece a s ar i tua l v esse l i nt he c u l t o f E leus is . S evera l g rey c lay l a mps w ere f ound , b ased o n f am i l iar a n t ique t ypes . h as t hree w icks a nd was t hrown .

One

I th ad a d eep r ound r eservo ir , af l a t d isc

w i th a l arge o pen ing a nd t hree p ro trud ing w ick-ho lders .

T he r e ma in ing t wo

l a mps w ere made w i th t he a id o f a mou ld a nd were s haped l i ke n egroes ' h eads , w i th f l a t n oses , l ow f oreheads a nd c ur ly h a ir . T he p ro trud ing a nd o pen mou th s erves a s t he o pen ing o f t he w ick-ho lder . T he o i l was p oured i n to t he l a mp t hrough a l arge o pen ing a t t he b ack o f t he h ead ( F ig . 4 8 ) . The f or ms o f t hrown p o t tery e xa m ined a bove c lear ly s how t ha t mos t o f t he m w ere c lose ly c onnec ted w i th a nc ien t G reek p ot tery . An u mber o f T hrac ian v esse ls r epea ted t he f or ms c rea ted i n t he E ar ly H el len is t ic a ge , wh i le s o me h ad p ara l le ls i n f ar o lder v esse ls o f t he c lass ica l , a nd e ven o f t he a rcha ic a nd C re to- Mycenaean e pochs . T he T hrac ian p o t ter c are fu l ly im i ta ted t he G reek f or ms , b u t h e o f ten f ur ther d eve loped a nd c hanged t he p roto types , d epend ing o n l oca l t as te a nd n eeds . P i thoi a nd S ta mps o n t he Mou ths o f P i tho i .

An impor tan t p lace i n t he o u t-

p u t o f p o t tery i n S eu thopo l is was h e ld b y p i tho i? u sed t o s tore v ar ious f oods : c erea ls , w ine , d r ied f ish , e tc . T hey were t here fore c lose ly l i nked w i th a gr ic u l ture , h ence t he e x ten t o f t he ir p roduc t ion. S evera l h undred f ragmen ts o f mou ths , wa l ls a nd b ases a nd a bou t 1 5 who le , w e l l p reserved p i thoi were f ound s ca t tered a l l o ver S eu thopo l is ( F ig . 4 9 ) . S evera l p i tho i were a lso d iscovered i nt he e ar th o f Mound N o 3 , wh ich b e longs t o t he n ecropo l is o f S eu thopo lis . T he f or m o f t hese p i tho i , a s c an b e c onc luded f ro m t he s a mples p reserved , d id n ot d i f fer e ssen t ia l ly f ro m t ha t o f t h is t ype o f v esse l d iscovered e lsewhere . An e gg-shaped b ody w i th a w ide mou th a nd s hor t n eck n arrows d own t o t he p o in ted b o t to m wh ich e nds i n as hor t c y l indr ica l f oo t . t h ick a nd s haped i n av ar iety o fp ro f i les .

T he r im a round t he mou th i s

T here a re d i f feren t s izes o f p i tho i :

f ro m 0 .95 m h e igh t a nd 0 .71 m a t t he w ides t p ar t o f t he b ody , t o 1 .45 m i n h e igh t a nd 1 .05 m i n w id th . T he c lay , u sua l ly mixed w i th g ra ins o f q uar tz , h ad a cquired a b r ick r ed c o lour i nb ak ing . - The s ta mps , 1 43 i n n umber , a nd p laced o n t he mou th o f t he v esse ls , a re o fp ar t icu lar i n teres t i nt he p i tho i o f S eu thopo l is .2 9

The ir s tudy p oses many

p rob le ms , a l l t he more s o i n t ha t av ery r es tr ic ted n u mber o f s ta mps o np i tho i w ere k nown b e fore . The n ew ly d iscovered ma ter ia l f ro m S eu thopo l is i s a c tua l ly t he o n ly a nd t he l arges t c o l lec t ion o f s ta mps o np i tho i , t he s tudy o f wh ich i s v ery g rea t ly f ac i l i ta ted b y t he f ac t t ha t t hey w ere f ound i n ac en tre whose e x is tence c an b e p laced w i th in a c o mpara t ive ly n arrow c hrono log ica l f ra mework , d e ter m ined w i th c er ta in ty — f ro m t he m idd le o f t he f our th t o t he midd le o f t he t h ird c ent ury B . C .

1 9

T he s ta mps o f S eu thopo l is c an b e d iv ided i n to t wo ma in g roups .

A l l t he

s ta mps p laced o nt he mou ths o f t he v esse ls b e fore t hey were b aked b e long t o t he f irs t g roup , wh ich i s c ons iderably more n umerous . The s econd g roup i nc ludes s igns i nc ised o nt he mou ths a f ter t he v esse ls were b aked . The s ta mps o f t he f i rs t g roup , wh ich a re d is t ingu ished b y t he ir g rea t v ar ie ty , c on ta in i nc ised o r s ta mped l e t ters , s igns a nd emb le ms ( F igs 5 0 , 5 1 ) . On n ine f ragmen ts o f mou ths t he s ta mps a re c o mposed o f v ar ious l e t ters . The l e t ter I . i s me t w i th t hree t imes , a nd i n a l l t hree c ases i th as b een s tamped o n .

I nt wo f ragmen ts f ro m o ne a nd t he s a me v esse l t he d ie u sed was r ound

w i th a d ia me ter o f 2 cm , a nd i n t he t h ird i t was r ec tangu lar , 2 .6 x 1 .6 cm . On f our f ragmen ts t he l e t ter K i s f ound , c are fu l ly wr i t ten w i th d eep ly i nc ised l ines .

The p ro f i les o f a l l f our f rag men ts a re t he s a me :

i n t wo p ar ts

w i th a p ro jec t ing e dge i n t he m idd le . T he c lay i s a lso t he s a me . y , 6a nd 7 cm h igh , i s i nc ised o nt he t wo o ther f ragmen ts .

T he l e t ter

The mos t f requen t ly me t s y mbo l i s o ne l i ke a n a rrow ( N y ) , p laced o n 1 8 f ragmen ts w i th i t s t i p p o in t ing t o t he i nner r im o f t he mou th . A l l s y mbo ls a re d eep ly i nc ised w i th t he p erpend icu lar l ine f ro m 3t o 6 cm l ong . Three t ypes o f p ro f i les c an b e d i f feren t ia ted i nt h is g roup . T he s ign Wis f ound o n 6f ragmen ts , f ro m 2 .5 t o 3 .5 cm h igh . o f a l l f ragmen ts i n t h is g roup i s t he s a me : m idd le .

The p ro f i le

ap ro jec t ing e dge i n r e l ie f i nt he

The r e ma in ing s ta mps a re emb le ms d is t ingu ished b y t he g rea t v ar iety i n t he emb le ms d epic ted . T he r ound s ta mps , wh ich a re t he mos t n umerous , a re made w i th r ound d ies . Among t he m a re t he d ies wh ich a re a c irc le , 2 cm i n d ia me ter , w i thou t af rame , w i th a c ross i n r e l ie f i nscr ibed i n i t . On a n a l mos t c o mp le te mou th s ix s ta mps o f t h is k ind h ave b een p reserved , wh i le t here a re f our o n a no ther o ne . The g roup o f s ta mps d ep ic t ing r ose t tes i s e x tre mely v ar ied . On f ive f rag men ts t here i s ad eep ly s ta mped e igh t-lea f r ose t te w i th a d ia me ter o f 4 .5 cm . T hree r oset tes , s i tua ted a t 1 20 0 f rom o ne a no ther , a re s ta mped o n a who le mou th . Af ive-leaf r ose t te , d ia me ter 2 .5 cm , was f ound o n t hree f ragmen ts , a nd o n t wo f rag men ts , p robab ly f ro m o ne a nd t he s ame v essel , as ixlea f r ose t te ( d ia me ter 5 .5 cm ) h ad b een s ta mped . One s ta mp , d epic t ing a n e igh t-lea f r ose t te ( d ia me ter 2 cm ) , w i th n arrow p o in ted l eaves s hows v ery f ine work mansh ip . R ectangu lar S ta mps . A l l marks o f t h is g roup w ere a lso s ta mped . On f our f ragmen ts t he s ta mp was a r ectangu lar s pace , 3 .5 x 3 cm , i n wh ich t wo s em i-c irc les , t heir a rcs t urned t o t he c en tre o f t he s pace , were d ep ic ted . T hese emb le ms s trong ly r eca l l t he d ecora t ion o f t he Aegean a l tars . Ano ther r ectangu lar s ta mp , 3 .6 x 2 .6 cm , h ad t wo d iagona l ly c ross ing l i nes , t h ickened a t t he ir e nds , wh ich , t ak ing a n amphora s ta mp f ro m Thasos a s a na log ous , c an b e e xp la ined a s t orches .

2 0

At h ird l arge g roup o f s tamps d ep ic ts j ewe l lery . " On e igh t f ragmen ts t here a re c oncave images o f p endan ts f ro m e arr ings , wh ich s how o pen r ings w i th c one-shaped t h ickened e nds t urned o u tward .

Ac er ta in n umber o f t he

s a me t ype o f e arr ing p endan ts h ave b een f ound i n T hrace , i n t he r ich b ur ia ls o f t he n ecropo l is a t D ouvan l iy . P endan ts o f t h is t ype were a lso worn i n S eu thop o lis , w here we f ound t wo o f t he m . On f our f ragmen ts t he s tamps s how f i bu lae c ian t ype , wh i le t he f our th i s s nake-l ike .

t hree o f wh ich a re o f t he T hra-

One s ta mp s hows a p iece o f j ewel lery , p robab ly a me ta l p laque . F our s ta mps w ere made w i th t he h e lp o f i n tag l ios . T here i s av ery c lear impr in t o f a n i n tag l io d epic t ing a n e xqu is i te s cene — a l i on a t tack ing a h orse . Ano ther g roup o f s ta mps o n f ive f ragmen ts d epic ted a n o rna men ta l mo ti f o f s p ira ls , c o mbined i n v ar ious ways , ad es ign w idespread i n a ncien t a r t . O f c u l t a r t ic les t he d oub le a xe was s hown , wh i le t wo s ta mps c ou ld b e i nt erpre ted a s t he s che ma t ic i mage o f ah u man f igure . Ap ropor t ion o f t he s ta mps o np i tho i f ro m S eu thopo l is , c ons is t ing o f monog ra ms a nd i nd iv idua l l e t ters i mpr in ted w i th t he a id o f s pecia l s ta mps , a re u nd oub ted ly a bbrev ia t ions o f n a mes , wh ich s hou ld b e c onnec ted w i th t he owners o f p o t tery workshops .

The s ta mp w i th t he l e t ter Ideserves s pecia l a t ten t ion ,

a s i tc ou ld b e t he i n i t ia l l e t ter o f t he k ing 's n a me

E eüeng

,r epresen t ing

t he mark s ta mped o nt he o u tpu t o f t he r oya l p o t ter ies , i .e . o f t he s ta te p o t tery workshops . Ano ther g roup o f s ta mps a re s igns d eep ly impr in ted b e fore t he v esse ls were b aked , a nd were a lso u sed a s ad is t inc t ive mark , c er t i fying t ha t t he p i tho i b e longed t o ad e f in i te w orkshop . T he r e ma in ing s ta mps a re a nep igraph ic a nd c ons is ted o n ly o f a n emb le m . I n c on tras t t o t he Greek s ta mp-e mb le ms , wh ich w ere s ing le , t here a re o f ten t hree s t a mps o nt he p i tho i o f S eu thopo l is , p laced a t e qua l d is tances o n t he mou th . I n o n ly o ne c ase were t here s ix s ta mps , b u t t he mou th was n o t c o mp lete ly p reserved a nd t here may p oss ibly h ave b een n ine s ta mps . D esp i te t he marked ly o rna men ta l c harac ter o f t he s ta mps i n t h is g roup i t c anno t b e a ccep ted t ha t t hey were d ecora t ive i nf unc t ion . The ir p r inc ipa l a im a nd i n ten t ion was t o s erve a s emb le ms o f t he p o t ters ' workshops , i .e . o f t he owners o f t hese workshops .

T h is was a w idespread c us to m o f t he c era m ic

i ndus try i n t he H e l len is t ic a ge . Ag rea t v ar iety o f s ub jec ts i s c harac ter is t ic o f t he S eu thopo l is s ta mp-e mb le ms . Wh i le i np ar t o f t he m t he o r ig in o f t he d es ign i s n ot c lear , i n o thers t he s ource o f i n f luence i s q u i te a pparen t . S o me o f t he s ea ls i n S eu thopo l is were o bv ious ly made u nder t he impac t o f t he T hasos amphora s ta mps , wh ich i s r e f lec ted b oth i n t he f or m a nd t he i mages : ac irc le w i th .an i nscr ibed c ross , r ose t tes , e tc . S evera l r ec tangu lar s ta mps s how a c lose c onnec t ion w i th t he images o f c u l t monumen ts , a l tars , e tc ., o f t he Mycenaean e poch .

O ther s ta mps a re i mpr in ts

o f i n tag l ios .

e tc .

J ewe l lery a lso s erved a s mode ls o f emble ms — p enden ts o f e arr ings , f i bu lae , O f t hese t he f i bu lae a re o f s pecia l impor tance , b e ing o f t he s o-ca l led

2 1

Thracian t ype w idespread i nt he l ands o f t he T hrac ians i nt he f i f th t o t h ird c en tury B .C . The o r ig ina l p ieces o f j ewel lery were u sed a s s ta mps i n mos t c ases . T he p resence o f t he T hrac ian f i bu la , ac harac ter is t ic l oca l f orm , a s as ta mp o np itho i f rom S eu thopo l is i s s uf f ic ien t p roof t hat t hese v essels w ere made i n T hrace . T he emb le ms , whose d es igns c an b e c o mpared w i th T hracian c oins o f t he f i f th t o f our th c en tury , s uppor t t h is o p in ion . Th is i s t he d oub le a xe a nd p ar t icu lar ly t he e igh t-lea f r ose t te , wh ich c a l ls t o m ind t he r ose t te p laced o n s o me o f t he b ronze c o ins min ted b y S eu thes I I . T he c ons tan t p res ence o f t he d oub le a xe a nd t he e igh t-lea f r oset te o nt he c o ins o f t he Odrysaean k ings a nd t r ibes g ive g rounds f or u s t o s ee i n t he S eu thopo l is s ta mps t he man if es ta t ion o f ag enera l T hrac ian s y mbo l is m . T he u se o f t hese s y mbo ls a s marks o np o t tery e nab les u s t o c ons ider t he m a s r oya l s ea ls . There may h ave b een r oya l workshops f or t he p roduc t ion o f p i tho i a nd b r icks i n S eu thopo l is , i f we a ccep t t ha t t he l e t ter f ound o nb o th t ypes o f c era m ic a r t ic les s tood f or t he n a me o f t he k ing . Pr iva te p ersons , who a lso b egan t o mark t heir work w i th a d e f in i te mark , c ou ld a lso h ave b een t he owners o f t he workshops . E ach workshop h ad a l arge n umber o f s ta mps , wh ich may e xp la in t he d i f ferences i n d i mens ions a nd d et a i ls o f o ne a nd t he s a me mark .

Moreover , t he p i tho i w i th t he s a me marks

h ave sma l l wrea ths o f t he s a me d i mens ions a nd p ro f i les , a nd o f ten t he s ame c o mpos i t ion o f t he c lay , wh ich s hows t he c lose d ependence b e tween t hese e lemen ts i nt he p roduct ion o f e ach i ndiv idua l workshop . The l arge n umber o f p i tho i w i th s ta mps f ound i n S eu thopo l is s hou ld n o t s urpr ise u s . On t he o ne h and , r egu lar d igg ing was d one h ere o ver a n e x tens ive a rea , d ur ing wh ich a l mos t t he who le c i ty was =covered . On t he o ther h and , t he p r inc ipa l e n terpr ises a nd , a bove a l l , t he p o t ter ies were s i tua ted a round S eu thopo l is , a s t hey were a round a l l l arge p o l i t ica l c en tres . Gra f f i ti .

S ix teen f ragmen ts , o n wh ich n umbers o r i nd iv idua l l e t ters w ere

s cra tched a f ter b ak ing , b e long t o t he s econd g roup o f s ta mped p i tho i mou ths . On 1 0 f ragmen ts o f mou ths t he g ra f f i t i a re n umbers , e xpressed i n l e t ters , i n a ccordance w i th t he G reek a crophon ic s ys te m .3 1 F our o f t he n u mbers a re

o f h igh v a lues — HR an ( 1 65 ) , E\ K am ( 1 63 ) , H r( 1 55 ) , a nd 1 q 4A 1 ( 7 1 ) . Two s igns a re u sed f or t he n umber 1 00 : H , a s i s u sua l ly f ound i n t he A t t ic s ys te m , a nd t he l e t ter E , u sed i n C h ios , T aur ic C hersonese , e tc . Two s igns a re a lso u sed f or 5 0 : N u sed t w ice , a s i s t he c us to mary e xpress ion i n t he A t t ic s ys te m , a nd t he s ign u sed i n C ha lcedon , T aur ic C hersonese , e tc . Th is s ign i s f ound w i th t he s a me v a lue o n ap i thos f ro m C a l la t is a nd o n af ragmen t f ro m N or th Bu lgar ia , o n t he s urround ing r i ms o f wh ich t he n umera ls ' P in ( 5 8 ) a nd YAP / 1 (67 ) were s cra tched r espec t ive ly . S ince o n ly n umbers a re g iven o n t he f ragmen ts f ro m S eu thopo l is c ons idered h ere , w i thou t a ny i nd ica t ion o f t he u n i t o f measure men t wh ich s hou ld b e u nders tood , t he f igures c an b e i n terpre ted i n t wo ways . c apac i ty o f t he v esse l o r i t s p r ice .

They c ou ld i nd ica te t he

I n t he p i tho i o f O lyn thus R obinson r e jects

t he p oss ib i l i ty o f t he n umera ls i nd ica t ing a ny th ing b u t t he ir p r ice . I fw e a l low t ha t h e i s r igh t , a nd a ccep t t ha t t he p r ice o f t he v esse ls i s marked o n t he f our f rag men ts f ro m S eu thopo l is , v ery l arge s ums a re o bta ined : a nd 7 1 d rach mae :

1 63 , 1 65 , 1 55

s u ms wh ich p i tho i a re h ard ly l i ke ly t o h ave c os t i n a n t iqu i ty .

A l l t he more s o a s d a ta o nt he v a lue o f o ne t ype o f v essel h ave b een p reserved 2 2

i n c er ta in i nscr ip t ions , v essels wh ich i n d i mens ions a nd i n tended u se were c lose t op i tho i a nd wh ich o n ly c os t 9t o 1 1 d rachms . Moreover , i nf igures s ign i fy ing s u ms , mone tary s igns were u sua l ly p laced b e fore o r a f ter t he n umera l o r c onnected w i th i t , a nd i nt h is c ase t hey a re l ack ing .

I ts hou ld n o t

b e f orgot ten t ha t i n t he c ase o f l arge v esse ls l ike t he p i tho i , wh ich were c h ie f ly u sed f or s tor ing v ar ious k inds o f f oods tu f fs , i t was mos t impor tan t t o n o te t he ir c apac i ty . I ti s q u i te c lear , moreover , t ha t t he f igures u nder c ons iderat i on d o n o t i nd ica te t he p r ice b u t t he c apaci ty o f t he v esse ls , a s t h is was o f ten marked o n v ar ious v esse ls i n a n t iqu i ty . Thus , a bou t 1 00 s herds o f amphorae 2 p i tho i a nd o ther v esse ls w i th n umera ls s cra tched o n t he m were f ound i n t he A then ian A gora .3 2 O f t he m t he c apac i ty o f t he v esse l i s marked o n 6 1 s herds , wh i le i n o n ly 9 c ases , a nd n o t w i th c er ta in ty a t t ha t , i s t he p r ice i nd ica ted . U n for tuna te ly t he f our n umera ls f ro m S eu thopo l is n ow e ngag ing o ur a t ten t ion were n o t f ound o n who le v esse ls , s o t ha t t here i s n o p oss ib i l i ty o f measur ing t heir c apaci ty a nd d e ter m in ing t he u n i t o f measure men t wh ich s hou ld b e u nders tood . N ever the less , i n o rder t o h ave a n a pprox i ma te i dea o f t he c apac i ty o f t he p i tho i f ro m S eu thopo l is w e h ave u sed t he who le p i tho i f ound i n t he c i ty . T hus , o ne o f t he l arge p i tho i f ound i n H ouse N o 5 , h e igh t 1 .34 m , w id th 1 .04 m , d ia me ter o f t he mou th 0 .59 m a nd o f t he b o t to m 0 .15 m , c on ta ined a bou t 5 30 l i tres , a nd o ne o f t he sma l l p i tho i , h e igh t 1 .10 m , w id th 0 .76 m , d ia meter o f t he mou th 0 .41 m a nd o f t he b o t to m 0 .135 m , c on ta ined 2 25 l i tres . I f we a cc ept t ha t t he p i thos b ear ing t he h ighes t n umber , 1 65 , c on ta ined 5 35 l i tres , t he u n i t o f measure men t o b ta ined b y d iv id ing t he t wo f igures i s 3 .24 . I f we d iv ide t he c apac i ty o f t he sma l les t p i thos w i th t he sma l les t n umber i nd ica ted o n t he mou th , t he f igure 3 .24 i s a ga in o bta ined . I ta ctua l ly c orresponds t o t he Greek l i qu id measure xoTiA T I . T he s a me measure i s u sua l ly a lso u sed i n i nd ica t ing t he c apac i ty o f amphorae a nd p i tho i o n t he v essels f ro m t he A then ian a gora . We h ave n o g rounds f or i n terpre t ing t he n u mbers 1 65 , 1 63 , 1 55 a nd 7 1 i n a no ther way e xcep t a s s ign i fy ing t he c apaci ty o f t he p i tho i a nd t o u nders tand t he measure x oT ar i

i n t he i nd ica t ions o nt he S eu thopo l is v esse ls .

On a s econd g roup o f s herds f ro m t he mou ths o f p i tho i n umera ls h ave a lso b een s cra tched , a ga in a ccord ing t o t he a crophon ic s ys te m , b u t t hey a re f ar sma l ler i n v a lue . T he n u mber L iZ A ( 2 0 ) i s me t w i th o nce , t he n umber A l ( 1 l) t wice , t he n umber L \ ( 10 ) o nce , P1 ( 7 ) o nce a nd W I ( 4 ) o nce . I tc anno t b e s a id w i th c er ta in ty whether t hese n umera ls i nd ica te t he c apac i ty o f t he v esse ls o r t heir v a lue . I f , h owever , we a ccep t t ha t t hey , t oo , s hou ld b e l inked w i th t he v esse l 's c apac i ty , i nt h is c ase w e s hou ld u nders tand n o t x oT I 5Ä : r 1 measure — p erhaps med i mne .

b u t al arger

T he s tudy o f t he n umera ls i nd ica ted o n t he p i tho i o f S eu thopo l is i s a n imp or tan t c on tr ibu t ion t o t he q ues t ion o f t he s pread a nd u se o f t he a crophon ic s ys te m o f n u mera ls i n t he E ar ly H e l len is t ic a ge i n r eg ions b order ing o n G reece . T hey a lso o f fer v a luab le i n for ma t ion o n t he c u l tura l h is tory o f S eu thopo l is , where b oth t he n umera l a nd t he metr ic E ar ly H el len is t ic s ys te ms were k nown a nd u sed b y i t s i nhab i tan ts . B r icks . T he d ig a t S eu thopo l is a lso b rough t t o l i gh t av ar iety o f b r icks . T he b r icks u sed f or t o mbs , w e l ls , sma l l p la t for ms , e tc ., a nd a l arge n umber o f i nd iv idua l b r icks , s ca t tered a l l o ver t he t own , make i tp oss ib le t o e s tab l ish many d e ta i ls a bou t t he f or m , s i ze , manner o f mak ing a nd u se o f b r icks b y t he T hrac ians i n t he E ar ly H e l len is t ic a ge .3 3

2 3

The b r icks f ound a t S eu thopo l is a re l arge , s trong , we l l-baked a nd made o f f ine we l l- m ixed c lay i n wh ich q uar tz g ra ins a nd l arger p ebb les a re f ound i n r are c ases .

When b aked t he c lay a cqu ired a c lear r ed c o lour .

I n f or m , t he b r icks f a l l i n to t wo g roups : r ec tangu lar a nd t rapezo id b r icks . T he l a t ter s how a s ec tora l c ross-cu t w i th t wo p ara l le l , s l igh t ly c urved a rcs ( t he i nner o ne s hor ter a nd c oncave , t he o u ter o ne l onger a nd c onvex ) a nd t wo s tra igh t n o t p ara l le l s ides . Ag rea t v ar ie ty i n s i ze i s t o b e o bserved i nb o th t ypes o f b r icks ( F ig . 5 2 ) . The d i mens ions o f t he r ec tangu lar b r icks a re : f ro m 0 .54 x 0 .42 x 0 .068 m f or t he l arges t t o 0 .34 x 0 .32 x 0 .06 f or t he sma ll es t . The s i ze o f t he t rapezoid b r icks a lso v ar ies :

f ro m 0 .45 h eigh t x0 .36

( u pper a rc ) — 0 .29 ( l ower a rc ) x0 .07 m t h ickness o f t he l arges t b r icks t o 0 .385 ( 0 .375 ) x0 .265 - 0 .17 x 0 .06 m o f t he sma l les t . A . s pecia l t ype o f b r ick i s met w i th i n t he r ec tangu lar a nd t he t rapezo id b r icks w i th a s hor t s lan t ing ly c u t s ide , n o t o b ta ined b y a dd i t iona l l opp ing , b u t when t he b r ick was s haped i n as pecia l mou ld . T he f ac t t ha t a l l t he n arrow s ides o f t he b r ick a nd o ne o f t he b road f l a t s urf aces ( wh ich we s ha l l c ond i t iona l ly c a l l t he f ace ) h ave a n e x tre mely smoo th s ur face o n wh ich s tr ips o f t he s tructure o f wood a re impr in ted , wh i le t he s econd w ide s ide ( t he b ack ) i s r ough , g ives u s g rounds t o a sser t t ha t t he b r icks w ere made w i th t he a id o f wooden mou lds wh ich were n o t j us t r ec tangu lar f rames , b u t a lso h ad a b o t to m . Ap iece o f c lay was p laced i n t he mou ld a nd p ressed we l l d own t o t he b o t to m a nd t he s ides o f t he mou ld , s o t ha t t he b r ick c ou ld b e g iven t he d es ired f or m . T he b ack o f t he b r ick , wh ich l ay a t t he t op o f t he mou ld , was p robab ly smoo thed w i th a wooden o r meta l s pa tu la . T he mou ld was t hen t urned a nd t he b r ick l e f t t o d ry o nt he g round , b e fore b eing b aked w i th t he r igh t s ide u p . T ha t i s why a l l t he i mpr in ts o f t he t racks o f a n i ma ls a nd b irds a nd t he f oo ts teps o f p eop le , who t rod o n t he d amp a nd u nbaked b r icks, a re o n ly t o b e f ound o n t he smoo th b road f ace o f t he b r ick . F ingerpr in ts h ave b een l e f t o n s evera l b r icks .

A l l t he f ingerpr in ts a re o n

t he e nd o f t he l ong u npara l lel s ides wh ich l i e c loser t o t he w ide s ide a t t he b ack . Obv ious ly t he b r ick maker s o me t i mes u sed h is h ands t o h e lp g e t t he b r ick o u t o f t he mou ld . S ta mps , l ack ing i n v ar iety , were f ound o n an umber o f b r icks . T hey a re u sua l ly s unken r ec tang les o r i nd iv idua l l e t ters p laced o n t he b r ick b e fore i t was b aked .

T he l e t ter T was i nscr ibed i n ar ec tangu lar a rea o n o ne f ragmen t

o f as quare b r ick . T he l e t ters were p laced o n t he b road f ace o r b ack s ur faces . T here a re f ive p erpend icu lar p ara l le l l ines o n o ne b r ick , o n a no ther we s ee t he l e t ter H , wh i le o n t hree b r icks t he l e t ter a ppears , wh ich s hou ld b e l i nked w i th t he o wner o f t he b r ick y ard ( F ig . 5 3 ) . T h is c ou ld b e t he i n i t ia l o f t he k ing 's n a me , wh ich g ives g rounds t o s ee , h ere t oo , s ta te workshops a long w i th t he workshops o f p r iva te p roducers . T he l arge q uan t i ty o f b r icks ( i n S eu thopo l is a nd i t s n ecropo l is more t han 1 000 o f t he m w ere f ound ) a nd t heir v ar iety o f f or ms a nd s izes i nd ica te t ha t t h is b ranch o f t he p o t tery i ndus try i n S eu thopol is a t t he t urn o f t he f our th a nd t h ird c en tury B .C . h ad r eached g rea t p rosper i ty a nd h ad d eve loped a s ar esu l t o f t he n ew n eeds o f c ons truc t ion .

Wha t were t hese n eeds?

I th as b een s een t ha t t he l arge p ar t o f t he b r icks f ound i n t he c i ty i t se lf w ere

2 4

i n id iv idua l f inds , o thers c a me f ro m d ra ins , we l ls a nd sma l l p la t for ms ( f urn aces o r h ear ths ) ( F ig . 5 4 ).

H owever , t he g rea t v ar ie ty o f b r icks i nf or ma t

a nd d i mens ions i n e ach o f t hese s i tes , a nd t he u se i n i nd iv idua l c ases o f p ieces o f b r ick a s wel l , i ndubi tab ly i nd ica tes t ha t t he b r ick ma ter ia l i n t he c i ty a t t hese s i tes was a cc iden ta l ma ter ia l a t h and , u sed s econdar i ly a f ter c er ta in o lder b u i ld ings f or wh ich t hey h ad b een i n tended , h ad b een d es troyed . T he o n ly p lace i n t he c i ty where we f ind u n i for m r ec tangu lar b r icks o f t he s a me d i mens ions , s ys te ma t ica l ly a rranged , was t he b r ick p av ing a t t he c is tern . Obv ious ly t he a ppearance o f b r icks i n S eu thopo l is was n o t d icta ted b y t he n eeds o f o rd inary h ousing c ons truc t ion , i n whose s tra igh tl ined p lan t rapezo id b r icks wou ld h ave b een q u i te o u t o f p lace . Wha t i s more , a s t he d igg ing s howed , s und r ied b r icks were t he b as ic ma ter ia l u sed i nb u i ld ing t he dwel l ings o f S eu thop o lis . T he ir i ns tabi l i ty a nd t he e ase w i th wh ich t hey d is in tegra ted u nder t he a ct ion o f wa ter i s t he r eason f or wh ich we d o n o t h ave a l arge n u mber o f we l lp reserved smdr ied b r icks a t o ur d isposa l .

I t was o n ly a t t he P a lace , where

t he f i re w h ich d estroyed t he b u i ld ing b aked t he mud b r icks t hat f u l ly p reserved s a mples were f ound . T hey were made o f c lay a bundan t ly mixed w i th s traw wh ich g ave t he m g rea ter r es i l ience . T he ir d i mens ions were 0 .50 x 0 .40 b y 0 .09 m . T he o n ly b u i ld ings i n wh ich b r icks were u sed a s ma ter ia l s pecia l ly p rep ared f or t he p urpose a re t he t hree b eeh ive t o mbs i n T u mu lus 2 a nd Tumu lus 3i n S eu thopo lis a nd i n t he Kazan luk t o mb d iscovered n o t f ar f ro m S eu thopo l is . I ti sp rec ise ly t he o r ig ina l p lan a nd c ons truc t ion o f t he b eeh ive t o mbs wh ich c an a lone e xp la in t he a ppearance o f t he r ich v ar ie ty o f f or ms a nd d i mens ions wh ich w e f ound i nt he b r icks o f S eu thopo l is . As t he p reserved p ar ts o f t he b eeh ive t o mb i n Tumu lus N o 3q u i te c lear ly p roves , t he t rapezo id b r icks w ere i n tended , a bove a l l , f or t he b u i ld ing o f r ound c ha mbers : ap lan s hown b y t he d o med c ha mbers . H owever , i n t he d ro mos whose p lan i s r ec tangu lar , o n ly r ectangu lar b r icks h ave b een u sed . T h is was c on f irmed b y t he s evera l r ec tangu lar b r icks p reserved i n t he d ro mos o f t he d es troyed b eeh ive t o mb i n Tumu lus N o 2 .

The s evera l b ands o f t he v au lt o f

t he d romos p reserved i n t he t o mb o f T umu lus N o 3 , a lso s how u s t he manner i n wh ich t he v au l t ing o f t h is t o mb was a cco mp l ished , i .e . b y t he g radua l c orb e l l ing o ft he b ands o f b r icks g o ing u pward . I n t h is way a t r iangu lar v au l t was o bta ined , whose wal ls were n o t smooth , b u t h ad many p ro f i les . T h is t ype o f v au l t i s f am i l iar t o u s f ro m t he t o mbs i n S ou th R uss ia where , h owever , i ns tead o f b r icks , s tone b locks h ad b een u sed . T he s a me s ys te m o f v au l t ing was u sed i n t he r ound c ha mber i n Tu mu lus N o 2a nd 3 , w i th a b eeh ive d o me f or med b y g radua l c orbel l ing o f t he r ows o f b r icks g oing u pward .

I n t h is t ype o f v au l t ,

when o rd inary r ec tangu lar o r t rapezo id b r icks w i th p erpend icu lar n arrow s ides were u sed , av au l t w i th p ro f i led wa l ls was o b ta ined wh ich c ou ld n o t b e u sed f or mura l p a in t ings . T o a void t h is i nconven ience , when t he t o mb was t o b e d ecora ted w i th mura ls r ec tangu lar a nd t rapezo id b r icks w i th a n arrow s lan ted i nner s ide were u sed .

I n s uch a c ase , t he v au l t o f t he d ro mos a nd t he d o me o f t he r ound

c ha mber w ere g iven a smoo th s ur face o nt he i ns ide wh ich i t was p oss ib le t o c over w i th p las ter . I t was e xac t ly t h is t ype o f t rapezo id b r icks w i th a s lan t ing i nner wa l l wh ich were u sed i n t he d o med r ound c ha mber i nt he Kazan luk t o mb , we l l-known f or i t s f rescoes . 2 5

E s tab l ish ing b r ick b u i ld ing among t he T hrac ians a t ac o mpara t ive ly e ar ly e poch marks a n impor tan t mo men t i nt he d eve lop men t o f a rch i tec ture i n T hrace . R ea l b r ick b u i ld ing i n t he H el len is t ic a ge f i rs t a ppeared i n t he E as tern H e ll en is t ic s ta tes o f Mesopo ta m ia , S yr ia , e tc . I n G reece b r icks a ppeared o n ly s porad ica l ly a s b u i ld ing ma ter ia l i nt he f our th t o t h ird c en tury , a nd n o t i n who le b u i ld ings a t t ha t .3 4 I ti s a pparen t f ro m t he s tud ies made s o f ar o f t he a r t o f b u i ld ing i n Magna G raecia a nd I t a ly t ha t t here , t oo , b r icks a ppeared v ery l a te — b are ly i nt he t h ird c en tury B . C . i n Magna G raec ia , a nd i n I t a ly a t t he t urn o f t he s econd a nd f irs t c en tury B . C . wh i le i n R o me b r ick c ons truct i on was q u i te u n fa m i l iar u p t o t he Imper ia l e poch . I n t he c ons truc tion o f Greece a nd t he Greek c o lon ies s tone a nd s un-dr ied b r icks were t he b as ic b u i ld ing ma ter ia ls i n t he p re-Ro man p er iod .3 5 Wi thou t t h ink ing t ha t t he q ues t ion o f t he a ppearance o f b r icks i n Thrace c an b e f ina l ly s o lved a nd w i thou t wan t ing t o min im ize t he impor tance o f t he e x is tence o f c lose mu tua l c u l tura l i n f luences b e tween T hrace a nd t he H e l len is t ic E as t i n i t s e ar ly p er iod , we c ons ider t ha t t he d eve lop men t o f l oca l b u i ld ing t rad i t ions s hou ld , a bove a l l , b e b orne i n mind .

On t he b as is o f t he f ac t t ha t

t he Thrac ians made w ide u se o f s un-dr ied b r icks a s b u i ld ing ma ter ia l , w e c ons ider t ha t i nt he f requen t f ires wh ich o ccurred t hey wou ld h ave b een a b le t o d iscover t he s tabi l i ty a nd a dvan tages o f b aked b r icks . They were t hus e as i ly a b le , a nd b y i ndependen t Means t o r each t he d iscovery a nd u se o f b r icks i n s uch c ons truc t ion wh ich , i n t heir s truc ture a nd p lan , l i ke t ha t o f t he b eeh ive t o mbs , r equ ired more r es is tan t ma ter ia l t o s uppor t t he h eavy l oad o f t he h igh mounds o f e ar th . T he b r ick t o mbs o f S eu thopo l is a nd t he b r ick t o mb w i th f rescoes n ear K azanl uk , d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he f our th a nd t he e ar ly t h ird c en tury B .C . ,a nd n ear Mug l izh , d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he t h ird c en tury B .C., p rov ide e v idence t ha t a s choo l o f a rch i tec ture a nd p a in t ing e x is ted i n t he r eg ion a round S eu thopo l is , wh ich c rea ted h igh ly a r t is t ic monumen ts o f t he E ar ly H el len is t ic a r t o f c ons truc t ion a nd p a in t ing . M inor Ar ts . F inds o f i ron c h ise ls a nd o ther t oo ls f or s tone-work ing p rove t ha t s tone-cu t t ing c lose ly l inked w i th t he n eeds o f c ons truc t ion was we l l d ev e loped i n S eu thopo l is .

L oca l g ran i te f ro m t he S redna G ora Moun ta ins w as

u sed i n mak ing t he a rch i tec tura l d e ta i ls .

V ar ious weapons were a lso f ound i n

t he c ourse o f t he d igg ings . T he c urved k n ives , k nown f ro m f our th c en tury B . C . T hracian b ur ia ls , were o f s pec ia l i n teres t . T he a rrow t i ps were t hree-edged , l i ke t he S cy th ian a rrows , a nd were made o f b ronze ( F ig . 5 5 ) .

These a r t ic les

were made l oca l ly a nd p rov ide e v idence o f we l l-deve loped i ron-work ing a nd b ronze c as t ing . T he marked ly d eve loped t as te o f t he T hracians f or j ewel lery a nd p laques , s erv ing t o a dorn men o r h orses , made i ti mpera t ive t o d eve lop t he e x tens ive p roduc t ion o f sma l l a r t is t ic works o f s i lver , g o ld a nd b ronze , i n wh ich w e s ee c harac ter is t ic T hrac ian f or ms : f i bu lae , e arr ings , a nd r ings . Abou t 8 0 f i bu lae o f t he s o-ca l led Thrac ian t ype , c harac ter is t ic o f t he l ands i nhabi ted b y t he Thracians , were f ound a t t he d igg ings o f S eu thopo l is .3 6 They h ad a n a rc-shaped b ow w i th a s ing le-s ided s pira l a t t heir b ack e nd . h o lder was f or med i n s evera l ways :

T he p in

e i ther c urv ing b ackward , p ara l le l t o t he

2 6

b ow , o r c on t inu ing u pward a nd e nd ing w i th a sma l l c one-shaped b a l l . These f i bu lae s how d i f feren t v ar ian ts o f t he T hracian-type f i bu lae a nd o u t l ine t heir d eve lop men t ( F ig . 5 6 ) . Toge ther w i th t he m were f ound a no ther 3 0 f i bu lae wh ich a lso h ave a n a rc-shaped b ow l i ke t he Thrac ian f i bu lae , b u t h ave a b il a tera l s pira l ;

t hey d e mons tra te t he L a T bne i n f luence i n S eu thopo l is , r esu l t-

i ng f ro m c on tacts w i th t he C e l ts a nd t he ir c u l ture . Ab ronze p laque made i nt he a n i ma l s tyle i s ac harac ter is t ic work o f t he l oca l T hrac ian j ewe l lers ' c ra f t . Two s nakes , made o f l ead , s hou ld b e men t ioned a s t he work o f l oca l meta l work ing . T hey a re c ur led i nt hree s p ira ls w i th e rec t h eads . T hey h ave sma l l e l l ipt ica l p i ts o n t op , im i ta t ing s nakesk in , a nd t he h or izon ta l f urrows o f a s nake 's b ody a re i nd ica ted b e low b y s che ma t ica l ly i nd ica ted i nc ised l ines ( F ig . 5 7 ). I n S eu thopo l is l oca l t rad i t ions were s ound ly o bserved , a longs ide t he e x tens ive p ene tra t ion o f H e l len is t ic a r t is t ic f or ms a nd c oncep t ions . An a rch i tect ura l t erraco t ta , p robab ly a n a n te fix , d epic t ing a man 's h ead , wh ich h as n o th ing i n c o mmon w i th H e l len is t ic a es thet ic p r inc iples , i s as tr ik ing e xa mp le o f t h is . The t ra i ts o f t he f ace a re mos t l acon ica l ly , a l mos t c onven t iona l ly t rea ted , y e t a n o r ig ina l e xpress iveness h as b een a ch ieved i n s p i te o f t h is ( F ig . 6 5 ) . The a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l f ro m S eu thopo lis o f fers a r ich c o mbina t ion o f Thracian t rad i t ions w i th e le men ts o f H e l len is t ic c u l ture a nd a re e v idence o f t he h igh l eve l o f c u l tura l d eve lop men t a t ta ined b y p ar t o f T hracian s oc ie ty i n t he Ear ly H e l len is t ic Age . 3 .

COM MERCE

S eu thopo lis was more t han a n i mpor tan t c en tre a round wh ich workshops f or i ndus tr ia l a c t iv i ty were c oncen tra ted . Par t o f i t s i nhabi tan ts a nd p ersons l i v ing h ere , p robably G reek s e t t lers , were e ngaged i n c o mmerce . E xpens ive g oods were impor ted f or t he n eeds o f t he a f f luen t s tra tum o f t he p opul a t ion : b eau ti fu l v essels made o f c lay a nd meta l , g o ld j ewe l lery a nd o ther l uxury g oods , o live o i l a nd w ine . Amphorae w i th p o in ted b o t to ms were u sed t o t ranspor t w ine a nd o l ive o i l . Many s herds o f t he b o t to ms , mou ths a nd h and les o f s uch v esse ls were f ri fnd i nt he p rocess o f d igg ing i n t he c i ty , a nd i n t he e ar th o f t he mounds a t t he n ecropo lis , wh i le s evera l who le amphorae were f ound i n t he b ur ia ls o f Tumu l i 1a nd 2 . A l l h ave t he f orm t yp ica l o f t he T hasos amp horae o f t he t urn o f t he f our th a nd t h ird c en tury B . C .

The amphora s ta mps

p rov ide e v idence o f t he c lose l i nks w i th t he I s land o f Thasos , s ince o f at ota l o f a bou t 9 0 s ta mps , t woth irds c a me f ro m Thasos .3 7 T he ma in g roup o f Thasos s ta mps a re r ectangu lar i nf or m , ac harac ter is t ic f or m f or t he H el len ist i c a ge , w i th t he emb le m i n t he c en tre a nd t he i nscr ipt ion c on ta in ing t he E thn ikon a nd t he p ersona l n a me ( F ig . 5 8 ) . The mos t f requen t ly me t n a mes a re : ' Ap cTo c pävng Kp6u r v og F i c cp , c p6 cq g e tc. T he emb le ms s how av ar ie ty o f p ic tures — o f f ru i t ( o l ives , g rapes , p o megrana tes , e tc .) , v esse ls ( amphorae , k ra tero i e tc .) , c u l t s y mbo ls ( t he d oub le a xe , t r iden t , l yre , b ukr a in ion , h orns o f p len ty , e tc .) . I n o ne g roup o f T hasos s tamps v ar ious l e t ters a re me t w i th i ns tead o f emb le ms :

A , B ,1 "

,

,E , H , A ,M , P ,

a nd t he n a me

T IO XUVE

twng.

S evera l

s ta mps , r epresen t ing i nd iv idua l l e t ters o r monogra ms o f s evera l l e t ters a nd s ta mped o n w i th r ound o r r ec tangu lar d ies , c an a lso b e c ons idered a s Thasos amphora s ta mps . S evera l e xa mp les o f a' wheell ike ' f or m , d ep ic t ing a whee l

2 7

d iv ided b y s pokes i n to 3 , 4o r 5s ec t ions i n e ach o f wh ich a l e t ter h as b een p laced , a lso b e long t o t he g roup o f s ta mps w i th monogra ms . S evera l s ta mps a re f ro m S inope , a nd f ro m u nknown c en tres . Greek P o t tery . Ac ons iderab le n umber o f v esse ls a nd a l arge q uan t i ty o f s herds o f Greek b lack g laze p o t tery were f ound a t t he S eu thopo l is d ig a nd i n i t s n ecropo l is .3 8 F ound d ur ing r egu lar d igg ing a t t he s i te o f aT hrac ian c i ty , t he G reek p o t tery o f S eu thopo l is i s a n impor tan t s ource f or t he e cono m ic h is tory o f t he c i ty a nd o f t he T hracian H in ter land a long t he u pper r eaches o f t he T ound ja a nd t he Mar i tsa . Abou t 3 000 s herds o f b lack g laze v esse ls were f ound i n S eu thopo l is .

O f

t he m a bou t o ne t h ird, 1 000 s herds , w ere f rom k an tharo i , 1 000 a re t he b o tto ms a nd wa l ls o f v esse ls whose f or m c anno t b e d eterm ined ; 3 50 s herds a re f ro m d ishes a nd sma l l b ow ls , 2 00 f ro m f ish p la tes , 5 0 f ro m l eky tho i a nd 3 0 s herds f ro m l a mps . The g roup o f t he k an tharo i i s t he mos t n umerous . An i ns ign i f ican t f ract ion , a bou t t en s herds f ro m K an tharo il c h ie f ly f ound i n t he e ar th o f Tumu lus N o 1 a nd Tu mu lus N o 2 , h as a r ounded mou th s l igh t ly c urved o u tward , u nder t he r im o f wh ich a r ing i n r e l ie f h as b een f or med , o f ten h av ing a t r iangu lar c rosss ec t ion . S im i lar r ings a re f ound o n t he k an tharo i o f T ype I I i n Apo l lon ia , wh ich a re d a ted t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he f our th c en tury . H owever , t h is t ype b egan t o b e u sed i n t he e ar ly y ears o f t he f our th c en tury , a s c an b e c onc luded f ro m t he ma ter ia l f ound a t O lyn thus a nd o n t he I s land o f T hasos . 39 A l l t he r e main ing k an tharoi f ound i n S eu thopo l is b e long t o Type I V o r t o Var ian t Ao f t he s a me t ype i n A po l lon ia ( F ig . 5 9 ) . They h ave a h igh s lender b ody .

T he r e la t ion b e tween t he c y l indr ica l n eck

a nd t he s em i-spher ica l b ody i s a l mos t p ropor t iona l . 40 T hey a re made o f f ine , f ine ly s ieved c lay wh ich a cqu ired a l igh t b r ick r ed c o lour a f ter b ak ing . The k an tharo i a re c overed i ns ide a nd o u ts ide w i th a b lack g laze , wh ich i n s o me o f t he m i s b rown i n c o lour . The c loses t p ara l le ls t o t he k an tharo i o f S eu thopo l is a re t o b e f ound i n t he ma ter ia ls f ro m t he A then ian a gora , G roup A , 41

f ro m a n A then ian n ecropo l is

a nd o ther f inds i n Greece , d a ted t o t he t urn o f t he f our th a nd t h ird c en tury B . C . T he ir A t t ic o r ig in i s i nd ispu tab le . Th is t ype o f k an tharoi w ere a lso w ides pread i nt he t owns o f t he N or thern B lack S ea c oas ta l s tr ip . 42 G ar lands o f l aure l o r i vy l eaves p laced a dd i t iona l ly o n t he s l ip w i th d i lu ted c lay , i .e . t he b arbot ine t echn ique , i s f ound o n t he n ecks o f smoo th a nd g rooved k an tharo i . The g ar lands a re u sua l ly s ing le , b u t i n s o me c ases t wigs b ranched o f f f ro m t he ma in t w ig ( Fig . 6 0 ) . I n o n ly o ne s herd was a no ther mo ti f f ound — p robab ly a n e ar o f whea t . Th is t ype o f o rna men ta t ion i s c harac ter is t ic o f E ar ly H e l len is t ic p o t tery o f t he t urn o f t he f our th a nd t h ird c en tury B . C . Ac ons iderab le n u mber o f b lack g laze v esse ls w i th o rna men ts o f t h is k ind w ere f ound i n t he d igg ing a t t he f oo t o f t he Wes t S lope o f t he A cropo lis . L a ter d igg ings i n A thens i ncreased t he ir n umber , a nd c on f ir med t he t hes is o f t he ir A t t ic o r ig in . H owever , wherea s i n t he A then ian s amp les wh i te p a in t a nd g old i s o f ten f ound , o n ly d i lu ted c lay i s u sed i nt he ma ter ia l f ro m S eu thopo l is . i ng wh ich was r ubbed o f f . 2 8

T here may a lso h ave b een g i ld-

Ornamen ta t ion i n r el ie f , p laced c h ief ly o n t he h and les , a lso a ppears a longs ide w i th t h is o rna men ta t ion o nt he k an tharo i . We h ave t hree h and les f ro m S eu thopo l is w i th t h is t ype o f o rna men ta t ion .

On t wo o f t he m , ap ro jec t ion i n

r el ief i n t he f or m o f a mask w i th a w ide-open mou th , h ad b een s tuck o n to t he c urve , wh i le i n t he t h ird t here was a n i vy l ea f . G ra f f i t i were s cra tched o n to s evera l k an tharos h and les : tI , K , H . T he g ra f f i t i a re f ound o n t he u nder s ide o f t he sma l l s tands B I , K ,R o r o n t he n eck — KEP .

( F ig . 6 1) .

On ly o ne s herd o f as kyphos w i th r ed-f igure d ecora t ion was f ound i n S eu thop o lis . P ar t o f t he p a l met tes o n ly was p reserved . T he c ons iderably n arrowed p ar t o f t he v essel , p laced o n a sma l l r ing-l ike s tand , b r ings t he s herd f ound i n S eu thopo lis c lose t o s kyphos N o 4 87 f ro m Apo l lon ia , d a ted t o t he s econd q uar ter o f t he f our th c en tury B . C . a nd a t tr ibu ted t o t he K erch s ty le o f A t t ic v ases . S herds o f d ishes a nd sma l l b ow ls , e x tens ively u sed i n S eu thopo l is , a re s econd i n n umber . A l l a re made o f f ine ly washed a nd s ieved c lay wh ich a cq u ired a l i gh t b r ick-red c o lour a f ter b ak ing . En t ire ly c overed w i th b lack g laze , t he b o t to m u ndernea th h as b een l e f t t he c o lour o f t he c lay a nd o n i tn arr ower a nd w ider r ings o f b lack s l ip h ave b een a ppl ied . Par t o f t he d ishes a nd sma l l b ow ls a re o rna men ted o n t he i ns ide o f t he b ase w i th s ta mped p a l met tes , p laced i n ac irc le a nd c onnec ted w i th i nc ised i n terl acing a rcs . Th is mot i f was a lready we l l k nown i nt he f i f th c en tury , b u t was w idespread i n t he f our th a nd t he f irs t h a l f o f t he t h ird c en tury. Gra f f i t i were f ound o n al arge n umber o f t he sma l l b ow ls : Z IAAI

,

Noy, e tc . Numerous s herds o f f ish p la tes p rove t ha t t h is t ype o f v esse l was a lso e xt ens ive ly u sed i n S eu thopo lis . They a re b road , s ha l low a nd s l igh t ly i nc l ined t owards t he c en tre , where t here i s as em i-spher ica l h o llow . Ab road b order d rops a l mos t p erpend icu lar ly f ro m t he e dge . The b ase i s ar ing-shaped s tand , l i ke t ha t o n o rd inary d ishes . T he f ish p la tes a re u sua l ly e n t irely c overed w i th b lack g laze . S o me t i mes t he b ases a re l e f t t he c o lour o f t he c lay , o r a re c overed w i th a s l ip o n wh ich n arrow o r b roader c oncen tr ic b ands o f b lack g laze h ave b een p laced . T he f ish p la tes o f O lyn thus , T hasos , S a mos a nd O lbia a re c lose i nt ype , b eing o f A tt ic o r ig in a nd d a ted t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he f our th c en tury . The d ishes f ro m S eu thopo l is a re d a ted t o t he s a me p er iod . Gra f f i t i h ave b een s cra tched o n to a l arge n umber o f b ases .

On ly t hree

who le n a mes h ave b een wr i t ten o u t : H ,A I a nd API:ENO( I PI a nd AI a re c onsecra t ions t o H era a nd Z eus , wh i le APIEENOC was p robab ly t he n a me o f t he owner o f t he p la te . Mos t o f t he i nd iv idua l l e t ters s hou ld a lso b e c onnec ted w i th t he n a mes o f owners .

T he t wo H a re o f a more s pec ia l c harac ter , h or i-

z on ta l ly a nd v er t ica l ly wr i t ten i nt he s a me way a s o n t he amphora s ta mps I H . The b lack g laze f i sh p la tes were s oon w idespread among t he i nhabi tan ts o f S eu thopo lis , a nd a lso b egan t o b e im i ta ted b y t he Thracian p o t ters , a s p roved b y t he l arge n u mber o f s herds o f f ish p la tes made o f g rey o r r ed c lay . A l though c ons iderab ly f ewer i n n umber c o mpared w i th t he k an tharo i a nd f i sh p la tes , t he l ekythoi f ro m S eu thopo l is s how t ha t t h is G reek v esse l was a lso k nown h ere . 2 9

An Aryba l los-shaped l eky thos h ad b een p laced i n t he b ur ia l i n Tu mu lus N o 1 .

The n e tl ike o rna men t c over ing t he b ody a nd t he s tand i s c o mpara t ively

r are , a nd h as wh i te d o ts c are fu l ly p laced a t t he c ross ing p o in ts .

Masses o f

a ryba l los-shaped l ekytho i were f ound i n t he n ecropo l is o f Apo l lon ia , where t hey were d a ted t o t he e nd o f t he s econd q uar ter o f t he f our th c en tury t o t he e ar ly y ears o f t he t h ird c en tury B . C .

T he f ac t t ha t o n ly o ne a ryba l los-shaped

l eky thos was f ound i n S eu thopo l is a nd i n t he e ar l ies t b ur ia l a t t ha t makes u s c ons ider t ha t i t s u se mus t h ave b een more r es tr ic ted h ere , o n ly u p t o t he e nd o f t he f our th c en tury B . C . L acr i mar ia were f ound i n t he b ur ia ls o f Tumu l i N os 1 a nd 2 , a s we l l a s i n t he c i ty , wh ich s hows t ha t t hese v esse ls were u sed i n d a i ly l i fe i n S eu thopol is . They were made o f f ine , o r b ad ly s ieved c lay wh ich a cqu ired a n o chre o r b r ick-red c o lour a f ter b ak ing .

These v essels , wh ich h ave t h icker o r t h inner

wa l ls , were n o t c overed w i th s l ip , b u t s o me o f t he m h ad r ed p a in ted b ands . T he ir b od ies a re b lown o u t i n a n e gg s hape , w ides t a t t he s hou lders . t he l acr i mar ia f ro m S eu thopo l is a re c loses t t o t ype I f ro m A po l lon ia .

I nf or m T he

l acr i mar ia f ro m A thens , Thasos a nd t he N or thern B lack S ea c o lon ies o f t he t urn o f t he f our th a nd t h ird c en tury B . C . a re c loses t i n f or m t o t hose o f S eu thop o l is . Twe lve who le l a mps a nd many s herds o f t hese v esse ls were f ound , t wo o f t he l a mps c om ing t o l igh t i nb ur ia ls , t wo i n t he e ar th o f Tu mu lus N o 2a nd t he r e mainder i n t he c i ty . H ow land 's T ype 2 5 43

They a l l h ad o ne w ick a nd b e long t o v ar ious g roups o f ( F ig . 6 2 ) .

F ive l a mps a nd t hree s herds b e long t o T ype 2 5 A , c harac ter ized b y h igh r ounded wa l ls o f t he r eservo ir , s epara ted f ro m t he b order b y ad eep g roove , s urround ing t he mou th , t hrough wh ich t he o i l was p oured .

T he l a mps o f t h is

t ype f ound i n t he A then ian a gora a re d a ted t o t he s econd q uarter o f t he f our th c en tur y u p t o t he f irs t q uar ter o f t he t h ird c en tury .

S evera l o f t he l a mps

g rouped i n T ype If ro m A po l lon ia a nd d a ted t o t he s a me p er iod , a re o f t h is t ype .

T hey a re c overed w i th b lack g laze i ns ide a nd o u t , w i th t he e xcep t ion

o f t he l ower s ide o f t he b o t to m . S ix l a mps b e long t o H ow land 's T ype 2 5 A l . t he f or mer o ne , b u t t he l a mps a re n o t g lazed .

T h is v ar ian t i s q u i te c lose t o Moreover , s o me o f t he m h ave

al onger b ody , a nd t he b order a round t he c en tra l o pen ing i s model led w i th g rea ter v ar iety . One l a mp c an b e l inked w i th T ype 2 5 B .

The d i f ference b etween t h is g roup

a nd 2 5 A c ons is ts c h ief ly i n t ha t t here i s ap ro tuberance o n t he l e f t s ide o f t he l a mp. A bou t t en s herds o f sma l l b owls a nd o f t he wa l ls o f o ther v esse ls made o f f ine c lay , a nd o rna men ted w i th h or izon ta l b ands i n r ed were f ound i n S eu thop o l is .

T h is p o t tery s hou ld b e l inked w i th t he Rhod ian a nd I on ian p o t tery w ide-

s pread i n t he I on ian c en tres a s e ar ly a s t he Archa ic p er iod , a nd wh ich c on t inued t o b e p roduced l a ter .

T he f ine q ua l i ty o f t he c lay l eaves n o d oub t t ha t t h is was

n o l oca l im i ta t ion , b u t impor ted f ro m a c en tre i n As ia Minor , e ven t hough i n v ery l im i ted amoun ts .

3 0

H owever , t he p redo m inan t q uan t i ty o f G reek p o t tery f ound i n S eu thopo l is was o f A t t ic o r ig in a nd b e longs t o t he l as t q uar ter o f t he f our th c en tury a nd t he f i rs t q uar ter o f t he t h ird c en tury B . C . On ly a f ew o f t he s herds b elong t o a n e ar l ier p er iod : o ne f rom a b lack-f igure l eky thos o f t he s econd h a l f o f t he f i f th c en tury B . C ., s herds o f ar ed-f igure s kyphos , o f ap yx is , o f a n a ryb a l los-shaped l eky thos a nd a l a mp wh ich a re d a ted t o t he f irs t h al f o f t he f our th c en tury . A l l t he r e ma in ing v esse ls s how c harac ter is t ic f ea tures o f t he A t t ic p o t tery o f t he E ar ly H e l len is t ic a ge i nf or m , t echn ique a nd o rna men ta t ion . T he e x tens ive u se o f G reek v esse ls i n S eu thopo l is , s uch a s k an tharo i , f ish p la tes , sma l l b ow ls , l a mps , e tc ., a nd t he mass im i ta t ion o f t heir f orms b y t he T hracian p o t ters a re e v idence o f t he i ncreas ing p ene tra t ion o f G reek f or ms i n t he way o f l i fe o f T hracian s oc ie ty .

T he u se o f l acr i mar ia , a ryba l los-

s haped l ekytho i a nd l a mps i n t he t o mbs s how t ha t t h is i n f luence was n o t r es tr icted t o d a i ly l i fe a lone , b u t was a lso r e f lec ted i nb ur ia l c us to ms . T he a bundance o f Greek w ords a nd l e t ters s cra tched o n to t he v esse ls i s o f s pec ia l i n teres t .

A l though t hey d o n o t g ive u s a ny d a ta o f ah is tor ica l n a ture

o r more i n for ma t ion o n o no mas t ics a nd r e l ig ion , t he g ra f f i t i a re p roo f o f a g ood k now ledge o f G reek i n S eu thopo l is , wh ich i s s uppor ted b y t he p resence o f g ra f f i t i o n t he p i tho i a nd o n v esse ls a nd s herds o f l oca l p o t tery . L as t ly , t he G reek p o t tery f ro m S eu thopo l is e loquen t ly s hows t he g rea t s cope o f t he c i ty 's c o m merc ia l r e la t ions w i th A thens i n t he E ar ly H e l len is t ic a ge . I nt ha t p er iod , ow ing t o t he f ac t t ha t t he E as t was d rawn i n to t he s ys te m o f t he a nc ien t e cono my , c o m merce f l our ished v ery g rea t ly a nd was a cco mpan ied b y ag rea t d eve lop men t o f i ndus try . T h is p rocess o f a n e cono m ic a dvance , o bs erved i n an umber o f c i t ies i n Greece , As ia Minor a nd Egyp t i n t he c ourse o f t he t h ird c en tury B .0 .,u ndoub ted ly b egan a s e arly a s t he r e ign o f A lexander o f Macedon . The c rea t ion o f n ew t rade a nd i ndus tr ia l c en tres i n t he e x tens ive H e l len is t ic monarch ies a nd o f n ew t rade r ou tes , l ed t o ad ec l ine i n t he e cono m ic impor tance o f c er ta in G reek c i t ies . H owever , A thens s ucceeded i n a dap t ing h erse lf t o t he n ew c ond i t ions , a nd a t t he t urn o f t he f our th a nd t he t h ird c en tury b egan t o p roduce l arge q uan t i t ies o f b lack g laze p o t tery v essels , t he c haract er is t ic f ea ture o f wh ich was n o l onger r edf igure d ecora t ion , b u t s ta mped o rna men ts , b arbot ine d ecora t ion a nd o rna men ta t ion i n r e l ie f .

T he A t t ic p o t-

t ery o f t ha t t ime i s f ound i n many c i t ies i n I t a ly , E gypt , S yr ia , P a les t ine , P hoen icia , e tc .

H owever , ac ons iderab le p ar t o f A then ian e xpor ts w ere i n-

t ended f or t he N or thern B lack S ea s hores a nd t he Wes tern B lack S ea c o lon ies w i th t heir H in ter land , wh ich r e ma ined t he p r incipa l p roducer o f whea t f or A thens . 44 T hrace was a g ood marke t f or A then ian g oods f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he f i f th c en tury B .C . a nd A thens p reserved h er e cono m ic i n f luence h ere t hroughou t t he who le o f t he f our th a nd t he f irs t h a l f o f t he t h ird c en tury B . C . i n t he r eigns o f P h i l ip I , A lexander I I a nd L ys i machus , a s i s c onv inc ing ly p roved b y t he n ew lyfound p o t tery ma ter ia l f ro m S eu thopo l is . I tc o mp le tes t he g enera l p icture o f t he t rade r e la t ions o f A thens i n t he E ar ly H e l len is t ic a ge , wh ich were s ound a nd r egu lar w i th t he c o lon ies a long t he Wes tern B lack S ea c oas t , a bove a l l w i th A po l lon ia , a nd a lso w i th t he T hracian H in ter land . T he e x tens ive p enetra t ion o f G reek g oods i n S eu thopo l is was f aci l i ta ted b y t he B lack S ea c o lon ies a long t he p resen t-day Bu lgar ian c oas t .

H owever , t he

n a tura l wa terways — t he R ivers H ebros ( Mar i tsa ) a nd T onsos ( Tound ja ) , wh ich were f ar d eeper i n A n t iqu i ty — were o f n o l ess i mpor tance . 3 1

N av igable o ver

t he l arger p ar t o f t he ir l eng th , t hey s ecured d irec t c on tac t w i th t he i s lands a nd t he c i t ies a long t he A egean c oas t . S eu thopo l is ma in ta ined p ar t icu lar ly c lose r e la t ions i n t he s phere o f a r t w i th A thens , o ne o f t he l arge Greek c en tres o f a r t , a nd t h is h ad a mos t f avourable e f fec t o nt he d eve lop men t o f t he l oca l c u l ture . O f c ourse , t he Greek i n f luence a f fec ted , a bove a l l , t he way o f l i fe a nd t he c u l ture o f t he a f f luen t c lass , wh ich a lone h ad t he e cono m ic p oss ib i l i ty o f b u i ld ing s pac ious dwe l l ings a nd d ecora t ing t he m r ich ly , a s we l l a s b u i ld ing monumen ta l t o mbs , a nd o b ta in ing e xpens ive works o f a r t a nd o f t he a r t c ra f ts . S cu lp tures w ere t he l eas t n umerous among t he works o f a r t .

On ly a f ew f ragmen ts o f marb le s ta tues a nd r e l ie fs were

f ound i n t he c i ty : t he h ead o f ay oung man ( F ig . 6 3 ) , t he w ings o f a n e ag le o r aw inged s ph inx , a nd t he h ead o f ap an ther , wh ich may h ave b een p ar ts o f l arger g roups o f s ta tuary o r c o mpos i t ions i n r e l ie f . A l l t hese f ragmen ts s how f ine work mansh ip a nd a s ubt le a r t is t ic t as te i n t he s ty le o f G reek a r t .

T he i nhab i-

t an ts o f S eu thopo l is s howed a marked p re ference f or c lay s ta tue t tes a nd t errac o t tas , t he p roduc t ion o f wh ich f l our ished g rea t ly i n t he H e l len is t ic a ge . T he f igur ines o f g race fu l ma idens w i th d e l ica te f aces , wrapped i n h i ma t ions wh ich f e l l i n g race fu l f o lds , f ound i n S eu thopo l is t oge ther w i th v ar ious d e i t ies o f t he Greek P an theon — E ros , C ybe le , e tc . — a re o f t he T anagra t ype i n s ty le a nd mos t o f t he m were i mpor ted ( F ig . 6 4 ) . T he r ich g i f ts f ro m t he n ecropo lis o f S eu thopo l is — t he g i lded b ronze s i tu la , t ray a nd o inochoe a nd t he s i lver k y l ix , a re e v idence o f c onnec t ions w i th a l arge G reek b ronze-cas t ing c en tre . Par t o f t he f unera l g o ld j ewe l lery , n eck laces a nd e arr ings , f ound i n t he b ur ia ls , c an b e c ons idered a s t he work o f H e l len is t ic g o ldsm i ths . A l l t hese f inds a re e v idence t ha t t he H e l len is t ic t rad i t ions o f a r t were t he f or m o f o f f ic ia l a r t , a nd a lso me t t he a es the t ic r equ ire men ts o f t he i nhabi tan ts o f S eu thopo l is .

3 2

CHAPTER I I MONEY C IRCULAT ION I N S EUTHOPOL IS AND THE MINT OF S EUTHES I I

Anc ien t Co ins f rom S euthopo l is A longs ide t he o ther a rchaeo log ica l mater ia l , t he c o ins f ound d ur ing d igg ing a t S eu thopo l is i l lustra te t he p rosper ity o f t h is a nc ien t c ity i n t he y ears o f i t s e x istence.

Abou t 1 200 a nc ien t c o ins were f ound i n t he c i ty , p art

min ted b y t he l oca l Dynast S euthes I I ( 843 c o ins ) a nd t he r est m in ted i n a g rea t v ar iety o f c en tres a nd o ther r u lers o f t he a nc ien t wor ld , a nd c h ief ly b y t he Macedon ian K ings Ph i l ip I a nd A lexander t he Grea t. The a bso lu te c hrono log ica l l im its o f S euthopo l is a s a n i nhab ited l oca l ity were e stab l ished t hanks t o t he c o ins

t he e arl iest a re c o ins s truck b y

Ph i l ip I o f Macedon ( 359-336 B .0 . ) , a nd t he l atest s everal c o ins a t tr ibu ted e ither t o De metr ius I ( 239-229 B .0 . )o r t o De metr ius 1 (306-283 B .0 . ) . T he Greek c o lon ies a long t he Thrac ian B lack S ea a nd Aegean a reas a re r epresen ted b y c o mparat ively p oor n um is mat ic mater ia l.

On ly t wo b ron ze

c o ins w ere f ound f ro m Mesambr ia , d ep ict ing o n t he o bverse a h e l met f u l l f ace, wh ile t he r everse h as a wheel w ith r ays a nd f our s pokes , a nd t he i nsc r ip t ion M E T A .

F ro m Apo l lon ia t here c o mes a s i lver c o in w ith a h ead o f

Apo l lo a nd a n a nchor t urned u pwards.

Ab ronze c o in f rom Aegospo ta m i, o n

wh ich t here i s ah ead o f De meter a nd a g oa t f ac ing l ef t , r epresen ts t he p roduct ion o f t ha t c i ty.

A l i on b reak ing a s pear a nd a ga in t he h ead o f De meter

a re e ngraved o n ab ronze c o in f rom Card ia.

I n 3 09 B .C. L ys i machus b u i lt

h is c ap ita l a t t h is c i ty , a nd g ave i th is own n a me, Lys i mach ia.

Abou t t en

b ron ze c o ins f ro m L ys i mach ia , s im ilar t o t he c o ins o f Lys i machus, w ere f ound i n S eu thopo l is , s how ing t he v e i led h ead o f De meter a nd a w rea th o f e ars o f wheat , t he h ead o f Tyche a nd a l i on s eated t o t he r igh t , t he h ead o f al ion , a nd a ga in a n e ar o f w heat. Aenus i s r epresen ted b y b ronze c o ins o n wh ich t here i s t he h ead o f H er mes w ith a p etasos, t yp ica l o f t he c i ty , a nd a g oat s tand ing t o t he r igh t.

The s econd t ype s hows t he h ead o f ab eard less man

w ith a l aurel w reath a nd a c aduceus , o nb o th s ides o f wh ich t he c i ty 's n a me i s w r it ten .

A b ronze c o in w ith t he h ead o f Apo l lo a nd a h el met w ith d ropped

c heek-p ieces c o mes f ro m O r thagor ia , wh i le t wo b ronze c o ins w ith t he h ead o f Herak les, c overed w ith a l i on s k in , a nd a t r ipod o n t he r everse, c o me f ro m P h i l ipp i. A thens, t he c en tre o f t he c lass ica l wor ld , h as s en t o n ly o ne s i lver t etradrach m w ith t he i nev itab le h e l meted h ead o f A thene a nd h er ow l , t o S eu thopo l is.

The l ack o f c o ins f ro m t h is c ity i s q u ite u nexpected w hen

i ti s b orne i n mind t ha t t he r oya l c ourt o f t he K i n gdo m o f S euthes ma in ta ined a ct ive p o l it ica l r elat ions w ith A thens, w here t he Thrac ian k ings w ere a lso v alued , a nd p art icu lar ly S eu thes H I a s an a tura l a l ly a ga inst t he Macedon ians. N ever theless, t h is l ack c an b e e xp la ined u p t o ap o in t b y t he a bundance o f

3 3

A t t ic p o t tery i n S eu thopo l is .

Obv ious ly A thens r ea l ized a l arge p ar t o f h er

c o mmerce w i th t he T hracians b y t he e xpor t o f h igh g rade a nd a r t is t ica l ly worked v esse ls .

I tc an b e c ons idered t ha t o f t he l i s ted c en tres o n ly L ys imach ia

was i n more p er manen t e cono m ic r e la t ions w i th S eu thopo l is . The r e ma in ing c i t ies mos t p robab ly l ay o u ts ide i t s t rad i t iona l c om mercia l r ou tes , a nd t he ir c o ins h appened t o r each S eu thopo l is a f ter p ro longed wander ings o ver t he mark e ts o f t he a ncien t wor ld . I n c on tras t t o t he m t he c o ins o f t he Macedon ian k ings f ro m P h i l ip I t o C assander c ircu la ted i n tens ively i n t he c i ty , a s we l l a s t hose o f L ys i machus , t he S a trap o f T hrace a f ter t he d ea th o f A lexander t he G rea t . T hese c o ins b ore t he b run t o f t he c ircu la t ion o f c o ins i n S eu thopo l is , p ar t icu lar ly b e fore t he c ons iderab le d eve lop men t o f l oca l min t ing a t t he e nd o f t he f our th c en tury B .C . P h i l ip I i s r epresen ted b y s evera l s i lver t e tradrachms w i th t he h ead o f Z eus a nd a h orse man . One o f t he m h as a b ronze c en tre a nd a s i lver-p la ted s ur face , t he u sua l we igh t o f t he s i lver t e tradrachms s truck a ccord ing t o t he A t t ic s tandard , a bou t 1 7 g ra ms , b e ing p reserved .

A bou t 1 00 o f t h is k ing 's

b ronze c o ins w ere f ound i n S eu thopo l is , w i th t he h ead o f ay oung man a nd a h orse man r id ing t o t he l e f t , t he h ead o f ay oung man a nd a h orse man j ump ing t o t he r igh t o r l e f t , t he h ead o f H erak les w i th t he l i on s k in , a nd a h orse man j u mping t o t he r igh t . T he s i lver c oins o f A lexander t he Grea t h ave t wo n om ina l v a lues : t e tradrachms ( 4 ) a nd d rach ms ( a bou t 2 0 ) . The d es igns a re o ne a nd t he s a me f or b o th v a lues : t he h ead o f t he y oung H erak les w i th t he l i on s k in , a nd Z eus , s ea ted o n at hrone w i th e ag le a nd s cep tre ( F ig . 6 6 ) .

There a re

s evera l t ens o f b ronze c o ins o f A lexander , o f 1 0 t ypes . T he mos t c harac ter is t ic o f t he m h ave a h ead o f H erak les a nd a q u iver , ab ow a nd q u iver o r c lub a nd a b ow-case i n v ar ious p os i t ions , ah ead o f A po l lo a nd a h orse man g a l loping t o t he r igh t . T he v ar ied s upp le men tary s y mbo ls a nd monogra ms o n t he c oins o f t hese t wo r u lers i nd ica te t he v ar ious c en tres o f t he v as t Macedon ian Empire i n wh ich t hey were s truck , a nd i n s o me o f t he s i lver c o ins more p ar t icu lar ly b e tray t heir p os thu mous c harac ter . F or t he t ime b e ing t he c i t ies i den t i f ied a re P e lla , P r iene a nd L a mpsacus . T hree s i lver d rach ms o f P h i l ip I I A rr idaeus ( 3 23-316 B . C .) h ave b een p res erved , whose t ypes r epea t t he s i lver c o ins o f A lexander t he Grea t a lready d escr ibed . T he b ronze c o ins o f P h i l ip I I a re a lso s im i lar t o t hose o f A lexander : ah ead o f A po l lo a nd a h orse man j u mp ing t o t he r igh t . H ere t he i n i tia ls AY u nder t he i nscr ipt ion a re i n teres t ing . These i n i t ia ls s how t ha t t he b ronze c o ins were s truck b y L ys i machus , a s t he d epu ty o f P h i l ip I I . T he s a me f ea ture i s t o b e s een o n t he o n ly b ronze c o in o f A lexander I V ( 3 23-311 B .C .) , d ep ic t ing t he h ead o f ay oung man a nd a h orse man j ump ing t o t he r igh t . Under C assander a g rea t i ncrease i n t he n umber o f b ronze c o ins s truck b y t h is r u ler i s a ga in t o b e o bserved . T here were a bou t 5 0 o f t he m . There a re g ood g rounds t o c ons ider t ha t a f ter t he d ea th o f P h i l ip I a nd A lexander t he Grea t , t he c o ins o f C assander were t he mos t w ide-spread f ore ign c o ins i n S eu thopo lis , b u t t hey n o l onger h e ld t he p redo m inan t p lace o n t he l oca l market , b e ing d isp laced b y t he c o ins o f S eu thes 1 . 1. A l arge p ar t o f t he c o ins o f C assander wh ich made t he ir way t o S eu thopo l is were u sed a s r aw ma ter ia l b y t he l oca l m in t , a bou t 8 0 o f t he c o ins o f S eu thes b eing o vers truck o n C assander 's . 3 4

C assander 's c o ins d ep ic ted t he h ead o f H erak les w i th a l i on s k in a nd a l i on c ouchan t o r ah orse man r id ing t o t he r igh t , o r t he h ead o f A po l lo a nd a t r ipod . S evera l a nony mous b ronze c o ins w i th a Macedon ian s h ie ld a nd a t a l l Maced on ian h e l me t w i th d ropped c heek-p ieces a lso b e long w i th r epresen ta t ives o f Macedon ian min ting . H i ther to , t he s ix b ronze c o ins o f D e me tr ius I ( 2 39-229 B . C .) were c ons idered t he l a tes t , h av ing t he Macedon ian s h ie ld a nd t he monogra m o f t he r oya l n a me , a nd w i th t he Macedon ian h e l me t o nt he r everse .

A ccording t o A . T .

N ewe l l , h owever , t he c o ins o f t h is t ype s hou ld b e a t tr ibu ted t o D e me tr ius I ( 306-283 B . C .) . The S yr ian d ynas ts a re r epresen ted b y t wo c o ins . One o f t he m , t he t e tradrachm o f S e leucus I ( 3 12-280 B .C .) a ga in r epea ts t he a lready f am i l iar s i lver c oins o f A lexander t he G rea t , b u t h ere Z eus i s h o ld ing N ike i n h is o u ts tre tched h and . T he s econd i s ab ronze c o in s truck b y An t iochus ( 281-261 B . C .) . Ap or tra i t o f t he r u ler i s e ngraved o n t he o bverse a nd a t r ip od o nt he r everse . L ys imachus ( 3 16-281 B . C .) d ep ic ts t he p or tra i t o f d ei f ied A lexander t he Grea t o n h is t e tradrachms o nt he o bverse a nd s ea ted A thene h o ld ing a V ic tory o n t he r everse . Two s uch c o ins were f ound a t S eu thopo l is ( F ig . 6 6 ). One o f t he m was s truck i n P erga mu m . H is t hree t ypes o f b ronze c o ins n umber a bou t 4 0 . T hey d epic t t he h ead o f A thene a nd a j ump ing l i on , t he h ead o f H erak les w i th a l i on s k in a nd wrea th o f e ars o f whea t , a nd t he h ead o f ay oung man w i th aP hryg ian h e l me t a nd a t rophy , p i led o ver w i th a rms . T he e x tre me ly war l ike a ppearance o f t he l a t ter t ype c onnec ts i tw i th L ys i machus ' v ic tory a t I psus i n 3 01 B .C . 45 F our teen b ronze c oins w i th t he h ead o f A po l lo a nd a t r ipod , t he h ead o f H erak les a nd a c lub , a nd t he h ead o f ab oar a nd a s pearhead , a re a t tr ibu ted t o t he m in t ing o f Ada ios , ad ynas t k nown o n ly f ro m h is c o ins .4 6 I n c onc lus ion men t ion s hou ld b e made o f t wo c o mp le te ly u nknown c o ins o f Thrac ian r u lers , f ound i n S eu thopo l is , wh ich w i l l p robab ly p rov ide t he o ccas ion f or t he d iscovery o f n ew p ages i n T hrac ian h is tory . More t han 8 00 b ronze c oins o f d i f feren t v a lues s truck b y S eu thes D I were f ound i n S eu thopo lis . I n q uan t i ty t hey a re c ons iderably more n umerous t han t he f ore ign c oins , wh ich i nd ica tes t he d e f in i te e cono m ic r o le o f l oca l min t ing . They a re g rea t ly d epended o n , s ince t hey o f fer a c o mp lete p ic ture o f t he min ti ng o f S eu thes I I . T h is g ives g rea t o ppor tun i t ies f or e s tabl ish ing t he r e la t ive , a nd i n g enera l l ines t he a bso lu te c hrono logy o f t he i nd iv idua l t ypes o f c o ins . The s uccess fu l o verco m ing o f t h is g rea t q ues t ion mark i n n um is ma t ics w i l l p lace t he k ey t o many p rob le ms i nt he h ands o f h is tor ians , p rob le ms c oncerni ng E ar ly H e l len is t ic s oc ie ty among t he Thracians a nd t he o rgan iza t ion o f t heir s ta te . Tha t i s why e xcep t iona l a t ten t ion i s p a id t o t he Thracian c o ins f ro m S eu thopo lis , a nd g rea t h opes a re p laced u pon t he m . T he c o ins o f S eu thes a re g rouped i n 7 ma in t ypes : 1 .

o bv .

H ead o f Z eus w i th a l aurel wrea th o r d iade m t o t he r igh t .

r ev .

S pearhead t o t he r igh t .

A bove i t EEY80Y . B e low i tas ymbo l-s tar

w i th a d i f feren t n umber o f p oin ts .

2 0 c oins ( F ig . 6 7a ) .

3 5

2 .

o bv .

H ead o f Z eus w i th l aure l wrea th t o r igh t .

r ev . T hunderbo l t , a bove i t EEYSOY . B e low i tas y mbo l-s tar w i th a d i ff eren t n u mber o f p o in ts o r a wrea th . 3 0 c oins ( F ig . 6 7b ) . 3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

o bv .

E igh t-po in t s tar .

C irc le o f g ra ins .

r ev .

T hunderbo l t , a bove i t EEYOOY . 6 7 c o ins ( F ig . 6 7c ) .

o bv .

E ag le w i th f o lded w ings t o r igh t .

r ev .

Wrea th o f e ars o f ac erea l i n t he midd le

o bv .

E ag le w i th f o lded w ings t o r igh t .

r ev .

Thunderbo l t , a bove i t EEYe0Y . 3 8 c o ins ( F ig . 6 8 ).

o bv .

H ead o f Z eus w i th l aure l wrea th t o r igh t .

C irc le o f g ra ins . EEY 1 06 c oins ( F ig . 6 7d ) . 00Y• Wi th o r w i thou t c irc le o f g ra in .

Wi th o r w i thou t c irc le o f

g ra in . r ev .

H orse mov ing s low ly r igh t a bove i t EEYe0Y . B e low s y mbo l-s tar

w i th v ary ing n umber o f p o in ts , a wrea th o r as tar a nd wrea th t oge ther . I n s o me c ases s y mbo ls a re l ack ing . 7 .

o bv .

H ead o f ab earded man w i th l ong h a ir a nd l aurel wrea th t o r igh t .

P or tra i t o f S eu thes I I . r ev .

2 93 c oins ( F ig . 6 9 ) .

W i th o r w i thou t c irc le o f g ra ins .

H ors man j umping t o r igh t .

wrea th o r e igh t-poin t s tar . ( F ig . 7 0 ) .

A bove i t EEY KY . B elow s y mbo ls —

I n s o me c ases s ymbo ls a re l ack ing .

Type 1 i s o n ly k nown f ro m S eu thopo l is .

2 87 c o ins

I ti s a t tr ibu ted t o t he min t ing o f

S eu thes I I , a nd n o t t o a ny o f t he o ther T hracian k ings o f t ha t n a me b ecause o f t he f o l low ing c ons idera t ions : The c hrono log ica l l im i ts o f a ncien t S eu thopo l is a re f ixed b y t he c oins o f P h i l ip I a nd t hose o f D e me tr ius I o r D e me tr ius I .

On ly o ne S eu thes , S eu thes

I I , i s k nown w i th in t h is c hrono log ica l f ra mework . The d es igns o n t h is t ype a re t he ma t ica l ly s im i lar t o t hose o nf ive o f t he r e ma in ing 6 t ypes o f c oins m in ted b y S eu thes I I . On t he m e i ther t he image o f Z eus o r o ne o f h is a t tr ib u tes , i s t o b e f ound :

at hunderbo l t , a n e ag le , a nd i n t he p resen t c ase a s pear .

The image o f Z eus o nt h is t ype i s , i n g enera l l ines , a na logous w i th Z eus o nt he c o ins o f P h i l ip I , a nd a lso w i th Z eus o n t ypes 2 a nd 6 . The r ese mb lance i s e xpressed i nt he s im i lar manner o f t rea t ing t he i nd iv idua l e le men ts : s tra igh t n ose , c ur ly b eard , c lear ly marked l aure l wrea th . The s pearhead i s a lso f ound o n t he c o ins o f C assander ( 3 16-297 B . C .) . T he s y mbo l-s tar w i th a v ary ing n umber o f p o in ts i s a lso c harac ter is t ic o f t he c o ins o f C assander , a s we l l a s o f t he t hree o ther t ypes o f S eu thes — 2 , 6 a nd 7 . Many s cho lars a t tr ibu ted s o me o f t he t ypes t hus l i s ted ( mos t o f ten t hose w i th t he e ag le ) t o t he min t ing o f S eu thes I V ( a bou t 2 00 B . C .) .

Th is p oin t o f

v iew was c a tegor ica l ly d isproved b y t he S eu thopo l is n um is ma t ic ma ter ia l i n wh ich a l l s even t ypes , a ccord ing t o s tra t igraphy , t he mes o f t he r epresen ta t ions a nd i nscr ipt ions a re c o mponen ts o f o ne a nd t he s a me m in t ing — t ha t o f S eu thes

3 6

The c o ins o f S eu thes o vers truck o n o lder f ore ign c o ins a re o f p ar t icu lar i n teres t a nd impor tance . T here a re a bou t 9 0 o f t he m . Wha t c an b e s a id a bou t t he d a t ing a nd c hronology o f S eu thes ' c oins? U p t o t he p resen t t ime t he e x tens ive r esearch work d evo ted t o t he m was b ased w i thou t e xcep t ion o n s ty l is t ic a na lys is a nd o vers tr ik in .g . Ow ing t o l ack o f ma ter ia l f ro m a rchaeo log ica l d igg ings , n o s tra t igraph ic d a ta a re q uo ted . Two s can ty h oards o f S eu thes ' c oins , wh ich n ever the less e x is ted , were n eg lec ted q u i te w i thou t j us ti f ica t ion . A t t he p resen t mo men t o ur c onc lus ions c an b e b ased o n s evera l p o in ts . 1 .

T he t ypes o nt he c o ins o f S eu thes mark t wo l arge t he ma t ic g roups :

A ( Types 1 -6 i ncl .) whose d es igns a re e n t ire ly i n t he s p ir i t o f t he c u l t o f Z eus , a nd B ( Type 7 ) , i n wh ich t he c u l t o f K ing S eu thes I I h i mse l f i s r e f lec ted . For i t s p ar t , G roup A i s d iv ided i n to t wo s ub-groups — A Ia nd A I . On ly t he a t tr ibu tes o f Z eus ( t he t hunderbo l t a nd t he e ag le w i th f o lded w ings ) a re d ep icted o nt he c oins o f A I( Types 3 , 4a nd 5 ) , wh i le o n t hose o f AI ( Types 1 , 2a nd 6 )t he image o f t he d e i ty i s t o b e s een . I n o ur o p in ion t hese t hree g roups r epresen t i nd iv idua l s tages o f t he min t ing o f S eu thes I I a nd s hou ld b e d e l im i ted b oth t he ma t ica l ly a nd c hrono log ica l ly . I ti s o f i n teres t t o n o te t ha t t he c u l t o f Z eus i s n o t t yp ica l o f t he T hrac ian r el ig ion a nd was n o t r e f lec ted o nt he T hrac ian c o ins p receding S eu thes I n t h is r espec t t he l a t ter 's min t ing was q u i te a n ew e ven t . Macedon ian e le men ts a re much more c lear ly t o b e d iscovered i n i tt han t hose o f t he a nc ien t T hracian t rad i t ions . Th is p heno menon was p robab ly t he r esu l t o f t he g rea t a dvance o f H el len ic i n f luence a f ter t he c a mpa igns o f P h i l ip I i n Thrace . 2 .

The a ccessory s ymbo ls o n S eu thes ' c o ins a ga in g roup t he m i n s ect ions

— w ith a nd w ithout s ymbo ls. a nd i n t he s econd — A I .

I n t he f i rst w e f ind A I a nd B o f t he a bove i t e m,

F rom t h is i tc an b e c onc luded t hat A I a nd B a re

f ound w ith t he s ame s ymbo ls , a l though w ith v ary ing f requency :

i n Type 1 .

o n ly a s tar, i n Type 2 a s tar a nd a w reath , i n t ype 6 t he s tar p redom ina tes a nd t he w reath i s s een f ar l ess ( t hey a re a lso f ound t ogether ), a nd i n Type 7 o n ly t he w reath i s f ound a nd t he s tar i n t wo c ases a lone. 3 .

T he o vers truck c oins c an a lready p rov ide a more e xac t i dea f or t he

d a t ing o ft he i nd iv idua l t ypes .

T h is i s h ow t hey a re d is tr ibu ted :

Type 4 — 1 o n c oin o f u n iden t i f ied t ype ; Type 5 — 3 o n c o ins o f C assander w i th a c ouchan t l i on ( 3 16-306 B . C .) ; T ype 6 — 3 o n c o ins o f A lexander , 1 7 o n C assander 's w i th a l i on , 1o n C assander 's w i th a t r ipod ( 3 06-305 B . C .) , 3o n C assander 's w i th a h orseman ( 301 B . C .) 4 7 ,1 o n ac o in o f L ys i machus , o f a n u ncer ta in t ype , a nd 4 5 u nde f ined o vers tr ikes . T ype 7 — 2 o n C assander 's c o ins w i th a l i on , 2o n C assander 's c oins w i th at r ipod , 4o n C assander 's c oins w i th a h orse man , a nd 6 u nde f ined . I ti s o bv ious t ha t T ypes 6 a nd 7 a re t he l a tes t . They were a lso s truck a f ter 3 06 B .C . Accord ing t o t he a bove o vers tr ikes t he c onc lus ion c an b e d rawn t ha t

3 7

t hey were min ted a l mos t s imu l taneous ly . H owever , t he d i f feren t s y mbo ls ( s ee I t em 2 ) i nd ica te t he c on trary . B es ides , b o th t ypes a re r epresen ted b y av ery l arge n umber o f c o ins — t hey were s truck f or t he n eeds o f c ircu la t ion , wh ich c ou ld h ard ly h ave o ccurred i n ad e f in i te p er iod b y t he s imu l taneous c irc u la t ion o f av as t n umber o f c o ins o f b o th t ypes , v as t b y t he s ca le o f S eu thes ' min ting . Moreover , t he n umber o f o vers truck c o ins o f b o th t ypes i s q u i te d i f feren t . T h is i nd ica tes t ha t t hey were s truck u nder d i f feren t c ond i t ions o f t he mi l ieu o f c ircu la t ion i n t he r eg ion o f S eu thopo l is — T ype 6 , when t he c o ins o f C assander a nd L ys i machus were t o b e f ound i n a bundance , a nd T ype 7 e i ther b e fore o r a f ter t h is p er iod . H owever , a s was s een , s o me o f t he o vers truck c o ins d ate Type 7 a f ter 3 06 B .C., s o t hat i th as t o b e a ccepted t hat t h is t ype w as s truck a f ter Type 6 . Th is c onc lus ion i s p ar t icu lar ly c learly c on f ir med b y t he d istr ibu t ion o f t he t wo t ypes. I ti s f ar more l og ica l t o p lace T ype 5b e fore T ype 6 , b ecause o vers tr ik ing o n c oins s truck o n ly b efore 3 06 B . C . i s f ound . T he ir sma l l n umber i s a n i nd ica t ion t ha t t h is t ype c eased t o b e s truck b e fore t he c o ins o f C assander made t heir way o n al arge s ca le i n to S eu thopo l is . I n t h is way , d a t ing b y way o f o r ient a t ion c an b e g iven t o T ype 5 , w i th a f ina l l im i t o f a bou t 3 13-310 B . C .

F or

T ype 7 i tc an b e a l lowed t ha t t he t ime when i t was f i rs t s truck c oinc ided w i th t he y ears im med ia te ly a f ter t he d ea th o f C assander ( 2 97 B . C .) wh ich p u t a n e nd t o t he l arges t s ource o f f ore ign c o ins i n S eu thopo lis i n t he l as t 1 5 y ears o f t he f our th c en tury , r epresen ta t ives o f t he l as t i ssues o f t h is k ing r e ma in ing i n c ircu la t ion . H owever , i fT ype 7 i s d a ted l a ter t han T ype 6 d oes n o t t he l ack o f o vers tr ik ing o f t h is t ype o n c o ins o f C assander a nd L ys imachus a ppear a s a n a rgumen t a ga ins t t h is? I ti s k nown t ha t a f ter 3 01 B . C . ( t he B a t t le o f I psus ) , L ys i machus s e t t led c h ie f ly i n As ia M inor . Th is s hou ld h ave l ed t o ar educ t ion o f h is c oins i n Thrace , c h ie f ly o f t he b ronze c o ins wh ich were i n tended f or more l oca l u se . And i ndeed , o n ly 5 o f L ys i machus ' c o ins w i th t roph ies c o me f ro m S eu thopo l is o u t o f at o ta l o f 4 0 b ronze c o ins o f t h is r u ler . As t o C assander 's c oins w i th ah orse man , ow ing t o t he s im i lar i ty o f t he t ypes w i th T ype 7 ( a lso a h orse man , o n ly n o t g a l lop ing ) i t wou ld b e r a ther d i f f icu l t t o e s tabl ish t he t ype o f t he o ld c oin i n o vers tr ik ing o f T ype 7 o n s uch a c o in .

S evera l o vers truck e xa mp les

o f T ype 7 a rouse t he s usp ic ion t ha t i t was p rec ise ly t he c oins o f C assander w i th ah orse man wh ich were u sed t o t h is e nd . T he o n ly c oin o f T ype 4 wh ich s hows s l igh t t races o f h av ing b een o vers truck c anno t g ive g rounds f or f ir mer c onc lus ions a s t o t he d a t ing o f t h is t ype . I t was o ne o f t he ' l arge ' t ypes , r epresen ted b y 1 06 c oins a nd t he p resence o f o n ly o ne o vers tr ike , n o t v ery c er ta in a t t ha t , s hows t ha t t he t ype was s truck u nder c ond i t ions i n wh ich o vers tr ik ing was n o t s o n ecessary a s f or t ypes 5 , 6a nd 7 . T h is c ou ld we l l h ave b een t he p er iod a t t he e nd o f t he r eign o f A lexander t he G rea t , o r im med ia te ly a f ter h is d ea th , when h is b ronze c o ins , a nd p robab ly a lso t hose o f P h i l ip I , were v a lued a nd p re ferred i np ay men t , s o t ha t i t was n o t n ecessary t o o vers tr ike t he m . Moreover , i ti s l og ica l t o s uppose t ha t when h e f irs t b egan t o m in t money S eu thes I lf e l t n o i nsu f f ic iency o f ma ter ia l f or h is c oins .

3 8

I ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t he a bove c o in a ppears i n a way a s ac onnec t ing l ink b etween T ypes 4 a nd 5 .

F irs t t he f or m o f t he c o in ( wi th a l arger d ia me ter a nd

f la t ter ) i s c harac ter is t ic o f T ype 5 , n o t o f T ype 4 .

S econd , t he e ag le o n t h is

c o in h as a marked t a i l , s l igh t ly o u tspread , wh ich i s much c loser t o t ha t o f t he e ag les o n T ype 5 .

Ow ing t o t hese c ons idera t ions t he t wo t ypes s hou ld b e

t aken a s ' ne ighbours ' i n t he m in t ing o f S eu thes , T ype 4 b e ing t he e ar l ier o f t he t wo . 4 .

S tra t igraphy a nd D is tr ibu t ion o f S eu thes ' C o ins .

Accord ing t o t he ir

d is tr ibu t ion t he mone tary t ypes o f S eu thes I I c an b e g rouped a s f o l lows : — d is tr ibu ted o n ly i n t he c i ty ( Type 1 ) . — i n t he c i ty a nd t he e ar th o f t he t hree t umu l i ( Types 2 ,3 ,4 , 5 ,6) . — i n t he c i ty a nd t he t o mbs o f t he t umu l i ( Type 7 ) . T h is me thod o f g rouping c on f ir ms t he f ac t t ha t T ype 7 i s t he l a tes t , s ince i ti s f ound i n t he t o mbs b u t i s n o t f ound i n t he e ar th o f t he t umu l i .

A l l t he

ma ter ia ls c on ta ined i n t he l a t ter c hrono log ica l ly p recede t hose i n t he t o mbs . A c er ta in p er iod o f t he min t ing a nd c ircu la t ion o f T ype 7 c o inc ides w i th a n ew s tage i n t he d eve lop men t o f t he f unera l f urn i ture i n S eu thopo l is — t he a ppearance o f t he r ec tangu lar b r ick t o mbs i ns tead o f t he o lder b eeh ive o nes .

A sma l l

h oard o f 4c o ins w i th t he p or tra i t o f S eu thes c a me t o l igh t i n o ne o f t he t wo s ec ondary b r ick t o mbs w i th r ec tangu lar p lan i n Tumu lus N o 2 .

I s i s i n teres t ing

t o n o te t ha t g o ld f ibu lae s howing a C e l t ic i n f luence w ere f ound i n t he o ther t o mb , a nd t h is c a tegor ica l ly d a tes t he t o mbs a f ter t he y ear 3 00 B . C . T he s tra t igraphy o f t he i nd iv idua l t ypes i n t he c i ty a lso c on f ir ms t he f ac t t ha t T ypes 6 a nd 7 were t he l a tes t : TABLE 1 S tra t igraphy o f C o ins F ound i n t he C i ty

D ep th

0 -0 .20 m 0 .20-0 .40 m

T ype 1

T ype 2

2 (10% )

1( 4% ) 1( 4% )

T ype 3

4 (6% ) 5 (8% )

T ype 4

T ype 5

T ype 6

5 (5% ) 1 0(11% )

2 (6% ) 5 (16% )

1 0(3% ) 3 2(11% )

T ype 7

1 1(4% ) 5 2(20% )

0 .40-0 .60 m

4 (21% )

6 (25% )

1 3(20% )

2 0(22% )

6 (19% )

9 8(35% )

8 5(33% )

0 .60-0 .80 m 0 . 8 0-1 .0 0 m

4 (21% ) 6 (32% )

7 (29% ) 4 (17% )

2 2(35% ) 1 3(20% )

2 8(30% ) 1 9(21% )

1 3(42% ) 4 (13% )

7 8 (28% ) 3 6(16% )

6 9(27% ) 3 2(12% )

1.0 0-1. 2 0 m 1.2 0-1 .40 m

2 (10% ) 1 (5% )

5 (20% )

4 (6% )

7 (8% ) 3 (3% )

1 (3% )

1 .40-1.60 m

T o ta l

1( 2% )

1 9

2 4

6 2

3 9

1 4(5% ) 5 (2% )

9 (4% )

1

9 2

3 1

2 74

2 57

5 .

Weigh t o f t he C o ins .

H ere t he a verage weigh t a nd l im i ts o f t he p re-

d om inan t we igh ts o f c oins o f e very t ype a re e s tab l ished .

The r esu l ts a re a s

f o l lows : T ype 1 - a verage we igh t 1 .29 g ;

p redo m inan t we igh ts b etween 1 .01 a nd 1 .40 g .

T ype 2 - a verage we igh t 2 .50 g ;

p redo m inan t we igh ts b e tween 2 .01 a nd 2 .60 g .

T ype 3 - a verage we igh t 1 .59 g ;

p redo m inan t we igh ts b etween 1 .21 a nd 1 .60 g .

T ype 4 - a verage we igh t 2 .96 g ;

p redo m inan t we igh ts b e tween 2 .81 a nd 3 .20 g .

T ype 5 - a verage we igh t 3 .66 g ; T ype 6 - a verage we igh t 4 .51 g ;

p redo m inan t we igh ts b e tween 3 .01 a nd 3 .80 g . p redo m inan t we igh ts b e tween 3 .21 a nd 4 .00 g . 4 .21 a nd 4 .40 g . 5 .41 a nd 5 .60 g .

T ype 7 - a verage we igh t 5 .61 g ;

p redo m inan t we igh ts b e tween 5 .41 a nd 6 .40 g .

The b ronze o f wh ich t he c o ins were s truck was n o t h igh ly v a lued a nd t he d i f ference o f s evera l g ra m mes i n c o ins o f o ne a nd t he s a me t ype was f requen t . T he t able s hows t ha t i n t ypes 1 - 5 a nd 7 t he a verage we igh t f i ts i n to t he l im i ts o f p redo m inan t we igh ts .

I n T ype 6 , h owever , t hese l im i ts a re v ery w ide a nd

a re n o t c o mpac t — ar educt ion i n t he n umber o f c o ins w i th we igh ts b e tween 4 .00-4 .20 a nd 4 .40-5 .40 g i s t o b e o bserved .

We a re i nc l ined t o e xp la in t h is

a no ma ly b y t he l arge amoun t o f o vers tr ik ing wh ich l ed t o ag rea t v ar iety i n t he we igh t o f t he c o ins . A lso b ear ing i n mind t he h oards c on ta in ing c o ins o f T ype 6p rec ise ly , we c ons ider t ha t t h is t ype was s truck u nder t he c ond i t ions o f mos t i n tens ive c ircu la t ion .

These c ond i t ions imposed t he r ap id i n troduc t ion o f n ew

q uan t i t ies o f c o ins i n to c ircu la t ion , wh ich l ed t o n eg l igence i n s tr ik ing t he m a s r egards t he ir weigh t . A c ur ious d eta i l h as a lso b een e s tab l ished — t he c o ins o f T ypes 6 a nd 7 s truck f ro m t he s a me d ies ( w i th f ew e xcep t ions ) h ave v ery s im i lar weigh ts ( w i th in t he l im i ts o f 0 .60-0 .80 g ) .

Obv ious ly t he w e igh ts o f t he c o ins d epended

o n t he p ersona l f ee l ing o f t he moneyers f or we igh t .

T he p oss ibi l i ty t ha t c er-

t a in o f S eu thes ' monetary t ypes o f sma l ler we igh t were s ubd iv is ions o f t he l arger o nes a nd t ha t a t ap ar t icu lar p er iod t hey were i n c ircu la t ion i ns tead o f t he m i s n o t t o b e e xc luded .

I nt h is r espec t G roup A I ( Types 1 , 2a nd 6 )

a rouses t he g rea tes t s usp ic ions .

As was n o ted , T ype 6 , wh ich i s t he p r inc i-

p a l o ne b o th i n we igh t a nd i n t he n u mber o f c oins , was i n u se u nder t he c ond it ions o f i n tens ive c ircu la t ion , i n wh ich c o ins o f l ower v a lues wou ld h ave b een n ecessary .

H owever , n oth ing c an a s y e t b e s a id w i th c er ta in ty a bou t t h is

q ues t ion . 6 .

H oards o f S eu thes ' C o ins .

Two s uch h oards o r ig ina te f ro m S eu thopo l is ,

i ncreas ing t he t ota l n u mber k nown w i th c o ins o f S eu thes t o f our . T he f irs t h oard c ons is ts o f f our c o ins o f T ype 7 , f ound i n t he b r ick t o mb 3i n t u mu lus N o 2 .

One o f t he m i s o vers truck o n o ne o f C assander 's c oins

w i th a t r ipod . The s econd h oard c on ta ins 2 1 c o ins o f T ype 6 ( 7o vers truck , 2o f wh ich o n C assander 's l i on a nd o ne o n o ne o f A lexander 's c o ins ) a nd a c oin o f C assander w i th a l i on c ouchan t . T he c o mpos i t ion o f t he t wo h oards c on f ir ms t he f ac t t ha t T ypes 6 a nd 7 were n o t i n c ircu la t ion a t t he s a me t ime .

4 0

T he f irs t h oard i s o f a more s pec ia l c harac ter — i t was f ound i n t he t o mb i n wh ich i t was a f unera l g i f t . t he G rea t was f ound .

I n t h is s a me t o mb 3 a s i lver d rach m o f A lexander

F our o f t he c o ins o f T ype 7 were worn wh ich i s why t here

a re n o g rounds t o p lace t he t ime when t hey were s truck c lose t o t he t ime when t hey w ere p laced i n t he t o mb .

I t s hou ld t here fore b e a ccep ted t ha t , s ince t he

b r ick t o mbs o f ar ec tangu lar p lan a re t he l a tes t s tage o f f unera l c ons truc t ion n ear S eu thopo l is , T ype 7 h ad b een s truck e ar l ier t han t he t ime o f t he u se o f t he t o mbs , b u t s o me e xa mp les o f t h is t ype were s t i l l i n c ircu la t ion i n S eu thop o lis .

T he s econd h oard p rov ides s evera l v a luab le d a ta o n t he c ircu la t ion o f

Type 6 . The d ep th a t wh ich i t was f ound , ( 55 cm ) a bove a l l c orresponds t o t he s tra tum o f 4 0-60 cm , i n wh ich t here was t he l arges t n umber o f c o ins o f Types 6 a nd 7 , a nd t h is s uppor ts t he c orrec tness o f t he c onc lus ions d rawn f ro m o ur s trat igraph ic o bserva t ions c oncern ing t hese t ypes. A l l t he c o ins o f t he h oard were o u t o f c ircu la t ion b efore 3 06 B .C., s ince t he f ore ign c o in ( Cassander 's ) was d a ted b e tween 3 16 a nd 3 06 B . C ., a nd t he o vers tr ikes i den t i f ied a re o n c o ins o f t he s a me t ype .

The c oex is tence o f o vers truck a nd r egu lar f ore ign

c oins i nt he h oard emphas izes t he f ac t t ha t o vers tr ik ing was c h ie f ly d icta ted b y t he n eed f or ma ter ia l f or t he l oca l min t .

H owever , c er ta in d irec t ing i n-

f luences o f ap o li t ica l n a ture a re n o t e xc luded .

The p ropor t ion o f r es truck t o

r egu lar c oins ( 1 :3 ) , a s we l l a s t he g rea t d i f ferences i n t he we igh ts o f t he c o ins ( t he d i f ference b e tween t he l igh tes t a nd t he h eav ies t i s a bou t 3 .50 g .) d o n o t c on trad ic t t he g enera l r egu lar p rocesses i n T ype 6 , e s tab l ished i n t he a bove i t e ms .

U p t o 3 06 B . C . r es tr ik ing was v ery i n tens ive ly c arr ied o u t .

The h oard f ro m t he v i l lage o f Dogand ji ( t oday S oko l i tsa n ear Kar lovo ) d isc overed a s e ar ly a s 1 912 , i s o f g rea t impor tance . 48 o f t ype 6 ( 1 7 , o f wh ich 1 5 h ave b een p reserved ) .

I ta lso c ons is ts o f c oins

H owever , t h is h oard i s d a ted

a f ter 3 01 , s ince t wo o vers truck c oins o f L ys i machus w i th t rophy were among t he m , a nd o ne o n ac o in o f C assander w i th l i on . R egu lar f oreign c oins a re l ack ing , wh ich l eads t o t he i dea t ha t a t t he t urn o f t he f our th a nd t h ird c en tury B . C . ( and t hese a re t he l as t y ears i n wh ich c o ins o f T ype 6 were s truck ) c o ins o f t h is t ype were a lready s u f f ic ien t i n q uan t i ty f or t he n eeds o f c ircu la t ion . Th is s uppos i t ion c an a lso e xp la in t he l esser amoun t o f r es truck c o ins — i n t he D ogand ji h oard .

1/ 5

I n c onc lus ion we s hou ld l i ke t o d raw a t ten t ion o nce more t o t he mos t i nt eres t ing a nd mos t p uzzl ing c o ins o f S eu thes I I — t hose w i th h is p or tra i t . Nu m is ma t is ts who h ad s tud ied t he m , were a l mos t u nan i mous i n a t tr ibu t ing t he m t o a round 3 24-323 B .C . ,a nd c onnec ted t he m w i th t he r evo l t o f S eu thes a ga ins t A lexander t he Grea t a nd L ys i machus .

H owever , i tp roved t ha t t hey were t he

l a tes t t ype o f S eu thes I I , wh ich were s truck , a ccord ing t o o ur a t tr ibu t ion , a f ter 2 95 .

I n o ur o pin ion t here a re s er ious a rgu men ts i n f avour o f t he i dea t ha t

T ype 7 w as n ot s truck b y S eu thes h i mse l f , b u t b y h is h e irs .

I n E ar ly H e l len is-

t i c t i mes i t was q u i te u nusua l f or a d ynas t t o p lace h is own image o n h is c oins . Moreover , S eu thes i s d epic ted a s a n o ld man w i th a t ired a nd h eavy l ook .

T .

G erass i mov e s tabl ished t ha t t he c o ins o f T ype 7 h ad a s t he ir p ro to type a s ta tue p or tra i t o f t he k ing .

4 9

Add ing t o t hese f acts t he s i mple c a lcu la t ions c oncern-

i ng t he e ven tua l a ge o f S eu thes I I i n a bou t 2 95 , i tb ecomes c lear t hat Type 7 w as mos t p robab ly a n o r ig ina l p os thu mous i ssue o f c oins t hrough wh ich t he g lor ious r u ler was im mor ta lized a nd d e i f ied , o n t he o ne h and , wh i le i n a dd i t ion t he n ew r u lers o f t he k ingdo m were p opu lar ized a s h is s uccessors .

4 1

R egard ing t he p lace where S eu thes ' c oins w ere s truck , we h ave c er ta in ma ter ia l t races a t o ur d isposa l wh ich l oca l ize i tp rec ise ly i n S eu thopo l is . We s hou ld , a bove a l l , d raw a t ten t ion t o ac o in o f T ype 6 , wh ich h as r e ma ined u n f in ished , w i th a smoo th r everse . I n t he s econd p lace t he b ronze b lank , we igh ing 1 .20 g , f ound t oge ther w i th a c o in o f T ype 2 , s hou ld b e n o ted . Thus t he n um is ma t ic ma ter ia l f ro m S eu thopo l is c harac ter izes t he c ap i ta l o f S eu thes i f i a s ac en tre o f d e f in i te e cono m ic impor tance .

T he v ar iety o f t he

c o ins u sed i nt he c i ty i s d ue t o i t s e x tens ive r e la t ions , c o mmercia l a nd p o l it i ca l , w i th o ther c en tres o f t he a nc ien t wor ld . T he n eed f or t he l oca l c ircul a t ion o f c o in t ypes o f v arying d eno m ina t iona l v a lue h ave h ad a n i n f luence h ere. B ronze c o ins p redo m ina te i n S eu thopo l is , wh ich i s as ign o f t he a ppearance o f mone tary r e la t ions i n t he d o mes t ic t rade o f t he r eg ion , more e xac t ly i n sma l ls ca le c o m mercia l o pera t ions a nd o f a mass c harac ter . T h is s pecia l f ea ture o f t he e cono m ic d eve lop men t s hou ld , p erhaps , d irec t f ur ther r esearch t o t he more p rec ise e s tabl ish men t o f t he e x ten t o f t he n ew H e l len is t ic e le men t i nt he e cono m ic , p o li t ica l a nd c u l tura l d eve lop men t o f Thrac ian s oc ie ty i n t he p er iod i n wh ich S eu thes I I a nd h is s uccessors r e igned . I nt he f irs t y ears o f t he c i ty 's e x is tence t he b ronze c oins o f P h i lip I a nd A lexander t he G rea t were e xc lus ive ly u sed i n S eu thopo l is . T he d eve lop men t o f l oca l m in t ing o f c o ins b egan u nder t he i n f luence o f t heir monetary t ypes , a nd t h is was u ndoubted ly s t i mu la ted b y t he s tr iv ing o f S eu thes D I t o r id h imsel f o f p o l i t ica l d ependence o nt he Macedon ian r u lers . H is c o ins mark a n ew s tage i nt he Thrac ian min t ing o f c oins b o th i n t ypes a nd i n t he a rea i n wh ich t hey c ircu la ted .

T he i n ten t ion o f S eu thes ' f irs t c oins ( mos t p robab ly .o f T ype 3 ) was

c h ie f ly t o p opu lar ize t he r u le o f t he k ing a nd i n n o c ase t o s upp le men t t he i ns u f f iciency o f f ore ign c oins i nt he c ircu la t ion o f s o me o f t he p er iphera l r eg ions o f S eu thes ' k ingdo m . Ah oard f ro m t he v i l lage o f Mog i lovo , n ear N ova Z agora , h as c o me d own t o u s , c on ta in ing 5 6 b ron ze c o ins o f P h i lip I , 4 7 o f A lexander t he Grea t a nd o ne o f S eu thes I I , o f T ype 3 .

5 0

Ow ing t o an umber o f r easons

o f a n e cono m ic a nd p o li t ica l c harac ter , i tb eca me i mpera t ive f or S eu thes I I t o improve h is min t ing o f c oins a nd t o e x tend i t s s ca le . H e b egan t o m in t c o ins o f l arger v a lues i n v ery l arge q uan ti t ies , a nd p oss ib ly a lso o f 2t o 3d enom inat i ons a t t he s a me t ime . T he b eg inn ing o f t he m in t ing o f c oins b y S eu thes c harac ter ized a s i t s s econd s tage , i s a t tr ibu ted t o 3 13-310 B . C . ( t he a ppeara nce o f T ype 6 ) . I tc an d ef in i te ly b e a sser ted t ha t t h is s econd s tage was n ot t he r esu l t o f a ny a rb i trary wh im o f t he k ing 's , b u t was imposed b y t he d eve lopmen t o f c ircu la t ion a l l o ver S eu thes ' k ingdo m . T he t wo h oards o f c o ins o f T ype 6 — o ne i nt he c ap i ta l a nd t he o ther i n t he p rov inc ia l r eg ions o f t he k ingd om — a re p roo f o f t h is . The ir c on ten t s hows t ha t t he c oins o f S eu thes I l were i ncreas ing ly d r iv ing o u t f ore ign c oins f ro m d a i ly c ircu la t ion a nd t h is t rend i ncreased .

Many o f t he f ore ign c o ins w ere u sed a s ma ter ia l f or t he

m in t ing o f S eu thes ' c o ins wh ich were a lready e x tre mely p opu lar . A t t he t urn o f t he f our th a nd t h ird c en tury B .C . c oins s u f f icien t i n q uan t i ty t o mee t t he n eeds o f t he l oca l marke t were min ted i n S eu thopo l is . F or t h is r eason o vers tr ik ing was l im i ted i n t hese y ears . We c ons ider t ha t i ti s p rec ise ly t hese y ears wh ich s hou ld b e h e ld a s mark ing t he g rea tes t e cono m ic p rosper i ty o f t he k ingdo m o f S eu thes . T he f o l low ing o ne o r t wo d ecades s how an arrowing o f t he i nhab i ted t err i tory a round S eu thopo l is , al im i t ing o f t he d ist r ibu t ion o f t he l as t t ype o f S eu thes ' c o ins , n o h oards o f a n e cono m ic c harac ter o f wh ich a re k nown . 2 80-279 B .C . p o l is .

We s hou ld l ook f or t he e nd o f t he k ingdo m o f S eu thes i n

N o c o ins d a ted w i th c er ta in ty a f ter 2 80 h ave b een f ound i n S eu tho4 2

CHAPTER I V REL IG ION

1 .

Ep igraph ica l Da ta o n Re l ig ion Wh i le d a ta o n t he b ur ia l c usto ms o f t he Thrac ians a re f a ir ly c o mp le te ,

k now ledge o f t he r e l ig ion o f t he T hrac ians i n t he p re-Ro man p er iod i s e x treme ly s can ty .

There i s s t i l l n o c lear i dea a s t o t he r e l ig ious f ounda t ion u pon

wh ich r e l ig ious s yncret is m d eve loped among t he Thrac ians a t al a ter d a te , i n t he a ge o f Ro man r u le .

I ti s s t i l l imposs ib le t o g ive a d ef in ite i n terpre ta t ion

o f t he n umerous r e l ig ious c u lts among t he Thrac ians o f al a ter p er iod , a lt hough t here a re n u merous e p igraph ic a nd f i gura l monu men ts o f t he R o man p er iod a t o ur d isposa l . T ha t i s p rec ise ly why t he d iscovery i n S eu thopo l is o f monu men ts c onnected w ith t he r e l ig ion o f t he T hrac ians o f t he Ear ly He l len ist ic a ge i s o f p ar t icu lar I n teres t .5 1 The l ast f ew l i nes o f t he g rea t i nscr ip t ion d iscovered i n 1 935, n ame ly f ro m t he 2 7 th t o t he 3 4th l i ne , a re o f p ar t icu lar s ign if icance f or t he p resen t s ub ject . T h is p ar t o f t he i nscr ip t ion r eads :

T bv ô

p xov T OÜTOV y po advaL

[ E]tcTf IXag X Letvag

t at ä vaTEe i jva t ,

[]µµly K aß(An t , E tg T b Z wo OpLov x al 3 0

E tg T Y 1V ä yopäv n apä T bµ Nµbv T bV T OÜ

' A n6XXwvog,kv 6

Eu ueo 7 t6XEL cc T b

L Epbv T WV ( D EWV T WV M EyäÄmv x at E tg T bv ä yopäv

VT WL T OÜ A uovi )cou L E[p i LL]

n apä E by 1 3 ( 1 )µ6v The s econd i nscr ipt ion was d iscovered i n J une 1 954 i n t he l ast d ays o f t he d igg ings, when t he wa ters o f t he R iver T ound ja , h e ld b ack b y t he d a m wa l l, w ere f l ood ing t he r u ins o f t he c i ty , wh ich was r ap id ly s ink ing t o t he b ot to m o f t he l ake n ow b e ing f or med . 7 2 , 7 3 ) .

T h is i nscr ip t ion was f ound a t t he a gora ( F igs .

I ti s ag ran ite b lock-ped i men t o f t he f o l low ing d i mens ions :

-0 . 8 8m , b read th - 0 .71 m a nd h e igh t -0 .36 m .

l eng th

There i s ah o le i n i t s c en tre

i n wh ich a n I ron wedge h ad b een t hrust a nd h ad h ad l ead p oured o ver i t .

A

t wol ine i nscr ip t ion i n Greek h ad b een c u t i n to t he l ower h a lf o f i t s h or izon ta l s urface ;

i t s l et ters were r a ther i rregu lar a nd r a ther d a maged .

o f t he l e t ters was 0 .035 - 0 .11 m . t he f o l low ing t ex t :

The h e igh t

Ap laster c ast made i tp ossib le t o d ec ipher

4 . Lato-T ag M nbCaTa L Ep i lTEC )cag A Lov1 3o1wL] 4 3

T he t rans la t ion r eads :

Ama istas, s on o f Med is tas, who was a p r ies t o f

D ionysus '. The p resence o f t he i ron wedge s hows t ha t a no ther o b jec t h ad b een s ound ly a t tached t o t he b lock , p oss ib ly a r e l ief , p robab ly i n c onnect ion w ith t he c u l t o f D ionysus . Moreover , t he p os it ion o f t h is p ed i men t was n o t a cc iden ta l .

The g rea t

I nscr ip t ion e xpress ly s ta tes t ha t t he Te mp le o f D ionysus a nd h is a l tar s tood o n t he c i ty s quare .

And i ndeed , i n t he d igg ing d one a t t he a gora t he r u ins o f

a n impor tan t b u i ld ing were f ound , t he p lan o f wh ich i t was n o t p oss ib le t o e st ab l ish b ecause o f i t s e x tre me ly r u inous s ta te .

N ot f ar f ro m i t , i n t he a gora

i t se lf , t he f ounda t ions o f a n a l tar , r ectangu lar i n f orm, w as f ound , i n t he a gora i tt he g ran ite b lock w i th t he i nscr ip t ion o f Ama istas.

T here c an h ard ly b e a ny

d oubt t ha t a l l t hese f i nds h ave a c onnec t ion w i th t he t e menos ( ho ly p lace) o f D ionysus ' s anctuary , where Ama istas, s on o f Med istas, s erved . Much h as b een wr it ten a bou t t he c u l t o f D ionysus among t he Thrac ians . However , d a ta o n t h is c u lt i n t he p re-Ro man a ge a re f ew .

H erodotus a lready

men t ions a s anctuary o f D ionysus o n t he Pangaeus ( Koushn itsa ) .

I t was i n t he

h ands o f t he S a trae , b u t i t s p r iests b e longed t o t he t r ibe o f t he Bess i .

Macrob ius

s peaks o f as anctuary o f D ionysus i n t he Rhodopes , wh ich was r ound i n f orm ( a r otonda ) .

S o me c ons ider t ha t i ti s t he s a me o ne ment ioned b y Cass ius D io .

L ast ly we k now t ha t V o logeses , l eader o f t he T hrac ian u pr is ing a ga inst t he R o mans i n 1 3-11 B .C . was a p r iest o f D ionysus . F or t he p resen t , t he t wo i nscr ip t ions f ro m S eu thopo l is a re t he e ar l iest e p igraph ic monu men ts c onnec ted w ith t he c u l t o f D ionysus among t he Thrac ians . Moreover , t he i nscr ip t ion o f Ama istas i s e x tre me ly impor tan t i n a nother r esp ect .

I ta lso s heds n ew l i gh t o n t he p r iest ly i nst itu t ion among t he Thrac ians.

Ama istas, s on o f Med istas, was a T hrac ian .

B oth n a mes a re Thrac ian .

Actua l ly t he n a me Ama istas i s f irst me t w i th h ere , b u t i ti s ac o mp lex n ame , c o mposed o f t wo e le men ts wh ich a re f am i l iar t o u s f ro m o ther Thrac ian n a mes . However , t he n ame Med istas i s a lso v ery r are ly me t w ith . i ti s k nown t o u s o n ly f ro m t wo Greek i nscr ip t ions .

F or t he p resen t

I n t he i nscr ip t ion f ro m

Mesa mbr ia t he n ame Med istas was b orne b y o ne o f t he f orefa thers o f t he Thrac ian p aradynast S ada l la .

One o f t he s ons o f t he Thrac ian r u ler K erseb lep tes

( 359-341) i s a lso c a l led Med istas i n t he we l l-known Decree o f De lph i . The i n terest ing t h ing a bou t t he i nscr ip t ion o f Ama istas f ro m S euthopo l is i s t ha t h e i s men t ioned a s af or mer p r iest .

The p r iest ly i nst itu t ion among t he

T hrac ians i n t he p re-Ro man a ge c an b e j udged f ro m d a ta p rov ided b y c erta in a nc ien t a u thors,

N o ma t ter h ow f rag men tary t hey may b e , t hey a re n ever the-

l ess p ar t icu lar ly v a luab le .

T hey a ctua l ly p resen t ad if feren t p icture o f t he

p r iest ly i nst i tu t ion i n v ar ious t r ibes, a p icture wh ich r ef lects t he d if feren t s tages o f ac o m mon d eve lop men t .

The d if feren t s tages i n t he i nd iv idua l t r ibes

c orrespond t o t he d if feren t d egree o f s oc io-econo m ic d eve lop men t o f t hese t r ibes .

I n c er ta in Thrac ian t r ibes, f or i nstance , t he r e l ig ious a nd p o l it ica l

f unct ions were n ot a s y e t p ersona l ly s epara ted . a t t he s ame t ime a p r iest .

4 4

T he c h ief ta in o f t he t r ibe was

A f ar more a dvanced p hase i n t h is r espect i s t o b e f ound among t he G etae , where t he p r iest ly i nst itu t ion was a lready p ersona l ly s epara ted f ro m t he ' k ing ly ' o ne . The i dea o f t he ' l iv ing g od ' ( D ieu v ivan t ) , p erson if ied i n t he h igh p r iest r egard less o f whe ther t he k ing ly p ower was a lso c o mbined i n h im o r n o t , a lso f ormed t he g rounds f or t he b ear ing o f p r iest ly r ank d ur ing a l i fe t i me . The d a ta p rov ided b y t he i nscr ip t ion o f Ama istas a re i n t ota l c on trad ict ion t o t h is t rad it ion .

Ama istas was n ot a p r iest f or h is l i fet i me .

h is d ed ica t ion h e n o l onger h ad t he r ank o f ap r iest .

When h e made

An ew s tage i n t he d eve l-

o p men t o ft he p r iest ly i nst itu t ion among t he Thrac ians o ugh t p robab ly t o b e s een i n t h is f act .

Among t he O drysae a t t he e nd o f t he 4 th c entury t he d eve l-

o p men t o f s oc ie ty h ad g one v ery f ar a head i n e very r espect .

T herefore i t was

p oss ib le f or c hanges t o s e t i n a s r egards t he p r iest ly i nst itu t ion a s we l l , wh ich h ad a lso b een i n f luenced b y t he He l len ic o rgan iza t ion o f t he c u l t . The c u lt o f t he C abe iro i e x isted i n S eu thopo l is, a nd t hey were v enera ted u nder t he n a me o f e coi l . t he Gods o f S a mothrace) . l arge i nscr ip t ion .

M ey6Xo t .‚ oi .

a c t io

p g ct ,x 0L

( t he Grea t G ods,

T he ir S anctuary i s men t ioned i n t wo p laces i n t he

T he f irst p ar t o f t he i nscr ip t ion i nfor ms u s t ha t o ne o f t he

p ersons men t ioned i n i t , Ep i menes, t ook r efuge i n t h is S anctuary .

Bu t‚ wha t

i s s t i l l more impor tan t , t he i nscr ip t ion a lso men t ions t ha t o ne o f t he f our s labs w ith t he ö pxog sworn t rea ty , was p laced i n t h is S anctuary . The g rea t i nscr ip t ion f ro m S eu thopo l is was a ctua l ly o ne o f t he f our c op ies o f t h is t rea ty . As was p o in ted o u t , t he i nscr ip t ion was f ound i n t he l argest b u i ld ing i n S eu thopo l is, whose f unct ion was e as i ly d e term ined f ro m i t s b r i l l iance a nd i t s p ar t icu lar l oca t ion i n t he p lan o f t he c i ty a s ap a lace , t he r es idence o f S eu thes I I .

However , t he c ircu mstance t ha t o ne o f t he t wo s labs w ith t he sworn

o b l iga t ion , i n tended t o b e e xh ib ited i n S eu thopo l is, was f ound p rec ise ly i n t h is b u i ld ing , t he c ircu mstance t ha t we e stab l ished t he p lace o f t he S anctuary o f D ionysus i n t he a gora , where t he o ther p laque s hou ld h ave b een , makes i tn ec essary t o a ccep t t he f act t ha t , a ccord ing t o t he d a ta o f t he i nscr ip t ion , t he r es idence o f S eu thes I I i nc luded i n i t s p lan t he s anctuary o f t he Grea t G ods . I n t h is c ase we c o me u pon a nother f orm i n wh ich t he i dea o f t he u n ity o f t he k ing ly a nd t he p r iest ly i nst itu t ion c on t inued t o e x ist among t he Thrac ians . P erhaps a t t h is t ime when , a s was a pparen t , p r iests who c ou ld b e c hanged ( t he c ase o f Ama istas ) h ad a lready a ppeared among t he Odrysae , t he p r iest ly f unct ions o f t he r u ler h ad b een r estr icted o n ly t o t he n arrow c irc le o f t he c u lt o f t he g rea test impor tance , i n t h is c ase t he c u lt o f t he Cabe iro i . We a re aware o f t he g rea t f a me a nd impor tance wh ich t he c u lt o f t he C abe iro l h ad a cqu ired i n t he H e l len ist ic e poch .

5 2

I n t h is c ase t he S anctuary

o n t he I s land o f S a mothrace , wh ich h ad r isen t o t he s tatus o f a n impor tan t r e l ig ious c en tre , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he p er iod o f A lexander a nd h is s uccessors, t he D iadoch i , b egan t o p lay a ma jor r o le .

I th ad t he r igh t o f a sy lu m wh ich a

n u mber o f em inen t p o l it ica l p ersona l it ies, s uch a s Ars ino ' d ( 281-280) , t he f or mer w ife o f L ys i machus, a nd o thers, a va i led t he mse lves o f . t he Cabe iro i s pread r ap id ly a l l o ver t he He l len ist ic wor ld .

4 5

T he c u l t o f

A t many p laces

t hey were k nown a s t he Grea t G ods ( 8E0 1 , g ods ( ecol ,

m ey6A0 t , ) o r t he S a mothrac ian

E o cp .oepo ctx L oy ) . The Thrac ian l ands d id n ot r e ma in u n touched

I n t h is r espect . H owever , t he monu men ts o f t he Thrac ian e poch k nown t o u s s o f ar c onc ern t he Greek c o lon ies a long t he B lack S ea c oast a nd t he Propon t is ( t he s hores o f t he S ea o f Mar mara ) a l most w ithou t e xcep t ion .

O f t he p re-Ro man p er iod

t here i s a n i nscr ip t ion f ro m D ionysopo l is ( 48 B .C . ) ; o ne f ro m I str ia - ( o f t he t urn o f t he t h ird a nd s econd c entur ies B .C . ) ; f ro m S estos, o ne o f a bou t 2 10-205 B . C.

On ly i n o ne i nscr ip t ion f ro m Odessos, d a ted a bout t he y ear

1 00 B .C . ,i s at e mp le o f t he Grea t G ods men t ioned wh ich was t o b e f ound i n t h is c ity a nd wh ich was c a l led S a mothrak ion .

I ti s a pparen t f ro m t hese e x-

amp les t hat , f or t he t ime b e ing t he g rea t i nscr ipt ion o f S eu thopo lis o f fers u s t he e ar l iest d a ta o n t he p ene tra t ion o f t he c u lt o f t he Grea t G ods ( i n a ny c ase b efore t he b eg inn ing o f t he t h ird c entury B .C . )i n T hrace i n g enera l , t ha t t h is c u lt f ound f er t i le s o i l i n t he Greek c o lon ies o n t he T hrac ian c oast , a nd t ha t i t h ad a lso s truck d eep r oots among t he Thrac ians a s e ar ly a s t he Ear ly H e l len ist ic a ge .

I t wou ld a ppear t ha t t he c u l t o f t he Grea t G ods i n S eu thopo l is p ene tra ted

d irect ly f ro m t he I s land o f S a mothrace a nd n o t , a s i s s upposed o f o ther G reek c u lts, t hrough t he Greek B lack S ea c o lon ies . We men t ioned a bove t he g rea t f ame o f t he t e mp le o f t he C abe iro i o n t he I s land o f S a mothrace .

L et i tn ot b e f orgot ten t ha t t he a rchaeo log ica l f i nds i n

S euthopo l is, p ar t icu lar ly t he amphorae w ith T hasos s ta mps, i nd ica te w i thou t a ny d oubt wha tever t he a ct ive r e la t ions wh ich e x isted i n t he Ear ly He l len ist ic a ge b e tween t h is T hrac ian c en tre a nd t he N or thern A egean I s lands .

T he u n-

u sua l p lan o f t he p a lace-te mp le i n S eu thopo l is, t he c losest p ara l le ls t o w h ich a re f ound p rec ise ly i n t he p lan o f t he Herak le ion ( t he s anctuary o f Herak les) o n t he I s land o f T hasos, f avours t h is s uppos it ion .

5 3

Fro m t he t ex t o f t he g rea t i nscr ip t ion we l earn t ha t b es ides i n S eu thopo l ts t wo s labs w i th t he sworn p ledge were t o b e e xh ib i ted i n t he c i ty o f K aby le , a nd t hat o ne was i n t he Phosphor ion a nd t he o ther a t t he a ltar o f Apo l lo , w h ich was i n t he a gora. The c i ty o f K aby le i s we l l k nown t o u s f ro m t he l i terary s ources o f G reek a u thors .

5 4

I ti s a lready men t ioned b y De mosthenes i n c onnect ion w i th t he

c a mpa igns o f Ph i l ip I i n Thrace i n 3 42-341.

The s i te o f t he c ity c an b e c on-

s idered a s h av ing b een e stab l ished w ith g rea t c er ta inty i n t he v a l ley o f t he M idd le T ound ja „ n ear t he t own o f Ya mbo l a t t he h i l l Taoushan tepe ( Hare ' s H i l l) , where r u ins o f a n a nc ien t s e t t le men t c an b e s een . The n ew i nscr ip t ion g ives u s aq u ite n ew i dea o ft he c haracter o f t h is c ity . T he Thrac ian c i ty o f K aby le , wh ich a lready e x isted a t t he t urn o f t he f our th a nd t h ird c entury , a t ta ined g rea t p rosper ity . c en tres o f T hrace . c . o c s c p6p L oy

I t was o ne o f t he p r inc ipa l c ity

I th ad a n a gora , a nd i mpor tan t b u i ld ings, s uch a s t he

( Phosphor ion ) a lready men t ioned .

The w ord I c oa c p6p L oy

i s r are ly me t w ith .

5 5

I th as v ar ious mean ings :

I n o ne i nscr ip t ion f ro m t he I s land o f M ikonos t he w ord Zwa ( p6p L oy I n t he s ense o f 7 u p6c mc ov

e u x 5 96 p ov

i .e . image o f t he g oddess V i )a c popog

I n Geograph i M inores i t means Zwo c p6pov

4 6

i s u sed

i . cp6v

i .e . S anctuary o f H eca te ,

s i tua ted o n t he B osporus n ear Byzan t ion .

I n t h is s ense w e f i nd t h is w ord a lso

i n a ccoun ts f or t he b u i ld ing o ft he D id 3 rma ion .

A ccord ing t o B . Haussou l l ier ,

a sma l l t e mp le o ft he g oddess Phosphoros, s i tua ted s o mewhere i n t he t e menos o ft he T emp le o f A po l lo i n D id 3 rma , s hou ld b e u nderstood u nder Z u x 596p L oy . An i nscr ip t ion f ound i n t he D e lph in ion o f M i letus , a ss igned t o t he f i rst h a lf o ft he f i rst c entury B .C . ,i n forms u s a bou t a n a l tar wh ich was d ed ica ted t o P hosphoros, u nder w hose n ame t he g oddess H eca te was v enera ted i n t he De lph in ion . I n t he i nscr ip t ion f ro m S eu thopo l is i ti s q u ite c lear t ha t t he w ord Zwo t p6pL ov

s i gn if ies a t e mp le d ed ica ted t o ad e i ty , wh ich b ore t he e p ithe t e ( l x : r ( popog.

T h is e p i the t i s , a ctua l ly , v ery w idespread , b e ing g iven t o v ar ious d e i t ies : Persephone , H est ia , H era , S e lena , A thene , H ephaestus, Ar te m is a nd H eca te , who i s i den t if ied w i th t he l a t ter g oddess . B ecause o f t h is, t he p roper n ame b e ing l a ck ing , i ti s d i f f icu l t t o d ef ine b y t he e p i the t a lone t he c u l t o f wh ich d e ity ap ar t icu lar monumen t i s d ed ica ted . H owever , a s f ar a s t he T e mp le o f

Z d x :x popog

i n K aby le i s c oncerned , i ti s p oss ib le t o d e term ine q u ite c er ta in ly

wh ich d e i ty was v enera ted u nder t h is e p i the t . I th as t o b e a ccep ted , a bove a l l, t ha t t he Phosphor ion i n K aby le must h ave b een o ne o ft he p r inc ipa l o nes i n t h is c i ty , s ince t ha t was where of ic ia l a cts , s uch a s t he s worn p ledge o f S eu thopo l is, were t o b e e xh ib i ted . I n t h is c ase t he c o ins s truck i n K aby le i n t he H e l len is t ic a ge a re o f a ss istance . T he h ead o f Apo l lo o r t he h ead o f H erac les i s d ep ic ted o n t he ir o bverse . H owever , a l l o f t hem , r egard less o f t he ir n om ina l v a lue , h ave a n image o f Ar te m is, d ep icted a s H eca te w ith o ne o r t wo l ong t orches, o n t he r everse . I ti sn o t a t a l l b y c hance t ha t t he f i gure o f H eca te-Ar tem is s hou ld a ppear o n t he r everse o f a l l t he c o ins s truck i n K aby le k nown s o f ar , a l though t he g oddess i s d ep ic ted i n ad if feren t i conograph ic a spect . I ti nd ica tes t ha t i n t h is c ase a c er ta in s yncre t ic c u l t i s i n q uest ion , whose c en tre s hou ld b e s ough t f or p rec ise ly i n t he Z wo c p6pLov

i .e . t he S anc tuary o f H eca te , i den t if ied w i th

Ar tem is i n t h is c ase , who h ere , t oo , a s t he a fore- men t ioned e xamp les s how , b ore t he e p i the t o f Z i La c popog I nc iden ta l ly t he c u lt o f A r te m is among t he T hrac ians, a c u lt wh ich was e ar ly i den t ifed w i th t ha t o f t he T hrac ian B end is, i s a lso e v idenced b y H erodotus . H owever , t he S eu thopo l is i nscr ip t ion , a s we l l a s t he c o ins f rom K aby le wh ich a re d a ted t o t he t h ird c en tury B .C. ,a re f or t he t ime b e ing t he o n ly s ources t o r evea l t he c u lt o f H eca te ,i den t if ied i n t he c oncre te c ase w i th t ha t o f Ar tem is, a c u lt w idespread among t he T hrac ians a t av ery e ar ly t ime. A no ther s pec ia l f ea ture o ft he K aby le c o ins s hou ld b e n oted :

t he p icture

o f Herac les ' c lub b es ide t he i mage o f t he g oddess, wh ich i s most c ons isten t ly f ound i na l l t he c o ins w i th t he e xcep t ion o f af ew o ft he l owest v a lue . T h is l eads t ot he s uppos i t ion t ha t c er ta in c loser c onnec t ions h ad a lready b een e xt ab l ished a t t ha t t ime b e tween t he c u l t o f H eca te-Ar tem is i n Kaby le a nd t he c u lt o fH erac les . I tw ou ld n ot b e s urpr is ing i ft here h ad a lso b een a sma l l t e mp le d ed ica ted t o t he c u l t o fH erac les i n t he t e menos o f t he Phosphor ion . C er ta in a rchaeo log ica l f i nds f ro m T hrac ian b ur ia ls, s uch a s t he i mages o n c er ta in T hrac ian

c o ins , a re q u i te e loquen t p roof o f t he e ar ly s pread o ft he

c u lt o fH erac les among t he T hrac ians . 4 7

H owever , i fs o f ar n od irec t i n for ma t ion h as c o me d own t o u s a bou t t he c u l t o f H erac les i n K aby le , t he i nscr ipt ion f ound i n S eu thopo l is e xpress ly g ives i nforma t ion o n t he e x istence i n t h is c i ty o f t he c u l t o f Apo l lo : a n a l tar t o t h is d e ity , a round wh ich o f f ic ia l d ecrees a nd o ther s ta te o rders w ere a lso e xh ib ited , i s k nown t o h ave s tood i n t he a gora .

P erhaps i ti s i n c onnec t ion w ith t he g rea t

Impor tance o f a nd t he f ame e n joyed b y t he v enera t ion o f Apo l lo i n K aby le t ha t most o f t he c o ins o f t h is c i ty h ave a n i mage o f t h is g od o n t he ir o bverse . T he c u lt o f Apo l lo a lso p ene tra ted i n to t he i n ter ior o f T hrace f a ir ly e ar ly . An umber o f a rchaeo log ica l f i nds f ro m T hrac ian b ur ia ls i nd ica te t h is, a s d oes t he i nscr ip t ion f ro m Ba tkoun , i n t he i n ter ior o f T hrace , b e long ing t o t he H e l len ist ic a ge .

T he f act t ha t t he T e mp le o f Apo l lo i s men t ioned i n i ts hows

t ha t t h is i nscr ip t ion must h ave c o me f rom a c ons iderab le s et t le men t w h ich w as a lso o f ac i ty t ype . T he n ew ly-d iscovered i nscr ip t ion o f S eu thopo l is, a s we l l a s t he l arger p ar t o ft he o ther f i nds f ro m t h is c i ty , s hed q u ite an ew l i gh t o n t he c u lture o f t he c en tra l r eg ions o f T hrace , b e tween S tara P lan ina ( t he Ba lkan Range ) a nd t he Rhodopes, a nd p art icular ly b e tween S tara P lan ina a nd t he S redna G ora Moun ta ins . I n t he Ear ly He l len ist ic a ge t he T hrac ians o f t he Va l ley o f t he H ebros a nd t he T onsos h ad a lready a dop ted many e le men ts o f t he ma ter ia l a nd s pr ir tua l c u lture o f t he Eastern Med iterranean p eop les . T h is f act i s r ef lected i nt he r e l ig ious r e la t ionsh ips, a s we l l a s i n t he p ene tra t ion o f Greek i n to t he o f f ic ia l a nd s ta te d ocu men ts o f T hrac ian s oc ie ty .

T h is i s most c lear ly s hown i no ur

i nscr ip t ions . Here t he q uest ion n o l onger a r ises o f a He l len iza t ion o f o n ly t he members o f t he r u l ing d ynast ies a nd t he ir r e la t ions, b u t o f t he i nf luence o f t he E as tern Med iterranean c u lture , wh ich h ad a t t ha t t ime r eached many a spects o f t he l i fe o f aw ider c irc le o f T hrac ian s oc ie ty i n t he c i t ies . 2 .

Cu lt H ear ths A r e markab le g roup o f c u lt monu men ts f ound i n S euthopo l is a lso o f fers

i n terest ing d a ta o n t he T hrac ian r e l ig ion .

5 6

Th is g roup c ons ists o f a bou t 3 0

we l l p reserved a l tars made o f c lay , o fv ar ious s izes, f ro m 0 .65 t o 1 .50m , s quare o r r ectangu lar i n f orm . T hey a re made o f c lay g enerously m ixed w ith q uar tz i n t he f orm o f sma l l l ow p la t forms, r is ing f ro m 1 0 t o 1 5 cm a bove t he f l oor .

T h is r ough n uc leus h ad a t h in l ayer o f f i ne p laster s pread o ver i to n

a l l s ides, a f ter wh ich t he d a mp , c arefu l ly smoothed s urface , was o rnamen ted w ith v ar ious d ecora t ive mot ifs, b y i mpr in t ing w i th a c ord o r s pec ia l sma l l s tamps . A f ter b e ing b aked , t he s ur face o f t he l i t t le p la t form was much h ardened a nd o bta ined t he s treng th a nd smoothness o f c e men t , wh i le t he i n ter ior , b aked t o ab r ick r ed , r e ma ined e x tre me ly c r u mb ly . Ah ear th was f ound i n e ach dwe l l ing .

I n t he p a lace t here were t wo h ear ths :

o ne , we l l p reserved , was f ound i n t he h a l l wh ich was p ar t o f t he S anctuary o f t he Grea t S amothrac ian G ods ( F ig . 7 4) , a nd t he s econd , b ad ly d amaged , i n t he t hrone r oo m .

T h is i s t he l argest h ear th d iscovered i n S eu thopo l is , i t s

s ides b e ing a bou t 3m l ong , a nd c orrespond ing t o t he l arge d i mens ions o ft he r oo m , 1 8 x1 2 m ( F ig . 7 5) . 4 8

I n most c ases t he l arges t c en tra l o r c orner r oo ms i n t he dwe l l ing , wh ich h ad n o c o mmun ica t ion w ith t he n e ighbour ing r oo ms, b u t h ad a n e n trance o n ly g iv ing o n to t he p or t ico , were k ep t f or t he h ear ths . T hey were p laced o ppos i te t he e n trance , i n t he c en tre o ft he r oo m , o r ien ta ted a long t he d irec t ion o f i t s wa l ls . S o me o ft he h ear ths h ad a c oncave c irc le i n t he c en tre , r a ther l i ke ap h ia le , ar ound wh ich t he o rnamen ta t ion was d isposed , wh i le o thers h ad a smooth s ur face , a nd more s imp le d ecora t ion , c h ief ly c ons ist ing o f g eo me tr ica l mo t ifs : s quares , r ec tang les a nd c irc les , f ormed b y l i nes i mpr in ted w i th a c ord . Most o f ten t he ir o rnamen ta t ion c ons isted o f as quare , c over ing t he c en tra l z one o ft he h ear th , w h ich was o f d i f feren t d i mens ions, d epend ing o n i t s s ize : 3 0 , 5 0 o r 7 0 ems . I nt hree o ft he h ear ths t he d iagona ls were i nscr ibed w ith in t he i nner s quare , i n a no ther , sma l l e l l ip t ica l p endan ts p rotruded f ro m t he a ng les o ft he s quare , a nd i n at h ird , f our sma l l r ectang les f orm ing a c ross were d ep icted i n t he c en tra l s quare . T he c o mpos i t ion o ft he l arge h ear th i n t he p a lace , w h ich c an b e q u ite e xact ly r estored , i s most o r ig ina l : f our r ectangu lar p ane ls o ft he s ame l eng th a nd b read th a re p laced a round a c en tra l s quare w ith as ide 1 .50 m l ong ; t hey a re f ramed b y n arrow b ands i n wh ich agar land o f i vy l eaves a nd f ru it h as b een p laced . T he o rnamen ta t ion o ft he h ear th f ound t o t he S ou th o f H ouse N o . 1 2 i s most i n teres t ing . I n i t s c en tre t here i s a sma l l c irc le w i th i vy l eaves i n t he m idd le . F our p a irs o f z ig-zag l i nes r ad ia te f ro m i t , f ann ing a c ross , p robab ly t hunderbo lts ( F ig . 7 6) . T he who le o rna men tat i on i sp laced i n t wo f rames , t he i nner o ne s quare , t he o u ter o ne c ross-shaped f ormed f ro m s evera l p ara l le l l i nes . T hree more e xa mp les, o rnamen ted w ith c oncen tr ic c irc les i nscr ibed i n s quares , c an b e a ss igned t o t he g roup o f h ear ths w ith smooth s urfaces . T he f o l low ing g roup o f h ear ths h ave a c oncave c irc le i n t he c en tre , o fv ary ing d iame ters : 0 .20 , 0 .23 , 0 .30 , 0 .35 a nd 0 .50 m , w ith l eng ths f ro m 2t o 4 ems .

H ere , t oo , a s i n t he f i rst g roup , h ear ths a re

f ound w i th v ery s i mp le o rna men ta t ion , c ons ist ing o n ly o ft wo o r t hree c oncent r ic b ands i nscr ibed i n t he s quare . H owever , i n most o ft he h ear ths t he b and a round t he c oncave c irc les i s f u l l o f d ecora t ive mo t ifs : g ar lands o r r ose t tes , o f i vy l eaves , a wrea th o f a l terna t ing s ty l ized l eaves a nd f l owers, o f l eaves I n at r iangu lar f orm a nd l ong s te ms, j o ined t wo b y t wo, a nd i n t hree h ear ths a long t he p er iphery o ft he c en tra l b and t here was a wrea th o f l aure l l eaves ( F ig . 7) . C o mb ined w ith ap lan t o rnamen t t here were t he i mages o ft hree s nakes , emerg ing r ad ia l ly f rom t he c en tre o ft he c oncave c irc le o n o ne o f t he h ear ths ( F ig . 7 8 ) .

I n t h is g roup t he o rnamen ta t ion i s p laced w i th in t wo o r t hree

s quare f ra mes c o mposed o f s evera l p ara l le l l i nes, w i th av ar ie ty o f f orms i n t he a ng les . O nt wo o f t he h ear ths , f rom H ouses N os . 1 a nd 1 2 , t he c en tra l o rnamen t i s f ramed b y ad oub le s e t o f l i nes b roken u p i n meanders , b e tween wh ich l i nes sma l l r oset tes , l eaves a nd b unches o f g rapes h ave b een s tamped . T he s ur face o fo ne o ft he h ear ths i s l i ke ab eau t ifu l f abr ic w i th t he v ar ious b ands c o loured r ed a nd b lue .

Here t he s p ira l a ppears f or t he f i rst t ime a s ad ecora t ive mot if .

T he o rnamen ta t ion o ft hese h ear ths s hows t he a r t ist ic s ense o f t he l oca l c ra f tsmen . I ns p ite o f ac er ta in r epe t i t ion o ft he mot ifs, c irc les , s quares a nd r ect ang les , ag rea t v ar ie ty h as b een a ch ieved i n s hap ing t he f ramework o ft he o rnamen tb y t he s uccessfu l c o mb ina t ion o f av ar ied n u mber o f l i nes , a nd t he o r ig ina l way i n w h ich t hey h ave b een b roken u p .

4 9

T he r eper tory o f p lan t mot ifs wh ich d ecora ted t he h ear ths i s we l l k nown f ro m o ther Ear ly He l len ist ic monu men ts, b u t t he manner o f o rna men t ing t he m b y s ta mp ing w ith a c ord b ears t races o f t he o ld t rad i t ions o f t he L a te Bronze Age T he r ich o rnamen ta t ion , wh ich i s n ot o n ly o f d ecora t ive b u t a lso o f s ymb o l ica l s ign if icance , t he c o loured s urface o f t he h ear ths, a nd t he f act t ha t t hey a re t o b e f ound i n t he t hrone r oo m a nd i n t he S anctuary o f t he Grea t G ods i n t he p a lace , p rove w ithou t ad oubt t ha t t hese h ear ths were n ot i n tended f or o rd inary , d o mest ic u se , b u t a ppear a s t he f irst e v idence o f c u lt monu men ts ( 3-x 6 :po c t ,

o f at ype u nknown u n t i l r ecen t ly i n T hrace , a nd o f t he b e l iefs a nd

c usto ms c onnec ted w ith t he m .

Cu lt h ear ths were a lso r ecen t ly f ound a t t he

e xcava t ion o f t he T hrac ian c i ty o f K aby le .

T he ir c u lt c harac ter i s a lso p roved

b y t he f act t ha t s im i lar a l tar-hear ths h ave b een f ound i n Thrac ian t u mu l i o f t he f our th c entury B . C.

As e ar ly a s 1 934, G eza F eher a nnounced t he f i nd ing

o f ac lay s lab i n t he c en tre o f ab ur ia l, i n mound N o . 2a t t he v i l lage o f S vesh tar i ( f ormer ly Mound ji lar ) , Razgrad D istr ict , t he p urpose o f wh ich h e was u nab le t o e xp la in . a l tars .

T he s lab i s c ons iderably sma l ler a nd l ower t han t he S eu thopo l is

I ti s a sma l l s quare p la tform ( 0 .42 x 0 .05 m ) , o rnamen ted w ith i n-

s cr ibed s quares o u t l ined b y i nc ised l i nes .

5 7

T he d iscovery i n 1 973 o f n ew c u lt h ear ths i n t he t u mu lus n ecropo l is n ear t he v i l lage o f G o lyam I zvor , Razgrad D istr ict , c onv inces u s t ha t a ltar-hear ths h ad t he ir p lace n o t o n ly i n t he h o me , b u t a lso i n t he f unera l c u lt o f t he T hrac ians .

Anc ien t t rad it ions, whose r oots a re t o b e f ound i n t he Cre to-

Mycenaean c u lt , f or m t he f ounda t ion o f t he Thrac ian r e l ig ious b e l iefs c onnected w ith t he a l tar-hear ths .

The p rototype o f t hese a l tar-hear ths i s t o b e f ound

a s e ar ly a s t he M idd le M inoan e poch ( t urn o f t he t h ird a nd s econd mi l lenn iu m) o f Cre te .

I n t he Cre tan dwe l l ing t he d o mest ic h ear th was t he c en tra l p o in t

a nd c u lt p lace o f t he h ouse a nd t he a l tar-hear th a nd t ab le f or g if ts, o n wh ich l i ba t ions were p oured a nd h onour was d one t o t he d o mest ic d e it ies, d eve loped f ro m I t .

5 8

A s t he

s acred h ouse ' o f t he Pr iest-K ing t he Pa lace a lso p ossessed

ac u lt-hear th o n wh ich t he r u ler i n p erson made l i ba t ions a nd o f fered g if ts t o t he g ods . The c u lt h ear th i n t he Pa lace o f Phaestos h as a n amaz ing r ese mb lance t o t he Thrac ian a l tars .

I ti s a lso made o f c lay , i s r ectangu lar i n f orm w i th a

c en tra l h o l low a nd r ich o rnamen ta t ion a long t he p er iphery , a pp l ied b y s tamp ing . I ti s o bv ious t ha t f ro m t he dwe l ling a nd t he p a lace t he h ear th-a ltar h ad p assed i n to t he e terna l dwe l l ing-p lace o f t he d ead . I n o ne o f t he c en tra l c ha mbers o f t he n ecropo l is a t Chryso lakos a r ound c lay a l tar was f ound o n t he f l oor w i th a n o vo id h o l low i n i t s c en tre i n wh ich t here were t races o f f ire , p robab ly f ro m t he b urn ing o f a ro ma t ic h erbs .

T he

T hrac ian a l tars s t i l l more c lose ly r ese mb le t he a l tars o f t he L a te Bronze Age ( t he midd le o f t he s econd mi l lenn iu m ) i n t he p a laces o f Mycenae , Py los a nd T yryns, i n C on t inen ta l Greece .

5 9

Here t he a l tars, made o f c lay , a re s i tua ted

i n t he m idd le o f t he megaron a nd a re r ound w i th ad ia me ter o f 3 .70 m i n Mycene , 4m i n Py los a nd 3 .59 m i n Tyryns .

The s ur faces o f t he Mycenaean

a l tars a re o rna men ted w ith s p ira l a nd o ther o rnamen ts, s o me o f wh ich a re c o loured , wh i le o thers a re s ta mped w ith a c ord .

T he ir monu men ta l d i men-

s ions, r ich or na men ta t ion a nd t he ir p lace i n f ron t o f t he r u ler ' st hrone l eave 5 0

n o d oub t t ha t t hey p layed a n i mpor tan t p ar t i n t he c u lt c ere mon ies p er formed b y t he k ings . T he a l tar i n t he t hrone r oo m i n S eu thopo l is, wh ich i n d i mens ions ( 3 m) was c lose t o t he a l tars o f Mycenae , h ad t he s ame f unct ions, a nd u pon i t t he T hrac ian K ing , l i ke t he Mycenaean r u lers, o f fered u p s acr if ices.

T hese

f ea tures , wh ich t he a l tars i n T hrace h ad i n c o m mon w ith t he Mycenaean c u l t monumen ts, c lose ly l ink t he m w ith t he t rad it ions o f t he Cre to- Mycenaean c u l t o ft he M idd le a nd L a te Bronze Age . T oge ther w ith o ther monumen ts i n Thrace , t he Thrac ian a l tar-hear ths a re a s urv iva l o f t he p re-He l len ic Med iterranean c u lt o ft he s econd m i l lenn ium B .C. ,wh ich was r ev ived i n T hrace i n t he f i f th t o f our th c en tury B .C . a nd i nd irect ly p rove t he e ar ly c on tac ts o f T hrace w ith t he Mycenaean wor ld .

O ther a rchaeo log ica l monumen ts a lso p rov ide e v idence

o f t he r e la t ions b etween t he Ba lkan l ands a nd t he Aegean r eg ions, a nd t he p enet ra t ion o f c u ltura l i nf luences f ro m t he s ou th t o t he most d istan t r eg ions o f t he P en insu la. However , t he a l tar f rom W ietenberg , n ear S igh i para i n Roman ia , v ery c lose t o t he a ltar i n t he megaron o f Mycenae w ith wh ich i ti s c on te mpora neous , i s o f p art icu lar i mportance i n c onnect ion w ith o ur s ub ject. Cu l t h ear ths h ave a lso b een d iscovered i n t he Ear ly S cy th ian s e t t le men t a t t he v i l lage o f Z habo t in , C herkassky r eg ion ( Ukra in ian S SR , d a ted t o t he t urn o ft he s even th a nd s ix th c en tury B .C. ) . Here a r ound a l tar , o rnamen ted w ith a b and o f s p ira ls a nd meanders, we l l-known f ro m Creto- Mycenaean o rnamen ta t ion , i s b e t ter p reserved . A ltar-hear ths o f t he s even th t o t h ird c entury B . C. h ave a lso b een f ound i n f or t if ied s et t le men ts o f t he f orest-steppe r eg ions a round t he Dn ieper . 60 S o me o f t he m h ave a c oncave c irc le i n t he midd le a nd a re o rnamen ted w ith c oncen tr ic b ands.

T he o ld c u ltura l t rad i t ions o f t he

Eastern Med iterranean a re u ndoubted ly r e f lected i n t hese c u lt monu men ts . T he i nf luence o f t hese t rad i t ions c an a lso b e t raced i n t he Western p ar t o f t he Med iterranean b as in where i n o pp idu m L a R oque ( Sou thern France) t hree c lay a l tars h ave b een f ound i n s ix th t o t h ird c en tury B .C . l eve ls .6 1 T hey a lso h ave t he f orm o f l ow t ab les w ith a n e ven s ur face a nd i nc ised o rna men ta t ion o f g eome tr ic mo t ifs, meanders, t r iske l ions a nd q uadr iske l ions i n wh ich a d ecora t ive s yn thes is o f Greek a nd l oca l mot ifs i s d iscovered . S im i lar h ear ths h ave b een d iscovered i n o ther p ar ts o f Europe : C zechos lovak ia , Po land , t he F edera l G erman Repub l ic , Denmark a nd Eng land , where t hey a re a lso i n terpre ted a s a l tars wh ich c opy a s pec if ic e le men t o f t he G reek h ouse . T hey d a te t o t he l a te L a T ene a nd Ear ly R o man p er iod .6 2 The e x tens ive s pread o f t h is t ype o f a l tar i n v ar ious r eg ions o f t he Med iterr anean b as in i n t he p er iod f ro m t he s even th t o t he f i rst c entury B .C. p rov ides u ndoubted p roof t ha t t hey a ppeared o n t he b as is o f ac o m mon p rototype , c rea ted i n t he c u l ture o f t he Eastern Med iterranean i n t he C reto- Mycenaean e poch , a nd p reserved i n t he l a ter G reek c u lture . The l a test e xamp les o f a l tar-hear ths a re k nown t o u s f ro m t he s econd t o f i rst c en tury B .C .

I n t h is p er iod t hey a ppeared i n s evera l s et t le men ts o f t he

G e tae i n R o man ia , s i tua ted i n t he r eg ion a round t he Danube a nd Mo ldav ia .

6 3

T he t wo h ear ths f ro m P o iana h ave a s i mp le d ecora t ion o f s quares o ut l ined b y d oub le i nc ised l i nes , wh i le o ne o f t he h ear ths f ound i n t he p a lace o f t he s et t lemen t a t P op qt i h ad a r icher a nd more v ar ied o rnamen ta t ion . The mot ifs a re v ery c lose i n s ty le t o t he o rnamen ta t ion o f t he h ear ths o f S eu thopo l ls , wh ich g ives g rounds f or t he s uppos it ion t ha t t h is t ype o f c u lt-ob ject a ppeared n orth o ft he Danube u nder t he i n f luence o ft he S ou thern Thrac ians ;

5 1

f or t he ir

p ar t , t he G e tae i nf luenced t he r e l ig ious b e l iefs a nd c u l t r i tua ls o f t he S cy th ian p opu la t ion o ft he s teppe r eg ions a round t he Dn ieper , wh ich i s e xpressed i n t he i n troduct ion o f an u mber o f c u lt a r t ic les i n t he f or t if ied s et t le men t o f Z o lotaya Ba lka .

An a l tar-hear th , o rnamen ted w ith s o lar s ymbo ls, was f ound i no ne o f

t he r oo ms h ere . C lay f ire d ogs were f ound n ear t he h ear th i n Z o lotaya Ba lka , a nd t he h ear ths i n t he l a te s tra tu m a t L a R oque ; t hey a re i n terpre ted a s r i tua l a r t ic les a nd c onnected w ith t he c u lt o f f i re a nd t he h ear th .

C lay p ed imen ts

o f t he f i re d og t ype were a lso f ound i n S eu thopo l is, b u t i tp roved i mposs ib le t o e stab l ish a l i nk b e tween t he m a nd t he a l tars . I ti s n ot p oss ib le e i ther t o e stab l ish w i th c er ta in ty t o wh ich d e i t ies t he a l tars were c onsecra ted . T he o ldest a l tars o f t he C reto- Mycenaean c u l t a re u sua l ly c onnected w ith a h o me g oddess, p rotectress o f t he h o me h ear th a nd t he f ire , who d eve loped f ro m t he d o mest ic s nake a nd was l a ter p erson if ied b y t he Greek Hest ia . I ti s q u ite p oss ib le t ha t s o me o f t he a l tars i n S euthopo l is c an a lso h ave b een d ed ica ted t o t he g oddess p ro tectress o f t he h ear th , w hose a t tr ibu tes ,the s nakes, we f ound o n o ne h ear th . T he i mage o f t he t hunderbo lt c ou ld s ign ify v enera t ion o f ag od , r u ler o f t he h eavens, wh i le t he p resence o f g ar lands o f i vy l eaves a nd f ru it c an b e e xp la ined b y t he c u l t o f t he p roduct ive f orces o f Na ture o r o f D ionysus, f or whose v enera t ion i n S eu thopo l is t here a re e p igraph ic a nd a rchaeo log ica l d a ta . I ft he v enera t ion o f a l l t hese d e it ies c an o n ly b e g uessed a t , t he ma ter ia l f ro m S eu thopo l is o f fers a p oss ib i l ity o f e stab l ish ing w i th c on f idence t ha t t he a l tarh ear ths h ere were c lose ly c onnected w ith t he c u l t o f t he Grea t G ods o f S amot hrace , i n whose S anctuary o ne o f t he t wo a l tars i n t he p a lace was f ound . T h is d iscovery g ives a n ew d irect ion t o t he f uture r esearch i n to t he c u l t o f t he G rea t G ods o f S a mothrace , a nd t he r i tua ls c onnected w ith i t . t he r igh t t o d raw t he f o l low ing c onc lusion .

Th is g ives u s

I fl i ba t ions were p oured a nd a ro-

ma t ic h erbs were b urn t o n t he a l tars i n t he p r iva te dwe l l ings a nd o f fer ings were made t o t he d o mest ic g ods, t he c our t a l tars were c onnected w i th t he most I mp or ta n t o f f ic ia l c u lt o f t he c i ty , t he h igh p r iest o f wh ich a ppears t o h ave b een t he K ing h i mse lf . 3 .

Bur ia l Custo ms

T he e xcava t ion a nd s tudy o f t he t hree l arge t u mu l i wh ich b e long t o t he n ec ropo l is o f S eu thopo l is c ons iderab ly e x tended o ur k now ledge o f Thrac ian t o mb a rch itecture a nd b ur ia l c us to ms.

T u mu l i N os . 1a nd 2 were e rected a t a

d istance o f 1 80 t o 2 00 m n or th-east o f t he c i ty i n t he midd le o f al ow t errace o n t he l ef tb ank o f t he R iver G o lyama Varov itsa n ot f ar f ro m t he p lace where i tj o ins t he T ound ja .

T he t h ird t u mu lus was p i led u p t o t he west o f t hem , a t

a bou t 3 50 m f ro m t he c i ty , o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he G o lyama Varov itsa . A longs ide t he r ich b ur ia ls i n t he t u mu l i, a n e x tens ive n ecropo l is o f t he f l a t t o mbs o f o rd inary i nhab itan ts l ay n ear t u mu l i N os . 1a nd 2 .

The b ur ia l r i tua l

o bserved i n t he m i s c re ma t ion , a nd t he f urn iture was e x tre me ly modest :

a n

u rn w ith t he r e ma ins o f t he c re ma ted b ones among wh ich ab ronze c o in a nd a f i bu la were o f ten p laced . T he b ur ia l o f ay oung T hracian wo man o f n ob le f am i ly was f ound i n T u mu lus N o . 1 .6 4 T he b ody was c re ma ted a t t he b ase o f a sma l l s tone mound , 2 .80 m l ong , 2m w ide a nd 2 .70 m h igh , o n wh ich a l arge mound o f e ar th , 1.50m h igh 5 2

w ith a d ia meter o f 5 1m , was p i led .

Prec ious g if ts were f ound i n t he t o mb am id

at h ick l ayer o f a shes a nd t he r e ma ins o f sma l l b urn t b ones : g o ld j ewe l lery , b ronze a nd s i lver v esse ls, G reek v ases .

The j ewe l lery c onsisted o f ag o ld

n eck lace , f ormed o f 3 6 h o l low g o ld b eads, we lded t oge ther f ro m two h a lves a nd made o f av ery h igh q ua l ity g o ld - 2 3 c ara ts . E igh teen o f t he b eads were d ec ora ted w ith a f i ne f i l igree w ire , f orm ing s p ira l o rnamen ts . A t b oth e nds t he n eck lace e nded i n t wo l arge o b long b eads ( F ig . 7 9) .

Two g o ld e arr ings o f

s p ira l ly w ound w ire , d ecora ted w i th sma l l l i ons ' h eads, were a lso f ound ( F ig . 8 0) a nd p ar ts o f af unera l wrea th c o mposed o f t h in g i lded b ronze s hee ts a nd g i lded c lay b a l ls .

J ewe l lery o f t h is t ype i s k nown f ro m o ther r ich Thrac ian

b ur ia ls o f t he f if th t o f our th c en tury B .C .

T he c losest p ara l le ls a re t o b e

f ound i n t he t wo b ur ia ls o f t he b eeh ive t o mb a t Mezek , wh ich a re d a ted b y s i lv er d rach ms o f A lexander t he Grea t o f h is r e ign o r t he p er iod im med ia te ly f o llow ing h is r e ign .

6 5

Fam i l iar f orms o f f our th c entury Greek b ronze c ast ing

a re a lso r epresen ted b y t he me ta l v esse ls f ound i n t he b ur ia l :

as ha l low t ray ,

a n o inochoe ( F ig . 8 1) a nd a s i tu la . Abou t 3 0 b ronze s i tu lae h ave b een f ound s o f ar i n Thrac ian b ur ia ls i n B u lgar ia , a l most a l l i n men ' sb ur ia ls o f t he e nd o f t he f if th u p t o t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he f our th c en tury B .0 .6 6

The s i tu la f ro m

T u mu lus No . 1b e longs t o t he t ype w ith h ear t-shaped p a l met tes a t t he h and les, c ast s epara te ly f ro m t he s i tu la , wh ich a re d a ted t o t he midd le a nd t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he f our th c en tury ( F ig . 8 2) .

A s t o t he c en tre where t hese s i tu lae

were made , t here i s ag rea t v ar ie ty o fo p in ion .

Accord ing t o s o me t he a r t ist ic

c oncep t ions o f I on ian a rt a re c lear ly r ef lec ted i n t he m . A ccord ing t o o thers C or in th c ou ld we l l b e t he ir h o me . H owever , s o me o f t he b ronze s i tu lae f ound i n Thrace may we l l h ave c o me f ro m t he b ronze-cast ing c en tres o f A t t ica o r t he Nor th Pe loponnesus . T he G reek v ases f ound i n t he b ur ia l, a n a ryba l los-shaped l eky thos w ith n e tl ike o rna men t a nd ab lack-g laze l a mp a re o f A t t ic o r ig in a nd c harac ter ist ic o f t he l ast q uar ter o f t he f our th c entury .

The t erracot ta , o f t he T anagra t ype ,

d ep ict ing a s tand ing f e ma le f i gure i n ac h iton a nd a h i ma t ion , b e longs t o t he s a me p er iod ( F ig . 8 3) .

Moreover , f i ve amphorae w ith t he f orm c harac ter ist ic

o f t he T hasos amphorae, h ad b een p laced o n t he p er iphery o f t he s tone mound . A l l t h is a l lows t he b ur ia l i n T u mu lus N o . 1t o b e d a ted t o t he e ar ly y ears o f t he l ast q uar ter o f t he f our th c en tury B .C .

The embank men t o f t he mound a lso

c on ta ined a v ar iety o f ma ter ia ls - p o tsherds a nd b ronze c o ins, c h ief ly o f P h i l ip I a nd A lexander I I . T he s o i l f or i t was u ndoubted ly t aken f ro m t he T hrac ian s et t le men t wh ich e x isted h ere b efore S eu thopo l is was b u i lt , a nd was d estroyed a t t he t ime o f t he s trugg les b e tween t he Macedon ians a nd t he T hrac ians . Tumu lus No . 2i s o n ly 2 0m d istan t f ro m T u mu lus No . 1 . I t was 8m h igh a nd h ad a d ia me ter o f 4 1-43m . Ab eeh ive t o mb l y ing n or th-sou th w i th t he e n trance o n t he s ou th s ide was f ound i n i t s s ou thern h a lf ( F igs . 8 4, 8 5) .

The

t o mb c ons ists o f as tone a n techamber , ad ro mos a nd a r ound d o med c ha mber , whose p lan i t was p oss ib le t o e stab l ish b y t he c ontours o f t he c over o f r iver s tones wh ich h ad b een p reserved a nd wh ich h ad e nve loped t he b ody o f t he t o mb o n t he o u ts ide , p robab ly t o l i gh ten t he h eavy p ressure o f t he e ar th p i led u p o n t op o f i ta nd a lso t o k eep t he d a mp o u t . T he t o mb h ad b een d estroyed a nd r obb ed i n A n t iqu ity . O n ly i n t he d ro mos were s evera l v esse ls f ound , among wh ich was a T hasos amphora w ith a s ta mp . T he d ro mos a nd t he r ound s ect ion o f 5 3

t he t o mb were b u i lt o fb aked b r icks wh ich h ad b een u sed a f ter i t s d estruct ion t o b u i ld t wo o ne-cha mber t o mbs i n t he western h a lf o f t he t u mu lus - t o mbs N os. 2 a nd 3 . B o th t o mbs l ay e ast-west a nd were r ectangu lar i n p lan . T hey were b u i lt o f 1 0 a nd 1 1 r ows r espect ive ly o f t rapezo ida l b r icks a nd c overed w ith s tone b locks . I n t o mb N o . 2t he b r icks were p laced h or izon ta l ly , t he l arger c onvex a rc a l terna t ing w ith t he sma l ler c oncave a rc ( F ig . 8 6) . I n t h is way a r ec tang le was o bta ined f ro m a p a ir o fb r icks a nd t he c arry ing s ur face was n ot i n fr inged b y t he t rapezo ida l f or m o f t he b r icks.

I n t o mb No . 3t he

b r icks were p laced l ong itud ina l ly : f our b r icks o n t he l ong s ides o f t he t o mbs a nd t wo e ach o n t he s hort s ides ( F igs . 8 7 , 8 8 , 8 9) .

T h is manner o f b u i ld ing

l e f t p ar t o f t he w ide c onvex s ide o f t he b r ick s t ick ing o u t l i ke a d ecora t ive t ooth .

T he b ur ia ls i n b oth t o mbs s howed i nhuma t ion .

Ay oung g ir l was b ur ied

i n T o mb N o . 2 , a s was e x tab l ished b y t he a n thropo log ica l s tudy o f t he s ke let on 67 a nd t he n a ture o f t he b ur ia l g if ts l ef tn ear i t : an eck lace c o mposed o f h o l low g o ld b eads ( 22 c ara ts) , o f wh ich 1 3 were p reserved ( F ig . 9 0) . SIX o f t he t he b eads were smooth a nd t he r e ma in ing s even h ad f i l igree d ecora t ion c ons ist ing o f af i ne g o ld w ire w ound a round i n p ara l le l .

T he n eck lace was p ro-

b ab ly t he work o f al oca l g o lds m i th a nd was made u nder t he i nf luence o f a He l len is t ic mode l .

Two sma l l g o ld f i bu lae w ith b i la tera l s p ira ls i n wh ich t he

I nf luence o f t he L a T ene f i bu lae i s s trong ly f e lt ( F ig . 9 1) , t wo s i lver f i bu lae o f t he T hrac ian t ype a nd a sma l l g o ld meda l l ion w i th t he h ead o f ay ou th , worked i n r epousse , h ad a lso b een l oca l ly made ( F ig . 9 2) .

I n t he o ther t o mb

ab oy , n o o lder t han 2 0 , h ad b een b ur ied a nd a n i ron s pear a nd s tr ig i l h ad b een l a id b es ide h im . Par t o f al i nen f abr ic, p robab ly f ro m t he c loak w h ich c overed t he b ur ied b oy , h ad b een p reserved o n t he m .

Three c lay v esse ls,

o f g rey c lay , l oca l ly made ( a ewer , o inochoe a nd b ow l) , aG reek b lack g laze l a mp o f A t t ic o r ig in , ag o ld e arr ing a nd b ur ia l wrea th made o f t h in b ronze l eaves a nd sma l l c lay b a l ls g i lded , were a lso f ound h ere ( F igs. 9 3 , 9 4) . Wrea ths o f t h is k ind were a lso f ound i n o ther T hrac ian b ur ia ls o f t he f our th t o t h ird c entury B .C . ,a nd a lso i n t he c e me ter ies o f t he B lack S ea c o lon ies o f O dessos a nd Apo l lon ia . F ive c o ins were a lso f ound i n t he t o mb , f our o f t he m b ronze o f S eu thes s Type 7 , a nd t he f if th a d rachm o f A lexander t he Grea t , m in ted i n Lampsacus, wh ich may b e a t tr ibu ted t o t he p osthu mous i ssues mint ed a f ter t he d ea th o f t he k ing a t t he e nd o f t he f our th c en tury .

On t he Eastern

s ide o ft he t o mb , a f ter t he b ur ia l r i tua l h ad b een c arr ied o u t a nd t he t o mb h ad b een c overed w i th s tone b locks, t wo c lay b ow ls, o ne c over ing t he o ther , a n amphora a nd a p i le o f 5 0 a straga lo i h ad b een p laced , am id wh ich were f our sma l l l ead l a me l lae c urved l i ke l i t t le t ubes . T he c usto m o f p lac ing c overed b ow ls i n T hrac ian b ur ia ls i s e v idenced b y an umber o f o ther cases.

T h is i s t he f i rst t ime , h owever , we h ave c ome

a cross a p i le o f a straga lo i, a c usto m k nown t o u s o n ly f ro m b ur ia ls i n G reece . T here i s n o d oubt t ha t t he b ur ia l r i tua l i n Tumu lus 2 was T hrac ian .

H owever ,

c lose c on tact w i th t he Greeks h ad e xpressed i t se lf i n t he c u lt o f t he d ead a s we l l, c h ief ly i n t he p enetra t ion o f Greek a r tefac ts i n t he b ur ia l f urn iture . These a re t he l acr i mar ia a nd t he a labastron i n t o mb N o . 2 , t he l a mp a nd s tr ig i l i n W o mb N o . 3 , a nd t he f unera l wrea ths . I n T u mu lus N o . 3 , 6m h igh , d iame ter 4 3m , a nother b r ick b eeh ive t o mb was d iscovered , l y ing n or th-Sou th w ith i t s e n trance o n t he S ou th s ide ( F ig . 9 5) .

5 4

I tc ons ists o f ad ro mos a nd a r ound c hamber . T he t o mb h ad b een d estroyed a nd r obbed i n A nt iqu ity . I t was f u l l o f e ar th , s tones a nd p ieces o fb r ick . O n ly t he e ast wa l l t o ah e igh t o f 1 .60 m h as b een p reserved o f t he d ro mos . U p t o t he 1 5th r ow o fb r icks ( a t ah e igh t o f 1 .20 m ) t he wa l l i s a l most v er t ica l . T he f o l low ing f i ve r ows o fb r icks p reserved o n t he wa l l o verhang o ne a nother b y 2 cm a nd t he t r iangu lar p seudo-vau l t o ft he d ro mos was f ormed i n t h is way . T he i nner d i mens ions o ft he d ro mos a re 2m i n l eng th a nd im i n b read th , wh i le • t he r ound d o med c ha mber h as a d ia me ter o f 2 .70 m .

T he d i mens ions f u l ly

c o inc ide w ith t hose o f t he b eeh ive t o mb i n Kazan luk , f amed f or i t s mura ls, b u t t he s tone a n techa mber i s l ack ing h ere . T he r ound p ar t was b u i lt o f t rapez o ida l b r icks . The b r ick wa l l h as o n ly b een p reserved o n t he East s ide t o a h e igh t o f 0 .70 m ( n ine r ows) ( F igs . 9 6, 9 7 , 9 8) . I t was e stab l ished t ha t t he l ower p art was n o t c y l indr ica l , b u t b egan t o g row n arrow a t t he f ounda t ions . T he v au lt ing was a cco mp l ished b y t he c onsecu t ive r ecess ion o f t he b ands o f b r icks p roceed ing u pward .

T he b r ick b ody o f t he t o mb was i so lated f rom t he

e ar th o ft he mound b y ac over o f c lose ly p laced l arge r iver s tones .

A t t he

e n trance t o t he t o mb t h is c over was s haped i n to a wa l l o f a sh lars w ith a f ine f ace , i n t he c en tre o f wh ich was t he e n trance w ith a f ramework o f we l l-hewn s tone b locks .

S ou th o f t he t o mb f acade , i n f ron t o f i t s e ast w ing , t he f ore-

q uar ters o f ah orse ' ss ke le ton w i th ab it i n i t s mou th was f ound . I n t he Northern h a lf o f t he mound , n ear a s acr if ic ia l p it i n t he e ar th , t he s ke leton o f a sma l l a n i ma l, p robab ly a d og , was f ound .

S ke letons o f d ogs a re k nown

f ro m o ther Thrac ian t u mu lus b ur ia ls . On t he e dge o f t he mound 1 2 p i tho l were a lso f ound , s o me o f wh ich h ad s tone t i les b y way o f l i ds. The a rch itect ura l t ype o f t he t o mbs, t he f unera l f urn iture a nd t he f i nds i n t he e ar th mound o ft he t hree t u mu l i o f fer a p oss ib i l ity o f e stab l ish ing a r e la t ive c hrono logy o f t he b ur ia ls . T he e ar l iest i s t he b ur ia l i n Tu mu lus No . 1 , wh ich c an b e d a ted t o t he e ar ly y ears o ft he l ast q uar ter o f t he f our th c en tury o n t he b as is o f t he c lay a nd me ta l v esse ls . T he b eeh ive t o mbs i n T u mu l i Nos . 2a nd 3 mus t h ave b een e rected s oon af ter e ach o ther i n t he l ast d ecades o f t he f our th c en tury . T hey were p robab ly d estroyed a t t he s ame t ime . The t wo r ectangu lar t o mbs i n T u mu lus 2 were t he l a tes t , a nd were b u i lt o fb r icks f ro m t he d estroyed b eeh ive t o mb, a f ter t he y ear 3 00 B .C . T he f a ith o ft he Thrac ians i n al i fe a f ter d ea th i s r ef lected i n t he c arefu l ly b u i lt t o mbs, i n t he r ich g if ts p laced i n t he m a nd i n t he l arge mounds o f e ar th p i led o ver t he m . T he v esse ls, weapons a nd j ewe l lery p laced i n t he m were t o s erve t he b ur ied p erson a f ter t he ir d ea th .

H owever , wh i le i n t he f i f th

c en tury a nd t he f i rst h a lf o ft he f our th c en tury v ery r ich b ur ia ls were f ound , i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he f our th c en tury a nd i n t he t h ird c entury a c hange s e t i n i n t he q uan t ity a nd t he c haracter o f t he b ur ia l g if ts. T h is c an h ard ly h ave b een d ue o n ly t o t he ma ter ia l s ta tus o f t he d ead o r t o a n e cono m ic i mpover ishmen t o f T hrace i n t he He l len ist ic e poch .

The b ur ia l r i tua l, i n wh ich t he i n-

c reasing p ene tra t ion o f Greek t ra its i s f e l t p rec ise ly i n t h is p er iod , u ndoubte d ly p layed a n i mpor tan t p ar t i n t h is .6 8 I ti s a lso n ot iceab le i n t he n ecropo l is o f S eu thopo l is . A lthough n ob le r epresenta t ives o f t he Thrac ian r u l ing c lass were b ur ied i n t he t u mu l i t he f unera l g if ts were v ery modest i n c o mpar ison w i th t he r ich b ur ia ls o f D ouvan l iy , Du lbok i a nd o ther s i tes i n t he f i f th c entury B .C .

T he c o mp lex p rocess o f c u ltura l i n teract ion b etween Thrac ians a nd

H e l lenes i s v ery c lear ly r ef lected i n S eu thopo l is .

5 5

The G reek i n f luence i n t he

b ur ia l r i tua l i s e xpressed i n t he p lac ing o f c o ins, l amps amphorae , s tr ig i ls a nd b ur ia l wrea ths i n t he t o mbs, a r t ic les wh ich w ere n ot f ound i n t he e ar l ier Thrac ian b ur ia ls .

T he Greek i n f luence i s a lso t o b e f e lt i n t he s ing le c hamber

r ectangu lar t o mbs, wh i le t he b eeh ive t o mbs a re a n a rch itectura l t ype e v idenced i n t he f our th a nd t h ird c entury B . C. c h ief ly i n T hrace .

I n Greece n o b eeh ive

t o mbs o f t he s ame e poch h ave b een f ound , a l though t he t ho los was a lready k nown i n Mycenaean t o mb a rch itecture .

6 9

T he d iscovery o f t wo b eeh ive t o mbs i n t he

n ecropo l is o f S eu thopo lis i s a n impor tan t c on tr ibu t ion t o t he s tudy o f t he t o mb a rch itecture o f t he T hrac ians . i n T hrace r ises t o 1 3 .

7 0

With t he m t he n umber o fb eeh ive t o mbs f ound

T he p resence o f ad ro mos a nd a r ound b eeh ive d o med

c hamber , t he t ho los, i s ad ist inct ive f ea ture o f t he m .

The b ur ia l i nc luded

i nhu ma t ion a nd was v ery o f ten a cco mpan ied b y t he b ur ia l o f ah orse .

T he i m-

p ortance o f t he n ew ly d iscovered b eeh ive t o mbs i n S eu thopo l is i s a lso i ncreased b y t he f act t ha t t oge ther w ith t he Kazan luk t o mb t hey a re t he f irst b ur ia l b u i ld ings a nd a rch itectura l monumen ts o f t he Ear ly H e l len ist ic a ge i n T hrace t o b e b u i lt o fb r icks .

The r ich v ar ie ty o f f orms a nd d i mens ions f ound i n T hrac ian

b r icks was u ndoubted ly imposed b y t he o r ig ina l p lan a nd c onstruct ion o f t he b eeh ive t o mbs .

T he b eeh ive t o mbs i n Tu mu l i N os . 2a nd 3 s hou ld b e c onnected

w ith t he p er iod o f t he g rea test e cono m ic a nd c u ltura l f l ower ing o f t he c ap ita l o f S eu thes .

5 6

CONC LUS ION T he e xcava t ions a t S eu thopo l is r evea led n ew a nd h i ther to u nknown p ages i n t he h istory o f t he ma ter ia l c u lture o ft he T hrac ians i n t he Ear ly H e l len ist ic a ge . I t was f ound t ha t t hey t oo h ad s ucceeded i n d eve lop ing t he ir own u rban c u lture wh ich , a s ar u le , d id n ot f a l l b e low t he u rban c u lture o f t he He l len ic wor ld i n many r espects . Natura l ly , a s i n a l l a spects o f t he l i fe o f t he T hrac ians , i n t he f i e ld o f t own p lann ing a nd a rch itecture t he s trong i n f luence o f t he a rch it ecture o ft he He l len ic wor ld was n o t iceab le , p ar t icu lar ly f ro m t he f our th c en tury B . C. o n . T his was a ctua l ly t o b e e xpected a nd i t wou ld b e v ery r emarkab le were s uch a n i n f luence l ack ing , a s T hrac ian s oc ie ty d eve loped o n t he p er iphery o f t he c lass ica l w or ld .

S i tua ted i n t he N or thern p ar t o f t he Pen insu la ,

f ar f rom t he ma jor S ou thern s ea r ou tes, l ong i so la ted f ro m t he h igh ly d eve loped c u l tura l c en tres o ft he Near East a nd t he Aegean wor ld , t he Thrac ians l agged b eh ind t he t e mpo o f d eve lopmen t o f t he H e l lenes i n t he ir own e cono m ic a nd s oc ia l d eve lop men t i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he f i rst m i l lenn ium . Tha t i s why , when t hey r eached t he t hresho ld o f t he c lass s oc ie ty , t he d irect c on tact t hen e stabl i shed w ith t he c lass ica l wor ld t hrough t he Greek c o lon ies o f t he Thrac ian s hores e nab led t he m t o a cqua in t t hemse lves w ith t he more h igh ly d eve loped f orms o f He l len ic c u lture a nd t o a dop t t hose o f i t s e le men ts wh ich c orresponded t o t he ir n ew f orms o f l i fe . Moreover , i n most c ases t hese e le men ts were c rea t ive ly a dap ted t o l oca l c ond it ions . T hese p heno mena were p ar t icu lar ly c lear ly man ifested i n t he a rch itecture a nd t own p lann ing o f S eu thopo l is. T hus , f or i nstance , i n t he p lan o f S eu thopo l is t he f unda men ta l p r inc ip les o f t own p lann ing i n t he Greek c i t ies o f t he c lass ica l a nd H e l len ist ic p er iod were u ndoubted ly a pp l ied . Bu t a t t he s ame t ime we s hou ld s eek i n v a in f or t he c lose ly p acked i nsu lae o n t he p r inc ip le o f g r id c ons truct ion i n t he n ew ly c rea ted a nd r econstructed Greek t owns, w ith t he ir b u i ld ing p lots i n it ia l ly e qua l i n s ize , a s i s t he c ase i n O lyn thus, f or i nstance . T h is d e mocrat ic p r inc ip le,

wh ich c orresponded t o t he s tructure o f G reek

s oc ie ty , was l ack ing i n S eu thopo l is .

Here t he i nsu lae were n ot d ense ly b u i lt

o ver , t he h ouses were d e tached , w i th c ons iderab le s pace b etween t he m , a nd t ook u p b u i ld ing p lots o f d iferen t s izes, o f wh ich t he l argest was o ccup ied b y t he p a lace .

U ndoubted ly , t h is was t he r ef lect ion o f ad if feren t t ype o f

s oc ie ty , o ne i n wh ich t he u n l im ited p ower o f ad espot , who was a ss isted b y t he members o f h is d ynasty a nd b y t he t r iba l p r inces, p redo m ina ted . T he s i tua t ion o f t he p a lace q uar ter i n S eu thopo l is was most i n terest ing . I tl ooked a s i fi tc orresponded t o t he A cropo l is i n t he Greek c i ty . Actua l ly t h is was n o t t he a cropo l is o f a Greek p o l ls o f t he c lass ica l p er iod , t he r e l ig ious c en tre o f t he c i ty a nd t he c o m mon r efuge o f t he c i t izens i n t imes o f d anger . T h is was f i rs t a nd f ore most a t yrs is , t he r u ler ' sf or t if ied p a lace , where h e l i ved s urr ounded b y h is c our t .

I n t h is r espect t hese e le men ts i n t he p lan o f S eu thopo l is

r em ind o ne r a ther o ft he t rad it ions o f t he t own-p lann ing s yste m o f t he Eastern d espots .

5 7

S eu thopo l is was a n ew ly-founded c i ty , b u i lt a t o ne t ime a ccord ing t o a p rev ious ly e stab lished p lan , j ust a s A lexander t he Grea t a nd t he D iadoch i f ounded t he ir n ew c it ies i n t he d ays o f S eu thes I I : t he n u merous A lexandr ias, An t ioche ias, Cassandre ias a nd s o o n .

Bu t S eu thes ' c i ty was f ounded i mmed-

i a te ly n ex t t o h is t yrs is, wh ich e x isted p rev ious ly , a nd a f ter b e ing d es troyed was r ebu i l t a nd i ncluded w ith in t he b oundar ies o f t he c i ty a s as pec ia l i so lated q uar ter . The c ap ita l o f S eu thes I I a cqu ired t he g rea test p rosper ity a nd impor tance I n t he l ast d ecades o f t he f our th c entury a nd t he f i rst t wo d ecades o f t he t h ird c entury . a t tack .

I t s p eacefu l d eve lop men t was, h owever , i n terrup ted b y ah os t i le T he s trong Thrac ian f or t was d es troyed w i th t he h e lp o f wa l l-break ing

mach ines, t he s tone b a l ls o f wh ich were f ound s ca t tered a long t he f or tress wa l ls .

T he c i ty was b urn t d own a nd p robab ly t aken b y s tor m a nd r obbed.

A

sma l l p ar t o f i t s i nhab itan ts s ucceeded i n s av ing t he mse lves a nd a f ter t he d ang er was o ver t hey t r ied t o r estore i nd iv idua l b u i ld ings . h ere c ame f u l ly t o a n e nd f or many c en tur ies .

S oon , h owever , l i fe

O n ly i n t he 1 2th c en tury A .D .

d id a Bu lgar ian s et t le men t a ppear o n t he r u ins o f S eu thopo l is . T he t own-p lann ing o f S eu thopo l is, i t s a rch itecture , e cono m ics a nd c u lture s how f ea tures t yp ica l o f a Greek p o l ls.

However , S eu thopo l is was n ot a c i ty

s ta te o f t he Greek t ype , b u t t he p r inc ipa l c en tre - t he c ap ita l -o f as ta te w ith a n e x tens ive t err itory , wh ich s tre tched s ou th o f t he Ba lkan R ange , a long t he u pper r eaches o f t he T ound ja .

T he k ing a nd h is r e la t ives l i ved i n t he c i ty ,

t ogether w ith em inen t r epresen ta t ives o f t he l oca l t r iba l a r istocracy , w ho owned s pac ious e sta tes i n t he v ic in ity , a nd r ich merchan ts a nd c raf ts men o f l oca l o r Greek o r ig in , who s ucceeded i n a cqu ir ing c ons iderab le wea lth . p opu la t ion l i ved o u ts ide t he f or tress wa l ls i n p oor h u ts.

T he c o mmon

T he p ot ters ' a nd

b r ick makers ' workshops were a lso p robab ly s i tua ted h ere .

The c on tras t i n

t he way o f l i fe a nd i n t he v ar ious manners o f b ur ia l among t he i nhab itan ts o f S eu thopo l is c lear ly emphas izes t he d if feren t ia t ion o f c lass a nd p roper ty i n T hrac ian s oc ie ty wh ich h ad r eached e ar ly c lass r e la t ions i n t he Ear ly H e l len ist ic a ge S eu thopo l is was t he most impor tan t Odrysaean c en tre i n t h is p er iod w ith e x tens ive i n terna t iona l c o m merc ia l r e la t ions a nd h igh ly d eve loped l oca l c ra f ts a nd a n a r t ist ic i ndustry .

T he g rea t e cono m ic a dvance a nd t he p o l it ica l i mpor-

t ance o f S eu thopo l is a re r ef lected i n t he c u ltura l f l ower ing o f t he c i ty .

T he

h igh l eve l o f u rban c u lture i n t he c ap ita l o f S eu thes I I d isproves t he t enden t ious I nfor ma t ion o f a nc ien t Greek a u thors a bou t t he l ow l eve l o f c u lture among t he T hrac ians . Hav ing a bsorbed many e le men ts o f t he He l len ist ic c u lture , w h ich i te labora ted c rea t ive ly , S euthopo l is a lso p reserved a n u mber o f t he p ar t icu lar f ea tures c haracter ist ic o f t he o r ig ina l T hrac ian c u lture .

5 8

NOTES

1 .

Chr . Danov , Drevna T rak iya , S of ia , 1 969 .

2 .

A l . F o l, Trak iya IBa lkan ite p rez r annoe l in ist icheska ta e poha , S of ia , 1 975, p . 1 85 s qq .

3 .

Swoboda , S eu thes I I , RE I A , c o l . 2 022 , 2 023 ; t sare GSOu I FF. XXDC 1 933 , p . 6 4 s qq .

Y . T odorov , Trak i isk ite

4 .

A l . Fo l, Trak iya IBa lkan ite p rez r annoe l in istr icheska ta e poha , S of ia 1 975, p . 1 07 , s qq .

5 .

D iod . XVI I , 6 2, 4 -8 a nd 6 3 , 1 -2 ;

A .S . S hofman , Perv i i e tap a n t i-

makedonskogo d v izhen iya p er ioda v ostochn ikh p ohodov A lexandra Makedonskogo, VDI , 4 , 1 973 , p . 1 17 , e t s qq . 6 .

A .S . S hofman , Perv i i e tap a n t i makedonskogo d v izhen iya p er ioda v ostochn ikh p ohodov A lexandra Makedonskogo, VD I , 4 , 1 973 , p , 1 29 e t s eqq . , P .O . Kar ishkovsk i i, Mone t t z apadnopon t i isk ikh d inastov n a iden ie v S everno m Pr icherno mor ie

2

S A, N o. 4 , 1 962 , p . 5 4 ;

D .M . P ipp id i,

IGrec i n e l Basso Danub io Da i l ' e ta a rca ica a l la c onqu ista r o mana , M i lan , 1 971, p . 3 07 , n ote 1 15 . 7 .

D iod . XVI I I , 1 4 , 2 -4 .

8 .

M . Cary , AH istory o f t he Greek Wor ld , 3 23 t o 1 46 B . C" L ondon , 1 972 , p . 1 17 .

9 . 1 0 .

P . C loche , L a d is loca t ion d 'u n Emp ire , Par is 1 959, p . 3 1. P . C loche , La d is loca t ion d 'un Emp ire , Par is 1 959, p . 1 60 ;

M . Cary ,

AH istory o f t he Greek Wor ld , 3 23 t o 1 46 B .C. , L ondon 1 972 , p . 1 18 . 1 1. 1 2 .

D iod . X IX , 7 3 . S woboda , RE p rez

1 3 .

IA , c o l . 2 022 ;

G . M iha i lov , Ku m i stor iya ta n a Trak iya

v .pre .n . e ra , I AI , XLX , 1 955, p . 1 53 .

A l . F o l, Trak iya IBa lkan ite p rez r annoe l in ist icheska ta e poha , S of ia , 1 975, p . 1 99 s qq .

1 4 .

M . ö i6 ikova , S eu thopo l is, S of ia , 1 970 a nd l i t .c i t . ; C hr . Danof f , S eu thopo l is, RE, S upp le . Bd , 9 , 1 962 , c o l . 1 371-1378 .

1 5 .

P .O . Kar ishkovsk i i, Mone t i z apadnopon t i isk ich d inastov n a iden ie v S everno m Pr icherno mor ie , S A, No . 4 , 1 962 , p . 5 3 .

1 6 .

G . M iha i lov , I nscr ip t iones Graecae i n Bu lgar ia r eper tae , I I 2 , S erd icae 1 964 , p . 1 48 .

5 9

1 7 .

D .P . D im itrov , Gradooustro istvo Ia rk i tek tura n a t rak i isk iya g rad S eu thopo l is, Arheo log iya , I , 1 960 , v o l . 1 , p . 3s qq .; i de m , S ev topo l -f rak i lsk i i g orod b l iz s . K ipr inka , Kazan lukskogo r a iona , S A, 1 , 1 957 , p . 1 99

s qq .;

i de m . S eu thopo l is, An t iqu ity XXXV , 1 961, p . 9 1 s qq .

1 8 .

R . Mar t in , L 'u rban is me d ans l a Grace a n t ique , Par is, 1 956 ,

1 21 .

1 9 .

D .P . D im itrov , Z a o ukrepen ite v i i i Ir ez iden ts i i o u t rak i te v p redr imska ta

P .

e poha , S tud ia i n h onore m D . Dechev , S of ia , 1 958 , p . 6 96 s qq .;

i dem .

Das En tstehen d er t hrak ischen S tad t u nd d ie E igenar t i hrer S tad tebau l ichen G esta ltung u nd Arch itektur , A t t i d e l s e t t i mo c ongress° i n ternaz iona le d i a rcheo log ia c lass ica , R o me 1 961, v o l . 1 , p . 3 81. 2 0 .

D .M . R ob inson , Haus, RE V I I .

S upp l . ,v o l . 2 54 ;

D .M . Rob inson a nd

J .W . Graham , O lyn thus V I I I , T he He l len ic H ouse , Ba l t i more 1 938 , p . 1 41-151; J . Wa lter Graham , Or ig ins a nd I n terre la t ions o f t he G reek H ouse a nd t he R o man House , Phoen ix , v o l . 2 0 , 1 966, p . 1 0 s eqq .; J .E . J ones, A . J . Graham a nd L .H . S acket t , An A t t ic C oun try H ouse b e low t he Cave o f Pan a t Van, BSA, 6 8 , 1 973 , p . 3 61 s qq . 2 1. 2 2 .

L . Z h ivkova , T he Kazan luk T o mb, 1 975 . T h . Wiegand u nd H . S chrader , Pr iene , B er l in , 1 904 , p . 3 08 s qq .; D .M . R ob inson , Excava t ions a t O lyn thus, X I I , 1 946 , p . 1 39 ;

M . . Bu lard ,

Pe in tures mura les e t mosa iques d e De los, Monu men ts P lot , X IV , 1 908 , p . 1 66 s qq . 2 3 .

W. B . D ins moor , The a rch itecture o f a nc ien t G reece , 1 950, p . 2 97 , F ig . 1 09 ;

T h . Wiegand , M i le t

v o l . I , H ef t 9( A.v . G erkan u nd F .

K r ischen , Thermen u nd Pa lästren ) , Ber l in 1 928 , p . 2 0 , Ta f . f l lsqq . 2 4 .

M . L auney , L e s anctua ire e t l e c u lte d ' Herac les ä T hasos, E tudes T has iennes, I , Par is, 1 944 , p . 7 2 , s qq .; p l . XD; Recherches s ur

J . Pou i l loux

h isto ire e t l es c u l tes d e T hasos, I .

E tudes t has iennes,

I I , 1 954, p . 3 64 . 2 5 .

M . Ch ich ikova , Trak i lska ta g robn itsa o t S . K a loyanovo, S l ivensk i o krue , I AI , XXX I , 1 969, p . 6 0 s qq .

2 6 .

M . Markov , Pr inos k um i zouchavane i s tor iya ta n a b oza in its ite v B u lgar ia ( ma ter ia l i o t S eu thopo lis) , l zvest iya n a Z oo log ichesk iya I nst i tu t , V I I , 1 958 , p . 1 43 , s qq .

2 7 .

M .

. 1 6 1kova , Deve loppe men t d e l a c eram ique t hrace

e poque c lass ique

e t h e l len ist ique , AA Ph i l ., S tud ia a rchaeo log ica , S erd icae , 1 963 , p . 3 5 s qq . 2 8 .

M . C i6 ikova , Deve loppe men t d e l a c eram ique t hrace ä I 'e poque c lass ique e t h e l len ist ique , AA Ph i l ., S tud ia a rchaeo log ica , S erd icae , 1 963 , s qq .;

2 9 .

P .

4 0

S eu thopo l is, S of ia , 1 970, 6 0-70 .

M . ö iä lkova , L es t imbres s un p itho i d e S eu thopo lis, BCH LXXX I I-1958I ,

3 0 .

i de m .

P .

4 66 s qq .

M . Ch ich ikova , Pecha t i si zobrazhen ie n a n ak it i v urhou p itos i o t S eu thopo l is, S tud ia i n h onore m D . Dechev , S of ia , 1 958 , p . 4 75-487 .

6 0

3 1.

M .N . Tod , The Greek Nu mera l Nota t ions, BSA, XVI I I , 1 911-1912, p . 1 00 s qq .;

i de m, Fur ther Notes o n t he Greek Acrophon ic Nu mera ls , BSA,

XXVI I I , 1 926-1927 , p . 1 41. 3 2 .

M . L ang , Nu mer ica l Nota t ions o n Greek Vases, Hesper ia , XXV , p . 1 5 s qq ., No . 1 -61

3 3 .

M . Ch ich ikova , Poyava Io upotreba n a t ouh la ta k at h s tro ite len ma ter ia l o u t rak ite v k ra ja n a I V In acha loto n a I I vp r .n .e ra . I AI , XX I , 1 957 , p . 1 29-152 .

3 4 .

K . L eh mann , S a mothrace : No . 1 , 1 950 , p . 1 4 ;

Th ird Pre l i minary Repor t , Hesper ia , XD Z ,

Pe ter Rober t Franke , Z u e in igen Z iege lste mpe ln

a us Ep irus D ie An t iken Münzen v on Ep irus.

Wiesbaden 1 961, p . 3 12

s qq 3 5 . 3 6 .

D . Rob inson , Excava t ions a t O lyn thus, Par is V II I , p . 2 23 s qq . L . Ognenova- Mar inova , Notes S ur l a t oreu t ique a n t ique e n Thrace, T hrac ia , I I , S of ia , 1 974, p . 1 92 , F ig . 9 -13 .

3 7 .

A . A lex ieva , Amforn i p echa t i o t K opr inka , GNA MP 1, I , 1 950, p . 1 851 90 ;

A . Ba lk :anska , D ie Hande lbez iehungen v on S eu thopo l is, AAPh il,

S tud ia Archaeo log ica , S erd icae , 1 963 , p . 4 9-59. 3 8 .

M . Ch ich ikova , Gru tska ta k era m ika o t S eu thopo l is, Archeo log iya , V I I , 1 965, v o l . 2 , p . 3 4-42 .

3 9.

L i l ly Gha l i-Kah i l, L a c era m ique g recque, E tudes t hasiennes, V I I , Par is, 1 960 , p . 1 28 s qq .

D . R ob inson , Excava t ions a t O lyn thus, X II I , p . 2 74,

s qq . 4 0 .

T . I vanov, An t ichna k era m ika o t n ekropo la n a Apo lon iya , i n Apo lon iya , S of ia , 1 963, p . 1 96 s qq ., No . 4 74-478 .

4 1.

H .A . Tho mpson , Two Centur ies o f He l len ist ic Pot tery , Hesper ia , I I , 1 934, p . 3 11 s qq .

4 2 .

E .I . L ev i, Pr ivoznaya g recheskaya k era m ika i z r azkopok O lv i i v1 935 1 1936 g ., O lv ia I , K iev 1 940, p . 1 05, s qq .;

T .N . Kn ipov ich ,

H oudozhestvennaya k era m ika v g orodakh S evernago Pr icherno mor iya , AGSP, 1 955, p . 3 56, s qq . 4 3 .

R .H . How land , Greek L a mps a nd The ir S urv ivals, The A then ian Agora , I V , 1 958, p . 6 7 s qq .

4 4 .

T .N . Knopov ich , Kv oprossou o t orgov ih s noshen iah a nt ichn ih k o lon i i s evernogo Pr icherno mor lya v e pohu e l in iz ma , S A, X I , p . 2 71 s eqq .; J .B . Brash insk i i, A f in i IS evernoe Pr icherno mor ie v V I-I I v v . d o n .e . , Moskva , 1 963 , p . 1 53 , s qq .

4 5 .

0 . I l lescu , Tro is monna ies d e S eu thes I I , Thraco-Dac ica , Bucarest , 1 976, p . 1 68, n ote 2 7 .

4 6.

D . P. D im itrov , Bronzov i monet i n a d inasta Ade i o t r azkopk ite v S eu thopo l is, Arheo log iya , X IV , 1 972, v o l . 3 , p . 6 5 s qq .

6 1

4 7 .

F or t he c hrono logy o f Cassander ' sc o ins s ee

c t . Xu iç K a o

N op .tcp .a .Ta , TOD

P .n .

0b iov6p .ou

V ô pOu , ' A pc oX oy 6v

A cX -c tov,

1 918 , p . 1 -29, p l . 1a nd t he l ast s tudy o f C h . Ehrhard t , The C o ins o f C assander, J ourna l o f N um is mat ic F ine a r ts, V o l. 2 , 1 973 , N o. 2 , p . 2 6 s qq. 4 8 .

T hree o verstruck c o ins f ro m t he h oard were p ub l ished b y N . Moushmov , Prepecha tan . i a n t ichn i mone t i, I AI , I1 923/24 , p . 1 74 s qq .;

Y . Y ouroukova ,

C o ins o f t he Anc ien t T hrac ians, B .A .R . S upp le men tary S er ies, 4 , O x ford 1 976, N o . 7 5-83 , p ub l ished 1 3 c o ins o f t he s ame h oard w i thou t men t ion ing t ha t t hey c ame f ro m a c o llect ive h oard . 4 9 .

T . G erass i mov , Por tre t n a S eu thes I I ( 323-311 g .pr .n .e .) v urhou mone t l , I AI , X IX , 1 955 , p . 1 23 s qq .

5 0 .

T . G erass i mov , Mone tn i s ukrov ish ta , n ameren i v Bu lgar ia p rez 1 966, I AI , XXX , 1 967 ,

5 1.

P .

1 88 .

D .P . D im itrov , Neuen tdeck te e p igraph ische Den .k mä . ler ü ber d ie R e l ig ion d er T hraker i n d er f r i thhe l len ist ischen Epoche , Ho mmages ä Wa ldemar Deonna , C o l lect ion L a to mus, XXVI I I , 1 957 , p . 1 81 s qq .; i de m , K um v uprossa z a r e l ig iya ta n a t rak i te o t r annoe l in ist icheska ta e poha , I s tor ichesk i p reg led , XVI I , 1 957 , No . 2 , p . 6 5, s qq .

5 2 . 5 3 .

B . He mberg , D ie K ab iren , U ppsa la , 1 950 . E tudes Thas iennes, I , 1 944, p . 7 2 s qq .;

E tudes Thas ienn„s I I , 1 954,

p . 3 64 . 5 4 .

O berhu m mer , RE, X , 1 455 .

5 5 .

B . Haussou l l ier , I nscr ip t ions d e D idy mes, Revue d e Ph i lo log ie , XLLX , 1 925 , p . 1 9 s qq .

5 6 .

M . Ch ich ikova , Z her tven ik i e l l in ist ichesko i e poh i v Thrak i i, S tud ia T hrac ica , 1 , S of ia , 1 975, p . 1 80 s qq .

5 7 .

G . F eher , Mog i ln i n ahodk i o t Moumd ji lar , I AI , V I I I , 1 934, p . 10 s qq .

5 8 .

P . De margue , Cu l te f unera ire e t f oyer d o mest ique d ans l a Cre te m inoenne

5 9.

BCH LV I , 1 932, p . 7 6 .

M .R . N i lsson , T he M inoan- Mycenaean R e l ig ion a nd I t s S urv iva l i n G reek Re l ig ion , L ondon , 1 927 , p . 8 5 , 1 05 ;

G .E. My lonas, Anc ien t

Mycenae , L ondon , 1 957 , p . 5 4 s qq . 6 0 .

E .F . P okrovskaya , Z her tvenn ik r annesk ifskogo v re men i o u s . Z habot in . K ra tk ie s oobsh ten iya , K iev , N o . 1 2 , 1 962 , p . 7 3 , s qq ;

M .I . V yaz m it ina ,

Z o lota Ba lka , K iev , 1 962 , p . 2 13 , s qq . 6 1.

P . L . L ardere t , L 'o pp idu m p rero ma in d e l a R oque , c o m mune d e Fabregues ( Herau lt ) , Ga l l ia , XV , 1 957 , p . 2 5 s qq .

6 2 .

T . Mak iew icz, O ltarze I'p aen iska ' o rnamen towane z e pok i z e laza w E urop ie , Przeg lad Archeo log iczny , v o l . 2 4, 1 976, p . 1 03 s qq .

6 2

6 3 .

p a n t ier u l

P o iana , S CIV , I I , 1 952 , p . 1 94, F ig . 3 ; R . Vu lpe , S an t ieru l

a rheo log ic P opeet i, MCA V I , 1 959, 6 4 .

P .

3 08 s qq .

K . Z houg lev , Razkopk i Ip roouchvan iya n a Mog i la N o . 1- K opr inka , G SOu I FF XLVI I , 1 952 , 1 2 , p . 2 17 s qq .

6 5 . 6 6 .

B . F i lov , K oupo ln ite g robn its i p r i Mezek , I AT X I , 1 937 ,

P .

7 5 s qq .

M . C h ich ikova , Trak i lska_grobn itsa o t s . Ka loyanovo, S l ivensk i o krug , I AI , XX I , 1 969, p . 6 8 s qq .

6 7 .

P . B oev , Trak i isk i a n tropo log ichesk i ma ter ia l i o t S eu thopo l is, Archeo log iya , I , 1 960 , No . 2 , p . 5 2 s qq .

6 8 .

M .

e i n k o v a ,

Nouve l les f ou i l les e t r echerches d es n ecropo les t hraces

d es Ve-Il le s s . a y .n . e re e n Bu lgar ie , A ctes d u I er C ongres I n terna t iona l d es E tudes b a lkan iques e t s ud-est Europeennes, I , S of ia , 1 969, p . 3 71 s qq 6 9.

L . Ognenova , S urv ivances d e l a c iv i l isa t ion med iterraneenne d e l i e m i l lena ire e n Thrace , v ers l a s econde mo tt le d u I er m i l lena ire . AAPh i l, S tud ia a rchaeo log ica , S erd icae , 1 963 , p . 2 7 , s qq .

7 0 .

V . M ikov , Pro izhoda t n a k oupo ln ite g robn its i v Trak ia , I AI , X IX , 1 955 , p . 1 5 , s qq .

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En trance t o t he c i tade l, p lan

F ig . 2 5 .

F ig . 2 7 .

En trance t o t he c itade l

L ower d ru m o f ag ran ite c o lu mn i n t he Dor ic .s ty le

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T he Pa lace , v iewed f ro m t he West

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t he t hrone r oo m , v iewed f ro m t he West

t he S anctuary o f t he G rea t S amothrac ian D e it ies

T he a l tar-hear th i n t he S anctuary

A n t e f i x e s f r o m t h e P a l c e

F ig . 3 5 .

F ig . 3 6 .

F ig . 3 7 .

Hand-made c lay v esse l

Q uerns

I ron p loughshare

F ig . 3 8 ,

Hand- made c lay v esse l

F ig . 3 9 ,

F ig . 4 0 .

I l and- made sma l l d oub le v esse l

K ra tershaped c lay v esse l , whee l- made F ig . 4 1 .

Grey p i tcher , w hee l- made

F ig . 4 3 . F ig . 4 2 .

Grey o inochoe

Gr y K an h aros

F ig . 4 4 .

Grey b ow l

F ig . 4 5 .

F ish-p la tes

F ig . 4 6 .

R ed-c lay b ow l

F ig . 4 7 .

Kernos

F ig . 4 8 .

L a mp i n t he s hape o f aN egro s h ead

F ig . 4 9 ,

P itho i

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S ta mps o n t he mouths o f p itho l

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Br icks w ith v ar ious s igns

F ig . 5 4 .

Br i k s f ro m a we l l

F ig . 5 5 .

F ig . 5 6 .

I ron k n ife a nd b ronze a rrow-t ips

Bronze f i bu lae o f t he T hrac ian t ype

F ig . 5 7 .

S nake made o f l ead

F ig . 5 8 .

S tamp o n a n amphora f ro m T hasos w ith t he emb le m o f aN egro ' s h ead

F ig . 5 9 .

B lack-g laze k an tharos

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Fragmen ts o f k an tharo i w i th d ecora t ion

F ig . 6 1

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m in ted b y L ys i machus ( magn if ied )

b

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a

b

F ig . 6 7 .

Bronze c o ins m in ted b y S eu thes I I ( t hree t imes magn if ied ) a . t ype 1 ; b . t ype 2 ; c . t ype 3 ; d . t ype 4 .

F ig . 6 8 .

Bronze c o ins m in ted b y S eu thes I I , t ype 5 ( t hree t imes magn if ied )

F ig . 6 9 .

Bronze c o ins m in ted b y S eu thes H I , t ype 6 ( t hree t imes magn if ied)

F ig . 7 0 .

Bronze c o ins r n

1b y S eu thes I I , t ype 7 ( t hree t imes magn if ied)

: . 4 tX 1 7. > 0P N : ,

F ig . 7 1 .

Greek I nscr ip t ion f ound I n t he S anc tuary o f t he Pa lace

1g . 7 2 .

T he s tone b ases o n t he a gora

F ig . 7 3 .

T he b ase w i th a n i nscr ip t ion

F ig . 7 4 .

A ltar-hear th f ro m t he S anctuary i n t he Pa lace

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F ig . 7 7 .

A ltar-hear th w ith a g ar land o f r oset tes

2 0

F ig . 7 8 .

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A ltar-hear th w ith a n o rna men t c o mposed o f t hree s nakes

F ig . 7 9 .

G o ld n eck lace f ro m t umu lus N o . 1

F ig . 8 1 .

F ig . 8 0 .

G o ld e arr ings e nd ing i n al i on s h ead f rom t u mu lus N o . 1

Bronze o inochoe f ro m t u mu lus N o . 1

F ig . 8 2

F ig . 8 3 .

Bronze s i tu la f ro m t umu lus N o . 1 -d e ta i l

T erraco t ta f i gur ine o f aw o man f ro m t u mu lus N o . 1

F ig . 8 4 .

F ig . 8 5 .

F ig . 8 7 .

D iscovery o f t he b eeh ive t o mb i n t u mu lus N o . 2

B eeh ive t o mb f ro m t u mu lus N o . 2 , s een f rom t he N or th

Br ick t o mb N o . 3i n t u mu lus N o . 2 , s een f ro m t he S ou th-west

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Br ick c onstruct ion i n t o mb n o. 2 .

F ig. 8 9

Br ick c onstruct ion i n t o mb n o. 3 .

F ig . 8 8 .

B r ick t o mb N o . 3i n t u mu lus N o . 2 , s een f ro m t he S ou th-west

F ig . 9 1 .

F ig . 9 0 .

G o ld n eck lace f ro m t o mb N o . 2i n t u mu lus No . 2

G o ld f i bu lae f ro m t o mb N o . 2i n t umu lus N o . 2

F ig . 9 2 .

L it t le g o ld p laque w ith t he h ead o f ay oung man f ro m t o mb N o . 2

F ig . 9 3 .

F ig . 9 4 .

G o ld e arr ing f ro m t o mb N o . 3i n t u mu lus No . 2

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F ig . 9 6 .

Beeh ive t o mb f ro m

F ig . 9 7 .

F ig . .9 8 .

umu lus

N o . 3 , v iewed f ro m t he S ou th-wes t

Beeh ive t o mb f ro m t u mu lus N o . 3 , v iewed f ro m t he N or th-west

B eeh ive t o mb f ro m t u mu lus N o . 3a f ter t he s tone c over ing v a r e moved