The Spanish-American War and Philippines Insurrection, 1898-1902: An Annotated Bibliography 0203846826, 9780203846827

Table of contents :
Book Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Timeline
Preface
Introduction
1 Bibliographies and Encyclopedias
2 General Histories
3 Cuban, Filipino, and Puerto Rican Resistance to Spanish Rule
4 The Cuban Campaign
5 The Puerto Rico Campaign
6 The Battle of Manila Bay and the Capture of Manila
7 Philippine Insurrection
8 The Domestic Scene—America Looks at the War and Itself
9 Armaments, Uniforms, Equipment, Tactics, Military Reform
Chapter 10 Peace
Index

Citation preview

The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902

An often overshadowed event in American military history, the SpanishAmerican War began as a humanitarian effort on the part of the United States to provide military assistance for the liberation of Cuba from Spanish domination. At the time, no one knew that this simple premise would result in an American empire. Through extensive research, Mark R. Barnes, Ph.D., has created a comprehensive, annotated bibliography detailing this globally significant conflict and its aftermath. Insightful notes are included for every title in each chronologically organized chapter. By drawing together an impressive collection of sources, including some previously not readily available to English language readers, Barnes has created an invaluable resource for scholars of this conflict. Routledge Research Guides to American Military Studies provide concise, annotated bibliographies to the major areas and events in American military history. With the inclusion of brief critical annotations after each entry, the student and researcher can easily assess the utility of each bibliographic source and evaluate the abundance of resources available with ease and efficiency. Comprehensive, concise, and current—Routledge Research Guides to American Military Studies are an essential research tool for any historian. Mark R. Barnes, Ph.D., is a Retired National Park Service Senior Archaeologist. He served in the armed forces with the Judge Advocate General’s Corps, at the West Point Military Academy Annex. Author of numerous articles and reviews, Barnes is currently an associate professor at Georgia State University teaching Historical Archaeology and Cultural Resource Management.

Routledge Research Guides to American Military Studies America and World War I David R. Woodward The War of 1812 John Grodzinski The United States in the Vietnam War, 1954–75 Louis A. Peake The Western European and Mediterranean Theaters in World War II Donal Sexton The Korean War Keith D. McFarland The Small Wars of the United States, 1899–2009 Benjamin R. Beede

Coming Soon Terrorism Joshua Sinai Women in the United States Military Judith Bellafaire

The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902 An Annotated Bibliography Mark R. Barnes, Ph.D.

First published 2011 by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

© 2011 Taylor & Francis All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Barnes, Mark. The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902: an annotated bibliography / Mark R. Barnes, Ph.D. p. cm. – (Routledge research guides to American military studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Spanish-American War, 1898–Bibliography. 2. Philippines–History– Insurrection, 1899-1901–Bibliography. I. Title. Z1243.B37 2010 [E715] 016.9738’9–dc22 2010003572 ISBN 0-203-84682-6 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN: 978-0-415-99957-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-84682-7 (ebk)

Contents Timeline Preface Introduction

vi xxii 1

1 Bibliographies and Encyclopedias

10

2 General Histories

28

3 Cuban, Filipino, and Puerto Rican Resistance to Spanish Rule

54

4 The Cuban Campaign

83

5 The Puerto Rico Campaign

142

6 The Battle of Manila Bay and the Capture of Manila

179

7 Philippine Insurrection

196

8 The Domestic Scene—America Looks at the War and Itself

257

9 Armaments, Uniforms, Equipment, Tactics, Military Reform

330

10 Peace

359

Index

396

Timeline

1868 23 September

10 October

1878 10 February 1887 March

1890

1892 5 January

3 July

7 July

El Grito de Lares revolt begins in Puerto Rico and is suppressed by the Spanish government in Puerto Rico after just four days. Ten Years’ War begins in Cuba against Spain. This revolt is the forerunner of the revolution of 1895.

Ten Years’ War ends with the Pact of Zanjón.

José Rizal, a Filipino, publishes Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) in Germany and awakens Filipino national consciousness regarding independence. Alfred T. Mahan publishes The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1600–1783, which formulates the idea of the expansion of American commerce supported by a strong navy.

José Martí founds the Cuban Revolutionary Party or El Partido Revolucionario Cubano in New York and Philadelphia. José Rizal founds La Liga Filipina at a meeting in Tondo, Philippines, to achieve independence by peaceful means. Rizal is arrested July 6, 1898, and La Liga is dissolved. Andrés Bonifacio founds the Katipunan in the Philippines, a secret society dedicated to Filipino independence through armed force.

Timeline

1893 January

1894 January 1895 24 February

10 April 19 May 12 June

17 September

October

22 December

1896

10 February

16 February

vii

Hawaiian government of Queen Liliuokalani is overthrown by American sugar planters on the islands.

Emilio Aguinaldo joins Katipunan.

Grito de Baíre (Shout of Baíre, named after a Cuban village) ushers in the Second Cuban Revolution, under the leadership of José Martí, Antonio Maceo, and Maximo Gómez. General Gómez, General Maceo, and José Martí land in Cuba to lead the revolt against Spanish rule. José Martí killed by Spanish troops at Dos Ríos Oriente Province, Cuba. President Grover Cleveland issues a proclamation of neutrality for the United States in regard to the Cuban Revolt. Battleship (later designated as an armored cruiser) USS Maine commissioned into the US Navy. Generals Maceo and Gómez and their armies sweep out of Oriente Province in eastern Cuba to Pinar del Río Province and advance into western Cuba, fighting Spanish forces in a four-month-long “La Invasión” campaign. Puerto Rican section of the Cuban Revolutionary Party founded in New York City. January—Cuban Revolutionary Generals Maceo and Gómez attack Spanish forces and sugar factories from Oriente Province in the east to Pinar del Río Province in the west, bringing their “La Invasión” campaign to an end. Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau appointed GovernorGeneral of Cuba, and initiates the reconcentrado policy. General Weyer issues the first reconcentrado orders to move peasants into camps to prevent them from assisting the rebels. It is estimated this plan caused the deaths of over 100,000 Cubans.

viii

28 February

2 March 24 March

26 August

November 7 December

30 December

1897 4 March

13 March 6 April 25 April 10 May 19 June 8 August 30 August 4 October

Timeline

US Senate recognizes Cuban belligerency with the passage of the Morgan-Cameron Resolution calling for Cuban independence. The US House of Representatives passes its own version of the Morgan-Cameron Resolution. Calixto García, a Cuban Revolutionary, escapes from Spain and arrives in Cuba with a well-armed expedition to join other revolutionary groups. The Katipunan, a militant revolutionary society in the Philippines, launches a revolt against Spanish rule under the command of Andrés Bonifacio. Emilio Aguinaldo of the Katipunan captures Cavite south of Manila. William McKinley is elected President of the United States. General Maceo killed in Havana Province. Outgoing President Cleveland says the United States may take action in Cuba if Spain fails to resolve the crisis. Dr. José Rizal, Filipino national hero, is executed by the Spanish government in the Philippines.

President McKinley is inaugurated as President of the United States and appoints Russell Alger as Secretary of War and John D. Long as Secretary of the Navy. General García captures the town of Jiguani in Oriente Province, Cuba. President McKinley appoints Theodore Roosevelt Assistant Secretary of the Navy under John D. Long. General Fernando Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte becomes the Governor-General of the Philippines. Andrés Bonifacio, founder of Katipunan, killed in internal power struggle. Stewart Woodford appointed United States Minister to Spain. Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo is assassinated. Calixto García’s forces capture Spanish forts at Tunas in Oriente Province. The assassinated Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo is succeeded by Práxedes Sagasta.

Timeline

30 October

31 October 1 November 25 November

28 November 14 December

1898 1 January 3 January 12 January

15 January 17 January

25 January

1 February

9 February

ix

Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete assumes command of the Spanish naval squadron at Cádiz, Spain. General Weyler is recalled as Governor-General of Cuba and replaced by Ramón Blanco y Erenas. The Philippine revolutionary constitution is approved creating the Biak-na-Bato Republic. Prime Minister Sagasta attempts to resolve Cuban crisis with a softer policy; Spain publishes autonomy government decrees for Cuba and Puerto Rico. General García’s forces capture Spanish forts at Guisa in Oriente Province. Aguinaldo signs Pact of Biak-na-Bato with Governor-General Primo de Rivera, temporarily ending the Filipino revolution; the former agrees to go into exile in Hong Kong in exchange for financial considerations from the Spanish government.

Spain’s instituted limited political autonomy government in Cuba begins functioning. Commodore George Dewey assumes command of US Navy’s Asiatic Squadron in Hong Kong. Rioting in Havana by Spanish hard-liners against the political autonomy offered by Spain to the Cuban rebels. American Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee sees this as a threat to American citizens and property in Cuba. Spain’s instituted limited political autonomy government in Puerto Rico begins functioning. Consul-General Lee asks Washington for a naval ship to be sent to Havana due to perceived threats to American citizens and property. US Navy’s armored cruiser USS Maine arrives in Havana harbor, to resume goodwill visits and protect United States’ citizens. Spanish forces defeated by Calixto García’s forces at Rejondon de Baguanos, thus isolating Santiago de Cuba garrison from the rest of Cuba. New York Journal publishes Spain’s ambassador to the United States Enrique Dupuy de Lôme letter, criticizing President McKinley’s character, causing the Spanish diplomat Dupuy de Lôme to be recalled to Spain.

x

15 February 17 February

18 February

25 February

9 March 14 March

17 March

19 March

21 March

22 March

25 March 26 March

28 March

Timeline

The USS Maine is blown up in Havana Harbor, killing 266 seamen. Naval Board of Inquiry, headed by William Sampson, established to look into the loss of the Maine. The Spanish cruiser Vizcaya, unaware of the loss of the Maine, arrives in New York City on a reciprocal goodwill visit. Leaves on February 25. As Acting Secretary of the Navy for one day, Theodore Roosevelt cables orders to Commodore Dewey in Hong Kong to keep his ships fueled and ready to steam to Philippines and engage Spanish fleet at Manila in the event of war with Spain. Congress’ Fifty Million Dollar Bill to prepare US military for war becomes law. Admiral Cervera prepares his squadron to leave Cádiz for the Cape Verde Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. US Senator Redfield Proctor reports on the deteriorating situation of Cuban citizens upon his return from Cuba. US Navy Battleship USS Oregon departs San Francisco for voyage around Tierra del Fuego to join North Atlantic fleet forming up in the Florida port of Key West. Naval Board of Inquiry determines the USS Maine was destroyed by an underwater explosion caused by person or persons unknown. The report is sent in secret to the President. Spain’s independent board of inquiry on USS Maine finishes its study and finds the warship was destroyed by an internal explosion. President McKinley receives the Naval Board of Inquiry’s report. President McKinley sends note to Spanish government demanding an end to the war in Cuba. Autonomy government elections held in Puerto Rico. Findings of the Naval Board of Inquiry that the Maine was destroyed by an external explosion is presented to Congress by President McKinley. On the same day the Spanish Board of Inquiry completes its report into the loss of the Maine, saying the loss was due to an internal explosion.

Timeline

30 March

31 March 1 April

6 April

7 April

9 April

11 April

13 April

16 April

19 April

xi

US Minister to Spain, Woodford, requests that the war in Cuba be ended by Spain and Cuba be granted independence. Spain revokes reconcentrado program in Cuba and offers to submit USS Maine findings to arbitration. Spain rejects United States’ demand for independence for Cuba. Archbishop John Ireland of Minneapolis meets with President McKinley, offering the Vatican’s efforts to mediate differences between Spain and the United States. US House of Representatives vote to authorize $22.6 million for naval warships to supplement the number of vessels currently authorized by the US Navy. The Pope requests President McKinley not to declare war due to pending negotiations between Spain and the Vatican. Admiral Cervera is ordered to move his naval squadron from Cádiz to the Cape Verde Islands. Ambassadors of England, German, France, Italy, Austria, and Russia make a joint appeal to McKinley for peace. Spain orders General Blanco, the head of Spanish forces in Cuba, to declare an armistice while American Consul-General in Havana, Fitzhugh Lee, and US citizens leave Cuba. President McKinley in “War Message” asks Congress for authorization to use military force to intervene in Cuban crisis if diplomatic efforts fail. Congress agrees to President McKinley’s request for military intervention in Cuba, but does not recognize the Cuban Revolutionary Government. The US Army begins mobilization of its Regular forces, moving forces from the west to congregate in the southeast. Teller Amendment passed in Congress, stating the United States would not annex Cuba. Congress authorizes the President to use military intervention in Cuba, which includes the Teller Amendment, declaring the United States has no permanent design on Cuba and will intervene in that island’s affairs only long enough to ensure that Cuba is freed of Spanish rule and becomes independent.

xii

20 April 21 April 22 April

23 April

24 April

25 April

26 April 27 April 29 April

30 April

1 May

Timeline

President McKinley signs the Congressional authorizations for military intervention in Cuba. President McKinley orders navy to blockade the north coast of Cuba. As US Navy warships move south from Key West, Florida, to commence the blockade of the port of Havana, the first shot of the war is fired by the USS Nashville across the bow of Spanish merchant ship Buenaventura, which is captured and sailed to Key West as a war prize. Spain declares war on the United States and decides to send Admiral Cervera’s squadron to the West Indies. President McKinley issues the first call for 125,000 volunteers from the states’ National Guard to supplement the Regular Army of approximately 25,000 officers and men. Spanish Minister of Defense, Segismundo Bermejo, cables Admiral Cervera to proceed from the Cape Verde Islands to the West Indies. President McKinley asks Congress to declare war on Spain. Congress complies but sets date at 22 April to make the existing Cuban blockade a legitimate act of war. Spanish fortifications at Matanzas, Cuba, are bombarded by the US Navy. Theodore Roosevelt resigns post in navy department to help organize the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry, later known as “Rough Riders.” Congress authorizes an increase in the size of the regular army. Commodore Dewey’s squadron leaves Mirs Bay, China, for the Spanish Philippines. General William R. Shafter, at the Presidio of San Francisco, is dispatched to Tampa, Florida, with instructions to prepare an army for the invasion of Cuba. Cuban General Calixto García enters Bayamo, Cuba. Admiral Cervera’s fleet departs the Portuguese Cape Verde Islands, heading for San Juan, Puerto Rico. The Spanish Governor of Cuba, General Blanco, orders the resumption of hostilities with the Cuban rebels. US Navy’s Asiatic Squadron, under Commodore Dewey, scores a stunning victory over the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. Lt. Andrew S. Rowan, on a spy

Timeline

2 May

4 May

May–June

11 May

12 May

13 May

17 May

xiii

mission to Cuba, meets with General Calixto García in Bayamo, Cuba, to establish coordination between the US military and the Cuban Revolutionary Army. President McKinley authorizes an army expedition be dispatched from San Francisco to seize Manila in the Philippines upon learning of Dewey’s naval victory. The Governor General of the Philippines, Basilio Augustín creates a Consultative Assembly from prominent citizens and a militia to develop a Spanish defense for the islands. A joint resolution of Congress is introduced for the annexation of Hawaii, with the support of President McKinley. United States Regular Army and select National Guard units assemble in Tampa, Florida, Camp Alger, Virginia, and Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), Georgia, to prepare for invasion of Cuba. US Navy ships exchange fire with Spanish batteries at Cárdenas, Cuba. In this engagement Ensign Worth Bagley and five crewmen of the USS Winslow, a torpedo boat, are killed. United States Navy personnel and Marines from the USS Marblehead and the USS Nashville cut two of three submarine telegraph cables at Cienfuegos, Cuba, linking Cuba with Spain. Commodore George Dewey promoted to rear admiral for the May 1st action at Manila Bay. Admiral Cervera’s Spanish squadron arrives at the French island of Martinique with the torpedo boat destroyer Terror in tow. Rear Admiral William T. Sampson’s fleet arrives off San Juan, Puerto Rico, in the morning anticipating finding Cervera’s squadron, which is still in Martinique. Not finding Cervera’s warships, Sampson’s fleet bombards the forts and city of San Juan for some three hours. Commodore Winfield Scott Schley’s Flying Squadron leaves Hampton Roads, Virginia, for the vicinity of Cuba to search for Cervera’s squadron. Upon learning of the bombardment of San Juan while in French Martinique, Admiral Cervera takes his fleet, first, to the Dutch island of Curaçao, and finally to Santiago de Cuba, on the south side of Cuba. Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines, with

xiv

18 May

19 May

25 May

26 May

28 May

29 May

31 May 3 June

10 June

12 June

Timeline

the assistance of the US Navy, from his exile in Hong Kong. President McKinley orders a military expedition under General Wesley Merritt to defeat Spanish land forces in the Philippines. Aguinaldo returns to the Philippine Islands from Hong Kong. He returns with the assistance of the American military to rally the Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government. President McKinley issues a call for an additional 75,000 volunteers. A number of these will include African American regiments and specialized engineer units. The First Expedition for the Philippines leaves San Francisco for Manila to support Dewey’s victory in Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) by attacking the Spanish in Manila. The First Expedition contains the first contingent of the US Army’s Eighth Corps. Secretary of the Navy, John Long, cables Admiral George Dewey not to engage in “political alliances” with Filipinos who are besieging the Spanish Army in Manila. Battleship USS Oregon arrives off Florida coast to booster the American Navy, after a 14,700 mile voyage from the west coast. General Shafter receives orders to mobilize forces in Tampa, Florida, for the invasion of Cuba. Admiral Cervera’s squadron is finally located and bottled up in Santiago de Cuba harbor by Commodore Winfield Scott Schley’s Flying Squadron. Schley’s blockading squadron exchanges fire with Cervera’s Cristóbal Colón and the forts at Santiago. Lt. Richmond P. Hobson sinks the collier Merrimac at the entrance to Santiago harbor in an attempt to prevent Cervera’s fleet from departing before the arrival of American land forces from Tampa, Florida. First Marine Battalion lands at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, to secure a safe harbor for American military forces and provide a coaling station for US warships blockading Santiago de Cuba. Philippine insurgent assembly, under the direction of Aguinaldo, declares Philippine independence.

Timeline

15 June

20 June

21 June

22 June

24 June 29 June

30 June

1 July

xv

The United States Army’s Fifth Corps under General Shafter sails from Tampa for Santiago de Cuba, but, after sailing, returns to Tampa, Florida, due to misinformation about a danger to the transports by a Spanish squadron. Admiral Manuel de la Cámara departs Cádiz with the Spanish home fleet through the Mediterranean Sea to reinforce the Spanish command in the Philippines. Calixto García meets with General Shafter and Admiral Sampson at Aseradero to coordinate the landing of US forces. The USS Charleston which is accompanying the First Expedition to Manila arrives in Guam, and “captures” the island. The next day (June 21, 1898) American forces are landed at Agana, Guam, and the Spanish formally surrender the island. Cuban forces, with the aid of US Navy warships, secure the landing beach at Daiquiri, Cuba, a few miles east of Santiago de Cuba. American troops begin landing at Daiquiri and later Siboney—the first of 16,000 men. General Escario’s Spanish forces leave Manzanillo, Cuba, to reinforce the Spanish garrison at Santiago de Cuba. Naval engagement between the auxiliary cruiser USS St. Paul and the Spanish torpedo boat destroyer Terror occurs off San Juan, Puerto Rico, where the Terror is severely damaged by shell fire. The Terror had been left in Martinique by Admiral Cervera due to mechanical trouble. Unable to join Cervera at Santiago de Cuba due to the American blockade the Terror sailed to San Juan to bolster the naval forces of that island. Battle of Las Guásimas is fought in Cuba. The Spanish blockade runner SS Antonio López is stranded by the USS Yosemite as the former attempts to enter the harbor of San Juan, Puerto Rico. First contingent of US Eighth Corps, under Brig. Gen. Thomas Anderson, arrives in Manila, Philippine Islands, to aid Commodore Dewey. Battles of El Caney and San Juan Hill—which includes the charge of the Rough Riders up Kettle and San Juan Hills. First Expedition of the Eighth

xvi

2 July

3 July

6 July 7 July 8 July

10 July

17 July

18 July

21 July 25 July

26 July

Timeline

Corps lands at Cavite, Philippines. Philippine insurgents commence the 337-day siege of Spanish forces at Baler, Philippines. After fighting its way through Cuban Revolutionary forces, General Escario’s army column arrives at Santiago de Cuba. Admiral Cervera makes preparations to break out of the American blockade. The Spanish squadron, commanded by Admiral Cervera, is destroyed by US Navy forces under the command of Admiral Sampson in the Battle of Santiago. Admiral Sampson was not at the engagement having left the blockade to confer with General Shafter. Lt. Hobson and his crew are exchanged for Spanish prisoners. United States annexes Hawaii. En route to Philippines, Admiral Cámara is ordered by the Spanish government to return to Spain to protect the homeland now that Cervera’s fleet is destroyed. Admiral Dewey orders German navy observation ships to cease interfering with American land and sea operations. American ships bombard Santiago de Cuba’s forts. Spanish surrender city of Santiago and all outlying Spanish posts in eastern Cuba. Second Expedition of US Army’s Eighth Corps, commanded by Brigadier General Francis Greene, arrives in Manila. Luis Muñoz Rivera convenes the autonomous Puerto Rican legislature. Naval engagement at Manzanillo, Cuba. Almodóvar del Río, Spain’s Minister of State, begins Spain’s negotiation to end the war. Naval engagement at Nipe Bay, Cuba. US troops under Major General Nelson A. Miles invade Puerto Rico, at the harbor of Guánica. The autonomous legislature of Puerto Rico disbands. Elements of the Eighth Corps, under Brigadier General Arthur MacArthur and accompanied by Eighth Corps commander Major General Wesley Merritt, reach Manila. The Spanish government requests the French ambassador to the United States to propose terms of peace. American forces advancing from their

Timeline

27 July

31 July

1 August

2 August

3 August

9 August

10 August

11 August

12 August

13 August

xvii

landing site of Guánica skirmish with Spanish forces near Yauco, Puerto Rico. American naval forces from the USS Dixie arrange for the surrender of Ponce, Puerto Rico. In 1898, Ponce was the largest city on the island. Night attack by Spanish forces on the American lines at Manila along the southern lines of the city’s defenses. Over 4,000 American troops in the vicinity of Santiago de Cuba are now sick with tropical diseases. American Forces under General Brooke land at Arroyo, Puerto Rico. Spain accepts the US proposal for peace, but with reservations over the annexation of the Philippines. McKinley calls for a Protocol from Spain to end combat. Senior commanders in US Army’s Fifth Corps sign and send “Round Robin” letter to General Shafter, urging immediate withdrawal of Fifth Corps from Cuba due to the effect of yellow fever on the troops. Battle of Coamo, Puerto Rico, results in US Forces under General Wilson pushing the Spanish forces into the central highlands of the island. Battle of Hormigueros, Puerto Rico, results in US Forces under General Schwan pushing Spanish forces back to Mayagüez and then abandoning the city to move east into the central highlands. American Troops under General Schwan enter Mayagüez, Puerto Rico’s third-largest city. The Peace Protocol between the US Secretary of State and French Ambassador Cambon, representing Spanish interests, is completed. United States and Spain sign the Protocol of Peace, suspending all military operations by the two countries. Unaware of the Protocol the US Navy bombards Manzanillo, Cuba. First elements of the Fifth Corps reach camp Wikoff at Montauk Point, Long Island, New York, from Cuba. US military forces under General Wesley Merritt, and with the support of Dewey’s fleet, attack and capture Manila, unaware of the Protocol. Also unaware of the Protocol, General Schwan’s forces defeat Spanish at the Battle of

xviii

14 August 15 August 20 August 23 August

25 August 10 September 12 September

13 September

14 September

15 September

16 September 20 September 24 September 26 September 29 September 1 October 18 October 18–25 October 25 October

Timeline

Las Marías—the last fight of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies. Capitulation of Manila Agreement signed. General MacArthur is appointed military commander of Manila and its suburbs. A celebratory naval review is held in New York Harbor. General Merritt is relieved of command of Eighth Corps at his own request and General Otis assumes command of Eighth Corps. General Shafter leaves Cuba along with most of the troops of Fifth Corps for Montauk on Long Island. Spanish Cortes approve Peace Protocol. Admiral Cervera, who was captured at the Battle of Santiago and was transferred to the United States, leaves for Spain. United States and Spanish military officers meet in Havana to discuss the evacuation of Spanish forces from Cuba. Spanish Senate approves Peace Protocol. Rough Riders mustered out of federal service at Montauk, Long Island. State Volunteer Forces in Puerto Rico begin to return home. Queen Regent of Spain signs Peace Protocol. The Congress of the Philippine Republic meets at Barasoain Church in Malolos, to draft a constitution for their new republic. The Spanish and American peace commissioners are appointed by their respective governments. First US Flag raised in Havana, Cuba, to commence the occupation of the island by American forces. Leonard Wood made military governor of Cuba. Dodge Commission appointed to investigate the conduct of the war. Spanish and American peace commissioners meet for the first time in Paris, France. United States and Spanish peace commissioners hold first working meeting in Paris, France. US takes formal possession of Puerto Rico. Week long Peace Jubilee held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. President McKinley instructs the American Peace Commissioners to insist on the annexation of the Philippines in the peace talks.

Timeline

28 November 30 November 10 December

21 December

23 December

1899 1 January

17 January

21 January 23 January 4 February

6 February 11 February

2 March

19 March 31 March

xix

Spanish Peace Commissioners agree to cede Philippine Islands to the United States. General Blanco, the last Spanish Governor of Cuba, leaves the island for Spain. United States and Spanish peace commissioners sign Treaty of Paris, officially ending SpanishAmerican War. United States acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines (paying Spain $20 million for the latter). In addition the United States has annexed the Hawaiian Islands. President McKinley issues his Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation regarding the future American annexation of the Philippines. Aguinaldo’s cabinet resigns in the Philippines due to disputes over the future of the republic. Guam is placed under the control of the US Navy.

Aguinaldo is declared the President of the Philippine Republic, but the United States refuses to recognize the new government. The United States claims Wake Island for use as an undersea cable link between the United States and the Philippines. The Malolos Constitution is promulgated by the Philippine Republic. Aguinaldo inaugurated as President of the First Philippine Republic at Malolos. Philippine-American War or Philippine Insurrection begins when soldiers of the First Nebraska Volunteers exchange fire with Filipino Nationalists near Santa Mesa, on the outskirts of Manila. US Congress ratifies the Treaty of Paris. US state volunteer troops capture Iloilo City as the first part of a campaign in the Visayas area of the Central Philippines. Congress passes the Army Act, authorizing the President to enlist US volunteers for service in the Philippines. Treaty of Paris signed by Spain’s Queen Regent. US troops capture Malolos, the newly designated capital of the Philippine Republic.

xx

2 June 20 June

1 August 19 August

20 August 15 November

2 December

1900 January March

Spring

5 May August

16 November

1901 4 March

Timeline

337-day siege of Baler, Philippines, ends as Spanish forces surrender. Admiral Dewey—who was promoted for his victory over the Spanish—is replaced as the commander of the Asiatic Squadron by Rear Admiral John C. Watson. Russell Alger resigns as the Secretary of War and is replaced by Elihu Root. US Navy begins blockading Philippine ports to stem the flow of supplies to Philippine Insurrectionists. Brigadier General John C. Bates enters into a treaty with Moro tribes in the southern Philippines. Unable to sustain his Filipino army against overwhelming American forces in open battle, Aguinaldo declares a guerrilla war against the United States. Battle of Tirad Pass (“Filipino Thermopylae”) is fought. General Gregorio del Pilar distinguishes himself with a rear guard action permitting Aguinaldo to escape.

Philippine Insurrection shifts from conventional warfare to guerrilla combat. President McKinley appoints William Howard Taft to head the Second Philippine Commission, which was empowered to set up a civilian government for the Philippines. The Boxer Rebellion in China siphons off some of US ground and naval forces from the Philippines. General Arthur MacArthur replaces General Otis as military governor of the Philippines. General Otis allows Captain Batson to recruit 100 Macabebes to fight Filipino insurgents in Luzón. By mid-September Macabebes prove themselves in battle near Arayat. Aguinaldo narrowly escapes the Macabebes at Pozorrubio.

McKinley’s second inauguration begins, with Roosevelt as Vice President.

Timeline

23 March

2 June 4 July

6 September 14 September

28 September

1902 May 4 July

September

1903 7 April

xxi

Aguinaldo is captured by General Frederick Funston at Palanan. Aguinaldo soon declares his allegiance the United States. Second Philippine Commission, headed by William Howard Taft, arrives in the Philippines. General MacArthur turns over civil governorship of the Philippines to Taft and military responsibilities to Major General Adna R. Chaffee. President McKinley is shot at Buffalo Exposition. President McKinley dies from his wounds and Vice President Theodore Roosevelt becomes President. Forty-eight soldiers of the 9th Infantry are killed in Balangiga Massacre on island of Samar in the Philippines.

Colonel Frank Baldwin attacks Moro forts at Bayan and Bindayan, Mindanao. President Roosevelt proclaims end to Philippine Insurrection. By this time, more than 4,200 US soldiers, 20,000 Filipino soldiers, and some 200,000 Filipino civilians have died. Although peace is achieved in the northern part of the Philippine archipelago the southern part will require constant military occupation forces for another ten years. Captain John J. Pershing destroys Moro forts at Guaun and Bayabao, in the Lake Lanao region of Mindanao.

Captain Pershing destroys Moro fort at Bacolod, Lake Lanao region, Mindanao.

Preface

All books have a beginning, though the routes to the end will vary greatly. This present work began with a telephone call from the Puerto Rico State Historic Preservation Office requesting technical assistance from my National Park Service office to develop a series of National Register Multiple Property Studies (MPS) of cultural resources on that island. One of the Puerto Rico Office’s first priorities was an MPS for the Puerto Rico Campaign of the Spanish-American War. Like most ‘norteamericanos’ the depth of my knowledge of this conflict at this time extended to three things—“Remember the Maine,” Roosevelt’s charge up San Juan Hill, and the Battle of Manila Bay. With Puerto Rican staffers as my hosts and partners, I was soon conducting archival research and on-site examinations on the numerous military engagement, skirmish, and landing sites, and extant buildings, road networks, and shipwrecks associated with the Spanish-American War on that island. The MPS National Register nomination on the Spanish-American War we produced (National Register listing May 11, 2000) demonstrated Puerto Rico had more extant properties associated with this conflict than any other areas under United States authority and, compared with the Cuban or Philippines Campaigns, the one in Puerto Rico was the most successful military operation of the war. After completing this MPS nomination I had the opportunity to continue my association with the Puerto Rico staffers for several more years and projects, but I became aware of how little was known about the Puerto Rico Campaign and the Spanish-American War in general by people in the United States. When my wife applied for a Georgia driver’s license the state employees could not believe she was an American citizen as she had been born in Puerto Rico, although Puerto Ricans have been American citizens since 1917. Even among Puerto Ricans the events of the war with Spain could be confused. A few years ago an article in a Puerto Rico newspaper started a widely accepted rumor of an 1898 massacre by American military forces—until the author admitted it was a hoax, akin to Orson Wells’ 1938 radio broadcast of the “War of the Worlds.”

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In order to disseminate information about this campaign to a wider audience I contacted Mr. Patrick McSherry, the webmaster for www. spanamwar.com, and he kindly published the Puerto Rico Campaign MPS nomination on his website. I told him I hoped to make additional contributions of information as time permitted. Due to the demands of my job with the National Park Service, however, it would be mid-2007 with my retirement when I was able to reconnect with Mr. McSherry. At that time, he advised me that a book publisher had contacted him about developing an annotated bibliography of the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, as part of its series on American military studies. Would I be interested? Within a few months I had signed a contract to expand my research on the Puerto Rico Campaign to take in the entire SpanishAmerican War and Philippine Insurrection and produce the present volume. Over the next year I immersed myself in the Schley-Sampson Controversy; the “Embalmed Beef” Scandal; the creation of a modern American army and navy; the Balangiga Massacre; war correspondents like Richard Harding Davis and Stephen Crane; Lieutenant Rowan’s “Message to García,” the “Yellow” journalism of Hearst and Pulitzer; the Filipino “Water Cure”; typhoid outbreaks in American training camps, the Naval bombardment of San Juan, Puerto Rico; Lt. Hobson of Alabama—“the most kissed man in America,” and a host of other interesting, but now largely forgotten aspects of American History of the 1898–1902 period. The Library of Congress and various authors have been compiling bibliographies on Spanish-American War literature almost from the conclusion of the 1898 conflict. Recently published annotated bibliographies, Internet lists for book auction websites, the Library of Congress on-line catalogs, and the recent centennial of the war have all contributed to an expanded number of volumes and articles on America’s last territorial expansion period (1898–1902). I have also attempted to introduce in this work a number of Spanish-language studies of the war from Spain, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines which were most pertinent to a historical study of this period. The Spanish-American War and in particular the subsequent Philippine Insurrection (or Philippine-American War as some prefer to refer to the conflict) have been used by some recent historians to portray later American wars as solely imperialistic in nature. I have included some of this literature in this work, but kept this annotated bibliography directed toward works which provide first-person accounts and memoirs of events of 1898–1902 and well-researched historical information to aid researchers on this time period. By coincidence, in the same year I took on this project, Emiliano Mercado del Toro, a resident of Isabela, Puerto Rico, passed away, having attained the ripe old age of 115. Mercado del Toro was one of the last of a dwindling number of World War I veterans, but on his home island his real claim to fame was that he was the last living link to the Spanish-American War.

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Mercado could reminisce about being a child when American troops invaded Puerto Rico in 1898, and he clearly remembered the fighting that marked the end of Spain’s colonial empire in the Americas. He credited his longevity to bucha, a boiled corn, codfish and milk cream-like dish, which he ate every day. Reading his obituary made me realize that developing an annotated bibliography on a subject like the Spanish-American War and the subsequent Philippine Insurrection is not the easiest of tasks, because there are no longer any living links with “first-hand” knowledge of the events. One has to rely on the written words of observers or second-hand writers, both of which carry with them implied political and cultural messages which may be lost on researchers who are not familiar with the time and culture of the events. Keeping all this in mind I solicited comments from a group of professionals around the country as my working drafts emerged to final chapters. My thanks go to the Puerto Rico staff of the State Historic Preservation Office, who got this project started with the MPS nomination. Others who provided assistance were Dr. Doug Scott, former National Park Service (NPS) battlefield archaeologist, now with the University of Nebraska and currently working on the battlefield of San Juan Hill in Cuba, who gave me ideas and encouragement with the chapter on the Cuban Campaign; Dr. Charles Haecker, NPS archaeologist and an expert on nineteenthcentury American military hardware, was helpful on the chapter covering military weaponry and tactics; and Mr. David Cole, formerly with the Army History Center, whose gift of two reprinted volumes on military correspondence greatly facilitated this work and who commented on my chapters on the Philippine Islands Campaign and Philippine Insurrection. My editor with Routledge, Matthew Kopel, understood the concerns I had as a first-time book author and his positive and concise comments were always helpful and insightful. My thanks finally to my wife, Dr. Karen F. Anderson-Córdova, who always was encouraging me during the researching of this work and who has given me an appreciation of all things boricua. Mark R. Barnes, Ph.D.

Introduction

The oft-quoted Duke of Wellington once distilled war’s essence down to a simple statement—“The whole art of war consists of getting at what is on the other side of the hill.” The Spanish-American War started out with an equally simple premise—a humanitarian intervention effort to provide military assistance for the liberation of Cuba from Spanish domination. Once having arrived “on the other side of the hill” however, the war took on an unexpected twist with the creation of an American empire—made up of former Spanish island colonies in the Caribbean and the western Pacific. Indeed, the decision by the William McKinley administration to annex the Philippine Islands would lead not to peace but a decade long unpopular military suppression of Filipino efforts to obtain their independence with political consequences which remain unresolved to the present time. The initial effort of the Spanish-American War to oust the Spanish from Cuba was the stated intent of President McKinley when he asked Congress for a declaration of war and this was quickly achieved in what was quite probably the most popular and short military action in American history; hence most Americans can still remember “the Maine,” the Rough Riders, and Dewey’s Victory at Manila Bay—though the context of how these historical bits fit together may escape them. In point of fact the most important thing Americans do forget is that the policy decisions made by the McKinley administration, after the prosecution of this four-month war, regarding the Philippines created a debate between expansionist and antiimperialist policy makers involving politicians, prominent writers, and military leaders that continues to this day whenever American soldiers are sent into combat in some foreign land. Some historians will argue the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection laid the foundation for America’s entry into a host of twentieth-century conflicts and policy discussions on the appropriate use of American military force. What made the Spanish-American War a departure for the United States was that up until 1898, American wars had generally been directed toward the expansion of national boundaries into territory that lay adjacent to these boundaries. For the first time, American forces were transported 1

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The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902

across oceans to fight in a European country’s colonies and then these areas would be administered as colonial territories by the United States rather than admitted to the union as states, which required the establishment of a joint military/civilian administrative government—a totally new experience for a country which had previously claimed to eschew such European-style imperialism. An unforeseen consequence of the Spanish-American War and the acquisition of new territories in the western Pacific and the Caribbean was the United States’ entry into world geopolitics. The possession of these remote island areas brought the United States into spheres where other nations had their own aspirations and imperial plans. During the SpanishAmerican War, British consuls and colonial officials provided limited support and information for the American military effort against Spain, but more importantly the government of Great Britain declined to join any coalition of European states in support of the Spanish government and against the United States. This assistance and cooperation evolved into a “special relationship” between these two English-speaking countries—that exists to the present situation in the Middle East—which was based to a large extent on encouragement of the United States to retain former Spanish colonies because this served Great Britain’s own foreign policies. The war which acquired the Philippines for the United States brought her into contention with other countries with similar expansionist interests in the Pacific, including Germany and Japan. Perhaps the key word to describe the outcome of the Spanish-American War is “change.” Not only did the American government’s relationship with foreign nations change, but there was a change in American society. Hundreds of thousands of Americans left their jobs, put on uniforms and took up arms, and whether engaged in actual combat, occupation duty, or just training in state-side encampments, came away from the experience viewing the United States as a different place from the one where they had grown up in the late nineteenth century. Individuals like Sherwood Anderson and Carl Sandburg and thousands of other veterans would look back on their participation in the war with Spain as a defining moment that changed their life paths; female nurses who served in hospitals helped to create roles for women in the military; and African Americans in both Regular and Volunteer units would again demonstrate their loyalty to a country which had yet to grant them full civil rights. These men and women formed associations which became the foundation for the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) and VFW Women’s Auxiliaries, which, through political activities, secured from their government programs to help veterans and their families through the creation of federal programs for medical care and veteran’s pensions that exceeded that obtained by veterans of previous American wars. Nor was change a condition solely restricted to the United States. Spain’s defeat in 1898 was shock to all levels of society and has been referred

Introduction

3

to in Spanish-language literature as “The Disaster of ’98.” The debates and “finger pointing” about which institutions were responsible for the loss of Spain’s colonies and honor raged in the press and published works for years and provide modern scholars with important accounts of the actions and motives of politicians, military leaders, and the soldiers who engaged the Americans in battle or diplomacy. Some historians have postulated the outcome of the war probably set the stage for Spain’s civil war of the 1930s. In the Philippine Islands, the Filipinos who were denied their independence from Spain by the actions of the United States are still arguing the whys and wherefores of the American Army’s hard fought victory in confronting Filipino revolutionaries. Filipino scholars have recently been attempting to determine why segments of island society appeared to prefer, at least temporarily, an American administration which to a large extent made victory possible in the long drawn out Philippine Insurrection. This reexamination of the conflict of 1898–1902 appears to be a thoughtful attempt to understand how the various groups of the Philippine archipelago reacted to the Americans and what the consequences of that may be for the present. As I undertook the research for this present work I also determined there was a decided change in how American writers and scholars viewed first the war with Spain and then the prolonged fighting in the Philippines and how points of view shifted over time. Even before the end of the Spanish-American War there was a deluge of publications and articles on the victories of the United States in the West Indies and western Pacific, with the general belief these military events were ordained by the rightness of the causes advocated by the McKinley administration. However, by early 1900, the decision to retain these conquests and the hostile reaction of the Filipinos and the anti-imperialists in America caused a notable change in the literature being published. As the war in the Philippine Islands ground on for the next decade there were fewer popular publications on the Spanish-American War, but instead there was a select body of literature by professional soldiers recounting their experiences in fighting a guerrilla war. After America’s experience in the trenches of World War I, the conflict of the period of 1898–1902 nearly vanishes in the literature. Probably the first modern work on the 1898 conflict to appear is Walter Millis’ The Martial Spirit, a Study of Our War with Spain (1931) which treats the war as somewhat ironic and a war against a weak opponent. Millis’ work is still a good read for a concise history of the period of 1898–1902 and has been reprinted numerous times. The fiftieth anniversary of the 1898 conflict (1948) was overshadowed by the recently concluded Second World War, although the publication of Frank Freidel’s well-illustrated The Splendid Little War (1958) on the sixtieth anniversary was a popular success with the public. However, with

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The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902

America’s involvement in Vietnam in the 1960s, the Spanish war and subsequent Philippine conflict took on a negative characterization of American hubris. It would take researched works like David Trask’s The War with Spain in 1898 (1981), Ivan Musicant’s Empire by Default (1998), and Brian Linn’s The Philippine War, 1899–1902 (2000), who used outstanding scholarship and historical accounts from the different groups involved in these conflicts, to present readers with a balanced and understandable history of the Spanish-American War. Today, the Philippine Insurrection is being restudied by the American military in an attempt to relearn lessons on overcoming an insurgency led by Islamic groups hostile to western influence. How this period will be viewed by the next generation of scholars and military strategists could be of some interest and it is to this end that this bibliography will hopefully contribute. Finally, in the West Indies, Cuban historians originally expressed appreciation for America’s military intervention and post-war assistance in the rebuilding of the island’s infrastructure destroyed in three years of fighting. Cuba’s post-war government participated in a number of joint Cuban-American commemorations of the conflict inviting American veterans to dedications of war memorials in Havana and Santiago de Cuba. A portion of the battlefield of the latter area was even set aside as a Cuban historical park. However, the political climate between the two countries since the early 1960s has made recent Cuban historians tend to view American intervention as one more effort to achieve a commercial colonization of the island rather than a humanitarian effort to end the fighting—which many of these scholars believe would have been achieved in a short while without the assistance of the American Army. In Puerto Rico, US citizenship was only conferred on residents of that island years after the war of 1898, but the ultimate political disposition of the island as an affiliated commonwealth, independent nation, or state, remains unresolved to this day. This “change,” caused by the Spanish-American War in these Caribbean societies, has created their own literature, often in their native language, on the 1898 conflict which presents the war in a very different perspective than that presented in the literature produced in the United States. In preparation for this work I conducted a review of the other annotated bibliographies of the Spanish-American War readily available and found only a few works which deal with this conflict that are readily available to English language scholars. Probably the best of these are Benjamin Beede’s The War of 1898 and US Interventions 1898–1934, An Encyclopedia (1994), Donald Dyal’s Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War (1996), and Brad Berner’s The Spanish-American War: An Historical Dictionary (1998). To enhance this section of the present work I have included a number of bibliographies which deal with selective military organizations such as the US Navy (Crawford, et al., 1998) and Marine Corps (Hilliard, 1966) and

Introduction

5

period compilations of the correspondence of the American military, Cuban revolutionary, and Spanish government in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 is composed of General Histories covering the conflicts for the period of 1898–1902, which include contemporary to the historical period works and juvenile literature from all periods. Some of the contemporary works listed reflect outstanding scholarship with many first person accounts of the conflict, while others are simply popular works reprinting information culled from newspaper articles and targeting the general reader, but still important for containing numerous period illustrations, images, and photographs, such as Henry H. Beck’s Cuba’s Fight for Freedom, and the War with Spain (1898), William J. Buel’s Behind the Guns with American Heros (1899), or Murat Halstead’s Full Official History of the War with Spain (1899). Some of the better contemporary large folio-sized illustrated works with good text include Leslie’s Official History of the Spanish-American War (1899); Harper’s History of the Spanish-American War (1899); and Wright’s Official History of the Spanish-American War (1900), all of which were published within a year or two of the end of the war in the Caribbean. In the last few decades a small number of very good general histories on the conflicts of 1898–1902 have been published which reflect good current scholarship, such as George O’Toole’s The Spanish War, an American Epic—1898 (1984), Michael Blow’s A Ship to Remember (1992), and Alfred A. Nofi’s The Spanish-American War, 1898 (1996). Current scholarship views the roots of the Spanish-American War as growing out of a number of contending factors; such as American commercial expansion into the Caribbean and Pacific, creole communities in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines desiring a greater political role in colonial government/independence, and economic problems engendered by Spanish mercantile policies, to mention a few. These factors are somewhat different from those cited one hundred years ago by the United States as causes for the conflict; such as the destruction of the USS Maine, a desire to free Cuba from Spain misrule, and the need to create stability for trade in the Caribbean Basin and the Pacific. The annotations in Chapter 3 are intended to provide a basis for understanding the cavalcade of reasons for the 1898 war, including the influence on American public opinion by the “yellow” press and its correspondents and the propagandizing of the Cuban Revolutionary Party in the United States, plus information on the pre-1898 anti-Spanish revolts in the Caribbean and the Philippines—many from Spanish-language works—and works relating to the loss of the USS Maine. To understand the chapters dealing with the actual fighting one needs to understand the conflict which makes up the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection falls into two distinct time periods. The first period begins in mid-February 1898 with the destruction of the USS Maine and ends in early 1899 with peace being established between the United States and Spain and the sending of American troops of occupation to Cuba,

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The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902

Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. Each of the American efforts to defeat the Spanish in these three areas will be treated as a separate chapter (Chapters 4–6). The second period begins with fighting between American forces and Philippine insurgents which began on February 4, 1899, and generally ended by mid-1902 (Chapter 7). Chapter 4 covers the Cuban Campaign of the Spanish-American War and includes General Works (both in English and Spanish) of a contemporary and modern nature covering the entire four-month period of American military intervention in Cuba (May to August of 1898). This is followed by selected works in sub-sections relative to the American army in Tampa; the Naval Campaign which established a blockade of Cuba, chased Spanish blockade runners, cut undersea telegraph cables linking Cuba to Spain, located the Spanish squadron at Santiago de Cuba, landed the Marines at Guantánamo, and the great sea battle of July 3, 1898, with the Spanish squadron. The chapter concludes with the land campaign of the US Army outside Santiago de Cuba (June–August 1898) which includes articles and works on the landing of American troops in Cuba, the Las Guásimas fight (June 24, 1898), and the attack on El Caney, San Juan Hill, and the feint at Aguadores (July 1, 1898). The Puerto Rico Campaign, presented in Chapter 5, has tended to get little attention in the literature of the period of the conflict and is generally poorly reported in other bibliographies of this conflict. However, my own research in regimental histories, personal accounts, and other literature has uncovered a number of English- and Spanish-language works which demonstrate this was the most efficiently executed and successful American military campaign in the Caribbean Basin. Like the previous chapter on the Cuban Campaign this chapter is divided into general histories, and naval and army histories of the Puerto Rico Campaign. Much of this work is derived from my own research for the National Park Service in cooperation with the Puerto Rico State Historic Preservation Officer and I believe this will be a substantial contribution to the study of this aspect of the conflict with Spain in the West Indies. Some of the annotations involve Cultural Resource Management literature, such as National Historic Landmark and National Register nominations, and cultural resource evaluation documents required by the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act. One should also realize that some of the annotations in Chapter 4 also discuss aspects of the Puerto Rico Campaign, so a complete understanding of Chapter 5 will entail a review of both chapters. Chapter 6 provides annotations on articles and works of the Philippines Campaign of the Spanish-American War covering the period of Admiral George Dewey’s defeat of the Spanish Fleet at Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) to the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection (or Philippine-American War) on February 4, 1899. The chapter includes annotations on Dewey’s victory at Manila Bay; the buildup of American land forces south of Manila that were

Introduction

7

sent out from San Francisco; the annexation of Guam and Hawaii; the capture of Manila (August 13, 1898), which ended the Spanish-American War in the western Pacific; and the occupation of Manila and its suburbs up to the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection. Due to the distance of the field of conflict from the United States this campaign was not as well covered by newspaper correspondents as events in the West Indies, so the articles and works are derived largely from personal memoirs of naval personnel with Dewey’s squadron, members of state volunteer units, and some accounts by Spanish sources within Manila. Chapter 7 contains annotated articles and books concentrating on the three year effort (1899–1902) by the US Army—first composed mainly of state volunteers originally sent to Manila to capture the city from the Spanish and then commence occupation duty, and followed by newly recruited volunteer regiments—to control the Filipinos in the Philippine archipelago. This military effort was coordinated with civilian governors like William Howard Taft who sponsored the development of roads, schools, hospitals, and other amenities to enhance the lives of Filipinos, after American troops and Philippine Scouts cleared an area of rebels to provide security for these civic activities. American troops would clear a specific area, reconstruction would commence, and a civilian government supported by local Filipino police would be installed, before the Americans moved into another area. Some of the most persistent campaigns occurred in the southern islands where the majority of people were Muslims and the Army found it necessary to establish a working relationship with the tribal chiefs to achieve peace. In some ways, this three-year campaign mirrors the current effort to pacify Iraq and Afghanistan. Bibliographies for the Spanish-American War invariably have an excellent coverage of military units—Regulars and State Volunteers—which were involved in combat. However, McKinley’s two calls for volunteers brought into federal service hundreds of thousands of men who would not travel any further then their training camps where they were beset with boredom, disease, and poor food. In many cases, the state militias were not even issued uniforms or weapons to outfit their regiments properly until the end of the war with Spain, which precluded them being dispatched overseas. What happened to the majority of American volunteers has not been well documented in past bibliographies. I have attempted to overcome this deficiency regarding the bulk of volunteer troops by including in Chapter 8 numerous unit histories, state adjutant general reports, and personal memoirs of those called up to state infantry, cavalry, or artillery units, but not dispatched overseas, in the hope that their story may one day be as well known as units like the Rough Riders. Also within Chapter 8 are sections dealing with the contemporary reporting and picturing of the war to the American public; songs and poetry of the war; the debates between expansionists and antiimperialists; aid provided to the soldiers by volunteer groups, female nurses,

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The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902

and medical advances—in short this chapter covers the domestic front of the war and how the civilian population and the volunteers who remained stateside reacted to the conflict. Chapter 9 provides a basic annotated bibliography on the uniforms, equipment, weaponry, and tactics used by the American army for the period of 1898–1902. For the American military and its counterparts around the world the 1890s represented a period of innovation in warfare technology— telephone communication, aerial observation balloons, repeating rifles, Gatling guns, armored battleships, etc. This led to new tactics for the infantry to deal with a more dangerous battlefield, as noted in Perry Jamieson’s Crossing the Deadly Ground (1994). For the navy, the creation of the modern battleship would also have a major effect on tactics, such as presented in James C. Bradford’s Admirals of the New Steel Navy (1990). This chapter also contains a number of annotations on the reorganization and expansion of the Regular and Reserve Army and Naval forces at the turn of the nineteenth century, which would now include female nurses in military service, specialized engineer units, and coastal defense forces. The last chapter (Chapter 10) is a summation of works on the SpanishAmerican War dealing with the diplomatic effort to obtain a peace between the United States and Spain and the former’s efforts to secure a peaceful outcome in the areas recently acquired or occupied for a short while. Included in this chapter is a number of works on the aftermath of the peace as the United States started to develop colonial systems for governing the former Spanish colonial islands. This chapter concludes with annotated works describing efforts by the United States and other countries to commemorate the bravery of the officers and men who fought in the SpanishAmerican War. As a final note regarding this annotated bibliography: it is a reference work containing readily available English and to some extent Spanishlanguage articles and books from all the countries involved (Spain, the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the United States) in the SpanishAmerican War and the Philippine Insurrection. It is the hope of this compiler that this book may assist researchers as a first step to undertaking their own study of this period and conflict. As such, annotated bibliographies can never be totally comprehensive as they serve to help produce new works on the same subjects. The articles and books covered in this bibliography are at most only about hundred years old and the compiler has taken care to make sure that singular information aspects of these works, correct author citations, publishers, and information on reprint editions are noted in the annotated bibliography to assist future researchers. The compiler has tried not to evaluate the content of the works covered, but simply to provide the reader with a sense of what is in the work. It is the compiler’s hope that his organization and coverage will be logical and of help.

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Twice during the period of the preparation of this book I visited the Library of Congress to examine works on the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection (which the Library of Congress prefers to call the Philippine-American War) and made notes to prepare annotations from books found on the library’s website. One day having just sent off the little handwritten slips of paper requesting various volumes on that topic the librarian in the Jefferson Reading Room asked me what was my interest in these publications. I explained I had a contract to write an annotated bibliography on the war with Spain that was going to be published. To which the librarian exclaimed, “Oh, we just love bibliographies here at the library.” I can only hope future researchers will feel the same when they use it.

1 Bibliographies and Encyclopedias

1. Alden, Carroll Storrs, and Allan Ferguson Westcott. The United States Navy, a History. Chicago, Illinois, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1943. Second Edition by J. B. Lippincott Company, 1945. This work is a detailed history of the United States Navy from its founding in 1775 until the early years of World War II. The second edition takes the period up to the end of World War II in Europe, in May 1945. Good coverage of the United States Navy in the SpanishAmerican War. Work contains numerous maps, black and white illustrations, bibliography, and index. 2. All the World’s Fighting Ships. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1898. Work is contemporary to the period of the Spanish-American War, and a study of the naval forces possessed by the major powers, including Spain and the United States. 3. Álvarez, José M., Colonel, and Jerry M. Cooper, Ph.D., Project Adviser. The Spanish-American War: An Annotated Bibliography. Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania: US Army War College, 1991. The purpose of this War College student paper project was to assess selectively bibliographical material on the Spanish-American War in the US Army Military History Institute (MHI). The sources available at the MHI library are notable for their completeness, volume, and diversity. This study contains reviews of selected works, bibliographies, and order of battle for this conflict. Beyond the expected abundance of official records and standard academic treatments two other MHI sources are recommended: the Spanish-American War Survey Collection of living war veterans and their widows, and the historic photo collections.

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Bibliographies and Encyclopedias

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4. American Military History 1607–1958: ROTCM 145–20 Department of the Army ROTC Manual. Department of the Army. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, Department of the Army, 1959. The standard US Army history of America’s military conflicts, as taught at West Point and other academic institutions to ROTC officers and cadets, covering the colonial period conflicts, the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 with Britain, the wars with Mexico and Spain, both World Wars, to the end of the 1950–1953 Korean War and some years beyond, including minor and little-known wars and “police actions.” The text is accompanied by forty-five finely detailed maps, data compilations, and numerous illustrations. 5. Annual Reports of the Navy Department for the Year 1898, 2 vols. Volume 1: Report of the Secretary of the Navy. Miscellaneous Reports; Volume 2: Appendix to the Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation. Ensign H. H. Ward (comp.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1898. During the nineteenth century both of the American military services (Army and Navy) compiled and published annual reports of their activities for the year. Volume 1 is the United States Navy’s annual report as compiled by the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation. Due to the numerous naval operations associated with the war with Spain in 1898, the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation—Admiral A. S. Crowninshield—directed Ensign H. H. Ward to compile an appendix (Volume 2) to the annual report which contained as many operational reports as could be accumulated by the end of 1898. Among the reports included are the findings of the United States and Spanish naval courts of inquiry into the sinking of the USS Maine, the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898), the investment and fall of Manila to American forces, seizure of Guam, blockade of Spanish ports on Cuba and Puerto Rico, reports of selected naval vessels as to their activities in the summer of 1898, the bombardment of San Juan, Puerto Rico (May 12, 1898), the Santiago engagement against Rear Admiral Pascual Cervera (July 3, 1898), and a number of miscellaneous reports. These two volumes are the primary sources of first-hand official US Navy accounts of activities in the Caribbean in conjunction with the Cuban and Puerto Rico Campaigns and Rear Admiral Dewey’s activities in Manila Bay, Philippine Islands, in the Spanish-American War. 6. Annual Reports of the War Department for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1898. Report of the Secretary of War. Miles, Nelson A., Commanding the Army. Miscellaneous Reports. 4 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1898.

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Following the Civil War the United States Army generally issued a single volume Annual Report of activities—under the authorship of the Commanding General of the Army—which explained how congressional appropriations were spent for the year. The SpanishAmerican War required that the Army issue a special fourvolume set containing action reports from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, because “the military operations during the year have been extraordinary, unusual and extensive.” These reports contain many first-person accounts of actions during the war with Spain, of making this set an invaluable work of scholarship on this conflict. 7. Armstrong, LeRoy. Pictorial Atlas Illustrating the Spanish-American War: Comprising a History of the Great Conflict of the United States with Spain. Chicago, Illinois: C. F. Beezley, 1898. Reprint New York: George F. Cram, 1900. This atlas contains over 150 maps and contemporary illustrations, each with brief texts relating to the Spanish-American War in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Philippines. 8. Beede, Benjamin R. (ed.). The War of 1898 and US Interventions 1898–1934, an Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1994. Modern reference book containing well-researched information on the people, events, and groups in the Spanish-American War and Philippines Insurrection, in addition to small conflicts of intervention by the United States in the Caribbean and Central America in the first third of the twentieth century. Entries are well defined and annotated. Important reference book for academic scholarship on the 1898 war with Spain and the Philippine Insurrection yet presented in a readable style. 9. Berner, Brad K. The Spanish-American War: An Historical Dictionary. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1998. Work is a modern reference book containing specific information on the people, events, and groups in the Spanish-American War and Philippines Insurrection. Entries are well presented, but not annotated. Important reference book on the Spanish-American War and Philippine Islands conflicts for both the academic as well as casual reader. The large number of Spanish-language works cited makes this a noteworthy volume. 10. Blewett, Daniel K. American Military History: A Guide to Reference and Information Sources. Englewood, New Jersey: Libraries Unlimited, 1995. Expanded second edition, Westport, Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited, 2009.

Bibliographies and Encyclopedias

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An annotated guide to English-language reference sources (nearly 1,200 entries) concerning American military history, including all branches of the armed services. For the Spanish-American War Period (1898–1899) this guide contains information on atlases, bibliographies, biographical sources, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and directories. Chapters 1 to 8 cover General American Military History Reference Sources and the Spanish-American War in particular. Other chapters cover military intelligence and espionage; historiography; electronic information sources; libraries and archives; museums; organizations and associations; and journals for the study of American military history. 11. Brown, Jerold E. (ed.). Historical Dictionary of the US Army. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2001. This historical dictionary provides short, clear, authoritative entries on a broad cross section of military terms, concepts, arms and equipment, units and organizations, campaigns and battles, and people who have had a significant impact on the army. It includes over 900 entries written by some 100 scholars, providing a valuable resource for the interested reader, student, and researcher. For those interested in pursuing specific subjects further, the book provides sources at the end of each entry as well as a general bibliography. Appendixes provide a useful list of abbreviations and acronyms and a listing of ranks and grades in the US Army. Work contains references, appendices, bibliography, and index. 12. Campo Hernán, Pilar del, Silvia A. López Wehrli, and Miguel Díaz Más. Guía de fuentes documentales sobre ultramar en el Archivo General de la Marina: Cuba, Puerto Rico y Filipinas: 1868–1900. (Guide to the Documents in the General Archives of the Marine: Cuba, Puerto Rico and Philippines: 1868–1900.) 2 vols. Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Defensa, Secretaría General Técnica, 1998. Spanish-language two-volume set of primary sources and documents relating to Spanish naval history in the Spanish-American War in the areas of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands. 13. Chambers, John Whiteclay, II (ed.). The Oxford Companion to American Military History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Work contains information on American military history, battles and soldiers, ships and weapons, services and doctrines—as well as the social and cultural impact of the United States military at home and around the world. The Oxford Companion has over 1,000 entries by some 500 contributors, whose input ranges from brief factual pieces

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The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902

to extensive essays. These entries examine every major war from the American Revolution to the Persian Gulf. There are entries on the Spanish-American War with regard to relevant acts of Congress, diplomatic policies, literature, music, and photography. 14. Clark, George Ramsey, Commander, US Navy, William O. Stevens, Carroll S. Alden, and Herman F. Kraft. The Navy, 1775 to 1909. 2 vols. Baltimore, Maryland: The Lord Baltimore Press, 1910. General history of the United States Navy from its inception in the American Revolution to the Spanish-American War, with emphasis on the navy in the Civil War and Spanish-American War. 15. —, William O. Stevens, Carroll S. Alden, and Herman F. Kraft. A Short History of the United States Navy. Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott 1911. Expanded editions issued 1916 and 1927. General overview of the history of the United States Navy with emphasis on the naval engagements during the Spanish-American War, and in later expanded editions information covering naval actions in World War I. 16. Coletta, Paolo Enrico (comp.). A Bibliography of American Naval History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1981. This volume is a compilation of hundreds of bibliographic sources on the history of the US Navy, including the period of the SpanishAmerican War and Philippine Insurrection (1898–1902). 17. —. An Annotated Bibliography of US Marine Corps History. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1986. Work is a detailed annotated bibliography covering the entire history of the US Marine Corps and a large segment of the history of the US Navy compiled by an individual with recognized experience in writing on these subjects. This work includes the period of the US Marines’ involvement in the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection—1898–1902. 18. Corbin, Henry Clark, General. Statistical Exhibit of Strength of Volunteer Forces Called Into Service During the War With Spain: with Losses From All Causes. Adjutant General’s Office. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899. The original document was authorized by General Henry C. Corbin, Adjutant-General United States Army, and dated December 13, 1899. It was compiled at the end of the Spanish-American War from official muster rolls created when organized state militias

Bibliographies and Encyclopedias

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(the National Guard) were formally transferred (“mustered in”) to Federal control. Another set of muster rolls was created when each unit was released (“mustered out”) from Federal service. States were allowed to assign their own numerical designations for volunteer units. Some states retained their peacetime designations; others opted for a system that took up the consecutive numbering system where it had ended in the Civil War; and a few mixed the two approaches or followed unique usages. United States Volunteers (such as the US Volunteer Cavalry or Engineers) constituted a special category, being raised exclusively under Federal sponsorship as a temporary wartime augmentation to the Regular Army. This work should be used in conjunction with Annual Reports issued by each state’s Adjutant General which contain essential information on the various units’ peacetime stations and status, the changes and expansion procedures followed to bring those organizations into active military service, and frequently also include other documents including after-action reports filed with the state by each command. This work is available “on line” from the Historical Resources Branch of the United States Army Center of Military History. Note this does not include men enlisted from a state for Regular Army or Navy service for the duration of the war, State Naval Militias, or “immune” regiments. 19. Correspondencia diplomática de la delegación cubana en Nueva York durante la guerra de Independencia de 1895 a 1898. (Diplomatic Correspondence of the Cuban Delegation in New York During the War of Independence, 1895 to 1898.) 5 vols. Havana, Cuba: National Archives of Cuba, 1943–1946. One of two important Spanish-language collections of documents produced by the Cuban Delegation in New York (1895–1998) and serially published by the National Archives of Cuba. This five-volume work picks up and supplements an earlier five-volume collection of documents which also chronicles the history of the Cuban Delegation entitled La revolución del 95 según la correspondencia de la delegación cubana en Nueva York (The Revolution of 95 from the Correspondence of the Cuban Delegation in New York). (See Item 40 below.) 20. Correspondencia ofícial referente a las operaciones navales durante la guerra con los Estados Unidos en 1898. (Official Correspondence Referring to the Naval Operations During the War with the United States in 1898.) Madrid, Spain: Ministry of the Marine, 1899. Published by the Ministry of the Marine (Spanish Navy Department) after the end of the conflict, this Spanish-language volume contains

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The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902

all the official correspondence regarding Spanish naval operations in the Caribbean and the Philippine Islands during the SpanishAmerican War. 21. Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain and Conditions Growing out of the Same, Including the Insurrection in the Philippine Islands and the China Relief Expedition, between the AdjutantGeneral of the Army and Military Commanders in the United States, Cuba, Porto Rico, China, and the Philippine Islands, from April 15, 1898 to July 30, 1902. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902. Reprint Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1993. Prior to the advent of a general staff (1903), the Adjutant General’s Office performed most of the functions later assumed by the Chief of Staff including serving as the main channel of communication between the President, Secretary of War, Washington bureau chiefs, and field commanders. During the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection (1898–1902), General Henry C. Corbin was the Adjutant General and his office was responsible for all telegraphic communication between field commanders in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Pacific (Philippine Islands). The original publication of these two volumes, consisting of telegrams, memorandums, general orders, and reports, coincided with the officially proclaimed end of the Philippines Insurrection on June 30, 1902. These volumes represent one of the main sources of primary documentation relating to United States’ day to day overseas military operations for the period of 1898–1902. 22. Cram, George Franklin. Cram’s Big War Atlas, Showing All Fighting Territory. New York and Chicago: George Cram, 1898. Reprint Chicago, Illinois: E. A. Weeks Company, 1898. George Franklin Cram (1841–1928), after serving in the US Army during the American Civil War, joined his uncle’s map-making business in 1867 and two years later formed the George F. Cram Company, of Indianapolis, Indiana, which became the leading mapmaking firm of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in the United States and the first American firm to publish a world atlas. This “War Atlas” provides contemporary war information consisting of detailed maps and brief texts on the conflicts in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Manila area in the Philippine Islands. 23. Crawford, Michael J., Mark L. Hayes, and Michael D. Sessions. The Spanish-American War, Historical Overview and Select Bibliography. Naval History Bibliographies, No. 5. Washington, D.C.: Naval

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Historical Center, Department of the Navy, Government Printing Office, 1998. Authors have compiled a better than average select bibliography of publications, reports, and articles on the conflict. This work includes numerous older works—contemporary with the 1898 conflict—works in languages other than English, and contains a concise overview of the Spanish-American War. The emphasis is on works associated with US naval operations. 24. Dawson, Joseph G. The Late Nineteenth Century US Army 1865–1898. A Research Guide. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990. The author’s work is part of the Greenwood Press “Research Guides in Military Studies.” Descriptions of major persons, events, and organizations are generally short but concise, making this a good starting point for research into particular topics. Work is cross indexed by subject and author. 25. Dobbs, John Franklin. From Bunker Hill to Manila Bay: A Record of Battles for American Independence, the Preservation of the Union and the Extension of Territory. Compiled in the Library of Congress from the Most Authentic Records by John F. Dobbs. New York: n.p., 1906. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Work is an overview of military engagements involving the American Army and Navy from the period of the Revolutionary War to the Spanish-American War and was written shortly after the end of the war with Spain. The last two chapters provide a concise background to the conflict between the United States and Spain and the major battles fought in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Philippines up to the first few months of the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection (mid-1899). 26. Dyal, Donald H. Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1996. Modern reference book with alphabetical listing and detailed comments on over 600 individuals, places, events, ships, and battles relating to the Spanish-American War and the Philippines Insurrection. Most historical comments have general citation references to permit the reader to conduct their own research. 27. Esposito, Vincent J., Colonel (ed.). The West Point Atlas of American Wars: Vol. 1. 1689–1900: Vol. 2. 1900—1953. Introductory letter by Dwight D. Eisenhower. Compiled by the Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy.

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The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902

New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. Reprint, revised and updated edition with foreword by John R. Galvin, New York: Henry Holt, 1995. Two-volume set of history of American military actions, produced by the United States Military Academy covering the colonial period to the Persian Gulf War. Notable for over 400 maps and plans of battles, including those from the Spanish-American War, with supporting brief text of actions. 28. Five Years of the War Department following the War with Spain, 1899–1903, as Shown in the Annual Reports of the Secretary of War. Washington, D.C.: United States War Department, Government Printing Office, 1904. Volume is a compilation of the US Army’s Annual Reports from the years 1899–1903. This reprints action reports from the Philippines, dealing with the suppression of the Filipino insurgents. 29. Geary, James W. “Afro-American Soldiers and American Imperialism, 1898–1902: A Select Annotated Bibliography.” Bulletin of Bibliography 48, No. 4 (1991): 189–193. Article consists of a list of an annotated bibliography of secondary sources on black soldiers in the US Army during the SpanishAmerican War and the Philippine Insurrection. 30. Griffin, Appleton Prentiss Clark. A List of Books (with References to Periodicals) on Porto Rico. Chief of Division of Bibliography. Library of Congress, Division of Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1901. This work by Appleton Griffin (1852–1926), the Library of Congress’ Chief Bibliographer, was intended to provide a reference guide to all available information on Porto (Puerto) Rico which existed in the Library of Congress up to 1901. Work contains lists of numerous historical and descriptive books and periodicals on the subject of Puerto Rico and its people. 31. —, Philip Lee Phillips, and Herbert Friedenwald. List of Books Relating to Cuba (Including References to Collected Works and Periodicals). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1898. This work by the Library of Congress’ Division of Bibliography, was intended to provide a reference guide to all available information on Cuba which existed in the Library of Congress up to 1898. Work contains lists of numerous historical and descriptive books and periodicals on the subject of Cuba and its people.

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32. —, Philip Lee Phillips. A List of Books (with Reference to Periodicals) on the Philippine Islands in the Library of Congress. Published under the direction of the Library of Congress and Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1903. This work by Appleton Griffin (1852–1926), the Library of Congress’ Chief Bibliographer, was intended to provide a reference guide to all available information on the Philippine Islands which existed in the Library of Congress up to 1903. Work contains lists of numerous historical and descriptive books and periodicals on the subject of the Philippines and their peoples. Also included is a copy of Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera’s (1857–1925) Biblioteca filipina: ó sea, catálogo razonado de todos los impresos, tanto insulares como extranjeros, relativos a la historia, la etnografía, la linguística, la botánica, la fauna, la flora, la geología, la hidrografía, la geografía, la legislación, etc., de las islas Filipinas, de Joló y Marianas (1903). (Philippine Bibliography; in Other Words, Comprehensive Catalog of all Printed Works, both Insular and Foreign, Relative to the History, Ethnography, Linguistics, Botany, Fauna, Flora, Geology, Hydrology, Geography, Legislation, etc., of the Philippine Islands, Jolo and Marianas.) 33. Guillermo, Artemio R., and May Kyi Win. Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Asian/Oceanian Historical Dictionaries, No. 24. Lanham, Maryland & London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1997. This work is a detailed historical dictionary of the significant events, individuals, and cultural aspects of the Philippine Islands. This work covers the period of the fourteenth century to the present in detail, with emphasis on the decades at the turn of the nineteenth century and the period of the Philippine Insurrection (1890s to 1910s). Present volume builds on an earlier work by Ester G. and Joel M. Maring, Historical and Cultural Dictionary of the Philippines, Lanham, Maryland & London: The Scarecrow Press, 1973. 34. Heitman, Francis B. Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, from its Organizations, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1903. Reprint Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1965; and Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1994. A two-volume reference set containing the names of all army officers of all United States wars during the period 1789–1903. Work contains thousands of historical sketches of officers serving in the US Army during this period. Also contains synoptic information on the

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The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902

Regular Army units of the period with a listing of the field grade officers and their service, and Army organizational tables, strengths, battles, actions, CSA General Officers, contract surgeons, etc. 35. Hilliard, Jack B. (comp.). Annotated Reading List of United States Marine Corps History, and With Addendum. Marine Corps Historical Reference Pamphlet. Washington, D.C.: Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, 1966. Good basic annotated list of works on the history of the Marine Corps. This pamphlet includes information on the Corps during the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, or 1898–1902 period. 36. — and Harold A. Bivins. An Annotated Reading List of United States Marine Corps History. Washington, D.C.: Historical Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, 1971. This is an updated pamphlet on the annotated works dealing with the history of the Marine Corps first issued in 1966 by Jack B. Hilliard. (See Item 35 above.) 37. Keenan, Jerry. Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and PhilippineAmerican Wars, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2001. General reference work intended to provide the reader with basic information about the Spanish-American War of 1898 and the subsequent Philippine Insurrection or Philippine-American War (1899–1902). The work is designed to be a starting point to find essential information—names, dates, and summaries of the significant persons and events of these conflicts. 38. Kelly, Thomas E. III. The US Army and the Spanish-American War Era, 1895–1910. US Army Military History Research Collection, Special Bibliographic Series, No. 9, Part I. Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania: n.p., 1974. Volume is a summary of the Spanish-American War Veterans and Widows Survey conducted by the US Army’s Military History Center at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania in the 1950s. The survey encompasses almost 2,000 separate collections and the responses of approximately 800 living veterans and 1,500 widows of veterans. Documentation includes contributions from regular and state volunteer army and navy and marine veterans and their widows. 39. —. The US Army and the Spanish-American War Era, 1895–1910. US Army Military History Research Collection, Special Bibliographic Series, No. 9, Part II. Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania: n.p., 1974.

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For the period this volume contains one of the better bibliographic listings of books, articles, and monographs on the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. Author has compiled this work in a logical order and although it is not annotated each bibliographic citation contains the Library of Congress call number. 40. La revolución del 95 según la correspondencia de la delegación cubana en Nueva York. (The Revolution of 95 from the Correspondence of the Cuban Delegation in New York.) 5 vols. Havana, Cuba: National Archives of Cuba, 1932–1937. One of two important Spanish-language collections of documents produced by the Cuban Delegation in New York (1895–1998) and published by the National Archives of Cuba. This five-volume work was the initial effort to publish an extensive collection of documents which chronicled the history of the Cuban Delegation. This work was later supplemented and enlarged by another five-volume work entitled Correspondencia diplomática de la delegación cubana en Nueva York durante la guerra de Independencia de 1895 a 1898. (Diplomatic Correspondence of the Cuban Delegation in New York During the War of Independence, 1895 to 1898.) (See Item 19 above.) 41. Leckie, Robert. The Wars of America. Foreword by Richard B. Morris. New York: Harper & Row, 1967. Reprint revised and updated New York: Harper and Row, 1981; and new and updated edition New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1992. Volume is a general reference on American Military History covering American Colonial Wars through the Persian Gulf Conflict. Work contains a section on the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection. 42. Lester, Robert, and James Henry Shields. A Guide to the Microfiche Edition of the Spanish-American War: Unit Histories and Personal Narratives. Bethesda, Maryland: LexisNexis, 2006. In order to make Spanish-American War books held by the Library of Congress more accessible to the public and researchers, LexisNexis retained Lester and Shields to make microfiche entries of over 500 state and federal adjutant generals’ reports and rolls, state histories of the war, and unit histories, as well as unit histories representing the wartime contributions of specific communities and counties, and personal narratives. Accompanying the microfiche collection of Spanish-American War holdings in the Library of Congress is a guide providing the names of the works in the collection. 43. Lynch, Barbara A., and John E. Vajda. United States Naval History, A Bibliography. Seventh Edition. Naval History Bibliographies,

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The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902

No. 1. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy, 1993. General bibliography for the United States Navy, which contains a section of selected bibliographical citations for the SpanishAmerican War and Philippines Insurrection. 44. Maclay, Edgar Stanton. A History of the United States Navy, From 1775 to 1894, (Volumes I and II) and A History of the United States Navy from 1775 to 1902 (Volume III). New York: Appleton & Co., Volumes I and II 1895, and Volume III 1902. Volumes I and II were published in 1895, to cover the period of the US Navy’s activities from the Revolutionary War to the mid-1890s; Volume III, published in 1902, covers the role of the US Navy in the recently ended Spanish-American War. 45. McHenry, Robert (ed.). Webster’s American Military Biographies. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam Company, 1978. Work is a good standard reference to hundreds of American military personages, events, and organizations. 46. Mooney, James L. (ed.). Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. 8 vols. Forewords by Thomas B. Haywood and Edward Hidalgo, and Introduction by John D. H. Kane Jr. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1964–81. Reprinted and expanded 1991. This eight-volume serially issued study is a detailed dictionary of US Navy warships from the Revolutionary War to the present time, with good coverage of Navy vessels from the period of the SpanishAmerican War (1898–1902). 47. Onorato, Michael Paul. Philippine Biography (1899–1946). Bibliography and Reference Series, No. 10. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio, 1969. Work is a short bibliography of the history of the Philippine Islands from the end of the Spanish-American War to the conclusion of World War II (1899–1946). This work contains general works, autobiographies, biographies, personal memoirs, government documents, histories, and periodicals, some of which are annotated. 48. Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain. 8 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899. In response to negative newspaper articles on the conduct of the war by Secretary Russell Alger’s War Department, President William

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McKinley appointed a Commission headed by former Major General Grenville M. Dodge—hence this was often referred to as the “Dodge Commission”—to hold hearings and take testimony from a variety of sources on problems the military encountered in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands. The Commission is perhaps best remembered for the “Embalmed Beef Controversy” in which the Commanding General of the Army, Lt. General Nelson A. Miles, testified the troops were provided tainted canned beef rations. The Commission’s report is a major source of primary detailed information on the Spanish-American War, having taken testimony from 495 witnesses and visited most of the camps and cities connected with the war. The Commission concluded that the Army Medical Department was short on personnel and not organized to meet the demands of a modern war. It found the department did not investigate the sanitation at the temporary training camps, it employed too few female nurses and did not recognize their value, and the department was at the mercy of the quartermaster corps for distribution of medical supplies. The Commission’s recommendations were to increase the number of medical officers, organize a reserve corps of female nurses, stockpile a year’s medical supplies adequate for an army four times the actual strength of the present forces, and have the Medical Department take charge of the delivery of the supplies. Most of these recommendations were implemented within a few years and the Commission’s report led to the implementation of curricula in hygiene and public health at military academies such as West Point as well as efforts to instill in the line officer a sense of responsibility for the health of his command. This work was reprinted as US Congress, Senate, Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain, 56th Cong., 1st sess., 1900, S. Doc. 221, 8 vols. 49. Rosario Natal, Carmelo. El 1898 puertorriqueño en la historiografía, ensayo y bibliografía crítica. (The Puerto Rico of 1898 in Historiography, Essay, and Critical Bibliography.) San Juan, Puerto Rico: Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia, 1997. Spanish-language study of how Puerto Rican historians in the twentieth century have viewed the American invasion of July 25, 1898, of their island. Also contains a short essay on the SpanishAmerican war Puerto Rico Campaign and a detailed annotated bibliography of numerous Spanish-language articles, monographs, and books on Puerto Rico and Cuba in the war with Spain. 50. Shrader, Charles Reginald (ed.). Reference Guide to the United States Military History, 1865–1919. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1993.

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This volume covers the period of 1865–1919 when, after the defeat of the Confederacy, a greatly reduced United States military went from a concentration on the westward expansion of the nation to the emergence of the military as a large professional force involved in international conflicts. Volume contains detailed and concise essays of the major events, persons, and histories of the Spanish-American War and Philippines Insurrection period (1898–1902). 51. Shulimson, Jack, Wanda J. Renfrow, David E. Kelly, and Evelyn A. Englander. Marines in the Spanish-American War, 1895–1899, Anthology and Annotated Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: History and Museum Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, 1998. The modern Marine Corps owes much of its present operational duties to the Spanish-American War when the United States entered the world stage. On the centennial of the Spanish-American War the Marine Corps History and Museum Division published a series of articles focusing on the role of the Corps in this conflict and how it helped to define the strategic role of this branch of the armed services in the twentieth century as the elite assault force of the United States. Authors provide a concise and thoroughly annotated bibliography of the Marine Corps in the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection. This work is also furnished in a CD ROM format. 52. Spanish Diplomatic Correspondence and Documents, 1896–1900, Presented to the Cortes by the Minister of State. Washington: D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905. This is a United States government translation of three Spanishlanguage Spanish government volumes containing the diplomatic correspondence between the United States and Spain before and during the Spanish-American War and the subsequent Paris Peace Treaty. The three published Spanish-language volumes are 1) Negociaciones generales con los Estados Unidos desde 10 de abril de 1896 hasta la declaración de guerra (General Negotiations with the United States from April 10, 1896 Until the Declaration of War) (Madrid, 1898); 2) Negociaciones diplomáticas desde el principio de la guerra con los Estados Unidos hasta la firma del protocolo de Washington (Diplomatic Negotiations from the Start of the War with the United States Until the Signing of the Protocol of Washington) (Madrid, 1898); and 3) Conferencia de París y tratado de paz de 10 diciembre de 1898 (Paris Conference and the Treaty of Peace of December 10, 1898) (Madrid, 1899). These Spanish government volumes containing foreign diplomacy documents are

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sometimes referred to as “Red Books” because of the traditional red leather binding of the volumes. 53. Spiller, Robert J. (ed.), Joseph G. Dawson III, associate editor, T. Harry Williams, consulting editor. Dictionary of America, Military Biography. 3 vols. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1984. Good standard reference guide to American Military persons. Entries contain bibliographies and are indexed. 54. Steele, Matthew Forney. American Campaigns. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Byron S. Adams, 1909. Reprint Washington, D.C.: Byron S. Adams, 1913; Washington, D.C.: United States Infantry Association, 1922; Washington, D.C.: United States Infantry Association, 1943; and, Washington, D.C.: Combat Forces Press, 1951. The history of the United States at war detailing the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Civil War, and the Spanish-American War, with volume two containing over 300 maps which accompany the text of volume one. 55. Strait, Newton A. (comp.). Alphabetical List of Battles 1754–1900, War of the Rebellion, Spanish-American War, Philippine Insurrection and All Old Wars and Dates. Summary of Events of the War of the Rebellion, 1860–1865: Spanish-American War, Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1900; Troubles in China, 1900; With Other Valuable Information in Regard to the Various Wars. Washington, D.C.: United States Infantry Association, 1900. Reprint Washington, D.C.: privately printed, 1902; Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1905; Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1914; Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Company, 1968; Mattituck, New York & Bryan, Texas: J. M. Carroll and Company, 1984; Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007, and Home Farm Books, 2008. Volume is a well-done early compilation of the history of wars in which the North American British colonies and the subsequent United States have been involved. Each section includes a summary of dates, of events, wars, and other valuable information in regards to the various wars. This volume is a comprehensive listing of battles fought by North Americans from those against the French and Indians to the Spanish-American War. The Spanish-American War section covers land and sea engagements and a discussion of the relationship between the politics and the military events of the period. 56. Sweetman, Jack. American Naval History: An Illustrated Chronology of the US Navy and Marine Corps, 1775–Present. Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1984.

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Work contains a number of interesting sections on the activities of the Navy and Marine Corps in the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. 57. Trelles y Govín, Carlos Manuel. Bibliografía de la Segunda Guerra de Independencia y de la Hispano-Americana. (Bibliography of the Second War of Independence and of the Spanish-American (War).) La Habana, Cuba: Revista Ilustrada “Cuba y América,” 1902. Work is a short bibliography of Spanish and English language pamphlets, speeches, articles, and published volumes covering the period 1895–1898. This is a pioneering work to create a bibliography of both the years covering the Cuban Revolt 1895–1898 and the period of the Spanish-American War—summer of 1898. The emphasis is primarily on activities which occurred in Cuba. 58. Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. 3 vols. James Arnold and Roberta Wiener, editors, documents volume; Paul G. Pierpaoliô Jr., associate editor; Jack McCallum and Justin D. Murphy, assistant editors. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2009. Work is a three-volume encyclopedia of bibliographical references and documents relative to the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection (Philippine-American War). The first two volumes contain bibliographic references and the third volume contains documents. Work is indexed. 59. US Revenue Cutter Service, the United States Revenue Cutter Service in the War with Spain 1898. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899. The United States Revenue Cutter Service, established in 1790, was the forerunner of the United States Coast Guard. During the Spanish-American War the Revenue Cutter Service’s thirteen vessels served as an auxiliary to the US Navy in the West Indies and the Philippines. This work contains official reports of commanding Revenue Service officers, with the most notable action being that of the Revenue Cutter Service’s ship McCullough which participated in the Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898. 60. Venzon, Anne Cipriano. The Spanish-American War: An Annotated Bibliography. Series: Wars of the United States, vol. 11. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1990. Reprinted and expanded as America’s War with Spain: A Selected Bibliography, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2003, with the addition of approximately

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100 bibliographic citations consisting of works contemporary with the 1898 conflict and related works published since 1990. The author’s original 1990 and later 2003 annotated bibliography provide a good basis for scholarly research on the topic of the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection. These works are directed toward helping the scholar understand the social and cultural aspects of the conflict. For example, there is a section listing contemporary American music of the 1898–1902 period in addition to standard works on war, military forces, and general studies of the Spanish-American War.

2 General Histories

61. Abbot, Willis John. The Naval History of the United States. 2 vols. New York: Peter Fenelon Collier, Publisher, 1898. This is a two volume history of the American Navy from the Revolutionary War to the end of the Spanish-American War. Volume 2 contains a concise history of 1898 conflict from the viewpoint of the American Navy with numerous contemporary photographs. Author has also included a detailed history of the development of the state naval militia or Naval Reserve, which played a significant role in the war with Spain. 62. —. Blue Jackets of ’98: A History of the Spanish-American War. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1899. Reprint New York: Dodd, Mead Company, 1910. Work is a detailed history of the naval operations in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Philippines. 63. Alger, Russell Alexander. The Spanish-American War. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1901. Reprint Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1971, and Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Volume is a first-hand account of war preparations and events of the war with Spain by President William McKinley’s Secretary of War. At the conclusion of the war Secretary Alger would be blamed for shortages of equipment and supplies and illness among state volunteer troops. Alger presents a defense of his department’s actions and explains his perspective of the war. 64. America’s War for Humanity, Related in Story and Picture, Embracing a Complete History of Cuba’s Struggle for Liberty and the Glorious Heroism of America’s Soldiers and Sailors. Compiled from the Letters and Personal Experiences of Noted Writers and Correspondents. A Thrilling and Wonderful Record of Human 28

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Heroism and Patriotic Devotion. Introduction by John J. Ingalls. New York and St. Louis, Missouri: N. D. Thompson Publishing Company, 1898. Contemporary popular account of the Spanish-American War covering Dewey’s naval battle at Manila Bay, the Cuban Campaign, and the surrender of Spanish forces in the West Indies. This work appears to have been published just prior to the initiation of peace negotiations between Spain and the United States in the latter months of 1898. Volume contains over two hundred engravings, photographs, sketches, and cartoons, with an introduction written by former Senator from Kansas John James Ingalls, a noted popular speaker of the period. 65. A World Power, American Heritage Illustrated History of the United States, Volume 12. Westbury, New York: Choice Publishing Incorporated, 1988. This work is one volume of a multiple volume set of American history, covering the period of colonial America to the 1980s. Work provides a good modern overview of the history of the period of the Spanish-American War and American Imperialism. 66. Austin, Oscar Phelps. Uncle Sam’s Soldiers, A Story of the War with Spain, New York: D. Appleton Company, 1899. Contemporary overview of American soldier experiences in the Spanish-American War. This work is intended for the juvenile reader. 67. Bachrach, Deborah. The Spanish-American War. San Diego, California: Lucent Books, 1991. Work is a concise volume on the Spanish-American War, written for high school level readers. Author discusses the conflict in its historical context, focusing on events leading to war, the conflict itself, and subsequent international effects. 68. Barón Fernández, José. La guerra hispano-norteamericana de 1898. (The Spanish-American War of 1898.) Sada, A Coruña, Spain: Ediciós do Castro, 1993. This work is a Spanish-language modern overview and narrative history of the Spanish-American War. 69. Beck, Henry Houghton. Cuba’s Fight for Freedom, and the War with Spain: A Comprehensive, Accurate and Thrilling History of the Spanish Kingdom and Its Latest and Fairest Colony. The Long Struggle of Cuba for Freedom and Independence: the Intervention of the United States and the Fierce War with Spain that

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Followed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Globe Bible Publishing Company, 1898. Work is a profusely illustrated contemporary narrative of the Cuban Rebellion and the United States’ war with Spain covering the period of 1895–1898. Beck, in a fashion typical of the period of the Spanish-American War, writes his work is a “record of oppression and patriotism, of cruelty and of valor, and above all of triumph of the stars and stripes.” Beck was a well-known late nineteenth-century writer of history and published a number of similar works entitled “Famous Battles,” “The Greco-Turkish War,” etc. Information in this work appears to have been derived from newspaper accounts of the period and produced shortly after the end of the SpanishAmerican War (August 13, 1898) to satisfy the American public’s demand for information on the conflict. 70. Bernardo, C. Joseph. “The Spanish-American War: A Turning Point in Military History.” Military Review 34 (September 1954): 19–31. Article is a standard mid-twentieth-century interpretation of the causes and outcome of the Spanish-American War, viewing American politicians and generals as more lucky than competent in their conduct of the war. Author recites the then popular interpretations of a weak President McKinley being pushed to action by an unrestrained “yellow press.” 71. Blow, Michael. A Ship to Remember, The Maine and the SpanishAmerican War. New York: William Morrow Company, 1992. Detailed history of the Spanish-American War contains numerous contemporary citations and a fine bibliography. This volume also contains a concise and scholarly presentation of events in the United States and Spain, leading to the Spanish-American War. Author presents a detailed examination of the destruction of the USS Maine and the investigation of the ship’s loss by the US Navy’s Board of Inquiry. 72. Brannen, Daniel E. Spanish-American War. Project editors Julie L. Carnegie and Allison McNeill. Detroit, Michigan: UXL Thomson/Gale, 2003. Modern narrative overview of the Spanish-American War—intended for a juvenile readership—covering the historical background of Cuba’s struggle for independence; major campaigns of the SpanishAmerican War in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Philippines; major military, political, and literary figures of the period; and the anti-imperialist vs. expansionist debates over

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annexation of the Philippines. Appendix includes biographies and full or excerpted memoirs, speeches, and other primary source documents. 73. Brooks, Elbridge Streeter. The Story of Our War with Spain. Boston, Massachusetts: Lothrup, Lee & Shepard Co., 1899. This work is a well-written contemporary popular account of the Spanish-American War, with its main concentration on the Cuban and Puerto Rico Campaigns in the West Indies. Elbridge S. Brooks (1846–1902) was a popular writer of American history, particularly for young people. 74. Browne, George Waldo. New America and the Far East: A Picturesque and Historic Description of these Lands and Peoples. Introduction by Edward S. Ellis. Boston, Massachusetts: Marshall Jones Company, 1907. Reprint 1910. Work is primarily a descriptive and fully illustrated (1,200 illustrations) volume of the areas recently occupied or annexed by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War. These written descriptions include Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines by well-known individuals such as General Leonard Wood, Charles H. Allen, Henry Cabot Lodge, and General Joseph Wheeler, respectively. This work provides a brief description of the Spanish-American War for each area. 75. Buel, James William. Behind the Guns with American Heros. An Official Volume of Thrilling Stories, Daring Deeds, Personal Adventures, Humorous Anecdotes, and Pathetic Incidents of the Spanish-American War and Our Battles with the Philippine Insurgents. Presented in Special Chapters by Admiral Dewey, General Miles, Lieutenant Hobson, General Shafter, Admiral Schley, General Merritt, Colonel Roosevelt, Captain Sigsbee, Admiral Sampson, General Otis, Captain Evans, General Wheeler, Commodore Philip, Lieutenant Wainwright, to which is Added Many Interesting Chapters by Soldiers and Sailors who were in the Thickest of the Conflict. Chicago and Philadelphia: International Publishing Company, 1899. This work is a contemporary or period narrative in that it covers a number of aspects of the Spanish-American War in the Philippines and the West Indies, along with the early period of the Philippine Insurrection. However, the organization does not follow a chronological approach. Rather, the author appears to have extracted information from a number of printed articles and newspaper personal interviews to create a series of short chapters on a variety of war-related topics.

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76. —. Hero Tales of the American Soldier and Sailor, as told by the Heroes themselves and Their Comrades: The Unwritten History of American Chivalry. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Hero Publishing Company, 1899. Reprint New York: W. W. Wilson, 1899 and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Century Manufacturing Company, 1899. Work is a contemporary narrative and lavishly illustrated history of the Spanish-American War by a well-known author specializing in American history in the late nineteenth century, James William Buel (1849–1920). Included are a number of first-person accounts of the conflict by officers and enlisted personnel of the US Army and Navy. 77. — and Marcus Joseph Wright. Our Late Wars: Spain and our New Possessions. Library of American History, Volume 4. Washington, D.C.: American Historical Society, 1900. This work is the last volume of a series on the history of the United States. Both authors had previously published works on nineteenthcentury American history and the Spanish-American War. This volume is a refinement of their previous works. 78. Carter, Alden R. The Spanish-American War: Imperial Ambitions. New York: Franklin Watts, 1992. This small juvenile literature volume chronicles the ten-week war in 1898 between the United States and Spain over the liberation of Cuba, the outcome of which ended the Spanish colonial empire and elevated the United States to a world power. 79. Chadwick, French Ensor, Rear-Admiral (Ret.). The Relations of the United States and Spain, Diplomatic History and The SpanishAmerican War. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1911. Reprint New York: Russell & Russell, 1968, and Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. One of the more authoritative and fact-filled works on the SpanishAmerican War by an author who presents a “documentary history” backed up with written orders, telegraph communications, and reports. Volume 1 covers the diplomatic history leading up to the outbreak of hostilities, and the naval blockade of Spanish colonies in the West Indies. Volume 2 covers the complete navy and army roles in the Cuban Campaign, the Puerto Rico Campaign, the Manila Bay naval fight, surrender of Manila, and the Treaty of Peace ending the conflict. Author emphasizes the role of the navy in the war. Excellent detailed Index with numerous original documents reproduced in the text.

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80. The Chicago Record’s War Stories. Chicago, Illinois: Reprinted from the Chicago Record, 1898. The Chicago Record was one of the largest newspapers in the Midwest at the time of the Spanish-American War. The Record fielded a number of reporters to cover the war in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico), including Kennett F. Harris, Trumbull White, Richard Lee Fearn, James Taft Hatfield, Malcom McDowell, and Henry Barrett Chamberlin, on the Record’s own news dispatch boat Hercules. These journalists wrote a number of articles for the Record covering topics such as camp life in the states; experiences afloat on monitors, gunboats, and auxiliary cruisers; Rough Riders in Cuba; Spanish fortifications; and the Cuban and Puerto Rico Campaigns. These articles were reprinted by the Chicago Record the end of 1898 in this special edition and provide an interesting journalistic overview of the war. 81. Chidsey, Donald Barr. The Spanish American War: A Behind-theScenes Account of the War in Cuba. New York: Crown Publishers, 1971. Good modern history of the Cuban Campaign, but which also covers equally the events in the Philippine Islands and Puerto Rico. This brief history of the war with Spain contains numerous historic period photos. The author is an accomplished writer of American history. 82. Collins, Mary. Spanish-American War. Cornerstones of Freedom Series. New York: Children’s Press, 1998. This small publication chronicles the causes of the SpanishAmerican War, the events leading up to it, and its lasting effects, including the emergence of the United States as a world power. Concise retelling of the Spanish-American War, aimed at the juvenile age reader. 83. Copeland, Wilbur R. A Complete History of the Spanish-American War of 1898. New York: The Mershon Company Publisher, 1899. Work is a contemporary description of the Spanish-American War based according to the author on “authentic data” and not prepared from newspaper accounts. Account covers the conflict up to the signing of the Peace Protocol in August of 1898. 84. Crabtree, Jerome Bruce. The Passing of Spain and the Ascendency of America. Springfield, Massachusetts: King-Richardson Publishing Company, 1898. This work contains a general narrative of the Spanish-American War up to the signing of the Peace Protocol on August 12, 1898.

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The majority of the work is a comparison of the histories, navies, and adherence to international law by the United States and Spain. The argument in this work is that the mismanagement by Spain of her colonies led to her defeat in the Spanish-American War. 85. Cugle, Frances (comp.). A Brief History of the Spanish-American War, February 1898–August 1898. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Kurzenknabe Press, 1898. Concise popular history of the Spanish-American War containing President William McKinley’s Message to Congress, a short history of the war, the Peace Protocol, and a chronology of major events of the conflict. 86. Davis, Richard Harding. The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898. Reprint Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1970. One of the more readable and personable accounts of the SpanishAmerican War in the West Indies by one of the most popular writers and correspondents of the 1890s. Davis was one of the few war correspondents to cover both the Cuban and Puerto Rico Campaigns, being at the battles of Las Guásimas and San Juan Hill, Cuba and Coamo, Puerto Rico. This volume is a compilation of articles Davis produced for Scribner’s Magazine throughout the summer of 1898 and then reprinted as a composite work in the latter part of the year. Davis was critical of General Shafter’s handling of the Cuban Campaign, but praised General Miles’ swift invasion of Puerto Rico. Davis was one of the few correspondents to bring a camera with him on the West Indies campaign so the photographs in this volume are contemporary to the events he witnessed. 87. De Quesada, Alejandro M. The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, 2007. Work is a concise narrative of the causes of the Spanish-American War—American public opinion and the destruction of the USS Maine—and the military actions in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands, which brought these areas under American control. In the Philippines the Spanish garrison quickly surrendered, but a local anti-Spanish insurgent force under Emilio Aguinaldo resisted US occupation. This new conflict—the Philippine Insurrection— continued until mid-1902, more than 100,000 US troops were eventually committed to the fight, and the campaign saw difficult jungle fighting, particularly with indigenous Moro tribesmen. This publication provides a detailed examination of the experiences and equipment of the opposing sides, and features rare historic photographs.

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88. Draper, Andrew Sloan. The Rescue of Cuba, Marking an Epoch in the Growth of Free Government. New York: Silver, Burdett and Company, 1899. Revised and expanded edition, 1910. This volume was originally published in 1899 as a contemporary description of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies and Philippine Islands. Andrew Draper (1848–1913) was a well-published historian of law and justified the loss of the Spanish colonial possessions to the United States on the basis of the misrule of these areas by the Spanish government. This work was revised and expanded (1910) to provide a discussion of the political progress toward democratic government in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands. 89. Dulles, Foster Rhea. The Imperial Years. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1956. Major study of America’s foreign relations from the 1890s to 1910, or as Foster R. Dulles (1900–1970) called this period of time “America’s brief moment of imperial fervor.” Also contains a synopsis of the Spanish-American War. 90. Duncan, Robert B. Brave Deeds of American Sailors. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: G. W. Jacobs & Company, 1912. Work is a narrative of American naval engagements from the Revolutionary War to the Spanish-American War. The last two chapters describe Commodore George Dewey’s victory at the Battle of Manila Bay and Lieutenant Richmond Hobson’s attempt to block the entrance to Santiago de Cuba by sinking the collier Merrimac in the main channel and preventing the escape of Rear Admiral Cervera’s Spanish squadron. 91. Everett, Marshall. Exciting Experiences in Our Wars with Spain and the Filipinos: Official History of Our War with Spain by President Wm. McKinley. Chicago, Illinois: Book Publishers Union, 1899. Reprint Chicago, Illinois: The Educational Company, 1900. Contemporary history of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Philippines, the annexation of Hawaii, and includes the first year of the Philippine Insurrection describing the campaigns on Luzón. Work contains reproductions of articles previously written elsewhere by President McKinley, Generals Shafter and Miles, and Admiral Dewey on the war; war poetry and songs; the Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain; and political cartoons.

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92. Freidel, Frank. The Splendid Little War. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown and Company 1958. Reprint Springfield, New Jersey: Burford Books, 2001. Unquestionably the most popular illustrated volume to appear on the sixtieth anniversary of the Spanish-American War. The author’s concise text and numerous period photos and illustrations helped to reassess the significance of this conflict to American history. 93. Gay, Kathlyn, and Martin Gay. Spanish American War. New York: Twenty-First Century Books, 1995. Good concise retelling of the Spanish-American War intended for the juvenile audience. 94. Golay, Michael. Spanish-American War. New York: Facts on File, 1995. Updated edition, John S. Bowman, general editor, New York: Facts on File, 2003. This work is a narrative account of the Spanish-American War, covering the origins of disputes between the United States and Spain over Cuba, profiles of the key figures, and descriptions of major battles. 95. Goldstein, Donald M., Katherine V. Dillion, J. Michael Wenger, and Robert J. Cressman. The Spanish-American War, The Story and Photographs. Washington and London: Brassey’s, 1998. Well-organized general history of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Philippine Islands. The use of numerous historic photos to supplement the text gives this work a special visual aspect. 96. Gómez Núñez, Severo, Captain. La guerra hispano-americana. (The Spanish-American War.) 5 vols. Madrid, Spain: Imprenta del Cuerpo Artillería (Printed by the Artillery Corps), 1899–1902. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Spanish-language five-volume history of the Spanish-American War, issued serially, by Captain Severo Gómez Núñez, who commanded the coastal artillery in and around Havana, Cuba, during the war with the United States. Volume 1—La guerra hispano-americana: barcos, cañones y fusiles (1899) (The Spanish-American War; Ships, Guns, and Weapons) discusses the relative strengths and weaknesses of Spanish warships, artillery, and small arms. Volume 2—La guerra hispano-americana: bloqueos y defensa costa (1899) (The SpanishAmerican War: Blockades and Coast Defense) discusses the American blockade of Cuba and Puerto Rico and Spanish coastal

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defenses in the West Indies. (This volume was translated and published in part by the United States Navy as the Office of Naval Intelligence War Note No. 6.) Volume 3–La guerra hispano-americana. La Habana, influencia de las plazas de guerra (1900) (The SpanishAmerican War. Havana, Influence of the War Fortifications) discusses the fortifications of Havana, Cuba. Volume 4—La guerra hispano-americana: Santiago de Cuba (1901) (The Spanish-American War: Santiago de Cuba) discusses the Cuban Campaign. Volume 5— La guerra hispano-americana: Puerto Rico y Filipinas (1902) (The Spanish-American War: Puerto Rico and Philippines) discusses the campaigns in those two areas. Gómez Núñez was a commander of artillery and an astute observer of military actions in the war, which he refers to as la inmensa catástrofe (“the immense catastrophe”) for Spain. 97. Graves, Kerry A. The Spanish-American War. America Goes to War. Mankato, Minnesota: Capstone Press, 2001 Work provides a brief overview of the causes of the war, American soldiers’ lives in camp, battles, and outcome of the war with Spain. Volume is intended as juvenile literature. 98. Green, Nathan C. The War with Spain and the Story of Spain and Cuba. Baltimore, Maryland: International News & Book Company, 1898. This contemporary to the conflict volume contains a series of articles with general information on the Cuban Insurrection, the SpanishAmerican War, and commerce of the Spanish colonies. Mainly covers the conflict in the West Indies. 99. Halstead, Murat. Our Country in War and Relations with All Nations: A History of War Times and American Heroes on Land and Sea, Containing a Vivid Description of Our Present Foreign Complications. N.p.: The United Subscription Book Publishers of America, 1898. Large illustrated volume covering the United States’ wars from the American Revolution up to the Spanish-American War. Contains a number of chapters on the crisis in Cuban affairs, the Battle of Manila, the Santiago de Cuba Campaign, and the Puerto Rican Campaign; the fall of Manila, and peace negotiations with Spain. 100. —. The History of American Expansion and the Story of our New Possessions. N.p.: The United Subscription Book Publishers of America, 1898. Work is a contemporary popular history containing a history of the Spanish-American War and early part of the Philippine Insurrection. The majority of this work contains an account of America’s

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westward expansion, military conflicts, and growing power in the Western hemisphere. Author views the acquisition of the Spanish Islands (Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines) and annexation of the Hawaiian Islands as part of America’s Manifest Destiny and provides a detailed history of these areas. Halstead was the editor of the Cincinnati Commercial, a Republican newspaper and was the author of numerous popular American history volumes, including works on the Cuban Revolution, the Spanish-American War, and the Philippine Insurrection. 101. —. Full Official History of the War with Spain. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. H. Moore Company, 1899. Reprint New Haven, Connecticut: Butler Alger, 1899. This contemporary work is one of the more popular contemporary descriptions of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies and the Philippine Islands. It claims that this work is one of the first histories of the conflict to utilize official government records. Work is profusely illustrated with contemporary photographs, illustrations, and prints. 102. Harper’s Pictorial History of the War with Spain, with an Introduction by Maj.-Gen. Nelson A. Miles, Commanding United States Army. New York and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1899. Large folio-size illustrated history of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies and Philippine Islands. Text, photos, and illustrations are a compilation of articles derived from Harper’s Weekly Magazine during the course of the war in the summer and fall of 1898. Very fine general account by correspondents and illustrators working for Harper’s. 103. Hendrickson, Kenneth E. The Spanish-American War. Greenwood Guides to Historic Events 1500–1900, L. S. Frey & M. L Frey, Series Editors. Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut, 2003. Good concise discussion of the events leading up to the 1898 conflict, the fighting in the West Indies and the Far East, and the peace negotiations. Particular note should be made of the author’s reasoned discussion of the consequences of this conflict and their effect on twentieth-century American historical events. 104. —. Primary Source Accounts of the Spanish-American War. America’s Wars Through Primary Sources. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Myreportlinks.com, 2006. This work is intended for the juvenile audience; however, it utilizes original source accounts, testimony, and reports of the people who

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participated in the events of the Spanish-American War making this an interesting and valuable volume. 105. Holmes, Prescott. Young People’s History of the War with Spain. Altemus Young People’s Library. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Henry Altemus, 1900. A concise and readable contemporary account of the War with Spain and the first year of the Philippine Insurrection (February of 1898 to December of 1899) directed at the juvenile reader. Other titles in the Altemus Young People’s Library series include Heroes of the United States Navy and Military Heroes of the United States. 106. Howard, Oliver Otis. Fighting for Humanity: or, Camp and QuarterDeck. London, New York: F. T. Neely, 1898. Oliver O. Howard (1830–1909) was a well-known Civil War general, Indian fighter on the western frontier, and publisher of American military history. This work is a contemporary narrative of the rightness of the United States’ war with Spain to liberate Cuba from centuries of misrule. 107. Johnston, William A. A History Up to Date: A Concise Account of the War of 1898 between the United States and Spain, Its Causes and the Treaty of Paris. New York: A. S. Barnes and Company, 1899. Work is a contemporary account of the Spanish-American War with considerable emphasis on the Cuban Campaign. Also covers the conflict in the Philippine Islands and includes the text of the Treaty of Paris ending the war in early 1899. 108. Jones, J. R. (ed.). The Story of Our Wonderful Victories Told by Dewey, Schley, Wheeler and Other Heros. A True History of our War with Spain by the Officers and Men of Our Army and Navy. Containing Admiral Dewey’s Report of the Famous Naval Battle at Manila: Graphic Account by Admiral Schley of the Great Naval Battle at Santiago: Daring Deeds of our Brave Regulars and Volunteers at the Battles of La Quasina, El Caney and San Juan. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Book and Bible House, 1899. Work is a contemporary popular account of the Spanish-American War up to the end of hostilities with Spain. The editor has reprinted numerous accounts of various naval and land actions in a compilation of the history of the war—although without citation—which were originally published in 1898. The editor does identify the individuals who are quoted throughout this volume.

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109. Keenan, Henry Francis. The Conflict with Spain, A History of the War Based upon Official Reports and Descriptions of Eye-Witnesses. Philadelphia and Chicago: P. W. Ziegler & Company, 1898. Volume is a contemporary history of the Spanish-American War covering events leading up to the conflict, war in the West Indies (Cuban and Puerto Rico Campaigns), the Battle of Manila Bay, and capture of Manila by American troops. This work appears to have come out just after the creation of a Spanish and American Peace Commission in late 1898. Contains numerous illustrations of the conflict and includes a number of official reports of naval officers. 110. Keller, Allan. The Spanish-American War: A Compact History. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1969. Work is a concise retelling of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies and the Philippines and is intended for high school and college level readers. 111. King, William Nephew, Lt., USN. The Story of the SpanishAmerican War, and the Revolt in the Philippines, Told by W. Nephew King. Lieutenant USN. New York: Peter Fenelon Collier & Son, 1900. Work is a deluxe large format edition covering the history of the Spanish-American War in 1898 and the early months of the Philippine Insurgency, which began February 4, 1899. Lt. King provides a good contemporary narrative of the conflict with Major General O. O. Howard and Captain Robley D. Evans, USN, providing additional text for Army and Navy operations, respectively. General Howard was a respected Civil War veteran and noted writer, while Captain Evans commanded the USS Iowa during the SpanishAmerican War. This work was issued with the title The Story of the War of 1898 on its front cover which differs from the full title on the inside. This volume is notably for the large number of fine period illustrations and photographs. 112. Lawson, Don. The United States in the Spanish-American War. New York: Abelard-Schuman, 1976. This is a modern work with a concise coverage of the conflict of 1898. 113. Lee, Fitzhugh, Major General, and Major General Joseph Wheeler. Cuba’s Struggle Against Spain, with the Causes of American Intervention and a Full Account of the Spanish-American War, Including Final Peace Negotiations. New York: The American Historical Press, 1899. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007.

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Work is a contemporary history of the Spanish-American War, with emphasis on Cuba, written by major American participants in the war. This work contains special sections on the Santiago de Cuba land campaign written by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, and the destruction of the USS Maine written by Commander Richard Wainwright, commander of the USS Gloucester. 114. Leslie’s Official History of the Spanish-American War: A Pictorial and Descriptive Record of the Cuban Rebellion, the Causes that Involved the United States and a Complete Narrative of our Conflict with Spain on Land and Sea. General Marcus Wright, War Records Office. Washington, D.C., 1899. Well-illustrated folio size volume containing numerous articles and over 1500 illustrations, maps, and photos first printed in Leslie’s Weekly. One of the most popular contemporary illustrated published works on the Spanish-American War. General Wright who assisted Leslie’s in the production of this work would publish a similar volume the next year. (See Item 160 below.) 115. Lodge, Henry Cabot. The War with Spain. New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1899. Reprint New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1900; New York: Arno Press, 1970; and Cranbury, New Jersey: Scholar’s Bookshelf, 2006. The author was a prominent Republican US Senator from Massachusetts and a proponent of American expansionism—like his friend Theodore Roosevelt—and a member of the Senate’s Committee for Foreign Affairs. Volume is not only a readable general account of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies and the Philippines, but offers good insight into the political aspects of the conflict. 116. March, Alden. The History and Conquest of the Philippines and Our Other Island Possessions. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: International Publishing Company, 1899. Reprint New York: Arno Press & The New York Times, 1970. Contemporary description of the Spanish-American War with emphasis on the Philippine Islands and the Philippines Insurrection which was by the time of this publication almost a year old. Author provides a past and present description of the history of the Philippines, Ladrone Islands (Guam), Hawaiian Islands, Cuba, and Puerto Rico and military operations on these islands. 117. Marrin, Albert. The Spanish-American War. New York: Atheneum, 1991.

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A concise modern general history of the 1898 conflict, intended for young readers and as an introductory text. 118. Mason, Gregory. Remember the Maine! New York: Henry Holt Company, 1939. Standard historical mid-twentieth-century treatment of the Cuban Campaign intended for high school readers. Work is notable for contemporary 1898 war illustrations by William J. Glackens, who worked for McClure’s Magazine in covering the war. Volume contains an appendix, bibliography, and index. 119. McCaffrey, James M. Inside the Spanish-American War: A History Based on First-Person Accounts. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2009. This is the story of the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, told from the perspective of the American soldiers, sailors, and marines in the field, and the reporters who covered their efforts. Author uses the first-person written accounts to tell the whole story of the war with Spain, in a manner similar to how Cornelius Ryan used oral histories to narrate the major battles of WWII. This work highlights the daily lives of the people to provide insight into the often overlooked facets of a soldier’s life. Work includes an extensive bibliography and index. 120. Mendoza y Vizcaíno, Enrique. Historia de la guerra hispanoamericana, con un prólogo de Sr. Francisco G. Cosmes. (History of the Spanish-American War, with a Prologue by Mr. Francisco G. Cosmes.) México: A. Barral y Compañía, Editores, 1898. Spanish-language general history narrative of the Spanish-American War produced in Mexico. Although the Mexican government was strictly neutral in this conflict, the country was home to thousands of recent Spanish emigrants and Spanish loyalists displaced from Cuba by hostilities on the island, who were loyal to Spain. Includes information on protests held in Mexico by Spanish citizens against the United States’ intervention in Cuba. 121. Millis, Walter. The Martial Spirit, a Study of Our War with Spain. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1931. Reprint Chicago, Illinois: Elephant Paperbacks, Ivan R. Dee, Inc., Publisher, 1959; New York: Arno Press, 1979; and Chicago, Illinois: I. R. Dee, 1989. This volume is one of the first detailed, comprehensive, and readable overviews of the Spanish-American War, which views the war from an ironic point of view. The author’s volume is still one of the most

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widely read books on the subject, although modern scholarship treats the conflict in a more serious manner. Millis’ work stresses the “Manifest Destiny” aspects of research on the Spanish-American War that was prevalent in the 1930s; however, it is recognized as “bridging the gap” between works published immediately after the war and more scholarly works of the last few decades. It is still considered an important work and is still used as a basis for research into the subject. 122. Morris, Charles. The War with Spain, A Complete History of the War of 1898 Between the United States and Spain. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1899. Contemporary description of the Spanish-American War covering the war in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and defeat of the Spanish Fleet in Manila Bay and the capture of Manila. Also discusses the Peace Treaty with Spain, but appears to have been published just prior to the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection. Author views the war’s outcome as projecting the United States into a new elevated position among the nations of the world—requiring a larger army and navy. 123. Musicant, Ivan. The Banana Wars, a History of the United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish-American War to the Invasion of Panama. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990. This work is a fine survey of American military intervention in the Caribbean from the 1898 Spanish-American War to the 1989 Panama Invasion. The author provides a concise overview of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies in Chapter 1, entitled Empire by Default, 1898, which became the title of his later expanded volume on the war. (See Item 124 below.) 124. —. Empire by Default, the Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century. New York: Henry Holt Co., 1998. One of the better recent volumes to appear at the centennial of the Spanish-American War, the author provides a good discussion of events leading up to the conflict, events in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Philippine Islands, and the effects of the war on the status of the United States in the world. 125. Musick, John Roy. History of the War with Spain, with a Complete Record of its Causes, with Incidents of the Struggle for Supremacy in the Western Hemisphere. New York: J. S. Ogilvie Publishing Company, 1898.

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Well-written contemporary historical narrative of the SpanishAmerican War with emphasis on the Cuban and Puerto Rico Campaigns. The author shows great insight when he states the war “changed the whole bent of the American mind.” Musick (1849–1901), a popular writer, also produced, Lights and Shadows of Our War with Spain (1898) and Hawaii Our New Possession (1898). 126. —. Lights and Shadows of Our War with Spain. New York, J. S. Ogilvie Publishing Company, 1898. Work is an overview and general description of the SpanishAmerican War by a popular author of the period. Much of Musick’s work appears to be derived from newspaper accounts of the war— primarily Cuba—in anecdotal form. 127. Nofi, Albert A. The Spanish-American War, 1898. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books, 1996. This work is an excellent concise narrative of the Spanish-American War and the onset of the Philippine Insurrection. It is particularly good for a number of sidebar notes on related topics. Good reference book for researchers beginning a study of this conflict. 128. Otis, James. The Boys of ’98. Boston, Massachusetts: Dana Estes & Publishers Company, 1898. Contemporary popular account of the Spanish-American War covering the defeat of the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, the Cuban Campaign, the capture of Manila, and the Peace Treaty negotiations. Information in this volume was garnered from contemporary war correspondent articles in newspapers and official United States military correspondence. 129. O’Toole, George J. A. The Spanish War, an American Epic—1898. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1984. Work is one of the better modern histories of the Spanish-American War and subsequent Philippine Insurrection. Well researched and documented, the emphasis is on the transition of the United States from a regional to an international military power. 130. Placer Cervera, Gustavo. El estreno del imperio: la guerra de 1898 en Cuba, Puerto Rico y Filipinas. (The Debut of Empire: The War of 1898 in Cuba, Puerto Rico and Philippines.) La Habana, Cuba: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 2005. Modern Spanish-language narrative of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Philippine Islands,

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by a Cuban author who has specialized in research on the 1898 conflict. 131. Plaza, José Antonio. El maldito verano del 98: los 112 días de la guerra con los Estados Unidos. (The Terrible Summer of 98: The 112 Days of the War with the United States.) Colección Historia viva, 5. Madrid, Spain: Temas de Hoy, 1997. This Spanish-language work is part of a series on Spanish history. This volume covers the summer of 1898 and the war between Spain and the United States. 132. Reeder, Red. The Story of the Spanish-American War. New York: Duell, Sloan, Pearce, 1966. Work is a concise modern survey of the war. The author notes the conflict’s importance in healing the rift in the United States between the northern and southern states. 133. Rice, Wallace. Heroic Deeds in our War with Spain, an Episodic History of the Fighting in 1898 on Sea and Shore. Chicago, Illinois: George M. Hill Company, 1898. Work is a contemporary narrative of events in the war as presented by the participants. Includes events such as the destruction of the USS Maine, Hobson’s sinking of the Merrimac at Santiago de Cuba, and the Battle of San Juan Hill. 134. Richards, Julian W. A Handbook of the Spanish-American War of 1898 and the Insurrection in the Philippines. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Republican Printing Co., 1899. This work is a short narrative of the recently concluded SpanishAmerican War and the early period of the Philippine Insurrection. 135. Rodríguez González, Agustín Ramón. La guerra del 98: las campañas de Cuba, Puerto Rico y Filipinas. (The War of 98: The Campaigns of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.) Madrid, Spain: Agualarga Editores, 1998. Work is a modern Spanish-language narrative of the 1898 war between the United States and Spain, and covers military campaigns in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Philippines. 136. Rosenfeld, Harvey. Diary of a Dirty Little War, The SpanishAmerican War of 1898. Westport, Connecticut: Preager Publishers, 2000. This volume offers an interesting and modern perspective on the narrative of the Spanish-American War from April 10, 1898 to

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August 12, 1898. Instead of a general description of events the author presents a day-by-day account of this period based on contemporary newspapers thus giving the reader a personal and human perspective often missed in the more general treatments of this conflict. 137. Ross, Clinton. Heroes of Our War with Spain: Their Exploits told for a Boy. Henry B. Wechsler (illustrator). New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1898. Good contemporary work, intended for the juvenile readership, on the Spanish-American War of 1898. The author acknowledges his indebtedness for the facts in his narration to newspaper men who did their work during the Spanish-American War of 1898, from which the bulk of this work appears to have been accumulated for publication. 138. Russell, Henry Benajah. An Illustrated History of Our War with Spain: Its Causes, Incidents, and Results Embracing a Complete Record of Military and Naval Operations. Introductions by Hon. Redfield Proctor and Hon. John M. Thurston. Hartford, Connecticut: A. D. Worthington & Co., Publishers, 1898. Work is a contemporary narrative with numerous full-page engravings of scenes of the war in the West Indies and the Philippines. Covers the period from early 1898 to the close of the conflict with Spain and includes descriptions of battles, sieges, exploits, and achievements of the American Army and Navy. 139. —. The Story of Two Wars: An Illustrated History of Our War with Spain and Our War with the Filipinos; Their Causes, Incidents, and Results. A Record of Civil, Military, and Naval Operations from Official Sources with Full Descriptions of Battles, Engagements, Exploits and Achievements of our Soldiers and Sailors on Land and Sea and many Thrilling Incidents and Experiences in Camp, Field, and Hospital. Including the Life and Career of Admiral Dewey and other famous American Naval and Military Leaders. Introduction by Senator Redfield Proctor. Hartford, Connecticut: The Hartford Publishing Company, 1899. This work is a follow up to the author’s 1898 publication that dealt almost entirely with the Spanish-American War. By early 1899, the Philippine Insurrection had broken out and the United States was sending to the islands newly created volunteer regiments that were intended to replace the State volunteer regiments whose time in service was due to end. This work discusses the complete SpanishAmerican War and land engagements in Luzón through the latter part of 1899.

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140. Smith, Joseph. The Spanish-American War, Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific, 1895–1902. England: Longman Group Limited, 1994. Volume contains a short, readable, and concise history of the SpanishAmerican War and Philippine Insurrection. Written for the reader with an advanced knowledge of the conflict and places the hostilities within a world framework, providing a fine introduction to the state of the Spanish nation and its colonies in the nineteenth century. 141. —. “The ‘Splendid Little War’ of 1898: A Reappraisal.” History 80, No. 258 (1996): 22–37. Article is a well written and concise overview of the SpanishAmerican War covering the military, political, and social aspects of the conflict. Views the conflict as the beginning of Europe’s realization of the actual power of the United States, but notes the serious administrative shortcomings and military deficiencies encountered by the McKinley administration in the pursuit of the war with Spain. 142. Smolinski, Diane. Battles of the Spanish-American War. Americans at War Series. Chicago, Illinois: Heinemann Library, 2003. Short work covering events leading up to the Spanish-American War, the campaigns and battles of the conflict in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, and the subsequent peace treaty. 143. Somerlott, Robert. The Spanish-American War: Remember the Maine! Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2002. Work is largely a photographic history of the War with Spain, utilizing historical black and white photos of the conflict. This work is part of the American War Series intended for the young adult readership. 144. Spears, John Randolph. Our Navy in the War with Spain. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898. Work is a contemporary overview of the Spanish-American War with emphasis on the role of the US Navy in the conflict. Author was a noted American naval historian of the period and his work contains good chapters on American vessel types, telegraphic cable cutting expeditions around Cuba, and the state naval militias or Navy Reserves. 145. Sprout, Harold Hance, and Margaret Tuttle Sprout. The Rise of American Naval Power, 1776–1918. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1939. Reprint Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1990.

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Well-researched history of the emergence of the United States as a major naval power. This work contains good information on the Spanish-American War period. 146. Stone, Herbert S. (ed.). The Spanish-American War, the Events of the War Described by an Eye Witness. New York: Herbert S. Stone and Company, 1899. The “eye witness” who contributed chapters to this work was a number of newspaper war correspondents who appear to have refurbished their original newspaper articles which the editor then organized into chapters to present a chronological account of the war. 147. The American-Spanish War: A History of the War by the War Leaders. Introduction by General Stewart L. Woodford. Norwich, Connecticut: Charles C. Haskell & Son, 1899. This volume is a fine contemporary compendium of articles on the Spanish-American War by key American and Cuban figures. This work contains an introduction by General Stewart L. Woodford, American Envoy to Spain, plus essays by Cuban General Carlos García, Captain Robley D. Evans, Major-General William R. Shafter, Major-General Wesley Merritt, Major-General Leonard Wood, and Lt. General Nelson A. Miles, on the Cuban, Puerto Rico, and Manila Campaigns. Also contains several essays on the financial, humanitarian, and political aspects of the conflict, such as chapters on “Army and Navy Christian Commission,” “Woman’s Work in the War,” and “The Secret Service in the War.” 148. Titherington, Richard Hanfield. A History of the Spanish-American War of 1898. New York: D. Appleton, 1900. Freeport, New York: Reprint Books for Libraries Press, 1971. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishers, 2007. The author originally published this work serially in Munsey’s Magazine, but revised it to produce this volume. Titherington’s work on the Spanish-American War is the first to contain not only firsthand accounts of the conflict by soldiers, sailors, and news correspondents which appeared in numerous books and magazine articles, but also War and Navy Department reports and Spanish-language works translated by the Bureau of Naval Intelligence. This careful research makes this volume one of the better contemporary general narratives of the war. 149. Trask, David F. The War with Spain in 1898. New York: Macmillan, 1981.

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Of all the modern histories of the Spanish-American War this volume has established a high standard of excellence for readability, historical research, and in-depth coverage of the events leading up to the conflict, the campaigns in the West Indies and the Philippines, and the Peace Treaty negotiations leading up to the start of the Philippines Insurrection. Trask’s work is one of the first to make extensive use of Spanish-language works that were contemporary with the conflict, giving a balanced view of the war from both the American and Spanish sides. 150. Watterson, Henry. History of the Spanish-American War, Embracing a Complete Review of Our Relations with Spain. San Francisco, California: E. D. Bronson & Co., 1898. Reprinted Hartford, Connecticut: American Publishing Company, 1898; Boston, Massachusetts: Bay State Company, 1898; New York: The Werner Company, 1898; and Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. This volume, as demonstrated by its numerous reprinted editions, was one of the most popular contemporary descriptions of the conflict in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the defeat of the Spanish Fleet in Manila Bay and capture of Manila. This work and the American Publishing, Bay State, and Werner Company editions appeared in late 1898 prior to the conclusion of a peace treaty with Spain. This work was again reprinted by a Chicago publishing company which included a chapter on the peace negotiations begun in late 1898. 151. Werstein, Irving. Turning Point for America. The Story of the Spanish-American War. New York: Julian Messner, Inc., 1964. Work is a concise history of the 1898 war covering the major events of the United States’ conflict over the Spanish West Indies and Philippines. Work also discusses the conditions American troops faced in the tropics, the supply of materials for the soldiers, and the author concludes the war marked a shift in America as it changed from a regional to world power. 152. —. 1898: The Spanish-American War. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, Inc., 1966. Modern recounting of the 1898 conflict using numerous contemporary photographs and text to describe military actions in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Philippines. 153. White, Trumbull. United States in War with Spain and the History of Cuba. Chicago, Illinois: International Publishing Co., 1898. Reprinted 1899.

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Contemporary illustrated work on the Spanish-American War— primarily in Cuba. Contains numerous illustrations, photos, and drawings of battles between the Spanish and Cubans prior to American intervention in Cuba (April 1898) and in the early months of American intervention in the summer of 1898. 154. —. Pictorial History of our War with Spain for Cuba’s Freedom. A Thrilling Account of the Land and Naval Operations of American Soldiers and Sailors in our War with Spain, and the Heroic Struggles of Cuban Patriots against Spanish Tyranny. Chicago, Illinois: Monarch Book Company, 1898. Reprint Chicago, Illinois: C. W. Stanton Company, 1898; Chicago, Illinois: American Publishing House, 1898; and N.p.: Freedom Publishing Co, 1898. Good contemporary and well-illustrated account of the SpanishAmerican War. Work includes histories of Spain, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Philippine Islands, and the background and events leading to the Spanish-American War. Also contains a number of firsthand accounts of US military personnel and journalists describing battles in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines in the fighting between the United States and Spanish forces. This volume also was also published under the title Our War with Spain for Cuba’s Freedom … (Chicago, Illinois, Monarch Book Company, 1898). 155. —. Our New Possessions, Four Books in One. A Graphic Account, Descriptive and Historical, of the Tropic Islands of the Sea which have Fallen under Our Sway. Book I. The Philippine Islands. Book II. Puerto Rico. Book III. Cuba. Book IV. The Hawaiian Islands. Chicago, Illinois: International Publishing Company, 1899. Reprint Chicago, Illinois: The Henry Publishing Company, 1901. Work is an illustrated and descriptive account of the Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Hawaii by a noted advocate of United States expansionism. This volume contains numerous interesting anecdotes and photographs regarding the military operations and occupations of these areas by American forces during the Spanish-American War. It also covers the early period of the Philippine Insurrection. 156. Wilcox, Marrion. A Short History of the War with Spain. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1898. Well-written contemporary history of the war with Spain that appeared shortly after the conclusion of fighting (August 12, 1898), but prior to the Treaty of Paris in early 1899. 157. Willets, Gibson. The Triumph of Yankee Doodle. London, New York: F. Tennyson Publishers, 1898.

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Willets, a popular history writer of the period, was in Cuba shortly after the destruction of the USS Maine (February 15, 1898), and continued to follow American military forces into camps in the United States, and the invasions of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Although not a real narrative of the Spanish-American War in the Caribbean, Willets’ work does provide a general impression of the American troops involved in the conflict. 158. Wilson, Herbert Wrigley. The Downfall of Spain: Naval History of the Spanish-American War. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1900. Reprint New York: Burt Franklin Research and Source Works Series 774, 1971. Work is an account of the Spanish-American War by an Englishman who specialized in naval history. Volume contains an account of the destruction of the USS Maine and naval operations throughout the conflict. Contains extensive technical information on the warships and is intended for the naval student of the history of the SpanishAmerican War. 159. —. Battleships in Action. 2 vols. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown, 1926. Reprint Grosse Point, Michigan: Scholarly Press, 1969, and Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1995. This is a major study of modern warships in naval engagements of the period of the American Civil War (1860s) to the First World War. Chapters 7 and 8 in Volume 1 discuss naval operations in the Spanish-American War. 160. Wright, Marcus Joseph, General. Wright’s Official History of the Spanish-American War: A Pictorial and Descriptive Record of the Cuban Rebellion, the Causes That Involved the United States, and a Complete Narrative of Our Conflict with Spain on Land and Sea. Washington, D.C.: War Records Office, 1900. Large folio-sized illustrated work on the Spanish-American War. The author General Wright (1831–1922) had access in the preparation of this work to both the War Records Office, in Washington, D.C., and the files of the publishers of Leslie’s Weekly. General Wright had previously assisted Leslie’s Weekly in the publication of Leslie’s Official History of the SpanishAmerican War (1899) (see Item 114 above), which this work emulates. 161. —. The Official and Pictorial Record of the Story of American Expansion, Portraying the Crowning Achievements of the McKinleyRoosevelt Administrations with Fullest Information Respecting the

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Original Thirteen States: The Several Cessions and Annexations, including Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, the Philippines, Samoa, and Panama Canal, Embellished with 1,500 original illustration. Compiled and written directly from official records at Washington. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: War Records Office, 1904. Two-volume folio-sized work describing American history and expansion beginning with the Revolutionary War but largely focusing on the military aspects of the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. Work includes sections and numerous (over 1500) photographs and illustrations showing Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippine Islands, Samoa, Hawaii, and Alaska and the people from these locales. 162. Wukovits, John F. The Spanish-American War. World History Series. CIP. Gale/Lucent, 2001. Overview of the Spanish-American War intended for juvenile readers. Author provides information on the role of women nurses, African-American soldiers, and the legacy of the conflict. 163. Young, James Rankin (Hon.), and J. Hampton Moore. History of Our War with Spain, Including Battles on Land and Sea, Containing a Complete Account of the Destruction of the Battleship “Maine”: Hurried Preparations for War; Outbreak of Hostilities; Capture of Spanish Vessels; Progress of the War Etc., Etc. To Which is Added a Full Account of the Conquests of Spain in America; Loss of Her Colonies, Naval Battles of the United States, Etc., Etc. New York: W. J. Holland, 1898. Rankin, a former Member of Congress wrote this volume in collaboration with newspaperman J. Hampton Moore. Volume contains contemporary illustrations, poetry, and personal American accounts of the conflict which convey period atmosphere rather than specific historical information. Considering the topics covered, this volume would have appeared prior to the start of the Cuban Campaign in June of 1898. Very similar to same authors’ Reminiscences and Thrilling Stories of the War by Returned Heroes. Eight multicolored ship prints and many full-page black and white illustrations in addition to sketches throughout. 164. —. Reminiscences and Thrilling Stories of the War by Returned Heros, Containing Vivid Accounts of Personal Experiences by Officers and Men. Washington, D.C.: R. A. Dinsmore, 1898. Reprint Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Minter Company, 1898; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Standard Publishing Company, 1898; Philadelphia,

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Pennsylvania: Elliott Publishing Company, 1899; Chicago, Illinois: Monroe Book Company, 1899; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Co-operative Publishing Company, 1899. This work and its reprints were one of the most popular contemporary descriptions of the Santiago de Cuba Campaign and the Puerto Rico Campaign in the West Indies, and Admiral Dewey’s victory at Manila Bay and the capture of Manila, in the Philippine Islands. Rankin, a Member of Congress, wrote this volume in collaboration with newspaperman J. Hampton Moore. Volume contains contemporary illustrations, poetry, and personal American accounts of the conflict which convey period atmosphere rather than specific historical information. 165. —. Spanish-American War and Battles in the Philippines, Containing a Full and Graphic Account of Dewey’s Great Victory at Manila: Sinking of the Spanish Fleet at Santiago; Battles of San Juan and El Caney; Surrender of Santiago and Invasion of Porto Rico. Including Battles with the Insurgents at Manila; Capture of Iloilo and Pasig; Surrender of the Islands of Negros and Cebu; Downfall of the Insurgent Capital Malolos; Capture of Santa Cruz, Longos, Paete, Etc. N.p.: J. R. Jones, 1899. This volume is an updated version of Young and Moore’s earlier 1898 and 1899 publications on the Spanish-American War (See Items 163 and 164 above). The main change to this volume is the addition of a chapter briefly covering the early period of the Philippine Insurrection (February 1898 to October 1899). 166. Zeil, Ron. Birth of the American Century: Centennial History of the Spanish-American War. Edited by Jedidiah Clauss. Mattituck, New York: Amereon House, 1997. General narrative and history of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Philippine Islands issued to commemorate the centennial of the start of the conflict. Also covers the Philippine Insurrection and the legacy of the war for the United States. Work contains a number of excellent historical photographs of the conflict.

3 Cuban, Filipino, and Puerto Rican Resistance to Spanish Rule

167. Achutegui, Pedro de, and Miguel Bernad. Aguinaldo and the Revolution of 1896: A Documentary History. Quezón City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1972. Important work for the translated Spanish and Tagalog documents relating to the 1896 Filipino Revolt against the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines. Good discussion of the role of Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) in the period before the SpanishAmerican War. 168. Aparicio, Raúl. Hombradía de Antonio Maceo. (The Courage of Antonio Maceo.) La Habana, Cuba: Ediciones Unión, 1967. Reprint La Habana: Cuba: Unión de Escritores y Artistas de Cuba, 1974. Spanish-language work is a biography of the Cuban rebel General Antonio Maceo, who fought in the Cuban War of 1895–1898. General Maceo was killed in an engagement with Spanish forces in 1897. 169. Bonsal, Stephen. The Real Condition of Cuba to Day. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1897. Stephen Bonsal was one of the first American newspaper correspondents to enter Cuba while the revolution against Spanish rule was underway. His reporting of meetings with the Cuban revolutionaries was important in shaping American understanding of the situation on that island. 170. Bradford, Richard H. The Virginius Affair. Foreword by Walter Lafeber. Boulder, Colorado: Colorado Associated University Press, 1980. During the Ten Years War (1868–1878), on October 31, 1873, the Spanish Navy caught an American ship, the Virginius, flying an American flag, but owned by Cuban Rebels attempting to smuggle 54

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guns and men into Cuba to fight the Spanish. The Virginius was brought into Santiago de Cuba harbor, where the Spanish convicted the American Captain Joseph Fry, a former Confederate Naval Officer, of filibustering and executed him and 53 of his crewmen. The incident nearly led to a confrontation between the United States and Spain, but diplomacy prevailed and Spain paid a $80,000 indemnity for Captain Fry’s death. An offshoot of this incident was the completion of the construction of five Amphitrite class monitors by the US Navy—all of which participated in the Spanish-American War two decades later. 171. Brau, Maria M. Island in the Crossroads: The History of Puerto Rico. Garden City, NY, Doubleday, 1968. This work contains a comprehensive history of the island of Puerto Rico from its discovery to the mid-1960s. Later chapters have a discussion of the late nineteenth-century political struggle between Puerto Rican creoles and Spanish administrators to create a shortlived autonomous government for colonial Puerto Rico which was suspended by the Spanish Governor upon learning of the invasion of the island by American forces during the Spanish-American War. 172. Burguete, Ricardo. ¡La guerra! Filipinas. (Memorias de un herido.) (The War! Philippines. (Memoirs of a Wounded Soldier).) Barcelona, Spain: Casa Editorial Maucci, 1902. Spanish-language memoir of a soldier recruited from Barcelona and shipped on the Alfonso XIII to the Philippines via the Suez Canal. Author describes fighting the Katipunan (Filipino rebels) in the jungles and mountains of Luzón, sickness in the Spanish Army, and return to Barcelona. Author does not provide dates or regimental information so it is difficult to pin down the narrative. The Spanish fought and managed to suppress the Katipunan between 1896 and 1897, which is the presumed date of this narrative. The author returned to Barcelona prior to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War. Many of the problems faced by the Spanish army in dealing with the Katipunan would be the same as the Americans faced between 1899 and 1902 during the Philippine Insurrection. 173. Chiles, Paul Nelson. The Puerto Rican Press Reaction to the United States. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1944. Detailed examination of Puerto Rican newspapers in the years leading up to the Spanish-American War and their differing views of commercial trade with the United States. The liberal newspapers generally supported an autonomous government for Puerto Rico and saw trade with the United States as beneficial for the island’s sugar,

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coffee, and tobacco exports. The conservative newspapers supported the Spanish government view that wished to maintain the status quo of Puerto Rico as a colony under the direct control of Spanishappointed governors. The conservatives advocated a mercantile policy of protectionism for Spanish merchants which would purchase Puerto Rican goods. 174. Corpuz, Onofre D. Saga and Triumph: The Filipino Revolution against Spain. Manila: Philippine Centennial Commission, 1999. Work is a detailed history of the Filipino Rebellion of 1896 against the Spanish colonial government. History covers the 1896 Rebellion, the temporary truce of 1897, the conquest of Luzón by the rebels during the Spanish-American War, and commencement of the Philippine Insurrection against the United States. 175. Davey, Richard. Cuba Past and Present. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898. Published just prior to American intervention in the Cuban Rebellion, this work covers the history of the island from its discovery in 1492 to 1898. Also discusses the status of the Cuban Rebellion which started in 1895. 176. Delgado, Germán. The Relations between Puerto Rico and Cuba in the Cuban War of Independence. MA Thesis Submitted to the Department of History, Louisiana State University, 1964. As early as 1867, some revolutionaries on the islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico considered the independence of both islands from Spain as a single objective. José Martí and Ramón Emeterio Betances by 1895 encouraged Cuban and Puerto Rican exiles to cooperate with each other to achieve a common goal. With the death of Martí in 1895, however, the new director of the Cuban Junta Tomás Estrada Palma concentrated on the liberation of Cuba, causing a split between the two groups. This thesis chronicles the contributions of Puerto Ricans to the liberation of Cuba. 177. Fenn, Emory W. “Ten Months with the Cuban Insurgents.” Century Magazine 56, No. 2, (June, 1898): 302–307. The author describes his experiences as an American filibuster serving as a Major in the Cuban Revolutionary Army from February of 1897 to January of 1898 when Fenn was captured and paroled to the American Consul in Havana, Fitzhugh Lee. Article describes the organization of the Cuban rebels, their commanders and tactics, attacks on railroad lines in Cuba, and the capture of Victoria de las Tunas.

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178. Ferrer Gutiérrez, Virgilio. Diario de campaña de un estudiante Mambí. Realizado durante la guerra hispano-cubana norteamericana 1895–1898. Notas y aclaraciones de Virgilio Ferrer Gutiérrez. (Campaign Diary of a Student Mambi. Written During the SpanishCuba-North American War, 1895–1898. Notes and Clarifications by Virgilio Ferrer Gutiérrez.) La Habana, Cuba: “Indice,” 1945. Work is a rare Spanish-language personal memoir account of a Cuban rebel, or Mambí, discussing his role in the period of 1895–1898, when as a Cuban Revolutionary he was fighting against the Spanish colonial government of Cuba. 179. Gonzales, Narciso Gener. In Darkest Cuba: Two Months Service Under Gomez Along the Trocha from the Caribbean to the Bahama Channel. Columbia, South Carolina: The State Company, 1922. The author, Narciso Gonzales (1859–1903), wrote this personal memoir of his service in support of Cuban Revolutionaries prior to the intervention of the American military in Cuba. Gonzales was the son of General Ambrosio José Gonzales, a Cuban Revolutionary who had previously fought against Spanish rule in Cuba before settling in South Carolina to raise a family. General Gonzales’ son, Narciso Gonzales, was the publisher of The State, a newspaper in Columbia, South Carolina, that advocated independence for Cuba. Narciso Gonzales was killed in 1903 by Ben Tillman, whom The State had campaigned against in the 1902 South Carolina Governor’s race. Gonzales’ personal memoir was “ghost written” by his family and published some twenty years after his death. 180. Guerrero, Rafael. Crónica de la guerra de Cuba (1895–1896). Con los datos suministrados por los corresponsales de Habana y New York y documentos adquiridos al efecto. (Chronicle of the Cuban War (1895–1896). With Data Submitted by Correspondents from Havana and New York and Documents Acquired to that effect.) 5 vols. Barcelona, Spain: Librería Editorial de M. Maucci, 1895–1897. Work consists of a five-volume Spanish-language study, issued serially, of the Spanish military’s efforts to suppress the Cuban Revolutionary movement started in 1895. Volumes contain numerous period illustrations and photographs. 181. Halstead, Murat. The Story of Cuba Her Struggles for Liberty: the Cause, Crisis and Destiny of the Pearl of the Antilles. Chicago, Illinois: Cuban Libre Publishing Co., 1896. Reprinted and expanded Chicago, Illinois: The Werner Company, 1898.

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The author’s original work of 1896 recounted the struggles of Cuban Revolutionaries against the Spanish military on that island. By the time this work was in its sixth edition in 1898, an expanded edition to include information on American military intervention on the island was added. 182. Hannaford, Ebenezer, Lt. Map and History of Cuba, from the Latest and Best Authorities, Including a Clear and Graphic Account of the War of 1895–1897. Springfield, Ohio: Mast, Crowell & Kirkpatrick, 1897. Issued one year before the United States’ intervention in Cuba this pamphlet was intended to provide information to the American public on the Cuban Rebellion which had been going on for the last two years. Work also included a map of the island of Cuba to aid the reader. 183. Henna, José J, and Roberto H. Todd (eds.). Memoria de los trabajos realizados por la sección Puerto Rico del Partido Revolucionario Cubano, 1895–1898. (Account of the Work Accomplished by the Puerto Rican Section of the Cuban Revolutionary Party, 1895–1898.) New York: Imprenta de A. W. Howes, 1898. This work is a Spanish-language history by two major Puerto Rican figures in the struggle to liberate their island and Cuba from Spain. It chronicles the joint efforts of exiled Cubans and Puerto Ricans prior to the intervention of the United States on both islands. 184. Hostos, Eugenio María de. Diario. (Diary.) La Habana: Edición Conmemorativa del Gobierno de Puerto Rico: Imprenta Soltero, 1939. This work is a Spanish-language compilation of the writings of Eugenio María de Hostos, a Puerto Rican intellectual who advocated, with other Antillean revolutionaries such as José Martí and Ramón Betances, the overthrow of the Spanish colonial governments in Cuba and Puerto Rico. These men promoted the idea of a united and free country made up of the Spanish-speaking islands of the Caribbean as a potential balancing force that would maintain peace between North and South America. 185. Lubián y Arias, Rafael, and Arturo R. De Carricarte. La ruta de Martí, de la playita a Dos Ríos, desde el 11 de abril al 19 de mayo de 1895. (The Route of Martí, from the Small Beach to Dos Ríos, from April 11 to May 19, 1895.) La Habana, Cuba: Molina y Cia, 1938.

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Spanish-language work covering the period of the landing of José Martí, the leader of the Cuban Revolutionary Party, and his brief time in Cuba before he was killed in a skirmish with Spanish military forces. 186. Mabini, Apolinario. La revolución filipina. (The Philippine Revolution.) Translation by León M. Guerrero. N.p.: Department of Education, National Historical Commission, 1969. Apolinario Mabini (1864–1903) was born in Batangas Province and studied law in the early 1890s. He was imprisoned by the Spanish during the 1896 rebellion in the Philippines and joined Emilio Aguinaldo’s organization upon his release the following year. Active in the insurgency movement until captured by American forces in December of 1899 he was deported to Guam where he eventually took a loyalty oath to the American colonial government. Mabini composed this work on the history of the Philippine Revolution to include the execution of Filipino Catholic priests Burgos, Gómez, and Zamora for advocating reforms; the outlawed works of fiction by José Rizal which stressed the need for Spanish reforms—for which Rizal was executed; and the organization of the Katipunan ng manga Anak ng Bayan (Association of the Sons of the People) under Andrés Bonifacio. This work also includes a brief account of the 1896–1897 Katipunan revolt against the Spanish, and the Pact of Biakna-Bato ending the conflict, in which the leaders of the Katipunan went into exile in Hong Kong. At this time, Mabini became a political advisor to Aguinaldo and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippine Republic upon the latter’s return in June of 1898 to organize another uprising against the Spanish, in alliance with American forces. Work ends with a concise discussion of conflicts among the leaders of the Philippine Republic contributing to the defeat of the Filipinos by American forces for which he blames Aguinaldo. The Spanish-language text of this work was originally published in Teodoro M. Kalaw’s La revolución filipina, vol. 2, pp. 261–325, Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1931, which was taken from a handwritten manuscript completed by Mabini before his death in 1903. 187. Martí, José. Obras completas. (Complete Works.) 2 vols. La Habana: Editorial Lex, 1946. Work is a Spanish-language compilation of the complete writings of José Martí, Cuban Revolutionary, whose efforts were the inspiration for the Cuban Revolt of 1895. Martí was killed in a fight with Spanish troops in Cuba in May 1895, but he is considered the father of Cuban independence for his creation of an organization that would succeed three years later.

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188. Matthews, Claude (Governor of Indiana). The Cuban Patriots’ Cause Is Just, the Right Shall Prevail, and in God’s Own Time Cuba Shall Be Free. Philadelphia: Charles F. Simmons, 1895. The pamphlet includes a copy of the November 1895 petition of Protestant and Catholic ministers to Congress who demanded United States recognition of the Cuban republic, as well as a reprinting of the transcript of the rally’s speeches titled “Matthews on Cuba’s Freedom,” “The Yoke of Spanish Tyranny and Misrule Should Be Lifted,” and “Godspeed Their Holy Ambition,” from the Philadelphia Times, 22 November 1895. Published at the end the Cleveland administration this is one of the earliest printed documents showing American support for the liberation of Cuba. 189. Musgrave, George Clarke, Captain. Under Three Flags in Cuba, A Personal Account of the Cuban Insurrection and Spanish-American War. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown Company, 1899. This work is a personal account of the Cuban Rebellion and Spanish-American War in Cuba. The author, who was a newspaper observer attached to the Cuban Revolutionary Army, was captured three times by the Spanish. Musgrave was wounded and witnessed numerous skirmishes as well as many larger actions prior to American intervention. Captured in Cuba and sent to Spain, Musgrave was released and returned to Cuba with Shafter’s Fifth Corps in the Cuban Campaign. 190. Pérez Morís, José, and Luis Cueto y González Quijano. Historia de la insurrección de Lares, precedida de una reseña de los trabajos separatistas que se vienen haciendo en la isla de Puerto-Rico desde la emancipación de las demás posesiones hispano-ultramarinas, y seguida de todos los documentos a ella referentes. (History of the Insurrection of Lares, Preceded by a Review of Works of the Separatists that were Occurring in the Island of Puerto Rico since Emancipation of the Other Spanish Possessions and Followed by all the Supporting Documents.) Barcelona, Spain: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Narciso Ramírez Y. C., 1872. The Lares Revolt of 1868 against the Spanish colonial government on the Island of Puerto Rico sought the abolition of slavery, freedom of the press, unrestricted commerce, and independence from Spain. About six hundred men, led by criollo liberals, drew up a provisional constitution and declared the Puerto Rican Republic on September 23, 1868. The revolutionaries were defeated in their first encounter with Spanish troops. The Lares Revolt has come to be viewed as the beginning of Puerto Rico’s struggle for independence. The authors of

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this work were peninsulares, or Puerto Ricans who supported the Spanish colonial government of the island, but their work is considered an important study of the revolt. 191. Piedra Martel, Manuel. Mis primeros treinta años: memorias: infancia y adolescencia, la guerra de independencia. (My First Thirty Years; Memories: Infancy and Adolescence, the War of Independence.) La Habana, Cuba: Editorial Minerva, 1943. Second Edition, 1944. Third Edition, 1945. Reprint Ciudad de La Habana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 1979. Work is a Spanish-language personal memoir of Manuel Martel (1868–1954), one of the last surviving general officers of the Cuban Revolution. 192. —. Campañas de Maceo, en la última guerra de independencia. (Campaigns of Maceo, in the Final War of Independence.) La Habana, Cuba: Editorial Lex, 1946. This volume is a Spanish-language discussion of Cuban revolutionary General Antonio Maceo’s campaigns in western Cuba in 1895–1896. Maceo was one of the top Cuban revolutionary generals in the fight against Spain, until he was killed in an engagement with Spanish forces. 193. Quesada y Aróstegui, Gonzalo de. The Spanish Idea of Autonomy: A Birthright for a Mess of Potage. Washington, December 23, 1897. Pamphlet issued by the Chargé d’Affaires of the Cuban Revolutionary Government in the United States—Gonzalo de Quesada, denouncing the offer of the Spanish government to create an autonomous government for Cuba and Puerto Rico. This offer had been encouraged by the United States to hopefully end fighting in Cuba. However, by the time the offer was extended, the Cuban Revolutionary Government believed they were close to complete independence so they rejected the offer. 194. — and Henry Davenport Northrup. The War in Cuba, or The Great Struggle for Freedom. Cincinnati, Ohio: Ferguson Co., 1896. Reprinted Chicago: The Dominion Company, 1896; Liberty Publishing Co., 1896; Philadelphia: Standard Publishing Company, 1896; Washington, D.C.: J. R. Jones, 1898; and New York: Arno Press, 1970. Gonzalo de Quesada (1868–1915) was appointed Chargé d’Affaires of the Cuban Revolutionary Government in the United States shortly after the beginning of the Cuban Revolt in 1895. In this capacity Quesada published several volumes which served to keep

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the American public informed of the progress of the Cuban rebels against the Spanish military on the island of Cuba and encourage American support for the rebels. Work contains numerous period photos and wood engravings. 195. — and Henry Davenport Northrup. America’s Battle for Cuba’s Freedom. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Publishing Company, 1898. Reprint Chicago, Illinois: The Dominion Company, 1898. This work was published by the Cuban Government in exile in the United States to generate sympathy for the Cuban cause just as the war was starting. Divided into three parts it covers the history of the Cuban Rebellion from 1895–1898, the history of Cuba and “Spanish Misrule,” and a contemporary description of Cuba. This volume appears to have been published after the Peace Protocol of August 12, 1898, but prior to the conclusion of a peace treaty with Spain. The principle author, Gonzalo de Quesada (1868–1915) was the Chargé d’Affaires Officer of the Republic of Cuba, personal friend of the late José Martí, and responsible for the publication of pamphlets and books on Cuba’s struggle for independence during the period 1895–1898. Henry Davenport Northrup (1836–1909) was a noted writer of popular American history in the late nineteenth century. 196. Rama, Carlos M. (comp.). Las Antillas para los antillanos / Ramón Emeterio Betances: prólogo, selección, traducciones y notas del doctor Carlos M. Rama. (The Antilles for the Antilleans / Ramón Emeterio Betances; Prologue, Selection, Translations, and Notes of Dr. Carlos M. Rama.) San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorríqueña, 1975. Work is a Spanish-language compilation of the writings of Ramón Emeterio Betances (1827–1898), the major figure in the struggle for Puerto Rican independence from Spain in the latter half of the nineteenth century. From his exile in Paris, Betances wrote articles in support of freedom for the Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico and Cuba, corresponded with other exiles, such as José Martí and Dr. José Julio Henna who advocated an independent Antillean nation, and raised money for the fight against Spanish colonial rule in the Caribbean. Work reprints some of Betances’ articles and letters. 197. —. La independencia de las Antillas y Ramón Emeterio Betances. (The Independence of the Antilles and Ramón Emeterio Betances.) San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorríqueña, 1980. Volume is a Spanish-language study of the life of Ramón Emeterio Betances (1827–1898), the major advocate of Puerto Rican

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independence in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Betances’ support of José Martí’s vision of an independent Antillean nation made up of the Spanish-speaking islands in the Caribbean encouraged numerous Puerto Rican exiles to join the Cuban Revolutionary Party. The needs of the Cuban Revolutionary Party to fight the Spanish in Cuba, however, put Martí’s grand vision on hold and ended with his death in 1895. The intervention of the United States in Cuba and its subsequent annexation of Puerto Rico coincided with the year of Betances’ death (1898). 198. Rea, George Bronson. Facts and Fakes About Cuba: A Review of the Various Stories Circulated in the United States Concerning the Present Insurrection. New York: George Munro’s Sons, 1897. This volume is an important early work by a noted American correspondent and traveler to Cuba, in an attempt to present the Cuban Rebellion in a factual manner without propaganda from either the Spanish or Revolutionary Cuban factions. 199. Rowan, Andrew Summer, 1st Lt., 19th Infantry, and Marathon Montrose Ramsey. The Island of Cuba. A Descriptive and Historical Account of the “Great Antilla.” New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1896. Reprint of second edition 1897. The first edition of this work was published in 1896, shortly after the outbreak of the 1895 Cuban Revolt and was based on a personal visit to the island by Lt. Rowan in early 1896. This volume was one of the few English-language guides to the natural and social history of Cuba. The work provided the US Army Adjutant General’s Office with much of the information they used in their volume entitled War Notes on Cuba, which was intended to familiarize Army Officers on the state of the island when the Spanish-American War started in April of 1898. It was probably also on the basis of this book that the Army selected Lt. Rowan for a secret mission to Cuban Revolutionary leaders on his famous trek into the interior of Cuba, immortalized in Hubbard’s article “Message to Garcia.” 200. Smith, Horace. A Captain Unafraid: The Strange Adventures of Dynamite Johnny O’Brien. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1912. Work is a biography of “Dynamite” Johnny O’Brien, an American filibuster hired by the Cuban Revolutionary Party to smuggle guns and equipment through the Spanish naval blockade to support Cuban forces on that island. This work is a semi-fictional biography of O’Brien, who after Cuban Independence worked to improve the port facilities in Havana, which included raising the shattered hulk of

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the USS Maine from the bottom of the harbor. In 1911, O’Brien guided the remains of the USS Maine out of Havana Harbor and was the last man to depart the wreck before it was sunk in deep water off Cuba. 201. Souza y Rodríguez, Benigno. Ensayo histórico sobre la invasión. (Historical Essay on the Invasion.) La Habana, Cuba: Impr. De Ejército, 1948. Reprint Miami, Florida: Asociación Patriótica Mayor General Calixto García, 1999. Work is a Spanish-language study of the Cuban Revolution of 1895–1898 and the campaigns and events that occurred in Cuba during that period, leading up to the intervention by United States’ military forces. 202. Tirado, Modesto A. Apuntes de un corresponsal: guerra de independencia. (Notes of a Correspondent: War of Independence.) Prologue by Enrique Gay Galbó. La Habana, Cuba: Molina y Compañia, 1942. Work is a Spanish-language personal memoir of a Puerto Rican war correspondent who went to Cuba in 1895 at the outbreak of the Cuban Revolt to report the war for Cuban revolutionary newspapers. Author notes the contribution of Puerto Ricans who were involved in the fight in Cuba. 203. Tone, John Lawrence. War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895–1898. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 2006. This work discusses the effects of the Cuban Revolution on the civilian population in Cuba between 1895 and 1898. The author notes the revolutionary leaders Antonio Maceo and Máximo Gómez were the first to force civilians to relocate to the east side of the island, where the Cubans controlled the mountainous terrain, so they would not be accused of supporting the Spanish and be subject to immediate trial and execution. The Spanish General Valeriano Weyler, practiced the same tactics of reconcentrado, but more effectively. Author believes that by the time the American military intervened in Cuba in June of 1898 the Cuban revolutionaries were militarily no longer able to resist the Spanish military, but the political and economic situation in Spain prevented a negotiated peace. By mid-1898 it is estimated that 10 percent of the population had perished due to forced relocations. 204. Tupper, Henry Allen, Jr. Columbia’s War for Cuba: A Story of the Early Struggles of the Cuban Patriots, and of All the Important

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Events Leading up to the Present War Between the United States and Spain for Cuba Libre. New York: P. B. Bromfield & Co., 1898. Reprint New York: The Success Company, 1898 and Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Work covers the background history of three years of the Cuban Revolution (1895–1898) and the commencement of the SpanishAmerican War between the United States and Spain. This volume appears to have been published just after the outbreak of the Spanish-American War (post-April 1898). 205. Varona Guerrero, Miguel Angel. La guerra de independencia de Cuba, 1895–1898. (The War of Cuban Independence, 1895–1898.) 3 vols. La Habana, Cuba: Editorial Lex, 1946. Extensive Spanish-language history of the Cuban War of Independence for the years 1895–1898, written by a former Cuban Revolutionary officer who served as an aide to General Máximo Gómez. 206. Wagenheim, Olga Jiménez de. Puerto Rico’s Revolt for Independence, El Grito de Lares. Marcus Wiener Publishing: Princeton and New York, 1993. Spanish-language version of this volume published by Ediciones Huracán: San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1984. Although not as well known as the Ten Years Revolt (1868–1878) which took place in Cuba, the month long el grito de Lares (The Shout of Lares) had major social and political implications for Puerto Rico leading to a disaffection of a number of creoles of this island for Spain. The author describes the motives of the rebels, the social and economic conditions on the island leading to the revolt, and the Spanish judicial procedures resulting in a general amnesty for the participants. 207. Worcester, Dean C. The Philippine Islands and Their People. A Record of Personal Observation and Experience, with a Short Summary of the More Important Facts of the History of the Archipelago. New York: Macmillan, 1899. Worcester’s published firsthand travel account through the Spanish Philippine Islands in the 1880s and their description were the major American overview and study of this area at the outbreak of the Spanish-American War. The author provides extensive social, cultural, and natural history information on the Philippine Archipelago. The author’s familiarity with this area would lead to President McKinley appointing Worcester to serve on a commission to study the Philippines after the end of the Spanish-American War.

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B. American Public Opinion Changes and Diplomacy on Cuba 208. Auxier, George W. “The Propaganda Activities of the Cuban Junta in Precipitating the Spanish-American War, 1895–98.” The Hispanic American Historical Review 19, No. 3 (August 1939): 286–305. The Cuban Junta, representing the political arm of the Cuban Revolutionary Party, was established in New York City under the directorship of its President Tomás Estrada Palmas in September of 1895 and worked with the American Cuban League based in Washington, D.C., to seek American aid to free Cuba from Spain. Both offices raised funds for filibuster expeditions to send arms to Cuban revolutionaries fighting the Spanish; however, much of their efforts involved propaganda to support their cause. Both offices produced stage plays highlighting the Cuban cause, printed the newspaper La Patria (The Fatherland), and issued English-language press releases, pamphlets, and books in support of the Cuban fighters. This article was based on Auxier’s 1938 dissertation from Ohio State University—“The Cuban Question as Reflected in the Editorial Columns of Middle Western Newspapers, 1895–98.” 209. —. “Middle Western Newspapers and the Spanish-American War, 1895–98.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 26, No. 4 (March 1948): 523–534. A detailed study of the newspapers in the Midwest by the author showed that they did not follow the more demonstrative “yellow” presses of the east coast. However, these newspapers consistently carried editorials which pointed out United States’ interests in the Caribbean, Spanish violations of these interests, propaganda issued by the Cuban Junta, and how affairs in Cuba were affecting American politics. 210. Benton, Elbert Jay. International Law and Diplomacy of the SpanishAmerican War. The Albert Shaw Lectures on Diplomatic History, 1907. New York: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1908. Reprint Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Smith, 1968; and Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Volume is a reconstruction of diplomatic events leading to the United States intervention in the Cuban conflict and how America came to abandon its traditional non-intervention stance in foreign affairs. Author argues the point that with regard to Cuba America had rights and obligations “which stand before and above the rights of sovereign independence” of Spain and her colonies. Author gives an interesting review of the rights of belligerents and neutrals at the turn of the twentieth century. The latter part of the volume deals

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with the Spanish cession of the Philippines under the Treaty of Paris, which in his view gave the United States full sovereign rights to that area, irrespective of the opinion of the Filipino peoples. Points out that Spain contested the rights of the United States to a number of islands in the Philippines which “were clearly Spanish territory” and not covered by the Treaty of Paris, but these were ceded on November 7, 1900 for a payment of $100,000. 211. Campbell, W. Joseph. Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 2001. Author contends the “yellow press” period of the 1890s in American journalism history has produced many powerful and enduring myths—almost none of them true. This study presents extensive evidence that 1) the yellow press did not foment and could not have fomented the Spanish-American War in 1898, and 2) the famous exchange of telegrams between the artist Frederic Remington and newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst—in which Hearst is said to have vowed to “furnish the war” with Spain, never took place. This critical assessment encourages a more precise understanding of the history of yellow journalism, and should appeal to scholars of American journalism, and journalism history. 212. Cisneros, Evangelina, and Karl Decker. The Story of Evangelina Cisneros. Richmond, Virginia: B. F. Johnson Publishing Co., 1899. The imprisonment of Ms. Cisneros by Spanish authorities in Cuba for revolutionary activities made her a celebrity in the “yellow press” of the United States. Eventually American newspaper reporter Karl Decker arranged for her escape and travel to the United States where she was regaled as a hero of the Cuban Revolution. 213. Davis, Richard Harding. Cuba in Wartime. New York: R. H. Russell, 1897. Richard Harding Davis was one of the most popular war correspondents and writers of the 1890s and his description of Cuba, two years after the start of the Cuban Revolt (1895), is one of the first well-written volumes to appear on the conflict one year prior to America’s intervention in Cuba. Two of the best articles is this volume are “The Death of Rodríguez” and “Along the Trocha.” The first told of the execution of a Cuban rebel by firing squad and the second described the great Trocha, or fortification, constructed by the Spanish across Cuba to control the rebels’ movements. Information for this book was gathered by Davis while working in Cuba with Frederick Remington for William Randolph Hearst. Both men were

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working in Cuba with the permission of the Spanish authorities in Havana. Illustrations in this work were executed by Frederick Remington. 214. —. A Year from a Reporter’s Note-Book. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1903. Reprint New York: Arno Press, Inc., 1970. This work contains the best articles produced by Davis in 1897, of which the only articles dealing with Cuba were reprints of “The Death of Rodríguez” and “Along the Trocha” which had first appeared in Cuba in Wartime (1897). (See Item 213 above.) 215. —. Notes of a War Correspondent. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1910. Book is an autobiography of an internationally known war correspondent of the turn of the century. First half of the book covers the Spanish-American War in Cuba and Puerto Rico. These are revised chapters of his earlier articles and works. 216. Eggert, Gerald G. “Our Man in Havana: Fitzhugh Lee.” Hispanic American Historic Review 47, No. 4 (November 1967): 463–485. Author suggests the foreign diplomacy of the American Consul in Havana, Cuba, General Fitzhugh Lee, may have been politically influenced by Free Silver Democrat’s attempts to gain control of Congress from the Republicans and a desire to increase American investment in Cuba. 217. Einstein, Lewis. “British Diplomacy in the Spanish-American War.” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 76 (1964): 30–54. Article discusses Great Britain’s diplomatic movements during March and April 1898, just before the outbreak of war between the United States and Spain. Lord Julian Pauncefote, the British Ambassador to the United States, believed President McKinley’s war message to Congress was unjustified and recommended to his superiors in London the creation of a joint representation to America to this effect by the great powers of Europe. However, Acting British Foreign Secretary, Arthur Balfour, rejected Lord Pauncefote’s idea, thereby keeping Great Britain from initiating a diplomatic mission against the United States’ intervention in Cuba and laying the groundwork for future Anglo-American international cooperation.

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218. Ferrara, Orestes. The Last Spanish War, Revelations in “Diplomacy.” Translated from the Spanish by William E. Shea. New York: The Paisley Press, Inc., 1937. This work by a former Cuban Ambassador to Washington is a thorough and thoughtful review of the events between the United States and Spain leading up to the Spanish-American War as perceived by European diplomats. Ferrara believed the Spanish as early as the Cleveland Administration sought to forestall American intervention in Cuba by drawing other European powers into some type of compact to act as a deterrent to the United States. Spain’s history of isolationism made her unwilling to commit to either the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) or the Dual Alliance (France and Russia). Spain hoped a diplomatic understanding with one or both of these alliances would force the American government to curtail filibuster shipments of supplies to Cuban rebels. In the end, Great Britain’s acting as a counterbalance to Spain’s diplomacy and the unwillingness of other European countries to displease the United States prevented either of the two European alliances from entering into a compact with the Spanish government. As a result, in 1898 Spain was forced to deal militarily with the United States without any material support from other European powers. 219. Flack, Horace Edgar. “Spanish-American Diplomatic Relations Preceding the War of 1898.” Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science 24 (January 1906): 3–95. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Important article discussing the arguments for and against recognition of the Cuban revolutionaries as belligerents or insurgents; the neutrality options of the United States in the conflict; and what the military intervention of America in Cuba meant in terms of international law. 220. Flint, Grover. Marching with Gomez. A War Correspondent’s Field Note-Book Kept During Four Months with the Cuban Army. With an Introduction by John Fiske. Boston: Lamson, Wolffe and Company, 1898. Reprint New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1899. The author Grover Flint (1867–1909) was a newspaper correspondent who entered Cuba intending to meet with General Gómez, head of the Cuban Revolutionary Army. Besides providing a narration of his adventures Flint also described the organization of the Cuban army; reported on the deaths of Americans fighting with the Cuban army; and how the Spanish military was implementing

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the reconcentrado plan to prevent the people from helping the Cuban revolutionaries. 221. Fry, Joseph A. “Silver and Sentiment: The Nevada Press and the Coming of the Spanish-American War.” Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 20, No. 4 (1977): 222–239. Article analyzes editorials on the situation in Cuba in 25 Nevada newspapers prior to the Spanish-American War. Author found all the newspapers were critical of Spanish rule in Cuba and most generally disagreed with President McKinley’s efforts to resolve the situation by diplomacy. Democratic papers supporting “Free Silver” advocated war with Spain to improve Nevada’s silver-mining economy. Republican papers called for war with Spain but cited principally self-defense and humanitarian reasons. 222. Grenville, John A. S. and George B. Young. Politics, Strategy and American Diplomacy: Studies in Foreign Policy, 1873–1917. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1966. Work covers America’s foreign policy from the end of the Civil War to its entry in World War I. By 1898, the authors believe America’s intervention in Cuba and the Philippines may be viewed as a departure from isolation to a defensive strategy to provide a better defense for the United States from other nations. 223. May, Ernest R. Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1961. Reprint Chicago, Illinois: Imprint Publications, 1991. Author examines not only the American policy toward the Cuban Rebellion but also the response of European powers to the war in Spain’s Caribbean colony. Believes McKinley’s program for peace in Cuba was logical, but not practical in the face of the hostilities between Spain and the Cuban revolutionaries. Book is valuable for examining the role of Great Britain in supporting the United States as an emerging power. 224. Offner, John L. An Unwanted War, the Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1992. This is an important work that examines archival material from the United States, Cuba, Spain, and other European states. Author sees that conflict between Spain and the Cuban revolutionaries had reached a point by 1898 where neither side was capable of compromising its positions to obtain peace. As a result, McKinley’s efforts to establish an autonomous Cuban government were met with

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suspicion by both parties, making American intervention a reality as neither side was capable of achieving victory. This work is in part derived from the author’s dissertation “President McKinley and the Origins of the Spanish-American War,” Pennsylvania State University, 1957. 225. Olasky, Marvin N. “Hawks or Doves? Texas Press and SpanishAmerican War.” Journalism Quarterly 64, No. 1 (1987): 205–208. Article considers the attitudes of fifteen Texas newspapers from 15 February to 21 April, 1898, in reporting tensions that led to the Spanish-American War. During this period many of the Texas newspapers were questioning Spanish destruction of the Maine and atrocities in Cuba. The Texas newspapers did not follow sensationalist clamor and were moderate in their reporting. 226. Perkins, Dexter. The Monroe Doctrine 1867–1907. The Albert Shaw Lectures on Diplomatic History, 1937, the Walter Hines Page School of International Relations. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1937. Reprint Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown, 1955 and Gloucester, Massachusetts: P. Smith, 1966. Author argues that the Monroe Doctrine was not used as justification for intervention in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. The reason for not invoking this doctrine was due to the peaceful intentions of President McKinley and the State Department to resolve the issue of the Cuban Revolt. 227. Schlup, Leonard. “Hernando de Soto Money: War Advocate and Anti-Imperialist, 1898–1900.” Journal of Mississippi History 60, No. 4 (1998): 315–339. Mississippi’s United States Senator, Hernando de Soto Money, on a tour of Cuba in early 1898, became convinced that the United States had a moral obligation to rid the island of Spanish control. In a Senate speech and in magazine articles, he promoted American involvement in Cuba and eventual statehood. Once the war was underway, Senator Money also supported the annexation of Hawaii but McKinley’s acquisition of the Philippines would end Money’s expansionism views. He objected to the annexation of the Philippines on constitutional, political, economic, diplomatic, moral, geographical, and historical grounds and felt that this kind of imperialism would eventually be a corrosive influence and costly burden on the nation. 228. Terrill, Tom E. The Tariff, Politics, and American Foreign Policy, 1874–1902. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1973.

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Author believes problems of the United States’ tariff policy in the late nineteenth century was a deciding factor in the creation of a more open foreign policy. The national debate on tariff policy made many people, including McKinley, view the United States as having a major role in world affairs. 229. Torre del Río, Rosario de la. Inglaterra y España en 1898. (England and Spain in 1898.) Madrid, Spain: Eudema, 1988. Spanish-language study of the relationship between England and Spain covering the period leading up to and during the SpanishAmerican War. Covers Britain’s policy on belligerent shipping in her colonial ports around the world, the treatment of Admiral Camara’s squadron as it passed through the Suez Canal, and the use of cable stations by the opposing sides. In sum, the author concludes more assistance was provided to the American side than the Spanish. 230. —. “1895–98: Inglaterra y la búsqueda de un compromiso internacional para la intervención norteamericana en Cuba.” (1895–98: England and the Search for an International Agreement Regarding American Intervention in Cuba.) Hispania: Revista Española de Historia 57, No. 2 (1997): 515–549. This Spanish-language article examines the international situation during the last decade of the nineteenth century, and Britain’s desire to strengthen the security of Gibraltar. Coinciding with the outbreak of the Cuban Revolution (1895), the initial steps of American intervention, and Spain’s attempt to get European powers to come to her aid to check the Washington government, the British ambassador in Madrid, Henry Drummond Wolff, attempted to move Prime Minister Lord Salisbury’s government in Spain’s favor. Wolff was not successful, but his correspondence illuminates British diplomacy in Madrid and the intent of Spanish foreign policy in the years preceding the Spanish-American War. This article is derived from the author’s book Inglaterra y España en 1898 (England and Spain in 1898) (1988). 231. Wilkerson, Marcus. Public Opinion and the Spanish-American War. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1932. Pioneering study of public opinion in the United States as shaped by various news media to determine how this effected America’s entry into the Spanish-American War. 232. Wisan, Joseph E. The Cuban Crisis as Reflected in the New York Press, 1895–1898. New York: Columbia University Press, 1934. One of the earliest works in which historians examined the content of newspapers, in particular those of the “yellow” of New York,

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to determine their effect on public opinion and the decision making of the American government.

C. The Destruction of the USS Maine 233. Allen, Thomas B. (ed.). “What Really Sank the Maine?” Naval History 11 (March/April 1998): 30–39. Article author summarizes the various possible causes for the destruction of the USS Maine. Concludes that an undersea mine is the most likely cause for the loss. 234. —. “Remember the Maine?” National Geographic 193, No. 2 (February 1998), 92–111. Article is a retelling of the story of the destruction of the USS Maine, lost in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898. Author concludes that a fire and explosion in the coal bunker next to an ammunition magazine—as advocated by Admiral Rickover—was just as likely as destruction by a mine—as identified by the Naval Board of Inquiry. If the latter was the case, then the culprits could have been part of a Spanish government plot; an act by peninsulares in Cuba, who resented American intervention; or Cuban patriots who saw the attack as a means of bringing America into the conflict on their side. 235. Beehler, W. H., Commodore. “Experiences of a Naval Attaché.” The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine 76, No. 6 (October 1908): 946–955. Article includes the author’s speculation on how the destruction of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor could have been caused by a mine. 236. Bradford, Richard H. “From the ‘Virginius’ to the ‘Maine’: Two Crises of the Gilded Age.” Journal of the West Virginia Historical Association 5, No. 1 (1981): 27–39. Article compares the capture of the American filibustering ship Virginius by Spain in 1873 with the destruction of the American warship Maine, possibly caused by Spain in 1898. Author discusses why the second episode led to war but the first did not. 237. Cluverius, W. T. “A Midshipman on the Maine.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 44 (1918): 236–248. The author of this article was serving on board the USS Maine on the night (February 15, 1898) she was destroyed in an explosion. Article includes a personal memoir of the Maine’s last days.

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238. Crompton, Samuel Willard. The Sinking of the USS Maine: Declaring War against Spain. Milestones in American History Series. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2009. On February 15, 1898, the USS Maine was blown up while in Havana Harbor, Cuba, leading to the Spanish-American War. This volume examines the events leading up to the destruction of the Maine, the immediate aftermath, and the long-term consequences. Work is intended for the juvenile readership. 239. Davis, Michelle Bray, and Rollin W. Quimby. “Senator Proctor’s Cuban Speech: Speculations on a Cause of the Spanish-American War.” The Quarterly Journal of Speech 55, No. 2 (1969): 131–141. On March 17, 1898, United States Senator, Redfield Proctor of Vermont, reported to Congress on his recent unofficial visit to Cuba. The report was descriptive in nature and offered no arguments or recommendations to relieve the suffering of the Cuban people or to end the war between the Spanish government and Cuban rebels. Yet the straightforward presentation of the facts, by a respected conservative Republican, of the problems in Cuba and the suffering of the Cuban people, once they were repeated in the press, became almost as compelling a reason for American intervention as the destruction of the USS Maine. The authors believe Proctor’s speech was significant in that it “gave strength to the interventionist position.” 240. Dawes, Charles Gates. A Journal of the McKinley Years. Edited, and with a Foreword by Bascom N. Timmons. Chicago, Illinois: The Lakeside Press, R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company, 1950. Charles G. Dawes was a close friend and confidant of President William McKinley, and the financial man behind the president’s successful campaign of 1896. Dawes became the Comptroller of the Currency in the Treasury Department and worked to ensure the stability of the nation’s banks after the Panic of 1893. During the Spanish-American War Dawes was a sounding board for the president who had few close friends in the cabinet and rarely openly discussed his thoughts, which Dawes recorded in his diary. At the age of 85 in 1950, Dawes agreed to let Bascom Timmons publish the diary and it remains one of the few insider commentaries on the McKinley administration and its handling of the Spanish-American War and subsequent peace with Spain. 241. Fleming, Thomas. “Getting the Real Message to García.” MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History 19, No. 2 (2007): 64–73.

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Article retells the story of the espionage journey into Spanish Cuba of US Army Lieutenant Andrew S. Rowan, several weeks before the start of the Spanish-American War. Lt. Rowan’s mission was to meet with the leader of the Cuban Revolutionary Army, General Calixto García, and obtain his cooperation during the upcoming American invasion of Cuba. 242. Foner, Philip S. “Why the United States Went to War with Spain in 1898.” Science and Society 32 (1968): 39–65. Author believes the main reason for the war with Spain was a desire on the part of the United States to expand its markets overseas. Other factors such as humanitarian concerns over Cubans, “Yellow” Press Newspapers, and the destruction of the USS Maine only reinforced the basic economic concerns of the McKinley administration. 243. Fry, Joseph A. “William McKinley and the Coming of the SpanishAmerican War: A Study of the Besmirching and Redemption of an Historical Image,” Diplomatic History 3 (Winter 1979): 77–97. Article examines the reasons for the post-1920s historians’ view of William McKinley as a weak president, who was perceived as being forced into war with Spain as a result of public clamor. After the 1960s, writers began to view McKinley as having a comprehensive and sound plan for dealing with the Cuban Rebellion and as a masterful strategist in conducting the war and negotiating with the Spanish. 244. García Barrón, Carlos. “Enrique Depuy de Lôme and the SpanishAmerican War.” Americas 36, No. 1 (1979): 39–58. An experienced career diplomat, Enrique Dupuy de Lôme (1851–1904) represented Spain in the United States from 1895 to 1898 as tension mounted over Spain’s repression of revolution in Cuba. He appears to have underestimated the seriousness of United States concerns with the situation in Cuba, and he contributed to it by an indiscreet private letter critical of President McKinley. However, de Lôme in general served Spanish interests ably and was correct in his analysis of forces at work that ultimately affected United States—Spanish relations. 245. Gleijeses, Piero. “1898: The Opposition to the Spanish-American War.” Journal of Latin American Studies 35, No. 4 (2003): 681–719. Article examines opposition to a war with Spain in the United States in the months preceding the April 1898 outbreak of hostilities, using newspapers from the United States and Europe which the author believes provide the best explanation of the anti-war stance.

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246. Gould, Lewis L. The Presidency of William McKinley. American Presidency Series. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1980. Book is a modern view of President William McKinley as both a master politician and innovative policy maker. Author views McKinley as the first modern president because of his use of consensus to govern and as a great manager of men. Also presents the Chief Executive as having great leadership skill during the Spanish-American War and subsequent peace negotiations with Spain. 247. —. The Spanish-American War and President McKinley. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1982. This volume is derived from the author’s earlier work The Presidency of William McKinley (1980) (See Item 246 above) and concentrates primarily on the decision to intervene in Cuba militarily and the consequences of the war. Author believes this conflict was a major turning point in the history of the United States and the creation of the modern presidency, due in large part to McKinley’s expansion of his office’s war powers—in sending troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion in China, undertaking occupation duty in Cuba, and fighting the Filipinos in the Philippine Insurrection—all without the authorization of Congress. 248. Greig, Julius. The Immediate Cause of the War with Spain: From the Personal Narrative of J. Greig … [concerning] the Plot Which Resulted in the Total Destruction of the United States Battleship “Maine” … as Dictated to C. H. McLellan. Boston: Charles H. McLellan, 1899. The author of this work believed there was a plot by Spanish loyalists to destroy the USS Maine on February 15, 1898. This work is the basis for a number of conspiracy theories for the destruction of the American warship. 249. Hamilton, Richard F. President McKinley, War and Empire, Volume 1, President McKinley and the Coming of War, 1898. American Presidents Series. Transaction Publishers: New Brunswick, New Jersey, 2006. Thoughtful and concise volume that reviews the American decisionmaking process that led to the Spanish-American War. In particular, the author discusses the numerous reasons for intervention in Cuba and other parts of the Spanish colonial empire. 250. Healy, David. US Expansion: The Imperialist Urge in the 1890s. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979.

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Author argues that combination of social, economic, and security issues led to intervention in Cuba and the conflict with Spain. 251. Jeffers, H. Paul. Colonel Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt Goes to War, 1897–1898. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1996. Author contends Roosevelt heightened the diplomatic crisis by his actions at the Navy Department as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. In particular, Roosevelt’s communication with Commodore George Dewey to prepare for naval combat—even before war with Spain was declared and while John Long, the Secretary of the Navy, was absent, demonstrates his independent actions. 252. Kent, Zachary. The Story of the Sinking of the Battleship Maine. Cornerstones of Freedom Series. Chicago, Illinois: Children’s Press, 1988. Retelling of the destruction of the USS Maine, intended for the juvenile reader. 253. Leech, Margaret. In the Days of McKinley. New York: Harper Brothers, 1959. This work is the first modern treatment of the presidency of William McKinley, in which the author highlights the human side of this president and his administration. Focusing on the period of 1896 to 1901, the book contains a wealth of detail. In this readable book Margaret Leech has written absorbingly of a little-known personage of our past. William McKinley emerges as a man of charm and a certain dry wit—certainly reticent, and more than a little misunderstood even by his closest friends. 254. Leuchtenberg, William E. “The Needless War with Spain.” American Heritage 8 (1957): 32–48, 95. Reprint Allan Nevins, (ed.), Times of Trial, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1958. Article suggests that the United States’ aggressiveness, combined with an expansionist president like McKinley, were key factors in the war with Spain. 255. McDonald, Timothy. “McKinley and the Coming of War with Spain.” Midwest Quarterly 7 (April 1964): 225–239. Author proposes that President McKinley was more interested in securing the annexation of the Philippine Islands than Cuba, and was willing to wage a two-front war in the West Indies and western Pacific if war came with Spain.

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256. McNeese, Tim. Remember the Maine! The Spanish-American War Begins. Greensboro, North Carolina: Morgan Reynolds Publishers, 2002. The sinking of the warship USS Maine in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898, took the lives of 265 officers and men and led the United States into war with Spain. This work retells the story of the days before and after the explosion that sank the Maine. Intended for the juvenile readership. 257. McSherry, Patrick. “The Lancastrian who went Down with the ‘Maine.’ ” Journal of the Lancaster County Historical Society 109, No. 1 (2007): 36–43. Short article relates the brief naval career of Seaman Charles E. Dowart of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, who died aboard the USS Maine when it exploded in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898, leading to the Spanish-American War. The author is the webmaster for www.spanamwar.com, one of the best English-language websites for information on the Spanish-American War. 258. Message from the President of the United States Transmitting the Report of the Naval Court of Inquiry Upon the Destruction of the US Battle Ship Maine in Havana Harbor, February 15, 1898, together with the Testimony Taken before the Court. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1898. This government document is the official findings of the Naval Court of Inquiry into the destruction of the USS Maine. This document along with McKinley’s speech to Congress resulted in a Declaration of War against Spain and a call for the independence of Cuba. Folding charts and photographic plates in rear. 259. Meyers, Robert C. V. Theodore Roosevelt, Patriot and Statesman. The True Story of an Ideal American, Youngest President of the United States. A Complete Account of his Ancestry: Home Training Education—College Life; Political Career—As Member New York State Assembly, Civil Service Commissioner, Police Commissioner of New York City, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Governor of New York, Vice-President and President of the United States; His Military Career-Organizing the Famous Rough Riders, His Spanish War Record; His Literary Work. Philadelphia and Chicago: P. W. Ziegler & Company, 1901. Work is a contemporary biography of the twenty-sixth President of the United States which appeared shortly after Theodore Roosevelt assumed the Presidency following the death of William McKinley.

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Chapters 9 through 14 cover Roosevelt’s involvement in the SpanishAmerican War and his role as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy prior to the outbreak of the war with Spain. 260. Miles, Nelson A., Major General. Report of Major General Nelson A. Miles, Commanding US Army of his Tour of Observation in Europe, May 5 to October 10, 1897. Adjutant General’s Office, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899. Work is an official report of the Commanding General of the Army’s tour of observation of Greek, Turkish, Swedish, Austrian, Russian, French, English, German, and Italian forces and weapons manufactures at a time when America was starting to look outward at possible threats to the country from foreign nations. Miles was able to observe and report first-hand on the short 1897 conflict between Greece and Turkey. Curiously, considering the ongoing problems in Cuba in 1897, Miles did not visit Spain. 261. Miller, Thomas. “Remembering the Maine.” Smithsonian 28 (Feb. 1998): 46–57. Good concise illustrated article on the loss of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, the explosion, court of naval inquiry, and legacy of the ship in American history. 262. Monner Sans, Ricardo. España y Norte-América: la guerra actual, antecedentes, consideraciones. (Spain and North America; the Actual War, Antecedents, Considerations). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Imp. De A. Monkes, 1898. The author appears to have commenced the writing of this small volume just as the war began in late April of 1898. In this Spanish-language work the author discusses the lead up to the war, noting that the United States did not seem to favor a war with Spain over the issue of Cuba. The forces which appeared to force the issue were the jingoistic American press and politics. He examines the “charges” against Spain leveled by the United States, such as the treatment of the reconcentrados and America’s claim they are fighting a war for humanity, and concludes they have no merit. By the time the work was published in early June, the author felt it necessary to add an epilogue regarding the status of the combatants after a month of fighting, at which point the outcome did not appear to favor Spanish arms. 263. Morgan, H. Wayne. “De Lôme Letter.” Historian 26 (November 1963): 36–49. Article is an in-depth study of a Spanish official’s personal letter critical of President McKinley which was made public in the

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yellow press. Author argues that the real importance of the letter was that it destroyed any American belief of Spanish honesty in negotiations to solve problems in Cuba. 264. Offner, John L. “President McKinley’s Final Attempt to Avoid War with Spain.” Ohio Historical Review 94 (Summer-Autumn 1985): 125–138. Article recounts the last week of diplomacy by the McKinley administration to avoid war with Spain. 265. —. “Washington Mission: Archbishop Ireland on the Eve of the Spanish-American War.” Catholic Historical Review 73 (1987): 562–575. Article discusses Archbishop John Ireland’s attempt, at the request of Vatican Secretary of State Mariano Rampolla, to broker peace between Washington and Madrid. Ireland met with President William McKinley, Senator Stephen B. Elkins, Spanish minister Luis Polo de Bernabé, and French Ambassador Jules-Martin Cambon in what ultimately would be a futile effort to prevent the SpanishAmerican War. Author argues that Archbishop Ireland’s diplomatic mission to mediate peace with the United States and Spain was not totally selfless. If successful in achieving a peace settlement Ireland would have had an effect on his advancement in the Church hierarchy and his influence at the Vatican, and enhanced the position of the Catholic Church in America. 266. Olcott, Charles S. The Life of William McKinley. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916. The author, a popular history writer of the period, had access to several members of the McKinley administration and the diaries of George B. Cortelyou, the president’s personal secretary. Although containing much good information, the habit of McKinley not to write letters on important government matters made the chief executive officer appear to be “one-dimensional.” 267. Peake, Louis A. “Andrew Summers Rowan and the Message ‘From’ Garcia.” West Virginia History 44, No. 3 (1983): 227–240. At the beginning of the Spanish-American War, President William McKinley sent Lieutenant Andrew Summers Rowan to Cuba to make contact with Cuban rebel leader General Calixto García. There was no presidential message to García; rather, the mission was simply to learn General García’s needs, which were “artillery, ammunition, and guns.” Later Elbert Hubbard recast the episode in a somewhat fictional article entitled The Message to García that

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became tremendously popular. Rowan eventually was decorated for his heroism, while the public continued to remember the incident incorrectly. Lt. Rowan was probably selected for this duty based on a book he co-authored entitled The Island of Cuba, A Descriptive and Historical Account of the “Great Antilla” (1896). (See Item 199 above.) 268. Phelps, Edward John. Intervention in Cuba, Praise for McKinley’s Attitude and Efforts. N.p.: n.p. 1898. The author, a former minister to England, in a letter to former New York Governor Levi P. Morton, previously published in the New York Herald, provides a rational and thoughtful assessment of whether the United States should intervene in Cuba. Provides arguments both for and against intervention and commends President McKinley for his careful approach to intervention. This work was published as a pamphlet after the results of the Naval Board of Inquiry into the loss of the USS Maine were made public. 269. Phillips, William. William McKinley. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2003. William McKinley’s election of 1896 marked the first time in two decades that the Republican Party was able to solidify its majority, putting the GOP in a position to dominate American politics for a generation. Author argues that McKinley’s accomplishments qualify him for promotion into the ranks of the near-great chief executives. 270. Rea, George Bronson. “The Night of the Explosion in Havana.” Harper’s Weekly 42 (11 July 1898): 221–222. After his publication of Facts and Fakes About Cuba (1897) (see Item 198 above), Rea continued to report on the Cuban Rebellion from Havana. Rea was at harbor front of Havana Bay on the evening of February 15, 1898, when the USS Maine exploded and was one of the first civilians to reach the shattered warship. 271. Rowan, Andrew Summers, Colonel. How I Carried the Message to García. The Man Whom Elbert Hubbard Immortalized in his Famous Message to Garcia. San Francisco, California: Walter D. Harney Publishers, 1922. Personal memoir of Lt. Rowan’s 1898 mission, at the direction of President McKinley, to establish contact with the Cuban revolutionaries in order to coordinate military action against the Spanish. Rowan had previously published a short synopsis of his mission into Cuba to find General García. Based on this earlier work, Hubbard’s immensely popular and often reprinted piece took Rowan’s journey merely as the starting point for a morality tale about

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skulking employees. Having retired, Colonel Rowan’s work cited here is an expanded and straightforward retelling of his mission. 272. Sigsbee, Charles Dwight, Captain, USN. The “Maine”: An Account of Her Destruction in Havana Harbor. The Personal Narrative of Captain Charles D. Sigsbee, U. S. N. New York: The Century Company, New York, 1899. This volume was derived in part from a series of articles which appeared in Century Illustrated Monthly in 1898 and 1899. This work, an expansion on those articles and completed after the Spanish-American War, is the most complete account of the loss of the Maine by its captain. Illustrated with black and white plates and figures of the ship and crew prior to the ship’s destruction on February 15, 1898. 273. Spencer, David Ralph. The Yellow Journalism: The Press and America’s Emergence as a World Power. Foreword by Geneva Overholser. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 2007. Work is a discussion of the development of the New York newspaper market, new printing technologies such as color and photographic printing, and the role of newspapermen like Hearst and Pulitzer in the initiation of the Spanish-American War. 274. Walsh, John. The Sinking of the USS Maine, February 15, 1898. New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1969. Story of the loss of the USS Maine directed at high school level readers.

4 The Cuban Campaign

A. General Studies 275. Abdala Pupo, Oscar Luis. La intervención militar norteamericana en la contienda independentista cubana: 1898. (The North American Military Intervention in the Cuban Independence Struggle: 1898.) Santiago de Cuba: Editorial Oriente, 1998. Work is a modern Spanish-language study of United States military intervention in Cuba on the side of the Cuban Revolutionaries and against the Spanish. 276. Bonsal, Stephen. The Fight for Santiago, the Story of the Soldier in the Cuban Campaign from Tampa to the Surrender. New York: Doubleday & McClure, Co., 1899. Complete description of the Cuban Campaign from the gathering of the United States Army in Tampa, landings in Cuba, and the Las Guásimas, San Juan Hill, and El Caney fights. Stephen Bonsal (1865–1951) was not only a war correspondent who personally witnessed the above events for the New York Herald and McClure’s Magazine, but had previously been selected for diplomatic missions, from which he wrote The Real Condition of Cuba Today (1897), making this one of the better overviews of the Cuban Campaign by an American correspondent. (See Item 169 above.) 277. Castor, Henry. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders. Illustrated by William Reusswig. Landmark Books. New York: Random House, 1954. Work is a retelling of the story of Colonel Roosevelt and the Rough Riders intended for the juvenile audience. 278. Cosmas, Graham A. “San Juan Hill and El Caney, 1–2 July 1898.” In: America’s First Battles, 1776–1965 edited by C. E. Heller and W. A. Stofft, pp. 109–148. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1981. 83

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Article is a concise account of the major engagements of the Cuban Campaign, or Battle of Santiago. In addition to concentrating on the tactical operations, this work also provides information on the political background upon which this war took place. Author highlights the problems of command and control, outdated doctrine, politics, and readiness while maintaining the focus on the battlefield. This narrative concentrates on the Army to the almost total exclusion of the Navy. 279. De Leon, Thomas Cooper. Joseph Wheeler, the Man, the Statesman, the Soldier, seen in Semi-Biographical Sketches. Atlanta, Georgia: Byrd Printing Co., 1899. Reprint Kennesaw, Georgia: Continental Book Company, 1960. Work is a biography of General Joseph Wheeler, a former Confederate cavalry general and later US Congressman from Alabama whom President William McKinley appointed as a Major General of Volunteer Troops in the Cuban Campaign. 280. Dickman, Joseph T. (ed.). The Santiago Campaign: Reminiscences of the Operations for the Capture of Santiago de Cuba in the Spanish American War, June and July 1898. Richmond, Virginia: The Society of the Army of Santiago de Cuba and Williams Printing Company, 1927. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Volume containing several firsthand accounts by participants of the Cuban Campaign and compiled by the editor, making this an indispensable reference for researchers. Among the accounts are the unit histories of American forces and the organization of the Fifth Army Corps in the Santiago Campaign. 281. Dierks, Jack Cameron. A Leap to Arms: The Cuban Campaign of 1898. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott, 1970. This volume is a concise but well-done coverage of the Cuban Campaign—both the US Navy operations and its destruction of the Spanish squadron (July 3, 1898) and Army landings in Cuba with the attack on the Heights of San Juan outside Santiago de Cuba (July 1, 1898). 282. Downey, Fairfax. Richard Harding Davis and His Day. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933. Volume is a biography of the American war correspondent, Richard Harding Davis, (1864–1916). Davis’ father, Lemuel Clark Davis, was an editorial writer of The Philadelphia Enquirer, and his mother, Rebecca Harding Davis, was a well-known author and contributor to the Atlantic Monthly. Davis’ first job was as a reporter for

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The Philadelphia Press, from where he moved in 1888 to the New York Sun and by the age of 26 he was the managing editor of Harper’s Weekly. One of the most active and influential journalists during the Spanish-American War, while aboard the US Navy flagship New York Davis witnessed the bombardment of Matanzas, giving Joseph Pulitzer’s New York Herald an early “scoop” on the war. In 1898, Richard Harding Davis spent time with other correspondents and military officers at the Tampa Bay Hotel, and then went on to see action in the Santiago campaign. A personal favorite of Teddy Roosevelt, Davis helped create the legend surrounding Roosevelt and the Rough Riders. He was a dashing figure, illustrated by Frederick Remington, Dana Gibson Charles, and many others. This work also details Davis’ coverage of the Greco-Turkish War (1897), the Boer War, and the early years of World War I. Work comprises a good biography of Davis, and a vivid portrait of his times. 283. Dyer, John P. From Shiloh to San Juan. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1961. Work is a good biography of Confederate General Joseph “Fighting Joe” Wheeler, Chief of Cavalry in the Army of Tennessee. Wheeler rose to the rank of Major General in the Confederate Army by the age of 26 and was later appointed to a similar rank by President William McKinley as a General of Volunteers in the US Army’s Cuban Campaign. 284. Feuer, A.B. The Santiago Campaign of 1898. Foreword by Thomas Fleming. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1993. Work is a detailed narrative of the US Army’s Santiago Campaign, as compiled from regimental histories, diaries, and personal memoirs of the participants. Work provides the reader with a real sense of the conflict, the conditions faced by the American soldiers, and the actions at Las Guásimas, El Caney, and San Juan Hill. 285. —. The Spanish-American War at Sea: Naval Action in the Atlantic. Foreword by James C. Bradford. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1995. Work is a collection of essays on US Navy operations, based on firstperson accounts of the period of the war, in the Atlantic and Caribbean. Also contains an appendix listing the Navy ships in commission as of July of 1898. 286. Goode, William Athelstance Meredith. With Sampson Through the War: Being an Account of the Naval Operations of the North Atlantic

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Squadron During the Spanish-American War of 1898. New York: McClure, 1899. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Goode was a newspaper correspondent for the Associated Press who was allowed on Rear Admiral Sampson’s flagship, USS New York, throughout the West Indies naval campaign. His eyewitness reports in this volume and articles in McClure’s are some of the best accounts of that naval campaign. 287. Hemment, John C. Cannon and Camera, Sea and Land Battles of the Spanish American War in Cuba, Camp Life and the Return of the Soldiers. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1898. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. The volume is an early effort at photo war journalism by John C. Hemment who was employed by the US Government to document the shattered remains of the USS Maine. After this Hemment continued to document aspects of the conflict such as mustering in of New York troops at Camp Black, near Hempstead, New York, landing of American troops at Siboney, Cuba, bombardment of the Morro Castle at the entrance to Santiago de Cuba, Cuban revolutionary army troops, fight at El Caney, Rough Riders, naval battle of Santiago, and return of sick American troops from Cuba to Camp Wikoff, Long Island, New York. Work contains excellent photographs of the above events with a text co-written with A. J. Kenealy. 288. Kennan, George. Campaigning in Cuba. New York: The Century Company, 1899. Reprint Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1971. Account of the medical and sanitation problems which beset the American Fifth Army Corps in the Cuban Campaign. Author was a correspondent with Outlook and assigned to accompany Clara Barton’s Red Cross staff on the steamship State of Texas. Kennan provides a concise description of the fighting at Las Guásimas and El Caney, but his major descriptions involve the Red Cross care and feeding of Cuban refugees, wounded American soldiers, and after the surrender of Santiago de Cuba, its residents. 289 Kindsvatter, Peter S. “Santiago Campaign of 1898: Joint and Combined Operations.” Military Review 73, No. 1 (1993): 3–14. The Santiago Campaign of 1898, according to the author, is an example of how not to conduct combined operations. Cooperation between army and navy commanders deteriorated rapidly and the campaign ended in inter-service pettiness and bitterness. Contends there was inadequate direction from President William McKinley,

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absence of a unified command, and little cooperation between army and navy leaders, which in time led to problems of cooperation between Cuban Revolutionaries and American forces. 290. Konstam, Angus. Campaign 057—San Juan Hill, 1898, America’s Emergence as a World Power. Osprey Campaign Series. Oxford, United Kingdom and University Park, Illinois: Osprey Publishing Company, 1998. Reprinted as San Juan Hill 1898: America’s Emergence as a World Power, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2004. Work is a concise study of the Battle of San Juan Hill in the Cuban Campaign and its effect on the status of the United States as a military power. Includes bibliographical references, index, historical black and white photos, and illustrated color maps. 291. Marshall, Samuel L. A. The War to Free Cuba: The Military History of the Spanish-American War. New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1966. Author argues the Spanish-American War could not reasonably be justified until the destruction of the USS Maine galvanized public support for war. Work is a general narrative and discussion of the Cuban Campaign. 292. Naulty, Bernard C. The United States Marines in the War with Spain. Washington, D.C.: United States Marine Corps, 1967. Primarily covers the Marine landing at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and subsequent fighting against Spanish troops. Also includes information on Marine activities on Guam and in the Philippine Islands. 293. Pérez de Vargas, Louis. Combate de Santiago. (Combat of Santiago.) El Ferrol, Spain: Imprenta de “El Correo Gallego,” 1898. This work is a narrative of the combat on land and sea that occurred between the forces of the United States and Spain in and about Santiago de Cuba in the summer of 1898. The author published this narrative in September of 1898—one month after the end of hostilities—as not only a narrative but a defense of the conduct of the Spanish military in the recently ended conflict. 294. Sargent, Herbert H. The Campaign of Santiago. 3 vols. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Company, 1907. Reprint Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1970. This work is one of the better early strategic studies of the naval and army campaign in Cuba. Makes full use of government and military documents and professional military accounts published in the years just after the Spanish-American War. Each chapter contains a summary analysis, with index and appendices.

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295. Scherer, L. C., Captain and Assistant Adjutant General (comp.). Military Notes on Cuba. War Department, Adjutant General’s Office. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, June 1898 (1st Edition). November 1898 (Expanded 2nd Edition). This is a general description of the natural and social history of Cuba, and includes descriptions of the major towns and provinces. The first edition was intended to acquaint US Army officers with the island at the start of the Cuban Campaign. The second edition was intended to familiarize US Army officers with the island during the occupation of Cuba after the end of the Spanish-American War. According to the compiler much of the information for this report came from Richard Harding Davis’ Cuba in Wartime (1897) and 1st Lt. Andrew S. Rowan’s and Marathon M. Ramsey’s The Island of Cuba, A Descriptive and Historical Account of the “Great Antilla” (1st edition—1896; 2nd edition—1897).(See Items 199 and 213 above.) 296. Smith, Joseph. “The Spanish-American War: Land Battles in Cuba, 1895–98.” Journal of Strategic Studies 19, No. 4 (1996): 37–58. Article is a study of the land battles in Cuba before and during the Spanish-American War (1895–1898). Spanish commanders had been unable to defeat the Cuban insurgents before the outbreak of war with the United States, and had to adopt a defensive strategy against the militarily much stronger Americans. The Spanish defensive tactics enabled General William Shafter to select the most vulnerable point to attack—Santiago de Cuba. Author believes Shafter did an acceptable job in directing US troops. 297. Vivian, Thomas Jondrie. The Fall of Santiago. New York: R. F. Fenno & Company, 1898. Work is a contemporary account of the Cuban Campaign of the Spanish-American War covering the hunt for Admiral Cervera’s fleet, the landing of the Fifth Army Corps east of Santiago de Cuba, the engagements at Las Guásimas, El Caney, and San Juan Hill, the destruction of Cervera’s fleet, and the surrender of Santiago de Cuba. Not as well illustrated as other popular works of the period, but contains a more concise text of these events—appears to have been a compilation of published works and newspaper articles. 298. Wagner, Arthur L. Report of the Santiago Campaign 1898. Kansas City, Missouri: Franklin Hudson Publishing Co., 1908. In June of 1898, Lt. Col. Arthur L. Wagner, the Assistant Adjutant General of the Army, was asked to compile an assessment of the

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problems he might observe during the Santiago Campaign at the written request of the Commanding General of the Army, Major General Nelson A. Miles. Upon his return from Cuba Wagner was assigned to Headquarters Department of Dakota Adjutant General’s Office and completed a typescript entitled Report of Military Operations in the Province of Santiago de Cuba, St. Paul, Minnesota: n.p., 1899. Wagner’s report discussed problems the Fifth Corps encountered with troop transports from Tampa to Cuba, the lack of fighting skills of the Cuban revolutionaries, the Las Guásimas fight, the delays which occurred in the taking of El Caney, the siege and surrender of Santiago de Cuba, and other technical matters which affected the American Army in Cuba. This 1898 typescript was later reprinted in 1908 in a more widely disseminated work. 299. Wheeler, Joseph. Campaigns of Wheeler and his Cavalry 1862–1865, from Material Furnished by Gen. Joseph Wheeler to which is added his Concise and Graphic Account of the Santiago Campaign of 1898. Edited by W. C. Dodson, Historian. Atlanta, Georgia: Published under the auspices of Wheeler’s Confederate Cavalry Association, Hudgins Publishing Company, 1899. Joseph Wheeler (1836–1906) had been a General of Confederate Cavalry in the Civil War and by 1898 was a representative of the State of Alabama in Congress. Wheeler was appointed a MajorGeneral of Volunteers (State Militia or National Guard units mustered into Federal service for duty overseas) by President McKinley. Wheeler describes his role in the fight at Las Guásimas (June 24, 1898), the attack on San Juan Hill outside Santiago de Cuba (July 1, 1898), surrender negotiations with the Spanish, and encampment of American troops at Montauk, Long Island. This service was followed by his appointment as Brigadier General of Volunteers in the United States Army in June 1900. He then commanded the Department of the Lakes until his retirement in September 1900. 300. Winid, Boguslaw W. Santiago 1898. Warsaw, Poland: Wydawnictwo Bellona, 1995. Work is a Polish-language study of the Santiago de Cuba Campaign from an historian who has previously published a number of works on American military and diplomatic history. Work covers the political situation in Cuba prior to the intervention of the United States, the effect of American newspapers on public attitudes, and consequences of the destruction of the USS Maine. Also compares the American and Spanish forces in the Cuban Campaign.

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B. American Offensive—Gathering the American Army at Tampa, Florida, for Training and Development of an Offensive Strategy. 301. Addeo, Alicia. “ ‘Tampa is a Bum Place’: The Letters of First Sergeant Henry A. Dobson in 1898.” Tampa Bay History 20, No. 1 (1998): 48–60. Letters from First Sergeant Henry Dobson of the 1st District of Columbia Volunteers Infantry Regiment described work schedules as well as health and sanitary conditions for troops stationed in Tampa during the Spanish-American War. The 1st District of Columbia Regiment was sent on to Santiago de Cuba as reinforcements for General Shafter’s 5th Corps, arriving after the naval engagement off Santiago (July 3, 1898), and prior to the surrender of the Spanish (July 16, 1898) but would not participate in any actions. It should be noted that Company H of the 1st District of Columbia Regiment was detached on special assignment as the engineer unit that landed at Guánica, Puerto Rico on July 25, 1898. 302. Barton, Clara. A Story of the Red Cross. Glimpses of Field Work. New York and London: D. Appleton Company, 1904. Reprinted 1916. Work is a history of the American Red Cross by its founder Clara Barton, covering the period of 1880 to 1900. Chapter 8 is specifically dedicated to the aid provided to American troops during the Cuban Campaign. 303. Davis, Richard Harding. “The Rocking-Chair Period of the War.” Scribner’s Magazine 24, No. 2 (August 1898): 131–141. Description of the gathering of Regular and Volunteer regiments around Tampa Bay, Florida, in preparation for the dispatch of the Fifth Army Corps, under General Shafter, to Cuba. The Tampa Bay Hotel was the provisional headquarters for Shafter and his staff while they attempted to sort out the needs for an American Army about to invade a foreign country for the first time in half a century. The Tampa Bay Hotel was designated a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior on May 11, 1976, for its association with the Spanish-American War. 304. Hubener, Hal. “Army Life in Lakeland, Florida, During the SpanishAmerican War.” Tampa Bay History 20, No. 1 (1998): 32–47. Article describes the camp life, race relations, and logistical problems faced by the nine thousand Regular Army and National Guard soldiers stationed in the small town of Lakeland, Florida, in 1898 before their departure for Cuba during the Spanish-American War.

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305. Kirchman, Charles V. “The Message to García: Anatomy of a Famous Mission.” Mankind: The Magazine of Popular History 4, No. 9 (1974): 46–53. Lieutenant Andrew Summers Rowan of the American Army was sent to Cuba prior to the American invasion of that island to contact the Cuban Rebel General Iníguez García and establish coordination between the American and Cuban forces, but Rowan carried no actual presidential message. Author concludes Lt. Rowan was the most “immortalized blunderer in American history.” 306. Lorenzen, William A., IV. “ ‘The Rocking-Chair War’: Views of Tampa in the New York Press During 1898.” Tampa Bay History 20, No. 1 (1998): 61–93. Article reproduces excerpts of contemporary newspaper articles describing the build-up of American troops in and around Tampa, Florida, just prior to the sailing of the Fifth Corps expedition under General Shafter for Santiago de Cuba. Author contends these reports gave the country a one-sided view of Tampa as a small and dirty town which was ill-equipped to deal with the influx of thousands of soldiers.

C. Naval Campaign—Establishing a Blockade of Cuba, Chasing Blockade Runners, Expeditions to Cut Undersea Telegraph Cables, Locating the Spanish Fleet at Santiago de Cuba, the Marines at Guantánamo, and the July 3, 1898, Fight with the Spanish Fleet. 307. Alden, John Douglas (Landsman). The Cruise of the USS Badger, June 5 to October 6, 1898 with the Battalion of the East During the War with Spain, Based on the Log of the Badger. Privately Printed, 1941. The USS Badger (formerly the SS Yumuri purchased from the Ward Line Steamship Company) was an auxiliary cruiser manned by members of the New Jersey Naval Reserve Battalion of the East, of which the author was a member. Originally assigned to the Northern Patrol Squadron to protect the east coast of the United States from Spanish attack, the Badger was sent on blockade duty off Cuba, where she captured the Spanish Tug Humerto Rodríguez as a war prize. In 1889 Congress had provided for the formation of state naval reserves, or militias, to supplement the 8,000 regular naval personnel in the event of war. Work describes the founding of the New Jersey Naval Reserve in 1892 and also notes the actions of the New Jersey Naval Reserve Battalion of the West on the USS Resolute, which supplied the American warships off Santiago de Cuba, participated

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in the Battle of Santiago (July 3, 1898), and shelled Manzanillo, Cuba (August 12, 1898). 308. Allen, Gardner Weld. “Two Cruises in War-Time.” Harvard Graduate’s Magazine 39 (December 1930): 163–168. The author was a member of the Massachusetts Naval Brigade, or Naval Militia, in the war with Spain. Allen and other Harvard graduates, who were members of the Naval Brigade, served aboard the USS Prairie during the Cuban Campaign. 309. Arderius, Francisco. La escuadra española en Santiago de Cuba: diario de un testigo por Francisco Arderius, ayudante de órdenes de D. Fernando Villaamil á bordo del Furor; con un prólogo de Jacinto Octavio Picón. (The Spanish Squadron at Santiago de Cuba: Diary of a Witness by Francisco Arderius, orderly of Don Fernando Villaamil on Board the Furor; with a Prologue by Jacinto Octavio Picón.) Barcelona, Spain: Maucci, 1903. Arderius was an orderly to Captain Fernando Villaamil, who commanded the Spanish torpedo boat destroyers Furor and Plutón which were part of Rear Admiral Cervera’s Spanish squadron. Firsthand Spanish-language account of the destruction of the Spanish squadron on July 3, 1898. The Furor and Plutón were literally blown apart by US naval gunfire as they exited the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, killing most of her crew and Don Villaamil on the former warship. 310. Azoy, Anastasio Carlos Mariano. Signal 250! The Sea Fight Off Santiago. New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1964. Well-written and concise account of the sea battle off Santiago de Cuba of July 3, 1898, resulting in the destruction of the Spanish fleet and a decisive victory for the US Navy. It was an encounter which ended in destruction of all the Spanish warships, winning a significant naval victory for the United States, and helping to end the war in Cuba. The book contains maps, bibliography, and an index. 311. Barker, Albert S., Rear Admiral, US Navy. Everyday Life in the Navy, Autobiography of Rear Admiral Albert S. Barker. Boston, Massachusetts: The Gorham Press, 1928. Admiral Barker was a graduate of the Naval Academy in 1862 and participated in the Mississippi River Campaign during the Civil War. In the Spanish-American War he commanded the USS Newark and participated in the bombardment of Santiago de Cuba on July 2, 1898. He missed the naval engagement of July 3, 1898 as the Newark

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was moved to Guantánamo to repair her engines. Barker took over the command of naval forces in the Philippine Islands from Admiral Dewey. 312. Bernadou, John B., Lt. “The ‘Winslow’ at Cardenas.” Century Illustrated Monthly 57, No. 5 (March 1899): 698–706. Account of the naval engagement at Cárdenas, Cuba, and the death of Ensign Worth Bagley who was assigned to the USS Winslow, a torpedo boat (TB-5) that was heavily damaged by Spanish artillery while investigating the entrance to Cárdenas harbor, on May 11, 1898. The author was a Lieutenant in the United States Navy, and Commander of the Winslow at the Cárdenas action and was himself badly wounded. Three of the men on the Winslow who helped to keep the vessel from being destroyed, Chief Gunner’s Mates George P. Brady and Hans Johnsen, and Chief Machinist T. C. Cooney, later received the Medal of Honor for their actions which resulted in the rescue of the torpedo boat. Ensign Bagley had a statue erected in his honor in the grounds of the old state capital in Raleigh, North Carolina, as the first American officer to die in the SpanishAmerican War. 313 Blow, Michael. “Spanish Flagship Found—Again.” Naval History 16, No. 1 (February 2002): 26–30. Article discusses the sinking of Spanish Admiral Pascual Cervera’s flagship the Infanta María Teresa on July 3, 1898; the successful efforts to raise the vessel by Richmond Pearson Hobson and the author’s grandfather—Lt. George Preston Blow, who had survived the destruction of the USS Maine, and the loss of the Infanta while under tow in a storm off Cat Cay in the Bahamas on November 1, 1898. The vessel was considered a complete loss, abandoned by the United States Navy, and was only relocated in December of 1997 by sport divers. 314. Blue, Victor, Lt. “The Sighting of Cervera’s Ships.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 25 (1899): 586–592. Lt. Blue was serving on the USS Suwanee stationed at the entrance of Santiago de Cuba. His article describes his landing on the west side of Santiago harbor and reconnaissance mission which confirmed that Rear Admiral Cervera’s Spanish squadron was anchored in the harbor. With this information Rear Admiral Sampson implemented a blockade and set in motion the dispatch of US Army forces to attack the heights on the east side of Santiago (July 1, 1898) which forced Cervera’s squadron out to engage the American fleet on July 3, 1898.

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315. Brown, Alexander Crosby. “US Gunboat ‘Nashville’: The Ship that Fired the First Shot of the Spanish-American War.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 84, No. 6 (1958): 152–154. Short article examines the history of the USS Nashville, a 1,371-ton gunboat launched on October 19, 1895. The Nashville fired the first shot of the Spanish-American War—a shot across the bow of the Spanish merchant steamer Buena Ventura on the morning of April 22, 1898, which the American fleet encountered as they steamed south from Key West, Florida, to establish a blockade of Havana, Cuba. The Nashville remained on duty through World War I and was decommissioned on October 29, 1918. From 1921 until her sale for scrap iron in May 1957 the Nashville served as a logcarrying barge. 316. Buenzle, Fred J. Bluejacket: An Autobiography. Written with A. Grove Day; preface by Captain Felix Riesenberg; drawings by Charles E. Pont. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1939. Reprint with introduction and notes by Neville T. Kirk, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1986. Buenzle served as a yeoman, or personal aide, to Rear Admiral William Sampson on the USS New York, during the SpanishAmerican War. Author discusses the blockade of Santiago de Cuba, Lt. Hobson’s attempt to block the entrance to the harbor by sinking the Merrimac, and the naval engagement of Santiago (July 3, 1898). 317. Cassard, William Gilbert, Chaplain, US Navy (ed.). Battleship Indiana, and her Part in the Spanish-American War. New York: Compiled and Published for the Indiana Ship’s Company by Everett B. Mero, Chief Yeoman, USN, 1898. Volume is a concise retelling of the Battleship USS Indiana, or BB-1, and its role in the naval campaign in the West Indies by the ship’s Chaplain. Work covers the three main events in which the Indiana participated—the May 12, 1898 bombardment of San Juan, Puerto Rico, by Admiral William T. Sampson’s American fleet, the naval blockade of Spanish Rear Admiral Cervera’s fleet at Santiago de Cuba, and the destruction of the Spanish fleet at the naval engagement of July 3, 1898. 318. —. “Rescuing the Enemy.” The Century 58, No. 1 (May 1899): 116–118. The author was the Navy Chaplain aboard the American Battleship USS Indiana and reports on the rescuing of Spanish sailors from the

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wrecked and sinking torpedo boat destroyers Plutón and Furor and the cruisers María Teresa and Oquendo, and the rescue of Rear Admiral Pascual Cervera and his Spanish sailors following the naval engagement off Santiago de Cuba on July 3, 1898. 319. Cervera y Topete, Pascual, Rear Admiral. Guerra hispano-americana. Colección de documentos referentes a la escuadra de operaciones de las Antillas. (The Spanish-American War: A Collection of Documents Relative to the Squadron Operation in the West Indies.) El Ferrol, 1899. Volume published by Rear Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete relating to the naval operations of his Spanish fleet which was destroyed in the Naval Engagement at Santiago on July 3, 1898, after his return to Spain. This work was translated and published by the United States Navy Department as Volume 7 in its War Notes series as The Spanish-American War: A Collection of Documents Relative to the Squadron Operation in the West Indies, Arranged by Rear Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899). 320. Chadwick, French Ensor (comp.). Reprint of the Squadron Bulletins of the North Atlantic Squadron. Foreword by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson. New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1898. The Squadron Bulletins were written and issued nearly every day between June 13, 1898 and August 14, 1898 by Captain French Ensor Chadwick, commander of the USS New York, which served as Rear Admiral William T. Sampson’s flagship during the naval blockade of Santiago de Cuba. The Bulletins served as a ship’s newspaper to provide the latest news to the sailors on blockade duty during the Cuban Campaign. As noted by Rear Admiral Sampson the Bulletin did much to relieve “the monotony of blockading routine and affording the men of the Fleet an opportunity to learn the daily progress of the war.” 321. Chambers, Julius. News Hunting on Three Continents. New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1921. Memoirs of newspaper reporter Julius Chambers, who used subterfuge and bribes to interview Spanish officers and sailors rescued by the American Navy after the naval engagement at Santiago de Cuba (July 3, 1898). Chambers posed as a harbor inspector and butcher to obtain access to Spanish prisoners being held at the Kittery Naval Yard, in Maine, scooping the correspondence competition and reporting on the experiences of the Spanish seamen under American naval fire.

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322. Clark, Charles Edgar, Rear Admiral, US Navy. My Fifty Years in the Navy. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown & Co., 1917. Reprint Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1984, with a new introduction and notes by Jack Sweetman. Work covers Rear Admiral Clark’s life (1843–1922) in the US Navy, which spanned some five decades, and contains a concise narrative of Clark’s command during the Spanish-American War—the Battleship USS Oregon—its voyage around South America and participation in the Battle of Santiago (July 3, 1898). Also reprints Clark’s logbook from the Oregon during the Spanish-American War. 323. Clifford, John Henry. History of the First Battalion of US Marines. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: n.p., 1930. This work is a personal memoir of a Marine private of Company D of the First Battalion, USMC, commanded by Lt. Col. Robert Huntington. Detailed discussion of the First Battalion’s landing at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and subsequent fighting in the area. Work contains a roster of the men of the First Battalion, many of whom went on to fight in the Philippine Islands and World War I. 324. Cole, Merle T. “Maryland’s Naval Militia, 1891–1940.” Maryland Historical Magazine 90 (1995): 56–71. The Maryland Naval Militia was originally created from the Maryland Oyster Police Force enrolled in 1891, but their battalion was disbanded two years later because its expertise in protecting maritime boundaries and shellfish harvesting rights had little to do with the military. In 1893 the Maryland Naval Reserve was founded and it was incorporated into the Maryland National Guard in 1896. This group served under federal command during the SpanishAmerican War in 1898, with the majority of its membership serving on the USS Dixie off Cuba and Puerto Rico. The Maryland Naval Militia was disbanded prior to World War II, when naval warfare became too sophisticated and expensive for states to support. 325. Coletta, Paolo Enrico. Bowman Hendry McCalla, a Fighting Sailor. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1979. Study of Captain Bowman H. McCalla, US Navy (1844–1910), who commanded the USS Marblehead in the Cuban Campaign of the West Indies. Captain McCalla led the cable-cutting expedition at Cienfuegos, Cuba, and his warship supported the landing of the First Marine Battalion at Guantánamo, Cuba. 326. —. French Ensor Chadwick: Scholarly Warrior. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1980.

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Book is a study of Captain French E. Chadwick who commanded the USS New York, Rear Admiral Sampson’s flagship at the blockade of Santiago de Cuba. Although Chadwick missed the Battle of Santiago (July 3, 1898), taking Sampson to confer with General Shafter on that day, he would later write a major twovolume study of the Spanish-American War, The Relations of the United States and Spain, Diplomatic History and The SpanishAmerican War (1911). 327. Concas y Palau, Víctor M. La escuadra del almirante Cervera. (The Squadron of Admiral Cervera.) Madrid, Spain: San Martín, 1898. Spanish reprint Málaga, Spain: Editorial Algazara, 1992. Work is a first-person memoir of Captain Víctor María Concas y Palau (1845–1916), the Spanish commander of the armored cruiser Infanta María Teresa, and chief of staff of the Spanish Squadron at the Naval Engagement at Santiago on July 3, 1898, and is considered to be the best source on the actions of the Spanish squadron under the command of Rear Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete (1839–1909). This work was translated into English and published by the United States Office of Naval Intelligence as Volume 8 of its War Notes series as The Squadron of Admiral Cervera, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900, and was also published as pt. VII of Senate Doc. No. 388, 56th Cong., 1st sess. 328. Cook, Francis A., Captain. “The ‘Brooklyn’ at Santiago.” Century Illustrated Monthly 58 (1899): 95–102. This article is written by the Captain of the USS Brooklyn (CA-3), a US Navy armored cruiser. Captain Cook describes the role of the Brooklyn in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba on 3 July, when the Spanish Fleet was destroyed. Although she was hit twenty times by Spanish fire, the Brooklyn suffered only one man wounded (Fireman J. Bevins) and one man killed (Chief Yeoman George H. Ellis). 329. Corzo, Isidoro. El bloqueo de la Habana, cuadros del natural. Prólogo de Alfredo Martín Morales. (The Blockade of Havana, Local Portraits. Prologue by Alfredo Martín Morales.) La Habana, Cuba: Imp. Rambla y Bouza, 1905. This work is a Spanish-language reminiscence of Havana, Cuba, during the American blockade from late April to the middle of August of 1898. Not a history so much as an essay of how the people of Havana coped with food shortages, observations on neutral vessels entering Havana Harbor permitted through the blockade, and rumors of fighting on the other side of the island at Santiago de Cuba.

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330. Crane, Stephen. Wounds in the Rain, War Stories. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1900. Reprint Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1972. Published shortly before his death this volume is a compilation of articles prepared by Stephen Crane (1871–1900) primarily on the Spanish-American War for publication in various New York newspapers and periodicals for which he worked, reporting on actions in Cuba and Puerto Rico. Probably the most well-known article recounts the fight at Cuzco Wells between the United States Marines and the Spanish at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. As reported in his article “Marines Signalling under Fire at Guantánamo” McClure’s 12 (1898–1899): 332–326, Sergeant John Quick and Private James Fitzgerald exposed themselves to enemy fire to signal the USS Dolphin for fire support. Their actions probably saved the 1st Marine Battalion from being overrun by Spanish forces and earned both men the Medal of Honor. 331. Crosley, W. S. “Some Experiences on a US Naval Tug-Boat.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 25 (1899): 65–80. The article author commanded the tug boat USS Leyden, which was based in Key West, Florida, during the Spanish-American War. Article discusses the necessary but not generally heroic tasks of the US Navy’s support vessels. 332. Cross, R. The Voyage of the Oregon from San Francisco to Santiago in 1898, as Told by One of the Crew. Boston, Massachusetts: Merrymount Press, 1908. An expanded second edition of this work by R. Cross appeared as The Log of the Oregon: A Sailor’s Story of the Voyage from San Francisco to Santiago in 1898, Greenfield, Massachusetts: E. A. Hall, 1914. Work is a personal narrative by a member of the USS Oregon crew of the famous 1898 voyage of this ship from San Francisco, California, to the American blockading fleet off Santiago de Cuba. Under the command of Captain Charles Edgar Clark the Oregon made a record-breaking trip around South America to reach the American blockading fleet in time to participate in the naval Battle of Santiago (July 3, 1898). 333. Cummings, Damon E., Captain. Admiral Richard Wainwright and the United States Fleet. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962. Richard Wainwright was an advocate of an aggressive naval posture in time of war. Serving as the Chief of Naval Intelligence in 1897 he

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refined the nation’s war plans for a possible conflict with Spain over the events in Cuba. Wainwright was the executive officer on the USS Maine when it exploded in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898. During the Spanish-American War he commanded the unarmored converted yacht Gloucester, and at the Battle of Santiago helped sink two more heavily armed Spanish torpedo boat destroyers—Plutón and Furor. Wainwright’s command also led the invasion of Puerto Rico at Guánica and Arroyo on July 25th and August 1st 1898, respectively. 334. Daniels, Josephus. The First Fallen Hero: A Biographical Sketch of Worth Bagley. Norfolk, Virginia: Sam W. Bowman, 1898. Josephus Daniels, a relative of Ensign Worth Bagley, who would later serve President Woodrow Wilson as Secretary of the Navy, wrote this memorial on Bagley. Bagley, born in Raleigh, North Carolina, on April 6, 1874, graduated from the Naval Academy in 1897 and was the first American Officer to die in battle in the war between the United States and Spain. Bagley was assigned to the torpedo boat USS Winslow (TB-5) and died on May 11, 1898, when his ship came under fire from Spanish coastal artillery at Cárdenas, Cuba. This book is a compilation of Bagley’s letters to his family. Bagley’s statute is prominently displayed in the grounds of the old North Carolina State Capital, Raleigh. 335. Donovan, Frank. The Unlucky Hero: A True Adventure of the Spanish-American War. Illustrations by Ned Glattauer for Century Magazine. New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1963. Story of Lieutenant Richmond Pearson Hobson of the US Navy who was a Lieutenant and Ship’s Constructor with Rear Admiral William T. Sampson’s American blockading fleet at Santiago de Cuba. Work covers Hobson’s attempt to sink the collier Merrimac at the entrance to Santiago de Cuba’s harbor to entrap Rear Admiral Cervera’s Spanish squadron long enough for American ground forces to arrive to assault the city and harbor, thereby forcing the Spanish squadron to surrender or attempt a breakout. Work contains black and white Ned Glattauer illustrations throughout taken from Century Magazine articles (1898–1899) and a book written by Hobson, for Century Publishing (1899). (See Item 350 below.) 336. Doubleday, Russell. A Gunner aboard the “Yankee,” From the Diary of Number Five of the After Port Gun: The Yarn of the Cruise and Fights of the Naval Reserve in the Spanish-American War. Introduction by William T. Sampson, Rear Admiral, USN, and edited by H. H. Lewis. New York: Doubleday McClure Company, 1898.

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Reprint Washington, D.C.: Ross & Perry, Inc., 2001 and Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. The USS Yankee (originally the El Norte purchased from the Morgan Line) was one of a series of armed auxiliary cruisers manned by the Naval Reserve, under the command of Regular Naval Officers, to undertake a variety of support duties for Rear Admiral William Sampson’s naval campaign in the West Indies. The Yankee was manned by the New York Naval Militia, under Commander Williard H. Brownson, US Navy, which was called up on April 26, 1898, and served for four months until being mustered out on September 2, 1898. During their tour of duty the men of the Yankee participated in looking for Spanish war prizes while on patrol in the North Atlantic, blockade duty off Santiago de Cuba, the bombardment of the Morro fort at the entrance to Santiago and Cienfuegos, Cuba, cutting of undersea telegraphic cables, and providing the American fleet with ammunition. 337. Evans, Robley Dunglison. “The Iowa at Santiago.” Century Illustrated Monthly 58 (1899): 50–62. First person account of the naval Battle of Santiago (July 3, 1898), by the captain of the American Battleship USS Iowa. 338. —. A Sailor’s Log, Recollections of Forty Years of Naval Life. D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1901. Second edition New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1910; and reprint Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1994. Autobiography of Rear Admiral Evans who served in the Civil and Spanish-American Wars, and in between made several cruises to the Far East. Evan was commander of the USS Iowa during the SpanishAmerican War and participated in blockade duty off Havana, the bombardment of San Juan, Puerto Rico (May 12, 1898), blockade duty off Santiago de Cuba, and the naval engagement of Santiago (July 3, 1898). 339. Falk, Edwin Albert. Fighting Bob Evans. Foreword by Franklin D. Roosevelt. New York: Jonathan Cape & Harrison Smith, 1931. Reprint Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1969. Popular biography of Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans who commanded the Battleship USS Iowa at the Battle of Santiago on July 3, 1898. 340. Feuer, A. B. Spanish Fleet Sacrificed at Santiago. Military History 15, No. 2 (June 1998): 54–60.

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Concise retelling of the naval engagement off Santiago de Cuba on July 3, 1898, between the US Navy and Rear Admiral Pascual Cervera’s Cape Verde Spanish squadron. 341. —.“The US Marines at Guantánamo Bay.” Military Heritage 16, No. 3 (1999): 52–59, 98. Article provides a concise description of the capture of Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, in June of 1898, by the First Marine Battalion. This area once secured was used as a coaling station for US Navy warships blockading Santiago de Cuba during the Cuban Campaign that would prove to be a key element in the success of the campaign. 342. Gannon, Joseph C. USS Oregon and the Battle of Santiago. New York: Comet Press Books, 1958. A concise work on the participation of the USS Oregon in the Battle of Santiago describes the ship’s destruction of the last of the Spanish squadron on July 3, 1898. 343. García del Pino, César. La acción naval de Santiago de Cuba. (The Naval Action at Santiago de Cuba.) La Habana, Cuba: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1988. Work is a modern Spanish-language account of the Battle of Santiago (July 3, 1898) in which the American fleet destroyed the entire Spanish squadron of Rear Admiral Cervera. This naval engagement prevented the Spanish government from reinforcing its military forces in Cuba and essentially ended the Spanish-American War in the West Indies. 344. Gómez y Amador, Luis. La odisea del almirante Cervera y su escuadra: batalla naval de Santiago de Cuba, 1898. (The Odyssey of Admiral Cervera and his Squadron: Naval Battle of Santiago de Cuba, 1898.) Madrid, Spain: Biblioteca Nueva, 2001. Work is a modern Spanish-language account of Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete’s Spanish squadron’s voyage to the West Indies and its destruction at the Battle of Santiago (July 3, 1898) by the American fleet. 345. Gosnell, Harper Allen. “The Squadron of Admiral Cervera: An Account of the Insurmountable Handicaps Imposed upon a Noble Body of Men.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 54 (1928): 651–657. Article notes some of Rear Admiral Cervera’s capital ships did not have their full complement of weaponry; and he had to contend with shortages of ammunition, coal, and replacement parts. Also notes

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many of the Spanish vessels had not received their periodic overhauls which reduced their speed. 346. Graham, George Edward. “The Destruction of Cervera’s Fleet, As Seen by an Eye-Witness on the ‘Brooklyn,’ Commodore Schley’s Flagship.” McClure’s Magazine 11 (1898): 403–421. Concise account of a professional correspondent with the Associated Press who observed the destruction of Admiral Pascual Cervera’s Spanish fleet on July 3, 1898, from the vantage point of Commodore Winfield Scott Schley’s Flagship, the USS Brooklyn. Graham later expanded this article as a book favorable to Schley’s handling of the naval battle on that date. (See Item 347 below.) 347. —. Schley and Santiago, an Historical Account of the Blockade and Final Destruction of the Spanish Fleet under Command of Admiral Pascual Cervera, July 3, 1898. Chicago: W. B. Conkey Company Publishers, 1902. Work contains a detailed account of Rear Admiral Schley’s command of the Flying Squadron at the outbreak of the war, the location of the Spanish Fleet at Santiago de Cuba, blockade duty outside Santiago, and the destruction of Cervera’s fleet on July 3, 1898. Author was a correspondent with the Associated Press and observed all of this activity over a five-month period while on Schley’s flagship, the cruiser USS Brooklyn. Graham believes the problem locating Cervera’s fleet was due to poor communication and was not the fault of Schley, and the victory of July 3, 1898 was due to Schley’s temporary command of the American fleet. This volume is an expansion of Graham’s article, “The Destruction of Cervera’s Fleet, As Seen by an Eye-Witness on the ‘Brooklyn,’ ” which appeared in McClure’s Magazine 11 (1898): 403–421. 348. Hagemann, E. R. “ ‘My Dear Bobby’; Letters from a Marine Corps Colonel to his Son during the Spanish-American War.” Marine Corps Gazette 63, No. 11 (1979): 78–81. Article reproduces and comments on a series of letters from Lt. Colonel Robert Watkinson Huntington to his son Robert Jr., describing the First Marine Battalion’s formation, transport to Guantánamo, Cuba, and combat against Spanish forces. 349. Hart, Caroline Brownson, and Louise Powers Benesch (comp.). From Frigate to Dreadnought. Sharon, Connecticut: King House, 1973. Book is a biography of Captain Willard Herbert Brownson (1845–1935) who commanded the USS Yankee, an auxiliary cruiser, during the Spanish-American War. The Yankee participated in

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numerous naval operations and support duties during the Cuban Campaign. 350. Hobson, Richmond Pearson. The Sinking of the “Merrimac.” New York: The Century Company, 1899. Reprinted in Classics of Naval Literature Series, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987, with an Introduction and Notes by Richard W. Tuck; and Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Hobson’s book was an expansion of a series of four articles he published earlier in Century Magazine, entitled “The Sinking of the Merrimac,” Century Magazine 57 (December, 1898): 265–283, (January, 1899): 427–450, (February, 1899): 580–604, (March, 1899): 752–779. In this work Richmond Pearson Hobson (1870–1937) provides a firsthand account of his efforts to sink the collier Merrimac in the channel of Santiago de Cuba to prevent the Spanish fleet of Admiral Cervera from leaving the harbor until General William Shafter’s Fifth Army Corps arrived to besiege the town and harbor. Considered a suicide mission, Hobson and seven volunteers received permission from Rear Admiral William T. Sampson to attempt the temporary entrapment of the Spanish fleet on June 3, 1898. Although the mission was not entirely successful—the Merrimac only partially blocked the entrance to the harbor—Hobson and his men survived and were released from captivity on July 6, 1898 to a hero’s welcome by the nation. Hobson’s account was originally serialized in Century Magazine from December 1898 to March 1899 with the Century Company publishing the articles as a complete work in 1899. Hobson later wrote two semi-autobiographical novels of his adventures in the navy—Buck Jones at Annapolis (New York, 1907) and In Line of Duty (New York, 1910). The Naval Institute Press reprint provides an introduction which discusses Hobson’s later career as an Alabama Congressmen (1907–1914) who advocated a strong American Navy to counter what he believed was a growing threat to American interests in the Far East from Japan. The volunteers received Medals of Honor in 1899, with Hobson receiving his belatedly in 1933, by a special act of Congress, as Naval Officers were not eligible to receive this medal until 1915. Hobson’s family home Magnolia Grove, in Greensboro, Alabama, is preserved as an historic site by the Alabama Historical Commission. 351. Hourihan, William J. “The Fleet that Never Was: Commodore John Crittenden Watson and the Eastern Squadron.” American Neptune 41, No. 2 (1981): 93–109. After the destruction of the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, Spain formed a Reserve Squadron composed of its remaining

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warships in home waters, causing American strategists to debate its destination. When the Spanish squadron sailed east through the Mediterranean to the Suez Canal it was apparently on its way to engage Dewey’s Squadron then blockading Manila. Six American warships were ordered to be detached from Sampson’s Santiago de Cuba blockading force to make ready to cross the Atlantic to threaten Spain’s homeland. Orders for this Eastern Squadron were well publicized in the hope that it would force Spain to recall its Reserve Squadron. The Reserve Squadron returned to Spain, and the warships intended for the Eastern Squadron at Manila were diverted to the Puerto Rico invasion after the Battle of Santiago. When peace came, the American Eastern Squadron was disbanded and Admiral John Crittenden Watson (1842–1923) lost his chance for an independent command. By pressuring Spain to recall the Reserve Squadron and to sue for peace, the Eastern Squadron accomplished its mission without firing a shot. 352. Hoyt, Frederick G. “Bangor, Maine to Guantánamo, Cuba: A Sailor’s Odyssey.” American Neptune 59, No. 4 (1999): 311–319. James Ralph Lord served briefly in the US Navy as an ordinary seaman during the Spanish-American War; enlisting in July 1898 he was back home by January 1899. During his short time in the navy Seaman Lord was stationed on the receiving ships Wabash and Vermont, the auxiliary cruiser Yankee, and the battleships Iowa and Indiana, the latter three in the waters off Cuba. Lord described various aspects of navy life in an interview he gave to a newspaper reporter of the Daily Whig and Courier on his return to Bangor, Maine. Lord detailed the clothing worn, the daily routine, general character of his fellow crewmen, and ships’ ordnance. 353. Hull, R. R. “Signal Encounter at Guantánamo.” Naval History 12, No. 3 (1998): 18–23. Article discusses Robert W. Huntington’s 1st Marine Battalion landing at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, on June 10, 1898, where they defeated Spanish troops in the area, thanks in part to the bravery of two marines, Sergeant John H. Quick and Private John Fitzgerald, who at great personal risk exposed themselves to enemy fire to signal the USS Dolphin to shell a Spanish position. Both men received the Medal of Honor for their actions. 354. Huse, Henry P., Lt. USN. “On the Gloucester after the Battle.” The Century (May 1899): 115–116. Lt. Huse describes the efforts of the American gunboat USS Gloucester to rescue Spanish sailors from the Furor and Plutón

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torpedo boat destroyers, which were sunk at the entrance of the bay leading to Santiago de Cuba after the naval engagement of July 3, 1898. 355. Jones, Harry W. A Chaplain’s Experience Ashore and Afloat: The “Texas” Under Fire. New York: A.G. Sherwood & Company, 1901. The author served as the Chaplain on the USS Texas (BB-3) and recounts the events of the battleship and her crew during the Spanish-American War. Jones discusses the Marine Corps fight at Guantánamo Bay, the blockade of Cervera’s fleet, and the July 3, 1898, naval engagement off Santiago de Cuba. 356. —. The Battle of Santiago, On Board the US Battleship “Texas” Captain Jack Philip, USN, Commanding. N.p.: Privately Printed, 1913. The author served as the Chaplain on the USS Texas (BB-3) on July 3, 1898 and was in sick bay having been slightly wounded in action on the previous day, when Admiral Cervera’s Spanish squadron made an attempt to break out of Santiago de Cuba. Work discusses the near collision with the USS Brooklyn, the destruction of the Spanish torpedo boats Furor and Plutón, the cruisers Infanta María Teresa, Oquendo, Vizcaya, and the pursuit by the Texas of the Cristóbal Colón. 357. Keeler, Frank. The Journal of Frank Keeler, Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, 1898. Carolyn A. Tyson, editor. Quantico, Virginia: Marine Corps Museum, 1958. This work is the edited diary of Frank Keeler, a Marine with the 1st Marine Battalion who landed at Guantánamo Bay in June of 1898 in order to secure an area where Admiral Sampson’s fleet could be supplied during their blockade of Admiral Cervera’s fleet at Santiago de Cuba. Work includes descriptions of the fights with the Spanish at Cuzco Well and action reports by Navy and Marine officers. 358. Log of the US Gunboat Gloucester, Commanded by Lt-Commander Richard Wainwright and the Official Reports of the Principal Events of Her Cruise During the Late War with Spain. Annapolis, Maryland: Published by permission of the Navy Department by the US Naval Institute, 1899. This volume reprints the ship’s log of the USS Gloucester, a private yacht purchased by the Navy and armed with small caliber weapons. These small, fast, unarmored, and shallow draft vessels played an important role in the West Indies Campaigns of Cuba and Puerto Rico serving as scout vessels, message couriers, and scouting of

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Spanish shore facilities. Lt.-Commander Wainwright was the executive officer on the USS Maine when it exploded in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898, and took on a number of dangerous assignments with his converted yacht, including the sinking of the larger and more heavily armed Spanish torpedo boat destroyers Furor and Plutón at the Santiago naval engagement of July 3, 1898. The USS Gloucester led the invasion of the southern Puerto Rican ports of Guánica (July 25, 1898) and Arroyo (August 1, 1898). Volume also contains a number of official navy reports related to these events. 359. Lomax, Ken. “A Chronicle of the Battleship ‘Oregon.’ ” Oregon Historical Quarterly 106, No. 1 (2005): 132–145. Article traces the history of the USS Oregon from its commission in 1896 to its demise in a Japanese scrapyard in 1956. The Oregon participated in the Spanish-American War at the Battle of Santiago Bay on July 3, 1898, and subsequently served in the US Navy’s Asiatic Squadron. Technological advances made the warship militarily obsolete after World War I and from 1925 to 1941 the Oregon was moored at Portland as a war memorial and museum. It met an ignominious end when the navy sold part of it for scrap metal. Even then, its hull served as a munitions barge taking explosives to Guam during World War II. In its long service the ship was a source of pride to Oregonians; parts of it have been preserved at the Oregon Historical Society and other museums and parks. 360. Maclay, Edgar Stanton. Life and Adventures of “Jack” Philip, RearAdmiral, USN. Written with the assistance of Barrett Philip. New York: The Illustrated Navy, 1903. (A Memorial Magazine issued in four installments, May, June, July and August, 1903.) Reissued in an updated edition New York: American Tract Society, 1904. Series of personal remembrances of Rear Admiral John Woodward Philip (1840–1900), who commanded the battleship Texas in its voyage around South America at the outbreak of the SpanishAmerican War and his participation in the Battle of Santiago (July 3, 1898). Work includes reprints of Philip’s logs on the Texas during the Spanish-American War, Philip’s personal account of the Battle of Santiago, and accounts of the men who served under him during the campaign. 361. Medel, José Antonio. La guerra hispano-americana y sus resultados. (The Spanish-American War and Its Results.) La Habana, Cuba: Imprenta P. Fernández y Cía, 1931.

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Work is a Spanish-language general history of the land campaigns of the Cuban War by a cavalry captain in the Cuban Revolutionary Army. This work was translated into English and published by the author through the same printer in 1932. 362. Miller, J. W., Captain. Report of the Captain of the Naval Militia of New York to the Adjutant-General on the War with Spain. New York: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, 1898. Report composed at the end of the Spanish-American War on the federal service of the New York Naval Militia. Work contains a complete roster of the men of the New York Naval Militia and a brief notation of their individual service in the war. Also includes excerpts from the log of the USS Yankee that participated in the Cuban Campaign and on which the majority of the New York Naval Militia served. 363. Minton, Telfair Marriott. History of the First Battalion Naval Militia, New York 1891–1911. New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1911. During the last decades of the nineteenth century several states, such as New York, undertook the creation of a “naval militia” to supplement the US Navy with trained and skilled manpower in the event of war. The New York Militia (today referred to as the Naval Reserve) was assigned to the USS Yankee. While assigned to the Yankee they took part in several engagements around Cuba, including the bombardment of Santiago de Cuba, June 6th, the cutting of the telegraph cables at Guantánamo Bay, June 7th, the engagement with the Spanish gunboat Diego Velázquez at Cienfuegos, June 13th, and the engagement off Casilda, Cuba, with the Spanish gunboat Fernando d’ Católico (sic.), June 20, 1898. 364. Müller y Tejeiro, José. Combates y capitulación de Santiago de Cuba, por el teniente de navío de primera D. José Müller y Tejeiro. (Battles and Capitulation of Santiago de Cuba, by the First Lieutenant of the Navy Don José Müller y Tejeiro.) Madrid, Spain: F. Marqués, 1898. Translated and reprinted as Battles and Capitulation of Santiago de Cuba, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900. Lieutenant José Müller y Tejeiro, the author, was the second-incommand of naval forces of the Province of Santiago de Cuba. This work was translated from Spanish and discusses events from the Spanish viewpoint of the naval Battle of Santiago (July 3, 1898). This work was later published by the US Navy as Volume 1 in its War Notes series as Battles and Capitulation of Santiago de Cuba (1900).

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365. Parker, James. A Review of the Naval Campaign of 1898: In the Pursuit and Destruction of the Spanish Fleet, Commanded by Admiral Cervera. N.p.: n.p., 1900. Parker, a former Lieutenant Commander in the US Navy, published this pro-Schley description of the hunt for Admiral Cervera and US naval operations off Santiago. In 1910, after the hearing in which Schley was admonished for his conduct, Parker published a more detailed account of the US Navy’s operations off Cuba in the summer of 1898. (See Item 366 below.) 366. —. Rear-Admirals Schley, Sampson and Cervera: A Review of the Naval Campaign of 1898, In the Pursuit and Destruction of the Spanish Fleet Commanded by Rear-Admiral Pascual Cervera. New York and Washington: Neale Publishing Company, 1910. The author was a graduate of the US Naval Academy and served in the Mexican-American and Civil Wars and later as part of the defense counsel for Rear Admiral Schley after the Spanish-American War. Parker presents evidence that Schley was responsible for the American naval victory at Santiago (July 3, 1898) and that Sampson attempted to downplay Schley’s accomplishments in the fight. Contains a detailed discussion of documents related to the Santiago fight and numerous published observations. 367. Pearson, Theodore Bowling. “Richmond Pearson Hobson: Naval Hero, Reformer, and ‘The Most-Kissed Man in America.’ ” Alabama Review 50, No. 3 (1997): 174–180. Article discusses Richmond Pearson Hobson of Greensboro, Alabama, who received national acclaim for his effort to sink the collier Merrimac in Santiago Harbor, Cuba, thereby blocking any attempt by Spanish Rear Admiral Cervera to escape. After the war, Hobson toured the country and became known as “the most kissed man in America.” His wartime record won him four terms as a representative from Alabama in Congress. He later lectured in support of prohibition and the dangers of Asian immigration. Author believes while Hobson has been the subject of two doctoral dissertations and several articles, his life lacks a definitive biographer. 368. Pelzer, John. “False Invasion Repelled.” Military History 10, No. 2 (1993): 66–73. Article details the US Navy’s raid on the Spanish underwater telegraph facility at Cienfuegos, Cuba, during the Spanish-American War. Although the Spanish perceived the raid as an invasion attempt, the objective of this raid was part of a plan to cut all underwater communication cables linking Cuba to the outside world.

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369. Pittman, Walter E., Jr. Navalist and Progressive: The Life of Richmond P. Hobson. Manhattan, Kansas: MA/AH Publishers, 1981. Work is a biography of Lieutenant Hobson, naval constructor (engineer), whose assignment aboard the USS New York during the naval siege of Santiago de Cuba allowed him access to Admiral Sampson and led to his efforts to sink the Merrimac in the channel in an effort to keep the Spanish fleet bottled up in the harbor. Work also covers Hobson’s later life as a Congressman from Alabama and his efforts to modernize the US Navy. 370. Placer Cervera, Gustavo. Guerra hispano-cubano norteamericana, operaciones navales. (Spanish-Cuban North American War, Naval Operations.) La Habana, Cuba: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1997. This is a Spanish-language work on the American and Spanish naval operations around Cuba in the summer of 1898, which were conducted in coordination with the Santiago Campaign. 371. Plante, Trevor K. “ ‘New Glory to its Already Gallant Record’: The First Marine Battalion in the Spanish-American War.” Prologue 30, No. 1 (1998): 20–31. Article discusses the rapid mobilization of the First Marine Battalion, focusing on its role during the Spanish-American War of 1898. Under the leadership of Charles Heywood, the First Marine Battalion fought in the first land battle of the war at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and distinguished itself; one marine received the Medal of Honor and two officers became Commandants of the Marine Corps. The success of the battalion proved a harbinger in terms of the future role of the Marine Corps. 372. Plüddemann, Max, Rear Admiral. Der Krieg um Cuba, im Sommer 1898. (The War in Cuba, in the Summer of 1898.) Berlin, Germany: Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn, 1899. Work is a detailed German-language overview of the naval campaign in the West Indies in the Spanish-American War by Rear Admiral Max Plüddemann (1846–1910) of the German Navy. An Englishlanguage synopsis of this work was published by the United States Office of Naval Intelligence as Volume 2 of Notes on the Spanish American War. 373. Reynolds, Bradley M. “Guantánamo Bay: A Doubly Important Advanced Base.” Marine Corps Gazette 66, No. 11 (1982): 62–68. Article describes the landing and seizure of Guantánamo Bay by the First Marine Battalion in June of 1898 and the importance of that foothold in Cuba to the entire Cuban Campaign.

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374. Risco, Alberto. La escuadra del almirante Cervera. (The Squadron of Admiral Cervera.) Madrid, Spain: Jiménez y Molina, Impresore, 1920. This work is an extensive and patriotic Spanish-language history of Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete (1839–1909) and the fate of his Spanish squadron that was destroyed at the Battle of Santiago on July 3, 1898. The author Alberto Risco (1873–1937) had previously published histories on the lives of Spanish saints and royalty. 375. Rodríguez González, Agustín Ramón. “Operaciones menores en Cuba, 1898.” (Minor Operations in Cuba, 1898.) Revista de Historia Naval 3, No. 9 (1985): 125–146. During the Spanish-American War of 1898 the bulk of the American fleet in the Caribbean was concentrated against Rear Admiral Cervera’s Spanish squadron blockaded in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba. This left few American warships to blockade other Cuban ports, cooperate with Cuban insurgents, and attack military targets along the coast of Cuba. The Spanish navy maintained, aside from the blockaded squadron in Santiago de Cuba, a collection of seventy-one warships at various locations on the coast of Cuba, including two old cruisers, a number of gunboats, and thirty-two small launches. These vessels defended Cuban ports against attacking American warships, protected blockade runners, and prevented the US fleet from establishing a liaison with the Cuban insurgents. Only five of these Spanish ships were lost in the Spanish-American War, while eleven returned to Spain after war service. 376. Russell, Walter. “An Artist with Admiral Sampson’s Fleet.” Century Magazine 56, No. 4 (August 1898): 573–577. Russell was a news reporter and illustrator for Century Magazine and describes his leaving Key West, Florida on April 21, 1898, in the press boat Sommers N. Smith to follow Admiral Sampson’s fleet at the start of the blockade of Havana. Illustrates and describes the capture of the Spanish merchantman SS Buena Ventura by the USS Nashville on the way to Havana, the capture of SS Panama by the USS Mangrove, and the bombardment of Matanzas, Cuba. 377. —. “Incidents of the Cuban Blockade.” Century Magazine 56, No. 5 (September 1898): 655–661. Article is a continuation of coverage of the blockade of Havana, Cuba, and the northern coast of Cuba through May of 1898. The author describes the services and goods provided to Sampson’s fleet by the various press boats following the US Navy.

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378. Sampson, William T. “The Atlantic Fleet in the Spanish War.” Century Illustrated Monthly 57 (1898–1899): 886–913. Article written by Admiral Sampson, commander of American fleet operations during the Spanish-American War in the West Indies, which briefly covers the period of April to August of 1898. Sampson discusses reconnaissance duty in the Atlantic, blockade work off northern Cuba, the hunt for Cervera’s squadron, and the Battle of Santiago. 379. Schley, Winfield Scott. Forty-Five Years under the Flag. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1904. Work covers Admiral Schley’s (1839–1911) student days at Annapolis, Civil War years under Admiral Farragut, post-war years spent in the Far East and South America, the Greely Relief Expedition in the Arctic, and the Chile Revolution in 1891. The largest part of the work is devoted to Schley’s activities in Cuba and the destruction of the Spanish squadron at Santiago (July 3, 1898) in the SpanishAmerican War. 380. Schroeder, Seaton. A Half Century of Naval Service. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1922. Personal memoir of Rear Admiral Seaton (1849–1922), who began service in the US Navy on a voyage to open Korea (1870s), served in the West Indies and relates his experiences during the Spanish-American War as the Executive Officer of the USS Massachusetts, and later the Governor of Guam. Seaton was the Executive Officer on the USS Massachusetts and participated in the blockade of Santiago, the bombardment of Spanish shore batteries in Cuba, the sea fight off Santiago de Cuba, and invasion of Puerto Rico. 381. Serrano Monteavaro, Miguel Angel. Fernando Villaamil, una vida entre la mar y el dolor: la guerra de Cuba. (Fernando Villaamil, a Life between the Sea and the Pain: The Cuban War.) Madrid, Spain: Arnao, 1968. Biography of Spanish Captain Fernando Villaamil (1845–1898) who had achieved an international reputation among the navies of the world for being the designer of the torpedo boat destroyer, a precursor to the modern destroyer. Captain Villaamil was in command of the torpedo boat destroyers Furor and Plutón which were attached to Rear Admiral Cervera’s squadron. Both vessels were destroyed in the naval engagement off Santiago de Cuba on July 1, 1898, and Captain Villaamil died at his post.

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382. Spears, John Randolph. “The Chase of Cervera.” Scribner’s Magazine 24, No. 2 (August 1898): 144–152. Article describes the effort of Admiral William Sampson to track down the Spanish squadron of Admiral Cervera in the Caribbean. Believing the Spanish would head for San Juan, Puerto Rico, Admiral Sampson sailed to that port city and upon not finding the fleet attacked the Spanish fortifications. Article details the attack on San Juan (May 12, 1898) and the effect of the bombardment. 383. —. “The Affair of the Winslow.” Scribner’s Magazine 24, No. 2 (August 1898): 182–184. Article is a short description of the fight on May 11, 1898, between three small American warships (USS Wilmington, Hudson, and Winslow) and Spanish forces at Cárdenas. During the engagement the USS Winslow was hit several times by coastal batteries and disabled. The USS Hudson was able to tow the Winslow out of range of the Spanish batteries, but not before the latter’s Ensign Worth Bagley and four crewmen were killed. 384. Sternlicht, Sanford V. McKinley’s Bulldog: The Battleship Oregon. Chicago, Illinois: Nelson Hall, 1977. Concise history of the USS Oregon covers its construction, race around Cape Horn to the Caribbean at the outbreak of the SpanishAmerican War, participation in the naval engagement off Santiago de Cuba (July 3, 1898), and information on its officers. 385. Taussig, Joseph Knefler. Three Splendid Little Wars: The Diaries of Joseph Knefler Taussig, 1898–1901. Edited by Evelyn M. Cherpak. Naval War College Historical Monograph Series, No. 16. Newport, Rhode Island: Naval War College Press, 2009. Work consists of the edited and annotated diaries of Rear Admiral Joseph K. Taussig (1877–1947) for the period of 1898 to 1901. Taussig served on the USS Nashville in the Spanish-American War as part of the blockading American fleet outside Santiago de Cuba. Discusses waiting for the war to commence at Tampa, Florida; landing troops at Daiquiri and Siboney, Cuba, and the Battle of Santiago Bay. Taussig later served in the Philippine Insurrection and the Boxer Rebellion, 1899–1901 on naval duty in the Philippine Islands and off China in the USS Culgoa. 386. The Cruise of the USS Eagle During the Spanish-American War. Printed under the auspices of the crew. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Press of Patterson White, n.d.

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The Eagle was originally the private yacht Almy purchased by the government from Frederic Gallatin in May of 1898. The vessel was fitted out as an auxiliary gunboat with a battery of 4 six-pounder Hotchkiss guns and two Colt automatic guns and was commanded by Lt. W. H. H. Sutherland, US Navy. The Eagle participated in the blockade off Cienfuegos, Cuba, fired on numerous Spanish gunboats, and provided supplies to Cuban revolutionaries. The Eagle also helped convoy General Shafter’s Fifth Army Corps to Santiago, where it participated in the blockade of a stretch of the southern coast of Cuba from the Isle of Pines to Cape Francis. 387. Truyol, Miguel G. The Naval Battle of Santiago de Cuba (CubanSpanish-American War). Miami, Florida: Privately Printed, 1991. More than adequate recounting of the events leading up to the destruction of the Spanish naval squadron on July 3, 1898, and the naval action on that date. Numerous historical photos and illustrations make this a well-researched and concise history of this significant sea battle. 388. Two Historic Days, Snapshots of Spanish Prisoners from Cervera’s Ships Landing at Seavey’s Island, Portsmouth Harbor, July 1898. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Preston of New Hampshire, 1898. Booklet of 16 pages (one sided); one page introductory text followed by pictures of the American ships St. Louis and Harvard unloading 1700 Spanish-American War Spanish naval prisoners brought back from the naval battle off Santiago de Cuba, July 3, 1898. 389. The USS Yankee on the Cuban Blockade, 1898. Published by Members of the Yankee’s Crew. New York: Williams Press, Inc., 1928. The USS Yankee was an auxiliary cruiser, formerly the El Norte, leased from the Morgan Line, and commanded by Regular Naval officers and manned by members of the First Battalion of the New York Naval Militia. Work contains a number of personal accounts by individuals connected with the Yankee in service during the Spanish-American War, including its Captain, Willard H. Brownson; its Executive Officer, John Hubbard; Commander of the First Battalion, W. Butler Duncan; a detailed history of the cruise of the Yankee; reproduction of official naval reports regarding the Yankee; and an account of a naval engagement by Lieutenant de Carranza y Reguera, Commander of the Spanish Gunboat Diego Velázquez—when it was under fire by the Yankee on June 13, 1898. Volume contains numerous photographs taken by crewmen during service in 1898 and a complete roster of the crew with photos taken of the men in 1898 and 1928. Work is a limited edition of 400 copies

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printed in April of 1928 on the thirtieth anniversary of the SpanishAmerican War. 390. Webber, Bert. Battleship Oregon: Bulldog of the Navy, An Oregon Documentary. Medford, Oregon: Webb Research Group, 1994. Second Edition 1998. Work is a good history of the USS Oregon and its voyage around South America to participate in the sea battle of Santiago (July 3, 1898). Author includes a list of the officers and crew of the Oregon on that date. 391. Weems, John Edward. The Fate of the Maine. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1958. Reprint College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1992. Concise history of the USS Maine, its role in the development of a modern steel navy and the events surrounding the destruction of this vessel in Havana Harbor on February 12, 1898. Also includes a good overview of the naval campaigns around Cuba, such as the Naval Battle of Santiago, July 3, 1898. Weems tells the story of the ship from its creation to destruction with help from Maine survivors whom he interviewed in 1957. 392. Willoughby, Malcolm F. “Yankton” Yacht and Man-of-War. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Crimson Printing Company, 1935. Complete history of the USS Yankton, a yacht purchased by the federal government and turned into an auxiliary gunboat during the Spanish-American War and its role in Sampson’s fleet at the Santiago de Cuba and Cienfuegos blockades. 393. Winslow, Cameron McR. “Cable-Cutting at Cienfuegos.” The Century Magazine 57, No. 5 (March 1899): 708–717. Article is a firsthand report of the Navy’s efforts to isolate Cuba from communication with Spain by an assault on the undersea telegraph cables at Cienfuegos, Cuba, from men from the USS Marblehead and USS Nashville. The men were under constant fire from Spanish riflemen as they cut through two undersea telegraph cables.

D. Land Campaign—Landing in Cuba, Las Guásimas fight, and attack on El Caney and San Juan Hill, and the feint at Aguadores. 394. Aloe, Alfred. Twelfth US Infantry, 1798–1919. New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1919.

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Work is an overview history of the 12th United States Regular Infantry Regiment from its inception (1798) to the end of WWI. Narrative covers the 12th Infantry during the Cuban Campaign and its attack on El Caney on the outskirts of Santiago de Cuba. 395. Anderson, Arthur C. “K” Company, 71st Regiment, New York Volunteers: A Record of Its Experience and Service During the Spanish-American War, and a Memorial to Its Dead. New York: C. H. Scott, 1900. Short unit history of Company K of the 71st New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment which was one of only three state National Guard regiments selected to fight alongside the Regular Army regiments in the Cuban Campaign. The 71st New York was one of the units assigned to assault San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898. Work includes a roster of the men who served in Company K. 396. Archibald, James Francis Jewell. “The First Engagement of American Troops on Cuban Soil.” Scribner’s Magazine 24, No. 2 (August 1898): 178–182. War correspondent James Archibald describes Companies E and G of the 1st US Infantry’s attempt on May 12, 1898, to make communication with and land supplies for Cuban rebels—the Gussie Expedition—which resulted in the first fight between American and Spanish armed forces. Through lack of communication the Army found Spanish troops on the Cuban beaches where they expected to meet Cuban rebels. Archibald was slightly wounded as the American forces withdrew after a sharp engagement back to Key West, Florida. 397. —. “The Day of the Surrender of Santiago.” Scribner’s Magazine 24, No. 4 (October 1898): 412–416. Archibald, a British military observer reports on the surrender of Santiago de Cuba to General Shafter and the American forces. One of the few correspondents in attendance as General Shafter had poor relations with the press. 398. Atkins, John Black. The War in Cuba, the Experiences of an Englishman with the United States Army. London: Smith, Elder, & Company, 1899. By 1898, John Black Atkins (1871–1954) was a well-known British war correspondent from his coverage of the 1897 war between Greece and Turkey, before coming to the United States to cover the Spanish-American War for the Manchester Guardian. Atkins was one of the few correspondents to cover the war in both Cuba and Puerto Rico and he observed the Battle of El Caney, in Cuba

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(July 1, 1898), and preparations for the attack on Asomante Heights, in central Puerto Rico (August 12, 1898). Atkins interviewed General Nelson Miles regarding war strategy in Puerto Rico which the correspondent admired over the confusion he observed in Cuba where General William Shafter commanded. Atkins’ most significant published work was The Relief of Ladysmith based on his coverage of the Boer War. 399. —. Incidents and Reflections. London, England: Christophers, 1947. Over half a century after the publication of The War in Cuba, the Experiences of an Englishman with the United States Army (1899), John Black Atkins (1871–1954) published an overview of his life as a war correspondent. Much of the information and impressions of the Spanish-American War which appeared in Atkins’ 1899 book are repeated in this later volume. 400. Azoy, Anastasio Carlos Mariano. Charge! The Story of the Battle of San Juan Hill. New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1961. Well-written and concise account of the American assault on San Juan Hill of July 1, 1898. Work goes into the background of the organization of Regular and Volunteer Army units sent to Cuba. The book contains maps, bibliography, and an index. 401. Biglow, John, Jr., Captain. Reminiscences of the Santiago Campaign. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1899. Personal memoir of a Regular Army officer that commanded a troop of the 10th US Cavalry at the fight on San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898. John Biglow (1854–1936) joined the 10th Cavalry in 1877 upon graduation from West Point and was familiar with both officers and men for over twenty years before going into combat in Cuba. Covers organization and recruiting of the 10th Cavalry to full strength at Camp Thomas, Georgia; encampment at Tampa, Florida; voyage to and landing troops at Daiquri, Cuba; the fight at Las Guásimas; and the assault on San Juan Hill, where Captain Biglow was wounded, on July 1, 1898. 402. Bonsal, Stephen. “The Negro Soldier in War and Peace.” North American Review (June 1907): 321–327. This is a brief article of the work done by the 25th Regular Infantry Regiment at the Battle of San Juan Hill, which the author witnessed on July 1, 1898. 403. Brimlow, George F. Cavalryman Out of the West, Life of General William Carey Brown. Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1944.

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During the Spanish-American War, Captain William C. Brown commanded Troop E of the 1st Regular Cavalry in the Cuban Campaign outside Santiago, and was part of the American force that attacked San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898. Later, in August 1899, Brown was detailed to the Philippines as a Major with one of the newly created Volunteer Infantry Regiments, arriving in January of 1900, where he assisted General Frederick Funston in the capture of Aguinaldo, the leader of the Filipino insurgents. 404. Carlson, Paul H. “Pecos Bill” A Military Biography of William Shafter. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1989. Biography of General Shafter covering Civil War, Indian Wars in Texas, and Spanish-American War Cuban Campaign. Author contends General Shafter “carried out a swift and successful operation on enemy soil in the tropics in the most unhealthy season of the year.” Shafter was recommended for command of the Santiago Campaign by Lt. General Nelson Miles saying, “If you want a man with force and ability, to insure the success of such a task, there is the man to do it.” Author claims the legend of Shafter as incompetent was due to personal friction with war correspondents. 405. Carter, William H., Lt. Col. From Yorktown to Santiago with the Sixth US Cavalry. Baltimore, Maryland: Lord Baltimore Press, 1900. Reprint Austin, Texas: State House Press, 1989, with a new introduction by John M. Carroll. The author was an officer in the 6th US Cavalry (who received the Medal of Honor for action against Indians in 1881) from 1874 to 1891. Volume provides a concise description of the action of the 6th Cavalry in the assault on San Juan Hill by the First Brigade that was composed largely of Regular and Volunteer Cavalry, on July 1, 1898. One Troop of the 6th US Cavalry (Troop H) was assigned to the Puerto Rico Campaign under General Brooke, at Guayama. 406. Cashin, Herschel V., Charles Alexander, William T. Anderson, Arthur Brown, and Horace W. Bivins. Under Fire with the Tenth US Cavalry, Being a Brief, Comprehensive Review of the Negro’s Participation in the Wars of the United States. New York and London: F. Tennyson Neely, Publisher, 1899. Reprinted as a facsimile copy by New York: Arno Press, 1969; New York: Bellwether Pub. Co., 1970; and Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado, 1993. Work contains contemporary accounts of the Ninth and Tenth United States Cavalry and Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth United States Infantry at the Cuban battles of Las Guásimas, San Juan Hill, and El Caney. The Tenth Cavalry action in Cuba was described by

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Sergeant Horace W. Bivins, an African-American of that unit. Another account of the Tenth Cavalry in action is provided by Lt. John J. Pershing, then an officer in that unit, who noted that in the attack on San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898, the Tenth Cavalry lost half of its officers and 20 percent of its men. 407. Chamberlain, Joseph Edgar. “How the Spaniards Fought at Caney.” Scribner’s Magazine 24, No. 3 (September 1898): 278–282. Article is a personal memoir of the author who describes the daylong attack on El Caney by Regular Army Regiments and the tenacity of the Spanish defenders on July 1, 1898. 408. Chastaine, Ben H. History of the 18th US Infantry First Division, 1812–1919. New York: Hymans Publishing Company, 1919. This work is a unit history of the 18th US Infantry and its battlefield record principally during World War I. There is a brief survey of the 18th Infantry’s history in the War of 1812, the Civil War, Indian Wars, Spanish-American War, and Philippine Insurrection. 409. Clowes, Walter F. The Detroit Light Guard, A Complete Record of this Organization from its Foundation to the Present Day, with a Full Account of Riot and Complimentary Duty, and the Campaigns in the Civil and Spanish-American Wars. Detroit, Michigan: John F. Eby & Company, 1900. Detailed unit history of the Detroit Light Guard, established in 1836. At the start of the Spanish-American War the Light Guard was split up to form companies in the newly created 31st, 32nd, and 33rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiments established in the first call-up by President McKinley. This volume documents the Detroit Light Guard’s efforts to maintain their unit’s integrity and keep their officers and men together while being merged into a larger state National Guard volunteer infantry regiment as Company M of the 33rd Michigan Volunteer Regiment. The 32nd and 33rd were dispatched to Santiago de Cuba and participated in the “demonstration” attack on Aguadores, the southern part of the Spanish defense line along San Juan Heights, with naval fire support from the American fleet, on July 1st 1898. The 31st was sent to Camp Thomas, Georgia, for advanced infantry training and later to Cuba for occupation duty in 1899. 410. Coston, William Hilary, Captain. The Spanish-American War Volunteer, Ninth United States Volunteer Infantry, Roster and Muster, Biographies, Cuban Sketches. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Mount Pleasant Printery, J. Horace McFarland Company, 1899.

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Reprinted as The Spanish-American War Volunteer, Freeport, New York: The Black Heritage Library, 1971. Author was the Chaplain of the 9th US Volunteer Infantry, a Black officered and manned regiment of “immunes,” (Black Americans were mistakenly believed to be immune to tropical diseases like yellow fever). Author compiled and printed numerous letters by American officers testifying to the bravery of the 24th and 25th Infantry Regiments and 9th and 10th Cavalry Troops in the Santiago Campaign. The 9th US Volunteer Infantry was raised primarily from the New Orleans, Louisiana, area and was mustered into service June 1898 for Cuban occupation duty and dismissed from active duty in May of 1899. 411. Crosier, W. J., Captain. Second Regiment Massachusetts US Volunteer Infantry, War with Spain, 1898–1899. N.p.: n.p., n.d. History of “D” Company, Second Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the Cuban Campaign of the Spanish-American War. The Second Massachusetts was one of three state volunteer regiments (9th Massachusetts and 71st New York) which participated in the engagements on San Juan Heights with Regular Army troops. This unit history chronicles D Company in the attack on El Caney. 412. Davis, Richard Harding. “The Landing of the Army.” Scribner’s Magazine 24, No. 2 (August 1898): 184–186. Briefly describes the June 22, 1898, landing of the Fifth Army Corps at Daiquiri (or Baiquiri), Cuba. General Shafter and Admiral Sampson had met two days earlier with General García, head of the Cuban Revolutionary Army, on the beach at Daiquiri to coordinate the landing of the American forces. 413. —. “The Rough Riders’ Fight at Guásimas.” Scribner’s Magazine 24, No. 3 (September 1898): 259–273. Article describes the first encounter between the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry (“Rough Riders”) and the Spanish at Las Guásimas, Cuba. Davis, an eye-witness to the planning for the June 24, 1898, movement and the action on that day, believed General Joseph Wheeler was aware the Spanish were waiting in ambush for the Americans at Las Guásimas and was determined to push them back. This engagement involving the Rough Riders and the 10th Cavalry resulted in the enemy being forced to retreat, making this a small but decisive victory. 414. —. “The Battle of San Juan.” Scribner’s Magazine 24, No. 4 (October 1898): 387–403.

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Concise and literate article on the American Army in the Cuban Campaign as written by one of America’s leading war correspondents of the period. Davis describes the embarkation of the American army at Baiquiri (Daiquiri), Cuba, the June 24th engagement at Las Guásimas, and the two-pronged attack on San Juan and El Caney of July 1, 1898. 415. —. “In the Rifle-Pits.” Scribner’s Magazine 24, No. 6 (December 1898): 644–658. Davis describes the siege of Santiago de Cuba from the American trenches from the period of July 1 to July 15, 1898. Makes note of the presence of some sixty correspondents including Stephen Crane, John Fox of Harper’s, and James Whigham of the Chicago Tribune who visited the siege lines during this period. Davis missed the surrender ceremony in Santiago to follow General Miles’ expedition to Puerto Rico. 416. Elmendorf, John Emerick (ed.). Memorial Souvenir The 71st Regiment New York Volunteers in Cuba. Containing the Official Records and Story of the Part Taken by the Regiment in the SpanishAmerican War, Together with Specially Written Articles of a General and Military Interest. New York: n.p., 1899. Work is an illustrated unit history of one of the few National Guard regiments which participated in the attack on San Juan Hill, outside Santiago de Cuba. The majority of the work contains a detailed history by the commander of Company D, Lt. William Rockwell, with contemporary photos covering the 71st in camp in Tampa, boarding the Vigilancia for Cuba, landing at Siboney, Cuba, the attack on San Juan Hill, outbreak of fever, and voyage to Montauk, Long Island on the St. Paul. Also contains a complete roster of the 71st New York and a list of the 99 men who died in service. 417. Francis, Augustus Theodore, Brigadier General. History of the 71st Regiment, N.G. N.Y., American Guard. Editorial Foreword by George Edward Lowen. New York: Veteran’s Association, 1919. This work is the regimental history of the 71st Regiment of New York, and covers its actions in the Civil War and the Cuban Campaign of the Spanish-American War. The 71st New York was one of only three Volunteer National Guard Regiments (2nd and 9th Massachusetts) believed to be well enough trained and equipped to be selected to accompany the bulk of the United States Regular Army in the attack on Santiago de Cuba in the Cuban Campaign. Richard Harding Davis who observed the 71st during the attack

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on San Juan Hill thought the regiment hesitated in the assault but soon organized themselves and pushed ahead. This book details the 71st Regiment’s role in the assault. 418. Fulbright, James and Albert Stehno (eds.). Oklahoma Rough Rider: Billy McGinty’s Own Story. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008. Work recounts the life of Oklahoma cowboy, Billy McGinty, one of Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders who participated in the voyage from Tampa, Florida, to Siboney, Cuba, the fight at Las Guásimas, the attack on San Juan Heights, and subsequent siege of Santiago de Cuba. Billy McGinty began his life as a cowboy at age fourteen and after service in the Spanish-American War, performed in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show and became a champion bronco buster and was awarded the Cowboy Hall of Fame’s Great Westerner Award before dying at age ninety. McGinty’s firsthand, common soldier’s view of the war, is expanded by the editors Fulbright and Stehno, who provide historical context for the Cuban Campaign of the Spanish-American War. 419. Gilfillan, James R., and Herbert E. Riley. Northampton in the Spanish-American War. Easthampton, Massachusetts: Enterprise Printing Co., 1899. Unit history of companies provided by Northampton, Massachusetts, for the 2nd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment—one of just three state units which participated in the attack on the San Juan Heights on July 1, 1898. 420. Glass, Edward L. N. The History of the Tenth Cavalry, 1866–1921. Tucson, Arizona: Acme Printing Company, 1921. Reprint Fort Collins, Colorado: The Old Army Press, 1972. Good early account of the Tenth Cavalry, or “Buffalo Soldiers,” discusses their creation at the end of the Civil War, actions against Native American tribes on the western frontier, and role in the attack on San Juan Hill (July 1, 1898), and later service in the Philippines. 421. Goodell, Henry Hill. Captain Walter Mason Dickinson, 17th Infantry, US Army. Amherst, Massachusetts: n.p., 1898. Memorial written to commemorate Captain Dickinson who was killed during the attack on San Juan Hill, Cuba, July 1, 1898. Work contains a short description of the attack of that date and the role of the 17th Infantry. Dickinson was a graduate of the class of 1880 of the US Military Academy at West Point.

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422. Hall, Sharlot Mabridth. The Arizona Rough Rider Monument and Captain W. O. O’Neill. Prescott, Arizona: Privately Printed, 1970. William Owen “Bucky” O’Neill served as mayor of Prescott, Arizona, before volunteering in the Spanish-American War and serving as Captain of Troop A of the 1st Volunteer Cavalry, in Cuba. He was killed at the battle of San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898. This is a biography of his life, his accomplishments in Arizona, and his exploits with the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders). The monument to the Arizona Rough Riders, which depicts Captain O’Neill on horseback, was sculpted by Solon Hannibal Borglum, younger brother of Mt. Rushmore sculptor Gutzon Borglum, and is located in Prescott, Arizona. 423. Hall, Tom. The Fun and Fighting of the Rough Riders. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Publisher, 1899. Tom Hall (1862–1900) served as a 1st Lieutenant and Regimental Quartermaster for the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry (or Rough Riders) during the Spanish-American War. A graduate of West Point he was selected for his position by Colonel Leonard Wood and accompanied the 1st Cavalry from its formation in San Antonio, Texas, to encampment in Tampa, Florida, transport to Santiago in Cuba, and its fights at Las Guásimas and San Juan Hill. 424. Hancock, H. Irving. What One Man Saw. New York: Street Smith, 1900. American war correspondent describing his observations of the landing at Daiquiri and the July 1, 1898, assault on El Caney, in considerable detail. 425. Hard, Curtis V. Banners in the Air, The Eighth Ohio and the SpanishAmerican War. Edited by Robert H. Ferrell. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1988. Work is a unit history of the 8th Ohio in the Spanish-American War, from an original unpublished manuscript of Colonel Curtis V. Hard, commander of the Regiment. The manuscript was edited and published by Robert H. Ferrell in 1988. The 8th Ohio, or “The President’s Own,” was a regiment made up of men from counties south of Cleveland, Ohio. This work covers the regiment’s mustering into federal service at Camp Bushnell in Columbus, Ohio, and travel to Camp Alger, Virginia, for advanced infantry training, where the 8th Ohio was formed into a brigade—three regiments constituted a brigade— with the 6th Illinois and the 6th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiments. The 8th Ohio was transported to Siboney, Cuba, on

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the St. Paul, commanded by Captain Charles Sigsbee, formerly commander of the USS Maine. The 8th Ohio was landed in Cuba to reinforce the Fifth Army Corps then besieging Santiago de Cuba, where it took no part in actual combat, but its members contracted yellow fever, so it could not be reembarked to join the rest of the brigade for the invasion of Puerto Rico. Invalided to Montauk Point on Long Island, the 8th Ohio lost 70 members of its regiment to sickness before being mustered out of federal service. Volume contains a roster of all the men who served in the 8th Ohio. 426. Harding, Priscilla M. “McKinley’s Own: An Ohio Band Plays the ‘Splendid Little War’.” Timeline 2, No. 5 (1985): 10–21. Article discusses the experiences of the 8th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regimental band in the Spanish-American War—called “President McKinley’s Own” because they were men from his hometown of Canton, Ohio. The 8th Ohio had been brigaded with the 6th Illinois and 6th Massachusetts for the Puerto Rico Campaign, but was left behind in Cuba to strengthen the American forces during surrender negotiations with the Spanish commander of Santiago de Cuba. Article includes photographs taken by band leader William R. Palmer. 427. Hastings, Hugh. New York and the War with Spain: History of the Empire State Regiments. Published under the Direction of the State Historian. Albany, New York: The Argus Company, Printers, 1903. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, President McKinley requested the State of New York to provide twelve regiments of infantry. The State Historian Hugh Hastings, who observed how poorly record keeping was maintained by New York state units in the Civil War, wrote each of the commanders of the infantry regiments requesting them to appoint an officer to act as the Recorder of the Regiment and submit reports of their movements and actions to the New York State Adjutant General. In 1903, as part of his annual report to the New York Legislature, Hastings published reports on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 69th, and 71st New York Infantry Regiments which contained correspondence with the Adjutant General, roster, and unit histories. The 1st New York was sent to Hawaii for occupation duty, while the 2nd, 3rd, and 69th New York Regiments were sent for advanced infantry training at Camps Alger and Thomas and did not leave the United States. The 71st New York Infantry Regiment was one of only three state infantry regiments (along with the 2nd and 9th Massachusetts regiments) which were sent to Cuba and engaged the Spanish at San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898.

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428. Heatley, Jeff (ed.). Bully! Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. The Rough Riders and Camp Wickoff, Montauk, New York, 1898. A Newspaper Chronicle with Roosevelt’s Letters. Montauk, New York: Montauk Historical Society, Pushcart Press, 1998. This work describes through contemporary newspaper accounts and Colonel Theodore Roosevelt’s personal letters, conditions at Camp Wickoff, near Montauk, Long Island, New York, where the returning American regiments from the Cuban Campaign of the SpanishAmerican War convalesced. 429. Herner, Charles. The Arizona Rough Riders. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1970. Reprint with a foreword by Senator John McCain; Prescott, Arizona: Sharlot Hall Museum Press, 1998. Detailed unit history of the Arizona Territory contingent of the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, or “Rough Riders.” Work includes the Muster-In Roll of men from the territory of Arizona who served with the Rough Riders. Gives names, residence, occupation, and what happened to them. Commanded by Lt. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, the Arizonans were a formidable force fighting the Spanish in 1898. 430. —. Cowboy Cavalry. A Photographic History of the Arizona Rough Riders. Museum Monograph No. 10. Tucson, Arizona: The Arizona Historical Society, 1998. When President McKinley announced the formation of three cavalry regiments of volunteers from the western states, Arizona Territory was allocated a quota of 200 men for enlistment in Troops A, B, and C of the First Volunteer Cavalry, or what became known as the Rough Riders. Only part of Troops A and B were allowed to embark for Cuba due to a shortage of transports. At Las Guásimas the Arizonans lost six men, while at the assault on San Juan Hill the two troops lost eight men including the commander of Troop A “Bucky” O’Neill. The author presents a number of contemporary photos which identify members of the Arizona contingent of the Rough Riders. 431. —(ed.). It Was the Grandest Sight I Ever Saw—Experiences of a Rough Rider Recorded in the Letters of Lt. John Campbell Greenway. Monograph No. 11. Tucson, Arizona: Arizona Historical Society, 2001. The title “It Was the Grandest Sight I Ever Saw” was the statement that Lt. John C. Greenway (1872–1926) used to describe in a letter to his mother the charge of the Rough Riders up San Juan Ridge in

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Cuba on July 1, 1898. In this collection of seventeen telegrams and letters, published for the first time, Lt. Greenway provides a personal view of the organization, training, battles, and personnel of the Rough Riders. Lt. Greenway was a favorite officer of then Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt. 432. Hicks, Herbert O. and Fred A. Simmons. Company M and Adams in the War with Spain (Company M, 2nd Mass. Inf., USV.). Press of the Adams Freeman, 1899. The 2nd Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment was one of only three National Guard regiments (along with the 9th Massachusetts and 71st New York) that participated in combat in the Cuban Campaign. Company M of the 2nd Massachusetts, composed of men from Adams, Massachusetts, came into being in 1887 when the state legislature decided to increase the number of companies per regiment from eight to twelve—in keeping with the organization recently proposed for the Regular Army. Company M was joined by the other companies of the 2nd Massachusetts at the National Guard training grounds in Framingham by May 3, 1898, and after recruiting up to a full 120-man company, was soon sent south to Tampa, Florida, by train—arriving on May 30th. Leaving by transport on June 13th from Tampa the Adams Company arrived at Daiquiri on June 22nd. The 2nd Massachusetts moved in stages up to El Caney which they helped to attack on July 1, 1898 over a 10-hour engagement, in which five members of Company M were wounded. The 2nd Massachusetts left Cuba on August 13th and was mustered out of federal service on November 3, 1898. 433. Johnson, Clifton. Hampden County, 1636–1936. 3 vols. New York: The American Historical Society, Inc., 1936. Volume 1 contains a short description of the involvement of the men of Springfield, in Hampden County, Massachusetts, in the SpanishAmerican War. Hampden County sent men from its H Company of the Massachusetts Naval Brigade to serve on various Regular Navy vessels such as the monitor USS Lehigh and the auxiliary cruiser USS Prairie which sank a Spanish transport and gunboat in the West Indies. Hampden County men also served in Company B of the 2nd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment which attacked El Caney. 434. Johnson, Edward A. History of the Negro Soldiers in the SpanishAmerican War and Other Items of Interest. Raleigh, North Carolina: Capitol Printing Co., 1899. Reprint New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1970; and Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007.

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This volume contains detailed descriptions of the role of Black American soldiers from the 24th Regular Infantry and 9th Regular Cavalry at the battles of El Caney and San Juan Hill, Cuba, respectively. Includes officer testimonials of the heroism of Black Regular Army troops, historical background of Black state militias (6th Virginia and 3rd North Carolina), and an appeal to the federal government to protect its black citizens. 435. Jones, Virgil Carrington. Roosevelt’s Rough Riders. Garden City, New Jersey: Doubleday & Company, 1971. Reprint Norwalk, Connecticut: The Easton Press, 1991. Good history of the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment in the Spanish-American War, or “Rough Riders.” Their service as a regiment lasted only 137 days, during which time they bore the brunt of the fighting in the Battle of Las Guásimas and followed Colonel Teddy Roosevelt up Kettle Hill, a part of San Juan Heights, in a charge that was to carry him to the White House. Includes a roster of the regiment. 436. Keithley, Ralph. Buckey O’Neill: He Stayed with ’em While He Lasted. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1949. Work is a popular account of the colorful Arizonan William Owen “Buckey” O’Neill, who as a sheriff caught the robbers who held up the Atlantic and Pacific Train in 1889, was the publisher of the Hoof and Horn newspaper in Prescott, Arizona, and was killed while a Captain of Troop A in the Rough Riders’ Campaign in Cuba. 437. Kent, Zachary. The Story of the Rough Riders. Chicago, Illinois: Children’s Press, 1991. Adequate juvenile literature covering the First US Volunteer Calvary (Rough Riders), Theodore Roosevelt, and the July 1, 1898, assault on the San Juan heights. 438. Killblane, Richard E. “Assault on San Juan Hill.” Military History 15, No. 2 (June 1998): 38–45. Article is a concise retelling of the attack on San Juan Hill, Cuba, by American regiments of the Regular and Volunteer Army. 439. Lambert, Joseph Idus, Major. One Hundred Years with the Second Cavalry. Topeka, Kansas: Press of the Capper Printing Company, Inc., 1939. Reprint San Antonio, Texas, Newton Publishers, 1999. Volume covers the period of 1836 to 1936, from the formation of the Second Cavalry during the Seminole War to garrison duty in Fort Sheridan, Indiana. During the Spanish-American War the dispersed

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troops of the Second Cavalry were brought together from various western forts to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), Georgia, in April of 1898. From here they were moved to Mobile, Alabama (May of 1898), to Tampa, Florida (June of 1898), and finally to Cuba. The Second Cavalry was one of the few cavalry troops which landed with their horses in Cuba, so General Shafter used them largely for the escort of artillery units and message service. The Second Cavalry did participate in the fight at El Caney, and one troop (Troop B) was on detached service to the Puerto Rico Campaign (see Item 569 below). The Second Cavalry served occupation duty in Cuba January 1899 to February 1902. In December 1903, the Second Cavalry was sent to the Philippines to pacify insurgents in Cavite Province and returned to the states in 1906. They returned to the southern Philippines in 1910 to fight the Moros and returned to the states in 1912. 440. Leamy, Leo J. “Springfield’s Citizen-Soldiers in the Spanish-American War.” Historical Journal of Massachusetts 8, No. 2 (1980): 30–45. Article is a narrative account of the experiences of National Guardsmen from Springfield, Massachusetts, who fought in the Cuban Campaign of the Spanish-American War as part of the 2nd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment. This regiment of the 71st New York and the 9th Massachusetts were the only National Guard units teamed with Regular Army units in the attacks on El Caney and San Juan Hill of July 1, 1898. 441. Lee, Arthur H., Captain, Royal Army. “The Regulars at El Caney.” Scribner’s Magazine 24, No. 4, (October 1898): 403–412. Article by a British military attaché discusses the US Regular and Volunteer Army attack on the Spanish fortification on El Caney, outside Santiago de Cuba on July 1, 1898. 442. Lovelady, Janet (comp.). Rough Writings: Perspectives on Buckey O’Neill, Pauline O’Neill, and Roosevelt’s Rough Riders. Prescott, Arizona: Sharlot Hall Museum Press, 1998. Work is one of a series of small publications produced by the Sharlot Hall Museum, in Prescott, Arizona, regarding one of the town’s most colorful historical figures—“Bucky” O’Neill. This work is a compilation of writings by “Bucky” O’Neill, to his wife Pauline, about the former’s experiences as a Rough Rider in the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry in the Cuban Campaign. 443. Lowell’s Tribute to Her Returned Soldiers of the Spanish-American War, 1898, Co. M, 9th Regiment, Co’s C and G, 6th Regiment M. V. M. at the Armory November 30, 1898. N.p.: 1898.

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On November 30, 1898 the city of Lowell, Massachusetts, held a tribute and banquet for the local militiamen that comprised three companies of troops for two regiments of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. On that occasion a souvenir pamphlet was distributed with the title “For the Honor of the Flag” on the cover. It chronicled the events leading up to the war with Spain and provided a concise history of Company M, 9th Regiment’s participation in the attack on San Juan Hill in the Cuban Campaign around Santiago (the 2nd and 9th Massachusetts and the 71st New York were the only three state volunteer units that saw active service in that campaign) and Companies C and G, 6th Regiment’s participation in the Puerto Rico Campaign. The troops of the 6th Massachusetts were among the first Americans to land at Guánica, Puerto Rico on July 25, 1898, and both Companies C and G were involved in the skirmish along the road to Yauco the next day. Also notes that a Regular naval seaman George Charette of Lowell was on the Merrimac with Lt. Hobson for which the former received the Medal of Honor. 444. Lynk, Miles Vandahurst, M.D. The Black Troopers, or the Daring Heroism of the Negro Soldiers in the Spanish-American War. Jackson, Tennessee: The M. V. Lynk Publishing House, 1899. Reprint New York: AMS Press, 1971. The author was an African-American Medical Doctor who practiced in Jackson, Tennessee, in the 1890s. Dr. Lynk did his own historical research on this volume to document the heroism of Black troops— primarily the “Buffalo Soldiers” of the 9th and 10th Cavalry and their participation in the July 1, 1898, attack on San Juan Hill, in Cuba. Author contends that the professionalism of the 9th Cavalry in particular helped save Roosevelt’s Rough Riders from possible destruction by Spanish forces. Work contains illustrations of famous soldiers and battlefield sketches throughout. 445. Lytle, Richard M. and Martin Gordon (eds.). Old Guard in 1898: A Short History of the Third United States Infantry Regiment. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2007. Work is a short history of the 3rd US Infantry Regiment in the Cuban Campaign. The 3rd Infantry was part of General Bate’s Independent Regular Brigade, with the 20th Infantry, in the attack on El Caney, and had only about 485 men (a Regular Army Regiment should have 1,200 men). The 3rd and 20th Regiments supported the 12th Infantry in the final storming of El Caney in the late afternoon of July 1, 1898. Organized as the First American Regiment in 1784, the 3rd US Infantry Regiment, also known as The Old Guard, has served with distinction for more than 200 years and

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is the oldest active infantry regiment in the US Army. Nevertheless, surprisingly little has been written on the history of the 3rd Regiment, and Richard M. Lytle’s book The Old Guard in 1898 is a welcome addition to the historiography of the subject. As the title suggests, Lytle focuses on the history of The Old Guard in the Spanish-American War. The chapters relating the history of The Old Guard before and after the war against Spain, however, are comprehensive enough to make the book an excellent summary history of the regiment. 446. Marshall, Edward. The Story of The Rough Riders: 1st US Volunteer Cavalry—The Regiment in Camp and on the Battle Field. Illustrated with Photographs Taken on the Field and with Drawings made by Richard F. Outcault. New York: G. W. Dillingham Co., 1899. Edward Marshall (1870–1933) was a newspaperman with Hearst’s New York Journal who was to cover the exploits of the Rough Riders in the Cuban Campaign. However, less than a day after the fight at Las Guásimas, Marshall was seriously wounded in the spine by a Spanish sniper. During his recovery he wrote a complete history of the volunteer regiment through interviews with officers and men of the Rough Riders and produced one of the better volumes on this regiment. Volume includes the roster of the Rough Riders from the official muster-out rolls in the War Department. Richard F. Outcault who created the “Yellow Kid” comic strip from which the term “yellow press” originated was the illustrator for this work. Includes his report of being wounded and carried to safety by Stephen Crane and Richard Harding Davis from his article “A Wounded Correspondent’s Recollections of Guasimas” Scribner’s Magazine 24, No. 3 (September 1898: 273–276). 447. McCurdy, Frank Allen, and John Kirk McCurdy. Two Rough Riders: Letters from F. Allen McCurdy and J. Kirk McCurdy, Who Volunteered and Fought with the Rough Riders During the Spanish American War of 1898, to their Father J. M. McCurdy. Introduction by Joseph Tyler Butt. New York & London: Printed for Private Distribution Only, F. T. Neely, 1902. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Personal memoirs of two brothers from Philadelphia who enlisted in the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders) and their account of action at San Juan Hill in the Cuban Campaign from letters to their family. 448. McIntosh, Burr. The Little I Saw of Cuba. New York: Frank Tennyson Neely, 1899.

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Photographic record of Burr McIntosh’s (of Leslie’s Weekly), efforts to record with photos and words the Cuban Campaign. At the intercession of Secretary of War, Alger, and General Nelson Miles, room was made for McIntosh on the troop ship Matteawan going to Cuba with the 20th Regular Infantry. McIntosh jumped overboard from the Matteawan to cover the landing of troops at Daiquiri on June 22nd. After photographing the landings at Daiquiri, McIntosh went on to photograph the American dead at Las Guásimas, from which he concluded “there was absolutely nothing to be gained by this first battle of Las Guasimas.” The author missed much of the action on July 1st because he was coming down with yellow fever which eventually caused him to lose over 60 pounds. Good description of the American sick camps and hospitals in Cuba and the problems encountered by newsmen in covering the conflict up to the time McIntosh left on July 25, 1898. 449. Melzer, Richard, and Mingus, Phyllis Ann. “Wild to Fight: The New Mexico Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War.” New Mexico Historical Review 59, No. 2 (1984): 109–136. Article describes the enthusiasm at the beginning of the SpanishAmerican War, as many New Mexicans eagerly volunteered for the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry, or Rough Riders, to fight the Spanish in Cuba. Despite many weeks of delay and supply mismanagement, New Mexicans would fight at Las Guásimas and Kettle Hill (a rise in the area of San Juan Hill). Tropical diseases, poor food, and inadequate clothing plagued the New Mexican volunteers, but failed to dampen their enthusiasm. 450. Miley, John David, Lt. Col. In Cuba with Shafter. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1899. Lt. Col. John D. Miley (1862–1899) served throughout the land campaign outside Santiago de Cuba and as an aide to General Rufus Shafter, commander of the Fifth Army Corps. Miley’s account begins with his accompanying General Shafter from his post at the Presidio of San Francisco to Tampa, Florida; working to organize the expedition to Cuba; landings at Siboney and Daiquiri, Cuba; the fight at Las Guásimas; the attacks on El Caney and San Juan Hills; peace negotiations and surrender with the Spanish commander of Santiago de Cuba, General José Toral; and departure of American forces for the states. 451. Miller, Gordon K. A. Biographical Sketch of Major Edward E. Hartwick: Together with a Compilation of Major Hartwick’s

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Letters and Diaries written during the Spanish-American and World War. Detroit, Michigan: n.p. 1921. Included in this biographical sketch is a compilation of letters written by Major Edward Hartwick (1871–1918) when he was a Lieutenant serving with the Ninth Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) at San Juan Hill, Cuba. 452. Miller, Theodore Westwood. Theodore W. Miller, Rough Rider. His Diary as a Soldier Together with the Story of his Life. Edited by George E. Vincent. Akron, Ohio: Privately Printed by the Werner Company, 1899. Personal memoir edited from the diary of Theodore Miller (1875–1898), Yale graduate and Rough Rider who was wounded on July 1, 1898, in the advance on San Juan Hill, Cuba, and subsequently died seven days later. Miller secured his place in the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry through a classmate—“Dade” Goodrich—who had already joined in San Antonio, Texas. Miller caught up with the unit in New Orleans and enlisted en route to Tampa, Florida. He was assigned to Troop D and his friends to Troop A under the command of Captain “Bucky” O’Neill. Memoir mentions numerous Yale and Harvard men who joined the unit, and war correspondents Casper Whitney and Richard Harding Davis. Memoir describes Battle of Las Guásimas and participants (June 24, 1898) in some detail. His body was removed a month later by his brother for reburial in Akron, Ohio. 453. Mingus, Phyllis A. and Richard Melzer. “ ‘Letters Home’: The Personal Observations of the New Mexico Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War.” El Palacio 91, No. 2 (1985): 26–35. Members of the New Mexico contingent of the Rough Riders (1st US Volunteer Cavalry) fighting with the US Army in the Cuban Campaign of 1898 wrote letters to relatives and hometown newspapers to inform the New Mexican people of the adventures and fate of their local heroes. Authors provide excerpts of some of these letters which describe mustering into federal service, movement to Tampa and then to Santiago de Cuba, the attack of July 1, 1898, on San Juan Hill, and their return trip to the United States. 454. Mitchell, William. General Greely: The Story of a Great American. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1936. General Adolphus Washington Greely (1845–1935) was the Army’s Chief Signal Officer during the Spanish-American War and arranged to collect intelligence from foreign cable companies which would

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prove significant in locating Admiral Pascual Cervera’s Spanish fleet at Santiago de Cuba. Greely also directed operations for the cutting of underwater cables from Cuba to Spain to disrupt vital communications, and went on to establish telegraph and cable connections in the Philippines after the conclusion of the SpanishAmerican War. 455. Moss, James Alfred. Memories of the Campaign of Santiago. San Francisco, California: The Mysell-Rollins Co., 1899. Work is a short regimental history of the 25th Regular Infantry “Buffalo Soldiers” in the Cuban Campaign and their attack on San Juan Hill outside Santiago de Cuba on July 1, 1898. 456. Muller, William G. The Twenty Fourth Infantry, Past and Present: a Brief History of the Regiment Compiled from Official Records, under the Direction of the Regimental Commander. N.p.: n.p., 1923. Reprint Introduction by John M. Carroll. The Regular Regiments Series. Fort Collins, Colorado, The Old Army Press, 1972. Detailed history of the 24th Regular Infantry Regiment created after the Civil War for duty on the American frontier. The 24th Infantry formed part of the “Buffalo Soldiers” regular army with white officers and black enlisted personnel. This work discusses the work of the 24th Infantry during the attack on San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898. The 24th later served in the Philippines. 457. Nankivell, John Henry. History of the Twenty-fifth Regiment, United States Infantry, 1869–1926, compiled and edited by John H. Nankivell. Denver, Colorado: The Smith-Brooks Printing Company, 1927. Reprint New York, Negro Universities Press, 1969. The 25th Regular Infantry Regiment was formed following the Civil War in order to help control Native American tribes on the American frontier. At the start of the Spanish-American War the various companies of this regiment were recruited up to full strength and dispatched with most of the regular army forces of the United States to Tampa, Florida. The 25th, a “Buffalo Soldier” regiment with white officers and black enlisted personnel, was involved in the attack on San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898, and later served tours of duty in the Philippines. 458. Norris, Frank. The Surrender of Santiago. An Account of the Historic Surrender of Santiago to General Shafter, July 17, 1898. San Francisco, California: Paul Elder & Company, 1917. Work is a short but detailed account by the novelist Frank Norris of the historic surrender of Santiago de Cuba by General Toral to

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General Shafter, on July 17, 1898. This is a personal memoir of Norris, who was then a journalist in Cuba during the Santiago Campaign. 459. Ostrander, Stephen. “ ‘Written in a Hurry’: The Diary of Theodore Miller Rough Rider.” Timeline 24, No. 1 (2007): 2–17. Article details the 1898 service of Theodore Westwood Miller, a New York City attorney who served in Cuba with Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders. The article examines the enthusiasm and unpreparedness of United States troops as they landed in Cuba. Miller’s life in the military is presented through a series of letters written to family and friends. He died in a military hospital on July 8, 1898, one day after his final letter to his mother. 460. Paine, Ralph Delahaye. Roads of Adventure. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1922. After graduating from college Ralph Paine (1871–1925) got a job with William Randolph Hearst’s newspaper and attempted several times to enter Cuba to interview Cuban revolutionaries, sometimes in the company of Stephen Crane. After the destruction of the Maine, Paine was able to cover efforts by the American Army to supply Cuban revolutionaries and to witness the Cuban Campaign at Santiago. 461. Parker, James. The Old Army, Memories 1872–1918. Introduction by Major General Robert Lee Bullard. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Dorance and Company, Inc., 1929. Reprint Stackpole Books, 2003. General James (“Galloping Jim”) Parker’s work is an insightful and representative example of “old soldier reminiscences,” covering a 46-year army career (1872–1918) that carried him from the American frontier to the eve of World War I. Like many other military officers of the period, Parker (1854–1924) served on the Indian frontier as a junior officer, matured into the mid-grades at the turn of the century with the Spanish-American War, and was rewarded for honorable service with a Brigadier’s star during his twilight years. The chapters dealing with the Spanish-American War and its aftermath are interesting on at least three counts: first, Parker seems to have been everywhere—Regular Army, Volunteers, mobilization, service in Cuba, and the Philippines; second, the political machinations undertaken by Army officers to gain favorable postings; and finally, because of the small size of the Regular Army, how he was able to visit and negotiate with Presidents, State Governors, the Secretary of War and Chiefs of Staff, and practically all the general officers in the army. This work is an essential source for the Indian Wars, but also

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for the Spanish-American War, the Philippines Insurrection, and the regular army at the turn of the century. 462. Parker, John Henry, 1st Lt. History of the Gatling Gun Detachment Fifth Army Corps, at Santiago with a Few Unvarnished Truths Concerning that Expedition. Kansas City, Missouri: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Company 1898. Reprint N.p., Biblio Bazaar, 2006. Work is a detailed account of the efforts of Lieutenant Parker to organize a Gatling Gun Detachment for the Fifth Army Corps for the Cuban Campaign. Overcoming numerous bureaucratic obstacles Parker was able to pull together a “scratch” detachment that provided covering fire for the forces charging up San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898, at a critical time in the action. Parker notes his problem had to do with the United States Army viewing the Gatling gun as a defensive rather than on offensive weapon. 463. Paz, Manuel de. “Antonio Serra Orts (1856–1926): el último combatiente español en la guerra hispano-cubano-norteamericana.” (Antonio Serra Orts (1856–1926): The Last Spanish Combatant in the Spanish-Cuban-North American War.) Cuadernos de Investigación Histórica 13 (1990): 103–124. Article is a biography of Antonio Serra Orts (1856–1926), a Spanish military officer who participated in campaigns on the Iberian Peninsula, the Canaries, and Cuba in the years between 1875 and 1898. Orts took part in the campaign against Cuban revolutionaries in the last years of the First Cuban Revolt (1875–1878). Returning to Cuba in 1895, he fought against the Cuban insurgents and later the Americans until the armistice of the Spanish-American War in August 1898. The article details Orts’ command in the Battle of Loma Ayua, the final battle of the war in Cuba, on 13 August 1898. Orts returned to Spain where he died in 1926. 464. Pierce, Frederick E., Major. Reminiscences of the Experiences of Company L, Second Regiment Massachusetts Infantry, USV, in the Spanish-American War. Greenfield, Massachusetts: Press of E. A. Hall & Co., 1900. At the time of the Spanish-American War, the author was the Captain of Company L (known as “The Greenfield Light Infantry”), 2nd Massachusetts Infantry Regiment. The 2nd Massachusetts was a volunteer infantry regiment attached to the 5th Army Corps— composed largely of the bulk of the Regular US Army Infantry, Cavalry and Artillery—and sent to Cuba for the siege of Santiago de Cuba. Work covers the formation of Company L, advance training at Camp Dewey in South Framingham, Massachusetts, its transport

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to Tampa, Florida, the trip to Cuba on the Seneca, participation in the attack on El Caney, and return to Montauk, Long Island, New York, on the Mobile. Two members of Company L died in the attack on El Caney, while some 13 others succumbed to the effects of tropical diseases. 465. Post, Charles Johnson. The Little War of Private Post: The SpanishAmerican War Seen Up Close. Lincoln, Nebraska: Bison Books, University of Nebraska Press, 1999. Work is a personal memoir of the charge up San Juan Hill by a private in the 71st New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The private—Charles Post—was a noted artist and his colored renderings of the action make this an important document. 466. Private St. Louis (pseud.). Forty Years After: 1898, San Juan Hill. Boston, Massachusetts: Chapman Grimes, 1939. Work is an anonymous personal memoir of a private soldier who experienced the fight at San Juan Hill. Description is detailed, but the unit this author belonged to is not acknowledged. Critical of the officers and supportive of the good sense of the private soldiers. 467. Ranson, E. “British Military and Naval Observers in the SpanishAmerican War.” Journal of American Studies 3, No. 1 (1969): 33–56. Article describes the experiences of the British military and naval observers who accompanied the American expeditionary force against Santiago de Cuba in 1898. The official reports of both Arthur Hamilton Lee, the British military attaché, and Alfred Wyndham Paget, the naval attaché, were filled with criticisms of the American military. The observers felt the expedition was chaotic due to a lack of competent American leadership. Lee and Paget agreed with George Francis Leverson, the British military attaché who observed the Spanish forces in Cuba, that Britain had little to learn from the Spanish-American military operations. Paget also accompanied General Miles’ American expedition to Puerto Rico and concluded that it represented a more creditable achievement than the Cuban Campaign. 468. —. “Baronet on the Battlefield: Sir Bryan Leighton in Cuba.” Journal of American Studies 9, No. 1 (1975): 13–20. Article discusses reports by Sir Bryan Baldwin Mawddwy Leighton, 9th Baronet (1868–1919), about the American involvement in the Spanish-American War. Leighton witnessed the assembling of an American army in 1898 at Tampa, Florida, and then accompanied the Fifth Army Corps expeditionary force to Cuba. From his

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perspective of the Cuban Campaign Leighton admired the battlefield bravery of American soldiers in Cuba, but found American military leaders, especially General William Shafter (1835–1906), indecisive, inept about logistics, and incompetent. 469. Roberts, William Ransom. “Under Fire in Cuba: A Volunteer’s Eyewitness Account of the War with Spain.” American Heritage 29, No. 1 (1978): 78–91. Article is derived from a journal kept by William Roberts during his service in Cuba in the Spanish-American War. He describes the less glorious side of warfare in a tropical climate. 470. Roe, Alfred Seelye. Worcester in the Spanish War: Being the Stories of Companies A, C, and H, 2nd Regiment, and Company G, 9th Regiment, M.V.M., During the War for the Liberation of Cuba, May-November, 1898, with a Roster of E. R. Shumway Camp, No. 30, Spanish War Veterans. Worcester, Massachusetts: Privately Printed, 1905. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishers, 2007. Worcester, Massachusetts, contributed four companies of men and officers during the Spanish-American War—roughly the equivalent of a battalion (c. 450 men)—to two volunteer regiments (2nd and 9th Massachusetts Regiments) that would see action in the assaults of the hills outside Santiago de Cuba, on July 1, 1898. Also contains a short discussion of soldiers from Worcester in action during the Cuban Campaign. 471. Roosevelt, Theodore. The Rough Riders. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1899. Reprinted numerous times. No annotated bibliography of the Spanish-American War would be complete without the personal memoirs of Colonel Theodore Roosevelt describing the creation, training, and engagements at Las Guásimas and San Juan Hill, Cuba, of the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry—“Rough Riders.” A check with the Library of Congress indicates that since this work was published in 1899 it has been reprinted no less than seventeen times. 472. Rynning, Thomas H. Gun Notches: The Life Story of a Cowboy Soldier. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1931. Work is a personal memoir of a Captain of the Arizona Rough Riders and his experiences in Cuba with the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry. 473. Samuels, Peggy and Harold Samuels. Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan: The Making of a President. Texas A&M Military History Series. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1997.

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One of the better modern retellings of the story of the formation of the Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt’s involvement, and the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry’s charge up Kettle Hill and then San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898. Authors believe Roosevelt came to accept the myth that he had actually led the charge at San Juan Hill rather than Kettle Hill. Detailed bibliography and index and well-written commentary by the authors. 474. Schubert, Frank N. (ed.,). On the Trail of the Buffalo Soldiers Biographies of African Americans in the US Army, 1866–1917. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, 1995. Work is a biographic narrative of selected “Buffalo Soldiers” or black enlisted personnel of the 24th and 25th Infantry and 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments in the Regular US Army. Covers the period from the organization of these units at the end of the Civil War through America’s entry in World War I. Good discussion of “Buffalo Soldier” personnel during the Spanish-American War Cuban Campaign. 475. —. Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870– 1898. Wilmington, Delaware: SR Books, 1997. Work is a narrative of the Buffalo Soldier military units of the Regular American Army of the last quarter of the nineteenth century (24th and 25th Infantry and 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments) and the black enlisted personnel who earned the Medal of Honor for actions against Native American tribes on the American frontier and the Spanish on San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898. 476. Scipio, L. Albert II. Last of the Black Regulars: A History of the 24th Infantry Regiment (1869–1951). Silver Spring, Maryland: Roman Publications, 1983. Work is a well-researched history of the 24th Regular Infantry “Buffalo Soldier” Regiment from its formation (1869) to integration of the regiment into the army (1951). Good discussion of the involvement of this regiment in the Cuban campaign and the Philippine Insurrection, plus extensive glossary and bibliography. 477. Scott, Edward Van Zile. The Unwept, Black American Soldiers and the Spanish-American War. Montgomery, Alabama: The Black Belt Press, 1996. Work on the history of the African-American Regular Army military units (24th and 25th Infantry and 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments) in the Cuban Campaign of the Spanish-American War. Author contends their aggressive fighting at El Caney and San Juan Hill was the deciding

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factor in the successful outcome of the war with Spain. Author was the grandson of Colonel Walter S. Scott who served with the 25th Infantry in the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. 478. Seraile, William. “Theophilus G. Steward, Intellectual Chaplain, 25th US Colored Infantry.” Nebraska History 66, No. 3 (1985): 272–293. Article describes the life and experiences of black minister and writer Theophilus G. Steward (1843–1924), Chaplain of the 25th Infantry during 1891–1907. Steward served with the 25th Infantry in Montana until the start of the Spanish-American War and while the regiment fought in Cuba, he was on detached duty recruiting men for the regiment. He rejoined the 25th in the Philippines in 1899, staying until 1902, when the 25th Infantry was rotated home. Steward is best known for his official history of black regiments in the Cuban Campaign, The Colored Regulars in the United States Army with a Sketch of the History of the Colored American, and an Account of his Services in the Wars of the Country, from the Period of the Revolutionary War to 1899 (1904). (See Item 483 below.) 479. Shafter, William R. “The Capture of Santiago de Cuba.” Century Illustrated Magazine 57 (February 1899): 612–630. This short article represents nearly the sum total of the Commanding General of the Fifth Army Corps’ commentary on the Santiago Campaign. The generalship of General Shafter in the Cuban Campaign was treated critically by most of the newspaper correspondents. 480. Smythe, Donald. “Pershing in the Spanish-American War.” Military Affairs 30, No. 2 (1966): 25–33. Article is a discussion of Lieutenant John J. Pershing’s service in the Cuban Campaign as quartermaster of the 10th Regular Cavalry. By distinguishing himself during the Battle of San Juan Hill (July 1, 1898) and proving to be a very resourceful quartermaster, Pershing began his rise in the military. 481. Souvenir Program of the War Exposition: and a Memorial to the Officers and Men of the Ninth Regiment, who Died Defending Our Flag During the Late War with Spain: Also Containing a Brief History of the War with Spain, Principal Battleships, and Portraits of Admiral Dewey and Colonel Bogan. N.p.: n.p., 1898. This document is a privately printed “souvenir program” to accompany an exposition or exhibit related to the recently completed war with Spain and the role played by the 9th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Cuban Campaign. The 9th

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Massachusetts was made up of state militia from the Charleston, Massachusetts area, where its commander Colonel Fred H. Bogan lived. Colonel Bogan, although ill since the regiment’s call-up in May of 1898, accompanied the 9th Massachusetts to Cuba where he contracted a fever that led to his death. The 9th Massachusetts was one of only three state volunteer regiments involved in the attack on the San Juan Heights. 482. Sterling, G. F. Official Souvenir, Michigan Volunteers of ’98, A Complete Photographic Record of Michigan’s Part in the SpanishAmerican War of 1898. Detroit, Michigan: Published by G. F. Sterling & Company, 1898. The author and publisher of this work, who styled himself the “Official Photographer of Ann Arbor,” photographed every man and officer by company of the 31st, 32nd, 33rd, and 34th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiments, and the Michigan Naval Reserve, providing a complete photographic document of Michigan’s involvement in the Spanish-American War and roster of all men. The 33rd and 34th Regiments attacked the southern line of Spanish defenses in the Santiago de Cuba Campaign and the Michigan Naval Reserve served on the USS Yosemite (formerly the El Sud), an auxiliary cruiser which engaged the Spanish blockade runner Antonio López off San Juan, Puerto Rico. 483. Steward, Theophilus G. The Colored Regulars in the United States Army with a Sketch of the History of the Colored American, and an Account of his Services in the Wars of the Country, from the Period of the Revolutionary War to 1899. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: A. M. E. Book Concern, 1904. Reprint New York: Arno Press, 1969 and Amherst, New York: Humanity Books, 2003, with a forward by Frank N. Schubert. Theophilus G. Steward (1843–1924) was the Chaplain of the 25th Infantry during 1891–1907. Serving with the 25th Infantry in Montana until the outbreak of the Spanish-American War he missed fighting in Cuba because he was on detached duty recruiting men for the regiment. He rejoined the 25th in the Philippines in 1899, staying until 1902, when the 25th Infantry was rotated home. In 1904 Steward was selected to write the official history of black regiments (24th and 25th Infantry and 9th and 10th Cavalry) in the Cuban Campaign. 484. Todd, Joe L. “ ‘Softened as into a Dream’: The Letters of Robert B. Huston, Oklahoma Rough Rider.” Chronicle of Oklahoma 76, No. 1 (1998): 4–19.

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Article presents letters from Robert Huston to his wife displaying a soldier’s perspective on military campaigns in Cuba and the Philippines. Huston, a lawyer, had enlisted in the Oklahoma National Guard prior to the Spanish-American War. At the start of the war, Huston joined Colonel Leonard Wood’s 1st US Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders), who were bound for Cuba. Soon thereafter, Huston joined the expanded Regular Army and was dispatched to the Philippines to suppress Emilio Aguinaldo’s insurrection. His letters show the strains of family separation and battle as well as the frustration American soldiers experienced with their leaders’ strategies in the Philippines. 485. Ullman, Bruce L. “The War Balloon ‘Santiago.’ ” Aerospace Historian 32, No. 2 (1985): 117–129. During the Cuban Campaign of the Spanish-American War, the Army Signal Corps utilized the balloon “Santiago” to reconnoiter Spanish positions in the vicinity of the San Juan heights just before the attack of July 1, 1898. The effort was considered a failure by many because of improper employment of the balloon, but it stands as “a first shaky step” in the development of American military airpower. 486. Walker, Dale L. Death was a Black Horse: The Story of Rough Rider Buckey O’Neill. Foreword by Senator Barry Goldwater. Austin, Texas: Madrona Press, 1975. Reprinted twice as Buckey O’Neill, The Story of a Rough Rider, Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1983 and Bison Books Edition, Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. William Owen “Buckey” O’Neill (1860–1898) was a colorful late nineteenth-century figure in Territorial Arizona, having been a gambler, lawyer, newspaperman, miner, sheriff, and politician. He was part of the Arizona contingent of Colonel Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders, and was commissioned a Captain of A Troop—made up largely of Arizona cowboys—which was sent to Santiago de Cuba. O’Neill was killed by a Spanish sniper on July 1, 1898, while waiting for orders to assault San Juan Hill. 487. —. The Boys of ’98, Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders. New York: A Tom Doherty Associates Book, 1998. Volume covers the formation of the Rough Riders (1st United States Volunteer Cavalry) and their engagements at Las Guásimas and San Juan Hill in Cuba under Colonels Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt, respectively. Good detail on the experiences of the officers and men of the Rough Riders. Author has produced other books on the Arizona Territorial contingent of the Rough Riders and this

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work is interesting for the interviews the author conducted with the last surviving members of the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry. 488. Walsh, John Evangelist. “Forgotten Angel: The Story of Janet Jennings and the ‘Seneca.’ ” Wisconsin Magazine of History 81, No. 4 (1998): 267–293. Janet Jennings (1836–1917), a Washington, D.C., newspaper reporter, from Monroe, Wisconsin, had to cover the Spanish-American War from the State of Texas, a Red Cross hospital ship, as female correspondents were barred from landing in Cuba with American forces. The lack of medical facilities for American soldiers in Cuba forced Jennings to do more nursing than reporting and she distinguished herself by tireless caring for wounded soldiers on the Seneca as it returned to New York City from Cuba in July 1898. The lack of adequate medical supplies, medical care, food, and water on the Seneca was noted by Jennings in her articles. 489. Ward, Walter W. Springfield in the Spanish-American War. Easthampton, Massachusetts: Press of Enterprise Printing Co., 1899. Springfield, Massachusetts, contributed men for Companies B, G, and K of the 2nd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The 2nd Massachusetts formed—with the 8th and 22nd Regular Infantry Regiments—the 1st Brigade of the 2nd Division of the Fifth Army Corps which participated in the attack on El Caney on July 1, 1898. Work also discusses Company H of the Massachusetts Naval Brigade. 490. Wester, Arvid Mauritz, Major. El combate de El Caney, capítulo XVII de la obra “La campaña de Santiago en 1898.” (The Combat of El Caney, Chapter 17 of “The Campaign of Santiago in 1898.”) Madrid, Spain: Establecimiento Tipográfico El Trabajo, 1906. Major Arvid M. Wester (1856–1914) was an officer in the Swedish Army and military attaché to the Swedish Legation in Washington, D.C., at the outbreak of the Spanish-American War. Wester, as did many other foreign military observers, accompanied the US Army’s Fifth Corps on the Cuban Campaign. Major Wester reported his observation in a work entitled Santiago Fä Lttåget 1898 (Santiago Campaign of 1898), Stockholm, Sweden: n.p., 1901. Chapter 17 of this work, dealing with the American attack on El Caney on July 1, 1898, was translated into Spanish by J. P. T. Lundblad, a Captain in the Swedish Army, and this was then edited by Lt. Col. Domingo Arráiz de Conderena and published in 1906. This work is an extensive study of the attack on El Caney in which slightly over 500 Spanish troops held up a much larger American force for almost ten hours.

5 The Puerto Rico Campaign

A. General Histories 491. Amchan, Arthur J. Most Famous Soldier in America: A Biography of Lt. Gen. Nelson A. Miles. Alexandria, Virginia: Amchan Publications, 1989. Although not generally remembered within the context of the Spanish-American War, General Nelson A. Miles was a major figure in the Civil War, Indian Wars, and the Pullman Strike. Miles was the Commanding General of the American Army at the outbreak of the Spanish-American War and this work provides a good summary of his command of the Puerto Rico Campaign. 492. Barnes, Mark R. “The War in Puerto Rico.” In: The SpanishAmerican War Centennial Website. www.spanamwar.com. The author, while employed by the National Park Service, worked with the Puerto Rico State Historic Preservation Office to develop a National Register Multiple Property Study (MPS), which was listed in the Register on May 11, 2000. The text of this study, along with numerous historic photographs, was published in two parts in the Spanish-American War Centennial Website under the heading “The War in Puerto Rico.” This study covers the history of events leading up to the Spanish-American War, the Naval Campaign around the island (May to July 1898), and the US Army Campaign on the island (July 25 to August 13, 1898). 493. Coll y Toste, Cayetano. La invasión americana en Puerto Rico. (The American Invasion of Puerto Rico.) 2nd edition. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Isabel Cuchi Coll., 1985. This is a short Spanish-language work on the history of the American invasion of Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War of 1898. Cayetano Coll y Toste (1850–1930) was a well-known 142

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Puerto Rican historian who wrote on numerous historical subjects related to the island. 494. Davis, Richard Harding. “The Porto Rican Campaign.” Scribner’s Magazine 24, No. 5 (November 1898): 514–527. Narrative of US Army operations in the Puerto Rico Campaign as observed by the noted war correspondent Richard Harding Davis; includes the July 25, 1898, landing at Guánica; surrender of Ponce; Battle of Coamo; and skirmish at Asomante Heights. Davis notes “the Porto Rican campaign was regarded as something in the way of a successful military picnic, a sort of comic-opera war, a magnified fieldday at (New York City’s) Van Corlandt Park” when contrasted with the numerous casualties incurred in the recently concluded Cuban Campaign. Davis ascribed the success of the Puerto Rico Campaign to the “good management and good generalship” of General Nelson A. Miles. This Scribner’s Magazine article later appeared as Chapter 7 in Davis’ book The Cuban and Porto Rico Campaigns (1898). (See Item 86 above) 495. Johnson, Virginia Weisel. The Unregimented General: A Biography of Nelson A. Miles. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin, 1962. Work discusses the military career of Lt. General Nelson Miles from his service in the Civil War, to Indian campaigns in the west, and the command of American troops in the invasion of Puerto Rico. 496. Miles, Nelson A. “The War with Spain, Parts 1, 2, and 3.” North American Review 168, No. 510 (May 1899): 513–529; (June 1899): 749–760; (July 1899): 125–137. Three-part serialization of the Spanish-American War in Cuba and Puerto Rico from the standpoint of the Commanding General of the Army. Part 1 discusses the events leading to the outbreak of hostilities with Spain, the expansion of the Regular Army, and the mustering into federal service of state National Guard units. Part 2 discusses the Cuban Campaign, but mainly after the arrival on Cuban soil of General Miles, who participated in the surrender discussions with the Spanish commander of Santiago and General Shafter. Part 3 discusses in some detail General Miles’ directing of the Puerto Rico Campaign. 497. —. Serving the Republic: Memoirs of the Civil and Military Life of Nelson A. Miles Lieutenant-General United States Army. New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1911. Reprint Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1971; and Cranbury, New Jersey: Scholars Bookshelf, 2006.

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Autobiography of Lt. General Nelson A. Miles, covering his early life in Massachusetts, his Civil War experiences, Indian War engagements, and his command of American forces in the Puerto Rico Campaign. 498. Negroni, Héctor Andrés. Historia militar de Puerto Rico, en conmemoración del encuentro de dos mundos. (Military History of Puerto Rico, in Commemoration of the Encounter of Two Worlds.) Spain: Ediciones Siruela, Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario, 1992. Spanish-language volume covers the entire five-hundred-year European military history of Puerto Rico. Chapters 4 and 5 contain an overview of the Puerto Rico Campaign of the Spanish-American War with a good account of both the American military’s naval blockade and land campaign. 499. Pohanka, Brian C. (ed.). Nelson A. Miles, A Documentary Biography of His Military Career, 1861–1903. Glendale, California: A. H. Clark Co., 1985. This work is a major study of the military career of Lt. General Nelson A. Miles throughout his forty-two years of military service. For the period of the Spanish-American War, the editor reproduces the telegrams which appeared in Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain (1902) (See Item 21 above) which relate to the Puerto Rico Campaign and provide a narrative that explains the significance of each of these written communications between General Miles in the field and the White House. 500. Pumarada O’Neill, Luis, and María de los Angeles Castro Arroyo. La carretera central: un viaje escénico de la historia de Puerto Rico. (The Central Roadway: A Scenic Journey Through the History of Puerto Rico) San Juan, Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico State Historic Preservation Office, 1997. Spanish- and English-language study of the Central Roadway, built by the Spanish government to connect San Juan with Ponce, Puerto Rico, in the last half of the nineteenth century, which figured so prominently in the American military’s strategy for the invasion of the island. Work includes descriptive information and images of extant houses, bridges, and other structures which were part of the scene in 1898. 501. Rivero Méndez, Angel. Crónica de la guerra hispanoamericana en Puerto Rico. (Chronicle of the Spanish-American War in Puerto Rico.) Madrid, Spain: Sucesores de Ryzadeneyra, 1922. Reprint in a black and white facsimile copy San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de

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Cultura Puertorriquñea (Institute of Puerto Rican Culture), 1972; a paperback edition New York: Plus Ultra Educational Publishers, Inc., 1973, and Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1998. Captain Angel Rivero Méndez (1856–1930), a native-born Puerto Rican, was the commander of the 3rd Company of the 12th Spanish Artillery at Fort San Cristóbal, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, during the Spanish-American War, and would have artillery duels with American naval vessels which were blockading San Juan Harbor. After the war Rivero spent a number of years researching the Puerto Rico Campaign of the Spanish-American War. Published in 1922, Rivero’s work is considered a Spanish-language classic of the Puerto Rico Campaign of the Spanish-American War because Captain Rivero not only visited and photographed the battle and skirmish sites associated with the campaign, but also undertook extensive correspondence and interviews with the major Spanish, American, and Puerto Rican participants who are cited in his volume. After the war Captain Rivero remained in Puerto Rico—although offered military commissions by both the Spanish and Americans—and opened a soda pop enterprise Fábrica Polo Norte (North Pole Factory), which still produces the popular drink Kola Champagne, while writing his history of the Puerto Rico Campaign. 502. Rosario Natal, Carmelo. Puerto Rico y la crisis de la guerra hispanoamericana (1895–1898). (Puerto Rico and the Crisis of the Spanish-American War (1895–1898).) Hato Rey, Puerto Rico: Ramallo Brothers Printing Co., 1975. Reprint San Juan, Puerto Rico: Editorial Edil, 1989. This Spanish-language history of the Spanish-American War and its effects on Puerto Rico was derived from the author’s dissertation, written while a student at the University of Madrid. This work covers the period just prior to the start of the Spanish-American War (1895–1897), the reaction of the islanders to the revolt in Cuba (1895), and the general loyalty of Puerto Ricans to Spain at the beginning of the war. Author discusses the creation of the Sección Puerto Rico del Partido Revolucionario Cubano (Puerto Rican Section of the Cuban Revolutionary Party) by exiled dissidents from Puerto Rico who envisioned a Caribbean nation made up of all the Spanish-speaking islands in the West Indies. Good presentation of the history of the short-lived autonomous government in Puerto Rico (1897–1898). Last two chapters are an excellent overview of Puerto Rico Campaign of the SpanishAmerican War.

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503. Tolman, Newton F. The Search for General Miles. The Extraordinary Biography of one of America’s Most Extraordinary Military Heros. New York: Putnam, 1968. Good concise biography of Lt. General Nelson A. Miles, the last Commanding General of the US Army. This work covers Miles’ military experiences in the Civil War, on the American frontier fighting Native Americans, and in the Spanish-American War in the Puerto Rico Campaign. 504. Van Middeldyk, Rudolph Adams. The History of Puerto Rico, from the Spanish Discovery to the American Occupation. Edited by Martin G. Brumbaugh. New York: D. Appleton Company, 1903. One of the earliest post-1898 war English-language works on the history of Puerto Rico. It contains a short discussion of the American invasion and subsequent military occupation of the island.

B. Offensive and Defensive Strategies for Puerto Rico and Observations on the Island prior to the Invasion of July 25, 1898. 505. Castro Arroyo, María de los Angeles. “ ‘¿Qué pelear si los de Madrid no quieren?’ Una versión criolla de la guerra del 98 en Puerto Rico.” (“ ‘Who fights if those from Madrid won’t?’ A Creole’s Version of the War of ’98 in Puerto Rico.”) Revista de Indias 57 (1997): 657–694. This Spanish-language article examines the war diary of Captain Angel Rivero Méndez, a Puerto Rican and the Commander of Spanish coastal artillery at Fort San Cristóbal, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Article highlights the attitudes of Puerto Ricans to Spain which paved the way for the Americans’ successful occupation of the island in 1898. The population had wearied of Spain’s nineteenthcentury colonial policy, which did little to promote the development and improvement of the island. The article also analyzes the feelings of confusion and uncertainty experienced by the population at the end of the war. 506. Cervera Baviera, Julio. La defensa militar de Puerto-Rico. (The Military Defense of Puerto Rico.) Puerto Rico: n.p., 1898. Spanish-language work describing the efforts of the Spanish Governor Manuel Macías y Casado (1845–1937) to prepare an adequate defense for the island of Puerto Rico against American military forces. Julio Cervera, who was Governor Macías’ aide, discusses the tactical reasoning behind the governor’s placement of troops in the interior of the island as a sound defense plan. The author notes the only reinforcements Governor Macías received to defend

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the island from American forces came on April 15, 1898, just days before the commencement of hostilities and consisted of 27 officers and 745 troops and two batteries of mountain artillery, giving him only about 8,000 regular Spanish forces and about 800 Puerto Rican militia. The author of this work was critical of the conduct of the Puerto Rican militia attached to the Spanish Army. 507. DeMontravel, Peter R. Hero to His Fighting Men: Nelson A. Miles, 1839–1925. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1998. Well-researched biography of Lt. General Nelson A. Miles, with a detailed account of the general’s service as Commanding General of the Army, prior to the start of the Spanish-American War and his command of American forces in the Puerto Rico Campaign. Miles had recommended to President McKinley the invasion of Puerto Rico as a prelude to any military intervention in Cuba in order not to expose American forces to yellow fever during the summer months; however, the discovery of Rear Admiral Cervera’s Spanish squadron at Santiago de Cuba necessitated the dispatch of General Shafter’s Fifth Corps to attack the defenses outside this Cuban city to capture or defeat this naval force. As a result, the Puerto Rico Campaign was made a secondary priority of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies. Good description of Miles’ conduct of the Puerto Rico Campaign. 508. Durkin, Joseph T., S.J. General Sherman’s Son, the Life of Thomas Ewing Sherman, S.J. New York: Farrar, Straus, Cudahy, 1959. Biography of Father Thomas E. Sherman, S.J., son of Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman, who served as a chaplain in the Puerto Rico Campaign of the Spanish-American War. Father Sherman was originally assigned to the 4th Missouri Volunteer Infantry Regiment as their chaplain, but was able to join the Puerto Rico Campaign where he helped protect Spanish haciendas in the central highlands from marauding bandits during occupation duty. Sherman’s major contribution was his assessment of the religious habits of the inhabitants of the island to aid the military in governing the new American possession. Sherman returned to Puerto Rico in the 1920s briefly as a missionary. 509. Emerson, Edwin, Jr. “Alone in Porto Rico, A War Correspondent’s Adventure.” Century Magazine 56, No. 5 (September 1898): 666–676. The author, a noted correspondent and writer, describes his adventures with US Army Lt. Henry Whitney and their attempts to infiltrate Spanish Puerto Rico to gather intelligence for the United States

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War Department in May of 1898. The article covers Emerson’s capture and escape from a Spanish jail in Caguas, Puerto Rico, and his trek across the island, eventually taking a small boat to St. Croix, then Danish colonial territory. 510. Martínez, Julio Tomás. Colección Martínez: crónicas íntimas. (Martínez Collection: Intimate Chronicles.) Cover title: Colección Martínez: crónicas, notas de la guerra del 1898 en Puerto Rico, notas de arte. (Martínez Collection: Chronicles, Notes of the War of 1898 in Puerto Rico, Notes of Art.) Arecibo, Puerto Rico: Privately Printed, 1946. One of the few published personal memoirs of a Puerto Rican civilian in the Spanish-American War in Puerto Rico. Martínez describes his hometown of Utuado, in the central highlands of the island, and the role it played in the 1898 conflict. Also includes an account of the military campaign waged by the Americans against Spanish forces on the island and a chronology of the events of the war. 511. Miles, Nelson A. “America’s War for Humanity.” Cosmopolitan Magazine 51 (October 1911): 637–650. Written some years after the end of the war and his military service, this article is an interesting view of the war with Spain. General Miles believed the loss of the USS Maine was an accident and not the work of a Spanish mine. Again advances his idea that the proper course of the war in the West Indies would have been an attack on Puerto Rico and subsequently Cuba. Article contains a concise discussion of his role in the Santiago de Cuba surrender negotiations and the Puerto Rico Campaign. 512. Military Notes on Puerto Rico. Adjutant-General’s Office, Military Information Division. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1898. Just prior to the American invasion of Puerto Rico (July 25, 1898) the Adjutant General’s Office published a small volume, for the use of US military forces in preparation for the invasion of the island, which contained information on the people, climate, military defenses, towns and coastal settlements, harbors, communications, agriculture, roads and railroads, and the presumed strengthening and location of Spanish forces on the island. Volume also contains a number of maps of the island’s towns, harbors, and defenses reproduced from nineteenth-century Spanish works. 513. “One of Them” (pseud.). The Porto Rican Campaign (A Burlesque). Washington, D.C.: n.p., 1899.

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Anonymously printed work designed to satirize Lt. General Nelson A. Miles’ Puerto Rico Campaign, in which the Commanding General of the Army is referred to as “General Smiles.” General Miles was an acknowledged controversial figure whose political ambitions for the office of president may have been behind this humorous attack on his smartly conducted campaign. 514. Pabón Charneco, Arleen, and Eduardo A. Regis. Guánica: el origen de su memoria. (Guánica: The Origin of its Memory.) San Juan, Puerto Rico: Oficina Estatal de Preservación Histórica, 1997. Work is a Spanish-language history and architectural description of the town of Guánica, Puerto Rico, where the American Army commenced its invasion of the island on July 25, 1898. Good historical description of the landings and skirmishes at Guánica and the following day on the road to Yauco. Also contains a good discussion of the cooperation between exiled Puerto Ricans, and President William McKinley, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, and General Nelson Miles to provide military intelligence necessary for a successful invasion of the island. 515. Ransom, Edward. “Nelson A. Miles as Commanding General, 1895–1903.” Military Affairs 29 (Winter, 1965–1966): 179–200. Article is an evaluation of General Miles during his eight years as the Commanding General of the American Army and in particular his command of American forces during the Puerto Rico Campaign. 516. Robinson, Albert Gardner. The Puerto Rico of Today: Pen Pictures of the People and the Country. New York: Charles Scribner’s, 1899. The author, Albert Robinson (1855–1932), was a war correspondent for the New York Evening Post, who covered General Miles’ invasion force and stayed in Puerto Rico from August to October of 1898. This work is a compilation of his published newspaper articles on the island during the Spanish-American War. 517. Soto, Juan Bautista. Causas y consecuencias, antecedentes diplomáticos y efectos de la guerra hispanoamericana. (Causes and Consequences, Diplomatic Antecedents, and Effects of the Spanish-American War.) San Juan, Puerto Rico: La Correspondencia de Puerto Rico, 1922. Spanish-language work providing the background of the SpanishAmerican War and its effect on the island of Puerto Rico during the war and subsequent American military occupation. 518. Todd, Roberto H. José Julio Henna, 1848–1924. San Juan, Puerto Rico: n.p., 1930.

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Work is a privately printed Spanish-language pamphlet biography of one of the Puerto Rican supporters of American annexation of Puerto Rico as presented by another key individual. The author and Henna were both members of the Sección Puerto Rico del Partido Revolucionario Cubano (Puerto Rican Section of the Cuban Revolutionary Party) made up of exiled dissidents from Puerto Rico. 519. —. La invasión americana: cómo surgió la idea de traer la guerra a Puerto Rico. (The American Invasion: Who Came Up with the Idea to Bring the War to Puerto Rico.) San Juan, Puerto Rico: Cantero Fernández y Co. Inc., 1938. Spanish-language pamphlet by the author recounts how he and Dr. José Julio Henna, both exiled residents of Puerto Rico, made the first contact with the Assistant Secretary of the Navy—Theodore Roosevelt—to recommend the American military consider undertaking a military invasion of their island as part of the fight against the Spanish in the Caribbean. Todd also describes the May 1898 spy mission of Lt. Henry Whitney in southern Puerto Rico prior to the American invasion of the island, his assistance to American forces in planning the invasion, and his organization of Puerto Rican contract labor to assist the logistical efforts of the American military. 520. Whitney, Henry H., Captain. Miles’s Campaign in Puerto Rico, Chapter X. In: The American-Spanish War, A History by the War Leaders, pp. 199–216. Norwich, Connecticut: Chas. C. Haskell & Son, 1899. Concise description of the Puerto Rico Campaign and the six engagements fought on the island prior to the announcement of the Peace Protocol—from July 25 to August 13, 1898. Captain Whitney is notable for having undertaken a spying mission to Puerto Rico in May of 1898, which provided General Miles with the intelligence that would determine the point of invasion of that island and lead to a successful campaign with few casualties on both the American and Spanish sides.

C. Naval Campaign—Establishing a Blockade of Puerto Rico, Naval Engagements, Chasing Blockade Runners, Bombardment of San Juan (May 12, 1898), Capture of Guánica and Ponce, and Marine Landings at Fajardo. 521. Coleman, James C. USS Massachusetts (BB-2), One Hundred Years, Four Careers. Pensacola, Florida: Friends of the USS Massachusetts (BB-2), 1995.

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The USS Massachusetts (BB-2) was one of the world’s most powerful battleships at the time of the Spanish-American War. It participated in the blockade of Santiago de Cuba, was the flagship of the invasion force of Puerto Rico, and served the Navy into World War I. It was scuttled off Pensacola in the 1920s where it serves as a dive site for underwater recreationists. Work contains a detailed history of the Massachusetts as well as numerous black and white illustrations, drawings, and plan views of the vessel. 522. Feuer, A. B. “Our Only Option was to Attack.” Michigan History 80, No. 5 (1996): 8–13. Article explores the role of the Michigan Naval Brigade and their service on the USS Yosemite during the Spanish-American War, detailing the service of individual Michigan servicemen, among whom were two future Secretaries of the Navy. The Yosemite was sent to relieve the USS St. Paul on blockade duty off San Juan, Puerto Rico, where the latter had recently engaged and damaged the Spanish torpedo boat destroyer Terror. The Yosemite engaged the blockade runner SS Antonio López (June 28, 1898) and three other Spanish vessels while on blockade duty off San Juan. 523. Gleaves, Albert. The Life of an American Sailor: Rear Admiral William Hensley Emory, United States Navy. New York: George H. Doran, 1923. Work is a biography of William H. Emory, commander of the USS Yosemite, during the Spanish-American War. The Yosemite was crewed by Michigan Naval Militia, today called Naval Reserve, and was engaged in blockade duty off San Juan, Puerto Rico, on June 28, 1898 where it intercepted and damaged the Spanish blockade runner SS Antonio López bringing military supplies to the Spanish garrisons on that island, before the Yosemite was engaged and driven off by three Spanish naval vessels out of San Juan Harbor. 524. Goodrich, Caspar F. “The ‘St. Louis’ as a Transport.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 25 (1899): 1–9. Captain Caspar Goodrich, US Navy, was the officer commanding the USS St. Louis, an ocean liner owned by the International Navigation Company, converted to an auxiliary cruiser, and leased by the navy for the duration of the Spanish-American War. Goodrich’s vessel was part of the effort to locate Rear Admiral Cervera’s Spanish squadron. This article mainly covers the use of the St. Louis to transport the 3rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment from Hampton Roads, Virginia, to Arroyo, Puerto Rico, arriving August 2, 1898.

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525. Hernández, Miguel J. “San Juan under Siege.” Military History 15, No. 1 (April 1998): 46–53. Article briefly describes the United States Navy’s attack on San Juan, Puerto Rico, on the morning of May 12, 1898, by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson. It also describes Lt. General Nelson A. Miles’ land campaign on that island from July 25 to August 13, 1898. 526. International Navigation Company. In Peace and War. New York: Published by the American Line, 1898. Account of the International Navigation Company’s contribution to the Spanish-American War effort. Established in 1871, the International Navigation Company in the 1890s took advantage of federal legislation to encourage the construction of large passenger and freight vessels in American shipyards, under the supervision of the Navy Department, provided these vessels would be available to the Navy in time of war for troop transports and auxiliary cruisers. During the war four vessels of the International Navigation Company, the City of New York (rechristened the USS Yale), the City of Paris (rechristened the USS Harvard), the St. Louis, and the St. Paul and their crews served in the war under the command of regular Navy officers. The St. Paul, for example, was commanded by Captain Sigsbee who had been in command of the USS Maine when it was sunk in Havana Harbor. International Navigation Company vessels undertook scout duty in the Caribbean, cut Spanish transatlantic telegraph cables, transported troops to Cuba and Puerto Rico, and participated in blockade duty. In the latter function the St. Paul engaged in naval action against the Spanish torpedo boat destroyer Terror outside the entrance to the harbor of San Juan, Puerto Rico, seriously damaging the enemy. 527. Jacobsen, Hermann, Commander. Sketches from the Spanish American War by Commander J(acobsen). (Translated from the German Marine-Rundeschau, Berlin.) War Notes No. III. Washington, D.C.: Office of Naval Intelligence, 1899. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. At the end of the Spanish-American War the Office of Naval Intelligence translated and published a number of foreign assessments of the conduct of the war under the title War Notes. Volume III was written by Commander Hermann Jacobsen, Captain of the German Cruiser Geiger, and contained his assessment of the causes of the war, comparison of the Spanish and American military forces, and an in-depth review of the May 12, 1898, American naval bombardment of San Juan, Puerto Rico, as well as a description of

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the blockade of Cuba and the naval engagement off Santiago de Cuba (July 3, 1898). 528. —. Sketches from the Spanish American War by Commander J(acobsen). (Translated from the German Marine-Rundeschau, Berlin.) War Notes No. IV. Washington, D.C.: Office of Naval Intelligence, 1899. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. At the end of the Spanish-American War the Office of Naval Intelligence translated and published a number of foreign assessments of the conduct of the war under the title War Notes. Volume IV was written by Commander Hermann Jacobsen, Captain of the German cruiser Geiger, and contained his account of arriving in Mayagüez after the August 12, 1898, Peace Protocol. From here he visited the battlefield of Hormigueros (August 10, 1898). Jacobsen then sailed to Ponce and traveled inland to visit the battlefield of Coamo (August 9, 1898). Returning to Ponce he sailed to San Juan where he interviewed the Spanish captain of the torpedo boat destroyer Terror on its fight with the USS St. Paul and inspected the damage inflicted by the latter on the former. 529. James, Stephen R., Jr. and Armando Martí. Final Report, Archaeological Diver Identification and Evaluation of an Iron-Hulled Vessel in the Entrance Channel to San Juan Harbor, Puerto Rico. Prepared for the US Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District. Memphis, Tennessee: Panamerican Consultants, Inc., January 2001. In 1999, a shipwreck site was identified by cultural resource contractors working for the Jacksonville District of the US Army Corps of Engineers, which was engineering the enlargement of the entrance to San Juan Harbor, Puerto Rico. Historical documentation “suggested it may be either the Manuela or the Cristóbal Colón, both scuttled to block the entrance channel during the Spanish-American War.” Report contains a history of the Spanish efforts to blockade the entrance of the harbor against attacks by the US Navy. During July of 2000, the forward section of the Manuela was recovered, placed on land to record the pieces and replaced in the ocean, off Dorado Beach, near the Antonio López—another Spanish-American War shipwreck—to create a recreation dive area. 530. Joy, Henry B. The USS Yosemite, Purísima Concepción Incident, June 16th, 1898, Also a Brief History of the USS Yosemite. Detroit, Michigan: A Limited Edition, 1937. Privately printed volume of incidents associated with the USS Yosemite (formerly the El Sud), during the Spanish-American War

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by a member of the Michigan Naval Militia who served on that vessel. The author, who served as a Chief Boatswain’s Mate, felt an earlier account of the history of the Yosemite (Log of the USS Yosemite, 1899) did discredit to Lt. Gilbert Wilkes, who was the officer on watch at the time the Yosemite encountered the Spanish vessel Purísima Concepción off Kingston, Jamaica, and was considered responsible for letting the Spanish vessel escape capture. Volume contains a detailed description of the Yosemite’s encounter and naval engagement with the Spanish blockade runner SS Antonio López off the entrance of San Juan Harbor, Puerto Rico. 531. Krivor, Michael C. Archaeological Diver Identification and Evaluation of Anomaly 6.7 in the Entrance Channel to San Juan Harbor, Puerto Rico—Final Report. Prepared for US Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District. Memphis, Tennessee: Panamerican Consultants, March 2003. Report of an April 2002 cultural resource assessment, involving an underwater investigation and archival study of an iron-hulled shipwreck located in the entrance channel to San Juan Harbor, Puerto Rico, relative to a Jacksonville District US Army Corps of Engineers project to expand the harbor entrance to accommodate large modern cargo and tourist vessels. This work identified the shipwreck as the side-wheel steamship Cristóbal Colón, built in 1865 by Caird & Company of Greenock, Scotland, which was scuttled in the entrance channel at the start of the Spanish-American War to prevent American warships from entering the harbor. The scuttling of the Cristóbal Colón may be considered the first naval loss in the Spanish-American War. The author notes the Spanish-American War was the first significant conflict where military strategy centered upon the use of iron-hulled, steam-powered vessels and naval control of islands such as the Philippines in the Pacific and Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Atlantic. The fact that the Cristóbal Colón was scuttled in an attempt to keep hostile naval forces out of the harbor reflects the central importance of naval strategies on both sides of the conflict. 532. LeJeune, John A., Major General. The Reminiscences of a Marine. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Dorrance and Company Publishers, 1930. Autobiography of one of the major figures in Marine Corps history—Camp LeJeune, in North Carolina is named for this former Commandant of the Corps. During the Spanish-American War, the

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then Lt. LeJeune was assigned to the USS Cincinnati to command the ship’s Marine detachment. LeJeune describes blockade duty off Matanzas, Cuba, and San Juan, Puerto Rico; support of the 1st Marine Battalion expedition to Guantánamo Bay, Cuba; and his relief of besieged American sailors at the Fajardo lighthouse, on the northeast coast of Puerto Rico. 533. Log of the USS Yosemite. Detroit, Michigan: Press of John F. Eby & Company, 1899. Volume contains a facsimile reproduction of the ship’s log of the USS Yosemite (formerly the El Sud), an auxiliary cruiser leased to the US Navy during the Spanish-American War, for the dates of April 13, 1898 to September 25, 1898. Auxiliary cruisers were used for a number functions during the war including port blockade, cutting of undersea telegraph cables, intercepting blockade runners, scouting missions, and carrying communications. Throughout most of the war the Yosemite, under the command of regular naval officers and crewed by the Michigan Naval Militia (today called the Naval Reserve), blockaded the Spanish port of San Juan, Puerto Rico. In that capacity on June 28, 1898, the Yosemite engaged in a fight with a Spanish blockade runner (SS Antonio López) and three Spanish vessels sent out from the port to assist the López. The official naval reports and newspaper accounts of this incident are also included in this work. 534. McClellan, Edwin N. “Pages of Marine Corps History: American Marines in Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War.” Marines Magazine 5 (February 1920): 11, 32. Article reprints much of the official report of 1st Lt. Henry C. Haines, USMC, describing the events of July 28, 1898, at the Port of Ponce, Puerto Rico, when personnel from the USS Dixie arranged for the surrender of the port and city to American forces. 535. Miller, Duane Ernest. “Freshwater Warriors: The Formative Years of the Michigan State Naval Brigade.” Inland Seas 45, No. 3 (1989): 157–164. Article traces the early history of the Michigan State Naval Brigade (MSNB) created as a result of an act by the Michigan state legislature in 1893. Organization began in February 1894, and in October four officers and 36 enlisted men reported for training on the USS Michigan. Later that year a battalion headquarters was established in Detroit. Crew members joined the US Navy during the Spanish-American War of 1898, receiving valuable combat experience in the conflict on the USS Yosemite on blockade duty off

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San Juan, Puerto Rico. In the first decade of existence, the MSNB progressed from an ill-equipped group of apprentices to trained seamen who could integrate fully with regular US Navy personnel in a national emergency. 536. Payne, William C. The Cruise of the USS Dixie: or On Board with the Maryland Boys in the Spanish-American War, A Narrative. Washington, D.C.: E. C. Jones, Printer, 1899. This work describes the history of the USS Dixie, an auxiliary cruiser leased by the US Navy for the duration of the war and commanded by a Regular Naval officer (Captain Charles Henry Davis) with a crew composed of the Maryland Naval Militia (Naval Reserve) from Baltimore, Maryland. During the Spanish-American War the Dixie participated in the blockade of southern Cuba, occasionally bombarding Spanish installations, and stopping and inspecting potential blockade runners. After the surrender of Santiago de Cuba, the Dixie was part of the escort of General Miles’ invasion force for the Puerto Rico Campaign. On July 27, 1898, the Dixie steamed into the port of Ponce, Puerto Rico, and Naval Cadet George Cabot Lodge—son of Massachusetts US Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and the nephew of Captain Davis—secured the surrender of the port and city, allowing the American army to quickly land its forces the next day by threatening the Spanish commander over a telephone with a naval bombardment of Ponce. The work contains a complete roster of the crew of the Dixie and the author notes in his introduction that profits from the sale of this book would be used to establish an Industrial School in Ponce, Puerto Rico. 537. Riley, Hugh Ridgely, and Charles S. Carrington. Roster of the Soldiers and Sailors who Served in Organizations from Maryland during the Spanish-American War. Compiled under the Authority of the House of Delegates of Maryland. Baltimore, Maryland: William J. C. Dulany Company, 1901. Reprint Westminster, Maryland: Family Line Publications, 1990. The State of Maryland was assigned a quota of state infantry and naval militias to be called up for federal service during the SpanishAmerican War at the outbreak of hostilities. This volume, authorized by the state legislature, is a roster of all citizens of Maryland that were mustered into federal service as infantry or naval militia, which consisted of two infantry regiments (1st and 5th Maryland Volunteer Infantry Regiments) and the Baltimore Naval Militia. The two regiments of infantry did not leave the continental United States, but a number of the naval militia served on the USS Dixie which played a key role in the transportation of men and equipment for

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the Puerto Rico Campaign and the capture of the port of Ponce, Puerto Rico. 538. Spears, John R. “The Chase of Cervera.” Scribner’s Magazine 24, No. 2 (August 1898): 144–152. This article is an eye-witness account by a noted naval historian describing the movement of Admiral William Sampson’s American fleet from Key West, Florida, to San Juan, Puerto Rico, which was believed to be the intended destination of Rear Admiral Pascual Cervera’s Spanish fleet. Destruction of Cervera’s fleet would prove to be a key element of the American naval strategy in the West Indies. Upon arrival off San Juan on the morning of May 12, 1898, Cervera’s fleet was found not to be in the harbor—the Spanish fleet had only just arrived at the harbor of French Martinique—from whence they would sail on to the port of Santiago de Cuba. Sampson’s fleet arranged itself in a circle and completed three circuits firing at the fortifications and city of San Juan before breaking off the engagement and returning to Key West. 539. Stringham, Joseph S. The Story of the Yosemite in 1898. Detroit, Michigan: n.p., 1929. The USS Yosemite (formerly the El Sud) was fitted out as an armed auxiliary cruiser, commanded by regular naval officers, and crewed by Michigan Naval Militia. The Yosemite convoyed US Marines to Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and was assigned to blockade duty off San Juan, Puerto Rico, where it had a naval engagement with the SS Antonio López, a Spanish blockade runner and three Spanish vessels. 540. Vega, Jesús. SS Antonio López National Historic Landmark Study. Copy of landmark study on file with the Puerto Rico State Historic Preservation Office. San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1997. Detailed study of the shipwreck of the SS Antonio López flagship of the Barcelona, Spain, based shipping company Transatlántica. Prior to the outbreak of war with the United States the Antonio López carried mail and Spanish troops between Spain and her colonies in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico). On June 28, 1898, the SS Antonio López, attempting to run the American Navy’s blockade of San Juan, Puerto Rico, missed the entrance to the harbor and encountered the USS Yosemite. Although three Spanish warships from San Juan kept the Yosemite from capturing the Antonio López, the Spanish vessel ran on a reef and was considered a total loss. After removal of its cargo of war materiel and supplies in an effort to refloat the Antonio López, it was shelled by the USS New Orleans and set afire, eventually slipping off the reef and sinking in

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shallow water. By this study the shipwreck of the SS Antonio López was designated a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior on December 12, 1997.

D. Land Campaigns—Landings and Capture of Guánica, Ponce, and Arroyo, and Engagements at Coamo, Guayama, Hormiguerros, Aibonito, and Las Marías. 541. Adams, Sean Patrick (ed.). “Hardtack, Canned Beef, and Imperial Misery: Rae Weaver’s Journal of the Spanish-American War.” Wisconsin Magazine of History 81, No. 4 (Summer 1998): 243–266. Account of the Puerto Rico Campaign compiled from the diary of Private Rae Weaver of Company K, 2nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment and resident of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. Good discussion of camp life at Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), near Chattanooga, Tennessee; the voyage from Charleston, South Carolina to Ponce, Puerto Rico; the Battle of Coamo in the central highlands of Puerto Rico (August 9, 1898); and, the voyage back to the United States. 542. Andrews, George Arthur. A Soldier in Two Armies. Boston, Massachusetts: The Pilgrim Press, 1901. Account of the Puerto Rico Campaign compiled from the letters of Charles “Carl” Abraham Hart, Private of Company I, 6th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, who died of typhoid fever in Utuado, Puerto Rico, shortly after the end of the Spanish-American War. Hart’s letters includes descriptions of camp life at Camp Alger, near Dunn Loring, in northern Virginia; transport to and landing at Guánica, Puerto Rico, on July 25, 1898; overland march to the town of Utuado, Puerto Rico; and, occupation duty in the highlands of the island. 543. Ashford, Bailey Kelly. A Soldier in Science, the Autobiography of Bailey K. Ashford. New York: William Morrow Company, 1934. Colonel Ashford’s autobiography includes his account as a Captain in the Army Medical Corps assigned to Brigadier General Theodore Schwan’s Independent Regular Brigade that swept through western Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War. Ashford’s work includes a description of the Battle of Hormigueros by the 11th and 19th Regular Infantry and Troop A of the 5th Cavalry (August 10, 1898) and the fight at Las Marías (August 13, 1898), which was the last fight of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies. Captain Ashford elected to stay on for occupation duty in Puerto Rico and in

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treating victims of the 1899 San Ciriaco Hurricane, discovered the presence of the parasite Ancylostomum duodenale in the feces of Puerto Ricans showing signs of anemia. These discoveries led to his founding the School of Tropical Medicine in San Juan, Puerto Rico, which has been responsible for the saving of literally millions of lives around the world. 544. Barry, Herbert (ed.). Squadron A, A History of its First Fifty Years, 1889–1939. New York: Published by the Association of Ex-Members of Squadron A, 1939. This work contains a series of essays on the history of Squadron A, a New York City National Guard Cavalry Troop. The essay entitled “Volunteer Troop A in the Spanish-American War” is a shortened version of the cavalry troop’s service in the Puerto Rico Campaign. A more thorough discussion of the history of Squadron (Troop) A in the Spanish-American War is found in William Cammann’s unit history entitled, The History of Troop “A” New York Cavalry USV from May 2 to November 28, 1898 in the Spanish-American War (1899) (See Item 549 below). This New York cavalry squadron unit history also chronicles its role in suppressing labor strikes in Buffalo and Brooklyn (prior to the Spanish-American War), Mexican border service (1916), and World War I. 545. Borehan, S. D., and J. P. Fitzgerald. Ashland Boys at the Front in the Spanish American War. A Record of the Experiences of Co. L, 2nd Wisc. Volunteer Infantry. Leahy on the “Oregon,” Scott and Oakley at Manila, Warner in Cuba. Ashland, Wisconsin: Daily Press, 1899. The town of Ashland, Wisconsin, provided an entire company (Company L) of infantrymen for the 2nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment which was sent to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga) in northern Georgia for advanced infantry training. On July 20, 1898, the 2nd Wisconsin and the 3rd Wisconsin Regiments were dispatched by transports from the United States, landing at Ponce, Puerto Rico, on July 28, 1898. Here they formed with the 16th Pennsylvania a Brigade under the command of General James Wilson. Company L of the 2nd Wisconsin participated in the attack on Coamo (August 9, 1898) and was to attack the entrenched Spanish positions on Asomante, when they were notified of the Peace Protocol (August 12, 1898). This work is based on excerpts of letters from Company L troops at Camp Thomas and in Puerto Rico. 546. Braxton, George H. “Company ‘L’ in the Spanish-American War.” Colored American Magazine 1 (May 1900): 19–25.

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Article is a description of Company L of the 6th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment which was a Black officered and manned company in the otherwise all white 6th Massachusetts Regiment. Company L was the only Black state National Guard unit to see combat in the Spanish-American War, near Yauco, Puerto Rico, where they assisted in defeating Spanish forces on July 26, 1898. 547. Bunzey, Rufus S. History of Companies I and E, Sixth Regt., Illinois Volunteer Infantry from Whiteside County, Containing a Detailed Account of Their Experiences While Serving as Volunteers in the Porto Rican Campaign During the Spanish-American War of 1898. Morrison, Illinois: n.p., 1901. Detailed unit histories of Companies I and E of the 6th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment as compiled from correspondence by the author to hometown newspapers in Whiteside County, Illinois. Covers the history of the organization of the 6th Illinois up to 1898; its mustering into federal service; advanced infantry training at Camp Alger, in northern Virginia; transport on the USS Columbia from Charleston, South Carolina, to landing at Guánica, Puerto Rico (July 25, 1898); skirmish with the Spanish (July 26, 1898) on the road between Guánica and Yauco; march to and encampment in Ponce; march to Utuado in the Central Highlands of Puerto Rico; and return to the United States on the Manitoba after the Peace Protocol was signed. 548. Burkart, Otto, Sergeant. Der amerikanisch-spanische krieg. (The American-Spanish War.) Sheboygan, Wisconsin: Democrat Printing Company, 1898. This work is a German-language unit history of Company C of the 2nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment which participated in the Puerto Rico Campaign. Otto Burkart was a Sergeant in Company C and war correspondent (Kriegs-Correspondenten) for the National Democrat, a newspaper in his hometown of Sheboygan, Wisconsin. The history appears to have come from the articles on the company that he submitted to the National Democrat. The Sheboygan militia, known locally as the Evergreen City Guard, was mustered into federal service as Company C of the 2nd Wisconsin Regiment. An account of Company C is presented in chronological order and covers the period of April 20 to December 10, 1898. Company C was involved in the Battle of Coamo (August 9, 1898) and the skirmish at Aibonito (August 11, 1898). Account contains a number of contemporary photos of the company and regiment in Puerto Rico.

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549. Cammann, William C. (ed.). The History of Troop “A” New York Cavalry USV from May 2 to November 28, 1898 in the SpanishAmerican War. New York: R. H. Russell, 1899. Unit history of New York City’s Troop A, Volunteer Cavalry in the Spanish-American War. Covers mustering in at Camp Black on Long Island, New York; transport to Camp Alger, near Dunn Loring, in northern Virginia, for additional training; sea voyage from Newport News, Virginia, to Ponce, Puerto Rico; assignment to General Miles’ staff; incidents during the war and in the post-war occupation of the island, and their return to New York. Thorough contemporary account of this state cavalry unit and its participation in the Puerto Rico Campaign. 550. Cinquino, Michael A., Frank J. Schieppati, Michele H. Hayward, and Hugh Tosteson. Final Report, Cultural Resource Survey of the Río Loco Flood Protection Project Municipio of Guánica, Puerto Rico. Prepared for Jacksonville District Office, US Army Corps of Engineers. Depew, New York: Panamerican Consultants, Inc., 1999. Cultural resources assessment report for the Jacksonville District, US Army Corps of Engineers flood protection project area, east of Guánica, Puerto Rico. Researchers identified the July 25, 1898, landing site of American military forces and the route of the American invasion force of the following day. The report generally discusses the events of the Spanish-American War in Guánica and the history of this area. It concludes that the flood protection project would not endanger any Spanish-American War sites due to the changes to the historic setting since 1898 which occurred on this location. Principally the American forces that landed here on July 25, 1898, consisted of the 6th Illinois and the 6th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiments. 551. Clark, William. “History of Hampton Battery B National Guard of Pennsylvania in War with Spain 1898, with Complete Roster.” In: History of Hampton Battery F Independent Pennsylvania Light Artillery, Organized at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, October 8, 1861, Mustered out in Pittsburgh, June 26, 1865. Akron, Ohio and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: The Werner Company, 1909. In 1902 the surviving members of the Hampton Battery Veterans Association which had participated at several battles in the Civil War authorized William Clark—Battery F’s historian—to compile a history of the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania artillery unit. By October 1, 1898, the lineal descendant unit of the Civil War Battery F—Battery B—had returned from the Puerto Rico Campaign and their members

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were voted into the Hampton Battery Veterans Association. As a result Clark included in his history of Battery F a short history of Battery B, which was organized in 1884 and called to federal service for the Spanish-American War on April 28, 1898. Battery B was sent to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), Georgia, for advanced training with four 3.2 inch breech-loading artillery pieces in late May, and remained there until sent to Newport News, Virginia, in July of 1898. From that port Battery B was dispatched to Arroyo, Puerto Rico, arriving August 3, 1898. On the morning of August 13, 1898, Battery B was to go into battle above Guayama against entrenched Spanish positions, but the attack was called off upon notification of the signing of the Peace Protocol. Battery B left Puerto Rico on September 7, arrived in the United States September 15, and was mustered out of federal service on November 19, 1898. 552. Collado Salazar, Rubén. Guánica, notas para su historia. (Guánica, Notes on Its History). San Juan, Puerto Rico: Comíté Historia de los Pueblos, 1983. Spanish-language short history of the town of Guánica, Puerto Rico, where the United States military landed on July 25, 1898, at the beginning of the invasion of the island, which commenced the Puerto Rico Campaign of the Spanish-American War. 553. —. Don Fidel Vélez Vélez y la intentona de Yauco: una conspiración centenaria. (Don Fidel Vélez Vélez and the Failure of Yauco: A Century Old Conspiracy.) Guánica, Puerto Rico: n.p., 1998. This pamphlet is a Spanish-language work detailing the alleged conspiracy of Don Fidel Vélez Vélez (1864–1950), a prominent resident of Yauco, a town in the southwest quarter of Puerto Rico, to aid the United States military during the Spanish-American War by surrendering Yauco to the Americans. 554. Cooper, James. Campaign of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry, April 23–November 11, 1898. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Hallowell Company Limited, Publishers, n.d. History of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry in the Puerto Rico Campaign of the Spanish-American War. Volume discusses briefly the history of the troop which is the oldest military unit in the United States (est. 1774). Contains an informative account of being in President McKinley’s first call-up of the National Guard, leaving their armory for Camp Gretna—the Pennsylvania National Guard training grounds—mustering into federal service, and advanced training at Camp Alger, near Dunn Loring, in northern Virginia. From Camp Alger, First Troop took a train to Newport

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News, Virginia, departed on the transport Massachusetts, arrived in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and in the company of Troop H of the 6th Regular Cavalry journeyed overland to Guayama, Puerto Rico, to join General Brooke’s command. The First Troop along with other American infantry, artillery, and cavalry units were to attack uphill against Spanish entrenched positions at midday on August 13, 1898. The battle was called off at the last minute upon learning of the signing of the Peace Protocol. This work contains photographs taken during their campaign in Puerto Rico was probably published shortly after the Troop’s return to Philadelphia. 555. Creager, Charles E., Sergeant Major. The Fourteenth Ohio National Guard,–The Fourth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. A Complete Record of this Organization from its Foundation to the Present Day. Columbus, Ohio: Landon Printing & Publishing Company, 1899. This volume is a unit history of the 4th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment (formerly the 14th Ohio Regiment) as related by Battalion Sergeant Major Charles E. Creager of that regiment. The volume describes the 4th Ohio’s organizational history; muster into federal service in Columbus, Ohio; training at Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), Georgia; and departure from Newport News, Virginia, and their arrival in Arroyo, Puerto Rico. Also covers actions of the 4th Ohio, 4th Pennsylvania, and 3rd Illinois at the Battle of Guayama, Puerto Rico (August 5, 1898), skirmish on the road to Cayey (August 8, 1898), Puerto Rico; the aborted fight of August 13, 1898; description of occupation duty in towns on the eastern half of Puerto Rico and Vieques Island; and return to the United States from San Juan, Puerto Rico. Many original photographs are included in this volume, along with a complete roster of the men of the 4th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment. 556. Crist, Robert Grant (ed.). The First Century, a History of the 28th Infantry Division. Prepared under the direction of Colonel Uzal W. Ent. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Division, 1979. Prepared as a general history of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard this work contains a concise history of the two infantry (4th and 16th), three artillery batteries (A, B, and C), and three cavalry (First City, Governor, and Sheridan Troops) volunteer forces which went to Puerto Rico and the 10th Infantry Regiment which was dispatched to the Philippines during the Spanish-American War. 557. Davis, Richard Harding. “The Taking of Coamo.” In: The Notes of a War Correspondent by Richard Harding Davis. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1912, pp. 101–112.

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Davis describes the American attack on Coamo, a town in the central highlands of Puerto Rico on August 9, 1898. In the biggest engagement of the Puerto Rico Campaign elements of the 16th Pennsylvania had slipped behind the Spanish forces in the town by an overnight forced march, while the 2nd and 3rd Wisconsin moved into Coamo under the cover fire of two artillery batteries. Davis and some friends in attempting to get near the action actually beat the American troops into the center of Coamo. 558. —. How Stephen Crane Took Juana Dias. La Crosse, Wisconsin: Sumac Press, 1976. An account of an incident of the Puerto Rico Campaign, written by the noted war correspondent Richard Harding Davis, who shared his accommodations in Ponce, Puerto Rico, with the author and correspondent Stephen Crane. Davis describes how Crane advanced beyond the American lines around Ponce and convinced the city officials of Juana Díaz to surrender and allow him to govern the town for three days until he turned the town over to Major General James Wilson who was moving on to attack Coamo. This account was first published by Davis in his book In Many Wars, by Many War-Correspondents, edited by G. Lynch and F. Palmer, Tokyo, Japan (1904). 559. Dietz, Stanley (comp.). The Battle Flags and Wisconsin Troops in the Civil War and War with Spain. N.p.: n.p., 1943. Work is a listing of all the Wisconsin units which served in the Civil War and the War with Spain. Those units in the latter category consisted of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiments and Battery “A” First Light Artillery Wisconsin Volunteers. The 1st and 4th Regiments and Battery “A” were not sent overseas, but lost 62 men to disease. The 2nd and 3rd Regiments were dispatched to Puerto Rico and engaged in combat at Coamo (August 9, 1898) and below the Heights of Aibonito (August 12, 1898). These two regiments lost a combined total of 81 men (79 to disease and 2 to combat) while in federal service. 560. Eaton, William E. History of the Richardson Light Guard of Wakefield, Mass., 1851–1901. Wakefield, Massachusetts: Printed at the Citizen and Banner Office, 1901. The majority of this work covers the role of the Richardson Light Guard in the Civil War. When the Spanish-American War broke out in early 1898, the Richardson Light Guard was designated Company A of the 6th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment.

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Volume discusses Company A’s mustering into federal service (May 12, 1898), and advanced infantry training at Camp Alger, near Dunn Loring, Virginia, starting on May 20, 1898, where the 6th Massachusetts was formed into a brigade with the 6th Illinois and 8th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiments. On July 6, 1898, the brigade arrived at Charleston, South Carolina, by train, with the 6th Massachusetts departing for the West Indies on July 8, 1898, on the USS Yale with General Nelson Miles. After some delay at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, Company A left for Puerto Rico arriving at the port of Guánica on July 25, 1898. Company A participated in a skirmish with Spanish troops the next day on the road to Yauco (July 26, 1898), then marched overland to the port of Ponce, arriving August 1, 1898. On August 9, 1898, the entire 6th Massachusetts left Ponce for Utuado in the central highlands arriving just as the Peace Protocol was announced. After a short occupation duty, the 6th Massachusetts left Utuado on October 13, 1898, for San Juan, the capital of the island, and then left for the United States from that port on October 21, 1898. Private Frank E. Edwards of Company A, 6th Massachusetts—later promoted to Second Lieutenant—published the 6th Massachusetts regimental unit history entitled The ’98 Campaign of the 6th Massachusetts, USV (1899). (See Item 561 below) 561. Edwards, Frank E., 2nd Lt. The ’98 Campaign of the 6th Massachusetts, USV Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown, and Company, 1899. The work is a unit history for the 6th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment that took part in the Puerto Rico Campaign. Contains information on mustering into federal service of the regiment; advanced infantry training at Camp Alger, near Dunn Loring, Virginia; departure from Charleston, South Carolina; and arrival in Guantánamo, Cuba, to reinforce General Shafter’s Fifth Corps command. With the surrender of the Spanish garrison at Santiago de Cuba the regiment was transported to Guánica, Puerto Rico, on July 25, 1898, and participated in the Battle of Yauco on July 26, 1898. From Guánica the regiment marched to Ponce, Puerto Rico— July 30 to August 4, 1898. From Ponce the regiment marched into the central highlands, arriving at Utuado on August 12, 1898 when it was learned the war had ended. The regiment then undertook occupation duty till October 21, 1898, when they left San Juan, Puerto Rico, for Boston. This volume contains a regimental roster and several historical pictures of the regiment in service. The 6th Massachusetts was unusual in that Company L was an all Black officered and manned unit, making this the only integrated volunteer regiment in service in the Spanish-American War. The author,

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Lt. Edwards, was a private in Company A of the 6th Massachusetts during the Spanish-American War. 562. Fiala, Anthony. Troop “C” in Service, An Account of the Part Played by Troop “C” of the New York Volunteer Cavalry in the SpanishAmerican War of 1898. Brooklyn, New York: Eagle Press, 1899. Complete account of Troop C, Brooklyn, New York, based on the author’s letters of correspondence published in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle during the course of the war. Unit history includes the history of Troop C’s creation; mustering into federal service at Camp Black, New York; training at Camp Alger, near Dunn Loring, Virginia; departure from Newport News, Virginia; and the troop’s arrival in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Also covers actions of Troop C at the Battle of Coamo (August 9, 1898) and skirmish at Asomonte (the same day). This book contains a complete roster and photographs of the members of Troop C and a number of photographs and illustrations by Fiala who was trained at the Cooper Hewlitt Academy and would later serve as the photographer on two Arctic and one Amazon River expedition, the latter with Theodore Roosevelt. 563. For the Honor of the Flag, Lowell’s Tribute to Her Returned Soldiers of the Spanish American War, 1898: Co. M 9th Regiment and Co’s C and G 6th Regiment M.V.M. at the Armory, November 30, 1898., 1899. Unit histories of men in three companies from Lowell, Massachusetts, contain the history and rosters of these companies. Company M of the 9th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment was one of only three volunteer infantry regiments (2nd Massachusetts and 71st New York) dispatched to Cuba that participated in the action of July 1, 1898, against San Juan Heights. Companies C and G of the 6th Massachusetts Regiment were dispatched for overseas service in the Puerto Rican Campaign landing at Guánica on July 25, 1898, and participated in the skirmish on the road to Yauco the next day. These two companies, along with the 6th Massachusetts, marched to Ponce, Puerto Rico, and then up into the central highlands of the island to occupy Utuado where they received information that the Peace Protocol was declared on August 12, 1898. 564. Gardner, Constance (ed.). Some Letters of Augustus Peabody Gardner. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1920. Volume contains reproductions of letters from Captain Augustus P. Gardner to Constance, his wife, and his brother-in-law, Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, during the Spanish-American War. Captain Gardner was assigned to the staff of Major General

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James H. Wilson at Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), Georgia, and describes the training at this federal government facility. Captain Gardner would go with General Wilson on the Puerto Rico Campaign and describes his part in the night march with Colonel Biddle and the 16th Pennsylvania around Coamo to attack the Spanish in the rear on the morning of August 9, 1898. Gardner would later go into politics and serve his Massachusetts district in Congress from 1902–1917 when he again entered the army and died of illness in 1918. 565. Hernández-Cruz, Juan E. “La invasión de Puerto Rico: consideraciones histórico-sociológicas.” (The Invasion of Puerto Rico: Historical-Sociological Considerations.) Revista de la Universidad de América 3, No. 1 (May 1991): 26–34. Reprint San Germán, Puerto Rico: Editorial Xaguey, 1992. Spanish-language article discusses the American invasion of Puerto Rico in 1898 in outline. Work covers the effect of the invasion on the inhabitants of Puerto Rico and the attitudes of the American soldiers regarding the local people. The majority of citations are from William C. Cammann’s (ed.) The History of Troop “A” New York Cavalry USV from May 2 to November 28, 1898 in the SpanishAmerican War (1899). (See Item 549 above.) 566. Hernández-Paralitici, Pedro H. Utuado: notas para su historia. (Utuado: Notes on its History.) San Juan, Puerto Rico: Model Offset Printing, 1983. Work is a Spanish-language history of the city and municipality of Utuado, located in the central highlands of Puerto Rico. This work contains detailed discussions of local personalities involved in the pre-1898 war politics of the island to obtain political autonomy from Spain and their support of American troops in July-August 1898 as a result of the Spanish-American War. 567. Herrmann, Karl Stephen, Private, Light Battery “D,” 5th US Artillery. From Yauco to Las Marías, Being a Story of the Recent Campaign in Western Puerto Rico by the Independent Regular Brigade under Command of Brigadier-General Schwan. Boston, Massachusetts: Richard G. Badger & Co., 1900. Reprint A Recent Campaign in Puerto Rico, Boston, Massachusetts: E. H. Bacon & Company, 1907. Unit history account, by Private Herrmann of the Light Battery D, 5th US Artillery, a Regular Army unit. Herrmann describes the Independent Regular Brigade’s swing through western Puerto Rico under the command of Brigadier General Teodore Schwan. Provides a first-person detailed account of the American attack on the Spanish at Hormigueros, Puerto Rico (August 10, 1898), occupation

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duty on the island, and regular army duty in the Spanish-American War. This volume was later reprinted under the new title of A Recent Campaign in Puerto Rico (1907). 568. History of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry, 1948–1991. Together with an Introductory Chapter Summarizing its Earlier History and the Rolls Complete from 1774. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry, 1991. Work gives a brief summary of First Troop’s service in the SpanishAmerican War and its participation in the Puerto Rico Campaign. After landing at Ponce, Puerto Rico, on August 3, 1898, First Troop in company with H Troop of the 6th Regular Cavalry conveyed horses and a wagon train with equipment from Ponce to Guayama in support of General Brooke’s planned August 13, 1898, assault against entrenched Spanish forces north of the latter town. The signing of the Peace Protocol ended hostilities on the island and the troop retired to its encampment at Hacienda Esperanza, near Guayama. The Troop departed Ponce on September 3, 1898, on the transport Mississippi with the Governor’s Troop, the Sheridan Troop, Light Battery “A,”—all from Pennsylvania; and Troops “A” and “C” of New York and Brooklyn respectively. This work is a limited edition unit history of 500 copies—the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry, the oldest American military unit (est. 1774). 569. Hoppin, C. B., Captain. “Troop B, in the Porto Rico Campaign.” Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States 34 (1904): 309–310. Captain C. B. Hoppin, a Regular Army cavalry officer arrived in Ponce, Puerto Rico, on August 2, 1898. Hoppin was detailed by Lt. General Nelson A. Miles to assume command of all regular and volunteer cavalry units at Army Headquarters, Ponce, Puerto Rico, which consisted of Troop B, 2nd Regular Cavalry; Troop A, 5th Regular Cavalry; Troop A, New York Volunteer Cavalry; and Troop C, New York (Brooklyn) Volunteer Cavalry. Article contains information on Headquarters’ cavalry troop reconnaissance at the end of the Puerto Rico Campaign to the outskirts of Arecibo, Puerto Rico, on the north shore of the island. 570. Howard-Smith, Logan, and J. F. Reynolds Scott. The History of Battery A (Formerly known as the Keystone Battery), and Troop A, NGP Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: John C. Winston, Co., 1912. Unit history of Pennsylvania’s National Guard Battery A that missed participating in the Puerto Rican Campaign. Work discusses the history of the Battery and its formation before the

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Spanish-American War; mustering into federal service at Mt. Gretna, Pennsylvania—Pennsylvania’s National Guard training camp; being dispatched to Newport News, Virginia, to guard the shipyards from May to August of 1898; then transported to Ponce, Puerto Rico, arriving August 15th—two days after the end of hostilities; and returning to Philadelphia on September 10th 1898. 571. Immell, Ralph M. Roster of the Wisconsin Troops in the Spanish American War. Madison, Wisconsin: Privately Printed, n.d. Wisconsin provided four regiments of volunteer infantry (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th) and one battery of artillery for the Spanish-American War. This roster contains the names of the men of these units, including the 2nd and 3rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiments which fought at the Battle of Coamo (August 9, 1898) and the Skirmish at Aibonito (August 11, 1898) in the Puerto Rico Campaign. 572. Kentucky State Guard in the Spanish-American War, 1898–1899. Frankfort, Kentucky: Office of the Adjutant General, 1987. With the approach of the centennial of the Spanish-American War, the Office of the Kentucky State Adjutant General issued a commemorative volume which provides a record of the 5,590 Kentucky State Guard members who served in the war. Using original muster rolls, Kentucky Veterans’ Bonus Claims, Kentucky State Guard personnel files, and graves registration reports, this work provides an in-depth examination of the men who made up the four infantry regiments of volunteers requested by President McKinley for federal service. Work contains a narrative history of each of the four regiments, listing of officers and men, and a casualty list. Individual information includes the name of the soldier, age at enlistment, place of birth, civilian occupation, residence at entry, marital state, date of enlistment, rank, federal muster date, date of discharge, and unit of assignment. The 1st Battalion (Companies A-D) of the 1st Kentucky participated in the Puerto Rico Campaign and fought at the Battle of Las Marías (August 13, 1898). The 1st Battalion was later joined by the rest of the regiment and undertook occupation duty on the island until December of 1898. The 3rd Regiment served occupation duty in Matanzas, Cuba, after the end of the SpanishAmerican War. The 2nd and 4th Regiments did not go overseas. 573. King, George Glenn. Letters of a Volunteer in the Spanish-American War. Chicago, Illinois: Hawkins & Loomis, 1929. Personal memoir of Private George G. King, Company I, of the Sixth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, based on his letters and recollections published over thirty years after the war.

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Covers mustering in at the Massachusetts State National Guard camp in Framingham, Massachusetts; advanced infantry training at Camp Alger, near Dunn Loring, in northern Virginia; the July 25, 1898, invasion of Guánica, Puerto Rico; the July 26th Yauco skirmish; march from Yauco to Ponce; then a march to Utuado, in the central highlands; occupation duty fighting boredom and typhoid; and the return voyage to Massachusetts. 574. Longacre, Edward G. From Union Stars to Top Hat, A Biography of the Extraordinary General James Harrison Wilson. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company, 1972. Major General James Harrison Wilson (1837–1925) was the most successful Union Cavalry commander in the American Civil War, and close associate of General U.S. Grant, but retired from the army in 1871 to pursue a career in railroads. Twenty-seven years later, at the outbreak of the Spanish-American War he volunteered for service and was appointed a Major General of Volunteers, in charge of the 6th Army Corps to be formed at Camp Thomas on the Chickamauga Battlefield. The 6th Corps was never formed and he was assigned to command the 1st Division of Major General John R. Brooke’s 1st Army Corps. Wilson and a brigade of his 1st Division (consisting of the 16th Pennsylvania, 2nd and 3rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, two Regular artillery batteries, and Volunteer Cavalry Troop C of New York City) was moved to Charleston, South Carolina where it left for Puerto Rico on July 20, 1898, eventually disembarking at Ponce, Puerto Rico. Wilson’s campaign to capture the mountain town of Coamo (August 9, 1898) by an overnight flanking march by elements of the 16th Pennsylvania to come at the Spanish from behind was a brilliantly conceived strategy which captured over 150 Spanish troops at the cost of only four wounded Americans, and allowed his men to quickly advance some ten miles up the Spanish military road from Coamo to establish a position below the Heights of Asomante and El Peñón where the Spanish were entrenched. A similar flanking strategy was already in place to attack the Spanish on the heights, when Wilson received word of the Peace Protocol of August 12, 1898. Wilson served as occupation commander in southern Puerto Rico and Cuba in 1898 and 1899. In 1900, he was sent to China where he commanded American and British forces in a flanking maneuver similar to the fight in Coamo to defeat Chinese Boxers, before retiring from the army in 1901. 575. Medina Caraballo, José Luis. Las Marías: notas para su historia, 1842–1983. (Las Marías: Notes on its History.) San Juan, Puerto Rico: Model Offset Printing, 1983.

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Work is a Spanish-language history of the town of Las Marías, located in the western central highlands of Puerto Rico. This work contains a concise discussion of the Battle of Las Marías (August 13, 1898) between Spanish forces and elements of General Schwan’s Independence Regular Brigade in the last battle of the SpanishAmerican War in the West Indies. Work notes how the American forces were aided by local Puerto Rican guides in locating the Spanish forces. 576. Mitgang, Herbert (ed.). The Letters of Carl Sandburg. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1968. Volume contains brief discussion of Carl Sandburg’s role as a Private in Company C, of the 6th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, which landed at Guánica, Puerto Rico, on July 25, 1898. Also, includes letter entries which stress the significance of that military experience on a noted writer’s life. 577. Niemeyer, Harry H. Yarns of Battery A, with the Artillerymen at Chickamauga and Porto Rico. N.p.: n.d. Niemeyer in the Preface notes the “Yarns of Battery A” were collected from the articles written by four fellow artillerymen to four local St. Louis, Missouri newspapers. This privately printed volume contains the history of Battery A, St. Louis, Missouri, from mustering in at Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis, Missouri; to advanced training at Camp Alger, in northern Virginia; to departure from Newport News, Virginia; and arrival at Arroyo, Puerto Rico. Battery A was to go into combat outside Guayama, Puerto Rico, on the morning of August 12, 1898, but word was received of the Peace Protocol ending the war with Spain. Battery A left Puerto Rico from Ponce and arrived in New York City, thence by rail to St. Louis. 578. Oliver, William H., Jr. Roughing it with the Regulars, by Wm. H. Oliver, Jr., Late Troop “A” Fifth US Regular Cavalry. New York: William F. Parr, Printer, 1901. Account of Trooper William Oliver’s experiences with Troop A, Fifth US Cavalry in Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War. Oliver enlisted in the Regular Army under the Hull Bill, which allowed an enlistment of individuals in the Regular Army for just the period of duration of the conflict with Spain. Work contains descriptions of his training as a cavalryman in Tampa, Florida; voyage from Tampa to Fajardo, Puerto Rico, to observe the US Navy and Marines occupy the Fajardo lighthouse; and disembarkation in Ponce, Puerto Rico. In Ponce Troop A was assigned to General Schwan’s Independent Regular Brigade for a sweep through the

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western part of the island. Oliver describes the battles of Hormigueros (August 10, 1898) and Las Marías (August 13, 1898) in great detail, followed by occupation and bandit patrol duty, and discharge and return to New York. 579. Palmer, Frederick. Bliss, Peacemaker. The Life and Letters of General Tasker Howard Bliss. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1934. Bliss was assigned (1897) as military attaché to the American ambassador to Spain, General Woodford. His reports on the situation in Spain to Secretary of War, Alger, were considered of great importance during the months leading up to April of 1898. After the American embassy closed, Bliss was assigned to Major General James H. Wilson as Chief of Staff for the First Division of the First Corps. Bliss outfitted the Spanish prize Rita in Charleston, South Carolina, for a troop transport for part of Wilson’s Division to Puerto Rico, participated in the skirmish at Aibonito on August 11, 1898, and utilizing his Spanish language skills established a short truce with the Spanish commander on Asomante Heights in anticipation of a Peace Protocol (August 12, 1898). Fort Bliss outside El Paso, Texas is named after this individual. 580. Porter, Valentine Mott. “A History of Battery ‘A’ of St. Louis, With an Account of the Early Artillery Companies from Which it is Descended.” Missouri Historical Society Collections 2, No. 4 (March 1905): 28–48. Battery A, of St. Louis, Missouri—a Missouri National Guard Unit which had fought in the Mexican-American and Civil Wars—was mustered into federal service for the Spanish-American War on May 10, 1898, and was sent to Chickamauga (Camp Thomas), Georgia, for advanced artillery training within a week. Eventually, the St. Louis Battery was combined with Battery A of Illinois, Battery B of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the 27th Indiana Battery for service in Puerto Rico, sailing from Newport News, Virginia, and arriving at Arroyo on the southeast coast of the island. The St. Louis Battery was to go into action against the entrenched Spanish force northwest of Guayama on August 12, 1898, but all hostilities were suspended by the announcement of the Peace Protocol. Returning to the United States, the St. Louis Battery was mustered out at Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis, Missouri. The author was an enlisted man during the Spanish-American War in the Puerto Rico Campaign, and was elected by his comrades as a Lieutenant to Battery A in 1902. 581. Pratt, William D. (comp.). A History of the National Guard of Indiana, From the Beginning of the Militia System in 1787 to the

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Present Time, including the Services of Indiana Troops in the War with Spain. Indianapolis, Indiana: William D. Pratt Publisher and Binder, 1901. Work is a history of the Indiana National Guard, from its inception in 1787 to its participation in the Spanish-American War (1898). In 1898, the Indiana Guard at the outbreak of hostilities consisted of 42 companies of infantry and three batteries of artillery—consisting of over 2,200 officers and men—which were fully uniformed, trained, and equipped due to recent allocation of funds from the state legislature. At President McKinley’s first call for volunteers Indiana produced some four regiments of infantry and two batteries of light artillery, later increased by the second Presidential call for volunteers to five regiments of infantry (157th to 161st Infantry Regiments), plus two companies (A & B) of Black troops, Company D of the 2nd Engineers, and three batteries of light artillery (27th to 29th Batteries). The 27th Light Artillery of Indianapolis was sent to Arroyo, Puerto Rico, during the Spanish-American War, and was posed to engage entrenched Spanish positions northwest of Guayama, but the fight was halted due to the signing of the Peace Protocol on the morning of August 12, 1898. The 160th and 161st Volunteer Infantry Regiments, Company B of the Black troops, and Company D of the 2nd Engineers were sent to Cuba for occupation duty after the fighting had ended. The other Indiana infantry and artillery units remained stateside during the war. Work contains a complete roster of all men who served from Indiana. 582. Princeton in the Spanish-American War 1898. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Press, 1899. This small book contains a list of over one hundred Princeton University graduates, from the 1850s to the 1890s, who saw service in the United States Army and Navy in the West Indies (Cuban and Puerto Rico Campaigns) or were sent to the Philippines as members of the state units to assist Admiral George Dewey following the Naval Battle of Manila Bay. The Princeton Trustees attempted to contact as many men as possible, who were known to have served in the war with Spain in order to acknowledge their service. A careful reading of this work finds that a good number of the younger men who were residents of Philadelphia or Pittsburgh were members of elite Pennsylvania National Guard units, such as the First City Troop of Philadelphia or Battery A of Pittsburgh, respectively, when the Spanish-American War began and would see overseas service in Puerto Rico. 583. Record of Indiana Volunteers in the Spanish-American War, 1898–1899. Indiana Adjutant General’s Office. Issued by Authority

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of the 61st General Assembly of Indiana. Indianapolis, Indiana: B. Burford, Contractor for State Printing and Binding, 1900. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2008. At the first call for volunteers for federal service by the President, Indiana was requested to provide four (later increased to five) volunteer infantry regiments (157th, 158th, 159th, 160th, and 161st) and two batteries of light artillery (later increased to three batteries, 27th, 28th, and 29th), plus specialized engineer detachments. Only the 27th Light Artillery Battery was sent overseas to Arroyo and Guayama, Puerto Rico, during the period of the war, but saw no action. Volume contains complete histories of all National Guard units from Indiana and rosters of all the men who volunteered for service. The 160th and 161st Infantry Regiments went to Cuba for occupation duty after the Spanish-American War. See William D. Pratt’s A History of the National Guard of Indiana, From the Beginning of the Militia System in 1787 to the Present Time, including the Services of Indiana Troops in the War with Spain (1901). (See Item 581 above.) 584. Rossiter, Emanuel. “Right Forward, Fours Right, March!” A Little Story of “Company I,” Third Wisconsin Volunteers, First Brigade, First Division, First Corps. N.p: Privately Printed, n.d. Privately printed unit history of Company I, 3rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, written by Corporal Emanuel Rossiter. Volume contains information on the organization of Company I from the Superior, Wisconsin area, mustering into federal service, advanced infantry training at Chickamauga (Camp Thomas), Georgia, and their departure from Charleston, South Carolina, and arrival in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Rossiter’s work provides a good description of the Battle of Coamo (August 9, 1898) and the skirmishing before El Peñón and Asomante (August 11, 1898) and contains numerous contemporary photographs of the 3rd Wisconsin at Chickamauga Military Park and in Puerto Rico. Rossiter remained in the Wisconsin National Guard and by May of 1899 had been promoted from Corporal to 2nd Lieutenant. 585. Sandburg, Carl. Always the Young Strangers. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1953. Personal memoir of one of American’s best known writers and folklorist, Carl Sandburg enlisted at the start of the Spanish-American War as a Private in Company C of the 6th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was based in his hometown of Galesburg, Illinois. State National Guard companies, like Company C of Galesburg,

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usually only had about eighty men, however, at the start of the war the Regular Army requested these companies increase their company strength to 120 men in keeping with the company strength of a Regular Army company, allowing Sandburg to enlist in his hometown Company C. Sandburg describes mustering in to federal service, advanced infantry training at Camp Alger in northern Virginia, the voyage from Charleston, South Carolina, to Guánica, Puerto Rico, and overland marches from Guánica to Ponce and then up into the central highlands to the town of Utuado. At Utuado, the 6th Illinois learned of the Peace Protocol and they were soon marched back to Ponce where they took ship to New York City and thence to Galesburg, Illinois, for mustering out. As a veteran, Sandburg was accepted at a local school (Lombard) to fill the place of Private Lewis W. Kay, a Company C man who had died of disease while in federal service; this was where Sandburg commenced his writing career. 586. Sauers, Richard A. Pennsylvania in the Spanish-American War: A Commemorative Look Back. Scranton, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee, 1998. Work is a concise history of the Pennsylvania volunteers in the Spanish-American War. Author covers in some detail the 4th and 16th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment’s engagements outside Guayama (August 5, 1898) and at Coamo (August 9, 1898), Puerto Rico, respectively. Also contains information on the Pennsylvania artillery (Battery A, B, and C) plus cavalry troops (Sheridan, Governor’s, and First City Troops) most of which were sent to Puerto Rico. The 10th Pennsylvania was detached to the Philippines and engaged in heavy fighting with the Filipinos in early 1899. The 3rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment was detailed to be part of a Brigade consisting of the 1st Ohio, 157th Indiana, and 1st Illinois Regiments to be sent to Cuba with General Shafter’s Fifth Army Corps, but lacked transportation and missed the Cuban Campaign. 587. Schwarz, W. R. and J. T. Milligan. History of the First Regiment of Infantry Kentucky National Guard, From its Organization in 1847 to the Present Day. Louisville, Kentucky: Jobson Printing Company, 1915. In President William McKinley’s first call-up of the National Guard, Kentucky was asked to contribute three regiments of infantry (1st, 2nd, and 3rd). Only the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment saw overseas duty in Puerto Rico, while the other two regiments remained in training camps in the United States. The First Regiment, based in

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Louisville, Kentucky, was mustered into federal service in Lexington, Kentucky, and sent to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), Georgia, for advanced infantry training. Only one battalion (four companies) of the 1st Kentucky’s First Battalion departed Chickamauga by rail for Newport News, Virginia, where they shipped out to Ponce, Puerto Rico. Upon arrival in Ponce they were moved by ship to Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, where they joined Brigadier General Theodore Schwan’s Independent Regular Brigade and participated in the Battle of Las Marías (August 13, 1898) one day after the Peace Protocol was signed suspending hostilities with Spain. The rest of the 1st Kentucky Regiment arrived in Puerto Rico shortly thereafter and the regiment performed occupation duty chasing bandits as mounted riflemen until their departure back to Kentucky. 588. Seymour, Joseph. First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Press, 2008. This volume is a pictorial history with text of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry, which is the oldest extant United States military unit (est. 1774). Included are pictures of First Troop’s participation in the Puerto Rico Campaign of the SpanishAmerican War. 589. Sheridan Troop Veteran Association. N.p.: n.p., 1916. Small pamphlet privately printed by the surviving members of Sheridan Troop mustered into federal service on April 27, 1898, and mustered out of service on November 21, 1898. Pamphlet includes a short history of the cavalry troop’s experiences in the Puerto Rico Campaign of the Spanish-American War, arriving August 11, 1898, in Ponce, Puerto Rico, just two days before the end of the war. Also, contains a complete roster of the Sheridan Troop of Pennsylvania. 590. Smith, James B., Brigadier General and Adjutant General. Adjutant General’s Report, Containing the Complete Muster-Out Rolls of the Illinois Volunteers who served in the Spanish American War, 1898 and 1899. 5 vols. Springfield, Illinois: Phillips Brothers, State Printers 1902–1904. These five volumes contain detailed information on the officers and men who served in the Spanish-American War in response to President McKinley’s two calls for State National Guard units to be mustered into federal service in the war with Spain. Volume 1 covers the 1st and 2nd Volunteer Infantry Regiments; Volume 2 covers the 3rd and 4th Volunteer Infantry Regiments; Volume 3 covers the 5th and 6th Volunteer Infantry Regiments; Volume 4 covers the 7th and 8th (African American) Volunteer Infantry Regiments; and,

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Volume 5 covers the 9th Volunteer Infantry Regiment, the 1st Illinois Cavalry and Battery A Illinois Light Artillery. In the presentation of each unit there is an alphabetical listing of the officers and men, by name, rank, enrollment information, residence, and remarks on illness, death, promotions, overseas service, and discharge. The 3rd and 6th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiments participated in the Puerto Rico Campaign. The 3rd Illinois participated in the Battle for Guayama (August 5, 1898) in a support role and was to engage— along with Battery A Illinois Light Artillery—the entrenched Spanish on the road to Cayey on August 12, 1898, but the action was called off due to news of the Peace Protocol. The 6th Illinois landed at Guánica on July 25, 1898, and participated in the skirmish on the road to Yauco the next day. The 6th Illinois marched to Ponce, then up into the central highlands arriving at Utuado where they learned of the Peace Protocol. The 3rd and 6th Regiments and Battery A were back in Illinois before the end of 1898. The 1st Illinois arrived at Santiago de Cuba on July 9, 1898, but saw no action, while the 2nd, 4th, 8th, and 9th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiments served occupation duty in Cuba, until mustered out in early 1899. All other Illinois state units remained stateside during the Spanish-American War. 591. Stevens, Duane. “Double Duty Rock Island.” In: Illinois and the Spanish-American War. Illinois History 17, No. 8 (May 1964): 186. Short article on Company A, Sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment that was composed of men from Rock Island, Illinois—the location of a major military arsenal—which was dispatched to Puerto Rico under the command of General Nelson A. Miles. Company A landed at Guánica, Puerto Rico, on July 25, 1898, fought in the skirmish on the road to Yauco the next day, marched overland to Ponce, and then up into the central highlands to Utuado when they learned the Protocol ending the Spanish-American War was signed on August 12, 1898. Also in this issue of Illinois History are student papers on Companies E and G of the Sixth Illinois Regiment. 592. Sutton, Warner P. “In Porto Rico with General Miles (Illustrated).” The Cosmopolitan 26, No. 1 (November 1898): 13–22. Article by a war correspondent who accompanied the American Army in the invasion of Puerto Rico provides insight as to the selection of Guánica as the site of the American Army’s invasion of Puerto Rico (July 25, 1898), disaffection of the island people for the Spanish government, and aspects of the Battle of Coamo (August 9, 1898).

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593. Walker, T. Dart. “The Puerto Rico Expedition.” Harper’s Weekly, August 20, 1898, 827; “Dynamite-Guns in Puerto Rico.” Harper’s Weekly, September 10, 1898, 897. Walker was a war correspondent for Harper’s Weekly and accompanied the American army on its invasion of Puerto Rico. The first article provides a brief overview of the Puerto Rico Campaign, particularly the capture of the port of Ponce. The second article describes the use by members of the 4th Ohio Regiment of a newly introduced “Dynamite Gun” in the assault on Guayama, Puerto Rico, and in a later skirmish above Guayama on the road to Cayey. 594. Wilson, James Harrison, General. Under the Old Flag, Recollections of Military Operation in the War for the Union, The Spanish War, the Boxer Rebellion, etc. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1912. Autobiography of General James H. Wilson, who commanded the First Brigade of the First Division of the First Army Corps in the Puerto Rico Campaign of the Spanish-American War. Volume 1 describes Wilson’s Civil War experiences as a Union commander of cavalry which convinced him of the wisdom of flanking movements rather than a direct attack on fixed military positions. Volume 2 which describes Wilson’s command of a Brigade in the Puerto Rico Campaign of the Spanish-American War shows this tactic was successfully employed by the general at the Battle of Coamo (August 9, 1898). Wilson had already scouted practicable routes around both of the flanks of entrenched Spanish positions on El Peñón and Asomante Heights before the town of Aibonito, Puerto Rico, and was about to attack when he received word of the Peace Protocol ending the war with Spain on August 12, 1898. Good tactical discussion of these engagements by the Brigade Commander.

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595. Arcilla, José S. (ed.). “The Fall of Manila: Excerpts from a Jesuit Diary.” Philippine Studies 37, No. 2 (1989): 192–214. Article reprints portions of the diary of the Reverend Miguel Saderra Maso, SJ, which is located in the Archivum Romanum Societatis Jesu (Society of Jesus Roman Archive), Rome. Fr. Maso was living in Manila when it was besieged by American and Filipino forces in 1898, and describes the events of the Spanish-American War in the Philippines in 1898, especially the surrender of Manila on August 13, 1898. 596. Bailey Thomas A. “United States and Hawaii during the SpanishAmerican War.” American Historical Review 36 (April 1931): 552–560. Prior to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War the United States tried unsuccessfully to annex the Hawaiian Islands. This background history is discussed by the author, explaining and how the involvement of American forces in the Philippines during the war with Spain strengthened the argument for Hawaiian annexation to facilitate communication with the western Pacific. 597. —.“Dewey and the Germans at Manila Bay.” American Historical Review 45 (October 1939): 59–81. Shortly after the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) a number of neutral warships, including German vessels, entered the waters near the American fleet. Commodore Dewey’s concerns about the intentions and size of the German squadron led to a series of misunderstandings between the two naval contingents. 598. Baker, Arthur G., Private. The Colorado Volunteers. Boulder, Colorado: Privately Printed, 1900. Work is a personal memoir of Private Arthur Baker of Company H, 1st Colorado Volunteer Infantry Regiment, based in Boulder, 179

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Colorado. Volume covers the period from recruitment (April 1898) to deployment through San Francisco to the Philippines on June 14, 1898, on the SS China, and the capture of Manila (August 13, 1898). Also contains rosters of the officers and men of the 1st Colorado. 599. Barrett, John. Admiral George Dewey. A Sketch of a Man. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1899. Work focuses on the history of the Dewey family and personal notes on Dewey in the Philippines rather than just the Battle of Manila Bay. The author, a newspaper correspondent who was with the Commodore during the campaign in the Philippines, traces Dewey’s naval career from its beginning up to and including the SpanishAmerican War. Work contains historical information on the Spanish-American War as well as the entire career of Admiral Dewey, who was born in Montpelier, Vermont, a son of the founder of the National Life Insurance Company. Dewey’s triumphal return to his home town drew the largest crowd in the history of Vermont. Work is illustrated with photographs of the war in the Philippines, Dewey family history, and genealogy. 600. Beach, Edward L., Sr. “Manila Bay in 1898.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 46 (1920): 587–602. The author was a junior officer on the USS Baltimore at the Battle of Manila Bay and provides a firsthand description of the naval fight of May 1, 1898. 601. Beebe, Mabel Borton. The Story of Admiral Dewey and Our Navy of 1898: for Young Readers. Baldwin’s Biographical Booklets. New York and Chicago: Werner School Book Company, 1899. Short biography of Admiral George M. Dewey (1837–1917), his naval engagement at Manila Bay, and the role of the US Navy in the war with Spain. Work is intended for the juvenile readership of the period of the Spanish-American War. 602. Beers, Henry Putney. American Naval Occupation and Government of Guam, 1898–1902. Office of Records Administration, Administrative Office. Washington, D.C.: Navy Department, 1944. Short history of the US Navy’s administration of the island of Guam after the former isolated Spanish colony was annexed by the United States. Work discusses the capture of Guam by the USS Charleston, and later military occupation by the 1st Marine Battalion, and under the command of Naval Governors.

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603. Bell, Charles H., and Arthur Weiss. Officers and Men at the Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898. N.p.: Orders and Medals Society of America, 1972. Breakdown by vessel of rosters of American naval officers and sailors present at the Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898. This work is a limited printing of 2,000 copies. 604. Braisted, William Reynolds. The United States Navy in the Pacific, 1897–1909. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1958. Reprint New York: Greenwood Press, 1969 and Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2008. Author discusses the Navy’s role in the annexation of the Philippine Islands and the conflict with Germany over the disposition of the former Spanish islands in the western Pacific in the early part of this volume. 605. Cabaillas, Ildefonso and Crisogono Ortin. “Yankees Capture Guam.” Guam Recorder 2, No. 1 (1972): 25–36. Article contains the reprinted accounts of two Guam-based Catholic priests of the American invasion and takeover of the island of Guam during the Spanish-American War of 1898. 606. Calkins, Carlos Gilman. “Historical and Professional Notes on the Naval Campaign of Manila Bay in 1898.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 25 (1899): 267–321. The author of this article served on board the USS Olympia during the naval engagement at Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) and through the next four months as American forces arrived in the Philippines from the west coast of the United States and Manila was captured (August 13, 1898). 607. Clemens, Will M. Life of Admiral George Dewey. New York: Street & Smith, 1899. Work is a contemporary history of the life of Admiral George Dewey, his early life in Vermont, service in the US Navy in the Civil War, and most significantly his command of the American squadron that defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898. 608. Coletta, Paolo Enrico. Admiral Bradley A. Fiske and the American Navy. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, Regents Press, 1979. Lt. Bradley A. Fiske was the navigator of the USS Petrel during the Battle of Manila Bay. He later commanded shallow draft gunboats

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during the Philippines Insurrection in support of American land forces. This work discusses his early naval career in the Philippines and his later influence on the American Navy. 609. Conroy, Robert. The Battle of Manila Bay: The Spanish-American War in the Philippines. Macmillan Battle Book Series. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968. This book includes tactical maps and a chronology of events of Commodore George Dewey’s American Naval victory at Manila Bay. Intended for the juvenile reader it contains a series of good contemporary photographs. 610. Cootz, Robert E. From Mississippi to the Sea. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Dorrance, 1930. The author served on the USS Charleston during the SpanishAmerican War. Author discusses the transport of Regular Army and state volunteers across the Pacific to the Philippines and the seizure of the Spanish island of Guam along the way. Also covers the Spanish-American War in the Philippines, the capture of Manila, and the early stages of the Philippine Insurrection. 611. Cox, Leonard Martin. The Island of Guam. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904. Partially rewritten by Captain E. J. Dorn, US Navy, 1910; revised by K. C. McIntosh, US Navy, 1911; enlarged by Lt. Commander M.G. Cook, US Navy, 1916; and revised by Mrs. Allen H. White, 1925. Reprint Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1926. This work is a historical and natural history description of the Island of Guam. The appendix contains several documents relating to the capture of this island in 1898 by the American military. 612. Davis, Oscar King. Our Conquests in the Pacific. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1899. Oscar Davis was a correspondent who reached the area around Manila in the Philippines on the SS Australia, a troop transport with the 1st Expedition which left San Francisco on May 22, 1898. This voyage included stops at Hawaii and Guam—which was seized by the USS Charleston. In this work Davis also reports on the capture of Manila on August 13, 1898, the last day of the Spanish-American War. 613. —. “The Real Aguinaldo.” Everybody’s Magazine 5, No. 24 (August 1901). Article is a description of the complex character of Emilio Aguinaldo by an American who had known him since the summer

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of 1898, when he had returned to the Philippines from Hong Kong— with the assistance of Rear Admiral George Dewey—to raise a Filipino rebel army to assist the Americans fighting against Spanish forces in Manila. Author discusses negotiations between Aguinaldo and the Americans prior to the Spanish surrender of August 13, 1898. 614. Dewey, Adelbert Milton. The Life and Letters of Admiral Dewey from Montpelier to Manila. New York: The Woodfall Company, 1899. Reprint Akron, Ohio, The Werner Company, 1899. Work is a semi-autobiographical study of Admiral George Dewey by his second wife Adelbert, who was twenty years younger than the admiral, and is based on unpublished letters from Admiral Dewey’s naval career and extracts from his USS Olympia Log-Book. 615. Dewey, George. The War with Spain: Operations of the United States Navy on the Asiatic Station. Reports of Rear-Admiral George Dewey on the Battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, and on Investment and Fall of Manila, May 1 to Aug. 13, 1898. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900. Work is a government document with selected action reports of the US and Spanish navies—including Dewey’s report on the Battle of Manila Bay, decrees issued by the Filipino revolutionary government, and action reports of the US Army’s capture of Manila. 616. —. “Autobiography of Admiral Dewey.” Hearst’s Magazine 22 (December 1912): 68–79; 23 (January 1913): 48–62; 23 (February 1913): 282–290; 23 (March 1913): 40–49. These articles, authored by Admiral Dewey, were excerpts from his Autobiography which would be published by Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1913. (See Item 617 below.) 617. —. Autobiography of George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913. Reprint in Classics of Naval Literature Series, Introduction by Eric McAllister Smith, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987. Work is a first-person autobiography of Admiral Dewey’s career in the United States Navy and his account of the Battle of Manila Bay—May 1, 1898. 618. Ellicott, John Morris. Effect of the Gun Fire of the United States Vessels in the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898). US Navy Department, Office of Naval Intelligence, Information from Abroad, War Notes, No. 5. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing

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Office, 1899. Reprint United States Naval Institute Proceedings 25 (1899): 323–334. Originally this thirteen-page report of the analysis of American naval gunfire on Spanish ships at Manila Bay was printed with seven other essays by the US Navy Department’s Office of Naval Intelligence as War Notes, No. 5, in the Information from Abroad series (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899). Lieutenant Ellicott served as the intelligence officer on the USS Baltimore during the naval engagement at Manila Bay. Ellicott’s report describes the actions of each of the Spanish ships during the battle and after the engagement he visited the wrecked Spanish vessels to detail the damage sustained by these vessels from American naval guns. 619. —. “The Naval Battle of Manila Bay.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 26 (1900): 489–514. Article is a further account of the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) by Lt. John M. Ellicott of the USS Baltimore. 620. Ellis, Edward Sylvester. The Life Story of Admiral Dewey, together with a Complete History of the Philippines and Our War with Aguinaldo. Washington, D.C.: W. E. Scull, 1899. The author, Edward S. Ellis (1840–1916), was a major writer of juvenile fiction and American history in the decades of the turn of the century. This history includes an account of the naval engagement at Manila and the early period of the Philippine Insurrection. 621. Farenholt, A. “Incidents of the Voyage of the USS Charleston to Manila in 1898.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 50 (1924): 753–770. Article is a personal description by the Medical Officer of the USS Charleston during the War with Spain, including an account of the capture of Guam. 622. Fiske, Bradley A. “Why We Won at Manila.” Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine 57, No. 1 (November 1898): 127–135. Article is a contemporary account by the navigator of the USS Petrel describing Dewey’s victory at Manila Bay. This article was later incorporated into Fiske’s book War Time in Manila (1913). 623. —. “Personal Recollections of the Battle of Manila.” United Service, 3d ser. 1 (1902): 24–35. A short article describing the Battle of Manila Bay, as recounted by then Lt. Fiske, US Navy, who was the navigator of the USS Petrel.

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This article was later incorporated into Fiske’s book War Time in Manila (1913). 624. —. “Personal Recollections of What Happened in Manila Bay after the Battle.” United Service, 3d ser. 1 (1902): 202–216, 311–314, 407–420, 536–540, 647–654; 2 (1903): 84–98, 162–186, 225–247. Articles describing the author’s meeting with Emilio Aguinaldo, German naval interference in Manila Bay, surrender of the Spanish Manila garrison to American troops, and early fighting in the Philippine Insurrection. These articles were later incorporated into Fiske’s book War Time in Manila (1913). 625. —. War Time in Manila. Boston, Massachusetts: Richard G. Badger, The Gorham Press, 1913. First-person account by Rear-Admiral Bradley Fiske of the May 1, 1898 Battle of Manila Bay. Fiske was then a Lieutenant and the navigator of the USS Petrel. Following the Battle of Manila Bay Fiske discusses his meeting with Emilio Aguinaldo, concerns of Commodore Dewey with regard to the intentions of the German navy, the arrival of American troops under General Wesley Merritt from the west coast of the United States, and the surrender of the Spanish garrison of Manila on August 13, 1898. After fighting broke out between the Americans and Philippine Insurrectionists (February 4, 1899) Fiske transferred to the monitor USS Monadnock whose shallow draft allowed her to support American forces in their attack on Malabon and Caloocan. Author notes that much of the material in this volume originally appeared in the United Service magazine. 626. —. From Midshipman to Rear Admiral. New York: Century, 1919. This work is Admiral Bradley Fiske’s autobiography in which he recounts his career in the United States Navy, the May 1, 1898, Battle of Manila Bay, and duty on the USS Yorktown in the Philippine Insurrection. 627. Greene, Francis V. “The Capture of Manila.” Century Illustrated Monthly 57 (1898–1999): 785–791, 915–935. The author of this article was a major general in command of US volunteers from various western states who were conveyed in transports between June and August of 1898 from San Francisco to the Philippines. General Greene describes the attack and capture of Manila on August 13, 1898 by these troops. 628. Halstead, Murat. The Story of the Philippines: Natural Riches, Industrial Resources, Statistics of Productions, Commerce and Population: the Laws, Habits, Customs, Scenery and Conditions of the Cuba of the

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East Indies, and the Thousand Islands of the Archipelagos of India and Hawaii, with Episodes of their Early History. The Eldorado of the Orient. Personal Character Sketches of an Interview with Admiral Dewey, General Merritt, General Aguinaldo, and the Archbishop of Manila. Chicago, Illinois. Our Possessions Publishing Co., 1898. The author Murat Halstead (1829–1908) was a supporter of the Republican Party and American colonial expansionism into the former colonies of Spain. Halstead had intended to go out to the Philippines with the troop transports carrying General Wesley Merritt, but sickness caused him to remain behind in Hawaii. By the time Halstead arrived in the Philippines, Manila had already surrendered to American forces (August 13, 1898). The value of this work is his interviews with many of the important participants of the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) and the siege and capture of Manila. 629. —. Life and Achievements of Admiral Dewey, From Montpelier to Manila. Chicago, Illinois: Our Possessions Publishing Company, 1899. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Work is a contemporary volume on Admiral Dewey’s defeat of the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay and subsequent attack on Manila by American troops. Volume contains popular accounts of the period drawn from newspaper accounts and Halstead’s personal experiences and interviews in the Philippines of the previous year. 630. Hamm, Margherita Arlina. Dewey the Defender: A Life Sketch of the Great Admiral. London: Frank Tennyson Neely, 1899. Contemporary to the Spanish-American War short biography of Admiral George Dewey intended for the popular audience. 631. Healy, Laurin Hall, and Luis Kutner. The Admiral. Foreword by Josephus Daniels former Secretary of the Navy. Preface by Captain Leland Lovette and introduction by George Goodwin Dewey, Admiral George Dewey’s son. Chicago, Illinois: Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, 1944. Work is a biography of the life and career of Admiral George Dewey and his contributions to the development of the United States Navy. Covers the period of development of the navy at a time when modernization would make this force a global power. 632. Johnson, Rossiter. The Hero of Manila: Dewey on the Mississippi and the Pacific. New York: D. Appleton, 1899. Contemporary to the period just following the War with Spain, this work contains a biography of Commodore George Dewey which

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includes his service in the Civil War and his more well-known exploits at the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898). 633. Leeke, James. Manila and Santiago: The New Steel Navy in the Spanish-American War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2009. This work discusses the US Navy’s modernization efforts of 1865–1890; the commanders who fought the battles of Manila and Santiago; and a detailed narrative and description of these battles. Leeke’s narrative largely centers on the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) with secondary treatment of the Battle of Santiago (July 3, 1898). Emphasis is on the naval aspects of the Spanish-American war, although Leeke discusses very briefly the combined Army-Navy operations that took place around Santiago de Cuba. 634. Loomis, Albertine. “Summer of 1898.” Hawaiian Journal of History 13 (1979): 94–98. When America went to war with Spain in April 1898 and hostilities spread to the western Pacific, it was evident that Hawaii’s future would be bound to the United States out of necessity as a mid-ocean way station to move troops across the Pacific to the Philippine Islands. Article discusses the history of annexation, which became official on July 7, 1898, and Queen Liliuokalani’s return to the islands from the mainland, on August 2, 1898, where she had been working against annexation since 1896. On 12 August 1898 there was a brief ceremony terminating the Republic of Hawaii and transferring sovereignty to the United States. 635. Loud, George A., Charles P. Kindleberger, and Joel C. Evans. “The Battle of Manila Bay: The Destruction of The Spanish Fleet Described by Eye-Witnesses.” Century Magazine 56, No. 4 (August, 1898): 611–627. The first author, Loud, witnessed the battle from the revenue cutter Hugh McCulloch on which he served as paymaster and captured the action in his diary. Dr. Kindleberger was a Junior Surgeon of the flag-ship Olympia and Evans was a gunner on the USS Boston. These three “eye-witness” accounts on three different vessels provide a good description of the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898). 636. Martín Cerezo, Saturnino. El sitio de Baler (notas y recuerdos). (The Siege of Baler (Notes and Memories).) Guadalajara: n.p., 1904. Translated by F. L. Dodds as Under the Red and Gold: Being Notes and Recollections of the Siege of Baler; Kansas City, Missouri: Franklin Hudson Publishing Company, 1909.

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Even after the defeat of Spanish forces in the Philippines on August 13, 1898, there were still isolated pockets of Spanish military fighting the Filipinos in the belief that the United States would not defeat Spain. This narrative is the history of one group of Spanish troops, at Baler on the Island of Luzón which was besieged by Filipinos; the troops continued to fight until relieved by American forces after nearly a year because the commander did not believe the SpanishAmerican War was ended. 637. Meixsel, Richard B. “Admiral Dewey, More-or-Less in his own Words.” Bulletin of the American Historical Collection 26, No. 1 (1998): 83–92. Article reviews Admiral George Dewey’s autobiographical work— Autobiography of George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy (1913), especially the portion that pertains to the Spanish-American War and America’s intervention in the Philippines. Author has determined that the journalist Frederick Palmer ghost-wrote much of the work, with assistance from the reports of Dewey’s aide, Nathan Sargent. 638. Miles, Perry L., General (Ret.). Fallen Leaves, Memories of an Old Soldier. Berkeley, California: Wuerth Publishing Company, 1961. This work is a personal memoir of an officer who served with the 14th Regular Infantry Regiment in the Philippine Islands during the Spanish-American War and subsequent early part of the Philippine Insurrection. The 14th Infantry stationed at Vancouver Barracks in the northwest was transferred to the Presidio in San Francisco and became the first Regular infantry regiment to be dispatched to the Philippine Islands after Admiral Dewey’s victory at Manila Bay, as part of the First Expedition along with the 2nd Oregon and 1st California Volunteer Infantry, on May 25, 1898. Miles observed the taking of Guam by the USS Charleston and arrived in the Philippines on June 30, 1898, where the 14th was garrisoned at the Spanish naval yard at Cavite. The 2nd and 3rd Expeditions arrived on July 13th and July 30th, respectively. By the time of the August 13, 1898, attack on Spanish forces defending Manila there were two brigades of American troops, with the 14th Infantry assigned to the 1st Brigade along with the 23rd Regular Infantry, 1st North Dakota, 1st Idaho, and 13th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, under the command of Brigadier General Arthur MacArthur. The 2nd Brigade, under Brigadier General F. V. Greene contained the 18th Regular Infantry, 1st California, 2nd Oregon, 1st Nebraska Volunteer Infantry and Batteries A and B, Utah Light Artillery. Miles was involved in the repulsing of the Philippine

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Insurrection attack on the American lines outside Manila starting on February 4, 1899. Following this, Miles, in command of Company E of the 14th Regiment, was involved in the Santa Cruz Expedition and Battle of Zapote River, before taking a new commission in the United States Transport Service, in mid-1899. Miles returned to Samar in the Philippines in early 1903 with the 14th Regiment where they policed the Pulajane mountain people who raided the seacoast towns. 639. Military Notes on the Philippines, September 1898. United States Adjutant-General’s Office, Military Information Division. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1898. The United States Army’s Military Information Division, within the Adjutant-General’s Office, published the Military Notes to provide its line officers with available information on the Philippine Islands, its history, people, and the current conflict. 640. Millet, Francis Davis. The Expedition to the Philippines. New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1899. During the Spanish-American War Francis D. Millet (1846–1912) worked as a war correspondent for Harper’s Weekly and the London Times and arrived in the Philippines with General Wesley Merritt, along with various volunteer infantry regiments from the west coast of the United States about a month after Dewey’s victory in Manila Bay. Before he left the Philippines on September 22, 1898, Millet witnessed the buildup of American land forces on the south side of Manila and the attack and seizure of the city on August 13, 1898, all of which are covered in this volume. Millet had previously served in the American Civil War as an assistant surgeon and then as a war correspondent covering the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), and was one of America’s most noteworthy artists of the late nineteenth century, having been a founder of the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston and the Director of Decoration for the 1893 Columbian Exposition. Millet died on the Titanic in 1912. 641. Motsch, Aimé-Ernest, Lt. The Diary of a French Officer on the War in the Philippines, 1898. Translated from the French by Marietta Enríquez de La Haya Joussellin. Manila, Philippines: National Historical Institute, 1994. Lieutenant Motsch was a French naval officer in Manila whose diary from April 28 to August 31, 1898, records his observations on the naval engagement of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) and the capture of Manila (August 13, 1898) by American forces.

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642. Portusach, Frank (Francisco). “History of the Capture of Guam by the United States Man-of-War ‘Charleston’ and Its Transports.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 43 (1917): 707–718. The author of this article was the sole American on the island of Guam when it was “captured” by the appearance of the first expedition from the west coast of the United States on its way to Manila. 643. Rodman, Hugh. Yarns of a Kentucky Admiral. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1928. Admiral Hugh Rodman’s (1859–1940) autobiography and personal memoir recounting his naval experiences in Hawaii, Alaska, on gunboats in China, and serving under Admiral Dewey at Manila as an officer on the USS Raleigh at the Battle of Manila Bay. Rodman concludes his memoirs with a section on World War I. 644. Rojek, Wojciech. “The Suez Theme in the 1898 Spanish-American War.” American Studies 16 (1998): 67–77. Article contends British diplomacy hindered the flotilla of Spanish Rear Admiral Manuel de la Cámara y Libermoore, thereby assisting the United States’ war effort. Admiral Cámara was dispatched to the Philippines by way of the Suez Canal in immediate response to Commodore George Dewey’s naval victory in Manila Bay on May 1, 1898. By narrowly interpreting the international treaty concerning the Suez Canal, Great Britain granted the Spanish flotilla the minimum amount of coal at ports under British control, slowing the progress of Cámara toward the Philippines. Eventually, Cámara’s flotilla was ordered to return to Spain after the destruction of Admiral Pascual Cervera’s squadron near Santiago, Cuba (July 3, 1898), to protect the home ports of Spain from possible attack by American Naval forces. 645. Roster Department of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps. Major General Elwell S. Otis, US Volunteers, Commanding. Adjutant General’s Office, Headquarters, Department of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps. Manila, Philippine Islands: n.p., September 1898. Pamphlet containing a complete listing of all the Regular and Volunteer Army units and their officers sent out from San Francisco to Manila between May and September of 1898. Most of these units participated in the capture of Manila on August 13, 1898, and by the time this pamphlet was published were beginning occupation duty in and around the former Spanish island capital. 646. Sargent, Nathan (ed.). Admiral Dewey and the Manila Campaign. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Foundation, 1947.

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The author was Admiral Dewey’s aide after the Spanish-American War and this work was prepared under the latter’s direction. Also included are appendices which include the original documents used in the preparation of this work. 647. Schoenfeld, Maxwell P. Charles Vernon Gridley A Naval Career. Erie, Pennsylvania: Erie County Historical Society, 1983. Work is a biography of Captain Charles V. Gridley (1844–1898), the US Navy officer who was ordered by Commodore George Dewey to commence the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, by stating “You may fire when you are ready, Gridley.” Captain Gridley was the commander of the USS Olympia during the battle having just taken command of Dewey’s flagship on April 27, 1898. Shortly after the destruction of the Spanish fleet Captain Gridley was obliged to leave his command because of his health, and died en route to the United States at Kobe, Japan, on May 25, 1898. 648. Silk, C. A. and J. J. Vanderveer. Spanish-American War 1898: USS “Baltimore” at the Battle of Manila Bay (Philippine Islands) May 1st 1898. Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh, 1898. Reprinted as Souvenir of the Battle of Manila Bay, Philippine Islands, May 1st, 1898, Buffalo, New York: The Sutton Press, 1898. Short booklet published in Hong Kong as a souvenir for the crewmen and officers on the USS Baltimore, a cruiser which participated in the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898). Work contains general information on the naval engagement and the role of the Baltimore in the fight. Silk and Vanderveer were members of the Baltimore crew. 649. Spector, Ronald H. Admiral of the New Empire: The Life and Career of George Dewey. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1974. Reprint Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1988. Modern scholarly biography of Admiral George Dewey detailing not just the Battle of Manila Bay of May 1, 1898, but also the political situation after the naval engagement up to the arrival of American ground forces in the Philippines. Author concludes the admiral was a competent naval officer, but not politically capable of dealing with the situation in the Philippines, which may have contributed to the problems in dealing with the Filipinos. 650. Stickney, Joseph L. Life and Glorious Deeds of Admiral Dewey, Including a Thrilling Account of Our Conflicts with the Spaniards and Filipinos in the Orient, and the Complete Story of the Philippine Islands, Historical and Descriptive. Chicago, Illinois: C.B. Ayer

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Company, 1898. Reprint Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Manufacturer’s Book Co., 1899, Chicago, Illinois: Imperial Publishing Company, 1899, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. H. Moore Co, 1899. This work is a popular account, contemporary to the SpanishAmerican War, summarizing the naval career of Admiral George Dewey. The author of the work provides first-hand accounts of the Battle of Manila Bay, naval siege of Manila, arrival of American Army military units, and the surrender of Manila by the Spanish, or the period from May 1st to August 13th 1898. Work contains contemporary photographs, many of which were taken by the author— who was Dewey’s aide—during the battle, from the bridge of the flagship USS Olympia in Manila Bay. Work also includes a section on the early months of the Philippine Insurrection and contains numerous photos of the period. 651. Strobridge, William F. “Rendezvous in San Francisco.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 33, No. 2 (1973): 204–209. With the successful outcome of the naval engagement at the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) the McKinley Administration decided a military force should be dispatched to the Philippines to seize and occupy Manila. The 1st Tennessee Volunteer Infantry Regiment was one of a number of state National Guard units that was sent to Camp Merritt, a tent city near the Presidio of San Francisco, prior to their ocean voyage across the Pacific to the Philippines. Article describes their training and experiences in the San Francisco bay area before being sent to Manila. 652. Toral, Juan, and José Toral. El sitio de Manila (1898), memorias de un voluntario. (The Siege of Manila (1898), Memories of a Volunteer.) Manila: Imprenta Lithografía Pintier, 1898. Personal memoir of Juan and José Toral, Spanish citizens residing in Manila at the start of the Spanish-American War who volunteered to join a militia unit to defend Manila from American and Filipino forces. The memoir covers the period of April 14 to August 13, 1898, and describes the American attack on Manila of August 13, 1898. Also contains a list of Spanish forces in the Manila area in 1898. 653. Vivian, Thomas J. (ed.). With Dewey at Manila, Being the Plain Story of the Glorious Victory of the United States Squadron Over the Spanish Fleet, Sunday Morning, May First, 1898, as Related in the Notes and Correspondence of an Officer on Board the Flagship Olympia. New York: R. F. Fenno & Company, 1898. The author presents in this contemporary narrative a concise history of the period of late April to early May 1898, when Commodore

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George Dewey’s squadron departed Hong Kong and sailed for Manila where the Spanish fleet defending the capital of the Philippines was sunk or destroyed on May 1, 1898. 654. Walker, Leslie W. “Guam’s Seizure by the United States in 1898.” Pacific Historical Review 14 (1945): 1–12. Article discusses the events surrounding the American capture of the Spanish island of Guam. 655. West, Richard Sedgewick, Jr. Admirals of American Empire: The Combined Story of George Dewey, Alfred Thayer Mahan, Winfield Scott Schley and William Thomas Sampson. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill, 1948. Reprint Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1971. Work consists of biographies of the Spanish-American War’s four most famous United States Naval officers. 656. White, Douglas. On to Manila, A True and Concise History of the Philippine Campaigns, Secured while Afloat with Admiral Dewey’s Fleet, and in the Field with the 8th US Army Corps. Illustrations by Pierre N. Boeringer. San Francisco, California: George Spaulding & Company, 1899. Issued as Volume 1, No. 1, Pacific Historical Magazine, June 30, 1899. Douglas White was a war correspondent with the San Francisco Examiner and the New York Journal and one of the earliest correspondents to reach the Philippines with the 1st Expedition which left San Francisco on May 22, 1898. White was provided accommodations on the cruiser USS Charleston, which would convoy the SS City of Peking, SS Australia, and SS City of Sydney, carrying the 1st California and 2nd Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiments, the California Heavy Artillery, and a battalion of the 14th Regular Infantry to the Manila area to commence operations to seize the Spanish colonial capital of the Philippine Islands. White discusses and provides pictures and illustrations of the military’s reception in Honolulu, the capture of Guam, the entrance into Manila Bay and inspection of the Spanish fleet sunk by Dewey, and the landing of troops at Cavite, south of Manila. These troops were soon joined by state guard and regular units from two other expeditions to the Philippines, which provided the necessary force to capture Manila on August 13, 1898. White then discusses and pictures the American occupation of Manila up to the beginning of the Philippine Insurrection on February 4, 1899. The author provides a detailed account of the actions at the beginning of the Philippine Insurrection, movement of troops, towns captured, and engagements up to

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May 20, 1898. Work contains a unit history on the 2nd Oregon and rosters of the 1st Washington, 2nd Oregon, 1st Idaho, and 1st California Volunteers Infantry Regiments and the 1st Battalion of California Heavy Artillery. 657. Wildman, Edwin. Aguinaldo, a Narrative of Filipino Ambitions. Boston, Massachusetts: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Publishing Company, 1901. Contemporary account by the American Vice Consul at Hong Kong, who arranged for Emilio Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines after the Battle of Manila Bay on the USS McCullough. Wildman provides a generally favorable treatment of Aguinaldo’s personality and his initial willingness to aid the Americans in fighting the Spanish. Good treatment of the early land battles of the Philippine Insurrection at Mariloa and Malolos, after Private Willie Grayson of Co. D, of the 1st Nebraska, fired on Filipinos on a Saturday night, February 4, 1899. 658. Williams, Henry Llewellyn. Taking Manila: Or, In the Philippines with Dewey, Giving the Life and Exploits of Admiral George Dewey, USN. New York: Hurst & Company Publishers, 1899. Work is a contemporary narrative of the life of George Dewey, his early career in the navy in the Civil War, his naval engagement at Manila Bay, the seizure of Manila on August 13, 1898, the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection, and Dewey’s return to the United States where he is feted as a naval hero. 659. Wisner, J. A., and H. F. Humphrey. Sketches from the SpanishAmerican War in the Philippine Islands, May to August 1898. N.p.: n.p., 1898. Work is a short but concise history of the American campaign in the Philippines from the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898) to the seizure of the Spanish capital of Manila on August 13, 1898. 660. Wright, Willard E. (ed.). “The Fall of Manila, August 13, 1898.” United States Naval Institute Proceedings 86 (August 1960): 88–93. The author of this article describes the fall of Manila, Spanish capital of the Philippines, to American forces. This description is based on a letter from Thomas Mason Brumby, an officer on the USS Olympia, written to his sister a few days after the capture of Manila. 661. Young, Louis Stanley. The Cruise of the US Flagship “Olympia” from 1895 to 1899, from San Francisco to Manila Bay. San Francisco, California: The Whitaker & Ray Co., n.d.

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Young was a naval officer assigned to the Olympia on its pre-war Far East cruise to ports in Russia, Japan, China, and finally Hong Kong where the commander Commodore George Dewey received information on the destruction of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898. The first part of this work is a short history of the Olympia’s Far East cruise, its role as the flagship of the American naval force at the Battle of Manila (May 1, 1898), and its naval siege of Manila until the arrival of American forces from San Francisco that captured Manila on August 13, 1898. The second half of the work are reprints of The Bounding Billow, a newspaper printed on the Olympia from October 1897 to December 1898 to boost the morale of the seamen. This newspaper contained rosters of the men on the American naval force at the Battle of Manila, eyewitness accounts of the naval engagement, and information on various ships’ activities for this period. Young would later use this information to publish a popular account of Admiral Dewey and the Battle of Manila. (See Item 662 below.) 662. — (in collaboration with Henry Davenport Northrop). Life And Heroic Deeds Of Admiral Dewey, Including Battles In The Philippines, Containing a Complete and Glowing Account of the Grand Achievements of the Hero of Manila: His Ancestry and Early Life; His Brilliant Career in the Great Civil War. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: World Bible House, 1899. Reprint Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Shepp Publishing Co., 1899, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Globe Bible Publishing, 1899. Work is a contemporary popular account of the life of Admiral George Dewey and his naval victory at Manila (May 1, 1898) by an officer, Louis S. Young, who served on the Olympia during the Spanish-American War. Young was responsible for the production of The Bounding Billow, a newspaper printed on the Olympia for the benefit of American sailors on Dewey’s squadron in Manila Bay.

7 Philippine Insurrection

663. Agnew, James B. “Private Longden and the Medical Corps of 1898.” Military Review 59, No. 7 (1979): 11–21. The Spanish-American War of 1898 caught United States military forces unprepared in many ways. In particular, the Army Medical Department was not equipped to perform its duties in tropical regions. The diary of Private Charles E. Longden—who was an Army pharmacist, combat medical corpsman, and field hospital attendant—provides a personal account of the Army Medical Corps in the Philippines. 664. Agoncillo, Teodoro A. Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic. Quezón City, Philippines: University of the Philippines, 1960. Reprinted 1997. Author discusses the history of the first year of the Philippine Insurrection and believes the Philippine elite sided with the American occupation forces, but the common people were the real supporters of independence against both Spain and the United States. This view point has been questioned by more recent research. 665. Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio. “The Story of My Capture.” Everybody’s Magazine, Volume 5, No. 24 (August 1901): 131–140. Article is a personal memoir of Emilio Aguinaldo’s capture by an American expedition led by General Frederick Funston on March 23, 1901. Aguinaldo had attempted to resist the American army through conventional warfare, but was forced to switch to a guerrilla war by mid-1900 due to high losses of men and equipment. From his headquarters, established in September of 1900 at the small village of Palanan near the Pacific Ocean in north Luzón, Aguinaldo continued to direct the war against the Americans through couriers carrying secret messages to his forces in the field. One of these couriers was captured and the location of Aguinaldo’s headquarters became 196

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known to General Funston, who then led a party to Palanan to capture Aguinaldo. 666. Babcock, Elkanah. A War History of the Sixth (6th) US Infantry (illustrated) from 1798 to 1903, with Rosters and Memorials of the Cuban and Philippine Campaigns. Revised and edited by S.T. Fisk, Jr. and Introduction by Rev. J. A. Randolph. Kansas City, Missouri: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Company, 1903. Work is a regimental history of the 6th US Regular Infantry from its inception in 1798 to the year of this publication (1903). This book contains a short discussion of the 6th Infantry in the attack on San Juan Heights during the Cuban Campaign (July 1, 1898) and a more extensive narration of the regiment in the Luzón Campaign against Filipino insurgents. 667. Baclagon, Uldarico S. Philippine Campaigns. Manila, Philippines: Graphic House, 1952. Good general military history of the Philippine Islands from the Spanish conquest in the sixteenth century to the end of World War II. Work covers the period of the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection from a Filipino viewpoint. 668. Bain, David Haward. Sitting in Darkness, Americans in the Philippines. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1984. Work is a very readable account of the history of two major participants of the Philippine Insurrection, General Frederick Funston and the Filipino President Emilio Aguinaldo. The author relates the history of the Philippine Insurrection (1899–1902) around the lives of these two men. The author also describes visiting the historical sites where the insurrection was fought, such as Palanan where Funston captured Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901, removing the political force behind the insurrection. 669. Baker, Charles F. History of the 30th Infantry, US Volunteers, 1899–1901. Clarkston, Washington: n.p., 1934. The 30th US Volunteer Infantry was one of the newly created twenty-four regular army infantry regiments created after the Spanish-American War to expand the American military to maintain order in the recently annexed Philippine Islands. Work discusses the campaigns and experiences of the 30th Infantry during the Philippine Insurrection (1899–1901). 670. Biennial Reports of the Adjutant General of Colorado 1898 and 1900. Denver, Colorado: Smith-Brooks Publishing Co., 1899, 1901.

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Official accounts and documents relating to the history of the 1st Colorado Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the Philippines. These reports were later used by Major John Nankivell in his History of the Military Organizations of the State of Colorado, 1860–1935 (1935) covering the Philippine Insurrection. 671. Birtle, Andrew J. US Army Counter-insurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine 1860–1941. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1998. Describes the development of US Army counter-insurgency doctrine from the start of the Indian wars on the American frontier to the beginning of World War II, and how well the US Army did or did not incorporate experiences in the field into its doctrine for the future. Birtle devotes a chapter to the Philippine War, and another to constabulary operations in the Philippines in the years following. Author provides a useful synopsis of military tactics used in the region and describes how the United States developed native auxiliary forces such as the Philippine Scouts and the Philippine Constabulary throughout the Philippines, including the Moro Province. 672. Bisbee, William Henry. Through Four American Wars: The Impressions and Experiences of Brigadier General William Henry Bisbee. As Told to his Grandson William Haymond Bisbee. Boston, Massachusetts: Meador Publishing Co., 1931. Work is an autobiography of General William H. Bisbee who commanded regular forces in Cuba and went on to command the 13th Regular Infantry Regiment in the Philippine Insurrection. Bisbee entered the army in 1861 and served in numerous Civil War engagements. During the Indian Wars he was assigned at Forts Kearney, Fetterman, Bridger, Sanders, and other posts throughout the West. Bisbee also served in Cuba and finally the Philippines. 673. Blount, James Henderson. The American Occupation of the Philippines, 1898–1912. New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1912. Second edition with the title The American Occupation of the Philippines, 1898–1912, Officer of United States Volunteers in the Philippines, 1899–1901, United States District Judge in the Philippines, 1901–1905, New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1913. Reprint Malaya Books, 1968; New York: Oriole Editions, 1973; and Manila, Philippines: Solar Publishing, 1986. The Solar Publishing reprint includes an introduction by Renato Constantino. Good overview history of the early years of the American administration of the Philippine Islands by James H. Blount, who served in

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the newly created volunteer regiments during the Philippine Insurrection and then as a District Judge in the islands. Blount was an advocate for Philippine Independence. 674. Bowe, John. With the 13th Minnesota in the Philippines. Minneapolis, Minnesota. A. B. Farnham Printing & Stationery Co., 1905. Personal memoir of Private John Bowe, Company B, 13th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment, who enlisted in early April of 1898, in Minneapolis. The 13th Minnesota Infantry left for San Francisco in May and trained at the Presidio until June 26, 1898, when it left for the Philippines as part of the Third Expedition. Arriving in Manila on August 7, 1898, it participated in the capture of Manila from the Spanish on August 13, 1898. From August 1898 to February 1899, the 13th Minnesota was on occupation duty in Manila. After the beginning of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899) the Regiment was involved in 34 engagements until May 21, 1899, losing 41 men to disease, killed in action, or died from wounds. The 13th Minnesota Regiment left Manila on August 12, 1899, and was mustered out in San Francisco on October 3, 1899. 675. Brimlow, George Francis. Cavalryman Out of the West: The Life of General William Carey Brown. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton, 1944. Biography of General William C. Brown (1859–1939) who campaigned in the Indian wars (Bannocks, Nez Perce, Paiutes, and Sioux), Cuban Campaign, Philippine Insurrection, chasing Pancho Villa (1916), and World War I. Work is from the author’s personal correspondence with General Brown, and the general’s diaries and writings. Brown provides insight into the experiences of junior officers involved in the Philippine Insurrection. 676. Brown, F. Sewall, Corporal. The Soldiers Sketch Book. N.p.: n.p., 1899. Corporal Brown of Company L of the 1st California Volunteer Infantry Regiment produced an interesting pictorial work consisting of a series of black and white sketch works chronicling the regiment’s participation in the Spanish-American War and the early months of the Philippine Insurrection from May of 1898 to October of 1899. Brown was in civilian life a “magazine and newspaper illustrator” who made hundreds of sketches while in service and this small volume presents some of his better works, including transport across the Pacific, bombardment of Guam by the USS Charleston, arrival at Cavite, Philippines, wrecks of Spanish warships sunk on May 1, 1898 (Battle of Manila Bay), the capture of Manila (August 13, 1898), occupation duty in Manila, the early fights with the Filipinos

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at Pasig, Guadalupe, and Malate, outside Manila, and return to San Francisco in October of 1899. 677. Brown, Fred Radford, Captain and Adjutant. History of the Ninth US Infantry, 1799–1909. Chicago, Illinois: R. R. Donnelley & Sons, 1909. Work is a detailed regimental history of the Ninth US Infantry, chronicling its actions between 1799 and 1909, which includes the War of 1812, Mexican War, Civil War, and Indian Wars. The Spanish-American War, and Philippine Insurrection, as prepared by Captain Brown the Adjutant of the Ninth, are covered in three chapters. Work also contains maps, photos, rosters, and biographical sketches of many of the Ninth Infantry’s officers. 678. Brown, John Clifford. Diary of a Soldier in the Philippines. Portland, Maine. Privately Printed, The Lakeside Press, 1901. Personal narrative of John Clifford Brown (1872–1901) and his experiences in the US Army during the Philippine Insurrection, based on abridged diary entries and letters left by Brown, and published shortly after he died in 1901. 679. —. Gentleman Soldier: John Clifford Brown and the PhilippineAmerican War. Edited, with an Introduction by Joseph P. McCallus. Texas A&M Military History Series, 89. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 2004. This work is an updated and expanded version of John Clifford Brown’s Diary of a Soldier in the Philippines (1901) (see Item 678 above), containing the complete and unabridged text of Brown’s original diary and letters. There is also a chapter containing a 1951 previously unpublished manuscript written by Brown’s sister on the life of her brother. Born in Portland, Maine in 1872, Brown was a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and served as a Captain in the Volunteer Army in the Spanish-American War. He then enlisted as a Private in the Regular Army’s Corps of Engineers, and served as a combat zone cartographer in the Philippines. Brown writes about his wartime service as an enlisted soldier, his work as a cartographer, the activities of the Philippine insurgents, soldiers’ recreation activities, the differences between regular and volunteer military forces, and the memorable milestones of his own military career. 680. Bunnet, Sara (ed.). Manila Envelopes, Oregon Volunteer Lt. George Telfer’s Spanish-American War Letters. Salem, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1987.

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At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War Oregon was requested to provide one regiment of infantry—which came to be known as the 2nd Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment. First Lieutenant George F. Telfer (1855–1930) was one of the officers assigned to command Company L of the 2nd Oregon. By May 8, 1898, the regiment was fully formed at Camp McKinley in Portland, Oregon, and a few days later the 2nd Oregon departed for the Presidio of San Francisco. The 2nd Oregon, in company with the 1st California Volunteer Regiment and the 14th Regular Infantry, departed San Francisco as the First Expedition to the Philippines to reinforce Admiral George Dewey’s squadron in Manila Bay, with the intention of capturing the Spanish colonial capital Manila. This work chronicles the letters of Lt. Telfer during the thirteen months Company L of the 2nd Oregon was in federal service (May 1898 to July 1899). These letters provide a firsthand account of the experience of an American soldier who participated in the capture of Guam (June 20, 1898), the capture of Manila (August 13, 1898), occupation duty around the city, and the early months of the Philippine Insurrection. 681. Bureau of Insular Affairs. Annual Reports of the Philippine Commission, 1899 to 1909. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1899–1909. At the conclusion of the Spanish-American War (August 13, 1898), President McKinley established a commission to the Philippines on January 20, 1899 and sent it to gather information and make recommendations about the situation in the islands. The original commission members included Jacob Gould Schurman, President of the Commission, Rear-Admiral George Dewey, Major General Elwell S. Otis, Charles Denby, and Dean C. Worcester. Sometimes called the “Peace Commission,” this group’s stated task “was to assist in the peaceful extension of American authority and the establishment of civil and peaceful government among the people.” McKinley had asked the Commission to provide a body of facts about the Philippines in order to better inform the government of the area. However, by the time the Commission had reached Manila on March 4, 1899, the Philippine Insurrection was already underway. On April 4, 1899, a proclamation by the Commission was issued which clearly stated the intent of the United States to control the islands in a just manner, which was not accepted by the Filipinos or Emilio Aguinaldo. Following the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899), the Philippine Commission assumed the role of establishing schools, creating public works, and civilian government in areas where the US Army had been able to provide the

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necessary security. The Bureau of Insular Affairs, which was responsible for reporting to the government on the progress of the establishment of a civilian presence and sound economy, issued these reports serially. These reports of the period 1899 to 1909 are an important source of information on the efforts of the American government to offer material improvements to the lives of Filipinos to discourage rebellion. The Commission working in tandem with the US Army was able to suppress the insurrection in the archipelago through a combination of economic incentives and a constant military presence. 682. Byler, Charles. “Pacifying the Moros: American Military Government in the Southern Philippines, 1899–1913.” Military Review 85, No. 3 (May–June 2005): 41–45. Article discusses how religious and cultural differences between local Muslim Moro people, and the American military sent to govern them in the southern archipelago of the Philippine Islands, caused problems in bringing order to the area. In spite of these [problems] the American military took a balanced approach of offering incentives for cooperation but maintaining a strong military presence—to punish rebellion—and this led to a gradual victory for the American forces. 683. California Volunteers in the Spanish-American War of 1898. Sacramento, California: California Adjutant General’s Office, 1899. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. California was requested by President McKinley to provide four regiments of infantry (1st, 6th, 7th and 8th) and four artillery batteries (A, B, C, and D) for the Spanish-American War. In 1899, the California Adjutant General’s Office published a completed roster of the volunteers who were named with information noting the communities from which they came. The 1st California Volunteer Infantry Regiment and Artillery Batteries A and D, based in the San Francisco Bay area, were dispatched overseas to the Philippine Islands and were still overseas when this report was printed. The 1st California Regiment was involved in numerous engagements in the area of central Luzón in 1899, while the two Batteries served occupation duty in Manila. 684. Camp, James. Official History of the Operations of the First Idaho Infantry, USV., in the Campaign in the Philippine Islands. San Francisco: Hicks-Judd Publishers, 1900. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors contracted for additions to this volume which focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved

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in the early phases of the Philippines Insurrection. This work, compiled by James Camp, concentrates on the 1st Idaho Volunteer Infantry which arrived in the Philippines on July 31, 1898, participated in the capture of Manila (August 13, 1898), and saw almost six months of combat in Luzón against Filipino insurgents, before departing on July 30, 1899. Included in Camp’s work is a roster of the members of the 1st Idaho (which only contain half the compliment of a Regular 1,200 man regiment), and a brief history of the regiment’s service in the Philippines. 685. Carnes, Mark C. “Little Colonel Funston.” American Heritage 49, No. 5 (1998): 55–60. Prior to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War Funston fought with the Cuban insurgents and later was sent to the Philippines as commander of the 20th Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Enlisting in the expanded Regular Army, Colonel Funston led a guerrilla raid against Filipino nationalists that captured their leader Emilio Aguinaldo in March 1901. At first a hero, by 1910 his lust for glory led to a need to speak out critically, destroying his popularity. 686. Carrasco y Pérez, Telesforo. A Spaniard in Aguinaldo’s Army: the Military Journal of Telesforo Carrasco y Pérez. Translated from the Spanish by Nick Joaquin. Metro Manila, Philippines: Solar Publication Corporation, 1986. During the Philippine Insurrection (1899–1902) some Spaniards fought with Aguinaldo’s Revolutionary Army against the US Army in the campaigns on Luzón. This personal narrative was taken from the diaries of Telesforo Carrasco (1873–1916), who describes his experiences during this time. 687. Chandler, Melbourne C., LTC. Of Garry Owen in Glory, The History of the Seventh United States Cavalry Regiment. Annadale, Virginia: The Turnpike Press, Inc., 1960. Established in 1866 for service on the western frontier, the 7th Cavalry was deactivated in 1957. During the Spanish-American War this storied unit was not part of the Regular Army force dispatched to Cuba for the Santiago Campaign. The closest various troops got to the West Indies was to perform garrison duty in Huntsville, Alabama, and Macon, Georgia, although the 7th Cavalry was assigned to occupation duty at Camp Columbia outside Havana, Cuba, from January 1899 to May 1902. In June 1904 the 7th arrived in the Philippines, departed in 1907, and did not engage in any actions. Their second tour in the Philippines began in 1911 and ended 1915 and they did not engage in any actions.

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688. Chaput, Donald. “Private William W. Grayson’s War in the Philippines, 1899.” Nebraska History 1980 61, No. 3 (1980): 355–366. William W. Grayson (1876–1941), a Private in the 1st Nebraska Volunteer Infantry Regiment, on February 4, 1899, fired at several Filipino soldiers, advancing toward his position on the outskirts of Manila, who had refused to acknowledge his orders to halt. This encounter was the beginning of the Philippine Insurrection that officially lasted through mid-1902. Article reviews Grayson’s life and discusses the movements of the 1st Nebraska from its creation in April 1898, to its transport to the Philippines, its numerous engagements with Filipinos, and the regiment’s return to the United States in 1899. 689. Clifford, John Henry. History of the Pioneer Marine Battalion at Guam, L(adrone) I(slands), 1899 and the Campaign in Samar, P(hilippine) I(slands), 1901. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Chronicle Job Print: Portsmouth, 1914. Volume is a personal memoir of a Marine private with the Pioneer Marine Battalion that served on occupation duty on Guam (August 1899 to November 1900). The battalion was then transferred to Cavite in the Philippine Islands. After the attack on Company C of the 9th US Infantry at Balangiga on Samar (September 28, 1901), the Pioneer Marine Battalion fought against General Vicente Lukbán Samar insurgents. Author supported the harsh treatment of the Samar natives advocated by Colonel Littleton Waller and General Jacob H. Smith who were both later tried by court-martial. 690. Cloman, Sydney Amos, LTC. Myself and a Few Moros. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1923. Lt. Col. Sydney A. Cloman (1867–1923) was assigned by the American government in Manila to keep the peace in the Sulu Archipelago in the southern part of the Philippine Islands from 1899–1902, with only a company of men of the 23rd Infantry Regiment. This work is filled with numerous stories of Cloman’s period of administration of these islands which included maintaining peaceful relationships between ethnic groups, working with elite Moro (Muslim) chiefs to pacify the area, and ensuring the respect of all people for the American military presence with a minimum of force. 691. Coffman, Edward M. The Hilt of the Sword, the Career of Payton C. March. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1966.

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Work is a biography of General Payton C. March, US Army (1864–1955), who graduated from West Point in 1888 as an artillery officer. In 1898, he organized the Astor Battery of artillery presented to the country by John Jacob Astor and served with that unit in the Philippines and participated in the seizure of Manila from the Spanish on August 13, 1898. In 1899, March was selected to be the Military Governor of the Philippines’ aide—General Arthur MacArthur. He later commanded the newly created 33rd Volunteer Infantry Regiment and was involved in numerous engagements throughout Luzón, and then served as a provincial governor and commissioner of prisoners. 692. Connor, W. B. History of the 28th Regt. Infantry United States Volunteers From Organization to Date of Muster with Roster and Record of Events by Companies. San Francisco, California: The Whitaker and Ray Company, 1901. Work is a regimental history of one of the newly created—after the Spanish-American War—twenty-four infantry regiments. This book discusses the campaigns and experiences of the 28th Infantry during the Philippine Insurrection, even as the conflict was still underway. Work contains a roster of the officers and men of the 28th Infantry. 693. Crane, Charles Judson, Colonel (Ret.). The Experiences of a Colonel of Infantry. New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1923. Personal memoir of Col. Crane who started military life as a Lieutenant in command of Company B, of the 24th Regular Infantry, in Texas, pursuing hostile Indians under Shafter, then transferred to Fort Bayard, New Mexico, against the Apache. The author arrived too late in Santiago de Cuba to participate in the fighting during the Spanish-American War, but was detailed to the Philippines in mid1899 and was involved in numerous skirmishes in central Luzón as the Filipinos switched from regular military to guerrilla style attacks. By December of 1899 Crane was commanding the newly created 38th Volunteer Infantry in southern Luzón in Batangas Province and throughout much of 1900. In November of 1900 the 38th was moved to Panay Island and continued pacification into 1901 in that area. Also contains a discussion of the attack at Balangiga involving Company C of the 9th Infantry on Samar (September 28, 1901). 694. Crouch, Thomas W. A Leader of Volunteers: Frederick Funston and the 20th Kansas in the Philippines, 1898–1899. Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado Press, 1984. Work is a biography of Colonel Frederick Funston who commanded the 20th Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the early months of

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the Philippine Insurrection. The 20th Kansas was sent to the Philippines in November of 1898 for occupation duty, but with the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899) the regiment was engaged in some of the major engagements of the early period of this conflict. The 20th Kansas lost three officers and over sixty men to disease and combat. 695. Cruse, Thomas. Apache Days and After. Introduction by Eugene Cunningham. Cladwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd, 1941. Reprint Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska, Bison Books, 1987. Work is the personal memoirs of Brigadier General Thomas Cruse who fought on the western frontier in the last decades of the nineteenth century, served as Quartermaster for the army at Camp Thomas, then in occupation duty in Puerto Rico (1900), and in the same position later in the Philippines. Also includes his account of purchasing equipment for the support of the Army’s troops in the Cuban Campaign and Philippine Insurrection. 696. Cunningham, Roger D. “Kansas City’s African American ‘Immunes’ in the Spanish-American War.” Missouri Historical Review 100, No. 3 (2006):141–158. Article examines the history of Company K, 7th United States Volunteer Infantry, during the Spanish-American War. Company K was comprised of African Americans mainly from Kansas City who hoped that their service would garner increased political and social opportunities. Earlier attempts to enlist in the Missouri National Guard were blocked by Democratic Governor Lon V. Stephens, but in 1898 they found an avenue of service through the federal government, which believed African Americans were immune to tropical diseases in Cuba and the Philippines. Lauded by black and friendly white supporters, Company K and the other all-African American units faced harsh racism while stationed at Camp Thomas, Georgia. Despite the fact that the company never saw combat while stationed in the Philippines, it had among the highest mortality rates in the entire expeditionary force, putting to rest the theory that blacks were immune to tropical disease. 697. Dahlquist, James B. “Our ‘Splendid Little War.’ ” Columbia: The Magazine of Northwest History 14, No. 1 (2000): 14–23. In 1898 the National Guard of Washington was composed of several local town-based militia companies, usually not more than sixty men and officers. After the first call for volunteers, these militia became the nucleus of a 1,200 man regiment (made up of twelve 100-man

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companies), the 1st Washington Volunteer Infantry Regiment. This regiment was sent to the Philippines, arriving on November 22, 1898, for occupation duty in and around Manila, was engaged at the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899), and fought against the Filipino revolutionary forces in Luzón for the next eight months until dispatched back to the United States on September 5, 1899. 698. Detrick, Charles R. History of the 1st Regiment California United States Volunteer Infantry in the Campaign in the Philippines. San Francisco, California: Hicks-Judd Publishers, 1899. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors contracted for additions to this volume which focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved in the early phases of the Philippines Insurrection. This work, compiled by Charles Detrick, concentrates on the 1st California Volunteer Infantry Regiment which saw service, including almost six months of combat in Luzón. Included in Detrick’s work is a roster of the members of the 1st California Regiment and a concise history of the regiment’s service in the Philippines. In addition to the history of the California Volunteer Infantry in the Philippine campaign, Detrick gives a brief historical sketch of the California Heavy Artillery, Batteries A and D which were garrisoned in Manila. 699. Dioso, Marconi M. A Trilogy of Wars: The Philippine Revolutionary wars of 1896–7, the Spanish-American War in the Philippines in 1898, and the Filipino-American War, 1899–1902. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Dorrance Publishers, 2004. Work is a detailed narrative of the period of 1896 to 1902 during which three separate conflicts were fought in the Philippine Islands. Author recounts the events that led to the Philippine Revolution of 1896 and the battles fought between the Spanish forces and the Filipino rebels. In addition to the short Spanish-American War in the summer of 1898, the author provides a good general history of the Philippine Insurrection featuring the many campaigns of the US Army throughout the archipelago which attempted to deal with the difficult guerrilla war that the Filipino Army resorted to after its many defeats in pitched battles with the Americans. 700. Dodson, W. D. B. Official History of the Operations of the Second Oregon Infantry, USV, in the Campaign in the Philippine Islands. San Francisco, California: The Hicks-Judd Company, 1899. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors contracted for additions to this volume which

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focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved in the early phases of the Philippines Insurrection. Dodson’s work discusses how the state of Oregon was requested by the McKinley administration to provide one regiment of infantry (2nd Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment) and two batteries of light artillery (Batteries A and B). The 2nd Oregon was mustered into federal service on May 7, 1898, and was soon encamped near the Presidio in San Francisco. The 2nd Oregon was part of the First Expedition to the Philippines which left San Francisco on May 22, 1898. The 2nd Oregon played a prominent role in the seizure of Guam and the capture of Manila (August 13, 1898). The regiment engaged in occupation duty in and around Manila until the start of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899) and was involved in several fights with the Filipinos up to its departure to the United States on June 14, 1899. 701. Eager, Frank D., LTC (comp.). History of the Operations of the First Nebraska Infantry, USV, in the Campaign in the Philippine Islands. Compiled from Data Furnished by Our Correspondent who was with the Regiment throughout the Campaign and from Official Reports of Brigadier-General Irving Hale. San Francisco, California: Hicks-Judd Co., 1899. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors contracted for additions to this volume which focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved in the early phases of the Philippine Insurrection. Eager’s work describes how the 1st Nebraska was called up on the 25th of April 1898 and sent to Camp Alvin Saunders (named after the Governor of Nebraska) at the State Fair Grounds, in Lincoln, where they were mustered into federal service on May 4, 1898. The regiment then left for Camp Merritt in San Francisco on May 16th and remained there until June 16th when they left with the Second Expedition, consisting of the 1st Nebraska, 1st Colorado, and 10th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, Batteries A and B of Utah, and two battalions of the 21st Regular Infantry. Arriving in mid-July the 1st Nebraska took part in the August 13th attack on Spanish-held Manila which ended Spanish rule in the Philippines. On December 4th the 1st Nebraska was sent out of Manila to Camp Santa Mesa which controlled the San Juan Bridge four miles east of Manila, the outermost part of the defensive trenches around the city. On the evening of February 4th, 1899, Private William Grayson of Company D, 1st Nebraska, shot and killed a Filipino Insurgent officer, resulting in a general attack by insurgents along the American positions outside the city. After repelling numerous attacks for two days the 1st Nebraska advanced over the San Juan Bridge to clear the area east to the Pasig River

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and secure the city of Manila waterworks. This campaign ended with the capture of Malolos on March 31st. Through April and into early July the 1st Nebraska was in nearly constant combat with insurgents, resulting in the loss of a third of its effective strength, including Colonel Stotsenburg, regimental commander, killed at Quingua. In mid-July the 1st Nebraska was relieved and returned to San Francisco, with the Utah batteries on August 1, 1899, where they were mustered out on August 23, 1899. They returned to Nebraska by train and were given a hero’s welcome at the Omaha Exposition. 702. Elliot, Charles Burke. The Philippines to the End of the Military Regime. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs Merrill, 1917. Work is a narrative history of the Philippines under Spanish rule, the Spanish-American War, and the subsequent Philippine Insurrection. Author has a generally favorable view of American annexation of the islands. 703. Farrell, John T. “An Abandoned Approach to Philippine History: John R. M. Taylor and the Philippine Insurrection Records.” Catholic Historical Review 39 (Jan. 1954): 385–407. Author discusses the history of the unpublished report within by Capt. John Taylor. Based on records of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, the report was not published in favor of more politically connected and popular figures. 704. Faust, Karl Irving. Campaigning in the Philippines. San Francisco, California: The Hicks-Judd Company, 1899. Reprint New York: Arno Press & The New York Times, 1970. Extensively detailed and illustrated contemporary history of the Spanish-American War in the Philippines and early part of the Philippine Insurrections based on Faust’s visit to the islands in February of 1899. The author was able to use written eye-witness accounts from soldiers in volunteer units and had access to Regular Army official records compiled by his assistant Peter MacQueen. This work covers the period of Dewey’s victory (May 1, 1898), the arrival of four expeditions from San Francisco carrying a number of volunteer units from the western states and some Regular troops for a total of 16,000 officers and men; the attack on Manila (August 13, 1898); the arrival of two more expeditions of 9,000 officers and men; the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899); and fighting in Luzón up to the latter part of 1899. Operations of the Philippine Insurrection include the capture of Malolos, attack on San Fernando, the Lake (Laguna de Bay) Expedition, to the east of Manila; the Northern Luzón Expedition; and initial movements into

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the southern islands for the period up to July of 1899, when the state volunteer units began to be replaced by regular troops from the newly created US Volunteer Regiments. In later editions of this work, the author, in conjunction with state volunteer regimental officers, provided 70–100 page supplements giving a complete history of the numerous volunteer regiments from date of muster-in to muster-out. Each of these editions contained “the name, rank, post office address, and occupation of every man in the regiment; a list of killed and wounded; all deaths, with date and cause; all discharges, promotions, etc.” These later editions along with state adjutant general reports provide some of the best information on the various state volunteer regiments to take part in actions in the Philippines, such as the 1st Colorado (Johnson,1899), 1st Washington (Luhn, 1899), 1st Idaho (Camp, 1899), 1st California (Detrick, 1899), 10th Pennsylvania (Hawkins, 1899), 1st Tennessee (McDonald, 1899), 13th Minnesota (Tew, 1899), 1st Wyoming and Light Artillery (Stoneman, 1899), 1st Nebraska (Eager, 1899), 1st South Dakota (Medbery, 1899), 2nd Oregon (Dodson, 1899), 1st Montana (Laist, 1899), 20th Kansas (Steele, 1899), 51st Iowa (Snure, 1899), and 1st North Dakota (Shortt, 1899). 705. Feuer, A. B. (ed.). Combat Diary: Episodes from the History of the Twenty-Second Regiment, 1866–1905. Foreword William B. Rosson, afterword James N. Joyner, Jr. New York: Praeger, 1991. This work is based on the edited memoirs of Jacob Kreps who joined the 22nd Infantry Regiment in 1883 and retired 35 years later as a colonel of the regiment. Work discusses the regiment’s campaigns against Native Americans on the western frontier, the Spanish at El Caney in Cuba; and the Moros of Mindanao, in the Philippine Islands. Interesting for the description of the small unit tactics used against the Filipinos. Created after the Civil War, the 22nd Infantry was engaged in hostilities with Indian tribes in the west for several decades. During the Spanish-American War, it was part of the 3rd Brigade (with the 8th Regular Infantry and the 2nd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry) of the 1st Division of Major General Rufus Shafter’s Fifth Army Corps in the Cuban Campaign. The 22nd Regiment at that point had only about 500 men and so was under strength (a regiment should to have 1,200 men) and suffered 6 killed and 35 wounded in the attack on El Caney on July 1, 1898. 706. —. America at War: The Philippines, 1898–1913. Forewords by Dominic J. Caraccilo and Michael G. Price. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2002.

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This work is a detailed compilation of personal accounts mainly by American soldiers and sailors during the Spanish-American War and subsequent Philippine Insurrection of 1898–1913. Covers accounts of Dewey’s attack on the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay; capture of Manila on August 13, 1898; fighting in central Luzón against the Filipinos; accounts of American POWs; the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo; fighting on Samar; and pacification of the Moros. 707. “Fighting Twentieth” History and Official Souvenir of the Twentieth Kansas Regiment. Publication Authorized By the Executive Committee on the Non-Partisan Reception Appointed By Governor Stanley From the State At Large. Topeka, Kansas: W. Y. Morgan, State Printer, 1899. Facsimile reproduction St. Joseph, Missouri: John A. Ostertag, 1989. The 20th Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment was commanded by Colonel Frederick Funston, whose only previous military experience was fighting alongside Cuban rebels against the Spanish prior to the start of the Spanish-American War. Returning to his home state of Kansas the Governor appointed him commander of the 20th Regiment when the war with Spain began. The regiment was sent to San Francisco on May 16, 1898, and after advanced training there was sent on to the Philippines, as arriving in Manila on December 1, 1898. The day after the Philippine Insurrection began (February 4, 1899), the 20th Kansas commenced continuous operations against the Filipinos until September 6, 1899, when they departed for the states. The regiment had been in nearly twenty engagements losing over 60 men to combat and disease. On the cover of the souvenir is an illustration of Corporal William Trembley and Private Edward White, both of Company B, who swam the Rio Grande River under Filipino fire carrying ropes to draw rafts across to secure a river crossing for the 20th Kansas. This souvenir book was issued to welcome the 20th Regiment home to a grand reception on November 2, 1899. Work contains a detailed history of the regiment and complete roster. 708. First to the Front. First California United States Volunteers. Introduction James D. Phelan May of San Francisco. San Francisco, California: Stanley Taylor Company, Printers, Patriotic Publishing Company, 1898. A profusely illustrated photographic history of the First California Volunteer Infantry Regiment, made up of men based largely in the San Francisco Bay area, who were among the first state volunteers to be dispatched to the Philippines and who would spend nearly six months in combat with Philippine insurgents. Work contains

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numerous photos of the regiment in the Philippines with some narrative text. The first hundred pages are primarily rosters and photographs, both individual and group, including some of San Francisco, the Presidio, marching, camp, and embarking for the Philippines. The rosters give the name, age, and place of birth. The second part is entitled “History of the American-Spanish War: Battles on Land and Sea, Discovery of the Philippine Islands, Early Struggles of the Cuban Insurgents in the Cause of Freedom” with this section having over 200 illustrations, including Manila and a few of Sulu and Mindauan islanders. 709. Fleming, Thomas J. “Pershing’s Island War.” American Heritage 19 (May 1968): 32–35, 101–104. In 1901 Captain John Joseph Pershing commanded Camp Vicars on Mindanao and was given the task of bringing peace to the area. Pershing first attempted to win over the Moro chiefs (“datus”) by inviting some to visit the camp and providing them with goodwill gifts. When this was not entirely successful, he mounted a successful attack on the strongest “datu” fort on Mindanao, which gained the respect of the major chiefs. He also gained goodwill by providing medical assistance during a cholera epidemic. Through a combination of tact and strategic warfare Pershing pacified the region and was promoted to brigadier general. 710. Freeman, Needom N. A Soldier in the Philippines (Private, USA). New York: Frank Tennyson Co., 1901. The author was a private soldier in the forces sent to suppress the Philippine Insurrection. Work consists of Freeman’s letters describing his life and views of the Filipinos. 711. Fulton, Robert A. Moroland 1899–1906: America’s First Attempt to Transform an Islamic Society. Bend, Oregon: Tumalo Creek Press, 2007. Relying on government reports, official documents, and the personal papers of some of the leading figures, Fulton attempts to describe the attitude of the American government in the United States toward the Moro areas of the Philippine archipelago, the government’s approach to the province, and analyzes the American administration of the Moro territories during the years from 1899–1906. 712. Funston, Frederick. Memories of Two Wars, Cuban and Philippine Experiences. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1911. Reprint London: Constable, 1912, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1914: and Bison Books edition, introduction by Thomas Bruscino, Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.

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Funston, with no previous military experience, joined the Cuban rebel forces as a filibuster and commanded a small artillery unit in action against the Spanish before the intervention of the United States in Cuba. Funston returned to his native state of Kansas and on the strength of his Cuban experience was made the commanding officer in the 20th Kansas Volunteer Infantry, which saw numerous engagements with the Philippine rebels in northern Luzón. Funston stayed on in the regular military and continued to engage the rebels. His most notable accomplishment was the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo. Work contains illustrations by F. C. Yohn who contributed mainly to Scribner’s Magazine. 713. Gaines, George Towns. Fighting Tennesseans. Kingsport, Tennessee: Privately Printed Kingsport Press, 1931. Volume contains commentary on Tennessee soldiers and units from the “Volunteer State” who saw service from the Revolutionary War to World War I. Author has a short chapter on Tennesseans who saw service in the Spanish-American War, in particular the 1st Tennessee which saw some of the early fighting in the Philippine Insurrection in the spring and summer of 1899 in northern Luzón. 714. Gantenbein, Calvin U. Brigader-General (comp.). The Official Records of the Oregon Volunteers in the Spanish War and Philippine Insurrection. W. H. Leeds, State Printer: Salem, Oregon, 1901. Second Edition reprinted 1903. At the first call-up of volunteers issued by President McKinley, Oregon was requested to provide one infantry regiment (2nd Oregon), two batteries of light artillery (A and B), and a company of engineers (Co. M, 2nd Engineers). Only the 2nd Oregon was sent overseas; the two batteries and engineer company were kept in state. General Calvin Gantenbein included in this work the unit history of the 2nd Oregon written by William D. B. Dodson, an enlisted man in Company F, who was directed by General Summers to write the history of the 2nd Oregon which appeared in Karl Irving Faust’s Campaigning in the Philippines (see Item 700 above). Dodson himself was twice wounded in action near Pasig. The work also included Major General E. S. Otis’ annual report which covers the period from June 30, 1898, to August 31, 1899—covering the full term of service of the 2nd Oregon Volunteers. The regiment was the first to land in the Philippines, the first to enter the walled city of Manila, and the first to return to the United States. It took part in 42 battles, engagements, and skirmishes. Of the 56 officers and 1,296 enlisted men accounted for on its muster-out rolls, there was a total number of 64 deaths in the 2nd Oregon. Work also contains a comprehensive

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muster list of all the men who volunteered for service from Oregon and numerous action reports of officers of the 2nd Oregon. 715. Ganzhorn, John W. I’ve Killed Men: An Epic of Early Arizona. New York: Devin-Adair Company, 1959. Personal narrative of John Ganzhorn (1876–1956) who grew up in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, and chronicles his gun fights with cowboys, gamblers, and sheriffs. Ganzhorn also discusses his enlistment in the US Army and fighting in the Philippine Insurrection (1899–1902). 716. Gates, John Morgan. Schoolbooks and Krags, the United States Army in the Philippines, 1898–1902. Contributions in Military History, Number 3. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press Inc., 1973. The author of this work argues that the unexpected success of Admiral George Dewey’s victory at Manila Bay caused President McKinley to send a series of expeditions to the Philippines without a clear idea of what they were to accomplish. After the outbreak of war between the Filipino rebels and American forces on February 4, 1899, the rebels were fairly easily defeated by the technically superior US Army Regulars and Volunteers. However, Aguinaldo’s decision in early 1900 to switch to guerrilla-style warfare frustrated the efforts of the Americans to end the conflict. What finally brought a close to the war was a reevaluation of the manner in which the American army was fighting. This work is a study of the US Army’s effort to improve the material lives of native Filipinos through better public health, education, and infrastructures, such as roads, bridges, and harbor works. These efforts were part of a joint military effort to defeat the Philippine Insurrection and attract moderate elements to the American side. This work is based on the author’s Ph.D. Dissertation, entitled “An Experiment in Benevolent Pacification: The US Army in the Philippines, 1898–1902” (1967) from Duke University. 717. —. “War-Related Deaths in the Philippines, 1898–1902.” Pacific Historical Review 53 (1984): 367–378. Article discusses mortality figures from the Philippine Insurrection conflict. Author claims previous statistics of insurrectionists killed in combat were greatly inflated. Gates estimates that for the period of 1898–1903 Filipino rebel soldier and civilian deaths amounted to around 220,000, while the Philippine Island cholera epidemic of 1902 caused the death of nearly 200,000. 718. Gauvreau, Charles F. Reminiscences of the Spanish-American War: In Cuba and the Philippines. Rouses Point, New York: The Authors

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Publishing Company, 1915. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Personal memoir of Charles Gauvreau who enlisted as a Private in Company G, of the 21st US Infantry Regiment, garrisoned at Plattsburg Barracks, New York, near his hometown of Rouses Point. Gauvreau’s regiment was sent to Cuba and supported other regular army units in the assault on San Juan Hill. With the end of the Spanish-American War on August 13, 1898, Gauvreau elected to remain in the army after the 21st Regiment returned to Plattsburgh in September of 1898. In April of 1899, Gauvreau’s regiment was dispatched to the Philippine Islands to replace state volunteer units then fighting Filipino insurgents. Arriving in Manila in May of 1899, Gauvreau’s Company G was assigned to guard the waterworks for the city of Manila and later was engaged in fighting at Santa Cruz and Calamba on Luzón. Taken ill with fever, Gauvreau was discharged from service in January of 1900 and transported back to the United States via Japan. Work contains a list of engagements of the 21st Regiment in the Philippine Islands from May 1899 to March 1902, when the regiment was transferred back to the United States. 719. Gowing, Peter Gordon. Mandate in Moroland: The American Government of Muslim Filipinos 1899–1920. Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines, 1977. Good historical narrative on the Moro Province during the period of control by the American military. The book relies principally on the Annual Reports of the War Department, as well as official documentation by the Philippine Commission and Provincial governors. 720. Grant, H. Roger. “Letters from the Philippines: The 51st Iowa at War, 1898–99.” The Palimpsest 55, No. 6 (November 1974): 162–177. Article is based on the letters of Private Henry Hackthorn, of Co. E, 51st Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The 51st Iowa was composed primarily of men from the towns of southwest Iowa. Mustered into federal service at Camp McKinley in Des Moines, Iowa, in early May of 1898, the 51st was sent to San Francisco, California, arriving on June 9, 1898. The 51st Iowa stayed at Camp Merritt near the Presidio of San Francisco for the next five months and finally arrived in Manila on December 5, 1898, for occupation duty. When the Philippine Insurrection started (February 4, 1898) the 51st was brigaded with the 1st Nebraska and the 1st South Dakota to clear the area northwest of Manila. For the next six months these regiments captured Malolos, Aguinaldo’s provisional capital, Calumpit,

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and San Fernando, before being rotated back to the United States in September of 1899, to be replaced by the recently expanded Regular regiments. Private Hackthorn’s reprinted letters give a personal viewpoint of American soldiers involved in combat. 721. —. “The Fighting First: The First South Dakota and Nebraska Volunteers in the Philippines, 1898–99.” South Dakota History 4, No. 3 (1974): 320–332. The First Regiments of South Dakota and Nebraska both participated in the action on the last day of the Spanish-American War to seize Manila from Spanish forces (August 13, 1898). However, after the start of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899), these regiments would be in almost constant combat against Philippine insurgents who were fighting American forces for their independence until the later months of 1899, when the guardsmen were replaced by regular and newly created volunteer regiments. 722. Hagedorn, Hermann. Leonard Wood A Biography, Volume II. Harper & Brothers Publishers: New York, 1931. The first part of this volume covers the Leonard Wood Governorship of the Moro Province, mainly the island of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago in the southern part of the Philippine Islands, from 1903–1906. Wood was required to establish a governorship of this province which was in the main Christian Filipino, but controlled by Muslim Moros from their forts, or cottas, which had never actually even acknowledged Spanish sovereignty. Wood displayed great diplomatic skill in bringing many of the Moro chiefs to the American side while abolishing slavery and establishing civil government. At the same time, the more belligerent dattos or Moro chieftains were dealt with by the American military under John Pershing. Wood was largely responsible, and received his promotion to Major General, for ending the Moro conflict, which President Theodore Roosevelt had declared at an end on July 4, 1902. 723. Hale, William T. (comp.). First Tennessee Regiment United States Volunteers. Nashville, Tennessee: Press of Marshall Bruce Company, 1899. Volume is a souvenir pamphlet printed to welcome the return of the First Tennessee Regiment to Nashville from the Philippines, which included an address by President McKinley. Contains a brief history of the regiment’s call-up in Nashville, movement to San Francisco, transport to the Philippines, skirmishing with insurgents outside Manila after February 4, 1899, capture of Iloilo on Panay, fighting on Cebu island, return to San Francisco, and mustering out in

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November of 1899. Work contains a complete roster of the men and officers of the First Tennessee, and a list of the 31 casualities (combat and disease). 724. Hall, John (ed.). “The Philippine War: The Diary of Robert Bruce Payne, 1899.” Nebraska History 69, No. 4 (1988): 193–198. Robert Bruce Payne joined the 1st Nebraska Volunteer Infantry Regiment as a Private in May 1898 to fight the Spanish in the recently commenced Spanish-American War. Except for a skirmish when the Philippine capital of Manila fell (August 13, 1898), Payne mainly fought against Filipinos interested in the islands’ independence. His small diary offers a firsthand account of the opening battles (February 4 to 11, 1898) of the Philippine Insurrection. The account is interesting because it gives a new and detailed description of the initial incident that triggered the hostilities—when a Nebraska soldier (Private William Grayson) shot and killed a Filipino officer on February 4, 1899. 725. Harper, Frank. “Fighting Far from Home: The First Colorado Regiment in the Spanish-American War.” Colorado Heritage 1 (Spring 1988): 2–32. When the Spanish-American War commenced, Colorado responded to McKinley’s call for volunteers by activating its community based National Guard units and merging them into the 1,400-man 1st Colorado Volunteer Infantry Regiment. After two weeks training at Camp Alva Adams in Denver, the regiment left for the Philippines, via San Francisco. It participated in the attack on Manila on August 13, 1898, being among the first troops to enter the captured Spanish fort closest to Manila Bay. The regiment spent several months on guard duty in the area of Manila, and also participated in the early stages of the Philippine Insurrection after February 4, 1899. The 1st Colorado Regiment went home exactly a year after its arrival with 12 men killed in action and another 23 dead from disease. The article includes snapshots taken by soldiers stationed in the Philippines during that time. 726. —(comp. and ed.). Just Outside of Manila, Letters from Members of the First Colorado Regiment in the Spanish-American and PhilippineAmerican Wars. Monograph 7. Denver, Colorado: Colorado Historical Society, 1992. Work is a compilation of letters written home by three members of the 1st Colorado Volunteer Infantry Regiment from the Philippines (Lt. Charles Henry Hilton—Co. I; Private Edwin Segerstrom—Co. K; and Corporal Selman Watson—Co. E), which cover the regiment’s

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attack on the Spanish colonial city of Manila (August 13, 1898); garrison duty in Manila through February of 1899; and the Philippine Insurrection after February 4, 1899. These letters are housed at the Colorado Historical Society in Denver, Colorado. 727. Haslam, Andrew J. Forty Truths and Other Truths. Manila: The Philippine Publishing Company, 1900. Personal Memoir of Andrew Haslam, a Private in the US Army’s 20th Regular Infantry Regiment, and of combat in the Philippine Insurrection throughout 1899–1900. 728. Hawkins, Alexander Leroy. Official History of the Operations of the Tenth Pennsylvania Infantry, United States Volunteers in the Campaign in the Philippine Islands. Prepared under the Personal Supervision of the Late Lamented Alexander L. Hawkins from the Official Records of the Regiment. San Francisco, California: Hicks-Judd Company, 1899. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors made up an addition to this volume which focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved in the early phases of the Philippines Insurrection. The compiler of this work—Alexander Hawkins—died in 1899, the same year as the release of this work. The 10th Pennsylvania Regiment was sent the farthest from its home state to the Philippines. It left the Presidio of San Francisco arriving in the area of Manila on July 17, 1898, in time to participate in the capture of Manila from the Spanish. It then served occupation duty in and around Manila until the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899). Work discusses the experiences of the 10th Pennsylvania in their campaigns on Luzón, until they returned to the United States on July 1, 1899, and were mustered out of federal service on August 1, 1899. 729. Herman, Frederick John, Colonel. The Forty-Second Foot: A History of the Forty-Second Regiment of Infantry, United States Volunteers, Organized for Service in the Philippine Insurrection. 1899-1900-1901. Arranged and compiled at the request of the survivors of the regiment, organized as the 42nd Regiment of Infantry USV Association. Kansas City, Missouri: n.p., 1942. Regimental history of the 42nd US Volunteer Infantry—one of twenty-four newly created regiments following the Spanish-American War to deal with the Philippine Insurrection. Work details the combat experiences of the 42nd Infantry in the years 1899–1901. Work was compiled by a former officer of the 42nd Infantry for the officers and men who fought in the Philippine Insurrection.

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730. Hines, Richard K. “ ‘First to Respond to Their Country’s Call’: The First Montana Infantry and the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–99. Montana: The Magazine of Western History 52, No. 3 (2002): 44–57. Article covers the history the 1st Montana Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. The 1st Montana arrived in the Philippines shortly after the Spanish surrendered (August 13, 1898) and initially guarded Spanish prisoners of war in Cavite and secured Manila from Filipinos angry with the transfer of their country from Spain to the United States. After February 4, 1899, the 1st Montana participated in the assault on Caloocan and capture of the Filipino provisional capital of Malolos. 731. Holbrook, Franklin F. Minnesota in the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection. St. Paul, Minnesota: Published by the Minnesota War Records Commission, 1923. Work is a State publication covering all Minnesotans who served in the army, navy, or the marine corps from April 21, 1898, to July 4, 1902, and covers the unit histories and rosters of the men of the 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiments. The 13th Minnesota was dispatched to San Francisco and on June 26, 1898, forwarded on to the Philippines, disembarking in Manila on August 7, 1898, as part of the third expedition of American troops. The 13th Minnesota participated in the capture of Manila on August 13, 1898. The regiment, after the start of the Philippine Insurrection, provided security for Manila and participated in the advance on rebel forces outside the city. It returned home in August. The 12th, 14th, and 15th Regiments did not leave the United States. Work contains a complete roster of all four regiments of Minnesota infantry. 732. Hunt, Geoffrey. Colorado’s Volunteer Infantry in the Philippine Wars, 1898–1899. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 2006. The First Colorado Regiment was mustered into federal service in April of 1898 expecting to fight Spaniards in Cuba, but ended up fighting both Spaniards and Filipinos in the Philippines. Commodore George Dewey’s squadron destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, but he lacked the infantry necessary to seize the city itself, so the Colorado militia along with a number of other western state regiments was rushed to the Philippines. The Colorado troops led the assault on Manila, seizing Fort San Antonio

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de Abad and raising the first American flag over the capital city on August 13, 1898. With the Spanish-American War over, the Filipinos rebels who had cooperated with the American forces expected independence. When it was clear independence would not be granted, tensions between the Filipinos and the Americans mounted until they escalated into battle on February 4, 1899. The Coloradoans fought against the Filipinos in what came to be called the Philippine Insurrection. The author includes information on the reorganization of the Colorado National Guard during the late nineteenth century, the US Army command structure in the Philippines from 1898 to 1899, and the volunteer regiment members’ deaths in the Philippines. This volume comprises the author’s published dissertation. 733. Hurley, Vic. Swish of the Kris: The Story of the Moros. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1936. Reprint Filipiniana Reprint Series, no. 10. Renato Constantino (ed.), Manila: Cacho Hermanos, 1985. Informal history, as told by an American journalist based on interviews with members of the American military and constabulary forces, of the Muslims living in the southern portion of the Philippines archipelago who became involved in an armed conflict with the United States during the years 1899–1913 as an outcome of the Spanish-American War. Swish of the Kris does provide a historical overview of the Moro people, but work includes just a superficial analysis of the people and their culture. 734. —. Jungle Patrol: The Story of the Philippine Constabulary. New York: E.P. Dutton and Company, 1938. Reprint Filipiniana Reprint Series, no. 4. Renato Constantino (ed.), Manila: Cacho Hermanos, 1985. Hurley’s books are collections of anecdotes designed to emphasize the adventure and martial valor of the men who fought, and are heavily biased toward the American participants against a savage and uncivilized enemy. The books are not scholarly works and include no citations. They were written to highlight the exploits of the members of the security forces in the Philippines. 735. Imperial, Reynaldo H. Leyte, 1898–1902: The Philippine-American War. Diliman, Quezón City: Office of Research Coordination, University of the Philippines, 1996. Work is a general history and narrative of the Philippine Insurrection (Philippine-American War) for the period of 1899 to 1902 on the island of Leyte in the middle of the Philippine archipelago.

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736. Iowa Adjutant General’s Office. Roster and record of Iowa soldiers in miscellaneous organizations of the Mexican War, Indian campaigns, War of the Rebellion, and the Spanish-American and Philippine wars, together with historical sketches of volunteer organizations, Volume 6, Miscellaneous. Published by authority of the General Assembly, under the direction of Brigadier General William H. Thrift, Adjutant General. 5 vols. Des Moines, Iowa: E. H. English, State Printer, E. D. Chassell, State Binder, 1908–1911. This work contains regimental histories for the four Iowa infantry units (49th, 50th, 51st, 52nd Infantry Regiments) mustered into federal service during the Spanish-American War. The 51st Infantry was dispatched for occupation duty to Manila in November of 1898 and participated in the early fighting of the Philippine Insurrection. The 49th was sent to Cuba for occupation duty in the first months of 1899. The 50th and 52nd Infantry Regiments did not leave the United States. This Iowa Adjutant General’s Office report was one of six volumes issued serially between 1908 and 1911. Volume 6 of this series contains rosters of the Iowa officers and men who served in these four infantry regiments. 737. Johnson, Arthur C. Official History of the Operations of the 1st Colorado Infantry, USV, in the Campaign in the Philippine Islands. San Francisco, California: Hicks-Judd Publishers, 1899. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors contracted for additions to this volume which focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved in the early phases of the Philippines Insurrection. This work, compiled by Arthur Johnson, concentrates on the 1st Colorado Volunteer Infantry Regiment which was dispatched to the Presidio of San Francisco from which they left for Manila by transport on June 15, 1898. Arriving in Manila on July 16, 1898 they participated in the capture of Manila from the Spanish (August 13, 1898) and began occupation duty around the city. On February 4, 1899, the Philippine Insurrection began and the 1st Colorado would see almost six months of combat in Luzón. Included in Johnson’s work is a roster of the members of the 1st Colorado Regiment and a brief history of the regiment’s service in the Philippines. 738. Johnson, J. R. “Saga of the First Nebraska in the Philippines.” Nebraska History 30 (June 1949): 139–162. Article covers the history of the 1st Nebraska Volunteer Infantry Regiment mustered into federal service in Lincoln, Nebraska, on May 10, 1898, and it was soon dispatched for advanced infantry

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training to the Presidio in San Francisco, California. The 1st Nebraska left the west coast on June 15, arriving in the Manila area on July 17, 1898. This regiment took part in the capture of Manila on August 13, 1898, and commenced occupation duty. Personnel of the 1st Nebraska were engaged in the initial fighting of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899). The regiment continued to be engaged in fighting until transported back to the United States in July of 1899. The 1st Nebraska was mustered out on July 29, 1898, having lost nearly 60 men to disease and hostile action, including its commanding officer Colonel John M. Stotsenburg. 739. —. “Colonel John Miller Stotsenburg: A Man of Valor.” Nebraska History 50, No. 4 (1969): 339–357. Article recounts Colonel Stotsenburg’s military career, focusing on his service on the Western Frontier and as Professor of Military Science and Tactics at the University of Nebraska. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Stotsenburg was assigned to command the 1st Nebraska Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the Philippines during and immediately after the Spanish-American War. Stotsenburg was killed in action in late April 1899, serving as colonel in command of the 1st Nebraska Regiment during the early months of the Philippine Insurrection. 740. Johnstone, John Harold (Major, USMC). Marine Corps History Reference Series, G-3 Division, Headquarters US Marine 1960. Reprinted and expanded by author

History of the 1st Marines. No. 5. Historical Branch, Corps: Washington, D.C., in 1968.

History of the 1st Marines Regiment from its inception during the Spanish-American War as the 1st Marine Battalion and its first deployment to the Philippines in 1899. Majority of work covers the 1st Marines in the twentieth century. 741. Kalaw, Teodoro M. The Philippine Revolution. Quezón City, Philippines: University of Philippines Press and Kawiliahan, Philippines: Jorge B. Vargas Filipiniana Foundation, 1969. Narrative history of the pre-Spanish-American War Katipunan revolt against the Spanish and the Pact of Biak-na-Bato which provided a temporary political solution to the revolt; also covers the cooperation of the Filipinos under Aguinaldo with the Americans to defeat the Spanish and capture Manila; and the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection. 742. Kansas Troops in the Volunteer Service of the United States in the Spanish and Philippine War, Mustered in Under the First and Second

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Calls of the President of the United States, May 9, 1898–October 28, 1899. Topeka, Kansas: W.Y. Morgan, State Printer, 1900. This is a reprint of the Twelfth Biennial Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kansas. Topeka, Kansas: W.Y. Morgan, State Printer, 1900. In 1900, the State of Kansas published its Twelfth Biennial Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kansas on the Kansas National Guard which listed the officers and men of the 20th, 21st, 22nd, and 23rd Volunteer Infantry Regiments that were mustered into federal service for the Spanish-American War (see Item 829 below). The demand for the Adjutant General’s report was so great that the Kansas legislature authorized the reprinting of additional copies the same year under a different title. 743. Karnow, Stanley. In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines. Westminster, Maryland: Random House Incorporated, 1989. This work is a general history of the Philippine Islands from the Spanish-American War of 1898 up to the 1980s and the relationship between these islands and the United States. Has an extensive section on the period of the Philippine Insurrection (1899–1902). 744. Kohr, Herbert Ornando. Around the World with Uncle Sam or Six Years in the United States Army, A True Story of Travel and Adventure by a Former Enlisted man of the Ranks in the US Army. Akron, Ohio: The Commercial Print Company, 1907. Reissued in a shorter format as The Patriotic Reminder. Mount Vernon, Ohio: Privately Printed, 1949. A personal memoir of Private Herbert O. Kohr who enlisted in Company E, 2nd Battalion, 7th Regular Infantry Regiment, in May of 1896 for three years. When the Spanish-American War started two years later Kohr’s 7th Regiment was sent from Fort Logan, outside Denver, Colorado, to Tampa, Florida, where it was brigaded with the 12th and 17th Regular Infantry—forming the 2nd Division of the 3rd Brigade of the Fifth Corps. The author’s brigade participated in the attack on El Caney in the Cuban Campaign, in which the 7th Regiment suffered 46 killed in action and 130 wounded. When the author’s regiment returned to the United States he relisted in May of 1899, but this time in Company B of the 1st Battalion of Engineers. In July of 1899 the Battalion received orders for the Philippine Islands. Arriving in August of 1899 Kohr’s company served under General Arthur MacArthur in a campaign in Central Luzón against the Philippine Insurrectionists. At this time Volunteer Regiments, mustered into federal service primarily from western states, were being rotated back to the United States, and replaced by the newly

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created Regular 26th to 49th Infantry Regiments. In January of 1900 the author’s company was assigned to General Schwan’s campaign in southern Luzón. In both campaigns Kohr’s company repaired railroad bridges, tracks, and rolling stock to support the campaigns. Kohr returned to the United States and left service in May of 1902 for a construction job. The author’s memoir was written in 1907 to provide Kohr with supplemental income after he lost his right arm and sight in an explosion on a construction site in 1903. 745. Lacey, Richard H. The Montana Militia: A History of Montana’s Volunteer Forces 1867–1976, Including a History of the 163d Regiment. Dillion, Montana: Dillion Tribune-Examiner Press, 1976. This work covers the 100-plus-year history of the state militia forces of Montana. This work includes information on the 1st Montana Volunteer Infantry Regiment which fought in the early stages of the Philippine Insurrection on Luzón in 1899. 746. Laist, Alexander. Official History of the Operations of the First Montana Infantry, USV, In the Campaign in the Philippine Islands. San Francisco, California: Hicks-Judd Co., 1899. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors contracted for additions to this volume which focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved in the early phases of the Philippines Insurrection. Laist’s work deals with the regimental history of the 1st Montana Volunteer Infantry Regiment—the only military unit President McKinley requested that state to provide for the Spanish-American War. Dispatched to the Philippines from San Francisco on July 18, 1898, they arrived in Manila on August 24, 1898, eleven days after the end of the war with Spain. The 1st Montana undertook occupation duty around Manila until the start of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899). This regiment was in some of the most severe fighting of the early months of the Insurrection losing over a dozen men to combat. Work also contains a roster of the officers and men of the 1st Montana Regiment. 747. Lala, Ramón Reyes. The Philippine Islands. New York: Continental Publishing Co., 1899. Early general history of the Philippine Islands by a Filipino historian, educated in Europe, who had been forced to leave his homeland in 1887 for the United States by the Spanish colonial government. Work discusses the early Spanish explorers, the Spanish colonial government, history of the Catholic Church in the islands, and the

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diverse peoples and cultures in the Philippine Islands. The last parts of the book are devoted to the Philippine revolution during the Spanish-American war, Aguinaldo and the rebel cause, Dewey’s triumph at Manila, and the American occupation. 748. Lane, Jack C. Armed Progressive: General Leonard Wood. San Rafael, California: Presidio Press, 1978. Work is a biography of General Leonard Wood, covering the period of his pursuit of Geronimo in the deserts of the Southwest to Chief of Staff of the US Army in the years prior to World War I. Wood served as the commander of the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry in the Spanish-American War and accomplished much of the pacification of the southern islands of the Philippine archipelago after the Spanish-American War. 749. Legarda, Benito Justo. The Hills of Sampaloc: the Opening Actions of the Philippine-American War, February 4–5, 1899. Edited by Ina Bulatao. Makati City, Philippines: Bookmark, 2001. Work is a narrative of the events of the first two days of the Philippine Insurrection in the vicinity of Sampaloc. Sampaloc—a Tagalog word for tamarind fruit—is located in what was in 1899 the eastern edge of Manila where the fighting between the American and Filipino troops first began. 750. LeRoy, James Alfred. The Americans in the Philippines: a History of the Conquest and First Years of Occupation, with an Introductory Account of the Spanish Rule. Introduction by William Howard Taft. Boston, Massachusetts: n.p., 1914. Reprint New York: AMS Press, 1970. Work is a general narrative of the history of the Spanish and American administrations of the Philippine Islands. The author discusses the Philippine Insurrection some ten years after the conclusion of the conflict. 751. Lewis, Peter. Foot Soldier in an Occupation Force: the Letters of Peter Lewis, 1898–1902. Compiled and arranged by H. R. Kells. Manila, Philippines: Linguistics Office, De La Salle University, 1999. Work is a personal narrative of Private Peter Lewis (1880–1918) based on edited letters of his experience in the Philippine Insurrection period of 1898–1902. 752. Lininger, Clarence. The Best War at the Time. New York: Robert Speller & Sons, Publishers, 1964.

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Personal memoir of an American soldier who enlisted in the Spanish-American War, fought in the Philippine Insurrection and eventually retired after World War II. 753. Linn, Brian McAllister. The US Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899–1902. Chapel Hill, North Carolina and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1989. The author, a recognized authority on the Philippine-American War, analyzes the conduct of US Army counterinsurgency operations against Philippine Insurgents in the field. The author’s research covers the four districts established on the main island of Luzón by the US Army and the work concentrates on the military and nonmilitary aspects of pacification of mainly Tagalog-speaking insurgents on the largest island of the Philippine archipelago. Linn’s work demonstrates that the US Army responded in a variety of ways to the different challenges encountered in the four districts of Luzón. 754. —. The Philippine War, 1899–1902. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 2000. Work is one of the better modern histories of the American involvement in the Philippines and the Philippine Insurrection. Author views the initial campaign to defeat the Spanish in the vicinity of Manila as part of a misdirected strategy which led to the subsequent conflict with the Philippine rebels. Divided into two parts 1) conventional warfare against the Filipinos on the island of Luzón throughout much of 1899 and 2) post-November 1899 when the insurgents switched to guerrilla warfare throughout the rest of the Philippine Islands. 755. Luhn, William L. Official History of the Operations of the First Washington Infantry, USV, in the Campaign in the Philippine Islands. San Francisco, California: Hicks-Judd, 1899. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors contracted for an addition to this volume which focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved in the early phases of the Philippines Insurrection. William Luhn was the Adjutant General of the 1st Washington Regiment, which was created from an amalgamation of existing state militia units for service in the Philippine Islands. Sent to San Francisco’s Presidio for advanced infantry tactics in May of 1898, the regiment departed for the Philippines, in stages, in October, and would arrive in November of 1898. The 1st Washington was part of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division of the Eighth Corps and assigned to guard duty on the outskirts of Manila. From the time the Philippine Insurgency started

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on February 4, 1899, until late August of 1899, the 1st Washington would be in nearly three dozen separate engagements and skirmishes in campaigns to capture Santa Ana on the Pasig River, the Guadalupe Church, Pateros Island, and the towns of Pasig, Taguig, and Morong. The 1st Washington finally returned to the United States on October 9, 1899. Work contains a complete roster of the officers and men of the 1st Washington Regiment and list of engagements. 756. Mabey, Charles Rendell. The Utah Batteries: A History, A Complete Account of the Muster-in, Sea Voyage, Battles, Skirmishes and Barrack Life of the Utah Batteries, Together with Biographies of Officers and Muster-Out Roles. Salt Lake City: Daily Reporter Co., Printers, 1900. The author was a Sergeant of Light Battery A, Utah Volunteer Artillery, and wrote this memoir from his personal diary. Utah had been initially requested to provide 500 men for service in the Spanish-American War, of which 343 were to be two artillery batteries because the state guard had just received the new 3.2-inch light artillery pieces. Both batteries were dispatched to the Philippines and took part in the August 13th battle to force the surrender of the Spanish in Manila. From February 4 to June 24, 1899, the two batteries were in engaged in numerous battles and skirmishes in support of regular and volunteer infantry regiments at the start of the Philippine Insurrection. A detailed eyewitness account of this period and the engagements fought. Work contains a complete roster of the men in the Utah Batteries. 757. Markey, Joseph Ignatius. From Iowa to the Philippines, a History of Company M, Fifty-First Iowa Infantry Volunteers. Red Oak, Iowa: The Thomas D. Murphy Company, 1900. Work is a unit history of Company M, 51st Iowa National Guard. Information from a compilation of letters written to the Red Oak Express, in Red Oak, Iowa, contains an account of Company M’s life in camp and on the battlefields of the Philippines. This volume also includes a roster of the soldiers in Company M of the 51st Iowa. 758. Marple, Allan D., Major US Army. The Philippine Scouts: a Case Study in the Use of Indigenous Soldiers, Northern Luzón, the Philippine Islands, 1899. MA Thesis, Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1983. This Master’s thesis investigates the origin of the Philippine Scouts and their use during the Philippine Insurrection in defeating the

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Filipino Revolutionary Army. Major Marple focuses on the precedents of the US Army’s use of Native Americans as scouts on the American frontier prior to 1899. This study examines the operational tactics employed by the US Army, particularly Generals Lawton and Young, utilizing Macabebe scouts to defeat the Philippine revolutionary army under Emilio Aguinaldo during the conventional portion of the fighting in northern Luzón. Marple provides a concise history of the northern Luzón campaigns of 1899 and the near capture of Aguinaldo in November 1899—which the Macabebe scouts would accomplish on March 23, 1901. Their performance was so impressive that Congress enacted legislation to institutionalize the Scouts as an official element of the US Army in the Philippine Islands. 759. Matson, Spurgeon G. Footsteps to Many Places. Privately Printed, n.d. This volume is a personal memoir of a volunteer soldier in Company B, 20th Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Matson’s unit was involved in some of the earliest and harshest fighting in the Philippine Insurrection in the summer of 1899. 760. May, Glenn A. “The ‘Zones’ of Batangas.” Philippine Studies 29, No. 1 (1981): 89–103. Author reviews the strategy of General J. Franklin Bell’s policy to separate noncombatants into protected zones to more effectively fight insurrectionists in Batangas Province. A review of parish records demonstrates the conditions in the zones were responsible for a high mortality death rate, both during the period of zone confinement and for some months after the release of the population from these zones. 761. —. “Why the United States Won the Philippine-American War, 1899–1902.” Pacific Historical Review 52 (November 1983): 353–377. Author discusses how numerically inferior US forces in the Philippines won the Philippine Insurrection due to Aguinaldo’s poor leadership, Filipino strategic and tactical errors, insufficient support from the Filipino masses for Aguinaldo’s army, dissent among Filipino commanders, and lack of outside support for the Filipinos. 762. —. “Resistance and Collaboration in the Philippine-American War: The Case of Batangas.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 15 (Winter 1984): 69–90. In this article, the author notes Philippine historians characterize the Philippine Insurrection as one in which the “haves” sided with America, and the “have-nots” with the independence movements.

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In an intensive analysis of the insurrection in the province of Batangas, of southern Luzón, the picture was found to be more complex. The economic and political elites initially were supporters of independence and the position of the masses was unclear. However, in the last year of the war (1902) more members of the elite went over to the American side, and there seemed to be a stronger identity of the masses with Insurrection leaders. May’s work is based on interviews with Filipino veterans and statements made to US Army officers at the end of war found in “Philippine Insurgent Records” in the National Archives. 763. —. Battle for Batangas: A Philippine Province at War 1899–1902. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1991. This book provides an account of life for soldiers and civilians in the Philippine province of Batangas during the Philippine-American War of 1899–1902. May demonstrates the primary Philippine resistance to American occupation was the political and economic elites rather than the peasantry. Using official records, diaries, letters, and memoirs, May provides a revealing view of the US soldiers who occupied the province, the guerrillas who opposed them, and the noncombatants who interacted daily with both groups. He demonstrates that in this war, as in the earlier Philippine revolution of 1896 against Spanish rule, the war effort was directed by elite Batangueños who provided money, food, and other assistance to the Filipino fighting men. May considers the effects of established Batangas family connections, patron—client bonds, municipal politics, and religious beliefs on the local resistance activities. The author also reevaluates the behavior of the Americans in the war, arguing it was neither as inhumane nor as praiseworthy as it had been portrayed. Although some Americans were guilty of atrocities and lesser abuses, according to May most American troops had relatively civil relations with the Filipino population, and the massive depopulation of Batangas at the time of the Insurrection was due as much to epidemiological conditions as to the policies of the American army of occupation. 764. McAlexander, Ulysses Grant, Captain. History of the Thirteenth Regiment United States Infantry. N.p.: Regimental Press, Thirteenth Infantry, F. D. Gunn, 1905. The text and illustrations of this work cover the history of the 13th Regular Infantry from its organization in 1798, service in the War of 1812, the Civil War, the Indian Wars of the 1860s and 1870s, the Spanish-American War, and in the Philippine Insurrection. Includes rosters of officers of the regiment and lists all officer and enlisted

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casualties in all conflicts. Captain McAlexander (1864–1936), the 13th Regiment’s Adjutant, provides a concise narrative of the campaigning accomplished by the regiment in the Philippines Insurrection. 765. McCallum, Jack. Leonard Wood: Rough Rider, Surgeon, Architect of American Imperialism. New York: New York University Press, 2006. Major General Leonard Wood (1860–1927) was, with the support of his friend President Theodore Roosevelt, a key player in the US imperialism which turned America into a global power at the beginning of the twentieth century. General Wood played numerous roles in his military career—Boston surgeon, Indian fighter, US Army Chief of Staff, Medal of Honor winner, and Commander of the Rough Riders in Cuba. However, his role as Governor General of the Philippines made him part of a select group of men that transformed the American military, turning it into a modern fighting force and the nation into a world power. 766. McDevitt, V. Edmund. The First California’s Chaplain: The Story of the Heroic Chaplain of the First California Volunteers During the Spanish-American War. Fresno, California, Academy Library Guild, 1956. Work is a biography of William Daniel McKinnon (1858–1902), who served as the chaplain of the 1st California Volunteer Infantry Regiment during its service in the Philippine Islands from June of 1898 to August of 1899. Provides a discussion of the regiment’s service within the context of Chaplain McKinnon’s work. 767. McDonald, Allan L. The Historical Record of the First Tennessee Infantry, USV, in the Spanish War and Filipino Insurrection. Compiled from official reports and other data furnished by the courtesy of and with the assistance of Colonel Gracey Childers and officers and men of his command. San Francisco, California: HicksJudd Publishing Co., 1899. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors contracted for an addition to this volume which focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved in the early phases of the Philippines Insurrection. When the McKinley administration issued its call for state volunteers, Tennessee was requested to provide four regiments of infantry (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th). The compiler of this work—Allan L. McDonald— provides a regimental history of the 1st Tennessee Volunteer Infantry Regiment. This Regiment was dispatched west to San Francisco where it underwent advanced infantry training for a number of

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months before transport to Manila on October 30, 1898, for occupation duty. The 1st Tennessee arrived on November 29, 1898, and served occupation duty until the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection on February 4, 1899. For the next eight months this regiment was engaged in numerous fights with Filipino insurgents in central Luzón until it returned to the United States on October 8, 1899. Work discusses the experiences of the 1st Tennessee in the Philippines and contains a roster of the officers and men of the regiment. The 2nd and 3rd Tennessee never left the United States and the 4th Tennessee served a few months of occupation duty in the first quarter of 1899 in Cuba. 768. McKenna, Thomas M. Muslim Rulers and Rebels, Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1998. This work is primarily a study of the modern conflict between the Christian north and Muslim south in the Philippine Islands. However, the author argues this conflict has its roots in the Moro Wars with the American military. McKenna views the American efforts to rule the southern islands of the Philippines through the traditional datus (or chiefdoms) as an effective means of suppressing conflict between the Moros and American military at the beginning of the twentieth century, but it inadvertently led to a Philippine Muslim identity which desires an island nation separate from the Christian north. 769. Medbery, Frank W. Official History of the Operations of the First South Dakota Infantry, USV, in the Campaign in the Philippine Islands. San Francisco, California: Hicks-Judd Publishing Co., 1899. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors contracted for an addition to this volume which focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved in the early phases of the Philippines Insurrection. This work is a regimental history of the 1st South Dakota Volunteer Infantry Regiment—the only military unit requested by McKinley from that state for military service in the Spanish-American War. The 1st South Dakota, after being mustered into federal service, was sent to the Presidio of San Francisco, from whence it was dispatched on July 23, 1898, by transport to Manila. The regiment arrived in Manila on August 24, 1898, just eleven days after the end of the Spanish-American War, and commenced occupation duty around Manila. The regiment was involved in the first day of fighting of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899) and campaigned against the Filipinos for the next seven months before leaving the islands on

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August 11, 1898. Over 60 officers and men died as a result of combat or disease. Work contains a roster of the officers and men of the 1st South Dakota. 770. Middleton, Howard, and Howard F. Taggart (eds.). “California Regulars in the Philippines: From the Correspondence of Howard Middleton, 1898–99.” Bulletin of the American Historical Collection 26, No. 1 (1998): 41–77; 26, No. 2 (1998): 12–22. Two articles which review the experiences of California men in the United States 14th Regular Infantry Regiment in the Philippines during the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. Articles are based on the edited 1898–1899 letters of Howard Middleton (1875–1943), a member of the 14th Regiment, and describe army life and sickness in the Philippines. 771. Miller, Daniel G., Major, US Army. American Military Strategy during the Moro Insurrection in the Philippines 1903–1913. Master’s of Military Art and Science, Military History. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 2009. Major Miller’s Master’s Thesis explores the strategy followed by the American military government in overcoming Moro resistance in the Philippines from 1903–1913. Contains chapters devoted to each of the three Military Governors of Moro Province, Generals Leonard Wood, Tasker Bliss, and John Pershing. Initially the military governors focused on establishing a system of governance, followed by economic development, and educational initiatives as a means of pacifying and controlling the Moros. Military operations were only intended to play a supporting role in the American strategy to pacify the Moros. However, security threats and violent opposition hindered that strategy so that pacification and acquiescence to American rule could not be established. Ultimately, it was Pershing’s decision to focus on security through his disarmament policy and subsequent campaigns to enforce that policy which finally established conditions for the transition of governance to civilian control and end military government within the province. Though initially conceived of as a supporting effort for a broader governmental approach, in the end military operations became the decisive means for ending Moro resistance to American authority. 772. Miller, Stuart C. Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1982. Comprehensive study of the political and military aspects of the Philippine Insurrection, in which the author presents a balanced

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study of the process by which the United States was drawn into the conflict and developed a strategy for containing hostilities. Work covers both the campaigns in Luzón and Samar in the southern part of the archipelago. 773. Mills, Brett M. “ ‘Brilliant and Faithful Service’: The 1st Montana Volunteer Infantry in the Philippines.” Journal of America’s Military Past 28, No. 3 (2002): 13–39. Article covers the history of the 1st Montana Volunteer Infantry Regiment from formation to mustering out (May 5, 1898 to October 17, 1899). Each state was to provide military forces in proportion to its population so as a result sparsely populated Montana was only requested by President McKinley to muster into federal service one regiment of infantry. Article covers the experiences of the 1st Montana which arrived in the Philippines about two weeks after the end of the Spanish-American War. However, with the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899), this regiment was involved in some of the hardest campaigns in central Luzón until recalled to the United States one year after arriving in the islands. 774. Minnesota Infantry, 13th Regt., Historical Record in the War with Spain. Minneapolis, Minnesota: n.p. 1900. Work contains a historical discussion of the 13th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Mustered into federal service on May 7, 1898, the regiment was dispatched west to San Francisco, California and was transported to the Philippines arriving on July 31, 1898. The 13th Minnesota provided support for the assault on the Spanish held city of Manila on August 13, 1898, and then undertook occupation duty around that city until the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection on February 4, 1899. The 13th Minnesota was engaged in several fights in central Luzón up to the time they departed for the United States on August 11, 1899. 775. Mojares, Resil B. The War against the Americans, Resistance and Collaboration in Cebu: 1899–1906. Quezón City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1999. Work is a discussion of Filipino resistance against Spanish and American rule on Cebu Island, located in the center of the Philippine Archipelago. Although not touched by the 1896 rebellion the island was infiltrated by Katipunan agents throughout 1897, who initiated an uprising on April 3, 1898, against Spanish troops. Admiral Dewey’s defeat of the Spanish navy on May 1, 1898, and the arrival of American troops and Emilio Aguinaldo in the area of Manila encouraged the Cebuanos in their struggle with the Spanish. With the

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end of the Spanish-American War (August 13, 1898) and the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899), American troops landed on Cebu Island on February 22, 1899. Given the choice of accepting American rule or bombardment by the USS Petrel, the moderate Cebuano elements allowed the Americans to land peacefully at Cebu City. However, by mid-June of 1899 militant Filipinos were attacking both American troops and Cebuanos who cooperated with the Americans, setting off a violent rebellion and class warfare on the island. The author estimates that fighting on the island between 1899 and 1906 cost the lives of 1,000 Cebuanos and 100 Americans. By October 1901, the American military policy of constant hunting of guerrillas and the establishment of a Cebuano civilian government and police force had forced the surrender of the main guerrilla leaders. 776. Muller, William G. The Twenty-Fourth Infantry, Past and Present: A Brief History of the Regiment Compiled from Official Records, Under the Direction of the Regimental Commander / by William G. Muller. N.p.: n.p., 1923. Reprint Fort Collins, Colorado: Old Army Press, 1972. Work is a regimental history of the 24th Infantry Regiment (Buffalo Soldiers) covering the period from formation in 1869 to 1922, the year before the publication of the original work. Good short discussion of the 24th Infantry “Buffalo Soldiers” Regiment in the Cuban Campaign in July of 1898 and a more detailed account of the regiment in the Philippine Insurrection from June 1899 to early 1902 in Central Luzón. Author includes letters from the men serving in the Philippines which were published in Black newspapers. Also includes the 24th Regiment’s service on the western frontier and the Mexico Expedition (1916). 777. Nankivell, John Henry. Buffalo Soldier Regiment, History of the Twenty-fifth Regiment, United States Infantry, 1869–1926. Denver, Colorado: Smith-Brooks Printing Company, 1927. Reprint New York, Negro Universities Press, 1969, and with an introduction by Qunitard Taylor, Jr.; Fort Collins, Colorado: Old Army Press, 1972; and Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, Bison Books Edition, 2001. The 25th Infantry Regiment (Buffalo Soldiers), consisting of Black enlisted soldiers commanded by white officers, had served in numerous Indian Campaigns in the three decades following the Civil War, and was actually reassigned from its posts in the west to Florida even before the Declaration of War with Spain. The main involvement of this regiment in the Spanish-American War was their attack on

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El Caney, which is described in great detail by the author, a former Captain in the 25th Regiment. Between 1899 and 1902, the men of the 25th Regiment, or soldados negros as the Filipinos called them, engaged in a protracted counter-insurgency campaign against elusive rebels in the provinces of Bataan and Zambales. The single greatest victory was the capture on January 5, 1900, of the stronghold of Filipino Insurgent, General Servillano Aquino, in the mountains along the Battaan-Zambales border—General Aquino himself eluded capture but surrendered to other US forces a few months later. The 25th returned the United States in the summer of 1902, but was sent back to the Philippines for duty 1907–1909. 778. —. History of the Military Organizations of the State of Colorado, 1860–1935. Denver, Colorado: The W. H. Kistler Stationary Company, 1935. Following his service with the 25th Regular Infantry Regiment (see above), the author became the Senior Instructor of the Colorado National Guard. During his tenure with the Colorado Guard, Nankivell wrote this historical work which covers the Colorado State Guard from its inception in the Civil War to the period of the 1930s. This work also includes the history of the 1st Colorado Volunteer Infantry Regiment, in the Second Division of the Eighth Army Corps, which came out with the Second Expedition from San Francisco (June 15, 1898) and after arriving in the Philippines (July 17, 1898) participated in the taking of Manila from the Spanish on August 13, 1898. The 1st Colorado seized the key point of Fort San Antonio Abad during this attack. After the start of the Philippine Insurrection on February 4, 1899, the 1st Colorado participated in engagements east of Manila against the Filipinos to seize Manila’s waterworks, and attack the insurgents at Mariquina, Anipolo, and Morong, until July 4th when the regiment was returned the United States. 779. Neely, F. Tennyson. Fighting in the Philippines, Authentic Original Photographs. Chicago, Illinois: F. Tennyson Neely Publisher, 1899. The Neely company produced of a series of popular photographic books called “War Panoramas” showing scenes of the American Army in training camps, recently completed fighting in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico), and views of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines. These volumes were intended to provide Americans with a visual sense of the places they had read about in newspapers. This particular “War Panorama” was produced in mid1899 and shows Spanish ships sunk by Admiral Dewey (May 1, 1898), damage to Spanish forts in the capture of Manila (August 13, 1898),

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Spanish prisoners of war in the care of the American military, and buildings in Manila. It also shows volunteer officers and men from a number of western states engaged in fighting the Filipinos at the start of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899). These volumes provide an important visual record of the period. 780. Newell, Edith W. “Manila to Peking: Letters Home, 1898–1901.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 80, No. 2 (1979): 171–196. George Newell enlisted in the Regular Army in 1897, shortly before his twentieth birthday. His letters home describe the life of a US soldier during the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. Discharged in 1901, Newell alternated between working as a barber and farmer. Newell died in Portland, Oregon, in 1973. Based on documents in the Oregon Historical Society, newspaper accounts, and published secondary sources. 781. Nielsen, Thomas Solevad (ed.). Inside the Fighting First, Papers of a Nebraska Private in the Philippine War. Introduction and commentary by Matthew Plowman. Blair, Nebraska: Lur Publications, 2001. Work consists of a study of the reprinted letters and diary of Henry O. Thompson, Private, Company M, of the 1st Nebraska Volunteer Infantry Regiment covering the period of June 1898 to August 1899. The 1st Nebraska had already departed from San Francisco to the Philippines in mid-June of 1898, but was only at two-thirds full strength. Private Thompson enlisted in the 1st Nebraska on June 20, 1898, as part of an effort to bring the regiment up to full strength and only departed from San Francisco to the Philippines on August 21, 1898, where he underwent training at Camp Merritt, thereby missing the capture of Manila on August 13, 1898. Thompson’s letters and diary provide a good description of training in San Francisco, the voyage across the Pacific with a three-month stopover in Hawaii, and arrival in Manila on November 25, 1898, for occupation duty. Thompson participated in the Battle of Santa Mesa (February 4–6, 1899) which was the first action of the Philippine Insurrection and resulted in the capturing of Manila’s waterworks. Thompson’s letters and diary note numerous battles and skirmishes from February to June of 1899, which he participated in with the 1st Nebraska, including the capture of Malolos, Calumpit, and San Fernando. On May 19, 1899, the 1st Nebraska was pulled back to Manila to board transports for San Francisco, with a stopover in Japan, arriving on July 29, 1899, to be mustered out of federal service on August 23, 1899. 782. Ochosa, Orlino A. The Tinio Brigade: Anti-American Resistance in the Ilocos Provinces, 1899–1901. Quezón City, Philippines: New Day Publishers, 1989.

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Work covers the Philippine Insurrection in the Norte and Sur Ilocos provinces along the northwest coast of the island of Luzón. This region was the focus of a major US Army effort to pacify the area between 1899 and 1901. The Tinio Brigade was named for its commander Manuel Tinio y Bundoc (1877–1924) who was the youngest General of the Philippine Revolutionary Army. General Tinio conducted a stout defense against the American army throughout 1899, but in 1900 switched to guerrilla tactics which pinned down thousands of American troops in the Ilocos provinces until Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901. General Tinio then surrendered himself and his forces on April 29, 1901. 783. Orton, Arthur W. (comp.). An Up-to-Date History of the 39th US Volunteer Infantry, “Bullard’s Indians.” Assisted by Fred D. Shadell and C. Duffy Lewis, under authority of 39th US Volunteer Infantry Association. N.p.: n.p., 1949. This work was authored by former 39th Infantry 1st Lieutenant Orton and was derived from History of the 39th Infantry, US Volunteers (1901) and a history by Martin Sipple of the unit. The 39th Regiment of Infantry was commanded by Colonel Robert L. Bullard in the Philippine Insurrection. The 39th was one of the new “volunteer” regiments authorized to be raised and sent to the Philippines to relieve the state militias which were being returned stateside. This regiment arrived December 7, 1899, in Manila and moved to the vicinity of Laguna de Bay under General Schwan, who was preparing a movement into southern Luzón. From this time until the regiment left Manila on March 16, 1901, “there was almost continuous fighting and scouting.” Contains a complete roster of the 39th and indicates which men died in combat and which had passed away by 1949. 784. Otis, E. S. Major General. Report of Major General E. S. Otis, USV, Commanding Department of the Pacific and Eight Army Corps, Military Governor in the Philippine Islands. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, August 31, 1899. Annual Report which covers the period from June 30, 1898, to August 13, 1899, and which describes the military actions of American Volunteer and Regular Army forces in the Philippine Islands during this time period. Otis breaks the report into two sections 1) June 30, 1898, to February 4, 1899, during which time American expeditionary forces arrived in the Philippines and Manila was taken from the Spanish (August 14, 1898) with the deterioration of relations between American forces and the Filipino revolutionaries; and 2) the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection, February 4, 1899,

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to mid-August of 1899 during which time American forces engaged in numerous battles and skirmishes with the Filipino revolutionaries. This document is filled with letters and reports by commanders in the field to the Eight Army Corps Headquarters and is indispensable for any research on the Philippine Insurrection. 785. Owen, Norman G. “Winding Down the War in Albay, 1900–1903.” Pacific Historical Review, 48, No. 4 (November 1979): 557–589. The people of the area of Albay accommodated themselves to the American military presence, left the area for Manila, or continued their resistance efforts. What appear to have finally pacified the area were the American policies of physical improvements in the area, establishment of schools, creation of local Filipino governments, and expansion of the hemp industry of Albay Province. 786. Penn, Julius Augustus. A Narrative of the Campaign in northern Luzón, P. I., of the Second Battalion, 34th United States. Infantry Volunteers, in November and December, 1899, and January, 1900, from Manila via Aliaga, Victoria, Rosales, Bautista, Dagupan, San Fabian, Candon, Tangnadan Mountain, Bangued, La Paz, Banna, Dingras, Manantin, Gaset, Pile, Abulug to Aparri. Batavia, Ohio: n.p., 1933. This volume is a unit history of the Second Battalion of the 34th US Volunteer Infantry and their experiences fighting in the northern Luzón area of the Philippine Islands. This area was not fully pacified until the capture of General Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901, at which time the guerrillas in this area surrendered. 787. Powell, Archibald W., Daniel A. Dooley, and Lt. Col. Edward S. Martin. History of the 10th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, its Forebears and Successors in the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, and the Korean Emergency. Allentown, Pennsylvania: Miers Lithographic Service, 1967. Work is a detailed history of the 10th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment and its involvement in four American conflicts in a fifty-year period. Concise treatment of the 10th Pennsylvania’s participation in the capture of Manila in the Spanish-American War (August 13, 1898) and the first six months of the Philippine Insurrection in the early months of 1899. 788. Prentiss, A. (ed.). The History of the Utah Volunteers in the SpanishAmerican War and in the Philippine Islands. Salt Lake City, Utah: Tribune Job Printing Co., 1900. Complete unit histories of all the military organizations in which Utah Volunteers served. Batteries A and B saw the only overseas

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service and participated in the Battle of Manila on August 13, 1898. After the fight at Santa Mesa Bridge on February 4, 1899, against the Filipino insurgents, these two batteries were in almost constant support of infantry forces and took part in fights at La Loma, Caloocan, Marilao, Guiguinto, Malolos, Bag Bag, Santo Tomás, and San Fernando until their return to the United States on June 24, 1899. These actions resulted in the destruction of a large part of the army of the Philippine Insurrectionists. Battery C Utah Volunteers served out the war on Angel Island, California. The 1st Utah Cavalry conducted practice marches through Yosemite and Sequoia Parks. Utah residents made up Troop I of Torrey’s Rough Riders (2nd US Volunteer Cavalry) who went to Jacksonville, Florida, for the duration of the war. Work contains official rosters of all Utah Volunteers. 789. Ramsey, Robert D. Savage Wars of Peace: Case Studies in the Pacification in the Philippines, 1900–1902. Long war series occasional paper, 24. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2007. Detailed work on the Philippine Insurrection from 1900–1902, which concentrated on the US Army campaigns in the Ilocano, Tagalog, and Batangas Provinces of Luzón. During this period the US Army was successful in defeating Filipino resistance to American occupation using what military leaders at the time called a combination of attraction and coercion. Success came only after initial setbacks, disappointments, and significant changes in leadership, military strategy, and political adaptation. Army leaders employed a mix of political and economic incentives, combined with military actions and strict martial law to subdue the resistance. 790. —. A Masterpiece of Counterguerrilla Warfare: Brigadier General J. Franklin Bell in the Philippines, 1901–1902. Long war series occasional paper 25. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2007. Author’s work concentrated on General J. Franklin Bell (1856–1919) and the military operations he oversaw in the Philippines from 1901–1902. This work presents the collected messages and circulars issued by General Bell to his subordinate commanders, as well as his controversial directives issued after the Balangiga Massacre. 791. Reilly, Margaret I. “Andrew Wadsworth, a Nebraska Soldier in the Philippines, 1898–99.” Nebraska History 68 (Winter 1987): 183–199. Article discusses Andrew S. Wadsworth’s two-year military career as a member of the 1st Nebraska Volunteer Infantry Regiment

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during the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection through quotes from his letters. Wadsworth, originally from New York, was promoted from the ranks to become an officer in the 1st Nebraska Regiment. The article recounts his enlistment, transport to the Philippines, battles against Filipino insurgents, his wounding in an engagement at Quingua, hospitalization, and homecoming. 792. Ría-Baja, Carlos. El desastre Filipino. (The Filipino Disaster.) Barcelona, Spain: Serra Hermanos y Russell, 1899. Spanish-language work containing personal narratives of Spanish soldiers who had previously been engaged in the suppression of Filipino rebels, and found themselves fighting against the American military in the summer of 1898. Work also includes the narratives of Spanish soldiers who had been prisoners of the Filipino rebels until freed by American military forces. 793. Robinson, Albert Gardner. The Philippines: The War and the People: a Record of Personal Observations and Experiences. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co., 1901. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing Co., 2008. The author, Albert G. Robinson (1855–1932), was a well-known writer of travel and architectural history. This is part of a series of books Robinson wrote on Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and in this case the Philippines, after the end of the Spanish-American War. This work on the Philippines also contains a general overview of the history of the Philippine Insurrection which was in progress during Robinson’s visit to the islands to gather information for this book. 794. Robinson, Michael C. and Frank N. Schubert. “David Fagen: An Afro-American Rebel in the Philippines, 1899–1901,” Pacific Historical Review 44, No. 1, (1975): 69–83. In-depth discussion of Corporal David Fagen, a member of Company I of the 24th Regiment Regular Army, who upon being assigned to the Philippines in 1899 defected to the Filipino side and fought as an officer in Emilio Aguinaldo’s forces. Fagen was from Tampa, Florida, and joined the 24th Regiment just before it departed for the Cuban Campaign; upon reenlisting he was sent to the Philippines in June of 1899 where he fought against the Filipinos in Central Luzón until November of 1899 when he deserted to the Insurrectionists, apparently being killed in May of 1901. Of the more than 5,000 Black troops who served in the Philippines there were 29 cases of desertion and only 9 of these defected to the Filipinos.

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795. Roth, Russell. Muddy Glory: America’s “Indian Wars” in the Philippines, 1899–1935. West Hanover, Massachusetts: Christopher Publishing House, 1981. The author makes the conjecture that the American officers sent to the Philippines already had extensive previous experience fighting irregular forces, from campaigning against Indian tribes on the American frontier. As a result, these veterans understood the merits of incorporating various native peoples into a Philippine Constabulary to fight the Filipino Insurrectionists, in a manner similar to the Indian Scouts previously used by the US Army. In the beginning, the American army conducted a seemingly endless series of unsuccessful campaigns to pacify tribes, cities, provinces, and islands. Over time the army changed tactics and reintroduced programs that the Americans used in developing Indian fighting skills to suppress the insurrectionists. 796. Salamanca, Bonifacio S. The Filipino Response to American Rule, 1901–1913. Hamden, Connecticut: Shoe String Press, 1968. Reprint Quezón City, Philippine Islands: New Day Publishers, 1989. Work is a revisionist study of the efforts of the Philippine Commissioners, under William Howard Taft, to seek cooperation between the Commission and the elite members of Filipino society to bring peace to the island by concentrating on shared goals, such as improvements in education, public works, and health care. Author attempts to show that the Americans were ruling the islands through the upper class or traditional powerful elements of society and thereby reduced the resistance of Filipino nationalists to American rule. 797. Saleeby, Najeeb M. Studies in Moro History, Law, and Religion. Department of the Interior, Ethnological Survey Publications, vol. 4, no. 1. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1905. The author was a Syrian-born physician who came to the Philippines as a US Army doctor in 1900. After acquiring knowledge of Mindanaoan languages he became the resident American specialist on Philippine Muslims (or Moros) and published this volume—the first English-language publication on their culture. Study was to have an important influence on American administrators of the southern archipelago urging them not to impose direct colonial rule on the Moros, but to utilize traditional Muslim elites (or Datus) to implement colonial policy. 798. —. The Moro Problem. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1913. The author’s work, derived from his role as a mediator for a number of years between American colonial administrators and the Moros,

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expressed the idea that these people were not Muslim religious fanatics engaged in a religious war with the American army. Rather the Moros were responding to calls from their feudal political elite, called Datus, to whom the general people owed allegiance, to fight the Americans because the elite were concerned about maintaining their local control. Saleeby recommended the Americans use the established “datuships” to initiate a process of gradual development of Mindinao. This approach of getting the Datus to cooperate with the American colonial administrators greatly reduced the level of violence in the southern archipelago. 799. Sawyer, Frederick L., US Navy. Sons of Gunboats. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute, 1946. Volume records the history of Spanish gunboats, such as the USS Panay, seized by the Americans in the Philippines and incorporated into the US Asiatic Fleet. These vessels provided fire support for troops in the early part of the Luzón campaign outside Manila on lakes and inland waterways. 800. Schirmer, Daniel B. “How the Philippine-US War Began.” Monthly Review 50 (September 1999): 45–48. Article notes that the War Department’s directive to General Otis on January 24, 1899, to allow military operations against the insurgents really precipitated the conflict that would last for over a decade and Otis soon gave orders to the 1st Nebraska to fire on insurgent “intruders.” The resulting action of the evening of February 4, 1899, provided the emphasis for Congress to approve the Treaty of Peace with Spain, in which the United States would retain the Philippines. 801. Schott, Joseph L. The Ordeal of Samar. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1964. Chronicle of the Philippine Insurrection on the Island of Samar (the third largest island in the Philippine Archipelago) which discusses in detail events leading up to the Balangiga Massacre of men from Company C of the 9th US Army Regiment, the Balangiga Massacre itself, and the reprisals carried out by American troops against Filipino rebels and civilians on Samar after the attack. Also contains an account of the subsequent court-martial of Major Littleton Waller Tazewell Waller, USMC, the commander of the Marine battalion on Samar who was held responsible for those reprisals. 802. Schreurs, Peter. Angry days in Mindanao: The Philippine Revolution and the War against the US in East and Northeast Mindanao,

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1897–1908. Cebu City, Philippines: University of San Carlos, 1987. Reprint Manila, Philippines: Republic of the Philippines, National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Historical Institute, 2000. Work is a general history of the Philippine Insurrection on the island of Mindanao. The author provides a good background to the Filipinos’ resistance to Spanish rule of this island and the subsequent fight against the US Army’s efforts to control the area. 803. Scott, Hugh Lenox, General. Some Memories of a Soldier. New York: The Century Company, 1928. This volume is a personal memoir of General Hugh L. Scott (1853–1934), who served with the 7th Cavalry on the western frontier from 1876 to 1897. Scott was sent to the Philippines and served as the Military Governor of the Sulu Archipelago in the southern part of the Philippine Islands. Between 1903 and 1906 he commanded troops in the field, taking part in various skirmishes including the attack on Mount Dajo, March 19, 1906. 804. Scott, William Henry. Ilocano Responses to American Aggression, 1900–1901. Quezón City, Philippines: New Day Publishers, 1986. An historical account of the Philippine Insurrection that discusses the significance of the Ilocano armed resistance, this book is drawn from the records of the antagonists preserved in United States and Philippines archives. The Ilocano area consists of two provinces along the extreme northwest coast of Luzón. This area proved to be one of the most bitterly contested areas the US Army attempted to bring under control. 805. Segovia, Lázaro. The Full Story of Aguinaldo’s Capture. Translated from the original Spanish Mss. by Frank de Thoma, with Introduction and Notes by Teodoro A. Agoncillo. Manila, P.I., 1902. Reprinted Manila: MCS Enterprises, 1969. The author of this work had served in the Philippine Islands as a Spanish sergeant and fought against the Filipinos during the 1896 Revolt. After the fall of Manila to the American army on August 13, 1898, Segovia left the Spanish army and joined the Philippine rebels. In May 1900 he surrendered to General Frederick Funston and switched his loyalty to the Americans, undertaking a number of missions as a “secret agent” for General Funston for whom he eventually assisted in locating the hiding place of Aguinaldo at Palanan. Segovia helped to plan a deception to take Aguinaldo and played a primary role as part of the force that captured him on March 23, 1901.

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This work was originally published in Spanish as La Aventura de Palanan: Episodios de la captura de Aguinaldo (The Adventure of Palanan: Episodes of the Capture of Aguinaldo), Manila, Tip. “Amigos del País,” 1902, by Lázaro Segovia. In the 1969 reprint, the noted Philippine historian Teodoro Agoncillo, in the Editor’s Introduction, notes the original translator Frank de Thoma was arbitrary in his translation of Segovia’s work. 806. Seoane, Consuelo Andrew, Colonel. Beyond the Ranges, As Told to Robert L. Niemann. New York: Robert Speller & Sons, 1960. Personal memoir of Colonel Andrew Seoane (1876–1964) who served for forty years in the US Army, from the Spanish-American War until World War II. Assigned to the Philippines shortly after the end of the Spanish-American War, he fought in the Philippine Insurrection and became a Captain of Philippine Scouts, which became an important indigenous military force in the suppression of the insurrection. 807. Sexton, William Thaddeus. Soldiers in the Sun, an Adventure in Imperialism. Harrisburg, PA.: Military Service Publishing, 1939. Reprint Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1971. Work is a detailed history of the Spanish-American War in the Philippines and the Philippine Insurrection in the northern island of Luzón from 1899–1901. Published in 1939 this work is one of the earliest comprehensive treatments of the Philippine Insurrection and was intended as such by the author, an American officer, who found this conflict was only noted in official government documents, magazine articles, memoirs, and regimental histories. Sexton got the inspiration for this work while serving a tour of duty in the Philippines in 1931 and managed to not only visit some of the battlefields but also interview surviving insurgent Filipinos. 808. Shaw, Frederick B., Colonel. One Hundred and Forty Years of Service in Peace and War, History of the Second Infantry United States Army. Detroit, Michigan: Strathmore Press, 1930. The Second Infantry, like many other Regular Army units, was scattered in small posts west of the Mississippi River at the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, and was congregated at Tampa on May 12, 1898. It participated in the Battle of El Caney outside Santiago de Cuba on July 1, 1898, which is well described in this volume. The Second Infantry returned to Cuba for occupation duty from January to July of 1899 when it was transferred to the Philippines. From October of 1900 to February of 1902, the Second Infantry participated in 26 engagements before returning to the

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United States in May of 1903. The Second Infantry returned to the south Philippines to fight the Moros from 1906 to 1908. 809. Sheridan, Richard Brinsley. The Filipino Martyrs, A Story of the Crime of February 4, 1899, by an Eye Witness. London and New York: John Lane, The Bodley, 1900. Reprint by Quezón City, Philippines: Malaya Books, Inc.: Quezón City, 1970. Preface by Malaya Book in reprint. Richard Sheridan, an Englishman, visited the Philippines shortly before the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection against the American occupation of Manila (February 4, 1899) and stayed on for several months afterward collecting information for his book. Sheridan’s book, based on interviews with American officers, Filipinos, and foreign nationals, led him to conclude the Philippine people were capable of self-government, and to support claims by Aguinaldo that American promises of help in achieving independence were not being honored by American politicians in Washington. Work contains a concise history of the Spanish-American War in the Philippines and the early period of the Philippine Insurrection. 810. Shortt, Phil H. Official History of the Operations of the First North Dakota Infantry, USV, in the Campaign in the Philippine Islands. San Francisco, California: Hicks-Judd Publishing Co., 1899. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors contracted for an addition to this volume which focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved in the early phases of the Philippines Insurrection. When President McKinley issued a call for state volunteers, North Dakota was requested to contribute just half a regiment (six companies) of infantry, or roughly 650 men. This unit was forwarded to San Francisco and dispatched to the Philippines, arriving on July 31, 1898, in time to participate in the capture of Manila on August 13, 1898. The 1st North Dakota continued occupation duty in Manila until it became involved in the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899). This unit continued fighting for the next seven months in central Luzón and returned to the United States on July 30, 1899. 811. Sibley, David J. A War of Frontier and Empire, The PhilippineAmerican War, 1899–1902. New York: Hill and Wang, A Division of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007. Strong concise modern retelling of the Philippine-American War by an author who views this war as an extension of nineteenth-century Manifest Destiny, which started with the domination of the

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American Indian and continued with the creation of an overseas empire. The author’s work is divided into three separate phases: 1) the Spanish-American War in which Spain was defeated by an alliance of American troops and Filipinos under Aguinaldo; 2) a conventional war between Filipino and American troops; and 3) a guerrilla war between American troops and locally based insurgents. Views the defeat of the Philippine Insurgency as aided by tribal and ethnic divisions in the archipelago as much as by the aggressive tactics of the American military. 812. Smith, Judson M. The Story of a Regiment: The Twenty-First United States Infantry. Honolulu, Hawaii: Advertising Publishing Company, 1940. The 21st Regiment participated in the charge up the San Juan Heights in the Santiago Campaign (July 1, 1898) and the Philippines Insurrection from 1899 to 1902. Appendices include citations of members, battle honors, chronology of regiment, and list of officers. 813. Smythe, Donald. “Pershing in the Spanish-American War.” Military Affairs 30 (Spring 1966): 25–33. Concise article dealing with the early military career of John Pershing in the Spanish-American War and early years of the Philippine Insurrection. Covered in more detail in the author’s 1973 book on Pershing. (See Item 814 below.) 814. —. Guerrilla Warrior, The Early Life of John J. Pershing. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973. Donald Smythe’s Guerrilla Warrior is a basic biography of Pershing (1860–1948), and it makes use of The Pershing Papers collected in the Library of Congress. 815. Snure, John (Private). Official History of the Operations of the FiftyFirst Iowa Infantry, USV, in the Campaign in the Philippine Islands. San Francisco, California: Hicks-Judd Publishing Co., 1899. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors contracted for additions to this volume which focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved in the early phases of the Philippines Insurrection. Private John Snure chronicles the history of his 51st Iowa Volunteer Regiment which was one of four infantry regiments called up for federal service (49th, 50th, 51st, and 52nd). The 51st Regiment was made up of men from the Des Moines, Iowa area and trained at Camp McKinley outside the town. The regiment was sent to San Francisco in June and arrived in Manila on February 2, 1899, just as the Philippine

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Insurrection was about to break out. From April of 1899 to August of the same year the 51st Iowa Regiment was in almost constant contact with the rebels. Upon being relieved by the 22nd Regular Infantry, disease, wounds, and death had reduced their strength by three-quarters. They were the last of the volunteers sent out in 1898 and 1899 to be returned home. Detailed unit history of the skirmishes and battles they fought in and muster roles and photos of the officers and companies. 816. Sonnichsen, Albert. Ten Months a Captive Among Filipinos. Being a Narrative of Adventure and Observation During Imprisonment on the Island of Luzón, P.I. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1901. Personal memoir of an American soldier who was taken captive by Filipino insurgents and held for nearly a year before being returned to the American authorities. Account of the author’s experiences as a prisoner of war during the Philippine Insurgency (Insurrection), a period of guerrilla warfare following the Spanish-American War. 817. Steele, J. M. Official History of the Operations of the Twentieth Kansas Infantry, USV, in the Campaign in the Philippine Islands. San Francisco, California: Judd-Hicks, 1899. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors contracted for additions to this volume which focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved in the early phases of the Philippines Insurrection. The Twentieth Kansas Volunteer Infantry was one of four infantry regiments raised by Kansas at the request of the McKinley administration. This regiment was commanded by Colonel Frederick Funston, who had recently returned from fighting in Cuba with the Revolutionaries. Mustered into federal service in Topeka, Kansas, on May 9, 1898, this regiment was transported to San Francisco for service in the Philippines. The Twentieth Kansas arrived on October 27, 1898, too late to fight the Spanish, and commenced occupation duty in and around Manila until the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899). Under the command of Colonel Funston, the Kansas Regiment was in several engagements with the Filipinos until they left the Philippines on September 3, 1899. 818. Stirling, Yates. Sea Duty. The Memoirs of a Fighting Admiral. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1939. Personal memoir of the author who served in the US Navy during the Philippine Insurrection. First part of this memoir covers serving during the Philippine Insurrection, as commander of the Yangtze River fleet in China, and eventually returning to the United States.

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Of interest is his strident analysis that the Japanese were a danger to the Pacific, and that they would invade most of the South Pacific if the US didn’t take preventive action—two years before Pearl Harbor. 819. Stoneman, Madison U. Official History of the Operations of the First Battalion Wyoming Infantry, USV, in the Campaign in the Philippine Islands. San Francisco, California: Hicks-Judd Company, 1899. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors contracted for additions to this volume which focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved in the early phases of the Philippines Insurrection. Madison Stoneman chronicles that the State of Wyoming was requested to provide a battalion of infantry (approximately four companies) and a Light Artillery Battery. The infantry battalion arrived in the Philippines in July of 1898 in time to participate in the siege and taking of Manila from the Spanish (August 13, 1898). The Wyoming Light Battery arrived in December of 1898. Both units were involved in the early months of fighting in the Philippine Insurrection and arrived back in the United States in August of 1899. 820. Storey, Moorfield, and Marcial P. Lichauco. The Conquest of the Philippines by the United States, 1898–1925. New York and London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1926. Reprint Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1971. General description of the Spanish-American War in the Philippines and the subsequent Philippine Insurrection. This work also chronicles the efforts by the United States in the 1920s to create a Filipino government with the ultimate intention that the Philippine Islands should be granted their independence. 821. Tan, Samuel K. The Filipino-American War, 1899–1913. Quezón City, Philippines: University of the Philippines Press, 2002. This is a general account of the history of the Philippine Insurrection, which includes not only the initial fighting in the northern islands, but also covers the non-Christian or Muslim islands in the southern part of the archipelago. The author does a creditable study of the conflict from the perspective of a Filipino historian. 822. Taylor, James O. The Massacre of Balangiga, Being an Authentic Account by Several of the few Survivors. Joplin, Missouri: McCarn Printing Company, 1931. Author was a member of Co. C, Ninth Infantry and a survivor of the Balangiga Massacre on Samar. Work includes Taylor’s first-hand account of the incident and memoirs from other survivors.

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823. Taylor, John Rogers Meigs. The Philippine Insurrection Against the United States, 1898–1902. A Compilation of Documents with Notes and Introduction. Introduction by Renato Constantino. 5 vols. Pasay City, Philippines: Eugenio Lopez Foundation, 1971. Taylor was an Army Officer who compiled this work from captured Philippine Insurrectionists’ documents but was unable to publish it except in manuscript form. This publication is an important work on the study of the Philippine Insurrection. 824. Tew, Martin E. Official History of the Operations of the 13th Minnesota Infantry, USV, in the Campaign in the Philippine Islands. San Francisco, California: Hicks-Judd Co, 1899. In 1899, when Karl Irving Faust wrote Campaigning in the Philippines, the editors contracted for additions to this volume which focused on the exploits of specific state volunteer regiments involved in the early phases of the Philippines Insurrection. The state of Minnesota was requested to provide four regiments of infantry (12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th) for federal service by President McKinley’s administration. Only the 13th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment left the United States, arriving in the area of Manila on July 31, 1898, in time to participate in the attack on that Spanishheld city on August 13, 1898. The 13th Minnesota then went into garrison duty in and around Manila until the beginning of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899). The regiment was in numerous engagements with Filipinos in Luzón until departing for the United States on August 11, 1899. 825. Thiessen, Thomas D. “The Fighting First Nebraska, Nebraska’s Imperial Adventure in the Philippines, 1898–99.” Nebraska Historical Magazine 70, No. 3 (Fall 1989): 210–272. The 1st Nebraska Volunteer Infantry Regiment achieved an impressive record during the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. The unit had the highest casualty rate of all American regiments during the war, and for its service earned the name “The Fighting 1st Nebraska.” The 1st Nebraska landed at Manila on 20 July 1898; it participated in the capture of the Spanish colonial capital of Manila on August 13, 1898; was heavily involved in the initial phases of the Philippine Insurrection on February 4, 1899; and it departed the islands on 21 June, 1899. Like all American military groups during the war, the unit’s bloodiest battles were with the Filipino insurgents. Its losses were 64 dead (from various causes) including one of its commanders, Colonel John Miller Stotsenburg, and 168 wounded.

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826. Thompson, Tommy R. “John D. Brady, The Philippine-American War and the Martial Spirit in Late Nineteenth Century America.” Nebraska History 84, No. 3 (2003): 142–153. Article profiles the exploits of John D. Brady as a member of the 1st Nebraska Volunteer Infantry Regiment, based on his personal letters and journal. Responding to President William McKinley’s call to war after the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, Brady and the other volunteers from the regiment served in the Philippines and became the only Nebraskans to experience combat in the Spanish-American War. At the start of the conflict, Brady was enthusiastic about engaging the Spanish, but over time in the Philippines he developed a more pacifistic attitude. 827. Trafton, William Oliver. We Thought we Could Whip them in Two Weeks. Edited by William Henry Scott. Quezón City, Philippines: New Day Publishers, 1990. Personal narrative of William O. Trafton (1877–1936), an American soldier in the Philippine Insurrection, based on his edited correspondence. 828. Trussell, John B. B., Jr., (ed.). “A Pennsylvanian in the Philippines: Extracts from the Letters of Corporal William S. Christner, 1898–1898.” Pennsylvania History 44, No. 2 (1977): 117–144. Article presents extracts from the letters of Corporal William S. Christner, who was with the 10th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the Philippines during the Spanish-American War and subsequent Philippine Insurrection, in which the activities of the regiment are recounted. Corporal Christner’s regiment was frequently engaged in combat with insurgent Filipinos on the Island of Luzón from February to June of 1899 when the regiment was transported back to the states for mustering out of federal service. 829. Twelfth Biennial Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kansas, 1899–1900. Topeka, Kansas: W. Y. Morgan, State Printer, 1900. Reprint as Kansas Troops in the Volunteer Service of the United States in the Spanish and Philippine Wars, Mustered in Under the First and Second Calls of the President of the United States, May 9, 1898-October 28, 1899. Topeka, Kansas: W. Y. Morgan, State Printer, 1900. When the first call for volunteers occurred Kansas was requested to supply three regiments of infantry (the 20th, 21st, and 22nd). During the second call for volunteers the Governor established the 23rd, a black officered and manned regiment. The 20th Kansas under the

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command of Colonel Frederick Funston was involved in some of the hardest fighting at the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection in central Luzón. This work includes complete rosters for the 20th— 23rd Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiments in the Spanish-American and Philippine Wars and an Honor Roll of those men who died in combat or as a result of sickness. The 21st and 22nd Regiments did not go overseas, but the 23rd Regiment performed occupation duty in Cuba. All members of these regiments were mustered out of federal service by October of 1899. 830. Van West, Carroll (ed.). Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Spanish-American War: pp. 871–873. Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Historical Society, Rutledge Hill Press, 1998. This volume contains a short description of Tennessee Volunteers in the Spanish-American War. Four Volunteer Infantry Regiments were mustered into federal service at the start of the war. The most prominent regiment was the 1st Tennessee Volunteer Infantry Regiment that was mustered into federal service on May 26, 1898, and sent west to San Francisco, California, for four months of advanced infantry training before being shipped to the Philippines in the latter part of 1898. After the start of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899) the 1st Regiment participated in the capture of Iloilo, the Philippines’ second largest city, from the insurgents. They returned to San Francisco and were mustered out on November 22, 1899. It should be noted that over 300 men in the 1st Tennessee, rather than return home, volunteered to re-enlist in the newly created 37th US Volunteer Infantry Regiment and served in the Philippines until January of 1901. The 2nd and 3rd Tennessee Volunteer Regiments remained in camp and did not go overseas. The 4th Tennessee Volunteer Regiment served from December of 1898 to May of 1899 as occupation forces in Cuba. Cordell Hull, who was later Franklin Roosevelt’s Secretary of State, was an officer in Company H of the 4th Tennessee. Tennessee also provided African-American citizens for the Sixth US Volunteer “Immune” Regiment—it was mistakenly believed they were immune to tropical diseases—and they spent four months on occupation duty in Puerto Rico. 831. Vandiver, Frank E. Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing. 2 vols. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1977. Work is the best biography of Pershing produced recently. Detailed account of Pershing’s experiences in the Cuban Campaign and suppression of the Moros in the southern part of the Philippine Islands.

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832. Vivian, James F. (ed.) “ ‘Young and Adventurous’: The Journal of a North Dakota Volunteer in the Spanish-American War, 1898–99.” North Dakota History 60, No. 1 (1993): 2–11, 14–21. Article is based on a translation from the German by Hilda Mischel Hoerner of the war diary of Adam S. Mischel, of the Richardton area of North Dakota, which was serialized in Nord-Dakota Herald, (North Dakota Herald) between February 3 and March 3, 1939. Mischel was a German-Russian immigrant from southern Russia who joined the 1st North Dakota Volunteer Infantry Regiment at the outbreak of the Spanish-American War. Adam’s diary discusses his experiences fighting the Spanish and later the Filipino insurgents in the Philippines. He fought in 23 engagements and skirmishes, was exposed to tropical diseases, which left him with a hearing problem that would bother him all of his life. 833. Vogt, Michael W. “The Fighting 51st Iowa in the Philippines.” Iowa Heritage Illustrated 84, No. 3 (2003): 114–133. Photo essay tells the history of the 51st Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment’s service during the Philippine Insurrection. The 51st Iowa trained at Camp Merriam in San Francisco, California, was transported on the USS Pennsylvania to the Philippines, arriving in December of 1898 after the conclusion of the war with Spain. With the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection on February 4, 1899, the 51st Iowa was engaged in fighting until September of 1899 when the unit returned to California on the USS Senator, and was mustered out of federal service in November of 1899 after 18 months service. 834. Ward, Kyle Roy. In the Shadow of Glory: The Thirteenth Minnesota in the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars, 1898–1899. St. Cloud, Minnesota: North Star Press, 2000. This work is a modern retelling of the experiences of the 13th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which helped capture Manila from the Spanish on August 13, 1898, and then stayed on until August of 1899, fighting numerous skirmishes with the Filipinos, when the regiment was returned to the United States. Author relates from personal memoirs how the men’s excitement of fighting the Spanish turned to disillusionment when they found themselves battling the Filipinos they had been sent around the world to free. 835. Wassell, William Hudspeth, Captain. A History of the TwentySecond United States Infantry, 1898 to 1904, Compiled from Official Records. In: A History of the Twenty-Second United States Infantry,

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under the direction of Robert Lee Hamilton, Captain, 22nd Infantry, Adjutant. Manila, Philippine Islands: Press of E. C. McCullough & Co., Inc., 1904. The 22nd Infantry was founded on June 26, 1812, and fought in the War of 1812, Civil War, and Indian Wars. On April 15, 1898, the 22nd Infantry left Fort Crook, Nebraska, and was assigned to the Fifth Corps, in Tampa, Florida, from which on July 1, 1898, the 22nd under General Lawton’s command attacked El Caney, outside Santiago de Cuba. Work contains a short description of the El Caney fight. The 22nd then left for the States on August 13, 1898, on the Mobile. January 27, 1899, the regiment again left Fort Crook and proceeded by rail to San Francisco, California, arriving there January 31st and took transports to Manila arriving March 5, 1899, at which time the Philippine Insurrection was just starting. The 22nd participated in the Pasig Expedition (March 13–18, 1899) and it is described in some detail. The 22nd participated in the Malolos Expedition (March 24–31, 1899) to capture the insurgent capital. The 22nd participated in the First Northern Expedition (April 21–May 23, 1899), to drive the insurgent forces from the country between the Rio Grande de Pampanga and Bulacan mountains, with San Miguel, and afterward San Isidro, the new insurgent capital as the objective. The second Northern Expedition’s (October 17–November 23, 1899) objective was to drive the insurgent forces out of the rest of the northern provinces of Luzón. Regiment returned to United States in 1902 and 1903 for rest and refit. The 22nd returned to the Philippines, arriving on November 28, 1903. Assigned to Marahui in the southern islands where the Moros were located, the 22nd took part in the Ramaien expedition in January 1904. 22nd took part in the Tarace Expedition under General Leonard Wood, to subdue the Maciu Moros, from April—August 1904, being involved in seven fights and destroying a number of Moro forts or cottas. In all, the 22nd Infantry took part in over 60 battles and skirmishes in the period 1899 to 1904. 836. Weber, William. With the Thirtieth Infantry, United States Volunteers, 1899–1900–1901, A Memento of Incidents in the Military Service. 2nd ed. Carthagena, Ohio: n.p., 1945. This pamphlet contains a concise history of the 30th US Volunteer Infantry and its experiences in the Philippine Insurrection from 1899 to 1901. The 30th Infantry was one of the new infantry regiments created after the Spanish-American War to maintain control of the Philippine Islands and suppress the Filipino insurgents after the withdrawal of state regiments—mustered into federal service for the war with Spain—from the archipelago.

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837. Wells, Harry Laurenz. The War in the Philippines. Illustrated from photos taken in the field by Brevet-Major, J. F. Case. San Francisco, California: Sunset Photo-engravers, 1899. Work is a general narrative of the recently concluded SpanishAmerican War in the Philippine Islands and the early part of the Philippine Insurrection. The author Harry L. Wells (1854–1940) was a well-known writer of California history and this volume also contains a number of black and white contemporary photographs of these conflicts. 838. White, John Roberts, Colonel. Bullets and Bolos: Fifteen Years in the Philippine Islands. New York and London: The Century Co., 1928. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. The author describes the Philippine Insurrection from the standpoint of an American Officer working with the local Filipino Constabulary to suppress the Insurrectionists. 839. Wilcox, Marrion (ed.). Harper’s History of the War in the Philippines. New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1900. This work is a major publication in a large format, illustrated throughout with color artwork and photographs of the Philippine Insurrection. It covers the American intervention and defeat of the Spanish in the Philippines, occupation duty in Manila, and the first year of the Philippine Insurrection as the state volunteer units were replaced with the newly created Volunteer Regiments. Marrion Wilcox (1858–1926), the editor, had two years earlier published A Short History of the War with Spain (1898). 840. Wolff, Leon. Little Brown Brother, How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century’s Turn. Introduction by Paul A. Kramer. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1961. Reprint New York: History Book Club Francis Parkman Prize Edition, 2006. Work is a general narrative and history of the United States annexation of the Philippine Islands as a result of the SpanishAmerican War and the subsequent involvement in the Philippine Insurrection. 841. Wood, Eric Fisher. Leonard Wood: Conservator of Americanism. New York: George H. Doran, 1920. Biography of General Leonard Wood who rose to national prominence as the second in command of the military unit which captured

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Geronimo and as commander of the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders) in the Cuban Campaign. Later, Wood served as Governor of Santiago, Cuba, during the American occupation of that island and Military Commander and Civil Governor of Mindanao, formulating the strategy to defeat the Moros in the southern islands of the Philippines. He also held many positions as a military administrator in the US Army and served with distinction in WWI. This biography of General Leonard Wood was written from numerous interviews conducted by the author. 842. Woolman, David S. “Fighting Islam’s Fierce Moro Warriors.” Military History 19, No. 1 (April 2002): 34–40. This article is a concise account of Major General Leonard Wood’s campaign against Moros on Mindanao and neighboring islands in the southern Philippine archipelago, from 1900 to 1906. 843. Young, Kenneth Ray. “Attack on Sohoton Cliffs.” Marine Corps Gazette 54, No. 11 (1970): 33–35. Article discusses the Marine attack on Moro datos (forts) in the central highlands of Samar in 1901. This was the major military campaign in the effort to pacify the island during the Philippine Insurrection. 844. —. “Atrocities and War Crimes: The Cases of Major Waller and General Smith.” Leyte-Samar Studies 12, No. 1 (1978): 64–77. Article discusses the September 1901 ambush of troops of the 9th Infantry at Balangiga, on Samar Island by Filipino insurgents and the subsequent reaction by Marine Major Littleton Waller, under the orders of General Jacob H. Smith. Both Major Waller and General Smith faced courts-martial for their actions in conducting military operations on Samar. 845. —. The General’s General: the Life and Times of Arthur MacArthur. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1994. Discusses the frontier Indian fighting experiences of General Arthur MacArthur (1845–1912) and how this prepared him for irregular warfare in the Philippines, when he was the Military GovernorGeneral of the Philippine Islands from May 1900 to June 1901. General MacArthur (Douglas MacArthur’s father) was awarded the Medal of Honor for Civil War heroism and went on to command troops on the western frontier. He commanded a division in the Philippines during the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection before becoming Governor-General.

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846. Younghusband, George John. The Philippines and Round About: with Some Account of British Interests in These Waters. New York and London: Macmillan & Co., 1899. The author—later to become Major-General Sir George Younghusband—is an informal historian of the Philippines at the turn of the nineteenth century when the United States fought a war against Spain and then went on to suppress the Filipino independence movement in the Philippine Insurrection. 847. Zaide, Gregorio F. The Philippine Revolution. Manila: Modern Book Co., 1954. Revised edition, 1968. This volume is a standard history of the Philippine Revolution of 1896–1897 and the beginnings of the Philippine Insurrection by one of the Philippines’ most prominent historians.

8 The Domestic Scene—America Looks at the War and Itself

A. State Volunteers in Service in the United States and Occupation Duty in the West Indies 848. A Roster of Volunteer Troops Furnished by the State of Kansas for the Spanish-American War, 1898. Topeka, Kansas: J. S. Parks, State Printer, 1899. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. In 1899 the State of Kansas published the eleventh in a series of State Adjutant General reports on the state militia, or National Guard, which was limited to publishing run of 1,000 copies, and contained a complete roster listing those Kansas citizens mustered into federal service for the Spanish-American War. Later, anticipating statewide interest in the roster of troops furnished by Kansas to the SpanishAmerican War in response to a call for troops issued by President McKinley on April 23, 1898, a comprehensive list of all of the officers and men who were mustered into federal service was published with a run of 5,000 copies. This Roster of Volunteer Troops—cited above—provides a comprehensive list of the name, rank, and place of residence of all the officers and men in the 20th, 21st, 22nd, and 23rd (Colored) Volunteer Infantry Regiments. The 20th Kansas, under the command of Colonel Frederick Funston, who had previously fought with Cuban Revolutionary forces against the Spanish on that island, would see extensive action in the Philippine Insurrection throughout 1899. Funston would go on to become a General in the Regular Army and achieve fame as the commander of the detail which captured Aguinaldo. The other three Kansas Regiments would remain in the United States during the Spanish-American War. 849. Abbott, Frank H. Seventh Infantry USV, Camp Merritt, 1898. San Francisco, California: F. H. Abbott Printer and Publisher, 1898. This volume is a photographic souvenir regimental history of the 7th California Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was stationed at 257

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Camp Merritt, outside the Presidio of San Francisco, for the duration of the War with Spain. Mustered into federal service on May 8, 1898, the regiment, made up of militiamen and recruits from southern California, was mustered out on December 2, 1898. Four times the 7th California was slated to be shipped out to the Philippines, only to have the orders rescinded at the last moment. The publisher of this work (Frank Abbott) took pictures of all twelve companies with accompanying rosters, candid shots of field maneuvers of the 7th Regiment, and selected photos of the officers and non-commissioned officers. 850. Adjutant General of Ohio. Roster of Ohio Volunteers in the Service of the United States, War with Spain. Prepared by Herbert B. Kingsley. Columbus, Ohio: J. L. Trauger State Printer, 1898. Roster of Volunteers called into federal service by President McKinley from the state of Ohio and published soon after the end of the Spanish-American War (August 13, 1898). This was published while some of the regiments were still in federal service—mainly at camps in the United States, so the record is not comprehensive. This work was replaced eighteen years later with an “Official Roster” authorized in 1915 and printed in 1916. (See Item 851 below.) 851. —. The Official Roster of Ohio Soldiers of the War with Spain, 1898–1899. Columbus, Ohio: Press of the Edward T. Miller Co., 1916. The Ohio General Assembly, in 1915, authorized the Adjutant General of Ohio to compile and publish a roster of all the Ohio Volunteers who served in the Spanish-American War in an infantry, artillery, cavalry, and hospital or signal corps capacity. This publication contains the main items of record of each officer and enlisted man as shown on the rolls of the Adjutant General’s office in Washington. Roster includes the First to Tenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry; First Ohio Volunteer Cavalry; First Ohio Light Artillery; and Hospital Corps; plus Second Regiment US Volunteer Engineers, Companies A, B, and C; and US Volunteer Signal Corps enlisted in federal service. Each military unit has a preface covering an outline of the unit’s service, which is followed by an alphabetical list of the soldier’s name, rank, residence, and remarks about the individual’s service. Only the Fourth Ohio saw action in the Spanish-American War in the Puerto Rico Campaign, while the Eighth Ohio was landed in Cuba after hostilities ceased in the Cuban Campaign, and the Sixth Ohio served occupation duty in Cuba in the early months of 1899. 852. Alexander, Ann Field. “No Officers, No Fight! The Sixth Virginia Volunteers in the Spanish-American War.” Virginia Cavalcade 47, No. 4 (1998): 178–191.

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Article describes the controversy at the start of the SpanishAmerican War over the commissioning of African Americans as officers of Black regiments mustered into federal service, using the experience of the 6th Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment as an example. Work also discusses the federal service of the 6th Virginia Regiment during the Spanish-American War, which stayed stateside during the conflict. 853. Anderson, Sherwood. Sherwood Anderson’s Memoirs. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1942. Autobiography of the playwright Sherwood Anderson (1876–1941) who describes his involvement in the Spanish-American War as a private in the 6th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment at Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), Georgia, and when serving occupation duty in Cuba after the war in early 1899. 854. Bachelder, Horace W. (comp.). Illustrated Roster of California Volunteer Soldiers in the War with Spain, Enlisted under the President’s Proclamations of April 23rd and May 25th, 1898. Compiled for the Benefit of Patriotic Home Helpers Association. San Francisco, California: Bonestell & Co., 1898. Comprehensive, and illustrated with contemporary photographs, rosters of the 1st, 7th, and 8th California Volunteer Infantry Regiments, the First and Second Battalion, which became the 6th California Infantry, and Batteries A, B, C, and D. On May 25, 1898 the First Expedition departed from San Francisco for the Philippines, which included the 1st California Infantry on the SS City of Pekin. The rest of the California Volunteers remained stateside. The Patriotic Home Helpers Association was a San Franciscobased private group intended to help the families of California volunteers then serving in the Philippines and they published this roster to raise funds to aid the families of these men. 855. Bailey, Harris Moore, Jr. “The Splendid Little Forgotten War: The Mobilization of South Carolina for the War with Spain.” South Carolina Historical Magazine 92, No. 3 (1991): 189–214. The Spanish-American War proved to be a difficult undertaking for South Carolina as recruiters had problems raising their assigned quota of two regiments of volunteers from the state’s militia as requested by President McKinley. In addition, medical exams for recruits prolonged the mobilization process, because the high rate of rejections revealed serious health problems among the militia and enlistees in South Carolina. The recruitment of men demonstrated that South Carolina’s militia was inadequately organized, poorly

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equipped, and not ready for a modern war. The 1st Regiment stayed stateside, while the 2nd Regiment was sent to Cuba for occupation duty in the first three months of 1899. 856. Bidwell, Daniel Doane. A History of the Second Division, Naval Militia, Connecticut National Guard. Connecticut: The Smith-Linsley Company, 1911. Work is a unit history of the Naval Militia (Naval Reserve) of Connecticut from its creation to the date of this publication. This volume contains a brief history of the state militia’s assignment to coastal stations in Connecticut during the Spanish-American War. 857. Biederwolf, William Edward, Chaplain. History of the One Hundred and Sixty-First Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry. Logansport, Indiana: Wilson, Humphreys, 1899. Work is a unit history of the 161st Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment, as written by the regimental chaplain, from its organization in April of 1898, at Camp Mount, Indiana; to its dispatch to Camp Cuba Libre, outside Jacksonville, Florida; and occupation duty at Camp Columbia, outside Havana, Cuba, from December 1898 to March of 1899. 858. Bolton, Horace Wilbert. History of the Second Regiment, Illinois Infantry, from Organization to Muster-Out. Chicago: R. R. Donnelley, 1899. Work is the regimental history of the 2nd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, written by Bolton, the Regimental Chaplain. As the title indicates, this work covers the history of the regiment from their organization in Springfield, Illinois, in response to President McKinley’s call for volunteers; their training at Camp Cuba Libre outside Jacksonville, Florida; occupation duty at Camp Columbia, outside Havana, Cuba (December 13, 1898 to March 30, 1899); and return to Illinois for mustering out. Also contains a complete roster of the officers and men in the 2nd Illinois Regiment. 859. Bowers, George B. History of the 160th Ind.(iana) Vol.(unteer) Infantry in the Spanish-American War, with Biographies of Officers and Enlisted Men and Rosters of the Companies. Fort Wayne, Indiana: The Archer Printing Company, 1900. This volume is a unit history of the 160th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment that was formed on April 25, 1898, as per President McKinley’s first call for volunteers. The author, a member of the 160th Indiana Volunteers, chronicles their mustering in at the State Fair Grounds, in Indianapolis, and their departure for Camp

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Thomas (Chickamauga) for advanced infantry training. On July 27, 1898, the 160th Regiment received orders to leave for Newport News, Virginia, to take ship for Puerto Rico. They were brigaded with the 1st and 3rd Kentucky Volunteer Infantry Regiments, under the command of Brigadier General Frederick D. Grant (Ulysses S. Grant’s son). Only the First Battalion of the 1st Kentucky actually was sent to Puerto Rico before the end of the Spanish-American War (August 13, 1898). From August 1898 to January 1899, the 160th Regiment was relocated to Lexington, Kentucky, and Columbus, Georgia, before being sent to Matanzas, Cuba, for occupation duty (January 10, to March 28, 1899). After three months’ occupation duty in Cuba, the 160th Indiana Regiment returned to their home state in April and was mustered out of federal service. Volume contains a complete roster of the men in the 160th Regiment. 860. Brady, Cyrus Townsend. Under Tops’ls and Tents. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1901. Work is a personal memoir of the Chaplain of the First Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Brady’s work contains an account of his early military training at the United States Naval Academy and later service in the Spanish-American War as Captain and Chaplain in the First Pennsylvania. The First Pennsylvania was mustered into federal service by May 11, 1898, but did not see service overseas and was mustered out in Philadelphia on October 26, 1898. Work provides a good description of camp life at the government’s temporary training camps in the summer of 1898. 861. Brief History of the 202d Regiment New York Volunteer Regiment. N.p.: n.p., 1925. Pamphlet contain the brief history of this regiment issued as a result of the dedication, on September 19, 1925, of a monument to the service of the 202nd New York Volunteer Regiment, in Buffalo, New York, where the majority of the men of that regiment were enlisted. The 202nd Regiment, along with the 201st and 203rd Regiments, was organized as a result of President McKinley’s second call for volunteers. In spite of an outbreak of typhoid fever in the 202nd Regiment it was dispatched to Cuba for occupation duty, landing in Havana on December 3, 1898, and moved on to its assigned station at Pinar del Río, in the province of the same name. The regiment left Cuba on March 18, 1899, and was mustered out in Savannah, Georgia, on April 15, 1899. 862. Casey, Powell A. “North Louisiana Guard Units in the SpanishAmerican War, 1898.” North Louisiana History 14, Nos. 2–3 (1983): 111–116.

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During the Spanish-American War, Louisiana was asked by President McKinley to muster into federal service two regiments of infantry, three batteries of field artillery, and a battalion of naval militia. None of these military units participated in combat, although the 2nd Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment did serve on occupation duty in Cuba in the early months of 1899. Rosters of volunteers from these units are appended to the article. 863. Chapman, Gregory Dean. “Army Life at Camp Thomas, Georgia, During the Spanish-American War.” The Georgia Historical Quarterly 70, No. 4 (Winter 1986): 633–656. This article provides a concise history of the US Army’s use of the National Military Park at Chickamauga, Georgia, as a training facility (called Camp Thomas) for the Regular and Volunteer units that converged on the Southeast for service in Cuba and Puerto Rico. The Regular army units which arrived in April and May of 1898 were quickly moved on to Tampa, Florida, for use mainly in the Cuban Campaign, while only a few volunteer state units were selected from Camp Thomas for the Puerto Rico Campaign. The majority of the state volunteer units remained at Chickamauga, Georgia, until August of 1898 when they were dispersed to other sites in Tennessee, Alabama, and Kentucky due to disease, and the encampment was closed down in September 1898. 864. Cook, George Cram. Company B of Davenport. Davenport, Iowa: Printed for Company B by the Democrat Company, 1899. George Cook (1873–1924) was a soldier in Company B of the 50th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment which was mustered into federal service on May 18, 1898, and after being stationed for six months at Camp Cuba Libre outside Jacksonville, Florida, was returned to Iowa and mustered out on November 30, 1898. Company B was a local militia or National Guard unit made up of men from Davenport, Iowa. The author provides a good description of camp life in federal service from May 17 to November 30, 1898, and work contains a roster of the men of Company B. The regiment did not go overseas, but did lose 32 men to disease. 865. Cook, Roy Bird. Lewis County in the Spanish-American War. Charleston, West Virginia: Jarrett Printing Company, 1925. During the Spanish-American War President McKinley asked the Governor of the state of West Virginia to provide two infantry regiments. The 1st West Virginia, organized under the president’s first call for volunteers, was sent to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga) and was mustered out on February 7, 1898, and did not go overseas.

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The 2nd West Virginia was organized as a result of the president’s second call for volunteers on May 25, 1898. The 2nd West Virginia was sent to Camp Meade, in Pennsylvania, and then to Camp Wetherill, near Greenville, South Carolina, where federal service ended. Company F of the 2nd West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment was composed of men from Lewis County, West Virginia. One notable resident of Lewis County who joined the Regular army was Sergeant George F. Markley who enlisted in Company C, of the 9th Infantry, and survived the massacre at Balangiga on September 28, 1901. 866. Cunningham, Roger D. “ ‘An Experiment Which May or May Not Turn Out Well’: The Black ‘Immune’ Regiments in the SpanishAmerican War.” On Point: Journal of Army History 10, No. 4 (2005): 9–17. During the Spanish-American War, government assembled special “immune” regiments of Black soldiers who were believed to be immune from the effects of tropical diseases such as yellow fever. The article discusses the controversy regarding whether the officers who would command such troops would be Black or White and traces the history of these regiments from organization, difficulties in training camp, and occupation duty in Cuba. 867. —. “ ‘A Lot of Fine, Sturdy Black Warriors’: Texas’s African American ‘Immunes’ in the Spanish-American War.” Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 108, No. 3 (2005): 344–367. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Texan African Americans joined the 10th United States Volunteer Infantry, or “Immunes,” out of patriotism and the hope that their service to the country would engender white respect. Instead, while in the infantry, they faced racism and a double-standard for any misbehavior. White officers expected the few black officers to segregate themselves, and whites in general played up the bad behavior of a few African American soldiers while ignoring that of whites. Upon returning to Texas after their service was over, soldiers of the 10th Volunteer Infantry found themselves subject to increasing racism, segregation, and lynching. The United States Army created regiments of Black soldiers in the belief they were “immune” to tropical diseases. 868. Cutler, Frederick Morse. The Old First Massachusetts Coast Artillery in War and Peace. Boston, Massachusetts: Pilgrim Press, 1917. Unit history of the 1st Massachusetts Coast Artillery, founded in 1784. For over a hundred years this state artillery unit existed primarily to man the coastal guns in the various forts that protected

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Boston Harbor during war time. This artillery unit was assigned to garrison the forts in Boston’s harbor to defend the port and city during the war with Spain. 869. Demeter, Richard. The Fighting 69th: A History. Pasadena, California: Cranford Press, 2002. Unit history of a New York Regiment which participated in the American Civil War (as part of the Irish Brigade), SpanishAmerican War, and both world wars. During the Spanish-American War the 69th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment was mustered into federal service May 19, 1898, at Camp Black at Hampstead, the New York National Guard training grounds, and mustered out on January 19, 1899 at New York City. The 69th Regiment did not go overseas. 870. DiDonato, Louis A. “The Forgotten Regiment: The Seventh California and the Spanish-American War.” Southern California Quarterly 83, No. 4 (2001): 355–376. Article describes the experiences of the 7th California Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the Spanish-American War. The 7th Regiment volunteers came from the areas of Pomona and Ventura, in southern California, and were among the first state volunteers mustered into federal service. The regiment was assigned to Camp Merritt in Golden Gate Park, in San Francisco, for infantry training where they endured poor food, inadequate shelter, and exposure to disease, while watching other western regiments leave for the Philippines to capture Manila from the Spanish. After the fighting ended in August 13, 1898, the 7th waited impatiently to be sent home; complaining of having been the first to arrive and the last to leave, they were officially mustered out November 12, 1898. 871. Dragosani-Brantingham, Justin. “ ‘Proud are we’: Private Rhinehart and the College Company of the Twenty-Second Kansas Volunteers.” Kansas History 22, No. 2 (1999): 100–131. Article discusses and reprints the wartime journal of Clifford Thompson Rhinehart (1873–1898), which describes the activities and attitudes of young Kansans who volunteered for military service during the Spanish-American War. Rhinehart was a college student volunteer in the all-student Company H of the 22nd Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment. After mustering into federal service at Camp Leedy in Topeka, the regiment left for northern Virginia’s Camp Alger on May 25. Rhinehart documents insufficient food, bad water, and long hours of drilling and mock battles which typified life at Camp Alger. After the end of the conflict, Rhinehart’s

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regiment endured a three-day march relocating to Camp Meade in Pennsylvania. Company H would return to Kansas in September 1898, never having left the country, but Rhinehart and fellow private Richard M. Coulson died of typhoid soon after returning to Kansas, probably contracted in one of the military camps. 872. Durbin, Winfield T. (comp.). A History of the National Guard of Indiana, From the Beginning of the Militia System in 1787 to the Present Time, including the Services of Indiana Troops in the War with Spain. Indianapolis, Indiana: William D. Pratt, Printer and Binder, 1901. The compiler of this history had served as the Colonel of the 161st Indiana Volunteer Regiment during the Spanish-American War, and was Governor of the State of Indiana by 1901. Complete history of all the men who served in infantry regiments and light artillery batteries from Indiana during the Spanish-American War. Only Battery A of the 27th Light Artillery went overseas in the Puerto Rico Campaign during wartime. The 161st Indiana Volunteer Regiment went to Camp Cuba Libre, outside Jacksonville, Florida, and served in Cuba as occupation troops. 873. Earl, Phillip I. “Summer Soldiers: The First Battalion, Nevada Volunteer Infantry in the Spanish-American War.” Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 33, No. 3 (Fall 1990): 175–207. In Nevada, in the response to a call for volunteers by President McKinley, men were recruited to fill an infantry unit in which they anticipated overseas military service during the Spanish-American War of 1898. The infantry unit, the 1st Battalion of the Nevada Volunteer Infantry—consisting of four companies or approximately 450 men and officers—stayed in Nevada throughout the war. Arms, equipment, and supplies were inadequate; infantry training of the men was lacking; and maintaining morale and discipline within the battalion proved difficult once the troops realized they were not going overseas, frequently becoming problems for local public officials and civilians. Approximately one-third of the battalion was discharged by order after just four months of federal service. At the same time, 1st Troop, Nevada Volunteer Cavalry, was dispatched overseas to the Philippine Islands between December of 1898 and November of 1899. This article is based on the author’s Master’s Thesis “Sagebrush Volunteers, Nevadans in the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1900.” 874. First Regiment Connecticut National Guard 1898–1899. Outline History of the Regiment during the Spanish American War as the

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First Conn. Infantry, US Volunteers. Hartford, Connecticut: The City Printing Company, 1900. This work is the unit history of the 1st Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was comprised of men from the Hartford area. Mustered into federal service in early May of 1898 the regiment was assigned to coastal defense duty at Gull and Plum Islands, New York; Forts Knox and Preble, Maine; and Fort Constitution, New Hampshire, to protect against a possible attack by the Spanish. When this threat had passed, the 1st Connecticut was sent to Camp Alger, in northern Virginia, where it became part of the 2nd Army Corps’ Fifth Brigade (1st Connecticut, 2nd Texas and 1st Delaware) and spent July and August of 1898 in training. On September 7, 1898, the 1st Connecticut left Camp Alger for their home state where they were mustered out on October 31st. Twenty-two men of the regiment died as a result of sickness. Work contains a complete roster of the 1st Connecticut. 875. Flagler, Clement Alexander Finley. A Brief Historical Sketch and Roster of Officers and Enlisted Men, Third Battalion Engineers United States Army. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: n.d., 1909. The Third Battalion Engineers was one of three Engineer Regiments formed in 1898 to overcome a critical shortage of combat engineers to work with increased numbers of Regular Army and Volunteer troops mustered into federal service for the war with Spain. This work by Flagler, a Corps of Engineers officer, provides a short history of this engineer unit in service along with a roster of the men in federal service. The three Engineer Regiments were important in rebuilding infrastructure in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines after the 1898 war. 876. Fletcher, Marvin. “The Black Volunteers in the Spanish-American War.” Military Affairs 38, No. 2 (1974): 48–53. Many Black Americans viewed the Spanish-American War as an opportunity to regain some of their recently lost civil rights. Three Black state regiments, four federal “Immune” regiments, and some smaller units were recruited, although most had white officers. The black soldiers often faced discrimination and few of them saw any combat. Three regiments did serve occupation duty in Cuba after the war. 877. Floyd, Joseph W., General, Adjutant General. Historical Roster and Itinerary of South Carolina Volunteer Troops Who Served in the Late War Between the United States and Spain, 1898. Coupled with Brief Sketches of their Movements from the Beginning to the Ending

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of the Conflict. Columbia, South Carolina: The R. L. Byran Company, 1901. The State of South Carolina was requested by President McKinley to provide one regiment and one battalion (four companies or one third of a regiment) of volunteer infantry. Eventually, this was increased to two regiments (1st and 2nd Volunteer Infantry) and a third regiment of Immunes. None of these regiments left the country during the Spanish-American War. The 2nd Volunteer Infantry Regiment served occupation duty in Cuba for two months in the first half of 1899. South Carolina also raised a Heavy Battery of Volunteer Artillery, which spent the summer of 1898 on Sullivan’s Island protecting the approaches to Charleston, South Carolina. 878. Fortier, James Joseph Alcée (ed.). The Spanish-American War of 1898: Liberty for Cuba and World Power for the United States. Louisiana’s Part in the Accomplishment of the Manifest Destiny of the Nation. Louisiana State Museum. New Orleans, Louisiana: Press of T. J. Moran’s Sons, 1939. On the thirtieth anniversary of the end of the Spanish-American War the Louisiana State Museum published a volume discussing United States-Cuban relations, information on individual Louisianans in the Cuban Campaign, memoirs of Louisiana veterans, and brief unit histories of the 1st and 2nd Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiments—which both remained stateside during the conflict. Includes “Reminiscences of the Spanish-American War, and the Second Louisiana Regiment,” by Walter Parker, “Louisiana in the War,” by William C. Ehlers, and a list of United Spanish War Veterans Camps in Louisiana. 879. Frye, James A., Colonel. The First Regiment of Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, United States Volunteers in the Spanish-American War of 1898. Boston, Massachusetts: The Colonial Company, 1899. The author was a Major in charge of the Third Battalion of the 1st Regiment of Heavy Artillery during the period of the SpanishAmerican War (April to November, 1898). Complete history of a unit that manned the harbor defenses of Boston, at Fort Warren, during a period when there was public concern a Spanish fleet might bombard the east coast cities of the United States. Volume contains a complete roster of the men who served in this unit. 880. Gatewood, Willard B., Jr. “Kansas Negros and the SpanishAmerican War.” Kansas Historical Quarterly 37 (Summer 1971): 300–313.

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African-Americans joined the 23rd Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment, an all-black regiment, with the expectation that federal service might improve their economic position and demonstrate their willingness to be valuable citizens. Author discusses how the deteriorating status of Civil Rights for Blacks in turn-of-the-century America prompted many schemes for Black emigration, and probably in no other State did such projects elicit more discussion than in Kansas. 881. —. “Alabama’s ‘Negro Soldier Experiment,’ 1898–99.” Journal of Negro History 57, No. 4 (1972): 333–351. Some ten thousand African Americans who enlisted for service in the Spanish-American War and were primarily assigned to one of five state-organized military units, such as the regiment from Alabama which became the Third Alabama Colored Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Although the unit saw neither combat nor overseas duty, it remained in service longer than any other volunteer regiment from Alabama. 882. —. “Virginia’s Negro Regiment in the Spanish-American War: The Sixth Virginia Volunteers.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 80 (1972): 193–209. Author provides a detailed study of the Sixth Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment, an African American regiment, with Black junior officers, but commanded by a white colonel. Virginia had resisted creation of a black regiment until the intercession of President McKinley. Sent to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga Park) in Georgia for advanced infantry training, the morale of the Sixth Virginia appears to have been compromised by the rigors of camp life and disputes between the junior officers and the commander of the regiment. 883. —. “An Experiment in Color: The Eighth Illinois Volunteers, 1898–99.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 65, No. 3 (1972): 293–312. In some areas of the United States the enlistment of black soldiers had to overcome obstacles of discrimination within the Army establishment and state militias. However, the all-black Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment achieved distinction during occupation duty in Cuba because of the support of the state adjutant general, influential political supporters, and the respected social and political status of Blacks in Illinois. The history of the Eighth Illinois in Cuba was a successful experiment which brought black equality a step closer.

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884. —. Ohio’s Negro Battalion in the Spanish-American War.” Northwest Ohio Quarterly 45 (Spring 1973): 55–66. The history of Ohio’s Ninth Battalion was similar to that of the other black volunteer units mustered into federal service by various states. Political considerations figured in the decision to mobilize it, and in the selection of its officers. Contrary to the experience of other black soldiers and units, particularly those stationed in the South, the Ninth Ohio Battalion escaped any difficulties with white civilians. The Ohio battalion did not serve overseas, but differed from other Negro units in one major respect: the officers’ roster was made up entirely of Negroes. Lieutenant Charles Young, a graduate of West Point, was named commander with the rank of major and demonstrated it was not necessary to have white officers to get the best from black troops. 885. —. “Indiana Negros and the Spanish-American War.” Indiana Magazine of History 69 (Spring 1973): 115–139. Black newspaper editors in Indianapolis pushed support for the war to win honor for their community and overcome racial prejudice. How these men would be brought into military units was debated for some months, until Russell Alger, the Secretary of War, invited Indiana Blacks to join a regiment with white officers. Most of the fighting in Cuba was over by the time two companies from Indiana were mustered into service on 15 July, 1898. In January 1899 they were mustered out of service without having seen any military action. However, the efforts of James Atwell Mount, Governor of Indiana, and Indiana Senator Charles Warren Fairbanks, caused the War Department to modify its racial policies and thereby made it easier for Blacks in other states to be mustered with their own officers. 886. Goode, W. T., Corporal. The “Eighth Illinois.” Chicago, Illinois: The Blakeley Printing Company, 1899. The author was a Corporal in Company H, of the 8th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment recruited from the Chicago, Illinois, area. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War the 8th Illinois was formed from a Black officered and manned state unit that had been a part of the State of Illinois militia since 1870. Mustered into federal service in July of 1898, the 8th Illinois missed the fighting in the Spanish-American War. However, they were dispatched in August of 1898 to serve occupation duty in Cuba until their recall in March of 1899. Work contains a complete roster for the 8th Illinois and a detailed discussion of occupation duty in Cuba.

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887. Hannah, Eleanor L. “A Place in the Parade: Citizenship, Manhood, and African American Men in the Illinois National Guard, 1870–1917.” Journal of Illinois History 5, No. 2 (2002): 82–108. Article chronicles the successful efforts of African American men to maintain a military presence in the Illinois National Guard between the end of the Civil War and the onset of America’s entry into World War I, while other states had begun disbanding African American units after the War with Spain. The author highlights the accomplishments of the 8th Illinois Infantry which did commendable Cuban occupation duty after the Spanish-American War, secured the legacy of the Civil War, and solidified the position of African American soldiers and officers within the US military, despite an atmosphere of increasing racial tension, overt discrimination, and violence. 888. Harris, Harry Lawrence, and John Hilton. A History of the Second Regiment N.G.N.J. Paterson, New Jersey: The Call Printing and Publishing Company, 1908. Work is a limited edition (1,000 copies) unit history of the Second New Jersey Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which had formerly been the Fifth New Jersey Regiment. The Second New Jersey was mustered into federal service on May 13, 1898, at Sea Girt, New Jersey. The regiment was first sent to Camp Thomas, Georgia, but then sent further south to Camp Cuba Libre, outside Jacksonville, Florida. The Second New Jersey remained in Florida throughout the war and returned to Paterson, New Jersey, where they were mustered out of federal service on November 17, 1898. 889. Harrison, Noel Garraux. City of Canvas: Camp Russell A. Alger and the Spanish American War. Falls Church, Virginia: Falls Church Historical Commission: Falls, 1988. Work is a detailed history of the Second Corps training facility of Camp Russell A. Alger, near Dunn Loring, Virginia. Four regiments would leave here for Cuba and two regiments for Puerto Rico, while the majority of the regiments would be sent home after enduring dust, heat, bad water, and bad press. Author discusses the outbreak of typhoid fever, due to contaminated water, and its effect on the morale of the remaining regiments and the eventual abandonment of the camp after only 120 days. Prominent in this volume is the effect of an army training facility on this rural northern Virginia area and the many problems faced by the Second Corps. Work contains numerous contemporary photographs of military units encamped at Camp Alger.

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890. Harvard Volunteers, 1898. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Published by the Harvard Crimson, 1898. In the closing months of 1898, the Harvard Crimson editors issued a short volume which contained pictures and accounts of service of ten Harvard men that died in service, including Oliver Bridges Henshaw (Class of ’93) Troop C of Brooklyn who died from a horse kick during a dress parade at Camp Alger, Virginia; Philip Ashley Crapo (Class of ’94) 50th Iowa Infantry who died of typhoid fever; Stanley Hollister (Class of ’97) Troop A, 1st Volunteer Cavalry (“Rough Riders”) who died of typhoid at Fortress Monroe, Virginia, after being twice wounded at the charge up San Juan Hill; William Huntington Sanders (Class of ’97) Troop B, 1st Volunteer Cavalry, who was Colonel Roosevelt’s orderly at the charge up San Juan Hill and died shortly thereafter of malarial fever; William Ariel Talcott, Jr. (Class of ’97) an officer with the 71st New York who charged up San Juan Hill, and later died of malarial fever upon his return to the states; James Thwing Furness (Class of ’98) a corporal with the 49th Iowa who died of typhoid at Camp Libre, Florida; Roy Walter Stover (Class of ’98) a sergeant major with the 1st South Dakota Volunteer Infantry who died of fever in the Philippines; Stuart Wadsworth Wheeler (Class of ’98) a private with the 1st City Troop of Philadelphia who died of a fever contracted in Puerto Rico; Nathaniel Brown Adsit (Class of ’00) a private of Troop C, 1st Volunteer Cavalry, who died of typhoid contracted at Tampa, Florida; and Ralph Ward Laham (Class of ’00) a private with the 1st Illinois Infantry who died of yellow fever while serving occupation duty in Cuba. Also has roster of nearly 300 Harvard graduates— giving their names, class years, ranks, and short service record, who served in the Spanish-American War. 891. Historical Sketch, First Cavalry, Illinois National Guard: Including its Spanish War Service as the First Cavalry, Illinois Volunteers. Chicago, Illinois: The First Cavalry, 1901. The cavalry troop which became the First Cavalry, Illinois National Guard, in the Spanish-American War had its inception in 1891. Not officially a part of the Illinois National Guard it was credited for effective duty during the Pullman Strike of 1894 and was then brought into the Guard. Mustered into federal service in April of 1898 the First Cavalry stayed encamped at Camp Thomas (Chickamauga) for the entire length of the war with Spain. Work is an illustrated publication issued to members of the First Cavalry, Illinois National Guard, relating its participation in the SpanishAmerican War and showing the unit’s encampment at Camp Thomas and field marches to nearby Outlook Mountain.

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892. History of the Sixth Missouri Volunteer Infantry. St. Louis, Missouri: Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, 1899. The Sixth Missouri Volunteer Infantry Regiment was assigned to Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis, where it trained until sent on to Camp Cuba Libre outside Jacksonville, Florida, August 15, 1898, just as the Spanish-American War ended. The Sixth Missouri was sent to Savannah, Georgia and from there was sent to Cuba for occupation duty. By mid-1899 the Sixth Missouri was mustered out in their home state. 893. Holbrook, Richard G. A Handbook of Company K Seventh Regiment, New York National Guard. Binghamton, New York: ValiBallou Press, 1940. Book is a unit history of Company K, Seventh Regiment, New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, from its foundation in 1806 to 1940. Work contains a brief section describing the unsuccessful efforts of the 7th New York Volunteers to see active duty during the SpanishAmerican War. 894. Hollomon, Patricia, and Edwin Ray. Virginia’s Participation in the Spanish American War, 1898, the Philippine Insurrection, 1899–1901, and the China Relief Expedition, 1900–1901: Selected Resources in the Library of Virginia. Richmond, Virginia: Library of Virginia, Archival and Information Services Division, Reference Services, 2002. This work is part of the “Virginia’s Military Participation Series” to provide a complete roster of state citizens who served in the military. This work covers the period of 1898 to 1902 and includes information on Virginia citizens who served in the Spanish-American War, Boxer Rebellion, and Philippine Insurrection. Work includes bibliographical references. 895. Johnson, Herbert T. Vermont in the Spanish-American War. Montpelier, Vermont: Prepared by the Adjutant General’s Office, 1929. This work was authorized by the General Assembly of Vermont and prepared by Vermont’s Adjutant General—Herbert T. Johnson—as a complete roster of the officers and men of the 1st Vermont Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Roster details place of residence, birthplace, enlistment date and age, dates of illness, promotions, and cause and dates of death. The 1st Vermont remained stateside during the conflict with Spain, but lost two dozen men to disease. Also includes information on officers from Vermont that served in the US Navy and Marine Corps in the Spanish-American War.

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896. Johnson, J. R. “The Second Nebraska’s ‘Battle’ of Chickamauga.” Nebraska History 32, No. 2 (June 1951): 77–93. The 2nd Nebraska Volunteer Infantry Regiment was raised from militia units from the areas of Lincoln, Nebraska City, Fairbury, and Omaha, and mustered into federal service on May 12, 1898, at the Nebraska Fair Grounds in Lincoln. The regiment was dispatched to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga) and in the following three months was recruited up to full strength and underwent advanced infantry training. The 2nd Nebraska formed the Second Brigade with the 2nd New York and 1st District of Columbia Infantry Regiments. By August the health of the 2nd Nebraska had deteriorated to the point that two dozen men had died of typhoid and the regiment was returned to Omaha on August 29, 1898. Before being mustered out on October 24, 1898, a revived 2nd Nebraska was the honor guard for the President’s visit to the Trans-Mississippian Exposition. 897. Johnson, William T. History of the Colored Volunteer Infantry of Virginia, 1871–99. Richmond, Virginia: n.p., 1923. Author provides a concise history of the efforts of Blacks in Virginia to be part of the state’s militia in the decades at the end of the nineteenth century. The Sixth Virginia was fully established as a volunteer unit made up of two battalions (eight companies or twothirds of a regiment) in the Spanish-American War and was mustered into federal service in the last days of the Spanish-American War in early August of 1898. They were mustered out—without serving outside the United States—six months later in January of 1899. The state of Virginia dissolved the Sixth Virginia from its state militia in 1899. 898. Jumel, Allen. Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Louisiana for the Year Ending December 31st, 1899. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: The Advocate, 1900. Annual Report of the Louisiana Adjutant General containing muster rolls and ordnance reports associated with troops called up for federal service in the Spanish-American War from this state. This work includes the muster rolls of the two regiments of Louisiana infantry troops (1st and 2nd), containing the names and residences of the soldiers and also reasons for leaving the service before completion of federal service. 899. Kendall, John S. “Louisiana Troops at the Occupation of Havana.” The Louisiana Historical Quarterly 7 (1924): 40–55. Article mainly discusses the post-Spanish-American War occupation duty of the 2nd Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment in Cuba;

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the regiment left the United States in December of 1898 and returned in April of 1899 for mustering out of federal service. 900. Kerlin, Robert T., Chaplain. The Camp-Life of the Third Regiment. Kansas City, Missouri: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co., 1898. This work is Chaplain Kerlin’s account of the 3rd Missouri Volunteer Infantry Regiment in camp at Camp Alger, in northern Virginia. The 3rd Missouri, which consisted primarily of men from Kansas City, Missouri, was mustered into federal service at Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis, Missouri on May 14, 1898, and departed for Camp Alger, Virginia, a week later for advanced infantry training, which included a training march to Thoroughfare Gap. In August the 3rd Missouri was moved to Camp Meade, in Middletown, Pennsylvania, to escape an outbreak of typhoid fever at Camp Alger. By September 9, 1898, the 3rd Missouri was back in Kansas City, Missouri, and was mustered out of federal service on November 7, 1898. Kerlin listed the deaths of 17 men in the regiment who died of typhoid fever or accidents while in service. 901. Kinnicutt, Frances E. (comp.). Rhode Island in the War with Spain, Compiled from the Official Records of the Executive Department of the State of Rhode Island. Presented to the General Assembly at its January Session, 1900. Providence, Rhode Island: E. L. Freeman & Sons, Printers to the State, 1900. In January of 1900 the Governor of Rhode Island, Elisha Dyer, directed Miss Frances E. Kinnicutt of the Executive Department of the State to compile official documents relating to the contribution of the citizens of Rhode Island to the Spanish-American War. In April of 1898, President McKinley requested the State of Rhode Island to contribute one regiment of infantry, two batteries of light artillery, and its naval militia. The 1st Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry Regiment was mustered into federal service in May of 1898 and transported to Camp Alger in northern Virginia the same month, for advanced infantry training, where it became part of the 2nd Army Corps. To avoid typhoid sickness at Camp Alger the regiment was moved north to Camp Meade, in Pennsylvania, in November 1898 and then south to Camp Fornance, South Carolina, in January 1899. In April of 1899 the regiment was returned to Providence, Rhode Island and mustered out. The two light batteries remained in state due to lack of adequate equipment and horses to pull the guns throughout the summer of 1898. The naval militia was assigned to Block Island, off Rhode Island, to serve garrison duty. A few dozen of the Rhode Island naval militia were assigned to the repair ship USS Vulcan which undertook design, construction, and

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repair of ships in Rear Admiral Sampson’s blockading fleet off Santiago de Cuba, preventing several of them “from being disabled and towed to some home port.” The crew of the Vulcan raised the sunken Spanish warship Infanta María Teresa from Santiago de Cuba harbor, which was later lost under tow in a hurricane in the Bahamas. 902. Klopfenstein, Carl G. (ed.). “The Diary of Clarence Childs: Books I and II, April 26, 1898-February 6, 1899.” Hayes Historical Journal 5, No. 2 (Fall 1985): 13–46; 5, No. 3 (Spring 1986). Clarence C. Childs’s diary—presented in three parts—covers the muster into federal service of his unit, Company K of the the 6th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment, Toledo, Ohio, in May 1898. The diary contains his personal descriptions of of army camp life in Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), Georgia, and later movement to Camp Poland, near Knoxville, Tennessee. On December 30, 1898, the 6th Ohio Regiment was dispatched to Cienfuegos, Cuba, for occupation duty, which Childs describes. The regiment was back in the United States by April 26, 1899, and mustered out of federal service on May 24, 1899. 903. Koenigsberg, Moses. Southern Martyrs, a History of Alabama’s White Regiments during the Spanish-American War. Montgomery, Alabama: Brown Printing Company, 1898. Author’s work was written to show how the 1st and 2nd Alabama Volunteer Infantry Regiments suffered from disease in encampment near Miami, Florida, due to the appointment of incompetent officers over the regiments and the insistence of the Secretary of War on establishing a camp in this place. Work contains a complete roster and short history of all the companies of the two Alabama Regiments, including a list of the thirty-two men from these regiments who died due to disease and accidents in Miami and later Camp Cuba Libre, outside Jacksonville, Florida. In Miami, the 1st and 2nd Alabama was brigaded with the 1st and 2nd Texas and 1st and 2nd Louisiana Regiments within the First Division of the Seventh Army Corps. 904. Lanard, Thomas South, Captain and Adjutant. One Hundred Years with the State Fencibles: A History of the First Company State Fencibles, Infantry Corps State Fencibles, Infantry Battalion State Fencibles, and the Old Guard State Fencibles, 1813–1913. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Nields Company, 1913. Philadelphia Fencible units—literally meaning “capable of defense”— had been first raised for local defense in the colonial period.

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Fencibles were not intended for overseas service and were independent of the state militia, with infantry units usually comprised of eight companies. The State Fencibles of Philadelphia were called to serve in the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican War, Civil War, and the Spanish-American War. To meet the needs of a modern military the State Fencibles were incorporated into a 12company regiment—forming the core of the 6th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment which was sent to Camp Alger, Virginia, and later Camp Meade, Pennsylvania, without being sent outside the United States. On April 28, 1898, the 6th Pennsylvania mustered into federal service at Mount Gretna, Pennsylvania, for Spanish-American War duty. The battalion was assigned to the 6th Pennsylvania, part of the II Corps, and was sent to Burke’s Station, Virginia, where it saw duty as provost guard until August 25, 1898, when it was sent to Middletown, Pennsylvania, and on to Mt. Gretna, where it was mustered out September 7, 1898. 905. Lane, Oscar J. Roster of 22nd Kansas Volunteer Infantry. Topeka, Kansas: Kansas State Printing Plant, W. C. Austin, State Printer, 1934. Roster and a short regimental history researched by Oscar J. Lane, President of the Department of Kansas, United Spanish War Veterans of extant members of the 22nd Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Contains the members’ names, rank held in the War with Spain and present address. The 22nd Kansas was not sent for duty overseas. 906. Leffler, John J. “The Paradox of Patriotism: Texans in the Spanish-American War.” Hayes Historical Journal 8 (Summer 1989): 24–48. Article discusses the public reaction in Texas to the Spanish-American War and the participation of state militia units and volunteers in the conflict. The initial responses of Texans largely mirrored those of the nation, with patriotic emotions approaching mass-hysteria levels between the time of the sinking of the battleship Maine on 15 February, 1898, and the declaration of war in April. Many saw the war as a chance to revive a moribund national culture, while others viewed it as an opportunity to “rededicate themselves to the abiding principles of their political culture” and a challenge to equal the patriotic exploits of the Civil War generation. Patriotic ardor cooled considerably when few Texas regiments were actually transferred outside the state, with most units languishing in their home camps. By 12 August, when an armistice agreement was signed with Spain, not a single Texas regiment had actually served in combat.

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907. Lester, James, Major. History of the 2nd Regiment New York National Guard. Saratoga Springs, New York: The Saratogian Print, 1899. Work is a concise discussion of the 2nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the war with Spain by an officer of that unit. The 2nd New York was mustered into federal service at the New York State training grounds at Camp Black at Hempstead, Long Island, on May 17, 1898. The 2nd New York was dispatched to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga Battlefield), Georgia, for advanced infantry training, but was not sent overseas. By November 1, 1898, the 2nd New York was back in New York and mustered out of federal service, having lost 32 men to disease. 908. Lovett, Christopher C. “ ‘To Serve Faithfully’: The Twenty-Third Kansas Volunteer Infantry and the Spanish-American War.” Kansas History 21 (Fall 1998–99): 256–275. Kansas officials raised the three white regiments of infantry (20th, 21st, and 22nd) in President William McKinley’s first call for Kansas troops to fight in the Spanish-American War. In the second call Kansas Populist, Governor John W. Leedy, worked with black leaders to have a two-battalion regiment (eight companies) of African American troops raised in June and July 1898. Governor Leedy called the 23rd Kansas Volunteer Infantry into being to appease black leaders, further the Populist ideal of a coalition between the races, and to garner votes. In July the 23rd Kansas was mustered into federal service and trained in Topeka, before it departed for occupation duty in Cuba. Arriving there in late August 1898, after the war had ended, the regiment guarded Spanish prisoners and supplied support services to the San Luis Province. It returned to Kansas in March 1899 and mustered out in April 1899. 909. McCaffrey, James M. “Texas in the Spanish-American War.” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 106, No. 2 (October 2002): 254–279. Article discusses the experiences of the Texas troops that volunteered for service during the Spanish-American War. Like most other American volunteers, the Texans found little glory in the SpanishAmerican War, as only a handful of Texas volunteers—members of the Rough Riders—actually fought in Cuba. All the Texas regiments were posted stateside, facing boredom, sickness, and death in the camps of Florida. After the war ended, the 1st Texas Regiment served occupation duty in Cuba in early 1899.

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910. McCard, Harry Stanton, and Henry Turnley. History of the Eighth Illinois United States Volunteers. Chicago, Illinois: E. F. Harman, 1899. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing Co., 2008. Work is a regimental history of the Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Mustered into federal service late in July of 1898, by the time the regiment was fully recruited the war with Spain was finished. The Eighth Illinois was a Black officered and manned regiment and was dispatched for occupation duty in Cuba from August 1898 to March of 1899. It was mustered out of federal service on April 3, 1899. 911. McDaniel, George William. “Martial Sons of Martial Sires.” Palimpsest 70, No. 1 (1989): 32–48. Article describes, using contemporary newspaper accounts and personal letters, the organization and service in the Spanish-American War of troops from Washington, Iowa, who made up Company D of the 50th Iowa Volunteer Regiment (Iowa National Guard). The 50th Iowa did not make it any farther than a camp in Florida before the war’s end and lost nearly three dozen men to disease. 912. McNally, Bernard (comp.). Soldiers and Sailors of New Jersey in the Spanish-American War, Embracing a Chronological Account of the Army and Navy. Newark, New Jersey: B. McNally Publisher, 1898. This volume contains the history and roster of the 1st New Jersey Volunteer Regiment. The 1st New Jersey did not go overseas, but stayed stateside throughout the Spanish-American War at Camp Alger, in northern Virginia. Also featured in this work is the New Jersey naval militia and its service on the USS Badger, with a copy of the ship’s log. 913. Meekins, George Alvin. Fifth Regiment, Infantry, Maryland National Guard, US Volunteers. Baltimore, Maryland: Press A. Hoen & Co., 1899. The 5th Maryland Volunteer Infantry Regiment was one of two infantry regiments (1st and 5th) mustered into federal Service at the request of President McKinley’s administration at the beginning of the Spanish-American War. Neither of these two infantry regiments went overseas, but remained stateside for the duration of the war. The 5th Maryland was only in federal service for a little over five months (May 14 to October 22, 1898). 914. Meldrum, Thomas Millar. Cuban Campaign of the First Infantry Illinois Volunteers, April 25—September 9, 1898. Illustrated with

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views taken by the late Claron S(inclair) Wagar, member of drum corps. Chicago, Illinois: n.p., 1899. Work is a regimental history of the First Infantry Illinois Volunteer Regiment which was mustered into federal service in April of 1898. The regiment went to Cuba, at the conclusion of the SpanishAmerican War, where it spent a short time doing occupation duty before it was mustered out of federal service. 915. Middlebrook, Louis Frank (comp.). Registry of the Connecticut Commandery of the Naval and Military Order of the SpanishAmerican War in the United States of America. Hartford, Connecticut: Hartford Press, 1904. This publication was one of the first editions issued by a group of state naval and military officers who served in the SpanishAmerican War and established a Veterans organization. Eventually, in 1914, these various state groups established the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW), which is a congressionally chartered national veterans organization intended to promote patriotism, community service, and protection of veterans’ rights. This particular volume contains pictures, names, and Spanish-American War service of the founding naval and military officers of the Connecticut Commandery. 916. Mills, J. F. A Story of a Court-Martial: Or, How American Justice was administered in Havana in 1898, After the French Order. Privately Printed Cedar Key, Florida: n.p., 1900. Privately printed eleven-page pamphlet authored by Private Mills, of Statesville, North Carolina, who discusses his enlistment and time with the 1st North Carolina Volunteer Infantry. In December 1898, following the end of the Spanish-American War, the 1st North Carolina was sent to Cuba for occupation duty. Private Mills relates how he was court-martialed and fined for a minor infraction while on guard duty in Cuba. Most of the pamphlet discusses Mills’ courtmartial and his grievance against Captain T. W. Patton for incarcerating the private. Mills also contends that Colonel Joseph Franklin Armfield—his friend of over 25 years from Statesville—should have done more to help him. At the start of the Spanish-American War when President McKinley issued his call for State militias or National Guards to supplement the Regular Army, the only way in which these men could be legally called up to serve outside the boundaries of the United States was to have them mustered in to federal service for the duration of the war. This meant that any infraction of military conduct by them would be adjudicated under

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the Regular Army’s Uniform Code of Military Justice—at that time a much harsher legal system than the one militiamen were used to in their state units. This account was written two years after Mills was out of service and residing in Cedar Key, Florida. 917. Muster Rolls of Alabama Volunteers in the Spanish-American War of 1898. State of Alabama, Adjutant-General’s Office, No. 14. Montgomery, Alabama: State of Alabama, Adjutant-General’s Office, July, 1899. Pamphlet issued by the Alabama Adjutant General’s Office in 1899 containing a roster of the volunteers from that state who served in three infantry regiments (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) during the SpanishAmerican War. Work contains a short history of each regiment— none were dispatched overseas and they got no further than the southeastern coastal towns of Jacksonville and Miami, Florida. 918. Neill, Arthur, Brigadier General. Report of the Adjutant General of the Arkansas State Guard 1897–1900, Including the Period of the Spanish-American War. Little Rock, Arkansas: Thompson Lithograph & Printing Company, 1900. Volume is a troop roster of the two volunteer infantry regiments (1st and 2nd) provided by the State of Arkansas for federal service in the war with Spain. There is a brief history of each regiment— neither left the United States and there is a discussion of the problems of disease in the temporary training camps—50 men died of disease contracted during service. 919. Nelson, Christian G. “Organization and Training of the Texas Militia, 1870–97.” Military History of the Southwest 18, No. 2 (1988): 17–48. Reprint from Texas Military History, May 1962. Despite initial problems of poor training and under funding by the state legislature after the Civil War, the Texas State Militia evolved into a professional military organization by the time of the SpanishAmerican War, as opposed to a series of local social clubs, as often found in other states. Texas provided four Infantry regiments and one Cavalry regiment for federal service, but they did not see action in the Spanish-American War, although the 1st Texas Volunteer Infantry Regiment did briefly serve occupation duty in Cuba in the early months of 1899. 920. Niebaum, John H. History of the Pittsburgh Washington Infantry, 102nd (Old 13th) Regiment Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers and its Forebears. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Burgum Printing Company, 1931.

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Work covers the history of the local Pittsburgh militia from 1792 to 1930, which was known as the Washington Infantry from 1855 to 1930, and had significant service in the Civil War. The Washington Infantry was not included in the first call for volunteers from Pennsylvania, nor in the second call by the president, so some men could not wait and joined another Pittsburgh infantry group, the 14th Pennsylvania Regiment, as they expanded their company sizes to 106 men, but this regiment still stayed stateside. Four men enlisted in Battery B, Pittsburgh Volunteers, and one enlisted in Co. I, 11th US Infantry which were both detailed to Puerto Rico. 921. Oates, William Calvin. The War between the Union and the Confederacy, and its Lost Opportunities, with a History of the 15th Alabama and the Forty-Eight Battles in which it was engaged … The War Between the United States and Spain. New York and Washington, D.C.: The Neale Publishing Company, 1905. The majority of this volume is a history of the 15th Alabama in the Civil War. One chapter contains a history of the three infantry regiments (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) provided by the State of Alabama for service in the Spanish-American War, none of which left the United States. 922. Packard, Francis Randolph, (1st Lt. 2nd Pennsylvania). A Healthy Regiment, and the Reason It Was So. Reprinted from the Charlotte Medical Journal. Charlotte, North Carolina: n.p., November 1898. The author of this pamphlet was a 1st Lieutenant of the 2nd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment, in the capacity of Assistant Surgeon. Packard claims the lack of a major outbreak of typhoid in the 2nd Pennsylvania was due to experienced medical personnel, proper selection of encampments while the regiment guarded the Dupont powder works in Delaware, good bathing facilities for the men, good quality food, and carefully constructed latrines located no closer than 300 feet from the kitchens or tents. The encampments also had a good supply of clean water, the men were carefully inspected for cleanliness, the camps had adequate hospital staff and facilities, and the commanding officers supported the medical officers to ensure high standards of cleanliness. 923. Patrick, Jeff L. “Nothing but Slaves: The Second Kentucky Volunteer Infantry and the Spanish-American War.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 89, No. 3 (1991): 287–299. Diseases, long drills, poor food, and incompetent leadership were among the complaints voiced by many in the 2nd Kentucky

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Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was sent to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga) in Georgia at the beginning of the SpanishAmerican War. In this article, letters from Ethelbert P. Moore to his sister describe some of the conditions the men endured, noting “We are nothing but slaves, and treated accordingly.” The 2nd Kentucky missed out on action overseas, and near mutiny among the troops at Camp Thomas caused Moore to worry he might be dishonorably discharged for his complaints and actions. 924. Petty, George W., Corporal. In Camp with L Company, Second Regiment New Jersey Volunteer Infantry. New York: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co. Printers, 1899. Personal memoir of Corporal Petty, of Company L of the 2nd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry Regiment, during the Spanish-American War, which hailed from the Rutherford, New Jersey area. Company L was part of the Third Battalion (Companies I, K, L, and M) which received their federal call up on April 30, 1898 and were sent to Sea Girt, New Jersey, where Corporal Petty and Company L were mustered into federal service on May 14, 1898. On May 30th the 2nd New Jersey was to be sent to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), but instead ended up in Jacksonville, Florida— Camp Cuba Libre. Other units mentioned being at Camp Cuba Libre were the 49th Iowa, 1st North Carolina, 2nd Illinois, 2nd and 4th Virginia, Torrey’s Rocky Mountain Rough Riders, 2nd Mississippi, and 1st Wisconsin. Their Corps commander was General Fitzhugh Lee who had been the American consul in Havana when the USS Maine exploded. Highlight of the summer of 1898 were two sham battles with the 2nd New Jersey, 2nd Illinois, and 1st North Carolina. Mustered out November 21, 1898, the company lost seven men to typhoid and accidents. Volume contains a complete roster of Company L and the author notes the 1st New Jersey Regiment was sent to Camp Alger, Virginia, and the 3rd New Jersey Regiment was sent to Fort Hancock, New York, and later to Pompton Plains to guard the smokeless gunpowder mills. 925. Pool, Charles W. (comp.). Roster of Soldiers, Sailors and Marines, Who Served in the War of the Rebellion, Spanish-American War, and World War: Names Gathered by County and Precinct Assessors. Compiled and issued by Charles W. Pool, Secretary of State. Lincoln, Nebraska: n.p., 1925. This volume, issued by the Secretary of State, is a comprehensive roster of named Nebraska men located by county who served in three American wars. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American

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War President McKinley’s administration requested the State of Nebraska provide three infantry regiments (1st, 2nd, and 3rd). The 1st Nebraska Regiment was dispatched to the Philippines and was involved in much of the fighting in the Philippine Insurrection losing more than sixty men to combat and disease. The 2nd Nebraska Regiment remained stateside during the conflict. The 3rd Nebraska Regiment was dispatched to Cuba after the end of the war for occupation duty in the first four months of 1899. 926. Prichard, Walter (ed.). “Louisiana in the Spanish-American War, 1898–99, as Recorded by Colonel Elmer Ellsworth Wood, Commander of the Second Regiment of Louisiana Volunteer Infantry.” Louisiana Historical Quarterly 26 (July 1943). Article covers the history of the 2nd Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment’s service in the Spanish-American War. Mustered into federal service in New Orleans in May of 1898 the regiment was retained stateside throughout the conflict. It did serve occupation duty in Cuba from December of 1898 until March of 1899. 927. Quimby, Fred E. Historical Sketch of Dover’s Participation in the Spanish-American War, May 14, 1898 to October 31, 1898. Compiled by the County Clerk. Dover, New Hampshire: n.p., n.d. 1st New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry Regiment was composed of the 3rd Regiment New Hampshire National Guard, and augmented by the Strafford Guards of Dover and the Sheridan Guards of Manchester, New Hampshire. Mustered into federal service on May 14, 1898, at the Concord, New Hampshire National Guard grounds and dispatched to Camp Thomas, Georgia, a few days later. Made part of the 3rd Brigade of the First Division, 1st Corps was to be part of the force destined for Puerto Rico, but orders were canceled. Work concentrates on Company F of the 1st New Hampshire that was made up of men from Dover. 928. Record of Service of Connecticut Men in the Army, Navy and Marine Corps of the United States in the Spanish-American War, Philippine Insurrection, and China Relief Expedition, from April 12, 1898 to July 4, 1904. Compiled by authority of the General Assembly, January Session, 1915, under the direction of the Adjutant General, Brigadier General George M. Cole. Hartford, Connecticut: Press of the Cass, Lockwood & Brainard Company, 1919. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing Co., 2007. This record of Connecticut men in service was authorized by the state legislature and contains a brief statement of the operations and service of each regiment, battalion, battery, detachment, and ship to

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which was assigned an individual from that state. During the war Connecticut was requested to provide two regiments of infantry (1st and 3rd Regiments), one battery of light artillery, two batteries of heavy artillery, and elements of the naval militia. None of the infantry or artillery saw duty overseas. A few individuals of the naval militia saw action, like Ensign Yandel Henderson who served aboard the USS Yale during the war. 929. Reece, Jasper N., Brigadier General. Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Illinois, Containing Reports for the Years 1861–1866. Second Edition, 9 vols. Springfield, Illinois: Phillips Brothers, 1900. Volumes 1 to 8 contain rosters of Illinois Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery Volunteers of the Civil War. Volume 9 contains the rosters of Officers and Enlisted men from Illinois who participated in the Black Hawk, Mexican, and Spanish-American Wars. Volume 9 notes the Adjutant General of the State of Illinois was still preparing the final rosters of the Illinois Volunteers who served in the SpanishAmerican War of 1898, for publication. The final Spanish-American War roster appeared as a five-volume set published by the Adjutant General in the years 1902–1904, by the same publishers. 930. Revere, Paul A. Boys of ’98. A History of the Tenth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Augusta, Georgia: The Chronicle, 1899. This volume chronicles the history of the 10th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment in their short war with Spain. The 10th Ohio was formed as part of the second call for volunteers by President McKinley and was mustered into federal service on July 7, 1898— less than five weeks before the end of hostilities with the Spanish. By the time the 10th Ohio was sent out of state, the two major temporary training camps (Camps Thomas and Alger) were in the process of closing down, so they were located in what was hoped would be a disease-free southern community, Augusta, Georgia, where this short history was published. The 10th was mustered out of federal service in March of 1899. 931. —. Cleveland in the War with Spain. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland United Printing, 1900. The author had previously published a short history of the 10th Ohio and its tenure in federal service, A History of the Tenth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry (1899) (see Item 930 above) and this work is an expansion of that history of federal military service by members of the Cleveland, Ohio area. Work includes descriptions of camp life, disease problems, and willingness to service.

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932. Richardson, Antona Hawkins. Minnesotans in the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection, April 21, 1898-July 4, 1902. Edition Information: Centennial Edition. St. Paul, Minnesota: Paduan Press, 1998. In response to the McKinley administration’s call for state volunteers Minnesota provided four regiments (12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th) of infantry. The 13th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment was dispatched west to the Presidio of San Francisco for transport to the Philippines. They left San Francisco on June 27, 1898, arriving in the area of Manila on July 31, 1898. The 13th Minnesota participated in the capture of Manila from the Spanish on August 13, 1898, and commenced occupation duty in the vicinity of the city. With the start of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899) the 13th Minnesota was involved in some seven months of combat against Filipinos in central Luzón. On August 11, 1899, the 13th Minnesota was transported back to San Francisco where they were mustered out of federal service on October 3, 1899. The other three regiments remained in training camps stateside. All four of the regiments lost over 80 men, primarily to disease during federal service. This is a modern compilation of Minnesota’s contribution to the SpanishAmerican War on the centennial of the conflict. 933. Rigney, Peter Samuel. History of the Two Hundred and Third Regiment, New York Infantry Volunteers. Preface by William Cary Sanger. Newburgh, New York: Newburgh Journal Print, 1899. In President McKinley’s second call-up for troops on May 25, 1898, New York, which had already supplied twelve regiments of infantry and two troops of cavalry, was requested to provide an additional 7,958 officers and men for infantry regiments. On July 27th the New York State Adjutant General issued orders to meet this request with the creation of the 203rd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, made up of town companies in the Hudson River and from Syracuse. The men were sent to Camp Black, near Hempstead, Long Island, in late July and remained there until September 5th, at which time the Spanish-American War had ended (August 12, 1898). Due to an outbreak of typhoid fever at Camp Black the 203rd was moved to Camp Meade, Pennsylvania, and were encamped there until October 2, 1898, which proved to be equally unhealthy. Eventually, a change to Conewago, Pennsylvania, improved the health of the regiment, which was then moved to a winter camp on November 12, 1898, outside Greenville, South Carolina. Here the 203rd New York was brigaded with the 2nd West Virginia

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and the 4th New Jersey to form the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division of the 2nd Army Corps. The 203rd New York received muster out orders on February 21, 1899, and returned to New York on March 25, 1899. During service at one time, over three-quarters of the 203rd Regiment was ill and 19 men died of typhoid or accidents. 934. Roster and Souvenir 1st Rhode Island Regiment United States Volunteers. 1898 Spanish-American War, Camp Meade, Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Clepper & Sigler, 1898. This work appears to have been a souvenir pamphlet issued to the men of the 1st Rhode Island Volunteer Regiment while at Camp Meade, Pennsylvania, shortly before they were returned to their home state and mustered out of federal service. The pamphlet contains a short history of the mustering into federal service of men from Rhode Island, their transport to Camp Alger, Virginia, infantry training and practice marches from May to August of 1898, and their movement to Camp Meade on August 22, 1898. Pamphlet contains a complete roster of the 1st Rhode Island Regiment with notations of men who died while in camp. 935. Roster of Connecticut Volunteers Who Served in the War between the United States and Spain, 1898–1899. Adjutant-General’s Office, Connecticut. Hartford, Connecticut: Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company, 1899. This work is a 42-page pamphlet containing the muster rolls for the First and Third Volunteer Infantry Regiments and Connecticut Naval Battalion; printed right after the war with Spain. A complete roster was published in 1919 (see Item 928 above). 936. Roster of General Officers and Officers of the General Staff US Volunteers, Arranged According to Rank in Their Respective Corps and Grades. Washington, D.C.: Adjutant-General Office, War Department, Government Printing Office, 1898. Government pamphlet is a roster of the highest ranked Regular and Volunteer Army officers that served during the Spanish-American War. At the time of the war with Spain, the United States Army appointed men to their general officer ranks according to their seniority of military service making this an important guide to help determine appropriate promotions. 937. Roster of the North Carolina Volunteers in the Spanish-American War 1898–1899. Raleigh, North Carolina: Edwards & Broughton, 1900.

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State publication briefly chronicling the service of the three regiments of infantry (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) mustered into federal service for the Spanish-American War from North Carolina. The 1st Regiment was detailed for occupation duty in Cuba from December 1898 to March of 1899. The other two infantry regiments remained stateside. The 3rd Infantry was an African American regiment. Work contains a complete roster of the men from these three regiments. 938. Schellings, William J. “Soldiers in Miami, 1898.” Tequesta 17 (1957): 69–76. Author provides background history of Camp Miami, Florida, one of the temporary military bases in the state to hold volunteer troops. Also discusses the role of William Flagler, head of the Florida East Coast Railroad, in obtaining the government’s approval of the establishment of Camp Miami. 939. —. “Florida Volunteers in the War with Spain.” Florida Historical Quarterly 41 (June 1962): 47–59. Article discusses the problems of boredom and morale faced by Florida state militia or guard units when they realized they would not be dispatched to fight in the West Indies. Also notes that a small number of Black Floridians did serve occupation duty in Cuba as members of Company C in an “immune” unit, so called as military doctors believed African Americans were immune to tropical diseases. 940. Simmons, K. H. Spanish-American War Veterans from Nebraska. N.p.: n.p., 2000. On April 25, 1898, President McKinley requested the State of Nebraska to provide three infantry regiments (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) and a troop of volunteer cavalry. The 1st and 2nd Volunteer Infantry Regiments were mustered in at Lincoln, Nebraska, under the command of Lt. Colonel John M. Stotsenburg and Colonel C. J. Bills, respectively. The 3rd Infantry Regiment was mustered in at Omaha under the command of Colonel William Jennings Bryant, who had run against McKinley in the 1896 presidential election. Cavalry Troop A of the Nebraska National Guard enrolled for service at Lincoln and mustered into the United States volunteer cavalry as Troop K, 3rd United States Volunteer Cavalry (also known as Grigsby’s Cowboys). The 3rd Infantry and Troop K spent the war at Camp Cuba Libre outside Jacksonville, Florida. This book is a compilation of two sources of information; first, a microfilm record of the service card file for each Nebraska man who served, which is located at the State Historical Society in Lincoln. Some service cards contain just the name and age of the volunteer, but the majority

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provide name, age, place of birth, next of kin, occupation, and marital status, as well as a brief documentation of each man’s service, as to wounded or killed in action or other cause of death. The second source is, “The Roster of Soldiers, Sailors and Marines Who Served in the War of the Rebellion, Spanish-American War and World War” compiled and issued by Secretary of State Charles W. Pool and published in Lincoln, Nebraska, in 1925. This state document contains details such as where the veteran was residing when the county assessors compiled the roster in 1923, and names for soldiers who were living in Nebraska but who served for other state volunteer infantry regiments or in the Regular Army. (See Item 925 above.) 941. Skinner, John Rezin, Chaplain. History of the Fourth Illinois Volunteers in Their Relation to the Spanish-American War for the Liberation of Cuba and Other Island Possessions. Logansport, Indiana: The Press of Wilson, Humphreys & Company, 1899. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Work is a regimental history of the Fourth Illinois Volunteer Regiment as chronicled by their regimental Chaplain. The Fourth Illinois stayed in the United States during the summer of 1898 and was assigned to Camp Cuba Libre outside Jacksonville, Florida. Overall command of Camp Cuba Libre was under General Fitzhugh Lee, who had previously been the American attaché to Spanish Cuba in Havana. Volume contains several illustrations of Fourth Illinois officers and men and information on them during their time in federal service. 942. Soldiers of Florida in the Seminole Indian, Civil and SpanishAmerican Wars. Prepared and Published under the Supervision of the Board of State Institutions. Live Oak, Florida: Democrat Book & Job Print, 1903. During the Spanish-American War only one regiment of infantry (1st Florida Regiment) was mustered into federal service in April of 1898. It stayed mainly within the confines of the State of Florida and was mustered out by January of 1899. Volume contains a complete role of members of the 1st Florida Regiment. 943. Steelman, Joseph F. North Carolina’s Role in the Spanish-American War. Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and History, 1975. Overview of the three regiments and naval militia from North Carolina mustered into federal service during the Spanish-American War. The First Regiment was sent to Camp Cuba Libre outside

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Jacksonville, Florida, and after the end of the war served in the occupation forces for four months in Cuba. The Second Regiment was assigned in dispersed companies to protect coastal towns from Port Royal, South Carolina to Saint Simon’s Island, Georgia. The Third Regiment was an all-Black officered and enlisted unit that was assigned to Camp Macon on the coast of North Carolina, and at the war’s end was transferred to Camp Poland, Knoxville, Tennessee, and later Camp Haskell, Macon, Georgia, before being mustered out in January 1899. In that same year the North Carolina legislature ended Black participation in the state’s National Guard. The state’s Naval Militia manned an auxiliary fleet of small armed vessels to protect the coastal towns of North Carolina. This unit’s most notable achievement was the quelling of a race riot in Wilmington on November 10, 1898. Author also discusses the service of Ensign Worth Bagley, of Raleigh, who died on May 11, 1898 at Cárdenas, Cuba, while assigned to the USS Winslow, making him the first American officer to die in the Spanish-American War. 944. Stelck, W. Ardell. “Sgt. Guy Gillette and Cherokee’s ‘Gallant Co. M’ in the Spanish-American War.” Annals of Iowa 40 (August 1971): 561–576. On April 26, 1898, in response to President McKinley’s request for volunteers, Company M, Fourth Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment, left Cherokee, Iowa, for service in the Spanish-American War. Sent to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga Park), Georgia, for advanced infantry training, the Iowans, instead of fighting Spaniards, became victims of “incredible disorganization and mismanagement of the war effort.” Their ranks were thinned by disease, especially typhoid, and after just four months’ service in August 1898, Company M was returned to Iowa to be mustered out of federal services. One of the Company M’s leaders, Guy M. Gillette, whose papers form the basis for this article, would later represent Iowa in both the House of Representatives (1933–1936) and the United States Senate (1936–1945, 1949–1955). 945. Stephens, Thomas E. “Congressman David Grant Colson and the Tragedy of the Fourth Kentucky Volunteer Infantry.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 98, No. 1 (2000): 43–102. Kentucky Congressman David Grant Colson resigned his elected office to enlist in the Spanish-American War of 1898. Colson was commissioned as a major in the newly created 4th Kentucky Volunteer Infantry Regiment, but bad luck plagued the unit and Colson. A dispute between Colson and Lieutenant Ethelbert Scott led to the latter’s court-martial and to charges being filed against

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Colson. Eventually the dispute escalated to a shoot-out, where both men were wounded. After the war Colson tried to rebuild his business and political life, but suffered some paralysis from a slight stroke and gunshot wounds, dying in 1904. 946. Stewart, Thomas J., Adjutant General (comp.). Record of Pennsylvania Volunteers in the Spanish-American War, 1898. N.p.: William Stanley Ray, State Printer of Pennsylvania: 1901. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, in 1899, authorized the Adjutant General of Pennsylvania to compile and publish a roster of all the Pennsylvania Volunteers who served in the Spanish-American War in an infantry, artillery, or cavalry capacity. This publication contains the main items of record of each officer and enlisted man as shown on the rolls of the Adjutant General’s office in Washington. Roster includes the First to Sixteenth and Eighteenth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry; Pennsylvania Volunteer Artillery, Light Batteries A, B, and C; and three volunteer cavalry units—First Troop (Philadelphia City) Cavalry, Sheridan Troop, and Governor’s Troop. Also contains roster of the Pennsylvania State Naval Militia and United States Volunteer Engineers. Each military unit has a preface covering an outline of that unit’s service, which is followed by an alphabetical list of the soldiers name, rank, residence, and as applicable dates of enrollment, promotions, death or discharge. 947. Street, Arthur Irwin. Chronicle of War, Including Roster of California Volunteers. Volume 1, No. 1. San Francisco: San Francisco Bulletin, July 1898. Work is a chronological compilation of events and government orders from early February 1898 to early June 1898 published by the San Francisco Bulletin, a local newspaper. Included is a roster of officers and men of three California Volunteer Infantry Regiments— 1st Regiment from San Francisco; 6th Regiment from the southern central valley; and 7th Regiment from southern California. The author was a well-known popular writer of the 1890s and this work appears to have been the first and only issue of an intended series to cover the events of the Spanish-American War. The 1st Regiment had just arrived in the Philippines as this work was published and it would participate in the siege and capture of Manila and the early part of the Philippine Insurrection. The other two regiments did not go overseas, but stayed in the United States. 948. Sues, Otto Louis. Grigsby’s Cowboys, Third United States Volunteer Cavalry, Spanish-American War. Salem, South Dakota: J. E. Patten, 1900. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007.

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Grigsby’s Cowboys was the 3rd United States Volunteer Cavalry recruited among western states as a special unit—like the “Rough Riders” or 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry. The 3rd Volunteer Cavalry trained at Camp Thomas, Georgia, and spent the rest of the war of 1898 encamped at Camp Cuba Libre outside Jacksonville, Florida. The 3rd Volunteer Cavalry was mustered out in early 1899 without serving in any theater of war. This volume comprises a historical review of this cavalry unit along with numerous black and white photos. Work also contains extensive biographical material on volunteer cowboys recruited by Colonel Melvin Grigsby, of Sioux Falls, for three squadrons of cavalry from the Black Hills, Inter-Dakota, and Montana areas. 949. Swanner, Charles D. The Story of Company L “Santa Ana’s Own.” Claremont, California: Fraser Press, 1958. This is the history of Company L, of the 8th California Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Company L was a militia unit organized in Santa Ana, California, in 1890 which saw no action in the SpanishAmerican War, as the 8th California was assigned to defend various locations in California and Washington. Later members of Company L would see service in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire, the 1916 Mexican Border dispute with Mexico, World War I, World War II, and the Korean War. 950. Swisher, Jacob A. Iowa in Times of War. Iowa City, Iowa: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1943. This work was published in the middle of the Second World War and was intended to document Iowa’s involvement in America’s wars, from the Mexican-American War to World War II as part of the celebration of the centennial of the state. Swisher presents the military aspects of Iowa history in a most detailed manner, including Iowa’s participation in the Spanish-American War. 951. Thaxton, Carlton, J., and Donna B. Thaxton. A Roster of SpanishAmerican War Soldiers from Georgia. Americus, Georgia: The Thaxton Company, 1984. This work is a compilation of a roster containing the names and biographical data on all the Georgians who served in the 1898 war. The McKinley administration requested that the state of Georgia provide three infantry regiments (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) and two batteries of light artillery. None of these units were dispatched overseas with the exception of the 3rd Georgia Volunteer Infantry Regiment which served occupation duty in Cuba for the first quarter of 1899.

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952. Thayer, George Burton (comp.). History of Company K, First Connecticut Volunteer Infantry, During the Spanish-American War. Hartford, Connecticut, Press of R. S. Peck & Company, 1899. Work is an extensive unit history of Company K of the First Connecticut Volunteer Infantry Regiment, as written by a former private of that company. The First Connecticut was mustered into federal service in April of 1898, but was not fully recruited up to a Regular Army 1,200-man regiment until July of 1898. Company K and the First Connecticut were mustered out of federal service in October of 1898 shortly after the conclusion of the war with Spain. Good description of camp life by the author George B. Thayer (1853–1928). 953. The Green Mountain Boys at Chickamauga (Georgia) 1898. N.p.: n.p., 1898. Work is a photographic record of the officers and men of the 1st Vermont Volunteer Infantry Regiment during their stay in the summer of 1898 at Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), Georgia. The 1st Vermont did not go overseas and was finally returned to their home state for mustering out after the end of the Spanish-American War (August 13, 1898). Volume contains a complete roster of the regiment. 954. Trussell, John B. B. “Pennsylvania Volunteers in the SpanishAmerican War.” Military Collector and Historian 38, No. 3 (1986): 98–109. Despite its relatively large contribution of men, including 14 infantry regiments, four batteries of artillery and four cavalry troops, most of Pennsylvania’s National Guard failed to reach the front in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. However, the 4th and 16th Pennsylvania Regiments and a number of artillery and cavalry units were involved in significant roles in the Puerto Rico Campaign. The 10th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment saw the most sustained combat in the Philippines, fighting both the Spaniards in Manila (August 13, 1898) and Filipino insurgents east of Manila during campaigns in the spring and summer of 1899. 955. Turner, Tell Arminus, Chaplain. Story of the Fifteenth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Lessard Printing Co., 1899. Reprint with a new preface by Antona Hawkins Richardson, St. Paul, Minnesota: Paduan Press, 1998. The Fifteenth Minnesota or “Governor’s Regiment” was recruited as part of the second call for volunteers and was mustered into federal service on July 18, 1898, less than a month before the end of

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the Spanish-American War and would not be sent overseas. The original account of 1899 by the Regimental Chaplain tells of its departure from Camp Ramsey outside St. Paul to Fort Snelling and then by train to Camp Meade near Middleton, Pennsylvania, and finally on to Camp McKenzie, near Augusta, Georgia, where it was mustered out on March 27, 1899. The frequent movement of the regiment was intended to lessen the effects of typhoid fever, but at least one third of the regiment was infected and 18 men died. While encamped at Camp McKenzie, Private Dennis O’Connell of Company F was killed in a bar fight by the owner, resulting in a riot by the enlisted men. Some men were sentenced to hard labor and the colonel of the regiment given a court-martial, but found not guilty. 956. Venable, William Mayo, Captain. The Second Regiment of United States Volunteer Engineers. A History by Captain William Mayo Venable. Cincinnati, Ohio: McDonald & Co., 1899. On May 11, 1898, President McKinley signed legislation for the creation of three engineer regiments composed of officers from the Regular Army of the Corps of Engineers commanding about 3,500 volunteers “possessing the special qualifications necessary for engineer troops.” The Second Regiment recruited men for the First Battalion from Ohio and Indiana; the Second Battalion from Illinois, Minnesota, and Nebraska; and the Third Battalion from Colorado, Utah, California, and Oregon, for training at Fort Sheridan, near Chicago, Illinois. The Second Regiment did not go overseas during the Spanish-American War, but on August 10, 1898, the First and Second Battalions received orders to proceed to Montauk Point, Long Island, New York. Arriving on August 15th the two Battalions commenced road, sewage, and water projects in support of the hospitals established to care for sick and wounded soldiers returning from the Cuban Campaign. In October, the Second Regiment sailed for Savannah, Georgia, and by late November was commencing occupation duty in Cuba, which included the repair of water, sewage, road and rail facilities, in and around Havana. By May of 1899 the Second Regiment had returned to the United States where it was mustered out of federal service. The Third Battalion of the Second Regiment was detailed to Hawaii in July of 1898, where they were engaged in constructing barracks for the First New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Also contains a complete roster of the officers and men of the Second Engineers. 957. Vermont in the Spanish-American War. N.p.: Vermont, Adjutant and Inspector General’s Office, 1929.

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Vermont was requested by President McKinley to provide one regiment of infantry (1st Vermont) for service in the Spanish-American War. This state government publication provides a short unit history of the 1st Vermont and muster roll of the officers and men who spent the duration of the war with Spain encamped at the old Chickamauga Battlefield, in northern Georgia (Camp Thomas). 958. Webber, Harry E. Greater Salem in the Spanish-American War. Lynn, Massachusetts: Perry & Searle, Printers, 1901. This work is the unit histories and experiences of the men of Salem, Beverly, Danvers, and Marblehead, Massachusetts who served in companies of the 8th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the Spanish-American War. The 8th Massachusetts spent the period of hostilities in the United States, principally in Camp Thomas, Georgia—the old Civil War Chickamauga Battlefield. The 8th Massachusetts served four months’ occupation duty in the first quarter of 1899 in Cuba, before being mustered out of federal service. 959. —. Twelve Months with the 8th Massachusetts in the Service of the United States. Salem, Massachusetts: Newcomb & Gauss, 1908. The 8th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment spent the war in Camp Thomas (Chickamauga Battlefield), Georgia. The regiment did occupation duty in Cuba from January to April of 1899 before returning home. Work includes muster rolls, statistics of the regiment (30 men died of disease while in federal service), and a chronology of their service in Georgia and Cuba. 960. Westermeier, Clifford Peter. Who Rush to Glory: the Cowboy Volunteers of 1898: Grigsby’s Cowboys, Roosevelt’s Rough Riders, Torrey’s Rocky Mountain Riders. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1958. In federal legislation issued at the start of the war with Spain, Congress authorized the formation of three regiments of volunteer cavalry to be made up of men from the western territories and states with special skills in riding and marksmanship—although they came to also include volunteers from eastern universities. As a result, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd United States Volunteer Cavalry were created. This work chronicles their unit histories of which the 1st Volunteer Cavalry or “Rough Riders” is the most well known for their service in the Cuban Campaign. The 2nd and 3rd Volunteer Cavalry, Torrey’s Rocky Mountain Riders and Grigsby’s Cowboys respectively, were not dispatched outside the United States.

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961. Whipple, James E. The Story of the 49th. Vinton, Iowa: n.p., 1903. Unit history of the 49th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment, one of four infantry regiments (49th, 50th, 51st, and 52nd) requested by the federal government for federal service. Author was a sergeant in Company G in the 49th Regiment, who had been promoted to a Captain in the 49th at the time of publication of this volume. The 49th Regiment was sent to Camp Cuba Libre, outside Jacksonville, Florida, as part of the Seventh Corps. In December of 1898, after the conclusion of the Spanish-American War, the regiment was sent to Cuba for five months of occupation duty. The 50th and 52nd Infantry Regiments stayed in the United States until mustered out of federal service. The 51st Regiment spent a year in the Philippines in the early stages of the Philippine Insurrection. 962. Wolfe, Susan. “Arkansas and the Spanish American War.” The Ozark Historical Review 2 (Spring 1973): 27–47. Arkansas Governor, Daniel W. Jones, was requested by President McKinley to help muster into federal service two regiments of infantry (1st and 2nd Arkansas Volunteer Infantry Regiments) for service during the Spanish-American War. Unfortunately, the state militia was poorly funded, equipped, and generally led by aged ex-Confederate veterans who were not experienced in modern warfare. After mustering, the Arkansas regiments were dispatched to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), Georgia, by late May where they spent the duration of the war. Both regiments were back in Arkansas by March of 1899, not having been dispatched overseas, although about 50 men died of disease during service. Arkansas was also requested to raise three companies of colored troops for special immune regiments, as Companies E, F, and G of the 7th Regiment of immunes. 963. Wozencraft, A. P. Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Texas for 1897–1898. Austin, Texas: n.p., 1899. President McKinley requested that Texas provide four regiments of infantry (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th) and one regiment of cavalry (1st Texas Volunteer Cavalry). Only the 1st Texas Volunteer Infantry Regiment left the United States for occupation duty in Cuba from December 1898 to March of 1899, while all other units remained stateside. The Adjutant General’s Report from Texas provides a short history of each unit and complete roster of the men from Texas mustered into federal service for the SpanishAmerican War.

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964. Wright, Nancy Lowrie, and Cathy Dantin Shannon (comps.). Louisiana Volunteers in the War of 1898. Houma, Louisiana: Wright Shannon Publications, 1989. Work is a register of Louisiana men who volunteered to serve during the Spanish-American War. Louisiana provided two infantry regiments (1st and 2nd) and three light artillery batteries (A, B, and C). None of these units was involved in combat during the war with Spain and only the 2nd Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment was dispatched to Cuba for occupation duty in the first quarter of 1899.

B. Reporting and Picturing the War with Spain. 965. A Military Album, Containing Over One Thousand Portraits of Commissioned Officers Who Served in the Spanish-American War. New York: L. R. Hamersly, 1902. Work is a photographic study of many of the Army and Navy officers of the Regular and State National Guard forces that served in the war with Spain. In addition to the portraits of these individuals there are numerous short service records. 966. A Wonderful Reproduction of Living Scenes in Natural Color Photos of America’s New Possessions. Chicago, Illinois, International View Company, 1901. This work advertises itself as a collection of color photos “more perfect than oil paintings” of the towns and people of the Philippine Islands. These photos appear to be color tinted black and white photographs taken by news photographers sent to cover the Philippine Insurrection. This work contains photos from the first days of fighting at the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection (February 4, 1899), of the burned ruins of the Tondo district of Manila attacked by insurgents February 23, 1899, and of state volunteers from the western United States involved in the fighting in Luzón through mid-1899. In particular, the state volunteer Utah artillery batteries, 20th Kansas Infantry, and 1st Montana Infantry, and Regular Army units, such as the 4th Cavalry, 6th Artillery, and 22nd Infantry are pictured. 967. Allen, Douglas. Frederic Remington and the Spanish-American War. Crown Publishers: New York, 1971. Author provides a history of the artist Frederic Remington, his war illustrations and war dispatches from Cuba under the Spanish, American military preparations in Tampa, Florida, for the invasion

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of Cuba, and the Santiago de Cuba Campaign. Illustrations originally appeared in William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal, Harper’s Weekly, and Collier’s Weekly. 968. Bartholomew, Charles Lewis. Cartoons of the Spanish-American War, by Bart with Dates of Important Events from the Minneapolis Journal, January 1899. Minneapolis, Minnesota: The Journal Printing Company, 1899. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Work is a collection of political cartoons drawn by Charles L. Bartholomew (1869–1949), relating to the Spanish-American War, which appeared in the Minneapolis Journal in 1898 and were reprinted in this special edition the following year. 969. Bowman, Rowland Claude. The Tribune Cartoon Book for 1901, by R.C. Bowman, Being a Selection of Over One Hundred Cartoons that have Appeared in the Minneapolis Tribune During the Past Year. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Minneapolis Tribune, 1898. Work is a collection of cartoons by Rowland C. Bowman (1870– 1903), many relating to the Spanish-American War in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Philippine Islands (mainly Dewey’s victory in Manila Bay) which appeared in the Minneapolis Tribune and were reprinted in this special edition in the fall of 1898. 970. Brown, Charles H. “Press Censorship in the Spanish-American War.” Journalism Quarterly 42, No. 4 (1965): 581–590. American war correspondents in the Spanish-American War appear not to have been subject to military control over their stories. In fact, military censorship was extensive and effective, though there was sometimes a lack of regard concerning publication of American ship movements which Spain was not able to exploit. Press censorship was established in the telegraph offices of Key West, Tampa, and New York (though not in Washington), and by Admiral William T. Sampson and Major General William R. Shafter, commanding the Navy and Army expeditions to Cuba. 971. —. The Correspondents’ War, Journalists in the Spanish-American War. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1967. Extensive history of American journalism and significant journalists at the turn of the nineteenth century reporting on the SpanishAmerican War in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico). Newspaper publishers like William Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World were often

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involved in the shaping the opinion of the American public and its elected representatives. This work contains information on some of the better-known journalists who reported on the war, like Stephen Crane, Richard Harding Davis, and Frederick Remington, but also discusses lesser remembered journalists like Stephen Bonsal, Mr. and Mrs. Turnbull White, W. A. M. Goode, John Black Atkins, George Bronson Rea, Sylvester Scovel, Charles S. Diehl, Freeman Halstead, Frank Greeson Schell, James Creelman, Charles Michelson, Edwin Emerson, Jr., James N. Quail, Robert B. Cramer, T. Dart Walker, Carlton T. Chapman, Howard Thompson, Thomas F. Millard, Walstein Root, William Shaw Bowen, and John P. Dunning. Also, discusses the beginnings of film journalism by Albert E. Smith and J. Stuart Blackton of Vitagraph. 972. Campbell, W. Joseph. The Spanish-American War: American War and the Media in Primary Documents. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2005. Work is significant collection of some of the most important news articles that appeared in the New York Herald, Journal, Tribune, and Times for the period of 1897 to 1902. Collection includes articles on Karl Decker’s rescue of Evangelina Cisneros, the De Lôme Letter Crisis, destruction of the USS Maine, the Cuban and Puerto Rico Campaigns in the West Indies, the advent of motion pictures in covering the war, the beginning of the Philippine Insurrection, and the debates over imperialism. 973. Cartoons of the War of 1898 with Spain: From Leading Foreign and American Papers. Chicago, Illinois: Belford, Middlebrook & Co., 1898. Collection of over two hundred political cartoons published in American, British, French, Mexican, and Spanish newspapers during the summer of 1898. Introduction notes “it remained for the cartoonists of 1898” to give the character of “Uncle Sam” its uniquely American attributes. 974. Church, A. M. (ed.) Picturesque Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines: A Photographic Panorama of Our New Possessions. Springfield, Ohio: Mast, Crowell & Kirkpatrick, 1899. Popular contemporary pictorial publication showing views of the former Spanish possessions (Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines) and the recently annexed Hawaiian Islands. This work appears to date from the last months of 1898. Also contains views of American Volunteer units at Camps Alger, Virginia, and Thomas, Georgia, and various United States naval vessels.

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975. Crosby, Ernest. Captain Jinks Hero. Illustrations by Dan Beard. New York and London: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1902. Satire of the best order of the patriotic doings displayed during the Spanish-American War. The “hero” Sam Jinks attends “East Point” Military Academy and upon graduation is sent to “Cubapines” where he charges up a hill called “San Diego” to fame. Later he is sent off to fight the “Moritos” and undertakes occupation duty at a place called “Havilla.” 976. Currier, Charles Elliot. In the Early Days, Philippine Sketches. New York: Broadway Publishing Company, 1914. Author claims the tales of fighting between American troops and Filipino Insurrectionists were related to him by an unnamed “old Army sergeant” over San Miguel beers at the Lone Star bar in Manila so there is no way to verify the stories in this book. Tales of American soldiers’ “derring-do” written in a manner similar to England’s Rudyard Kipling. 977. De Quesada, Alejandro M. Images of America, the SpanishAmerican War in Tampa Bay. Dover, New Hampshire: Arcadia Publishing, 1998. Since the start of the Cuban War (1895) Tampa’s cigar makers— many of them Cubans displaced by the Ten Years War (1868–1878) to the United States—had been contributing money, supplies, and men to the Cuban Army of Liberation under the leadership of José Martí. However, when the military selected Tampa for the main debarkation point for American Forces to Cuba, and later Puerto Rico, this small southern coastal town’s facilities were soon overwhelmed by the rapid buildup of camps and depots. Profusely illustrated with contemporary images of soldiers, encampments, and locations around Tampa during the 1898 War. 978. Diehl, Charles Sanford. The Staff Correspondent, How the News of the World is Collected and Dispatched by a Body of Trained Press Writers. San Antonio, Texas: The Clegg Company, 1931. Work is the author’s memoirs as a staff correspondent with the Associated Press. Diehl describes his and other Associated Press correspondents’ experiences on the press dispatch boat Wanda which covered both the Cuban and Puerto Rico Campaigns. 979. Dunne, Finley Peter. Mr. Dooley in Peace and War. Boston, Massachusetts: Small, Maynard & Company, 1899. Finley Peter Dunne (July 10, 1867–April 24, 1936) was a Chicagobased author, writer, and humorist. His fictional Mr. Dooley

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expounded upon political and social issues of the day from his South Side Chicago Irish pub and he spoke with the thick verbiage and accent of an Irish immigrant. In 1898, Dunne wrote a Mr. Dooley piece that celebrated the victory of Commodore George Dewey over the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay which attracted national attention. Within a short time, weekly Dooley essays were syndicated across the country. In 1899, under the title Mr. Dooley in Peace and War, a collection of the pieces was brought out in book form. Theodore Roosevelt was a fan, despite the fact that he was one of Dunne’s favorite targets. When Roosevelt published his book, The Rough Riders, Dunne wrote a tongue-in-cheek review mocking the war hero with the punch line “if I was him I’d call th’ book ‘Alone in Cubia.’ ” 980. Gagliasso, Dan. “Rough Riders, Moviemakers, and History: Hollywood Images of Theodore Roosevelt and the First US Volunteer Cavalry.” Journal of Arizona History 41, No. 3 (2000): 307–330. Article traces Hollywood’s depiction of Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War over time. Author contrasts the depiction of General Custer, who has been the subject of almost one hundred movies and television programs, with Colonel Roosevelt and his famous regiment which have been the focus of only a handful of films, usually being incidental to the story. Two major efforts depicting the Rough Riders in action are “The Rough Riders” (1927) and the 1997 television production “The Rough Riders.” Also notes Custer’s image has changed with each new generation’s perceptions of his actions, but the public image of Roosevelt and the Rough Riders has stayed remarkably the same, celebrated for the virtues of courage and honor. 981. Givens, James Davide. Scenes Taken in the Philippines and on the Pacific Relating to Soldiers. San Francisco: n.p., 1902. Reprint Oakland, California: R. S. Kicherner, 1914. Givens was the post photographer at the Presidio of San Francisco starting in 1899. In 1900 he undertook a trip to the Philippines to document the Philippine Insurrection and the 130 photographs in this work are the result of his efforts. Work also contains photos of the Boxer Rebellion (1900) in China. Givens republished this work several times, and would later photo-document the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, War World I troops in the Bay Area, and public buildings in California, throughout his career as a regional photographer. 982. Gould, Lewis and Richard Greffe. Photojournalist: The Career of Jimmy Hare. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1977.

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History of the career of James H. Hare (1856–1946), a pioneer in the field of photojournalism. Hare accompanied Stephen Crane and Richard Harding Davis in reporting on the American attack on San Juan Heights in Cuba. His work demonstrated the importance of providing pictures to accompany important newspaper stories. This volume contains examples of Hare’s photos from the SpanishAmerican War and early decades of the twentieth century. 983. Greater America, Heros, Battles, Camps, Dewey Islands, Cuba and Porto Rico. Photos by Gilson Willets and Marguerita Arlina Hamm. New York and London: F. Tennyson Neely Publisher, 1898. Photographic picture book showing in no particular order American training camps, views of the Philippine Islands, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. Work appears to have been published prior to the peace treaty in early 1899. 984. Hamilton, John Maxwell, Renita Coleman, Bettye Grable, and Jaci Cole. “An Enabling Environment: A Reconsideration of the Press and the Spanish-American War.” Journalism Studies 7 (Winter 2006): 78–93. This article examines and challenges revisionist views of the media’s influence on the Spanish-American War. This is the first study to reconstruct historical public opinion through agenda-setting research. The authors do not find the “yellow press” started the war—as has been previously theorized—but they do find that sensationalist and conservative newspapers together created an enabling environment for going to war. The article puts journalists’ impact on that major historical event in better perspective and should lead to more efforts to use a wide range of quantitative research tools to understand history. 985. Hannaford, Ebenezer, Lt. The Handy War Book: Containing Authentic Information and Statistics on Subjects Relating to the War, with Descriptions of the American and Spanish Navies: also a Brief History of Cuba, Porto Rico, the Philippines, and Other Islands. With Accurate War Maps and Photographic Pictures of US War Vessels. Farm and Fireside Library, no. 161, July 1898. Springfield, Ohio: Mast, Crowell & Kirkpatrick, 1898. This small (80 pages) reference guide and colored maps supplied accurate and concise information to the American public on the history of the Cuban Revolution (1895–1898), the beginning of the American involvement in the Spanish-American War up to the end of July of 1898, statistical comparisons of the strength of the Spanish and American Navies, and photographs of many of the American

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warships of the period. Nothing in this work postdates July 28, 1898, and it appears to have been issued prior to the signing of the Peace Protocol of August 12, 1898. 986. Harrington, Peter and Frederic A Sharf. “A Splendid Little War” The Spanish-American War, 1898, The Artists’ Perspective. London: Greenhill Books and Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 1998. Work is an Exhibition Catalog of contemporary American and European artwork dealing with the Spanish-American War. In 1898 artists were employed to provide sketches to accompany correspondents’ stories, making this conflict particularly noted for the contribution of illustrators giving the public an idea of how the war and the war locales appeared. Exhibition was shown at Brown University, Rhode Island; Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania; Henry Morrison Flagler Museum, Palm Beach, Florida; and, Heritage Plantation of Cape Cod, Sandwich, Massachusetts, from April of 1998 to October of 1999. Work contains biographies of the major illustrators. 987. Hart, Edward H. The Official Photographs of the United States Navy. The Authentic Photographic Views of the United States Navy, and Scenes of the Ill-fated Maine before and after the Explosion. Group Pictures of Army and Navy Officers. Also Photographs of the Leading Spanish Men-of-War. Chicago, Illinois: W. B. Conkey, 1898. This volume is one of the more popular contemporary photographic histories of the Spanish-American War, with an emphasis on the US Navy. The author, a US Navy photographer, illustrates this work with numerous high quality photographs of naval vessels, officers, and naval activities. This work includes many photographs of US and Spanish warships. Also, important naval and political figures are shown, as well as many scenes of life, work, and training aboard US naval vessels at the turn of the century. Most striking are the photographs of the wreck of the Maine and of her crew before her destruction. 988. Johnston, Edgar, Lt. The Great American-Spanish War Scenes, with Official Photographs by United States Naval Photographer, E. H. Hart. A History of the War in Cuba and the United States Conflict with Spain. Chicago, Illinois: W. B. Conkey Company, 1898. Reprinted as Photographs of the Great Spanish-American war, by United States Naval Photographer, E. H. Hart. A History of the War in Cuba and the United States Conflict with Spain, by Lieutenant Edgar Johnston. Contains an Authentic Account of our Navy … Views of the ill-fated Maine … Map in colors, of Spanish possessions

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in East and West Indies … Atlanta, Georgia, and Naperville, Illinois: J. L. Nichols & Company, 1898. Volume is one of the better contemporary photographic histories of the Spanish-American War. It contains a narrative of the West Indies Campaign and the Philippine Islands Campaign up to the surrender of Spanish forces in Manila. The high grade photos with emphasis on the United States Navy participation in the war by E. H. Hart make this work of great visual interest. Hart later reprinted many of these photographs in works under his own name. (See Item 987 above.) 989. La gráfica política del 98. (The Political Illustrations of 98.) Junta de Extremadura, Consejería de Cultura y Patrimonio. Cáceres, Spain: CEXECI, Centro Extremeño de Estudios y Cooperación con Iberoaméricana, 1998. Extensive collection of black and white and color illustrations that appeared in newspapers, primarily in Spain, which chronicle the Spanish-American War of 1898. 990. Men We are Proud of, A Collection of Steel-Plate Portraits of Chief Actors in Our Conflict with Spain with Brief Biographical Sketches. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: A. E. Francis & R. P. Strine, 1899. Artistic presentation of ten steel-plate portraits—suitable for framing—of President McKinley, Naval leaders Dewey, Sampson, Schley, Sigsbee, Hobson, Evans, and Army leaders Miles, Roosevelt, and Merritt with a short biographical description of each. 991. Méndez Saavedra, Manuel (comp.). 1898: La guerra hispanoamericana en caricaturas. (The Spanish-American War in Cartoons.) San Juan, Puerto Rico: Gráfica Metropolitana, 1992. Text and captions of political cartoons related to the SpanishAmerican War in English and Spanish-language newspapers of the period. 992. Milton, Joyce. The Yellow Kids, Foreign Correspondents in the Heyday of Yellow Journalism. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1989. Reprint New York: Harper Perennial, 1990. Excellent volume which utilizes memoirs, news stories, and biographies to examine the experiences of numerous American War Correspondents, such as Stephen Crane, Sylvester Scovel, George Rea, James Creelman, and Richard Harding Davis. Provides a good chronology for each of these correspondents, their travels and exploits, published works from 1895–1898, and their adventures reporting on the Cuban Revolution for the New York newspapers

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Herald, World, and Journal. Author’s scholarship corrects many historical inaccuracies about these correspondents and their activities primarily in the West Indies during the Spanish-American War period. 993. Neely’s Panorama of Our New Possessions. Neely’s Educational Library No. 2. New York: F. Tennyson Neely Publisher, 1898. Work is a photographic collection of five by seven inch photographs—in no particular order—of American troops in training camps, fighting in Cuba, views of Puerto Rico, and Americans in the trenches outside Manila in the Philippines. Cheap to produce photographic collections of the areas where American troops were sent met a great public demand for information about the new areas that would be annexed to the United States with the conclusion of the Treaty of Paris in early 1899. 994. Neely’s Photographs, Panoramic View of Cuba, Porto Rico, Manila and the Philippines. New York and London: F. Tennyson Neely Publisher, 1899. Technical achievements in the development of printing large format photography at the turn of the century allowed for the production of inexpensive picture books showing the United States’ new colonial possessions and views of America’s military forces. F. Tennyson Neely produced a number of this type of picture books to satisfy public interest in the former Spanish colonies annexed or administered by the United States as a result of the Treaty of Paris ending the Spanish-American War. 995. Nelan, Charles. Cartoons of Our War with Spain. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1898. Reprinted from the New York Herald are a series of political cartoons relating to the Spanish-American War that appeared in that newspaper in the summer of 1898. Charles Nelan (1859–1904) was one of the most noted political cartoonists of the late nineteenth century. 996. Our Country’s Pride, the Army and Navy: Official Illustrations Taken from “The Army and Navy Register” Washington, D.C., with introductions by the Honorable Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Admiral of the Navy and the Chief of the General Staff of the Army. New York: Cupples & Leon 1903. This volume is a popular post-Spanish-American War pictorial work containing period photographs of the US Army and Navy—General Officers, Admirals, warships, army units—that participated in the war with Spain.

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997. Our Heroes of the Spanish-American War. New York: Central Bureau of Engraving: New York, 1898. The Central Bureau of Engraving produced large format steel engraved and high quality printed pictures of the major American Generals (Miles, Shafter, etc.), Admirals (Schley, Sampson, Dewey, etc.), and military heroes (Theodore Roosevelt, Richard Hobson, etc.) which were suitable for framing. 998. Our War with Spain. The Army and Navy, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines. Reproductions of Photographs with Graphic Descriptive Text. Chicago, Illinois: Belford, Middlebrook & Company, 1898. Work contains hundreds of reproductions of photographs and illustrations chronicling the recently concluded Spanish-American War. All photos have a descriptive text and the reproductions are interspersed with a narrative of the chronology of the war. Photographs and illustrations cover major American and Spanish political and military figures, and military action and views of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Hawaii. 999. Philips’ Special Map Illustrating the Spanish-American War. London: George Philip & Son, 1898. This work consists of a large map enclosed in soft cardboard wrappers, with text and description of map on the front cover, which provides information on the location of the Spanish colonies in the West Indies and western Pacific. This map was intended to inform the American public of the location of the areas where the actual fighting in the Spanish-American War was occurring. There are also publisher’s advertisements of other maps on rear cover. 1000. Rosenberg, Morton M., and Thomas Ruff. Indiana and the Coming of the Spanish-American War. Muncie, Indiana: Ball State University Press, 1976. Author has conducted a review of Indiana newspapers prior to the destruction of the Maine which indicates that there was no consensus for or against war with Spain. Rather, it took the loss of the Maine and the declaration of war by Congress to sway the states’ officials and newspapers to support the conflict with Spain. 1001. Roth, Mitchel P. Historical Dictionary of War Journalism. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1997. This work covers war journalism from the colonial period to the present time. The section on the news coverage of the Spanish-American

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War period reprints a number of significant articles which appeared in the newspapers of the period. 1002. Rouleau, Brian. “Childhood’s Imperial Imagination: Edward Stratemeyer’s Fiction Factory and the Valorization of American Empire.” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 7, No. 4 (2008): 479–512. Article examines the influence of Edward Stratemeyer’s juvenile fiction in promoting the rightness of an American Empire with young boys. In 1898 Stratemeyer began writing serial fiction for teenage boys, starting with the Spanish-American War, followed by the Filipino Insurrection, and continuing into the 1930s. Stratemeyer’s Old Glory series pictured clean-cut young American men in adventures in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia. Stratemeyer took a racist view of nonwhite, foreign people and depicted them as treacherous, cowardly, untrustworthy, lazy, and generally inferior to his Anglo-Saxon heroes. As a result, American atrocities in the Philippines and negative aspects of American imperialism were ignored in favor of an “idealized vision of American benevolence” in foreign affairs. The Old Glory series was a huge success, and Stratemeyer formed a literary syndicate that by 1930 had published more than 200 million copies. 1003. Shaw, Angel Velasco, and Luis H. Francia (eds.). Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream, 1899–1999. New York: New York University Press, 2002. These two editors have pulled together a collection of essays, poetry, photographs, and art on the Philippine-American War for this volume. This work seeks to redress how the American public has forgotten this conflict by a discussion of individuals and topics, such as David Fagen—the African American army defector to the Filipino cause; the first “war films” which recreated military action in the Philippines; and how little the conflict is commemorated in public monuments in American towns. This multidisciplinary study not only examines America’s imperialism and colonial efforts in the Pacific Rim, it also chronicles the effects of American intervention on the culture and history of the Philippines. 1004. Shewey, Arista C. Shewey’s Spanish American War Atlas. Chicago, Illinois, 1898. The Shewey Company specialized in the production of atlases for the general public. This atlas provided historical information and statistical tables relating to the Spanish-American War, in particular the West Indies.

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1005. Smith, Albert E., and Phil A. Koury. Two Reels and a Crank. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1952. Reprint New York: Garland Publishing, 1985. Volume is a history of the beginning of the movie industry in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. Work contains a chapter on the efforts of members of the Vitagraph picture company to film the Cuban Campaign. Vitagraph produced a series of twominute movies, or news reports, focusing on the war—which are digitally available through the Library of Congress—and were important in creating public interest in motion pictures. 1006. Stallman, R. W., and E. R. Hagemann (eds.). The War Dispatches of Stephen Crane. London: Peter Owen, 1964. Contents include Crane’s dispatches from the Greco-Turkish War (1897) and from the Spanish-American War (1898) in Cuba and Puerto Rico, as well as articles on the Boer War. There is also a dramatic work involving some of his experiences during the war in Cuba and a selection of related articles by fellow correspondents, including Cora Crane, Richard Harding Davis, and Frank Norris. The texts have been meticulously collated with all available sources, and the introductory sections and footnotes will prove useful to the reader. 1007. Swanberg, W. A. Citizen Hearst: A Biography of William Randolph Hearst. New York: Scribner, 1961. Reprint Norwalk, Connecticut, Easton Press, 1988. Volume is a biography of William Randolph Hearst (1863–1951), influential publisher of the New York Journal whose sensationalist news reporting helped to coin the term “yellow journalism.” Author discusses Hearst’s influence in molding public opinion toward a war with Spain. 1008. —. Pulitzer. New York, Scribner, 1967. Work is biography of Joseph Pulitzer (1847–1911), publisher of the New York World newspaper, and rival of William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal. These two newspaper publishers defined “yellow journalism.” 1009. Through the War by Camera, a Weekly Artfolio of Current Events, on Land and Sea, in the Spanish American War of 1898. New York: Pearson Publishing Company Pearson, 1898. Work is a compilation of Pearson’s Patriotic Education Series, issued weekly by the Pearson Publishing Company throughout the summer

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months of 1898. This book contains over one hundred black and white photographs taken during the war with Spain with a detailed caption of the subject of each photograph. Photos cover Cuba, the Philippine Islands, and Puerto Rico; Spanish and American military; Cuban Revolutionaries; and American training facilities. Work is a good example of early photojournalism. 1010. Thweatt, Hiram H. What the Newspapers Say of the Negro Soldier in the Spanish-American War. Thomasville, Georgia, n.p., 1908. Work consists of reprints of a collection of favorable journalistic articles on the heroism of Black American soldiers in the Spanish-American War, in particular the men of the 10th US Cavalry, as assembled and privately printed by an African American Georgian. 1011. Turner, Hy B. When Giants Ruled: the Story of Park Row, New York’s Great Newspaper Street. New York: Fordham University Press, 1999. Work covers the newspaper rivalries of New York City in the last half of the nineteenth century. It gives particular emphasis to the circulation war between Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst which reached a climax with the Spanish-American War. 1012. Uncle Sam’s Navy. Historical Fine Art Series. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Historical Publishing Co, 1898. Uncle Sam’s Navy was a weekly illustrated publication that began on March 28, 1898, and ended after only twelve numbered issues. Each weekly consisted of sixteen large-format photographic pages showing ships, crews, dock facilities, and weaponry. At the end of the brief war with Spain a single volume which incorporated the entire set of photographs was printed as a special edition. 1013. Wilkerson, Marcus Manley. Public Opinion and the SpanishAmerican War: A Study in War Propaganda. Louisiana State University Studies, No. 8. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1932. Reprint New York: Russell & Russell, 1967. This author’s publication, based on his 1931 dissertation, from the University of Wisconsin, was one of the first histories to advance the theory that the destruction of the Maine was just the “immediate” cause for the war with Spain. The underlying cause was American public opinion which had for a number of years been shaped by a “yellow” press to create a favorable climate for hostilities.

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C. Songs and Poetry of the War with Spain 1014. American War Songs. Published Under Supervision of National Committee for the Preservation of Existing Records of the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Privately Printed 1925. National Society of the Colonial Dames of America published a selection of popular war songs from the Revolutionary War to WWI, and includes Spanish-American War period. 1015. Brownlee, James Henry. War-Time Echos, Patriotic Poems, Heroic and Pathetic, Humorous and Dialectic of the Spanish-American War. Akron, Ohio: The Werner Publishing Company, 1898. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Work is a compilation of poems relating to the Spanish-American War which had appeared in major newspapers, magazines, and public addresses. Brownlee had previously published a similar compilation of poetry relating to the Civil War entitled Martial Recitations for the Veteran’s Camp Fire. 1016. French, Erasmus Darwin. The Power of Destiny: Revealed in Our War with Spain and the Philippines. Los Angeles, California: Printed by Ernest K. Foster, 1899. Work consists of a series of poems on the predestination of American History to acquire an American Empire. As an example, the author asks “Will you oppose the march of great events?” 1017. Galt, William Wilson, US Navy. The Battle of Manila Bay, May First, Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-Eight: an Epic Poem. Norfolk, Virginia: Privately Printed, 1904. The author was the Pay Director at the Navy Pay Office at Norfolk, Virginia, and was inspired to write an epic poem on Admiral George Dewey’s naval engagement of May 1, 1898, at Manila Bay. Dewey wrote a letter to Galt that appears in the work stating this poem was a “correct and most excellent account of the battle.” 1018. Garrett, Erwin Clarkson. My Bunkie and Other Ballads. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1907. Poetry from the author’s experience during the Philippine Insurrection serving in Companies G and L, 23rd US infantry and 5th US Cavalry. Garrett’s poems cover his army days spent in the Philippines during the Insurrection. His later poems appeared in Harper’s Weekly, Philadelphia Inquirer, and other publications.

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1019. Price, Theodore F. Heroes of the Spanish-American War and Lyre and Sword of Spain: Two Epic Poems. New York: Theodore F. Price, 1899. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing Co., 2007. Work consists of two long poems by the author. The first is entitled “Heroes of the Spanish-American War: An Illustrated Poem” and the second is called “Spain’s Lyre and Sword.” The first poem is nearly 180 pages long and the second is some 40 pages in length. Both are intended as patriotic epic poems relating to the recently concluded Spanish-American War. 1020. Scott, Irving Murray (comp.). War Poems, 1898 Compiled by the California Club. San Francisco, California: The Murdock Press, 1898. The author Irving Scott (1837–1903) compiled and reprinted poetry from numerous published sources on the Spanish-American War, which according to the compiler “defined our place among the nations.” 1021. Witherbee, Sidney A. (ed.). Spanish-American War Songs, a Complete Collection of Newspaper Verse during the Recent War with Spain. Detroit, Michigan: Sidney A. Witherbee Publisher, 1898. Large 1,000-page collection of patriotic poetry, ballads, and songs which appeared in American newspapers during the period of the Spanish-American War in the summer of 1898. Some of the more notable contributors were Theodore Dreiser, Julia Ward Howe, Albert Bigelow Paine (correspondent), and Stephen Crane.

D. America—Empire or Republic? 1022. Apacible, Galicano. To the American People. Boston, Massachusetts: New England Anti-Imperialist League: 1900. Reprint Toronto, Canada: Toronto Central Filipino Committee 1900. Small bilingual (English and Spanish) pamphlet penned by a Filipino, who was appealing to the American people to allow his countrymen to govern themselves. Apacible had previously fled from the American authorities in the Philippines to Canada where this pamphlet was published by the anti-imperialist leagues in Boston and Toronto. 1023. Bailey, Thomas Andrew. A Diplomatic History of the American People. New York: F. S. Crofts & Co., 1940; Second Edition, 1942;

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and Third Edition, 1946; Fourth Edition, New York: AppletonCentury-Crofts, 1950; Fifth Edition, 1955; Sixth Edition, 1958; Seventh Edition, 1964; and Eighth Edition, 1969; Ninth Edition Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1974; and Tenth Edition, 1980. Good survey of American diplomatic history covering a wide period of time. With regard to the Spanish-American War period the author believes that public opinion was a major force for President McKinley declaring war against Spain. At the same time, while McKinley saw the primary goal of the war as freedom for Cuba he acted on his own in deciding to annex the Philippines. 1024. Beisner, Robert L. Twelve against Empire, the Anti-Imperialists 1898–1900. How Twelve Men Opposed the Acquisition of Empire in the Spanish-American War. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1968. Work covers the Anti-Imperialist arguments against President McKinley’s annexation of the Philippines on the basis of constitutional, economic, diplomatic, moral, racist, political, and historical precedent. Discusses how the Expansionist Republicans and Southern Democrats who had called for the war defeated the arguments of the Anti-Imperialists. 1025. Bemis, Samuel F. The Latin American Policy of the United States. New York: The Norton Library, 1971. Author discusses American intervention in the Cuban Revolution within the larger context of United States Latin American policy. Bemis views American intervention in Cuba, as guided by the Teller Amendment—in which the United States stated it would not annex the island—as a legal foundation for activities that would protect American security. 1026. Brooks, Francis Augustus. An Arrangement of President McKinley’s Policy of Extending the Sovereignty of the US over the Philippine Islands. Boston, Massachusetts: Alfred Mudge & Sons, 1899. Short pamphlet by a noted Anti-Imperialist Francis Augustus Brooks (1824–1902), in which he argues 1) the Peace Treaty with Spain only gives the United States temporary occupation rights to Manila and its environs; 2) the current war against the Filipinos is without legal foundation and is being conducted solely by the president; and, 3) the United States has been “treacherously and cruelly” dealing with the Filipinos who were once our allies in the war against Spain.

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1027. —. The Unauthorized and Unlawful Subjugation of the Filipinos in the Island of Luzón by President McKinley. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Caustic & Claflin, 1900. Short pamphlet by the noted Anti-Imperialist Francis Augustus Brooks (1824–1902) who asserts the war being carried on by the American Army against the Philippine Insurrectionists is not authorized by Congress and therefore is unlawful. 1028. —. An Examination of the Scheme for Engrafting the Colonial System of Government upon the United States Constitution. Boston, Massachusetts: Press of George H. Ellis, 1900. Short pamphlet by the noted Anti-Imperialist Francis Augustus Brooks (1824–1902) who believes President McKinley is attempting to make the United States a colonial power by its actions in the Philippine Insurrection. Brooks claims the Constitution has no provision for the United States to become a colonial power and subjugate foreign peoples. 1029. —. Unlawful and Unjustifiable Conquest of the Filipinos. Boston, Massachusetts: Press of George H. Ellis, 1901. Short pamphlet by the noted Anti-Imperialist Francis Augustus Brooks (1824–1902) who again argues the war against the Philippine Insurrectionists is unlawful because Congress has not authorized the war. 1030. Chamberlin, Frederick Carleton. The Blow from Behind: or, Some Features of the Anti-Imperialist Movement Attending the War with Spain, Together with a Consideration of our Philippine Policy from its Inception to the Present Time and the International Law Affecting the Same. Boston, Massachusetts: Lee and Shepard, 1903. Pamphlet issued to counter Anti-Imperialist arguments that the annexation of the Philippines was illegal. This work counters that annexation was legal under international law and that AntiImperialists were being disloyal by not supporting American troops in the field. 1031. Davis, Janet M. “ ‘Instruct the Minds of all Classes’: Celebrations of Empire at the American Circus, 1898–1910.” European and American Studies 51 (2004): 58–68. Following the Spanish-American War, circuses and Wild West shows patriotically celebrated American ascension to the status of a world power. The era was a high point in the popularity of such entertainment spectacles, making them an important venue for addressing

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American concerns about imperialism, foreign entanglements accompanying world power status, and the effects on American society of assimilating the nonwhite populations of newly acquired American dependencies. As such, they incorporated elements that showcased the supremacy of white Americans over Cubans, Filipinos, and Puerto Ricans and promoted American exceptionalism—the theme of American democratic civilization wiping away corrupt European empires from the Western Hemisphere. 1032. Field, James A. Jr. “Alfred Thayer Mahan Speaks for Himself.” The Naval War College Review 29, No. 2 (Fall 1976): 47–60. Article is a review of the writings of Alfred Thayer Mahan and his role in influencing an expansionist America. The author notes that up to early 1898 Mahan was only advocating acquisition of territory in the Caribbean to protect a proposed Central American Canal and the Hawaiian Islands to protect the West coast of the United States. Mahan’s promotion of defensive acquisitions to protect the continental United States changed after Dewey’s victory in Manila Bay and the subsequent involvement in military action in the Philippine Insurrection. At this point, Admiral Mahan appears to have reluctantly proposed acquisition of the Philippine Islands and Guam. 1033. Freidel, Frank. “Dissent in the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection”. In: Dissent in Three American Wars, pp. 65–95. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1970. Also published in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 81 (1970): 167–184. Author provides a concise essay on the anti-imperialists in American politics and government who objected to the annexation of the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands. Notes the irony that a “War for Humanity” to liberate the Cubans from the oppressive Spanish regime had resulted in the United States acquiring a colonial empire that denied the Philippine people their civil rights. Good discussion of the tactics of the anti-imperialists and the response of advocates of expansionism. 1034. Fulton, Robert Irving, and Thomas Clarkson Trueblood (comps.). Patriotic Eloquence Relating to the Spanish-American War and its Issues. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1900. Work consists of selected compilations of speeches by some of the great American orators of the 1890s and major participants in the War with Spain. Included are speeches by Chauncey M. Depew

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on the National Guard; George F. Hoar and Henry Cabot Lodge on whether the United States should annex the Philippines; John D. Long on the modern American Navy; William McKinley on the national duty facing America as a result of the war; Redfield Proctor on the state of Cubans in reconcentrado camps; Carl Schurz on the anti-imperialist views of the time; and Booker T. Washington on the effect of the war on African American civil rights. 1035. Gleijeses, Piero. “African Americans and the War Against Spain.” North Carolina Historical Review 73, No. 2 (1996): 184–214. Article describes how African American newspapers, such as the Washington Bee and Colored American viewed the SpanishAmerican War as an opportunity for Black Americans to demonstrate their loyalty to their country, as a means of combating racism when segregation was becoming legalized, particularly in the South. The author believes the war did not bond whites and blacks, but rather increased racial tensions. White Americans resented the sight of black soldiers under arms and black soldiers who insisted upon their civil rights. African Americans were unable to appeal to white America’s conscience and the nation instead saw the strengthening of the white supremacy movement at the end of the century. 1036. Johnke, James. “Kansas Mennonites During the Spanish-American War.” Mennonite Life 26 (April 1971): 70–72. Short article examines the conflicting factors influencing the Mennonite community during the Spanish-American War. Although willing to assist in nonmilitary ways the American government’s war against Spain, the Mennonites protested against American annexation of former Spanish possessions. 1037. Reid, Whitelaw. “The Territory with which we are Threatened.” Century Magazine 56, No. 5 (September 1898): 788–794. Article by Whitelaw Reid, a Republican politician who argues that the United States must hold on to the former Spanish colonies it captured in the war with Spain as a “necessity.” This article is one of the first to appear in print advocating an expansionist view. Reid would be appointed by President McKinley to the Peace Commission negotiating the Treaty of Paris with the Spanish. 1038. Seelye, John. War Games, Richard Harding Davis and the New Imperialism. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003.

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This volume examines the works of the popular late nineteenthcentury writer and war correspondent, Richard Harding Davis, with regard to his impact in encouraging American public support for the Cuban insurgency and American Imperialism through the annexation of the Spanish colonial islands. 1039. Tompkins, Berkeley. “The Old Guard: A Study of the AntiImperialist Leadership.” Historian 30, No. 3 (1968): 366–388. The Anti-Imperialist League, founded in Boston in November 1898, was the first of what became a number of organizations formed in opposition to the creation of an overseas empire that the United States had acquired largely as a result of the annexation of former Spanish colonial island possessions at the conclusion of the SpanishAmerican War. Author considers the origins, education, political, and economic views of 52 prominent members of this first league, and discusses the composition and motivations of the anti-imperialist movement as a whole. Based on publications issued by the league as well as the writings of the leaders themselves (e.g., William G. Sumner, Felix Adler, Grover Cleveland, Andrew Carnegie, David Starr Jordan, and Carl Schurz).

E. American Society—Aid to the Soldier, Response to the War (at home and abroad), and Societal Changes for Women, Minorities, and the Military. 1040. A Few of the Letters Received from Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, Thanking Charleston, S.C. for Her Care of their Soldier Boys. Charleston, South Carolina: Walker, Evans, & Cogswell Company, Printers, 3 and 5 Broad and 117 East Bay Streets, 1898. Pamphlet—privately printed—containing letters from grateful soldiers and families of soldiers of the 16th Pennsylvania, and the 2nd and 3rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiments to Mayor J. Adger Smyth of Charleston, South Carolina. These three northern National Guard regiments were briefly quartered in late July of 1898 in Charleston, South Carolina, before shipping out to Ponce, Puerto Rico, where they would participate in the Battle of Coamo (August 9, 1898) and skirmish at Asomante (August 11, 1898). During their stay in Charleston the local citizenry provided “an abundance of ice daily for the regiment a kindness … that made every man in the ranks feel that the city was prepared to consider their wants.” Several letters expressed the sentiment that the citizens of Charleston did much to overcome the hard feelings caused by the Civil War and create “a spirit that strengthens the ties that bind

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our States together and cements more firmly the fabric of the Union.” 1041. Abrams, Jeanne. “Remembering the Maine: The Jewish Attitude Toward the Spanish-American War as Reflected in ‘The American Israelite.’ ” American Jewish History 76, No. 4 (1987): 439–455. Article discusses the views of the editor of The American Israelite, Isaac Mayer Wise, who supported war against Spain in 1898 as a struggle for freedom and justice against European prejudices as demonstrated by the recent Captain Dreyfus affair in France. However, Wise argued against American annexation of former Spanish possessions as a betrayal of American and Jewish principles. 1042. Appel, John C. “The Unionization of Florida Cigar Makers and the Coming of the War with Spain.” Hispanic American Review 36 (February 1956): 38–49. Article discusses how the American Federation of Labor (AF of L) supported the liberation of Cuba from Spain to further unionization of cigar makers in both Florida and Cuba. 1043. Apple, Lindsey. “The Evolution of a Family: Gendered ‘Spheres’ and the Spanish-American War.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 94, No. 4 (1996): 363–395. Article is a review of the nearly five hundred letters exchanged by Mariah and Charles Clay while Charles participated in the SpanishAmerican War and the Philippine Insurrection. The letters provide insights into the war and the insurrection and the strains such separations place on a marriage, suggesting that stereotypical malefemale roles do change under such duress. The letters during the war showed anxiety on Mariah’s part and a manly desire to shelter his wife and daughter on Charles’s part, but when Clay was sent to the Philippines, his letter revealed a stronger desire to return home to his family and assumed a different tone. In March 1899, he was wounded in action and the injury ended his army career. Later, he undertook civilian assignments with the army. 1044. Cirillo, Vincent J. “Fever and Reform: The Typhoid Epidemic in the Spanish-American War.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 55, No. 4 (2000): 363–397. Article describes typhoid as the major killer of American soldiers in the Spanish-American War. By 1898, medical researchers had a test to identify the disease, understood the causative agent and mode of transmission of typhoid, and had the means to prevent outbreaks. Yet Army Medical officers did not have the power to enforce

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sanitary regulations, creating an epidemic that killed hundreds of American soldiers and provoked national outrage. The Army’s Typhoid Board Report identified camp conditions and lack of knowledge about hygiene as the cause of the epidemic, forcing the military to institute health reforms which included a female nursing corps and hygiene instruction in military training for officers and men. 1045. Clancy, Jacqueline E. “Hell’s Angel: Eleanor Kinzie Gordon’s Wartime Summer of 1898.” Tequesta 63 (2003): 37–61. Eleanor Kinzie Gordon (1835–1917), wife of Brigadier General Willie Gordon, organized convalescent care for a multitude of Spanish-American War National Guard soldiers stationed at Camp Miami, Florida. Camp Miami’s inhabitants suffered from the selection of a site that was unhealthy, causing the soldiers to be exposed to malaria, typhoid, and dysentery due to contaminated water and poor sanitation. In addition, once they became ill, the men received poor treatment at the camp’s ill-equipped and poorly staffed hospital. Mrs. Gordon recorded in her diary—which was the primary basis for this article—the many struggles she faced during the summer of 1898. 1046. Cooper, Jerry M. “National Guard Reform, the Army, and the Spanish-American War: The View from Wisconsin.” Military Affairs 42, No. 1 (1978): 20–23. Article discusses the opposition US Army reformers faced from politicians as a result of the traditional American distrust of a professional army at the start of the Spanish-American War. States also did not wish to yield control of their militia to the executive branch of the federal government. As a result, the Wisconsin Congressional delegation voted against the 1898 Hull Bill intended to enlarge the Regular Army, because their Wisconsin National Guardsmen opposed the legislation. Wisconsin Guardsmen saw the Spanish-American War as an opportunity to continue the citizensoldier tradition of the nineteenth century, by which, motivated by pride in their state guard and a commitment to that institution, they would undertake the defense of the United States. 1047. Fleischmann, Thomas F. “ ‘Watch Miami’: ‘The Miami Metropolis’ and the Spanish-American War.” Tequesta 47 (1987): 31–48. Article examines the coverage of the Spanish-American War in The Miami Metropolis which was the largest newspaper of the newly incorporated city of Miami, Florida. The Metropolis and its readers initially expressed concerns about the effects of a war with Spain on

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nearby Cuba. However they soon used the encampment of thousands of American volunteers in southern Florida as an opportunity to promote Miami nationally and Miami would benefit financially from the army payrolls. 1048. Fletcher, Marvin. The Black Soldier and Officer in the United States Army, 1891–1917. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1974. Work is a detailed history of the service of Black soldiers and officers in the United States Regular Army from the early 1890s to the start of the First World War. This volume was derived from the author’s thesis at the University of Wisconsin. 1049. Foner, Jack D. Blacks and the Military in American History: A New Perspective. Foreword and conclusion by James P. Shenton. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1974. Comprehensive overview of Blacks in the United States Armed Forces, which also includes the period of the Spanish-American War. 1050. Gatewood, Willard B., Jr. “Smoked Yankees” and the Struggle for Empire, Letters from Negro Soldiers, 1898–1902. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1971. Reprint Fayetteville, Arkansas: The University of Arkansas, 1987. Author provides a thorough discussion of the mixed emotions of Black Americans at the time of the Spanish-American War. This group identified with oppressed “colored” peoples under Spanish rule however, because they recognized the degree to which racism pervaded American society and thought they could never become wholly reconciled to the arguments of either the imperialists or the anti-imperialists. Some Black supporters of the war maintained that their participation in the military effort would win respect from whites and therefore enhance their status at home. Only three states, Alabama, Ohio, and Massachusetts, mustered black militia units in response to the President’s first call for volunteers, but the governors of Illinois (8th), Kansas (23rd), Virginia (6th), Indiana (two companies), and North Carolina (3rd), reacting to pressure from Negro politicians and the failure of whites to fill quotas, accepted Black units under the President’s second call for volunteers. 1051. George, Paul S. “Miami and the Spanish-American War: The Story of the Magic City during a Splendid Little War.” South Florida History Magazine 26, No. 2 (1998): 10–17. Hoping to boost business, railroad magnate and Florida promoter, Henry Flagler, convinced army leaders to station troops in Miami,

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Florida, during the Spanish-American War, in an effort to boost local businesses. However, the soldiers suffered from heat, lack of water, disease, and supplies. (See account of the 1st and 2nd Alabama Volunteers stationed in Miami, in Moses Koenigsberg’s Southern Martyrs, A History of Alabama’s White Regiments During the Spanish-American War.) (See Item 903 above.) 1052. Gilmore, N. Ray. “Mexico and the Spanish-American War.” The Hispanic American Historical Review. Volume 43, No. 4 (November 1963): 511–525. Article discusses the neutrality of the government of Mexico during the Spanish-American War, although the majority of the people and press favored Spain in the conflict. As a neutral during the conflict, Mexico was able to use its ships to supply contraband to Cuba in the early stages of the war out of the port of Vera Cruz. 1053. Gould, John Melville, and Edward H. Savary. The War Revenue Law of 1898 Explained. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown and Company, 1898. Volume is a contemporary comprehensive guide to the War Revenue Law of 1898 enacted by Congress to meet war expenditures. The law increased tax on fermented and distilled beverages, capital gains, entertainment, tobacco, sugar, petroleum, and excise stamps. 1054. Graf, Mercedes H. “Women Nurses in the Spanish-American War.” Minerva: Women & War 19, No. 1 (2001): 1–38. In order to overcome a shortage of trained nursing staff the American military recruited the services of female nurses. By the end of 1898 nearly 1,700 trained female nurses had served as army nurses at 42 stations and aboard three ships during the Spanish-American War. The positive effect of this service led to the creation of a permanent Nurse Corps in the military. 1055. —. “Band of Angels: Sister Nurses in the Spanish-American War.” Prologue 34, No. 3 (2002): 196–209. The US Army Medical Department welcomed trained female nurses, who treated cases ranging from bullet wounds to yellow fever. The Catholic Daughters of Charity provided more than 200 trained nurses. Other Catholic orders assisting in the effort included the Sisters of St. Joseph, Sisters of Mercy, Sisters of the Holy Cross, Cuban Sisters of Charity, and Congregation of American Sisters. The nuns worked at army hospitals in both the United States and Cuba, and several died of the diseases they contracted from their patients, establishing a record of dedication and service.

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1056. —. “On Two Fronts: American Nurses Who Served in the SpanishAmerican War and the First World War.” Minerva: Women & War 25, No. 2 (2007): 47–62. Article examines the contributions of American volunteer nurses who served in both the Spanish-American War and World War I by focusing on three women—Sister Chrysostom Moynahan, Esther Voorhees Hasson, and Julia Lide. Their stories shed light on their diverse backgrounds, the difficult conditions they faced, and the attitudes of the men they worked with and their patients. 1057. Hart, Kevin R. “Towards a Citizen Sailor: The History of the Naval Militia Movement, 1888–98.” American Neptune 33, No. 4 (1973): 258–280. Article discusses the debate over the means of increasing the number of ships and men for the American Navy in time of war in the last decades of the nineteenth century, when the regular force level was set by Congress. Various solutions were proposed, but eventually navy militia units under the jurisdiction of the various states were accepted, and in 1888 Massachusetts passed the first naval militia bill, beginning a movement which lasted until 1918. It was understood the function of the state naval militias was to serve the needs of the Navy, so federal appropriations were provided to support these state organizations. The Spanish-American War saw the first use of naval militias in conjunction with the regular navy, with successful results. 1058. Hazard, Elizabeth. “The ‘Maine’ Remembered: Responses to the Spanish-American War in the Pine Tree State.” Maine History 37 (Fall 1998): 162–193. The citizens and leaders of Maine understood they were experiencing a shift in the nation’s history as a result of the Spanish-American War. Several participated eagerly in the war effort by enlisting for federal service, while others protested the federal government’s expansionist foreign policy. Article examines the war through the experiences of Maine residents who lived through it and assesses the contributions they made. 1059. Hirschowitz, Abraham Eber, Rabbi. Jewish Patriotism and its Martyrs in the Spanish-American War 1898, A Sermon Delivered at the Synagogue Sons of Israel, 13–15 Pike Street, New York, On Sabbath Morning the 17th Shebat 5659 (January 28, 1899). New York: Printed by A. Sheinkopf, 210 Clinton Street, 1899. Work is a reprint of a sermon of thanksgiving by Rabbi Hischowitz to the United States that provided the Jewish people with a sanctuary

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from their persecutors—“the Spaniards, enemies of the light.” Notes how Jewish men joined the American military out of gratitude to their adopted country and to fight a common enemy. Rabbi Hischowitz proposed that synagogues across the country hold a “Soldiers Memorial Day” to pray for the United States sailors, soldiers, and marines who died in the Spanish-American War. 1060. Hubbard, Elbert. A Message to García: Being a Preachment. East Aurora, New York: The Roycrofters, 1899. Reprint East Aurora, New York: Roycrofters, 1908; A Message to García and Other Essays, Westwood, New Jersey: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1959; and New York: Filiquarian Publishing, LLC, 2006. This pamphlet was inspired by and describes the exploits of US Army Lt. Andrew Summers Rowan to meet with the Cuban General Iníguez García at the beginning stages of the American intervention in Cuba. This pamphlet was originally published in the Philistine Magazine in March of 1899, which was exhausted within three days of publication, resulting in reprinting the work as a standalone pamphlet to meet popular demand. What made this article so popular was Hubbard’s exhortation to young Americans to apply their “muscular Christianity” for purposes of “manifest destiny.” At least two other variants of this work were reprinted by The Roycrofters in 1916 and 1929. This popular work has been reprinted numerous times and in many editions. Hubbard, however, died on the SS Lusitania when it was sunk by a German submarine in 1915. 1061. Linderman, Gerald F. The Mirror of War, American Society and the Spanish-American War. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 1974. Volume consists of a series of essays by the author on American society at the time of the Spanish-American War. Includes discussions of McKinley’s decision for war, Senator Redfield Proctor’s speech on Cuban reconcentrados, the experience of small town militiamen’s adjustment to federal army life, how the American soldier viewed their Cuban allies and the opposing Spanish soldiers, and the role of the popular press in the war. This work is derived from the author’s dissertation “American Society and the Spanish-American War” Northwestern University, 1971. 1062. Mahon, John K. “The View from Washington through the Eyes of Adjutant General Henry C. Corbin.” The Journal of America’s Military Past 26, No. 3 (Winter 2000): 84–89. Article is a short discussion of the effectiveness of Brigadier General Henry Corbin, whose administrative skills made him indispensable

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to President McKinley during the course of the war with Spain. Author notes the president came to rely more on the Adjutant General than the Commanding General of the Army (Nelson Miles) or the Secretary of War (Russell Alger) due to their dislike of each other and their disputes over the conduct of the war. 1063. McKee, Delber E. “Samuel Gompers, the A. F. of L. and Imperialism, 1895–1900.” The Historian 21 (February 1959): 187–199. Article discusses how the head of the American Federation of Labor initially supported the war as a means of increasing unionization of workers in the United States and Cuba. However, this attitude would change as Gompers believed the creation of an American empire from the former Spanish colonial possessions would detract from the union’s efforts. 1064. Mount, Graeme S. “Nuevo Mexicano and the War of 1898.” New Mexico Historical Review 58 (October 1983): 381–396. Hispanic reaction in 1898 New Mexico to the Spanish-American War appears to have been either one of apathy or of support for the American position. For example, Territorial Governor, Miguel A. Otero, vigorously supported the United States war effort and others, like Captain Maximiliano Luna, fought with American forces and died in the Philippines. Older generations of Mexican-Americans in New Mexico territory were more supportive of the American efforts to fight Spain than were young people; however, there were no known expressions of Spanish support, either verbally or in publications. 1065. Muskat, Beth Taylor. “The Last March: The Demise of the Black Militia in Alabama.” Alabama Review 43, No. 1 (1990): 18–34. Article discusses the Capital City Guards (1885–1905), a black state militia unit organized and based in Montgomery, Alabama. The Guards were a source of pride for the black community and were mustered into federal service in the Spanish-American War, although they saw no battles or overseas duty, as part of the 3rd Alabama Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The Guards were disbanded in 1905 because of increasing racism, sparked by the band’s performance of a Union Army favorite “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” as the troops marched down Dexter Street, in Montgomery, Alabama while returning from an encampment. 1066. O’Connor, D. J. Representations of the Cuban and Philippine Insurrections on the Spanish Stage 1887–1898. Bilingual Review Press, 2001.

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The volume examines sixteen plays—eleven of which were lost until the author uncovered them in her research—from the period just before and during the Spanish-American War. O’Connor sheds light on the intellectual and political environment underlying the Spanish crisis of conscience that gave rise to the literature of Spain’s Generation of 1898 and gives insight into how the Spanish stage served as a potent propaganda vehicle. This history addresses conflicts between civic duty and family responsibility, racial prejudice, the roles of women, and nationalism. One play from the period, ¡Quince Bajas! is presented in its entirety. 1067. O’Neal, Angela K. “Remembering the ‘Maine’: Memory, Ritual, and Women’s Roles in the United Spanish War Veterans Auxiliary of Elyria, Ohio, 1922–66.” Ohio History 109 (Summer-Autumn 2000): 167–186. Article describes the activities of the United Spanish War Veterans Auxiliary of Elyria, Ohio, from its organization as an active unit in 1922 until its disbanding in 1966. Its members were women related to veterans who participated in the Spanish-American War of 1898, formed a sisterhood involved in patriotic ritual promulgating a spirit of “Americanism” and commemoration of the war with Spain, as well as sponsoring social and community activities. The Elyria Auxiliary disbanded in 1966 after the death of the last Spanish-American War veteran in Lorain County, Ohio. 1068. Pérez, Louis A., Jr. The War of 1898, the United States and Cuba in History and Historiography. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina, 1998. Author looks at the social and political aspects of the events leading up to and resulting from the Spanish-American War. The concentration is on the how this conflict changed the United States, Spain, and the former Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico, and how this conflict resonates to this day in these areas. 1069. Picó, Fernando. Puerto Rico 1898, the War after the War. Translation by Sylvia Korwek and Psique Arana Guzmán of 1987 Spanish Language Edition. Princeton, New Jersey: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2004. (Originally published in a Spanish Language Edition, Picó, Fernando. 1898: La guerra después de la guerra. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Huracán, 1987.) An ongoing discussion among Puerto Rican historians is the reasons for the Puerto Rican apparently overwhelming acceptance of American armed forces. Fernando Picó maintains the living conditions of the masses in the highlands of Puerto Rico toward the end

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of the nineteenth century were marked by epidemic and endemic diseases, harsh plantation work, decline in quality of the standard diet, and economic insecurity caused by conditions in the production of coffee. Picó’s thesis is “The success of the invasion was due to the cooperation of the criollos and the vulnerability of the Spanish forces, rather than the thrust of the Federal Army” (2004: 33). However, he believes the differences between the Cuban and Puerto Rico campaigns had to be explained—by the Americans—being “due to the painstaking care that (General) Miles and his officers had taken to plan all the important aspects of the expedition … ” In addition, the impact of Hurricane San Ciriaco (1899) forced the military to focus on the desperate condition of the masses and their assistance programs after the hurricane definitely identified the new regime with a paternalism never known before in Puerto Rico. 1070. Quinn, D. Michael. “The Mormon Church and the SpanishAmerican War: An End to Selective Pacifism.” Pacific Historical Review 43, No. 3 (August 1974): 342–366. Article notes the Mormon Church’s right of discretion in support of United States’ conflicts was based on Mormon theocratic philosophy. The termination of this “selective pacifism” was an effect of the Spanish-American War. Brigham Young Jr., the head of the Mormon Church in 1898, was in open opposition to participation by the church’s membership. He was, however, opposed by other Mormon Church leaders who had come to recognize national authority as supreme in foreign affairs. 1071. Register of Members of the Society of Colonial Wars who Served in the Army or Navy of the United States During the Spanish-American War, and Record of the Patriotic Work Done by the Society. New York: N.p., n.d. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Pamphlet records the efforts of the Society of Colonial Wars to raise funds to assist the United States government to purchase weapons for the war. As only $3,000 was raised before the end of the SpanishAmerican War, the Society used the money to assist hospitalized sick and wounded soldiers and sailors. Work contains the names of the membership who were in service or contributed funds, and included John Jacob Astor (Commander of Astor’s Battery), General Frederick Dent Grant (General U.S. Grant’s son and involved in the Puerto Rican Campaign), Truman H. Newberry (then serving on the USS Yosemite and later the Secretary of the Navy), and General Stewart Lyndon Woodford (Minister to Spain at the outbreak of the 1898 war). The Society of Colonial Wars was founded in 1892 to

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“collect and preserve manuscripts, rolls, relics, and records; to hold suitable commemorations and to erect memorials relating to the American colonial period” from the founding of Jamestown (May 13, 1607) to the Battle of Lexington (April 19, 1775). 1072. Report of the Committee of the Massachusetts Reform Club, Appointed to Collect Testimony in Relation to the Spanish-American War, 1898–1899. Boston: George H. Ellis Printer, 1899. Work is a privately printed pamphlet of the Committee of the Massachusetts Reform Club to investigate the health of soldiers during the Spanish-American War. Work contains testimony taken from officers and men of the 1st New Hampshire, 1st Vermont, 2nd 6th and 8th Massachusetts, 1st Rhode Island, and 1st Maine regarding rations provided to them during the conflict. 1073. Report of the Executive Committee of the National Relief Commission. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Press of Times Printing House, 1900. The National Relief Commission was a private group which had been organized at the start of the war with Spain with the intention of raising funds by subscription “for the care of the sick and wounded soldiers, sailors and marines, and for the relief of the families of combatants” during the Spanish-American War. This report details how the money raised was expended for the relief of the military forces and their families. 1074. Report of War Emergency Relief Board, Cleveland, Ohio, June 1898–November 1898. Cleveland, Ohio: The Williams Publishing and Electric Company, 1899. Work is a report of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Ohio Society—Western Reserve Chapter—and contains a detailed account of the efforts of this group to provide relief to American troops through the support of hospital care for sick and wounded troops. 1075. Rippy, J. Fred. “The European Powers and the Spanish-American War.” James Sprunt Historical Studies 19 (1927): 22–52. Article discusses Germany’s diplomacy as a neutral nation during and after the Spanish-American War. Author believes Germany had no hostile intent toward either the United States or Spain and its only interest was to acquire the Caroline Islands in the Pacific from the Spanish government. 1076. Sauers, Richard A. “From Hallowed Ground to Training Ground: Chickamauga’s Camp Thomas, 1898.” Civil War Regiments 7, No. 1 (2007): 129–143.

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Article describes the establishment during the Spanish-American War of a training camp on the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, called Camp Thomas. This battlefield which had only recently been set aside by Congress to memorialize the great Civil War battle at this site would absorb units from both the former Union and Confederate states. 1077. Schellings, William J. “Key West and the Spanish-American War.” Tequesta 20 (1960): 19–29. Author describes the efforts to utilize the port of Key West to support the American war effort in the West Indies. Problems with lack of water, fortifications, and transportation for construction materials hampered the military in its efforts to support the US Navy. 1078. —. “The Advent of the Spanish-American War in Florida.” Florida Historical Quarterly 39 (April 1961): 311–329. Author discusses the development of camps to hold troops prior to dispatching them to points in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) either for combat or occupation duty. Includes information on camps near Tampa, Jacksonville, and Miami which all experienced an economic surge due to having the army camps located nearby. 1079. Schott, Marshall. “East Texas and the Coming of the SpanishAmerican War: An Examination of Regional Values.” East Texas Historical Journal 37, No. 2 (1999): 44–52. Article examines the reasons for this region’s support for the Spanish-American War. First, Cuban rebels were being repressed by an authoritarian Spanish military regime in a fashion many Texans viewed as reminiscent of their own Civil War experience. Second, Texans saw the Cuban conflict as a threat to Southern ports by Spanish naval operations, and finally Southerners in general believed, even though President McKinley appeared hesitant to enter the war despite the sinking of the USS Maine, the federal government had a plan to annex Cuba as a state when the war ended. 1080. Sherman, Andrew Magoun, Reverend. Morristown, New Jersey in the Spanish-American War. Morristown, New Jersey: Jerseyman Office, 1900. Patriotic publication recounting the efforts of the churchmen of Morristown, New Jersey who at the beginning of the SpanishAmerican War held a series of patriotic rallies leading to the creation of a Naval Aid Society to assist and care for local members of the New Jersey Naval Militia—many of them were stationed on the USS

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Badger—and provide dinners honoring the return of local enlistees with the New Jersey and New York National Guard and Regular Army, who served in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. Work contains a complete list of service by local Morristown enlistees and reprints of some of their letters from aboard. 1081. Sherman, Thomas E., Rev., S.J., “A Month in Porto Rico,” Messenger of the Sacred Heart 33 (January-December 1898): 1074–1081. The author—son of the Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman—was assigned as an Army Chaplain to the Puerto Rico Campaign. General Nelson Miles was married to a Sherman, so the two were related. This article is Sherman’s observations on the state of the Puerto Rican people, their religion, and the banditry that flourished in the central highland areas of the island after the war. 1082. Sherrin, P. M. “Spanish Spies in Victoria, 1898.” BC Studies 36 (1977–78): 23–33. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898 Britain issued a proclamation of neutrality and non-intervention, although Spanish espionage efforts were soon mounted in Canada against the United States, including an operation based in Victoria, British Columbia. Spanish agents gathered information about West Coast merchant shipping and military preparations to promote fears of Spanish naval raids on the American West Coast and privateer attacks on Yukon gold shipments. The goal was to divert American attention and efforts from the Caribbean theater of operations, but the activities of the Spanish agents had no discernible effect on the war. 1083. Shippee, Lester B. “Germany and the Spanish-American War.” American Historical Review 30 (July 1925): 754–777. Author argues that Germany was not prepared to intervene militarily to aid the Spanish in the Philippines. Although sympathetic to the Spanish monarchy they did not wish to antagonize the United States with whom they were a major trading partner. 1084. Stone, Roy, General. “Porto Rico and its Future, What Manner of Man the Porto Rican actually is, and what he and we of the United States are Likely to make of his Interesting Island.” Munsey’s Magazine 23, No. 5 (August 1900): 620–635. Overview of the island of Puerto Rico two years after its invasion by American forces by General Roy Stone. Stone, who had accompanied General Miles to Puerto Rico, discusses the character of the

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Puerto Rican people whom the author felt were “superior in courtesy and hospitality” to that of the Americans. 1085. Thomas, Donna. “ ‘Camp Hell’: Miami during the SpanishAmerican War.” Florida Historical Quarterly 57, No. 2 (October 1978): 141–156. Camp Miami was established and garrisoned in the summer of 1898 outside the southern Florida town of the same name, but was called “Camp Hell” by the state guardsmen who suffered from insanitary water and sewage systems, poor hospital care, bad food, delays in pay, and inappropriate woolen uniforms. Miami, Florida, in 1898 was unprepared for the great influx of thousands of state guardsmen and because facilities had to be built hastily, difficulties were inevitable. Camp Miami illustrated the problems of American unpreparedness, rapid mobilization, and unfamiliarity with tropical conditions. 1086. Traxel, David. 1898: The Birth of the American Century. New York: Alfred Knopf and Company 1998. Work is a study of the American domestic scene in the period of the Spanish-American War. The author covers a variety of topics including the destruction of the Maine; the rise of Teddy Roosevelt; the creation of modern commercial marketing; the newspaper circulation wars between Hearst and Pulitzer; one of the last Indian battles; the emergence of John Muir and the conservation movement; and the beginnings of an overseas American empire in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. 1087. Walker, Dolores J. Spanish Women and the Colonial Wars of the 1890s. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2008. This work is a contribution to research on Spanish groups opposed to conscription and deployment of Spanish troops to fight in the colonial wars in the Philippines and Cuba. Work discusses the role of Spanish women who conducted anti-war public demonstrations in spite of the animosities of the Catholic Church and Spanish men toward their efforts. 1088. Wilberforce, Archibald. Spain and Her Colonies, Compiled from the Best Authorities. New York: Peter Fenelon Collier, 1908. Work is a narrative of the history of centuries of Spanish misrule of her colonies which culminated in the reconcentrado policy in Cuba which led to the loss of her overseas empire in the Far East (Philippine Islands and Guam) and West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico).

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1089. Women’s National War Relief Association: Organized for the Emergency of the Spanish-American War, Report March 1898 to January 1899. Printed by order of the Board of Directors. New York: The King Press, 1899. The Women’s National War Relief Association was just one of a number of private organizations initiated for the period of the Spanish-American War to aid the soldiers in service. Through general subscription this organization raised over $50,000 to purchase medical supplies which were sent to troops in Cuba and Puerto Rico and established field hospitals and kitchens for sick and wounded American troops returning from Santiago de Cuba to Montauk Point, Long Island, New York.

9 Armaments, Uniforms, Equipment, Tactics, Military Reform

1090. Abrahamson, James L. America Arms for a New Century: The Making of a Great Military Power. New York: The Free Press, 1981. Work provides a thorough background to the military reform movement between the Civil War and World War I. The SpanishAmerican War is presented as a turning point in American military history within the context of arms and tactics and this work builds on the first third of the book dealing with the pre-1898 military. The latter part describes the changes effected by the services as result of the Spanish-American War that made the United States military a world power. 1091. A Manual for Courts-Martial and of Procedure under Military Law, 1898. 2nd Edition. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1898. All Regular US Army personnel and state volunteers mustered into federal service during the Spanish-American War were accountable for their actions under Military Laws and not Civil Laws, under what would become the Uniform Code of Military Justice. This government publication sets forth the procedures for Courts-Martial and punishment of soldiers either enlisted in the Regular Army or mustered into federal service for the duration of the SpanishAmerican War. This was the “book” referred to in the oft-used phrase “They threw the book at him.” 1092. Adams, James Mack. A History of Fort Screven, Georgia, Tybee Island’s Military Heritage. Tybee Island, Georgia: JMA2 Publications, 1996. This work contains the history of Fort Screven, Georgia, one of a series of steel-reinforced concrete coastal forts mandated by the Endicott Report of 1886 and intended to provide defense for coastal towns 330

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and harbors just prior to the end of the Spanish-American War. Fort Screven was intended to protect Savannah, Georgia, from attack and was manned until its deactivation at the close of World War II. Work is well illustrated with historic photographs. 1093. Alger, Russell Alexander. “The Food of the Army during the Spanish War.” The North American Review 172 (January 1901): 39–58. Article authored by Russell A. Alger, President McKinley’s Secretary of War, who was blamed by many for the shortcomings in supplies to the American forces in the Cuban Campaign. Alger attempts to demonstrate the food provided for troops was adequate and healthy. 1094. Allen, Gardner Weld (ed.). Papers of John Davis Long, 1897–1904. Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, vol. 78. Boston, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1939. Work is a compilation of the papers and works of the Secretary of the Navy during the McKinley administration, who worked on the development of America’s steel navy that was the deciding factor for victory in the Spanish-American War. 1095. Archibald, James Francis Jewell. Blue Shirt and Khaki: a Comparison. New York, Boston: Silver Burdett Company, 1901. Archibald was a British military observer and sometimes war correspondent at both the Spanish-American War’s Cuban Campaign and the British Army’s campaigns in the Boer War in South Africa. This is a comparison of the fighting skills and techniques of the American and British soldier in these conflicts. 1096. Ashford, Bailey K. “Ankylostomiasis in Porto Rico.” New York Medical Journal 71 (1900): 552–556. The author, an army medical doctor who had served in the SpanishAmerican War Puerto Rico Campaign, first recognized intestinal worms as a major source of tropical anemia as a result of treating Puerto Rican patients after the San Ciriaco Hurricane of 1899, which killed over 3,000 people on this island. This work along with other research conducted in Puerto Rico led to the cure of a number of tropical diseases around the world by Dr. Ashford who founded the School of Tropical Medicine in San Juan. Ashford Avenue, the main route through the Condado beach area east of San Juan, Puerto Rico, is named for this American medical doctor. 1097. Aston, George Grey, Brigadier General. Letters on Amphibious Wars with Maps and Plans. London: John Murray, 1911.

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Volume is a comparative military study of amphibious troop landing operations by various armies from the War in Chile (1891) to the Japanese Advance on Liao Yang (1904) in the Russo-Japanese War. Two chapters discuss American amphibious operations to land troops on the beaches near Santiago de Cuba in the Cuban Campaign and the seizure of Manila in the Philippines. 1098. Bartlett, John R. Report of the Chief, John R. Bartlett, to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, On Its Operations during the War with Spain. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1898. This work is a concise government report on the role of the Auxiliary Naval Force during the Spanish-American War, primarily in the Caribbean. Report covers the formation of the Auxiliary Naval Force, made up of leased or purchased vessels and crewed primarily by the State Naval Militias—today referred to as the Naval Reserve—under the command of Regular Naval Officers. 1099. Barton, Clara. The Red Cross in Peace and War. Washington, D.C.: American Historical Press, 1906. Volume contains a general history of the Red Cross and specific relief efforts. Two chapters in this work are on the Cuban campaign and pre- and post-war efforts in American Training camps and among Cuban refugees, respectively. Barton, who had been assisting in the care and feeding of reconcentrados in Havana, Cuba, witnessed the explosive destruction of the USS Maine on the evening of February 15, 1898. 1100. Beach, William Dorrance, Captain. Military Map-Reading, Field, Outpost, and Road Sketching for Non-Commissioned Officers. Kansas City, Missouri: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co., 1897. Second edition reprinted 1900. Technical manual prepared by Captain Beach (1856–1932) of the 3rd US Regular Cavalry to train Non-Commissioned Officers for field reconnaissance and guard duty in the field. 1101. Belden, Bauman L. United States War Medals. Greenwich, Connecticut: Flayderman, 1962. Reprint of a 1916 American Numismatic Society edition limited to 125 copies. Work provides a listing of US War medals from the Revolution to 1912. Each medal is described with details of design, inscriptions, and sculptor. Also included is a listing of US Navy ships engaged in the Spanish-American War for which medals were struck plus a history of the Congressional Medal of Honor. Valuable resource

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covering the historical development of US War medals from the American Revolution to 1912, with an emphasis on the American Civil War, Indian Wars, and Spanish-American War. 1102. Bell, William Gardner. Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775–1983: Portraits and Biographical Sketches of the United States Army’s Senior Officer. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1983. Reprinted and updated, 1992 and 2005. Work is useful when attempting to understand the Commanding Generals of the period of the 1890s and their policies and politics. 1103. Beyer, Walter F., and Oscar F. Keydel (eds.). Deeds of Valor, How America’s Heros Won the Medal of Honor, Personal Reminiscences and Records of Officers and Enlisted Men who were Awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for most Conspicuous Acts of Bravery in Battle. 2 vols. Detroit, Michigan: The Perrien-Keydel Company, 1902. Reprint with Introduction by Brigadier General H. M. Duffield, Detroit, Michigan: Perrien-Keydel Company, 1903; Detroit, Michigan: Perrien-Keydel Company, 1907; and Stamford, Connecticut: Longmeadow Press, 1994. Contemporary descriptions of the American Army Officers and Enlisted men, and Navy Seaman and their experiences under fire which led to their being awarded the Medal of Honor, starting in 1862 and up to the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection. Particularly noteworthy was this volume’s discussion of seamen and marines, from the USS Nashville, engaged in cutting telegraph cables to isolate Cuba from Spain; the sinking of the Merrimac by Richmond Pearson Hobson (1870–1937) and his men; men under fire in the Santiago Campaign and in the Philippine Insurrection who rescued wounded comrades. It should be noted that Navy Officers were not eligible to receive the Medal of Honor until after the First World War, so Hobson was not awarded his Medal of Honor until 1933. 1104. Birkheimer, William E. “Transportation of Troops by Sea.” Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States 23 (1898): 438–446. Article discusses the lessons learned in the proper transport and care of troops on ships, from the experience of American volunteer soldiers transported on the SS Ohio that left San Francisco for the Philippines on June 16, 1898. Article examines issues such as sanitation, water use, food preparation and distribution, ventilation, and exercise.

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1105. Borchers, Duane (ed.). 1898: Efficiency of the Revenue Cutter Service During the Spanish-American War. Annapolis, Maryland: Maryland Silver Company, 1994. The author edits and annotates an original government document entitled The United States Revenue Cutter Service in the war with Spain, 1898, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899, which was also reprinted in Senate Report 1–224, 56th Congress, 1st session, 1899–1900. Author notes this report carried the recommendation— endorsed by the US Navy and Treasury Department—that Revenue Cutter Service (US Coast Guard) Officers be placed on the same status as regular officers of the Navy and Army. 1106. Borden, William C., Captain. The Use of the Röntgen Ray by the Medical Department of the United States Army in the War with Spain (1898). Prepared under the Direction of Surgeon-General George M. Sternberg, United States Army. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900. Book presents X-rays (or Röntgen) taken of 44 Regular and National Guard soldiers wounded during the Cuban Campaign. This volume was the first compilation of the effects of the new smaller caliber bullets on human tissues under combat conditions, leading to enhanced treatment of bullet wounds. 1107. Borgmann, Fred J. Wisconsin’s Military and Civil Medals and Decorations. Iola, Wisconsin: Joe Jones Agency, 1987. Small publication which includes pictures and descriptions of medals issued by the State of Wisconsin for the state national guard and other branches, for service in the American Civil War, SpanishAmerican War, Mexican border duty, World War I, World War II, and civil awards. Illustrates medals issued to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiments which served in the Spanish-American War, with the 2nd and 3rd seeing combat in the Puerto Rico Campaign. 1108. Bradford, James C. Admirals of the New Steel Navy: Makers of the American Naval Tradition, 1880–1930. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990. Volume is a series of biographies of US Navy officers which contributed to the development of the steel navy and tactics of the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century period. Includes works on Admirals like Mahan, Chadwick, Evans, Dewey, and Schley who were important for the American naval victories in the SpanishAmerican War.

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1109. Brereton, T. R. “First Lessons in Modern War: Arthur Wagner, the 1898 Santiago Campaign, and US Army Lesson-Learning.” Journal of Military History 64, No. 1 (2000): 79–96. During the period of the Spanish-American War, Colonel Arthur Wagner was the US Army’s leading expert on tactics and doctrine. Believing that history had lessons to teach commanders, Wagner prepared a study of the 1898 Santiago campaign in Cuba that was not a typical after-action report but an examination of what went right and what went wrong and why. Wagner’s report contributed directly to the army’s modern doctrine of lesson-learning, in the use of recent combat experience (real and simulated) to improve future performance in war. 1110. Brophy, William S. The Krag Rifle. North Hollywood, California: Bienfeld Publishing, 1980. Reprint Toronto, Canada: Collector Grade Publications, 1980; Highland Park, New Jersey: Gunroom Press, 3rd edition, 1991, Gunroom Press, 4th edition 1996. Work is a detailed and profusely illustrated study of the Krag Rifle, introduced to American forces in the Spanish-American War and used extensively in the Philippines Insurrection until replaced by the ’03 Springfield. The Krag Rifle was the US Military’s first bolt action rifle. Until this book was published, there was very little information in print concerning when these rifles were made, issued or used. The Krag Rifle provides information necessary to understand the Krag, how it came into being, and what its variations are—an important reference guide. 1111. Chesneau, Roger and Eugene M. Kolesnik (eds.). Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships, 1860–1905. London New York: Conway’s Maritime Press, 1979. This work is the first complete listing of all major warships built in the period between the first ironclad and the Dreadnought. The book is organized by country, sub-divided chronologically by ship type and class, with detailed tabular data and design history. Good standard reference on the Spanish and American ships involved in the Spanish-American War. 1112. Cirillo, Vincent J. Bullets and Bacilli, the Spanish-American War and Military Medicine. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2004. Author’s published dissertation which concludes the SpanishAmerican War helped establish in the military medical departments the significance of germ theory in treating diseases and gunshot

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wounds, and the diagnostic value of X-rays, which would alter the course of military medicine and surgery. In addition it led to inquiry commissions which instituted rigorous training for military officers in sanitation, organized the Army Nurse Corps (1901), and would eradicate yellow fever in the West Indies. 1113. Coats, Stephen D. Gathering at the Golden Gate: Mobilizing for War in the Philippines, 1898. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, 1981. Reprint 2006. This is an extensive volume on the Army’s preparations to send a number of military expeditions across the Pacific to garrison Hawaii, Guam, and the City of Manila in the Philippine Islands. This work covers the movement of regular and volunteer units to San Francisco, California, preparation of their encampments, training while in garrison, and the various local aid groups (Catholic Church services, Christian Endeavor, Red Cross, YMCA) which helped to take care of the troops. Work contains a number of contemporary photographs of the troops in the San Francisco area. 1114. Coffman, Edward M. The Regulars. The American Army, 1898–1941. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004. Covers the period of 1898 to 1941 when the American Army transformed itself from a western frontier constabulary dealing with Native American tribes to a modern army able to defend the nation against foreign powers. The Spanish-American War was the instrument which initiated this change and the acquisition of a small colonial empire required the expansion of the Regular Army to garrison these areas, from 25 Regiments of Infantry to 50. This expansion attracted thousands of young men to serve in posts around the world and form the core of a new Regular Army. Work contains numerous personal memoirs of men who chose to make a career of this new army. 1115. Coletta, Paolo Enrico. A Survey of US Naval Affairs, 1865–1917. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1987. Work is a discussion of the US Navy and its development from the end of the American Civil War to the beginning of America’s involvement in World War I. This period witnessed a change in the US Navy from a basically coastal defense force with limited numbers of men and wooden warships to an all-steel warship navy with strategically placed bases on an island far from the coasts of the United States and acquired as a result of the SpanishAmerican War.

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1116. Cooling, Benjamin Franklin. Grey Steel and Blue Water Navy, the Formative Years of America’s Military-Industrial Complex, 1881–1917. Archon Books: Hamden, Connecticut, 1979. Detailed account of the late nineteenth-century political, technical, and commercial history leading to the development of the allsteel American Navy that played an important role in the SpanishAmerican War. Author cites the development of linkage between American steel makers and Navy demands for nickel-steel armor plate as the foundation for the “military industrial complex.” 1117. —. USS Olympia: Herald of Empire. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2000. Work is a comprehensive study of the last survivor of America’s 1890s new steel navy which played a decisive role in the SpanishAmerican War. The cruiser USS Olympia, launched in 1892, was Admiral George Dewey’s Flagship at the Battle of Manila Bay (May 1, 1898), placed in semi-retirement the vessel was used to return the body of the Unknown Soldier from France after WWI (1921), and is currently berthed in Philadelphia as a maritime museum vessel and the world’s oldest steel-hulled warship. 1118. Cosmas, Graham A. “From Order to Chaos: The War Department, The National Guard, and Military Policy, 1898.” Military Affairs 29, No. 3 (Autumn 1965): 105–122. Concise discussion of the problems facing the American Army at the start of the Spanish-American War, including organization of National Guard versus the Regular Army, debates in Congress over the Hull Bill to reorganize the army, and resolution of these problems as America prepared for war with Spain. 1119. —. An Army for Empire, The United States Army in the SpanishAmerican War. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1971. This work reconstructs the War Department’s administration of the war in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the logistical supply problem it faced during the Spanish-American War. It traces the course of the Department’s efforts between April and September of 1898 to organize and equip an army, which had expanded approximately ten-fold in just a few months, and then deploy it to secure the objectives of national policy around the globe. This work is derived from the author’s doctoral dissertation, “An Army for Empire: The United States Army in the Spanish-American War, 1898–99” at the University of Wisconsin (1969).

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1120. —. “Military Reform after the Spanish-American War: The Army Reorganization Fight of 1898–99.” Military Affairs 35, No. 1 (1971): 12–18. The McKinley administration requested moderate administrative reforms for the military and an increase in the regular Army from 27,000 to 100,000 men following the Spanish-American War, based on careful observation of the needs of a modern military force. However, it was forced to compromise on an increase in the army comprising 65,000 regulars and 35,000 volunteers for Philippine service. During the congressional tug-of-war the proposed Army reforms were lost entirely, although they set the pattern for later reorganizations. 1121. De Quesada, Alejandro M. Distant Thunder: The US Artillery from the Spanish-American War to the Present. G.I. Series No. 26. London, United Kingdom: Greenhill Books; Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2001. American troops fighting the Spanish in Cuba and Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War were equipped with the 1885Model field gun. Work discusses the ordinance, equipment, uniforms and insignia of US artillerymen of the period. 1122. —. The Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection, 1898–1902. Men-at-Arms Series. Illustrated by Stephen Walsh. Oxford, United Kingdom and New York: Osprey Publications, 2007. Work is a study of the uniforms and equipment of the armed forces of the United States and Spain and Cuban Revolutionaries and Filipino Insurgents typical of the 1898–1902 period. Includes several historic photographs and illustrations of these subjects and contains bibliographical references and an index. 1123. Description and Rules for the Management of the Springfield Rifle, Carbine, and Army Revolvers. Caliber.45. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1898. Work is a government publication on the care and use of the Springfield rifle and carbine, which was used during the early months of the Spanish-American War primarily by the state volunteers in the Cuban Campaign. Toward the end of the war the government arsenals had produced enough of the new model Krag rifles to make them available to most volunteer units. 1124. Dorwart, Jeffery Michael. The Office of Naval Intelligence: The Birth of America’s First Intelligence Agency, 1865–1918. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979.

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This general history includes the role of the Office of Naval Intelligence in prewar planning and intelligence gathering during the Spanish-American War. 1125. —. “A Mongrel Fleet: America Buys a Navy to Fight Spain, 1898.” Warships International 17, No. 2 (1980): 128–155. More than hundred warships and auxiliaries were leased or purchased by the US Navy in 1898 for the Spanish-American War after the sinking of the Maine in Cuba’s Havana Harbor, utilizing a special Congressional appropriation. Article discusses the program to lease and purchase these additional vessels to supplement the fleet of ships already part of the US Navy. Many of these vessels played important roles in blockade duty, transportation of troops, and naval engagement in waters too shallow for the Navy’s larger fleet ships. 1126. Drill Regulations for Cavalry, United States Army. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902. Hand book for the training of US Army Cavalry troops during the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection period of 1898–1902. Work also covers the use of the cavalry in combat and the tactics employed. 1127. Driscoll, John A. Colonel, USMCR. The Eagle, Globe, and Anchor 1868–1968. Marine Corps Museum Technical Monograph Series. Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division, Headquarters US Marine Corps, 1971. Reprinted in 1977. Work is a study of the history and uniforms of the United States Marine Corps from 1868 to 1968. Chapter 3 covers the types of formal and fatigue uniforms in use by the Marines from 1892–1904. Cites Uniform Regulations pertaining to uniforms of the SpanishAmerican War and Philippine Insurrection period and includes a number of historical photographs and pictures of items from the Marine Corps Museum collection in Washington, D.C. 1128. Farrington, Dusan P. Arming and Equipping the US Cavalry 1865–1902: The Firearms, Edged Weapons and Accoutrements of the Regular United States Cavalry from the Indian Wars to the SpanishAmerican War and the Philippine Insurrection. Lincoln, Rhode Island: Andrew Mowbray Inc., Publishers, 2004. Large and comprehensive volume with nearly 800 historic photographs and illustrations of all the weaponry and accoutrements used by the US Cavalry during the Indian Wars, Spanish-American War, and Philippine Insurrection. Work contains sections on

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carbines, revolvers, swords, cartridge boxes, knives, belts, buckles, holsters, and equipment intended to sustain the cavalrymen in the field. 1129. Field, Ron. Brassey’s History of Uniforms: Spanish-American War of 1898. Color Plates by Richard Hook. London, United Kingdom: Brassey’s Limited, 1998. Work is a fine study of the uniforms worn by American, Spanish, Cuban Revolutionary and Filipino insurgent forces during the Spanish-American War and subsequent Philippine Insurrection. Combines a concise history of the conflict with historical photographs, illustrations, and other images intended to acquaint the reader with specifics regarding period uniforms. Work also discusses and pictures weaponry, equipment, and regimental flags. Work shows changes in American uniforms from blue woolen to light brown khaki for the period of 1898–1902. 1130. Gibson, John Mendinghall. Soldier in White: The Life of General George Miller Sternberg. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1958. Work is a biography of the Army’s Chief Medical Officer—General George M. Sternberg (1838–1915)—during the Spanish-American War. Initially criticized for the problems of sanitation in the training camps, Camp Alger, Virginia, and Camp Thomas, Georgia, Sternberg requested an investigation which exonerated him from blame, and a subsequent report on the outbreak of sickness among the National Guard troops called for greater authority be given to medical officers for the selection of training sites and enforcement of sanitary procedures which had been ignored in the rush to mobilize a large army. 1131. Giddings, Howard A., Captain. Exploits of the Signal Corps in the War with Spain. Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Company: Kansas City, Missouri, 1900. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War the US Army’s Signal Corps was the main scientific branch of the military engaged in aeronautic observations of the enemy using gas-filled balloons; repairing and installing hundreds of miles of telegraphic and telephone communication lines; monitoring and disrupting enemy communications; and serving as the official censor for military and civilian communications. This contemporary account of the Signal Corps in the Spanish-American War provides numerous examples of this group’s contribution to the American success in the Philippines and the Caribbean.

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1132. Girard, Alfred Conrad, LTC. “The Management of Camp Alger and Camp Meade.” Reprinted from the New York Medical Journal, for September 24, 1898. Lt. Col. Girard was the Chief Surgeon at the temporary training camps of Camp Alger, Virginia, and Camp Meade, Pennsylvania, where state volunteers were gathered as part of the Second Army Corps for advanced training before being dispatched to the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) or returned back to their state if not sent overseas. Explains the problems he encountered in attempting to maintain a sanitary and safe camp environment for the state volunteers, in terms of acquiring medical and food supplies, clean water, and possible cause of the spread of typhoid fever among the troops. 1133. González Echegaray, Rafael. “Un crucero auxiliar en el Canal de la Mancha.” (An Auxiliary Cruiser in the English Channel.) Revista General de Marina 203 (Aug–Sept 1982): 119–134. Work is a Spanish-language article that relates the Spanish-American War history of the Ciudad de Cádiz (City of Cadiz), a Spanish passenger ship of 3,182 tons which was converted into an auxiliary cruiser. It originally operated as troop transport between Spain and Cuba (1895–1898); however, in May 1898 it was converted into an auxiliary cruiser and in June it sailed for the English Channel to stop the Austrian freighter, Emma K, which was loaded with war material for America, but the freighter escaped. The Ciudad de Cádiz was then assigned to raid American shipping off the American coast, but with the Spanish naval defeat at Santiago (July 1, 1898), this mission was canceled. Ordered again to the English Channel, the cruiser unsuccessfully pursued the freighter Tasso across the Atlantic. After the war ended the ship was returned to its civilian owners. 1134. Greguras, Fred. “Spanish-American War Camps 1898–99 Period.” Journal of America’s Military Past 26, No. 3 (2000): 7–69. Article examines the military camps to which nearly a quarter of a million state volunteers were sent for equipment and physical exams before mustering into federal service; also those camps established for advanced infantry, artillery, and cavalry training, and demobilization. Spanish-American War military camps across the United States were of short duration and temporary, often occupying extant state military camp grounds, state fair grounds, and other large publicly owned spaces. 1135. Hansen, David M. “Zalinski’s Dynamite Gun.” Technology and Culture 25, No. 2 (1984): 264–279.

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In the 1880s Lt. Edmund Zalinski developed a steam powered pneumatic gun that could throw a hundred-pound shell some two miles with great accuracy. Naval guns based on Zalinski’s designs were built into the USS Vesuvius which served at the blockade of Santiago de Cuba; however, the weapon saw little use and was abandoned in 1901. 1136. Harris, Brayton. Age of the Battleship, 1890–1922. Histories of the United States Navy Series. New York: Franklin Watts, 1965. Chapters 6 to 8 provide a general overview of US Navy operations in the Atlantic and Pacific during the Spanish-American War. 1137. Howell, Edgar M. United States Army Headgear 1855–1902: Catalog of the United States Army Uniforms in the Collections of the Smithsonian Institution, Volume II. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1980. Work is an excellent illustrated standard reference guide to US Army headgear and metal insignia used by officers and enlisted men during the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection period of 1898–1902. Items pictured are from the Army uniform collections of the Smithsonian Institution. 1138. Jacobsen, Jacques Noel (ed.). Regulations and Notes for the Uniform of the Army of the United States, 1899. Staten Island, New York: Manor Publishing, 1973. Work is a reprint of US Army regulations applying to uniforms at the time of the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. Author has edited and compiled notes on the uniform regulations, which are included in this work. During this period Civil War blue wool uniforms were being replaced by khaki or tan-colored cotton ones. 1139. Jamieson, Perry D. Crossing the Deadly Ground, United States Army Tactics, 1865–1899. University of Alabama Press: Tuscaloosa, 1994. In the decades after the Civil War the US Army changed tactics from emphasis on large massed formations to lines of dispersed skirmishers when attacking an enemy. This change in infantry tactics, as set forth by General William Upton, was required by a reduced military, introduction of repeating firearms, and conflicts with mobile Native American groups. These changes also required more flexibility on the part of cavalry and artillery units. These changes were important in the success of American arms in the Spanish-American War against fixed positions favored by the Spanish military in the West Indies campaigns on Cuba and Puerto Rico.

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1140. Katcher, Philip. The US Army 1890—1920. Color Plates by Christopher Warner. Men-at-Arms Series No. 230. London, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, 1978. During the period covered by this work the American Regular army was transitioning from a frontier police force to a respectably sized national force with responsibilities in colonial areas such as the West Indies and western Pacific. This small book examines the uniforms, equipment, history, and organization of the US Army from 1890 to 1920 when the army was involved in the Spanish-American War, China Expedition, Philippine Insurrection, 1916 Mexico Incursion, and World War I. Work contains a number of colored plates with captions of uniforms which are shown in full illustrated detail. 1141. Keim, DeBenneville Randolph. “The President’s War.” Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly 1, No. 2 (June 1900): 107–122. Insightful article on the creation of a “modern” communications system within the White House by General Greely of the US Army Signal Corps and Engineers, to allow President McKinley practically instantaneous knowledge of the developing navy and army conflicts in the West Indies and the Philippine Islands, and contact with his field commanders. The system consisted of 20 telegraph and 15 telephone lines routed into one room, where the President could see the military situation change on large scale maps updated almost on an hourly basis from the information sent into the “War Room” by the field commanders. The author contends this communications system was a key element in the successful and rapid completion of the Spanish-American War and was also used by McKinley to keep in close contact with the American delegates to the Paris Treaty negotiations with the Spanish. 1142. Keuchel, Edward F. “Chemicals and Meat: The Embalmed Beef Scandal of the Spanish-American War.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 48, No. 2 (1974): 249–264. Article provides an overview of the investigation or court of inquiry, commonly known as the Wade Beef Board, into the sickness and death of American soldiers during the Spanish-American War owing to beef which may have been preserved with harmful chemicals. 1143. Kovach, Karen. Life and Times of Major General Dennis E. Nolan, 1872–1956, The Army’s First G2. US Army Intelligence and Security Command, History Office. Fort Belvoir, Virginia: Office of the Chief of Staff, 1998. Work is part of a series issued by the US Army Intelligence and Security Command’s History Office chronicling the history of the

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Army’s Intelligence Office, usually referred to in the modern military as G2. General Nolan was one of the first full-time Intelligence Officers and participated in expeditions to supply Cuban Revolutionaries during the Cuban Campaign. 1144. Laframboise, Leon W. History of the Artillery, Cavalry and Infantry Branch of Service Insignia. Steelville, Missouri: Watson Publishing Co., 1976. Work is a detailed study of the insignia worn by Regular Army and State Guard units in the artillery, cavalry, and infantry branches of the Civil War through World War II period. Excellent study for the collector and historian and contains numerous pictures of insignia which are noted by Quartermaster bulletins. Spanish-American War insignia are included for the three branches of service, though largely for the Regular Army. 1145. Langellier, John Philip. “From Blue Kersey to Khaki Drill: The Field Uniform of the US Army, 1898–1901.” Military Collector & Historian 34, No. 4 (1982): 148–158. Article discusses the transition from blue wool to tan khaki uniforms for American troops, based on the experience gained in the SpanishAmerican War from troops assigned to campaigns in the tropical West Indies and Philippines. 1146. —. Redlegs: The US Artillery from the Civil War to the SpanishAmerican War, 1861–1898. The G.I. Series, No. 11. London, United Kingdom: Greenhill Books, 1998. Reprint Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Chelsea House Publications, 2000. Book presents the uniforms and equipment of the artillerymen who served in the US Army from the Civil War to the Spanish-American War. This volume includes numerous historic photographs and images and descriptive text and captions detailing the appearance of the men, their uniforms, equipment, and the ordnance they used. The US Army artillerymen were called “redlegs” after the red stripes on their trousers. 1147. Langley, Harold D. “Windfalls of War.” Naval History 12, No. 3 (1998): 27–31. The Spanish-American War was the last conflict in which naval personnel were awarded bounty and prize money from the capture of enemy ships. A long period of prize court hearings and deliberations ensued over how much should go to navy personnel involved in the fleet actions at Manila Bay, in the Philippines, and at Santiago, Cuba.

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1148. Lawrence, W. J. The United States Navy Illustrated: A New Series of over Fifty Reproductions from Original Photographs. Drawings by C. McKnight Smith (illustrator). Boston, Massachusetts: J. F. Murphy, 1898. Pamphlet (32 pages) is a pictorial work showing illustrations from photographs of recent additions to the US Navy in 1898. Includes battleships, armored cruisers, monitors, and armed vessels leased or purchased by the navy for the Spanish-American War. 1149. Lewis, Emanuel Raymond. Seacoast Fortifications of the United States: An Introductory History. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970. Reprint Annapolis, Maryland, Leeward Publications, 1979; and Annapolis, Maryland, Naval Institute Press, 1993. Author notes that historically in the United States, “only on the seacoasts in the vicinity of harbor entrances to the great cities and important naval bases were large permanent defensive work constructed.” Work provides an overview and narrative of American coastal defenses from the 1790s to the start of World War II. In 1885, President Cleveland authorized a study of the nation’s coastal defenses. The Endicott Report, named after Secretary of the Army William C. Endicott, recommended a major construction program to upgrade the coastal defenses. By the outbreak of the SpanishAmerican War only a small portion of the recommended work had been accomplished; however, during the war and for the next decade many of these recommendations were implemented. This work emphasized a shift away from masonry fortification structures toward the placement of larger caliber modern weaponry. 1150. Long, John D. The New American Navy. 2 vols. New York: Outlook, 1903. Reprint New York: Arno Press, 1979 (in one volume). Long was the Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley and Roosevelt administrations. The first volume covers the period of the 1880s and 1890s and the construction of a “New Steel Navy” and the early naval operations of the Spanish-American War in the West Indies and Manila Bay. The second volume covers the rest of the naval operations in the Philippines, Samoa, and China. Also discusses the Sampson-Schley controversy. 1151. Mallory, Franklin B., and Ludwig Olson. The Krag Rifle Story. Dover, Delaware: Dover Litho Printing Co., 1979. Good detailed study by two military weapons collectors. Work contains a history of the development of the Krag Rifle in Norway

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and its adoption by the United States Army in the 1892. Numerous photos of the various Krag Rifle and Carbine models and parts are included in this work. 1152. Marshall, Max L. (ed.). The Story of the US Army Signal Corps. New York: Franklin Watts Inc., 1965. The Signal Corps of the US Army has, since the Civil War, had the responsibility of providing communications for the Regular Army and for the study and research of new technology to enhance communication. This work covers the Civil War and Spanish-American War conflicts and the involvement of the Signal Corps. Also covers Signal Corps involvement in both world wars. 1153. McAulay, John Donald. Carbines of the US Cavalry, 1861–1905. Lincoln, Rhode Island: Andrew Mowbray Publishers, 1996. Expanded edition, 2006. Work covers the sixty plus different types of carbines issued to the US Cavalry in the last four decades of the nineteenth century. Good discussion of the five-shot, magazine-fed .30-.40 Krag, in service from 1896 to 1905, with numerous contemporary photographs. Work includes bibliographical references and index. Ten years later, McAulay published an expanded study of this 1996 work entitled, US Military Carbines from the Civil War and Indian Campaigns to the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Insurrection. Lincoln, Rhode Island: Andrew Mowbray Publishers, 2006. 1154. —. Rifles of the US Army, 1861–1906. Lincoln, Rhode Island: Andrew Mowbray Publishers, 2003. This book provides comprehensive coverage of which US Army units received which carbines—and specific details of how they performed in the hands of the troops. The author provides information on how these rifles fared in field tests, what their strengths and failings were, which units carried them and how they performed in battle. There is an impressive number of historic photos and illustrations (over 350), taken during the Civil War, the Indian Wars, the Spanish-American War, and the Philippine Insurrection. Rifles covered in this work pertaining to the 1898–1902 period include: Krag M1892; Krag M1896; Krag M1898; Springfield M1884; Cadet Springfield M1884; and Winchester M1895. 1155. Newhart, Max R. American Battleships. A Pictorial History of BB-1 to BB-71, with Prototypes Maine and Texas. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1995.

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Good discussion and narrative of the US Navy’s battleships which were a deciding factor in the United States’ victories in the SpanishAmerican War. 1156. Notes on the Spanish-American War. Washington, D.C.: US Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Intelligence, Government Printing Office, 1900. Reprint Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishers, 2007. This work consists of a series of eight important papers, translated from Spanish and German, giving the non-American perspective on the war. Included, are: 1. Battles and Capitulation of Santiago de Cuba by José Müller y Tejeiro (1899); 2. Comments of Rear-Admiral Pluddemann on the Main Features of the War with Spain; 3. and 4. Sketches of the Spanish-American War by Commander J(acobson) of the German Navy; 5. Effect of the Gun Fire of the US Vessels in the Battle of Manila Bay by John M. Ellicott; 6. The Spanish-American War, Blockades and Coast Defense by Severo Gómez Núñez; 7. A Collection of Documents Relative to the Squadron Operations in the West Indies, arranged by Pascual Cervera y Topete; and 8. The Squadron of Admiral Cervera by Víctor Concas y Palau. 1157. Ordnance Memoranda, No. 29. Horse Equipments and Cavalry Accoutrements, as prescribed by General Order 73, Adjutant General’s Office, 1885. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C., 1891 (Facsimile Reprint, n.p., n.d.). Detailed and illustrated government publication showing the type of horse and cavalry equipment issued to American troops during the Spanish-American War. This work is useful for the identification and dating of such equipment. 1158. Parker, John Henry, 1st Lt. 13th Infantry. Tactical Organization and Uses of Machine Guns in the Field. Kansas City, Missouri: HudsonKimberly Publishing Company, 1899. This work is a follow up to Lt. Parker’s book on the role of his Gatling Gun Detachment at San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898. This work lays out the integration of machine guns with advancing infantry as offensive weapons in the field to provide suppressing fire for the infantry. The Ordinance Department of the United States Army at this time was recommending Gatling and/or machine guns be used as defensive weapons in fixed fortifications rather than as offensive weapons while Parker advocated their use as an offensive weapon. 1159. Parkerson, A. C., General. How Uncle Sam Fights: Or, Modern Warfare—How Conducted. Baltimore, Maryland: R. H. Woodward, 1898.

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Apparently this volume appeared during the period of actual warfare with Spain in the summer months of 1898. This work primarily discusses the merits of the warships of the United States Navy and the modern nature of the training the officers and seamen received. 1160. Pearson, Charles E. and Richard A. Weinstein. Historical Assessment and Site Evaluations at Fort De Soto, Pinellas County, Florida, Final Report. Prepared for the US Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville District. Coastal Environments, Inc.: Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 2007. Report of a cultural resources evaluation for the US Army Corps of Engineers of Fort De Soto, a Spanish-American War fortification, consisting of the ruins of two batteries (Laidley and Bigelow) on Mullet Key; this fort was constructed at the entrance of Tampa Bay to protect military installations at Tampa, Florida, from attack by the Spanish. Construction of coastal defenses for Tampa and some thirty other seaports had previously been recommended by the Endicott Report in the 1880s. However, little work on these fortifications had been done by the outbreak of the war with Spain. The evaluation report contains a detailed history of Mullet Key, construction of the fort and batteries (1898–1900), abandonment by the government (1923), and deterioration of these military facilities. The ruins of the batteries are now located within Fort De Soto Park, a Pinellas County Park which interprets them as an example of the late nineteenth-century coastal fortification system of the United States. 1161. Phillips, William G., and John P. Verviolet. US Single Action Cartridge Handgun Holsters, 1870–1910. Museum Restoration Service, 1987. This work describes the evolution of the holster used in the US Army for the period 1870–1910, which held the Colt cal. 45 Single Action Army Revolver, the Remington Rolling Block Single shot pistol, and the Schofield Smith and Wesson Army Revolver. Numerous illustrations and intended for the collector of military equipment. 1162. Photographic History of the Spanish-American War. A Pictorial and Descriptive Record of Events on Land and Sea with Portraits and Biographies of Leaders of Both Sides. New York: E. J. Stanley, 1898. Reprint New York: The Pearson Publishing Company, 1898. Volume is one of the better-known “Photographic History” publications to come out of the Spanish-American War with high quality

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photos from government and professional photographic sources. The period covered by this volume is from the declaration of war with Spain (April 21, 1898) to September of 1898 and contains photos of important individuals, fortifications, naval vessels, weaponry, and army and navy units. Preface contains a brief description of the events of this period. Also reprinted as Pearson’s Official War History: A Complete Pictorial History of the Spanish-American Struggle of 1898 (1898). 1163. Poyer, Joe. The American Krag Rifle and Carbine. Tusstin, California: North Cape Publications, Inc., 2002. The Krag-Jørgensen rifle and carbine was developed by Colonel Ole Hermann Joannes Krag, the Norwegian Army’s Master General of Ordnance and Erik Jørgensen, a gunsmith with the Norwegian Army in 1889. The Krag-Jørgensen Model 1892 had a smaller caliber shell than those in current use by European and American armies, but its main advantage was as a box magazine loaded repeating firearm, which provided the soldier greater firepower and less weight in combat. In early 1893, the Commanding General of the United States Army, Major General John M. Schofield, selected the Model 1892 as the rifle to replace the Springfield rifle. By the time of the Spanish-American War, only enough “Krags” (as the American soldiers referred to the firearm) were available for Regular Army troops and a few selected National Guard units. All other National Guard troops had to utilize the older Springfield rifles. During the Philippines Insurrection the Krag proved to be a reliable weapon. This volume contains numerous illustrations and analysis of all Krag Models and the individual parts of the rifles and carbines used by American forces between 1893 and 1907. 1164. Raines, Rebecca Robbins. Getting the Message Through: A Branch History of the US Army Signal Corps. Army History Series. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, US Army, 1996. The US Army Signal Corps was created to give the military enhanced communications ability. At the end of the nineteenth century the Signal Corps was the Army’s primary scientific research body which was testing new technologies that might have an application on the battlefield. During the Spanish-American War the Signal Corps was expanded and played a vital role in telegraphic and telephone communication, and balloon observation on the Cuban battlefield. 1165. Ranson, Edward. “The Endicott Board of 1885–86 and the Coast Defenses.” Military Affairs 31, No. 2 (1967): 74–84.

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War Department complaints about the decay of the coast defenses of the United States resulted in a special board of inquiry headed by Secretary of War, William C. Endicott. It reported in 1886 that the coasts were essentially undefended and recommended spending $126 million dollars on their improvement with the work to be completed by 1900. Not until the Spanish-American War, however, were significant steps taken to overcome the weaknesses in coastal defenses. 1166. Reed, Walter, Major, US Army; Victor C. Vaughan, Major, US Volunteers; and Edward O. Shakespeare, Major, US Volunteers. Abstract of Report on the Origin and Spread of Typhoid Fever in US Military Camps during the Spanish War of 1898. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900. Abstract of a much larger two-volume work on the dissemination of typhoid among troops assembled at military camps in the United States prior to service overseas or remaining in their camps. Contains conclusions on how the disease was transmitted and recommendations for the prevention of infection. 1167. —, Victor C. Vaughan, Major, US Volunteers; and Edward O. Shakespeare, Major, US Volunteers. Report on the Origin and Spread of Typhoid Fever in the US Military Camps During the Spanish War of 1898. 2 vols. Prepared under the direction of SurgeonGeneral Robert M. O’Reilly. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,1904. This two-volume work is a listing of regiments (regular and volunteer) that were assigned to Military Camps in the summer of 1898 with the detailed statistics of the development of typhoid in each regiment, and usually provides the names and units of men that became infected. In Volume 1 the work conclusively demonstrated that typhoid infections were brought to the camps by the troops and passed on “largely from person to person by contact and not through infected water or food” during their time at the stateside military camps and the regiments carried the disease with them on their campaigns overseas. The work noted “that isolation and disinfection are essential procedures in abating certain epidemics of this disease in armies” and contained numerous points to control infections. Volume 2 contained photos, maps of military camps, and morbidity charts. An abstract of the findings of the authors was published in 1900 (see Item 1166 above), but by the time the full two-volume publication appeared, Majors Walter Reed and Edward O. Shakespeare had passed away and the work was completed by Major Vaughan. This work should also be consulted for the detailed history of the movement of various regiments.

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1168. Reeves, Connie L. “Nurses Spell ‘Relief.’ ” Naval History 12, No. 4 (1998): 38–42. The Spanish-American War resulted in female nurses serving the army and navy for the first time since the Civil War to overcome shortages of trained male nurses in the military services. Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee, who before the war directed the Daughters of the American Revolution Hospital Corps Committee, became the Army’s Acting Assistant Surgeon and founded the Army Nurse Corps, the beginning of women in the American military. 1169. Reynolds, Robert H. Philippine Medals. Monograph No. 12. Glassboro, New Jersey: Orders and Medals Society of America, 1998. Work includes black and white and color photographs of military decorations issued by the United States military to its personnel involved in the Philippine Insurrection. Work includes bibliographical references. 1170. Sawicki, James A. Cavalry Regiments of the US Army. Dumfries, Virginia: Wyvern Publications, 1985. Work is a comprehensive study and documentation of the history, heraldry, and battle honors of the 133 regiments of horse, air, and armored cavalry that have served with the US Army throughout its history. Work includes short histories of the horse cavalry regiments that served in the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. This volume includes numerous black and white illustrations and photographs. 1171. Schreier, Konrad F., Jr. “The US Army 3.2-Inch Field Gun.” Military Collector & Historian 24 (Summer 1972): 77–84. The introduction in 1883 of the 3.2-inch field gun increased the efficiency of breech-loading, rifled artillery; the gun was used extensively in Cuba and Puerto Rico by regular and volunteer light artillery units during the Spanish-American War. 1172. Senn, Nicholas, LTC. War Correspondence (Hispano-American War): Letters from Dr. Nicholas Senn. Journal of the American Medical Association. Chicago, Illinois: American Medical Association Press, 1899. Lieutenant Colonel Senn (1844–1908) was the Chief Surgeon of the United States Volunteers mustered into federal service for the duration of the Spanish-American War. This is an exhaustive study of the volunteer state regiments and their health in the temporary

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encampments established during the war with Spain and a discussion of the causes and transmission of diseases which caused more deaths among American troops than death by combat. This work published in the Journal of the American Medical Association would be published the next year in a special publication of the AMA, under the title Medico-Surgical Aspects of the Spanish American War (1900). 1173. —. Medico-Surgical Aspects of the Spanish American War. American Medical Association Press: Chicago, Illinois, 1900. Lieutenant Colonel Senn was the Chief Surgeon of the United States Volunteers. This extensive volume covers all medical aspects of the Spanish-American War, including the outbreak of typhoid fever at the US Army training camps, the field hospital established at Camp Wikoff, on Montauk Point, Long Island, New York, to receive soldiers from the Cuban Campaign, and a complete description of all American soldiers wounded in the Puerto Rico Campaign and their treatment. Published shortly after the war’s end this volume was critical of the medical care provided for troops in the Cuban and Puerto Rico Campaigns. Dr. Senn found that volunteer troops sent to these areas from the two main east coast training camps—Camps Thomas and Alger—were already inflected with typhoid and other fevers. He notes the care taken in the medical preparations for the Puerto Rico Campaign greatly lessened the numbers of sick as opposed to the large numbers of sick troops in the Cuban Campaign. Of some particular interest is Senn’s detailed description of all of the men wounded in the Puerto Rico Campaign, which included the effect of Mauser bullets fired by the Spanish, where the men were wounded, their treatment, and recovery. 1174. Shulimson, Jack. The Marine Corps’ Search for a Mission, 1880– 1898. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1993. As the US Navy was striving, in the late nineteenth century, to create a new technologically advanced fleet, some naval officers “demanded the removal of Marines from the new steel ships so as to attract a better quality Navy recruit and to improve morale among the Navy seamen,” without considering that the rigorous selection process for the Corps made the Marines aboard ship the most professional fighting unit. During the Spanish-American War the Marine 1st Battalion’s seizure of Guantánamo Bay provided the Corps with a “mission”—to hold advanced bases for the Navy and to project naval forces ashore. 1175. Slattery, Thomas. The Spanish-American War. Its Impact on the Rock Island Arsenal 1898–1902. Rock Island, Illinois: Rock Island Arsenal Museum, 1996.

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Work is a study of the government’s Rock Island Arsenal during the Spanish-American War and the following Philippine Insurrection and its efforts to produce equipment for the newly expanded American Army. 1176. Smallman-Raynor, Matthew, and Andrew D. Cliff. “Epidemic Diffusion Processes in a System of US Military Camps: Transfer Diffusion and the Spread of Typhoid Fever in the Spanish-American War, 1898.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 91, No. 1 (2001): 71–91. Article examines the transmission of epidemic diseases in the temporary encampments of the volunteer army mobilized for the Spanish-American War as addressed by three eminent medical figures—Majors Walter Reed, Victor C. Vaughan, and Edward O. Shakespeare. Their Report on the Origin and Spread of Typhoid Fever in US Military Camps during the Spanish War of 1898 (1904) included information on the 19,000 cases of disease in 89 volunteer regiments located throughout the eastern half of the United States. The article reconstructs the spread of typhoid fever with the movements of infected regiments and models the diffusion process that drove the spread of the disease. Authors note the spread of typhoid was caused by a temporally ordered sequence of diffusion processes in which each process was associated with a discrete stage of the epidemic cycle. Their findings underscored the singular impact of military mobilization on the spatial dynamics of epidemic diseases. 1177. Spector, Ronald H. Professors of War: The Naval War College and the Development of the Naval Profession. Newport, Rhode Island: Naval College Press, 1977. This work, by an author familiar with the history of the US Navy of the Spanish-American War period, studies the influence of the Naval War College on the officer corps between 1884 and 1917. Chapter 7 provides a summary of the war plans developed by the Naval War College, the Office of Naval Intelligence, and various boards convened by the Secretary of the Navy for the war with Spain. 1178. Steffen, Randy. United States Military Saddles, 1812–1943. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1973. Work covers information on and illustrations of US military saddles from the War of 1812 to the Second World War. In 1868, the Ordinance Department recognized that the Model 1859 McClellan saddle which saw abundant service in the Civil War was not holding up to the rigors encountered by the western serving cavalry. As a

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result, the Ordinance Department developed the Model 1874 McClellan saddle which was stronger and lighter than the Civil War model. Additional modifications were made to create the Model 1885 McClellan saddle, which was the standard issue for cavalry troops in the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. 1179. —. The Horse Soldier 1776–1943. The United States Cavalryman: His Uniforms, Arms, Accoutrements, and Equipments. The Last of the Indian Wars: The Spanish-American War; the Brink of the Great War, 1881–1916, Volume III. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978. A comprehensive history of the cavalryman’s dress, horse equipment, and weaponry—every item the horse soldier and his mount wore, carried, or used. Work is considered a classic on the arms and accoutrements of the American Cavalryman of the SpanishAmerican War and Philippine Insurrection period (1898–1902). 1180. Stein, Barry Jason, and Peter Joseph Capelotti (general editor). US Army Heraldic Crests: A Complete Illustrated History of Authorized Distinctive Unit Insignia. Foreword by General Matthew Ridgway. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1993. Work is an extensive reference monograph regarding US Army unit insignia. Many of the earlier Army units have heraldic crests and unit insignia which relate to service in the Spanish-American War and Philippine Insurrection. Work has over 100 pages of color plates of insignia. 1181. Sternberg, George Miller. Sanitary Lessons of the War. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: n.p., 1899. (Reprinted from the Philadelphia Medical Journal, June 10–17, 1899.”) Reprinted in Sanitary Lessons of the War, and Other Papers, Washington, D.C.: Byron S. Adams, 1912 and New York: Arno Press, 1977. The author, General George M. Sternberg (1838–1915) was the Surgeon-General the US Army, from 1893 to 1902. Considered the “Father of American Bacteriology,” Sternberg was one of the first military doctors to apply a scientific study to investigate the causes of disease which infected American troops. Work discusses SurgeonGeneral Sternberg’s creation of the Typhoid Fever Board (1898), consisting of Majors Walter Reed, Victor C. Vaughan, and Edward O. Shakespeare, which established the facts of contact infection and the fly as the carrier of typhoid. 1182. Sternberg, Martha L. George Miller Sternberg: A Biography. Chicago, Illinois: American Medical Association, 1920.

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Biography of General George M. Sternberg who created the Typhoid Fever Board (1898), consisting of Majors Walter Reed, Victor C. Vaughan, and Edward O. Shakespeare, which established the facts of contact infection and fly transmission of the disease. In 1900 Sternberg organized the Yellow Fever Commission, headed by Reed, which ultimately fixed the transmission of yellow fever upon a particular species of mosquito. In 1901, Sternberg oversaw the establishment of the US Army Nurse Corps. 1183. Stewart, J. C. Cowboys in Uniform, Uniforms, Arms and Equipment of the Rough Riders. Show Low, Arizona: Rough Rider Publishers, 1998. Work is a study of the types of uniforms, arms, and equipment utilized by the First United States Volunteer Cavalry, or “Rough Riders” during the Cuban Campaign of the Spanish-American War. 1184. Troops in Campaign, Regulations for the Army of the United States. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1892. Regulations governing the conduct of US Army troops in the field during combat operations. 1185. Uhlig, Frank, Jr. How Navies Fight: The US Navy and Its Allies. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1994. Volume covers the period of the American Revolution to the War in the Persian Gulf. Author, with regard to the Spanish-American War, presents a concise and well-written account of the US Navy’s campaigns in the West Indies and the Philippines from a strategic perspective. 1186. Ullman, Bruce L. “ ‘This Wonderful Man’: A. W. Greely, a Father of Military Aviation.” Air Power 38, No. 2 (1991): 48–55. Article is an overview of the career of General Adolphus Washington Greely, Chief Signal Officer of the US Army from 1885 to 1906. Among his many accomplishments, Greely helped lay the groundwork for the development of American military aviation through his support for aeronautical experimentation, acquisition of the army’s first balloon, and the use of its successor in the Spanish-American War. Article also includes testimony before congressional committees about the future of military aviation. Based on Greely’s Reminiscences of Adventure and Service (1927). 1187. Wagner, Arthur Lockwood, LTC. A Catechism of Outpost Duty, Including Advance Guards, Rear Guards, and Reconnaissance. Kansas City, Missouri: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co., 1895.

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The author was at the time of publication the Assistant AdjutantGeneral of the US Army and formerly an instructor at the US Infantry and Cavalry School. This publication was a guide for infantry and cavalry officers on the new military tactics which were coming into use just before the start of the Spanish-American War. 1188. —. The Army of the United States. An Historical Sketch from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, with an Account of its Organization and Administration, A Synopsis of the Achievements of the Army in the Spanish War, and some Remarks on our Military Necessities. Akron, Ohio: The Werner Company, 1899. Wagner’s work contains numerous large chromolithographs depicting the history of the army of the United States from the American Revolution to the Spanish-American War. The plates are useful for identifying uniforms and equipment used by the military at various times. The Werner Company of Akron, Ohio, was a leading innovator in new printing technology by the 1890s. The chromolithographic technique lowered the cost of printing such plates. Wagner’s work was published in a one-volume edition which contained forty-two plates, including seventeen of the US Navy with accompanying text. It was also published in a two-volume set, with one volume for the army (as here) and one for the navy 1189. —. The Service of Security and Information. Kansas City, Missouri: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co., 1903. Although published just after the close of the Spanish-American War, this volume discusses the use, tactics, and disposition of cavalry, artillery, and infantry in hostile territory, which were used by American commanders in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands. In the author’s discussion of the correct disposition of forces, he uses examples from the Cuban and Puerto Rico Campaigns. 1190. Wagner, Arthur Lockwood, LTC and Commander James Douglas Jerrold Kelley. The United States Army and Navy, Our Country’s Defensive Forces in War and Peace, their Histories, from the Era of the Revolution to the Close of the Spanish-American War: With Accounts of Their Organization, Administration, and Duties, With Appendices. Akron, Ohio: The Werner Company, 1899. Work is a detailed study of the American and Spanish forces during the Spanish-American War by an Army and Navy officer who participated in the Cuban Campaign. There is a listing of the principal ships of the United States Navy (shown in color plates), their gun batteries and armor, and official reports of the naval actions at the Battles of Manila and Santiago de Cuba.

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1191. Wahl, Paul and Donald R. Toppel. The Gatling Gun. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1966. Volume covers the story of the development of Dr. Richard Jordan Gatling’s automatic multiple-barrel weapon, or Gatling gun. Although not seriously adopted by the American Army in the Spanish-American War, it played an important support role for American troops in the West Indies (Cuba and Puerto Rico) and the Philippines. Work has numerous black and white period illustrations throughout. 1192. Wall, Barbra Mann. “Courage to Care: The Sisters of the Holy Cross in the Spanish-American War.” Nursing History Review 3 (1995): 55–77. The Spanish-American War proved to be a testing ground for the future of military medicine and in particular the use of female nurses. The Sisters of the Holy Cross served at Camp Conrad in Columbus, Georgia, in the latter stages of the war with Spain. Conflicts in management occurred between the nuns and the schooltrained nurses, possibly brought on by prejudice against Catholics. Despite these difficulties, the nuns were highly respected and would help demonstrate the need to recruit women for a military nursing service. 1193. Webb, William Joe. “The Spanish-American War and United States Army Shipping.” American Neptune 40, No. 3 (Summer 1980): 167–191. Article focuses on the Army Quartermaster Department, which for the first time was engaged in the transport and support of American forces overseas. Considering 1) the lack of coordination from above by President William McKinley (1843–1901), who personally set strategy and ordered deployments, 2) the disharmony between the army and navy, especially with regard to ship acquisition, and 3) the army’s lack of experience, the Quartermaster Department’s performance in providing ocean transportation was as good as circumstances allowed. Experience in the war led to the establishment of the Army Transport Service. 1194. Weigley, Russell Frank. The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy. New York: Macmillan, 1973. Reprint Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1977. Chapter 9 of this work entitled “A Strategy of Sea Power and Empire: Stephen B. Luce and Alfred Thayer Mahan” discuss the military strategy used by the United States in its war with Spain.

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1195. Wooster, Robert. Nelson A. Miles, and the Twilight of the Frontier Army. University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln, Nebraska, 1995. Study of the US Army’s transition in the late nineteenth century from a small closely knit military to deal with internal conflicts (Native American and Labor unrest) to a large professional army intended to confront foreign enemies, using the career of Lt. General Nelson A. Miles—the last Commanding General—as an example of that change. Miles was a well-known commander in the Civil and Indian Wars, and became the Commanding General of the Army in 1895 through a process of seniority. An outstanding military commander in the Puerto Rico campaign in the Spanish-American War, he was considered by many as a controversial figure who did not understand the politics of a changing United States at the turn of the century. Author provides a good overview of Miles’ role in the planning for the Spanish-American War and his command of the Puerto Rico campaign. 1196. Wright, Christopher C. and Edward C. Fisher, Jr. “USS ‘Albany’ and ‘New Orleans’—The American Elswick-Built Units.” Warship International 8, No. 4 (1971): 343–366. At the start of the Spanish-American War the US Navy found itself lacking in ships of various classes, particularly armored cruisers. Brazil had two cruisers near completion in England, which she sold to the United States and which were renamed the USS New Orleans and Albany. Only minor alterations and repairs were necessary to outfit the cruiser New Orleans before she joined the US Flying Squadron on May 30, 1898, off Santiago, Cuba, to participate in the Spanish-American War—although it was noted upon the receipt of the New Orleans Portuguese-language instructions were all over the ship in anticipation of its use by the Brazilian Navy. The Albany would not join the US Navy until 1900. Both vessels operated in the Pacific and continued in service through WWI; both were decommissioned in 1922 and sold for scrap in 1930. 1197. Wright, Mildred Sulser, and William D. Quick. United States Spanish-American War Fortifications at the Sabine Pass, Texas. Decorah, Iowa: Anundsen Publishing Co., 1982. Monograph describes the fortifications constructed along the Sabine River, between Texas and Louisiana, during the Spanish-American War. This construction work was part of a revitalized coastal fortification effort undertaken throughout the United States due to a concern about possible attack by Spanish naval forces. Work includes bibliographical references and index.

Chapter 10 Peace

A. Peace Settlement and Afterwards 1198. American and British Claims Arbitration. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1923. One of the critical US Navy offensive actions in both Cuba and the Philippines was a series of dangerous operations to cut the submarine telegraph cables linking these areas with Spain in order to disrupt communications. The destruction of this private property was a point of contention with the British companies which owned both the Cuba Submarine and the Australasia and China Telegraph Companies. This report covers the arbitration which reimbursed the British companies a quarter of a century later for their losses. 1199. Aragón, Agustín. España y los Estados Unidos de Norte América, a propósito de la guerra, por el ingeniero. (Spain and the United States of North America, a War Proposition, by the Engineer.) Mexico: E. Sánchez impresor, 1898. Spanish-language pamphlet issued during the Spanish-American War by supporters of the Spanish, in which the author argues Spain is the moral and social superior nation to all Protestant countries, such as the United States. 1200. A Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain. Message from the President of the United States, Transmitting a Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain, Signed at the City of Paris, on December 10, 1898. Senate Doc. No. 62, Part 1. 55th Congress, 3d Session. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899. Work contains the English and Spanish language text of the Paris Peace Treaty and its Protocols, plus verbatim testimony between the American and Spanish negotiators on the points of the treaty articles. This work also contains the testimony of General Wesley Merritt and the documents he provided the American negotiators 359

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to assist them in dealing with the most significant problem—the disposition of the Philippine Islands. Documents in this work detail the state of the Philippines just prior to the outbreak of the Philippine Insurrection in February of 1899. 1201. Bacon, Robert, and James Brown Scott (eds.). The Military and Colonial Policy of the United States, Addresses and Reports by Elihu Root. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1916. Elihu Root was appointed the Secretary of War by President McKinley after Russell Alger resigned the cabinet post in 1901. In this capacity the new President Roosevelt directed Root to reorganize the American army in the face of a need to deal with a colonial empire and an ongoing insurrection in the Philippines. The addresses and reports authored by Root explain the reorganization of the army after the Spanish-American War—in particular the creation of the General Staff; trace the origins and give the reasons for America’s policy toward Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines; and the creation of the New Militia System which changed the relationship between the Regular Army and National Guard and upgraded the training and professionalism of the latter. 1202. Bangs, John Kendrick. Uncle Sam Trustee. New York: Riggs Publishing Company, 1902. Written as the United States was about to relinquish its four-year occupation of Cuba, this work is a report of the efforts of the US Army to rebuild the infrastructure of the island (hospitals, roads, harbor works, customs houses, schools, trade schools, and sanitation works) and develop an honest and functioning police force and military. 1203. Bedford, Joseph. “Samuel Gompers and the Caribbean: The AFL, Cuba, and Puerto Rico 1898–1906.” Labor’s Heritage 6, No. 4 (1995): 4–25. Article describes American Federation of Labor (AFL) President Samuel Gompers’ influence on the fledgling labor movements in Cuba and Puerto Rico after the Spanish-American War. Gompers’ work in Cuba was limited to a few advisory visits, but he did establish a close relationship with Puerto Rican labor and its leader, Santiago Iglesias Pantín. The two men shared a two-fold commitment to improve the quality of life and secure US citizenship for Puerto Rican workers. 1204. Berbusse, Edward Joseph, S.J. The United States in Puerto Rico, 1898–1900. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1966.

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Work is a good history of the development of social and political movements in Puerto Rico during the nineteenth century leading to the creation of an autonomous government in the early months of 1898. Equally well discussed is the creation of first a military government and then a civil government for Puerto Rico under American control. 1205. Bradford, James C. (ed.). Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War and Its Aftermath. Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1993. Work is an important compilation of essays reflecting current historians’ thinking on issues associated with the conflict, such as US military intelligence efforts, the Sampson-Schley controversy, joint Army-Navy operations, and the annexation of the Philippines. 1206. Bryan, Williams Smith. (ed.). Our Islands and Their People as Seen With Camera and Pencil. 2 vols. Introduction by Major-General Joseph Wheeler, US Army, with description and narrative by José de Olivares and photographs by Walter B. Townsend. St. Louis, Missouri: N.D. Thompson Publisher, 1899. Reprint 1904. These two volumes are major descriptive and illustrated works on Hawaii, the Philippine Islands, Guam, Cuba, and Puerto Rico in large folio format, and date from the period just after the SpanishAmerican War. The two volumes cover information on the history of the conflict in these areas and ongoing occupation and pacification work. 1207. Buell, Charles E. Industrial Liberty: Our Duty to Rescue the People of Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippine Islands from that Greatest of all Evils-Poverty. Plainfield, New Jersey: n.p. 1900. Author who was the Secretary of the United States Special Commission to Puerto Rico, just following the Spanish-American War, recommends the dispatch of professional and technical groups from America to aid the economic development of the former Spanish colonial islands recently placed under the authority of the United States government. 1208. Byler, Charles A. Civil-Military Relations on the Frontier and Beyond, 1865–1917. New York: Praeger Publishers, 2006. Civilian control of the military is one of the cornerstones on which America is built, extending back even before the founding of the nation. In this volume, Byler examines the development of civil— military relations from the end of the Civil War until the start of the First World War, looking at what happened and why. During this

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period, an initially small, poorly funded, and often unpopular military continued its traditional subordination to civilian authority despite the dissatisfaction of many of its leaders. This volume explores why this was the case. It then demonstrates that even after the military achieved victory over Spain and began to rule overseas colonial possessions, giving it new prestige and influence, the experience of the previous decades ensured that the traditional principle of civilian control remained strong. Significant tensions developed between civilian and military leaders as the small and poorly funded military was sent on occupation duty to the Reconstruction South and the Indian West, into overseas wars against the Spanish and the Filipino nationalists, and on interventions in the Caribbean and Central America. Nonetheless, officers continued to obey civilian authorities because of a developing professional ethos that emphasized the tradition of subordination to civilian leaders and the disengagement of the military from politics. Even as the military gained the size, strength, and prestige to challenge civilian control, it did not do so directly. Instead, it became adept at working within civilian institutions, forming alliances with leaders inside and outside government to shape the policies it wanted. 1209. Carroll, Henry K. Report on the Island of Porto Rico: Its Population, Civil Government, Commerce, Industries, Productions, Roads, Tariff, and Currency, with Recommendations. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899. The author was appointed a Special Commissioner for the United States to Puerto Rico by President William McKinley to report on the status of the former Spanish island colony, which had been recently annexed. This report would serve to encourage the president to appoint a civilian governor for the island, replacing the military governorship in place since the end of the Spanish-American War. 1210. Chamberlain, Frederick Carleton. The Philippine 1898–1913. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown, 1913.

Problem,

Volume contains a detailed description of the efforts by the American government to educate Filipinos, build up the economy of the islands, and improve the living standards of the islanders between 1898 and 1913. Author recommends a new initiative to continue the work of the American administration of the Philippines. 1211. Church, A. M. (ed.). Picturesque Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii and the Philippines: A Photographic Panorama of Our New Possessions. Depicting the Natives, their Costumes, Habitations and Occupations; Prominent Buildings, Street Scenes, Mountain and River Scenery, Etc. Also Life in the American Army and Navy, with Portraits of the

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Chief Actors in the Spanish-American War. Springfield, Ohio: Mast, Crowell & Kirkpatrick, 1898. Published in the last quarter of 1898, after the Peace Protocol (August 12, 1898) this was a popular illustrated magazine containing over 300 photographs of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines, and designed to acquaint the American public with the areas which most only knew from recent newspaper reports. In the case of the Philippines, photos were taken primarily of the Manila environs which were the only area of the Philippine Islands controlled by American occupation forces. Also contains a number of pictures of American military forces in training from the early summer months of 1898. This work was intended as a bonus feature for new subscribers to Farm and Fireside or Woman’s Home Companion, also published in Springfield, Ohio. 1212. Coll y Toste, Cayetano. Reseña del estado social, económico e industrial de la isla de Puerto Rico al tomar posesión de ella los Estados Unidos. (Report on the Social, Economic, and Industrial State of the Island of Puerto Rico upon its Possession by the United States). San Juan, Puerto Rico: Imprenta La Correspondencia, 1899. Work is a Spanish-language descriptive report on the state of the island of Puerto Rico at the time of its annexation by the United States. This work provides a multitude of data on the municipalities, their population, agriculture, commerce, and economic status as of 1898. 1213. Cosmas, Graham A. “Securing the Fruits of Victory: The US Army Occupies Cuba, 1898–99.” Military Affairs 38, No. 3 (1974): 85–91. The primary problem facing American occupation forces sent to Cuba following the 12 August 1898 peace protocol was how to replace the Spanish garrisons on the island in such a way as to avoid any lengthy period of control of the island by American forces. The troops sent to Cuba for occupation duty were largely volunteer regiments and their movements and general deportment were well handled. Occupation assignments, camp locations, and depots were selected in advance, and in many cases the camps were even constructed before the appearance of the American troops, all leading to a successful and short period of occupation and reconstruction. The organization of the occupation of the Cuba was better handled by the military than the force sent to fight the Spanish. 1214. Davis, George W., General. Report of the Military Governor of Porto Rico on Civil Affairs. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902.

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This report, submitted by General Davis contains “an account of the government of Porto Rico by the army of the United States,” and includes “an account of the stewardship of the three military governors” Generals John R. Brookes, Guy V. Henry, and George W. Davis, who served in this capacity from October 18, 1898, to May 9, 1899. Work contains information on the military and municipal governments; laws and judiciary; public education; revenue and commerce; agriculture; public works; and relief provided as a result of the San Ciriaco Hurricane of 1899. 1215. Devins, John Bancroft. An Observer in the Philippines. Introductions by William H. Taft and Theodore Roosevelt. Boston, New York, Chicago: American Tract Society, 1905. The author was a Protestant clergyman and discusses what America secured from Spain in return for the twenty million dollars the United States paid Spain for the Philippine Islands. Goes on to discuss whether the annexation was necessary or even a good investment. 1216. Dewell, James D. Down on Porto Rico with a Kodak. New Haven, Connecticut: The Record Publishing Company, 1898. Shortly after the end of the Puerto Rico Campaign of the SpanishAmerican War, illustrated volumes were produced to provide Americans with a better understanding of the recently annexed island of Puerto Rico. This work contains numerous illustrations of the island just a few months after the end of the war. 1217. Dinwiddie, William. Puerto Rico, Its Conditions and Possibilities. London and New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1899. The author was one of the first writers to reach Puerto Rico after the end of the Spanish-American War (August 13, 1898) and to provide an assessment of the island’s industrial, commercial, political, and social conditions. Dinwiddie commenced two months in residence on the island by first describing the departure of the Spanish military from Puerto Rico (October 18, 1898) and then going on to describe Puerto Rico’s natural resources, people, and products in great detail. 1218. Dower, Catherine. Puerto Rican Music Following the SpanishAmerican War: 1898, the Aftermath of the Spanish-American War and its Influence on the Musical Culture of Puerto Rico. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1983. Author contends the popular American music themes, such as ragtime music, played an important role in the development of the musical culture of Puerto Rico. Good sociological study of the interaction of cultures.

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1219. Evered, Kyle T. “Fostering Puerto Rico: Representations of Empire and Orphaned Territories During the Spanish-American War.” Historical Geography 34 (2006): 109–136. Article examines period representations of Puerto Rico to provide insights into popular American ideas about the island and its people. Author contends America’s annexation of the island in 1898 was accompanied by representations of the Puerto Ricans as child-like entities in need of care, guidance, instruction, and discipline. Article presents a discourse in which benevolent American power is contrasted with a feminized and juvenile Puerto Rico found in literature, cartoons in newspapers, and soldiers’ correspondence and reports from the field. Author argues these depictions functioned both as justifications for colonialism, as well as forms of colonial subjugation. 1220. Farmer, Tristram E. “Too Little, Too Late: The Fight for the Carolines, 1898.” Naval History 3, No. 1 (1989): 20–25. Article discusses the political and diplomatic maneuvering by the United States and Germany at the conclusion of the 1898 SpanishAmerican War over the possession of the strategically important Caroline Islands in mid-Pacific. Due to the US government’s indecisiveness, Germany managed to purchase the islands from Spain and thwart half-hearted American attempts to acquire the Caroline Islands. Germany would later lose the Caroline Islands to Japan after World War I. The United States would take the islands at great expense in World War II. 1221. Hall, Arthur D. Porto Rico. Its History, Products and Possibilities. New York: Street & Smith, 1898. This work is a review of the economic conditions extant on the island of Puerto Rico in 1898, just after the United States had occupied and determined to annex the island after the signing of the Peace Protocol. 1222. Healy, David F. The United States in Cuba, 1898–1902: Generals, Politicians, and the Search for Policy. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1963. Work describes the relationship between the United States and Cuba from the end of the Spanish-American War to the end of the American occupation of the island. Discusses how this critical time period resulted in the present (1960s) relationship between the two nations. 1223. Hill, Robert Thomas. Cuba and Porto Rico with the Other Islands of the West Indies: Their Topography, Climate, Flora, Products,

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Industries, Cities, People, Political Conditions, etc. New York: The Century Company, 1898. Reprint London: T. F. Unwin, 1898. The author, Thomas R. Hill (1858–1941), provides a detailed and illustrated description of the West Indies—mainly Cuba and Puerto Rico—in response to American public desire to learn about areas recently noted in newspaper accounts of the SpanishAmerican War. 1224. Linn, Brian McAllister. “The Long Twilight of the Frontier Army.” Western Historical Quarterly 27, No. 2 (1996): 140–167. Between 1898 and 1917 half of the infantry regiments of the US Army were always stationed abroad—primarily in Hawaii, and the Philippines—and the rotation of units resulted in virtually all soldiers having overseas service. The article focuses on these two areas where the army’s transformation to a modern military force was the slowest, due to the Philippine Insurrection in which many of the lessons learned in fighting Native Americans were applied in dealing with Filipino insurgents. In addition, many of the characteristics associated with the old Western frontier army, such as jostling for promotion, open jealousy and factionalism, ambivalence toward colonial wards, and physical discomfort and privation, persisted on these Pacific frontiers. 1225. Mahan, Alfred Thayer. Lessons of the War with Spain and Other Articles. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown, 1899. Reprint Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1971. As America’s chief naval strategist of the late nineteenth century Mahan assessed the outcome of the Spanish-American war from the stand point of the United States as a major military power. In his strategic view, American retention of Puerto Rico would be significant to the defense of the Caribbean and a future Panama Canal; the lack of adequate coastal defenses hampered the offensive force of the navy; the importance of cruisers in the role of locating enemy naval forces; the problems encountered by the navy in the use of its monitor ships; and how the lack of information on the Spanish fleet created a strategy problem for American Navy. The chapters in this book were originally published as a series of articles in McClure’s Magazine, from December 1898-April 1899. 1226. Marolda, Edward J. (ed.). Theodore Roosevelt, the US Navy, and the Spanish-American War. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2001. A series of essays that highlight the role of Theodore Roosevelt and the creation of a US fleet of modern, steel-hulled, heavily armed warships. The future president and Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan

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championed sea power to secure America’s emerging global expansion. The US victory in the Spanish-American War of 1898 vindicated these views. Essays discuss the US Navy in the war with Spain; new interpretations of the destruction of the USS Maine; the Spanish Navy in the war; Army-Navy joint operations; and the influence of the war on the US Marine Corps and the US Navy’s enlisted personnel. 1227. May, Glenn Anthony. Social Engineering in the Philippines: The Aims, Execution, and Impact of American Colonial Policy, 1900–13. Contributions to Comparative Colonial Studies, No. 2. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1980. Author, using both American and Filipino archival sources, demonstrates the connection between a harshly executed fight against revolutionaries contrasted with an attempt to provide the native people with material benefits through cooperation with the United States. Shows how the American diplomats understood that the conflict with the Filipinos was part of a larger context of providing better livelihoods for the native people. Policies went from an emphasis on literary education to industrial training. This back-andforth situation was complicated by the shift from Spanish to English, which was never successful. Compared to other colonial Asian situations, the American efforts in the Philippines were successful; yet, based on Filipino needs and interests, the American system was a failure. 1228. Morgan, Howard Wayne. William McKinley and His America. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1963. Volume is a study of the social aspects of the 1890s in America that contributed to the foreign policies of the United States during the McKinley administration. 1229. —. Making Peace with Spain. The Diary of Whitelaw Reid. SeptemberDecember 1898. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1965. Author presents a personal account of Whitelaw Reid, one of the principal American negotiators of the Peace Treaty with Spain after the Protocol of August 13, 1898. Accounts reveal that Reid believed possession of Spain’s islands, particularly the Philippine Islands, were key to America’s future power. 1230. —. America’s Road to Empire, the War with Spain and Overseas Expansion. America in Crisis Series, Robert A. Divine (ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1966. Reprint New York: McGraw Hill, 1993.

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Author reevaluates the Spanish-American War with the belief that the United States intervened in Cuba only after a long process of peaceful diplomacy, and that intervention was due to “legitimate strategic, commercial, and humanitarian reasons.” Author believes the war was not forced on the McKinley administration, but was due to the “inability to solve the Cuban issue peacefully,” and the acquisition of Spanish colonies in the Caribbean and western Pacific was a “conscious program of extending American power into the arena of international politics and trade, and not by accident or default.” 1231. —. William McKinley and His America, Revised Edition. Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press, 2003. Work is a fine revision to the author’s 1963 biography on the life of President William McKinley. Author added numerous footnotes and a bibliographic essay to the revised edition. Although a biography and not a study of the history of the war of 1898, author provides good information on the motives for intervention in Cuba and the decision to acquire the Spanish islands in the West Indies and in particular the Philippine Islands. 1232. “Nauticus” (pseud.). The Truth about the Schley Case. Washington, D.C.: Columbia, 1902. Anonymously published pamphlet discusses the “Sampson-Schley Controversy” and provides a strongly worded case for Admiral Schley of the USS Brooklyn being the hero of the Battle of Santiago (July 1, 1898). 1233. Navarro, José-Manuel. Creating Tropical Yankees: Social Science Textbooks and United States Ideological Control in Puerto Rico, 1898–1908. New York: Routledge, 2002. This volume details the American colonial government’s attempt to impose ideological values on Puerto Rican society through the use of English textbooks in grammar schools and the imposition of mandatory teaching of English in island schools. 1234. Neely, Frank Tennyson. A Wonderful Reproduction of Living Scenes in Natural Color Photos of America’s New Possessions. Chicago, Illinois: International View Company, 1901. F. Tennyson Neely was the publisher of a number of illustrated “picture books” covering the Spanish-American War and the areas annexed following the American victory. This particular volume is interesting for its use of color photographs. Each of the 120 plus photos has two lines of explanatory text which identify

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military personnel and units. Photos show all facets of the Philippines Insurrection as well as the Philippine Islands and their people. 1235. Norton, Albert James. Norton’s Complete Hand-Book of Havana and Cuba, Containing Full Information for the Tourist, Settler, and Investor: Also an Account of the American Military Occupation, with Handsome Illustrations and a Map of Havana. Chicago and New York: Rand, McNally & Company, 1900. This large handbook features dozens of full-page illustrations of Cuba under the American military occupation (1898–1900), a large folding map of the island of Cuba. This work was intended to encourage tourism, settlement, and investment in the island by Americans. 1236. Ober, Frederick Albion. Puerto Rico and its Resources, with Maps and Illustrations. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1899. Comprehensive description of the island of Puerto Rico, written shortly after the end of the Spanish-American War, discusses the strategic, commercial, agricultural, natural history, climate, and history of the area. 1237. Offner, John. “The United States and France: Ending the SpanishAmerican War.” Diplomatic History 7, No. 1 (1983): 1–21. President William McKinley and the French Ambassador to the United States, Jules Cambon, arranged the armistice which ended, the Spanish-American War. McKinley proved an adept negotiator, declining to hold talks in Paris in favor of direct discussions with Cambon in Washington. In those meetings, McKinley never wavered from the initial American proposals, and when talks threatened to break down, the President salvaged them by suggesting the Peace Protocol that became the basis of the armistice. Cambon, while forcefully arguing the Spanish position that he had helped draft, worked primarily to protect French interests which meant limiting any United States involvement in the Mediterranean and Europe in general by ending the war quickly before it could involve the United States in European affairs. 1238. Osborne, Thomas J. “Trade or War: America’s Annexation of Hawaii Reconsidered.” Pacific Historical Review 50, No. 3 (1981): 285–307. To make the argument that the annexation of Hawaii was necessary the McKinley administration first tried to point out the strategical importance of these islands in supporting American forces already in

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the Philippine Islands. Later the expansionists would argue that the retention of the Hawaiian Islands would serve as both a naval coaling base and a means of establishing trade with China via the Philippine Islands. 1239. Pan-Montojo, Juan (coor.). Más se perdió en Cuba. España, 1898 y la crisis de fin de siglo. (More was Lost than Cuba. Spain, 1898 and the Crisis of the End of the Century). Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1998. Compiler has brought together a number of Spanish-language essays on the effect of the Spanish-American War on Spain. Sometimes called “The Disaster,” this volume examines the Spanish colonial empire of the late nineteenth century, and the repercussions of the loss of Spain’s colonies on her political, economic, cultural, and national identity. 1240. Pérez, Louis A., Jr. Cuba between Empires, 1878–1902. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1983. Author provides an excellent examination of the various classes of the Cuban people in conflict with Spain in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Some desired annexation by the United States, others immediate Cuban independence, while others preferred a temporary American administration of the island. Pérez believes that the United States intervened in Cuba not so much to end Spanish colonial rule as to prevent a Cuban victory that would have hurt American business interests on that island. These views have been expressed in the author’s other works, such as Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990); The War of 1898: the United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998). 1241. —. “Incurring a Debt of Gratitude: 1898 and the Moral Sources of a United States Hegemony in Cuba.” American Historical Review (April 1999): 356–398. Author argues the United States felt Cuba and its people owed them a “Debt of Gratitude” for having liberated the island from the Spanish in 1898. However, this view downplayed the previous three years of hard fighting by Cuban Revolutionaries and reinforced the United States’ view they had a right to establish hegemony over Cuba. Author believes this misunderstanding of the two nations’ view of the 1898 conflict has had a direct effect on post-1959 relations.

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1242. Pratt, Julius W. “American Business and the Spanish-American War.” Hispanic American Historical Review 14 (1934): 163–201. Author advances the idea that American business interests were concerned about involvement in any conflict due to the economic situation in the United States which was still recovering from the 1893 economic depression. These interests changed their position and supported the war as the United States began the annexation of former Spanish possessions, which had the potential to become markets for American goods. These themes show up in Pratt’s later works. (See below.) 1243. —. America’s Colonial Experiment: How the United States Gained, Governed and In Part Gave Away a Colonial Empire. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1950. Reprint Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Smith, 1964. Work covers the period of the 1890s to the 1920s in American history which witnessed a rise and then a decline in the interest of imperialism in the United States. Author discusses the motives, achievements, and failures of America’s experiment in colonialism. 1244. —. Expansionists of 1898: The Acquisition of Hawaii and the Spanish Islands. New York: Peter Smith, 1951. Author documents the rise and development of America’s movement for overseas expansion and a colonial empire. 1245. —. A History of the United States Foreign Policy. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1957. This volume is a study of American Foreign Policy from the Revolutionary War to the Cold War. Author includes a section on the Spanish-American War and the Platt Amendment. 1246. Ranson, Edward. “The Investigation of the War Department, 1898–99.” Historian 34, No. 1 (1971): 78–99. The conduct of the Army in the Spanish-American War, as administered by Secretary of War, Russell Alexander Alger, and the War Department, was strongly criticized by the press and the Commanding General of the Army, Nelson A. Miles. By the end of 1898, Alger was seeking vindication of his role, while President William McKinley was eager to avoid trouble for Republicans in the upcoming elections. Author shows how the president adroitly outmaneuvered his opponents and avoided trouble with Congress and the electorate by appointing an investigative commission with limited powers whose report proved to be favorable to his Republican administration.

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1247. Record of Proceedings of a Court of Inquiry in the Case of RearAdmiral Winfield S. Schley, US Navy: Convened at the Navy-Yard, Washington, D.C., September 12, 1901. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902. Also printed as US 57th Cong., 1st sess. House Doc. no. 485. A series of minor disputes between the two top United States naval commanders (Winfield S. Schley and William T. Sampson) who were responsible for the naval victory at Santiago on July 3, 1898, escalated to the point that Schley requested a Court of Inquiry, headed by Admiral George Dewey, to investigate his conduct during the course of the Cuban Campaign. The majority of the Court of Inquiry, but not Admiral Dewey, found Schley at fault in his search for Rear-Admiral Cervera’s Spanish Squadron and his handling of the USS Brooklyn during the engagement in which he nearly collided with the USS Texas. His subsequent appeal against the Court’s findings was denied by President Roosevelt. Volume 1 covers the testimony given in the Court of Inquiry, while Volume 2 covers the Court’s findings and Schley’s appeal which was denied by Roosevelt. The outcome of this inquiry is still being debated. 1248. Rector, Charles H. The Story of Beautiful Porto Rico: a Graphic Description of the Garden Spot of the World by Pen and Camera. Profusely illustrated with Nearly Sixty Half-Tone Reproductions from Fresh Photographs by the Celebrated Artist Wilbur F. Turner and Two Maps Especially Designed for this Work. Chicago, Illinois: Laird & Lee, 1898. Rector and Turner entered Puerto Rico with the American Army and were traveling through Spanish-held territory even before the signing of the Peace Protocol (August 12, 1898). They produced the first American written and photographed description of the island. Work contains a brief history of the island, its geography, population and major towns, climate, schools, agriculture and commerce, transportation, and communications. Of particular note are the excellent photographs of Puerto Rican towns and architecture and Spanish and American troops. 1249. Reichard Esteves, Herman. “The United States, Spain, and the ‘Maine,’ or the Diplomacy of Frustration.” Revista—Review Interamericana 2, No. 4 (1973): 549–558. For decades after the Spanish-American War of 1898, the Spanish government continued to petition Washington to re-examine the wreckage of the Maine and the American Navy’s Court of Inquiry

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into the cause of the ship’s destruction. The American government declined to reopen the question but eventually appointed its own committee in 1911 to restudy the question, when the vessel was raised from the mud of Havana Harbor and then towed out to sea and sunk in deep water. The work of this committee was considered faulty, however, and did not satisfy Spanish interest in the matter. 1250. Report of the Central Cuban Relief Committee, New York City to the Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., February 15, 1899. New York: Press of J. B. Watkings, 1899. Work is a report from the Central Cuban Relief Committee, which was authorized by the McKinley administration to administer relief to Cuban reconcentrados prior to the outbreak of the war with Spain. The Committee was affiliated with the American Red Cross and this is their report of their accomplishments in assisting the Cuban people. Report covers the period of January 3, 1898, to February 15, 1899, and the work of the Central Cuban Relief Committee. Documents their efforts to raise $175,000 for the purchase of nearly 5,000 tons of food, medicine, and clothing for the relief of Cuban citizens made destitute by the war on that island. 1251. Report of the Executive Committee of the National Relief Commission, Organized “for the care of the sick and wounded soldiers, sailors and marines, and for the relief of the families of combatants.” Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Press of Times Printing House, 1900. Work is a report of the funds raised by the National Relief Commission during the period of the Spanish-American War and how these funds were distributed to assist military personnel and their families. The National Relief Commission was one of a number of non-governmental groups which organized themselves to help these groups in the absence of a government-funded agency. 1252. Rigau-Pérez, José G. “Strategies that Led to the Eradication of Smallpox in Puerto Rico, 1882–1921.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 59, No. 1 (1985): 75–88. Under Spanish rule, attempts were made to eradicate smallpox through vaccination of infants, captives, transients, and others who were susceptible during outbreaks. These methods, however, could not control the disease. After the American takeover, the goal became universal immunization by simultaneous vaccination in all districts. The vaccination campaign of 1899 was in reality the last battle of the Spanish-American War in Puerto Rico, and it was largely successful, greatly reducing the incidence and mortality of smallpox, though not eradicating it.

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1253. Rodríguez, Laura. “ ‘El desastre’ Spain in Defeat 1898.” History Today (December 1998): 33–39. Author notes that Spain lost its colonies, thousands of citizen soldiers, and its military prestige as a result of engaging the United States in the Spanish-American War rather than developing a political solution for the Cuban conflict. However, following the war, Spanish intellectuals encouraged the government to adopt a policy of “Regeneration” of the country, embracing methods of efficient administration, education, modernization of the economy, and an end to political corruption. In the end, the government was not able to utilize the Catalan industrial model for other areas of the country or address the regional ethnic groups’ desire for autonomy. 1254. Secret Proceedings of the Peace Commission: Official Verbatim Report in Spanish and English of Every Session and the Protocols and Treaty in Full Between the United States and Spain as Originally Procured and Exclusively Published by the New York Journal. New York: New York Journal, n.d. The Spanish-American War of 1898 was originally initiated over the question of independence of Cuba from Spain. The negotiations went from October 1 to December 10, 1898, resulting in the Treaty of Paris, which was approved the following year. It gave America control of an island empire made up of the former Spanish colonies of Guam, the Philippines and Puerto Rico. As for Cuba, its independence from Spain was gained, but its independence from America was limited through the Platt Amendment introduced in 1901. 1255. Smallman-Raynor, Matthew, and Andrew D. Cliff. “The Philippines Insurrection and the 1902–4 Cholera Epidemic. Part 1: “Epidemiological Diffusion Processes in War.” Journal of Historical Geography 24, No. 1 (1998): 69–89. Part 2: “Diffusion Patterns in War and Peace” 24, No. 2 (1998): 188–210. Two-part series of articles presents a historical case study of the impact of the Philippine Insurrection and its aftermath regarding the spread of an infectious disease, cholera. Part 1 of the article focuses on the area of the Philippine Islands (the time period of March 1902– February 1903), and a cholera epidemic noted in the reports of the Chief Quarantine Officer for the Philippine Islands, and published weekly in the contemporary US Public Health Reports. This information was used to reconstruct the routes by which cholera spread through the islands. Part 2 of the article goes on to compare the spatial diffusion patterns previously described with those found in

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a subsequent peacetime cholera wave in the Philippines (May 1903– February 1904). Results are used to assess the manner in which war can affect diffusion processes and the circumstances under which contagious diseases spread. The authors’ study demonstrates that the great epidemic of cholera which swept through the Philippine Islands in the immediate aftermath of the Philippine-American War (1899– 1902) spread in two temporally distinct, but spatially concordant, waves of infection. Amelioration of the disruption brought about by the Philippine-American War may account for some of the observed differences between the two waves. 1256. Sparrow, Bartholomew H. The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2006. When the United States took control of the former Spanish islands of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam following the Spanish-American War, it was unclear to what degree these islands were actually part of the US and, in particular, whether the Constitution applied fully, or even in part, to their citizens. Author examines a series of cases known as the Insular Cases to reveal how America resolved to govern these territories. Sparrow follows the 35 major Insular Cases from the controversial Downes v. Bidwell in 1901, which concerned tariffs on oranges shipped to New York from Puerto Rico and which introduced the distinction between incorporated and unincorporated territories, to Balzac v. Puerto Rico in 1922, in which the Court decided that Puerto Ricans, although officially US citizens, could be denied trial by jury because Puerto Rico was “unincorporated.” It also tells how the Court sanctioned the emergence of two kinds of American empire: formal territories whose inhabitants could be US citizens but still be denied full political rights, and an informal empire based on trade, cooperative foreign governments, and US military bases rather than on territorial acquisitions. 1257. Tebbel, John. America’s Great Patriotic War with Spain. Mixed Motives, Lies and Racism in Cuba and the Philippines, 1898–1915. Manchester Center, Vermont: Marshall Jones Company, 1996. This volume is a modern interpretation of the War with Spain and the Philippine Insurrection, which views the former as intended to liberate Cubans from Spanish rule and the latter as a racist, brutal, and expansionist war encouraged by a series of Republican administrations. From a political standpoint, these administrations were opposed by generally anti-imperialist Democrats who did not support territorial expansion through the acquisition of the Philippines.

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The author advances his argument by contrasting the view points of Presidents McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt and the author Mark Twain, who is portrayed as a leader of the anti-imperialist faction in America. 1258. Wade, Louise Carroll. “Hell Hath no Fury Like a General Scorned: Nelson A. Miles, The Pullman Strike, and the Beef Scandal of 1898.” Illinois Historical Journal 79, No. 3 (1986): 162–184. During the 1890s, the concentration of meat packing in Chicago had aroused the opposition of other regional packers who questioned the safety of refrigerated and possibly chemically tainted meat. After the Spanish-American War, General Nelson Appleton Miles claimed the illness of many soldiers was due to “embalmed beef” provided by the meat packers. Although these accusations were determined to be unfounded, they caused a revival of the controversy over the safety of the country’s meat supply. The author suggests Miles may have been motivated by his treatment in Chicago during the Pullman strike of 1894, when his Army units, escorting mail trains, were harassed and attacked by strikers.

B. Reaction to Peace and a New Empire 1259. Álvarez Gutiérrez, Luis. “Tangier in the Spanish-American War of 1898.” Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia 195, No. 1 (1998): 81–131. Article describes the effects of rumors among European capitals that the United States Navy would open a third front against the Spanish by establishing a fleet in Morocco to attack Spain. Previously, Moroccan Sultan Sidi Mohamed Torres had responded to United States’ inquiries by insisting on his country’s neutrality. European powers responded variously to requests for aid by the Duke of Almodóvar, Spain’s Secretary of State, with France, Italy, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Germany all expressing doubt that the United States would actually open a third front. By the end of July, Spain’s willingness to enter peace talks rendered irrelevant rumors and potential plans, but demonstrates the scope of the United States’ new international expansionism. 1260. Anderson, Frederick (ed.). A Pen Warmed-Up in Hell: Mark Twain in Protest. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. A collection of short pieces of social and political criticism gathered from Mark Twain’s letters, articles and manuscripts. Work includes anti-imperialist views of America’s annexation of the Philippine Islands.

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1261. Balfour, Sebastian. The End of the Spanish Empire, 1898–1923. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1997. The author maintains the Spanish-American War, known to the Spanish as “The Disaster of 1898” had far reaching social and political consequences in the following decades for the Spanish government, which believed war with the United States while fruitless, was necessary and even honorable in order to maintain peace at home. As a result the Spanish population was shocked by the poor showing of its forces leading to “finger pointing.” Between 1904 and 1912, in a series of international agreements with France and Britain, Spain was given responsibility for policing most of northern Morocco which she saw as taking the place of the colonies lost in 1898. Such a task required renewed investment in arms for the military, giving Antonio Maura, the new Conservative President in 1907 an opportunity to re-build the navy. This new military nationalism contained the elements of a neo-conservative military that would come to fruition in the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in 1923 and that of General Francisco Franco in 1939. At the same time, the war in Morocco against the Rif tribesmen created a new generation of experienced officers who were to lead the revolt against the Second Republic in 1936. 1262. Bouvier, Virginia M. “Imperial Humor: US Political Cartoons and the War of 1898.” Colonial Latin American Historical Review 8, No. 1 (1999): 5–41. Article examines some 150 political cartoons published by the New York Herald newspaper in 1898, which reflect an evolving public attitude regarding the Spanish-American War. Author believes the drawings provide invaluable data about political perceptions not available from mainstream, scholarly sources. 1263. —. Whose America?: The War of 1898 and the Battles to Define the Nation. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 2001. Series of edited papers from an October 1998 Library of Congress conference entitled “Challenges to Peace, 1898–1998: Visions from the Past, Lessons for the Future.” Papers discuss the impact of United States military intervention in the Caribbean in 1898, legacies of the 1898 war in the Caribbean, domestic opposition to the conflict, and current US-Latin American relations. 1264. Bryan, William Jennings. Republic or Empire?: The Philippine Question. Chicago: The Independence Company, 1899. Publication is an appeal for the United States not to acquire the Philippine Islands because of the problems this would cause for the

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political system of the country. Volume reprints a number of Bryan’s anti-imperialism articles and speeches, plus articles by prominent Americans against the acquisition of the Philippines, including Samuel Gompers, Carl Schurz, Andrew Carnegie, and Adlai E. Stevenson. Bryan believed acquiring the Philippines against their will was a threat to the American Republic way of life. 1265. Chamberlain, Frederick Carleton. The Blow from Behind: or, Some Features of the Anti-imperialist Movement Attending the War with Spain. Boston, Massachusetts: Lee & Sheppard, 1901. Author characterizes the Anti-imperialist Movement as being disloyal to America and not supportive of the efforts of the American troops’ attempts to pacify the Philippine Islands. 1266. Cervera y Topete, Pascual. Views of Admiral Cervera Regarding the Spanish Navy in the Late War: November, 1898. Translated from an article by Admiral Cervera, entitled “The Vindication of the Navy” which appeared in La Época a Madrid newspaper, November 5, 1898, by the US Office of Naval Intelligence. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1898. Upon his return from the United States where Admiral Cervera (1839–1909) had been held briefly after his capture during the Battle of Santiago on July 3, 1898, he was subjected to criticism for his conduct and the conduct of the Spanish Navy during the SpanishAmerican War. This article in La Época was his effort to vindicate the Spanish Navy. This short reprint was quickly translated and published by the Office of Naval Intelligence. 1267. —. Guerra hispano-americana: Colección de documentos referentes a la escuadra de operaciones de las Antillas. (The Spanish-American War; A Collection of Documents Relative to the Squadron Operations in the Antilles.) El Ferrol, Spain: Impr. de “El Correo gallego,” 1899. This work was translated into English and published by the US Office of Naval Intelligence in its Information from Abroad War Notes, No. 7, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899, second edition, 1900. Reprinted in Spanish, Madrid, Spain: Editorial Naval, 1986. Following his initial defense of the actions of the Spanish Navy in an article in La Época (see above), Admiral Cervera compiled and published a more detailed defense of his role and the orders under which he sailed for the Caribbean. This Spanish-language work secured the honor of the Spanish Navy’s role in the Spanish-American War. This work is of primary importance to an understanding of the Spanish Navy at the Battle of Santiago on July 3, 1898.

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1268. Coletta, Paolo E. (ed.). Threshold to American Internationalism: Essays on the Foreign Policies of William McKinley. New York: Exposition Press, 1970. Work consists of a number of essays by well-known authors familiar with the subject of the Spanish-American War, the McKinley presidency of the 1890s, and US and foreign government relations. Essays put the conflict with Spain within the context of McKinley’s administration and foreign policies. 1269. Concas y Palau, Víctor María. Causa instruida por la destrucción de la escuadra de Filipinas y entrega del arsenal de Cavite: escrito y rectificación oral ante el consejo reunido … en defensa del commandante de la armada. (Instructive Cause for the Destruction of the Squadron of the Philippines and Loss of the Cavite Arsenal: Written and Orally Presented before the Assembled Board … in Defense of the Commander of the Fleet.) Madrid, Spain: Establecimiento Tipográfico “Sucesores de Rivadeneyra,” 1899. Captain Victor María Concas y Palau, who commanded the armored cruiser Infanta María Teresa at the naval engagement off Santiago de Cuba on July 3, 1898, wrote and spoke in defense of the commander of the Philippines Fleet that was destroyed by Commodore George Dewey on May 1, 1898, before a Spanish Board of Inquiry into the conduct of the fleet commander. 1270. —. Sobre las ense~ nanzas de la guerra hispano-americana. (On the Lessons of the Spanish-American War.) Bilbao, Spain: Impr. De E. Rodríguez, sucesor de J. E. Delmas, 1900. After the conclusion of the war with the United States, some in Spain attacked Rear Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete (1839–1909) for having lost the Spanish squadron at the Battle of Santiago on July 3, 1898, leading to the loss of the last of Spain’s colonial possessions in the West Indies. Captain Concas y Palau (1845–1916) who was with Admiral Cervera throughout the naval campaign wrote this work as a defense of the admiral’s efforts to defend Spanish possessions and honor. 1271. Conroy, Robert. “Only Luck Kept the United States from Being Occupied by Kaiser Wilhelm II’s Army Between 1899 and 1904.” Military History 19, No. 3 (2002): 18, 20, 22. Author contends the American occupation of the Philippines in 1898 frustrated German imperial efforts to obtain colonial possessions in the Pacific. Previously, in 1889, Germany had unsuccessfully confronted the United States over the acquisition of the Samoan Islands. As a result of the American occupation of the Philippines, the Kaiser

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ordered the German general staff to review their Winterarbeiten, or “Winter Plans,” for limited war with the United States. Under the “Winter Plans” several divisions of German soldiers would land on Long Island and protected by the Imperial fleet seize the area around New York City. Negotiations would end with the United States ceding the newly acquired Spanish islands to Germany or additional divisions would be landed to attack the major cities of the northeast. The author speculates “the United States was about three or four months away from an attack [by Germany] at any time between 1899 and 1904.” 1272. Dementyev, I. USA: Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists. The Great Foreign Policy Debate at the Turn of the Century. Translated from the Russian by David Skvirsky. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1979. This work by a Soviet-era Russian historian examines the imperialist foreign policy of the United States at the end of the nineteenth century. Author presents a Marxist historian’s view point of America’s foreign policies after the Spanish-American War and the reaction of the American Anti-Imperialist League to the creation of an American Empire from the remains of Spain’s colonies. 1273. Dobson, John M. America’s Ascent: The United States Becomes a Great Power, 1890–1914. Dekalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press, 1978. Author views the territorial expansion of the United States in the 1890s and its rise as a world power as, to a large part, driven by a growing economy and a moral assertiveness. 1274. Efeele (pseud.). El desastre nacional y los vicios de nuestras instituciones militares. (The National Disaster and Its Affect on Our Military Institutions.) Madrid, Spain: Impr. del Cuerpo de Artillería, 1901. Spanish-language assessment of the Spanish-American War with the United States—referred to in the Spanish literature as “The Disaster”—and the affect on the Spanish military. 1275. Foner, Philip S. The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism, 1895–1902. 2 vols. New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1972. Author’s view point of the struggle in Cuba was that the Cuban revolutionaries wanted American recognition of “belligerent status” in order to obtain arms and support from the United States. The idea of American intervention in the conflict was not part of the

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agenda of many Cuban revolutionaries as they feared being annexed by or made an economic colony of the United States. 1276. Forbes-Lindsay, Charles H. The Philippines under Spanish and American Rules. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The John C. Winston, Co., 1906. Author provides a detailed comparison of the colonial governments of Spain and the United States and their administration of the Philippine Islands. 1277. Halle, Louis J. Dream and Reality, Aspects of American Foreign Policy. New York: Harper and Row, 1958. Reprint Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1973. Author views the annexation of the Philippine Islands as a major mistake in American foreign policy as they served no strategic interest to the United States and constituted a liability as it brought the nation into conflict with Japan. Author argues the annexation of the Philippines was a logical outcome to a lack of understanding by the McKinley administration what an attack on the Spanish fleet would cause without a clearly stated mission. 1278. —. The United States Acquires the Philippines: Consensus vs. Reality. University Press of America: Lanham, Maryland, 1985. Essay derived from the author’s dissertation “The United States Acquires the Philippines.” Author’s essay focuses on the background to America’s annexation of the Philippines after the SpanishAmerican War and its consequences. 1279. Hilton, Sylvia, and Steve J. S. Ickringill. European Perceptions of the Spanish-American War of 1898. New York: Lang, 1999. This volume is a collection of essays examining European perceptions of the United States at the time of the Spanish-American War and its military intervention in Cuba. These essays examine European perspectives from articles in newspapers and confidential Foreign Office files. With the exception of English and French newspapers the United States was viewed in an unfavorable light particularly after its annexation of the Hawaiian Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. The European Foreign Offices, however, viewed the loss of Spain’s colonies and prestige in pragmatic terms with regard to how the emergence of the United States as a military power would affect their current alliances. 1280. Hoganson, Kristin L. Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.

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Author believes the “jingoism” of America in the late nineteenth century was common to emerging world powers, as part of a crisis in ideas of masculinity and in gender roles. Hence, the American view of Cuba as a “damsel in distress” had great appeal to the American desire to rescue Cuba from their Spanish oppressors. 1281. Jordan, David Starr. Imperial Democracy: A Study of the Relation of Government by the People, Equality before the Law, and Other Tenets of Democracy, to the Demands of a Vigorous Foreign Policy and other Demands of Imperial Dominion. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1899. Eight addresses concerning the war with Spain and American Imperialism by David Starr Jordan (1851–1931), noted scientist and president of Stanford University. Jordan was a peace activist and vice president of the Anti-Imperialist League (1899), an honorary vice president of the National Association of Anti-Imperialist Clubs (1900), a member of the Philippine Independence Committee (1904), a vice president of the Filipino Progress Association (1905–1907), and a vice president of the reorganized national Anti-Imperialist League (1910–1921). 1282. Kinne, Henry Clay. Iniquity in High Places as Revealed in the American-Spanish-Filipino Wars of 1898, 1899 and Subsequent Years. San Francisco, California: Henry C. Kinne, 1908. Volume is a strongly anti-imperialist discussion of the SpanishAmerican War and Philippine Insurrection. Author views the Spanish-American War as an “infamous and piratical attack upon Spain” and the Philippine Insurrection as a litany of atrocities against Philippine inhabitants. Author discusses General Miles’ Report of February 17, 1903, which notes the use of “water torture” or “water-cure” by American troops on Filipinos and the American utilization of the Spanish reconcentrado system in the Philippines, which the Americans had earlier condemned the Spanish for using in Cuba. 1283. McCoy, Alfred W., and Francisco A. Scarano (eds.). Colonial Crucible, Empire in the Making of the Modern American State. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2009. Work contains a number of excellent small articles on the consequences of the Spanish-American War and the subsequent occupation of Cuba and the annexations of Puerto Rico and the Philippine Islands. The editors’ work is derived from a five-year collaborative effort by some forty scholars on four continents concentrating on the theme of the ascent of the United States as a

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global power. These articles cover subjects such as colonial administration, economic development and management of tropical resources, race, public health, education, and military mobilization. Editors advocate the idea that America’s Empire was relatively shortlived and different from the empires established by European powers. In their view, America’s Empire was primarily an economic one, through which control was exercised by “dollar diplomacy” which transformed the societies of the United States and areas under its control. 1284. Neale, Robert George. Britain and American Imperialism, 1898–1900. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland Press, 1965. Work examines the relationship between British diplomacy at the turn of the twentieth century and the rise of American imperialism both during and just after the Spanish-American War. The events of the Spanish-American War led to an improvement in the relationship between the two countries which had previously fought two major wars. 1285. Pérez-Grueso, María Dolores Elizalde. “De nación a imperio: la expansión de los Estados Unidos por el Pacífico durante la guerra hispano-norteamericana de 1898.” (Nation to Empire: The United States Expansion in the Pacific during the Spanish-American War.) Hispania: Revista Española de Historia. 57, No. 2 (1997): 551–588. Spanish-language article on why the Spanish-American War of 1898 represented for the United States the beginning of its transformation from nation to empire, as victory against the Spanish allowed the consolidation of United States’ interests in the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Far East. The author studies the foreign policy of William McKinley and the political, economic, and ideological factors that fueled United States’ expansionism, connecting the war in Cuba with the war in the Philippines, and devotes special attention to three aspects of the war: Admiral George Dewey’s attack on Manila, the consolidation of the victory, and the annexation of the Philippines. 1286. Reuter, Bertha Ann. Anglo-American Relations During the SpanishAmerican War. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1924. In this volume, the author notes the 1890s brought a complete readjustment of international relations, in which the hostilities of two wars fought between the United States and Great Britain were finally set aside. This was due in large part to the establishment of continental alliances which threatened Great Britain’s tradition of isolationism and made her cultivate the emerging power of the United States as a counterbalance to these alliances. Great Britain’s

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diplomacy at the outset of the Spanish-American War ensured that no European power would aid Spain in the conflict. Throughout the summer of 1898, Great Britain maintained a “policy of benevolent neutrality” which favored the United States, and included the British taking over American consulate stations in the Spanish Caribbean, extending British protection to captured American newspaper correspondents and to Lieutenant Richmond Hobson and his crew after sinking the Merrimac at Santiago de Cuba, and allowing American warships to take on coal at Kingston, Jamaica. The author notes the support of Great Britain was undoubtedly a factor in the American decision to retain possession of the Philippines at the conclusion of the conflict, which the former wished to prevent Germany from acquiring. 1287. Ricard, Serge (ed.). An American Empire: Expansionist Cultures and Policies, 1881–1917. Aix-en-Provence, France: Université de Provence Service des Publications, 1990. Collection of fourteen essays from a European conference on American Expansion and Empire held at the University of Provence in 1989. Essays discuss American anti-imperialist views, and American expansionist culture of the late nineteenth century. 1288. Robles Muñoz, Cristóbal. “Europa en 1898 y la guerra de Estados Unidos con España.” (Europe in 1898 and the United States War with Spain.) Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia 195, No. 2 (1998): 181–219. This Spanish-language article discusses the international outcome of the Spanish-American War of 1898, in which Spain lost her colonies and her prestige among European countries. The article examines the French, British, and Austrian views on the emergence of the United States as a power in the Pacific, the realignment of the Spanish government during the conflict, and its efforts to negotiate a peace. It also considers the political changes that took place during 1898 and the latent contradictions and antagonisms in the international political situation, especially in North Africa, and it examines Spain’s relations with its neighbors in the Mediterranean, especially France. 1289. Schirmer, Daniel B. Republic or Empire: The American Resistance to the Philippine War. Cambridge: Schenkman Publishing Co., 1972. Work comprises the political discussion carried on in the United States between the expansionists in the McKinley—Roosevelt administrations who wanted to retain the Philippines in order to expand trade throughout Asia versus the Anti-Imperialist League

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who regarded retention as colonization and suppression of the rights of Filipinos. Author describes the debates and how they were shaped by events in the Philippines. 1290. Schoonover, Thomas. Uncle Sam’s War of 1898 and the Origins of Globalization. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 2003. Author views the Spanish-American War and the subsequent rise of American military power as being directly tied to the world-wide panic of 1893 which caused economic hardship in Spain’s colonies of Cuba and the Philippine Islands. The peoples in these areas revolted against the poor administration of the Spanish government, which brought the United States to intervene as a means of promoting the economic well-being of its own country through expanded trade and commerce. 1291. Schurz, Carl. “Thoughts on American Imperialism.” The Century Magazine 56, No. 5 (September 1898): 781–788. Article is one of the first anti-imperialist works to appear in print after the Peace Protocol of August 12, 1898. Schurz warns the American public not to be deceived by phrases like “manifest destiny” or “the decree of Providence” in the annexation of the former Spanish colonial islands captured during the war. 1292. Smith, Edwina C. “Southerners on Empire: Southern Senators and Imperialism, 1898–99.” Mississippi Quarterly 31 (1977–78): 89–108. Author argues that southern racial prejudice and memory of the occupation of the south by the American military after the Civil War led Southern Democratic senators to oppose imperialist efforts to retain former Spanish colonial possessions. In particular, these politicians opposed the annexation of the Philippine Islands, following the end of the Spanish-American War. 1293. Soldiers’ Letters: Being Materials for the History of a War of Criminal Aggression. Boston, Massachusetts: Anti-Imperialist League, 1899. Pamphlet consisting of a collection of letters from American soldiers in the Philippines noting atrocities they saw committed against Filipinos or which they participated in while in service. This pamphlet was one of a number of works intended to influence public opinion against the Philippine Insurrection. 1294. Sumner, William Graham. The Conquest of the United States by Spain: A Lecture before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Yale University, January 16, 1899. Boston: D. Estes & Company, 1899.

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An anti-imperialist pamphlet in which the author argues the United States is in danger of adopting expansionist and imperialist policies, toward the newly acquired former Spanish possessions, which will cause the country to abandon the Constitution. Author considers it ironic that the United States is proposing to treat these new possessions in the same manner as the Spanish had treated their former colonies. 1295. Traverso, Edmund. The Spanish-American War: A Study in Policy Change. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath & Co., 1968. Author presents a collection of contemporary with the period documents and modern essays focusing on the shift in American foreign policy, which led from a traditional non-intervention foreign policy to a major involvement in the world. 1296. Twain, Mark. “To the Person Sitting in Darkness.” North American Review 172 (February 1902): 161–176. Article is an anti-imperialist work by Mark Twain condemning United States’ aggression in the Philippine Islands. Twain contended that intervention in other people’s countries destroyed the values of the intervening culture. 1297. Welch, Richard E., Jr. Response to Imperialism: The United States and the Philippine-American War, 1899–1902. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1979. Second Printing 1987. Author discusses the debates that occurred in the United States with regard to the decisions to intervene in the Philippines and reasons for annexation. These decisions are examined from the perspectives of American business, American labor, race, expansionists vs. antiimperialists movements, news media, and military and political policies. 1298. Zimmerman, Warren. First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2002. Modern biographies of Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge, Alfred Thayer Mahan, John Hay, and Elihu Root as “architects” of the rise of America as a World Power. Author contends these individuals—each in their own way—recognized the significance of the Spanish-American War as a means to transform the United States into a modern imperialist nation. Roosevelt and Lodge represented the “expansionist” wings of the Executive and Legislative branch of government, while Mahan provided the theoretical basis for the need

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for a two-ocean navy to protect America’s coast and far flung island possessions. After the 1898 war, John Hay and Elihu Root achieved an alliance with Great Britain which allowed the United States to concentrate on dominance in the Caribbean and development of the strategic Panama Canal. The author contends these five individuals laid the ground for later United States roles in both World Wars and the Cold War.

C. Celebration, Commemoration, and Reunion 1299. 25th Anniversary Reunion of Duffield’s Brigade. Saginaw, Michigan: Reunion Committee, 1923. In the summer of 1923, Spanish-American War veterans of the 33rd and 34th Michigan and 9th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiments who composed General Henry M. Duffield’s Brigade of the 5th Army Corps during the Santiago de Cuba Campaign gathered at Saginaw, Michigan to commemorate the 25th Anniversary of their participation in the Spanish-American War. The Battle of the Aguadores was a sharp skirmish on the banks of the Aguadores River south of Santiago de Cuba, on July 1, 1898. The attack on the Spanish lines by the 33rd and 34th Michigan was intended as a feint to draw Spanish defenders away from their positions at San Juan Hill and El Caney, where the main blows fell later that same day. The 9th Massachusetts participated in the attack on El Caney the same day. Souvenir publication includes a short history of the three regiments’ attack on the southern end of the Spanish entrenchments surrounding Santiago de Cuba and the siege of Santiago, which lasted from July 1 to July 18, 1898, and a roster of the men in these regiments. 1300. Alder, Fred T. and Harry C. Green. The Official Dewey Souvenir Program, Commemorating the Reception by the City of New York to Admiral Dewey, September 29 and 30 1899. Plan & Scope Committee, 1899. When Admiral George Dewey returned to the United States following his naval victory at Manila Bay and the capture of Manila, he was honored by the City of New York with a parade and celebration. This Souvenir Program describes the festivities planned for the two-day celebration. 1301. Budinger, Nicholas J. (comp.). Events and Influences of the SpanishAmerican War, 1898–1902. N.p.: Spanish-American War Memorial Commission, 1948. Pamphlet issued by the Spanish-American War Memorial Commission of Illinois as part of the ceremony to unveil a memorial on

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June 17, 1948, to the citizens of Illinois who participated in the war with Spain on the 50th Anniversary of the conflict. Previously the 64th General Assembly had appropriated $75,000 for a memorial to be erected opposite the north entrance of the State House, in Springfield, Illinois. This pamphlet contains a brief history of the conflict, Illinois’ participation in the war, and a listing of extant Spanish-American War veterans’ associations throughout the state. 1302. Casau, J. (ed.). Homenaje a los héroes de Cavite y Santiago de Cuba. (Homage to the Heroes of Cavite and Santiago de Cuba.) Cartagena, Spain: J. Casau, 1923. Souvenir commemorative booklet issued on the occasion of the dedication of a monument—erected in Cartagena, Spain—to the Spanish sailors who died fighting the US Navy in waters of Cavite Bay off Manila (May 1, 1898) and the naval engagement off Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (July 3, 1898). The monument was inaugurated in 1923, on the 25th anniversary of the SpanishAmerican War by King Alfonso XIII, who was only nine years old in 1898. 1303. Cohen, Stan. Images of the Spanish-American War, April-August 1898. Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1997. In time for the centennial of the Spanish-American War, this author had put together an impressive—although in his own words not definitive—collection of historic photos, memorabilia, and short historical narratives. Good starter volume for individuals interested in the Spanish-American War, but does not cover the Philippine Insurrection. 1304. Dedication of Memorial Tablet and 25th Annual Reunion: 4th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Association, 1923, Guayama, Porto Rico. Columbus, Ohio: The Association, 1923. On the 25th anniversary of the Spanish-American War, veterans of the 4th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Association, which had fought at the Battle of Guayama (August 5, 1898) assembled at Guayama, Puerto Rico, to dedicate a memorial tablet to the accomplishments of their former regiment. This souvenir pamphlet was presented at the dedication which discusses the role played by the 4th Ohio in the Spanish-American War. 1305. Duncan, John E. “Remember the ‘Maine,’ One More Time.” Naval History 4, No. 2 (1990): 58–62.

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Article describes briefly the salvage operation in Havana Harbor for the battleship (armored cruiser) Maine, fourteen years after the destruction of the vessel which instigated the Spanish-American War. A cofferdam was constructed around the shattered vessel in the shallow waters of Havana Harbor, from which water was pumped out, and a concrete patch installed to fill the void where the explosion had separated the bow from the vessel. When water was pumped back into the cofferdam, the remaining two-thirds of the Maine was refloated and towed out of Havana Harbor for a proper burial of the ship in deep water. 1306. En memoria y honor de los héroes del Caney. Monumento levantado en el paseo de Atocha de Madrid en 1915, por suscripción pública y voluntaria en España y en Cuba. Comisión ejecutiva encargada de erigir en Madrid un monumento a los héroes del Caney. (In Memory and Honor of the Heros of Caney. Monument Raised on Atocha Street in Madrid in 1915, through Public and Voluntary Subscription in Spain and Cuba. Executive Commission charged with erection in Madrid of a monument to the heroes of Caney.) Madrid, Spain: Establecimiento Tipográfico de Jaime Ratés, 1917. This report relates the successful efforts of the Executive Commission to erect a monument to the bravery of the officers and men who defended the fort at El Caney, outside Santiago de Cuba, against an attack by American Regular Army and National Guard units on July 1, 1898. At the Battle of El Caney, Cuba, some 500 Spanish soldiers under General Joaquín Vara de Rey held off a force of 8,000 Americans for nearly ten hours. 1307. Hammersmith, Jack L. “Raising the Battleship Maine.” Industrial Archaeology 15 (1980): 318–329. Reexamination of the documentation derived from the raising of the USS Maine from Havana Bay in 1912. 1308. Kekatos, Kirk J. “Edward H. Amet and the Spanish-American War Film.” Film History 14, Nos. 3–4 (2002): 405–417. Article profiles the career of Edward Hill Amet (1860–1948), pioneer inventor of motion picture projectors and producer of filmed reenactments of naval and army battles of the Spanish-American War. Amet hired his brothers and Waukegan, Illinois, neighbors to film and act in these motion pictures. Overshadowed by Thomas Edison and others, Amet merits attention for his innovations and work during the 1890s. 1309. King, Charles Brady. Golden Anniversary 1898–1948, Dedication of the Bronze Tablet at the Brodhead Naval Armory, Detroit.

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Commemorating the Service of the Officers and Crew of the USS Yosemite in the Spanish-American War. Detroit, Michigan: n.p., 1948. A souvenir pamphlet of the dedication ceremony for a bronze tablet containing all the names of the officers and men who served aboard the USS Yosemite (formerly the El Sud purchased by the Navy from the Southern Pacific Company) during the Spanish-American War in the West Indies. This work includes a short history of the 289 members of the Michigan Naval Reservists and their experiences in the summer of 1898. These experiences include convoying United States Marines to Guantánamo Bay, in Cuba, dragging for Spanish mines, and engaging in a fight with the Spanish blockade runner SS Antonio López off the entrance to San Juan, Puerto Rico, harbor. This history comes from Charles B. King’s book of Reminiscences— he served as Chief Machinist on the Yosemite. Work also contains a poem written by King on the loss of the Yosemite in a typhoon off Guam on November 16, 1900. 1310. Kohr, Herbert Ornando. The Patriotic Reminder. Mount Vernon, Ohio: Privately Printed, 1949. The author’s small volume reiterates the author’s service with the 7th Regiment in Cuba and the 1st Engineers in the Philippines. Also discusses his first attempt (1903) to secure a federal pension which was denied because the Congressional “chairman who was a veteran of the war between the States, wished to prevent the Southern boys who were veterans of the Spanish-American War from getting pensions.” Eventually, through his and various veterans’ groups, Congress passed pension legislation in 1920 and he received his first benefit in 1921. 1311. Machado y Morales, Gerardo, General. Address of His Excellency the President of the Republic of Cuba, General Gerardo Machado, Delivered at the Opening Session of the 30th Annual Encampment of the United Spanish War Veterans. Havana, Cuba, October 8, 1928. La Habana, Cuba: Rambla, Bouza, y Ca., 1928. Pamphlet provided to American Spanish-American War veterans who visited Havana, Cuba to participate in the 30th anniversary ceremonies of the Cuban Campaign. The address by the President of Cuba—General Gerardo Machado y Morales—thanked the veterans for their help in securing Cuba’s independence from Spain. General Machado (1871–1939) served in the Cuban War of Independence as one of its youngest general and was the fifth president of Cuba (1929–1933). In 1933 Machado was overthrown by Fulgencio Batista.

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1312. McCook, Henry Christopher. The Martial Graves of Our Fallen Heros in Santiago de Cuba. George W. Jacobs & Co.: Philadelphia, 1899. The author was Chaplain of the 2nd Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers during the Spanish-American War, on detached duty with the National Relief Commission to attend the wounded and sick soldiers of the 5th Army Corps outside Santiago de Cuba. Upon returning to the United States Chaplain McCook met with President McKinley on August 6, 1898, and from this meeting the Secretary of War was directed to establish “suitable and permanent markers” for American and some Cuban Revolutionaries who died at Guantánamo Bay, San Juan Hill, Bloody Bend, Kettle Hill, El Caney, Las Guasímas, and in hospital. McCook was soon back in Cuba (August 15th) and took Kodak photos and made sketches of the American graves, which are reproduced in this volume. Assisting in this effort was Mr. D. H. Rhodes of the Quartermaster’s Department who made a “record of the battlefields in Santiago de Cuba as they appeared after the conflicts” … “with a direct view to locating and depicting the points at which the combatants fell and were buried.” Eventually the government dispatched “the transport Roumanian with suitable force and furnishes from the Quartermaster’s Department to disinter the remains of all the dead in Cuba and Porto Rico, and restore them at the Nation’s expense for honorable sepulture in their native land.” Important document for understanding the Cuban battlefields as many of the killed in action were buried were they died and also what these areas looked like in the summer of 1898. 1313. Medal List of Sons of the American Revolution, Who Served in the War with Spain. N.p.: Issued by the National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, 1900. At the May 1, 1899, meeting of the Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, in Detroit, Michigan, it was resolved to acquire from the federal government “an old Spanish gun or plate from one of the Spanish ships, from which medals may be struck to be distributed to those members of the order who served in the recent war with Spain.” Volume contains a list of society members— living and deceased—who were sent medals by state of residence, name, rank, and unit. Members of the Society included Major General William R. Shafter, President William McKinley, Lt. General Nelson A. Miles, Rear-Admiral George Dewey, the late Charles V. Gridley of the USS Olympia, General Stewart Woodford, Minister to Spain, General John A. Logan—killed in the fighting in Luzón,

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and numerous officers and enlisted men in the Regular and Volunteer service. 1314. Pais, Joseph G. The Battleship Maine: A Key West Legacy. US Battleship Maine Centennial Commission. Key West, Florida: Key West Art and Historical Society, 1996. This work briefly discusses the role of the USS Maine in starting the Spanish-American War. The author’s main objective is to explore the links between the Maine and the small naval port of Key West, Florida, by noting that it was from this port the ship departed for Havana, Cuba, and it was in Key West that a number of the dead sailors from the Maine were buried. 1315. Pérez, Louis A., Jr. “The Meaning of the ‘Maine’: Causation and Historiography of the Spanish-American War.” Pacific Historical Review 8, No. 3 (1989): 293–322. In this article the author argues the destruction of the Maine has been viewed as a major element in the historiography of the SpanishAmerican War, but believes the usefulness of the Maine as the explanation of the war has its limits. He argues this viewpoint, formulated first at the turn of the century, has become an obstacle to a better understanding of the events of 1898. The author believes a simple causal complex that has developed around the sinking of the Maine has acted to obstruct substantive and sustained historiographical advances in the study of the war and its outcome. 1316. Peterson, Clarence Stewart. Known Military Dead during the Spanish American War and the Philippines Insurrection, 1898–1901. Baltimore, Maryland: n.p., 1958. Reprint St. Augustine, Florida: Florida Department of Military Affairs, Special Archives Publication Number 146, 1958. This work is a register of all American military personnel who died in service in the period of 1898 to 1901 and gives their name, rank, and the date and place of their death. 1317. Report of the Special Commission Appointed to Provide for the Erection of a Memorial to Soldiers of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in Porto Rico. Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co., State Printers, 1921. During the Spanish-American War Puerto Rico Campaign, the 6th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment lost 27 members all to disease—mainly typhoid fever—between their call-up in April of 1898 to their muster out in November 1898. In 1916 the Massachusetts Legislature approved funds to erect a plaque in San Juan, Puerto Rico, honoring their state citizens who died in

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service and the regiment that was part of the first American military units to invade Puerto Rico at the port of Guánica on July 25, 1898. Foremost among the presenters of the plaque on November 15, 1920, was General Charles K. Darling who participated in the skirmish outside Guánica, Puerto Rico, on the road to Yauco, on July 26, 1898, against Spanish forces, as a Captain of the 6th Massachusetts. During the presentation speech, General Darling noted that some 300 of the 1,200 volunteer infantry who served in the 6th Massachusetts in 1898, had “joined the host beyond” in the two decades since the end of the Spanish-American War. The plaque was placed in the newly constructed United States Post Office in San Juan, where it still resides. 1318. Rickover, Hyman George, Admiral. How the Battleship Maine was Destroyed. Forward by Vice Admiral Edwin B. Hooper. Naval History Division, Department of the Navy. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976. Reprint with a new forward by Francis Duncan, Dana M. Wegner, Ib S. Hansen, and Robert S. Price, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1995. The destruction of the USS Maine on February 15, 1898, in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, was a notable turning point in the history of the United States. This event ushered in the Spanish-American War, leading to the acquisition of overseas possessions, and the emergence of the United States as a world power. Admiral Rickover, often referred to as the “Father of the Nuclear Navy,” possessed a substantial background in the science of naval construction and believed the conclusions of the 1898 Navy Court of Inquiry and subsequent 1911 Naval Board that the USS Maine was lost to an “external explosion” was flawed as these investigators did not have access to technical experts acquainted with marine explosions. The Admiral’s own experience and use of modern research techniques led him to propose the Maine was lost due to spontaneous combustion in a coal bunker which ignited adjacent magazines containing gunpowder and 6-inch shells. Rickover concluded that the destruction of the “Maine should impress us that technical problems must be examined by competent and qualified people” otherwise such events “may result in serious international actions at great cost in lives and money—injurious to the interests and standing of the United States.” 1319. Rosenberg, Ben (ed.). The Picnic of 1898, Lest They Forget. The Criterion Press, Inc.: New York, New York, 1939. Pamphlet of a speech given November 11, 1939, in the City of Rochester, New York, by the Veterans of Foreign Wars Departmental

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Commander (Ben Rosenberg), describing the suffering of American troops in the Spanish-American War and subsequent Philippine Insurrection as necessary to the current security of the United States, as the country was now facing overseas threats from totalitarian states in Europe and Asia. Rosenberg asks the question what threats the United States would face if “Franco was in command on both sides with his Nazi and Fascist allies at his elbows!” Editor views the ousting of Spain from Cuba and the annexation of Puerto Rico in 1898 as preventing Hitler’s new Spanish ally, General Franco, from establishing military bases in the Caribbean. He views the annexation of the Spanish Philippines as keeping the empire of Japan, another ally of Hitler’s, at bay in Asia. 1320. Samuels, Peggy and Harold Samuels. Remembering the Maine. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995. Nearly one hundred years after the Spanish-American War these authors undertake a thorough and lengthy discussion of the history of research on the destruction of the USS Maine, examining the Spanish “mine vs. accident” debate. They believe there is evidence to support the proposition the vessel was likely destroyed by a mine planted, not by regular Spanish military forces, but by fanatical Spanish nationalists in Cuba who had supported the wartime policies of General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau. These groups were outraged when Weyler was replaced in 1897 by General Blanco under a new Liberal Spanish government which was seeking an accommodation with the Cuban revolutionaries. In January 1898, these groups attacked the offices of Havana newspapers that supported an autonomous government for Cuba and caused the American consul in Havana, Colonel Lee, to request the Maine be dispatched to Cuba to protect American interests. 1321. Santovenia, Emeterio S. Libro conmemorativo de la inauguración de la plaza del Maine en La Habana. (Memorial Book of the Inauguration of the Maine Plaza at Havana.) La Habana, Cuba: Secretaría de Obras Públicas, 1928. Work is a bilingual publication discussing the history, people, and events leading to the independence of Cuba from Spain in 1898. Published during the administration of General Gerardo Machado y Morales, who had been one of the youngest generals in the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898), it was intended as a souvenir for the American veterans of the Spanish-American War who were visiting Cuba in October, 1928, to celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of the Spanish-American War. There are five sections: 1) The People of the USA and Cuba’s Freedom; 2) Activities of the Cuban Liberators

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in the USA; 3) The American Nation and the Independence of Cuba; 4) The Battleship Maine; and, 5) Homage of Cuba to the People of the USA. There is an appendix that lists the names of American citizens who, before the Spanish-American War, aided the Cause of Cuban Liberty. 1322. The Story of the Maine. Havana, Cuba: American Photo Company, 1911. Souvenir photographic book privately issued in 1911 showing the salvage and removal of the shattered remains of the USS Maine from Havana Harbor. Work contains a short description of the events surrounding the loss of the Maine on February 15, 1898, the burial of the American sailors who perished in Havana’s Colón Cemetery, and their removal for reburial in Arlington National Cemetery. By far the most interesting aspect of this work is the numerous photos taken of the Maine during the 1911 salvage and removal effort showing the damage caused by the explosion which sank the warship.

Index

25th Anniversary Reunion of Duffield’s Brigade 387

Cunningham, Roger D. 263; Fletcher, Marvin 266; Gatewood, Willard B., Jr. 267–68, 268, 318; Goode, W. T. 269; Hannah, Eleanor L. 270; Johnson William T. 273; Lovett, Christopher C. 277; McCard, Harry S. & Henry Turnley 278; Muster Rolls of Alabama Volunteers in the Spanish-American War of 1898 280; Oates, William C. 281; Roster of the North Carolina Volunteers 286–87; Steeleman, Joseph F. 288–89 Agnew, James B. 196 Agoncillo, Teodoro A. 196 Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio 196–97 Alden, Carroll Storrs and Allan F. Westcott 10 Alden, John D. 91–2 Alder, Fred T. and Harry C. Green 387 Alexander, Ann F. 258–59 Alger, Russell Alexander 28, 331 All the World’s Fighting Ships 10 Allen, Douglas 296–97 Allen, Gardner W. 92, 331 Allen, Thomas B. 73 Aloe, Alfred 114–15 Álvarez, José M. and Jerry M. Cooper 10 Álvarez Gutiérrez, Luis 376 Amchan, Arthur J. 142 American and British Claims Arbitration 359 American Military History, 1607–1958 11 American War Songs 309 America’s War for Humanity 28–29 Anderson, Arthur C. 115 Anderson, Frederick 376 Anderson, Sherwood 259 Andrews, George A. 158 Anglo-American relations: American and British Claims Arbitration 359; Einstein, Lewis 68; Ferrara, Orestes 69; Rojek, Wojciech,190 Annual Reports of the Navy Department for the Year 1898 11

A A Few of the Letters Received from Pennsylvania and Wisconsin 315–16 A Manual for Courts-Martial 330 A Military Album 296 A Roster of Volunteer Troops Furnished by the State of Kansas for the Spanish-American War, 1898 257 A Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain 359–60 A Wonderful Reproduction of Living Scenes in Natural Color Photos of America’s New Possessions 296 A World Power 29 Abbot, Willis John 28 Abbott, Frank H. 257–58 Abdala Pupo, Oscar Luis 83 Abrahamson, James L. 330 Abrams, Jeanne 316 Achutegui, Pedro de and Miguel Bernad 54 Adams, James M. 330–31 Adams, Sean P. 158 Addeo, Alicia 90 Adjutant General of Ohio 258, 258 African American troops, regular army: Cashin, Herschel V. 117–18; Coston, William H. 118–19; Cunningham, Roger D. 206; Geary, James W. 18; Glass, Edward L. N. 121; Johnson, Edward A. 125–26; Lynk, Miles V. 128; Moss, James A. 132; Muller, William G. 132, 234; Nankivell, John H. 132; Schurbert, Frank N. 137; Scipio, L. Albert 137; Scott, Edward Van Zile 137–38; Steward, Theophilus G. 139 African American troops, state militia (National Guard): Alexander, Ann F. 258–59; Braxton, George H. 159–60;

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Index Annual Reports of the War Department for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1898 11–12 Anti-imperialism debate: Anderson, Frederick 376; Apacible, Galicano 310; Beisner, Robert L. 311; Brooks, Francis A 311, 312; Byran, William J. 377; Chamberlain, Frederick C. 312; Dementyev, I. 380; Freidel, Frank 313; Fulton, Robert I. and Thomas C. Trueblood 313; Johnke, James 314; Kinne, Henry C. 382; Reid, Whitelaw 314; Schirmer, Daniel B. 384; Schurz, Carl, 385; Smith, Edwina C. 385; Soldiers Letters’ 385; Sumner, William G. 385; Tompkins, Berkeley 315; Twain, Mark 386; Welch, Richard E. 386 Apacible, Galicano 311 Aparicio, Raúl 54 Appel, John C. 316 Apple, Lindsey 316 Aragón, Agustín 359 Archibald, James F. J. 115, 331 Arcilla, José 179 Arderius, Francisco 92 Armstrong, LeRoy 12 Ashford, Bailey K. 158–59, 331 Aston, George G. 331–32 Atkins, John B. 115–16, 116 Austin, Oscar P. 29 Auxier, George W. 66 Azoy, Anastasio C. M. 92, 116

B Babcock, Elkanah 197 Bachelder, Horace, W. 259 Bachrach, Deborah 29 Baclagon, Uldarico S. 197 Bacon, Robert and James B. Scott 360 Bailey, Harris M., Jr. 259–60 Bailey, Thomas A. 179, 311–12 Bain, David H. 197 Balfour, Sebastian 377 Barker, Albert S. 92–3 Baker, Arthur G. 179 Baker, Charles F. 197 Bangs, John K. 360 Barnes, Mark R. 142 Barón Fernández, José 29 Barrett, John 180 Barry, Herbert 159 Bartholomew, Charles L. 297 Bartlett, John R. 332 Barton, Clara, 90 332 Battles, army, see Campaigns Battles, naval, see Campaigns Battle of Manila Bay see Campaigns, Philippines

397 Battle of Santiago see Campaigns, Cuba (naval) Beach, Edward L. 180 Beach, William D. 332 Beck, Henry Houghton 29–30 Bedford, Joseph 360 Beebe, Mabel B. 180 Beede, Benjamin R. 12 Beehler, W. H. 73 Beers, Henry P. 180 Beisner, Robert L. 311 Belden, Bauman L. 332–33 Bell, Charles H. 181 Bell, William G. 333 Bemis, Samuel F. 311 Benton, Elbert Jay 66–67 Berbusse, Edward J. 360–61 Bernadou, John B. 93 Bernardo, C. Joseph 30 Berner, Brad K. 12 Beyer, Walter F. 333 Bibliographies, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other references: Álvarez, José M. and Jerry M. Cooper 10; Beede, Benjamin R. 12; Berner, Brad K. 12; Blewett, Daniel K. 12–13; Coletta, Paolo Enrico 14; Crawford, Michael J. 16–17; Dyal, Donald H. 17; Esposito, Vincent J. 17–18; Hilliard, Jack B. 20; Keenan, Jerry 20; Kelly, Thomas E. III 20, 20–21; Lester, Robert and James H. Shields 21; Lynch, Barbara A. and John E. Vajda 21–22; Shrader, Charles R. 23–24; Shulimson, Jack 24; Trelles y Govín, Carlos Manuel 26; Tucker, Spencer C. 26; Venzon, Anne C. 26–27 Bidwell, Daniel D. 260 Biederwolf, William E. 260 Biennial Reports of the Adjutant General of Colorado 1898 and 1900 197–98 Biglow, John 116 Birkheimer, William E. 333 Birtle, Andrew J. 198 Bisbee, William H. 198 Blewett, Daniel K. 12–13 Blount, James H. 198–99 Blow, Michael 30, 93 Blue, Victor 93 Bolton, Horace W. 260 Bonsal, Stephen 54, 83, 116 Borchers, Duanne 334 Borden, William C. 334 Borehan, S. D., and J. P. Fitzgerald 159 Borgmann, Fred J. 334 Bouvier, Virginia M. 377 Bowe, John 199 Bowers, George B. 260–61 Bowman, Rowland C. 297

398 Bradford, James C. 334, 361 Bradford, Richard H. 54–55, 73 Brady, Cyrus T. 261 Braisted, William R. 181 Brannen, Daniel E. 30–31 Brau, Maria M. 55 Braxton, George H. 159–60 Brereton, T. R. 335 Brief History of the 202d Regiment New York 261 Brimlow, George F. 116–17, 199 Brooks, Elbridge S. 31 Brooks, Francis A. 311, 312 Brophy, William S. 335 Brown, Alexander C. 94 Brown, Charles H. 297, 297–98 Brown, F. Sewall 199–200 Brown, Fred R. 200 Brown, Jerold E. 13 Brown, John C. 199 Browne, George W. 31 Brownlee, James H. 309 Bryan, Williams S. 361 Budinger, Nicholas J. 387–88 Buel, James W. 31, 32 Buel, James W. and Marcus J. Wright 32 Buell, Charles E. 361 Buenzle, Fred J. 94 Bunnet, Sara 200–01 Bunzey, Rufus S. 160 Bureau of Insular Affairs, Annual Reports of the Philippine Commission, 1899 to 1909 201–02 Burguete, Ricardo 55 Burkhart, Otto 160 Byler, Charles 202, 361–62 Byran, William J. 377–78

C Cabaillas, Idefonso and Crisogono Ortin 181 California Volunteers in the SpanishAmerican War of 1898 202 Calkins, Carlos G. 181 Camp, James 202–03 Campbell, W. Joseph 67, 298 Cammann, William C. 161 Campaigns, Cuba (army): Anderson, Arthur C. 115; Azoy, Anastasio C. M. 116; Biglow, John, Jr. 116; Cosmas, Graham A. 83–84; Davis, Richard Harding 34; Dickman, Joseph T. 84; Dierks, Jack C. 84; Feuer, A. B. 85; Kennan, George 86; Pérez de Vargas, Louis 87; Sargent, Herbert H. 87; Shafter, William 138; Smith, Joseph 88; Vivian, Thomas J. 88; Wagner, Arthur L. 88–89; Wheeler, Joseph 89

Index Campaigns, Cuba (naval): Arderius, Francisco 92; Azoy, Anastasio C. M. 92; Cassard, William G. 94; Cervera y Topete, Pascual 95; Concas y Palau, Víctor M. 97; Cross, R. 98; Cummings, Damon E. 98–99; Evans, Robley D. 100; Feuer, A. B. 85; Gannon, Joseph C. 101; Gleaves, Albert 151; Goode, W. A. M. 85–86; Huse, Henry R. 104–5; Log of the US Gunboat Gloucester 105; Müller y Tejeiro, José 107; Parker, James, 108 Campaigns, Philippines (army, capture of Manila): Baker, Charles F. 197; Greene, Francis V. 185; Millet, Francis D. 189; Motsch, Aimé-Ernest 189; Strobridge, William F. 192; Toral, Juan and José Toral 192; White, Douglas 193–94 Campaigns, Philippines (naval, Battle of Manila Bay): Beach, Edward L. 180; Calkins, Carlos G. 181; Conroy, Robert 182; Dewey, Adelbert M. 183; Dewey, George 183; Ellicott, John M. 183–84, 184; Fiske, Bradley A. 184, 184–85; Loud, George A. 187; Rodman, Hugh 190; Schoenfeld, Maxwell P. 191; Silk, C. A. and J. J. Vanderveer 191; Young, Louis S. 194–95, 195 Campaigns, Puerto Rico (army): Adams, Sean P. 158; Andrews, George A. 158; Ashford, Bailey K. 158–59; Barnes, Mark R. 142; Borehan, S. D. and J. P. Fitzgerald 159; Braxton, George H. 159–60; Bunzey, Rufus S. 160; Burkhart, Otto 160; Cammann, William C. 161; Cervera Baviera, Julio 146–47; Clark, William 161–62; Coll y Toste, Cayetano 142–43; Cooper, James 162–63; Creager, Charles E. 163; Davis, Richard Harding 34, 143, 163–64; Eaton, William E. 164–65; Edwards, Frank E. 165–66; Fiala, Anthony 166; Herrmann, Karl 167–68; History of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry 168; Hoppin, C. B. 168; Howard-Smith, Logan 168–69; King, George G. 169–70; Longacre, Edward G. 170; Miles, Nelson A. 143, 143–44, 148; Negroni, Héctor A. 144; Niemeyer, Harry H. 171; Oliver, William H., Jr. 171–72; Pabón Charneco, Arleen 149; Porter, Valentine M. 172; Rivero Méndez, Angel 144–45; Rosario Natal, Carmelo 145; Rossiter, Emanuel 174; Schwarz, W. R. and J. T. Milligan 175–76; Sutton, Warner P. 177–78; Walker, T. Dart 178; Whitney, Henry H. 150; Wilson, James Harrison 178 Campaigns, Puerto Rico (naval): Barnes, Mark R. 142; Feuer, A. B. 151; Jacobsen, Hermann 153; Joy, Henry B. 153–54;

Index Log of the USS Yosemite 155; Vega, Jesús 157–58 Campo Hernán, Pilar del 13 Carlson, Paul H. 117 Carnes, Mark C. 203 Carrasco y Pérez, Telesforo 203 Carrol, Henry K. 362 Carter, Alden R. 32 Carter, William H. 117 Cartoons of the War of 1898 with Spain 298 Casau, J. 388 Casey, Powell A. 261–62 Cashin, Herschel V. 117–18 Cassard, William G. 94, 94–95 Castor, Henry 83 Castro Arroyo, María de los Angeles 146 Cervera Baviera, Julio 146–47 Cervera y Topete, Pascual 95, 378 Chadwick, French E. 32, 95 Chamberlain, Joseph E. 118 Chamberlin, Frederick C. 312, 362, 378 Chambers, John Whiteclay, II 13–14 Chambers, Julius 95 Chandler, Melbourne C. 203 Chapman, Gregory D. 262 Chaput, Donald 203–04 Chastaine, Ben H. 118 Chesneau, Roger and Eugene M. Kolesnik 335 Chicago Record’s War Stories 33 Chidsey, Donald B. 33 Chiles, Paul Nelson 55–6 Church, A. M. 298, 362–63 Cinquino, Michael A. 161 Cirillo, Vincent J. 317–18, 335–36 Cisneros, Evangelina and Karl Decker 67 Clancy, Jacqueline E. 316 Clark, Charles E. 96 Clark, George Ramsey 14 Clark, William 161–62 Clemens, Will M. 181 Clifford, John Henry 96, 204 Cloman, Sydney A. 204 Clowes, Walter F. 118 Cluverius, W. T. 73 Coats, Stephen D. 336 Coffman, Edward M. 204–05, 336 Cohen, Stan 388 Cole, Merle T. 96 Coleman, James C. 150–51 Coletta, Paolo Enrico 14, 96–97, 181–82, 336, 379 Coll y Toste, Cayetano 142–43, 363 Collado Salazar, Rubén 162 Collins, Mary 33 Commemorations and memorials: 25th Anniversary Reunion of Duffield’s Brigade 387; Alder, Fred T. and Harry C. Green

399 387; Budinger, Nicholas J. 387–88; Casau, J. 388; Dedication of Memorial Tablet and 25th Annual Reunion: 4th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Association, 1923 388 Duncan, John E. 388–89; En memoria y honor de los héros del Caney 389; Kekatos, Kirk J. 389; King, Charles B. 389–90; Kohr, Herbert O. 390; Machado y Morales, Gerardo 390; McCook, Henry C. 391; Medal List of Sons of the American Revolution 391–92; Pérez, Louis A., Jr. 392; Peterson, Clarence S. 392; Report of the Special Committee Appointed to Provide for the Erection of a Memorial to Soldiers of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in Porto Rico 392–93; Rickover, Hyman G. 393; Rosenberg, Ben 393; Samuels, Peggy and Harold Samuels 394; Santovenia, Emeterio S. 394; The Story of the Maine 395 Concas y Palau, Víctor M. 97, 379 Connor, W. B. 205 Conroy, Robert 182, 379–80 Cook, Francis A. 97 Cook, George C. 262 Cook, Roy B. 262–63 Cooling, Benjamin F. 337 Cooper, James 162–63 Cooper, Jerry M. 317 Cootz, Robert E. 182 Copeland, Wilbur R. 33 Corbin, Henry C. 14–15 Corpuz, Onofre D. 56 Correspondencia diplomática de la delegación cubana en Nueva York durante la guerra de independencia de 1895 a 1898 15 Correspondencia oficial referente a las operaciones navales durante la guerra con los Estados Unidos in 1898 15–16 Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain 16 Corzo, Isidoro 97 Cosmas, Graham A. 83–84, 337, 338, 363 Coston, William H. 118–19 Cox, Leonard M. 182 Crabtree, Jerome B. 33–34 Cram, George Franklin 16 Crane, Charles J. 205 Crane, Stephen 98 Crawford, Michael J. 16–17 Creager, Charles E. 163 Crist, Robert G. 163 Crompton, Samuel W. 74 Crosby, Ernest 299 Crosier, W. J. 119 Crosley, W. S. 98 Cross, R. 98 Crouch, Thomas W. 205–06

400 Cruse, Thomas 206 Cugle, Frances 34 Cummings, Damon E. 98–99 Cunningham, Rodger D. 206, 263 Currier, Charles E. 299 Cutler, Frederick M. 263–64

D Dahlquist, James B. 206–07 Daniels, Josephus 99 Davey, Richard 56 Davis, George W. 363 Davis, Janet M. 312–13 Davis, Richard Harding 34, 67–68, 90, 119, 120, 143, 163–64 Davis, Michelle Bray and Rollin W. Quimby 74 Davis, Oscar K., 182, 182–83 Dawes, Charles G. 74 Dawson, Joseph G. 17 Dedication of Memorial Tablet and 25th Annual Reunion: 4th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Association 388 De Leon, Thomas C. 84 Delgado, Germán 56 Dementyev, I. 380 Demeter, Richard 264 DeMontravel, Peter R. 147 De Quesada, Alejandro M. 34, 299, 338 Description and Rules for the Management of the Springfield Rifle 338 Detrick, Charles R. 207 Devins, John B. 364 Dewell, James D. 364 Dewey, Adelbert M. 183 Dewey, George 183 Dickman, Joseph T. 84 DiDonato, Louis A. 264 Diehl, Charles S. 299 Dierks, Jack C. 84 Dietz, Stanley 164 Dinwiddie, William 364 Dioso, Marconi M. 207 Dobbs, John Franklin 17 Dobson, John M. 380 Dodson, W. D. B. 207–08 Donovan, Frank 99 Dorwart, Jeffery M. 338–39, 339 Doubleday, Russell 99–100 Dower, Catherine 364 Downey, Fairfax 84–85 Dragosani-Brantingham, Justin 264–65 Draper, Andrew S. 35 Drill Regulations for Cavalry 339 Driscoll, John A. 339 Dulles, Foster R. 35 Duncan, John E. 388–89

Index Duncan, Robert B. 35 Dunne, Finley P. 299–300 Durbin, Winfield T. 265 Durkin, Joseph T. 147 Dyal, Donald H. 17 Dyer, John P. 85 E Eager, Frank D. 208–09 Earl, Philip I. 265 Eaton, William E. 164–65 Edwards, Frank E. 165–66 Efeele (pseud.) 380 Eggert, Gerald G. 68 Einstein, Lewis 68 Ellicott, John M. 183–84, 184 Elliot, Charles B. 209 Ellis, Edward S. 184 Elmendorf, John E. 120 Emerson, Edwin, Jr. 147–48 En memoria y honor de los heroes de Caney 389 Espionage: Emerson, Edwin, Jr. 147–48; Hubbard, Elbert 321; Kirchman, Charles V. 91; Rowan, Andrew S. 81–82; Sherrin, P. M. 327; Whitney, Henry H. 150 Esposito, Vincent J. 17–18 Evans, Robley D. 100 Evered, Kyle T. 365 Everett, Marshall 35 F Falk, Edwin A. 100 Farenholt, A. 184 Farmer, Tristram E. 365 Farrell, John T. 209 Farrington, Dusan P. 339–40 Faust, Karl I. 209–10 Field, James A., Jr. 313 Field, Ron 340 Fenn, Emory W. 56 Ferrara, Orestes 69 Ferrer Gutiérrez, Virgilio 57 Feuer, A. B. 85, 100–101, 101, 151, 210, 210–11 Fiala, Anthony 166 “Fighting Twentieth” History and Official Souvenir of the Twentieth Kansas Regiment 211 First Regiment Connecticut National Guard, 1898–1899 265–66 First to the Front. First California United States Volunteers 211–12 Fiske, Bradley A. 184, 184–85, 185 Five Years of the War Department following the War with Spain, 1899–1903 18

Index Flack, Horace E. 69 Flagler, Clement A. F. 266 Fleischmann, Thomas F. 317–18 Fleming, Thomas 74–75 Fleming, Thomas J. 212 Fletcher, Marvin 266, 318 Flint, Grover 69–70 Floyd, Joseph W. 266–67 Foner, Jack D. 318 Foner, Philip S. 75, 380–81 Forbes-Lindsay, Charles H. 381 Fortier, James J. A. 267 Francis, Augustus T. 120–21 Freeman, Needom N. 212 Freidel, Frank 36, 313 French, Erasmus D. 309 Fry, Joseph A. 70, 75 Frye, James A. 267 Fulbright, James 121 Fulton, Robert A. 212 Fulton, Robert I. and Thomas C. Trueblood 313–14 Funston, Frederick 212–13

G Gagliasso, Dan 300 Gaines, George T. 213 Galt, William W. 309 Gannon, Joseph C. 101 Gantenbein, Calvin U. 213–14 Ganzhorn, John W. 214 García Barrón, Carlos 75 García de Pino, César 101 Gardner, Constance 166–67 Garrett, Erwin C. 309 Gates, John M. 214 Gatewood, Willard B., Jr. 267–68, 268, 269, 318 Gauvreau, Charles F. 214–15 Gay, Kathlyn and Martin Gay 36 Geary, James W. 18 George, Paul S. 318–19 Gibson, John M. 340 Giddings, Howard A. 340 Gilfillan, James R. 121 Gilmore, N. Ray 319 Girard, Alfred C. 341 Givens, James Davide 300 Glass, Edward L. N. 121 Gleaves, Albert 151 Gleijeses, Piero 75, 314 Golay, Michael 36 Goldstein, Donald M. 36 Gómez Núñez, Severo 36–37 Gómez y Amador, Luis 101 Gonzales, Narciso G. 57 Gonzáles Echegaray, Rafael 341

401 Goode, William A. M. 85–86 Goode, W. T. 269 Goodell, Henry H. 121 Goodrich, Caspar F. 151 Gosnell, Harper A. 101–2 Gould, John M. and Edward H. Savary 319 Gould, Lewis and Richard Greffe 300–01 Gould, Lewis L. 76 Gowing, Peter G. 215 Graf, Mercedes H. 319, 320 Graham, George E. 102 Grant, H. Roger 215–16, 216 Graves, Kerry A. 37 Greater America 301 Green, Nathan 37 Greene, Francis V. 185 Greguras, Fred 341 Greig, Julius 76 Grenville, John A. S. 70 Griffin, Appleton Prentiss Clark 18, 19 Guam: Beers, Henry P. 180; Cabaillas, Idefonso and Crisogono Ortin 181; Cootz, Robert E. 182; Davis, Oscar K. 182; Farenholt, A. 184; Portusach, Frank 190; Walker, Leslie W. 193; Guerrero, Rafael 57 Guillermo, Artemio R. 19

H Hagedorn, Hermann 216 Hagemann, E. R. 102 Hale, William T. 216–17 Hall, Arthur D. 365 Hall, John 217 Hall, Sharlot M. 122 Hall, Tom 122 Halle, Louis J. 381, 381 Halsted, Murat 37, 37–38, 38, 57–58, 185–86, 186 Hamilton, John M. 301 Hamilton, Richard F. 76 Hamm, Margherita A. 186 Hammersmith, Jack L. 389 Hancock, H. I. 122 Hannaford, Ebenezer 58, 301–02 Hannah, Eleanor L. 270 Hansen, David M. 341–42 Hard, Curtis V. 122–23 Harding, Priscilla M. 123 Harper, Frank 217, 217–18 Harper’s Pictorial History of the War with Spain 38 Harrington, Peter 302 Harris, Brayton 342 Harris, Harry L. 270 Harrison, Noel G. 270 Hart, Caroline Brownson 102–3

402 Hart, Edward H. 302 Hart, Kevin R. 320 Harvard Volunteers, 1898 271 Haslam, Andrew J. 218 Hastings, Hugh 123 Hawaii: Bailey, Thomas A. 179; Loomis, Albertine 187 Hawkins, Alexander L. 218 Hazard, Elizabeth 320 Healy, David 76–77, 365 Healy, Laurin H. 186 Heatley, Jeff 124 Heitman, Francis B. 19–20 Hemment, John C. 86 Hendrickson, Kenneth E. 38, 38–39 Henna, José J. and Roberto Todd 58 Herman, Frederick J. 218 Hernández, Miguel J. 152 Hernández-Cruz, Juan E. 167 Hernández-Paralitici, Pedro H. 167 Herner, Charles 124, 124–25 Herrmann, Karl S. 167–68 Hicks, Herbert O. 125 Hill, Robert T. 365–66 Hilliard, Jack B. 20 Hilton, Sylvia and Steve J. S. Ickringill 381 Hinds, Richard K. 219 Hirschowitz, Abraham E. 320–21 Historical Sketch, First Cavalry, Illinois National Guard 271 History of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry 168 History of the Sixth Missouri 272 Hobson, Richmond P. 103 Hoganson, Kristin L. 381–82 Holbrook, Franklin F. 219 Holbrook, Richard G. 272 Hollomon, Patricia and Edwin Ray 272 Holmes, Prescott 39 Hoppin, C. B. 168 Hostos, Eugenio María de 58 Hourihan, William J. 103–04 Howard, Oliver O. 39 Howard-Smith, Logan and J. F. R. Scott 168–69 Howell, Edgar M. 342 Hoyt, Frederick G. 104 Hubbard, Elbert 321 Hubener, Hal 90 Hull, R. R. 104 Hunt, Geoffrey 219–20 Hurley, Vic 220 Huse, Henry P. 104–05 I Immell, Ralph M. 169 Imperial, Reynaldo H. 220

Index International Navigation Company 152 Iowa Adjutant General’s Office 221 J Jacobsen, Hermann 152–53, 153 Jacobsen, Jacques N. 342 James, Stephen R. 153 Jamieson, Perry D. 342 Jeffers, H. Paul 77 Johnke, James 314 Johnson, Arthur C. 221 Johnson, Clifton 125 Johnson, Edward A. 125–26 Johnson, Herbert T. 272 Johnson, J. R. 221–22, 222, 273 Johnson, Rossiter 186–87 Johnson, Virginia W. 143 Johnson, William T. 273 Johnston, Edgar 302–03 Johnston, William A. 39 Johnstone, John H. 222 Jones, Harry W. 105 Jones, J. R. 39 Jones, Virgil C. 126 Jordan, David S. 382 Joy, Henry B. 153–54 Jumel, Allen 273 K Kalaw, Teodoro M. 222 Kansas Troops in the Volunteer Service of the United States 222–23 Karnow, Stanley 223 Katcher, Philip 343 Keeler, Frank 105 Keenan, Henry F. 40 Keenan, Jerry 20 Keim, DeBenneville R. 343 Keithley, Ralph 126 Kekatos, Kirk J. 389 Keller, Allan 40 Kelly, Thomas E. III 20, 20–21 Kendall, John S. 273–74 Kennan, George 86 Kent, Zachary 77, 126 Kentucky State Guard in the Spanish-American War 169 Kerlin, Robert T. 274 Keuchel, Edward F. 343 Killblane, Richard E. 126 Kindsvatter, Peter S. 86–87 King, Charles B. 389–90 King, George G. 169–70 King, William N. 40 Kinne, Henry C. 382 Kinnicutt, Frances E. 274–75 Kirchman, Charles V. 91

Index

403

Klopfenstein, Carl G. 275 Koenigsberg, Moses, 275 Kohr, Herbert O. 223–24, 390 Konstam, Angus 87 Kovach, Karen 343–44 Krivor, Michael C. 154

Lubián y Arias, Rafael 58–59 Luhn, William L. 226–27 Lynch, Barbara A. and John E. Vajda 21–22 Lynk, Miles V. 128 Lytle, Richard M. 128–29

L

M

Lacey, Richard H. 224 Laframboise, Leon W. 344 La gráfica política del 98 303 Laist, Alexander 224 Lala, Ramón R. 224–25 Lambert, Joseph I. 126–27 Lanard, Thomas S. 275–76 Lane, Jack C. 225 Lane, Oscar J. 276 Langellier, John P. 344 Langley, Harold D. 344 La revolución del 95 según la correspondencia de la delegación cubana en Nueva York 21 Lawrence, W. J. 345 Lawson, Don 40 Leamy, Leo J. 127 Leckie, Robert 21 Lee, Arthur 127 Lee, Fitzhugh 40–41 Leech, Margaret 77 Leeke, James 187 Leffler, John J. 276 Legarda, Benito J. 225 LeJeune, John A. 154–55 LeRoy, James A. 225 Leslie’s Official History of the SpanishAmerican War 41 Lester, James 277 Lester, Robert and James H. Shields 21 Leuchtenberg, William E. 77 Lewis, Emanuel R. 345 Lewis, Peter 225 Linderman, Gerald F. 321 Lininger, Clarence 225–26 Linn, Brian McAllister 226, 366 Lodge, Henry Cabot 41 Log of the US Gunboat Gloucester 105–06 Log of the USS Yosemite 155 Lomax, Ken 106 Long, John D. 345 Longacre, Edward G. 170 Loomis, Albertine 187 Lorenzen, William A. 91 Loud, George A. 187 Lovelady, Janet 127 Lovett, Christopher C. 277 Lowell’s Tribute to Her Returned Soldiers 127–28, 166

Mabey, Charles R. 227 Mabini, Apolinario 59 Machado y Morales, Gerardo 390 Maclay, Edgar S. 22, 106 Mahan, Alfred T. 366 Mahon, John K. 321–22 Mallory, Franklin B. 345–46 Manuals: Beach, William D. 332; Brereton, T. R. 335; Drill Regulations for Cavalry 339; Ordnance Memoranda, No. 29 347; Parker, John H. 347; Troops in Campaign 355; Wagner, Arthur L. 355–56, 356 March, Alden 41 Markey, Joseph I. 227 Marolda, Edward J. 366–67 Marple, Allan D. 227–28 Marrin, Albert 41–42 Marshall, Edward 129 Marshall, Samuel L. 87 Marshall, Max L. 346 Martí, José 59 Martín Cerezo, Saturnino 187–88 Martínez, Julio T. 148 Mason, Gregory 42 Matson, Spurgeon G. 228 Matthews, Claude 60 May, Ernest R. 70 May, Glenn A. 228, 228–29, 367 McAlexander, Ulysses Grant 229–30 McAulay, John D. 346 McCaffrey, James M. 42, 277 McCallum, Jack 230 McCard, Harry S. and Henry Turnley 278 McClellan, Edwin N. 155 McCook, Henry C. 391 McCoy, Alfred W. and Francisco A. Scarano 382–83 McCurdy, Frank A. 129 McDaniel, George W. 278 McDevitt, V. Edmund 230 McDonald, Allan L. 230–31 McDonald, Timothy 77 McHenry, Robert 22 McIntosh, Burr 129–30 McKee, Delber E. 322 McKenna, Thomas M. 231 McKinley, William: Dawes, Charles G. 74; Fry, Joseph A. 75; Gould, Lewis L. 76; Hamilton, Richard F. 76; Leech,

404 Margaret 77; McDonald, Timothy 77; Offner, John L. 80; Olcott, Charles S. 80; Phillips, William 81 McNalley, Bernard 278 McNeese, Tim 78 McSherry, Patrick 78 Medal List of Sons of the American Revolution 391–92 Medbery, Frank W. 231–32 Medel, José A. 106–7 Medical: Ashford, Bailey K. 331; Barton, Clara 90, 332; Borden, William C. 334; Cirillo, Vincent J. 317, 335; Clancy, Jacqueline E. 316; Gibson, John M. 340; Girard, Alfred C. 341; Graf, Mercedes H. 319, 320; Keuchel, Edward F. 343; Reed, Walter 350; Reeves, Connie L. 351; Rigau-Pérez, José G. 373; Senn, Nicholas 351, 352; Smallman-Raynor, Matthew and Andrew D. Cliff 353, 374; Sternberg, George M. 354; Sternberg, Martha L. 354; Wall, Barbara M. 357 Medina Caraballo, José L. 278–79 Meekins, George A. 278 Meixsel, Richard B. 188 Meldrum, Thomas M. 279 Melzer, Richard 130 Men We are Proud of 303 Méndez Saavedra, Manuel 303 Mendoza y Vizcaíno, Enrique 42 Message from the President of the United States Transmitting the Report of the Naval Court of Inquiry Upon the Destruction of the Battle Ship Maine 78 Meyers, Robert C. V. 78–79 Middlebrook, Louis F. 279 Middleton, Howard and Howard F. Taggart 232 Miles, Nelson A. 79, 143, 143–44, 148 Miles, Perry L. 188 Miley, John D. 130 Military Notes on Puerto Rico 148 Military Notes on the Philippines 189 Militia or National Guard, see State militias Miller, Daniel G. 232 Miller, Duane E. 155–56 Miller, Gordon 130–31 Miller, J. W. 107 Miller, Stuart C. 232 Miller, Theodore W. 131 Miller, Thomas 79 Millet, Francis D. 189 Millis, Walter 42–43 Mills, Brett M. 233 Mills, J. F. 279–80 Milton, Joyce 303–04

Index Mingus, Phyllis A. 131 Minnesota Infantry, 13th Regt. 233 Minton, Telfair M. 107 Mitgang, Herbert 171 Mitchell, William 131–32 Mojares, Resil B. 233–34 Monner Sans, Ricardo 79 Mooney, James L. 22 Morgan, H. Wayne 79–80, 367–68, 368 Morris, Charles 43 Moss, James A. 132 Motsch, Aimé-Ernest 189 Mount, Graeme S. 322 Muller, William G. 132, 234 Müller y Tejeiro, José 107 Musgrave, George Clarke 60 Musicant, Ivan 43 Musick, John Roy 43–44, 44 Muskat, Beth T. 322 Muster Rolls of Alabama Volunteers in the Spanish-American War of 1898 280

N Nankivell, John H. 132, 234–35, 235 Naulty, Bernard C. 87 “Nauticus” (pseud.) 368 Naval forces (Spanish naval vessels): SS Antonio López: Feuer, A. B. 151; Vega, Jesús 157–58; Furor and Plutón: Arderius, Francisco 92; Serrano Monteavaro, Miguel A. 111; Infanta María Teresa: Blow, Michael 93; Concas y Palau, Víctor M. 97 Naval forces (United States naval vessels): USS Badger: Alden, John D. 91–92; USS Baltimore: Silk, C. A. and J. J. Vanderveer 191; USS Brooklyn: Cook, Francis A. 97; Graham, George E. 102; USS Charleston: Farenholt, A. 184; Portusach, Frank 190; USS Dixie: Cole, Merle T. 96; Payne, William C. 156; Riley, Hugh R. 156–57; USS Eagle: The Cruise of the USS Eagle 112–13; USS Gloucester: Cummings, Damon E. 98–99; Huse, Henry P. 104–5; Log of the US Gunboat Gloucester 105–6; USS Indiana: Cassard, William G. 94; USS Iowa: Evans, Robley D. 100; Falk, Edwin A. 100; USS Leyden: Crosley, W. S. 98; USS McCulloch: Loud, George A. 187; USS Marblehead: Coletta, Paolo E. 96; USS Massachusetts: Schroeder, Seaton 111; USS Nashville: Brown, Alexander Crosby 94; Winslow, Cameron McR. 114; USS New York: Chadwick, French E. 95; USS Newark: Barker, Albert S. 92–93; USS Olympia: Dewey, George 183; Schoenfeld, Maxwell P. 191;

Index Young, Louis S. 194–95, 195; USS Oregon: Cross, R. 98; Clark, Charles E. 96; Gannon, Joseph C. 101; Lomax, Ken 106; Sternlicht, Sanford 112; Webber, Bert 114; USS Petrel: Fiske, Bradley A. 184; USS Prairie: Allen, Gardner W. 92; USS Raleigh: Rodman, Hugh 190; USS St. Paul: International Navigation Company 152; USS Texas: Jones, Harry W. 105; Maclay, Edgar S. 106; USS Winslow: Bernadou, John B. 93; Daniels, Josephus 99–100; Spears, John R. 112; USS Yale: International Navigation Company 152; USS Yankee: Doubleday, Russell 99–100; Hart, Caroline B. and Louise P. Benesch 102–03; Miller, J. W. 107; The USS Yankee on the Cuban Blockade 113; USS Yankton: Willoughby, Malcolm F. 114; USS Yosemite: Feuer, A. B. 151; Gleaves, Albert 151; Joy, Henry B. 153–54; Stringham, Joseph S. 157; Vega, Jesús 157–58 Navarro, José-Manuel 368 Neale, Robert G. 383 Neely, F. Tennyson 235–36, 368–69 Neely’s Panorama of Our New Possessions 304 Neely’s Photographs 304 Negroni, Héctor A. 144 Neill, Arthur 280 Nelan, Charles 304 Nelson, Christian G. 280 Newell, Edith W. 236 Newhart, Max R. 346–47 Newspapers: Auxier, George W. 66, 66; Bartholomew, Charles L. 297; Bowman, Rowland C. 297; Brown, Charles H. 297–98, 297; Campbell, W. Joseph 67, 298; Cartoons of the War of 1898 with Spain 298; Chicago Record’s War Stories 33; Diehl, Charles S. 299; Dunne, Finley P. 299–300; Gould, Lewis & Richard Greffe 300–01; La gráfica política del 98 303; Méndez Saavedra, Manuel 303; Milton, Joyce 303–04; Nelan, Charles, 304; Olasky, Marvin N. 71; Rosenberg, Morton M. & Thomas Ruff 305; Roth, Mitchel P. 305–06; Spencer, David R. 82; Stallman, R. W. & E. R. Hagemann 307; Swanberg, W. A. 307, 307; Thweatt, Hiram H. 308; Turner, Hy B. 308; Wilkerson, Marcus M. 72, 308 Niebaum, John H. 280–81 Nielsen, Thomas S. 236 Niemeyer, Harry H. 171 Nofi, Albert A. 44 Norris, Frank 132–33 Norton, Albert J. 369 Notes on the Spanish-American War 347

405 O Oates, William C. 281 Ober, Frederick A. 369 Ochosa, Orlino A. 236–37 O’Connor, D. J. 322–23 Offner, John L. 70–71, 80, 369 Olasky, Marvin N. 71 Olcott, Charles S. 80 Oliver, William H. 171–72 “One of Them” (pseud.) 148–49 O’Neal, Angela K. 323 Onorato, Michael Paul 22 Ordnance Memoranda, No. 29 347 Orton, Arthur W. 237 Osborne, Thomas J. 369–70 Ostrander, Stephen 133 Otis, E. S. 237–38 Otis, James 44 O’Toole, George J. A. 44 Our Country’s Pride, the Army and Navy 304 Our Heros of the Spanish-American War 305 Our War with Spain 305 Owen, Norman G. 238 P Pabón Charneco, Arleen 149 Packard, Francis R. 281 Paine, Ralph D. 133 Pais, Joseph G. 392 Palmer, Frederick 172 Pan-Montojo, Juan 370 Parker, James 108, 133–34 Parker, John H. 134, 347 Parkerson, A. C. 347–48 Patrick, Jeff L. 281–82 Payne, William C. 156 Paz, Manuel de 134 Peake, Louis A. 80–81 Pearson, Charles E. and Richard Weinstein 348 Pearson, Theodore B. 108 Pelzer, John 108 Penn, Julius A., 238 Pérez, Louis A., 323, 370, 392 Pérez de Vargas, Louis 87 Pérez-Grueso, María D. E. 383 Pérez Morís, José 60–61 Perkins, Dexter 71 Peterson, Clarence S. 392 Petty, George W. 282 Phelps, Edward John 81 Philippine Insurrection: Agoncillo, Teodoro A. 196; Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio 196–97; Babcock, Elkanah 197; Bain, David H. 197; Baker, Charles F. 197; Blount, James H. 198–99; Bowe, John 199;

406 Brown, F. Sewall 199–200; Brown, Fred R. 200; Bunnet, Sara 200–01; Camp, James 202–03; Carrasco y Pérez, Telesforo 203; Chaput, Donald 203–04; Clifford, John H. 204; Cloman, Sydney A. 204; Coffman, Edward M. 204–05; Connor, W. B. 205; Crane, Charles J. 205; Crouch, Thomas W. 205–06; Dahlquist, James B. 206–07; Detrick, Charles R. 207; Dioso, Marconi M. 207; Dodson, W. D. B. 207–08; Eager, Frank D. 208–09; Faust, Karl I. 209–10; Feuer, A. B. 210; “Fighting Twentieth” History and Official Souvenir of the Twentieth Kansas Regiment 211–12; First to the Front. First California United States Volunteers 211; Fleming, Thomas J. 212; Fulton, Robert A. 212; Funston, Frederick 212–13; Gaines, George T. 213–14; Gantenbein, Calvin U. 213; Ganzhorn, John W. 214; Gates, John M. 214; Gauvreau, Charles F. 214–15; Grant, H. Roger 215–16, 216; Hale, William T. 216–17; Hall, John 217; Harper, Frank 217; Haslam, Andrew J. 218; Hawkins, Alexander L. 218; Herman, Frederick J. 218; Hines Richard K. 219; Hunt, Geoffrey 219; Imperial, Reynaldo H. 220; Johnson, Arthur C. 221; Johnson, J. R. 221–22, 222; Johnstone, John H. 222; Kohr, Herbert O. 223–24; Lacey, Richard H. 224; Laist, Alexander 224; Legarda, Benito J. 225; LeRoy, James A. 225; Linn, Brian McA. 226; Luhn, William L. 226–27; Mabey, Charles R. 227; Markey, Joseph I. 227; Marple, Allan D. 227–28; Matson, Spurgeon G. 228; May, Glenn A. 228, 228–29; McAlexander, Ulysses Grant 229–30; McDevitt, V. Edmund 230; McDonald, Allan L. 230–31; Medbery, Frank W. 231–32; Miller, Daniel G. 232; Miller, Stuart C. 232–33; Mills, Brett M. 233; Minnesota Infantry, 13th Regt. 233; Mojares, Resil B. 233–34; Nankivell, John Henry 235; Nielsen, Thomas S. 236–37; Ochosa, Orlino A. 236–37; Orton, Arthur W. 237; Penn, Julius A. 238; Powell, Archibald W. 238; Prentiss, A. 238–39; Ramsey, Robert D. 239; Reilly, Margaret I. 239–40; Roth, Russell 241; Salamanca, Bonifacio S. 241; Schott, Joseph L. 242; Schreurs, Peter 242–43; Scott, Hugh L. 243; Scott, William H. 243; Sexton, William T. 244; Shaw, Frederick B. 244–45; Shortt, Phil H. 245; Sibley, David J. 245–46; Smith, Judson M. 246; Snure, John 246–47; Steele, J. M. 247; Stoneman, Madison U. 248; Storey, Moorfield and Marcial P. Lichauco 248; Tan,

Index Samuel K. 248; Taylor, James O. 248; Taylor, John R. M. 249; Tew, Martin E. 249; Thiessen, Thomas D. 249; Thompson, Tommy R. 250; Trussell, John B. B., Jr. 250; Vivian, James F. 252; Vogt, Michael W. 252; Ward, Kyle R. 252; Wassell, William H. 252–53; Weber, William 253; Wells, Harry L. 254; Wilcox, Marrion 254; Wolff, Leon 254; Young, Kenneth R. 255 Philips’ Special Map Illustrating the SpanishAmerican War 305 Phillips, William 81 Phillips, William G. and John P. Verviolet 348 Photographic History of the Spanish-American War 348–49 Picó, Fernando 323–24 Piedra Martel, Manuel 61 Pierce, Frederick E. 134–35 Pittman, Walter E. 109 Placer Cervera, Gustavo 44–45, 109 Plante, Trevor K. 109 Plaza, José Antonio 45 Plüddemann, Max 109 Pohanka, Brian C. 144 Pool, Charles W. 282–83 Porter, Valentine M. 172 Portusach, Frank 190 Post, Charles J. 135 Powell, Archibald W. 238 Poyer, Joe 349 Pratt, Julius W. 371 Pratt, William D. 172–73 Prentiss, A. 238–39 Price, Theodore F. 310 Prichard, Walter 283 Princeton in the Spanish-American War 173 Private St. Louis (pseud.) 135 Pumarada O’Neill, Luis 144

Q Quesada y Aróstegui, Gonzalo de 61 Quesada y Aróstegui, Gonzalo de and Henry D. Northrup 61–62, 62 Quimby, Fred E. 283 Quinn, D. Michael 324

R Raines, Rebecca R. 349 Rama, Carlos M. 62, 62–63 Ramsey, Robert D. 239 Ransom, Edward 149 Ranson, E. 135, 135–36, 149, 349–50, 371 Rea, George Bronson 63, 81

Index Record of Indiana Volunteers 173–74 Record of Proceedings of a Court of Inquiry in the Case of Rear-Admiral Winfield S. Schley 372 Record of Service of Connecticut Men in the Army 283–84 Rector, Charles H. 372 Reece, Jasper N. 284 Reed, Walter 350 Reeder, Red 45 Reeves, Connie L. 351 Register of Members of the Society of Colonial War who Served in the Army or Navy of the United States During the Spanish-American War 324–25 Reichard Esteves, Herman 372–73 Reid, Whitelaw 314 Reilly, Margaret I. 239–40 Report of the Central Cuban Relief Committee 373 Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain 22–23 Report of the Committee of the Massachusetts Reform Club 325 Report of the Executive Committee of the National Relief Commission 325, 373 Report of the Special Commission Appointed to Provide for the Erection of a Memorial to Soldiers of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment in Porto Rico 392–93 Report of War Emergency Relief Board 325 Reuter, Bertha A. 383–84 Revere, Paul A. 284 Reynolds, Bradley M. 109 Reynolds, Robert H. 351 Ría-Baja, Carlos 240 Ricard, Serge 384 Rice, Wallace 45 Richards, Julian W. 45 Richardson, Antona H. 285 Rickover, Hyman G. 393 Rigau-Pérez, José G. 373 Rigney, Peter S. 285–86 Riley, Hugh R. 156–57 Rippy, J. Fred 325 Risco, Alberto 110 Rivero Méndez, Angel 144–45 Roberts, William R. 136 Robinson, Albert G. 149, 240 Robinson, Michael C. 240 Robles Muñoz, Cristóbal 384 Rodman, Hugh 190 Rodríquez, Laura 374 Rodríquez González, Agustín Ramón 45, 110

407 Roe, Alfred S. 136 Rojek, Wojciech 190 Roosevelt, Theodore 136 Rosario Natal, Carmelo 23, 145 Rosenberg, Ben 393–94 Rosenberg, Morton M. 305 Rosenfeld, Harvey 45–46 Ross, Clinton 46 Rossiter, Emanuel 174 Roster and Souvenir 1st Rhode Island Regiment 286 Roster Department of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps 190 Roster of Connecticut Volunteers 286 Roster of General Officers and Officers of the General Staff US Volunteers 286 Roster of the North Carolina Volunteers in the Spanish-American War 1898–1899 286–87 Roth, Mitchel P. 305–06 Roth, Russell 241 Rosario Natal, Carmelo 23, 145 Rouleau, Brian 306 Rowan, Andrew S. 63, 81 Russell, Henry B. 46 Russell, Walter 110 Rynning, Thomas H. 136

S Salamanca, Bonifacio S. 241 Saleeby, Najeeb M. 241, 241–42 Sampson, William T. 111 Samuels, Peggy and Harold Samuels 136–37, 394 Sandburg, Carl 174–75 Santovenia, Emeterio S. 394 Sargent, Herbert H. 87 Sargent, Nathan 190–91 Sauer, Richard A. 175, 325–26 Sawicki, James A. 351 Sawyer, Frederick L. 242 Schellings, William J. 287, 326 Scherer, L. C. 88 Schley, Winfield S. 111 Schirmer, Daniel B. 242, 384–85 Schlup, Leonard 71 Schoenfeld, Maxwell P. 191 Schoonover, Thomas 385 Schott, Joseph L. 242 Schott, Marshall 326 Schreier, Konrad F. Jr. 351 Schreurs, Peter 242–43 Schroeder, Seaton 111 Schubert, Frank N. 137 Schurz, Carl 385 Schwarz, W. R. and J. T. Milligan 175–76 Scipio, L. Albert 137

408 Scott, Edward Van Zile 137–38 Scott, Hugh L. 243 Scott, Irving M. 310 Scott, William H. 243 Secret Proceedings of the Peace Commission 374 Seelye, John 314–15 Segovia, Lázaro 243–44 Senn, Nicolas 351, 352 Seoane, Consuelo A. 244 Seraile, William 138 Serrano Monteavaro, Miguel A. 111 Sexton, William T. 244 Seymour, Joseph 176 Shafter, William 138 Shaw, Angel V. and Luis H. Francia 306 Shaw, Frederick B. 244–45 Sheridan, Richard B. 245 Sheridan Troop Veteran Association 176 Sherman, Andrew M. 326–27 Sherman, Thomas E. 327 Sherrin, P. M. 327 Shewey, Arista C. 306 Shippee, Lester B. 327 Shortt, Phil H. 245 Shrader, Charles R. 23–24 Shulimson, Jack 24, 352 Sibley, David J. 245–46 Sigsbee, Charles D. 82 Silk, C. A. and J. J. Vanderveer 191 Simmons, K. H. 287–88 Skinner, John R. 288 Slattery, Thomas 352–53 Smallman-Raynor, Matthew and Andrew D. Cliff 353, 374–75 Smith, Albert E. and Phil A. Koury 307 Smith, Edwina C. 385 Smith, Horace 63–64 Smith, James B. 176–77 Smith, Joseph 47, 88 Smith, Judson M. 246 Smolinski, Diane 47 Smythe, Donald 138, 246 Snure, John 246–47 Soldiers’ Letters 385 Soldiers of Florida 288 Somerlott, Robert 47 Songs and poetry: American War Songs 309; Brownlee, James H. 309; French, Erasmus D. 309; Galt, William W. 309; Garrett, Erwin C. 309; Price, Theodore F. 310; Scott, Irving M. 310; Witherbee, Sidney A. 310 Sonnichsen, Albert 247 Soto, Juan Bautista 149 Souvenir Program of the War Exposition 138–39 Souza y Rodríquez, Benigno 64

Index Spanish government documents: Campo Hernán, Pilar del 13; Correspondencia oficial referente a las operaciones navales durante la guerra con los Estados Unidos in 1898 15–16; Spanish Diplomatic Correspondence and Documents, 1896–1900 24–25; Gómez Núñez, Severo 36–37 Spanish Diplomatic Correspondence and Documents, 1896–1900 24–25 Sparrow, Bartholomew H. 375 Spears, John R. 47, 112, 157 Spector, Ronald H. 191, 353 Spencer, David R. 82 Spiller, Robert J. 25 Sprout, Harold H. and Margaret T. Sprout 47–48 Stallman, R. W. and E. R. Hagemann 307 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Alabama: Gatewood, Williard B., Jr. 268; Koenigsberg, Moses 275; Muster Rolls of Alabama Volunteers in the Spanish-American War of 1898 280; Oates, William C. 281 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Arkansas: Neill, Arthur 280; Wolfe, Susan 295 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, California: Abbot, Frank H. 257–58; Bachelder, Horace W. 259; Brown, F. Sewall 199–200; California Volunteers in the Spanish-American War of 1898 202; Detrick, Charles R. 207; DiDonato, Louis A. 264; First to the Front. First California United States Volunteers 211–12; McDevitt, V. Edmund 230; Street, Arthur I. 290; Swanner, Charles D. 291 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Colorado: Baker, Charles F. 197; Biennial Reports of the Adjutant General of Colorado 1898 and 1900 197–98; Harper, Frank 217–18; Hunt, Geoffrey 219–20; Johnson, Arthur C. 221; Nankivell, John H. 235 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Connecticut: Bidwell, Daniel D. 260; First Regiment Connecticut National Guard 1898–1899 265–66; Middlebrook, Louis F. 279; Record of Service of Connecticut Men in the Army 283–84; Roster of Connecticut Volunteers 286; Thayer, George B. 292 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, District of Columbia: Addeo, Alicia 90 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Florida: Schellings, William J. 287; Soldiers of Florida 288;

Index State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Georgia: Thaxton, Carlton J. and Donna Thaxton 291 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Idaho: Camp, James 202–03 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Illinois: Bolton, Horace W. 260; Bunzey, Rufus S. 160; Gatewood, Williard B., Jr. 268; Goode, W. T. 269; Historical Sketch, First Cavalry, Illinois National Guard 271; McCard, Harry S. and Henry Turnley 278; Meldrum, Thomas M. 278–79; Reece, Jasper N. 284; Skinner, John R. 288 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Indiana: Biederwolf, William E. 260; Bowers, George B. 260–61; Durbin, Winfield 265; Gatewood, Williard B., Jr. 269; Pratt, William D. 172–73; Record of Indiana Volunteers in the Spanish-American War, 1898–1899 173–74 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Iowa: Cook, George C. 262; Grant, H. Roger 215–16; Iowa Adjutant General’s Office 221; Marple, Allan D. 227–28; McDaniel, George W. 278; Snure, John 246–47; Stelck, W. Ardell 289; Swisher, Jacob A. 291; Vogt, Michael W. 252; Whipple, James E. 295 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Kansas: A Roster of Volunteer Troops Furnished by the State of Kansas for the Spanish-American War, 1898 257; Crouch, Thomas W. 205–06; DragosaniBrantingham, Justin 264–65; “Fighting Twentieth” History and Official Souvenir of the Twentieth Kansas Regiment 211; Gatewood, Williard B., Jr. 267; Kansas Troops in the Volunteer Service of the United States 222–23; Lane, Oscar J. 276; Lovett, Christopher C. 277; Matson, Spurgeon G. 228; Steele, J. M. 247; Twelfth Biennial Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kansas, 1899–1900 251 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Kentucky: Kentucky State Guard in the Spanish-American War, 1898–1899 169; Patrick, Jeff L. 281–82; Schwarz, W. R. and J. T. Milligan 175–76; Stephens, Thomas E. 289–90 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Louisiana: Casey, Powell A. 261–62; Fortier, James J. 267; Jumel, Allen 273; Kendall, John S. 273–74; Prichard, Walter 283; Wright, Nancy L. and Cathy D. Shannon 296

409 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Maryland: Cole, Merle T. 96; Meekins, George A. 278; Riley, Hugh R. 156–57; Stringham, Joseph S. 157 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Massachusetts: Allen, Gardner W. 92; Andrews, George A. 158; Braxton, George H. 159–160; Crosier, W. J. 119; Cutler, Frederick M. 263–64; Eaton, William E. 164–65; Edwards, Frank E. 165–66; Feuer, A. B. 151; Frye, James A. 267; Gilfillan, James R. 121; Hicks, Herbert O. and Fred A. Simmons 125; Johnson, Clifton 125; Leamy, Leo J. 127; Lowell’s Tribute to Her Returned Soldiers 127–28, 166; Pierce, Frederick E. 134–35; Roe, Alfred S. 136; Souvenir Program of the War Exposition 138–39; Ward, Walter, W. 141; Webber, Harry E. 294 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Michigan: Clowes, Walter F. 118; Sterling, G. F. 139 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Minnesota: Bowe, John 199; Holbrook, Franklin F. 219; Minnesota Infantry, 13th Regt. 233; Richardson, Antona H. 285; Tew, Martin E. 249; Turner, Tell A. 292; Ward, Kyle R. 252 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Missouri: History of the Sixth Missouri Volunteer Infantry 272; Kerlin, Robert T. 274; Niemeyer, Harry H. 171; Porter, Valentine M. 172 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Montana: Hines, Richard K. 219; Lacey, Richard H. 224; Laist, Alexander 224; Mills, Brett M. 233 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Nebraska: Chaput, Donald 203–04; Eager, Frank D. 208–09; Hall, John 217; Johnson, J. R. 221–22, 273; Nielsen, Thomas S. 236; Pool, Charles W. 282–83; Reilly, Margaret I. 239–40; Simmons, K. H. 287–88; Thiessen, Thomas D. 249; Thompson, Tommy R. 250; State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Nevada: Earl, Phillip I. 265 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, New Hampshire: Quimby, Fred E. 283 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, New Jersey: Alden, John D. 91–92; Harris, Harry L. and John Hilton 270; McNally, Bernard 278; Petty, George W. 282 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, New York: Anderson,

410 Arthur C. 115; Brief History of the 202d Regiment 261; Cammann, William C. 161; Demeter, Richard 264; Doubleday, Russell 99; Elmendorf, John E. 120; Fiala, Anthony 166; Francis, Augustus T. 120–21; Hastings, Hugh 123; Holbrook, Richard G. 272; Lester, James 277; Miller, J. W. 107; Minton, Telfair M. 107; Post, Charles J. 135; Rigney, Peter S. 285–86; The USS Yankee on the Cuban Blockade 113 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, North Carolina: Mills, J. F. 279–80; Roster of the North Carolina Volunteers 286–87; Steeleman, Joseph F. 288–89 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, North Dakota: Shortt, Phil H. 245; Vivian, James S. 252 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Ohio: Adjutant General of Ohio 258; Creager, Charles E. 163; Gatewood, Williard B., Jr. 269; Hard, Curtis V. 122–23; Klopfenstein, Carl G. 275; Revere, Paul A. 284 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Oregon: Bunnet, Sara 200–01; Dodson, W. D. B. 207–08; Gantenbein, Calvin U. 213–14 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Pennsylvania: Brady, Cyrus T. 261; Clark, William 161–62; Cooper, James 162–63; Hawkins, Alexander L. 218; Howard-Smith, Logan and J. F. R. Scott 168–69; Lanard, Thomas S. 275–76; Niebaum, John H. 280–81; Packard, Francis R. 281; Powell, Archibald W. 238; Sauers, Richard A. 175; Seymour, Joseph 176; Sheridan Troop Veteran Association 176; Stewart, Thomas J. 290; Trussell, John B. B., Jr. 250, 292 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Rhode Island: Kinnicutt, Frances E. 274–75; Roster and Souvenir 1st Rhode Island Regiment 286 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, South Carolina: Bailey, Harris M., Jr. 274–75; Floyd, Joseph W. 266–67 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, South Dakota: Grant, H. Roger 215–16; Medbery, Frank W. 231–32 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Tennessee: Gaines, George T. 213; Hale, William T. 216–17; McDonald, Allan L. 230–31; Strobridge, William F. 192; Van West, Carroll 251 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Texas: Cunningham, Roger D. 263; Leffler, John J. 276; McCaffrey, James M.

Index 277; Nelson, Christian G. 280; Wozencraft, A. P. 295 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Utah: Mabey, Charles R. 227; Prentiss, A. 238–39 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Vermont: Johnson, Herbert T. 272; The Green Mountain Boys at Chickamauga 1898 292; Vermont in the Spanish-American War 293–94; State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Virginia: Alexander, Ann F. 258–59; Gatewood, Williard B., Jr. 268; Hollomon, Patricia and Edwin Ray 272; Johnson William T. 273 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Washington: Dahlquist, James B. 206–07; Luhn, William L. 226–27 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, West Virginia: Cook, Roy B. 262–63 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Wisconsin: Adams, Sean P. 158; Borehan, S. D. and J. P Fitzgerald 159; Burkart, Otto 160; Rossiter, Emanuel 174 State militia (National Guard) army and navy, Wyoming: Stoneman, Madison U. 248 Steele, J. M. 247 Steele, Matthew Forney 25 Steelman, Joseph F. 288–89 Steffen, Randy 353–54, 354 Stein, Barry J. and Peter J. Capelotti 354 Stelck, W. Ardell 289 Stephens, Thomas E. 289–90 Sterling, G. F. 139 Sternberg, George M. 354 Sternberg, Martha L. 354–55 Sternlicht, Sanford V. 112 Stevens, Duane 177 Steward, Theophilus G. 139 Stewart, J. C. 355 Stewart, Thomas J. 290 Stickney, Joseph L. 191–92 Stirling, Yates 248 Stone, Herbert S. 48 Stone, Roy 327–28 Stoneman, Madison U. 248 Storey, Moorefield and Marcial P. Lichauco 248 Strait, Newton A. 25 Street, Arthur I. 290 Stringham, Joseph S. 157 Strobridge, William F. 192 Sues, Otto L. 290–91 Sumner, William G. 385–86 Sutton, Warner P. 177–78 Swanner, Charles D. 291 Swansberg, W. A. 307

Index Sweetman, Jack 25–26 Swisher, Jacob A. 291

T Tan, Samuel K. 248 Taussig, Joseph K. 112 Taylor, James O. 248 Taylor, John R. M. 249 Tebbel, John 375–76 Terrill, Tom E. 71–72 Tew, Martin E. 249 Thaxton, Carlton J. 291 Thayer, George B. 292 The American-Spanish War: A History of the War by the War Leaders 48 The Cruise of the USS Eagle 112–13 The Green Mountain Boys at Chickamauga 1898 292 The Story of the Maine 395 The USS Yankee on the Cuban Blockade 113 Thiessen, Thomas D. 249 Thomas, Donna 328 Thompson, Tommy R. 250 Through the War by Camera 307–08 Thweatt, Hiram H. 308 Tirado, Modesto A. 64 Titherington, Richard H. 48 Todd, Joe L. 139–40 Todd, Roberto H. 149–50 Tolman, Newton F. 146 Tompkins, Berkeley 315 Tone, John L. 64 Toral, Juan and José Toral 192 Torre del Río, Rosario de la 72 Trafton, William O. 250 Trask, David F. 48–49 Traverso, Edmund 386 Traxel, David 328 Trelles y Govín, Carlos Manuel 26 Troops in Campaign 355 Trussell, John B. B. 250, 292 Truyol, Miguel G. 113 Tucker, Spencer C. 26 Tupper, Henry Allen, Jr. 64–65 Turner, Hy B. 308 Turner, Tell A. 292–93 Twain, Mark 386 Twelfth Biennial Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kansas, 1899–1900 250–51 Two Historic Days 113 U Uhlig, Frank, Jr. 355 Ullman, Bruce L. 140, 355

411 Uncle Sam’s Navy 308 Uniforms and equipment, United States and Spanish: De Quesada, Alejandro M. 338; Driscoll, John A. 339; Field, Ron 340; Giddings, Howard 340; Howell, Edgar M. 342; Jacobsen, Jacques N. 342; Katcher, Philip 343; Laframboise, Leon W. 344; Langellier, John P. 344; Marshall, Max L. 346; Ordnance Memoranda, No. 29 347; Raines, Rebecca R. 349; Sawicki, Robert H. 351; Slattery, Thomas 352–53; Steffen, Randy, 353–54, 354; Stein, Barry J. and Peter J. Capelotti, 354; Stewart, J. C., 355 United States Army, regular forces. 1st Inf.: Archibald, James F. J. 115; 2nd Inf.: Shaw, Frederick B. 244–45; 3rd Inf.: Lytle, Richard M. and Martin Gordon 128–29; 6th Inf.: Babcock, Elkanah 197; 7th Inf.: Kohr, Herbert O. 223–24; 9th Inf.: Brown, Fred R. 200; Schott, Joseph L. 242; Taylor, James O. 248; 12th Inf.: Aloe, Alfred 114–15; 13th Inf.: McAlexander, Ulysses G. 229–30; Weber, William 253; 14th Inf.: Miles, Perry L. 188–89; 17th Inf.: Goodell, Henry H. 121; 18th Inf.: Chastaine, Ben H. 118; 20th Inf.: Haslam, Andrew J. 218; 21st Inf.: Gauvreau, Charles F. 214–15; Smith, Judson M. 246; 22nd Inf.: Feuer, A. B. 210; Wassell, William H. 252–53; 23rd Inf.: Cloman, Sydney A. 204; 24th Inf.: Johnson, Edward A. 125–26; Muller, William G. 132; Schubert, Frank N. 137; Scipio, L. Albert 137; 25th Inf.: Bonsal, Stephen 116; Moss, James A. 132; Nankivell, John H. 132; Schubert, Frank N. 137; Steward, Theophilus G. 139; 28th Inf.: Connor, W. B. 205; 30th Inf.: Baker, Charles F. 197; 33rd Inf.: Coffman, Edward M. 204–05; 34th Inf.: Penn, Julius A. 238; 38th Inf.: Crane, Charles J. 205; 39th Inf.: Orton, Arthur W. 237; 42nd Inf.: Herman, Frederick J. 218; 1st Cav.: Brimlow, George F. 116–17; 2nd Cav.: Lambert, Joseph I. 126–27; 5th Cav.: Oliver, William H., Jr. 171–72; 6th Cav.: Carter, William H. 117; 7th Cav.: Chandler, Melbourne C. 203; 9th Cav.: Cashin, Herschel V. 117–18; Lynk, Miles V. 128; Schubert, Frank N. 137; 10th Cav.: Biglow, John, Jr. 116; Cashin, Herschel V. 117–18; Glass, Edward L. N. 121; Lynk, Miles V. 128; Schubert, Frank N. 137; 5th Artillery: Herrmann, Karl S. 167–68 United States government documents: A Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain 359–60; Annual Reports of the Navy Department for the Year 1898 11;

412 Annual Reports of the War Department for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1898 11–12; Bureau of Insular Affairs, Annual Reports of the Philippine Commission, 1899 to 1909 201–02; Carrol, Henry K. 362; Corbin, Henry C. 14–15; Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain 16; Davis, George W. 363; Five Years of the War Department following the War with Spain, 1899–1903 18; Griffin, Appleton Prentiss Clark 18, 19; Military Notes on the Philippines 189; Military Notes on Puerto Rico 148 Notes on the Spanish-American War 347; Record of Proceedings of a Court of Inquiry in the Case of Rear-Admiral Winfield S. Schley 372; Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain 22–23; Scherer, L. C. (Military Notes on Cuba) 88; Secret Proceedings of the Peace Commission 374 United States Marine Corps: Clifford, John Henry 96, 204; Coletta, Paolo Enrico 14; Feuer, A. B. 101; Hull, R. R. 104; Johnstone, John H. 222; Keeler, Frank 105; Naulty, Bernard C. 87; Plante, Trevor K. 109; Reynolds, Bradley M. 109; Young, Kenneth R. 255 United States Navy, see Naval forces United States First Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders): Davis, Richard H. 119, 119–20; Fulbright, James 121; Hall, Sharlot M. 122; Hall, Tom 122; Heatly, Jeff 124; Herner, Charles 124, 124–25; Jones, Virgil C. 126; Keithley, Ralph 126; Kent, Zachary 126; Marshall, Edward 129; McCurdy, Frank A. 129; Melzer, Richard 130; Miller, Theodore W. 131; Mingus, Phyllis 131; Ostrander, Stephen 133; Roosevelt, Theodore 136; Rynning, Thomas H. 136; Samuels, Peggy and Harold Samuels 136–37; Todd, Joe L. 139–40; Walker, Dale L. 140, 140–41; Westermeier, Clifford P. 294 United States Second Volunteer Cavalry: Westermeier, Clifford P. 294 United States Third Volunteer Cavalry: Sues, Otto L. 290–91; Westermeier, Clifford P. 294 US Revenue Cutter Service 26 USS Maine: Allen, Thomas B. 73; Beehler, W. H. 73; Blow, Michael A. 30; Cluverius, W. T. 73; Crompton, Samuel W. 74; Greig, Julius 76; Kent, Zachary 77; McNeese, Tim 78; McSherry, Patrick 78; Message from the President of the United States Transmitting the Report of the Naval

Index Court of Inquiry Upon the Destruction of the Battle Ship Maine 78; Miller, Thomas 79; Rea, George B. 81; Rickover, Hyman G. 393; Sigsbee, Charles D. 82; Walsh, John 82; Weems, John E. 114 V Van Middeldyk, Rudolph A. 146 Van West, Carroll 251 Vandiver, Frank E. 251 Varona Guerrero, Miguel A. 65 Vega, Jesús 157–58 Venable, William M. 293 Venzon, Anne Cipriano 26–27 Vermont in the Spanish-American War 293–94 Vivian, James F. 252 Vivian, Thomas J. 88, 192–93 Vogt, Michael W. 252 W Wade, Louise C. 376 Wagner, Arthur L. 88–89, 355–56, 356 Wagner, Arthur L. and James D. J. Kelley, 356 Wagenheim, Olga J. de 65 Wahl, Paul and Donald R. Toppel 357 Walker, Dale L. 140, 140–41 Walker, Dolores J. 328 Walker, Leslie W. 193 Walker, T. Dart 178 Wall, Barbra M. 357 Walsh, John 82 Walsh, John E. 141 Ward, Kyle R. 252 Ward, Walter W. 141 Wassell, William H. 252–53 Watterson, Henry 49 Weaponry: Brophy, William S. 335; Cooling, Benjamin F. 337; De Quesada, Alejandro M. 338; Description and Rules for the Management of the Springfield Rifle 338; Farrington, Dusan P. 339–40; Hansen, David M. 342; Jamieson, Perry D. 342; Mallory, Franklin B. and Ludwig Olson 345–46; McAulay, John D. 346; Phillips, William G. and John P. Verviolet 348; Poyer, Joe 349; Schreier, Konrad F., Jr. 351; Wahl, Paul and Donald R. Toppel 357 Webb, William J. 357 Webber, Bert 114 Webber, Harry E. 294 Weber, William 253 Weems, John E. 114 Weigley, Russell F. 357 Welch, Richard E., Jr. 386

Index Wells, Harry L. 254 Werstein, Irving 49 West, Richard S. 193 Wester, Arvid M. 141 Westermeier, Clifford P. 294 Wheeler, Joseph 89 Whipple, James E. 295 White, Douglas 193–94 White, John R. 254 White, Trumbull 49–50, 50 Whitney, Henry H. 150 Wilberforce, Archibald 328 Wilcox, Marrion 50, 254 Wildman, Edwin 194 Wilkerson, Marcus M. 72, 308 Willets, Gibson 50–51 Williams, Henry L. 194 Willoughby, Malcolm F. 114 Wilson, James H. 178 Wilson, Herbert W. 51 Winid, Boguslaw W. 89 Winslow, Cameron McR. 114 Wisan, Joseph E. 72–73 Wisner, J. A. and H. F. Humphrey 194 Witherbee, Sidney A. 310 Wolfe, Susan 295 Wolff, Leon 254 Women in service: Clancy, Jacqueline E. 316; Graf, Mercedes H. 319, 320; Report of the Committee of the Massachusetts Reform Club 325, 373; Report of the Executive Committee of the National Relief

413 Commission 325; Report of the War Emergency Relief Board 325; Women’s National War Relief Association 329 Women’s National War Relief Association 329 Wood, Eric F. 254–55 Woolman, David S. 255 Wooster, Robert 358 Worcester, Dean C. 65 Wozencraft, A. P. 295 Wright, Christopher C. and Edward C. Fisher, Jr. 358 Wright, Marcus J. 51, 51–52 Wright, Mildred S. and William D. Quick 358 Wright, Nancy L. and Cathy D. Shannon 296 Wright, Willard E. 194 Wukovits, John F. 52 Y Young, James R. and J. Hampton Moore 52, 52–53, 53 Young, Kenneth R. 255 Young, Louis S. 194–95, 195 Younghusband, George J. 256 Z Zaide, Gregorio F. 256 Zeil, Ron 53 Zimmerman, Warren 386–87