the Tenses, the Aspects, and the Voices of the English Language [Abridged Edition 1.4] 9781943843688

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the Tenses, the Aspects, and the Voices of the English Language Abridged Edition 1.4 Dim Colo(u)rs

12 24 Max Brown

the Tenses, the Aspects, and the Voices of the English Language Abridged Edition 1.4

Max Brown

1

All rights are reserved Copyright © Max Brown, 2016 The right of Max Brown to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with Section 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 The book’s cover picture is copyright to Max Brown The book’s inner pictures were designed by Max Brown This book is published by Versos and Rectos Limited The book is sold subject to the conditions that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the author’s or publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. ISBN 978-1-943843-68-8

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‘the Tenses, the Aspects, and the Voices of the English Language: Abridged Edition 1.4' is available in hardcover from January/February 2017

2

the Content A B C D E F G H I

the Content

3

the Structure

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

the Tenses and the Aspects of the English Language the Types of Verbs the Main Verbs the Dynamic Verbs, and the Static Verbs the Auxiliary Verbs the Modal Verbs the Resultant Participle, the Passive Participle, and the Continuous Participle the Active Voice, and the Passive Voice the Infinitive the Past Tenses the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.) the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.) the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had done.) the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been done.) the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had been doing.) the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been being done.) the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I was doing.) the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was being done.)

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

the Present Tenses the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.) the Compound Timely Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is done.) the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.) the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been done.) the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have been doing.) the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been being done.) the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.) the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is being done.)

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

the Future Tenses the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.) the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be done.) the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have done.) the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been done.) the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have been doing.) the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been being done.) the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will be doing.) the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be being done.)

the Auxiliary Verbs the Auxiliary Verb (1) 'have' ('has', and 'had') the Auxiliary Verb (2) 'be' ('am', 'is', 'are', 'was', and 'were') the Auxiliary Verb (3) 'do' ('does', and 'did') the Modal Verbs M the Modal Verb (1) 'can' N the Modal Verb (2) 'could’ O the Modal Verb (3) 'may' P the Modal Verb (4) 'might' R the Modal Verb (5) 'will' Q the Modal Verb (6) 'would' S the Modal Verb (7) 'shall' T the Modal Verb (8) 'should' U the Modal Verb (9) 'must' the Appendix the List of the Irregular Verbs J K L

3

4 16 17 18 19 21 22 24 26 Ⓢ 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲

🕓🕓 🕓🕓 ® ® ®→ ®→ → →

Ⓢ 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲

🕓🕓 🕓🕓 ® ® ®→ ®→ → →

🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲 🄲🄲

🕓🕓 🕓🕓 ® ® ®→ ®→ → →

↷ ↶ ↷ ↶ ↷ ↶ ↷ ↶

28 30 32 33 34 35 36 38

↷ ↶ ↷ ↶ ↷ ↶ ↷ ↶

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 60

↷ ↶ ↷ ↶ ↷ ↶ ↷ ↶

40 42 44 45 46 47 48 50

62 64 66 68 71 74 77 79 82 85 87 89 92

Chapter A the Tenses and the Aspects of the English Language the Tense and the Aspect:

A ‘tense’ is a form of a verbal group that indicates either (1) the past time, (2) the present time, or (3) the future time. The verbal group always consists of (a) one main verb, often consists of (b) an auxiliary verb and (c) a participle or participles, and intermittently consists of (d) a modal verb. For the purpose of the visual aid, the past tense is highlighted in red and is represented by a red circle (i.e. ) the present tense is highlighted in yellow and is represented by a yellow circle (i.e. ) and the future tense is highlighted in green and is represented by a green circle (i.e. ) An ‘aspect’ is a form of a verbal group that emphasizes either (1) 🕓🕓 time, (2) ® result, (3) ®→ result and continuousness, or (4) → continuousness. 🕓🕓 The timely aspect is represented by a clock symbol (i.e. 🕓🕓), and emphasizes 🕓🕓 time. ® The resultant aspect is represented by ‘R’-in-a-circle symbol (i.e. ®), and emphasizes ® result. ®→ The resultant continuous aspect is represented by ‘R’-in-a-circle symbol and an arrow symbol (i.e. ®→), and emphasizes ®→ result and continuousness. → The continuous aspect is represented by an arrow symbol (i.e. →), and emphasizes → continuousness. Tenses and aspects are interwoven, and are used together in different combinations for different purposes. For example, the past tense and → the continuous aspect jointly emphasize → the past continuousness, and, for example, can be used to indicate that an action was ongoing at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past; the present tense and → the continuous aspect jointly emphasize → the present continuousness, and, for example, can be used to indicate that an action is ongoing at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking; and the future tense and → the continuous aspect jointly emphasize → the future continuousness, and, for example, can be used to indicate that an action will be ongoing at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future; etc. In the English language, there are 3 tenses and 4 aspects which can be interwoven, and which can be either in ↷ the active voice or in ↶ the passive voice; thus, 3 tenses x 4 aspects x 2 voices = 24 base forms. tense

(2) present tense

(1) past tense

(1) timely aspect

timely aspect

(2) resultant aspect

(3) resultant continuous aspect

resultant continuous aspect

(4) continuous aspect

continuous aspect

4

future tense

present tense

resultant aspect

past tense

aspect

(3) future tense

the Timeline Table:

The Timeline Table, which is directly below, visually represents the usage of the tense, the aspect, and the voice. The lowest row in the Timeline Table shows the past tense (is highlighted in red), the present tense (is highlighted in yellow), and the future tense (is highlighted in green). The second row from bottom shows 🕓🕓 three specific moments (are highlighted vertically in grey): i.e. (-1) 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, (0) 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and (1) 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future. Before and after every moment, there is an area (is highlighted in white, or is not highlighted) that represents the time before and after the moments. Those three moments can be explained by using positive and negative numbers, and, of course, zero. All negative numbers are in the past, i.e. things that have already happened. All positive numbers are in the future, i.e. things that will or may happen. Zero is neither in the past nor in the future – ‘zero’ is 🕓🕓 the very moment of speaking, which is in the present.

-1

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

0

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the past tense

the moment of speaking

1

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

the present tense

To go even deeper, the whole negative numbers (-1, -2, -3, -4, etc.) can represent 🕓🕓 specific moments in the past, the whole positive numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) can represent 🕓🕓 specific moments in the future, and zero (0) can represent 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking. The decimal negative numbers (-0.5, -1.5, -2.5, etc.) can represent the time between 🕓🕓 specific moments in the past and 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and the decimal positive numbers (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, etc.) can represent the time between 🕓🕓 specific moments in the future and 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking.

-1.5

-1

-0.5

-0.1

0

0.1

0.5

1

1.5

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the past tense

the present tense

the future tense

There can be a few or many 🕓🕓 specific moments in the past, as well as in the future. ‘-3’ happened before ‘-2’, and ‘-2’ happened before ‘-1’. ‘-1’ is closer to ‘0’, i.e. 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking. For example, 🕓🕓 ‘I went shopping at 9 am.’, 🕓🕓 ‘I visited my mother at 1 pm.’, and 🕓🕓 ‘I cleaned my room at 7 pm.’. Those three activities happened one after another with a time interval between them.

-3.5

-3

-2.66

-2.33

-2

-1.66

-1.33

-1

-0.5

before a specific moment (-3) in the past

a specific moment (-3) in the past

after a specific moment (-3) in the past

before a specific moment (-2) in the past

a specific moment (-2) in the past

after a specific moment (-2) in the past

before a specific moment (-1) in the past

a specific moment (-1) in the past

after a specific moment (-1) in the past

the past tense

🕓🕓 ‘I went shopping at 9 am.’ is 🕓🕓 a specific moment (-3) in the past; 🕓🕓 ‘I visited my mother at 1 pm.’ is 🕓🕓 a specific moment (-2) in the past; 🕓🕓 ‘I cleaned my room at 7 pm.’ is 🕓🕓 a specific moment (-1) in the past. ‘-1’ is closer to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, which is zero, because it happened after ‘-3’ and ‘-2’.

5

the Examples:

In two examples below, i.e. 🕓🕓 ‘I was born in 1981.’ and 🕓🕓 ‘My mother bore me in 1981.’, the action happened or the action was done at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, i.e. ‘1981’. 🕓🕓 ‘I was born in 1981.’ is in 121 the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.) because the subject (i.e. ‘I’) received the action (see Chapter 2 for more information about this tense).

C (M1) 🕓🕓 I was born in 1981. before a specific moment in the past

2

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the past tense

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

the present tense

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

🕓🕓 ‘My mother bore me in 1981.’ is in 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.) because the subject (i.e. ‘mother’) performed the action (see Chapter 1 for more information about this tense).

S (M1) 🕓🕓 My mother bore me in 1981.

before a specific moment in the past

1

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the past tense

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

the present tense

® ‘My mother has borne two children.’ is in 11 the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.) (see Chapter 11 for more information about this tense). There were two 🕓🕓 specific moments in the past when my mother gave birth, firstly, to my brother and, secondly, to me. My brother was born in 1976, and I was born in 1981. Because 11 the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.) emphasizes ® the present result, it is not important when the action happened; what is important is ® the present result: ® the present result is that my mother has borne two children before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking. Normally, each verb has one participle, e.g. ‘done’, ‘seen’, ‘gone’, etc., but the verb ‘bear’ has ‘born’ and ‘borne’. The word ‘born’ is the passive participle and is used in ↶ the passive voice, and the word ‘borne’ is the resultant participle and is used in ↷ the active voice. The word ‘bore’ is the past form of the verb ‘bear’, and is used specifically in 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.) (see the Appendix, the List of the Irregular Verbs, Verb 8).

C (M1) ® My mother has borne two children.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

11

the moment of speaking the present tense

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

🕓🕓 ‘He smokes.’ is in 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.) (see Chapter 9 for more information about this tense). This tense has a few different usages. Meaning 1 describes an action that happens repeatedly (happens time after time,

6

happens time and again, or happens time and time again), i.e. happened in the past on numerous occasions, and most probably will happen in the future on numerous occasions. This action is not necessarily happening at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking.

S (M1) 🕓🕓 He smokes.

(M1) 🕓🕓 He smokes. = He smoked in the past.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

9

the past tense

(M1) 🕓🕓 He smokes. = He will smoke in the future.

(M1) 🕓🕓 He smokes.

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

the present tense

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

→ ‘He is smoking.’ is in 15 the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.) (see Chapter 15 for more information about this tense). As well as 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.), 15 the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.) has a few different usages. Meaning 1 describes an action that is happening during 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or, in other words, that is ongoing during 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, i.e. started before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and most probably will continue after 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking.

C (M1) → He is smoking.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

15

the moment of speaking the present tense

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

In the example below, we have a sentence ® ‘The house has been painted, and now →→ it is being sold.’. ® ‘The house has been painted,’ is the main clause of the sentence, and is in 12 the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been done.); →→ ‘and it is now being sold.’ is a coordinate clause, which is in 16 the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is being done.). This is a compound sentence. 12 The Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been done.) is used to describe an action that has been completed before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking. ® ‘The house has been painted,’ = the action of painting has been done to the house, and is now complete. As we can see in the Timeline Table, the upper yellow arrow with ® ‘The house has been painted,’ was started at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and was stopped before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking. It is not very important when the action was started and when it was finished because this tense emphasizes ® the present result, and we are interested in ® the final, present result. We only want to say that the action has been completed before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or before ‘now’. The action could have been completed an hour ago, a day ago, or a week ago, but ® the present result is still the same. Whenever it was completed, ® the present result is that the house has been painted, and is ready. 16 The Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is being done.) is used to describe an action that is ongoing during and/or around 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking. →→ ‘and now it is being sold.’ = the action of selling the house is ongoing during and/or around 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking; it was started before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and will be continued beyond 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking. (1) ® The present result is that the house has been painted before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and (2) now the house is being sold, which, in this case, is ongoing around 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking.

7

C (M1) ® The house has been painted,

and now (M2) →→ it is being sold.

and now (M2) →→ it is being sold.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

12

the past tense

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

16

the present tense

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

More Examples:

A tense shows the relationship between (a) 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking and (b) the moment of action or the moment of state. For example, we have four sentences: (1) 🕓🕓 ‘I drank a cup of tea yesterday.’; (2) → ‘I am drinking a cup of tea now.’; (3) 🕓🕓 ‘I drink tea.’; and (4) 🕓🕓 ‘I will drink a cup of tea tomorrow.’. All four aforementioned sentences show the relationship between 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking and the moment of action. In the first example, i.e. (1) 🕓🕓 ‘I drank a cup of tea yesterday.’, the moment of action is represented by the word ‘yesterday’ and by the sentence’s overall structure, i.e. ‘drank’ is the past form of the verb ‘drink’ and is used specifically in forming 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.).

S (M1) 🕓🕓 I drank a cup of tea yesterda y.

before a specific moment in the past

1

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the past tense

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

the present tense

The second example, i.e. (2) → ‘I am drinking a cup of tea now.’, shows that 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking and the moment of action are happening at the same time. The moment of action is represented by the word ‘now’ and, first and foremost, by the sentence’s overall structure. I say ‘first and foremost’ because it is possible to omit the word ‘now’, leaving → ‘I am drinking a cup of tea.’. Exactly because of the sentence’s overall structure, the relationship between 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking and the moment of action is understood. Often if not always, the moment of action or the moment of state can be understood from the context, and therefore it is often possible – yet may be not often desirable – to omit the actual words that represent the moment of action or the moment of state.

C (M1) → I am drinking a cup of tea now. before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

15

the moment of speaking the present tense

8

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future the future tense

after a specific moment in the future

The third example, i.e. (3) 🕓🕓 ‘I drink tea.’, shows that the action happens repeatedly (i.e. happens time and time again), i.e. happened in the past on a number of occasions, and will probably happen in the future on a number of occasions. This action is not necessarily happening at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking.

S (M1) 🕓🕓 I drink tea.

(M1) 🕓🕓 I drink tea. = 🕓🕓 I drank tea in the past.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

9

the past tense

(M1) 🕓🕓 I drink tea.

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

(M1) 🕓🕓 I drink tea. = 🕓🕓 I will drink tea in the future.

before a specific moment in the future

the present tense

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

The fourth example, i.e. (4) 🕓🕓 ‘I will drink a cup of tea tomorrow.’, shows that the moment of action will happen tomorrow. The moment of action is represented by the sentence’s overall structure, by the word ‘tomorrow’, and, also, by the modal verb ‘will’ which is used in forming the future tenses, and which is, so to speak, the most predominant modal verb in the English language.

C (M1) 🕓🕓 I will drink a

cu p of tea tomorrow.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking the present tense

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

17

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

Two tables on the following page show (1) twenty-four tenses of the English language if we consider that ↷ the active voice and ↶ the passive voice are different tenses, or (2) twelve tenses that can be either in ↷ the active voice or in ↶ the passive voice. In the first table, there are twelve tenses that are in ↷ the active voice, and in the second one, twelve tenses that are in ↶ the passive voice (see Chapter H for more information about ↷ the active voice and ↶ the passive voice). There are eight 1-8 past tenses (in red), eight 9-16 present tenses (in yellow), and eight 17-24 future tenses (in green); or four 1, 3, 5, 7 past tenses in the active voice (in red), four 2, 4, 6, 8 past tenses in the passive voice (in red), four 9, 11, 13, 15 present tenses in the active voice (in yellow), four 10, 12, 14, 16 present tenses in the passive voice (in yellow), four 17, 19, 21, 23 future tenses in the active voice (in green), and four 18, 20, 22, 24 future tenses in the passive voice (in green). There are two types of tenses: (Type 1) Ⓢ the simple tenses, and (Type 2) 🄲🄲 the compound tenses. Ⓢ The simple tenses are formed without auxiliary verbs (i.e. ‘have’, ‘be’, or ‘do’), without modal verbs (i.e. ‘can’, ‘could’, ‘may’, ‘might’, ‘will’, ‘would’, ‘shall’, ‘should’, or ‘must’), and without participles (i.e. the resultant participle, the passive participle, or the continuous participle (see Chapter G for more information about the participles)). There are only two Ⓢ simple tenses in the English language: (first) 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.), and (second) 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.). However, Ⓢ the simple tenses are only partially ‘simple’ because in order (1) to form a negative form, (2) to ask a question, or (3) to emphasize a positive form, the auxiliary verb ‘do’ (‘does’ and ‘did’) has to be used, i.e. (1) 🕓🕓 ‘I do not like it.’ or 🕓🕓 ‘I did not like it.’, (2) 🕓🕓 ‘Do you like it?’ or 🕓🕓 ‘Did you like it?’, and (3) 🕓🕓 ‘I do like it.’ or 🕓🕓 ‘I did like it.’. Thus, 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.) and 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.) are not called ‘simple’ because they do not use either the auxiliary verb, the modal verb, or the participle, but they are called ‘simple’ because only those two tenses can form a positive form without using either the auxiliary verb, the modal verb, or the participle, i.e. 🕓🕓 ‘I like it.’ or 🕓🕓 ‘I liked it.’. 🄲🄲 The compound tenses, in order to be formed, do require the additional help of an auxiliary verb, a participle or participles, and/or a modal verb.

9

past tense

present tense

future tense

active voice

active voice

active voice

.

simple or compound structure

S

the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.)

9

the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.)

17

the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.)

3

the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had done.)

11

the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.)

19

the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have done.)

5

the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had been doing.)

13

the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have been doing.)

21

the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have been doing.)

7

the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I was doing.)

15

the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.)

23

the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will be doing.)

C.

C.

resultant aspect

compound structure

C.

resultant continuous aspect

compound structure

C.

continuous aspect

past tense

present tense

future tense

passive voice

passive voice

passive voice

.

compound structure

10

the Compound Timely Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is done.)

18

the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be done.)

4

the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been done.)

12

the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been done.)

20

the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been done.)

6

the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been being done.)

14

the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been being done.)

22

8

the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was being done.)

16

the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is being done.)

24

C.

resultant aspect

C.

resultant continuous aspect

compound structure

C.

continuous aspect

.

the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.)

C.

compound structure

.

2

timely aspect

compound structure

.

1

timely aspect

compound structure

.

10

the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been being done.) the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be being done.)

S

the simple structure

S

the simple structure

C

the compound structure

the timely aspect

the timely aspect

the timely aspect

the past tense

the present tense

the future tense

the active voice

the active voice

the active voice

1

(I did.)

9

(I do.)

17

(I will do.)

C

the compound structure

C

the compound structure

C

the compound structure

the resultant aspect

the resultant aspect

the resultant aspect

the past tense

the present tense

the future tense

the active voice

the active voice

the active voice

3

(I had done.)

11

(I have done.)

19

(I will have done.)

C

the compound structure

C

the compound structure

C

the compound structure

the resultant continuous aspect

the resultant continuous aspect

the resultant continuous aspect

the past tense

the present tense

the future tense

the active voice

the active voice

the active voice

5

(I had been doing.)

13

(I have been doing.)

21

(I will have been doing.)

C

the compound structure

C

the compound structure

C

the compound structure

the continuous aspect

the continuous aspect

the continuous aspect

the past tense

the present tense

the future tense

the active voice

the active voice

the active voice

7

(I was doing.)

15

(I am doing.)

23

(I will be doing.)

C

the compound structure

C

the compound structure

C

the compound structure

the timely aspect

the timely aspect

the timely aspect

the past tense

the present tense

the future tense

the passive voice

the passive voice

the passive voice

2

(It was done.)

10

(It is done.)

18

(It will be done.)

C

the compound structure

C

the compound structure

C

the compound structure

the resultant aspect

the resultant aspect

the resultant aspect

the past tense

the present tense

the future tense

the passive voice

the passive voice

the passive voice

4

(It had been done.)

12

(It has been done.)

20

(It will have been done.)

C

the compound structure

C

the compound structure

C

the compound structure

the resultant continuous aspect

the resultant continuous aspect

the resultant continuous aspect

the past tense

the present tense

the future tense

the passive voice

the passive voice

the passive voice

6

(It had been being done.)

14

(It has been being done.)

22

(It will have been being done.)

C

the compound structure

C

the compound structure

C

the compound structure

8

the continuous aspect

the continuous aspect

the past tense

the present tense

the future tense

the passive voice

the passive voice

the passive voice

(It was being done.)

16

(It is being done.)

11

the continuous aspect

24

(It will be being done.)

the active voice

present tense

future tense

timely aspect

resultant aspect

resultant continuous aspect

continuous aspect

(M1) 🕓🕓 I did. (M1) 🕓🕓 I do. = 🕓🕓 I did.

(M1) 🕓🕓 I do.

(M1) 🕓🕓 I do.

9

9

(M1) 🕓🕓 I do. = 🕓🕓 I will do.

C

S

compound structure (future)

simple structure (past and present)

1

past tense

9

(M2) 🕓🕓 I do. (M3) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 I do.

9

17 (M1) 🕓🕓 I will do. 3 11 (M1) ® I have done.

19

C

compound structure

(M1) ® I had done.

(M1) ® I will have done.

5 (M1) ®→ I had been doing.

(St)

(Co)

(M1) ®→ I have been doing.

(Co)

21 (M1) ®→ I will have been doing.

7

C

(wCo)

(M2) → I am doing. = → I was doing.

(M1) → I am doing.

(M2) → I am doing.

(M2) → I am doing.

15

15

(M2) → I am doing. = → I will be doing.

15

23 before a specific moment in the past

(wSt)

(M1) → I was doing.

15 compound structure

(St)

C

compound structure

13

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking the present tense

12

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

(M5) →→ I am doing.

(M1) → I will be doing. a specific moment in the future the future tense

after a specific moment in the future

timely aspect

resultant aspect

resultant continuous aspect

continuous aspect

(M1) 🕓🕓 It was done. (M1) 🕓🕓 It is done. = 🕓🕓 It was done.

C

compound structure

2

future tense

the passive voice

present tense

past tense

(M1) 🕓🕓 It is done.

(M1) 🕓🕓 It is done.

10

10 10

(M1) 🕓🕓 It is done. = 🕓🕓 It wil l be done.

(M2) 🕓🕓 It is done.

10

(M3) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 It is done.

18

(M1) 🕓🕓 It will be done.

4 (M1) ® It had been done.

compound structure

12 (M1) ® It has been done.

C

20 (M1) ® It will have been done.

6 (M1) ®→ It had been being done.

(St)

(Co)

(M1) ®→ It has been being done.

(St)

(Co)

22

C

compound structure

14

(M1) ®→ It will have been being done.

8

(wSt)

(wCo)

(M1) → It was being done.

C

compound structure

16

(M2)→ It is being don e. = → It was being done.

(M1) → It is being done.

(M2) → It is being done.

(M2) → It is being done.

16

16

(M2)→ It is being done. =→ It will be being done.

16

24 before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking the present tense

13

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

(M1) →→ It is being done. (M1) → It will be being done. a specific moment in the future the future tense

after a specific moment in the future

present tense

passive voice

14 24

active voice

Compound Resultant Continuous Future Passive Voice

past tense resultant continuous aspect

Compound Continuous Future Passive Voice

7

5

3

resultant aspect

Compound Resultant Future Passive Voice

Compound Timely Future Passive Voice

Compound Continuous Past Active Voice

Compound Resultant Continuous Past Active Voice

1

timely aspect

22

Compound Resultant Past Active Voice

S

20

18

Simple Timely Past Active Voice

simple structure compound structure

C

continuous aspect

future tense

compound structure

simple structure

C

S

past tense Past Tense

present tense Present Tense

timely aspect

resultant aspect

future tense Future Tense

resultant continuous aspect

active voice

passive voice

15

continuous aspect

Chapter B the Types of Verbs

(6) linking verbs

(7) phrasal verbs

(4) resultant/ passive participles

(5) continuous participles

(0) verbs

(3) modal verbs

(2) auxiliary verbs

(9) semi-modal verbs

(8) semi-auxiliary verbs

(1) main/full/lexical verbs

(1) The main verb (also known as ‘the full verb’, or ‘the lexical verb’) is used as the main verb of a verb phrase. A verb is a word that is used to describe an action or a state, and forms the main part of the predicate. (2) The primary auxiliary verbs (also known as ‘the auxiliary verbs’) are: (1) ‘have’, ‘has’, and ‘had’; (2) ‘be’, ‘am’, ‘is’, ‘are’, ‘was’, and ‘were’; and (3) ‘do’, ‘does’, and ‘did’. The primary auxiliary verbs are used in forming most of tenses. (3) The secondary auxiliary verbs (also known as ‘the modal verbs’, or ‘the modal auxiliary verbs’) are used to indicate the mood of the verb, i.e. to add a specific meaning to the verb. Certain modal verbs are used in forming 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 the Future Tenses. The modal verbs: (1) ‘can’, (2) ‘could’, (3) ‘may’, (4) ‘might’, (5) ‘will’, (6) ‘would’, (7) ‘shall’, (8) ‘should’, and (9) ‘must’ are considered to be the main/central modal verbs. (4) The resultant participle is used in forming 3, 11, 19 the Compound Resultant Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice, 4, 12, 20 the Compound Resultant Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Passive Voice, 5, 13, 21 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice, and 6, 14, 22 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Passive Voice; and the passive participle is used in forming 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 the Passive Tenses. (5) The continuous participle is used in forming 5, 6, 13, 14, 21, 22 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice, and 7, 8, 15, 16, 23, 24 the Compound Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice. (6) A linking verb is a word that links the subject and the rest of the predicate, i.e. the rest of the predicate is a noun complement or an adjectival complement. (7) A phrasal verb is a combination of (a) a verb and either (b1) an adverb or (b2) a preposition that together have a particular meaning (‘a + b1’ or ‘a + b2’). (8) A semi-auxiliary verb is a two- or three-part verb that begins with ‘be’ or ‘have’. (9) A semi-modal verb is a word that is partly like a modal verb and partly like a full verb.

16

Chapter C the Main Verbs The main verb is a verb that is not being used as either an auxiliary verb or a modal verb, e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘She loves him.’ (the word ‘loves’ is the main verb in this sentence that describes a state); 🕓🕓 ‘She does not love him.’ (‘does’ is the auxiliary verb that is used with the adverb ‘not’ to make a negative statement, and ‘love’ is the main verb that describes a state); 🕓🕓 ‘She does love him.’ (the word ‘does’ is the auxiliary verb that is used for emphasis, and ‘love’ is the main verb that describes a state); 🕓🕓 ‘Can she really love him?’ (‘can’ is the modal verb that adds a particular meaning to this sentence, and ‘love’ is the main verb that describes a state); 🕓🕓 ‘She may love him.’ (‘may’ is the modal verb that adds a particular meaning to this sentence, and ‘love’ is the main verb that describes a state); ® ‘She might have loved him.’ (the modal verb ‘might’ and the auxiliary verb ‘have’ express the possibility that something was true in the past, and ‘loved’ is the main verb that describe a state in the past), etc. If the clause’s verb phrase has only one word, it is the main verb, e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘I knew him.’ (‘knew’ is the main verb). If the clause’s verb phrase has more than one word, the last word/verb is the main verb, provided that there is no non-finite verb, i.e. ® ‘I might have known him.’ (‘known’ is the main verb); ® ‘I have always wanted to meet you.’ (‘wanted’ is the main verb, and ‘to meet’ is a non-finite verb/infinitive). main verbs modal verbs past

auxiliary verbs

pres.

past

She She She

She She She

pres. does does

Can

not

pres.

resultant/passive participle regul.

irreg.

cont. part.

loves love love

him. him. him.

love

him?

love

may have did Have have have Have

I

past irreg.

she really

might

I I

I I I I Who

past regul.

loved not you

love been

waiting

finished.

done. you

seen

her?

known

him. him. him. home. for?

know knew might

him. him. him. long?

have am are

you

have

always

going looking wanted

I

ate

She

loved

17

to meet you. my dinner an hour ago. him.

Chapter D the Dynamic Verbs, and the Static Verbs All verbs can be divided into two categories: (Category 1) the dynamic verbs, and (Category 2) the static verbs. Some verbs are in Category 1, and some, in Category 2; nevertheless, some verbs can be in both categories, depending on the meaning. The dynamic verbs are used to describe an action or a state that is time-bound, and can be completed. The dynamic verbs describe what happened, happens, or will happen for a specific amount of time, and was completed, can be completed, or will be completed, e.g. → ‘I am drinking water.’, which is in 15 the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.), is an action that is ongoing at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and is time-bound and can be completed; thus, the word ‘drinking’ in the aforementioned example is dynamic. The static verbs are used to describe an action or a state or a condition that is not time-bound, and cannot be completed. The static verbs can describe: emotion (like, feel, love, want, prefer, etc.), possession (own, contain, belong, etc.), knowledge (believe, know, understand, think, hope, etc.), sense (hear, smell, see, taste, etc.), measurement (weigh, cost, etc.), description (appear, be, seem, exist, look, etc.), perception (see, notice, understand, etc.), etc. Normally, the static verbs are not used in 5, 6, 13, 14, 21, 22 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice or 7, 8, 15, 16, 23, 24 the Compound Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice because they are not timebound and cannot be completed, e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘I love you.’, which is in 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.), is a state that is ongoing all time, and is not time-bound and cannot be completed; thus, the word ‘love’ in the aforementioned example is static. However, sometimes a static verb (a verb that is normally static) can be used in 5, 6, 13, 14, 21, 22 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice or 7, 8, 15, 16, 23, 24 the Compound Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice to emphasize a temporariness of a state or a condition, e.g. → ‘Are you enjoying the meal?’ → ‘I am loving it!’, which are in 15 the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.); thus, the word ‘loving’ in the aforementioned example is dynamic, i.e. is time-bound and can be completed. Some verbs, depending on the usage, can be either dynamic or static, and, therefore, one time can be time-bound and another time not time-bound; one time can be completed and another time cannot be completed. verbs

(Category 1) the dynamic verbs

time-bound

(Category 2) the static verbs

can be completed

not time-bound

cannot be completed

emotion (like, feel, love, want, prefer, etc.), possession (own, contain, belong, etc.), knowledge (believe, know, understand, think, hope, etc.), sense (hear, smell, see, taste, etc.), measurement (weigh, cost, etc.), description (appear, be, seem, exist, look, etc.), perception (see, notice, understand, etc.), etc.

actions (run, eat, watch, drink, drive, jump, write, read, etc.)

18

Chapter E the Auxiliary Verbs The auxiliary verbs (also known as ‘the helping verbs’ or ‘the supporting verbs’) (1) are used in forming -, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, -, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, -, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 the Compound Tenses, except 17 the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.), which does not require the auxiliary verb; (2) are used in making negative statements; (3) are used in making questions; or (4) are used in emphasizing positive statements. (1) The auxiliary verb ‘have’ is used in forming 3, 4, 11, 12, 19, 20 the Compound Resultant Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice, and 5, 6, 13, 14, 21, 22 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice. (2) The auxiliary verb ‘be’ is used in forming 7, 8, 15, 16, 23, 24 the Compound Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice, and 2, 10, 18 the Compound Timely Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Passive Voice. (3) The auxiliary verbs are used with the adverb ‘not’ in making negative statements, e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘I do not understand.’, ® ’I have not seen it.’, or 🕓🕓 ‘It is not done properly.’. (4) The auxiliary verbs are used in making questions, e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘Do you understand?’, 🕓🕓 ‘Am I understood?’, or ® ‘Has she understood?’. (5) The auxiliary verb ‘do’ is used to emphasize a statement, e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘I do understand.’ or 🕓🕓 ‘I did understand.’ – ‘do’ and ‘does’ are used with 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.), and ‘did’ is used with 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.). (for more information about the auxiliary verbs, see Chapters J, K, and L)

the auxiliary verbs

have/has

be am/is/are

do/does

had

was/were

did

19

past tense

present tense

future tense

active voice

active voice

active voice

.

simple or compound structure

S

the Simple Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.) (I did understand.)

9

the Simple Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.) (I do understand.)

17

the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.)

3

the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had done.)

11

the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.)

19

the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have done.)

5

the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had been doing.)

13

the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have been doing.)

21

the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have been doing.)

7

the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I was doing.)

15

the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.)

23

the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will be doing.)

C.

C.

resultant aspect

compound structure

C.

resultant continuous aspect

compound structure

C.

continuous aspect

past tense

present tense

future tenses

passive voice

passive voice

passive voice

.

compound structure

10

the Compound Timely Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is done.)

18

the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be done.)

4

the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been done.)

12

the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been done.)

20

the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been done.)

6

the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been being done.)

14

the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been being done.)

22

8

the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was being done.)

16

the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is being done.)

24

C.

resultant aspect

C.

resultant continuous aspect

compound structure

C.

continuous aspect

.

the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.)

C.

compound structure

.

2

timely aspect

compound structure

.

1

timely aspect

compound structure

.

20

the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been being done.) the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be being done.)

Chapter F the Modal Verbs The modal verbs (also known as ‘the auxiliary modal verbs’) can be used to add a particular meaning to a verb. The modal verbs: (1) ‘can’, (2) ‘could’, (3) ‘may’, (4) ‘might’, (5) ‘will’, (6) ‘would’, (7) ‘shall’, (8) ‘should’, and (9) ‘must’ are considered to be the main/central modal verbs. A particular meaning can be expressed as necessity, possibility or impossibility, ability or inability, prohibition, an advice to do or not to do something, a suggestion, an invitation, a request, an offer, etc., e.g. ‘I can do it.’ (ability); ‘I cannot do it.’ (inability); ‘You must do it.’ (necessity); ‘You must not do it.’ (prohibition); ‘Would you like some?’ (offer); ‘I may go to the party.’ (possibility); etc. (for more information about the modal verbs, see Chapters M, N, O, P, R, Q, S, T, and U)

the modal verbs

(1) can

(9) must

(2) could

(8) should

(3) may

(4) might

(5) will

(6) would

(7) shall

NB1: modal verbs are used to add a particular meaning to the verb/tense NB2: appropriate modal verbs have to be used to form the Future Tenses

(1) can

(2) could

(3) may

(4) might

(5) will

21

(6) would

(7) shall

(8) should

(9) must

Chapter G the Resultant Participle, the Passive Participle, and the Continuous Participle A ‘participle’ is a form of a verb that is used in forming -, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, -, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, -, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 the Compound Tenses, except 17 the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.), which does not require a participle. The resultant participle is highlighted in red, the continuous participle, in cyan, and the passive participle, in pink. The resultant participle is used in forming 3, 4, 11, 12, 19, 20 the Compound Resultant Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice and 5, 6, 13, 14, 21, 22 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice. The continuous participle is used in forming 5, 6, 13, 14, 21, 22 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice and 7, 8, 15, 16, 23, 24 the Compound Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice. The passive participle is used in forming 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 the Tenses in the Passive Voice. The resultant participle and the passive participle are alike, except, for example, the verb ‘bear’ and the verb ‘rebear’. The resultant participle and the passive participle of the verb ‘bear’ are ‘borne’ and ‘born’ respectively, and the resultant participle and the passive participle of the verb ‘rebear’ are ‘reborne’ and ‘reborn’ – once more – respectively. (1) In the sentence ® ‘I have done.’, which is in 11 the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.), the word ‘done’ is the resultant participle. (2) In ® ‘I have called him.’, which is in 11 the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.), the word ‘called’ is the resultant participle. (3) In 🕓🕓 ‘I called him yesterday.’, which is in 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.), the word ‘called’ is the past form of the verb ‘call’. (4) In ®→ ‘I have been calling him for the last two hours.’, which is in 13 the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have been doing.), the word ‘been’ is the resultant participle, and the word ‘calling’ is the continuous participle. (5) In 🕓🕓 ‘I was born.’, which is in 121 the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.), the word ‘born’ is the passive participle. (6) In → ‘I am waiting.’, which is in 15 the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.), the word ‘waiting’ is the continuous participle. (7) In ® ‘She has borne five children.’, which is in 11 the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.), the word ‘borne’ is the resultant participle. (8) In 🕓🕓 ‘She bore him a boy.’, which is in 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.), the word ‘bore’ is the past form of the verb ‘bear’. (9) In ® ‘He has been reborn as an artist.’, which is in 12 the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been done.), the word ‘been’ is the resultant participle, and the word ‘reborn’ is the passive participle. 11

(1) I have done. (‘done’ is the resultant participle)

11

(2) I have called him. (‘called’ is the resultant participle)

1

(3) I called him yesterday. (‘called’ is the past form of the verb ‘call’)

13

(4) I have been calling him for the last two hours. (‘been’ is the resultant participle, and ‘calling’ is the continuous participle)

2

(5) I was born in 1981. (‘born’ is the passive participle)

15

(6) I am waiting. (‘waiting’ is the continuous participle)

11

(7) She has borne five children. (‘borne’ is the resultant participle)

1

(8) She bore him a boy. (‘bore’ is the past form of the verb ‘bear’)

12

(9) He has been reborn as an artist. (‘been’ is the resultant participle, and ‘reborn’ is the passive participle)

22

past tense

present tense

future tense

active voice

active voice

active voice

.

simple or compound structure

S

the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.)

9

the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.)

17

the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.)

3

the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had done.)

11

the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.)

19

the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have done.)

5

the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had been doing.)

13

the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have been doing.)

21

the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have been doing.)

7

the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I was doing.)

15

the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.)

23

the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will be doing.)

C.

C.

resultant aspect

compound structure

C.

resultant continuous aspect

compound structure

C.

continuous aspect

past tense

present tense

future tense

passive voice

passive voice

passive voice

.

compound structure

10

the Compound Timely Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is done.)

18

the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be done.)

4

the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been done.)

12

the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been done.)

20

the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been done.)

6

the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been being done.)

14

the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been being done.)

22

8

the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was being done.)

16

the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is being done.)

24

C.

resultant aspect

C.

resultant continuous aspect

compound structure

C.

continuous aspect

.

the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.)

C.

compound structure

.

2

timely aspect

compound structure

.

1

timely aspect

compound structure

.

23

the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been being done.) the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be being done.)

Chapter H the Active Voice, and the Passive Voice The same action or the same state can be doubly viewed. For example, the sentence (1) 🕓🕓 ‘The man painted the house yesterday.’ is in ↷ the active voice because its subject, i.e. ‘the man’, performed the action. ‘The man’ was the active doer who performed the action of painting the house. The house was a passive receiver of the action of painting of the active doer. It is possible to rearrange the words of this sentence, changing the sentence into ↶ the passive voice, i.e. (2) 🕓🕓 ‘The house was painted by the man yesterday.’. The first example, i.e. (1) 🕓🕓 ‘The man painted the house yesterday.’, is in 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.), and the second one, i.e. (2) 🕓🕓 ‘The house was painted by the man yesterday.’, is in 121 the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.).

(1) The man

painted

the house

yesterday.

(2) The house

the active voice

was painted

by the man

yesterday.

the passive voice

1

2

The sentence (3) 🕓🕓 ‘He loves her.’ is in ↷ the active voice because its subject, i.e. ‘he’, feels the state. ‘He’ is the active feeler who experiences the state of love. The sentence (4) 🕓🕓 ‘She is loved by him.’ is in ↶ the passive voice because its subject, i.e. ‘she’, is the passive feeler who receives the state of love of the active feeler. ‘She’ is the passive feeler who can choose either to receive and to experience the state of love of the active feeler, or to reject it and not to experience it, for better or for worse. The third example, i.e. (3) 🕓🕓 ‘He loves her.’, is in 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.), and the fourth one, i.e. (4) 🕓🕓 ‘She is loved by him.’, is in 10 the Compound Timely Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is done.).

(3) He

loves

(4) She

her.

is loved

by him.

the passive voice

the active voice 10

9

Moreover, it is worth mentioning and explaining the differences between the following verbal groups: (5) 🕓🕓 ‘(I) sat.’, (6) 🕓🕓 ‘(I) was sat.’ and (7) → ‘(I) was sitting.’. The fifth example, i.e. (5) 🕓🕓 ‘I sat.’, is in ↷ the active voice because its subject, i.e. ‘I’, performed the action – (5) 🕓🕓 ‘I sat.’ is in 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.), e.g. (5) 🕓🕓 ‘I sat on a stool and looked at him.’. The sixth example, i.e. (6) 🕓🕓 ‘I was sat.’, is in ↶ the passive voice because its subject, i.e. ‘I’ [and later ‘the baby’] received the action – (6) 🕓🕓 ‘I was sat.’ is in 121 the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.), e.g. (6) 🕓🕓 ‘Feeling unwell, I was led to the sofa and (I) was sat on it.’, or (6) 🕓🕓 ‘The baby was picked up and was sat in the high chair.’. The seventh example, i.e. (7) → ‘I was sitting.’, is in ↷ the active voice because its subject, i.e. ‘I’, was performing the action – (7) → ‘I was sitting.’ is in 171 the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I was doing.), e.g. (7) → ‘I was sitting in a chair and listening to the radio.’. When the subject of a clause performs the action, ↷ the active voice is used; when the subject of a clause receives the action, ↶ the passive voice is used. In other words, when ‘you’ perform the action, ↷ the active voice is used; when ‘you’ receive the action, ↶ the passive voice is used. Therefore, it is illogical to say 🕓🕓 ‘I was sat.’, i.e. to use ↶ the passive voice, if ‘you’ performed the action.

24

S

active voice

active voice

the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.)

17

the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.)

3

the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had done.)

11

the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.)

19

the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have done.)

5

the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had been doing.)

13

the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have been doing.)

21

the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have been doing.)

7

the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I was doing.)

15

the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.)

23

the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will be doing.)

C.

C.

resultant continuous aspect

C.

the passive voice

continuous aspect

past tense

present tense

future tense

passive voice

passive voice

passive voice

.

compound structure

10

the Compound Timely Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is done.)

18

the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be done.)

4

the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been done.)

12

the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been done.)

20

the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been done.)

6

the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been being done.)

14

the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been being done.)

22

8

the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was being done.)

16

the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is being done.)

24

C.

resultant aspect

C.

resultant continuous aspect

compound structure

C.

continuous aspect

.

the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.)

C.

compound structure

.

2

timely aspect

compound structure

.

9

resultant aspect

compound structure

active voice

the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.)

C.

compound structure

future tense

.

1

timely aspect

compound structure

present tense

.

the active voice simple or compound structure

past tense

25

the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been being done.) the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be being done.)

Chapter I the Infinitive The infinitive is the basic form of a verb that has no direct relationship to either: time, person, number, aspect, or tense. The infinitive can be either active or passive. In 🕓🕓 ‘I wanted Ⓘ to help people.’, 🕓🕓 ‘I wanted’ is in 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.), and Ⓘ ‘to help’ is the active infinitive.

(M1) 🕓🕓 I wanted

I to help people.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking

the past tense

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

the present tense

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

The sentence Ⓘ ‘To help people is noble.’ is non-finite, i.e. this sentence that has no tense.

I To help people is noble.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking

the past tense

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

the present tense

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

In ® ‘I have come Ⓘ to help you, my friend.’, ® ‘I have come’ is in 11 the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.), and Ⓘ ‘to help’ is the active infinitive.

(M1) ® I have come

I

to help you, my friend.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking the present tense

26

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future the future tense

after a specific moment in the future

In 🕓🕓 ‘I want Ⓘ to see you.’, 🕓🕓 ‘I want’ is in 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.), and Ⓘ ‘to see’ is the active infinitive.

(M1) 🕓🕓 I want

I to see you.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the past tense

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

the present tense

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

🕓🕓 ‘It remains’ is in 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.), and Ⓘ ‘to be seen’ is the passive infinitive.

(M1) 🕓🕓 It remains

I to be seen.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the past tense

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

the present tense

🕓🕓 ‘What is left’ is in 10 the Compound Timely Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is done.), and Ⓘ ‘to be done?’ is the passive infinitive.

(M1) 🕓🕓 What is left

I to be done?

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

the present tense

Please note that it is possible to construct other even more complex infinitives.

27

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future the future tense

after a specific moment in the future

Chapter 1 11 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.)

1

Usage:

111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.) • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 an action happened at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past is known and is, normally, mentioned) • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 a state was true at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past is known and is, normally, mentioned) • (Meaning 2a) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 ‘used’ and Ⓘ the active infinitive are used to describe that an action happened repeatedly in the past, but no longer happens • or (Meaning 2s) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 ‘used’ and Ⓘ the active infinitive are used to describe that a state was true in the past, but no longer is true

emphasis: 🕓🕓

past time

🕓🕓🕓🕓

happened or was true in the past, but no longer happens or is true

S

(M1) 🕓🕓 I did. before a specific moment in the past

1

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the past tense

examples: 🕓🕓 My mother bore me 🕓🕓 in 1981. 🕓🕓 She married him 🕓🕓 two years ago. 🕓🕓 I did not feel well 🕓🕓 yesterday. 🕓🕓 She babysat my children 🕓🕓 last weekend. 🕓🕓 The old man died 🕓🕓 last week on Monday.

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

the present tense

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

Examples:

usage • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 an action happened at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past is known and is, normally, mentioned) • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 a state was true at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past is known and is, normally, mentioned) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the past)

(M2)

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

examples: 🕓🕓🕓🕓 I used Ⓘ to smoke. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 She used Ⓘ to be so happy. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 He used Ⓘ to drink a lot. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 They used Ⓘ to live in Argentina. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 She used Ⓘ to love him.

Usage • (Meaning 2a) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 ‘used’ and Ⓘ the active infinitive are used to describe that an action happened repeatedly in the past, but no longer happens • or (Meaning 2s) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 ‘used’ and Ⓘ the active infinitive are used to describe that a state was true in the past, but no longer is true 🕓🕓🕓🕓 = happened or was true in the past, but no longer happens or is true Ⓘ = active infinitive

28

Further Examples:

(’for’) (’for’) (’for’) (’for’) (’for’)

examples: 🕓🕓 She studied hard for 🕓🕓 six years Ⓘ to become a doctor. 🕓🕓 They walked in the park for 🕓🕓 two hours. 🕓🕓 He lived in France for 🕓🕓 five years. 🕓🕓 They dated for 🕓🕓 about ten months before splitting up. 🕓🕓 I worked there for 🕓🕓 three months.

(’during’) (’during’) (’during’) (’during’) (’during’)

(Repetitive) (Repetitive) (Repetitive) (Repetitive) (Repetitive)

examples: 🕓🕓 A lot of people died during 🕓🕓 the war. 🕓🕓 Many people didn’t work during 🕓🕓 the Great Depression. 🕓🕓 She behaved as a rebel during 🕓🕓 her childhood. 🕓🕓 Did you visit many places during 🕓🕓 your trip? 🕓🕓 What did he ask you during 🕓🕓 the interview?

examples: 🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓 They made love 🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓 every single day last year. 🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓 I saw him often 🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓 when he was alive. 🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓 He usually went Ⓘ to see his mother 🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓 on Sundays. 🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓 She attended all her lectures 🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓 last year. 🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓 They always went somewhere for a holiday.

usage: • (‘for’) is used to describe that a complete action, or a complete state, (a) lasted for 🕓🕓 a specific amount of time in the past (used with the preposition ‘for’) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = specific amount of time (in the past) Ⓘ = active infinitive

usage: • (‘during’) is used to describe that a complete action, or a complete state, (b) lasted during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past (used with the preposition ‘during’) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the past) usage: • (Repetitive Meaning 1) is used to describe that complete actions happened repeatedly at 🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓 specific moments in the past 🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓 = repetitive timely aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓🕓 = specific moments or time (in the past) Ⓘ = active infinitive

Explanation of Usage:

111 The Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 an action happened at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past is known and is, normally, mentioned); (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 a state was true at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past is known and is, normally, mentioned); (Meaning 2a) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 ‘used’ and Ⓘ the active infinitive are used to describe that an action happened repeatedly in the past, but no longer happens; or (Meaning 2s) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 ‘used’ and Ⓘ the active infinitive are used to describe that a state was true in the past, but no longer is true; (Meaning 1 + ‘for’) is used to describe that a complete action, or a complete state, (a) lasted for 🕓🕓 a specific amount of time in the past (used with the preposition ‘for’); (Meaning 1 + ‘during’) is used to describe that a complete action, or a complete state, (b) lasted during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past (used with the preposition ‘during’); and (Repeated Meaning 1) is used to describe complete actions that happened repeatedly at 🕓🕓 specific moments in the past. The past tense and 🕓🕓 the timely aspect jointly emphasize 🕓🕓 the past time.

29

Chapter 2 21 the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.)

1

Usage:

121 the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.) • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 an action was done at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past is known and is, normally, mentioned) • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 a state was true at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past is known and is, normally, mentioned) • (Meaning 2a) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 ‘was/were used’ and Ⓘ the passive infinitive are used to describe that an action was done repeatedly in the past, but no longer is done • or (Meaning 2s) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 ‘was/were used’ and Ⓘ the passive infinitive are used to describe that a state was true in the past, but no longer is true

emphasis: 🕓🕓

past time

🕓🕓🕓🕓

was done or was true in the past, but no longer is done or is true

C (M1) 🕓🕓 It was done. before a specific moment in the past

2

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking the present tense

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: 🕓🕓 I was born 🕓🕓 in 1981. 🕓🕓 The house was cleaned 🕓🕓 yesterday. 🕓🕓 His car was stolen 🕓🕓 last week. 🕓🕓 She was murdered 🕓🕓 two years ago. 🕓🕓 The man was arrested by the police 🕓🕓 five days ago.

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 an action was done at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past is known and is, normally, mentioned) • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 a state was true at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past is known and is, normally, mentioned) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the past)

(M2)

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

examples: 🕓🕓🕓🕓 It was used Ⓘ to be done 🕓🕓 every Sunday. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 This house was used Ⓘ to be cleaned 🕓🕓 every day. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 The pub was used Ⓘ to be visited by many famous people. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 Many innocent people were used Ⓘ to be killed and buried there. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 The program was used Ⓘ to be shown 🕓🕓 on Friday at 7 pm.

30

usage: • (Meaning 2a) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 ‘was/were used’ and Ⓘ the passive infinitive are used to describe that an action was done repeatedly in the past, but no longer is done • or (Meaning 2s) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 ‘was/were used’ and Ⓘ the passive infinitive are used to describe that a state was true in the past, but no longer is true 🕓🕓🕓🕓 = was done or was true in the past, but no longer is done or is true Ⓘ = passive infinitive 🕓🕓 = specific time or moments (in the past)

Explanation of Usage:

121 The Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 an action was done at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past is known and is, normally, mentioned); (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 a state was true at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past is known and is, normally, mentioned); (Meaning 2a) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 ‘was/were used’ and Ⓘ the passive infinitive are used to describe that an action was done repeatedly in the past, but no longer is done; or (Meaning 2s) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 ‘was/were used’ and Ⓘ the passive infinitive are used to describe that a state was true in the past, but no longer is true. The past tense and 🕓🕓 the timely aspect jointly emphasize 🕓🕓 the past time. Probably, the most common example of 121 the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.) is the phrase 🕓🕓 ‘I was born in…’. Normally, the verb has one resultant/passive participle that is used in forming 3, 11, 19 the Compound Resultant Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice, 4, 12, 20 the Compound Resultant Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Passive Voice, 5, 13, 21 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice, and 6, 14, 22 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Passive Voice; and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 the Passive Tenses, e.g. ® ‘I have done.’ (‘done’ is the resultant participle), and 🕓🕓 ‘It was done yesterday.’ (‘done’ is the passive participle). The verb ‘bear’, however, has one dedicated resultant participle, i.e. ‘borne’, and one dedicated passive participle, i.e. ‘born’. ‘Born’ is used with ↶ the passive voice, e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘I was born in 1981.’, 🕓🕓 ‘He was born in London.’, 🕓🕓 ‘She was born a long time ago.’, etc. ‘Bore’ is used only with 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.), e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘She bore him a son.’. In ↶ the passive voice, the action happened to someone, e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘I was born in 1981.’, and in ↷ the active voice, someone performed the action, e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘She bore him a son.’. 🕓🕓 ‘I was born in 1981.’ is in ↶ the passive voice because the action happened to me; ‘born’ is the dedicated passive participle. 🕓🕓 ‘My mother bore me in 1981.’ is in ↷ the active voice because my mother performed the action; ‘bore’ is the past form of the verb ‘bear’. The past form of the verb is only used in 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.) (see Chapter 1 for more information about this tense). In the sentence ® ‘My mother has borne two children.’, ‘borne’ is the dedicated resultant participle. This sentence is in 11 the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.) (see Chapter 11 for more information about this tense). This tense emphasizes ® the present result.

31

Chapter 3 31 the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had done.)

1

Usage:

131 the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had done.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ® an action had happened before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in

emphasis:

• the past • or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that ® a state had been true before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past

® past resul t

C (SM) 🕓🕓 I did. (M1) ® I had done. (SM) → I was doing. before a specific moment in the past

3

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking the present tense

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

after the moment of speaking

examples: ® She had already left when 🕓🕓 I arrived. ® The rain had stopped, and → the sun was shining. 🕓🕓 He did not buy it because ® he had spent all his money. ® The bus had already left when 🕓🕓 we reached the station. 🕓🕓 She realized that ® he had done it already.

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ® an action had happened before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past • or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that ® a state had been true before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past ® = resultant aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) = 🕓🕓 specific moment (in the past) → = continuous aspect (in the past) = → specific moment (in the past)

Explanation of Usage:

131 The Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had done.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ® an action had happened before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past; or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that ® a state had been true before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past. The past tense and ® the resultant aspect jointly emphasize ® the past result. 🕓🕓 A specific moment in the past is established by another tense: i.e. (1) 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.), or (2) 171 the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I was doing.). 131 The Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had done.) can stand alone as a main clause and a sentence when 🕓🕓 the specific moment in the past is either understood, implied, or was mentioned and somewhere within the context.

32

Chapter 4 41 the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been done.)

1

Usage:

141 the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been done.) • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ® an action had been done before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past • or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that ® a state had been true before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past

emphasis: ® past resul t

C (SM) 🕓🕓 It was done. (M1) ® It had been done. (SM) → It was being done. before a specific moment in the past

4

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking the present tense

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

after the moment of speaking

examples: ® The job had been done before 🕓🕓 I could say anything. ® The house had been already sold when 🕓🕓 I came Ⓘ to see it. ® She had already been killed by the time 🕓🕓 the police arrived. 🕓🕓 She told me that ® my order had been already done. ® The house had been painted afresh before 🕓🕓 it was sold.

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ® an action had been done before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past • or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that ® a state had been true before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past ® = resultant aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) = 🕓🕓 specific moment (in the past) Ⓘ = active infinitive could = modal verb

Explanation of Usage:

141 The Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Passive Voice (I had done.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ® an action had been done before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past; or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that ® a state had been true before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past. The past tense and ® the resultant aspect jointly emphasize ® the past result.

33

Chapter 5 51 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had been doing.)

1

Usage:

151 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had been doing.) • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ®→ an action had been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and either (St) stopped at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past, or (Co) continued beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that ®→ a state had been true up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and either (St) stopped to be true at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past, or (Co) continued to be true beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past

emphasis:

®→ past resul t and continuousness

C (M1) ®→ I had been doing.

(St)

(Co)

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

5

the past tense

before the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking the present tense

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: 🕓🕓 He decided Ⓘ to have a break because ®→ he had been reading for 🕓🕓 more than two hours. 🕓🕓 She was the girl whom ®→ he had been looking for 🕓🕓 all his life. ®→ We had been driving for only 🕓🕓 half an hour when 🕓🕓 the car broke down. ®→ I had been waiting for the bus for 🕓🕓 twenty minutes when 🕓🕓 I realised that ® I had forgotten my wallet. ®→ My parents had been living together for 🕓🕓 almost two years when 🕓🕓 I was born.

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ®→ an action had been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and either (St) stopped at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past, or (Co) continued beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that ®→ a state had been true up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and either (St) stopped to be true at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past, or (Co) continued to be true beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past ®→ = resultant continuous aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = specific amount of time (in the past) ® = resultant aspect (in the past) Ⓘ = active infinitive

Explanation of Usage:

151 The Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had been doing.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ®→ an action had been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and either (St) stopped at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past, or (Co) continued beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past; or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that ®→ a state had been true up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and either (St) stopped to be true at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past, or (Co) continued to be true beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past. The past tense and ®→ the resultant continuous aspect jointly emphasize ®→ the past result and continuousness.

34

Chapter 6 61 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been being done.)

1

Usage:

161 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been being done.) • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ®→ an action had been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and either (St) was stopped at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past, or (Co) was continued beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that ®→ a state had been true up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and either (St) was stopped to be true at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past, or (Co) was continued to be true beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past

emphasis:

®→ past resul t and continuousness

C (M1) ®→ It had been being done.

(St)

(Co)

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

6

the past tense

before the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking the present tense

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

(M1)

examples: ®→ The house had been being painted for 🕓🕓 two days when 🕓🕓 the owner decided Ⓘ to change the colour. ®→ It had been being done like this for 🕓🕓 a very long time when 🕓🕓 the parliament passed new regulations. 🕓🕓 The bar was closed down 🕓🕓 last year because ®→ it had not been being visited by many people. ®→ The decision had been being made by the committee when 🕓🕓 they realised that 🕓🕓 their fundamental approach was rather unsuitable Ⓘ to tackle that kind of problem. ®→ It had been being thought that 🕓🕓 it was a tragic accident when 🕓🕓 new evidence of a foul play emerged.

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ®→ an action had been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and either (St) was stopped at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past, or (Co) was continued beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that ®→ a state had been true up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and either (St) was stopped to be true at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past, or (Co) was continued to be true beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past ®→ = resultant continuous aspect (in the past), or continuous resultant aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) = 🕓🕓 specific moment (in the past) 🕓🕓 = specific amount of time (in the past) Ⓘ = infinitive

Explanation of Usage:

161 The Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been being done.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ®→ an action had been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and either (St) was stopped at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past, or (Co) was continued beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past; (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that ®→ a state had been true up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and either (St) was stopped to be true at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past, or (Co) was continued to be true beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the past. The past tense and ®→ the resultant continuous aspect jointly emphasize ®→ the past result and continuousness.

35

Chapter 7 71 the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I was doing.)

1

Usage:

171 the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I was doing.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that → an action was ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in

• the past • or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that → a state was ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past • (Meaning 2a) is used to describe that →→ an action was ongoing around 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past • (Meaning 3a) is used to describe that →→→ a past action was happening more often than is considered to be normal by some people • (Meaning 4a) is used to describe that →→ a pre-planned past action was going to happen at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past

emphasis: → past continuousness

→→ around past moment continuousness →→→ was happening too often →→ future in the past

C

(M1) → I was doing.

(M2) → I was doing.

(M2) → I was doing.

(M3) → I was (always) doing (something).

(M4) →→ I was thinking of... before a specific moment in the past

7

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking the present tense

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future the future tense

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: → Were you watching the game 🕓🕓 last night? 🕓🕓 I cut my finger when → I was chopping tomatoes. → I was driving to work when 🕓🕓 I saw her 🕓🕓 yesterday. 🕓🕓 He could not believe what → he was seeing and hearing. 🕓🕓 The parents were happy as → their child was feeling better.

36

after a specific moment in the future

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that → an action was ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past • or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that → a state was ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past → = continuous aspect (in the past)

🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) = 🕓🕓 = specific moment (in the past) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the past) could = modal verb

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

(M3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M4) (M4) (M4) (M4) (M4)

examples: 🕓🕓 He told me 🕓🕓 yesterday that →→ he was reading a book. →→ They were redecorating their house 🕓🕓 two months ago. Yes, →→ I was studying at university at 🕓🕓 that time. →→ They were separating when 🕓🕓 I met them for 🕓🕓 the first time. →→ He was writing a book when 🕓🕓 he lost his job.

usage: • (Meaning 2a) is used to describe that →→ an action was ongoing around 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past

examples: →→→ He was always complaining. →→→ He was always crying when 🕓🕓 he was a little boy. →→→ She was always hanging on the phone. Before 🕓🕓 he became rich and famous, believe it or not, →→→ he was asking me for money all the time. →→→ His dog was constantly barking at night.

usage: • (Meaning 3a) is used to describe that →→→ a past action was happening more often than is considered to be normal by some people

examples: →→ I was thinking of going, but 🕓🕓 I didn’t because 🕓🕓 I had no money. →→ I was thinking of helping him, but 🕓🕓 he said that 🕓🕓 he could do it by himself. →→ He was going for a swim when 🕓🕓 he noticed a shark’s first dorsal fin just above water. →→ I was going Ⓘ to call you, but 🕓🕓 I could not find your number. →→ I was planning Ⓘ to study literature at university, but 🕓🕓 I changed my mind when 🕓🕓 I released my first book.

usage: • (Meaning 4a) is used to describe that →→ a preplanned past action was going to happen at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past

→→ = continuous aspect (around a specific moment in the past) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the past)

→→→ = continuous aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past)

→→ = continuous aspect (future in the past) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) Ⓘ = infinitive could = modal verb

Explanation of Usage:

171 The Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I was doing.) has a few meanings: (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that → an action was ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past; or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that → a state was ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past; (Meaning 2a) is used to describe that →→ an action was ongoing around 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past; (Meaning 3a) is used to describe that →→→ a past action was happening more often than is considered to be normal by some people; or (Meaning 4a) is used to describe that →→ a pre-planned past action was going to happen at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past. The past tense and → the continuous aspect jointly emphasize → the past continuousness.

37

Chapter 8 81 the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was being done.)

1

Usage:

181 the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was being done.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that → an action was ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in

• the past • or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that → a state was ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past • (Meaning 2a) is used to describe that →→ an action was ongoing around 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past • (Meaning 3a) is used to describe that →→→ a past action was being done more often than is considered to be normal by some people • (Meaning 4a) is used to describe that →→ a pre-planned past action was going to be done at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past

emphasis: → past continuousness

→→ around past moment continuousness →→→ was bei ng done too often →→ future in the past

C (M1) → It was being done.

(M2) → It was being done.

(M2) → It was being done.

(M3) → It was (always) being done.

(M4) →→ It was being done.

before a specific moment in the past

8

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking the present tense

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: 🕓🕓 I told them 🕓🕓 yesterday that → the job was being done as 🕓🕓 everyone agreed. → The meeting was being held 🕓🕓 all afternoon on Monday. 🕓🕓 I think that 🕓🕓 yesterday after work → I was being followed. → The room was still being painted 🕓🕓 two days ago.

38

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that → an action was being ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past

(M1)

→ Her car was being fixed by her neighbour when 🕓🕓 I saw her 🕓🕓 in the morning.

• or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that → a state was being ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past → = continuous aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the present) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the past)

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3)

(M4) (M4)

(M4) (M4)

(M4)

examples: 🕓🕓 She told me 🕓🕓 two weeks ago that →→ their house was being redecorated. →→ A new hotel was being built there when 🕓🕓 I was there 🕓🕓 last time. →→ Her car was being fixed when 🕓🕓 I came Ⓘ to borrow it 🕓🕓 yesterday. 🕓🕓 The post office was closed because →→ it was being refurbished. →→ She was being stalked by someone.

usage: • (Meaning 2a) is used to describe that →→ an action was being ongoing around 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past

examples: →→→ Too few dubious decisions were constantly being made during 🕓🕓 his presidency. →→→ The soul-penetrating wail of a woman was continually being heard 🕓🕓 at night. →→→ He was being robbed all the time when 🕓🕓 he lived in this area. →→→ Crazy parties were constantly being held there. →→→ She was forever being chased by men.

usage: • (Meaning 3a) is used to describe that →→→ a past action was being done more often than is considered to be normal by the speaker and/or other people (can be used with adverbs such as 'always', 'constantly', 'continually', 'forever', etc.)

examples: →→ The house was being sold 🕓🕓🕓🕓 the following week, but 🕓🕓 the owner changed his mind, and 🕓🕓 decided Ⓘ to keep it. 🕓🕓 They told me 🕓🕓 this morning that →→ a party was being held 🕓🕓🕓🕓 in a few days, and 🕓🕓 asked me if 🕓🕓 I wanted Ⓘ to come. 🕓🕓 The notice said that →→ the whole building was being refurbished 🕓🕓🕓🕓 next month. As 🕓🕓 there were a few more issues Ⓘ to resolve, →→ the time of the meeting was being rearranged when 🕓🕓 I was there 🕓🕓 last time. 🕓🕓 She told us that →→ her first book was being published 🕓🕓🕓🕓 within a month.

usage: • (Meaning 4a) is used to describe that →→ a pre-planned past action was going to be done at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past

→→ = continuous aspect (around a specific moment in the past) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the past) Ⓘ = infinitive

→ = continuous aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the past)

→→ = continuous aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the past) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 = specific future moment in the past 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the past) Ⓘ = active infinitive

Explanation of Usage:

181 The Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was being done.) has a few meanings: (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that → an action was being ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past; or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that → a state was being ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past; (Meaning 2a) is used to describe that →→ an action was being ongoing around 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past; (Meaning 3a) is used to describe that →→→ a past action was being done more often than is considered to be normal by some people; or (Meaning 4a) is used to describe that →→ a pre-planned past action was going to be done at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past. The past tense and → the continuous aspect jointly emphasize → the past continuousness.

39

Chapter 9 91 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.)

1

Usage: 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.) • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 an action happens 🕓🕓 all time, happens 🕓🕓 repeatedly (🕓🕓 time and time again), or happens at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 a state is true 🕓🕓 all time, or is true at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking • (Meaning 2) is used to describe that 🕓🕓🕓🕓 a pre-arranged action will happen at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future

emphasis: 🕓🕓

al l time, repeatabi lity, or the moment of speaking

🕓🕓🕓🕓

present structure for the future

S (M1) 🕓🕓 I do.

(M1) 🕓🕓 I do. = I did.

(M1) 🕓🕓 I do.

(M1) 🕓🕓 I do. = I will do.

(M1) 🕓🕓 I do.

(M1) 🕓🕓 I see.

(M1) 🕓🕓 I love.

(M1) 🕓🕓 I understand.

(M2) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 I do.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

the past tense

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: 🕓🕓 They live in Canada. 🕓🕓 He smokes. 🕓🕓 She does not drink coffee. 🕓🕓 Do you like it? 🕓🕓 She loves him.

before the moment of speaking

9

after the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

the present tense

Examples:

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 an action happens 🕓🕓 all time, happens 🕓🕓 repeatedly (🕓🕓 time and time again), or happens at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 a state is true 🕓🕓 all time, or is true at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking 🕓🕓 = timely aspect

40

(M2)

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

examples: 🕓🕓🕓🕓 My train leaves 🕓🕓 tomorrow at five o’clock. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 They leave 🕓🕓 on Sunday afternoon. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 The next bus leaves 🕓🕓 at one o’clock. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 The ship sails 🕓🕓 on Friday. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 I finish work 🕓🕓 at five o’clock.

usage: • (Meaning 2) is used to describe that 🕓🕓🕓🕓 a prearranged action will happen at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future 🕓🕓🕓🕓 = timely aspect (present structure for the future) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the future)

Explanation of Usage:

191 The Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 an action happens 🕓🕓 all time, happens 🕓🕓 repeatedly (🕓🕓 time and time again), or happens at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking; or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 a state is true 🕓🕓 all time, or is true at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking; or (Meaning 2) is used to describe that 🕓🕓🕓🕓 a pre-arranged action will happen at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future. The present tense and 🕓🕓 the timely aspect jointly emphasize either 🕓🕓 all time, 🕓🕓 repeatability, 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or 🕓🕓 a pre-arranged moment in the future.

41

Chapter 10 10 the Compound Timely Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is done.) Usage:

10 the Compound Timely Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is done.) • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 an action is done 🕓🕓 all time, is done 🕓🕓 repeatedly (🕓🕓 time and time again), or is done at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 a state is true 🕓🕓 all time, or is true at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking • (Meaning 2) is used to describe that 🕓🕓🕓🕓 a pre-arranged action will be done at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future

emphasis: 🕓🕓

al l time, repeatabi lity, or the moment of speaking

🕓🕓🕓🕓

present structure for the future

C (M1) 🕓🕓 It is done.

(M1) 🕓🕓 It is done.

(M1) 🕓🕓 It is done. = It was done.

(M1) 🕓🕓 It is done.

(M1) 🕓🕓 It is done. = I will be done.

(M1) 🕓🕓 It is seen.

(M1) 🕓🕓 She is loved.

(M1) 🕓🕓 It is understood.

(M2) 🕓🕓🕓🕓 It is done. before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

10

examples: 🕓🕓 It is done according to the rules. 🕓🕓 This room is cleaned 🕓🕓 every day. 🕓🕓 It is thought that 🕓🕓 it is done 🕓🕓 every year. 🕓🕓 It is not understood why 🕓🕓 it happens. 🕓🕓 She is loved by him.

after the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

the present tense

Examples:

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 an action is done 🕓🕓 all time, is done 🕓🕓 repeatedly (🕓🕓 time and time again), or is done at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 a state is true 🕓🕓 all time, or is true at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking 🕓🕓 = timely aspect

42

🕓🕓 = timely aspect (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

examples: 🕓🕓🕓🕓 New four paintings are shown in the National Gallery 🕓🕓 next week. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 The exhibition is opened 🕓🕓 on Wednesday. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 The house is demolished 🕓🕓 next month. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 The banks are closed 🕓🕓 tomorrow. 🕓🕓🕓🕓 The doors are opened 🕓🕓 at eight o’clock.

usage: • (Meaning 2) is used to describe that 🕓🕓🕓🕓 a prearranged action will be done at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future 🕓🕓🕓🕓 = timely aspect (present structure for the future) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the future)

Explanation:

10 The Compound Timely Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is done.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 an action is done 🕓🕓 all time, is done 🕓🕓 repeatedly (🕓🕓 time and time again), or is done at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking; or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that 🕓🕓 a state is true 🕓🕓 all time, or is true at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking; or (Meaning 2) is used to describe that 🕓🕓🕓🕓 a pre-arranged action will be done at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future. The present tense and 🕓🕓 the timely aspect jointly emphasize either 🕓🕓 all time, 🕓🕓 repeatability, 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or 🕓🕓 a pre-arranged moment in the future.

43

Chapter 11 11 the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.) Usage:

11 the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ® an action has happened before 🕓🕓 the moment of

emphasis:

• speaking • or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that ® a state has been true before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking

® present resul t

C

(M1) ® I have done.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

11

the past tense

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples:

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

the present tense

Examples:

® I have done it. ® Have you seen this film? ® She has just had a baby. ® They have agreed to your proposal. ® She has never made love.

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ® an action has happened before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking • or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that ® a state has been true before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking ® = resultant aspect (in the present)

Explanation of Usage:

11 The Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ® an action has happened before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking; or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that ® a state has been true before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking. The present tense and ® the resultant aspect jointly emphasize ® the present result. It is not important when the action happened, but ® the final, present result is important. 🕓🕓 The moment of speaking is neither in the past nor in the future. Right now for me, 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking is the moment of writing. As I am typing the letters of this sentence, I am experiencing that 🕓🕓 moment-of-speaking-phenomenon. Right now for you, 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking is the moment of reading this sentence, or the moment of listening if someone is reading it aloud to you. In five examples above, 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking is either the moment of making a statement (as in ® ‘I have done it.’) or the moment of asking a question (as in ® ‘Have you seen this film?’). As time goes by, every 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future, sooner or later, becomes 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and every 🕓🕓 moment of speaking, sooner or later, becomes 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, eventually sinking into oblivion.

44

Chapter 12 12 the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been done.) Usage:

12 the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been done.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ® an action has been done before 🕓🕓 the moment of

emphasis:

• speaking • or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that ® a state has been true before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking

® present resul t

C

(M1) ® It has been done.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

the past tense

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: ® The job has been done. ® The house has been sold. ® Has it been done? ® Has the baby been bottle-fed? ® She has not been loved yet.

before the moment of speaking

12

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

the present tense

Examples:

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ® an action has been done before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking • or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that ® a state has been true before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking ® = resultant aspect (in the present)

Explanation of Usage:

12 The Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been done.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ® an action has been done before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking; or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that ® a state has been true before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking. The present tense and ® the resultant aspect jointly emphasize ® the present result. It is not important when the action was actually completed.

45

Chapter 13 13 the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have been doing.) Usage:

13 the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have been doing.) • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ®→ an action has been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and either (St) stops at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or (Co) continues beyond 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that ®→ a state has been true up to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and either (St) stops to be true at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or (Co) continues to be true beyond 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking

emphasis:

®→ present result and continuousness

C

(M1) ®→ I have been doing.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

(St)

before the moment of speaking

13

(Co)

after the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking the present tense

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: Ah, here you are! ®→ I’ve been looking for you. How long ®→ have you been living in Canada? ®→ I have been living in Canada for 🕓🕓 ten years. How long ®→ have you been learning English? ®→ He has been loving her for 🕓🕓 a very long time.

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ®→ an action has been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and either (St) stops at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or (Co) continues beyond 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that ®→ a state has been true up to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and either (St) stops to be true at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or (Co) continues to be true beyond 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking →® = resultant continuous aspect (in the present) 🕓🕓 = specific amount of time

Explanation of Usage:

13 The Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have been doing.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ®→ an action has been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and either (St) stops at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or (Co) continues beyond 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking; or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that ®→ a state has been true up to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and either (St) stops to be true at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or (Co) continues to be true beyond 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking. The present tense and ®→ the resultant continuous aspect jointly emphasize ®→ the present result and continuousness. The action started at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and has been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking.

46

Chapter 14 14 the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been being done.) Usage:

14 the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been being done.) • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ®→ an action has been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and either (St) is stopped at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or (Co) is continued beyond 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that ®→ a state has been true up to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and either (St) is stopped at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or (Co) is continued beyond 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking

emphasis:

®→ present result and continuousness

C

(M1) ®→ It has been being done.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

14

(St)

(Co)

after the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking the present tense

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: ®→ This has been being done for 🕓🕓 ages. ®→ This stop has not been being used for 🕓🕓 the last few days. ®→ The plan has been being developed since 🕓🕓 March. ®→ My car has been being fixed since 🕓🕓 Monday. ®→ She has been being loved by him for 🕓🕓 a very long time.

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ®→ an action has been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and either (St) is stopped at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or (Co) is continued beyond 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking • or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that ®→ a state has been true up to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and either (St) is stopped at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or (Co) is continued beyond 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking ®→ = resultant continuous aspect (in the present) 🕓🕓 = (for) specific amount of time 🕓🕓 = (since) specific time

Explanation of Usage:

14 The Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been being done.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that ®→ an action has been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and either (St) is stopped at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or (Co) is continued beyond 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking; or (Meaning 1s) is used to describe that ®→ a state has been true up to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, and either (St) is stopped at 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, or (Co) is continued beyond 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking. The present tense and ®→ the resultant continuous aspect jointly emphasize ®→ the present result and continuousness. The action was started at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the past, and has been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking.

47

Chapter 15 15 the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.) Usage:

• •

15 the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that → an action is ongoing during 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that → a state is ongoing during 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking

•

(Meaning 2) is used to describe that →→ an action is ongoing around 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking

emphasis: → present continuousness →→ around present continuousness

• (Meaning 3) is used to describe that →→→ an action is happening more often than is considered to be normal by the speaker and/or other people (can be used with adverbs such as 'always', 'constantly', continually', 'forever', etc.) • (Meaning 4) is used to describe that →→ a pre-planned action is going to happen during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, especially when decision was made earlier

→→→ is happening too often →→ present structure for the future

C (M1) → I am doing.

(M2) → I am doing.

(M2) → I am doing. = I was d oing.

(M2) → I am doing.

(M2) → I am doing. = I will be doing.

(M3) → I am (always) doing (something).

(M4) →→ I am doing. before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

15

the past tense

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

before the moment of speaking

examples:

the moment of speaking the present tense

Examples:

What → are you saying? → She is eating at 🕓🕓 the moment. → The baby is crying again. → Are you regretting it 🕓🕓 now? → I am loving it!

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that → an action is ongoing during 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking • or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that → a state is ongoing during 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking → = continuous aspect (at the moment of speaking) 🕓🕓 = the moment of speaking

48

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

examples: →→ I am reading a nice book. →→ We are redecorating our house. →→ She is learning Ⓘ to drive. →→ He is studying French. →→ I am fixing my bicycle.

usage: • (Meaning 2) is used to describe that →→ an action is ongoing around 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking

(M3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3)

examples: →→→ He is always complaining. →→→ You are always saying this. →→→ This team is constantly losing. →→→ He is always watching television. →→→ You are smoking so many cigarettes.

usage: • (Meaning 3) is used to describe that →→→ an action is being done more often than is considered to be normal by the speaker and/or other people (can be used with adverbs such as 'always', 'constantly', continually', 'forever', etc.)

→→ = continuous aspect (around the moment of speaking) Ⓘ = active infinitive

→→→ = continuous aspect (too often) (M4) (M4) (M4) (M4) (M4)

examples: →→ We are going to a party 🕓🕓 on Saturday. What →→ are you doing 🕓🕓 tonight? →→ He is leaving 🕓🕓 next week. →→ I am working 🕓🕓 tomorrow. →→ The train is leaving 🕓🕓 in ten minutes.

usage: • (Meaning 4) is used to describe that →→ a pre-planned action is going to happen during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, especially when decision was made earlier →→ = continuous aspect (present structure for the future) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the future)

Explanation of Usage:

15 The Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.) has different meanings of usage: (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that → an action is ongoing during 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking; or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that → a state is ongoing during 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking; (Meaning 2) is used to describe that →→ an action is ongoing around 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking; (Meaning 3) is used to describe that →→→ an action is being done more often than is considered to be normal by the speaker and/or other people (can be used with adverbs such as 'always', 'constantly', continually', 'forever', etc.); or (Meaning 4) is used to describe that →→ a pre-planned action is going to happen during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, especially when decision was made earlier. The present tense and → the continuous aspect jointly emphasize → the present continuousness.

49

Chapter 16 16 the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is being done.) Usage:

• •

16 the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is being done.) (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that → an action is ongoing during 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that → a state is ongoing during 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking

•

(Meaning 2) is used to describe that →→ an action is ongoing around 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking

emphasis: → present continuousness →→ around present continuousness

• (Meaning 3) is used to describe that →→→ an action is being done more often than is considered to be normal by the speaker and/or other people (used with adverbs such as 'always', 'constantly', continually', 'forever') • (Meaning 4) is used to describe that →→ a pre-planned action is going to be done during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, especially when decision was made earlier

→→→ is bei ng done too often →→ present structure for the future

C (M1) → It is being done.

(M2) → It is being done.

(M2)→ It is being don e. = It was being done.

(M2) → It is being done.

(M2)→ It is being don e. = It will be being d one.

(M3) → It is (always) being done.

(M5) →→ It is being done. before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

16

examples: → My room is being cleaned 🕓🕓 at the moment. → The man is being questioned by the police. → Are you being served? → Yes, I am being served. → The plan is being explained.

the moment of speaking the present tense

Examples:

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

usage: • (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that → an action is ongoing during 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking • or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that → a state is ongoing during 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking → = continuous aspect (at the moment of speaking) 🕓🕓 = the moment of speaking

50

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

examples: →→ My room is being redecorated. →→ The house is being sold. →→ My car is being fixed. →→ She is being stalked by someone. →→ Not enough is being done Ⓘ to protect little children.

usage: • (Meaning 2) is used to describe that →→ an action is ongoing around 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking

(M3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3)

examples: →→→ Rubbish is constantly being left in the streets. →→→ Cars are continually being left in my driveway. →→→ A lot of food is being thrown away by people. 🕓🕓 Don’t you see that →→→ you are being used? →→→ My personal things are always being moved around by someone.

usage: • (Meaning 3) is used to describe that → an action is being done more often than is considered to be normal by the speaker and/or other people (used with adverbs such as 'always', 'constantly', continually', 'forever')

examples: →→ The carpet is being cleaned 🕓🕓 on Saturday. →→ The dinner is being cooked by my mother 🕓🕓 on Sunday. →→ The house is being sold 🕓🕓 tomorrow. →→ My car is being fixed 🕓🕓 next week. →→ The horse is being sold 🕓🕓 soon.

usage: • (Meaning 4) is used to describe that →→ a preplanned action is going to be done during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, especially when decision was made earlier

(M5) (M5) (M5) (M5) (M5)

→→ = continuous aspect (around the moment of speaking) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect Ⓘ = infinitive

→→→ = continuous aspect (too often)

→→ = continuous aspect (present structure for the future) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the future)

Explanation of Usage:

16 The Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is being done.) has different meanings of usage: (Meaning 1a) is used to describe that → an action is ongoing during 🕓🕓 the time of speaking; or (Meaning 1s) is used to emphasize that → a state is ongoing during 🕓🕓 the time of speaking; (Meaning 2) is used to describe that →→ an action is ongoing around 🕓🕓 the time of speaking: including the past, the present, and the future; (Meaning 3) is used to describe that →→→ an action is being done more often than is considered to be normal by the speaker and/or other people (used with adverbs such as 'always', 'constantly', continually', 'forever'); or (Meaning 4) is used to describe that →→ a pre-planned action is going to be done during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, especially when decision was made earlier. The present tense and → the continuous aspect jointly emphasize → the present continuousness. The sentence ® ‘The house has been painted, and →→ it is now being sold.’ is a very good example of how elegant and precise ↶ the passive voice can be. Being inanimate, the house itself cannot perform an action, but an action can be performed onto the house, or the house can receive someone’s action. All objects can receive an action, but not all objects can perform an action. For example, the sentence → ‘The man is painting the house.’ is in ↷ the active voice, and → ‘The house is being painted by the man.’ is in ↶ the passive voice. In the first example, the man (actively) performs the action onto the house, and, in the second example, the house (passively) receives the action of the man.

51

Chapter 17 17 the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.) Usage:

17 the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.) • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that 🕓🕓 an action will happen at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future can be either known or unknown) • or (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that 🕓🕓 a state will be true at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future can be either known or unknown)

emphasis:

🕓🕓

future time

C

(M1) 🕓🕓 I will do.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

the past tense

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: 🕓🕓 I will change the world. 🕓🕓 The Age of Aquarius will come. 🕓🕓 It will happen 🕓🕓 soon. Drink this, and 🕓🕓 you will feel better. 🕓🕓 I will always love you.

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

the present tense

before a specific moment in the future

17

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

Examples:

usage: • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that 🕓🕓 an action will happen at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future can be either known or unknown) • or (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that 🕓🕓 a state will be true at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future can be either known or unknown) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the future) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the future) will = modal verb

Explanation of Usage:

17 The Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.) (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that 🕓🕓 an action will happen at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future can be either known or unknown); or (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that 🕓🕓 a state will be true at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future can be either known or unknown). The future tense and 🕓🕓 the timely aspect jointly emphasize 🕓🕓 the future time.

52

Chapter 18 18 the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be done.) Usage:

18 the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be done.) • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that 🕓🕓 an action will be done at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future can be either known or unknown) • or (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that 🕓🕓 a state will be true at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future can be either known or unknown)

emphasis:

🕓🕓

future time

C (M1) 🕓🕓 It will be done.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

the present tense

before a specific moment in the future

18

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: 🕓🕓 The job will be done 🕓🕓 on time. 🕓🕓 The doors will be closed 🕓🕓 at 9 pm. 🕓🕓 The house will be sold 🕓🕓 next week. 🕓🕓 A meeting will be held 🕓🕓 next Monday at 1 pm. 🕓🕓 She will be loved by him.

usage: • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that 🕓🕓 an action will be done at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future can be either known or unknown) • or (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that 🕓🕓 a state will be true at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future can be either known or unknown) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the future) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the future) will = modal verb

Explanation of Usage:

18 The Compound Timely Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be done.) (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that 🕓🕓 an action will be done at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future can be either known or unknown); or (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that 🕓🕓 a state will be true at 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future (🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future can be either known or unknown). The future tense and 🕓🕓 the timely aspect jointly emphasize 🕓🕓 the future time.

53

Chapter 19 19 the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have done.) Usage:

19 the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have done.) • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ® an action will have happened before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future • or (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ® a state will have been true before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future

emphasis: ® future resul t

C

(M1) ® I will have done.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking

examples: ® The decorator will have painted the room by 🕓🕓 Sunday. ® We will have left by 🕓🕓 the time you arrive. ® Will you have written the letter by 🕓🕓 tomorrow? Yes, ® I will have done it by 🕓🕓 that time. If you call 🕓🕓 before seven, ® they will not have come home yet.

before a specific moment in the future

19

the present tense

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

after the moment of speaking

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

usage: • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ® an action will have happened before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future • or (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ® a state will have been true before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future ® = resultant aspect (in the future) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the future) will = modal verb

Explanation of Usage:

19 The Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have done.) (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ® an action will have happened before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future; or (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ® a state will have been true before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future. The future tense and ® the resultant aspect jointly emphasize ® the future result.

54

Chapter 20 20 the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been done.) Usage:

20 the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been done.) • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ® an action will have been done before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future • or (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ® a state will have been true before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future

emphasis: ® future resul t

C

(M1) ® It will have been done.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking

examples: ® The job will have been done by 🕓🕓 the end of the week. ® The building will have been demolished by 🕓🕓 the next week. ® The letter will have been written by 🕓🕓 Friday. ® The room will have been cleaned by 🕓🕓 five o’clock. Well, 🕓🕓 I hope that ® the idea will have been understood by 🕓🕓 that time.

before a specific moment in the future

20

the present tense

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

after the moment of speaking

a specific moment in the future

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

usage: • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ® an action will have been done before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future • or (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ® a state will have been true before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future ® = resultant aspect (in the future) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the future) will = modal verb 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (in the present)

Explanation of Usage:

20 The Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been done.) (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ® an action will have been done before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future; or (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ® a state will have been true before 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future. The future tense and ® the resultant aspect jointly emphasize ® the future result.

55

Chapter 21 21 the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have been doing.) Usage:

21 the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have been doing.) • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ®→ an action will have been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, and either (wSt) will stop at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future, or (wCo) will continue beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future • (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ®→ a state will have been true up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, and either (wSt) will stop being true at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future, or (wCo) will continue being true beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future

emphasis:

®→ future resul t and continuousness

C (M1) ®→ I will have been doing.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the past tense

(M1) (M1)

(M1) (M1) (M1)

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

the present tense

examples: 🕓🕓 Next month, ®→ I will have been working for the company for ten years. 🕓🕓 He retires 🕓🕓 next month. 🕓🕓 Next month, ®→ he will have been working for the company for ten years. 🕓🕓 Next Thursday, ®→ they will have been living together for two years. 🕓🕓 On the 7th of June, ®→ she will have been living for one hundred years. 🕓🕓 In two months’ time, ®→ she will have been teaching for thirty years.

before a specific moment in the future

21

(wSt)

a specific moment in the future

(wCo)

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

Examples:

usage: • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ®→ an action will have been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, and either (wSt) will stop at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future, or (wCo) will continue beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future • (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ®→ a state will have been true up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, and either (wSt) will stop being true at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future, or (wCo) will continue being true beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future ®→ = resultant continuous aspect (in the future) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the future) 🕓🕓 = timely aspect (present structure for the future) will = modal verb

Explanation of Usage:

21 The Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have been doing.) (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ®→ an action will have been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, and either (wSt) will stop at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future, or (wCo) will continue beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future; or (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ®→ a state will have been true up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, and either (wSt) will stop being true at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future, or (wCo) will continue being true beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future. The future tense and ®→ the resultant continuous aspect jointly emphasize ®→ the future result and continuousness.

56

Chapter 22 22 the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been being done.) Usage:

22 the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been being done.) • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ®→ an action will have been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, and either (wSt) will stop at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future, or (wCo) will continue beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future • (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ®→ a state will have been true up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, and either (wSt) will stop being true at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future, or (wCo) will continue being true beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future

emphasis:

®→ future resul t and continuousness

C (M1) ®→ It will have been being done.

before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the past tense

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

the present tense

examples: 🕓🕓 Next month, ®→ that house will have been being built for five years. 🕓🕓 Next year, ®→ the book will have been being read for 200 years. 🕓🕓 Soon, ®→ the project will have been being worked on for almost a decade. 🕓🕓 In two minutes’ time, ®→ the pie will have been being baked for exactly 30 minutes. 🕓🕓 Tomorrow, ®→ the car will have been being fixed for two weeks.

before a specific moment in the future

22

(wSt)

a specific moment in the future

(wCo)

after a specific moment in the future

the future tense

Examples:

usage: • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ®→ an action will have been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, and either (wSt) will stop at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future, or (wCo) will continue beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future • (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ®→ a state will have been true up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, and either (wSt) will stop being true at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future, or (wCo) will continue being true beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future ®→ = resultant continuous aspect (in the future) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the future) will = modal verb

Explanation of Usage:

22 The Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been being done.) (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ®→ an action will have been ongoing up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, and either (wSt) will stop at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future, or (wCo) will continue beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future; or (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that ®→ a state will have been true up to 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future, and either (wSt) will stop being true at that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future, or (wCo) will continue being true beyond that 🕓🕓 specific moment in the future. The future tense and ®→ the resultant continuous aspect jointly emphasize ®→ the future result and continuousness.

57

Chapter 23 23 the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will be doing.) Usage:

23 the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will be doing.) • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → an action will be ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future • (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to emphasize that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → a state will be ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future

emphasis: → future continuousness

• (Meaning 2) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that →→ an action will be ongoing around 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future

→→ around future moment continuousness

• (Meaning 3) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that →→→ an action will be happening more often than is considered to be normal by the speaker and/or other people

→→→ will be happening too often

C

(M1) → I will be doing.

(M2) → I will be doing.

(M2) → I will be doing.

(M3) → I will be (M3) → I will be doing. doing. (M3) → I will be doing. before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

after the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

23

the present tense

a specific moment in the future the future tense

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: → We will be having a party 🕓🕓 tonight. → Their main striker will not be playing 🕓🕓 tomorrow. → I will be resting all day 🕓🕓 on Sunday. → My parents will be visiting me 🕓🕓 next week. → I will be waiting for you outside.

after a specific moment in the future

usage: • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → an action will be ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future • (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to emphasize that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → a state will be ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific time in the future → = continuous aspect (in the future) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the future) will = modal verb

58

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

(M3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3)

examples: →→ I will be reading the book 🕓🕓 when it is out. 🕓🕓 In two months’ time, →→ they will be redecorating their house. →→ They will be divorcing 🕓🕓 next month. 🕓🕓 When I finish this book, →→ I will be writing a sequel to it. 🕓🕓 When I save up enough, →→ I will be learning how to drive.

usage: • (Meaning 2) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → an action will be ongoing around 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future

examples: Don’t invite him because →→→ he will be always complaining about something. →→→ He will be watching television all day long if he could. If they sell their four best players, there will be more chances that →→→ they will be losing instead of winning. →→→ She will be constantly shopping if she had any money to spend. If you don’t tell her what to do, →→→ she will be getting into the trouble all the time.

usage: • (Meaning 3) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → an action will be happening more often than is considered to be normal by the speaker and/or other people

→→ = continuous aspect (in the future) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the future) will = modal verb

→→→ = continuous aspect (in the future) will = modal verb

Explanation of Usage:

23 The Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will be doing.) has a few meanings: (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → an action will be ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future; (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to emphasize that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → a state will be ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future; (Meaning 2) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that →→ an action will be ongoing around 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future; or (Meaning 3) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that →→→ an action will be happening more often than is considered to be normal by the speaker and/or other people. The future tense and → the continuous aspect jointly emphasize → the future continuousness.

59

Chapter 24 24 the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be being done.) Usage:

24 the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be being done.) • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → an action will be ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future • (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to emphasize that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → a state will be ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future

emphasis: → future continuousness

• (Meaning 2) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that →→ an action will be ongoing around 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future

→→ around future moment continuousness

• (Meaning 3) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → an action will be being done more often than is considered to be normal by the speaker and/or other people

→→→ will be bei ng done too often

C

(M1) → It will be being done.

(M2) → It will be being done.

(M2) → It will be being done.

(M3) → It will be (M3) It will be being→done. being→done. (M3) It will be being done. before a specific moment in the past

a specific moment in the past the past tense

after a specific moment in the past

before the moment of speaking

the moment of speaking the present tense

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: 🕓🕓 This week on Sunday, → the auction will be being held in the afternoon. → A party will be being held 🕓🕓 tonight. → The old building will be being demolished 🕓🕓 tomorrow. → Your love will be being felt by other people. → A voice of an angel will be being heard 🕓🕓 when the right time comes.

after the moment of speaking

before a specific moment in the future

24

a specific moment in the future the future tense

usage: • (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → an action will be ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future • (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to emphasize that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → a state will be ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future → = continuous aspect (in the future) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the future) will = modal verb

60

after a specific moment in the future

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

(M3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3)

examples: →→ The book will be being read 🕓🕓 when it is out. →→ Their house will be being redecorated 🕓🕓 in two months’ time. →→ A sequel will be being written by him 🕓🕓 when his first book is on the shelves. →→ Driving lessons will be being taken by me 🕓🕓 when I saved up enough. I have no doubt that →→ his imaginative mind will be being admired 🕓🕓 one day.

usage: • (Meaning 2) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that →→ an action will be ongoing around 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future

examples: →→→ Too many complaints will be being heard if the product is not good enough. →→→ The house of the old lady will be being redecorated all the time. →→→ The television will be being watched by him all night long. →→→ She will be being kissed by him. →→→ The mistakes will be being made by him.

usage: • (Meaning 3) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → an action will be being done more often than is considered to be normal by the speaker and/or other people

→→ = continuous aspect (in the future) 🕓🕓 = specific time/moment (in the future) will = modal verb

→→→ = continuous aspect (in the future) will = modal verb

Explanation of Usage:

24 The Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be being done.) has a few meanings: (Meaning 1a) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → an action will be ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future; (Meaning 1s) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to emphasize that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that → a state will be ongoing during 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future; (Meaning 2) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that →→ an action will be ongoing around 🕓🕓 a specific moment in the future; or (Meaning 3) [with the modal verb ‘will’] can be used to describe that the speaker hopes, believes, or has evidence that →→→ an action will be being done more often than is considered to be normal by the speaker and/or other people. The future tense and → the continuous aspect jointly emphasize → the future continuousness.

61

Chapter J the Auxiliary Verb (1) 'have’ (‘has', and 'had') The auxiliary verbs (also known as ‘the helping verbs’ or ‘the supporting verbs’) are used in forming -, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, -, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, -, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 the Compound Tenses, except 17 the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do), which does not require the auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verbs ‘have’, ‘has’ (both are highlighted in yellow), and ‘had’ (is highlighted in red) are used in forming 3, 4, 11, 12, 19, 20 the Compound Resultant Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice, and 5, 6, 13, 14, 21, 22 the Compound Resultant Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice. To form 19, 20 the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Active Voice or in the Passive Voice, and 21, 22 the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice or in the Passive Voice along with the auxiliary verb ‘have’, one appropriate modal verb is required. The modal verb ’will’ (is highlighted in blue) is used as an example.

11

19

5

13

21

4

12

20

6

14

22

the auxiliary verb ‘have/has’

have/has

be am/is/are

do/does

had

was/were

did

the appropriate modal verb

the auxiliary verb ‘have’

the Future Tense

3

the auxiliary verb ‘had’

the auxiliary verbs

62

past tense

present tense

future tense

active voice

active voice

active voice

.

simple or compound structure

S

the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.)

9

the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.)

17

the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.)

3

the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had done.)

11

the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.)

19

the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have done.)

5

the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had been doing.)

13

the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have been doing.)

21

the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have been doing.)

7

the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I was doing.)

15

the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.)

23

the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will be doing.)

C.

C.

resultant aspect

compound structure

C.

resultant continuous aspect

compound structure

C.

continuous aspect

past tense

present tense

future tense

passive voice

passive voice

passive voice

.

compound structure

10

the Compound Timely Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is done.)

18

the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be done.)

4

the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been done.)

12

the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been done.)

20

the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been done.)

6

the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been being done.)

14

the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been being done.)

22

8

the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was being done.)

16

the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is being done.)

24

C.

resultant aspect

C.

resultant continuous aspect

compound structure

C.

continuous aspect

.

the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.)

C.

compound structure

.

2

timely aspect

compound structure

.

1

timely aspect

compound structure

.

63

the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been being done.) the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be being done.)

Chapter K the Auxiliary Verb (2) 'be' (‘am’, ‘is’, ‘are’, ‘was’, and ‘were’) The auxiliary verbs (also known as ‘the helping verbs’ or ‘the supporting verbs’) are used in forming -, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, -, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, -, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 the Compound Tenses, except 17 the Compound Timely Future in the Active Voice (I will do), which does not require the auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verb ‘be’ (‘am’, ‘is’, ‘are’, ‘was’, and ‘were’) is used in forming 7, 8, 15, 16, 23, 24 the Compound Continuous Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Active Voice and in the Passive Voice, and 2, 10, 18 the Compound Timely Past, Present, and Future Tenses in the Passive Voice.

the auxiliary verbs

have/has

7

15

23

2

10

18 did

24 the Future Tense

the auxiliary verb ‘am/is/are’

was/were

the auxiliary verb ‘be’

16

do/does

the appropriate modal verb

8

the auxiliary verb ‘was/were’

had

be am/is/are

64

past tense

present tense

future tense

active voice

active voice

active voice

.

simple or compound structure

S

the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.)

9

the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.)

17

the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.)

3

the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had done.)

11

the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.)

19

the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have done.)

5

the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had been doing.)

13

the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have been doing.)

21

the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have been doing.)

7

the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I was doing.)

15

the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.)

23

the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will be doing.)

C.

C.

resultant aspect

compound structure

C.

resultant continuous aspect

compound structure

C.

continuous aspect

past tense

present tense

future tense

passive voice

passive voice

passive voice

.

compound structure

10

the Compound Timely Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is done.)

18

the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be done.)

4

the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been done.)

12

the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been done.)

20

the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been done.)

6

the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been being done.)

14

the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been being done.)

22

8

the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was being done.)

16

the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is being done.)

24

C.

resultant aspect

C.

resultant continuous aspect

compound structure

C.

continuous aspect

.

the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.)

C.

compound structure

.

2

timely aspect

compound structure

.

1

timely aspect

compound structure

.

65

the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been being done.) the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be being done.)

Chapter L the Auxiliary Verb (3) 'do’ (‘does', and 'did') The auxiliary verb ‘do’ (and ‘does’ and ‘did’) is used for: (1) emphasis, (2) asking questions, and (3) making negative statements. Even though there are only two tenses which can be considered Ⓢ ‘simple’, i.e. 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.) and 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.), they are in fact Ⓢ ‘simple’ and 🄲🄲 ‘compound’ at the same time. When we make a negative statement or when we ask a question, we have to employ an auxiliary verb in order to form such tenses. For example, we can say ‘I understand.’ and ‘I understood.’: both sentences are structured as Ⓢ ‘simple tenses’; but if we make negative sentences, i.e. ‘I do not understand.’ and ‘I did not understand.’, we employ the auxiliary verbs ‘do’ and ‘did’ and the adverb ‘not’; therefore, ‘I do not understand.’ and ‘I did not understand.’ are both structured as 🄲🄲 ‘compound tenses’. The same happens when we ask questions. ‘Do you understand?’ and ‘Did you understand?’ are both structured as 🄲🄲 ‘compound tenses’. Even positive statements can be structured as 🄲🄲 ‘compound tenses’ for emphasis, e.g. ‘I do understand.’ and ‘I did understand.’. Thus, Ⓢ the simple tenses are not the tenses that do not use either an auxiliary verb, a participle, or a modal verb, but the tenses that can be structured without using either an auxiliary verb, a participle, or a modal verb to make a positive statement. The auxiliary verb ‘do’ (‘does’ and ‘did’) is used to ask a question, to make a negative form, or to emphasise a positive form: ‘did’ is used in 111 the Simple Timely Past Tense in the Active Voice (I did.), and ‘do/does’, in 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.).

the auxiliary verbs

1

9 do/does

had

was/were

did

66

the auxiliary verb ‘do/does’

be am/is/are

the auxiliary verb ‘did’

have/has

past tense

present tense

future tense

active voice

active voice

active voice

.

simple or compound structure

S

C.

timely aspect

compound structure

the Simple Timely the Simple Timely 9 17 Present Tense Past Tense in the Active Voice in the Active Voice (I do.)(Do I understand?) (I do (I did.) (Did I understand?) (I not understand.) (I understand.) understood.) (I did not (I do understand.) understand.) (I did understand.) the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had done.)

11

the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have done.)

19

the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have done.)

5

the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I had been doing.)

13

the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I have been doing.)

21

the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will have been doing.)

7

the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Active Voice (I was doing.)

15

the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.)

23

the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will be doing.)

C.

resultant continuous aspect

C.

continuous aspect

past tense

present tense

future tense

passive voice

passive voice

passive voice

.

compound structure

10

the Compound Timely Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is done.)

18

the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be done.)

4

the Compound Resultant Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been done.)

12

the Compound Resultant Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been done.)

20

the Compound Resultant Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been done.)

6

the Compound Resultant Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It had been being done.)

14

the Compound Resultant Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It has been being done.)

22

8

the Compound Continuous Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was being done.)

16

the Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Passive Voice (It is being done.)

24

C.

resultant aspect

C.

resultant continuous aspect

compound structure

C.

continuous aspect

.

the Compound Timely Past Tense in the Passive Voice (It was done.)

C.

compound structure

.

2

timely aspect

compound structure

the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.)

3

C.

compound structure

.

1

resultant aspect

compound structure

.

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the Compound Resultant Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will have been being done.) the Compound Continuous Future Tense in the Passive Voice (It will be being done.)

Chapter M the Modal Verb (1) 'can' Usage:

(1) can (Meaning 1) is used to indicate mental or physical ability to do something (Meaning 2) is used to indicate permission or the right to do something (Meaning 3) is used to indicate possibility or opportunity to do something (Meaning 4) is used to indicate surprise, shock, doubt, anger, or even annoyance (Meaning 5) is used to indicate that something is true sometimes, or is true in some circumstances (Meaning 6) is used to indicate a polite request (Meaning 7) in questions, is used to make an offer or a suggestion (Meaning 8) is used in polite interruption the modal verb

(1) can

(M1) is used to indicate mental or physical ability to do something

(M2) is used to indicate permission, or the right to do something

(M3) is used to indicate possibility, or opportunity to do something

(M8) is used in polite interruption

(M4) is used to indicate surprise, shock, doubt, or even annoyance

(M5) is used to indicate that something is true sometimes, or is true in some circumstances

Explanation of Usage:

(M6) is used to indicate a polite request

(M7) in questions, is used to make an offer, or a suggestion

The word ‘can’ is a modal verb which can be used to add a particular meaning to a tense. For example, the sentence 🕓🕓 ‘I do not do it.’ is in 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.) and indicates that the action never happens (for more information about this tense, see Chapter 9, Meaning 1). When we add the modal verb ‘can’ to the sentence 🕓🕓 ‘I don’t do it.’ and keep it negative, we get 🕓🕓 ‘I cannot do it.’. 🕓🕓 ‘I cannot do it.’ is still in the same tense, i.e. 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.), but now because we added the modal verb ‘can’, this sentence has a different meaning.

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🕓🕓 ‘I cannot do it.’ indicates mental or physical inability to do something. For example, 🕓🕓 ‘I cannot speak French.’ indicates the inability to speak French, and 🕓🕓 ‘I can speak French.’ indicates the ability to speak French (see the usage of the modal verb ‘can’ in this chapter, i.e. Chapter M, Meaning 1).

examples:

Examples:

usage: (Meaning 1) is used to indicate mental or physical ability to do something

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

I can speak English. She can swim very well. He can write well. I cannot dance. Can you do it?

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

Can I help you? You can take one. Can you help me, please? You can shake your hands. Can we buy it?

(M3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3)

examples: You can apply for this position. You can do what you want. We can go away at the weekend. We cannot go to the party. I can help them.

usage: (Meaning 3) is used to indicate possibility or opportunity to do something

(M4) (M4) (M4) (M4) (M4)

examples: You can’t be serious! Can it be really true? Oh, can you really do it? I cannot believe it! I cannot believe that he said it.

usage: (Meaning 4) is used to indicate surprise, shock, doubt, or even annoyance

(M5) (M5) (M5) (M5) (M5)

examples: Life can be hard sometimes. See, you can be a good girl. Anybody can be wrong. Dogs can be dangerous. Some words can be very upsetting.

usage: (Meaning 5) is used to indicate that something is true sometimes, or is true in some circumstances

(M6) (M6) (M6) (M6) (M6)

examples: Can you help me, please? Can you do it for me? Can you write a letter for me? Can you wait a moment, please? Can you go with me?

usage: (Meaning 6) is used to indicate a polite request

(M7) (M7) (M7) (M7) (M7)

examples: Can I help you? Can I get you another cup of coffee? You can stay with me for a few days. We can go for a walk. You can ask her for a date if you like her so much.

usage: (Meaning 7) in questions, is used to make an offer or a suggestion

(M8)

examples: Can I just stop you for a moment?

usage: (Meaning 8) is used in polite interruption

examples:

usage: (Meaning 2) is used to indicate permission, request, suggestion, or the right to do something

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(M8) (M8) (M8) (M8)

Can I add something? Can I say something? Can you hold on? Can you not do it? NB1: modal verbs are used to add a particular meaning to the verb/tense NB2: appropriate modal verbs have to be used to form the Future Tenses

(1) can

(2) could

(3) may

(4) might

(5) will

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(6) would

(7) shall

(8) should

(9) must

Chapter N the Modal Verb (2) 'could' Usage:

(2) could (Meaning 1) is used to indicate that someone had the ability or the possibility to do something in the past (Meaning 2) is used to indicate that something sometimes happened in the past (Meaning 3) is used to indicate permission, request, offer, suggestion, or the right to do something (Meaning 4) is used to indicate possibility or opportunity (Meaning 5) is used to indicate surprise, doubt, anger, or even annoyance (Meaning 6) is used to indicate a desire to do something (Meaning 7) is used to indicate that something is possibly true, or that it may possibly happen (Meaning 8) is used to indicate that something may happen in the future (Meaning 9) is used to imagine a situation, which is unlikely to happen, and the situation’s possible consequences the modal verb

(2) could

(M1) is used to indicate that someone had the ability or the possibility to do something in the past

(M9) is used to imagine a situation, which is unlikely to happen, and the situation’s possible consequences

(M2) is used to indicate that something sometimes happened in the past

(M8) is used to indicate that something may happen in the future

(M3) is used to indicate permission, request, offer, suggestion, or the right to do something

(M7) is used to indicate that something is possibly true or that it may possibly happen

(M4) is used to indicate possibility or opportunity

(M5) is used to indicate surprise, doubt, anger, or even annoyance

Explanation of Usage:

(M6) is used to indicate a desire to do something

The word ‘could’ is a modal verb which can be used to add a particular meaning to a tense. For example, 🕓🕓 ‘I cannot do it.’ indicates mental or physical inability to do something, and 🕓🕓 ‘I could not do it.’ can indicate that someone was unable to do something in the past on a specific occasion. 🕓🕓 ‘You could not have seen her at the party yesterday.’ indicates that there was not a possibility to see her at the party yesterday, for example, because she stayed at home all day (see the usage of the modal verb ‘could’ in this chapter, i.e. Chapter N, Meaning 1).

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Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: He could not read when he was ten. He could not do it. She could not have done it by herself. I could not swim when I was ten. You could have informed me.

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

examples: He could be nasty sometimes. He could be seen walking for hours on occasion. He could be both funny and sad. She could be very pleasant. She could be unwell after a drink.

usage: (Meaning 2) is used to indicate that something sometimes happened or was true in the past

(M3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3)

examples: We could go for a walk later. You could take another piece of cake. Could you close the window, please? You could go with us to the park. I could not have said ‘no’, could have I?

usage: (Meaning 3) is used to indicate permission, request, offer, suggestion, or the right to do something

(M4) (M4) (M4) (M4) (M4)

examples: You could have helped me, you know. You could have done it by yourself. You could call your mother. She could have left when everyone left. I could have bought it if I wanted to.

usage: (Meaning 4) is used to indicate possibility or opportunity

(M5) (M5) (M5) (M5) (M5)

examples: How could have I possibly done it by myself? I could not believe it. He could not be right, could he? No, I could not have known! She could have told me.

usage: (Meaning 5) is used to indicate surprise, doubt, anger, or even annoyance

(M6) (M6) (M6) (M6) (M6)

examples: I could eat something. I could drink another bottle of this stuff. I could have a holiday. Could you try it? Could you go to the cinema with me?

usage: (Meaning 6) is used to indicate a desire to do something

(M7) (M7) (M7) (M7) (M7)

examples: It could be true. She could have been killed by somebody who knew her. It could rain later. It could have been somebody else. Could have it really happened?

usage: (Meaning 7) is used to indicate that something is possibly true, or that it may possibly happen

(M8) (M8) (M8) (M8) (M8)

examples: Your mother could call you tonight. They could come to see us soon. The car could break if we drive that far. Your laptop could be stolen if you left it unattended. They could give it to you if you ask.

usage: (Meaning 8) is used to indicate that something may happen in the future

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usage: (Meaning 1) is used to indicate that someone had the ability or the possibility to do something in the past

(M9) (M9) (M9) (M9) (M9)

examples: I could kill him for saying that. I could have eaten all those cakes. I could have been an astronaut. They could have been happier. If I did it, I could have been rich now.

usage: (Meaning 9) is used to imagine a situation, which is unlikely to happen or was unlikely to happen, and, often, the situation’s possible consequences

NB1: modal verbs are used to add a particular meaning to the verb/tense NB2: appropriate modal verbs have to be used to form the Future Tenses

(1) can

(2) could

(3) may

(4) might

(5) will

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(6) would

(7) shall

(8) should

(9) must

Chapter O the Modal Verb (3) 'may' Usage:

(3) may (Meaning 1) is used to make an offer or a suggestion (Meaning 2) is used to ask for permission or to give permission (Meaning 3) is used to indicate possibility that something is true or may happen, but you are not sure (Meaning 4) is used to indicate possibility that something was true or happened in the past (Meaning 5) is used to indicate without certainty that something will possibly happen or be true in the future (Meaning 6) is used to indicate a wish or hope (Meaning 7) is used in accepting one statement, and adding another one which is ‘more important’ (Meaning 8) is used to make a polite request (Meaning 9) is used to make a polite interruption the modal verb

(3) may

(M1) is used to make an offer or a suggestion

(M9) is used to make a polite interruption

(M2) is used to ask for permission or to give permission

(M8) is used to make a polite request

(M3) is used to indicate possibility that something is true or may happen, but you are not sure

(M4) is used to indicate possibility that something was true or happened in the past

(M5) is used to indicate without certainty that something will possibly happen or be true in the future

Explanation of Usage:

(M6) is used to indicate a wish or hope

(M7) is used in accepting one statement, and adding another one which is ‘more important’

The word ‘may’ is a modal verb which is used to add a particular meaning to a tense. For example, the sentence 🕓🕓 ‘I may do it.’ indicates the possibility that something may happen in the future (see the usage of the modal verb ‘may’ in this chapter, i.e. Chapter O, Meaning 3); and the sentence 🕓🕓 ‘I will do it.’ indicates the intention to do something in the future (see the usage of the modal verb ‘will’ in Chapter R, Meaning 4). The modal verb ‘may’ adds one particular meaning, and the modal verb ‘will’ adds another particular meaning. Knowing which particular meaning one wants to add to the tense, one knows which modal verb to use, i.e. (1) to add the

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meaning of possibility, the modal verb ‘may’ can be used; (2) to add the meaning of intention, the modal verb ‘will’ can be used. Also, it is possible to add the meaning of possibility without using the modal verb ‘may’; i.e. 🕓🕓 ‘I will probably do it.’ instead of 🕓🕓 ‘I may do it.’. In 🕓🕓 ‘I will probably do it.’, the modal verb ‘will’ and the adverb ‘probably’ can be considered to be a synonym of the modal verb ‘may’, but the precise meaning of the aforementioned examples can be adjudged to be somewhat slightly different.

examples:

Examples:

usage: (Meaning 1) is used to make an offer or a suggestion

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

May I help you? May I buy you a drink? May we offer you something to eat? May I recommend a very nice restaurant to you? May I suggest that you get a taxi?

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

examples: May I take one? Yes, you may take one piece of cake. May I come in? You may leave. May I proceed?

(M3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3)

He may be right. It may rain tonight. They may be Americans. Well, actually, it may work. My mother may get angry.

(M4) (M4) (M4) (M4) (M4)

examples: He may have done it. I may have made a mistake. He may have regretted it already. They may have left already. Someone may have stolen it.

(M5) (M5) (M5) (M5) (M5)

It may rain later. I may buy it. You may regret it later. She may like it. Someone may steal it.

(M6) (M6) (M6) (M6) (M6)

examples: May she rest in peace! May the righteous prosper! May the sun shine on you! May it be easy! May you be happy, my dear friend!

usage: (Meaning 6) is used to indicate a wish or hope

examples: I may be old, but I am happy. It may be boring, but it is necessary to do. She may be young, but she is very talented. He may act stupidly sometimes, but he is a man who creates beauty. He may be very unpleasant, but he does a lot of good things for humanity.

usage: (Meaning 7) is used in accepting one statement, and adding another one which is ‘more important’

usage: (Meaning 2) is used to ask for permission or to give permission

examples:

usage: (Meaning 3) is used to indicate possibility that something is true or may happen, but you are not sure

usage: (Meaning 4) is used to indicate possibility that something was true or happened in the past

examples:

(M7) (M7) (M7) (M7) (M7)

usage: (Meaning 5) is used to indicate without certainty that something will possibly happen or be true in the future

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(M8) (M8) (M8) (M8) (M8)

examples: May I go with you? May we have some coffee now? May she stay with us tonight? May I help you with your bags? May I go to my room?

usage: (Meaning 8) is used to make a polite request

(M9) (M9) (M9) (M9) (M9)

examples: May I stop you for a moment? May I add something? May I say something? May you not do it? May you stop?

usage: (Meaning 9) is used to make a polite interruption

NB1: modal verbs are used to add a particular meaning to the verb/tense NB2: appropriate modal verbs have to be used to form the Future Tenses

(1) can

(2) could

(3) may

(4) might

(5) will

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(6) would

(7) shall

(8) should

(9) must

Chapter P the Modal Verb (4) 'might' Usage:

(4) might (Meaning 1) is used to make a suggestion, or to give advice (Meaning 2) is used to indicate possibility that something is true or may happen, but you are not sure (Meaning 3) is used to indicate possibility that something was true or happened in the past (Meaning 4) is used to indicate without certainty that something will possibly happen or be true in the future (Meaning 5) is used in accepting one statement, and adding another one which is more ‘more important’ (Meaning 6) is used to make a polite interruption, ask a question, or make a request the modal verb

(4) might

(M1) is used to make an offer or a suggestion

(M2) is used to indicate possibility that something is true or may happen, but you are not sure

(M4) is used to indicate without certainty that something will possibly happen or be true in the future

(M3) is used to indicate possibility that something was true or happened in the past

(M5) is used in accepting one statement, and adding another one which is more ‘more important’

(M6) is used to make a polite interruption, ask a question, or make a request

Explanation of Usage:

The word ‘might’ is a modal verb which is used to add a particular meaning to the tense. The modal verb ‘might’ is the past of the modal verb ‘may’, but is not always used only in this sense. For example, the sentence 🕓🕓 ‘I may do it tomorrow.’ indicates the possibility that something may happen during a specific moment in the future (see the usage of the modal verb ‘may’ in Chapter O, i.e. Chapter O, Meaning 3); the sentence ® ‘He might have already done it.’ indicates the possibility that something might have already happened before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking (see the usage of the modal verb ‘might’ in this chapter, i.e. Chapter P, Meaning 3).

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: You might want to buy it. You might want to consider taking a taxi. It might be a good idea to tell them the truth. Do you think that I might help you? Might I suggest something?

(M2)

He might be right.

Examples:

examples:

usage: (Meaning 1) is used to make an offer or a suggestion in a polite way

usage:

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(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

She might regret it later. I might not be back until late. He might resign after what he did. Ask him: he might help you.

(Meaning 2) is used to indicate possibility that something is true or may happen, but you are not sure

examples:

usage: (Meaning 3) is used to indicate possibility that something was true or happened in the past

(M3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3)

He might have been right. I might have done it already. They might have moved out. He might have done it by himself. Why you did not ask him? He might have helped you.

(M4) (M4) (M4) (M4) (M4)

examples: You might regret it later. I might be late. She might do it. We might be away at the weekend. I might buy it.

usage: (Meaning 4) is used to indicate without certainty that something will possibly happen or be true in the future

examples: He might be handsome, but he is a bore. He might be poor, but he is clever. It might be very difficult, but it is not impossible. I might have been mistaken on many occasions, but, after all, I have reached my final goal. She might have behaved badly, but she is only a little girl and deserves forgiveness.

usage: (Meaning 5) is used in accepting one statement, and adding another one which is more ‘more important’

examples: Might I ask you what you really think about it? Might I make a suggestion? Might I talk to you for a moment? Might I trouble you for a fiver? Might I stop you?

usage: (Meaning 6) is used to make a polite interruption, ask a question, or make a request

(M5) (M5) (M5) (M5) (M5)

(M6) (M6) (M6) (M6) (M6)

NB1: modal verbs are used to add a particular meaning to the verb/tense NB2: appropriate modal verbs have to be used to form the Future Tenses

(1) can

(2) could

(3) may

(4) might

(5) will

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(6) would

(7) shall

(8) should

(9) must

Chapter R the Modal Verb (5) 'will' Usage:

(5) will (Meaning 1) is used to indicate that you think that something is going to happen in the future (Meaning 2) is used to indicate pre-arranged action in the future (Meaning 3) is used to make promises or threats (Meaning 4) is used to indicate an intention to do something (Meaning 5) is used to indicate a polite invitation or an offer (Meaning 6) is used to indicate an order, telling or politely asking someone to do something (Meaning 7) is used to indicate willingness or ability to do something the modal verb

(5) will

(M1) is used to indicate that you think that something is going to happen in the future

(M2) is used to indicate prearranged action in the future

(M7) is used to indicate willingness or ability to do something

(M3) is used to make promises or threats

(M4) is used to indicate an intention to do something

Explanation of Usage:

(M5) is used to indicate a polite invitation or an offer

(M6) in questions, is used to indicate an order, telling or asking someone to do something

Many grammar books imply and many people assume that to form a future tense the modal verb ‘will’ and the main verb are used together, e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘I will do it tomorrow.’ (in this sentence ‘will’ is the modal verb, and ‘do’ is the main verb). Such notion is rather misleading. The actual rule is not that only the modal verb ‘will’ and the main verb are used to form the future tenses, but the actual rule is that to form a future tense one of the appropriate modal verbs must be used along with the main verb, i.e. (1) the modal verb ‘will’ can be used: (1a) to indicate the intention to do something in the future (e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘I will come to see you at five o’clock.’) (see the usage of the modal verb ‘will’ in this chapter, i.e. Chapter R, Meaning 4); (1b) to indicate the belief that something will happen in the future (e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘He will come to see me at five o’clock.’) (see the usage of the modal verb ‘will’ in this chapter, i.e. Chapter R, Meaning 1); (1c) to indicate the willingness or ability to do something in the future (e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘Will you come to see me at five o’clock?’ or 🕓🕓 ‘I will come to see you at five o’clock.’) (see the usage of the modal verb ‘will’ in this chapter, i.e. Chapter R, Meaning 7), etc.; (2) the modal verb ‘may’ can be used: (2a) to indicate the possibility that something may happen in the future (e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘She may come to see me at five o’clock.’) (for more information see Chapter O, Meaning 3), etc.; (3) the modal verb ‘must’ can be used: (3a) to indicate the necessity or obligation to do something in the future (e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘You must come to see me at five o’clock.’) (for more information see Chapter U, Meaning 1), etc.; etc. Actually, as far as I know, there is no grammar book that plainly explains the correlation between all tenses and all modal verbs. For example, ‘might’ is the past of the modal verb ‘may’, but they can be both used to indicate the same meaning: ‘I may do it.’ and ‘I might do it.’. The question is why is there a need to have the modal verb ‘may’ and its past ‘might’ to both indicate the possibility that

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something may happen in the future? Why one of them cannot be used only with the future tenses, or the present tenses and the future tenses, and the other, with the past tenses, or the past tenses and the present tenses? Even though that, in this version of my book, I am not trying to correlate all tenses and all modal verbs, I truly believe that there is a need to do it. I may do it in the future version of this book, or, rather, I might do it in the future version of this book. Please note that in this book after the name of the future tenses, in brackets, I give a sentence-example with the modal verb ‘will’. By doing so, I do not imply and you should not assume that it is the only way to form a future tense. Once again, I want to emphasise that the future tenses are formed with the appropriate modal verb, and not only with the modal verb ‘will’. 15 The Compound Continuous Present Tense in the Active Voice (I am doing.) can also represent the future tense (for more information about this tense in this specific usage, see Chapter 15, Meaning 5). The formula below represents the formation of 17 the Compound Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.) (for more information about this tense, see Chapter 17).

the appropriate modal verb

the main verb

17 the Compound Timely Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.)

do

(indicates the intention to do something during a speci fi c

do

(indicates the possibilit y of action duri ng a specific moment

do

(indicates the importance or necessi ty to do something

will (can i ndi cate the intenti on)

may (can i ndi cate the possibility)

must (can i ndi cate the importance or necessity)

I will do it tomorrow. moment in the future)

I may do it tomorrow. in the future)

You must do it tomorrow.

during a specific moment in the future)

blue green yellow

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: Hurry up or you will be late. They will be happy together. Yes, I will do it, of course. It will be a cold winter. She will pass the exam.

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

examples: The library will reopen next week on Monday at 9 am. The ship will sail next Friday. How long will it take? When will you start your new job? We will call you tomorrow at 2 pm.

usage: (Meaning 2) is used to indicate officially arranged actions in the future

(M3) (M3) (M3) (M3)

examples: I will call you tonight. Okay, I will buy you one. I will come to see you on Sunday. You will not be allowed to do it.

usage: (Meaning 3) is used to make promises or threats

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usage: (Meaning 1) is used to indicate that you wish, think or have the evidence that something is going to happen or be the case in the future

(M3)

Stop it or you will regret it.

(M4) (M4) (M4) (M4) (M4)

examples: I will not do it again. I will always love you. What will you do next? Will you stay here or go home? He said that he will not smoke any more.

usage: (Meaning 4) is used to indicate an intention to do something

(M5) (M5) (M5) (M5) (M5)

examples: Will you join us? Will you come to see me later? Will you have something to eat? Will you take it? Will you have a doughnut?

usage: (Meaning 5) is used to indicate a polite invitation or offer

(M6) (M6) (M6) (M6) (M6)

examples: Will you do it for me? You will do as I tell you. You will go there and apologise, period. Will you shut the door? This is your desk: you will work here.

usage: (Meaning 6) is used to indicate an order, telling or politely asking someone to do something

(M7) (M7) (M7) (M7) (M7)

examples: All right, I will help you. Will you forgive me, my love? I will answer the phone. I will not discuss it. I will try to do it again.

usage: (Meaning 7) is used to indicate willingness or ability to do something

NB1: modal verbs are used to add a particular meaning to the verb/tense NB2: appropriate modal verbs have to be used to form the Future Tenses

(1) can

(2) could

(3) may

(4) might

(5) will

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(6) would

(7) shall

(8) should

(9) must

Chapter Q the Modal Verb (6) 'would' Usage:

(6) would (Meaning 1) is used to indicate belief, hope, or expectation that something will happen or be the case (Meaning 2) is used to indicate an intention to do something (Meaning 3) is used to indicate a polite invitation or offer (Meaning 4) in questions, is used to politely ask someone to do something (Meaning 5) in questions with ‘like’, is used to indicate a polite offer or a polite invitation (Meaning 6) is used to indicate willingness or ability to do something (Meaning 7) is used to indicate that something did not happen despite effort (Meaning 8) is used to imagine a situation, and its possible consequences (Meaning 9) is used to assume that something is true or was true (Meaning 10) is used to indicate that the action happened regularly in the past, but no longer happens the modal verb

(M1) is used to indicate belief, hope, or expectation that something will happen or be the case

(6) would

(M11) is used to indicate the result of a possible action or state in the past

(M2) is used to indicate an intention to do something

(M10) is used to indicate that the action happened regularly in the past, but no longer happens

(M3) is used to indicate a polite invitation or offer

(M9) is used to assume that something is true or was true

(M4) in questions, is used to indicate an order, telling or politely asking someone to do something

(M5) in questions with ‘like’, is used to indicate a polite offer or a polite invitation

(M6) is used to indicate willingness or ability to do something

82

(M7) is used to indicate that something did not happen despite effort

(M8) is used to imagine a situation, and its possible consequences

Explanation of Usage:

The word ‘would’ is a modal verb which can be used to add a particular meaning to a tense. In some senses ‘would’ can be used as the past of ‘will’. For example, ‘Will you do it?’ questions someone’s intention to do something in the future. ® ‘Would you have said ‘yes’ or ‘no’?’ used to talk about the possible consequences of an imaginary situation in the past, i.e. the situation which did not actually happened. 🕓🕓 ‘Will you say ‘yes’ or ‘no’?’ used to talk about a possible situation in the future. Please note that the modal verbs ‘would’ and ‘will’ sometimes are used with little or no difference in meaning, e.g. 🕓🕓 ‘I will buy it.’ and 🕓🕓 ‘I would buy it.’.

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

examples: Hurry up or we would be late. She would be all right. Yes, I would do it, of course. It would not be easy to do. I would never accept it.

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

examples: Would you go to see him? What would you do next? I would buy you one. Would she really marry him? Would you go to the party?

usage: (Meaning 2) is used to indicate an intention to do something

(M3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3)

examples: I would like to buy two. I would love to see her again. They would love to have another child. Would you like me to go? I would love to help you.

usage: (Meaning 3) is used with ‘like’ or ‘love’ to indicate that someone wants a particular thing to happen

(M4) (M4) (M4) (M4) (M4)

examples: Would you do me a favour? Would you help me to do it? Would you post a letter for me? Would you tell him that I cannot come? Would you excuse me for a moment?

usage: (Meaning 4) in questions, is used to politely ask someone to do something

(M5) (M5) (M5) (M5) (M5)

examples: Would you like a drink? Would you like to see it? Would you like to stay a bit longer? Would you like a chocolate cake? Would you like to go there with me?

usage: (Meaning 5) in questions with ‘like’, is used to indicate a polite offer or a polite invitation

(M6) (M6) (M6) (M6) (M6)

examples: Would you marry me, my love? No, I would not mind at all. I would not accept it. You would help them, would you not? They would not tell you the truth.

usage: (Meaning 6) is used to indicate willingness or ability to do something

(M7) (M7)

examples: The door just would not open. He would not answer where he got the money from.

usage: (Meaning 7) is used to indicate that something did not happen, often despite effort

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usage: (Meaning 1) is used to indicate belief, hope, or expectation that something will happen or be the case

(M7) (M7) (M7)

The car just would not start. No matter how long you knock, he just would not open the door. He just would not wake up. usage: (Meaning 8) is used to refer to the result or effect of a possible situation

(M8) (M8)

examples: Would you have said ‘yes’ or ‘no’? It would be wrong to say it. I would never have done it if I had known that she would get upset. Next month, we would have been married for twenty-five years. I would imagine so.

(M9) (M9) (M9) (M9) (M9)

examples: She would not have known what to do. He would not know the answer. I would not know, would I? Yes, that would have been him. That would have been a very long time ago.

usage: (Meaning 9) is used to assume that something is true or was true

(M8) (M8) (M8)

(M10) (M10) (M10) (M10) (M10)

examples: My grandmother would always bake some muffins on Sundays. He would always say ‘hello’. He would watch TV after work until he fell asleep. They would talk for hours on end. She would always visit her mum at the weekend.

usage: (Meaning 10) is used to indicate that the action happened regularly in the past, but no longer happens

NB1: modal verbs are used to add a particular meaning to the verb/tense NB2: appropriate modal verbs have to be used to form the Future Tenses

(1) can

(2) could

(3) may

(4) might

(5) will

84

(6) would

(7) shall

(8) should

(9) must

Chapter S the Modal Verb (7) 'shall' Usage:

(7) shall (Meaning 1) with ‘I’ and ‘we’, is used to indicate an offer, a suggestion, or an advice (Meaning 2) with ‘I’ and ‘we’, is used to indicate an intention to do something (Meaning 3) is used to indicate that something must happen because it is a rule or a law (Meaning 4) with ‘you’, is used to indicate that someone will be able to do or to have what they want (Meaning 5) is used to indicate a likely result of a specific action the modal verb

(7) shall

(M1) with ‘I’ and ‘we’, is used to indicate an offer, a suggestion, or an advice

(M2) with ‘I’ and ‘we’, is used to indicate an intention to do something

(M3) is used to indicate that something must happen because it is a rule or a law

(M4) with ‘you’, is used to indicate that someone will be able to do or to have what they want

(M5) is used to indicate a likely result of a specific action

Explanation:

The word ‘shall’ is a modal verb which can be used to add a particular meaning to a tense. For example, the sentence 🕓🕓 ‘You shall regret it.’ is in 17 the Compound Future Tense in the Active Voice (I will do.) and indicates a likely result of a specific action. 🕓🕓 ‘You will regret it.’, on the other hand, can be considered to indicate that the speaker strongly believes in this result. In this sense, the modal verb ‘will’ can be regarded to emphasize the speaker’s belief stronger than the modal verb ‘shall’ does. Please note that, in my opinion, the usages of the modal verbs are not always logical, and their meanings can be sometimes subtle. Personally, I do wonder who actually decided what meaning each modal verb has. For me, the modal verbs are like a beautiful, blurry painting that is being viewed by a person with bad vision who came to an art gallery, but cannot see it properly because he had forgotten his glasses.

examples: (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

Shall I help you? What shall I do? Shall I close the window? Where shall we go? Shall I tell her what happened?

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

examples: I shall buy it when I have enough. I shall leave next week. We shall trouble you no more. I shall be in London next month. I shall do it.

Examples:

usage: (Meaning 1) with ‘I’ and ‘we’, is used to indicate an offer, a suggestion, or an advice

usage: (Meaning 2) with ‘I’ and ‘we’, is used to indicate an intention to do something

85

usage: (Meaning 3) is used to indicate that something must happen because it is a rule or a law

(M3) (M3) (M3)

examples: No one shall be able to do it. You shall pay a penalty if you don’t display your parking ticket properly. Each applicant shall have a one-on-one interview. You shall pay your rent on the first of each month. The final decision shall be made public within a few days.

(M4) (M4) (M4) (M4) (M4)

examples: You shall have the answer soon. You shall go to the party. You shall be able to reapply for this position after some time. You shall be left alone if it is what you desire. Don’t worry: you shall get your present tomorrow.

usage: (Meaning 4) with ‘you’, is used to indicate that someone will be able to do or to have what they want

(M3) (M3)

examples: (M5) (M5) (M5) (M5) (M5)

You shall regret it. Shall I see him if I go there? You shall receive your card within five working days. You shall get in trouble if you don’t tell your father about it. The party shall be magnificent.

usage: (Meaning 5) is used to indicate a likely result of a specific action

NB1: modal verbs are used to add a particular meaning to the verb/tense NB2: appropriate modal verbs have to be used to form the Future Tenses

(1) can

(2) could

(3) may

(4) might

(5) will

86

(6) would

(7) shall

(8) should

(9) must

Chapter T the Modal Verb (8) 'should' Usage:

(8) should (Meaning 1) is used to indicate that it will be a right thing to do something, or the right state to be in (Meaning 2) is used to indicate an official order or an official report (Meaning 3) is used to indicate that something did not happen, but that you wish that it did (Meaning 4) is used to indicate that something will probably happen or that something will probably be the case (Meaning 5) in questions, is used to ask for information, permission, or advice the modal verb

(8) should

(M1) is used to indicate that it will be a right thing to do something, or the right state to be in

(M2) is used to indicate an official order or an official report

(M4) is used to indicate that something will probably happen or that something will probably be the case

(M3) is used to indicate that something did not happen, but that you wish that it did

(M5) in questions, is used to ask for information, permission, or advice

Explanation of Usage:

The word ‘should’ is a modal verb which can be used to add a particular meaning to a tense. Even though that ‘should’ is the past of ‘shall’, and, in many senses, ‘should’ can be used as the past of ‘shall’, it is often used in a different manner. For example, the sentence 🕓🕓 ‘You should exercise more.’ is an advice that indicates the rightfulness to do something repeatedly, or in other words, to do something time and time again. The sentence ® ‘I should have done it.’ indicates that something has not happened before 🕓🕓 the moment of speaking, but you wish that it has had.

examples:

Examples:

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

You should exercise more. You should go to see your mum. I should sleep less and study more. He should find a job. He should be taught a lesson.

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

examples: All visitors should register at the reception. You should call us beforehand if you cannot come to work. A candidate should be able to speak fluent English and Russian. You should tell your manager if anything goes wrong. You should repay the overpaid amount.

87

usage: (Meaning 1) is used to indicate that it will be a right thing to do something, or the right state to be in

usage: (Meaning 2) is used to indicate an official order to do something or to report an official order

(M3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3)

examples: I should have done it. You should have called them. You should not have said it. You should have come to the party. You should have been cleverer than that.

usage: (Meaning 3) is used to indicate that something did not happen, but that you wish that it did

(M4) (M4) (M4) (M4) (M4)

examples: There should not be any problems. Drink this and you should feel better in a moment. She should come on Sunday. She should be pleased if you buy her some flowers. Yes, I should be at home by that time.

usage: (Meaning 4) is used to indicate that something will probably happen or that something will probably be the case

(M5) (M5) (M5) (M5) (M5)

examples: What should I do next? Should I close the door? Should I tell them the truth? Should she go to university? Should we buy it?

usage: (Meaning 5) in questions, is used to ask for information, permission, or advice

NB1: modal verbs are used to add a particular meaning to the verb/tense NB2: appropriate modal verbs have to be used to form the Future Tenses

(1) can

(2) could

(3) may

(4) might

(5) will

88

(6) would

(7) shall

(8) should

(9) must

Chapter U the Modal Verb (9) 'must' Usage:

(9) must (Meaning 1) is used to indicate that it is important or necessary to do something (Meaning 2) is used to indicate that you think that something is probably true (Meaning 3) is used to indicate a persistent advice, suggestion, or invitation (Meaning 4) is used in an ironic question to express annoyance, anger, or irritation (Meaning 5) is used to remark or comment, expressing sympathy (Meaning 6) is used to indicate an intention to do something (Meaning 7) is used to indicate a surprise or a shock (Meaning 8) is used to indicate the inevitability the modal verb

(9) must

(M1) is used to indicate that it is important or necessary to do something

(M9) is used to indicate the inevitability

(M2) is used to indicate that you think that something is probably true

(M8) is used to indicate an anger or irritation

(M3) is used to indicate a persistent advice, suggestion, or invitation

(M4) is used in an ironic question to express annoyance, anger, or irritation

(M5) is used to remark or comment, expressing sympathy

Explanation of Usage:

(M6) is used to indicate your intention to do something

(M7) is used to indicate your surprise or shock

The word ‘must’ is a modal verb which can be used to add a particular meaning to a tense. For example, the sentence 🕓🕓 ‘I smoke.’ is in 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.) and indicates that the action happens repeatedly (for more information see Chapter 9, Meaning 1). When we add the modal verb ‘must’ to the sentence 🕓🕓 ‘I smoke.’ and make it negative, we get 🕓🕓 ‘I must not smoke.’. 🕓🕓 ‘I must not smoke.’ is still in the same tense, i.e. 191 the Simple Timely Present Tense in the Active Voice (I do.), but now because we added the modal verb ‘must’, this tense gets a different meaning.

89

3).

🕓🕓 ‘I must not smoke.’ indicates that it is important or necessary not to do it (for more information see Chapter U, Meaning 1). For example, 🕓🕓 ‘You must not smoke so much.’ can indicate an advice not to do it (for more information see Chapter U, Meaning

examples:

Examples:

usage: (Meaning 1) is used to indicate that it is important or necessary to do something

(M1) (M1) (M1) (M1) (M1)

You must tell me the truth. We must hurry up if we don’t want to be late again. I must write them a letter. You must follow the instructions. You must understand what it means.

(M2) (M2) (M2) (M2) (M2)

examples: Hello, you must be James? It must be true. He must be very clever. You must be very tired. She must be having problems.

usage: (Meaning 2) is used to indicate that you think that something is probably true

(M3) (M3) (M3) (M3) (M3)

examples: Oh, you must not cry, little girl. You must not complain about such trifles. You must see a doctor. You must call your father. You must come to see me sometime.

usage: (Meaning 3) is used to indicate a persistent advice, suggestion, or invitation

(M4) (M4) (M4) (M4) (M4)

examples: Must you always remind me about it? Must you smoke inside? Oh, really, must I? Must you be so stupid? Must you really do it?

usage: (Meaning 4) is used in an ironic question to express annoyance, anger, or irritation

(M5) (M5) (M5) (M5) (M5)

examples: She must be very hungry. You must be very tired. It must be very difficult to do it. It must be unbearable to lose a child. It must be sad to love and to be unloved.

usage: (Meaning 5) is used to remark or comment, expressing sympathy (used with adjectives)

examples:

usage: (Meaning 6) is used to indicate an intention to do something

(M6) (M6) (M6) (M6) (M6)

I must phone him. I must go to the bank. I must stop smoking. I must behave more rationally. I must clean my room.

(M7) (M7) (M7) (M7) (M7)

examples: You must be joking! He must be mad to do it. You must be having a laugh, mate. You must be out of your mind! She must be crazy to spend all her money like that.

usage: (Meaning 7) is used to indicate a surprise or a shock

(M8)

examples: All good things, sooner or later, must end.

usage: (Meaning 8) is used to indicate the inevitability

90

(M8) (M8) (M8) (M8)

Success must come to some; to others it must not. Every love must end one day. Intolerable pain must end, will end, and ends one day. Ultimately, the glorious death must come.

examples:

Further Examples:

usage: = I do it as a general rule = it is important or necessary to do it = I do not do it as a general rule = it is important or necessary not to do it

I do it. I must do it. I do not do it. I must not do it.

NB1: modal verbs are used to add a particular meaning to the verb/tense NB2: appropriate modal verbs have to be used to form the Future Tenses

(1) can

(2) could

(3) may

(4) might

(5) will

91

(6) would

(7) shall

(8) should

(9) must

the Appendix the List of the Irregular Verbs the infinitives

the irregular resultant/passive participles

the irregular past forms of verbs

S

I

C

the continuous participles

C

1

abide

abided ®, or abode

abided ®, or abode

abiding

2

alight

alighted ®, or alit

alighted ®, or alit

alighting

3

arise

arose

arisen

arising

4

awake

awaked ®, or awoke

awaked ®, or awoken

awaking

5

babysit

babysat

babysat

babysitting

6

backslide

backslid

backslid, or backslidden

backsliding

7

be

been

being

8

bear

bore

borne (active) born (passive)

bearing

9

beat

beat

beat, or beaten

beating

10

become

became

become

becoming

11

befall

befell

befallen

befalling

12

beget

begot, or begat

begot, or begotten

begetting

13

begin

began

begun

beginning

14

behold

beheld

beheld

beholding

15

bend

bent

bent

bending

16

beseech

beseeched ®, or besought

beseeched ®, or besought

beseeching

17

beset

beset

beset

besetting

18

bespeak

bespoke

bespoke, or bespoken

bespeaking

19

bet

betted ®, or bet

betted ®, or bet

betting

20

bid (M1) bid (M2)

bad, or bade (M1) bid (M2)

bidden (M1) bid (M2)

bidding

21

bide

bided ®, or bode

bided

biding

22

big (slang, or regional)

bigged ® bug (ScE)

bigged ® bug (ScE)

bigging

23

bind

bound

bound

binding

24

bite

bit

bitten

biting

25

bleed

bled

bled

bleeding

26

blow

blew

blown

blowing

27

bottle-feed

bottle-fed

bottle-fed

bottle-feeding

28

break

broke

broken

breaking

29

breast-feed

breast-fed

breast-fed

breast-feeding

30

breed

bred

bred

breeding

31

bring

brought

brought

bringing

32

broadcast

broadcasted ®, or broadcast

broadcasted ®, or broadcast

broadcasting

was/were (past) am/are/is (present)

92

33

burst

burst

burst

bursting

34

bust

busted ®, or bust

busted ®, or bust

busting

35

buy

bought

bought

buying

36

browbeat

browbeat

browbeaten

browbeating

37

build

built

built

building

38

burn

burned ® (AmE) burned ®, or burnt (BrE)

burned ® (AmE) burned ®, or burnt (BrE)

burning

39

cast

cast

cast

casting

40

catch

caught

caught

catching

41

chide

chided ®, or chid (archaic)

chided ®, chid (archaic), or chidden (archaic)

chiding

42

choose

chose

chosen

choosing

43

cleave

cleaved ®, or cleft, or clove

cleaved ®, or cleft, or cloven

cleaving

44

cling

clung

clung

clinging

45

clothe

clothed ®, or clad (archaic, or literary)

clothed ®, or clad (archaic, or literary)

clothing

46

come

came

come

coming

47

cost (M1) cost (M1)

costed ® (M1) cost (M2)

costed ® (M1) cost (M2)

costing

48

creep

crept

crept

creeping

49

crossbreed

crossbred

crossbred

crossbreeding

50

cut

cut

cut

cutting

51

dare

dared ®, or durst (archaic, or regional)

dared ®, or durst (archaic, or regional)

daring

52

deal

dealt

dealt

dealing

53

dig

dug

dug

digging

54

disprove

disproved ®

disproved ®, or disproven

disproving

55

dive

dived ® dove (AmE)

dived ®

diving

56

do

did

done

doing

57

draw

drew

drawn

drawing

58

dream

dreamed ® (AmE) dreamed ®, or dreamt (BrE)

dreamed ® (AmE) dreamed ®, or dreamt (BrE)

dreaming

59

drink

drank

drunk

drinking

60

drive

drove

driven

driving

61

dwell

dwelled ®, or dwelt

dwelled ®, or dwelt

dwelling

62

eat

ate

eaten

eating

63

fall

fell

fallen

falling

64

feed

fed

fed

feeding

65

feel

felt

felt

feeling

66

fight

fought

fought

fighting

67

find

found

found

finding

93

68

fit

fitted ®, or fit (sometimes AmE) fitted ®, or fit (sometimes AmE) fitting

69

flee

fled

fled

fleeing

70

fling

flung

flung

flinging

71

fly

flew

flown

flying

72

forbear

forbore

forborne

forbearing

73

forbid

forbade, or forbad

forbidden, or forbid

forbidding

74

force-feed

force-fed

force-fed

force-feeding

75

forecast

forecasted ®, or forecast

forecasted ®, or forecast

forecasting

76

forego (spelling 1)

forewent

foregone

foregoing

77

foresee

foresaw

foreseen

foreseeing

78

foretell

foretold

foretold

foretelling

79

forget

forgot

forgotten forgot (AmE, or archaic)

forgetting

80

forgive

forgave

forgiven

forgiving

81

forgo (spelling 2)

forwent

forgone

forgoing

82

forsake

forsook

forsaken

forsaking

83

forswear

forswore

forsworn

forswearing

84

freeze

froze

frozen

freezing

85

frostbite

frostbit

frostbitten

frostbiting

86

gainsay

gainsaid

gainsaid

gainsaying

87

geld

gelded ®, or gelt

gelded ®, or gelt

gelding

88

get

got

got gotten (N. AmE, or archaic)

getting

89

ghost-write

ghost-wrote

ghost-written

ghost-writing

90

gird

girded ®, or girt

girded ®, or girt

girding

91

give

gave

given

giving

92

go

went

gone

going

93

grind

ground

ground

grinding

94

grow

grew

grown

growing

95

hamstring

hamstrung

hamstrung

hamstringing

96

handwrite

handwrote

handwritten

handwriting

97

hang (M1) hang (M1)

hanged ® (M1) hung (M2)

hanged ® (M1) hung (M2)

hanging

98

have

had

had

having

99

hear

heard

heard

hearing

100

heave (M1) heave (M1)

heaved ® (M1) hove (M2) (chiefly nautical)

heaved ® (M1) hove (M2) (chiefly nautical)

heaving

101

hew

hewed ®

hewed ®, or hewn

hewing

102

hide

hid

hidden

hiding

103

hit

hit

hit

hitting

94

104

hold

held

held

holding

105

house-sit

house-sat

house-sat

house-sitting

106

hurt

hurt

hurt

hurting

107

inlay

inlaid

inlaid

inlaying

108

input

inputted ®, or input

inputted ®, or input

inputting

109

inset

insetted ®, or inset

insetted ®, or inset

insetting

110

interbreed

interbred

interbred

interbreeding

111

intercut

intercut

intercut

intercutting

112

interweave

interweaved ®, or interwove

interweaved ®, or interwove, or interwoven

interweaving

113

keep

kept

kept

keeping

kneeled ® (N. AmE) knelt knitted ® (M1) knit (M2)

114

kneel

115

knit (M1) knit (M2)

kneeled ® (N. AmE) knelt knitted ® (M1) knit (M2)

116

know

knew

known

knowing

117

lay

laid

laid

laying

118

lead

led

led

leading

119

lean

leaned ® (AmE) leaned ®, or leant (BrE)

leaned ® (AmE) leaned ®, or leant (BrE)

leaning

120

leap

leaped ® (AmE) leapt (BrE)

leaped ® (AmE) leapt (BrE)

leaping

121

learn

learned ® (AmE) learned ®, or learnt (BrE)

learned ® (AmE) learned ®, or learnt (BrE)

learning

122

leave

left

left

leaving

123

lend

lent

lent

lending

124

let

let

let

letting

125

lie (M1) lie (M2)

lied ® (M1) lay (M2)

lied ® (M1) lain (M2)

lying

126

light

lighted ®, or lit

lighted ®, or lit

lighting

127

lip-read

lip-read

lip-read

lip-reading

128

lose

lost

lost

losing

129

make

made

made

making

130

mean

meant

meant

meaning

131

meet

met

met

meeting

132

melt

melted ®

melted ®, or molten

melting

133

methinks (archaic) methought [methinkses (3rd person)]

methought

methinksing

134

miscast

miscast

miscast

miscasting

135

mishear

misheard

misheard

mishearing

136

mishit

mishit

mishit

mishitting

137

mislead

misled

misled

misleading

138

misread

misread

misread

misreading

139

misspell

misspelled ®, or misspelt

misspelled ®, or misspelt

misspelling

95

kneeling knitting

140

misspend

misspent

misspent

misspending

141

mistake

mistook

mistaken

mistaking

142

misunderstand

misunderstood

misunderstood

misunderstanding

143

mow

mowed ®

mowed ®, or mown

mowing

144

offset

offset

offset

offsetting

145

outbid

outbid

outbid, or outbidden

outbidding

146

outdo

outdid

outdone

outdoing

147

overdraw

overdrew

overdrawn

overdrawing

148

outgrow

outgrew

outgrown

outgrowing

149

output

outputted ®, or output

outputted ®, or output

outputting

150

outride

outrode

outridden

outriding

151

outrun

outran

outrun

outrunning

152

outsell

outsold

outsold

outselling

153

outshine

outshone

outshone

outshining

154

outspend

outspent

outspent

outspending

155

overbear

overbore

overborne

overbearing

156

overbid

overbid

overbid, or overbidden

overbidding

157

overcome

overcame

overcome

overcoming

158

overdo

overdid

overdone

overdoing

159

overeat

overate

overeaten

overeating

160

overfeed

overfed

overfed

overfeeding

161

overfly

overflew

overflown

overflying

162

overhang

overhung

overhung

overhanging

163

overhear

overheard

overheard

overhearing

164

overlay

overlaid

overlaid

overlaying

165

overlie

overlay

overlain

overlying

166

overpay

overpaid

overpaid

overpaying

167

override

overrode

overridden

overriding

168

overrun

overran

overrun

overrunning

169

oversee

oversaw

overseen

overseeing

170

oversell

oversold

oversold

overselling

171

overshoot

overshot

overshot

overshooting

172

oversleep

overslept

overslept

oversleeping

173

overspend

overspent

overspent

overspending

174

overtake

overtook

overtaken

overtaking

175

overthrow

overthrew

overthrown

overthrowing

176

partake

partook

partaken

partaking

177

pay

paid

paid

paying

178

pinch-hit

pinch-hit

pinch-hit

pinch-hitting

plead

pleaded ®, or plead (BrE) pleaded ®, or pled (AmE, or ScE)

pleaded ®, or plead (BrE) pleaded ®, or pled (AmE, or ScE)

pleading

179

96

180

prepay

prepaid

prepaid

prepaying

181

preset

preset

preset

presetting

182

proofread

proofread

proofread

proofreading

183

prove

proved ®

proved ®, or proven

proving

184

put

put

put

putting

185

quit

quitted ® (BrE) quit (AmE)

quitted ® (BrE) quit (AmE)

quitting

186

read

read

read

reading

187

rebear

rebore

reborne (active) reborn (passive)

rebearing

188

rebuild

rebuilt

rebuilt

rebuilding

189

recast

recast

recast

recasting

190

redo

redid

redone

redoing

191

relay (M1) relay (M2)

relayed ® (M1) relaid (M2)

relayed ® (M1) relaid (M2)

relaying

192

remake

remade

remade

remaking

193

rend

rent

rent

rending

194

repay

repaid

repaid

repaying

195

rerun

reran

rerun

rerunning

196

resell

resold

resold

reselling

197

reset

reset

reset

resetting

198

resit

resat

resat

resitting

199

retake

retook

retaken

retaking

200

retell

retold

retold

retelling

201

rethink

rethought

rethought

rethinking

202

rewind

rewound

rewound

rewinding

203

rewrite

rewrote

rewritten

rewriting

204

rid

ridded ® (archaic), or rid

ridded ® (archaic), or rid

ridding

205

ride

rode

ridden

riding

206

ring (M1) ring (M2)

ringed ® (M1) rang (M2)

ringed ® (M1) rung (M2)

ringing

207

rise

rose

risen

rising

208

rive

rived ®

rived ®, or riven

riving

209

run

ran

run

running

210

saw

sawed ®

sawed ® (AmE) sawn (BrE)

sawing

211

say

said

said

saying

212

see

saw

seen

seeing

213

seek

sought

sought

seeking

214

sell

sold

sold

selling

215

send

sent

sent

sending

97

216

set

set

set

setting

217

sew

sewed ®

sewed ®, or sewn

sewing

218

shake

shook

shaken

shaking

219

shave

shaved ®

shaved ®, or shaven

shaving

220

shear

sheared ® shore (AuE, or NZE)

sheared ®, or shorn

shearing

221

shed (M1) shed (M2)

shedded ® (M1) shed (M2)

shedded ® (M1) shed (M2)

shedding

222

shew (archaic spelling)

shewed ®

shewed ®, or shewn

shewing

223

shine

shined ®, or shone

shined ®, or shone

shining

224

shit

shitted ®, or shit, or shat

shitted ®, or shit, or shat

shitting

225

shoe

shod

shod

shoeing

226

shoot

shot

shot

shooting

227

show (modern spelling)

showed ®

showed ®, or shown

showing

228

shrink

shrank

shrunk, or shrunken

shrinking

229

shut

shut

shut

shutting

230

sight-read

sight-read

sight-read

sight-reading

231

simulcast

simulcast

simulcast

simulcasting

232

sing

sang

sung

singing

233

sink

sank

sunk, or sunken

sinking

234

sit

sat

sat

sitting

235

skydive

skydived ® skydove (AmE)

skydived ®

skydiving

236

slay

slew

slain

slaying

237

sleep

slept

slept

sleeping

238

slide

slid

slid, or slidden

sliding

239

sling

slung

slung

slinging

240

slink

slunk

slunk

slinking

241

slit (M1) slit (M2)

slitted (M1) slit (M2)

slitted (M1) slit (M2)

slitting

242

smell

smelled ® (AmE) smelled ®, or smelt (BrE)

smelled ® (AmE) smelled ®, or smelt (BrE)

smelling

243

smite

smote

smitten, or smit (archaic)

smiting

244

sneak

sneaked ® sneaked ®, or snuck (N. AmE)

sneaked ® sneaked ®, or snuck (N. AmE)

sneaking

245

sow

sowed ®

sowed ®, or sown

sowing

246

speak

spoke

spoken

speaking

247

speed (M1) speed (M2)

speeded ® (M1) sped (M2)

speeded ® (M1) sped (M2)

speeding

248

spell

spelled ® (AmE) spelled ®, or spelt (BrE)

spelled ® (AmE) spelled ®, or spelt (BrE)

spelling

98

249

spend

spent

spent

spending

250

spill

spilled ® (AmE) spilled ®, or spilt (BrE)

spilled ® (AmE) spilled ®, or spilt (BrE)

spilling

251

spin

spun

spun

spinning

252

spit (M1) spit (M2)

spitted ® (M1) spit (AmE) (M2) spat, or spit (BrE) (M2)

spitted ® (M1) spit (AmE) (M2) spat, or spit (BrE) (M2)

spitting

253

split

split

split

splitting

254

spoil

spoiled ® (AmE) spoiled ®, or spoilt (BrE)

spoiled ® (AmE) spoiled ®, or spoilt (BrE)

spoiling

255

spoon-feed

spoon-fed

spoon-fed

spoon-feeding

256

spread

spread

spread

spreading

257

spring

sprang sprung (N. AmE)

sprung

springing

258

stand

stood

stood

standing

259

stave (M1) stave (M2)

staved ®, or stove (M1) staved (M2)

staved ®, or stove (M1) staved (M2)

staving

260

steal

stole

stolen

stealing

261

stick (M1) stick (M2)

sticked ® (M1) stuck (M2)

sticked ® (M1) stuck (M2)

sticking

262

sting

stung

stung

stinging

263

stink

stank, or stunk

stunk

stinking

264

strew

strewed ®

strewed ®, or strewn

strewing

265

stride

strode

stridden

striding

266

strike

struck

struck (M1) stricken (M2)

striking

267

string

strung

strung

stringing

268

strive

strived ®, or strove

strived ®, or striven

striving

269

sublet

sublet

sublet

subletting

270

swear

swore

sworn

swearing

271

sweat

sweated ® sweated ®, or sweat (N. AmE)

sweated ® sweated ®, or sweat (N. AmE)

sweating

272

sweep

swept

swept

sweeping

273

swell

swelled ®

swelled ®, or swollen

swelling

274

swim

swam

swum

swimming

275

swing

swung

swung

swinging

276

take

took

taken

taking

277

teach

taught

taught

teaching

278

tear

tore

torn

tearing

279

telecast

telecasted ®, or telecast

telecasted ®, or telecast

telecasting

280

tell

told

told

telling

281

test-drive

test-drove

test-driven

test-driving

99

282

think

thought

thought

thinking

283

thrive

thrived ®, or throve

thrived ®, or thriven

thriving

284

throw

threw

thrown

throwing

285

thrust

thrust

thrust

thrusting

286

tread

trod

trodden, or trod

treading

287

typecast

typecast

typecast

typecasting

288

typeset

typeset

typeset

typesetting

289

unbend

unbent

unbent

unbending

290

undercut

undercut

undercut

undercutting

291

undergo

underwent

undergone

undergoing

292

underlie

underlay

underlain

underlying

293

underpay

underpaid

underpaid

underpaying

294

undersell

undersold

undersold

underselling

295

understand

understood

understood

understanding

296

undertake

undertook

undertaken

undertaking

297

underwrite

underwrote

underwritten

underwriting

298

undo

undid

undone

undoing

299

unlearn

unlearned ®, or unlearnt

unlearned ®, or unlearnt

unlearning

300

unwind

unwound

unwound

unwinding

301

uphold

upheld

upheld

upholding

302

upset

upset

upset

upsetting

303

wake

waked ® (AmE, or archaic) woke

waked ® (AmE, or archaic) woken

waking

304

wear

wore

worn

wearing

305

weave (M1) weave (M2)

weaved ® (M1) wove (M2)

weaved ® (M1) woven (M2)

weaving

306

webcast

webcast

webcast

webcasting

307

wed

wedded ®, or wed

wedded ®, or wed

wedding

308

wet

wetted ®, or wet

wetted ®, or wet

wetting

309

weep

wept

wept

weeping

310

wind (M1) wind (M1)

winded ®, or wound (M1) wound (M2)

winded ®, or wound (M1) wound (M2)

winding

311

win

won

won

winning

312

withdraw

withdrew

withdrawn

withdrawing

313

withhold

withheld

withheld

withholding

314

withstand

withstood

withstood

withstanding

315

wring

wrung

wrung

wringing

316

write

wrote

® – regular

(M1) – is used with one meaning (M2) – is used with another meaning (AmE) or (N.AmE) – American English (AuE) – Australian English

written (BrE) – British English (CaE) – Canadian English (NZE) – New Zealand English (ScE) – Scottish English (archaic) – archaic usage

100

writing (literary) – literary usage (chiefly nautical ) – nautical usage (active) – is used in the active voice (passive) – is used in the passive voice (informal) – informal usage