The Rosetta Stone in the British Museum 1169329977, 9781169329973

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THE

MUSEUM

BRITISH

C I H P Y L G O R E I H D N A C I T O M E D , K E E R G THE E H T N O D E B I R C S N I E E R C E D TEXTS OF THE L A N O I T I D D A G N I R R E F N O C E N O T S A T T E S O R ) . C . B 1 8 1 3 0 2 ( S E N A H P I P E V Y M E L O T P N O S R U O N O H T R O H S A D N A S N O I T A L S N A R T WITH ENGLISH E H T F O T N E M R E H P I C E D E H T HISTORY OF X I D N E P P A N A D N A , S H P Y L G O R E I H N A I T P Y EG E A L E T S E H T F O S N O I T A L S N A R T G N I N I A T N CO H A T U H K S A M L A L L A T D N A ) S I N A T ( N A S F O DATE DUE

Onn. E,

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A i. THE USE OF EGYPTIAN HIEROGLy

PERSIAN CONQUERORS Oi II.—THE USE oF EGYPTIAN |

=e

PTOLEMY

OF AT IV

THE MEMPHIS

254

...

266

TRANSLATION

281

PRIESTHOOD IN

PHILOPATOR

HONOUR

296

_ BIBLIOGRAPHY

311

_ INDEX

317

LIST

OF

PLATES

The Rosetta Stone ...

vee

...

Frontispiece

PLATE

I.—The Entrance and Colonnade of the Temple of Edfi, founded by Ptolemy III Euergetes

be a

o

|

_

-_

... facing

36

II.—The Great Temple at Philae

vee

yy

46

III.—Crowning the Athlophoros...

ee

oy

53

IV.—The

2

i

PAGE

Canephoros, or Priestess of Demeter

facing

53

wes facing making offerings

= 88

V.—Ptolemy V Epiphanes offering incense to

the gods ... ... VI.—Ptolemy V Epiphanes to the god Khnemu

wee

... facing

VII.—Portrait of Thomas Young, M.D....

_,,

VIII.—The hieroglyphic inscription of Ptolemy IX ... facing on the Obelisk of Philae... IX.—A page of Dr. Young’s word-list

X.—Portrait

...

_,,

of Jean Frangois Champollion

facing

86 198 203 206

216

The Colonnade from the South 246 facing f between 248-9 ... - XII, XIII.—Coins of the Ptolemies XI.—Philae.

XIV.—Temple of EdfG founded by Ptolemy III facing

XV.—The Decree of lines 1-38 ...

Canopus, Greek Text, ae bs ... facing

254

256

262

ext,

cing

266

PREFACE

Ext,

ing

268

Xt, ing

274

xt, NE

280

t,

1S

=. 288 300

N the ninth year of the reign of ProLemy V EPIPHANES, who reigned from 203-181 B.C., I the priests of all the gods of Upper and LoweER Ecyprt assembled at MEMPHIS, presumably in the great temple of Prau, the Blacksmith-god of that city, the capital of the northern half of By whose wish or order they the kingdom. assembled is not known, but the definite object of this great Council of Priests was the com-

memoration,

for the first time, of the accession of

The King PTOLEMY V to the throne of Egypt. was then only about twelve years of age, but during the six years of lus reigu under the direction of AGATHOCLES, MENES, ScoPpAS

SOSIBIUS, TLEPOLEMUS, ARISTOand others, the affairs of the

The kingdom had on the whole prospered. abuses of the misgovernment of Protemy IV had

been

corrected,

revolts

had

been

crushed,

and

important reforms in the administration of the Army and Navy had taken place. The King had spent his royal revenues lavishly on behalf of the State and his people, he had abolished many taxes and substantially reduced others, he had given bounties to every grade in the Army, he

a 10

PREFACE

had

restored

law

and

order

in the

country,

and

had restored all the ancient rites and privileges and revenues of the priests, and had shown himself to be pious and a devout worshipper of all the gods of his country. All these facts were universally admitted.

One

of

the

first acts of

the

priests

was

to

celebrate the ancient SET Festival, | . [ell CO, v.é. the “ Festival of the Tail.’’ This Festival was celebrated every thirty years, or after any very great event, or whenever the King wished to obtain a renewal of his life from the gods, and the physical and spiritual power to rule with justice and righteousness, the highly symbolic ceremonies of this Festival being duly performed according to

ancient

use

and

wont.

This

solemn

Office

having been performed, the Council of Priests proceeded to review the good works which the boy King had performed, and they decided that the services which he had rendered to Ecypr and to the clergy and laity were so valuable that

additional

honours

should

the principal temples

be paid to him jn all

of the country.

They then

drafted in Greek a Decree in which the good deeds of the King

to

pay

him

and the honours which they proposed

were

carefully

enumerated.

They

further ordered that a copy of it, together with translations, written both in the modern language

and

script

of

EcypT

(1.e. in

Demotic

or, New

Egyptian), and in the ancient language ang script

PREFACE

W

(t.e. the hieroglyphs or, Old Egyptian) should be engraved upon a tablet of hard stone, and set up in every temple of the first, second and third class in Ecypt.

This Decree, as found on the ROSETTA

STONE, is dated on the fourth day of the Greek month Xandikos = the eighteenth day of the second month (MEcuis) of the Egyptian season of PER-T = March 27, 196 B.c. It is doubtful if

this Decree was carried out literally. _ We

owe our knowledge

of the Decree of the

Council of Priests at Mempuis to the lucky blow

of the pick of a French soldier called BoussarD, who in 1798 was engaged in digging down a Tuined wall of Fort St. JULIEN at RosETTA. hilst engaged on this work he dislodged a large

slab of basalt, which,

when

cleaned

and brushed,

was seen to be covered with three different kinds of writing. According to the late Dr. Brrcu, who received

his intormation from Mr. HARRIS,

H.B.M.’s Consul at ALEXANDRIA, General MENOU,

was in command

of the French troops at

carefully cleaned, and injury. The French to NAPOLEON’s Army as the ‘‘ Pierre de

thus saved it from further savants who were attached wrote of it and spoke of it Rosette,’ and to-day the

who

ALEXANDRIA,

RosETTA

had the slab taken to his tent and

PREFACE

(2

YOUNG

succeeded

in deciphering

the

name

of

PTOLEMY EPIPHANES which is found on it, and he assigned correct phonetic values to most of the hieroglyphs which formed that name, and through these HENRY name

SaLT identified and partly read the

of CLEOPATRA,

Obelisk of Puirar. ROsETTA STONE to

which

he had

seen

on

the

The supreme value of the the early decipherers was

due to the fact that it contained a BILINGUAL inscription, and that one of the two languages of the inscription, viz. Greek, was a well-known language. YOUNG was the first to grasp the idea of the existence of a phonetic principle in reading the Egyptian hieroglyphs, and, as CHABAS said,

“ cette idée fut, dans la realité, le Fiat Lux de la

science '’ (Inscription de Rosette, p. 5). Better equipped with the knowledge of Coptic and other Oriental languages than Younc,

the great French

scholar CHAMPOLLION LE JEUNE promptly appreciated YOUNG’S

discovery

at its true value, and

applied his system of decipherment to the names and titles of the Ptolemies and the Roman Emperors, and produced the hieroglyphic alphabet which is the base of that used by Egyptologists

to-day. The Decree of Memphis was drafted in Greek and about the general meaning of its contents there

was

never

much

doubt.

But

with

the

translations in Demotic and in Hicroglyphs the case is different. The early decipherers knew ails

PREFACE

13

very little about their contents, and the so-called

“translations” of AKERBLAD and YouNG were

based on guesswork. Brucescu’s translation of _ the Demotic text (published in 1848) was the first real translation of it ever made. As for the translation of the Decree written in hieroglyphs, it is sufficient to point out that the phonetics and the

characters and meanings of many of the words of the hieroglyphic version were unknown in 1820, _ and they remained so until the present century. new impulse was given to the study of the A inscriptions on the RosETTA STONE through the

discovery in 1887 of a large granite stele inscribed of Decre e the of copy a with in hieroglyphs Memphis.

and

text

The

transcripts

the

full of faults, it is true,

is

published

by

Bouriant,

it But unsat isfac tory. were mysel f and BAILLET exami inten sive an to submi tted been since has Corie

her

matinn

Way

Wy

dsauivii

as

know

RRA

much

sand

CAAA

Corrde WIS

as we

dd

rreree dy

ddd

and CESARE

we FTW

w no AAW TY

are ever likely to know

about the Decree of Memphis.

en be s ha t mp te at an me lu vo t en es pr In the nt ce re e th of s lt su re e th e made to incorporat

Jabours

of Hess,

SETHE

and

SPIEGELBERG.

In

ve ha s rd wo e th xt te k ee Gr ‘the transcript of the be e th of e nc ie en nv co e th een separated for e th of t un co ac an rs ginner. In the early Chapte d, un fo be ll wi E ON ST discovery of the RoSETTA er ph ci de e th of y or st hi and in the later a short

nent

of the

Egyptian

hieroglyphs.

Hieroglyphic

PREFACE

14

type has

may make

been used

freely so that

the

reader

himself familiar with the Egyptian —

hieroglyphs. As the Decree of Memphis is the last of a series of three Decrees which were promulgated by the priests of Egypt in honour of Protemy V and his father and grandfather, I have given in the Appendix translations of

the Decrees which concern PTrotemy IV and PtoLtemy III. The series supplies a very instructive illustration of the growth of the power of the priesthood in fifty years, 7.e. between 247 and 196 B.C. The decipherment of the Egyptian texts on the ROSETTA STONE opened up a new and vitally important field of study to the historian and philologist, and above all to the students of the Buble. During the past century Egyptologists have made

a study, ever more and more intensive, of the literature of Egypt, both sacred and profane; and nearly all the principal works which help to

explain, or which supplement the Bible narrative, have been published and translated. The information which has been derived from the monuments and papyri of Egypt supports the sections in the historical books of the Bible which describe the relations of the

Hebrews

with

the Egyptians

in a very remarkable manner, and attests their general accuracy even in details. The papyri have given us access to “all the wisdom of the Egyptians’

in which

Moss

was learned, and we

15

PREFACE

can

now

perceive the greatness

of the adminis-

trative and financial ability of Josepn, the Viceroy

And the historical foundation of the of Pharaoh. tradition of the Exopus, and of the story of the ts deser the in LITES IsRAE the of gs erin wand The . elves thems re decla t Egyp with lel paral throw dom King New the of ns iptio inscr rical histo great light on the intrigues which the Hebrew the st again on ed carri Kings and Egyptian to us help and S, RIAN Assy BABYLONIANS and and E STIN PALE of tion condi cal realize the politi ons ciati denun his ng hurli was u Isara when _ Ecyet downthe g esyin proph and ews, against the Hebr fall of their heathen allies.

y iarit famil gain to wish who those of be For the use

and E STON TTA RosE the on with the inscriptions

view, of point hic ograp palae a from to study them red prepa have um Muse sh Briti the of the Trustees

i ca h ic Wh , ed ur lo co d an e plaster casts, both whit

e th at s st Ca of t n e m t r a p e D e be purchased from th . n o t g n i s n e K h ut So , m u Victoria and Albert Muse r u s a e m r, te as pl in e il im cs fa An excellent coloured e th l al h c i h w on , es ch ing 13} inches by 10% in by ly te ra cu ac d e c u d o r p e r inscriptions have been

r fo d e r a p e r p y ll ia ec sp en be s ha s, an me l a c i n a h c ‘me be n ca It . ts en ud st e at iv pr d an s er ur ct le of the use , G N I M E L F B. R. . Mr om fr ‘obtained

of

Bury

Street, W.C.r.

The

photographer,

best small photo-

er ev E N O T S A T T E S O R e th of n o i t c u d o r p e r graphic m u e s u M h s i t i r B e h t y b d e h s i l b u p t a h t is 4 Mgt

ee

Toney

aren

16

PREFACE

in

the

pamphlet

The

Rosetta

Stone,

with

the

letterpress, price 6d. My thanks are due to the Trustees of the British Museum for permission to photograph the

portraits of THomas YounG and CHAMPOLLION LE JEUNE, the Rosetta Stone, and several of the objects which are illustrated in this book.

The two Plates (XII, XIII) of Ptolemaic coins have been made from casts kindly given to me by Mr. A. P. Reavy of the British Museum. I am indebted to my friend, the Rev. C. H. Irwin,

Tract

he had

D.D.,

Society, made

General

Editor

of

the

Religious

for the helpful suggestions which

and

which

I have

adopted,

whilst

writing this volume and the other five volumes which the Society has published. The excellence of the material forms of these volumes is due to Mr. H. R. Brasproox, the General Manager of the Society, whose knowledge of paper, printing and binding is unrivalled. Messrs. Harrison and Sons, Ltd., have reproduced the Oriental texts and inscriptions with great success, and more than a word of acknowledgment is due to Mr. George Crane

and Mr. S. J. Wadlow

of their staff.

The

latter set the hieroglyphic type, and is ably continuing the work of his predecessors, the great

Oriental Fish.

compositors

Messrs. E.

48, Bloomsbury

Street, London,

July 27, 1929.

A. W.C.1

Mabey, Fisher and WALLIS

Bunce.

:




part

the Ss

oe all Fy

0

pro

4

Stone

i

i Tia

Mas

Expedition

Another

to

account

by one Boucy ARD, who

by striking it accidentally ER

ht

was

It has been direction of General Boussarp. stated that Boucnarp found the Stone lying loose on the ground, but it is also said that when he

struck it with his pick it was built into an ancient

wall, the demolition of which had been decided In either case it seems tolerably certain pon.

that the Stone had been removed from the temple

is it and re, the e cam nch Fre the en wh ruined state

that town.

known,

BOUCHARD

a in and old e wer a TT sE Ro of ns tio ica the fortif

the ROSETTA STONE stood in the great temple of are not

so,

but , say to e ibl oss imp is it e don was s thi When

(L’Egypte sous les Pharaons, vol. ii, p. 241), that —

was discovered

be

in which it had been set up, and used in building ng. shi oli dem e wer nch Fre the ch whi l wal the

BOLBITINE must have had at least one temple, andit is very possible, as CHAMPOLLION thought

The exact circumstances under which the Stone

if this

the reconstruction of Fort St. JULIEN under the

going ships to reach the town.

A town

pick;

21

‘probably one of the soldiers who were working at

the NILE may have made it impossible for sea-

East.

his

DISCOVERY

~

probable that they formed part system of defence works which -AsHRAF

KAnstu

At-Guori

of a famous the Khalifah

constructed

or n rs ee tw be in su Ra d ta an vr xn va We w A TAs eaees HULLS Awa RRAELD CLARKE T SEEAA PRLS

at

d TST6. an Seem

to s ar pe ap e on St e Th ‘‘ , id sa u c The late Dr. Bir M u T to d te ca di de le mp te a have been placed in

in d te ec er ly al in ig or n, Su g or Tomos, the settin t rs fi e th ng ri du . .e (i ” O B E N A the reign of NEcT nd fi ot nn ca I t bu ), c. B. half of the [Vth century s. wa t en em at st e th r fo out what his authority

On the Consul surrent

’s M. B. H. ly er rm fo , s i r r a other hand, Mr. H n io it ad tr a g in at pe re at ALEXANDRIA, d ha e on St e th at in his day, said th

22

THE

Il.—REMOVAL

OF

Soon after its

ROSETTA THE

. disco

STONE

ROSETTA

STONE

TO

CAIR

very the Rosetra Ston

SURRENDER

Servi s

TO

THE

BRITISH

Do

ous les Héros de la France”;

23

returned to

MARCEL et GALLAND,” and presented them to the

the savants whom NAPOLEON had taken to Egypt with him, and by native agents throughout the country. As soon as the savants returned from Upper Ecypt to Cairo they examined the Stone and quickly realized its importance. NAPOLEON

the Great, who was among the first who saw it, @ regarded it with the keenest interest, and “in _ order to satisfy the curiosity of the literati inevery country, gave orders to have the inscription engraved immediately’ (Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. lxxi, 1801, p. 1194). Two expert lith ographers “ Citoyens MaRcEL et GALLAND’”’ we re summoned from Paris in haste, and they ma de copies of the texts on the Stone by inking it with printer’s ink and rolling sheets of Paper ov er it. Not content with this, “‘ Citoyen RarFINEAu ” was ordered

JOG

ho

amlaiaaiaaliias

THE

THE

ROSETTA

STONE

TO

BRITISH

Meanwhile the British forces had gained many victories over the French in Egypt, and after the capitulation of ALEXANDRIA, all the antiquities which the French had collected in Carro and ALEXANDRIA, and had packed up ready for

transport to PaRIs, were surrendered to them.

Under Article XVI of the Treaty of Capitulation, General Hutcuinson took possession of them, and c espatched them to England at the end of the year 1801. teen

LIC

ver

wal

The famous Stone, which even at the

ennarn

lier

Hrrsrsairy

them,

was among

Ienawn

musyrrss

ac UG

the esse

Rac ase cmsrra atu ret

STA NT, CANA

and it arrived in England

in

February, 1802 ; and, as a result of the description

of it published in Paris by “ Citoyen Du THEIL,”

DuGua,’ “lun des guerriers qui, d ans la mémorable expédition d’Egypte, ont si glorie usement

fo rthwith declared that the Stone was a “ monu-

St.

iis

a sulphur cast of

OF

created a great sensation. The copies of the inscriptions which General Ducua had taken to

in eS

to make

III.—SURRENDER

the Stone for the use of Professor AMEI LHON of Paris, whom NaApoLeon ordered to translate the Greek

te

by NAPOLEON

_ Institut Nationa of Paris.

text.

* Charles

1740,

Frangois

and

Domingo

In

in

died

roe.

the

as

autumn

Joseph

the

Dugua

of

was

1801

} orn at

result of a Wound

Toulouse received at

Paris were committed to the care of “ Citoyen Du THEIL,” who read the Greek text at once, and ment of the gratitude of some priests of ALEXor some Ey

PIPHAN)

neighbouring

.

place,

towards

went on to say that

24

THE

ROSETTA

STONE HOW

the first and second texts on the Stone contained repetitions of the contents of the Greek, and that,

Alexandria,

labours

KAI

EAAHNIKOIZ

on

the

and

Stone

TE

must

IEPOIZ

KAI

FPAMMAZIN, be

written

the second in ENcHortar

in

the

EFXOPIONS

first

—

HIEROGLYPHS,

characters.

These

statements at once drew the attention of learned men throughout the world to the Stone, for it was clear that by means of the Greek text it would probably be possible to decipher the Egyptian hier oglyphs and also the enchorial script of Ecypr.

Rosetta

STONE

having

excited

much attention in the learned world, and in this S oclety

in particular, I request to offer them, throug h you, some

account

of

the

manner

it

came

into the possession of the British Army, and by wh at means

it was brought to this country, presumi, 1g it may no t

be

unacceptable

to

them,

the

siege

of which

of the British Army

terminated

in Egypt,

the

all the

_were all private property.

—

Many letters passed ;

at length, on consideration that the care in pre-

serving the insects and animals had made the

property in some degree private, it was relinquished by Lord Hutcuinson ; but the artificial, which consisted of antiquities and Arabian manuscripts, among the former of which was the ROsETTA STONE, was insisted upon by the noble

Upon

General MENov, who at length gave way, saying nronertv, his nrivate was STONE the ee Rasettra that ee oy pe Eee se pre YE ane eae Oe ee SRS OOS

but, as he was forced, he must comply as well as the other proprietors. I accordingly received from

Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries, London, “The

25

which I had several conferences with the French

England was told by Major-General H. Tayt or in a letter addressed by him to NIcHOLAS CARLI SLE

London,

LONDON

xeneral with his usual zeal for science.

IV.—HOW THE ROSETTA STONE CAME TO LONDON The story of the transport of the Stone to

and printed in Archaeologia, vol. XVI, 1812, pp. 212 ff. This letter reads :-—

TO

up tothe captors. This was refused on the part of _the French General to be fulfilled, by saying they

~

text

CAME

curiosities, natural and artificial, collected by the French Institute and others, were to be delivered

letters, and in letters of the country, and in Greek TOIZ

STONE

_ “ By the sixteenth article of the Capitulation of

as the last line but one of the Greek text ordered. that a copy of the decree of the priests was to be inscribed upon a hard stone stele ‘in sacred 4 letters,’

THE

.

the Under-Secretary of the Institute, Lz P&RE, the

Secretary FouRIER being ill, a paper, containing a list of the antiquities, with the names of the claimants of each piece of Sculpture; the Stone is there described as black granite, with three inscriptions, belonging to General MENOU. the French scavans I learnt, that ‘From ‘A STONE was found among the ruins t)

JULIEN, when repaired by the French

THE

26

bs

base

STONE

ROSETTA

1OW

and put in a state of defence ; it stands near the

THE

STONE

CAME

TO

LONDON

27

mouth of the Nile, on the Rosetta branch, where

are,

in

all probability,

the

pieces

broken

off.

I was also informed, that there was a stone similar

at MENOUF, obliterated, or nearly so, by the earthen jugs being placed on it, as it stood near : the water ; and that there was a fragment of one, — used and placed in the walls of the French fortifica-

tions of Alexandria.

This Stone was carefully —

brought to General MENov’s house in Alexandria, covered with soft cotton cloth and a double matting when I first saw it. The General had

selected this precious relic of antiquity for himself. When it was understood by the French Army that we were to possess the antiquities, the covering thrown

of the Stone was torn off, and it was

upon

its face,

and

the

excellent

wooden

cases of the rest were broken off; for they had taken infinite pains in the first instance to secure and preserve from any injury all the antiquities.

I made several remonstrances, but the chief difficulty I had was on account of this Stone, and

the great

sarcophagus,

which at one time was

positively refused to be given up by the Capitan PasHA, who had obtained it by having possession of the ship it had been put on board of by the

I procured,

French.

however,

a centry on the

beach from Mon. LE Roy, prefect maritime, wh as well as the General, behaved with great civilit . the reverse I experienced from some others, # “2

le,

called from its powers a devil-cart, with

hat evening I went to General MENoU’S

y an t ou th wi e, on St e th off d ie rr mouse, and ca ow rr na e th om fr , ty ul ic ff di me so th wi ury, but

s er mb nu of m as rc sa e th id am e, eets to my hous

by ed st si as ly ab g in be ; n me d an rench officers mco o wh y, er ll ti ar of nt ea rg intelligent se t ea gr d ye jo en om wh of ded the party, all e th re we ey th ; nt me oy pl em faction in their . ia dr an ex Al d re te en o wh first British soldiers

e us ho my in ed in ma re e on St e th me ti e th ng ri Du

ts an av sg of s rp co e th to some gentlemen attached

d, te an gr y il ad re I h ic wh , st ca a requested to have ; ry ju in no e iv ce re ld ou sh e on St e th ed id prov e n o t S e h t g n i v a e l , s i r a P to k o o t y e h t t s a c which d a h it h c i h w k n a a n i t n i Ff alanenda Be;rnt s 2n ng ti in pr e th om fr well clearcd d n e s to s e i p o c l a r e v e s f of e k a t o t h t i w d e r e been cov eae

to France,

when

. d e r e v o c s i d t s r i f it was

n a i t p y g E of s n i a m e r r e h t o e h t n e e s - “ Having r i S y b l a r i m d A e h t d r a o b n o t sculpture sen

o h w , s a r d a M e h t , p i h s S ’ N O T R RICHARD BICKE d e k r a b m e I , e c n a t s i s s a e l b i s s o p y r e kindly gave ev s t i e r a h s o t g n i n i m r e t e d , E N O T S with the RosETTA e h t n i n e k a t , e t a g i r f e n n e i t p y g on board the E fate,

h t u o m s t r o P t a d e v i r r a d n a , a i ours of Alexandr to

02,

d n u o r e m a c p When the shi s

put in a boat

THE

28

ROSETTA

STONE

and Logg and landed at the Custom House; BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, the then Secretary of State

acceded to my request, and permitted it to remag some time at the apartments of the Society of Antiquaries, previous to its deposit in the British Museum, where I trust it will long remain, a most

valuable relic of antiquity, the feeble but only yet discovered link of the Egyptian to the known languages, a proud trophy of the arms of Britain

(I could almost say spolia opima), not plundered

from defenceless inhabitants, but acquired by the fortune of war.

[Signed]

honourably ~

“ H. TurNER, M ajor-General.””

An interesting note on the other antiquities sent to LONDON may be quoted from the Gentleman’s Magazine (vol. \xxii, 1802, p. 726). ‘ The various Egyptian antiquities collected by the French Army, and since become the property of the conquerors, have been lately conveyed to the British

Museum,

and

may

be seen in the outer

court of that building. Many of them were so extremely massive, that it was found necessar to make wooden frames for them. They come of an immense bath of granite, about ro feet lon and 5 feet deep and over, covered within ant

without

smaller

with

hieroglyphics;

dimensions

equally

another

adorned;

a

bath 2 pra .

coffin with the shape of the head, and covered si over with hieroglyphicks; a hand clenched, i

HOW

THE

STONE

CAME

TO

29

LONDON

belonging to which must have been 150 feet n ma Ro in , le rb ma e it wh in s ue at two st es ur at fe the , ad he a t ou th wi em th of ts, one in m, ra a of ad he the ; d ce fa de ch e other mu the om fr t fee 4 t ou ab g dish stone, measurin y wa y er ev d an , ad he the Je to the crown of l era sev : off en ok br rn ho proportionate, the right

, sts bea of s ad he the van figures sitting, with th wi ss, Cro or , ata ans x cru the left hand the

; es di bo t ou th wi s ad he r ila sim ; g rin d an le ynd th wi d ge ar ch es sid r fou the ks, lis obe yo marble e, nit gra of lar pil l ca ri nd li cy ge lar a ; s ck hi yp rogl in t fee 3} d an , gth len in t fee 12 uring

s, ton 11 t ou ab hs ig we th ba r le al sm e Th ‘ameter. ; um se Mu the to it aw dr to es rs ho 11 1 there were

so g in be not e on st the s, ton 9 y arger onl e l o h w e h T . s e s r o h 9 y l n o d e r i ve, requ

ht

of

‘0 tons.” Mahe

the

granite

collection

“ path”’

is calculated

referred

at about

ae above

? _ ~ S R N E M P A i H f o s u g a h p o the sarc

scribe and

. s e i r a n a r g f o director

is

2 royal

Its length is

3 ft. 12 in, tI was found

t h g i e h , . n i 7 . t f 4 h t d i w feet, . s t w c 4 s n o t 7 t u o b a s h g i e w d it a d n a , k n a t a s a d e s u n e e b here it had AIRO, w

y d d u m e h t w o l l a o t t i f o d n e e n o n i t u as c e h T ] . ) 3 2 ( 6 2 8 . o N . M . B [ . t yun ou uT-HER-

k E e N f o s u g a h p o c r a s

30

STONE

ROSETTA

THE

THE

Egypt, about 378 B.C. It has often been called the “sarcophagus of ALEXANDER THE GREAT.”

md

made by the same king, and having been taken 0 Carro from a town in the DELTA stood for some years before one of the mosques. The granite coffin, ‘‘ with the shape of the head,” is now fist

the ‘hand clenched” is the left statute

colossal

a

from

of

RAMESES

(No. 596); the “head of a ram” is the head of a ram-headed sphinx from the AVENUE OF q figures with the heads of beasts”? are statues of the goddess SEKHMIT from Karnak [No. 405 (88), etc.]. These and many other objects were presented GEORGE

to

III

in

British

the

1802;

a

list

Museum of

them

by

is

V.—THE

ROSETTA OF

We

have seen

STONE

THE

—

(p. 23)

Kino giv

and where,

y l d e t b u o d n u , up t se s a w one

belongs

to the

. m u e s u M h s i t i r B e h t o t m e h t f o he removal m o r t d e v i e c e r s a w r e t t e j 2 y the same da

e h t t h g u o r b d a h e h t a h t g n i t a t s Solonel TURNER, in

SOCIETY

d e n i a t n o c l l a , s e u t a t s e h t h t i w Stone, together d n a ; t p y G c E m o r f , d e n o i t n e m e v o b a s e s a c the two

s i h o t n i e m a c y e h t h c i h w y b s n a e m e h t g n i b descri ] . f 4 2 . p , e v o b a e e s , r e t t e l s i h t r o F [ . n yssessio N E H P E T S . v e R the , g n i w o l l o f l i y a d e t n e s e r p ) y t e i c o S s i h t f o w o l l e F a ( nN e h t n o n o i t p i r c s n i k e e r G e Jation of th

that “ Cito

pu THEIL ”’ informed the learned world in Pp -

about the nature of the contents of the inscrj A,

on the ROSETTA STONE as soon as he received th copies of them, which were brought to him ¢ ‘be

h

vi ; de he at th d an a, cu Du l ra ne Ecypr by Ge

correctly the three kinds of writing faite na the ne y an re fo be ly nt re pa ap d di he ‘This Stone.

when,

e th r u o n o h e s o h w in d an

e h t of n o i t c e p s n i e h t r o f s e s a c ded two in n i a m e r to m e h t d e h s i w e h t a h t y, and s n o i t c e r i d r e h t r u f e v i g d l u o c e h ll ti ustody

ANTIQUARIES

above

, y h w er ov sc di to t rs fi e the credit of being th

g n i m r o f n i , . q s E , N N E P E L L I V N A R G from d a h e h , t r a p o H d r o L of e r i s e d e h t hat, by

in A Guide to the Egyptian Galleries (Sculpt 4) London, 1900, p. xv. ps), AND

31

ANTIQUARIES

of t n u o c c A “ s i h n I . n o d n o L in d e v i r r a it s a w h c i h w , s e g a u g n a l e e r h t in , e n o t S a t t e os W E H T T A M ’ 2 0 8 1 r a e y e h t in d n a l g n E aght to e h t in h c r a M of h t n e v e l e e h t n O ‘ R says: a d e v i e c e r s e i r a u q i t n A of y t e i c o S e 1802 th

1

SPHINXES at Karnak [B.M. No. 550 (7)], and the —

OF

s, xt te e th g in ad re of y t olar had the opportuni

The two obelisks (B.M. Nos. 523 and 524] were

No. 882 (66);

SOCIETY

Z

thereon. In

THE

32

ROSETTA

STONE

THE

es, cas in up ed ck pa ly er op pr t, sen be to re these we e N I D E , E G D I R B M A C , D R O F to the Universities of OX BURGH, and DUBLIN, accompanied by a letter to the of ile sim fac A . ary ret Sec each from the it of py co a and ed av gr en was on pti cri ins k Gree y, st je Ma His for th, Gar was sent to General Copies were also distributed to the Fellows of the Society, and others were forwarded to the following places, in addition to those foreign Universities, to which the Society usually sent presents of their works.

To

the

Vatican.

To

the

Society

SOCIETY

Weston

7

de

On

. al ri cu Es e th at y ar br Li Royal y et ci So l ca hi op os il Ph e th To . on sb Li of Science at . en yd Le at ty si er iv Un e th To phia. hoped to have been favoured. in at Philadel “ The Society

me

ABE,

Society at their Meetings,

ur no ho in s, st ie Pr e of the

on so valuable a relic of antiquity ; containing so on the circumstances

t gh mi it t as le at ; n io pt ri sc in mentioned in the e th of s r e b m e M e m o s at th d e t c e p x e en be e v ha

d re ou av de en ve ha d l u o w s ie et ci So n ig re fo learned re tu ac fr e th by ed on si ca to fill up the lacunae oc a y n a of r, ve we ho , e c n e No intellig ofthe Stone,

thereon, from Professor HEYNE,

e th oi er mb ce De of second day OR YL TA , er mb Me ur learned e at or ab el st mo a th wi , er tt le sf on the inscription, ‘on

|

ns io at ic un mm co or ns io at sl an tr return, with some for remarks,

a full

on ati nsl tra s Thi n. ge in tt Go of ty si er f the Univ , me sa e th y tl ac ex t no is it t bu omes very near, ; N O T S E W N E H P E T S v. Re that presented by the with e th , th ng le at d te in pr be ll wi translations as both n ow s hi g in rm fo of y it un rt will have an oppo e th to er ar ne s me co o tw nm which of the

To the Academy

matter

presented

ing received, Mr. s wa h ic wh n, io pt ri sc in k ee Gr e ation of th “a e ne ou er Wi on g in et Me ir the at y iet Soc ad to the eNavember, 1802, wherein’ the decent, 28 aS t Ea t e ot e a ca R received a letter sek ee ae the Setar ie enclosing one ae the Society, in french i Becompanied by a Latin version of the ae inscription, with a considerable number of Greek ed remarks

. me Ro at gia Bor al din Car To e. Fid da Propagan e h t To . na en Vi at y ar br Li To the Imperial | y m e d a c A e th To h. rg Imperial Society of Petersbu e th To e. ut it st In al on ti Na at Berlin. To the — y et ci So l ya Ro e th To s. ri Pa at y ar br Li al on ti Na ty si er iv Un e th To . en ag nh of Antiquaries at Cope e th To . id dr Ma at y em ad Ac e th at Upsala. To

much

OF ANTIQUARIES

| | :

Mr. e u q i n u a om fr n ke ta Philometor, -

feti Ho}

Ge

his

Beer ah ia I

t n e m i n a p m o c c a er op pr a inet, as , y r a u n a J of h nt ee nie

32

THE’

ROSETIA

STONE THE

these were to be sent, properly packed up in ca

7

to the Universities of OXFORD, CAMBRIDGE, Ep

BURGH, and DUBLIN, accompanied by a letter 4¢ he S A facsimile of tha

os

vom : .

vcretary-

3 received,

: .

en

Bd

which the Society usually sent presents

works.

To

the Vatican.

da agan Prop Fide. To the

To

Society

de —

To Cardinal Borgia at Rome,

Imperial

Library

at

Imperial Society of Petersburgh.

at Berlin.

the

of thei Bo

Vienna.

To

the

33

Mr. Weston presented a fu M

of November,

sioned

oe

ve places, in addition to those foreign Universities, t

OF ANTIQUARIES

anslation of the Greek inscription, which was : ; foeeiee tead to the Society at their Meeting on the our

we Mee he SPY, a ee amaeiiniai y ral vari, for ls Majest™ i s Copies were alsopene distributed to the Fellows of the fe Society, and others were forwarded to the followin

SOCIETY

a

by

1802, wherein the deficiencies,

the

fractures,

were

very

ably

ied. On the eleventh of November following, cretary received a letter, written in the ch language, enclosing one to the Society, in m, accompanied by a Latin version of the inscription, with a considerable number of

| wed

1e

remarks

thereon, from

University of Gottingen.

Professor HEYNE,

This translation

To the Academy

To the National Institute.

To the

National Library at Paris. To the Royal Society of Antiquaries at Copenhagen. To the University at Upsala. To the Academ y at Madrid. To the Royal Library at the Escuria l . . To the Academy

To the Philosophical Society

fOn the second day of December of the me year [1802], our learned Member, TAYLOR

“ The Society hoped to have been favoured, in or communications ity ; containing so mt matter for remarks, on the circumstances

ad instructive dissertation on the inscription, thich were read to the Society at their Meetings, roving that the Decree of the Priests, in honour 4% Ptolemy Epiphanes, was not published in his

of Science at Lisbon.

at Philadelphia.

To the University at Leyden.

IMBE, Esq., sent a letter, with a most elaborate

|

mentioned in the inscription : at Jeasi it might

fave

Thean expected

that some

Members

learned foreign Societies would have endeay

of ,

Ptolemy

outed f the by Occasioned oP the Nolacunae OF the Stone. of intelligence, however, of corn ;

ifetime.

:

Mr.

Compe

Philometor,

also sent a portrait of

taken

from

a unique

coin

in the French Cabinet, as a proper accompaniment

|

to his memorial. On the thirteenth of January, 1803, Mr. WESTON presented to the Society a 8 Cc

GER “i

|

34

THE

ROSETTA

STONE

paper, containing the words, and parts of wor which he supposed had filled up the vacanc

a

occasioned by the fractures on the Stone ; an on the same day Professor Porson presented on similar to it, accompanied by the Latin let engraved on the plate of the facsimile of th letters, written thereon by the Professor himself as his conjectural restorations of the lost parts of the Greek inscription; either of which might

1S necessary, Mr. Professor Porson’s was delivered such a manner as to corres pond w ith the former

DESCRIPTION

35

Society have determined to print, separate from

he Archacologia, so many copies of it, as may

be

upposed necessary for the supply of such demand. [Signed]

‘‘ MATT. RAPER.”

[From Archaeologia, London, 1812, vol. xvi, p. 208 f.] VI.—DESCRIPTION

OF

THE

ROSETTA

STONE

The RoseTrA STONE is an irregularly shaped slab of compact black basalt which is about 3 ft. 9 in. in length, 2 ft. 44 in. in width, and

Iz inches

left-hand

slab

in

thickness.

corners,

omer are wanting;

and

the

The top

right- and

right-hand

bottom

the missing portions of the

were carefully sought for immediately after iscovery, but were never found. This fact suggests that the slab was broken in transit from ae place where it stood to the wall in which it

as found built wp.

.

:

not

;

advisable to 8ive sufficient time for sn

fudeed

matter to come in, in order that th Itonal might be rendered as complete as possible im now present it to the public, with the ] © They :

may fully answer their expectation - - Pe that it to accommodate such persons may be dae: of possessing so curious a lope

plecsofan:

thay

:

€ desiroys

How much of the upper part

‘the Stone is missing cannot be said, but judging y the proportion which exists between the lengths f the inscriptions which are preserved upon it,

fe may assume that when the Stone was complete, t was from 18 to 24 inches longer than it is at resent. There is every reason for believing that the Stone, when complete, resembled in general (orm and appearance the other Stelae which were set up in honour of Ptolemy III, and Ptolemy IV,

and Ptolemy V by the priesthood of Egypt And all assembled at MEMPHIS and Canopus. ;

C2

THE

ROSETTA

STONE

PLATE 1.

: STELE Q

these in turn resembled the famous PitHom, which ProLemy II set up to record his q triumphs and exploits.

3%

him stand Osiris, the god of PER-QEHR T | caA 3 = [h 3 or PI-HAHIROTH (Exod. xiv. 2a

mple Te e th o1 de na ns lo Co d an & ntrance te la e th by ph ra og ot ph (From a

Num. xxxiii, 7), Horus, Isis, an d ARSINOE, the Queen of ProLemy II, who is identified with 7

the goddess Isis-Hatuor. 2. PToLtemy II offering an U tchat = to the god of the Utchat, i.e. Tuoty. PTOLEMy offering vases of milk to Tem, behind whom

sta2 nd Isis, and Queen ARSINOE, who is identified with t

he goddess Isis-Hatuor. [See Pl ate 8 in NAVILLE, Store-City of Pithom, Lon don 188« and the photograph in Aumep Bry awa”

founder of the great temple of Edf , ‘Plate I)

The

Catalogue, 2 vols., Cairo, 1905,] _ On the Stele of Canopus, from Kom , AL-His which was set up in honour of Pr . otemy I T]

Larxor

Edfa

a figure of the goddess Maat tt to TEM oa the great god of TuEKu (SuccorH). Behind

of

founded

t. ProLemy II, in official regal attire, offering

Beata

by

7] é

Ptolemy

ae

[THE RELIEFS SCULPTURED ON THE STELAE 9 PTOLEMY Il, PTOLEMY Ill AND PTOLEMY Iv]

of

)

36

the we

To lace p

391

STELAE

OF

THE

PTOLEMIES

37

e the vaulted heaven and the Winged Disk on he flat surface of the rounded top. From the d isk are suspended two uraei, the one wearing the ; crown of the South g, and

of

the North Y;

the other the crown

attached to each uraeus

flapper or fan Y.

The Disk

is a

is called “ giver

wlife,”’ \tBelow these is a row of figures, the centre one of which is the king wearing the

double crown qd, and holding a sceptre and symbol

of life hee

Facing

the

king

the

are the

goddesses Nut (or Isis ?), HATHOR and Bast, and Behind him the gods Apis, AMEN, and Horus. stand Queen BERENICE, THOTH who holds a stilus and a palm branch, Bit ar BLARI/UL ey

nf Wa

tha USA

wanr e YVR

on which af

tha Vea

he inscribes Iino’c

Sas eapy

life

anne

the Next

fol ows the goddess SESHETA aNothe lady of books ” and counterpart of THoTH, and then we have figures of two PTOLEMyYs and two Queens ARSINO: who represent the king’s parents and

grandparents. Thus we see that the PTOLEMIES and their Queens were deified and made to rank as equals with the gods.

The Stele from TALL aL-MaSKHUTAH, which was

set up in honour of Protemy IV Puitopator, is

also sculptured with a figure of the Winged Disk ; immediately below this is the prenomen of

STONE

ROSETTA

THE

38

:

;

DUPLICATES

Protemy IV, and on each side of it are the sip,

rk and the figures of Horus of the South (EpRgy_

and

Horus

of

the

North

i

(MESEN).

To

MES the

the re

Called.

:

left we see Protemy IV standing in a chariot, with the horses at the galop, and driving a long Mace.

nearly

ANNOBAIRAH,

S monument x

ft.

8

is 4

in.

39

ri it is pac aieal in

ft. 2 in. in width,

height,

and

is

ribed with 31 lines of hieroglyphic text. mediately above the inscription, and under the

donian spear into the body of a prisoner, who js

nged Disk, is sculptured a scene in which the

kneeling with his arms tied at the elbows behind —

ing, Provemy V, is represented in the act of

ATEM stand Osiris, lord of the door of th e East ,

isk and plumes

his back, and is being thrust towards the king’s ‘ spear by the god Atem, or Tem. Behind the king stands his sister-wife ARSINO&. Behind aera

at

1.¢. ‘“ Horus,

unifier

of the

@

twon

s, ru ), Ho ty co uc (S d i e lord of of A ANT. aa Tn 3 Chief of PER-QEHRT (PI >,

an

|

:

}

HAHIROTH), and the goddesses HaTHor and Isrs

For PToLemy

gods

and

V and his ancestors, and

goddesses,

who

pearing an enemy, who kneels before him and has is arms tied together at the elbows behind him. shind the king stands a royal lady wearing the

the eread

were worshipped

by

Be

Facing him is a god

of Isis.

has the feather of

MAAT

fi upon

his head,

and

is presenting to the king a scimitar of victory.

(Bast

?),

.

2

Behind

him

stands

a

.

.

lioness-headed

goddess

and behind her are figures of three of

he PTOLEMIES and their Queens, and close to their

eads are the cartouches containing their names.

? A

n

A photographic

reproduction

LXIII; ut is proved by the fact that Portions of « alried these duplicates have bee et Some of . n fo un d important of these is ,

5

Ce

the STELE oF Bas The -

ss

f

is

and by SETHE in the Nachrichten of

Gottingen, Berlin, 1916, Heft 2.)

a

Stele

ven by AHMED Bry Kamat, in his Catalogue éntval des Antiquités Egyptiennes du Musée du Caire, 2 vols., Cairo, 1905, plates LXII and

NE]

oO

of the

‘THe

most MANHUOR , OF

|

There is then,

mo good reason for thinking that the RoseTTa

STONE differed in respect of its general scheme of decoration from the STELAE set up in honour of

Proremy III and Proremy IV.

THE

40 VII.—THE

4

ROSETTA

INSCRIPTIONS

ON

STONE THE

ROSETTA

STON:

ee

ROSETTA STONE is written from right to left in the ]

and

in Persia,

and to describe each fe)

these documents as trilingual. remembered that the DECREE

But it must be on the ROSETTA

4 lines,

of writing, and that the BanistGn Insc ription is — TRILINGUAL, and written in three lang uages (PER- A SIAN, SUSIAN, and BABYLONIAN) in three different kinds of cuneiform character. Th e GREEK portion — TA STONE is written

Script given on p. Taq f. the words are divided by

say in tt he old picture wri tin § whic! h w a s e ployed in Egypt from th ‘ e j st na c a d r l st ie rh l y n e t i o P n : es in ti as yn ry ra ne fu of es pi g n co i k a m . an d re li gi ou s + / S and in nearly all state and ceremonial] dotex c ts ,

ments that were intend ed to be seen public. The Invention of hieroglyphic was attributed to the god Tuor

u-

byy the writing

the

one

of

pyramids

at

Sakk4rah

not

it

is complete;

which

‘corresponds roughly to the last 28 lines of the

STONE is BILINGUAL, though written in three kinds

it contains 54 lines of text , t h the last 26 of which are imperfect at t he ends.

of

corridors

_ (VIth Dynasty) are in hieroglyphs, and the spells which they form were considered to be ore efficacious when so written. The HIEROGLYPHIC text on the ROSETTA STONE consists of

Inscription which Darius I had cut upon the roc at BAHISTON

:

escribed as the heart and tongue of RA, the ‘Sun-god, and the scribe or secretary of the gods. ‘Ihe texts written on the walls of the chamber

The bilingual (not trilingual) inscription on th

two forms of EGYPTIAN writing and in GREEK.

ee

©

one-half

than

_ Greek version, and more

of this

version of the Decree is wanting. _. 2. The Demotic character, that is to say the sonventional,

and

abbreviated,

form

modified

of the Hreratic character, or cursive form of hieroglyphic writing, which was in general use for literary and commercial purposes during the Ptolemaic period, and for some centuries earlier.

‘The DEmotic version contains 32 lines of text,

and the first 14 of these are imperfect at the beginnings. VIII.—THE

CONTENTS THE

OF

THE

ROSETTA

INSCRIPTIONS

ON

STONE

The DEcREE inscribed on the RosETTA STONE Was promulgated at a great General Council of Egyptian priests from Upper and Lower Egypt, who

assembled

at MEMPHIS,

presumably

in the

great temple of PraH and APIs, to celebrate the first commemoration of the accession of ProLEMY V

THE

42

}

4

j

EPIPHANES

STONE

ROSETTA

to the throne of Egypt

in the yea

197-196 B.C., 72, in the ninth year of his

rej

Maines

“

The Deans summarizes the benefactions whi PToLEMY V had bestowed upon the priesthoodg

_

to be paid to the king as a token of their gratitu o The opening lines contain the date, and describ the assembling of the priesthoods at MEMPuis, and: then follows the list of the King’s benefactions

which include :—

7

2. Gifts

to the officers and men

Army. 3. The remission

of

taxes

to

in the K

increase

a

arrears

of |

3. The formation of an Army and a Navy to defend Ecypt at the King’s expense.

14. The

8. The

9 . The e

Io.

The

;

remissi

the bysous

tang,

Seo

thirds

of the

on

e from the temples to the

rebellion

;

P

capture

of

the

City

of

which had been fortified by

of the ringleaders of the

against Proremy IV PuiLo-

a PATOR, the father of the King. Some of e the rebels were impaled at MEMPHIS. _16. The remission of the contributions of corn and money due to the King from the ; temples, and of the tax on byssus. ; 17. The remission of the tax of one artaba per arura of land, and one jar of wine per , 4 arura of vineyard. 18. The endowment of the temples of Apis and 4

MNEvVIs

:

of their cults.

i

and

the other sacred

animals,

and payment of all charges connected with their burials, and the maintenance

’ 4

|

,

tax

and

, the rebels. 15. The punishment

lands and revenues.

reduction of the taxes paid by the priests. abolition of the obliga tion of t] 1€ priests to visit ALEXANDRIA annual] y. ababo ollit itiion of thfhee Pr Dree esss-gang for the Navy

siege

Lycopotis

5. The release of offende rs who had been in prison for a long time. 6. The restoration to t he temples of sacrosanct

7. The

out EGypt, and of the ceremonies connected with the worship of the gods. and the granting to them of permission to return to their homes, and to resume possession of their lands and property.

Ng Se

the

ia

Iz. The forgiveness of those who had rebelled,

Y

1. Gifts of corn and money to the tem plesa .

ORE

41. The restoration of peace and order through-

and upon the soldiers and sailors and civilians of :

Egypt, and orders an augmentation of the honours

ora

Ig. The

maintenance

of

cults

of

the

gods

throughout Upper and Lower Egypt.

ahv4 ba" nae

;

44

.

4

Having

THE ROSETTA

|

summarized

the

&

STONE

a,

King’s

religious

and

e-

patriotic benefactions, the priests go on tg a point out that in return for all these noble | deeds the gods and goddesses have given tp §

the king power and victory, life and health and strength, and good things of every kind 4 E and that they have, moreover, established his a throne, and secured the possession of it — by his posterity. The priests also recognized that it was their duty to mark their se nse of gratitude to the king for the benefits which they and their temples had received in some

_at—

3

CONTENTS OF INSCRIPTIONS

_ 4. A wooden figure of the king, in a gilded shrine, should be set up in every temple, side by side with the statues and shrines

of the other gods. _ §. Both the figures of the

PTOLEMY

honours

cestors,

V

should

be

EPIPHANES

and

paid his

to an-

2.4 statue of ProLemy V as the “ Avenger of Egypt ” should be set up s ide by side with a statue of the chief loca] god in the most prominent plac e in every temple in Ecypr,

3. Worship of these Statues should be p e formed thrice daily, and eve ry na mony which would gtatity their Kan (t.e.

Doubles) should be p erformed

the same care and attention use as was shown to ¢} le

the country,

LC——ae,

ath

to anciHean:t

great gods of

|

king,

and

their

Shrines, should be carried out with the

figure and shrines of the other gods on the holy days when sacred processions were made. 6. Each shrine should be decorated in an unusual

manner,

and

with a

series

of

crowns arranged in such a way that the shrine of PTOLEMY V should be the most prominent in every group of shrines in

| d e e r c e d e r o f e r e h t ey way, and th

1. Additional

3

every temple.

_ 7. The birthday of Proremy

V and the day

of his accession to the throne should

=

be observed festival.

.

monthly

as

days

of

8. The first five days of the month of THOTH should be observed as a festival, 4 4

g. The

|

during which garlands.

the

people should

wear

title ‘‘ Priest of the god Epiphanes Eucharistus ’ should be added to the

other titles of the priests, and should be inscribed on the ring of each priest.

10. Private persons should be permitted to associate themselves with the priests in paying honours to PTOLEMY V.

OF «qd 99n!

late. i-N

OLDS

bes bP taotem Phola.

ra

[| TEV Td

[oF

Phe vreat Lempleat Phiiae on Vhany po Was cut by the priests Tia Cory CULL Et . OOS re th of heures

{lt

' ry 1 K INOS

mS

STONY

Wild

thar

}ty

af

yi

]

{

46

THE

ROSETTA

STONE

II. The Decree should be inscribed in th e old

hieroglyphic character, in Demotic, and

in Greek on a slab of hard, black basalt,

and a copy of should be set image of the first, second,

it, inscribed on hard stone, up side by side with the king in every temple of the and third class in EGYPT.

How far the priests gave effect to their Decree

isnot known. Tf they took care that a hard stone tablet inscribed with the Decree in Gree k, Demotic, and hieroglyphs Was set up in all the t emples of the first, second, and third orders in UPPER EcGypr and Lower EGYPT, a very consi derable

number of copies would have to be made.

But it

of the Decree Inscribed on stel ae known to us are those of Rosetta and AN-NOBAIR AH. No copy of the Decree has been found at THE BES or

ABYDOS, or even at MEMPHIS, and it seems as if the priests contented themselves with setting up

copies of it in the towns of the DELTA, which lay a t no great distance from ALEXANDRIA, the seat of the Government of the Protemies. The copy cut on the walls of the temple at Puitar (Plate IT) was

mutilated

by

a

successor

of

Protemy

V,

who

paid scant respect to the fame of his predecessor, and was chiefly concerned with glorifying himself.

THE DECREE CONFERRING ADDITIONAL HONOURS ON PTOLEMY V EPIPHANES BY PASSED (B.C. 203-181) WHICH WAS EGYPT ALL OF PRIESTHOOD THE THE ON MEMPHIS AT ASSEMBLED MONTH THE OF DAY EIGHTEENTH MECHIR, IN THE NINTH YEAR OF THE REIGN OF THE KING

CHAPTER —EARLY TEXT

PUBLICATIONS

OF THE

DECREE

II

OF THE ON

THE

ORIGINAL ROSETTA

GREEK STONE

Half a century ago several distinguished Egypologists thought that the bilingual Decree incribed on the Rosetta STONE was drafted by che priests, assembled at Memphis in the year B.C. 197-196, in Demotic, and that the Greek text was merely a translation of it. This view seemed reasonable enough at that time, for few Egyptologists then possessed a competent But the studies made knowledge of Demotic. by Demotologists during the last twenty years have proved that the original draft of the Decree

was

written

in

Greek,

and

that

the

Demotic text on the Stone is a translation made from the Greek, which it does not always represent accurately. The first facsimile of the texts on the Stone was made by the French lithographers, who were sent to Cairo from France specially for this purpose, and they took their facsimiles back to Paris with The earliest published facsimiles of the them.

Stone will be found in Vetusta Monumenta, vol. iv, D

30

THE

ROSETTA

STONE

plates VIII and [X (published by the Society 0 Antiquaries of London) ; Description de UE ev pt,

tome v, plates V, VI and VII:

Auswahl, plates XVII and XIX. early editions of the Greek text

and LEpsiys

Among th which Were

published with elaborate commentar ies and trans. lations, may be mentioned those of ‘‘ Citoyen

AMEILHON ” (in Latin and French, Paris, Floréal an XI (1803),

4to,

Imprimé

par

Baudouin) ;

DUANE, Coins of the Seleucidae , London, 1803: C. G. HEYNE (in Comment. Soc. R. Sc. Gott., tome XV, Pp. 260-80), Gottingen, 1804; W . DRUMANN,

Inschrift von Rosetta, Konigsberg, 1 9 2 3 : LETRONNE and C, MULLER (in Dipot’s Fragmenta Hist. Graec., tome 1, A ppendix); LETRONNE, Recueil, Paris, 1842; B OECKH, Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum, tome ul, B e r l i n , 1 8 5 3 , No. 4697. Recent editio ns of the Greek text wil l be found in J, P. MaHa Fry, The Empire of t he Ptolemies, p. 316 f.- MR STRACK, Die Dynastie der Ptolemder, Berlin, 1897, Pp. 240 f.; and W. DITTENBERGER. (7; nhs Graeci Inscri p t iones Selectae, 2 vols., Leipz ig, 1903.

The earliest Encrisy T RANSLATION of the Gree k text was made by PLu mptre (Prebendary On | Gloucester), and was pub lished in the Gentleman’5, | Magazine,

1802, vol. 72 P. 1100 f . L a t er translations are those of Dua yp (Coins of the Séleucidg e London, 1803, p. 190 f.): p, *RSO N, published b ’ E. D. Crake in Greek Mayijes p. 58 y

ENGLISH

RENDERING

OF

GREEK

TEXT |

51

in ARUNDALE and Bonomi’s Gallery of Antquities, p. 114 f., and in Records of the Past,

-ondon, 1825, vol. iv, p. 71 f.); MAHAFFY (in Empire of the Ptolemies, pp. 316-27, and The

Ptolemaic Dynasty, p. 152 f.); and E. BEvaN, A History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty, London, 1827, p. 263 f. The earliest FRENCH TRANSLATION published was that of AMEILHON, Eclaiycissements,

Paris,

1803,

pp.

108-16.

The

translation made by M. Du THEIL before this date was never published. LETRONNE made a French translation for the use of CHAMPOLLION LE JEUNE, and it was published in DipoT’s Fragmenta Hist. Graec., vol. i, Paris, 1841. Good

LATIN TRANSLATIONS are those of AMEILHON (1803), C. G. HEYNE (1804), and J. BAILEY (1816). The GERMAN TRANSLATION made by W. DRUMANN was published in 1822-4, and was a good piece of An ILALIAN TRANSLATION work. appeared at Genoa in 1833. II.—ENGLISH

RENDERING THE

OF

ROSETTA

(THE DATING

THE

Dy F. KICARDI

GREEK

TEXT

ON

STONE

OF THE DECREE]

1 In the reign of the YounG [GoD], who hath the sovereignty from his father, received the Lord of Crowns, who is exceedingly glorious, who hath stablished Ecypt firmly, who holdeth

D2

52

THE

ROSETTA

STONE

2 In reverence the gods, who hath Sained the mastery over his enemies, who h ath made the

life of man to follow its normal c ourse, lorg of the Thirty-year Festivals like H EPHAISTos? THE GREAT, a King, like HELIos, 3

3 great king of the Upper Countr y! and Of the Lower Country 3 offspring of the go ds Punto. PATORES,” whom HEpHarstos hath chosen,’ to whom HEttos hath given the victory, the

Living Image® of ZEUS, the son of HELIos (Ra ), PTOLEMY,

* Ie. the Set Festivals. The Se t Festival, in Le , or “Festival of the Tail,” w as celebrated by the kin g every 30 years, or after any great event, however f r e q uent, or when ever

he Wished

to obtain a renewal of his life from

the gods. > t.e. PTAu, “ha the great handicraft sman-god of Memphis. PTAH like I EMHETEP, the god of me d i c ine, also of Memphis, was originally a deified citizen of Mem phis.

* Te. the Sun-god RA , ~— ch) par excellenc e of Heliopolis. 7 * Ie. a ll Egypt south of Memp his. * I.e. the Delta. * In Egyptian, 11 =. —_ ch.

* The Kings

of Egypt were Sele cted

AMEN, or Prau ; the candida te for t} 1¢

or

chosen

by RA throne was II i troduced

into the shrine of the god, and the hand of the g o d Stretched itself out and rested on the vor l’s c ® In Egyptian,

Sekhem ankh,

y

hosen one, i:

* The equivalent of the Egyp tian god Any, | cc

meth

¢

:

Sa

edES

LEAST

=

ety

anaes

Past

SRE Seti

ons

1

?

‘* —

ee

Kary eaeSiced aa PRS

ics Lire o—

Le,

“tees aed,

cmt

er

AST

INE eS

$A kee

=pre

Lapp kes

.

hena

I

a

Arsna

Rhe-t

N

merit

f the two Father-

.

loving

neferit

Xt

wry

vs Wi yw

Her

gods,

her

airt

hath

done

ein

ch

tain (7) the Horus Lands (te.

Aa

and

the divine estates),

=

[>]

©

neb

Qa

menkh-t

ss ey

beneficent,

=

[wholwas f¢ ont

ree

MAI

Corll

Gu-sen all of them,

Sy

&

yyw 3% unen-f

he being

neleru (2)

IT

enta

gods

on

on

gift

of

oo

ww

Fey neter-t

a goddess

NS

aMmULuU-Sen

nebu

[for] the dwellers in them all,

© JQcrty

en bhent under

TED

and person every

eo»

laut

of all kinds gracious, very many in

10

3

neb-t

=) ff =]

neterut atut

neb-t

things

heq-t

Ithe Queen, lady of the Two Land s,

ESR Arsinog,

te < =

aaui-f his rule

S

Le)

em

neler

sa

like

a god,

IN

I

son of

1s to

the

ta

earth

(3.e. world),

~

HIEROGLYPHIC

TRANSLATION

the semblance of

N

Jeu

uf}

she ame

neter menkh a beneficent god

Fle t Ae

genu very much

uahau uru in great quantities [and] grain

he gave

uy

shepsu

precious objects

er for the

I to“

-—ff s-fet

:

Y

ab the heart

en of

SEV erta-nef he gave

bub

k

6

sas silver

w:

-

nu K. mt erpiu (? een ries of Egypt,

By

AM,

= andi

neteru the gods,

45!

erta-nef

em with

Shh

f§

Be

KY

Kew

hem-f His Majesty

Sesu behold

son of

the avenger of his father Osiris ;

Osiris,

sonof

Horus,

o+ MAsard IT teb-f inedj

id isAs-tl asan tAsar Isis,

133

= au

4

gerh

—2.

Ta-Mer-t

very many for the quieting of Ta-Mer-t (1.e. Egypt)

(8g

Qebhus (?)

s e i r a u t c n a s e h t of stablishing ; h t r o N e h t d n a h t u o S of the

134

THE

ROSETTA

STONE

(THE GIFTS oF Protemy =

Ra

Xo ; Y

¢

Wve

he gave

|

en mashau(?)

a ee

NR

|

| ay

~

oe

Y TO HIS TROOPS]

to

S& ur-t

oma

oe

AA

]

unen

the soldiers

J 15

G MANA

¢

Rhent dan.

{who were

under

his authority

t= get-sen

august according to their r anks :

[PTOLEMY V REDUCES

SOME

TAXES

ABOLISHES OTHERS]

i> |S ¥ URE hety

aru

the taxes of them (2.e. af the people) and

|=

0

awn

—

||

une

which were

manon

A

unen

ae

i

ft

tha

Standing (t.c, unsettled) |

a \\

anf

H

YY

of

the noble

att}

QB

==>

——S

1%

kher from

Oa

those that concerned him h e diminished ; —$$___—____

’ E'mendation by Set he.

un a

8

Ta-mer-t

Ta-Mer-t

aims

kheb-nef

—$—___

“| en

2

i

AND

ADAAAA

bat

am-sen

others of them

HIEROGLYPHIC

AA

unen

Peet

lew

=

menfitu

unen

evta

Y benched

= SSS

en

— -f “ap somfortable in his period

of taxes

| 0

nu

Baq-t

of E4 gypt,

¥R

30

and on

..-....

PB:

er

-

©

BNI

Be

em bhent “— g under

sa-neb g{ pFeirosroenignevrery2

§ oA

Gaut-f— menkh-t

a: fas mule

FIK

a

oO

OF TAXATION]

t e m e m a h r he _k un e l p o e p e h t n o y a l h c i h w

aru of them

gerhu The areal

Oe)

met-neb-ua of sole Kingship.

V REMITS ARREARS

[PTOLEMY

Gu-s

acious, all of } {8 them (?),

uneniu the people

snd

the soldiers

he made to be

Sas

_in their entirety ;

to the ground

4 he gave ( Ne }

=

QU- 1... 0s sen

ta

er

erta-nef

135

vs (Seiten

=

[=o]

@

TRANSLATION

eS m lhe ey

seated] |

— erla-sen

4

1%

hem-f

er

ta

e th on y t s e j a M s Hi m e h t l aid

{ earth (i.e. he remitted them)

136 y

HE \2]

TS

hem-f nus of His Majesty

|

teh-sen

Ao ®t A meten

They had transgressed the way ae

+ snd

Ms

9). TTT

neteru nu sekher the ordinances of the gods.

fen-nef

He blocked up

‘ There is no

equivalent in the Greek text for the words

ai TTh

“~

144

THE

Nd

jem I}

&

ROSETTA

o>

—>

ANAM

we

oe

AMAA

a

atru

neb

STONE

\\

[= Uys

SIS

entt

—+—

— sta

canal every which flowed into

Joe

> [Yo

AMAAAA

ANNA

.

,il

then

An

this; Sr oe

AAAAAA

matet

0

oe

C=

an

town

Va Aba |

;

|

nesiu

|

(44

tep-ars

Placed a

= an

His

\

ey

ve

as Many as were necessary

er

to

—-remt-refit(?)-f

+

meen bil

er

sen

on their account.

semsemu

his infantry [and] cavalry

Majesty AAA

\*

=

ti

Sau-Sen

to

| watch them

bi Iie Y

S-udja-sen

keep them in a strong state,

1 There is no equivalent in the Greek a | es

pon |

Pil

tid

text for the words

HIEROGLYPHIC

TRANSLATION

145

[The engraver of the Nabayrah Stele has omitted a passage corresponding to the Demotic :—(r) tba na mhu n pa mu

r un nau aiu n ha-t sp 8-t r na iaru n mu na nti ti-t shm

mu 1 atn ashai (ll. 14 and 15), ‘‘ because of the inundations the in place took which Nile) river the of the water (t.e.

8th year were great, and the waters of the aforesaid canals (?).] ”’ fields low-lying very many fooded

maat

em-shes

medj-tu

Th

Af Y

heq

hem-f

en

His Majesty

Captured

very.

(and were] deep

Ce 2) & a(djkia l ?]

SWS restt

town

N 22 at

=

=F

he

then

maa

em

this

....

with

ii

oJQeXa

mii

Uru great,

iM Wy

kheb-nef he conquered [it].

an (Those] brought in

eS&a2

ecm

———

sebau y m e n e e h t g n o m a : m o r t

strength

Kom

Iti

n e s f e n i r a s t n e h R em unu f] [o s it m e h t e d a m h he \ {™ ° von i

R K r A T n § e g d e i E KR em

an

da-t matet

a massacre great

ari

as did

en

Shu

Shu

Ra (")

Ra(?)

ha

Her

and Horus

146

Sa

THE

ROSETTA

STONE

bo¥ (JM PR = J t As-t en sebiu — her-sen seem bit

the son of Isis, of the

bu

enemies

to them

in

bi) STH

Rhent (?) aforetime.

The enemy

[PTOLEMY

Y

= pen place that

sebau

PUNISHES

THE

LEADERS

OF

THE

REBELLION AGAINST HIS FATHE R PTOLEMY IV oe

_

=

Te

em at

Bi

deh asi had gathered together the soldiers,

tep-sen

fe Q Qo Se/eman-sen

their head,

ae (tS eon

tcheb .. ,

Her

they led astray

NN

i

tai

cee

mi ThItt

tch-sen

ha

Si

teshu

the nomes,

tie. the temple ‘}\t hey transgressed

re

uUn-Sen they were

ae’ tef-f

OR neewayy

a

sheps

his father august

HIEROGLYPHIC

TRANSLATION

ere

e s e T W Son erta

{

ranted

jya-sen

kheb-f

neleru

147

the gods that

m e h t f o e m o s t h Were broug

. r e u q n o c d l u o h s e h

iAneb fHetcoh-]t

db

s) hi mp Me e. (7. ll Wa e it Wh ato

ee

sek

heb — seshep

em

behold

{3 the festival of the receiving

f

“5

\ 1 |

oO simon ll

—

tef-f

em

nesuit

{° the kingdom from his father,

we

|

&

—

ae QQ |

t ekh pu te ta er em smam . ] s [ e k a t s n o p u ] m e h t slaying by placing {

D N A S E X A T F O S R A E R R A E H T S T I M [PTOLEMY V RE E H T M O R F G N I K E H T O T E U D S N O I CONTRIBUT PRT

BFNVT

wal

TeEMrLLo}

Bo

5

lq

&

S&S

gesh

nu

hem-f

un

kher

f m e m |

nefrit

rvenp-t IX

ehae ysuahit

grain,

vabn (2)) smen wah hes mounts

Users

Gp to year

and

ta

gesu

peru

, s e l p m e t e th h t i w e r e w h of His Majesty, whic

The arrears\

er

—

(I

#

hedj

of silver

) y e n o m e. . a 4 , y n a m \

=erta-sen

ca

NANA

gave them.

K 2

R2{d~

=> Ty

ge

|

hem-f

His Majesty

1

er

ta

to the ground, t.e.

;

he remitted them).

matet

aru

Likewise

Nay Fm 22s SB ols em

fey

en

peg

as Concerning the

8

ANAAAA

= bhey

er = pernesu

byssus to be

cloth of

E&

erta

leh heka

the balance (?)

s

a)

q

er to

y

gen pen period this.

ue

—

t-—1 ©

shet-tu

“THe) remitted of the grain bushels ; which were taken

SSMS au

satt-ta

onthe arura

em

= I[2]> em

ap-t

the measure

ah-t

in the field

O 9

is =

of the gods,

any likewise

nu

neteru

‘ine

HIEROGLYPHIC

TRANSLATION

(Set o O Tem —ARE ah-t

N2B—=em |S arp-sen of

(THE

OTHER ©

mt

SACRED

OF APIS, MNEVIS, AND

BY PTOLEMY

ANIMALS MADE

4hy

ty

1S

ft Y SE

ra ee

Merur Mnevis

Hap urn en aakhu owend endow Lereat of Apis{and]

arnitu-nef He made

R3 )\\ i @

w=

aakhu

ned

sacred animal

—— |

|

pee

—_

®

iad

heru

em

ar

more than

2

v A

A |

V]

eS

endowments

every,

THE

ro

§

——7

auiu

i

arr

their wine [which was taken on the arura] in the vineyard.

ENDOWMENTS

an

149

1

£3

aq -f ab an pte en ari-sen 4. (1. nt we t ar he s Hi J s. } or a st ce c c ! j hy at he a Gi 4 s or st ce an ] is [h ey had made th

her ) with

itself)

=o

[ifm

bit

em sekheru(?)-sen at s) ir fa af r, (o s an pl r ei th

— an

ee

djar-sen nebt ed ed ne ey th ] ch hi [w y er ev

LAD

O

7

neb at(?) moment every.

2

—_=_—

mm

«=O

aoe

Ke

3S

nef het erta He gave thing

150

N

THE 26

—

ROSETTA

a

er

STONE

wm

= lS

dje-t-sen

urtu

oltre

ab

se @

Oo

=

>o

djesertu

for the embalmment of their bodies abundantly, la vishly.

elo Q == 18 1180 atht-nef He brought

sekhen — ami-sen providing inthem

— b evn at the cal

i wah

aa

im

D

4

a

ae i

ANNANA

ha and

i 5

S-maa

arranging in the

all

urs

em

|

peru

best way,

0

|

ge :BEBO

SNOVNGD

AN ue elie

mu

——o

"a

VN

Bag-t .......,, -sen of Egypt [provided] them

{on atities f quantities

2

mt

[maintaining]

1

in ac. very \ in the temples,

correct manner,

nebt

[animals for] slaughter,

het —nebt ar thing every ssually ‘made (2.4u.aitered)

|

—

seqger

“be fl means ee

ao

uten drink offerings,

TS

for

great burnt offerings,

es

neter-hetu-sen their temples

= entt

\\

eres ankh Hap . it in , e n o g n i v i l e h t Hapi,

E C I V R E S E H T O T V Y M E L O T P F O DEVOTION ] D R A W E R S I H D N OF THE GODS A

_01,4“™ cx

nefruts nema new, it was beautiful

menkh-t perfect

ka-t em | withwork

f e n a h k s — t a a m shes em e s i r o t e d a m e h | , y l g exceedin

(THE

—-R1 Ml

= Whee

\

er for

Ff Rha Ms-khaker

rl HhaSp

AAA

enti

itt

ash-sen ma however many they were

nebt ofall kinds ——

a

cM

—>

ash...

x

. -nef

a} C3\

|

eo faa

-L aC

O11

I

| » I |

u a h k u m e h k neter hetu s r a t l a d n a , s l e p a temples, and ch

152

THE

ROSETTA

STONE

MIRTY TS PUL Td neleru su hem-f anew “or the gods.

ten lnete of

Behold His Majesty [had] the heart

S h e er menkh sher

fh

er

aau-t-f

is

his rank |

Ke

fff

ur-t

a

Zet-tu

great

kher-f

established

for him

and

a

|

—_

=

5) ss p ;— khartu-f = en det

his children for ever.

[THE PRIESTS DECIDE TO AUGMENT THE HONOURS PAID TO PTOLEMY V AND HIS ANCESTORS]

tKb ha And

i t07

sekhen ahappening

U4 a

aq-s It entered

=

em into

kok

ves-t of th

meht d

{Sound 4 Novth

IU

nefer good (may there be]!

%

ab theheart

uabu en ofthe priests

UNCR

ma _

wm (Bi (BLO4 JG

tem-sen

all of them,

nu of

OSs metu

the words

aterts temples

4c)

genu ight

and Seeds S magnty

154

THE

STONE

ee,

of the South

living,

| and North,

=peri

CA

neter

FEY ha

S-uy-Sen

su

S-khep

, m i h t o g e b who )

and

en

of the two ie

and

gemar [those who] created

khep

dl=

meterut sia ans

of {

neterut menkhutr

ha

) i a t e g r e u E ( gods

°

ret

vd.

in the Horus Lands,

and the [deeds]

increase them,

eee

of Ptah,

: s s S W I T Flneb—neU u a t = r e H t n e h R em feru

lSe to

beloved

&y

s t i f e n e b of rd lo , g n i r the god appea

au

{MS

Jf the ever-

Ptolemy,

the King

meri

Ptak

ankh djet

Ptulmis

nesu-bat

2s)

ta

CARLY

m®

ia

ROSETTA

SU him,

fi!

neterui senut

of the two Brother-

gods (Adelphoi)

i tl

the two

o Bo

bs

s-khep

d e s u a c \ o h {™ to exist

+ I V a, A

s-khep who

ar-sen

caused

the

making of them,

her

and

of

s xt te e th om fr ed or st re en be s ha 1 The passage in brackets

of the two Decrees found on the walls of the Philae ; for the details see Sethe, op. ci#., p. 188.

temple at

HIEROGLYPHIC

44

neterur nedjur

who tvee ods oi

{tre

TRANSLATION

eli \

155

Y oS tes tut-sen

en

djenfu

of begetter

the fathers (?)

j their.

OF S UE AT ST UP T SE TO DE [THE PRIESTS DECI IN D GO L CA LO F IE CH E TH D AN V PTOLEMY EACH OF THE TEMPLES OF EGYPT]

cei

s-aha mtutu Shall be set upa

VSRY

khent = statue

AW

the everliving,

Ptolemy,

|

[1 (sic)

Fs

pert neter the god appearing,

=

“ Ptolemy,

pu

is

“Ptolemy,

$66

fT

Ptah

& QQ ) mere

beloved of Ptah, “

22

“*Wale

B&B

To

CoA

Baq-t

nedjt

Se

uha-f

: e r p r e t n i o i t a s { ”’ t q a B f o r e g n e v A e h t

PCAZzW Ptulmis

2

f nre u -t ka neferu neb e m a n s hi d e l l a c be l lord of benefits, shal

cA) Ptulmis

+t

and North,

a)

ankh dyet

Ptulms

q

nesu-bat {the King of the South

ta

Pa

0

en _—off

mM

F-

nekhtt

6amS-t

K

, ) t p y g E ( ’ ” t m a K thestrong one of

156

THE

iyha Soh khent and

astatue

+

|

Tsai

ROSETTA

STONE

fnu ignete

8nu-t

of the

NAA

“x,

en

gen

nes

r

sertao-nef

god of the city

\

em

i

giving to him

iy

AAA

8 @

Qebhutr

en

a sword royal of victory, inthe two Qebh

S?P=aQg neb

her ven-f

em

every by itsname,

Rhem-t

in

sanctuary

git

usekh-t

We

mashau onth

he-t neter

in the court of the soldiers off Bet -house }

TM

em

oC]

del

had

of the workmanship

mesentiu

© gsy : n u

of all artisans of

R7 Te SN emtu

8

S-dqu

Moreover

Bag-t

Egypt.

nu

[the priests who

of the

have the entry

into the sanctuary

TS =

he-t neter

house of they god in

e v 2S UP VO eR erpr neb her rom ren shems thenui

ri1

&

temple

=

every

by its mame} shall

_—_—

US em sep times

i II] 3

Tue em in

serve

2

kher thecourseof

em

two statues ©

NM (séc) hru the day,

4. ne

+

her [and]

' The words in brackets are supplied from the texts found

at Philac

HIEROGLYPHIC a

OQ

——:

ar {

shall cause to

set forth

—_-

W

erta

TRANSLATION

tebh

FP

em-bah-sen

the sacred imple-

a\iti

ariti-sen

SG

Fd

Y

Urs

every

{ in correct | fashion

for

neb

prescribed ceremony

bit

eee oo

ments of the ale }

tep-ret

AA

before them,

}

eof

ka-sen

n

tut

their double[s]

on

n

y |

)

performed :

©

&

Hh

|

her

genu(?)

tep

at the beginning) of the seasons

and

of the year,

fu

=

hru [each] day

em by

©

!|

hebu em on the festivals

hespu neteru for the gods of the nomes__

en ar as Tring, f

ma

157

(sic)

im

a

Ie

—_—i

kha

en

on© the day of the enthronement

\\

i

had(r).... and

ho

ren-f its name.

E N I R H S A IN V, Y M E L O T P F O E U T A T S N E D O O W [A ] P U T E S E B L L A H S OF GOLD,

TES

emtutu

APSR

mes

ee me akhu

d i d n e l p s e u t a t s a They shall fashion

en

of

nesu-bat

{'s° King of oe

iSouth and the J North,

158

THE

QZ) sa

of

B®

heg-t

and

CAB

nesu-bat

Ptulmis

the King of the South

tio ha

SH

neler — bert neb —neferu the god appearing, the lord of benefits,

en

son

STONE

1 &

Ptulmus Ptolemy,

So

ROSETTA

Ptolemy

and the North,

= (==h

—nebt

~

Arsna

the Queen, the L ady of the Iwo Lands (i.e. Egypt),

anetlerur

Arsinoé,

= merur atur

the two gods loving fathers (Philopatores),

mans ial (?) and

—

cO

da-t neb stone (precious) every

her

hoa

ren-f

by itsname,

splendid of silver-gold inlaid with

(portable)

om

|

“ T I S a S sheps em djam = mek em

en of

mad-t f genuinencss

(t.e. real | | not paste)

em | jin

bate

erpin temple

»

1 every I

helep

= em

shall beset

in

bu

place

djeser

holy

her

3

gau(?)

{ along rrith the }

HIEROGLYPHIC

1ne1l1er

© nu

oGyo

EEE SEE SHEE hespu

of the nomes.

of the —

festivals

NM

am-sen among them,

take place

Al = ¢

= sheps—

gebh-t

er

noly

with

|

a

= S&

Mit

s-kha {ie rise up (in the processions)

emtutu

1neler pe>rt

yY l R en ga(?) sheps

ne

khep

god from his mires (?)yy

mos

ca!

per-f his house } ie shrine)

— aref

{od cometh forth [each

reat,

6

rs)

Now therefore when

neter em

= per

159

—

‘= 1 Thos

s O hebu = wru the

TRANSLATION

h, et ar pe ap o wh d go e th of ly ho ne ri sh the

TT

wW

N27

Rees

isi ili

—_

Aer-sen nejeru nev . em th th wi g on al , ts fi ne be of rd lo e th

] E N I R H S E H T OF N O I T P [DESCRI

pf

+S

saa-tu erta er e iz gn co re to ] en [m e k a m to r de or In

(Bo)

=

day this

to

Oo

hu-pen

er

#8

henti

henti periods

FS

then ga(?) shrine __ this,

fff

renput

of years,

em from

es A

; Sa

emtutu

fa

shall be placed

160

THE

Mod sehen

crowns a

ROSETTA

STONE

7nit T= hem-

>e

f

To

r

of ~~ His Majesty

c—~

———

her-ab

aru

PC

—

on the tops of shrines, the double crow n in the middle of them ;

S.. Si lk- @ = EF] oe djerenti

pest

because

shone

ts after

hem-f

His Majesty

— aimm-e

Ns

{he had performed ceremony e very [at the]

init

em

he-t

Ptah

in the house of Ptah

4

bg

ne

of the King

HIEROGLYPHIC

TRANSLATION

i=

2 ar -15 he-t

neler

kheft

—

Ys

ee

2a

—b

oO

erta emtutu and shall be placed

=en)tt which

—

==

a

T ajt

e rectangl(?)

em

ges

heri

en

p-

on

the side

upper

of

the

Bx

M T o T qa sehenu apen em

en to

opposite

tkuadj-t

+ha

kshema

Y-tot 5 pen

r. te us cl s u r y p a p a d an this, a cluster of rushes

2I

her

T‘oO

wo

unemi gah t h g i r ) r e n r o c r o ( e l g the an

ara uraeus

a cluster { of reeds \

Rher-s

her

under her

on

¢ ¥ gaa(?) othen

Ss

th

2

—

shema

neb-t

e ur lt vu a ] be l al sh re he (T } } nd {a et sk ba a on {

an

great,

>

ay]

0

sekhem double crown

= ur-t

'

outside of crowns this,

is on i

x

daut-f

|

o

OS

oYA,ny

— seshep-nef

when he received his rank

the temple

me

161

a

i

matet likewise

en of

shrine __ this, [and]

?

|

her

~

neb-t

i

uadj-t

on a basket [and] a papyrus cluster

Mh ——

kher-s

under her L

162

THE

?

4.)

—=

her on

STONE

Oo

0

i

gah-s

all

abti

her angle (or, corner)

|

ROSETTA

Wh

dy

9

uha-f

pu

{iit the meaning whereof is,

Nebti

Jf the Lord of eh \. Two Crowns

JTau3

schedy t lumineth the Two Lands (1.e. Eg ypt).

LPESTIVALS

ARE TO BE CELEBRATED BIRTHDAY OF PTOLEMY V AND ON

OF

HIS

MONTH] is

AAAAAA

ACCESSION

&

dyerentt

oAru

iS

fmhes

ma

ale

THE

THRONE

abe IV

tet-t

was established

-Oo

noe

Rher

ha-t

in former times,

IN

EACH

shemu

{ of the fourth month of the

the

season of the inundation

Jnetey

|

4nefer

last

day

2 anhk djet +

the day of the birth of the god beneficent

I

THE DAY

a.

un

Inasmuch as

TO

ON THE

[andj

=

everliving,

1 Os = sy

ent as

JO

bo

matt

heb

{3

kha

em

festival [and]

In

day of rejoicing

aru

en

Horus

Lands

(i.e. on temple estates)

[ a s p x ae

Sy

(the

“YT wivw Fler-taut

—

abt-IT

. '

Utica

©

=Akhet

likewise _f of the second month of

tht

ni

sesu XVII

\ day

the season Akhet f

()

17

HIEROGLYPHIC

art h "ta

whereon] he veutieues

g n i K e th of n o i t a n o r o of the c

{|

from

seshep-nef

when

he received

a.

Wis Seref

e e R QW tef-f em nesutt

the kingdom

em

nm nesu ta

the ceremon

now

Behold

his father.

163

BUYY

o 1] FS

Ae :

—

TRANSLATION

4khent

{" beginning or source)

=

Ge

S&

ots

Jil

Tr

NAA

em of

khe-t things

aakhu splendid

D

¢2

—_

bts

;

Qa

_—_neb-t all

ure and] great [that]

=“ taru

tepu

s d n a L e h t n o e r a to those who

ku —

¥Y

f|

mF

i

4

rank exalted

(or, perfect).

ception of

é)

apeu these,

©

tat

| lt

b YaauHi-f met nkh-t au

[his] re-

l 9

c

+

ha ankh djet living forever, and

eter nefer en of the god beneficent,

isthe birth

sseeshep

un are

ii

Wit

| O

XVII = rg sesu y a d st la e h t ] d n a [ h t 7 1 the

eincit.a soe|su

made

Let _

o—

em in

“on

a

*«

O

abt month _

days

uah

akh

Seger

Shall be offered “t

shall be poured out

burnt offering,

urenu

ha

libations,

~ < 2] ~2=Q

and

¢ \ CO

ay

shall be

Rhe-t neb-t

12 é)

|

pen

top

In festival's] these

Dip then

oo,

seshem

festivals these ian be conducted

“i's

ibt

month

7

art

ent

to da

it is right

—

hebu

en

everything [which]

{ performed

mm — feb

tut

=

9D

=e

neb

he-t

every.

during i

festivals

a

a

hebu

4

@

ow

as

neb-t avitu

Everything which is done

on

le Goa*= au

for

sa

neb

em

art

ftta-t-sen

men all who perform their service

HIEROGLYPHIC

TRANSLATION

165

(A FIVE-DAY FESTIVAL AT THE BEGINNING OF THE MONTH OF THOTH SHALL BE CELEBRATED

ANNUALLY

IN HONOUR OF PTOLEMY V]

cee

{

kha

en

{ Pesci ing

in

heb

ar

emtutu

¥ Shh § “1

DS

(and)

celebrated

.

a day of

a festival

There shall Pel

MR

Y Y m e S R2bg Baqg-t Egypt,

bit du-sen oe allofthem,

Ptulmis ca

|

and the North.

Ptah

djet

Gnkh

of Ptah

the everliving,

Ptolemy,

>

nesu-bat the King of the South

en of

ft Det

2M

TA

gesuperu nu the temples of

~

11

4

666

mert

beloved,

tart

[2

AB

ttt

= 1

tep renp-t yearly,

ee

sha beginning

pert neter the god appearing,

neferu neb lord of benefits,

Kem R le—p

© = e f t Wakh-it seosu I nefrit er hu

y da } n e e w e th f o f in {thefrst 5

the first)

eo

mm V 5:

fof the season | di

{

r

meh

he people | garland{s} shall wear)

=

er

on

FNP

I

fe

ajadja-sen :

t

Oe

d

IG

s-heb

hall be

their heads, {ode

festal

:

166

THE

ROSETTA

[RISB 0

ne

Rhau the

altars,

pte

ne ee

s-ger shall

ulent

be

STONE

poured

out libations,

aw

oS

AG and

2

:

Rhe-t

— neb-t

thing

every

©

tut

JS which

itis

(proper

|

ANAAAA

en

ay-tt

todo

[THE

‘shall be clone].

PRIESTS

OF

PTOLEMY

ADDITIONAL

SG

o

uady

~

meb

©

|

hey

SHALL

TITLE]

$8h

nu

The priests

V

bil

em

the temples

in

Sh SLES @

— yey)

>

N

ha-tu-sen

—-.

cil

shall be called

Neb

neferrs

lord of benefits’ AAA

em

MN

rie en-sen

fof them (1.€ in a ddition to} | their other priestl y titles). f

is

\

| iN ut amit Let

&%

erpi

temple

TIS 4

fo

(see

SA

hem neter pert ‘priest of the } {god appear

ing,

her aid In addition to

—aer=

AN

op. se

Ses peru

of

ASSUME

aaut uabu the ranks of priests fl

serer write

7

|

HIEROGLYPHIC

TRANSLATION

167

s l o o P e t i l n f b d m ro them

her

it

upon

oO

e@

khetemu

6S ST neb

pert

— neferu

lord of benefits”

Nanna

We

art

engraved

ten

this

it

10 PAY

— @

iN

aay

Y

en

of

hg

en-Sen who are wisn

un-s

adur

iS

in

the hands

os

the “God

a

I

ii

a g l e t a m s-aha e n i r h s f o y p o c a p u to set

ls

neter

\\

em

_ a

= core

NN

JIT

¥

a

TO PToLEemy V}

Se

1h

As

nn

4

SHALL

PERSONS

BE ALLOWED

pert

appearing,

>

neb

33h

neferu

lord of benehts "’



>

isa

Q ——!)

’r

AY NNN ANY

erta

Cc

UHEN-S§

f

12

See vl

_—

@

ae

ayy

emitutu

— sey

6

¥®

ep

,

festivals [and]

—

=
a hand, s rd wo e th of ds un so e th d an h, ut mo a and

Per-da,

literally ‘‘ house great,’’ we obtain the word ‘’ Pharaoh.” As examples of the sounds of ideographs which have become

#4 men in — 7

be quoted. (|) Be

unguent,

mere SYLLABLES in other words may

ear, f) (labde skin, ,

Wt tempest.

Q shen in Sf a

DETERMINATIVES

mes in

breast,

the reader

greatly in

reading the texts; the following are examples :— “H

to call.

30

ip

man seated.

&,

Ae

to

AN

dj wad

eat, to speak.

think,

. st re to , zy la t, er in be

to

A 1p

wamnat

4

people, company.

{

to bear, to carry. foe, enemy, death. to be old.

to fight, do something

witb violence.

to exult, to glorify.

232

THE

to worship, to praise.

i

to be young, a child.

pA (Bo Shs Mab > Bae

fre» |

A)

|

vee

divine person.

| goddess. |

_— 4

the

dead,

person.

a

Fe hide.

fo

libationer.

Res

Bi

to be pregnant.

@)

to give birth,

Th,

hair.

a great number.

sacred

to breathe.

STONE

&

(S

i

ROSETIA

V

to nurse.

er

to vomit.

4 Q

flesh.

( )

to embrace.

s

to paddle.

ON

to fight.

A to rule, to reign. _— ina le give. OQ +

om

handicraft,

ship.

to fall down.

‘—!

to

to swim.

ef)

to wash.

do

a

“strength.

craftsman-

thing

with

—p

to take.

to beget.

if

female.

4S

to go, go in, go forward.

X

go back, return.

§

to walk, to run, to flee.

NS

to invade, transgress.

ay

to thirst.

GE

to be angry.

_2

the front.

_®)

the end.

|

hs

repeat.

X=>

go out.

=A

goin.

@©

to breathe.

"

tree.

o>

wood,

|

to blossom.

q

to go.

WY

plant.

to give birth.

=

sky, heaven.

night. Ww

rain, dew.

t h g i l , e n a c i r r u storm, h ning.

0) &

bird, insect.

S=

to be little.

rvek time.

determinatives, Jsww

gbhk cool

¢.g. water,

e.g.

4 jf i ven =x gbh bath. In the following passage from an inscription at

Bani Hasan the determinatives are marked

and the syllables with ¢ :—

ome

Not a daughter

[of]

URS a widow

a

a poor man

=

with *

JE

did I harm ;

ow

ae

did I oppress ;

DECIPHERMENT

me

OF EGYPTIAN

ARP

not

OO

a field-labourer

Et

not

a shepherd

did I quarrel with;

=

il

.O*

ia

MP

aot

I took away

7 Behl

IS

not existed

the corvée ;

—

R29 7A

ft

I stood up,

hungry

ING the fields

a! all.

i

OP

his men

show's oppression

2x

2*\

A

hanna

|

years

[when] came

—

* |

—

Ie Blom

x*

my time ;

in

x!

not [was there] a hungry man not

my time :

-*

2%

ail.

* |

>

not was there the chief

Me

of a gang of 5 men [from whom]

for

LSTA

von

“iP

237

fe-

did I repulse

won AMT pp TS *

HIEROGLYPHS

tenw [UM's t

*

I ploughed

ae snes

238

THE

ROSETTA

STONE

CHAMPOLLION found out the true phonetic values of many signs by comparing duplicate texts. Thus one text will give for ‘‘ day,’’ and another will

hru, and so supply the true reading.

give Ase One

text

writes

and another

the

name

transcribes

of

it thus,

the

god

B

2 ml Kj

Rik

Hpra

—

one text writes §¢>,, and another transcribes it thus,

SINS

Udat. ! =

es

ce o

ZZ Shur

Genne

CU)

PULLS

NovTe

J —

=

Kerune

2, KO

to drink

1 aw

a

iron

Mowvgye

pure oil

incense

snhm

Mes, CONTE

grasshopper

to curse

CANNES, C4906

DECIPHERMENT

? hy

face ‘

i

! Ki !

HIEROGLYPHS

co

,

243

9p

ao

OF EGYPTIAN

alf

EIwWT

father

epdet

temple

7 pr

khatru » = | iN

ichneumon

= &.00°F

The Greek text on the RosEeTra STONE mentions

the

names

of

certain

Macedonian

of

affairs, ordered

months,

and

these showed CHAMPOLLION that the Egyptians had a system of their own and that they reckoned their months on an entirely different system. We know now that the Egyptian year contained 12 months, each of 30 days, and that to these 360 days they added 5 so-called ‘‘ epagomenal”’ days, The 12 months were making 365 days in all. divided into 3 seasons, each containing 120 days. As a year of 365 days was nearly a quarter of a day short of the true solar year, it came to pass that the festivals were celebrated later and later years of number sufficient a when and year, each been have to ought that festivals the had passed, celebrated actually were summer the in celebrated remedy to order in III, Proremy in the winter. this

state

that one day

was

years. four every calendar the to to be added © , ” l T L H k x d A e l l a c e r e s w n o s a e s e e r h t The

PER-T a

and

SHEMU

wRWmS, and

the four Q2

months second,

of each season third and fourth

respectively.

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274.)

To face p.

XIX,

PLATE

THE DECREE OF CANOPUS

075

6 Gods, the Well-doers—they gave to her the name of BERENICE, and made her to appear as a Pharaohess

departed suddenly

7 to heaven,

(2.¢. Queen)—being a virgin

the priests of Egypt who came to

- PHaRAOH (life, health, strength [to him N), annually, to the place where he was, forthwith made great mourning on account of that which

had taken place, 48 and they made

entreaty

before

PHARAoH

(life, strength, health [to him!]), and the PHARAOHESS, and the desire had entered their

hearts to make the goddess (t.e. BERENICE) to rest with

49 OsIRIs in the house of the god (1.e. temple) of PJEYN-GUTI (CANOPUS), which is not only a temple of the first class, but is also one of those to which PHARAOH (life, strength, health (to him !]) 50 and all the men of Ecypt pay honour. When it happeneth that they make Osiris in the SEKTI-Boat to enter into the afore-mentioned temple annually,

5I in the house of the god of the temple of AMEN

of GRB, on the 29th day of the fourth month

of the season of Akhet, then all those who are

in the temples of the first rank shall offer up burnt-offerings upon the altars, which they have

made

for

52

THE

276

52 the

STONE

ROSETTA

temples of the first order for each

of the

temples, on both sides of the court of the temple. After these things they shall do what is ordered to be done by the law for the deification [of the princess] and the purification of her mourning, 53 and they shall pay honour to her, their hearts being hot within them, and they shall do for her what they are accustomed to do for APIS and MNEVISs. [XII1.—HONOURS BERENICE

SHALL

BE

SIMILAR

TO

PAID THOSE

PRINCESS

TO

WHICH

PAID IN THE SAME MONTH TO THE DAUGHTER OF THE SUN-GOD] [The

priests

decided]

honours to the Pharaohess

to

pay

ARE

DEAD

everlasting

BERENICE,

54 the daughter of the Gods, the Well-doers, in Since it happened all the temples of Ecypt. that she entered among the gods in the first month of the season Per-t, 55 which was the month wherein in times of old the mummification of the daughter of the Sun-god Ra took place, whom he called his uraeus (t.e. cobra), and gave her the name of his eye, because he loved her, and they make in her honour,

56 in the afore-mentioned month, processions of boats in most of the temples of the first rank, because in that month in times of old the

THE DECREE OF CANOPUS

O77

deification of the goddess took place, they shall celebrate a festival and make a s7 procession of boats in honour of the Pharaohess

-

BERENICE, Well-doers,

the daughter of the Gods, the in all the temples of Ecypr on

the 17th day of the first month of the season

Per-t, and they shall celebrate her ;8 festival procession of boats and the purification of her mourning for four days on the first occasion.

(XIV.—A GOLDEN STATUE OF THE PRINCESS, WEARING A SPECIAL CROWN, SHALL BE MADE AND SHALL BE CARRIED IN HER FESTAL PROCESSIONS]

And they shall set up a divine statue of gold, inlaid with [semi-precious] stones, in the temples of the first rank, [and]

59 1n the temples of the second rank, in each and every temple. And it shall rest in the sanctuary (or, shrine), and the minister of the god

(1.€. prophet) or one of the priests who shall be chosen for the sanctuary in order to dress the gods in their apparel, shall bear it before him 60 on his breast when they come to celebrate the festal processions and the festivals of the other

gods, so that all men may see it and may pay honour to it,

STONE

ROSETTA

THE

278

61 and they shall call it ‘‘ BERENICE, the Lady of Virgins.”” The crown of gold which is on the head

of the

exhibiteth

it,

divine

shall

when

statue be

different

which they shall place 62 on the statue of the Pharaohess her mother when they exhibit her. shall

be

made

of

two

ears

of

the

from

priests that

BERENICE The crown

wheat,

and

between them there shall be an uraeus, and there shall be behind it 63 astalk of papyrus, of the same size as that which is in the hand of the goddesses. And the tail of this uraeus shall twine itself round the papyrus, so that it may come to pass 64 that the name of the afore-mentioned crown may be read ‘‘ BERENICE ”’ in accordance with the characters of the writing of the House of Life. When men are about to celebrate the days 65 of the ritual ceremonies of Isis, in the fourth month of the season of Akhet, before the boat

procession of OsirIs, the daughters of the priests who are virgins shall make another statue [of BERENICE, the Lady of Virgins, and they shall offer up burnt offerings to it, and they shall do in her honour the other things which it is customary to do]! on the days of 1 The words in brackets are added of the Decree.

from the second version

THE

DECREE

OF

CANOPUS

66 the afore-mentioned festival.

279

And the other

virgins also shall be at liberty to do that which it is customary to do according to the regula-

tions which are set down in writing, 67 And she shall also be praised by the Shmaiu priestesses who have been chosen for the

service of the gods, they being crowned with the crowns of 68 the various gods to whom they minister as priestesses. The first ears of corn which shall

ripen, the Shmaiu priestesses shall carry away and shall bring them 69 to the divine image of the goddess. And the male singers, and the female singers, shall sing to her daily praises, both on the days of the festivals and on the days of the festivals of the

other gods, 70 in accordance with the hymns which scribes of the House of Life shail write, they shall give them to those who teach singers, who shall make copies of them on

rolls of papyrus of the House of Life. [XVI.—THE

Now,

BREAD

the and the the

OF BERENICE]

inasmuch as it is customary

71 to give food from the temple-revenues to the priests in the temples as soon as they are made priests, so let food be given to the

daughters of the priests, from the day of

72

ROSETTA

THE

280

their birth, from

STONE

the revenues

of the temples

h ic wh e ur as me e th to g in rd co ac , ds of the go s ng ri fe of e th e. (i. le mp te e th of es nu ve re the to the gods) will permit the councillor-priests

in each of the temples l be al h sh ic d wh ea br e Th . em th t to lo al to 73 given to the women of the priests shall be [made] in a form different [from that of other bread], h ic ’ me wh ce e na ni th is re d Be ea of d Br ‘‘ an 74 shall be given to it.

[The following is supplied from the text found at Kom al-Hisn : XVII.—THE

PUBLICATION

This DECREE, gate

which

OF

THE

DECREE]

let the scribes of the market

are attached

to each

temple,

and

the chief priests, and the scribes of the house of the god, write it upon a slab of stone or copper (bronze ?) in the writing of the House of Life, [and] in the writing of books, and in the writing of the Greeks. And they shall set up the slab in a prominent place in the temples of the first rank, [and] in the temples of the second rank, [and] in the temples of the third rank. Thus will be made manifest clearly that the priests and their children honour the Gods, the Well-doers, even as it is right and proper to do.

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