The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes Volume II: The Inside Struggle 1936–1939 [2]

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THE SECRET DIARY OF

HAROLD

ICKES

L.

VOLUME

II

THE INSIDE STRUGGLE I

93 6

" I

939

SIMON AND SCHUSTER 1954

•

NEW YORK

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INCLUDING THE RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION IN

WHOLE OR

IN

PART IN ANY FORM

COPYRIGHT, 1954, BY SIMON AND SCHUSTER, INC.

PUBLISHED BY SIMON AND SCHUSTER, INC.

ROCKEFELLER CENTER, 6^0 FIFTH AVENUE

NEW YORK

Permission

is

hereby granted

more than 300 words articles. All

20, N. Y.

in

to quote not book reviews and news

other rights reserved.

library of congress catalog

card number: 53-9701

dewey decimal classification number: g2

MANUFACTURED

IN

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

BY THE HADDON CRAFTSMEN,

INC.,

SCRANTON, PA.

PUBLISHERS' NOTE This second volume

"The

Harold L. Ickes" carries his story of the New Deal from the 1936 election, where the first volume stopped, through the outbreak of war in Europe in September 1939. A third volume, covering the 1940 election and the period up to Pearl Harbor, will be published in the

fall of

of

Secret Diary of

1954.

As Mrs. Harold L. Ickes explained in her Preface to the first volume of her husband's diary, portions of the original manu-

—

have been deleted, either because they are too detailed the original manuscript contains approximately 6,000,000 words or because their publication will have to wait until the death of some living persons. In this volume, as in the first, there have

script

—

been no other changes in the record

as

it

was

set

down

by

its

author, and nothing has been rewritten.

The index

contains biographical information, for identifica-

tion purposes, of the principal persons

mentioned

in the diary.

Simon and Schuster

THE SECRET DIARY OF

HAROLD

L.

ICKES

THE INSIDE STRUGGLE I

93 6

" I

939

Saturday,

November

14,

1936

Speculation about the make-up of the Cabinet for the second term goes on apace. Puryear tells me that Raymond Tucker told him that he had asked Farley what members of the present Cabinet

would be in the next one and Farley replied: "Morgenthau, Ickes, and Wallace." I think that Farley must have mentioned Hull, too, or intended to do so, because when I talked to him on the July fourth trip he was quite certain that Hull would be reappointed. Personally, I do not have any doubt of this. Hull ought to be kept on and will be, in my judgment. The newspaper commentators seem to feel that I will be included in the new Cabinet, although there seems to be some doubt in some minds whether I will be or not. My own feeling is that, as matters stand, I will be. I do not think there is anything to the talk of my being offered the Comptroller Generalship, and I would be inclined to decline that in any event. That appointment would not appeal to me. From every indication, including the President's attitude toward me for some time past, my guess is that I will have a chance to stay on in the Cabinet, but of course this is only a guess. a talk with the President the other day I brought

During

question of the future of Public Works.

ought

to

make some

I

told

him

up

the

that I thought

we

further allocations, because otherwise the im-

we had made PWA allotments merely we were making a good many just prior to the campaign and none since. He agreed. I told him also that I thought we ought to change our policy. I believe that we

pression might get out that

for political purposes, since

ought not

to

go in for any public works projects in

states or

com-

munities that are as prosperous as they were prior to the depression.

This applies particularly to the State of Texas, which

than

it

as that

is

more prosperous has ever been in its history. I have this on such authority of Vice President Garner, Senator Sheppard, and Jesse H.

pressing constantly for funds, although Texas

Jones, as well as of various Congressmen with

Moreover,

I

believe that

we should 3

set a

is

whom I have talked. maximum grant and

The

4

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

should not necessarily make that maximum grant on all projects. I think that the grants ought to have some relation to the ability of the

community

lower interest tions

make when

rate.

to finance its

The

own

projects. I also believe in a

President agreed to

and added that Public Works ought

of these proposi-

all

to retain the

power

to

loans for municipal projects at a reasonable interest rate

demanding an exorbitant rate. I told the Presiwas going to make a speech next Tuesday night before the Conference of Mayors and that I wanted to discuss these policies. He said to go ahead. Fertich has brought me a couple of interesting stories. The first related to an incident in Nebraska. It seems that Senator La Follette had made a speech and there was a meeting of some of the Democratic leaders following the speech. At this meeting a particular friend of La Follette's was present who, presumably with the knowledge of La Follette or even perhaps at his instigation, raised the banks are

dent that

I

the question of the party

nominee

for 1940.

He

suggested

La

Fol-

This suggestion did not seem to take. Then, according to what Fertich told me (and he had it, he said, from a man who was present), practically spontaneously and unanimously the sentiment was expressed that I was the man for 1940. Two or three days ago Fertich was having a talk with Walter Myers, who is counsel for the Senate committee inquiring into campaign expenditures. Myers is from Indiana, Fertich's state, and has been active in Democratic politics. At one time he was a candidate for Senator. Myers said to Fertich that it looked to him as if the labor forces and La Follette were in a movement to control the nomination for La Follette in 1940, and he expressed the opinion that if this happened, the Republicans would win the next time. He asked Fertich what he had to suggest, and Fertich countered by asking Myers what he had to offer. Whereupon Myers said: "Your chief." He then went on to tell Fertich that he thought it was important for me to stay in the Cabinet for the next two years and that then, in his judgment, I ought to run for the Senate in Illinois. He told Fertich that by 1940, as he saw it, I would have it in my power either to have the Democratic or the Republican nomination.

lette as a possibility.

am

setting

down

are interesting.

I still

I

time in the past, that

these bits of gossip because, naturally, they

do not I

see,

am much

any more than

I

have seen

at

any

of a possibility for President, and,

no ambitions along this line. Naturally it is highly complimentary to be considered even tentatively in such a confrankly, I have

Madrid Expected nection.

What

I

say to people

to Fall

who broach

5

the subject to

me

is

nominate the next Democratic candiRepublican party is concerned, it seems to me to lack leadership of any sort. Just now it is a disorganized mob, and it would be a brash man who would undertake to lead it in 1940 with any hope of success. The Cabinet met on Thursday afternoon this week instead of Friday and we were in session for two hours and a half. The President told of a call that he had had from the Spanish Ambassador. The President got the impression that the Ambassador rather expected Madrid to fall, but he told the President that in that event the Government troops would be withdrawn about forty miles to a that President Roosevelt will

date. I believe this to be the fact. So far as the

much

stronger position.

He

also said that seventy per cent or

more

was back of the Government and that in the manufacturing centers they were now ready to turn out munitions of of the country

war.

I

know

that after this talk the President felt that the situation

Government was not

he thought it pushed back the Rebels and seemed to make considerable headway. In my own heart I have been hoping that the Loyalists would win, but the situation has seemed to be rather desperate. The President also brought up the question of the purchase by foreigners of American stocks and bonds. He had been discussing this matter with Eccles and he is anxious to restrict these sales if possible. The best opinion seems to be that $7 billion worth of American securities are now held abroad and that active buying is still going on. Of course, this puts us in a vulnerable position if the foreign holders of our securities should all at once begin to press their holdings for sale. That might either start a panic or accelerate one already under way. The President made it clear that Hearst is persona non grata so far as the Administration is concerned. He said definitely that as to Hearst our attitude was to be thumbs down, and he made a physical demonstration of what he meant when he said "thumbs down." At my conference with the President on Wednesday I brought up again the question of Puerto Rico and Gruening's Reconstruction Administration. I reminded the President that he had himself suggested signing an Executive Order making me responsible for this Administration. He told me to call Acting Director of the Budget Bell and ask him to draft an administrative order giving me authority during the President's absence. I understand that today Bell will of the Spanish

as desperate as

was. Yesterday, according to the newspapers, the Loyalists

The

6

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

present to the President an Executive Order giving

me

authority

until further notice.

Dr. Gruening just came back from Puerto Rico and Governor Winship came with him. They got in early yesterday morning. They had an appointment with the President which they had made independently. However, the President sent for me to be present. We spent a half hour or more discussing unimportant matters and

we were Gruening held a whispered conference with the President while bending over his desk. Evidently he was presenting something for signature, but what it was I do not know. Today I learned that Gruening had accepted Chardon's resignation as Assistant Administrator and that he had secured the President's approval to the appointment of Miles H. Fairbank as Chardon's successor. I considered it curious that Gruening should present a whispered recommendation to the President in the presence of his immediate superior, and I am equally surprised if the President signed any document bearing on Puerto Rico without saying something to me about it. I

noticed that at the conclusion of our interview, as

leaving but while

I

was

still

in the President's office,

I am very much disturbed about the situation in Puerto Rico. Gruening, from being a liberal, has apparently decided that the mailed fist is the proper policy in dealing with these subject people. He has gone completely in reverse. He is on the outs with all of his former liberal friends in Puerto Rico. Formerly he used to damn

Governor Winship up hill and down dale for his militaristic point He wanted him ousted as Governor, but now apparently he and Governor Winship see eye to eye and are in perfect accord on questions of policy. Yesterday Gruening urged the President to issue summary orders that every child in the Puerto Rican schools should learn English. I suggested that, while they ought to learn English, care should be exercised as to the manner in which our wishes were made known. I think that it is a poor time, in view of the substantial progress that we have made in bringing about better feelings toward the United States on the part of Spanish-American countries, to resort to extreme measures in Puerto Rico. I intend shortly to have a showdown with Gruening. He seems to think that he is entirely independent of me. He constantly shortcuts me and comes to me only when he is in trouble. I am going to try to find out what his policies are with respect to Puerto Rico and make it clear where I differ with him, if I find that I do differ. of view.

Disarmament

in the Pacific

Friday,

7

November

20,

1936

week was held Monday afternoon because of Buenos Aires. He said that if we were successful in reaching some sort of an understanding on peace and disarmament at the Buenos Aires conference, we might later try for something of the same sort in the Pacific Ocean. This would be an ambitious program. He did not go much into details, but he suggested a possible agreement for the disarmament of practically Cabinet meeting the President's

this

trip

to

everything in the Pacific except Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. This would leave the Philippines, Shanghai, Hong

Kong, the Dutch East Indies, British North Borneo, and other important points neutralized. The question was raised whether, as a condition for such an agreement, Japan might not ask us to disarm in Hawaii, but the President made the point that Hawaii is only about one-third of the way to Japan and that such a request

would not be reasonable. He said that he would be willing to disarm so far as American Samoa is concerned. Then the question of Alaska came up, and in that connection the President said that we would be willing to except from fortifications that portion of Alaska nearest Japan. For the second time the President asked for suggestions for

Chairman

name

Hugh

of the

to offer.

new Maritime Commission, but no one had any that Baruch had urged him to appoint

He remarked

Johnson, but the President did not seem to be struck with

remarked that Johnson had done good Someone asked whether Johnson had stopped drinking. The President said that the last time he saw him he did not act drunk but that he looked like a confirmed toper. The President told us" that he had sent the name of Joseph E. Davies to the Russian Government to see whether he would be acceptable as our Ambassador. He laughingly remarked that he thought three or four months in Moscow would be all that Mr. and Mrs. Davies that suggestion, although he

work during

the campaign.

could stand of that country. I had one of my regular interviews with the President on Tuesday morning. Previously he had given me some idea of the proposed reorganization of the departments and agencies as it affected my own Department, and he went further into this matter on Tuesday. The President thinks that there ought to be a new Department of Public Works, and, much as I have enjoyed my public works

The

8

Harold L. Ickes

Secret Diary of

experience, I could not logically argue against

this.

Into this de-

partment would go the present Public Works Administration, and it would also do all of the actual construction work for the Army Engineers, Reclamation, the Procurement Division of the Treasury, and so forth. Then he wants a Department of Public Welfare. Into this new Department would go all relief agencies, the Bureau of Public Health, the Children's Bureau, the Office of Education, etc. When he first talked reorganization with me a couple of weeks ago, the President suggested as a new name for this department that of Department of Public Lands. I at once interposed that I hoped the new name would be the Department of Conservation. The President said that either would do. Apparently Brownlow and Gulick found him somewhat fixed in his mind as to the name "Department of Public Lands," but they brought him around to "conservation." Into this department would go National Forests, Biological Survey, Fisheries, and the Civilian Conservation Corps administration. This would make a fine department and one that would interest me, even though I would lose some of my other present activities, in addition to the Office of Education.

The

He

President seemed quite pleased with this plan.

that he was going to send

word

to Senator Byrd,

ing on a reorganization plan, that he ought to

who

come on

port the Administration plan. If Byrd will not do the President's idea to defeat his

bill,

is

told

also

in

this,

me

work-

and sup-

then

it

is

following which he would

advance his own. I

showed the President

a letter

from Raymond Robins, in which

the latter suggested that the President ought to serve notice that in 1938 he will try to elect his friends and defeat his enemies. The President said that he thought this would be a good plan and he

discussed calling in early in the next session the leaders, including the chairmen of the committees in the

ing them in effect just that. As

my

House and

Senate,

and

tell-

contribution to the discussion,

remarked that Members of Congress would come here thinking do more or less as they pleased because they would be free from pressure from a President who was serving his second and therefore, presumably, his last term. The President said, "That is right." The President also remarked that he did not intend to work so hard during the next four years, and I applauded this statement. As I told him, I do not see how he has been able to stand up under all of the pressure that he has been subjected to. Tom Corcoran was in to see me on Wednesday. He is very much I

that they could

Tugwell's Resignation

9

worried by the cry that is going up among the interests that bitterly fought the President that we ought to have an "era of good feeling." He isn't fooled by this lovely sentiment any more than I am. We both see in it an attempt to tunnel under the breastworks that could not be carried by an

open

We

assault.

both hope that

the President will not give ear to any such sentiment, but some-

thing in the nature of a counteroffensive

may be

we ought to take protective measures. John Cudahy, Ambassador to Poland, was

At any

in order.

rate,

me on had resigned to the President. Cudahy would like to be continued in some post in the Administration, but doesn't want to go back to Poland. I do not think that the President gave him much encouragement as to any other post, and I could see that Cudahy was fishing about to find out how close I was to the President and whether I could be of any help, although he was diplomatic about it and never came to the direct point. I do not know Cudahy very well and do not consider him an especially able man. However, he is an agreeable person and I like him. Rex Tugwell has resigned as Under Secretary of the Department of Agriculture and Resettlement Administrator. He is to become executive director of the American Molasses Company at a salary Wednesday.

He

told

me

also in to see

confidentially that he

reputed to be $35,000 a year. I am sorry to see Rex go. I think that he has been terribly misrepresented and abused by the public

and enemies of the Administration, but undoubtedly he has been a good deal of a political load for the President to carry.

press

Wednesday, November

Congressman Sirovich came in

him I

to see

me

last Friday,

just as embarrassingly friendly as ever.

had grown both in

ing to him,

I

am

to

his

and

He

told

and

25, I

1936

found

me how much

in the public's estimation, and, accord-

be the candidate for President in 1940.

that he was going to have a petition in support of

me

He

said

signed by a

lot of Congressmen and that he was going to talk to his friend Dave Stern about me. He thought that a good ticket would be Ickes and Earle. I did not tell him that Stern had made this identical suggestion to me two or three months ago. As he was leaving he asked me whether he had my authority to circulate such a petition, and I told him not to do anything without talking to me first. He really came in to see me in the interest of Congressman

Sam Rayburn,

of Texas,

who

is

a candidate for Majority Leader

The

io

at the next session.

Secret Diary of

Although he

is

Harold L. Ickes

himself a

Tammany man,

Siro-

not supporting John O'Connor and he says that O'Connor cannot be elected. According to him, some of the strong Tammany

vich

is

had intended

leaders are not friendly to O'Connor. Sirovich

to

bring Rayburn in with him and he asked me if I had any objection if he and Rayburn were to talk to Burlew on Saturday and then

me on Monday. Rayburn came in to see me on Monday, after having a talk with Burlew Saturday afternoon. We had a long and friendly talk and I got a better impression of him than I had had formerly. He seems to me to be a straight shooter. According to my view, he would see

be a

much

better Majority Leader than O'Connor, although I wish

that all of the important party posts to

men from

to help

him

the South. if I

I

told

and

could,

I

on the Hill did not have to go that I would be very glad

Rayburn

especially charged myself with re-

what the members of the Illinois Rayburn seems quite hopeful of success, President would not be sorry if he were

sponsibility for trying to find out

delegation propose to do.

and

I

suspect that the

chosen as leader.

Mayor La Guardia to ask

me

the speech is

whether

when

thing about

He

it.

called

me by

telephone from

New

York today

knew anything about Harry Hopkins making

the Bellevue Hospital addition

PWA

a $4 million

and

I

project. I told

him

said that he thought

that I it

is

dedicated. This

know anydamned outrage

did not

was a

that he was raising hell at his end. Later I called Tuttle, our

I did not want him or any other have anything to do with the dedication. I found that he, too, has been raising hell, with the result that he was asked to make a short speech and was told that I would be requested to write a letter to be read at the ceremonies.

State Director,

member

and

of the

told

PWA

him

that

staff to

Of course, I shall do no such thing. I think that it is rotten taste on Hopkins' part to horn in on a PWA project. Senator Nye called me by telephone today. This was the first that I had heard from him since I telegraphed him eloquently urging him to come out in support of the President. He gave me some drool about the complicated situation that existed in North Dakota and seemed to think that, considering all the circumstances, he had done very

well.

n

Accident in an Automobile

Sunday, December

6,

1936

Thanksgiving Day and the following Friday, Saturday, and Sunday, I spent at home doing no work at all. I needed this rest and I

welcomed it. It did me a great deal of good. Last Tuesday I had promised to speak at the cornerstone-laying ceremonies of the clinic and laboratory building of the Medical College of Virginia, at Richmond, which PWA had helped to finance. I asked Mr. Burlew to go down with me. We left the Department a little before nine o'clock and in what seemed to me to be plenty of time, since I was not due in Richmond until elevenfifteen. As usual, Carl drove very fast. I don't blame him for this because clearly I have been responsible. Usually I don't allow more than just enough time to make a destination and I like to travel at a high rate of speed anyhow. But this day the disaster that we have so narrowly avoided on other occasions closed in on us. About four or five miles this side of Stratford Courthouse we saw ahead of us a truck which was coming toward us from Richmond in the left lane, which was our lane. The truck had no right to be there and as Burlew and I recalled the circumstances later, it had been in that lane for some two or three hundred yards from the time that we first saw it. Meanwhile, Carl had clamped on his brakes hard and at the last minute he swerved sharply to the left in an attempt to make the middle lane, which was clear. We were traveling at such a high rate of speed, the brakes went on so suddenly, and the turn was so sharp that we could not hold our course. The car, heavy as it was, began to sway and it was clear that it was out of control. We flung across the road and struck a Ford car which was traveling north. We struck it in front and the impact was terrific. We practically ruined the Ford and our own car was badly damaged. The effect of this impact was to straighten us out. This was fortunate because our speed was such that it was clear

At

we were going this

off the road.

point there was a sharp

my mind

embankment of from we were going to

thirty to

roll and had not been for the collision with the us straight. We went down the declivity at forty-five degrees, although still upright on our four distance of about twenty-five feet we came to a stop.

forty feet. I felt sure in

we would have rolled Ford car. That kept

that

if it

an angle of wheels. At a We had been badly shaken. My glasses were broken into small pieces but fortunately my face was not cut. I had a cut from flying

The

72

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

on my left hand which bled rather profusely and I received some severe contusions, notably on my right hip and my left hand and arm. Except for a few unimportant bruises on other parts of the body, this was all that happened to me. Burlew's head struck against the top of the car and he, too, was bruised. Carl, who at first I thought had been seriously hurt, escaped with a bad bruise in his back. The man driving the car that we struck was from Brooklyn. His wife was hurt worse than anyone else and he himself had some very bad cuts and bruises. A car from Alexandria on its way to Richmond stopped. The owner kindly offered to take us to Richmond, and Burlew and I continued with him after leaving Carl to get the second car from Washington and to look after the wreck. I got to Richmond a little late but not so much so as to delay the program. My hand was still bleeding and badly swollen, but I had had Burlew tie a clean handkerchief around it. The ceremonies were held in an old Episcopal church near the campus of the medical college. I didn't let down until I was seated on the platform. Then I began to feel the shock. I didn't know whether I could get through with my speech but managed to do it without anyone's noticing that I wasn't all right. I had my cap and gown on and before stepping up to the glass

rostrum

want I

I

took the handkerchief

to attract

noticed that

off

any attention. As

my hand had

I

my

hurt hand because

stood there reading

started to bleed again but

it

I

my

didn't

speech

was of no

consequence. After the ceremonies we went back to the medical college where one of the doctors dressed my hand and bandaged it. He also had an X ray taken, which showed no bones had been fractured or ligaments sprained. Tuesday night I began to feel the full effects of what I had been through, both nervously and physically. I couldn't lift my left arm. It pained me from hand to shoulder and my right hip was very sore. I stayed in bed all day Wednesday and Thursday. On Friday I went to the office, but I was feeling bad and I couldn't stick it out later than noon, when I went home and to bed again. On Saturday I was at the office only a couple of hours. Again I went

home and to bed. Mrs. Hiram Johnson accident and she called

she learned of the

days in succession

and Hiram went to Miami Beach. She was pleasant and friendly as if we had been on cordial terms with-

thereafter until she as

me up as soon as me up for two or three

called

Interview with Frank

Knox

i$

out interruption. She couldn't have been nicer. She asked me to have my car stop at her house and she sent me out three bottles of wine and several detective stories. Hiram is a great reader of detective stories

and always has a surplus supply. Thursday, December 10, 1936

I

am

much

really in very

bad shape these

days.

Never have

trouble sleeping. Dr. Sexton yesterday gave

I

had

so

me some new

I took just about twice what he had told with barely any result. I called him up today and he said that he had never known anybody to take such a dose. He is going to send me over something different. There isn't any doubt that I am hanging over the ropes so far as my nerves are

sleeping dope. Last night

me

to take

and

still

I was in bad shape before that automobile accident and have been much worse off since. I don't seem to be able to get hold of myself, although I am taking things as easily as possible and leaving my office about the middle of the afternoon each day. Following the accident I spent two or three days in bed, but I guess the shock was more severe than I had thought. All my bruises are clearing up except the one on my right hip. Curiously enough that is still quite sore, so much so that I cannot lie on that side. There seem to be some ridges under the skin that ought not to be there and if they don't disappear in a day or two I will see a doctor about them. I am going to Chicago this afternoon for a day or two.

concerned.

I

Tuesday, December I

15,

1936

reached Chicago Friday morning and went at once to Dr. Wes-

where Dr. Virgil Wescott examined my eyes. This is I have had trouble with my eyes since I came to Washington, owing to the fact that I have worked long hours by artificial light. From there I went across the river to the Daily News Building to call on Frank Knox, having made an appointment with him by telephone. He certainly looks well, and if he has any regrets over the result of the campaign, he didn't show them. We had quite a long and satisfactory talk, reminiscing a good deal about the campaign. I made the remark that the trouble with the Republican campaign was the man that had been selected for the head of the ticket. I could see that Frank agreed with this, as he naturally would since he was a candidate for that place himself. I think that Knox made cott's office,

the third or fourth time that

The

14

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

some major blunders during the campaign in his speeches, but at that he would have been a more forceful candidate, in my judgment, than Landon. I told him also that I thought the Republicans had overlooked a very good bet in not attacking us on the overlapping and duplication and wastefulness in the executive departments. He took occasion to say to me what he has written to me, namely, that he thought I had done a fine job as Public Works Administrator and that he had heard no suggestion of anything wrong except in connection with the Colorado River project in Texas, and that he had paid no attention to this charge since he did not believe

Knox

it.

it was clear from the election that the people wanted old-age pensions and that they also wanted the Government to assume responsibility about unemployment. He resented the fact that his ticket had had to carry the load of its very rich

said that

contributors.

suspect that the election has

I

Knox admit

made

other conserva-

day of rugged gone forever and that the Government is charged with responsibility to improve certain social processes. tives as well as

individualism

to themselves that the

is

Sunday, December 20, 1936

The

President got back at nine o'clock last Tuesday night and I was among those who met him at the train. He looked wonderfully well and of course he was tanned. He asked me about my accident, as he did again in greater detail when I lunched with him on Wednesday. Grace Tully was on the train with him and I offered to drop her at her apartment. We sat in the car quite a while in front of her building talking about this and that. To tell the truth, I was not indisposed to feel her out about the immediate future so far as it might affect me, but she gave me no light on the subject. At that, I was careful not to come too close to the matter. We did talk about some people who had fallen away from the President, such as Moley, Lew Douglas, and others, and she remarked that he was now absolutely independent and could do as he pleased. Wednesday morning at nine-thirty the funeral of Gus Gennerich was held in the East Room of the White House and I went, as did other members of the Cabinet and prominent officials. I lunched with the President that day. Plainly he was pleased with the result of his trip to Buenos Aires. He told me that in all three countries where he had stopped, namely, Argentina, Brazil,

A Bad Morning

for Roosevelt

15

and Uruguay, the people along the routes kept shouting "Democracy! Democracy!" When he asked what this meant he was told that he was regarded as the defender of the democratic system

and that they were declaring their preference for a democracy as opposed to fascism or communism. He thinks that his trip strengthened the democratic sentiment throughout the world and has had favorable repercussions among the peoples of Europe. However, the speech he made at Buenos Aires was not permitted to be

Germany

printed either in

We

or Italy.

talked of Public Works, the subject being brought

fact that I

approve

submitted to him a large

this list,

but

list

I

up by

the

think he will

suggested that he might want to issue a

I

statement indicating his future policy.

much money we had

of projects.

left in the

He wanted

know how

to

revolving fund and gave

me

to un-

derstand that his idea was to approve projects that would begin next fall and carry into or through the winter. I think this is a

him that I could not conscientiously recommend we go ahead with Public Works on the basis that we have been operating. I have no intention of making a fight for an

good to

idea. I told

him

that

additional appropriation by Congress for Public Works, although

am

in favor of a

permanent public works

me that the President's whole attitude much more friendly than it was last year,

is too. It seems toward Public Works

is

when

prevent

dent

I

had

to fight to

I

setup, as I think the Presi-

to

my

being pushed

off the

course alto-

comment on Public Works durgether. He heard so and he saw so many fine pubcriticism, ing the campaign, with no

much

favorable

works projects on his campaign tours, that I think he has had a change of heart with respect to them. He said that he had had a bad morning. Among other things, Pat Harrison and Congressman Doughton had a long session with him and, as he put it, each tried to outstay the other. He described Harrison as slouching in his chair with his feet on the desk. They discussed relief, and Harrison opined that, of course, whatever money was appropriated by Congress for relief should be distributed on the basis of population. The President said No, that it ought to be disbursed in proportion to need. He pointed out that the big relief problems were in the large cities and that that was

lic

where the bulk of it should go. He said that Washington is beginning to fill up with successful senatorial and congressional candidates, each with the idea in mind that he had carried the election. All are demanding patronage, and

The

16

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

there was evident a noted distaste in the President's tones

spoke of

when he

this.

I brought up the question of appointing a new Commissioner of Reclamation, and he again asked about Page, whom I have been urging upon him. Finally he said that I could send Page's name in

am very glad of this because I think Page will be an excellent appointment. He has been Acting Commissioner since Dr. Mead died and that Bureau has gone on without the slightest friction. Moreover, Page has been a good deal in the West during the last few months and everywhere he has gone he has made a very for this place. I

favorable impression

The

upon

President told

unemployment census

me

those

that

quire considerable time in

who

are interested in reclamation.

Roper and Perkins were urging an would cost $15 million and would rethe taking. Thousands of persons would

that

have to be trained to take the census. He said that he didn't believe such a census would give us the information that we wanted. He favors a system of registration, which would give every person a chance to register, probably at the post offices. Here they would be required to fill in questionnaires which would show not only

what they could do but the degree of their need for a job. Then he would have local nonpartisan boards of appeal to which a registrant could go if he felt he was not being fairly treated. I endorse this idea heartily because I, too, have been against an unemployment census. I see no more difficulty in registering the unemployed than in registering voters and that is done in every big city in the country. Moreover, this could be done much more quickly and at decidedly less expense than would be entailed in a census. The President is now in favor of a Government building program for Washington. I have been urging this on him for at least two years. He said he wished that Congress would provide for so many square feet of space and then leave it to the Executive to determine what to build and where to build. This, of course, would be an excellent idea. He is disgusted with the abdication of King Edward. He thinks that Edward should have gone through with his coronation. In the meantime, he might have married Mrs. Simpson, but nevertheless he alone would have been crowned. Then through the court registry he could have announced that his wife was to be known as

He thinks that Edward could have forced me that he and his immediate group on the

the Duchess of Cornwall. this situation.

He

told

Indianapolis, in talking over the prospects before the abdication,

all

Should Cabinet Members Resign?

i-j

guessed wrong. Every one of them, including the President, be-

King Edward would still be on the throne on January 1. word to indicate his attitude on his next Cabinet, although in mentioning the "tiresome" interviewers whom he had had that morning he included Dan Roper. When I got back to the office Harry Slattery told me an interesting incident. He said that recently the President had unofficially sent a small delegation to Canada to discuss with Premier King the question of the St. Lawrence Canal. These men came back and reported to the President. He expressed impatience with all of the delay that there has been, and remarked that if Harold Ickes had been in charge of the matter, something would have been done long ago. Harry says that he had this from one of the men who was present at the time the statement was made. To go back a step. Just before Cabinet meeting on Friday I stopped in to see Miss Le Hand and found her alone. I asked her when the resignations of the Cabinet officers ought to go to the President and she said she didn't know. In discussing the matter she remarked that she thought it would be a proper thing for them to resign, and I told her that I thought it was customary. I said also that Roper, in response to a question at his press conference, had declared that he didn't intend to resign. She threw back her head with that characteristic laugh of hers and said: "He would be the very man who would make that statement." I then told her that I thought I would send my resignation in next week, and she said if I should do that, she would suggest to the President that he let lieved that

The

President said not a

leak out through Steve Early that the Cabinet resignations were beginning to come in. it

Now, to come back to Corcoran. He told me that he had learned from "Missy" Le Hand that I was going to hand in my resignation and that "Missy" had made the remark to him that "the one man in the Cabinet who had nothing to worry about was the first one to talk about sending in his resignation." From what Miss Le Hand intimated, and from what Corcoran more openly said, the President does want to get rid of Dan Roper. I have had a feeling for some time that he has little standing with the President, and he does try so hard to ingratiate himself. Corcoran also thinks that Woodring will go, and I have learned indirectly that Woodring thinks he will be kept. I hope not, especially if I

am

to stay on. I don't quite

cept to say that he

is

know how

to describe

a very self-important person

Woodring

who

ex-

has great

The

18

Secret Diary of

capacities for pomposity.

Tom would like

He

is

Harold L. Ickes

distinctly second- or third-caliber

made

He

thinks that he

for the

War. Government to

lose

and that he would put the War Department on

a business basis.

material.

We

is

to see Jesse Jones

too valuable a

man

Secretary of

did not discuss other Cabinet appointments, but Corcoran

how absurd

it was for Henry Wallace even to presume bureaus in his Department. He agreed with me that Henry has no control over his bureaus and no real knowledge of what they are doing. They are, in effect, independent agencies

did bring in

to speak for all the

within a department, a very bad state of of Wallace's time

is

in addition to that,

affairs.

He

said that all

up with AAA matters, and, of course, he has no inclination or liking for executive taken

work.

The Cabinet meeting on Friday was one of the most interesting we have ever held. The President brought up the matter of an unemployment census which he had discussed with me the day before at luncheon. He restated his views. Both Roper and Perkins argued for a census, but in the end the President backed them down. During the campaign it appeared to me that there ought to be more uniform and more general laws permitting absentee registration and voting by mail. So I had asked Poole, one of my Assistant summarize the situation in the various states. This sent to the President. He brought this up at Cabinet to get suggestions as to what might be done. Plainly, he was interested. The Vice President suggested that Congress might pass a resolution putting it up to the states to adopt uniform laws on Solicitors,

summary

to

I

the subject.

had

The

President passed the Poole

mings and asked him

The

memorandum

check and make suggestions. President also talked about a building program.

to

Cum-

to

He

wants a

program and he suggested that Morgenthau, Acting Director of the Budget Bell, and I get together and present him with a plan. He spoke of the new War Building as being already under way. While we were discussing the building program, the question of the new Interior Building came up and I was very much pleased with the enthusiastic comments made by several members of the Cabinet. The President remarked that my new building was costfive-year

ing

about

sixty-five

cents

a

cubic

foot

as

against

twice

that

group of buildings on Constitution Avenue. As a matter of fact, Mr. Delano told me afterward that the cost of these other buildings was $1.50 per cubic foot, which makes an even more favorable showing. In addition, some of the members of

amount

for the

Constitutionality of

the Cabinet

commented on

To my view,

PWA

19

new

the beauty of the

Interior Build-

and others are coming to see that too. It seems to me to be the most useful and the most economical office building that the Government owns in ing.

it is

beautiful architecturally,

Washington.

Up

to this time,

when gold has come

rope, the Treasury has paid for

it

ceiving these gold certificates can use six times their value.

The

the Treasury will actually

buy

this

This

from Eu-

The banks

re-

for credit purposes for

new

policy

had been

sort of thing. Hereafter,

the gold, paying for

another effort to prevent inflation. President asked Homer Cummings about the

bills.

The

them

President said that a

agreed upon which would prevent

term

into the country

in gold certificates.

it

in short-

is

Supreme Court. Cummings

Duke Power

it was the most absurd thing yet. I raised the question whether a petition for a reargument should not be filed. I said that, of course, the Court would undoubtedly deny this motion but that it would give an

case decision in the

opportunity to make

it

clear to the country

said that

how

trivial a techni-

Court had relied upon for its decision to remand for a new trial. Cummings said that he understood my point of view but that he was in favor of asking for a mandate sending the case back to be tried by the District Court as soon as possible. According to Cummings, the Supreme Court arrived at its decision in this case for one of two reasons either the Court was split four to four again and didn't want to make this fact known, or the cality the

—

Duke Power Company on the Court suggested a new trial as a temporary way out. In any event, a new trial will not bring out a single additional fact. Neither side asked for a new trial and neither side has any additional facts to introduce. All the decision means is that it will probably be another year now before we know whether PWA is constitutional and whether we have any right to advance money for municipal power projects. One curious thing about the opinion, which was a per curiam one, is that the Court solemnly declared that there was no emergency anyhow. This in spite of the fact that PWA was set up by Congress in the belief that there was an emergency and that money should be spent as majority of the Court was in favor of the side of the case

and our

friends

quickly as possible in order to help to bring back recovery.

At Cabinet meeting the President said that when we went out hoped that it would be no longer possible to say that a

in 1940, he

handful of

men

controlled the business of the country.

He

wants a

The

20

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

Federal corporation law passed. This has the hearty approval of the Vice President and, of course, the rest of us are in favor of it. The idea is for a law that will require the registration under Federal

doing interstate business. There was some what such a law might contain and still stand the discussion as to test of constitutionality, and the Attorney General was instructed statute of every concern

to look into the matter.

A surprising

thing happened at Cabinet meeting.

The

Vice Presi-

effect: "With all due reWalton Moore, and you, Claude Swanson, and alTexas and all my ancestors came from Virginia and

dent suddenly, out of a clear sky, said in spect to you, R.

though

I live in

states, I am in favor of an antilynching law." Then he went on to insist that some measure of justice should be accorded to the Negroes. Of course, my stand on the Negro question is well known. I have been in advance of every other member of the Cabinet, and the Negroes recognize this. So I was gratified to hear expressions of approval from other members of the Cabinet, including Roper, who is from South Carolina. It begins to look as if real justice and opportunity for the Negro at long last might begin to come to him at the hands of the Democratic party, which Negroes

other southern

swung over numbers in 1932, a swing which was more accentuated in this last campaign in spite of money and every desperate effort on the part of the Republicans to drive the Negro voters back into the Republican fold where they had been since they were

have scorned

as a political instrumentality until they

to Roosevelt in large

enfranchised.

White House again yesterday with Delano and Mernumber of matters connected with the Natural Resources Board that he wanted to discuss and we had a I

was

at the

riam. Mr. Delano had a

very satisfactory session.

Among

other things that

was the proposal made by Harry Slattery

we took up

some time ago that the

President call a conference of the governors of

all

the states to

This plan has been blocked so far by Henry Wallace. I do not know why, unless it is jealousy on his part that anyone not connected with the Department of Agriculture should presume to have any thoughts on conservation. Before he went to Buenos Aires, the President had set January 22 as a possible date for this conference, but it cannot now be arranged before discuss conservation.

and the President now suggests March 4 and 5. He Delano and me to take it up again with Wallace. the President adheres to his present ideas and can get through

that time told If

Santa Clauses on Supreme Court

Congress his reorganization plan, the

name

of

2/

my Department

be changed to that of Department of Conservation and servation activities will be transferred to

it.

That

all

will

con-

will prevent

overlapping and clashing and jealousies in the future.

Thursday, December 24, 1936

Monday

night. I had accepted an infrom Eugene Meyer, publisher of the Washington Post, for his cocktail party just before dinner. I was talking to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., when Mr. Meyer came up to introduce Governor Landon to him. I hadn't seen him approach, but Landon and I recognized each other and promptly shook hands. He scarcely more than acknowledged the introduction to Mr. Rockefeller and then I

went

to the

Gridiron dinner

vitation

moved away. I got a glimpse of Gifford Pinchot out of the tail of my eye as we were checking our hats and coats, but he made a quick getaway before we saw each other face to face. I don't know whether he saw me or not. Also in Mr. Meyer's room I introduced myself to John Hamilton, chairman of the Republican National Committee. There was a pleasant interchange between us. He said something to the effect that I had hit him harder than anyone else during the campaign, and I retorted that one did not waste one's blows on men who didn't amount to something. The Gridiron affair was the best of the sort that I have attended. Of course, the Republicans came in for a good razzing but so did the President and his Administration. One of the best stunts was on the Supreme Court. Nine men were decked out in full Santa Claus costumes, with the chief Santa Claus in the center. The suppliant wanted certain enumerated toys. Four Santa Claus justices declared the request to be unconstitutional in that it infringed on practically every clause in the Constitution, the infractions being enumerated. Four justices declared that the request was constitutional and ought to be granted as a matter of right. The Chief Justice said that he had been a boy once himself and that he couldn't

The resulting tie, four to four, meant no decision. Landon made a speech and he spoke well and in good spirit. He really made a very good impression on everyone. As Senator Guffey said to me on our way out: "If Landon had made as good speeches

vote.

as that during the campaign, it wouldn't have been so easy." A newspaper correspondent who sat at Burlew's table, and who had been with Landon all during the campaign, said it was the best speech that he had ever heard him make. It was clever, in good

The

22 taste,

and showed

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

a spirit of real sportsmanship without being whin-

ing or resentful or maudlin in any way.

And

yet,

when

I

got a look

Landon's face from the front as he turned in my direction, I could not but think of the caricature I have seen of him labeled at

"The Fox."

The

President was in unusually good form.

He

started his speech

and he gave the impression that he might continue throughout in that language. However, after two or three sentences, he switched to English. His speech was witty and graceful and appropriate from every point of view, even though he didn't spare two or three real digs at the newspapers. One remark that he made took especially well. He asked this question: "If John Hamilton is worth twenty-five thousand a year [the salary recently voted him by the Republican National Committee] for carrying two states, what salary should Jim Farley get?" As usual, the affair was too long, and at no previous dinner have people been crowded so closely at the tables. One really had insufficient room to ply one's knife and fork properly. On my left was the in Spanish

Spanish Ambassador, to

whom

I

took occasion to express

my

very

Government. He was formerly a college professor, then the Minister of Education under the Republic, then Foreign Minister, and now Ambassador to the United States. He was a fine-looking man and made a good impression on me. On my right sat our Ambassador to Mexico, Josephus Daniels. We had many things to talk about but on many occasions I wished that he at least were both deaf and dumb because he has the habit, which to me is excruciatingly annoying, of prodding a person when he has a remark to make. This he varied by putting his left arm around my shoulders while he grasped my right forearm firmly with his right hand. This sort of physical contact simply makes cold chills run up and down my spine. Cabinet meeting was on Tuesday this week instead of Friday. Again it was interesting and lasted for the full two hours. Roper always furnishes more amusement than anyone else, even if he is unconscious about it, and Tuesday proved no exception. He labored long to explain his difficulty in refraining from sending out certain documents which apparently called for information with respect to seamen. It had been thought that this was a bad time to send out these booklets on account of the maritime strike, and Miss Perkins had assured the strike leaders that they would not be sent out. However, they have been going out and Roper was hard

real

sympathy

for the Spanish

A Department

of Conservation

2}

how

it happened. It seems that someone in both the President and Jim Farley distrust, opened the floodgates and now it is too late to close them. During the give-and-take on this subject Jim Farley wrote this on a pad of paper and showed it to me: "Some day there will be a big scandal in the Department of Commerce." He whispered to me

put his

to

it

to explain

Department,

whom

that Roper had not cleaned out his Department and that the situation with respect to the ocean mail contracts was terrible. The President brought to Cabinet with him the report of his

Reorganization Committee and he gave us the outline of the plan. As he had already told me, it calls for the change of the name of this Department to that of Department of Conservation, and the addition of a Department on Public Works and one on Public Welfare.

The

est possible

duties of the departments are described in the broad-

general terms, and

it

is

contemplated that a continu-

ing power will be given to the President to shift bureaus and agencies, subject to disapproval by Congress within a reasonable time. All of us approved the plan heartily in principle,

consensus of opinion that

reforms was to carry,

it

if

and

it

was the

a bill carrying out these administrative

should be introduced early in the session.

There was a discussion as to which committees the bill should go to in the Senate and House, respectively. Henry Wallace pricked up his ears at the suggestion made of the new name for this department and the statement of the duties with which it would be charged. Plainly, he was fearful that Forestry and perhaps one or two other of his bureaus would be transferred to the new Department of Conservation. He expressed the opinion that it would be unfortunate if opposition to the bill were stirred up because of certain suspected changes. The President refused to discuss any details, insisting that he might do anything or nothing under the plan. Finally Henry had to be content with the general observation that on his part he would regret it if any of the agricultural activities of his Department should be taken away. Of course, I know that the President has in mind to send Forestry, Biological Survey, Fisheries, and the CCC administration to the new Department of Conservation. I know, too, that minds can change. I hope this will not occur in this instance. I had an appointment with the President yesterday and I went over a little early because I wanted to have a talk with Miss Le Hand. We went into the Cabinet room where we could be alone and I showed her my resignation as Secretary of the Interior. She

The

24

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

it and said it was all right, adding that I was probably the first and only member of the Cabinet who would resign. Then I sealed it and gave it to her to hand to the President. When I went in to see the President, the first thing he said after greeting me was that he had received a very formal, official document from me. He told me to go ahead and move into my new building. I thanked him very sincerely for what he had said. He put his left hand on my forearm and in an affectionate manner said: "You and I have a lot of things to do yet." I told him how much I appreciated the opportunity that he had given me when he first appointed me and that it was difficult for me to express my real

read

feelings at this continued evidence of his confidence in

we had a want me to

again that didn't

and that injunction ting

it

down

The on

in this

He

said

except that

I

am

set-

memorandum.

me

that he was not going to keep

War. He

said:

"Harry

is

Woodring

—

a nice fellow but

." I

understood that Woodring expected to stay on, but when he appointed him, it was understood was to be only a temporary appointment. He didn't say

him

told

I shall strictly follow,

President told

as Secretary of

me.

do yet. He told me that he say anything about the matter to anyone, lot of things to

I

the President said that that

it

whom, if anybody, he had in mind for this place. Then he said that he was in a quandary about Dan Roper. He told

me

that his

Department was

in

bad shape and always had been,

repeating what Jim had already told me, namely, that Roper hadn't cleaned out the Department. He added that Roper didn't know

what was going on in his own Department and lacked firmness. He said that if Roper hadn't been so prominently identified with the Ku Klux Klan in 1928, he would send him to the Philippines as Governor General, but that he couldn't very well send lic

country.

He

said he liked

Dan but

it is

him

to a Catho-

evident that he wants

He did not mention any other members which confirms the conclusion that I had already come to, namely, that there will be only one or two changes. The two he discussed are the two that I have had in mind. to

make

a change there.

of the Cabinet,

I really

tremendously gratified that the President wants me would feel at a loss if I should give up this place and

am

to stay on. I

keen to continue, especially if I am to get a real Department of Conservation. So far as public works are concerned, I am willing to give them up, and if I am going to give them up, this is the best I

am

Mellon Gives Away His Art

25

There hasn't been a breath of scandal in connection with my administration of Public Works. I have advocated putting Public Works on a permanent basis and if that is done, I will not only have pointed the way but I will have established policies and set precedents for a long time to come. I have been feeling for some time that this is a good time for me to get out. Of course, if the President had let me go, it would have had the appearance of a lack of confidence in me, and that I would not have enjoyed. Harry and Barbara Hopkins called on me this morning to wish me a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. They tried to find my house last Sunday to call on me but they got lost. I thought it was very nice indeed of them to call. I have seen Harry once or twice lately and we are on the friendliest possible terms personally. As a matter of fact, I have no intention of pressing for a further or even a continued public works program so far as I am concerned. The President has in mind to go ahead with some sort of a program, but whether he proposes any change in the administration even if a new department is set up, I have no means of knowpossible time.

ing.

This year I which

lection

am I

sending to the President some stamps for his

col-

think he will be very glad to have.

Sunday, January

Wu

3,

ipjy

died and Bill McCrillis has

I have been wanting a dog ever since persuaded me to buy a Great Dane. He has two himself and the other day he brought a friend of his, who owns a number and who is an enthusiast on the subject of Great Danes, to show me a tremendously big one that he has. Her hind legs seemed to be a little weak or otherwise I would probably have bought her on the spot

because

I

liked her. As

it is, I

am

still

considering the matter.

Cabinet meeting was on Tuesday afternoon. The President told us of a letter he had received from Andrew W. Mellon, offering to build a national art museum in Washington, endow it, and make it over to the Government with his collection of paintings and sculp-

which I believe is one of the finest in the world. The entire run to $45 or $50 million. This art collection, and MelIon's intention to give it to the Government, figured largely in the suit of the Government against Mellon for alleged evasion of his income taxes. One of his defenses was that he had set aside this art collection, intending to give it to the Government and that, ture,

gift will

26

The

therefore, certain

sums should be deducted from his gross return That case is now pending before the

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

as charitable contributions.

Board of Tax Appeals. Naturally the question was raised in the Cabinet whether Mel-

was pending was calculated to of Tax Appeals. Apparently the record shows that he had never made any formal tender of his art collection to the Government, so that when he took these deductions, he himself owned the objets d'art. However, it was the opinion of everyone that this would be a fine collection for the Government to have and that it ought to be accepted. Vice President Garner said that in his opinion while Mellon was Secretary of the Treasury, he made several millions of dollars which no Secretary of the Treasury could properly have made, and he added that the Government would be getting back something, at any rate, if Ion's offer at this time while this suit

influence the opinion of the

we took

this art collection.

Board

The

papers this morning print

letters

that have passed between the President

and Mr. Mellon and recite that Mellon called on the President last Thursday to discuss the terms under which the gift would be made. Undoubtedly it will be a fine thing to have a national art gallery in this country, and the Mellon collection will give a gallery of high rank at the very start. Again there was discussion at the Cabinet meeting about constitutional difficulties in the way of certain social reforms which the country ought to have. The President wondered whether the Supreme Court was not now stalling for time. Such a query is not out of place in view of the decision of the Court to send back for a new trial the Duke Power case. The Court may be trying to tire us out, or it may be delaying in the hope that there will be a shift in public sentiment at the Congressional elections two years hence. At any rate, the situation is a difficult one. If the Court is hedging, it wouldn't be any too easy to raise an issue and take the case to the people. With the knocking out of the NRA Act, we are again in an era of child labor, long hours, and inadequate wages. Miss Perkins remarked that wages were shortening and hours were lengthening and that there was more and more employment of young children. The President is undoubtedly interested in abolishing child labor and in laws providing for minimum wages and maximum hours.

The President is concerned about the high price of wheat. The Chicago price for May wheat on Tuesday, as I recall it, was $1.37 a bushel. Henry Wallace said that winter wheat conditions are very

A Rich Man Talking Like

a

New

Dealer

27

bad indeed on account of extremely dry weather. What is bothering all of us is the fact that although wheat is very high now, the farmer, when he sold his crop, got much lower prices. Doubtless he is going to think that something is wrong with an economic system which gives to speculators a greater profit on his wheat than he himself receives. I met Walter Jones in the White House offices the other day. Jones lives in Columbus, Ohio, and apparently is a very rich man with large oil interests. I have seen more or less of him during the past four years, especially when I was Oil Administrator. I thought

then that he was an employee of Mike Benedum, of Pittsburgh. Benedum on more than one occasion. I didn't

Certainly he spoke for

know until recendy that he was a very rich man in his own right. During the last campaign he stuck with Roosevelt, but Benedum went over to the other side. Jones was the largest contributor to the Democratic campaign fund. He gave over Si 00,000. I met him during the campaign when I spoke at Columbus and I asked him then about Benedum. From my short talk with him I gathered that he really had some idea of what was involved in the President's social and economic program. He had tried to persuade Benedum that it was better to pay taxes which, while high, would not really hurt him at all than to run the risk of having most, if not all, of his fortune taken away from him. He really talked like a

New

Dealer.

was that as we sat in the President's had been at a big oil meeting in Tulsa, Oklahoma. There were a couple of thousand oil men gathered there and he said that I would have been pleased if I had heard the expressions about myself. He remarked that men in the oil industry have at last come to realize what my work as Oil Administrator did for them in saving the industry from total collapse and in putting oil prices back where oil could be produced, processed,

But what

outer

office

I

started to say

he told

me

that he

and sold at a profit. Judge McNinch, Chairman

Power Commission, he is quite suspicious of Basil Manly, a member of the Commission, and from what he tells me, Manly doesn't want me to touch power at any point. Apparently Manly is not at all keen about me. So far as I am concerned, his feeling is reciprocated. I frankly ceased to trust Manly some time ago and I find that there is a general feeling of suspicion of him, his doings, and his motives on the part of the liberal members of the has also been in to see me.

of the Federal

I find that

The

28

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

McNinch and Wolfsohn and Morris Llewellyn Cooke and Harry Slattery and Lilienthal and others who

Administration. This includes

power matters. it was Manly who persuaded the President to call the power-pooling conference at the White House during the campaign. McNinch wasn't consulted about this and I was not only are interested in It

appears that

was not invited to attend or to send a representaAdministrator of Public Works, although in both capacities I have a very active interest in power matters. At the time I wrote to the President calling his attention to this oversight, but he replied that it was only a preliminary not consulted,

I

tive as Secretary of the Interior or

conference and that

The

we would be

consulted

later.

inspiration back of this conference seemed to be furnished

by the power

interests,

the plan being to

come

to

some under-

standing by which Government power would be pooled with vate

power instead

of the

the lowest possible price. This pooling

impression

wants

me

upon everyone except to suggest

to

the

pri-

own product at conference made a very bad private interests. McNinch

Government

selling

its

the President that he revivify

the Na-

Power Policy Committee, of which I am Chairman, or set up a new group to formulate a power policy for the Government for submission to him for his consideration. He does not want Manly to be in on this. I shall discuss this matter with the President at my next opportunity and if occasion offers, I am likely to tell him that Mr. Manly is not viewed with any great degree of trust by other members of his Administration. My own guess is that one of these days Mr. Manly will resign from the Federal Power Commission and take a job with the power interests at a large salary. That is, he will do this if he makes himself sufficiently useful to the power interests in the meantime and is given the opportunity that, perhaps unjustly, in my heart I suspect him of tional

wanting.

Burlew told me the other day that he believed it is Manly who blocking the appointment of John C. Page as Commissioner of Reclamation. I have been urging Page for months and only recently the President told me that he would appoint him. However, the last time I saw the President he said that he was having Page's testimony before "the Senate committee" looked up. The hearing at which Page testified was on a bill of which Manly appears to have been the inspirer, if not the author. This bill, without consulting is

Ickes for President

29

Reclamation, would have taken away from that bureau all control over its own power projects in the far Northwest. I demanded a hearing and sent Page up as a witness. The bill died. The President had never said anything to me about its being an Administration measure and I felt justified in opposing it through Page. This would give Manly a motive for fighting Page. I am going to try to force this issue also the next time

I

see the President.

stopped in to see Miss Le Hand recently to get the album containing the National Park stamps that I had given to the President for Christmas, in order to include the large issue of imperforates which were not in the album as originally prepared. She I

me that my resignation was the only one from the Cabinet that had so far been sent in and her guess was that it would be the only one. Congressman Maverick's statement that he was for me for Presilaughingly told

dent in 1940 and that his intention was to organize Ickes for President clubs was published rather widely. Some letters have come in

me on

to

My own

the subject

and

there has been

some

editorial

comment.

were a candidate, it was a mistake for Maverick to come out when he did. Fawcett, of the Star, was in the other day and spoke of this statement. I told him how I felt about it and he said he didn't think that the statement had done any harm. He told me that he had heard many favorable comments. Harry Slattery had gone to his home in South Carolina for Christmas and after his return he went to a party attended by a lot of newspapermen. He told me that I would be surprised at the favorable comments that were being made about me. I still think that the Maverick statement was ill-advised and badly timed, but since I all

feeling was that even

am

if I

not a candidate, and don't expect to be, no

harm

after

has been done.

On New

Year's

Day

I

went

surprise, Mrs.

Pittman got

me

The first was at Much to my and told me how much

to three receptions.

the apartment of Senator Alva

Adams,

of Colorado.

in a corner

she admired me. She spoke in very complimentary terms of

paign speeches.

The

my

cam-

second reception was at Lieutenant Colonel

last at Cissy Patterson's. At the three I met some of my friends whom I really like. Cissy's, of course, was the largest and the most brilliant, with champagne flowing freely. I didn't take a drink at any of the receptions. Cissy's daughter, Felicia, was home from Paris for the holidays.

Watson's and the

The

}0

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

Sunday, January Last Sunday afternoon Secretary Roper called.

me

He

10,

193J

said that he

had

two or three days, notably at the White House reception on the second, and that he just wanted to find out whether I was all right. I have never been able to make out how much milk of human kindness and how much policy there are in Dan's friendly affability. After all, it seemed just a little far-fetched for him to come all the way out to my house to see whether I was all right when he had no reason to think that I wasn't, and I suspect that there was some reason for this ostentatious show of friendship. Dan is full of guile. He is a professional glad-hander and greeter, the type that cultivates the art of walking on eggs without ever breaking a shell. Tuesday night was the annual dinner to the Cabinet at the White House. As in the past, it was dull and tiresome, although the food was better than usual. No champagne was served, which was a relief, because the White House serves only domestic wines and the champagne offered us at the last two dinners was something pretty not seen

for

terrible.

The guests all assembled in the East Room, as we did last year. The Hulls were absent because they have not yet returned from Buenos

Aires, but, with that exception, everyone, even Secretary Swanson, was there. I was standing with my back to Swanson talking to the Wallaces when I sensed that something had gone wrong. I looked around and Swanson was on the floor with two or three people clutching at him. He had been standing in line for a long time, and in his physical condition he cannot stand for long. Finally he began to weaken in his legs and his cane slipped on the smooth floor. He fell in a dead faint. He was promptly put into an armchair

and taken

out, with Mrs.

Roosevelt were coming they heard of all

it

Swanson following. The President and Mrs.

down

the hall just as this happened, but

in time to stop until

Swanson had been removed.

We

passed in line before the President and Mrs. Roosevelt as

if

nothing had happened and then went in to dinner. An aide was put into Swanson's seat at the table. Mrs. Swanson's place was on my right. After the soup she came cheerfully in. I asked her how the Secretary was and she said in an offhand way, "Oh, Claude is all right. He has had these fainting spells ever since he was twenty years old." Three-quarters of an hour later Muir, the chief usher,

came in to tell Mrs. Swanson White House for his home.

that the Secretary

had

just left the

F.D.R. Raises the Supreme Court Issue

$i

I am not very much enamored of the idea that the impression should go out to the country that the Cabinet is a group of senile, old people. Swanson's continued membership in the Cabinet, when everyone knows that he is neither physically nor mentally qualified

to serve,

must

create a

bad impression.

How I do dislike more who act coy and kittenish. Except in 1933 on the occasion that I drew Mrs. Wallace as my dinner partner, I have had most God-awful luck at these affairs. That is one reason why I look forward to them with such dread. After dinner, in the East Room, Mrs. Winant sat on my left. She I

took the wife of a general out to dinner.

women

is

of sixty or

the wife of former

man

Governor Winant, of

New

Hampshire, Chair-

of the Social Security Board. She was a life saver. She was

and straightforward and lacked all the flirtaold enough to be her mother. We did not get away from the White House until about a quarter to twelve. My car was the first to leave. It doesn't take me very long, unencumbered as I am by femininity, to make a getaway. These affairs take much more out of me than a hard day's work. I got to bed late, I slept badly, and I felt like the devil on Wednesday. Cabinet meeting was held Tuesday afternoon again. The President read us the draft of the message that he was to deliver before the joint session of Congress the next day on the state of the nation. I felt that this was a very able and subtle speech. It raised the Supreme Court issue very clearly and very cleverly but very inoffensively. The line that he took was that there had been cordial and effective co-operation between the legislative and executive branches of the Government during the past almost four years but that there had been lacking that co-operation on the part of the judiciary that the people had a right to expect. He invited co-operation from the judiciary and he remarked in passing that the function of legislating should be left to the Congress, where the Constitution intended it to be. I raised one point about the message. I asked the President whether he wanted to close the door on a possible constitutional amendment as completely as it seemed to me that he had closed it. Henry Wallace supported me in this position. The President insisted that his message didn't close the door on any method that it might be necessary to employ in order to put the Supreme Court in its place. It seemed to me that it did, but I could do no more than raise the point. The President's message was delivered before a joint session of

young and

attractive

tious coyness of the

woman who was

53

the Senate

The

Secret Diary of

and the House

in the

Harold L. Ickes

House

of Representatives

Wednes-

day afternoon at two o'clock, and members of the Cabinet, excepting again Hull and also Swanson, who wasn't able to attend, were there in a body, as usual. We were all dressed in our formal morning clothes, except Jim Farley, who wore a blue business suit. The President delivered his message as well as I have ever heard him speak. He had a great reception when he came in on the arm of his son Jim, and there was more enthusiasm shown during the delivery of the message than I have seen on any similar occasion. At two or three points there were actual cheers from the Members of Congress and the people in the galleries. I found myself yelling on one occasion, and that is something that I do not often do. It was clearly apparent that the message was well received, which

means that those who heard

— and certainly was a representwith —are in a mood to join

it

ative cross section of the people

this

issue

Supreme Court on its arrogant assumption of the right to overrule both Congress and the President in matters of legislation. The President told me afterward that it had been understood that the Supreme Court was to attend the joint session, but none of the justices showed up. The suspicion was that they had gotten a tip as to the

the contents of the message.

There is no doubt in my mind that this was an historic occasion. imagine that it was the first time in our history that a President of the United States in addressing Congress has sharply, even if politely, criticized the judicial branch of the Government. I am speaking only in an offhand way without having looked into the subject, but my impression is that this was the first time that any President since Andrew Jackson has even taken public issue with the Court. I believe that we are on the eve of an era where the powers of the Court will be much more strictly limited than they have been in the past. Surely it is becoming clearer every day to the country that under the absurd states' rights theory of the Supreme Court we cannot go forward as a nation and give the people that measure of social and economic justice to which they are entitled and with respect to which we are far behind many European counI

tries. I returned at once to my office after the adjournment of the session and was dictating when Colonel Mclntyre called me on the telephone. He said that he had persuaded the President that a poker game would be in order in celebration of the event that I have just described. Would I join this party at the White House? I would

Poker

at the

White House

jj

went over at once. The President was closeted in his studv with Louis Brownlow, Charles E. Merriam, and Luther Gulick, on his reorganization bill. After they were through, there filed into his office, in addition to myself, Harry Hopkins, Colonel Watson, Mclntyre, Steve Early, and the President's son Jim. The poker table was brought out, liquid refreshments, caviar and cheese were produced, and we sat down to our game. We played until half past seven and we had a very good time. As usual, I lost, but only S8.75, which was much smaller than my losings at one stage of the game. Everyone else lost, too, except "Pa" Watson, who won fifty cents, Harry Hopkins, who was the big winner, and the President, who came next. The President was plainly pleased over the reception that he had had at the Capitol. He told me that thousands of approving telegrams were coming in from all parts of the country. Before leaving my office I had dictated a letter to him telling him how I felt about his speech. Xaturallv I was enthusiastic about it because I want the Supreme Court put in its place. Thursday morning I called into my office all of my bureau chiefs, as well as Governor Winship, of Puerto Rico, and Governor Cramer, of the Virgin Islands, who happened to be in Washington. I told them that no one in the Interior Department was to ask any Sen-

and

I

did. I

ator or Representative to introduce a bill without ization. I

made

to represent

it

clear that as to these matters

me; that

I

my

prior author-

no one had power

did not propose to delegate any authority

except in case of a real emergency, in which event such a delegation would be in writing.

I also told them that the President would shortly cause to be introduced in Congress a bill giving him power to reorganize the executive departments. I warned them that that would be an Administration bill and that it would have the cordial support of the Interior Department. I cautioned them that anv lobbying against that bill would be the occasion for suspension under charges. In the afternoon Tom Corcoran came in to see me and, as usual, I had an opportunity to learn some inside stuff. In his message to Congress, the President laid stress upon the lack of co-operation on the part of the Court with the other branches of the Government and apparently shut the door to any amendment. Tom told me that it would require only thirteen states to block an amendment. He then proceeded to enumerate the states that would naturally be against a broadening amendment or in which money could be used

The

34

to defeat

it.

After

all,

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

perhaps he

right, yet it

is

the only course left to us

is

to enlarge the

me may

seems to

timately the Constitution will have to be amended. It

membership

that ul-

be that

of the Court,

but the President will have to be careful to appoint as the new members men who have a broad social and economic viewpoint. Concurrently, however, it seems to me that the Administration ought to support legislation that will more clearly limit and curtail the powers of the Court. At the very least, a law should be passed requiring a two-thirds or a three-quarters majority in order to declare a law unconstitutional.

appears that Ben Cohen

is to go into the Department of JusAttorney General to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Dickinson. This is an extremely important position

It

tice as Assistant

Cummings balked hard at this suggestion but apparently The President told me himself recently that he was planning to take Cohen away from me and put him in Justice. Cohen has been on my PWA legal staff, his particular duties having in Justice. it is

going through.

do with power matters. He is an exceedingly able lawyer and a At one time he was private secretary to my friend, Judge Julian W. Mack. He is quite shy and one of the most modest men that I have ever known, but there is no doubt of his legal ability and intellectual and moral integrity. Tom told me also that it was the plan of the President to name him (Tom) as personal counsel to himself when he reorganizes his White House staff. This wasn't news to me, either, because the President had already told me this. Another bit of information was that Harry Hopkins would no longer fight me. It has been quite apparent during the past few weeks that Harry Hopkins' attitude toward me is exceedingly friendly. I asked Tom what accounted for Hopkins' change of mind. He said that he had been made to realize that the Progressives in the to

liberal.

Administration should not fight each other; that they should stand

and horns facing the common enemy. Moreover, Hopkins has been greatly impressed with what I have done as PWA Administrator. He realizes how popular has been and how unpopular WPA. According to Tom, the evil genius of Hopkins was Pressman, his general counsel. Tom said that he knew what Hopkins, under the inspiration of Pressman, had done to block and fight and undermine me. Pressman has now gone as general counsel to John L. Lewis at $15,000 a year, and Tom hopes that he won't ruin Lewis as he said that he had almost ruined Rex in a circle with tails touching

PWA

Popularity of

PWA

55

Tugwell and Hopkins. Pressman kept stimulating Hopkins' ambitions. It was he who encouraged Harry to press himself forward at whatever cost and to try to scuttle PWA. Tom told me that my credit with the President had been mounting higher and higher every day and that I was going over the top. I reminded him that about two years ago my credit with the President had been at very low ebb indeed and I asked him what accounted for the change. He said that it was PWA. It appears that during the campaign the President actually had a chance to see something of what we have been doing under PWA and he was greatly impressed. Jim Farley kept urging him to dedicate more PWA projects. According to

Tom,

the President doesn't like clashes

my

among members

had proved that was right and that the President now knew that I had been right. He said further that during the campaign PWA was unassailable; that in the popular estimation it became more and more popular, while WPA became more and more unpopular. He told me that the plan had been deliberately to confuse PWA with WPA in the minds of the people and that the result was that PWA had carried WPA of his Administration but that in

case the event

I

through.

As I had supposed all along, Hopkins is to be Secretary of the proposed new Department of Public Welfare. Tom said something about former Governor McNutt, of Indiana, as Secretary of the Department of Public Works that the President is planning to

up

set

if

that I this

had some

work.

set the

him

his reorganization plan goes through. I told

that I did not think

Tom

regrets

fra/ikly

man for this place. I said further giving up PWA, because I had enjoyed

McNutt was

the

about ought not to

said that I

standard for Public Works for

all

feel that

I had had taken a

way; that

time; that I

new agency and established it on a firm and enduring basis. He said that any new man succeeding me would naturally vary from what had done but that no one could depart entirely from the standard had set; that it had been an original and successfullycarried-out enterprise; and that now I ought to undertake some other original job and carry it through to success. Of course, I have realized tiiis for some time, and as I have said to my confidants, I am willing to give up PWA and I think that it is time for me to give

I

that I

it

up. I certainly can never

and

it

is

make

a better record than

I

always wise to get out at the top. Moreover,

have made between

as

being Secretary of the Department of Public Works or of the De-

The

j6

Harold L. Ickes

Secret Diary of

partment of the Interior, enlarged and renamed Department of Conservation, I have no hesitation at all. The latter is what I continue to want.

According to Tom, Landis will resign from the Securities Exchange Commission. He will go either to Harvard Law School as dean or into the Treasury Department as Under Secretary. Apparently there are hopes that he will go into the Treasury. In that event, it may be possible to get rid of Oliphant, who has been general counsel to Henry Morgenthau. Tom says that Morgenthau will continue as Secretary of the Treasury until he voluntarily retires, and that there is no chance of that. This is my opinion, too. Tom believes that Oliphant has been the evil genius of Morgenthau just as Pressman was of Hopkins. He fills Morgenthau with all sorts of big ideas about himself and, under cover of Morgenthau's soaring ambitions, he runs the Department himself.

He

is

not a Progressive and he

is

more or

less to

a dangerous

man

please in

an

important place.

Governor Winant Board for at least a

will stay

on

Chairman

as

of the Social Security

Apparently he has consented to do this. I noticed that Mrs. Winant at the White House on Tuesday night on a couple of occasions referred to the fact that Governor Winant and she would be in Washington at least a few weeks longer. I quoted this remark to Tom Corcoran, who said that Mrs. Winant had been year.

Winant away. T^>m made another remark that interested me very much. He said that Henry Wallace was so filled with growing ambitions that he would be less of a dog in the manger than he had been in the past. By this he meant what others are saying, namely, that Wallace is

pulling very hard to get

taking himself seriously as a candidate for President in 1940.

meant

also that in

view of

this fact

Wallace might not

He

fight as stren-

uously as he otherwise would against the transfer of Forestry to the new Department of Conservation. Tom thinks that Silcox, Chief Forester, will not fight

it

ance will come from the

ment, but he

is

fully

very hard either.

men down

aware of the

He

says that the resist-

the line in the Forestry Depart-

fact that these

men

are, to all in-

and purposes, independent not only of Wallace but of the Chief Forester himself. They run their own show. They are not part of a cohesive organization controlled from the top, with the result tents

that they are rather completely out of hand.

We discussed secretarial staff.

the appointment of

The

Jim Roosevelt

to the President's

subject was brought up by Tom,

who remarked

F.D.R. Lonely in the White House

}j

would turn out all right. He said that much, with Anna in Seattle, and with

that he thought that even that

with Mrs. Roosevelt away so

Gus Gennerich gone, the President at times feels lonely. He wants someone near him in the White House. He wants to resume the father-and-son relationship. Jim is looking for a political career and the President saw an opportunity to give him political training. In response to a question from me, he declared that Betsy, as he called her, is the fine daughter of a fine father and that she has a proper social outlook. Her influence on Jim will be in the right direction. I was glad to have him say this about Mrs. Roosevelt because I have always liked her. Congressman Maverick came to see me the other day. I kidded him about launching a Presidential boom for me, and he said that I would be surprised at the number of favorable responses that he has had.

He

the utilities

is

"rarin' to go" in the

and the big

interests

new

Congress.

He

told

had poured money into

me how

his district

to defeat him. I asked him about the Vice President. He replied that Garner had been opposed to him until he was nominated and then he came around like a good sport and helped him get some money from National Headquarters for his campaign. He said that one admirable thing about the Vice President was that he had loyally supported the President even although he had not believed in the latter's policies. According to Maverick, Garner is not only a conservative, he is very fond of money. He did not imply that he has taken money improperly, but he did say that he was in financial deals with Morrison, among others. Morrison is reputed to be the richest man in Texas. He has been mixed up in public utilities and all sorts of things, and it was the President himself who told me that Garner had made a special plea to have Morrison made a member of the Federal Reserve Board. The appointment was made but Mor-

rison resigned shortly thereafter.

Congressman Dempsey was also in to see me on Friday. He told that he had kept his membership on all of his former committees and that he was ready to do anything that he could to help the Interior Department. He said that Wallace had asked him to lunch with him the other day. Wallace started out by telling him how friendly he felt about Dempsey, and Dempsey apparently made it quite clear that his own attachment was to the Department of the Interior. He told Wallace that he had been opposed to the transfer of Soil Erosion to Agriculture; that he had finally voted to do this, not because the White House had sent him word that

me

The

38

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

it wanted it done, but because he had had word from the Interior Department to vote that way. He went on to say that he regretted having done it because he felt that Soil Erosion had been better administered in Interior and that it belonged here. He also told me about a call that he made on Hopkins. Harry was so popular and Dempsey told him it was asked him why P because we did honest work, did not play politics, and built worth-

WA

while projects.

It

WPA

seems that

is

building a $500,000 airport for

Albuquerque as well as other extensive improvements. Dempsey said that Albuquerque is a prosperous community and that all of this largess from the Federal Treasury is unjustified. Hopkins exclaimed: "But, Jack, certainly WPA has done some good things in New Mexico," to which Dempsey told me that he replied: "No, it hasn't. There isn't a WPA project there that amounts to anything and which will stand up longer than a year or two." Irving Brant, a newspaperman with the St. Louis Star, who is very much interested in conservation, came in to see me on Friday in an effort to save some of the grove of sugar pines outside of Yosemite Park that are now being lumbered. He had been to see the President and the President told him, according to Brant, that if he could find the money, we would buy part of this grove. I can scrape up a couple of millions out of PWA and I will take up the matter with the President the next time I see him.

doing what trees. It is

I

am

very

this

much

in favor of

grove of magnificent

the finest grove of sugar pines in existence and, next to

the redwood, the sugar pine

me

I

can to save at least part of is

the biggest tree on this continent.

To

even more impressive than a grove of redwoods. I like the majesty, the symmetry, and the denseness that one finds in a grove of sugar pines. a grove of sugar pines

is

I had a curious experience Friday afternoon. Some time ago Harry Slattery suggested that it might be a good thing if the President would call a Governors' Conference on Conservation. I put this up to the President and he thought well of it. He suggested

such a conference about the twenty-second or twenty-third of

month. Aires

He

trip.

told

A

me

to consult Wallace.

Then he

left

on

his

conference with Wallace was arranged, but

this

Buenos I

could

was in bed recovering from the shock of my automobile accident on the Richmond road. There were present at the conference, in addition to Wallace, Mr. Delano, Eliot, and Harry Slattery. Delano was in favor of such a conference. Wallace proved to be utterly recalcitrant. He just put his back up in op-

not attend because

I

Quarrel with Henry Wallace

39

position without assigning any convincing reason.

wait and discuss

with the President.

it

once or twice about until he came back. After his return

I

it

I

He wanted

to

radioed to the President

and he sent back word

to let the matter rest

reported the situation to him.

I told

him

that

obviously it was too late to go ahead with the original plan, and he then suggested March fourth and fifth as available dates because many of the governors of the states will be in Washington then. He told me to discuss it again with Wallace. He included Delano who was present at the time. So on Friday afternoon there was another

meeting held in Eliot,

and

my

office,

attended by Wallace, Delano, Slattery,

myself.

Wallace would not agree that such a conference was either necessary or desirable.

He

insisted that conservation

had passed the prop-

aganda stage, and that if there was to be a conference on anything, it ought to be on the constitutional situation or the international situation. None of the rest of us agreed with him, but he was as stubborn as a mule. He said that in a year or two such a conference might be timely but he saw no reason for having one now. In any event, he would want to discuss it with the President. I said that if he wouldn't agree, there wasn't anything left except to discuss it with the President. I twitted him good-naturedly about being a "standpatter." At what I thought was to be the conclusion of our conference I said, without any rancor or bitterness: "Well, I am going to continue to talk conservation, even if it is in a state of flux, as you say it is." Previously, I had remarked, in reply to an argument from Henry, that we ought to keep conservation before the people and that if it was in a state of flux that was all the more reason for having a conference; that, after all, it wasn't the statesmanlike thing to do to wait for a subject to pass into the realms of history before discussing

it.

Henry turned on me savagely. Apparently he thought that what I meant was that I was going to try to build up a conservation department at the expense of Agriculture. I had meant nothing of the sort, although it had never been a secret that I am in favor of such a department. Before I realized what was happening I found myself under a very bitter attack. I was careful to hold on to my self-control and answer as quietly and disarmingly as possible. I told him that what we were then discussing was beside the point; that, after all, we had met to discuss plans for such a conference of governors as the President had instructed us to consider. At

this

point,

The

40

But mind.

number him

a

I told

had

Secret Diary of

of things

Harold L. Ickes

had evidently been

that I didn't

festering in Henry's

know whether he knew on occasion that

it

or not but

a more him than for any other member of the Cabinet. He said that I had also made this remark to him. At one point I told him that I did not think it was fair fighting for members of his Department to bring in the names of Ballinger and Fall as reasons

that I

said to several people

I

had

friendly feeling for

why

Department

the

of the Interior could not be trusted with con-

He

said that he had never done this. As a matter have a clear recollection that he did this once in my own presence and that I then took sharp issue with him. To divert for a moment, it is interesting that there came to my desk yesterday an editorial from the San Francisco Chronicle commenting upon the fact that Wallace had referred to the Department of the Interior as the one in which Ballinger and Fall had been Secretaries and which, therefore, at least by implication, was not to be trusted. But to resume: Henry then accused me of having attacked him

servation activities. of fact,

I

personally in public.

we both attended

He

referred to the occasion last winter

a meeting of the

when

American Planning and Civic

He said that I had accused him of using ghost writers and that I had read from a columnist a statement which was not the fact. I had done this, but if Henry Wallace thought I was making an attack on him he was the only one in the audience who did. Everyone else knew, as I could tell from the manner in which my remarks were received, particularly on this point, that I was just being facetious. But apparently Henry's feelings had been hurt and the thing has rankled all these months. I told him that I was only being humorous on that occasion and that I was sorry and apologized if he had taken offense. Even this did not mollify him. He referred to the transfer of the Erosion Control Service from my Department to his. I reminded him that when that matter had been brought up in Cabinet, I had asked the President to give me a chance to make out

Association.

my

Department. This day in court the I went to Florida for some five days an irregular and illegal order was rushed through transferring Soil Erosion from Interior to Agriculture. I protested by telegrams and over the telephone, urging that I would be back in Washington within twenty-four hours and that surely the matter could wait until then. However, not an hour of grace was given me. The transfer was actually made while I was on the train to Washington. a case for

its

retention in

President had promised.

Then when

Accused of Disloyalty I

Henry matter and

to

that I did not think I

told

F.D.R.

41

had been

fairly treated in

it had not been cricket. Then, heathad been disloyal to the President in that I was responsible for a bill that was pending in Congress making Soil Erosion a permanent bureau in my Department. At this I began to get hot under the collar and in very firm tones I told him that what he said was not true; that I had had nothing to do with the bill in question. I reminded him that there were a lot of people in Congress who felt that Soil Erosion ought to be in Inteiior and that they had gone ahead on their own responsibility. I said that the head of the Soil Erosion Service wanted to stay in Interior. This was Bennett, who had come from Agriculture and who was almost brokenhearted when he found that he had to go back to Agriculture. At the time he told me that he was much happier in Interior; that in Agriculture everyone was at everyone else's throat. He was even considering re-

this

edly, he told

that certainly

me

that I

signing rather than go back to Agriculture.

Henry returned to the charge. He made the statement two or three I had been disloyal to the President. I told him that I took

times that

great exception to that remark. After effect,

my

explanation he said, in

that he was glad to have this explanation

situation. I turned

habit of

on him

at this, assuring

making misstatements

work; and that when

know. In

short,

I

fought,

he accused

me

him

if it

of fact; that I did not I

explained the

that I was not in the

do underhand

fought in the open, as he ought to

of disloyalty

and then he

practically

me of saying what was not true. During the course of the discussion he brought in the question

accused

of

the transfer of Forestry to Interior. I told him, as I have said on other occasions, that I believed all conservation activities ought to be in one department. I said that I thought the best department for this purpose was Interior but that if they could not be brought together in Interior, then they ought to be brought together in some other department. I pointed out that Agriculture was already so big and cumbersome that if all conservation activities were sent there, it would only be a question of time until the department would be split into two and out of it would come a Department of Conservation. It

seemed

to

me

to

be a waste of time and

effort to

wait for that

Department of Conservation now. I also took occasion to say that neither he nor Silcox had any authority or control over Forestry. I told him that they did not know what was going on in their own organization, and I quoted a remark made to me by Rex Tugwell after he had made an extensive tour of the event rather than to set

up

a

The

4*

West

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

in 1933 that each Forestry division was a principality in

own right and ran Until the end

I

things to suit

did

my very

its

itself.

best to avoid a discussion that plainly

was becoming hotter and hotter, but evidently Henry had a lot on his chest that he was determined to blow off. He could not be stopped. I went out of my way to tell him how fine he had been in helping us when any question of the Indians was involved. I did say, however, that whenever he did anything to help Interior he had to overrule his own bureau chiefs. I told him how, only the day before, he had made a ruling for the benefit of the Navaho Indians in New Mexico over the heated protests of men from Gray's department. I told him that Gray never overlooked any opportunity to sabotage Interior and that he would scuttle the whole Department if he could. I said that Forestry had the same attitude. I reminded him that he had overruled Dr. Kneipp on a Forestry question in Utah near Ogden. In that instance Forestry wanted a totally unconnected and isolated tract of the public domain transferred to Forestry. There was no reason in the world for such a transfer, but the Forestry people had stirred up so much sentiment for it that the Congressman of the district told me there was danger of his being defeated if the transfer was not made. The President told Dern, who was then Secretary of War, Wallace, and myself to consider the matter.

We

made

heard the evidence. Kneipp,

a vigorous

and

who

attended for Forestry,

hostile presentation of the case

from the point

Henry Wallace decided that Forestry So did Dern. Afterward, however, I permitted the transfer merely to help out the Congressman in question. I also referred to the obstructive attitude on the part of Forestry with reference to the establishing of Mount Olympus National Park. Altogether it was a heated and unpleasant session. Perhaps I said of view of Forestry, but even

had no

case.

some things that I should not have said, but, after all, what I said was not personal. Henry's attack on me was personal and it was bitter. It was rather an extraordinary thing for one Cabinet member to accuse another of disloyalty to the President and to question his veracity in the presence of witnesses. But that is precisely what Henry did. When I could not stop him, naturally, I did make some points of my own, but they were points of policy and not of personality.

saw that Mr. Delano, particularly, was embarrassed to be presthis interview. So was Harry Slattery, but I did not dismiss them because I wanted them as witnesses. However, toward the end I

ent at

Washing Dirty Linen

in Public

4}

remarked pleasantly that there was not any reason why they should hear Wallace and me wash our dirty linen in public, and they gratefully withdrew. Harry Slattery told me afterward that Mr. Delano remarked after they got out into the hall that he was surprised that Henry Wallace could be so intolerant. Harry assures me that Henry was the aggressor throughout and that it was plain that he had a lot of venom in his system that he had to get rid of. Harry is also convinced that Henry is a candidate for President and that he wants to build himself up on the basis of conservation, among other things. Henry and I continued our discussion for two or three minutes I

after the others withdrew,

had not

the slightest idea

but in a modified tone.

what

I

him that I had in mind

told

transfers the President

in the event that Congress should adopt his reorganization program.

Henry said that if the President proposed to transfer Forestry to me he would, of course, make vigorous protests. I told him that that would be his privilege. He said that he thought it was possible for us to work out a policy of co-operation, and I remarked that co-operation from his point of view seemed to be to give him what he wanted.

He insists that every agricultural activity, even if the activity is remote, should be in his Department, and his opinion is that we have some agricultural

which the Grazing Divihe was willing that these activities should remain in Interior if he could keep what he has and we could co-operate. I told him that all agricultural activities ought to be in Agriculture. Of course, I do not consider Forestry an agricultural activity, and I know that right now the President has in mind to transfer Forestry to the renamed Department of Interior if his reorganization plan goes through. Naturally I did not say anything about this to Henry but I think that Henry suspects it. I made one interesting discovery during our discussion. I asked Henry whether the President had instructed him and his Department not to lobby against the bill that was before the last session of Congress changing the name of this Department to that of Conservation. Henry told me that he had not. The fact is, as I told Henry, that the President on three separate occasions assured me that he had so instructed Wallace. I could not really think that Wallace would disregard a definite instruction from the President, and yet I was not willing to believe that the President was not representing the facts accurately to me. I am convinced that the President did not order Henry to keep hands off. I do not think that the President was against the bill, but sion

is

a sample.

activities in Interior, of

He

said that

The

44

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

he certainly didn't give me any help, although he told me originally that I might introduce the bill and that he would help me. It now appears that he didn't even go so far as to tell Henry to lay off, as he told me on three separate occasions that he had done. Considering the circumstances, it is remarkable that I got this bill through the Senate. We would have gotten it through the House, too, if I hadn't had it referred initially to the wrong committee, from which I could not get a favorable report. After Public Lands and sion, in

I

It

got a favorable report,

seems perfectly clear to

that the President's intention activities

it

me

to the

Committee on

was too

late in the ses-

went it

view of the crowded calendar, to get

House would have passed

the

it

it

through. Otherwise,

also.

that is

what

is

irking

to take Forestry

away from him and give them

me. This

to

against the proposed Governors' Conference

is

Henry is his fear and some other is

the reason he

on Conservation.

He has stubbornly dug in and won't yield an inch unless he has to. He professes to be in favor of the President's bill. As a matter of fact, he won't dare to oppose it openly, but my guess is that the Forestry Service in all parts of the country will stir tunately, as the bill will go in, it

it

up opposition

will be difficult to

will merely give the President general

oppose

powers to make

to it

it.

For-

because

transfers.

In the meantime, it isn't the intention of the President to say what transfers he proposes to make. This puts him in a strong, strategic position. After the bill has passed, and I believe now that it will pass, and the transfers are made, I think that they will stand. As a matter of fact, there are many Members of Congress who believe that Forestry should be in Interior and I have many friends up there. In this connection, it is interesting to recall that during my talk with Congressman Maverick he said that when he came to Washington two years ago he found everyone criticizing

up

hill

and down

dale.

He

me and damning me

said that he soon discovered that these

were crooked lawyers or people who wanted favors to which they were not entitled. According to him, I am now the most popular member of the Administration in Congress. Henry Wallace offered me his hand before he left and I took it cordially. He made some general remark intending to smooth over the situation and I met him halfway. After he had gone I called in Slattery and Burlew. Harry expressed himself as being utterly dumbfounded at what Wallace had said and done. He said that Wallace

appeared to be entirely oblivious of the presence of others; that were blazing and his chin thrust in my direction. It was

his eyes

Holding Out the Olive Branch

jf

plain to Harry that he had reached the boiling point and that he

could not overlook the opportunity he had to make an onslaught. It was his suggestion that I write a friendly and conciliatory note to Wallace, and this

is

what

I

I

did with the advice of himself and Burlew.

gushing but at

letter wasn't

least it

wrote:

January

My I

My

held out the olive branch. This

1937

8,

dear Henry: regret the unfortunate incident of this afternoon. After

of the Cabinet, our

first

all,

as

consideration must be for the President.

members

Our

per-

sonal differences must not be allowed to count as against the loyalty to our Chief.

have regarded you

I

policies

and

principles,

and

as a friend, I shall

even when we have differed on

continue to do so regardless of whether

the President shall add, subtract, or divide as between our two Departments. Sincerely yours,

(Signed)

Harold

L. Ickes

Hon. Henry A. Wallace.

This morning

I

got a special delivery letter from

Henry

as follows:

Dear Harold:

am

I

me

to

It

glad to have your note of January

8.

Our frank speaking seems

to

have been fortunate, not unfortunate.

was and

is

my hope

that

we can

perfect a co-operative formula for the

general welfare between our Departments. After the President has obtained the powers which carefully

we both hope he

will get, I trust the

problem

will

be

examined from every point of view and that the solution found

will serve the public interest in the

With good

long run.

wishes,

Sincerely yours,

(Signed) H. A. I is

have never seen such weather

this

time of year.

Wallace

The

grass

and through my open window two mothmillers. Other insect life is awakening on the

green, the lilacs are budding,

nights ago flew

assumption that spring is here. Yesterday was like a day in summer. The sun was positively warm. People shed their overcoats. In late afternoon I put a thermometer on the front porch. The sun was setting and there was a haze. Moreover, the thermometer was not in the direct rays of the sun. It registered 771/2 degrees. In

false

early

The

46

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

snow in Arizona, the California citrus crop is threatened with freezing, and in the Middle West and Northwest there are heavy snows and very cold weather. the meantime, there

is

Wednesday, January

The

President called the Cabinet together

three o'clock because he

conference

wanted us

when he proposed

Monday

13,

193J

afternoon at

to attend his four o'clock press

to discuss his plan for reorganizing

the executive branch of the Government.

The press conference was long drawn out because the President explained in great detail his plan for reorganizing the executive branch. I had had a conference with the President in the morning which he had told me that the afternoon before, in discussing plan with Senators Robinson and Harrison, the Speaker of the House, and Congressmen Doughton and Rayburn, he had met with a good deal of opposition. Senator Robinson was at

his reorganization

especially indignant that

members

of

it

should be proposed to raise the salaries

of the Cabinet to $25,000 with raises also for Assistant

Secretaries.

There wasn't a great deal about the reorganization plan that I I was not familiar with that part of it which did away with the present Comptroller Generalship and set up instead an Auditor General who would make a post audit and report his findings to Congress. I think that this is a very necessary reform, but it will meet with a lot of opposition, both in Congress and out of it, because when McCarl was Comptroller General he managed to build up a belief in the minds of the people and of Congress that he was saving money. As a matter of fact, I don't think he saved any money, while there is no doubt that he usurped legislative and executive powers along a wide hadn't already known, although

range.

Owing

to the opposition that

the President

is

he ran into on Sunday afternoon,

now recommending

$20,000 a year for

of the Cabinet, with certain increases for

Under

members and

Secretaries

officers. Even this will meet with opposition. wants two new departments, one of Public Works and one of Social Welfare, and he proposes to change the name of this Department from "Interior" to "Conservation." This, of course, pleases

principal executive

He

me of

very much indeed. He refused to be drawn into any discussion what changes he might or might not make if the general powers

that he

is

going to ask of Congress are granted him.

Worry about Puerto Rico

Tuesday morning

I

47

attended a meeting of the Migratory Bird

Conservation Commission in the Department of Agriculture.

happened that

It so

was very helpful to the Biological Survey in securing approval for its purchase program. We were in session for two long hours and afterward Gabrielson, the head of the Survey, and his next in command, came up to me to express their gratification at the help that I had given them. They said that they had never had any difficulty with me. They also said that they were getting fine co-operation from Acting Director Page of the Bureau of Reclamation. I had referred during the session to "Ding" Darling's unjustified attacks on my Department and both of these men deprecated those attacks and expressed the wish that Darling might do less talking. Professor Merriam was in to see me yesterday. He told me that the President had recently said to Mr. Delano that he could always count on the loyalty and support of Harold Ickes; that he sometimes had trouble with me, but that he knew where to find me. I

Merriam thinks

that the occasion for this statement of the Presi-

dent was the support that I am giving to his reorganization plan. Apparently he has reason to believe that it is not getting the support that

it

ought

to

have in other quarters. Merriam told

me

that

Miss Lenroot, head of the Children's Bureau in the Department of Labor, affect

is

already out working against this plan so far as

her bureau, which

is

likely to

partment of Social Welfare. Roger Baldwin came in to

see

me

it

might

be transferred to the new Detoday about Puerto Rico.

He

Union. He is worried about the situation in Puerto Rico and wanted to know whether the Department will sponsor a bill giving the Puerto Ricans the right to vote on independence. I told him that we are not planning such a bill and that I did not know how Puerto Rico could exist as an independent state. He is an old friend of Dr. Gruening's, but he explained to me that he came to me instead of going to Gruening as he normally would have done because he cannot understand Gruening's present attitude toward Puerto Rico. He, too, thinks that Gruening has completely boxed the compass down there.

is

the

man who

really runs the Civil Liberties

Sunday, January

iy,

193J

went over to see Dr. Mclntire yesterday morning. The President was in the chair having some dental work done by Dr. Malone. He told me that Henry Wallace was afraid of another crop failure I

The

48

and

Secret Diary of

we had one

Harold L. lckes

would

just about ruin Henry. I don't but that Henry would be in a tight remarked that Henry's was one job that I wouldn't want

that

if

think he meant this spot. I

it

literally,

meant too much gambling on the weather. is more or less talk about the hard sledding that the President's reorganization plan will have in Congress. However, he won a brilliant preliminary skirmish with Senator Byrd in the Senate on Friday. Byrd has a plan of his own and is chairman of a special Senate committee which is conducting its own investigation actively because

it

There

through the Brookings Institution. He wants to cut off a lot of the independent agencies and proclaims over the air and through the newspapers that a very real saving in Government expenditures can be made. The President insists that the main benefit from reorganization will be the doing away with overlapping and the setting

up

of a

much more

efficient

administrative

staff. I

believe

Byrd probably is playing some politics, even giving him due credit for wanting to bring about greater efficiency and economy in the public service. Anyhow, Byrd made an issue Friday on extending the life of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation for two years. On the preliminary vote he was beaten by at least two to one, and on the final vote he alone went on record against the resolution. This gives the President a good start and I think he will get substantially what he asks for if he presses the the President

is

right.

matter vigorously.

There was a farewell dinner to Rex Tugwell Wednesday night Wardman Park Hotel which I attended. I was the only other member of the Cabinet there except Henry Wallace, who presided. It was a stag affair and there was a good attendance. It interested me to see some conservatives there like Senator Adams, of Colorado. There was a long list of speakers. I didn't know that I was to be called upon but during the dinner I began to suspect that I would be, so I was ready with a short speech of not over five minutes which brought laughs from the audience. Nearly all the speakers spoke in a light vein and on the whole it was quite an amusing at the

affair.

On

New York the other day I ran across James A. between us were seriously strained when I failed to put him in a position of power and prominence in the Oil Administration and especially when, subsequently, he was appointed Administrator of the Federal Housing Administration, in which pothe train to

Moffett. Relations

Japan's Threat to East Indies Oil

sition

he clashed with

me

49

as Public Works Administrator over the

housing policy of the Government. I saw him as he came through my car. He stopped to talk for a couple of minutes and he then asked me to come to his car ahead later if I felt like it. I thought that it would be discourteous for me not to do so and so about a half hour out of New York I went up to his compartment. I found him quite friendly and much more interesting than I had supposed it possible for him to be. He had resigned as vice presi dent of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey when he went into government service and he is now connected with the Texas Company. He was brought up in the oil game. His father organized the Standard Oil Company of Indiana and was its president when Judge Landis issued his famous oil decree many years

ago. Moffett's particular interest

is

in oil in foreign countries.

has been around the world once or twice and

He the

He

going again soon. be very prosperous in is

thinks that the oil business is going to immediate future, with prices rising and

a higher level.

He

oil

says that the threat of competition

on from Russia

securities

is probably due to the fact that the Soviet Government prefers to conserve its oil resources rather than rush them into the world markets. This will mean greater business for the American oil companies which are constantly seeking new sources of supply abroad. He commented on the fact that Germany had practically no oil of its own and Japan none at all. He thought

has abated. Part of this

that this fact, coupled with the expansion ideas of both of these

might lead to an acute ineven suggested that one of these powers might seize Java, where the Dutch have rich oil holdings. He didn't think that the Netherlands would be in a position to defend this possession from a strong military and naval power and probably no other country would be sufficiently interested to go to its aid. I bought a dog yesterday. I have been wanting one ever since Wu died last June, but I decided not to buy a Chow because the Washington climate is so hard on a long-haired dog. I decided on a Great Dane and on a female because they are gentler and easier to get along with, except when they are in heat. So I have acquired countries

and

their militaristic leanings,

ternational situation.

He

a black-and-white Great

Dane

six

months

old.

The

}o

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

Sunday, January 24, 1937 Late

up

a

Monday afternoon a letter came from the new Power Policy Committee of five, with

President setting

myself as Chair-

man, the other members being Frederic A. Delano; Judge McNinch, Chairman of the Federal Power Commission; Morris L. Cooke, Administrator of the Rural Electrification Administration; and Judge Healy, of the Securities and Exchange Commission. This was the commission that I had recommended to the President the week before, after conferring at his suggestion with Judge McNinch and Basil Manly. In his letter the President asked us to draft a bill providing for the management and sale of Bonneville power and also to recommend a Federal power policy. He wants the bill in two weeks, which is a pretty tall order. When Tom Corcoran was in on Monday afternoon we talked about this committee and he then told me that Judge Healy was "wrong" on power. He was going to hurry over to the White House and see if the President could make a shift. I understand that Judge Healy is ill in the hospital and probably won't be able to serve. Later I heard that the President had written a second letter to Healy commenting on the fact that he was ill and relieving him of responsibility as a member of the Power Policy Committee, because it had to report in such a short time. However, I haven't heard directly from the White House myself to this effect. I called a meeting of the Committee for three-thirty Tuesday afternoon. This was just to organize. Judge McNinch wanted to be vice chairman, so I arranged for that.

We

selected

Ben Cohen

as

counsel and Joel Wolfsohn as executive secretary.

Wednesday was Inauguration Day, and

it

would be hard

to im-

agine a worse day for an affair that was to be held largely in the

open. I

put on

my morning

coat when I got up and went to the office work before the ceremonies. In a pouring John's Church for services at ten o'clock.

for a couple of hours'

rain I went to

St.

Four years ago,

at the President's suggestion,

there were brief

by the President, the Vice President, and the members of the Cabinet with their families. This time the attendance was much larger. Apparently all of the prominent Government officials, as well as some others, were invited, services at St. John's, attended only

so that the church I

could not but

was well filled. on the incongruity of the congregation

reflect

The Cabinet and Religion

5/

from a religious point of view. There we all were, Jews, Catholics and Mormons, agnostics and members of various Protestant denominations, going through a formalistic service. I kept wondering what was passing in the minds of some of those present. Politics may make strange bed fellows, but this event proved that it also makes strange co-worshipers.

After the services, which fortunately were brief,

I

drove directly

although there was an hour's interval which I might have employed to better advantage by going back to the office. However, there didn't seem to be much point in doing that and there was always the risk of getting into a traffic jam. Secretaries to the Capitol,

Hull and Woodring also arrived early in the President's room on the Senate side of the Capitol. During the wait Hull fell to discussing the Far Eastern situation. He thinks that Japan is on the verge of an economic collapse. On a couple of occasions the President has spoken to me of the possibility of a neutralization policy of the Pacific on the part of the Great Powers. Hull apparently does not think we ought to go in for this because then we would give the appearance of retreating from the Pacific through fear of Japan. His theory is that Japan may break financially at an early date, which will render her impotent as to us. He said that Japan had already discovered that she did not have the money to carry out her ambitious plans with respect to China.

A

Henry Morgenthau came in. He had a flask of him and he and I took a drink to fortify ourselves against the inclement weather that we were about to face. Shortly before twelve o'clock we were lined up and joined the procession that was moving toward the east portico of the Capitol where the little

later

Scotch with

Vice President and the President were to take their oaths of office. As soon as we stepped out of the building itself onto the runner of carpet that

laid down to the The runner was so wet

had been

speaker's stand, the rain

that it was like walking on a saturated sponge. I had put on a pair of old patent leathers which I supposed were waterproof, but my feet were damp in no time. We got under a roof that had been put up for the occasion but everything around us, as far as one could see, was wet and sodden and gloomy to a degree. The wind was rather strong, too, so that the roof was not an effective protection in the absence of side walls. The rain blew in upon us so that we were thoroughly sprayed with it, our degrees of wetness varying with our proximity to the open weather at the edges of the platform.

got us full force.

The

52

Shortly after

came

in, all

Secret Diary of

we were

seated the justices of the

except Justice Brandeis,

out to social and ceremonial

were

all

Harold L. Ickes

affairs

who

has too

Supreme Court

much

sense to go

except in rare instances.

They

arrayed in their gowns and skull caps except Justices Rob-

and Cardozo, who wore gowns but were bareheaded. The one of the whole group was Justice McReynolds, but he didn't have what it took to brave the weather and after about five minutes he disappeared. The members of the diplomatic corps were a bedraggled-looking lot, those who wore fancy uniforms and erts

sturdiest looking

feathers in their caps especially so.

Shortly after twelve o'clock the President came in on the

James and we

arm

of

and remained standing until he reached the front of the platform. Chief Justice Hughes was sitting on his right and to his left, a little to the rear, was Vice President Garner. The oath of office was given to the Vice President by

his son

Senator Robinson.

all

Then

arose

the Chief Justice administered the oath to

the President.

was noted that the Chief Justice, when he came to that part which required the President to protect and defend the Constitution of the United States, spoke slowly and with especial emphasis. It was noteworthy also that whereas the Vice President had simply responded with the words "I do," the President gave the full answer and he, too, spoke with slowness and particular emphasis when he declared that he would protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. This whole incident was quite significant. The Chief Justice was asking the President to swear that he would protect and defend the Constitution of the United States and the President was obligating himself to do so, and yet what was the Constitution to the Chief Justice was not the Constitution to the President, at least in some very vital particulars. And that poses the question that is becoming more clamorous in this country today. Just what is the Constitution of the United States? Is it what five out of nine Justices of the Supreme Court say it is, or is it what the President and millions of Americans believe it to be, namely, not a restrictive force but a broad charter designed to permit the people under changing conditions to advance the general welfare and to accomplish the greatest good of the greatest number of the people? Then the President, in the driving rain with head bared, read his inaugural address, which was devoted to a restatement in broad, general principles of his desire to improve the lot of the common It

of the oath

Sitting

man.

He

hinted,

Out the Inaugural Parade

what he had

stated

$j

more boldly

in his

opening

message to the Congress, that all the agencies of Government ought to co-operate in advancing the common good. It was a good speech, well adapted to the situation, and it was well received in the country.

How

it

did rainl

It

came down

in sheets

during these outdoor

ceremonies. There had been a glass protection built around the it taken down. His thehad to stand in the wet to hear him, the least that he could do would be to stand in the wet to talk to them. After he was through speaking we got into the Capitol as fast as we could and began a scramble in the rain for our automobiles. As I was hunting mine, I saw the President and Mrs. Roosevelt in theirs. They were in an open car and the President was still bareheaded. He drove in this fashion back to the White House, but there Drs. Mclntire and Fox quickly got him out of his wet clothes, rubbed him thoroughly with alcohol, and had him put on fresh, dry

stand for the President but he had ordered ory was that

if

the people

clothes.

had found Carl I drove home because my feet were I was feeling just a bit chilly. I didn't see any sense in taking any chances. I had intended to put an extra pair of shoes and socks in the car but I had forgotten to do it. At home I did make this change, had a good drink of Scotch and an aspirin tablet, and then went back to the White House. There was a buffet luncheon between the inauguration ceremonies and the parade, but I didn't want any luncheon anyhow. I arrived just as the parade was ready to march past the White House. After

I

damp and

A

replica of the Hermitage, Tennessee

home

of

Andrew

Jack-

had been built in front of the White House just east of the sidewalk on Pennsylvania Avenue, and in front of this the President stood to review the parade. As at the Capitol, he stood in the rain. Fortunately, the parade was not a long one, although it took about an hour to pass. It consisted of units in uniform, including the West Point and Annapolis cadets. When I saw that my seat was in the second row right out in the rain, I decided to stay within the house. I saw part of the parade through a window and sat the rest of it out. Then I went into the White House for a time son,

but did not stay a great while. The only open car visible on the Washington

streets in

connec-

tion with the inauguration ceremonies except that of the President

was the one occupied by Governor Earle, of Pennsylvania.

If

there

The

54

Secret Diary of

had been any doubt that he has

now been

Naturally ago.

On

I

is

Harold L.

lch.es

a candidate for President, that doubt

resolved.

contrasted this inauguration with the one four years

March 4, but on account of the amendment put through by Senator Norris the date

that occasion the date was

constitutional

this year was January 20. It was the first inauguration ever to be held on that date. Four years ago the country was in an economic

collapse.

Everyone was in a low

The only hope would be able to ago every bank in

state of morale.

new

that flickered was the one that the

President

do something about the depression. Four years the country was closed. Today the banks are in a better condition than they have ever been and prosperity has returned in large measure. I doubt whether there has been a more striking contrast between any two inaugurations four years apart. Certainly there has been no such contrast between two successive inaugurations of the same man, unless that is furnished by the two Lincoln inaugurations.

Thursday morning

I

told

Mike

Straus to bring in to see

me

the

correspondents of the Washington papers and of the news agencies.

With them

I

discussed the need of a large auditorium for Washing-

out that it was absurd that the capital of the richest country in the world should be the only one in any of the leading ton. I pointed

The immediate had to say, of course, was the lack of any adewhich the inauguration ceremonies could be

countries that lacked a proper public auditorium.

background for what

I

quate indoor space in held on Wednesday. Some time ago

I

suggested a public auditorium

dedicated to free speech as a fitting memorial for

Thomas

Jefferson.

renewed this suggestion during this interview. This suggestion of mine has been widely acclaimed. The Washington newspapers have expressed themselves as being strongly for it. The Post had a front page editorial on Friday endorsing the idea. The same day the President, at his press conference, advocated an auditorium and said that it was worth considering whether to make it a memorial to Thomas Jefferson. At Cabinet meeting Friday afternoon there was some further talk about the financial breakdown in Japan. Henry Morgenthau said that Japan was holding back payments on goods bought in this country, especially cotton. Only one very small amount has been paid for cotton during the last two or three months.

I

The

Vice President expressed the opinion that the reorgan-

ization plan of the President should be presented in three bills.

He

John L. Lewis

vs.

General Motors

55

would be given the two new departments that he is asking for and authority to shift and interchange bureaus and agencies. These phases of the reorganization plan should be incorporated in one bill, he proposed, and then there should be two more bills, one dealing with the Comptroller General's office and the other with the placing of the independent seemed

to think that the President

Commerce Commission, within the departments for administrative purposes only. In the latter connection the President cited a very good instance agencies, such as the Interstate

of the necessity for

some

sort of control of these agencies outside of

their quasi-judicial functions. It seems that the Interstate

Commerce

Commission, under the inspiration of Joseph Eastman, has sent to Congress a recommendation on taxation matters without submitting it either to the Treasury or to the President. Eastman's term expires shortly and the President is wondering what he ought to do about reappointing him, in view of such a persistent, independent course as this. He admits, as everyone else does, that Eastman is a very good man. Vice President Garner discussed the personnel of the joint committee that is to be appointed to consider the President's reorganization plan. He brought up the name of Senator Byrd in this connection, but the President objected to the inclusion of Byrd because he has been fighting his plan in favor of one of his own. I leaned over to Jim Farley and whispered to him that for my part I would rather take care of a man on the inside than on the outside and that

thought it would be good policy to appoint Byrd. Jim agreed and quoted what I had said but the President seemed to be set against Byrd. The Vice President also agreed with me, and finally the President said he would leave the matter to him. I rather suspect that the Vice President will appoint Byrd as a member of this committee and I hope that he will. There was considerable discussion of the labor situation, in view of the serious controversy between General Motors and John L. Lewis, who is attempting to organize the automotive industry. I

Miss Perkins had a fine opportunity, and this time a legitimate one, to keep the center of the stage, for which she has a great flair. She was good for twenty-five or thirty minutes, almost without interrup-

an occasional question or remark by the President. John L. Lewis has made a tactical blunder. There was a prospect of getting Lewis and Sloan, the president of General Motors, together in a conference, when two or three days ago Lewis issued a tion except for

The

56

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

effect, that he and his followers had helped to elect the President and now it was the turn of the President to reward labor for that service. Of course, this is what the big

public statement saying, in

have been doing for years. They have contributed heavily Republican campaign fund and then they have collected in the way of higher tariffs and special privileges of various sorts. However, they have been more tactful about it. They haven't openly declared "We have elected you; now it is time for you to pay." Naturally, the Administration cannot respond to pressure of this sort, and Lewis has only hurt himself in a cause with which the President is undoubtedly in sympathy. Roswell Magill has been appointed Under Secretary of the Treasury. He is the son of Hugh S. Magill, whose independent campaign for Senator I managed several years ago after the Insull scandal. Hugh S. Magill is now the head of an organization of utility investors and he is fighting the battle of the utilities, a strange position for him to be occupying. I had a letter from him yesterday asking for a hearing before the Power Policy Committee. If we decide to hold open hearings, he will, of course, be given his day in court, but we haven't yet decided to do so. The weather is terrible in practically all sections of the country. Way off in California the citrus fruit crop has been severely damaged by unusually cold weather and frost. In the Middle West torrents of rain have swollen the rivers, with the result that in some sections the greatest floods on record are raging. Many people have been drowned and many, many thousands are homeless. It is straining the resources of the Red Cross, the Army, the CCC camps, and WPA to render the help necessary. Here in Washington we have had almost continuous rains for about a week, with the weather unduly warm. As I look out from the sun porch at the moment I can see the forsythia in bloom, with the lilacs and other bushes budding. The lawns throughout Washington have the appearance of early spring. As is to be expected with this kind of weather, flu and pneumonia are widely prevalent. There are thousands of cases of flu in different parts of the country, including Washington, that are taxing the facilities of the hospitals and making demands on doctors and nurses that are difficult to meet. There are many deaths daily from pneumonia. That disease this year appears to be particularly severe and of a virulent type. People seem to die of it almost before it is certain that interests

to the

they are

ill

Under

of

it.

the law the Postmaster General has to be appointed within

Intrigue to Replace Ickes

thirty days of inauguration.

in the other

The

day and the Senate approved him

senting vote.

Even Senator Norris, who has

in the past, failed to

57

name

President sent Jim Farley's at

once without a

criticized

him

dis-

sharply

oppose him. This law does not apply to any

member of the Cabinet. Whether the President has any changes in his mind for the immediate future, no one knows. All that I know about myself is what I set down two or three weeks ago. One news-

other

paper the other day printed a story to the effect that I would be made Secretary of the new Department of Public Works on account

had made as Public Works Administrator and probably West, would be made Secretary of the Interior. Of course I do not believe this. On the basis of what the President said to me, I am confident that I will stay on as Secretary of the Interior and I doubt whether I would accept an appointment as Secretary of Public Works if it were offered. to me. Conservation of the record that I that

is

someone

my

ahead tion

else,

if

the

name

I am keenly alive to the possibilities that lie my Department is changed to that of Conserva-

and

real interest

of

and the President

transfers to

it all

the conservation activities.

Saturday, January 30, 193J

Governor Cramer early Monday morning to tell him what I had heard about his being in an intrigue to get me out as Secretary of the Interior and have West appointed in my place. He was much surprised and I had no doubt at any time that his surprise was genuine. He assured me that he was loyal to me and asked me w hy he should not be when I had supported him in everything that he had wanted for the Virgin Islands. He said that, of course, he was aware that there were some intrabureau politics going on, and, by a careful probing, I satisfied myself that he knew of Gruening's dissatisfaction and that there had been a little friction with Studebaker. I have no doubt that Cramer was telling me the truth. He was very open and frank. I

sent for

r

Alfred P. Sloan, rescue of

John

Jr.,

president of General Motors, has

L. Lewis

come

—unintentionally, of course. The

gotten himself in bad with the public because he had

to the

had

latter

demanded

aid

from the President for his strike of automobile workers as a quid pro quo for the support that Lewis and his followers had given the President during the election campaign. This sounded pretty raw. Now Sloan has refused an invitation from the Secretary of Labor, as the representative of the President, to ference with Lewis

and

others.

come

to

Washington

His refusal was quite

for a con-

curt, too,

with

The

5*

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

the result that he has lost all the advantage that Lewis' statement

given

him and now

is

concerned.

is

well along.

The weather

is

in

bad on

his

continues to be as

own account

warm

On Tuesday morning I

as it usually

saw a

had

so far as the public

is

when

woman on her way

spring to the

Department with some budding pussywillows in her hand. The grass on the south lawn of the White House is long and green. Unless we are to have some cold weather, it looks as if it needed to be cut. The spring bulbs are shooting through the ground and more bushes continue to bud. The forsythia is still blooming famously. We have had a lot of rain here in Washington, but so far the Potomac hasn't gone on a tear. The situation in the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys is terrible. There is no record of such floods as they have been having there, with whole cities inundated, people being evacuated by the hundreds of thousands and hundreds losing their lives. Fortunately, there is no rain west of the Mississippi. The Ohio and its tributaries are largely responsible for the present situation. If the tributaries flowing into the Mississippi from the west were also on a rampage, God knows what would happen. The Red Cross is raising money and taking care of refugees, while the Army and the relief agencies of the Government are doing all that they can to

The money

loss will be enormous. Corcoran came in to see me again on Monday. The House Appropriations Committee, at the instance of Congressman Buchanan, the chairman, inserted a proviso in the Deficiency Appropriation Bill to the effect that the independent agencies could not lend members of their staffs to congressional investigating committees. I have loaned a number of people to Senator Wheeler, who is

help.

Tom

looking into the financial setup of railroads, and to Senator La Fol-

who

Hopthem employees. They have been so restricted by lack of funds that these two investigations would have had to close down long ago if it had not been for the help that we have lette,

is

carrying on a civil liberties investigation. Harry

kins also has loaned

given them.

Tom Corcoran, and that of course means the Administration, was anxious to have this proviso stricken out on the floor. I called Congressman Taylor but he was ill in his hotel. Then I called Congressman Scrugham. He said that he had opposed this proviso in commake a motion from the floor to strike it However, he apparently got cold feet because he didn't make

mittee and he promised to out.

How

to

Market Public Power

59

such a motion. Congressman Maverick did, but he was defeated.

Now

the President

is

trying to have this proviso killed in the Ap-

propriations Committee of the Senate.

Tom

told

me

that the Vice President was

now

suggesting four or

covering the reorganization plan of the President. He is of the opinion that unless the whole plan is embodied in one bill a

five bills

large part of the

will be lost. That has been my opinion, Cabinet meeting on the twenty-second Gar-

program

too. I recall that at the

ner spoke in favor of three the number.

bills,

called Professor

but

now

apparently he has raised

Merriam on

the telephone in Chicago and told him what the situation was, advising him to call Louis I

Brownlow and

insist on his standing pat for one bill. Corcoran developed the idea that out of this flood situation there might come a great opportunity for the new Department of Conservation. He thinks that all of the great watersheds in the country should be considered from a broad conservation point of view and he thinks that this is a good time to sound such a note. Tuesday afternoon, Henry Wallace, Mr. Delano, Harry Slattery, and I had a conference with the President about the Conference of Governors on Conservation which we have been discussing off and on for the last two or three months. It was the opinion of the President that this conference ought not to be called until his reorganization plan has been adopted by Congress. He doesn't want to run the risk of upsetting anything at this stage. I came away feeling that he was right about it, and Harry Slattery, with whom the idea originated, was of that opinion also. We had a meeting of the Power Policy Committee on Monday afternoon, which was attended by Senators McNary, Pope, Bone,

and Schwellenbach. In place pital, the

of

Judge Healy, who

is ill

in the hos-

M. Landis, Chairman of and Exchange Commission, as a member of the com-

President has appointed James

the Securities

and Landis attended the meeting. This was the first direct I have ever had with Landis, who was supposed to be quite a radical but whose administration of the Securities and Exchange control law is being severely criticized by such liberal magazines as The Nation and the New Republic. We had up for consideration the draft of a bill for marketing the power that will be generated at Bonneville Dam. The basis for our discussion was the bill introduced by Senator McNary at the last session of Congress. This was not purely a Bonneville power bill, bemittee,

contact that

The

60

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

cause someone was interested to put in a section covering Boulder

Dam

also. It was this section which brought a protest from this Department when the bill was up for consideration last time. All of the Senators present were opposed to any pooling of power with private power companies. While in the draft of the McNary bill the Army is designated as the agency to run the power plant, find a market for the current, and make the contracts, subject to the Power Commission, it was clear that Senator McNary's only interest in the setup is to keep down expenses. He showed no disposition to insist on Army control. I raised this question of Army control by a statement in which I said very frankly that I was not entirely satisfied with the attitude of the Army engineers on power, referring in that connection to what had happened at Muscle Shoals, which I had investigated at the instance of the President as one of my first acts as a member of the Cabinet. Senator McNary doesn't want a commission, on account of the expense, and in that view I strongly con-

curred.

While we were

in session

Mr. Delano received a

President which he handed to

me

to read.

The

from the was one dis-

letter

letter

had met at the White House had always thought that Manly had a big hand in that setup, too. At that time there was a great to-do about pooling the power generated at such projects as TVA with the power of the private companies and then selling the whole at uniform prices to solving the power-pooling group that in September. I

The

pooling committee was quite a large one and, in addition to a number of public officers representing the Government, had on it some power people, notably Willkie, president of Commonwealth & Southern. President Roosevelt simply swept this

be agreed upon.

whole group out of the door without so much as a "What's your hurry?" thus leaving the Power Policy Committee, of which I am Chairman, in sole possession of the field, for the present at least. On Tuesday, just before a second meeting of the Power Policy Committee in my office, that same committee, with Ben Cohen, its counsel, and Joel Wolfsohn, its executive secretary, had a session with the President. Landis had crumpled to the floor at a dinner at the Morgenthaus' the night before with an acute attack of the flu. So

he was not present.

We discussed power policies generally with the President. He wants us to draft a Bonneville Power bill and have it in his hands in about a week. He outlined to us a plan that he had just discussed with Senator Norris, who had preceded us in the President's office, by

Plan for Seven More TVA's

61

which the country would be divided roughly into eight great districts. Some agency would be set up for each district along the lines first, the Atlantic Coast; second, of TVA. These districts would be an enlarged TVA; third, the Ohio River watershed; fourth, the Mis-

—

sissippi watershed; fifth, the

Missouri watershed; sixth, the north-

area running from Colorado down through Texas to the Gulf of Mexico; and eighth, the Pacific coast. It is the President's idea to have all of these areas do whatever sound conservation policies demanded, and all of them are to head up through the new Department of Conservation. He told us that he wanted us to draft a bill covering this new plan. He proposes to send a special message to Congress on the subject. In addition to these two

western

the President wants us to

bills,

submit I

the

seventh,

area;

to

had

a short conference

I

I

to

with the President on Thursday on rou-

tine departmental matters.

oped.

work out a general power policy

him.

Nothing of particular

interest devel-

did take occasion to step into Miss Le Hand's

was curious

cept myself

to

know whether any

had handed

other

member

in his resignation.

office,

because

of the Cabinet ex-

She told

me

that the

President had said that he had received one other, but she didn't

remember whom it was from. I wondered if Wallace had turned his in after I had told him that I had done so. The Cabinet met Friday afternoon. The name of Daugherty, Attorney General under Harding, came up in connection with a case that the Attorney General was discussing, and Jim Farley leaned over to tell me an interesting incident. The only time that he had ever met Daugherty was on one occasion in Sarasota, Florida. A newspaperman asked Jim if he objected to having his picture taken with Daugherty. Jim didn't know how to refuse gracefully. After the picture had been taken, Daugherty spoke to the photographer, who represented one of the news-gathering agencies, and made him promise to destroy the plate, remarking to Farley that it wouldn't do him (Farley) any good to be in a picture with himself. Jim thought that this was pretty sporting and so did I, little as I like Daugherty.

The

up again and the Vice no unmistakable language his conviction

question of an antilynching law came

President repeated in

that there should be such a law.

that

would be

effective

Homer Cummings

and

The

still

difficulty

stand the

is

in

working one out

test of constitutionality.

said that an attempt was being made to work out something along the line of the Lindbergh Act, which makes kid-

The

62

naping a felony

if it

Secret Diary of

Harold L. lckes

has an interstate aspect. However, lynching

hardly ever has an interstate phase;

it is simply murder within a Another theory being explored is that the Negroes are entitled some special protection against lynching because otherwise they

state.

to

are denied the equal protection of the law.

The

situation in the Philippines isn't any too happy. General

MacArthur, who,

after his

term

as

Chief of

Staff,

went over there

to

organize the military forces of the islands and fortify them, comes pretty close to being a dictator. President Quezon, who apparently isn't

any too

MacArthur

is

forceful, leans heavily

upon MacArthur. Of

course,

greedy for power and perhaps he has a situation over

there quite to his liking.

The

try for the reason that for

matter is of grave concern to this counnine years longer we will be responsible

According to Secretary of War WoodGovernor Murphy, of Michigan, who knows the situation in the Philippine Islands through having been Governor General

for the Philippine Islands. ring,

there until recently,

The

is

worried.

Vice President spoke of the work that

is being done by the Wheeler investigating committee. He said that it was worth a million dollars. This investigation has thrown a great white light on the concentration of wealth in this country and the control of our great corporations by a handful of men who don't even own the corporations they control. This concentration of wealth is a favorite theme of the Vice President's and he is thoroughly sound with respect to it. He told again of what a bad thing it was for the country and then, looking fully at the President, he said: "And, Mr. President, we have done nothing about it yet." The President admitted this to be true and later he took occasion to say that we must do something about it.

The French franc has been in difficulties lately and France has been trying to raise a considerable external loan on the security of her state-owned railroads. New York bankers who were asked to participate called the Treasury up about it in connection with the Johnson Act. Their position was that since it wasn't a Government loan it didn't come within the purview of the Johnson Act, but the Treasury told them that, in its opinion, such a loan would be prohibited under the Johnson Act because the money, while ostensibly made available to the railroads of France, would go at once into the national treasury. Morgenthau didn't

know what

the

New York

bankers had finally decided to do. Roper was as funny as ever. Nearly the whole Cabinet

now

"The Accordion Department"

63

him on

occasion, but he either doesn't notice it or doesn't unctuous and his language is so rotund! He always prefaces every subject he discusses with a lot of ornate piffle. He said yesterday: "Now, Mr. President, you know that the Department of Commerce on certain occasions expands and on other occasions contracts," at which point the President, with a loud guffaw, said: "Yes, the accordion department." Whereupon we all

chuckles at

mind.

He

is

so

roared.

Roper brought up the question

of what,

if

anything,

we were

go-

ing to do in this country about developing lighter-than-air craft. President spoke of the fine airplane service that now exists between the United States and South America. Service to the Far East seems to be working satisfactorily, and it seems that the United Aircraft Company is planning ships that will cross the Atlantic during the summer season. The President pointed out that the Zeppelins did not attempt to negotiate the Atlantic passage during the winter. His theory is that if airplanes can go to Europe and back, the aircraft of the future will be the fast-moving airplane and not the slower and more cumbersome Zeppelin type of lighter-than-air craft. Paul Leach of the Chicago Daily News told me that just after election he ran across Parke Brown, of the Chicago Tribune. He asked Brown how his boss, Colonel McCormick, had taken it, and Brown

The

replied that ner.

He

all

had been well except

for the Colonel's "victory" din-

then went on to explain that the Colonel was so sure of Lon-

don's victory that he had arranged for a "victory" dinner, to which he had invited many of the stuffed shirts of Chicago. Tom Corcoran has just been in to see me. Senator James Byrnes, of South Carolina, who is on the Senate Appropriations Committee, is trying to find out what personnel we loaned the Wheeler and La Follette committees. Foley is not here, having gone to New York, and the second in command of the PWA legal staff, Charles Kades, didn't know anything about it. I tried to reach Byrnes by telephone but he had left his office. Byrnes was one of the Administration leaders in the Senate during the first term of the President, but, according to Tom, he has now gone sour. Byrnes simply went along because he was to be up for reelection last year. Now, with a term extending beyond that of the President, he has jumped over the traces and gone conservative. Tom told me that he and "Missy" Le Hand were invited to a dinner the other night at the home of Colonel Elbert. As they entered the room where the guests were assembled, they heard Colonel El-

The

64

Harold L. Ickes

Secret Diary of

bert assure Senator Byrnes that he could get McReynolds to resign from the Supreme Court if the President would promise to appoint Byrnes in his place. There was a quick hushing up when Tom and

"Missy" appeared.

Tom

thinks that perhaps Byrnes

ident might take away his

is

trying to

him that the PresSantee-Cooper project, and Tom said

create a nuisance value for himself.

I

suggested to

little afraid of me on account of that admitted that I wasn't for the project and never had been. I think that a good spanking might do Byrnes some good. He isn't a strong man, but a sly and active one.

that he thought Byrnes was a

project.

I

Saturday, February

Mrs. Roosevelt wrote in her column the other night that

and Dr. and Mrs. Gruening were night for dinner.

It is

at the

6,

1937

Chapman

White House last Sunday column should con-

rather curious that her

tain such items as this.

They were

talking about Puerto Rico, so

Chapman told me when he came in to see me a day or two ago, and Ruby Black, who is the Washington correspondent for MunozMarin's Puerto Rico paper, has also had long conferences with Mrs. Roosevelt about Puerto Rico. stick to her knitting

I

wish that Mrs. Roosevelt would of the affairs connected with my

and keep out

Department.

Thursday night a telephone message came to me from the White House that the President was calling a conference in the Cabinet room at ten o'clock Friday morning. The matter was highly confidential. Assembled in the Cabinet room at that hour, in addition to the President and the Vice President, were all the members of the Cabinet except Morgenthau and Hull, who were not in WashingRobinson, Speaker Bankhead, Congressman Rayburn, Majority Leader of the House, Senator Ashurst and Congressman Summers, chairmen of the Senate and House Judiciary Committees, ton; Senator

respectively.

The

President had called us together to read to us the message

that he was about to send to Congress calling for a drastic reorganization of the judiciary.

He

also gave us the outline of a letter

the Attorney General in support of this message. this

message

it is

not necessary for

me

to

The

from

substance of

go into here because

it is

a matter of history.

My own feeling is that the reforms as to structure and procedure advocated by the President are fully justified. I do not believe that eventually we can work out our constitutional salvation without a

The far-reaching

Court's Usurped

amendment. As

Power

6;

a preliminary to reading us his mes-

he had considered and put aside the amending the Constitution. As he put it: "Give me ten million dollars and I can prevent any amendment to the Constitution from being ratified by the necessary number of states." As to this, he is probably correct, and yet in the end we must have an amendment. We can't depend upon a liberal majority of the Court in the future any more than we can now. Of course, if the President gets the right that he is asking for to appoint up to six new Supreme Court justices, unless he goes completely haywire and appoints a majority of conservatives, we ought to come through for the time being. But in my opinion, it won't do as a final solution since in the long run there must be a clarification of constitutional

sage, the President said that

idea of

powers in the instrument itself. The disposition of the Court always will be to whittle down all powers except its own. There will always be a tendency to be too conservative rather than too liberal. The President's message was a sensational document and the occasion a dramatic one. No one can see ahead into history, but I suspect that this adroit move all along the line against the judiciary will be one of the outstanding things in American history for all time to come. This will be true whether the President wins or loses. The message itself was able as well as adroit. For my part, I wish that the President's message had contained some reference to the fact that the Constitution never conferred upon the courts the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional and that therefore this is a usurped power. He might have done this while admitting the advisability or even the necessity of recognizing such a power, on the theory that it has been exercised and acquiesced in by the country for so long a time that the power may, in effect, be regarded as being lodged in the Supreme Court. I do not quite like the admission that the Court, in declaring statutes unconstitutional, has been proceeding under an expressed or even an implied power of the Constitution. After all, how can the claim of such a power be founded upon a document which neither directly nor by inference grants such power, especially in view of the fact that when resort is had to the debates in the Constitutional Convention,

it

is

disclosed that

on some four occasions proposals

grant the Court this extraordinary power were voted down? that the President believes that the

Supreme Court

is

I

to

know

power now exercised by the

a usurped one because

constitutional situation, he suggested an

one time, in discussing the

amendment which, while

The

66

specifically

confirming

and hedge about

The

its

President,

Secret Diary of

this

Harold L. Ickes

usurped power in the Court, would limit

exercise.

in

discussing

get through a constitutional

the

difficulty

in

amendment, remarked

stood that there had already been collected a large

being able to that he under-

sum

of

money

in

New York

by Liberty League influence to prevent the adoption of any amendment. Thus we see the economic royalists giving out the impression that the proper way to proceed is by way of the "timehonored American" method of a constitutional amendment, while at the same time, in an underhand way, they are preparing to defeat any amendment if they can. The President said that he had considered legislation governing court procedure particularly along the line of requiring that a law might not be declared unconstitutional except on a two-thirds or a three-quarters majority. He expressed the fear that such a law would be declared unconstitutional and thus we would be left just where

we

are.

The

Vice President said not a word during the entire discussion.

have ever seen him at a Cabinet or any What this might mean, I do not know. I was especially interested in the face of Speaker Bankhead. It appeared to me to be distinctly "pokerish." He gave no expression that would indicate how his mind was working. Senator Robinson indicated a mild assent. Congressman Rayburn said nothing, but as Majority Leader I take it that he will go along. Senator Ashurst frankly admitted that the method proposed by the President was better dian his own idea of an amendment. He was the most outspoken of all in approval. Congressman Summers said nothing but his pleasure was apparent when the President in his message endorsed the idea of retiring Supreme Court justices at full pay at the age of seventy. A bill of Congressman Summers that is now pending before his com-

This

is

the

first

other meeting

time that

sit

mittee provides for

The

I

entirely silent.

this.

President's message was read at

Houses and there has been

little else

noon yesterday

in both

in the newspapers since, thus

There will be reverberations for days judge from the newspapers the reception of the message on the Hill was more favorable than might have been

proving

its

and weeks

expected. I stance

sensational nature.

to

come.

am

what he

To

inclined to think that the President will get in sub-

asking for. What a blow this will be to the prestige Hughes, who has had a chance during the last four

is

of Chief Justice

An Ohio years to

make

Valley Authority

67

a high place for himself as one of the great Chief

American history but who has not shown either the strength or the adroitness to control his court and make it an instrument for social and political progress! Of course, the proposal of the President is a distinct slap in his face and in those of Van Devanter, McReynolds, Roberts, and Sutherland, who have constituted the irreconcilable old guard majority. The President's message is especially a joke on Justice McReynolds because, as Attorney General in the first Wilson Administration, it was he who advocated the matching of every Federal judge of seventy below the Supreme Court bench with a younger man. Attorney General Gregory, who also served under Wilson, also supported this idea. There was no regular Cabinet meeting yesterday. Tom Corcoran came in to see me late yesterday afternoon. I had sent for him because I wanted him to get word to the President that Morris Llewellyn Cooke was likely to fly off the handle on the Power Policy Committee. I found that Corcoran already knew about the situation through Ben Cohen, and he is fully aware of the possibilities. He said that Ben Cohen is about the only friend Cooke has left in Washington. According to Tom there is in the making some sort of floodcontrol setup for the Ohio River Valley and the plan is to take Arthur Morgan from TVA and put him at this new job. I suggested this plan over the telephone to the President some time ago at Tom's instance and the President thought well of it, although he doubted whether he could do it administratively. In the meantime, Under Secretary West has been sent into Ohio by the President to Justices in

stimulate sentiment for such a plan.

I

told

Tom

that I wished that

West would be made a member of the commission or authority that might be set up, and he said that he had already suggested to West what a fine opportunity this would give him to build himself up in his own state. Tom seemed to be of the opinion that I might look forward hopefully to having a vacancy soon in the Under Secretary-

May he be right! am putting down these words rather fervently because once again I am beginning to feel the pressure of my work. If I am to

ship. I

carry on, I simply must have some help from a capable and trustworthy assistant Secretary. It isn't that I haven't help down the line. I have efficient help, although two or three men, like Burlew and Harry Slattery, especially the former, are sadly overworked. But what I lack is an under secretary in whom I have confidence

The

68

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

and who can make it possible for me to lighten my load and get away occasionally. Not one of the three assistant secretaries I have measures up to the proper standard. Referring once again to West, on the occasion when Harry Hopkins and I were discussing him at the White House, Harry told me that the trouble with West was that he "yessed" even the wrong persons up on the Hill so that Members of Congress were confused as to just what the President might or might not want. He "yesses" the man who is opposed to what the President desires and "yesses" the

man who

is

supporting the President.

High wrote an article that was published in The Saturday Evening Post this week forecasting the future of the Democratic party. It was loaded with dynamite. Of course, he was played up as a man in the inner councils of the President and as one who Stanley

could speak with authority.

The

President, through Steve Early,

and in the third person, at once issued a devastating repudiation of High and one that will undoubtedly destroy his prestige as a supposed member of the inner White House circle. At last the rains have stopped. The floods are receding and here in Washington during the last two or three days we have had clear and cold weather for practically the first time this whole winter. At the White House reception Thursday night Senator Capper introduced me to two women with whom he was talking when I approached him as "Secretary Roper." I jokingly remarked that I was not Secretary Roper and that something seemed to be the matter with the people of Kansas.

When

Governor Horner was here at the time of the President's me that he was in difficulty because Harry Hopkins had promised to build some seventeen armories in various Illinois cities with WPA funds. Later Hopkins failed to deliver and Horner asked me whether we could undertake these as PWA projects. I reminded him that we could consider them only on a loanand-grant basis. To my surprise he said that that would be all right; that the fifty-five per cent local contribution required under our regulations could be provided. Here was another instance of Hopkins being willing to go ahead with projects which properly should have come under PWA instead of WPA, and which the applicant was ready and willing to join in the financing of as PWA projects. inauguration, he told

Johnson Against the Court Plan

69

Sunday, February

14,

193J

A

good deal of pressure is being brought to bear to have me grant permission to the American Youth Congress to hold meetings in the auditorium of the Labor Building, so, therefore, I have studied it

again. I believe that the decision

we

arrived at

when we considwe hold

ered the matter at the Cabinet meeting was right. Unless

to our rule not to grant the use of Government buildings to groups and agencies not connected with the Government, we might as well abolish the rule and throw our auditoriums open to all comers. I am not at all happy about having to refuse the use of the Labor Building auditorium to this particular group, with whose purposes I have much sympathy. Neither do I relish having to turn down an application for the use of one of our halls for a series of lectures in memory of the late Bronson Cutting, of whom I was very fond and whom I admired very much as a public man. But I had to do that, too. On February 10 Tom Corcoran came in to see me to say that it

looked

Joe Robinson,

as the price of his

support of the plan

of the President to reform the judicial system,

would demand con-

as if

form of patronage. He understood that Robinson was complaining particularly about his treatment by PWA. I told him that, thanks to Burlew, our employment records were in such shape that there would be no difficulty at all in finding what we had done for Robinson and that I would be ready if the issue should be cessions in the

raised.

Hiram Johnson got back from quite a long stay in Florida on Monday morning and he had hardly alighted from the train behe gave out an interview condemning the President's plan with respect to the Federal courts. I am very sorry that he should fore

this and I can't understand it. Surely a man who stood, Johnson did in 1912, for Theodore Roosevelt's plan to recall judicial decisions, which would permit the people on a referendum vote to override a decision of the Supreme Court on a constitutional issue, ought not to balk at the comparatively mild reforms

have done as

suggested by the President.

Of

course, I haven't seen

Hiram

for a long time

and

I

haven't

discussed this particular matter with him. I suspect that he feels that he

is

serving his last term in the Senate.

He

has four years

more to go but he is getting old and his health is far from robust. He had an ambition to go on the Supreme Court bench himself, but

The

jo

Secret Diary of

Harold L. Ickes

he must realize now that that can never happen. Perhaps, too, he sees a chance to make one of his spectacular fights on the floor of the Senate and thus go out in a blaze of glory. Hiram hasn't been very conspicuous during the last few years, but here is an opportunity for such an emotional appeal to the country as he is so well suited to put over and which he is better qualified to do than any other

man

in the Senate.

Then,

too,

beneath

it all,

Hiram

has had

a real respect for the courts as such. Undoubtedly, too, as he has grown older he has become more conservative, or at least less rad-

However, his attitude is a distinct disappointment to me and he undoubtedly is in a position to do considerable damage to the ical.

President's cause.

I

While I was waiting to see the President on Wednesday morning, met Morris Ernst in the outer office. Ernst is an able young lawyer

who

belongs to the Progressive group.

To my

astonishment he ex-

pressed himself as being opposed to the President's plan. the point, with which

He made

membership

I agreed, that to enlarge the

Supreme Court would be only a stopgap. He wants to move for a constitutional amendment. I, too, am in favor of a constitutional amendment, but I think that at the same time we ought to put of the

over the President's plan

if

we

can.

A

constitutional

amendment

won't be of any help to this Administration. Other Progressives, such as Senator Wheeler, have come out against the President's plan. George Norris is on the fence. La Follette is out fighting for it. It is hard for me to understand the attitude

who are in opposition. True, we need a conamendment, and I personally am in favor of an amendment which would give the Congress, perhaps on a two-thirds vote of each chamber, the power to overrule the Supreme Court when of those Progressives stitutional

it

declares a law to be unconstitutional. I believe that

if

the framers

power to some such check as this. It is all very well to talk about the "checks and balances" of our system of government, but there is absolutely no practical or effective check on the Supreme Court. The odd judge out of nine can void an act passed unanimously by both branches of Congress and signed by the President of the United States. Of course we need an amendment; merely increasing the number of judges would be of little avail in the long run because there

of the Constitution

had intended

to give the courts the

declare laws unconstitutional, they

can never be any assurance that conservative as nine.

A

would have put

fifteen

in

judges will not be just as

declaration of unconstitutionality

would

Clamor for Constitutional Amendment

ji

be more impressive if made by a substantial majority of fifteen than made even by a substantial majority of nine. But for the Progressives, in such numbers as they seem to be, to oppose this reform because it is not fundamental even though it serves a temporary purif

my

pose passes

understanding.

Thirteen states can block a constitutional amendment. The Republican legislatures in the New England States could all be counted on to vote against any effective amendment. There are enough purchasable legislatures to make up the balance of the thirteen. After all, all that would be necessary would be to line up one more than a majority in either branch of any legislature in order to block an amendment in that one state. This would be compar-

and

atively easy

ident told

me

really

wouldn't cost very

much money. The

the other day that Senator Neely, of

West

Pres-

Virginia,

had said that $25,000 would do the trick in his state. Of course the Progressives are sincere in wanting a constitutional amendment, but most of the clamor for a constitutional amendment is entirely insincere. It comes from those who want to block an immediate procedural reform, knowing full well that there is no hope for the adoption of a constitutional amendment short of a considerable number of years, and then only after a persistent and terrific fight.

Others claim that our present situation could be met by one or

more

statutes,

such as that

when

a question

is

raised as to the con-

Supreme Court shall consider Another suggestion is that a law

stitutionality of a Federal statute, the it

at

once and in the

first

instance.

be passed providing that no statute

may be

declared unconstitutional

except by a two-thirds or a three-fourths vote of the Supreme Court.

But what assurance

is

there that the

Supreme Court would not

de-

clare such remedial statutes themselves to be unconstitutional?

One matter

that I took

up with

the President brought

me

a sur-

when the question of he made it clear that no

prising result. Early in his Administration,

naming

him came up, named after a living person. This was at the time that I had definitely affirmed the name "Boulder Dam" to that project. With this policy of the President I had been in full accord. Recently it was suggested that a fine new Negro hospital that has been built in St. Louis as a PWA project should be named after the Presprojects after

project should be

ident. I at it

up with

in 1933.

once put a stopper on

this, but I thought it wise to take found that he felt different than he had said that projects were being named after him in all

the President. I

He

The

J2

parts of the country it.

him

I told

right to pass

Harold L. Ickes

Secret Diary of

and

that he didn't

PWA

that as to the

know any way to prevent we always reserved the

projects,

on the name and that our policy had been

that proj-

should not be named after a living person. I referred also to the Boulder Dam episode. The President said he thought there was a difference between Federal and non-Federal projects. I pressed the ects

matter I

had

as far as I

could but

was a delicate subject and in the end

it

to beat a discreet retreat.

In the meanwhile, Colonel Mclntyre had come in and the President told him about the Negro hospital. He suggested that it

would be a nice thing if it were named after the President's wife or mother, and finally the two of them agreed that Eleanor Roosevelt Hospital would be an appropriate cognomen. When I got back to the office I had Harry Slattery call up Mayor Dickmann, of St. Louis, and tell him that we would not object if it were given this name. The Mayor thought there would be no difficulty about it, but in the end he wasn't able to put it across, with the result that is now to be named St. Louis Hospital No. 2. was through with the President on Wednesday I went into Miss Le Hand's room and there found Steve Early, who was all worked up over what really was a fine and touching human-

the hospital

After

I

interest story involving the President. It seems that when the President was in Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1935, on his inspection of the Tennessee Valley project, an old Negro who had been a slave of President Andrew Johnson's wanted to see him just to shake his

He went to some local pundits but they didn't seem to be able do anything about it. Only recently the President learned about it and at once he ordered that arrangements be made for the old Negro to be brought to Washington just to shake his hand. Steve said that he couldn't give the story out, although it was a "peach."

hand. to

His plan

is

old Negro old

man

to send a Secret Service

up

to

man

to Knoxville to bring the

Washington without any

has been here,

it is

publicity, but after the

Steve's firm intention to let the story

"leak."

On

appeared before a subcommittee of the Finance Committee of the Senate to testify in connection with a bill introduced by Senator Connally, of Texas, to make the socalled Connally Oil Act permanent. Swanson, of our Oil Conservation Board, had prepared a very fine and comprehensive statement for me, which, however, as usual, I had to change and polish considerably. I read this statement, which took me about forty minutes, Friday morning

I

Stockpiling

number

War

Materials

75

Only Senator Maloney, was present. I don't know of any real opposition to this bill and I am wondering why Connally is holding such elaborate hearings. He even asked me to have Jack Steele, chairman of our Tender Board in the East Texas field, come here for the hearings, and Steele is in Washington. Governor Allred and then answered

a

of questions.

in addition to Senator Connally,

is

also coming. It looks like a lot of stage setting to build

Connally. Undoubtedly the act has worked well. ation

in a better condition than

is

it

up Senator

The whole

oil situ-

has ever been before.

At Cabinet meeting Friday afternoon the President said that he had information that there were forty thousand Italian troops in Spain. Events there recently have taken a turn against the Gov-

The

ernment.

situation doesn't look at all well.

Malaga has

fallen

road into Madrid has been cut by the Rebels. Without the Italian and German support that they have had, the Rebels would probably have been soundly beaten some time ago, but it wouldn't surprise me now if Madrid would fall be-

and

it is

claimed that the

last

fore a great while.

The

President said that

when he was

the Navy, without special authority

about

it,

he managed to lay

ply of manganese,

tin,

Assistant

Secretary

of

and without saying anything

in, for

the use of the Navy, quite a sup-

and other

essential minerals that are not

produced in this country. He thought that the Army and the Navy ought to be doing the same thing "quietly laying in spare parts," as he euphemistically phrased it. Of course I think that this is a justifiable national policy. If the Army and Navy should both openly be buying these essential war materials, public knowledge of that fact would be unfortunate, just as it would not be well if the Army and the Navy in their budgets should ask for sums for such

—

purposes.

According

to the President,

General Johnson has said that cop-

per prices are being manipulated in violation of the laws forbidding

combinations in restraint of trade. He admits that his efforts to stabilize copper prices under the NRA and to get them to a level that

would help out

situation.

the copper industry are responsible for this

The Attorney General

said that little could be

done

to

break up combinations in restraint of trade under existing statutes. The President discussed setting up boards of visitors in connection with various Federal penal and eleemosynary institutions.

He

wants some places for "deserving Democrats" that will give prestige and position without costing the Government

them some

The

y 45 s -459> 494495. 53 6 605-606, 646, 697 Boettiger, John (1900-1950), newspaperman; Washington correspondent Chicago Tribune 1933-1934; later publisher Seattle Post-Intelligencer; married Anna Roosevelt Dall on Jan. 18, 1935— >

285,

414-415. 436-439- 453. 454456-457. 494-495. 605-606, 697 Bohemian Club, San Francisco, 492

455.

Bone, Homer T. (1883Senator ), (Dem.) from Washington 1933-1945; now a judge of U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals--^, 154, 165, 338, 339, 349, 374. 416 Bonnet, Georges, 124, 617, 652, 716 Bonneville

Dam

project,

129,

154,

349,

493-494 Bonneville power, management of, 50, 59-60; bill for marketing, 59-60; Army control of, 60; Roosevelt's plan for, 6061; bill sent to Congress, 86; Army engineers and, 129-130; Ickes testifies on, 137-138; change in bill for, 156;

and, 165; Administration

Rankin Bone

for, 228;

Dam

of,

bill, 156;

opposes state

Branch, Harllee, 376 Brandeis, Louis Dembitz (1856-1941), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court from 1916 until his resignation in 1939. A close friend of Holmes, he joined often with him in dissents from the court and many of these dissents upheld the Xew Deal point of view—52, 10 3> !53. 3!5. 369. 424. 47 5 10 539- 546. 559- 57 2 Brant, Irving (7**5-

J

>

5°5- 5°9"

-

editor and writer for St. Louis Star-Times, 1930-1941; conserva),

writer;

chief

tionist;

biographer of James Madison—

editorial

38, 105, 338, 437, 551, 589 Brazil, Roosevelt's tour of, 14-15;

colonists in, 353;

Nazis

in,

German

52S;

loan

from Import and Export Bank, 592 Brecknock, Countess of, 405 Bremen, 709 Bridges, Harry, 312, 549-550, 567-568, 635-636

Brinkerhoff, Allen, 432 Briskin, Sam, 490 British Broadcasting Corporation, 321324

Embassy, 313; dinner, 405-407; garden party for King and Queen, 643;

British

royalty entertains

at,

648-649

British Foreign Office, 388

Brookhart, Smith W., 256 Brookings Institution, 48 Brown, Fred H., 559 Brown, Ned, 366, 433 Brown, Parke, 63 Brownlow, Louis (1879), journalist and public administrator; director Public Administration Clearing House, Chicago, 1931-1945, and chairman Public Administration Committee of the

Index

726

Brownlow, Louis

(continued)

Social Science Research Council 19331939; chairman of President's Com-

mittee on Administrative Management 1936-1937-8, 33, 59, 114, 130, 152, 324, 432. 585

Bruening, Heinrich, 315 Brunson, Dr. Clyde W., 149-150, 401, 620

Buchanan Dam, 78 Buchanan, James P. (1867-1937), Representative (Dem.) from Texas from 191 until his death—58, 78

Byrnes, James F. (1879), Representative (Dem.) from South Carolina 1911-1925; Senator 1931-1941; Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 19411942; director of economic stabilization and later of war mobilization 19421945; Secretary of State 1945-1947; now

Governor of South Carolina—63-64,

92,

151, 154, 174, 264, 309-311, 314, 318-319,

332. 346, 349-350, 357. 53i. 627, 638, 658

Byrns, Joseph, 151

budget, plan to balance, 144; unbalanced, 280; Roosevelt's plans for cutting, 548;

Bureau of, 693 Buenos Aires conference, on disarmament, 7 Bulkley, Robert

J., 420, 499 Bullitt, William Christian (1891-

),

special assistant to Secretary of State

1933; delegate to World Economic Conference in London, 1933; Ambassador to

U.S.S.R.

19331936 and

1936-1941—99, 100-101, 103,

to

France

110,

360,

378, 380-382, 387-388, 407-410, 415, 424425. 473. 4 8o 5 l8 "520, 562-563, 569, 602, >

tion of, 673-674; members of, on of Defense, 710, 719; Frank

cil

E.,

445

interchange of, 471; see also Departments of Agriculture and Interior, reorganization plan Senator ), Burke, Edward R. (1880(Dem.) from Nebraska 1935-1941—98,

bureaus,

115, 188, 191, 196

Burlew, Ebert Reiser (1885-1945), administrative assistant in Department of Interior 1923-1938; Assistant Secretary of Interior 1938-1943— \o, 11-12, 28, 44,

Coun-

Knox

brought into, 717-719 Cadocan, Sir Alexander, 405 California, University of, 492

Camalier, Renah

F.,

299

Cammerer, Arno B., 374, 584 Camp, Albert S., 466 Campaign expenses, appropriation by Congress

617,651

Bunnell, Dr. Charles

Cabinet, new, 3, 17-18, 57; dinner for Roosevelt, 87, 331, 587; meets King and Queen of England, 642-643; reorganiza-

for,

690

Campaign Fund tee,

Commit-

Investigating

4

Canada, Presidential delegation to, 17; war supplies for Great Britain, 474; Ickes on, 568;

war supplies

for Allied

Powers, 702

Canton Island, 180, Cantor, Eddie, 245 Capper, (Rep.)

Arthur

337, 407

(1865-1952);

Senator

from Kansas 1919-1949—68,

156,

196

67, 69, 101, 109, 133, 149, 151, 156-157,

Caraway, Hattie W., 342

159-161, 185, 197, 216-217, 246, 256, 263, 292-294, 298-299, 300, 304-306, 319, 325, 326, 337. 353- 356, 357-358, 368, 375. 402,

Cardenas, Lazaro, 353, 521, 604, 626-627 Cardozo, Benjamin Nathan (1870-1938), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

411, 471, 543, 583, 640, 649, 650, 662, 663, 693, 697

Carey, Senator, 196

Butler, Major Humphrey, 405 Butler, Pierce (1866-1939), Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1923 to 1939-107, 137, 156, 176, 423, 505. 539. 55i Byles, Axtel, 341 Bvrd, Harry Flood (1887), Governor of Virginia, 1926-1930; Senator (Dem.) from Virginia since 1933—8, 48, 55, 196, 318, 338-339, 661

from 1932

until his

death—470, 540

Carmody, John M. ( ), Government official and industrial executive; chief engineer F.E.RA. 1933-1935; administrator R£A., 1936-1939, and of Federal Works Agency, 1939-1941; member Maritime Commission 1941-

1946—659, 661-662, 663, 665, 668, 674, 681, 683, 719-720

Carnegie Institution, 116 Carol, King of Romania, 286

Index Carpenter, Farrington R. (1886), director of the Grazing Division of the Department of Interior 1934-19)8—101 Carter, Boake, 114, 313, 430, 553 Carter, Mrs., "Town Hall of the Air,"

727

Charitable Irish Society of Boston, 75, 87. 96-97

516 Castle, William R., 388 Catholic Church, position of, on child labor amendment, 86; on Supreme

Chase, Stuart, 89 Chase National Bank, 230 Chautemps, Camille, 409 Senator Chavez, Dennis (1888), (Dem.) from New Mexico since 1935-— 188, 257, 603, 606 Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, 334

350,

97, 104; votes in New York on reorganization bill, 349356-357; embargo on arms to Loy-

Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, 137 Chicago Commons, 122 Chicago Daily News, 63, 109, 136, 430,

alist

Spain and, 389-390, 528, 586, 604;

432-433. 505 Chicago Daily Times, 113, 289 Chicago Herald-Examiner, 561 Chicago Mayoralty fights, 428, 512-515,

Court plan, State, 168;

Supreme Court appointment and, sympathizes with Franco, 470;

423;

effect

on

Rome on

Spain, 541; on showing Blockade in Austria, 558-559; Franco and, 61 1; Democrats in Pennsylelection, 499;

vania and, 695 censorship, of Ickes' speech, 285; by State

Department, 322, 348, 351 Central Valley project, 492, 578 Chamber of Commerce, Shanghai, 209 Chamberlain, Neville, on four-cornered alliance, 330; Germany and, 332-333, 467, 473, 610; on sovereignty of Pacific islands, 337; Laski on, 363; Colonel Wedgwood on, 369-371; on Mussolini, 377; on Italian treaty, 380; Bullitt on, 381, 519-520; Embassy dinner, 405; letter from Roosevelt, 416; foreign policy of, 425, 468, 504; conference with

French, 472; radio appeal, 477; Munich Conference, 479-480; Lord Wright on, 483; Czechoslovakia and, 483-484; Hamilton on, 497-498; reports to the House of

Commons,

504;

policies

attacked,

516, 517, 520-521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 530, 565-566, 596 Chicago Subway Project, 430, 482, 496

Chicago Teachers Union, 512, 514-515 Chicago Times-Herald, 206 Chicago Tribune, 63, 109, 148, 206, 292, 369, 388, 404, 415, 432, 496, 513, 514, 516, 518, 525, 560, 580, 618, 623, 624, 633, 664, 698 Chicago, University of, 182, 298, 465 Child Labor Amendment, Catholic opposition to, 86 Children's Bureau, 8, 47; see also Cath-

erine Lenroot Childs, Marquis, 269-270 Chile, requests U.S. loan, 677-678 Chilkoot Pass, 122

China: Sino-Japanese situation, 180, 185186, 192-194, 198-199, 209; U.S. in, 185-186; U.S.

193;

Marines

Americans killed

in, 193-194;

504; on English pound, 558; speaks against Hitler, 611; establishing al-

army

of, 226-227;

liances against dictators, 635, 650, 651-

302;

Communist Armies

652;

Oumansky

on, 670; Ickes on, 703,

704; see also Great Britain Chandler, Albert B. (1898-

),

Gov-

ernor of Kentucky 1935-1939; Senator (Dem.) from Kentucky 1939-1945; became high commissioner of baseball in

M5-H2>

IC

3 28 > 342. 420-421

Chapman, Oscar Littleton Assistant z 933>

Secretary

of

),

May,

March, 1946;

Under-Secretary,

Secretary

(1896-

of Interior,

Interior,

1949-1952—64,

248, 411, 613, 614, 616, 649, 650, 669-70

Chardon, Dr. Carlos

E.,

6

icans in, 209;

Embassy

in, 186, 192-

Amer-

U.S. shipping to, 209;

Japanese atrocities of,

in,

327-328; on, 481;

in, 335; Morgenthau U.S. loan to, 528, 563; Johnson on, 563;

Japanese

Russia and, 671 Chinsegut, Raymond Robbins and, 123

Chorley, Kenneth, 503 Christian Century, 418 Churchill, Sir Winston, 405, 406, 483, 5°4» 572-573 Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 598 Circuit Courts of Appeal, upholding of

PWA

by, 145 Citadel, The, 502 Civil Aeronautics Board, 560

Index

728

in U.S., 255, 266-267; proBill of Rights, 570;

civil liberties, violation of,

266;

Supreme Court and

tection of,

under

Union, 47; Ickes speaks

to,

255, 258, 263-267, 271, 506, 529 Civil Service amendment, 338

Civilian Conservation Corps,

8, 23,

375

camp, 121, 301, 448-449 Clapp, Moses, 335 Clapper, Raymond, 455 Clark, Bennett Champ (1890), Senator (Dem.) from Missouri 1933-1939', son of Champ Clark, who was Speaker of the House from 1911 to 1919—346, lg . 55 6

Clark, Frank W., 578 Coal Commission, 250-251, 630, 636, 663, 671-672, 696-697 Coast and Geodetic Survey, 631 Cochran, John J., 486, 627 Coffee, John M., 374, 455 {1894-

),

associate

general counsel PWA, 1933-1934; general counsel National Power Policy

Committee 1934-1941;

assisted in draft-

ing securities control legislation of 1933 and 1934, public utility holding company act of 1933, and fair labor standards act of 1938; since 1941 member of delegations to U.N. and

many American

other foreign conferences—34, 50, 60, 67, 96, 98, 114, 130, 154-156, 175, 177, 178, 235-236, 243, 263, 266, 283, 304,

314-315, 326, 349, 360, 389, 483, 504, 508, 511, 525, 633, 687, 689-690, 697, 716

Collier, John, 448-449, 506 Colorado River Authority, Lower, 77 Colorado River project, 14 Columbia Broadcasting Company, 324, of, 710,

719

Commonwealth Club, San

Francisco, 491-

492 Comptroller Generalship,

46, 55

Conant, James D., 363 Conboy, Martin, 97 Congress, adjournment

Tom (1874), Representa(Dem.) from Texas 1917-1924; Senator 1929 to 1953—72.-*}%, 98, 105, 141, tive

72, 79, 696 Conservation, governors' conference on, 20, 38-39, 44, 59; activities in one department, 278; see also Conservation

Department Conservation Department, proposed by Ickes, 8, 21; Roosevelt's plan for, 23; transfer of Forestry to, 36; Roosevelt's attitude toward, 43-44, 46, 257, 264, 278, 305, 307-311; Ickes' attitude toward, 57, 59, 61,

of, 176, 195, 200;

Special Session of, 195; 150th Anniversary of, 587 CIO (Congress of Industrial Organization), Roosevelt and, 241; on support of

119;

transfer of Biological

Survey to, 157; Ickes' speech on, 238239; Hopkins' support of, 247, 254255; Wallace argues against, 257; New York Times on, 267-268; lobbying against, 265, 278, 282, 294; and Jesse Jones, 291; Corcoran and, 313; McNary on, 314; Byrnes on, 314, 318; Senate re-

new name of, 316; Byrd's support 318-319; defeated, 356-358, 361; Roosevelt on, 627; reorganization and,

jects of,

631, 674, 690 Conservation districts, proposal for, 130 Conservation District bill, 114 Constitution of United States, meanings of, 52, 303 Constitutional amendment, possibility of, 33-34; President gives up idea of, 65; Ickes' hope for, 65, 172; difficulty of

passing a, 66, 80; Progressives on, 70-71; Garner's compromise on, 171 Consumers' Counsel, 630, 638 Cooke, Morris L. (1872), engineer active in Federal power projects of

PWA

348, 5°3-5°4

Commerce, Department

5 2 5> 62 5

345. 421

CCC

Cohen, Benjamin V.

of Chicago, 515

B., 202-203, 356, 434, 509,

Connally bill, 127 Connally Oil Act,

Civil Service bill, 350 Civil Service Board, 356

4!3>

mayor

May

Connally,

Dies Committee and, 574 Civil Liberties

Ickes for

Conley,

and National Resources Board;

administrator

REA

1935-1937—28, 50,

67

Coolidge Dam, 566 Coolidge Policy, 166 Copeland, Royal S. (1898-1938), Senator (Dem.) from New York 1923 to his death —162-163, 196, 312, 338 copper prices, manipulation of, 73 Corcoran, Thomas G. (1900), lawyer; assistant to Secretary of Treasury 1933; counsel to RFC 1932 and 1934-1941; as-

Index sociated with

drafting acts;

now

Benjamin

Cohen

V.

many New Deal

in

legislative

in private law practice— 8, 17-

18, 33-37» 5°. 58-59. 67, 69, 97-98, 104, 108-109, 112, 125, 127, 135-136, 140, 151,

154-156, 159-161, 170, 171-172, 174-177. 178-179, 184, 217, 220, 235, 247, 263265, 283, 287, 301, 305-306, 307, 308, 313, 314-315, 339. 34L 345. 349. 358-360, 386, 423, 461-463, 466, 470, 475, 483, 506, 508, 511, 512, 513, 517, 525, 526, 527, 536-538. 54L 585. 593. 618, 629, 632, 633, 658, 664, 679, 682, 683, 685, 686, 688, 689-690, 697, 698, 706-707, 716, 718

Costello, John M., 491 cotton, surplus of, 187; loans on, 194-195; control of crops, 194; price of, 223; proposed embargo of, 274; price fixing of,

ister to

Eire 1937-1939; Ambassador to

Belgium 1939-1940—Q,

356,

403,

409,

416, 481, 685, 707

Cummincs,

Homer

S.

(18 jo-

),

Attor-

ney General of U.S. 1933-1939; since then in private law practice— 18-19, 34. 61, 64, 73, 75, 94, 124-125, 152, 177, 183, 185, 193-194, 232, 250, 261, 264, 303,

3»2, 330-331. 376, 397. 412, 414, 418, 426, 458, 463, 467, 478, 511, 522, 529, 53 6 » 54L 566, 679-680

Cummings, Mrs. Homer S., 273 Curie, Mlle. Eve Denise, 617 Cushing, Mrs. Harvey, 554 Cushing, Mary, 554 Cutting, Bronson {1888-1935), Senator (Rep.) from New Mexico 1927 until his death; leader of Progressive Party of

1912—69

543-544

Coughlin, Father Charles

37L

729

E., 349, 354,

7 5-7o6

Czarnecki, Anthony, 355 Czechoslovakia:

Council of National Defense, 710, 719-720

Tom J. {1894), State's Attorney of Cook County, Illinois 1932-

Courtney,

1945; judge of Circuit Court since 1945 -336. 482, 485. 5*2, 5 X 4» 5 l6 5 2 2. 523. 53°. 561. 566, 586 >

German

threat

337. 465; Bullitt on, 381;

to,

321,

war with Ger-

many, 466-467,

468, 469, 472, 473, 476468, 472, 473, 484, 596, 597; Poland and, 468, 472; Russia and, 472, 473; dismemberment of, 593,

481;

Hungary and,

Courts, extraterritorial, 193

596-597, 703-704; trade agreement suspended, 597; U.S. mail diverted from,

Cowles, Gardner, 640 Cox, E. E., 416 Cox, James M. (i8jo-

597-598; funds in U.S., 598; Great Britain and, 652, 671, 675, 705; France on, 652, 675; BeneS on, 675-676

newspaper pubGovernor of Ohio 1913-1915 and 1917-1921; Democratic nominee for President in 1920; member U.S. delegation to World Economic Conference in London 1933— 257-258, lisher

and

),

politician;

691

Coy, Wayne, 686 Craig, Gen.

Malin

Staff of U.S.

Army

(1875-1945), Chief of 1935-1939; retired in

1939; recalled to active duty in 336-337. 39i

1941—

Cramer, Lawrence W. (1897-

), Lieutenant-Governor Virgin Islands 1933-

1935; Governor 1935-1941; SecretaryGeneral Caribbean Commission *946-33.57.93-94.476,515 Crane, Charles R., 582 Creel, George, 427 Crowley, Leo, 201 Cuba, sugar quota and, 128 CUBBERLEY, LEON H., 76, 96, I16-II7 Cudahy, John (1887-1943), diplomat; Ambassador to Poland 1933-1937; Min-

D Dahlman, Ann, 160, 312, 508, 572 Daladier, Edouard, Spanish civil war and, 424; Munich Conference ( 479-480; Bullitt on, 519-520; voted dictatorial powers, 610, 611 Damrosch, Walter, 207 Daniels, Jonathan, 91 Daniels, Josephus, 22, 505 Danzig, 700, 702-703 Darling, Jay ("Ding") (1876-

),

car-

New York

Herald Tribune, Des Moines Register and other newspatoonist for

pers since 1917; chief biologist, Department of Agriculture, 1934-1935; leading U.S. conservationist—47 131, 157 Daugherty, Harry M., 61, 136, 700 Davies, Joseph E. (1876), lawyer and ,

chairman Federal Trade Commission 19151916; counsel for tax-

diplomat;

Index

730

Davies, Joseph E. (continued) payers in Ford stock valuation tax case 1918-193$; ambassador to U.S.S.R. 1936-

590, 600; Wheeler, 698-699 Democratic National Convention, Philadelphia, 167; control of by Roosevelt,

1938; to Belgium 1938-1939; vice chair-

California delegation to, 579; 256; question of where to hold in 1940, 596; Farley and, 691 Democratic Party, Negro rights and, 20; contributions to campaign fund, 27; National Committee, 88, 577, 698; in

man Democratic

National Committee,

1936—7, 110, 704 Davila, Carlos, 677-678 Davis, John W., 691 Davis,

Norman

chairman

(1878-1944), diplomat; U.S. delegation to Disarma-

Geneva 1933; head of U.S. delegation to Naval Conference at London 1935; later chairman Ameri-

ment Conference

at

can Red Cross— 110, 330, 704 Dawes, Henry M., 696 Dear, Harry W., 428 ), chairman Delano, Frederic A. (1863National Resources Planning Board

1934-1943; uncle of Franklin D. Roosevelt-18, 20, 38-39, 42-43, 47, 50, 59-60,

334

Delaney, Judge, 345 De los Rios, Fernando (1879-1949), SpanU.S. 1936-1939; ish Ambassador to formerly Minister of Foreign Affairs of Spanish Republic; after 1939 professor of political science at New School for Social Research,

New

York City— 5,

142, 210-211, 585, 593, 611 Demaray, Arthur E. (1887-

),

director National Park

ciate

22,

asso-

Service

1933-1951 and then director— 245, 584 Democratic candidates for President, 1940: La Follette, 4, 395; Wallace, 36, 313, 360, 394, 518; Earle, 53-54, 394; Ickes, 102, 130-131, 201, 237, 284, 336, 394, 464, 518, 523;

43,

130-131,

291,

Barkley, 131, 394; Southern Democrats and, 153, 556; Roosevelt on, 201, 576577; Watson on, 236; LaGuardia on, 252. 545. 554555; Jackson, 284, 395; Jones, 291, 361, 413; Farley, 340, 420, 458, 461, 485, 518, 601, 607; Roosevelt, 394, 424, 456, 459, 463, 508, 518, 590,

McNutt, 394, 679; Garner, 413, 420, 518, 544, 600, 606-607, 632; Hull, 418, 518, 590; Kennedy, 420; Hopkins, 459, 462, 484, 518, 527, 590, 606, 631; LaGuardia, 501; Clark, 518; Bul605, 655-656;

on, 518; Sayre on, 563; Douglas, 614; Wheeler, 698; Sabath on, 708 Democratic candidates for Vice President, litt

1940:

Farley, 518-519, 601;

Senatorial

166-167; attack on, 300; of, 317; no lead-

Committee

ership in, 326; Headquarters, New York, 335; Roosevelt's control of, 379; liberals versus conservatives in, 460, 466, 472; Ickes on, 500; importance of

not splitting, 521; Byrnes on, 530-531;

Deficiency Appropriation Bill, 58

129, 248-249,

New York State,

Ickes on,

Garner on, 530-531 Dempsey, John J. (1875), Representative (Dem.) from New Mexico 1935; Under-Secretary of 1941 and 1930Interior 1941-1943; Governor of New Mexico 1943-1947-37-38, 188, 350, 357360, 367, 378-379, 517, 603, 662

Denby, Edwin, 136, 700 Dern, George H. (1872-1936), Governor of Utah 1925-1932; Secretary of War 1933 until his death—42, 88, 133, 264, 296 Dern, Mrs. George H., 88 De Rouen, Alytn F., 374 D'Esposito, Joshua, 432 Deutsch, Dr. Emanuel M., 492 Deutschland, 150

De

Valera, Eamon, 416

Devanney, Judge, 423 Dewey, Thomas E., 270,

282, 651, 656,

707, 717

Dickmann, Bernard F., 486 Dies, Martin (1901), Representative (Dem.) from Texas, 1931-194$, and since 1952; appointed in 1938 chairman of House committee investigating

un-American activities—499, 501, 504505, 506-507, 528-529, 547, 573, 705 Dies Committee, 455, 499, 506-507, 517,

528-529, 546-547. 548-549. 573-574. 642,

705-706 Dieterich, William H., 170, 338 Dimock Marshall E., 652-653

Dimond, Anthony

J.,

376, 711

dinner, by Ickes, 372, 508, 532, 572, 593, 601; cocktail party, 664

dinner,

White House, for cabinet, Lord Tweedsmuir, 112;

273, 524; for

30,

for

Index

King and Queen of England, 644-647; British Embassy, 405-407; French Embassy, 409; by Cabinet, 87-88, 587-588, 610

73*

Eagle Forgotten, 579 Earle, George Howard (1890Gov) ernor of Pennsylvania 1935-1939; Minister to Bulgaria 1940-1941—Q, 53, 237, ,

disarmament, proposal Aires conference,

7;

for,

at

program

Buenos for,

in

281-282, 394

Pacific, 7

Dodd, William E. (1869-1940), historian and diplomat; professor at University of Chicago 1908-1933; U.S. Ambassador to Germany, 1933-1937-90, 93, 330 Dodds, Harold W., 104 Donnelly, Charles, 494 Dorr, George B., 202-203 Doughton, Robert L. (1863), Representative (Dem.) from North Carolina 1911—15, 46, 272 Douglas, Lewis W., 14, 518 Douglas, Melvyn, 490 Douglas, Paul (1892), professor at University of Chicago since 192$; member Consumers' Advisory Board NRA 1933-1935; Senator (Dem.) from Illinois, 1948-515, 523, 613 Douglas, William O. (1898), professor of law at Columbia and Yale 19251934; S.E.C. commissioner and chair-

Early, Stephen T. (1889-1951), newspa-

perman from 1903

until 1933; assistant secretary to President Roosevelt until

1937 and secretary 1937-1945; Under Secretary of Defense 1949-1950—11, 33, 68, 72, 87, 127. 165, 173, 237, 255, 286,

288, 290, 328, 331, 348, 358-359,

Eastman, Joseph, 55 Eaton, Cyrus, 384-385, 710, 719 Eccles, Marriner S. (1890),

assistant

to Secretary of Treasury, 1934;

governor

Federal

Board

Reserve

of Governors, Federal Reserve System, since 1936—5, 115

Eckener, Dr.

Hugo

(1868-

),

of Zeppelins since 1908; President of the Zeppelin Co. in Germany since 1924; flew around the world

1936-1939; Associate Justice of the

in the

Supreme Court

377. 3 8 5> 391-393. 399. 420

economic

royalists, 66, 196, 526, 716; see

economic sanctions, President's right to impose, 274, 277 Edelstein,

Draper, Ernest G., 511 Dry Tortugas Islands, 258 Duball, Speaker of Va. House of Dele-

Harry

M., 639-640

Eden, Anthony, 323, 333, 371, 483, 520, 57 2 -573 Edison,

Charles

(1890-

Duffy, Sherman, 622 16-17,

22 7> 2 34~ 2 35>

2 44" 2 45

case,

Supreme Court

sion in, 19, 26, 92

Dunn, James, 388 Dunne, Finley Peter, 490 Dunne, Philip, 490 du Pont Company, 283, 497 du Pont, Ethel, 148 du Pont, Pierre S., 365 Dykstra, Clarence A., 659

deci-

),

assistant

secretary of Navy, then Secretary 1939-

1940; Governor of

gates, 502

Dubinsky, David, 516 Duff Gordon, Lord, 483, 573

Duke Power

Graf Zeppelin in 7929—145-146,

also big business

Dowd, Peggy, 508, 552 Dower House, 367 Downe, Henry, 409 Downey, Sheridan, 491

Duke of Windsor,

designer

and builder

U.S.

552. 5 8 5. 5 88 -5 8 9» 614, 643

1934-1936;

member Board

man

since 1939—511, 593. 594. 6oo. 601,

367,

372, 471, 475, 527, 532, 533, 546, 588, 601, 642, 712

New

Jersey 1941-

1944-414, 629, 701, 718 Education, Office of, 8, 139, 278, 357, 623, 667 Education and Labor, Committee on, 197 Eken, Andrew J., 215, 218 Elbert, Colonel, 63-64 election results, 1936, 4; 1938, 498-500

Eliot, Charles city

William

planner; executive

II (1899officer

),

National

Planning Board PWA 1933-1934; National Resources Board 1934-1935; National Resources Committee 19351939; director National Resources Planning Board i959-i945-^>-l^ »3 21 35

Index

752

Ellender, Allen J. (1891), Senator (Dem.) from Louisiana since 1937—

23. 32. 35. 55. 57. 61, 91, 95, 129, 140-

3°3 Ellice Islands, 180

Elliott, Dr. Henry R., 148, 306-307 Elliott, Richard Nash, 559, 596 Ely, Mr., 499 Ely, Sims, 581 Embargo, arms to Spain, 497, 510, 528, 562, 566, 569-570; see also Spain

Enderbury Island,

337, 407

Epstein, Rabbi, 355 Ernst, Morris L. (1888-

member New

chairman of board of directors of Coca Cola Export Corp. since 1940—$, 22,

York

State

),

lawyer;

Banking

Board 1933-194$; friend of President Roosevelt and his representative on foreign missions, including one to Virgin Islands in 1935—70, 237-238, 698

462, 470, 485, 500, 501, 518-519, 528, 53°» 53 6 -54o, 548, 550, 552, 555, 563-564,

57°-577» 59°. 601, 607, 613, 615, 631, 644, 647, 657, 685, 686, 688, 690-692, 695, 698, 708, 709

Farley, Mrs. James A., 307, 588 Farmer-Labor group, 395 Farmers, Inc., 578 farm, need for legislation, 173, 187, 195; prices, maintaining, by loans, 187; bill, cost of, 280; policy, farmers dissatisfied with, 501

Europa, 598

Europe on the Eve, 670 European situation, Roosevelt on,

on criticism of, 348; as a threat to U.S., 352; Ickes on, 355, 389, 423; American big business and, 378; conditions in California, 549

fascism, Hull, 102-

222, 469, 473, 571, 692, 709-710; 1937, 102-103; Bullitt on, 103, 519-520, 651-652; plan to isolate aggres103,

March,

sive nations, 213;

142, 167, 220, 223, 224, 233-234, 239, 242-243, 252, 271, 288, 296, 307, 326, 328, 340-341, 349, 363-364, 367-368, 391, 397, 414, 418, 420, 456-457, 458-459. 46i-

Welles on, 321; be-

comes desperate, 323, 465, 610-611, 700, 708; September, 1938, 476-477; Febru-

Great Britain and 1939, 576; France uniting against Germany and Italy, 611; Ickes on, 611-612; Cabinet ary,

on, 636, 701-704; Oumansky on, 670671, 705; BeneS on, 675-676

Everglades, 76, 107, 117 Everglades City, 119

Fawcett, James W., 29 Fay, Mr., 471 Fechner, Robert (1876-1939), director of Civilian Conservation Corps camps

from 1933 until his death— 121, 375 Federal buildings in District of Columbia, 623, 667 Federal corporation law, proposal Federal Council of Churches, 503

Export and Import Bank, 317, 592

Federal Federal Federal Federal

Fahy, John, 649 Fairbank, Miles H., 6

535 Federal Federal Federal Federal

Fairbanks, Alaska, 445, 449 Fall, Albert B. (1861-1944), Senator (Rep.) from New Mexico 1912-1921; Secretary of Interior under President Warren G. Harding 1921-1923; indicted and convicted of bribery and conspiracy in connection with Teapot Dome oil leases and sentenced to one year in prison and $100,000 fine—40, 87, 136,

700 Farley, Edward, 393 Farley, James A. (1888), chairman Democratic National Committee 19321940; Postmaster General 1933-1940;

for,

20

courts, small cases in, 303

Deposit Insurance Corp., 201 Housing Administration, 48

Power Commission,

27, 156, 335,

Radio Commission, 285

Reserve Bank, New York, 721 Reserve Board, 37, 511 Works Agency, 658-659, 669; Carmody considered for Administrator, 659, 661-662, 668 Fertich, Roscoe, 4, 200-201, 335, 336, 341 Fewkes, John Madison, 512, 514-515 Filipino students, proposal to train, 111112

finance companies, automobile manufacturers and, 302

Finch, John director of

W.

(1873-

Bureau

),

geologist;

of Mines, 1934-1940

-92 Finland, U.S. loan refused, 677

IndefZ

Finley, Dr. John H. (1863-1940), scholar and newspaperman; president C.C.N.Y. 1903-1913;

New

York State Commission

of Education 1913-1921; associate ediand editor-in-chief, tor, 1921-193'],

1937-1938, of 267-268 fire control,

on

The New York Times— U.S. ships, 111

Fisher, Harry, 355 Fisheries,

Bureau

of, 8, 23, 157, 624, 627,

630, 631, 667

Flanagan, Mrs. Hallie, 654-655 Flandin, M. P.

E.,

flood control, in

409

Ohio River

Valley, 67,

132; projects, 333-334

Florida Canal, 566, 591

Flynn, Edward J. (1891-1953), chairman Democratic County (Bronx) Committee 1922-1953; Secretary of State of New York 1929-1939; national committeeman from New York 1930-1953; chair-

man Democratic

National Committee

1940-1942-234 Flynn, John T., 230 Foley, Edward H., Jr. (1905), assistant general counsel and later general counsel, PW> A, 1933-1937; assistant general counsel and later general counsel, Treasury, 1937-1942; Assistant U.S. Secretary of Treasury 1946-1948; Under Secretary of Treasury 1948-1952—63, 197, 240, 253-254, 312, 508, 541

Foley, Kate, 508

to, 41-44, 257, 265, 294; lobby in Forest Service against, 86, 150, 157, 265, 412,

opposition

"Ding" Darling,

Roosevelt's stand uncertain, 159, 265, 278, 294, 311, 345-346, 603, 619, 624-625, 632, 660, 674

Foreman, Clark, 283 Forestry, Department 311, 314,

of, 23, 42, 294,

to,

131;

by Pinchot, 131; McNary, 154, 314,

349; Barkley, 339; King, 349; Bone, 349; Murdock, 366; supported by, Silcox,

Hopkins, 247, 345, 513; Connally, Jesse Jones, 345; Wheeler, 603; Mott, 603; Lundeen, 345; Robinson's compromise, 151, 156-157; Byrnes on, 310; Wallace compromises on, 314, 316; 184;

345;

Byrd uncertain on,

318; Bailey on, 319;

support in Senate, 338-339; McCarran

and Nevada on, 355; Tugwell on, Merriam on, 618; Ickes on, 620,

471; 668;

310-

318-320, 332, 338, 339. 345. 346, 349- 355- 366, 375, 488, 5 X 3> 5*7> 536. 603, 618, 619, 620-621, 624-625, 631, 632, 660, 668, 674, 684 316, 317,

Fort Jefferson, 116-117, 258 Fort Peck, Montana, 495 Fort Washington, 599 Fortas, Abe, 663, 671, 695, 697 Fox, Dr., 53 France: economic condition of, 62, 84, 91, 592; Spanish civil war and, 103; proposed trade agreement with, 128; conference on Mediterranean situation, 210; economic blockade of Japan by, 274, 277; Romania and, 286; four-cor-

nered alliance, 330;

fall of cabinet, 333; troops in Austria, 335; practically on war footing, 465; Czechoslovakia and, 466-467, 468, 652, 675, 703-704; securities in U.S., 470; Chamberlain conference, 472; mobilization

protest

German

Roosevelt on, 474; evacuation Munich Conference, 479480; air power of, 519; Catholic Church and, 528; desire to buy U.S. planes, 531, in, 473;

plans

of, 476;

542; refuses colonies to Italy, 542, 562, 610; establishing alliances against dictators, 635, 650, 651-652,

Fontanne, Lynn, 356 Ford, Henry, 378, 534, 706 Ford, John, 490 Ford Motor Company, 129, 283, 378 Forest Service, proposed transfer of, to new department, 8, 23; Wallace objects

438;

733

671;

Poland

and, 700; ultimatum to Hitler, 711,713; negotiations for the Normandie, 716; Goebbels on, 720 Franco, General Francisco: Spanish civil war and, 277-278, 335, 343, 378; sea control, 380; Bullitt on, 380; Daladier on, 424; Farley on, 470; on Chamberlain's visit to Mussolini, 562; Russia and, 575; recognized by France and Great Britain, 585; U.S. recognition question, 609; U.S.

recognition,

nomic penetration

610;

German

eco-

of Spain and, 633;

see also Spain Frank, Dr. Glenn, 364 Frank, Jerome N. (1889judge; ), from May, 1933, to February, 1935, general counsel of AAA; later held various Deal posts including membership

New

on Securities Exchange Commission; May, 1941, judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals— 313, 612, 628, 721

since

Index

734

Frankfurter, Felix (1882-

Harvard Law

),

professor

School

1914-1939; since then an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court; personal friend and adviser to President Roosevelt—362, at

393, 423-424, 47°-47». 5°5» 539-540. 545546, 55 -552. 556, 559, 563, 572, 601-602,

629-630, 633, 680 Franklin, Jay, 164 Frazier, Lynn T. (1874-1947), Governor of South Dakota, 1916-1922; Senator (Prog. Rep.) from South Dakota 1922-

1940-125, 135, 196, 339 Freedman's Hospital, 434 freedom of press, Ickes debates on, 516,

645, 647, 653-654, 676, 688-689, 693-694,

699

Garner, Mrs. John N., 315, 602 Garrison, Lloyd, 182, 190 gasoline tax, 280

Gearhart, Bertrand W., 578 General Accounting Office, 583, 595 General Comptrollership bill, 350 General Motors Corp., John Lewis and, 55; earnings of, 280; 295, 378

Gennerich, Gus,

642-650, 654 George, Walter F., 256, 387, 390, 466 George amendment, to reorganization 339, 345-346

bill, 338,

527. 554. 557

Freeman, Bishop James E., 290 French Embassy, dinner, 409, 563 Freud, Dr. Sigmund, 347 Friend, Judge, 355 Friday, Louis M., 615 Fuller, Melville, 485, 551

German Embassy, 708 German Zeppelin Company,

344, 346-347, 368-369, 391-392, 398, 414 Germany: reaction to Roosevelt tour of

South America, 15; oil situation in, 49; Spanish civil war and, 73, 180, 335; threat to Great Britain, 83-84; economic condition

Guardia Gabrielson, Ira N., 47 Gallup, New Mexico, 581 Gallup poll, on Dies Committee, 529; on cabinet efficiency, 418; on sentiment

toward Germany, 533; on Harry Hopkins as Secretary of Commerce, 534; on 1940 Presidential candidate, 656; on Roosevelt, 687-688 Gamelin, General, 409, 711-712 E. (1876), newspaper publisher; sole or controlling owner of chain known as the Gannett newspapers, located chiefly in New York State

Gannett, Frank

-93. 5 2 7. 557"55 8 022 '

Gannon, Dr. Robert Ignatius, 504 Garner, John Nance (1868), Representative (Dem.) from Texas 1903*933> Vice President of the United States 1933-1941—$, 18, 20, 26, 37, 52, 54-55. 59> 6i» 64, 66, 108, 112-113, 124, 140-141, 143, 151, 153, 166, 170-171, 173174, 179-180, 192-193, i94-!95. 200, 232, 252, 278-280, 285, 291, 293,

14, 37

George VI, King of England, 617-618,

295. 297,

of,

84,

315,

343,

610;

criticizes, 89-90; relations

La with

89-91; Argentina and, 111, 353, proposed trade agreement with, 128; proposed sale of helium to, 143,

U.S.,

568;

145-146, 344, 346-347. 372-373. 3 8 5. 391shelling of Almeria, 150; agree-

393;

ment on spheres cret alliance

with

of influence, 275; seItaly,

Japan, 278; Ro-

mania and, 286; treaties, 291; Bruening on, 315; army officers in, 315; propaganda in South America, 317; Austria and, 321, 335; exports to, 324-325; fourcornered alliance, 330; Chamberlain and, 330, 332-333, 467, 473, 610; Czechoslovakia and, 337, 466-467, 468, 469, 473. 596-598; in Mexico, 353; Allen on, 388; Hull on, 473; air

519;

power

Munich Conference,

of, 474, 479-480; trade

agreement with Turkey, 484; Mexican oil and, 522; outraged by Ickes' speech, 533-534, 545; Spain shoots down planes, 561; dumping of manufactured goods in U.S., 581, 597; Great Britain and France uniting against, 611; Bullitt on,

Oumansky

300-301, 302-303, 305, 307, 315, 328, 334335. 343. 368, 385. 3 8 6. 387. 397. 399. 41 1-412, 413, 420, 421, 460, 518, 530, 543, 544. 549. 552. 555. 55°. 557. 57°. 587588, 590, 592, 599-600, 602, 605, 606-607,

651-652;

613, 615, 616-617, 632, 637, 642, 643-644,

Hitler, Adolf

on,

671;

trade

agreement with Russia, 700, 703, 705; Poland and, 700, 710, 711, 713; Roosevelt statement to Hitler, 701-702; Italy

and, 711-712; Goebbels, 720; see also

Index Giannini, Amadeo Peter, 570 Gilbert Islands, 180 Gillette, Guy M., 499 Ginzburg, M. P., 355 Girdler Corporation, 250, 283 Glacier Bay National Park, 447 Glacier National Park, 435 Glass, Carter (1858-1946), Representative (Dem.) from Virginia 1902-1918; Secretary of Treasury under President Wilson 1018-1920; Senator from Virginia 1920 until his death. One of the founders of the Federal Reserve System -106, 115, 196, 287, 327, 350-351 Glenn, J. Lyles, 92 Goebbels, Dr. Paul Joseph, 291, 720 Goetz, William, 490 gold, Treasury purchase of, 19; U.S. policy of, 84; flow of, from Japan, 199; French, in U.S., 91; flow of, to U.S., 470; flow of, to France, 592 gold certificates, 19 gold standard, U.S. considers going off, 343; Germany abandons, 343 Goldman, Rabbi, 355 Good Neighbor League, 694 governors' conference, on conservation, 20, 38-39, 44,

59

Grand Coulee Dam, 494-495 Grand Teton Park, 565 Grant National Park, General, 583-584 Gray, Howard A., 219, 227, 229, 649, 662663, 671, 697

Gray, Lewis

C., 42 Grazing, Division of, 43, 101, 625, 627; Advisory Committee on, 101; districts,

camps

for,

375

Great Britain: rearmament program of, 83; Italy and, 103, 377, 380; proposed naval agreement with, 110; proposed trade agreement with, 128; Pacific islands and, 180-181, 320, 337; conference on Mediterranean situation, 210; conference planned by, 228-229; economic blockade of Japan by, 274, 277; broadcast to, 321-324; four-cornered alliance,

330; debts, 334-335; protest troops in Austria, 335; Laski on, 363; Allen on, 388; condition of people, 465-466; fleet of, 465, 476; Czechoslovakia and, 466, 468, 483-484,

German

652, 671, 675, 703-704, 705; securities in U.S., 470; Roosevelt on, 474, 484, 571; investments in U.S., 474; war sup-

735

from Canada, 474; Munich Con479-480; air power of, 519; Stimson policy and, 569; communism and, 574; economic condition of, 592; Parliament votes conscription, 626; plies

ference,

foreign policy of, 634; establishing alliances against dictators, 635, 650, 651652, 671; Poland and, 700; Russia and, 705; ultimatum to Hitler, 711, 713; negotiations for the Queen Mary, 716;

Goebbels on, 720; see also Chamberlain, Neville

Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 319 Green, counselor for the State Department, 388, 574-575. 670, 675 Green, Dean of Northwestern University, 182

Green, Dwight, 530, 586, 613 Green, Felix, 324 Green, Theodore F., 181, 395 Green, William, 178, 512 Grenfell, David, 407 Grew, Joseph R., 540, 653 Gridiron Club dinners, 21, 270-272, 285286, 364-365 Griffin, Edward W., 441

Gruening, Ernest (1887-

editor and ) Government official; managing editor of New York Tribune, 1918, and of The ,

Nation, 1920-1923; director of division of territories and island possessions in Department of Interior 1034-1939, with jurisdiction over Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, South Sea and Equatorial Islands; administrator of Puerto Rican Reconstruction Adminis-

tration 1935-1937; Governor of Alaska i939' I 953-5-^ 47> 57. 64. 149-15°. 159160-161, 189, 320, 329, 376, 476, 636, 641, 711

Guam,

274, 563

Guck, Homer, 561, 622 Guffey, Joseph F. (187$Senator ), (Dem.) from Pennsylvania 1935-1947; member of Democratic National Committee from Pennsylvania since 1920— 21, 188, 250, 281-282, 284, 317, 488, 626,

630, 656

Gulf Oil Company, 426 Gulick, Luther H. (1892), director of New York Bureau of Municipal Research; president of Institute of Public Administration; member in 1936-1937

Index

73 6

Gulick, Luther H. (continued) of President's Committee on Adminis-

Hatch, Carl

Haw,

A., 127, 129, 257

secretary of the U.S. Senate 1933-194$ -130-131, 155-156, 188, 309, 317-318,

W., 494 Hawaii, question of disarmament in, 7; sugar quota and, 128, 188; naval blockade in, 274 Hayden, Carl, 368, 654-655 Hays, Arthur Garfield, 169-170 Hays, Howard, 435 Hays, Will, 246 Headwaters Farm, see Olney, Maryland Healy, Judge Robert E., 50, 59 Hearst, William Randolph (1863-1951), newspaper publisher and editor; proprietor of Hearst chain of newspapers and magazines. He backed Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932, having helped him to secure the Democratic nomination, but then quarreled violently with the New Deal and supported Landon in *93 6 -5> 206, 292, 439-440, 5 6 ° Hearst newspapers, 227, 326, 525 Heflin, J. Thomas, 262

615

Heintzelman, B. Frank (1888-

trative

Management— 8,

233

Gump's, San Francisco, 488-489, 524 GUTKNECHT, JOHN, 523

H Hackett, Mr., 185 Democratic Hague, Frank (1876), politician and builder of "the Hague machine" in New Jersey; Mayor of Jersey City 1917-1947;

member

of

Demo-

National Committee from New Jersey since 1922—256, 414, 417, 499 Halifax, Lord, 406, 407 Hall, Mayor of Williamsburg, 502 cratic

Hall, Mr., 342 Halle, Anne, 617 Hallgren, Maurttz, 282 Halsey, Colonel Edward A. (1881-194$),

Hamilton, John, 21-22 Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson,

ester; regional forester for Jr.,

497-

498

Hanes, John W., 701 Hanna, Dr. R. K., 403 Harding, Edward J., 77, 361, 662 Harding, Warren G., 87, 136, 700 Harlan County, Kentucky, 142, 638 Harrington, Colonel Francis C, 534, 649. 655

Harrington, Philip, 430, 482, 505-506 Harrison, Dr., 714 Harrison, George L., 721 Harrison, Pat (1881-1941), Representative (Dem.) from Mississippi 1911-1919; Senator 1919-1941; chairman U.S. Senate Finance Committee 1933-1941—15, 46, 131, 164, 166, 170, 174-175, 182, 188189, 272,

356

Harvard University, 315, 362-363 Harvey, Oliver, 405 Hassett, William, 348 Hastie, William H. (1904), assistant solicitor of the Department of Interior I 933~ I 937> judge in Virgin Islands 1937-

University 1939; dean of Howard School of Law 1939-1946; Governor of Virgin Islands 1946-1949; since then judge on U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals

-8i,94-95. 1Q4

Hatch

bill,

veto

of,

689-690

J.

1937;

now Governor

447, 448, 449 helium, U.S. policy bill

on

),

for-

Alaska since

of

Alaska—446,

sale of, 143, 146; of, 250; sale

governing, 200; price

Germany, 324-325, 344, 346-347. 368-369, 372-373, 375-377, 385. sgi-sgs39 6 -399' 406, 4!4> 4!9-420, 427-428, 575; Hull on, 418; discovered in Peru, 609; sale of, to Poland, 637, 661 of, to

Hellenthal, J. A., 450 Henderson, Leon, 628, 633 Henderson, Sir Nevile, 707 Henlein, Konrad, 381 Henning, Arthur Sears, 664 Herbert, SrR Alan P., 405 Hermitage, replica

of,

at inauguration,

53 Herrick, Robert, 465, 535

Herring, Clyde L., 171 Hess, Senator, 493

Hetch Hetchy Dam, 124-125,

422, 427

Higgins, Mrs., 409 editor and High, Stanley (1895), radio commentator; roving editor of Reader's Digest since 1940—68, 178-179,

694 ), Representative Hill, Lister (1894(Dem.) from Alabama 1923-1938; Senator (succeeding Hugo L. Black) since

1938—262

Index Hill, Miss, 137 Hillis,

May

68, 114-115, 116, 119, 126-127, 139-140,

Knox, 376

Hillman, Sidney, 178 Hillside, N.Y.,

housing project, 215, 218

Hindenburg, 143 Hirst, Claude Marvin, 448 Hitler, Adolph, influence on Romania, 286; Bruening on, 315; Roosevelt and, 321, 568, 619-620, 692, 701-702; threatens aggression, 323; Chamberlain and, 330, 467, 611; position on armaments, 333; on Austria, 335; Hull on, 348, 568; political refugees and, 351; Bullitt on,

381, 519-520; helium and, 392; European situation and, 465; condition of

German people, 465-466; Czechoslovakia and, 465, 466-467, 468, 469, 472, 473. 477. 593. 596; on radio, 477; reply to Roosevelt by, 478; Munich Conference, 479-480; ambitions of, 484, 609, 707; treatment of Jews, 503-504, 548; Dies on, 504; speech on war, 572-573; communists and, 574, 705; speech before Reich, 626; Oumansky on, 671; Russia and, 706; Poland and, 708; receives ultimatum from Great Britain and France, 711; see also Germany holding companies, 314-315 Holland, George W., 426 Holland, Nelson, 554 Holland, Nine-Power conference and, 228-229; economic blockade of Japan by, 277

Hollywood Council for Democracy, 490 Honeyman, Mrs. Nan, 493

Homans House, Acadia

154, 224-226, 237, 243, 245-247, 254, 258262, 338, 345, 356-361, 367, 372, 378, 382, 384, 386-387, 390, 399, 412, 415, 430, 441-443- 459. 460, 461, 462-464, 478,

484-485, 486, 501, 504, 505-506, 508, 511, 512-513, 517, 518, 522, 523, 526-527, 528, 529. 530. 532. 534-535. 537. 538. 541542. 545-546. 547> 552. 555. 556-557. 564. 567. 572, 574. 585. 59°. 593. 595. 596. 601, 606-607, 613, 629, 631-632, 637, 642, 649, 653, 661, 664, 682, 685-686, 687, 689, 699. 709. 7 l8

Hornbeck, Stanley K., 185-186 Horner, Henry (1878-1940), lawyer and politician; judge of Cook County Probate Court 1914-1933; Governor of Illinois 1933-1940-68, 201, 235, 458, 475, 485, 696

Houghteling, Lawrence,

National Park,

Hooker, Elon, 204 Hooniah, Alaska, 447-448 Hoover, Herbert, 166, 224, 230, 583.584.585.657.697,717 Hoover, J. Edgar, 607

504, 575,

Barbara, 25, 119, 224-226 Diana, 126

Harry

L. (1890-1946), welfare

and Government official; administrator of Federal relief (FERA) 1933-1935; Works Progress Administrator 1935-1938; Secretary of Commerce

1938-1940; head of Lend Lease (1941) and confidential friend and agent of President Roosevelt throughout the

Second World

War— 10,

25, 33-35, 58,

650

227, 236, 251, 536, 667

Housing Authority, Housing Authority, housing

New York

City, 231

U.S., 250-251, 623

bill, 195, 197,

to,

200;

Lodge amend-

280

housing conference, 214

Housing Division, of Public Works,

184,

219-220, 236, 261

housing projects, 269

Howard University, 327 Howe, Colonel Louis

(1871-1936), personal secretary and friend to Franklin D. Roosei'elt from 1920 until his death —225-226, 301, 340, 508

Howland

202-203

108,

housing, state legislation on, 231; Roosevelt's plan for private, 242 Housing Administrator, U.S., 215, 217,

ment

Hobson, Alfred T., 509

Hopkins, Hopkins, Hopkins, worker

737

Island, 274

Hughes, Charles Evans (1862-1948), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 1910-1916; Republican nominee for President 1916; Secretary of State 19211925; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 1930-1941—52, 66-67, 87, 103, 106-107, 136-137, 145, 153, 272, 315, 546, 552, 587, 594; see also Supreme Court

Reorganization Plan Hughes, Bishop Edwin H., 504 Hughes, Howard, 426 Hull, Cordell (1871), Representative (Dem.) from Tennessee 1907-1921, 1923-1931; Senator 1931-1933; Secretary of State 1933-1944; winner of Nobel

Peace Prize, 1945—9,, 51,

64, 74, 88-89,

Index

73 8

He de

Hull, Cordell (continued) 93, 110, 112, 142, 180-181, 185-186, 193194, 198-199, 209, 211, 213, 236, 268, 275,

278, 291, 296, 297, 302, 317, 322-323, 329. 33°. 334-335- 344- 347. 348. 365. 3 6 7> 369, 388, 393. 396-398, 417-419, 467, 473, 475, 555. 558. 563. 568-569. 590, 600, 609, 611, 636,

401, 412, 413, 478, 518, 547, 572. 574. 588, 643, 644, 649,

657, 661, 670, 686, 692, 700, 703, 706, 709, 713; see also State Department

Hull, Mrs. Cordell, 88, 181, 588, 610, 648 Humphreys case, Supreme Court decision in.

337 Shih, Dr., 511 Hungary, war debt, 334; mobilization of army, 467; Czechoslovakia and, 468, 472. 473» 484. 596. 597; Germany and,

Hu

703

Hurban, Vladimir, 675 Hurja, Emil, 601 Hutchins, Robert Maynard (1899), dean of Yale Law School 1928-1929; president of University of Chicago 19291945; chancellor 1945-1951; associate director of Ford Foundation since then— 182, 298, 588-589, 600, 700

France, 410 Immigration, Committee on, 312 Imperial Dam, 489 Imperial Valley, 489-490 inaugural address, 53 Inauguration Day ceremony, 50-54; constitutional

income

amendment

taxes, evasion of,

on, 54

by wealthy,

142,

148

Independent Roosevelt League, 336 Indianapolis, 16-17

Indian

Office,

506

Indians, Navaho, 42; Thlingets, 447-448; of Alaska, 447"449- 45^452 inflation, efforts to prevent, 19

Ingraham, Commodore, 90 Inks Dam, 79 Insular Affairs, Bureau of, 630, 636, 668, 686 Insull, Samuel, 384, 425 Interior Department, proposed reorganization of, 7, 659-660, 665-669, 672-674;

Wallace, 40; TVA and, 683; Council of National Defense and, 710, 719; see also reorganization bill, and Forest Service

Department Appropriation

Interior

Bill,

156, 189

Department Building,

Hutchinson, Paul, 418 Hyatt, Edward, 578

Interior

Hyde

International Ladies

18-19, 109>

113-114, 158

Park, 82, 167, 290

Garment Workers

Union, 516 International News Service, 558 International Settlement, Shanghai, 198-

Anna Thompson,

Ickes,

122,

185,

336,

Ickes,

whom

Ickes'

he married on

second

May

24,

1938—151, 160, 265, 267, 299, 356, 399410, 4i4-4!5. 426, 43°. 435. 436-439. 44 1

-

453. 456. 483. 487. 489. 492. 493. 496, 502-503, 508-509, 510, 514, 516, 520, 524, 532, 534, 535, 536, 554, 567. 57L 572. 581. 586, 593- 595.

495. 518,

563, 612, 617, 622-623, 643, 647-648, 664, 675, 681682, 695, 708, 712, 713, 7i4-7!5> 7*7

Ickes,

Harold McEwen,

714-715, 717

Raymond W. (1912of ), son Harold L. and Anna Ickes— 122, 402,

Ickes,

465. 532. 544- 652-653 Ickes, Wilmarth, 400 velt's

answer, 672-674

Michael Lambert,

mittee Roosevelt tour of South Spanish civil war and, 73, 93, 103, 142, 180, 335; Great Britain and, 83-84, 377, 380; invasion of Ethiopia by, 84; submarines in Mediterranean, 210-211; agreement on spheres of influence, 275; secret alliance with Germany and Japan, 278; Romania and, 286; economic condition of, 315, 321; propaganda in South America, 317; four-cornered alliance, 330; protests Roosevelt speech, 348; Bullitt on, 380; Hull on, 473; Munich Conference, 479-

Italy: reaction to

America,

480;

Ickes' letter to Roosevelt, 665-669; Roose-

Igoe,

Commerce Commission, 55 Dies Com-

investigations, 549; see also

Jane Dahlman, Mr.

wife,

199 Interstate

554. 581 Ickes, Betty, 400

342, 369, 458

15;

demands

colonies

from France,

542, 562, 610; Spain shoots down planes, 561; Czechoslovakia and, 598; Great Britain and France uniting against,

Index 611; Albania and, 611, 614; Germany and, 711-712; see also Mussolini, Benito

Izaak Walton League, 131-132

Jackson Day Dinner, 288 Jackson, Robert H. {1892), Assistant Attorney General 1936- 1938; Solicitor General of U.S., 1938-1939; Associate Justice of the Supreme Court since 1 941; chief of counsel for U.S. to conduct prosecution of war criminals at

Nuremberg

trials— 97, 201, 232-233, 258, 260-263, 283-284, 286-287, 295, 301, 302, 304, 305, 307, 312, 3i4-3»5' 3 26 » 34 1

,

342. 391-393. 395. 397-398. 500, 505, 527, 536-539. 546, 552. 593-594. 601, 628, 630, 631, 632, 680, 686, 692-693, 712, 716, 718, 7ig James, William P., 488 Japan: disarmament of Hawaii and, 7; oil situation and, 49; economic condition of, 51, 54,

199, 315, 330;

Hull on,

51,

186, 348, 473; Morgenthau on, 54; new cabinet in, 100-101; refuses naval agree-

ment, 110; Sino- Japanese situation,

180,

739

Jews, Palestine appeal, 304; Hitler's treatment of, 503-504; Brandeis on, 509-510; exile question, 548; Kennedy on, 676; Ickes on, 695 John C. Spencer, 446, 453 John Muir-Kings Canyon National Park, 578. 584

Johnson Act, French borrowing and,

62,

334-335. 370. 542 Johnson, Alvin, 178

Johnson, Herschel, V., 405 Johnson, Hiram W. (1866-194$), Governor of California 1911-191J; one of the founders of the Progressive Party in 1912 and candidate for Vice President on its ticket in that year; Senator (Rep.)

from California from 1917 until his death. He was asked by President Roosevelt to be Secretary of the Interior in 1933 before the post

was offered

to Ickes-i2-i3, 69-70, 77, 99, 139, 191,

487. 557. 707

Johnson, Mrs. Hiram W., 12-13, 139, 487 Johnson, General Hugh S. (1882-1942), planned and supervised selective draft in

NRA

1917-1918; administrator of WPA administrator for

New

185-186, 192-194, 198-199, 209; in Pei-

1933-1934;

ping, 185; U.S. forces in China and, 186, 192-194; fighting in Shanghai, 192, 198-

York City 1935; editorial columnist for Scripps-Howard newspapers from 1934

shipping to, 209, 223-224; China, 226-227; warning of by, 257; sinking of Panay, 273,

199;

U.S.

army move

of, in

276, 279; inevitable

war with,

274; pro-

posed economic blockade against, 274, 277; agreement on spheres of influence, 275; secret alliance with Germany and Italy, 278; Alaska salmon fisheries and, 296-297; atrocities of, in China, 302; anti-Japanese propaganda, 329-330; in China, 335; denied fishing rights in Mexico, 353; Bullitt on, 381; threat to silk imports of, 497; communism in China and, 574; sale of U.S. planes to, 575; blockade of Europeans and Americans, 653; abrogation of trade treaty, 692 Jara, Attorney General of Chile, 677-678 Java, oil situation in, 49 Jeanneney, Jules, 409

death—7, 73, 168-169, 283-284, 298, 470, 474-475. 575-576, 577, 579, 608, 663, 687 until his

Johnson, Jed, 284 Johnson, Louis A. (1891-

Government

),

lawyer and

Secretary 1937-1940; personal representative of President Roosevelt in India, 1942; Secretary of Defense 1949-1950;

of

official; assistant

War

national chairman, Democratic Advisory Committee 1936-1940—39'], 527, 535. 537-538, 552-553, 609, 629, 716-717, 718, 720

Johnson, Lyndon, 643, 693-694, 699 Johnson, Nelson T., 562-563 Jones, Jesse H. (1874), banker and

Government

official;

director

RFC

member National Emer-

1932-1939;

Jefferson Island, 152, 154-155

gency Council 1933-1939; Secretary of Commerce 1940-194$; member Economic Stabilization Board 1942-194$—

Jemison, Alice, 506-507

3,

Jesse James, 571

350-35 1 3 61 3 6 7-3 6 8. 377, 413, 417, 423, 649. 659, 7 1 9-720

Jewish Daily Courier, 347-348, 351, 355356

18, 254, 261, 290, 334, 338, 339, 345, ,

.

Jones, Leo, 202, 434

Index

74°

Marvin ( ), judge and former Representative (Dem.) from Texas

Jones,

-

1917-1941— 128,

187,

280

Jones, Dr. T. Edward, 434 Jones, Walter, 27, 694 Judiciary Committee, of Senate, hearings of, on Court plan, 98, 103, 126; probable vote of, 104; Connally in, 105;

Ashwest

of, 135; adverse report of, 152; defeat of plan, 171; hearings on Black, 191; approval of Black by, 196, 216

Juneau, Alaska, 440, 441

K Kades, Charles, 63 Karo, Captain, 447 Katz, Sam, 490

Keenan, Joe,

142, 458 Kellogg, Frank B., 290 Kelly, Edward Joseph (1876-1950), Mayor of Chicago 1933-1047 and builder of "the Kelly machine" in that city; an engineer by training who became a powerful Democratic Party politician; member of Democratic Na-

tional

Committee from

1944—76,

108-109,

Illinois

115-116,

1940-

124,

214,

256, 355-356. 430-43L 433. 45 8 > 482. 485, 496, 5°5-5°6. 512. 513. 514. 516, 5 2 °-52i> 522, 523. 524. 53o. 561. 566, 586, 596, 613, 632, 642, 656

Kelly, John B., 695 Kelly-Nash machine, 201, 431-432 Kendrick, John B., 223 Kennecott Copper Company, 444-445

Kennedy, Jack, 405 Kennedy, Joseph P. (1888), businessman and Government official; member of Securities Exchange Commission from 1934 and its chairman in 1935; chairman U.S. Maritime Commission 1937; U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain I 937-i94 I -&> 337. 340. 37o, 377- 380, 404, 405-407, 415-416, 420, 562, 676, 685, 707, 712

Kent, Duke of, 404, 405, 406 Kerner, Otto, 458 Ketchikan, Alaska, 440 Key West, 118 Keynes, John Maynard, 229, 317 Keyserling, Leon H. (1908econ), omist and lawyer; secretary and legislative assistant to Sen. Robert F. Wagner, 1 933- * 937 1 with U.S. Housing Author-

ity

and

their National

Housing Agency

1937-1946; with Council of Economic Advisors 1946-1950, and its chairman

1950-1953—184, 218, 239-240 KlNDERSLEY, SlR ROBERT, 405 King, Judson, 312 King, Mackenzie, 17 King, Samuel W., 678 King, William H. (1863-1949), Representative (Dem.) from Utah 1 897-1 901; Senator 1917-1941—^8, 196, 324, 338, 349- 504 Kintner, Robert, 607 Kirchwey, Freda, 237-238 Klein, Julius, 224 Klinger, Mr., 77 Kluckhohn, Frank, 604 Kneipp, Leon F., 42

Knox, Colonel Frank (1874-1944), newspaperman and Government official; publisher of Chicago Daily News from 1931; Republican nominee for Vice President

in 1936; Secretary of the 1940-1944—13-14., 206, 231, 429, 430-431, 561, 717-719

Navy

Knudsen, William S., 280 Kramer, Charles, 491 Krock, Arthur (1886newspaper), man; with The New York Times since 1927 and its chief Washington correspondent since 1932; Pulitzer prize winner in 1935 and 1938—143, 268, 511, 605, 619, 622

Krug, Julius

A., 627 Klan, 24, 191, 215-216, 285-286, 615, 706

Ku Klux

Kyle, Constance, 585

labor, influence of,

on appointments, 119on housing pro-

120; situation in 1937,

gram, 261 Labor, Department of, Council of National Defense and, 710, 719 Labor Building, Washington, D.C., 69, 641-642 labor legislation, need for, 173; Supreme Court and, 233

Labor Party, 691 Labor's Non-Partisan League, 428 La Follette, Philip F. (1897), lawyer; Governor of Wisconsin 19311933 and 1935-1939; organized National Progressives of A merica in 1938; son of

Index

M. La

Senator Robert

Follette— 109,

379. 385. 393394-395. 7 11

La Follette, Robert

M., Jr. (18951953), for six years secretary to his father; Senator (Rep.) from Wisconsin 1925-1947; retired to private life after defeat by Senator Joseph McCarthy—

6 3> 7°. HO, 188, 201, 303, 312, 335, 395. 4 6 4. 5 01 -5°2» 549- 574. 612, 654, 711 La Guardia, Fiorello H. (1882-1947); Representative (Rep.) from New York 4. 5 8 .

1917-1921

and 1923-1933; Mayor

of

New

14'

Leche, Richard W., 345 Lee, Dr. Allan, 147-148, 150 Lee, Colonel John C. H., 493-494 Lee, Josh, 176, 697

Le Hand, Marguerite

23, 29, 61, 63, 72, 88, 126, 161, 172-

173,

181,

184,

212, 243,

303-304, 306, 307, 312, 327, 329. 358-359. 372. 378, 386, 412, 4 X 5. 540, 552. 555. 559, 572. 617, 680, 714 Lehman, Herbert H. (1878), banker

233- 2 34. 243. 251-253, 257, 265, 268-269, 270-272, 341, 410, 430, 432, 464, 471,

UNRRA

tional

now 129,

Power

Committee 1937;

Policy

in private practice—36, 59,

100,

230,304, 717-719

Langeron, Roger, 409 Lansdowne, Marchioness of, 405

Harold

Governor ernor

from

of

New

official; Lieutenant York 1928-1932; Gov-

1932-1942;

New

director

1943-1946;

general (Dem.)

Senator

York 1949— 166-168, 171, 231-

232, 282, 326, 499

Lehman, Mrs. Herbert

H., 167-168, 232-

233

Lenroot, Catherine, 47 Lerner, Max, 393 Levand, Louis, 289 Levand, Max, 289 Levee, M. C, 490 Levitt, Judge, 94 Lewis, David T. (1869-1950), Representative (Dem.) from Maryland 1911-1917

and 1931-1939; unsuccessful candidate for Seriate against Millard Tydings in

483

Landon, Alfred M. (1887), Governor of Kansas 1933- 1937", Republican nominee for President 1936—13-14, 21-22,

Laski,

245-247, 256,

289, 301,

and Government

520 land holdings of U.S. Government, 567 Landis, Judge Kenesaw Mountain, 49 Landis, James M. (1899lawyer; ), professor at Harvard Law School 19261934 and its dean 1937-1946; member Federal Trade Commission 1933-1934; member SJL.C. 1934-1937; member Na-

per-

—17,

York City 1934-1945; Chief Office of Civilian Defense 1941-1942; Director UNRRA 1946-10, 86, 89, 162-163, 215,

501, 523-524, 544-545. 554-556, 655 Lake Michigan airport project, 505, 511,

("missy"),

sona/ secretary to President Roosevelt

362-363, 424

J.,

Lasser, David, 642

Lathrop, Frank, 489 Latimer, J. Austin, 239 Lawrence, Davu) L., 695 Lavvson, Victor F., 206 Leach, Paul, 63 League of Nations Council, 211, 222 Leahy, William D. (1875), fleet admiral; chief of naval operations 193719391 Governor of Puerto Rico, 1939, Ambassador to France, 1940-1942; chief of staff to Presidents Roosevelt and

Truman— 17%,

180,

192-193,

198,

296,

365. 39 1 ' 59 8 . 599. 6 28, 635, 641, 642-

643

Leavy, Charles H., 495 Lebrun, Albert, 181

1938;

member

National

Board 1939-1943— 282,

Mediation

460, 464-465, 466

Lewis, Fulton, Jr., 429 Lewis, James Hamilton ( -1939), Senator (Dem.) from Illinois 1913-1919 and i93 I -i939S38> 43°. 485. 617 Lewis, John L. (1880), president of

United Mine Workers of America since member Labor Advisory Board and National Labor Board of NRA; a powerful supporter of President Roosevelt in the 1936 campaign, he opposed him bitterly in 1940—34, 55-57, 74, 911920;

92, 178, 504, 545, 638, 663, 671-672, 688,

693, 694, 698, 699 liberals, position of, in 1938, 326; 374,

Liberty League, 66, 360 life insurance companies, 594 Lilienthal, David E. (1899-

),

380

lawyer

and Government official; director TVA 1 93 3- 1 946; chairman Atomic Energy Commission 1946-1950; now engaged in private business— 28

Lima Conference,

528, 558

Index

74*

Lindbergh, Colonel Charles, 534, 553 Lindley, Ernest K., 692 Lindsay, Lady Elizabeth, 313, 648 Lindsay, Sir Ronald, 313, 370, 380 Littell, Norman, 697 Little, Dick, 622 Little Entente, 286

retired 1937; forces in the

now

intragovernment, 151-152, 157; to Conservation Department bill, 265, 278, 282, 294, 359-3 6 ° Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 717 Logan, M. M., 511 Logan amendment, on housing bill, 195 Loggerhead Key, 116 Lonergan, Augustine, 499 lobbies,

opposed

Long, Huey, 303, 342 Look Magazine, 625, 638-640, 651 Lothian, Lord, 571 Loudon, Dr. A., 560 Lovett, Robert M., 465 ),

tives to

Madigan, J. J., 246-247 Magill, Hugh S., 56 Magill, Roswell (189$-

)

640, 680

,

lawyer; as-

sistant to Secretary of Treasury, 1933-

1934; Under-Secretary of Treasury, 1937-1938; now in private practice—56, 142, 148, 199, 286,

389

Maginot Line, 469 Magnuson, Daniel, 220 Magnuson, Eric, 220, 528 Magnuson, Ruth, 220, 528

economist; U.S.

Commissioner of Labor Statistics 19331946; chairman of Labor Advisory Board of PWA 1933-1939; special statistical assistant to

armed

in private business—62, 226, 679

McConnell, Bishop, 642 McGrady, Edward F., 74 Mack, Julian W., 34, 175 Mack, Secretary to Ickes, 525, Macnamee, W. Bruce, 486

Mahoney, John C,

Lowe, David, 132 Lubin, Isador {1896-

U.S.

Far East 1941-194$; Su-

preme Commander occupational forces in Japan 1945-1950; Supreme Commander UN forces in Korea 1950-1951;

Litvinov, Maxim, 472, 473 Lloyd George, David, 103, 407

1941-194$;

Commander

President Roosevelt of U.S. representa-

now one

United Nations— 115, 241-243,

6 33

Lucas, Scott W., 342, 369 Ludwig, Emil, 225, 255 lumber interests, southern pine, 262; foresters and, 320; on Olympic National Park, 374-375. 455 lumbering, modern, at Mineral, Washington, 453

Lundeen, Ernest (1878-1940), Representative (Rep.) from Minnesota 1917-1919 and 1933-1937; Senator 1937-1940—$$$,

233, 243, 252

mail contracts, ocean, 23 Majority Leader, Democratic candidates for, 9-10

Malcolm, George A., 711 Malcolm, Sir Ian, 405 Malone, Dr. Ralph W., 47 Maloney, Francis T., 73 Manchukuo, 275 Manly, Basil (1886-1950), member of Federal Power Commission 1933-194$; Southern Natural Gas Co. 1945^950-^,-^, 50. 60, 335-336, 535 Mannix, Eddie, 490 Marcantonio, Vito, 627-628 Margold, Nathan R. (1899-1947), lawyer and Government official; solicitor of Department of Interior 1933-1942; spedirector

Attorney General judge of the Washington, D.C., Municipal Court 1 942-1 947—%cial assistant to the I 933' I 935>

345

Lunt, Alfred, 356 Luther, Hans (1879-

), German poformerly Minister of Finance, governor of the Reichsbank and Chancellor, who served as German Ambassador in Washington, 1933-1937—

litical leader,

639

Maritime Commission,

7, 98,

(1877-

),

chief

War Department,

of

army

engineers,

1933-1938;

member

of National Capitol Park and Planning Commission in 1937— 129-130, 137 Mark Hopkins Hotel, San Francisco, 487-

124, 128, 186-187, 291

M

488, 578

MacArthur, General Douglas (1880Chief of Staff U.S.

340

Markham, Major General Edward M.

Army

),

1930-193 5;

Marland, Ernest W., 421 Marshall Ford Dam, 79

Index

Martin, Charles H. (1863-1946), Representative (Dem.) from Oregon 193119351 Governor of Oregon 1935-1939— 500

Martin, Clarence D., 374-375 Martin, Fred J., 435 Martln, John A., 374

37, 44, 59, 102, 105, 155, 284,

Maverick, Mrs. Maury, 155 Maybank, Burnett R., 92 Mayer, Louis B., 490

McMahon,

Raymond

(1879-1940), Comptroller General of the U.S. 1921-

1936—46

lican

1940; Minority leader of Senate 1933i934-59-6°- 86, !54> 157-158. 165, 314. 315-316, 317-319, 332, 349, 564, 565, 603,

656-657

McNinch, Frank R.

(1873-1951), lawyer; Federal Power Commission, 1930-1937; chairman Federal Commu-

McNutt, Paul

McCarran, Pat (1876Senator ), (Dem.) from Nevada since 1933—12.'], 588

McCormick, Colonel Robert R. (1880), editor and publisher of the Chicago Tribune and bitter critic of the Deal; cousin of Joseph son, late publisher of the

M.

Patter-

New York

Daily News, and of Mrs. Eleanor Patterson, late publisher of the Washington Times Herald— 63, 76, 148, 292, 485, 513. 5i 6 5i8. 525. 698 McCrillis, Bill, 25, 190 .

McDonald, Stewart, 378, 649, 681 McDonough, Clarence J., 77 McKellar, Kenneth, 188 McIntire, Vice Admiral Ross T.

V. (1891-

of Indiana 1933-1937;

advisory board of

),

Governor

member

WPA;

national Federal Secu-

Administrator 1939-1945; U.S. High to Philippine Islands 1937-1939 and 1945-1946-$$, 74, 237, rity

Commissioner

33 6 343- 394. 508, 678-679, 680-681, 682, 684, 685, 686-687, 719-720 >

McReynolds, James Clark U.S.

New

Oregon 1917-1944; Repubnominee for Vice President in

(Rep.) from

50, 285

Mayors' Conference, 4, 251 McAdoo, William G. (1863-1941), Secretary of the Treasury under President Wilson 1916-1918; Senator (Dem.) from California 1933-19391 President Wilson's son-in-law— g 393- 397- 4i4. 418, 422-423, 47o»

475, 481, 497, 528, 531, 542, 547, 567, 59 1 . 592, 596, 601, 605, 637, 657, 661, 676-678, 68 1, 709, 716

Morgenthau, Mrs. Henry, 168 Morgenthau, Henry, Sr., 221, 588 Morgenthau, Mrs. Henry, Sr., 588 Morrison, Ralph, 37, 77, 301 Moscicki, Mr., 701 Moss, Paul, 233, 410

Mott, James W., 603 Mt. McKinley, 440 Mount McKinley National Park, 447 Mount Olympus National Park, 42 Mount Rainier National Park, 437-438, 453

Mudd, Dr. Samuel, 116 Muir, Raymond D., 30 Mundelein, George William, Cardinal (1872-1939), Archbishop of Chicago from 191$ and Cardinal from 1924—

Index 214, 222, 235,

54L 55 8 -559.

349-35°. 37 1 561. 688

.

45 8 . 53 8

>

conference, 479-480, 519-520 Munitions Board, 344, 392393. 39 6 "39 8 .

661

munitions manufactures, control of Gerby, 90

Munoz-Marin, Luis, 64 Murdoch, Abe (1895)> Representative (Dem.) from Utah 1933-1941; Senator 1941-1947-366 (1890-1949), Mayor of Detroit 1930-1933; Governor General of and then High Commissioner to the Philippine Islands 1934-1936; Governor

Murphy, Frank

of Michigan 1 936-1 938; Attorney General of the U.S. 1939-1940; Associate

—62,

8,

157, 278, 320,

National Industrial Recovery Act, consti-

Munich

Justice of the

National Forest Service,

338. 375. 412, 438, 447, 565

Muni, Paul, 203-204

many

745

Supreme Court 1940-1949

74, 100, 104, 109, 181, 371-372, 423,

^

482, 49 8 -499. 5°5> S 10 11 ' 527' 537-538, 545-546, 547. 548. 549. 552. 556, 566, 57057 1 572. 573. 59L 597. 604-605, 606-607, .

tutionality of, 26, 145

National Labor Relations Board, 687 national monuments, 625; see also Fort Jefferson, 625 national park system, proposal to bring Everglades into, 76; proposed park in Alaska, 447; Congressional appropriations for, 583; reorganization and, 625 National Power Policy Committee, 28 National Resources Board, 20, 114-115, 132-134,281 National Resources Committee, 623, 659, 667, 668 naval agreement, proposed, with Japan and England, 110 naval oil reserves, under-water oil consid-

ered, 330-331

Navy, Department of, budget requests, 274, 296; approves helium sale to

Germany,

344, 368-369, 385; policy of 702; Council of National

628, 631, 685, 686, 693, 694-695, 700, 708,

neutrality,

711, 718

Defense, 710, 719; see also Swanson,

Murray, William, 421 Murray, James E., 435 Murray, Thomas, 453-454

Claude

Muscle Shoals, 60 Mussolini, Benito, Spanish civil war and, 103; economic condition of Italy and, 321; Chamberlain on, 330, 377;

Hull on, 348; requests U.S.

credit, 413;

Czechoslovakia and, 468; support of Hitler, 473; preparing for war, 477; Roosevelt message to, 479, 619-620; Munich Conference, 479-480; Hitler's exiling of Jews and, 548; communists and, 574, 705; on French colonies, 610; Albania and, 614; Poland and, 708; Germany and, 711-712; see also Italy Mutual Broadcasting System, 429

Myers, Walter, 4

N Nadal, Mr., 599 Najera, Dr. Francisco Castillo, 604, 626 Nash, Pat, 708 Nation, The, 237-238, 269-270, 362, 364365. 393 National Broadcasting Company, 285 National Defense Power Committee, 535 National Emergency Council, 375

Nazism, 315; agents in this country, 507 Neely, Matthew M., 71, 696-697 Negrin, Juan, 574-575, 585, 633-634 Negroes, support of Democratic party by, 20; Ickes on, 115; vote, 131, 297 Negroes, of Virgin Islands, 535 Nelson, Oscar, 429

Neuberger, Richard L., 556 Neurath, Baron Konstantin von,

90, 93 Neutrality Act, 380, 637, 676, 710, 715 neutrality, law in China, 199; policy, 470; laws, 474; after invasion of Poland, 715,

721

New

Deal, social legislation implicit in, Supreme Court decision for, 107; public assault on, 246; danger of losing 80;

benefits of, 260, 264; fight for, 262; support of, 262; Baruch on, 328; James Roosevelt and, 340; Supreme Court at-

titude on, 350; test of, in elections, 387, Hull on, 418; Tydings on, 430; Roosevelt on, 456, 691; Ickes' speech on,

429; 456;

Anna

485;

unpopular

Boettiger on, 457; Ickes and, in middle-class communities, 501; Dies intention to smear, 507; and third-term, 518; newspapers and, 560; appointments, 570; Elliott Roosevelt criticizes, 618

Index

74 6

New New

Dealers, 508, 523, 571 Republic, 230, 269, 362, 418 newspaper correspondents, 4; Ickes on, 109-110, 283, 295; larity,

on Roosevelt's popu-

220, 223; opinions of, 289; in 404, 525, 717; Ickes' cocktail

London,

party for, 664

Newspaper Guild, 439 newspapers, on Supreme Court issue, 7475, 96, 109, 163, 165, 179; on appointment of Black, 196; on popularity of Roosevelt, 220, 223; Ickes on, 283, 286287, 554, 618; "kept," 283, 285; unfairness of, 289; opinions of correspond-

on

low estate of, 365-367; interest in helium contract, 373» 377- 3 8 5! on Woodring, 389; on Maverick's defeat, 429; on Hopkins, 462, 613; reclamation and, 495; on National Labor Relations Act, 498; interents, 289;

oil cases, 341;

pretation of elections, 499; issue for Administration, 500; on third-term issue, 501; on Ickes' speech, 533-534, 558, 564; on cotton policy of Government, 544; party for editors, 622-623; on Leahy, 635; on Federal employees in politics, 690 newspapers, of Germany, on Ickes, 545; threaten diplomatic relations, 548 New York Daily News, 206, 560 N.Y. Daily News Company, 206 New York Herald-Tribune, 534

New York Planning Commission, 471 New York Shipbuilding Company, 111 New York Stock Exchange, 384, 721 New York Times, The, 89, 267-268, 324, 388-389, 404, 470, 497, 498, 499, 511,512, 556, 604 New York tunnel project, 464

New

York World-Telegram, 498, 499, 564-

Northwestern University, 182 Noyes, Frank B. (1863-1948), newspaper publisher; president of Washington Evening Star 1910-1947; director of executive committee, president and finally honorary president of the Associated Press from 1894 until his death— 206 Nye, Gerald P. (1892), Senator (Rep.) from North Dakota 1925-1945; a leader of Progressives within the Republican party,

and chairman

vestigating Teapot

nitions industry— 10, 125, 129, 135, 196,

339

O Ochs, Adolph, 267 O'Connell, Jerry J. (1909), Representative (Dem.) from Montana 19371939; now engaged in private law practice-^, 435, 436

O'Connor, Herbert R., 537 O'Connor, John T. (1885), Representative (Dem.) from New York 19231939 and chairman of the House Rules Committee; now publisher of the Washington News Digest— 10, 174, 416, 461,466,471,475-476

O'Day, Caroline, 613, 617 Ohio River Valley, flood control for, 67 Ohlson, Colonel Otto F. (1870), railway official; general manager of the Alaska Railroad 1928-1945—449 Administrator, 669

Oil, Administration, 48; oil,

in Russia, 49; in Java, 49; to Spain,

194;

ownership

Normandie, 399, 402-403, 709, 716 Norris, George W. (1861-1944), Representative (Rep.) from Nebraska 19031913; Senator from 191 3 to 1943; he was the leader for a generation of the movement for public power, and the first dam built by TVA, of which he was the legislative father, was named Norris

oil situation, in

312, 545. 549, 711

under water,

127,

Madison, 341, 347

oil cases,

57, 61, 70, 130, 155, 158, 171,

of,

330-331, 426; Elliott Roosevelt on, 541; Ickes and, 696

565 Nichols, Dudley, 490 Niles, David, 552, 697, 698-699 Noble, Edward J., 560, 701, 718

Dam-54,

of committees inthe mu-

Dome and

oil code, 79

Oil Conservation Board, 72 oil, "hot," 80

Mexico, 521-522, 626-627

old-age pensions, 14

Olifont, Herman, 36, 240, 253, 272, 541 Olney, Maryland, farm, 137, 146-147, 160, 220, 240, 245

Olson, Culbert, 491, 578-579, 590 Olympic National Park, 320, 338, 374, 411, 455

O'Mahoney, Joseph sistant

C. (1884), AsPostmaster General 1933; Sena-

Index tor (Dem.)

now

from Wyoming 1934-1052;

in private law practice— 127, 129,

141, 155, 200, 223, 353, 511

Onslow, Mr., 269 Oregonian, 493, 556

Oumansky, Constantin {1002-1045), Soviet diplomat; Ambassador to U.S. 1939-1941; succeeded by Litvinov under whom he had served at time of recogni-

tion—426, 669-671, 675-676, 705 Outer Link Bridge, Chicago, 214, 221 overlapping jurisdictions, between Interior and Agriculture Departments, 566, 567

747

newspaper Pearson, Drew (1897), correspondent and columnist and radio commentator since 1922; son of Paul M. Pearson and former son-in-law of Mrs. Eleanor M. Patterson— 100, 292, 325, 389, 424, 574, 604, 616, 622, 640, 699 Peek, George, 470, 475 Pegler, Westbrook, 517-518 Pennsylvania Railroad, electrification of,

234 Peoples, Admiral Christian Joy, 567 Peoples Gas Light & Coke Company, 433 Pepper, Claude, 256, 342, 387, 390 Perkins, Frances (1882), Industrial

Commissioner of

New

York State 1929-

of Labor 1933-1945; of U.S. Civil Service Commis-

1933; Secretary

member disarmament in, 7; policy in, 51 Gas & Electric Company, 125, 422

sion 1945-1953—16, 18, 22, 26, 74, 85, 88, 110, 115, 127-128, 129, 138-139, 212-213,

Pacific islands, unoccupied, 180; occupy-

241, 243-244, 273, 279, 295, 296, 302.

ing of, by U.S. troops, 320; concerning sovereignty of, 180; blockading trade with Japan in, 274 Page, John C. (1887), topographer in Bureau of Reclamation in 1000; engineer 1011-1925; office engineer on construction of Boulder Dam 1930-

312-313, 397, 409, 418, 460, 504, 529, 53°. 549-550, 5 6 7"5 68 » 5 88 > 6o 9. 6 49. 680, 709, 710

Pacific,

Pacific

1935;

Commissioner of Reclamation

1936-1943-16, 28-29, 47' 4 8 7. 4 8 9- 495' 57 8 "579> 5 8 °-5 81 Palace Hotel, San Francisco, 578

Panay

incident, 273, 275-277, 279, 653 Service, 245, 268, 319, 374, 582-585, 595-596, 625; see also national park

Park

system Parsons, Claude V., 216 Patterson, Mrs. Eleanor

128, 343-344, 630, 636, 678-679 Phillips, William, 548, 598, 677 Phillips, ZeBarney T., 679

Phoenix

Medill

("Cissy") (1884-1948), was the sister of Joseph M. Patterson, publisher of the

New York

Pershing, General John J., 181 Peru, discovery of helium in, 609 Petain, Marshal Henri Philippe, 181 Petroleum Conservation Division, 426 Pettengill, Samuel B., 115, 189 Philadelphia Inquirer, 488 Philadelphia Record, 564 Philippine Islands, 62, 74, 83, 111-112.

Daily News, and the cousin

of Colonel Robert R. McCormick, publisher of the Chicago Tribune. After

having leased the Washington Times and the Washington Herald from Hearst, she bought them and merged

Islands, 180

Pinchot, GiFFORD (1865-1945), first professional forester and Chief Forester of U.S. 1898-1910; Governor of Pennsylvania 1923-192-] and 1931-1935; a leader in the conservation

movement,

as well

as in the Progressive faction within the

party— 21, 131-132, 238, 281, 293-294, 450, 488, 565, 625-626. 711

Republican

were strongly anti-New Deal—

Pinchot, Mrs. Gifford, 565, 625-626 Pine, David A., 299, 413 Pins and Needles, 516 PiTTMAN, Key (1872-1940), Senator (Dem.)

29, 143, 285, 364, 367, 410, 430, 464, 481,

from Nevada 191 3-1 940; president pro-

them

into a single paper. Its editorial

policies

525. 559-5 5o 5 6 2, 573. 618-619, 622-623 Patterson, Felicia, 29 >

Patterson, Joseph, 524-525, 560 Patterson, Richard C, Jr., 511, 516, 612 Pascua, Dr., 633-634 Patullo, T. D., 376

tern of Senate

in 73rd to 76th Conchairman of Senate Foreign Relations Committee 1933—292, 293, gresses;

300,

301,

304-306,

309,

325,

326-327.

339- 346, 353. 355. 356, 375. 4 8 7> 5 8 7. 588, 627, 642, 684, 693

Index

74 8

Pittman, Mrs. Key, 29 Pius XII, 586, 650 Poker games, with the President,

propaganda, German, in South America,

259, 288, 331-332, 372, 532, 601, 605, 681, 712

Poland:

Czechoslovakia and, 468, 472, 484; sale of helium to, 637, 661; Germany and, 700, 702-703, 708, 710, 711, 713; France and, 700; Great Britain and, 700; Roosevelt on, 708; Goebbels

on, 720 political refugees, 342, 351-352 Ponce, Puerto Rico, 149-150, 170; Massacre, 329 Poole, Mr., 18, 159, 264 Pope, Generoso, 101-102 Pope, James P., 59, 339, 376 population trends, 281 Portland, Oregon, power interests in, Bonneville project and, 228 Post, Langston, 214-215, 218-219, 231, 236 Postmaster General, appointment of, 56 Post Office Department, diverts mail from

Public Policy Law of Illinois, 475 Public Roads, Bureau of, 632, 668 Public Welfare Department, proposed, 23. 35. 46-47. 356-357. 387.

Public Works, proposed Department

of,

46, 57, 625

8, 23, 35,

Public Works Administration, proposal for permanent, 15, 25; popularity of, 34, 38, 78-79, 361; Hopkins' competition with, 139-140; housing in, 219; The Nation's editorial on, 237-238; Ickes' offer to give

C&O

Hopkins, 248; buys

Canal, 334; place

of, in

Roosevelt's

new

program, 361, 367; Jones to liquidate,

TVA

417; as election issue, 497, 501; and, 572; transfer of, in reorganization bill,

623,

667;

631,

showdown with

662, 665-669; Roosevelt's letter on, 672-

appointment

67, 86, 129-130

Power, Tyrone, 571

on reoron Washington auditorium, 54; Ickes', on Washington auditorium, 54; on Interior Department Building, 114; on Court plan, 172-173; on Raker Act, 434; on election, 501; on Dies, 507; on Wallace, 507-508; on running for Mayor of Chicago, 513, 525; on third term, 508, 525-526; on

press conferences, Roosevelt's, 46;

Hugh

Johnson, 577 Pressman, Lee, 34-35 Pries, Mr., 451 private utilities, Roosevelt and, 242 Probert, L. C, 137, 146-147

movement, 77, 230, 335, 339, 379. 393-395. 455. 5 10 -5>i> 654, 697-698,

Progressive

711 Progressives, in Administration, 34, 36, 165, 171, 335, 341, 373, 551; attitude of,

new

agency, 658mistake to displace Ickes, 660-661; Ickes' feeling for position as, 667 public works appropriations, 3-4, 15, 38, 659;

70-71

8,

460

674 Public Works Administrator, congratulations by Landon, 14; by Hopkins, 34; by Farley, 368; by Hugh Johnson, 663; Moffatt and, 49; responsibility of, 457;

Court upholds, 145

on Supreme Court plan,

of,

44, 293, 299, 326-327, 374, 588

Fed-

Power and Conservation Division, 660 Power and Fuel, 719 Power Policy Committee, 50, 56, 59-60,

ganization plan,

Public Health Bureau, 8 Public Lands and Surveys, Committee

Supreme

28, 60;

eral policy on, 50, 61; cases,

German,

Roosevelt on, 655, 657-664; transfer of personnel from, 662; Ickes' letter on,

U.S. to Czechoslovakia, 597-598 Potomac, 181, 257-258, 689

power, pooling conference,

on reorganization bill, 360; in U.S., 573; German, in Central America, 606; Nazi, Ickes on, 695 317, 606;

33, 258-

of,

Carmody

in

as,

659;

political

146, 665; fund, loans for municipal projects, 4, 383; lower interest rate on, 4, 15; for

resettlement project, 120-121;

loans to non-Federal projects, 350-351; loans on projects, 377; grants from Congress for, 383; proportion of grants to loans, 383; effect of relief labor on, 390;

for revenue cutters, 446; Roosevelt's request for, 594, 612; method of spending, 665;

program,

Ickes'

on continua-

tion of, 25; contractors and, 78; delay of,

145;

Roosevelt approves, 198, 243; new, 361; Farley favors,

Roosevelt's

364; Hopkins on, 382, 527; basis of loans in, 383; effect on stock market, 411, 417; progress of 427; filing applications in, 481; Roosevelt's self-liquidat-

Index 657-658; political situation and 658; projects, new allocations for, 3; new list of, 15; Bellevue Hospital, N.Y.,

ing,

10; Medical Hospital of Virginia, 11; Colorado River, Texas, 14; Illinois

on loan-and-grant basis, Louis Negro Hospital, 71-72, 81; Chicago subway, 76, 430-431; Buchanan Dam, 78; in Key West, 118; hydroelectric power, Nebraska, 177; schools, 185, 189, 192, 196-198, 361; "moral hazard" list of, 198; Outer Link Bridge, Chi-

749

Rayburn, Sam (1882Representa), tive (Dem.) from Texas since 1913; majority leader in 75th and 76th Congresses;

Speaker of House 1940-1952—

9-10, 46, 64, 66, 151, 174, 232, 310, 357-

armories, 68;

359. 368, 386, 390, 547, 549, 574, 693-

68; St.

694. 699

cago, 221;

Ward

Island sewage, 233;

Pennsylvania Railroad electrification,

Real Estate Board, 567 Reames, Alfred Evan, 339

Reames amendment, bill, 339, 345346 rearmament program,

to

reorganization

in England, 83 Reclamation Association, 487 Reclamation, Bureau of, 8, 16, 566

Thompson-

Thompson-Grand Lake diver234; sion, 248; flood-control, 333; contract

reclamation

system for, 361; no relief labor on, 382; approved by Roosevelt, 391, 395-396,

Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 48, 334. 35C-35 1 3 6l 434 Red Star over China, 328 Reed, Stanley F. (1884), jurist; Solicitor General of U.S. 1935-1938; Associate Justice of the Supreme Court since 1938-94, 142, 183, 298, 365, 366, 4 8 3> 5***535. 612,616 reforestation project, 120-121 registration, absentee, by mail, new laws

411, 427, 516; Pennsylvania toll road, 434; in District of Columbia, 434; In-

dian museums, 436; in Alaska, 441; Battery tunnel, N. Y., 464, 471; power plant, Brawley, Calif., 489; Central Valley, Calif., 492,

578; Chicago airport, canal, 566, 591; 580; non-Federal, 665-

Florida

505-506;

Boulder Dam, 666 Puerto Rico,

projects;

Grand Lake

see

diversion project, 248

,

>

for, 18

5-6, 47, 64, 128, 148-150, 161,

170, 188, 329, 599, 627-628, 635, 641

Pure Oil Company, 696 Puryear, Edgar, 3, 151, 356

Reifler, Dr. Winfield, 362 relief bill, Robinson on, 154; defeat of, 155; support of by Ickes, 382-383; probability of passing, 390, 391; passed, 419;

defeated in Senate, 570; Roosevelt and 576; appropriation for, 654 relief funds, 243

"Quarantine" speech, October, 1937, 222, 226-227 83, 343-344

R railroads,

administration

Government, 249;

RFC

suggested

program, 244; new, 367, 382; of

Senator Byrnes, 658 relief work, basis of appropriations for, 15; no skilled workers on, 139 Reorganization Act, 660 reorganization bill, amendments to, 318, 332, 337-339» 344-345, 346; passed by

Queen Mary, 716 Quezon, Manuel L., 62, Quinn, James L., 216

relief

by

249; financial situation of,

and, 413

propaganda against, 353354; defeated in House, 356; Laski on, 362-363; Ickes presses, 367; Ickes on, be-

Senate, 349;

Railway Brotherhoods, 346, 498 Rainey, Henry, 151 Raker Act, 124-125, 422, 427, 434

fore Progressives, 373; Roosevelt fights for, 375; Democrats to vote for, 379;

Rand

Corporation, 283 Rankin, John E., 138, 164-165

386; probability of passing, 390; Roosevelt gives up, 411, 417; Hopkins and,

Rapf, Harry, 490 Rauschenbush, Stephen, 695 raw materials, control of, by democracies,

460;

276

Rayburn 's intention

to

put through,

compromise plan, 536; supported by Senator Brown, 559; Roosevelt on,

594-595; passed, 602-603 Reorganization, Committee on, 316, 318

Index

75

reorganization plan, for executive departments, 23, 33, 43, 46, 48, 54-55, 59, 99151-152,

100,

130,

3 o8 > 621,

$i3S l 4>

157,

159,

294, 305,

°3 l8 > 3!9> 325' 3 22 » 62 623-625, 627, 630, 631, 673-674;

see also Conservation

Department

Replogle, Jacob L., 470 Republican National Convention, control of, by South, 252; possible nomination of Dewey, 707; candidates, 717 Republican party, situation in, 5, 230; Ickes on campaign, 13-14; National Committee, 21, 22, 125, 298-299; campaign fund, 56 Republican Policy Committee, 364 resettlement project, 120-121

Richardson Highway, 450 lawRichberg, Donald R. (1881), yer; former partner of Ickes in Chicago;

NRA

1933-1935 and chairman in 1935; special assistant to Attorney General, 1935; executive director National Emergency Council 1934J 935> zn private practice since 1936— 95, 105, 120, 177, 498, 604, 626-627

counsel to

Ridgeway, Robert, 432 Rigby, Colonel William C, 641 Rivers, E. D., 466 Rivers and Harbors, Committee on, 137 Robert, Charles "Chip," 660 Roberts, Owen J. {1875), jurist; Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 1930-1945-52, 67, 106-107, x 3 6 > 57 2 social Robins, Raymond (18'7 3), economist and businessman who was in charge of American Red Cross in Russia at time of Bolshevik revolution and traveled in U.S.S.R. in 1933 prior to recognition; active in Progressive party under Theodore Roosevelt and its candidate for Senator from Illinois in 1914; deeded Chinsegut Hill Sanctuary in Florida to Department of Agricul-

ture in 1932—8, 76-77, 120-123, 125, 676 Robins, Mrs. Raymond, 120-121 Robinson, Joseph T. (1872-1937), Representative (Dem.) from Arkansas, 19031913; Governor of Arkansas, 191 3; Senator from Arkansas 191 3 until his leader death; Democratic majority 125,

^S-^.

126,

131,

140,

Roche, Michael J., 422 Rockefeller, David, 207-208, 405, 655 Rockefeller, John D., Jr. (1874-

interested in conservation and the National Parks— 21, 202, 204, 206-

cially

208, 405, 502-503, 524, 565, 644

Rockefeller, Mrs. John D.,

Rockefeller, Nelson, 204 Rocky Mountain National Park, 248, 583 Roddan, Mr., 304 Rogers, Lindsay, 432

Romania: fascism

in, 286; persecution of Jews, 286; situation in, 291; Goga Ministry in, 313; German threat to, 321, 703

Roosevelt, Betsy Cushlng,

37, 88, 237, 243, 245, 256, 327, 328, 378, 535, 554,

646 Roosevelt, Elliott, 237, 541, 600, 601 605-606, 618 Roosevelt, Franklin D., acts and opinions of, in domestic affairs: makes appointments in Puerto Rico,; plans reorganization

of

judiciary,

64-66;

on

Tydings, 95; on Conservation Department, 265, 278, 294, 305, 308-311, 345346; on conditions in Deep South, 279; on Burlew appointment, 305-306; rejects State

Department censorship,

322;

supports big business, 326; orders new type of ship, 334; unfriendly relations with Garner, 368, 549, 599, 616, 653; speech on free press and speech, 417; judicial appointments, 505; nominates Comptroller General, 559; on defeat of relief bill, 570; on Dies Committee, 54 8 -549. 573574; asks for relief appropriation, 576, 594; on Farley, 576-577, 688, 691-692; on Hull, 576; on Department of State, 591, 597; asks for law on aliens, 591; on place for national convention, 596; on appointment of Puerto Rico governor, 599, 628; on Woodring, 629, 692; on compromise of Democrats

102,

and

151,

of war, 701-702;

i5 6 -»57. »59 l6 °. »6i, 163-164,

Jr., 202, 204-

205, 208, 405, 502-503, 524 Rockefeller, Mrs. John D., Ill, 204

69, 95,

169, 172, 176, 183, 190, 672

)•

philanthropist; director or trustee of various Rockefeller foundations and philanthropies since 1901, and espe-

144-145,

1 933- 1 937- 5 2 > 6 4. 66,

108,

Robinson, Reed, 635 Roche, Josephine, 523

Progressives,

154; plans in event

on Joseph Kennedy, 707; on neutrality, 710, 713; makes Cabinet changes, 717-718; alerts

SEC

Index for

Wall

Street interference, 720; 1940 election: candidacy for,

Presidential

394. 424» 429. 45 6 459. 463. 5°!. 508, 5> 8 57 L 59°. 6 33- 656, 691; 1940 ticket, 535, 576-577, 600; Hopkins' build-up, >

.

459, 462, 590; public works: plans new department, 7-8; new attitude toward, 15, 35, 197,

185,

419; checks

list

of projects,

new plan for, 657-660; apnew Administrator, 661; Ickes'

189;

points letter

on

PWA

accomplishments, 665-

669; sends letter to Ickes

on

PWA,

672-

674; reorganization bill: defeat on, 358359; requests suggestions for bill, 620; receives Ickes' letter

on reorganization,

620; sends order to Congress, 623-625,

method of reorganization criticized, 629; Supreme Court: takes issue with, 31-32, 93, 95; compromise on 629;

Court plan, 145, 153, 171; sees Congressmen opposed to, 152, 154-155; urged to drop Court fight, 161-162, 176; goes ahead with Court plan, 163-164, 169, 175; appoints Black, 190-191, 215-216; appoints Reed, 298; effect of losing Court fight, 325-326; appoints Frankfurter, 552; appoints Douglas, 600; admits bad advice on appointments, 604; in foreign affairs: at Buenos Aires disarmament conference, 7; plan to isolate aggressor nations, 213; right to impose economic sanctions, 274; theory of tactics in European war, 469, 481, 484; desire to avoid war, 472; appeal to Europe for peace, 477; notes to Hitler,

478-479;

message

on

Spanish

embargo,

Hitler, Victor

to

569;

Emmanuel,

619, 701; suspends trade agreements with Czechoslovakia, 597; diverts mail to Czechoslovakia, 597; theory of tactics, August, 1939, 702; sends appeal not to bomb cities, 709; declares limited emergency, 715; activi-

Moscicki,

ties of, in

Buenos

Aires, 7,

14-15;

at

Gridiron Club dinners, 22, 272, 364; at Inauguration, 1937, 50-54; at White

House

party, 33, 243, 245, 288, 312, 331, White House dinner for

617, 712; at

Cabinet, 30, 273, 524; at Cabinet dinner for President, 87-88, 331, 587; at Victory Dinner, 88-89, 98; at

Warm

on fishing 125, 140; at Sugarloaf Mountain, at hospital to see Ickes, 151; on

Springs, 95, 102, 350;

trip,

75*

West, 177; on Potomac, 181, 378, 382; speech on 150th Anniversary of Con-

Quarantine speech, Chicago, 213-214, 221-222; at lunch with H. C. Wells, 232; at Miami, Florida, 256-257, 262; at Fort Jefferson, 258260; message to Congress, Jan., 1938,

stitution, 211, 213;

286-287; at Ickes'

home,

312, 372, 532,

Garner's dinner, 315; at Betsy Roosevelt's, 327-329; at Sargasso 601-605;

at

Sea, 389; at lunch in President's study, 415; at Wilmington for Swedish tercentenary, 415; on transcontinental

speaking tour, July, 1938, 420-427; at Hopkins' swearing-in, 535-536; State of

Union message, 547-538; entertains King and Queen of England, 642-650; at Morganthau's home, 681; in Newthe

foundland, 700-701; personality of, stubborn, 175-176, 546; nervous and gaunt, 182; strained appearance, 165, 246, 260, 590; cheerful and friendly mood, 178, 500; lonely, 184; popularity, 195, 200; listless, 260; unreliability, 265,

294. 3°5> 308-3 11 . 345346; "necking" radio voice, 271; an Episcopalian, 290291; friendly, 312, 689; "a beaten

man,"

unwillingness to spend appropriated money, 395; angry, 570. 597; 340, 350;

makes own

man

659;

decisions, 659; secretive, of sudden crushes, 663 664;

thoroughness

in

reading

bills,

693;

tender-hearted, 718

Roosevelt, Mrs. Franklin D.,

53, 64, 8788, 112-113, 289, 315, 331, 382, 425, 456,

486, 612, 617, 642-643, 646, 648-649, 654 Roosevelt, Franklin D., Jr., 148, 621 Roosevelt, G. Hall, 646 Roosevelt, James, 32-33, 36-37, 52, 75, 87, 127, 142, 151, 154, 184-185, 235, 237, 243, 245, 247, 256, 258, 261, 291, 316, 340, 356, 3 6l » 3 6 7- 372. 39°. 5° 8 5 2 7. 535536, 646 -

Roosevelt, John, 646 Roosevelt, Kermit, 290 Roosevelt, Sarah Delano, 290, 536 Roosevelt, Theodore, plan to recall judicial decisions of, 69, 429, 455

Roper, Daniel C. (186J-1943), Assistant Postmaster General 1913-1916; Commissioner of Internal Revenue 19171 920;

Secretary

126;

1938; Minister to

trip

18,

of

Commerce

1933-

Canada 1939—16,

17,

20, 22-23, 24, 30, 62-63, 88, 98-99,

Index

752

Rutledge, Dr. Wiley

Roper, Daniel C. (continued)

no,

141,

194,

213,

223-224, 242, 264,

B., Jr., 546, 589,

603, 627

273, 288, 297, 317, 414, 418, 463, 508, 526, 530, 541

ROSENDAHL, COMMANDER CHARLES

Rosenman, Samuel

E.,

427

lawyer; counsel to Gov. Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York, 1929-19)2; on New York

Sabath, Adolph J. (1866-1952), Representative (Dem.) from Illinois 1907-1949

Supreme

St.

counsel

Truman

I.

(1896-

),

Court

special 1932-1943; to Presidents Roosevelt and 1943-1946; now in private

practice-^, 303-304, 360

PWA

member

and Exchange Commission 1935-193"]; administrator of Bonneville project on the Columbia River 1937-1939—138, 228, Securities

493

Angelo Joseph (1878-1948), Mayor of San Francisco 193 1-1944— 125, 422,

Rossi,

426-427 Rossiter,

Admiral Perceval Rosten, Leo C, 289 Rothermere, Viscount, 362

S.,

641

"Round Table"

broadcast, University of Chicago, 699-700 Rules Committee, 303, 416, 517

Ruml, Beardsley (1894business), man and economist; trustee or director of Muzak Corp., Spelman Fund of New York, R. H. Macy and Co., and Museum of Modern Art, among many others— 14-115

Runciman,

Sir

Walter, 83

Ruppel, Louis, 289 Rural Electrification Administration (REA), 632, 660, 662, 665, 668, 683 Rural Resettlement, 85 Russia: appointment of ambassador to, 7; oil situation in, 49; Spanish civil war and, 103, 634; battleship of, built in U.S., 111;

Japan and,

180; Italian sub-

marines and, 210; purge

in, 330, 335; 333; Czechoslovakia and, 47 2 > 473» 7°3"7°4' Poland and, 473; U.S. sentiment for, 533; sale of U.S.

distrust

St. St.

St.

Ross, James Delmage (1871-1939), advisory engineer on power problems

1933-1935;

—708 Anthony Hotel, San Antonio, 77

of,

planes to, 575; alliances with Great Britain and France, 650, 651-652, 671; desire to purchase U.S. ships, 670, 675; Oumansky on, 671, 705; trade agreement with Germany, 700, 703, 705; Great Britain and, 705; Hitler and, 706 Russian Embassy, 675-676

St.

Elizabeths Hospital, 92 John's Episcopal Church, 330 Lawrence Canal, 17 Louis Star-Times, 338, 437

Sainte-Quentin, Count, 563 proposed increase of, for Cabinet, 46 Salmon ladders, Bonneville Dam, 494 Samoa, proposal for disarmament in, 7 Sanderville, Richard, 435 San Francisco, Raker Act and, 124-125 San Frajicisco Chronicle, 40, 488 Salary,

Sanitary District project, 432 Santie-Cooper project, 64, 92; Authority, 92 Saranac, 116, 120 Sargasso Sea, 384, 389, 394

Sarraut, Albert, 409 Sato, Naotake, 100-101 Saturday Evening Post, The, 68, 178, 508

Sawyer, Colonel Donald H. (1879-1941), director Federal

Employment

Stabiliza-

Board 1931-1936; director procurement division of U.S. Treasury 1936i939-b§7 tion

Sayre, Francis B. (1885-

),

diplomat;

Assistant Secretary of State, 1933-1939; U.S. High Commissioner to the Philippines, 1939-1942; diplomatic advisor to

UNRRA in

1944-1947; U.S. representative Trusteeship Council of U.N. since

1947-74' 54o, 5 6 3 Sayre, Mrs. Francis B., 426 Scandinavia, economic blockade of Japan by, 277 Schacht, Dr. Hjalmar Horace Greeley, 90, 636

Schecter case, 577 Schevtll, Ferdinand, 465 Schneider, Malvina, 289

Schnepfe, Fred E., 657 Schuman, Frederick L., 670 Schuschnigg, Dr. Kurt von, 321, 335

schwellenbach,

lewis b.

(1894-i948),

Senator (Dem.) from Washington 1935-

Index 1940; U.S. district judge 1940-194$; Secretary of

Labor 1945-1948—5$,

374, 376,

75)

Harry

Slattery, assistant

(1887-1949), personal Ickes in Department of

to

Interior 193 3-1938; Undersecretary of Interior 1938-1939— i>j, 20, 28-29, 38, 42-

416,546,589 scrap iron, to foreign nations, 599 Scripps-Howard papers, 75, 564

Scrugham, James G. (1880-194$), Representative (Dem.) from Nevada 19331943; Senator 1942 until his death— 58, 487, 588

44- 59- 67. 72» 95> 97-99. !oo» 104, 108109, 115, 151, 159-160, 263, 265, 270, 306, 312, 319, 325, 356, 361, 389, 411, 621,

663-664 Sloan, Alfred

P., 55, 57-58,

295

Seabury, Judge Samuel, 282 Sea Gull, The, 356

slum clearance program, 85 Smathers, William H., 656

Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 285, 439, 455 securities, purchase of American, by for-

Smith, Mr., 630-631, 690 Smith, Alfred E. (1873-1944), Governor of New York 1919-1920 and 1923-1928; Democratic candidate for President in

eigners, 5;

280-281, U.S.,

railroad, 249;

tax-exempt,

366;

French and British in

and

Exchange

470

Securities

Commission

(SEC), 36, 59, 138, 228, 230, 241, 313, 594, 628 Selfridge, 257

Seward, Alaska, 441, 447 Seward, Mrs. Louise C, 375 Sexton, Dr. Roy L., 13, 107, 147-148, 434 Sexton, William H., 430 Seymour, Gideon, 639 Sheely, Ross L., 443-444 Sheely, Mrs. Ross L., 443-444 Shenandoah National Park, 319 Sheppard, Morris, 3, 105, 375-376 Sherover, Miles, 574-575 Sherrill,

Colonel Clarence

O., 595

South America, 85-86; new type ordered by Roosevelt, 334

ships, loan of, to

Shipstead, (Rep.)

Henrik. (1881-

),

Senator

from Minnesota 1923-1947—125,

!35> 338. 339

Silber, Rabbi, 355 Silcox, Ferdinand A. (1882-1939), Chief of the U.S. Forest Service from 1933 until his

death— 36,

41, 184, 256, 320, 438

Skidmore, Billy, 596 M. B., 490 Silver Shirts, 376 silver purchasing policy, 291-292 Sinclair, SrR Archibald, 407 Singapore, 274, 279 Silverberg,

Sirovich,

William

I.

(1882-1939) doctor

and Representative (Dem.) from New York 192J-1939—Q-10, 101-102, 357 sit-down strike, Court plan and, 102; Garner and, 144; Roosevelt and, 241; Governor Murphy and, 499 Skagway army post, Alaska, 449

1928; later president of company owning Empire State Builditig and by 1936 a bitter opponent of President Roosevelt—163, 167 Smith, Allan E., 446, 447, 453 Smith, Eluson D., 99, 187, 192, 196, 256 Smith, Gomer, 421 Smith, Harold, 687 Smith, Howard W., 416 Smith, Kate, 646 Smith, Martin F., 86, 374 Smith, Young Berryman, 104 Snow, Edgar, 328 Social Justice, 706 social reforms, constitutional difficulties

in making, 26 Social Security Board, 36 Social Service Agency, 659, 680, 684 Soil Conservation, 669 Soil Erosion Bureau, 37-38, 40, 566 sondergaard, gale, 490 Solinsky, Mr., 582, 584 South America, economic blockade of

Japan

by, 277

Southgate, Richard, 112 Spain: progress of civil war, 5, 110, 180, 277-278, 291, 335, 562; Ickes on Loyal-

Germany and

civil

and

civil

war, 73, 90war, 73, 93, 103, 142, 210; U.S. refusal of passports

ists, 5;

91

to

'

93- 335; Ita ty

ambulance

alleged

Hull on, no; of Deutschland, 150;

units, 93;

bombing

League of Nations and, 211; Roosevelt and Loyalists, 222, 424; political asylum for Loyalists, 343; Colonel Wedgwood on, 370; U.S. refusal to sell munitions to Loyalists, 377-378, 380, 388;

Ford and Rebels, 378;

Henry

Bullitt on, 380381; Allen on, 388; U.S. embargo on

Index

754

Spain: progress of civil war (continued) arms to Loyalists, 388-390, 510, 528, 562, 566, 569-570, 586, 604; Catholic influ-

ence on international policy, 390; Daladier on, 424; State Department refusal of arms to Loyalists, 425; Greece and Loyalists, 425; Farley on, 470; movie

Blockade creates sympathy for Loyalists,

man

510; shoots down Italian and Gerplanes, 561; Murphy on, 566; sale

of U.S. planes to, 575; President Azana resigns, 585; Pius XII elected, 586; de los Rios on, 593; Madrid falls to France, 609; overthrow of Loyalists, 611; Negrin and, 633-634; see also Franco speeches, by Ickes, "Tidings of Victory," 96; on "Nations in Nightshirts," 266; "It Is Happening Here," 282-285; "Edufor

cation

Citizenship,"

299-300;

to

for loan to Franco, 677; blocks loan to Chile, 678; objects to loan to Finland,

677; policy of neutrality, 702 State of the Union message,

Court issue

in, 31-32; 1939,

Supreme

547"54 8

Steele, Jack, 73 Steiwer, Frederick, 299 Stelle, John, 696 Stephens, Harold, 540 Stern, J. David (1886), newspaper publisher; publisher Philadelphia Rec-

ord 1028-1947 an d °f '93 3- '939~9. 229

New York

Post

Edward, 716, 719-720 Stewart, Donald Ogden, 490 Stimson, Henry L., 569 Stettinius,

Stitely case, 304

stock market, 211, 223, 229-230, 241, 295417, 419, 479, 568, 597, 610 Fiske (1872-1946), AssoJustice of the Supreme Court

296, 350, 41

1,

Harlan

Jewish Palestine appeal, 304; "Democracy or What," 321-324; for Jewish

Stone,

Courier, 347, 351, 355; "SixtyFamilies," 363, 367, 385-386; on New Deal, 456; at Shrine Auditorium, 490491; "Sixty Families Revisited," 491; at University of California, 492; on reclamation, 495; on Hitler's treatment of Jews, 503-504; "Have We a Free Press?"

1925-1941; Chief Justice 1941 until his death-107, 270-272, 315, 551-552 Straus, Michael W. (1897news)•

Daily

527; "Esau the Hairy

Man,"

533;

on

Lindbergh, 534; on Henry Ford, 534; "Playing with Loaded Dies," 546, 573; "Have We a Free Press?" 527, 553-554. 55755^' 564-565; introduction of Marion Anderson, 616 spheres of influence, of Germany, Italy

and Japan, 275, 278, 321 Sproul, Robert Gordon, 492 stabilization fund, 592 Stalin, Josef V., 330, 335, 504 stamps, given to Roosevelt by Ickes, 25, 29 Standard Oil Company, of Indiana, 49; of New Jersey, 49, 352, 521, 604, 626 Stanhope, Baron, 405 Stanley, Lady, 405, 406 Stanley, Lord, 405 Stark, Lloyd C, 81, 486 Starrett Brothers

& Eken Building Corp.,

paperman; Washington correspondent Universal

News

Service 1932-1933; di-

PWA

rector of information director of information

1933-1938;

Department of Interior 1938-1941; U.S. Commissioner of

Reclamation

194^-19^2—10^-110,

227, 235, 238-239, 245, 269, 283, 289, 312,

402, 403, 432, 434, 503-504, 513, 514, 525, 554. 5 8 5> 639

Straus,

Nathan (1889), business exmember of New York State

ecutive;

Senate

1921-1926;

administrator

Housing Authority 1937-1942; dent radio station

U.S. presi-

WMCA— 215,

218,

227-229, 231-232, 235-236, 238-240, 244, 246-247, 252-253, 268-270, 649

Strong, Gordon, 126, 184-185 Strong, Mrs. Gordon, 184-185 Stuart, Gloria, 490 Stucki, Walter, 409 Studebaker, John W. (188 jtor;

U.S.

),

educa-

Commissioner of Education

1934-1948; editorial director of Scholas-

215 State,

ciate

Department

of,

censorship

of

speeches by, 322-323; criticized by Villard, 329-330; sale of helium to Ger-

many,

344, 346-347, 368-369, 385; Bullitt on, 387-388; Kennedy on, 405; Spanish civil war, 424-425; Oumansky on, 670;

tic

Magazine since 1948—57,

138, 312,

649 submarginal lands, 566 Subsistence Homesteads, 669 Sudeten Germans, 465-467, 468, 472 sugar pines, conservation of, 38

Index sugar quota bill, 128; amendment to, 188189, 195, 200 Sugarloaf Mountain, 125-126, 184-185 Sulzberger, Arthur, 267-268, 405, 470

Summerlin, George T., 649, 650 Summers, Hatton, 64, 66, 331, 357

Supreme Court, Constitutional amendment and, 31, 33-34, 65-66, 70-71, 80, 152,

172; states' rights

theory

of,

32;

exercise of usurped powers by, 65-66,

holding company act and, 314-315; New Deal legislation and, 485; decisions, in Duke 80, 266-267; politics and, 136;

Power case, 19, 26; on PWA, 19; on minimum wages for women, 106-107; on AAA, 107; granted certiorari in power

cases, 145;

Humphreys

on labor laws, 233; on on securities law,

case, 337;

755

newspapers, 74-75, 96, 163, 179; ProgresTydings, 91, 95, 100; organized campaign, 93; Frank Gannett, 93; American Bar Association, 93, 251; Martin Conboy, 97; Catholic

sives in Congress, 75;

Confarm

Church, 97, 104; Glass, 105-106; nally, 98, 105; Burke, 98; King, 98;

organizations, 104; Harold Dodds, 104; Smith, of Columbia Law School, 104;

Garner, 108, 112, 140, 143-144; Chicago Tribune, 109; Daily News, 109; Bailey, 115, 141; Republicans, 125; O'Mahoney, 127, 129, 223; Hatch, 127; McCarran, 127; Nye, 129; Shipstead, 140; Lehman, 166, 171; Herring, 171; Lucas, 342; Brandeis, 424; speeches by, Cummings, 75; Minton, 75; Ickes, 80-81, 87, 95-96, 108-109, 116; Roosevelt, 88-89, 95>

1

3^>

350; liberal decisions, 365; in Schechter case, 577; on TVA, 572; Justices, at In-

Democrats, 93; Jackson, 97; McReyn-

auguration, 1937, 52; proposal to appoint new, 65; proposal to retire, 66; resignation of Van Devanter, 192;

vacancy on,

appointment of Black, 190-192; Frank-

olds,

Farley,

100;

Hughes,

129;

136;

153, 182-183, 298, 423, 485-

4 8 6, 5°5> 539-54°. 545"54 6 55 1 '55 2 5 8 9.

.

600

Sutherland, George (1862-1942),

jurist;

552; Douglas, 600; retirement pay of, 192; plan, first mention of, 34;

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 1922-1938—6'], 106-107, 136-137, 156,

presented to Cabinet and Congressional leaders, 64, 66; presented in message to Congress, 64; creates sensation in press, 66-67, 74"75I sit-down strikes and, 102; weakest argument of, 103-104; justices on, 103-104; opposition meeting in Chi-

Swanson, Claude Augustus (1862-1939), Representative (Dem.) from Virginia 1893-1903; Governor of Virginia 19061910; Senator from Virginia 1910-1933;

furter,

cago, 115; votes for and against, 125; bill delayed in committee, 135; Roose-

and opposing Senators on, Roosevelt willing to compromise,

velt

1

53>

1

T

l

>

142; 145,

adverse report of Judiciary

Committee, 152; substitute 160; Robinson's death and, to abandon, 161-162, 176;

bill,

162;

159-

move

probable votes for, 164; Roosevelt continues fight for, 164, 169; recommitted to Judiciary Committee, 170; defeat of, 171172, 179; origin of, 177-178; not understood by people, 223; failure of Wallace to support, 247; approved by: Cummings, 64, 75; LaFollette, 70; Raymond Robins, 76, 123; Robert H. Jackson, 97; Landis, 100; Sheppard, 105; Texas, 105, 141; Irving Brant, 105; Richberg, 105; Robinson, 105, 125; Wagner, 163; Norris, 171; opposed by: Hiram Johnson, 69, 77, 99, 139; Morris Ernst, 70; Wheeler, 70, 98, 100, 103, 251, 424;

*75» 290, 551

Secretary of the

death

—eo,

Navy 1933

until his

30-31, 85, 110-111, 173, 211,

224, 264, 274, 277, 296, 328, 330, 334, 407, 418, 419, 463, 461, 547, 609, 629, 649, 678, 679

Swanson, Mrs. Claude A., Swanson, Edward B., 72 Swift,

Harold

30, 273

H., 700

Syrovy, Jan, 473

Taft, Robert A., 499, 595, 651, 717 Taft, Mrs. Robert A., 595 Talmadge, Eugene, 466

Tammany

Hall, 10, 162, 271

Taylor, Edward T. (1858-1941), Representative (Dem.) from Colorado 19091941; majority leader in 1933; author of Taylor Grazing

Act—58, 390

Taylor, Graham, 122 Taylor Grazing Act, 625, 631

Index

75 6 taxes,

on foreign capital, 84; new amendment, 366

bill,

333; law

tax system, proposed simplification of,

279-280

Teacle, Walter, 521 Tender Board, 73 Tennessee Valley Authority (TV A), 132133, 164-165, 337, 572, 632, 660, 683, 690 Teruel, Spain, 277, 291 Tetlow, Percy, 663, 671-672 Texas, pressure for public works projects in, 3; state capitol building, 79 Texas Oil Company, 194 third-party movement, 252, 256-257, 379, 545. 555-556

third-term issue, Congress and, 501-502; Wallace and, 508; Bullitt on, 518; Ickes on, 526; Ickes' article in Look, 655-656; Farley on, 685, 688; Cardinal Mundelein for, 688; Baruch on, 687; Roosevelt and, 691, 706; Jones and, 694; Johnson on, 707

Thlinget

tribe,

447-448

Thomas, Captain Griffith E., 158 Thomas, Elbert D. (1883-1953), professor of

political

science

at

University

of

Utah since 1924; Senator (Dem.) from Utah 1933-1951-1$] Thomas, Elmer, 421 Thompson, Floyd, 115 Thompson-Grand Lake diversion project,

Tree, Sir Ronald, 405 Trinidad, 484 Troy, John Weir (1868-1942), Governor of Alaska 1933-1939—441, 448-450, 711 Tucker, Raymond, 3

Truman, Harry, 188, 602 Tugwell, Rexford G. (1891-

), professor of economics at Columbia University; assistant Secretary of Agriculture

in 1933 an & one °f tne original "brain trust"; Undersecretary of Agriculture

1934-193"];

Governor of Puerto Rico

1941-1946; since then professor at University of

Chicago-^,

to

President Roosevelt 1928-1945—14,

212, 247, 3°3-3°4> 3°7. 4!5> 721

Turkey, trade agreement with Germany, 484; Allied alliance and, 704

Tuttle, Arthur, 10 Tuttle, Frank, 490 Tweedsmuir, John Buchan, Lord, 112 Two Medicine Lake, 436 Tydings, Millard E. (1890), Representative (Dem.) from Maryland 19231927; Senator 1927-1951; now in private law practice—-gi 93-94, 95, 100, 104-105, ,

150, 282, 287, 299, 429-43°' 460. 465. 466,

476, 515, 564

U

248-249

Thompson, Huston, 312 Thompson, William Hale (1869-1944), Chicago real estate man and politician; Mayor of Chicago 1915-1923 and 1927*93*-475. 5i4. 53°. 586 Thomsen, Dr. Hans, 533 Tibbett, Lawrence, 647 Timbalier Island, 426 Tobin, Maurice J., 430

Tomlinson, Major

Owen

A., 437, 438,

Hall of the Air, 516, 527, 554, 557-

558

Townsend, Dr. Francis

unemployed, proposal for census

of, 16,

256

unemployment, 312, 317, 328 United Aircraft

453

Town

35, 41, 48, 313,

464, 471, 523-524 Tully, Grace, assistant private secretary

236,

241,

243-244,

280,

Company, 63

United Mine Workers of America, 638 United Press, 165, 289 United States Army, role of, in economic blockade of Japan, 277 United States Health Service, 132-133 United States Marines, in China, 186, 192-193, 198-199, 653

500 Transamerica Corporation, 570 Treasury, Department of, Procurement Division of, 8; Germany and, 591, 597' 598; Czechoslovakia and, 597, 598; policy of neutrality, 702; Advisory E.,

Committee on Finance, Morgenthau, Henry

710; see also

United States Naval Academy, m-112 United States Navy, Hull, on a strong, 268, 329; blocking Japan by, 274; condition of, 277; increase in, 296; increase by Villard, 329; increase of, 329; new ship designs, 334 of, criticized

Uruguay, Roosevelt's tour in,

528

of, 14-15;

Nazis

Index

757

Wallace, Henry A.

(1888-

),

Secretary

Vandenberg, Arthur H., 313, 364, 376,

of Agriculture 1933-1940; Vice President of U.S. 1940-1944; Secretary of

557, 650-651, 707, 717 Vanderbilt, Mrs. Cornelius, 644 Van Devanter, Willis (1859-1941), Asso-

nominee of Progressive party, 1948—$,

Commerce

1944-1946;

Presidential

1910-1937— 67, 103, 106, 136, 144, 153,

18, 20, 23, 26, 31, 36, 37, 38-45, 47-48, 59, 74, 86, 110, 115, 121, 126, 128, 130134, 138, 157, 173, 189, 201, 223, 237,

176, 182, 551

247, 257, 264-265, 278-280, 286, 291, 294,

Justice of the

ciate

Supreme Court,

Van Nuys, Frederick, 256, 499 Van Swerengen, Mr., 499

295, 296, 305, 307-311, 313-314. V5-$rt> 317, 318, 320, 338, 339, 359-360, 366, 385,

Vargas, Getulio, 353

Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, 701 "victory" dinner, of Robert McCormick, 63.76

394. 397. 412, 413. 4 X 8. 47 1 . 501, 507-508, 517, 518, 542, 543-544. 565. 613. 615, 617, 619, 629, 632, 633, 649, 654, 656, 708-709,

715

Victory dinners, 88 Villard, Oswald Garrison, 329-330

Wallace, Mrs. Henry

Villey-Desmeserets, Monsieur, 409 Viner, Jacob, 362 Vinson, Carl, 628 Virgin Islands, 33, 57, 93-94, 104, 476, 515,

Wallace, John, 120-121 Wallace, Tom, 131 Wallcren, Monrad C. (1891), Representative (Dem.) from Washington 1933-1940; Senator 1941-1945; Governor of Washington 1945-1949; member Federal Power Commission 1949-1951—9,74,

535 Virgin Islands Company, 476 Vitousek, Roy A., 678 vocational education, Advisory Committee on, 138; appropriation for, 189-190 Voting by mail, new laws for, 18

W Waesche, Admiral Russell R., 114 wages and hours bill, 182, 195, 262 Wagner Housing Bill, 84-85, 184, 188 Wagner Labor Relations Act, 102,

death. 129,

498

tions acts

which formed the

legislative

New Deal— 162-164,

166, 171,

184, 197, 215, 217-220, 221, 227, 229, 233, 239, 271, 282, 349, 351, 368, 498, 499, 603

Wagner, Robert

F., Jr.,

Wagner-Steagall

bill, 214,

163

1932;

National

executive

He had

formerly been chairman

of Idaho— 101, 255 Wanger, Walter, 490, 510 Ward, Harry, 266 Wards Island Sewage Treatment

Plant,

233-234

War, Department of, Howe and, 301; approves helium sale to Germany, 344, 368-369, 385; Lake Michigan airport

more

soldiers

near Washington, 598-599; policy of neutrality, 702; Council of National Defense, 710, 719; see also Woodring,

Harry

Island, 274 C. (1886-

Walker, Frank Democratic

(1876-

of the Idaho State Board of Education and of the Democratic State Committee

project and, 505; requests

227

Waite, Colonel Henry Matson (18691944), consulting engineer; deputy administrator PWA 1933-1934— 139, 432

Wake

376

Walling, Willoughby, 131 Wallis, Hal, 490 Walsh, David I., 338 Walters, Theodore Augustus

1937), first Assistant Secretary of Interior under Ickes from 1933 until his

Wagner, Robert F. (1877-1953), Senator (Dem.) from New York 1927-1949; introduced NRA, housing and labor relacore of the

A., 30-31, 87, 126,

273

),

treasurer

Committee

secretary

in

President

Roosevelfs Executive Council, 1933; director National Emergency Council to December, 1935; Postmaster General 1940-1945-4^5, 532, 588, 689

War War

Minerals Relief Committee, 336 Resources Board, 710, 716 Warren, Lindsay (1869), Representative (Dem.) from North Carolina, 1925-1941; resigned in 1940 to become Comptroller General of U.S. 1940-1952 159. 309-.310

Index

75 8

Washington, D.C., building program for, 16, 18; art museum, offered by Mellon, 25-26; appeal of Negroes to Ickes, 561 Washington Correspondents, The, 289 Washington Herald, 96, 100, 285, 324, 559560, 573

Washington News, 251, 565, 660 Washington Post, 21, 54, 96, 324,

429, 464,

532

Washington Star, 354, 534 Washington Times, 430, 464, 559-560, 573 Washington Times-Herald, 622 Water Policy Committee, 132-133 Watkins, Elton, 493 Watson, Colonel Edwin Martin (18831945), army officer and secretary to President Roosevelt, died on the voyage home from the Yalta Conference in I 945S3> 236-237, 256, 258-259, 288, 304,

327» 331-332. 372. 475. 532. 601, 605, 606, 608, 623, 664, 681, 683, 706, 709, 712, 717

Watson, Mrs. Edwin Martin, 327 wealth, concentration

of, in U.S., 62, 124,

232, 243, 261, 266, 283, 293, 301, 366, 384, 386, 491

Weaver, Major Theron De W., 494 Wedgwood, Colonel Josiah, 369-371, 407 Week, The, 676 Weir, Ernest T., 295, 326 Wells, H. G., 232 Welles, Sumner (1892-

career diploof President Roosevelt; Assistant Secretary of State 1933-1937, then Under-Secretary. Now ),

mat and long-time friend

retired-321, 351-353. 3 8 i. 3 88 39L 522, 53L 532. 561. 59L 592, 597> 6 49. 6 92. 716 Wescott, Dr. Virgil, 13 West, Charles (1895), Representative (Dem.) from Ohio 1931-1935; Under-Secretary of Interior 1935-1938; member U.S. Processing Tax Board of Review until 1940; since then professor of political science at Akron University >

—57, 67-68, 158-160, 188, 263, 306, 356 wheat, high price of, 26 Wheeler amendment, to reorganization bill,

338-339, 341, 344

Wheeler, Burton K. (1882), Senator (Dem.) from Montana 1923-194']; since

White, Colonel, 584 White, Governor, 420 White House, proposed summer, 125-126, 185; party at, 331, 567; lunch at, 415; dinner for King and Queen of England, 644-647, 649-650; dinner at, 712 White House Correspondents Association,

336

White, Walter, 615 White, William Allen (1868-1944), newspaperman; proprietor and editor Emporia Daily and Weekly Gazette from 1895 until his death; delegate to Republican National Conventions in 1920, 1928 and 1936—^2, 99, 266 Whitney, Richard, 384 Wichita Beacon, 289 wildlife refuge, 120, 542, 565

Wilkinson, Tom, 405 Willard, Daniel, 334 Williams, Aubrey, 534, 684 Williamsburg, Virginia, 502-503 Willkie, Wendell, 60 Wilson, Admiral, 111 Wilson, Hugh, 236, 504 Wilson, Woodrow, 21, 275, 290, 354, 481, 702, 704-705, 710, 716, 721

Winant, John G. (1889-1947), political leader; Governor of New Hampshire 1925-1926 and 1931-1934; chairman Social Security Board 1935-1937; U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain 1941-1946; U.S. representative to U.N. 1946-1947— 36

Winant, Mrs. John

G., 31, 36

Windsor, Duke of (1894-

King Edward Fill

formerly

and December 11, 1936; married Mrs. Simpson in June 1937; visited Germany in 1937 to study social and housing conditions; Governor of Ireland; abdicated

the Bahama Islands 1940-1945—16-17 Winship, Major General Blanton (18691947), Governor of Puerto Rico 1934-

1939-6*

33» 148-150. 161. 170. 329. 599.

627-628, 641

Witherspoon, Carl,

11-12, 53, 82-83, 95,

434

then in private law practice—58, 63, 70,

Wolfsohn, Joel,

98, 100, 103, 153, 162, 172, 175, 217, 251,

Wolman,

416, 424, 435, 436, 603, 698-699

Woodin, William H.

Wheeler, Dan, 185, 197, 636, 663, 671, 697 Wheeler investigating committee, 62

),

of Great Britain

28, 50, 60 Abel, 132-135, 254

(1868-1934), busi-

nessman; Secretary of Treasury 1933 1934-88

Index

Woodin, Mrs. William H., 87 Woodring, Harry H. {1890-

759 594, 612; in Federal

),

Gover-

Works Agency,

668;

Hopkins and, 689

nor of Kansas 1031-1033; assistant Secretary of War 1933-1936; Secretary of War 1936-1940; now retired from poli-

WPA

tics— 17-18, 24, 51, 62, 88, 127, 132-135, 173, 185, 212, 389, 418, 460, 463, 506, 527. 53 L 537-538. 548, 553. 588. 599. 628,

Wright, Frank C, 334, 423 Wright, Lord, 483

Administrator, appointment of Harrington, 534; Gallup poll on Hop-

kins

as,

534

629, 630, 636, 686, 692-693, 700, 708, 716717, 718, 720

Woodring, Mrs. Harry H., 645 Woodrum, Clifton A. (1887), Rep. resentative (Dem.) from Virginia 19231945-106, 383

Woodson, Walter

Yarnell, Harry E., 198 Yosemite Park, 38 Yugoslavia, fascism in, 286;

Germany and,

70S B. (1881-1948), naval

officer; chief of Asiatic fleet

1935-1936; naval aide to President Roosevelt 19371938; Judge Advocate General 19381943; retired in 1943—256, 258, 372 Woodward, Frederic, 699-700 Workers Alliance Congress, 641-642 (Works Progress Administration), issue in 1938 election, 499; on verge of

WPA

scandal, 501; to be revised, 527; funds.

Zanuck, Darryl, 490 zeppelin, order of, in naval

bill,

392

Zeppelin Company of America, 369, 392 Zog, King of Albania, 614 Zola, 203

Zook, George F., 138 Zukor, Adolph, 490