The Sugar Economy of Puerto Rico 9780231897648

Table of contents :
FOREWORD
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE ON AUTHORS
CONTENTS
TABLES
Part One: THE PUERTO RICAN ECONOMY
I. THE ISLAND OF PUERTO RICO
II. POPULATION AND SOCIAL FRICTION
III. AGRICULTURE IN PUERTO RICO
IV. EXTERNAL TRADE RELATIONS
V. EXTERNAL FINANCIAL RELATIONS
Part Two: THE SUGAR INDUSTRY
VI. GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE PUERTO RICAN SUGAR INDUSTRY
VII. PRODUCTION OF SUGAR AND SUGAR CANE
VIII. PRODUCTION COSTS
IX. LAND TENURE
X. RELATIONS BETWEEN MILL OWNERS AND GROWERS
XI. CAPITAL INVESTMENT AND EARNINGS
XII. EMPLOYMENT AND HOURS OF LABOR
XIII. WAGES AND EARNINGS IN THE SUGAR INDUSTRY
XIV. SUPPLEMENTAL INCOMES
XV. COLLECTIVE LABOR AGREEMENTS
XVI. SUGAR’S CONTRIBUTION TO INSULAR REVENUES
XVII. THE LAFAYETTE PROJECT
Part Three: CONCLUSIONS
XVIII. PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC EXPANSION IN PUERTO RICO
XIX. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME FROM SUGAR
XX. THE LAND QUESTION
LIST OF SOURCES CITED
INDEX

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THE SUGAR ECONOMY OF PUERTO RICO

THE

SUGAR ECONOMY OF P U E R T O RICO BY A R T H U R D. G A Y E R P A U L T. H O M A N EARLE K. JAMES

NEW YORK:

M ORNINGSIDE

HEIGHTS

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS 1938

COPYRIGHT C O L U M B I A

U N I V E R S I T Y

1938 PRESS, N E W

Y O R K

Foreign agents: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, Humphrey Milford, House, London, E.C. 4, England AND B. I. Building, Nicol Bombay,

India;

Shanghai,

KWANO HSUEH PUBLISHINO HOUSE, 140 Peking

China;

MARUZEN COMPANY, LTD., 6

Nihonbashi,

Tori-Nichome, Tokyo, Japan

Manufactured in the United States oj America

Amen Road, Road,

FOREWORD THE present study was made at the suggestion of two landowning partnerships in Puerto Rico engaged in the cultivation of sugar cane and financed principally by capital coming from the continental United States. The work was paid for jointly by these companies. The authors were approached with the request that they make an objective factual analysis of the Puerto Rican sugar industry and its relation to the general economy of the Island, and that they interpret their findings in relation to controversial questions of public policy affecting the sugar industry. The manuscript upon completion was to be rendered to the sponsors. The authors consented to undertake the commission on the explicit contractual agreement that no part of the manuscript less than the whole would be published with their names attached except with their consent. The present report is the final complete manuscript of their study, unchanged in any detail. All statements made and conclusions reached are those of the authors alone and are, therefore, not necessarily subscribed to by the sponsors. Certain matters of opinion and conclusions are, indeed, definitely not accepted by the sponsors. None of the authors has any private interest in the sugar industry, nor reason to present facts relating to it in any other light than that of his own knowledge and understanding. The study does not attempt an examination of all of Puerto Rico's varied and complex problems. It is concerned with the structure and operation of the sugar industry, the most important in the Island, and with the place of that industry in the general Puerto Rican economy. The field is an important one. For in Puerto Rico the elements of friction that everywhere characterize the working of human institutions, and the natural conflict of interests between different sections of the community, are reinforced and aggravated by the triple circumstance that

vi

FOREWORD

the sugar industry looms so large in its economy; that investments from the outside play a substantial part in the cane-growing and manufacturing aspects of that industry; and that this external capital represents ownership and control by those who, though of the same citizenship, belong to a different culture. Thus the sugar industry is a badly exposed target for criticism, and the so-called "American corporations" doubly so. Some consideration of general Puerto Rican economic problems has been necessary in order to provide a background against which to present the more specific materials relating to the sugar industry. The study is based on data available in 1936 except for some insertions and footnotes based on more recent events. It has required far more original research and has taken much longer than was anticipated at its inception in April, 1936. There exists a striking lack in the available body of accurate data, especially statistical, bearing on many of the most fundamental aspects of the Island's problems. This is particularly surprising in view of the abundance of sweeping generalizations so freely voiced as to the nature of the Island's ills and as to the remedial measures which should be adopted. It is the purpose of this report to present such basic information as could be secured by the authors in the time and with the facilities at their disposal, and to make such interpretative comment as seemed justified. It is their hope that the information presented will facilitate the search for reasonable solutions to Puerto Rico's difficult problems. In making the study the authors consulted innumerable persons of all shades of opinion and walks of life, and their obligations both for specific facts and for general enlightenment are so numerous as to be embarrassing. Though it seem invidious toward many others, they feel bound to acknowledge their special debt to the Sugar Section of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration both at the Washington and San J u a n offices, to the staff of the Association of Sugar Producers of Puerto Rico, to the staff of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration, and to officials of the Insular government. To the scores of individuals who so generously responded to every demand made upon them for information and assistance,

FOREWORD

vii

the authors must perforce, for lack of space, forego the pleasure of m a k i n g acknowledgment by n a m e . Detailed e n u m e r a t i o n would fill m a n y pages. But in certain cases at least their d e b t is recorded a t appropriate points in the body of the text. T h e y also offer thanks to the m a n y sugar companies t h a t cooperated by filling out a very troublesome questionnaire, a n d to m a n y c o m p a n y officers for the aid given in personal interviews. For the kindness and hospitality which they everywhere encountered they have no fitting words of appreciation. F o r a m p l e reason has the report been written in a spirit of a p p r e ciation a n d affection for Puerto Rico a n d its people. T h e organization of the materials is as follows: P a r t I consists of a brief survey of salient aspects of the general Puerto R i c a n economy. P a r t I I contains the detailed d a t a on the sugar industry which the authors were able to accumulate in the time a n d with the resources at their disposal. P a r t I I I presents the authors' general interpretations of these d a t a , and such conclusions a n d opinions as they felt justified in making. Nowhere do they commit the presumption of attempting a definitive solution of P u e r t o Rico's difficult social and economic problems. T h e report is in the fullest sense the joint product of its three authors. T h e y worked in close and harmonious cooperation t h r o u g h o u t the investigation; they all three participated in the collection and analysis of all the d a t a ; a n d the successive drafts were passed upon and worked over by each of them, a n d the comments and suggestions of the others, often substantial, e m bodied in them. But primary responsibility for various chapters, a n d especially for their initial drafting, belongs, respectively, as follows: A r t h u r Gayer, Chapters 1 - 5 inclusive, 16, a n d 17 (in p a r t ) ; Paul H o m a n , Chapters 6-11 and 18-20, inclusive; Earle J a m e s , Chapters 12-15, inclusive, 17 (in part), and section 3 of C h a p t e r 19. T h e use of certain terms calls for a word of explanation. As the n a m e for the Island, Puerto Rico was officially a d o p t e d by Act of Congress in 1932. Previously, Porto Rico h a d been c u r r e n t a m o n g English-speaking peoples. T h e latter spelling is retained in the present study only in quotations or citations of sources using this form.

viii

FOREWORD

While Puerto Rico is American territory and Puerto Ricans are American citizens, it has been necessary for purposes of analysis to distinguish between factors of a local nature and those involving the United States proper. Thus the term "Mainland" is used for continental United States; "American-owned," for enterprises owned by capital from the Mainland; "external trade" for what, were the Island an independent unit, would be called "foreign trade"; and others which are self-explanatory. Such terms are used simply for convenience. The use of Spanish terms has been held to a minimum. The chief exception is the word colono, referring to cane growers not allied with sugar-mill interests. The special contractual relationship in which independent cane growers stand to a mill makes desirable the retention of the term when this particular relationship is involved in the discussion. The term "mill," on the other hand, is used in place of the Spanish central, but in the broader sense implied by the Spanish term—that is, not merely the grinding enterprise proper (called factoria in Spanish) but the numerous properties and plantations that may be operated by a milling company. For the benefit of readers who may wish to get the substance of the report as quickly as possible, the more detailed statistical tables have been placed at the end of each chapter. ARTHUR D . August,

1938

GAYER

P A U L T . HOMAN E A R L E K . JAMES

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE ON

AUTHORS

ARTHUR D . GAYER 1903; B.A., Oxford University (First Class Honors), 1925; M.A., Oxford, 1928; Ph.D., Oxford, 1930; Senior Research Fellow and Lecturer in Economics, Oxford, 1925-27; Fellow of the Rockefeller Foundation, New York, 1927-29; Research Associate, Nationiii Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1930-31; Lecturer and Assistant Professor of Economics, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, since 1931; Member (Executive-Secretary), Commission on Economic Reconstruction, 1932-34; Research Economist, Federal Public Works Administration, and Economic Consultant, National Planning Board, Washington, 1933-34; Senior Economist, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, 1936-37, Economic Consultant since 1937; Fellow of the Royal Economic and Royal Statistical Societies; Secretary, T h e Political Economy Club, New York; Member, Economists' National Committee on Monetary Policy; Governor, Society for Stability in Money and Banking. Works: Fluctuations of Industry and Employment in England, 1815-1850, Oxford, 1930; Planning and Control of Public Works (in part), New York, 1931; Economic Reconstruction (in part), New York, 1934; Public Works and Economic Planning, Washington, 1934; Monetary Policy and Economic Stabilization, New York and London, 1935 (rev. ed., 1937); Public Works in Prosperity and Depression, New York, 1935; Unemployment Relief and Public Works in the United States, New York, 1936; T h e Lessons of Monetary Experience (editor), New York and London, 1937; many articles in American and British economic and statistical journals. BORN,

X

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE PAUL T . HOMAN

Born, 1893; A.B., Willamette University, 1914; B.A., Oxford, 1919; Diploma in Economics, Oxford, 1920; Ph.D., Brookings, 1926; Rhodes Scholar, Oxford, 1914, 1918-20; Manager, Credit Department, Commonwealth National Bank, Kansas City, 1921-23; Instructor in Economics, Washington University, St. Louis, 1923-25; Consulting Fellow, Brookings Graduate School, Washington, 1925-26 ; Assistant Professor of Economics, Cornell University, 1927-29, Professor since 1929; Summer Graduate Faculty, Northwestern University, 1929, University of Wisconsin, 1930; Staff Member, Brookings Institution, 1933-35, 1937-38; Editorial Board, American Economic Review, 1930-33. Works: American Masters of Social Science (in part), 1927; Contemporary Economic Thought, New York, 1928; The ABC of the NRA (in part), Washington, 1934; The National Recovery Administration (in part), Washington, 1935; articles in American economic journals. E ARLE K . JAMES

Born, 1899; B.S., Columbia University, 1928; studied widely in South America; Instructor in History and English, Hamilton Institute for Boys, New York City, 1923-27; Editor of Chile Magazine and The Latin-American News Magazine, 1928-33; Associate Editor, Commission on Cuban Affairs, 1934-35; Member, Sociedad Chilena de Historia y Geografia. Works: Church and State in Mexico (Foreign Policy Association Report), New York, 1935; The Vortex (translation from the Spanish), New York, 1936; Puerto Rico at the Crossroads (Foreign Policy Association Report), New York, 1937; numerous articles in American and Latin-American journals.

CONTENTS FOREWORD BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE ON AUTHORS

V IX

P A R T ONE

The Puerto Rican Economy I. II. III. IV. V.

THE ISLAND OF PUERTO RICO POPULATION AND SOCIAL FRICTION AGRICULTURE IN PUERTO RICO EXTERNAL TRADE RELATIONS EXTERNAL FINANCIAL RELATIONS

3 10 16 25 46

PART TWO

The Sugar Industry VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII.

GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE PUERTO RICAN SUGAR INDUSTRY PRODUCTION OF SUGAR AND SUGAR CANE PRODUCTION COSTS LAND TENURE RELATIONS BETWEEN MILL OWNERS AND GROWERS CAPITAL INVESTMENT AND EARNINGS EMPLOYMENT AND HOURS OF LABOR WAGES AND EARNINGS IN THE SUGAR INDUSTRY SUPPLEMENTAL INCOMES COLLECTIVE LABOR AGREEMENTS SUGAR'S CONTRIBUTION TO INSULAR REVENUES THE LAFAYETTE PROJECT

59 71 84 97 133 147 162 185 212 221 233 250

P A R T THREE

Conclusions XVIII. XIX. XX.

PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC EXPANSION IN PUERTO RICO THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME FROM SUGAR THE LAND QUESTION

LIST OF SOURCES CITED INDEX

261 273 292 309 315

TABLES 1. Number and Proportion of Persons Gainfully Occupied, Continental United States and Puerto Rico, 1899-1930 2. Acres of Cultivated Land by Important Crops and Acres of Improved and of Total Land in Puerto Rico, Compared with Total Population, Census Years 1899 to 1929 3. Utilization of Land in Farms, 1929 4. Utilization of Cultivated Land by Crops, 1929 5. Utilization of Land by Purposes, 1935 6. Utilization of Cultivated Land by Crops, 1935 7. Number of Farms Classified by Size, 1910, 1920, and 1930 8. Land in Farms Classified by Size of Farms, 1910, 1920, and 1930 9. Composition of Puerto Rico's Exports, 1933, 1934, and 1935 10. Value of Puerto Rico's External Trade 11. Composition of the Export Trade for Selected Years 12. Composition of the Import Trade of Puerto Rico 13. Direction of Puerto Rico's External Trade: Percentage Distribution, by Countries 14. Puerto Rico's Place in the External Trade of the United States 15. Puerto Rico's External Trade, 1926-35

15

21 21 22 23 23 24 24 26 28 29 31 33 34 40

16. Exports of Sugar, Tobacco, Coffee, and Fruits from Puerto Rico 1926-35

41

17. Sugar Production, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the World, 192635

42

18. Volume of External Trade, 1901-35

43

19. Composition of the Export Trade, 1935 20. Exports of Sugar, Tobacco, Fruit, Coffee, and Textiles from Puerto Rico, 1926-35

44

21. Composition of the Export Trade, 1935: Summary

45

22. Puerto Rico's Income Account, 1927-28

54

45

xiv 23.

TABLES E x t e r n a l Holdings in P u e r t o Rico, 1927-28, by Classes, with R a t e s of R e t u r n

24. P u e r t o R i c o ' s C a p i t a l Transactions, 1927-28 25.

54 55

C o n s u m p t i o n of R a w Sugar in Continental United States, by Sources of S u p p l y

71

C o m p a r a t i v e Yields of S u g a r C a n e per Acre, F a j a r d o Mill District, 1911, 1920, a n d 1927

76

27. Yield of S u g a r per Acre According to Acreage of S u g a r - C a n e F a r m s , 1934-35

77

28. A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d Colono S u g a r - C a n e G r o u n d , 1934-35

77

26.

29.

P e r c e n t a g e Distribution of T o t a l Sugar-Cane L a n d Cultiv a t e d a n d T o t a l S u g a r C a n e Produced by Mill Interests and I n d e p e n d e n t F a r m e r s , 1934-35

30. S u g a r P r o d u c t i o n in P u e r t o Rico, 1828-1935 31.

78 79

List of Centrales (Mills) in O r d e r of R a t e d Capacity, with P r o d u c t i o n for Selected Years

80

32. S u g a r P r o d u c t i o n u n d e r the A.A.A., 1934-35

81-82

33. T o t a l C a n e a n d Colono C a n e G r o u n d , by Mill Areas, 1934-35

82-83

34. Delivered Cost of Sugar a n d Receipts from Sale of Sugar 35. 36.

U n i t e d States Tariff" Commission Figures on Costs of Sugar in P u e r t o R i c o

87

C o m p u t e d Cost of C o m p a n y Cane, C o m p a r e d with Price Paid for Colono C a n e

89

37. Cost of C a n e , T e n Mill Districts, 1931-32 38.

86

89

P e r c e n t a g e Distribution of Sugar Production Costs, T w o American-owned Companies

91

39.

Cost of G r o w i n g C a n e

92

40.

Cost of C a n e per T o n

92

41. Detailed Cost of C a n e per T o n

93

42. Average Receipts a n d Expenses of N o r t h Coast F a r m s with Specified C a n e Acreage

95

43. D i s t r i b u t i o n of F a r m s of S u g a r - C a n e Growers by Size of F a r m s , 1934-35

103

44. Distribution of F a r m s of S u g a r - C a n e Growers by Acreage in S u g a r C a n e , 1934-35

105

xv

TABLES 45. N u m b e r of Farms, T o t a l Acreage, a n d I m p r o v e d Acreage for P u e r t o Rico, Distributed by Size of F a r m s 46. Area in F a r m s under 500 Acres, a n d Percentage to T o t a l Acreage of Each Municipality

114

115-116

47. N u m b e r of F a r m s a n d T o t a l Acreage for P u e r t o Rico, Distributed by Form of T e n u r e

117

48. A.A.A. D a t a on C a n e F a r m Acreage a n d on Benefit P a y m e n t s to Growers Receiving over $10,000, by Mill Areas

118-119

49. N u m b e r and T o t a l Acreage of S u g a r - C a n e Farms, by Mill Areas

120-121

50. Acreage Planted to S u g a r C a n e a n d Average Sugar Production per Acre, by Mill Areas

122-123

51. L a n d O w n e d by Sugar Companies or Allied Interests in E a c h Municipality, in Relation to T o t a l Area of Municipality

124-125

52. L a n d s O w n e d by Sugar C o m p a n i e s or Allied Interests, Distributed by Municipalities

126-129

53.

L a n d Holdings of T h r e e American-owned Sugar C o m panies and Allied Interests

130-131

54. L a n d Holdings, Eleven Sugar Companies a n d Allied Interests (Excluding American-owned Companies)

132

55. Sucrose and Purity T a b l e (Guanica T a b l e )

140

56. R a n g e of Rates of Mill P a y m e n t s to C a n e Growers (Colonos)

143

57. Colono Indebtedness to Sugar C o m p a n i e s

144

58. T o t a l Assets and Fixed Assets, T h r e e Sugar Companies and Allied Interests

American-owned 151

59. Net Investment, T h r e e A m e r i c a n - o w n e d Sugar Companies a n d Allied Interests

152

60. N e t Earnings and I n c o m e T a x , T h r e e American-owned Sugar Companies a n d Allied Interests

155

61. Distributed Earnings, T h r e e American-owned S u g a r C o m panies, and Allied Interests

156

62.

Estimated M a x i m u m N u m b e r of Workers E a r n i n g $50 M o n t h l y or Less Employed by the Sugar Industry, 1933-34

63. Distribution of Wage-Workers, T h r e e Companies and Allied Enterprises

163

American-owned 166

xvi

TABLES

64. Distribution of Wage-Workers, Nine Puerto Rican Compames 65. Monthly Payrolls, 1934-35 66. Monthly Employment, 1934-35 67. Seasonal Variations in Employment 68. Payrolls at Peak and Bottom Months, 1934-35 69. Percent of Adult Male Workers Receiving Most Common Wage and under (50 to 99 Cents a Day), Maximum and Minimum Months 70. Employment Data per Ton of Sugar or Cane Produced, 1927-28 and 1934-35 71. Comparative Modes and Averages in Working Hours in Selected Occupations, Adult Males, 1932-33, 1934-35, and 1935-36 72. Extent of Full-Time Employment in Sugar Plantations and Mills, Adult Males, 1932-33 to 1935-36 73. Extent of Full-Time Employment in Selected Occupations, Adult Males, 1935-36 74. Comparative Payroll Data, Three American-owned Companies and Allied Enterprises 75. Hourly Wages, Adult Male Workers 76. Average Modal Wages 77. Distribution of Adult Male Field Workers According to Daily Wage, Peak Month 78. Distribution of Adult Male Workers, in Peak Month, According to Daily Wages, All Reporting Companies 79. Distribution of Workers According to Daily Wage (Brookings Report) 80. Distribution of Adult Male Field Workers According to Daily Wages 81. Distribution of Adult Male Mill Workers According to Daily Wages 82. Distribution of Adult Male Field Workers According to Daily Wages, Peak and Minimum Months 83. Most Common Average Actual Weekly Earnings in 74 Sugar-Cane Plantations, 1933-34 84. Most Common Average Actual Weekly Earnings in 39 Sugar Mills, 1933-34

167 168 171 172 174

175 176

177 181 183 184 187 187 188 189 190 190 191 192 194 194

TABLES 85. Average H o u r l y a n d Weekly Earnings in Fields and Sugar Mills

xvii Sugar-Cane 195

86. Effects of Irregularity of Employment on Potential Average Earnings, Adult Males, 1932-33 to 1935-36

196

87. Comparative Average Earnings, Adult Males, in Selected Occupations, 1935-36

198

88. M o d a l Wages a n d N u m b e r of Male Workers in Selected Occupations, 1933-34

199

89. Most C o m m o n Daily Wage, 1914-28

200

90. Prevailing Daily Wages in the Sugar Industry, circa 1900

201

91. Hourly Wages, T h r e e American-owned Companies and Allied Enterprises, 1927-28, 1932-33, 1935-36

203

92. Hourly Wages of Adult Males, O t h e r Companies

204

93. Distribution of Adult Male Workers According to Daily Wages in Peak M o n t h , O t h e r Companies

204

94. R a n g e of Average Hourly and Weekly Earnings in 74 Sugar-Cane Plantations, 1933-34

205

95. R a n g e of Average Hourly and Weekly Earnings in 39 Sugar Mills, 1933-34

206-207

96. Distribution of Male Workers in Seventy-four Sugar-Cane Plantations According to Hourly Wages, 1933-34

208

97. Distribution of M a l e Workers in Thirty-nine Sugar Mills According to Hourly Wages, 1933-34

209

98. Comparative Average and Modal Hourly Wages, and Average Actual Weekly Earnings of Adult Males, in Selected Agricultural Occupations, 1932-33 to 1935-36

210

99. Actual Average Earnings per Week (Males) in Selected Occupations, 1935-36

211

100. Laborers Housed in C o m p a n y Houses of 19 Sugar Companies, at Peak a n d Low Point of Season, 1935-36

213

101. Strikes and Controversies in the Sugar Industry and All Occupations, Puerto Rico, 1931-1936, Reported to the Mediation and Conciliation Commission of the Department of Labor

223

102. Scale of M i n i m u m Daily Wages Established for Workers in Sugar Industry by Convenios, 1935-36 and 1936-37

232

103. Cash Receipts of the Insular Government, Fiscal Year 1934-35

235

xviii

TABLES

104. Collections of Excise Taxes, Fiscal Year 1934-35 105. Estimated Land Taxes Paid by Cane Growers Compared with All Farm Land Taxes, 1934-35 106. Assessed Values of Farm Land by Classes, 1935 107. Assessments and Taxes of Sugar Milling Companies, Fiscal Year 1935 108. Assessments and Taxes of Sugar Mills, Four Americanowned Companies, Fiscal Year 1935 109. Income Taxes of Corporations and Partnerships, Sugar and All Businesses, Fiscal Year 1934-35 110. Income Taxes of Corporations and Partnerships, Sugar and All Businesses, Fiscal Year 1935-36 111. Sources of Insular Revenue Identifiable as from Sugar

238 240 241 242 243 245 247 248

Part One THE

PUERTO

RICAN

ECONOMY

I THE

ISLAND

OF

PUERTO

RICO

PUERTO RICO lies midway in the island group of the Antilles that forms the northern and eastern boundaries of the Caribbean Sea. T h e Island is the most easterly of the Greater Antilles —Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico —and from it the numerous Lesser Antilles curve southward to the coast of South America. Its location is 1,000 miles east and south of Florida and 1,400 miles from New York. 1. A HISTORICAL VIEW Puerto Rico is one of the spots in the New World early colonized by Europeans. Columbus visited it on his second cruise in 1493, and named it St. J o h n the Baptist. Fifteen years later Ponce de Let a•< CN o(M •j j in" Tf 0 CN 0 ? CO 0p in CO Ñ

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Table 46 AREA IN FARMS UNDER 500 ACRES, AND PERCENTAGE T O T O T A L ACREAGE OF EACH M U N I C I P A L I T Y PERCENT T O T A L AREA

P A R K S LESS T H A N

MUNICIPALITIES

(IN ACRES)

5 0 0 ACRES

Adjuntas Aguada Aguad illa Aguas Buenas Aibonito Añasco Arecibo Arroyo Barceloneta Barranquitas Bayamon Cabo Rojo Caguas Camuy Carolina Catano Cayey Ceiba Ciales Cidra Coamo Comerio Coroza! Culebra Dorado Fajardo Guanica Guayama Guayanilla Guaynabo Gurabo Hatillo Hormigueros Humacao Isabela Jayuya Juana Diaz Juncos Lajas Lares Las Marias Las Piedras Lo iza

44,021 17,364 22,387 18,787 20,099 24,478 77,347 10,115 21,543 21,429 28,611 43,211 38,093 28,741 28,749 3,048 31,547 13,563 41,578 22,673 48,279 18,410 26,328 5,129 14,097 19,421 22,171 39,784 25,411 16,195 17,981 27,629 6,736 27,537 32,208 29,572 36,785 16,896 36,196 39,062 30,886 19,837 31,662

34,289 12,336 18,571 15,863 16,768 17,116 41,653 3,170 11,714 18,830 18,383 23,275 27,784 20,808 14,599 411 20,622 6,879 36,851 14,161 28,086 14,078 22,100 3,077 5,493 7,373 4,835 11,478 15,574 12,311 10,725 17,853 3,364 9,615 26,643 17,927 14,735 9,594 15,570 35,870 25,031 11,795 14,525

115

OF T O T A L ACREAOE

77.9 71.0 83.0 84.4 83.4 69.9 53.9 31.3 54.4 87.9 64.3 53.9 72.9 72.4 50.8 13.5 65.4 50.7 88.6 62.5 58.2 76.5 83.9 60.0 39.0 38.0 21.8 28.9 61.3 76.0 59.6 64.6 49.9 34.9 82.7 60.6 40.1 56.8 43.0 91.8 81.0 59.5 45.9

Table 46

(Continued)

A R E A I N F A R M S U N D E R 500 ACRES, A N D P E R C E N T A G E T O T O T A L A C R E A G E O F EACH M U N I C I P A L I T Y PERCENT TOTAL AREA MUNICIPALITIES

Luquillo Manatí Maricao Maunabo Mayagüez Moca Morovis Naguabo Naranjito Orocovis Patillas Peñuelas Ponce QuebradiUas Rincón Rio G r a n d e Rio Piedras Sabana G r a n d e Salinas San G e r m a n San J u a n San Lorenzo San Sebastian Santa Isabel Toa Alta T o a Baja Trujillo Alto Utuado Vega Alta Vega Baja Vieques VUlalba Yabucoa Yauco All Puerto Rico Reported by 1930 census

FARMS LESS T H A N

(IN ACRES)

500

ACRES

OF TOTAL ACREAGE

16,259 28,396 22,389 11,952 34,463 27,643 25,297 26,903 17,011 38,297 28,346 26,693 71,763 13,093 8,197 31,417 23,877 20,465 44,364 32,296 640 31,731 42,826 21,805 16,443 14,747 12,496 74,801 16,501 29,458 31,581 22,570 32,590 42,040

4,734 19,821 21,661 8,091 27,147 24,773 23,031 9,762 15,420 33,945 16,367 17,532 33,517 11,442 6,733 12,452 18,679 17,555 4,235 25,092 138 28,324 38,667 287 9,713 3,791 9,442 65,245 7,952 14,352 4,796 16,894 18,277 30,382

29.1 69.8 96.7 67.7 78.8 89.6 91.0 36.3 90.6 88.6 57.7 65.7 46.7 87.4 82.1 39.6 78.2 85.8 9.5 77.7 21.6 89.3 90.3 1.3 59.1 25.7 75.6 87.5 49.2 48.7 15.2 74.9 56.1 72.3

2,084,746

1,311,984

62.9

1,979,474

1,311,984

67.3

Sources: Col. I: Report oj the Treasurer oj Puerto Rico, 1933-34, Exhibit No. 19; Col. I I : United States Census, 1930. Table adopted from one compiled by Professor Rafael Picó.

116

Table 47 NUMBER O F FARMS AND T O T A L ACREAGE FOR P U E R T O R I C O , DISTRIBUTED BY F O R M O F TENURE» NUMBER OF FARMS TENURE

Farms operated by owners Farms operated by managers Farms operated by tenants

1910

1920

46,779

36,407

1,170 10,422

1930

TOTAL ACREAOE 1910

1920

1930

43,101

1,457,345

1,485,208

1,166,976

1,213

3,374

401,747

351,335

676,760

3,458

6,490

226,070

185,861

135,738

Total 58,371 41,078 52,965 2,085,162 2,022,404 1,979,474 Source: Fourteenth and Fifteenth Censuses of the United States, 1920 and 1930. * The decade-to-decade changes in this table need to be interpreted with decided reservations. Some acquaintance with the underlying facts supports the view that the changes are to a considerable degree traceable to different procedures and classifications by census enumerators. T o what degree the changes reflect substantive changes in the facts it is impossible to say.

117

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