The Routledge Handbook of the Polar Regions 1138843997, 9781317549567, 9781138843998, 9781315730639
The Routledge Handbook of the Polar Regions is an authoritative guide to the Arctic and the Antarctic through an explora
237 12 47MB
English Pages [557] Year 2018
Table of contents :
The Routledge Handbook of the Polar Regions- Front Cover
The Routledge Handbook of the Polar Regions
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of figures
List of tables
List of contributors
Introduction: locating the Polar Regions
The Polar Regions and global change
Protecting the Polar Regions
Imagining, approaching and placing the Polar Regions in contemporary world affairs
Locating polar research
Notes
References
PART I:
Circumpolar worlds
Chapter 1: Exploring and mapping the Arctic: histories of discovery
and knowledge
Toward hyperborea: early “discoveries” in the Arctic
After Columbus: the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
The Arctic and the Age of Reason
The Heroic Age? Arctic exploration in the 1800s and early 1900s
Air, undersea, and space: mapping the Arctic in the 1900s and beyond
Notes
References
Chapter 2: Exploring and mapping the Antarctic: histories of discovery
and knowledge
Introduction
Early mapping of Antarctica: from imaginings to the first observations
Nineteenth-century expeditions: from piecemeal science to co-operation and the influence of geographical societies
The Heroic Age (1901–22): national aspirations, personal ambitions and science
A time of higher priorities: the Interwar period and World War II
Post-war exploration and the Antarctic Treaty: Cold War interests and emerging international collaboration
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 3: The Arctic in literature and the popular imagination
The Arctic as site for heroic endeavour
The Arctic as futile goal
The Arctic as gendered space
The Arctic as otherworld
New Arctic, new fiction
Notes
References
Chapter 4: The Antarctic in literature and the popular imagination
Fiction
Poetry
Drama
Film
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 5: Self-determination and indigenous governance in the Arctic
Land claims and self-government
Self-determination and self-government: some examples from Canada and Greenland
Environmental change and indigenous governance
Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Indigenous cartographies of Arctic places and spaces
Introduction
Arctic and northern mapping
Towards critical cartography
Indigenous counter-mapping
Inuit maps and land claims
Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Circumpolar health and well-being
Proximal determinants
Intermediate determinants
Distal determinants
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Education in the Arctic: trends, challenges
Introduction
Literature review
Journeys and journeying in the Canadian Arctic
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 9: Historical sites and heritage in the Polar Regions
Introduction
Archaeological sites in the Polar Regions
Archaeological sites in the Arctic
Archaeological sites in the Antarctic
Cultural heritage in the Polar Regions
Conclusions
Note
References
Web published sources
PART II:
Polar environments
Chapter 10: Biodiversity in the Polar Regions in a warming world
Introduction to polar biodiversity
Human impacts on wildlife through time
Climate change
UV-B radiation
Contaminants
Mineral exploitation, extraction and transport
Human disturbance to wildlife
Research needs
References
Chapter 11: Geological histories of polar environments
Introduction
Techniques
Geology
Tectonic evolution
References
Chapter 12: Polar oceans and their global significance
The polar oceans and their global significance
The polar oceans and the global overturning circulation
The polar oceans in Earth’s past climate
The polar oceans in a warming world
Summary and outlook
References
Chapter 13: Polar sea ice as a barometer and driver of change
Introduction
Sea ice formation
The Arctic sea ice
The Antarctic sea ice
Note
References
Chapter 14: The current health of polar ice sheets and implications
for sea level
Introduction
Methods for monitoring the health of an ice sheet
The health of the Greenland Ice Sheet
The health of the Antarctic Ice Sheet
Limits in detecting long-term ice sheet mass imbalance
Total ice sheet contribution to sea level rise
The contribution of ice sheets to future sea level rise
References
Chapter 15: Polar climate and evidence for anthropogenically-driven
climate change
Introduction
Detecting anthropogenic change
The Arctic
The Antarctic
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 16: Post Last Glacial Maximum processes in
the Polar Regions
Introduction
The Polar Regions during the LGM
Post-LGM changes across the Polar Regions
Timeline of climatic changes in the Polar Regions since the LGM
Processes associated with climatic changes in the Polar Regions
Insolation effects
Oceanic processes
Atmospheric processes
Ice-sheet processes
Solid Earth processes and sea-level change
Summary
References
Chapter 17: Biogeochemical cycling in glacial environments
Introduction
Geochemical weathering in glacial environments
Biogeochemical weathering in glacial environments
Impacts of microbial activity
Biogeochemical cycling in polar regions
References
Chapter 18: Permafrost dynamics
Introduction
Parameters affecting permafrost dynamics
Past trends in permafrost dynamics
Current trends in permafrost dynamics
Future trends in permafrost dynamics
Impacts of permafrost dynamics
247Yamalsky District in Siberia, Russia. More than 1,200 reindeer were killed, and families were evacuated from the tundra.Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 19: Polar feedbacks in a changing climate
Introduction
Recent polar climate change and what it tells us about feedbacks
Feedback processes of the Polar Regions
The particular case of the Arctic: warming amplification through strong, positive feedbacks
Differences between the Arctic and Antarctic
Twenty-first-century prospects
Significant, additional feedbacks may become important in the course of the twenty-first century
Conclusions
References
PART III:
Polar politics and resource futures
Chapter 20: The Antarctic Treaty, territorial claims and a continent for science
Introduction
Territorial claims and the division of Antarctica
Antarctica as a continent for science
References
Chapter 21: The Polar Regions and the law of the sea: current controversies
Introduction
The international law of the sea
The law of the sea and the Polar Regions
Current controversies
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 22: The Arctic Council: an intergovernmental forum facing
constraints and utilizing opportunities
A brief history of Arctic-wide inter-governmental co-operation
What are the constraints on how the Arctic Council can evolve?
How the Arctic Council has found its niche
Conclusions
Notes
References
Chapter 23: National Antarctic programmes: the politics-science interface
Introduction
Antarctica: a continent for science
Towards sustained science activities in Antarctica
Aspects of national Antarctic programmes
Scope of national Antarctic programmes
How has the science-politics interface in Antarctica changed?
Concluding remarks
Notes
References
Chapter 24: Sustainable development and sustainability in Arctic political discourses
Sustainable development and sustainability – origins and definitions of the concepts
From environmental concerns to a broader understanding of sustainable development in the Arctic
‘Sustainable development’ in national Arctic strategies and the international efforts of the Arctic states
The Arctic Council’s focus on sustainable development
Arctic Council member states’ Arctic and Northern strategies and policies and the application of ‘sustainable development’, ‘sustainability’ and ‘variations of the concepts’ to the strategies/policies – some examples
The Arctic states’ references to international co-operation – especially United Nations global efforts towards a sustainable development
United Nations sustainable development activities and the Arctic states’ involvement in UN global efforts towards sustainable development
Strategies and policies of the Arctic states – economic (and sustainable?) development
Summing up: Arctic and global frameworks for developing and implementing sustainable development initiatives
Summing up: how the Arctic Council copes with sustainable development issues
. . . and some future perspectives
Notes
References
AEPS & Arctic Council documents (listed chronologically)
Arctic states’ Arctic and northern strategies (organized geographically)
Arctic states’ sustainable development strategies and implementation plans related to UN sustainable development initiatives
Arctic states’ reporting to the UN Commission on Sustainable Development 2010, session 18 and UN documentation
United Nations reports and initiatives
Websites:
Chapter 25: Indigeneity, sovereignty, and Arctic indigenous internationalism
IR theory and indigeneity: cosmopolitan indigenous diplomacies
Who owns the Arctic: indigenous governance in Arctic history
Expanding the domain of international law
Constructing a global narrative of indigenous self-determination at home: a case of Inuit and Sámi sovereignties
Arctic regime building: indigenous diplomacies and the Arctic Council
Indigenous self-determination in a global Arctic
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 26: Geopolitics and security in the Arctic
Imminent conflict in the Arctic
Conflict over the Arctic?
Conflict in the Arctic?
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 27: Polar tourism: status, trends, futures
Introduction
Knowledge and action
Culture
Concluding discussion
References
Chapter 28: Consulting Arctic energy: from political hearings to roundtable events
Consultant expertise
Executive roundtables
From hearings to roundtables
References
Chapter 29: Social and environmental impact assessments in the Arctic
Introduction
Impact assessment: purpose, procedure, and effectiveness
Key impact assessment principles, challenges, and opportunities
Securing local benefits: a case study from Greenland
Conclusion
References
Chapter 30: Northern fisheries
The oceans and the fisheries
Legal framework
Management
The central Arctic Ocean process
Future developments
Notes
References
Chapter 31: The future of Antarctica: minerals, bioprospecting, and fisheries
Introduction
Resources futures of the Antarctic: international geopolitical economy of production, consumption and flows
Antarctic minerals, resource diplomacy and the future of mining
Strategic recall, fast-forward and the futures of fisheries
Antarctic bioprospecting and Antarctic moral economy: access, profit and equity
Resource geopolitics and ‘Polar Orientalism’:19 post-colonial engagement and assertions of Antarctic nationalism
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
Notes
References
Chapter 32: Conservation and environmental governance in the Polar Regions
Environmental institutions and the Polar Regions
Antarctica
The Arctic
Indigenous peoples and Arctic environmental governance
Community-based monitoring in the Arctic
Conclusions
Notes
References
PART IV:
Polar scientific frontiers
Chapter 33: Technology and the discovery of Antarctic subglacial landscapes
Introduction
Early history of discovery
Introduction of aircraft in Antarctica
Geophysical surveying of the ice sheet
Radio-echo sounding and Antarctic exploration
Combining satellite data with geophysical knowledge
The fourth International Polar Year
Future plans
References
Chapter 34: Sediment and ice cores (past polar climates)
Introduction
Ice core proxies for past climate
Sediment core proxies for past climate
Evidence for rapid millennial-scale climate change events
Last glacial termination
Last interglacial climates
Extending beyond the ice core records
Past greenhouse worlds
Summary of future challenges
References
Chapter 35: Subglacial access and investigation
Introduction
History of subglacial access drilling
Recent subglacial lake access programmes
Future plans and new technologies
References
Chapter 36: Upper atmosphere physics and chemistry
Introduction
Stratospheric clouds, the ozone hole and storm tracks
Noctilucent clouds, meteor smoke and geo-engineering
Solar variability, relativistic electrons and climate
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 37: Ocean-land interactions and the Arctic carbon cycle
Introduction
Polar amplification and the terrestrial environment
Sea ice decline and terrestrial CO2 exchange
Sea ice decline and terrestrial methane emissions
Lateral carbon flows from the terrestrial environment to the Arctic Ocean
Conclusions
References
Chapter 38: Back to the future: detecting past Arctic environmental
change and investing in future observations
Introduction
Art
Photographs
Site re-visits
Data-mining
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Index
![The Law of the Sea and the Polar Regions : Interactions Between Global and Regional Regimes [1 ed.]
9789004255210, 9789004255203](https://dokumen.pub/img/200x200/the-law-of-the-sea-and-the-polar-regions-interactions-between-global-and-regional-regimes-1nbsped-9789004255210-9789004255203.jpg)
