The return of the Polis: the use and meanings of the word Polis in archaic and classical sources 9783515090544

Table of contents :
CONVENTIONS
INTRODUCTION
WAS EVERY POLIS TOWN THE CENTRE OF A POLIS STATE?
I
II
III
IV
APPENDIX – MULTIPOLATE ISLANDS AND REGIONS
WAS EVERY POLIS STATE CENTRED ON A POLIS TOWN?
TABLE 1 – URBAN CENTRES OF COMMUNITIES ATTESTED AS POLEIS IN THE POLITICAL SENSE
TABLE 2 – URBAN CENTRES OF COMMUNITIES NOT ATTESTED AS POLEIS IN THE POLITICAL SENSE BUT WITH A MINT
POLIS USED IN THE SENSE OF HINTERLAND OR TERRITORY
INSCRIPTIONS
APPENDIX – ATTESTATIONS OF POLIS USED IN THE POLITICAL SENSE
HEKATAIOS
HERODOTOS
LIST OF POLEIS
APPENDIX 1 – ATTESTATIONS OF POLIS USED IN THE POLITICAL SENSE
APPENDIX 2 – BARBARIAN POLEIS
THUCYDIDES
LIST OF POLEIS
APPENDIX – ATTESTATIONS OF POLIS USED IN THE POLITICAL Sense
XENOPHON
1. Anabasis
LIST OF POLEIS
APPENDIX 1 – ATTESTATIONS OF POLIS USED IN THE POLITICAL SENSE
APPENDIX 2 – BARBARIAN POLEIS
2. Hellenika
LIST OF POLEIS
APPENDIX – ATTESTATIONS OF POLIS USED IN THE POLITICAL SENSE
3. Other Works
LIST OF POLEIS
APPENDIX – ATTESTATIONS OF POLIS USED IN THE POLITICAL SENSE
FRAGMENTS OF HISTORIANS
1. Ephoros
2. Theopompos
3. The Hellenica Oxyrhynchia
4. Minor historians
5. Pherekydes and Hellanikos
(a) Pherekydes
(b) Hellanikos
APPENDIX – POLIS AND POLITAI IN PALAIPHATOS
THE ATTIC ORATORS
1. Demosthenes
2. Isokrates
3. The Other Orators
APPENDIX – ATTESTATIONS OF POLIS USED BY THE ORATORS IN THE POLITICAL SENSE ABOUT POLEIS OTHER THAN ATHENS
PSEUDO-SKYLAX
1. Date
2. Composition
3. Subdivision into Chapters and Headings of Chapters
4. Terminology and Site-Classification
5. List of Sites Classified by Pseudo-Skylax
6. Pseudo-Skylax’s Use of the Term Polis
7. The Periplous West of Hellas (1–33)
8. The Periplous of Hellas (34–65)
9. The Periplous North, East and South of Hellas (66–112)
10. Conclusion
LIST OF POLEIS
A. The Regions West of Hellas 1–33
B. Hellas 34–65
C. The Regions North, East and South of Hellas 66–112
APPENDIX 1 – TOPONYMS LISTED UNDER THE HEADING ΠΟΛΕΙΣ (ΕΛΛΗΝΙΔΕΣ) ΑΙΔΕ
APPENDIX 2 – LIST OF BARBARIAN POLEIS
AINEIAS THE TACTICIAN
LIST OF POLEIS
APPENDIX – ATTESTATIONS OF POLIS USED IN THE POLITICAL SENSE
PHILOSOPHERS
LIST OF POLEIS
1. Presocratic Philosophers
2. Plato
3. Aristoteles
4. Theophrastos
APPENDIX – ATTESTATIONS OF POLIS USED IN THE POLITICAL SENSE
1. Presocratic Philosophers
2. Platon
3. Aristoteles
4. Theophrastos
POETS
LIST OF POLEIS
APPENDIX – ATTESTATIONS OF POLIS USED IN THE POLITICAL SENSE
INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

Citation preview

Mogens Herman Hansen (Ed.)

The Return of the Polis: The Use and Meanings of the Word Polis in Archaic and Classical Sources Papers from the Copenhagen Polis Centre 8

Geschichte Franz Steiner Verlag

Historia Einzelschriften – 198

Mogens Herman Hansen (Ed.) The Return of the Polis

HISTORIA Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte Revue d’histoire ancienne Journal of Ancient History Rivista di storia antica –––––––––––––––––– EINZELSCHRIFTEN Herausgegeben von Kai Brodersen/Mannheim Mortimer Chambers/Los Angeles Martin Jehne/Dresden François Paschoud/Geneve Aloys Winterling/Freiburg

HEFT 198

Mogens Herman Hansen (Ed.)

The Return of the Polis: The Use and Meanings of the Word Polis in Archaic and Classical Sources Papers from the Copenhagen Polis Centre 8

Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart 2007

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-515-09054-4

Jede Verwertung des Werkes außerhalb der Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist unzulässig und strafbar. Dies gilt insbesondere für Übersetzung, Nachdruck, Mikroverfilmung oder vergleichbare Verfahren sowie für die Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen. © 2007 Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart. Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier. Druck: Printservice Decker & Bokor, München Printed in Germany

CONTENTS Conventions ......................................................................................................

7

M.H. Hansen, Introduction................................................................................

9

M.H. Hansen, Was Every Polis Town the Centre of a Polis State? [CPCPapers 5: 173–215] ...............................................................................................

13

M.H. Hansen, Was Every Polis State Centred on a Polis Town? [CPCPapers 7: 131– 47].................................................................................................

52

M.H. Hansen, Polis Used in the Sense of Hinterland or Territory .....................

67

P. Flensted-Jensen, M.H. Hansen and T.H. Nielsen, Inscriptions [CPCPapers 5: 161–72] .................................................................................................

73

M.H. Hansen, Hekataios [CPCPapers 4: 17–27] ..............................................

92

M.H. Hansen, Herodotos [CPCActs 3: 39–54; CPCPapers 5: 205–8].............. 104 M.H. Hansen, Thucydides [CPCActs 2: 39–45; CPCPapers 5: 208–10].......... 135 T.H. Nielsen and M.H. Hansen, Xenophon [CPCPapers 2: 83–102; 5: 133–40; 5: 213–14] ................................................................................................. 156 M.H. Hansen and T.H. Nielsen, Fragments of Historians [CPCPapers 5: 141– 50] ............................................................................................................. 175 M.H. Hansen, The Attic Orators [CPCPapers 5: 151–60] ................................ 192 P. Flensted-Jensen and M.H. Hansen, Pseudo-Skylax [CPCPapers 3: 137–67] 204 M.H. Hansen, Aineias the Tactician.................................................................. 243 M.H. Hansen, Philosophers............................................................................... 246 M.H. Hansen, Poets........................................................................................... 253 Index of Geographical Names ........................................................................... 260

CONVENTIONS 1. References to literary texts follow the abbreviations of OCD3 (1996). For references to F. Jacoby’s Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, we print, e.g., Damastes (FGrHist) fr. 3. 2. References to inscriptions follow the conventions of SEG. RO refers to P.J. Rhodes and R. Osborne, Greek Historical Inscriptions 404–323 BC (Oxford 2003). 3. Periodicals are abbreviated in accordance with the American Journal of Archaeology (1991 and 2000 issues) 4. Centuries BC are abbreviated C6, C5, C4 = 6th, 5th, 4th century BC. C4e the early 4th century, ca. 400–380 BC C4f the first half of the 4th century BC C4m the mid 4th century, ca. 360–340 BC C4s the second half of the 4th century BC C4l the late 4th century, ca. 320–300 BC All dates are BC unless otherwise stated. The works published by the Copenhagen Polis Centre are abbreviated as follows:

1. The Inventory CPCInv. = M.H. Hansen and T.H. Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis (Oxford 2004).

2. The Acts Series CPCActs 1 = M.H. Hansen (ed.), The Ancient Greek City-State. Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre 1. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser 67 (Copenhagen 1993). CPCActs 2 = M.H. Hansen (ed.), Sources for The Ancient Greek City-State. Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre 2. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historiskfilosofiske Meddelelser 72 (Copenhagen 1995). CPCActs 3 = M.H. Hansen (ed.), Introduction to an Inventory of Poleis. Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre 3. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historiskfilosofiske Meddelelser 74 (Copenhagen 1996). CPCActs 4 = M.H. Hansen (ed.), The Polis as an Urban Centre and as a Political Community. Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre 4. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser 75 (Copenhagen 1997).

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Conventions

CPCActs 5 = M.H. Hansen. Polis and City-State. An Ancient Concept and its Modern Equivalent. Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre 5. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser 76 (Copenhagen 1998). CPCActs 6 = T.H. Nielsen (ed.), Defining Ancient Arkadia. Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre 6. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser 78 (Copenhagen 1999). CPCActs 7 = M.H. Hansen (ed.), The Imaginary Polis. Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre 7. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser 91 (Copenhagen 2004).

3. The Papers Series CPCPapers 1 = D. Whitehead (ed.), From Political Architecture to Stephanus Byzantius. Papers from the Copenhagen Polis Centre 1. Historia Einzelschriften 87 (Stuttgart 1994). CPCPapers 2 = M.H. Hansen and K. Raaflaub (eds.), Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Papers from the Copenhagen Polis Centre 2. Historia Einzelschriften 95 (Stuttgart 1995). CPCPapers 3 = M.H. Hansen and K. Raaflaub (eds.), More Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Papers from the Copenhagen Polis Centre 3. Historia Einzelschriften 108 (Stuttgart 1996). CPCPapers 4 = T.H. Nielsen (ed.), Yet More Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Papers from the Copenhagen Polis Centre 4. Historia Einzelschriften 117 (Stuttgart 1997). CPCPapers 5 = P. Flensted Jensen (ed.), Further Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Papers from the Copenhagen Polis Centre 5. Historia Einzelschriften 138 (Stuttgart 2000). CPCPapers 6 = T.H. Nielsen (ed.), Even More Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Papers from the Copenhagen Polis Centre 6. Historia Einzelschriften 1162 (Stuttgart 2002). CPCPapers 7 = T.H. Nielsen (ed.), Once Again: Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis. Papers from the Copenhagen Polis Centre 7. Historia Einzelschriften 180 (Stuttgart 2004).

4. The City-State Cultures Series Thirty City-State Cultures (2000) = M.H. Hansen (ed.), A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 21 (Copenhagen 2000). Six City-State Cultures (2002) = M.H. Hansen (ed.), A Comparative Study of Six City-State Cultures. Det Kongelige Danske Viden-skabernes Selskab, Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 27 (Copenhagen 2002).

INTRODUCTION by MOGENS HERMAN HANSEN

The Copenhagen Polis Centre closed down in 2005;1 so this is, in fact, a posthumous publication or – rather – a posthumous republication of a series of studies that appeared in the 1990s scattered over a number of our publications. One of the primary aims of the Polis Centre was to produce a comprehensive inventory of all known Archaic and Classical poleis, including colonies, attested in contemporary sources. The plan was to compare this inventory with all general references to the nature of the polis in the same sources, and then, on the basis of an analysis of both the intension and the extension of the concept, to find out what the Greeks thought a polis was, and to compare that with what modern historians think an ancient Greek city-state was. Thus in this part of our work we preferred the emic to the etic view preferred by some others,2 and, in all our publications, we have carefully avoided mixing up the two di·erent approaches: the concept of polis is an ancient concept and reflects the ancient Greeks’ understanding of their own political and social order, whereas the concept of city-state is a modern heuristic concept invented by historians to describe not only the Greek polis but also a number of other city-state cultures ranging from the Mixtec city-states in Mexico to the Malay city-states in Indonesia, and from the Viking city-states in Ireland to the Swahili city-states in Kenya and Tanzania.3 Building up our inventory of Archaic and Classical poleis we conducted an investigation of the use and meanings of the term πλις in all Archaic and Classical sources. We did it author by author and genre by genre, and most of these individual investigations were published in the CPCActs and CPCPapers as articles or appendices to articles. They appeared in the years 1994 to 2000. In the course of this period we refined our methods and obtained a clearer picture of how best to describe the di·erent meanings of πλις in accordance with the di·erent contexts in which the word appeared. In the earlier studies the sources are cited, in the later ones they are quoted, and whenever it was felt necessary the quote is followed by an explanation of why 1

2 3

The Copenhagen Polis Centre was a research institution set up and funded by the Danish National Research Foundation for a ten-year period which expired in September 2003. Our Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis was submitted to Oxford University Press in May 2003 and to see it through to publication the Centre was prolonged until the Spring of 2005. For a clear description of the distinction between an emic and an etic view, see Trigger (2003) 62–5. CPCInv. 3; Hansen (2000) 12–14.

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we think that polis in this particular passage is used in the urban or in the political sense – or in both senses simultaneously – and whether the territorial sense is a connotation or perhaps even the principal meaning, with either the urban or the political sense as the connotation. Our investigation is focused on Hellenic poleis to the exclusion of barbarian ones, but it is often di¶cult to draw the line, and over the years we have changed our minds in a number of cases. Also, the occurrence of the word polis in a passage must be interpreted di·erently according to whether polis refers to one or more poleis specifically, or is used as a kind of heading under which a number of communities are listed, of which most but not necessarily all were actually poleis.4 A clearer understanding and treatment of these and similar issues emerged in the course of the years and therefore I have felt an obligation to revise and update all the disparate studies and to make all the studies more uniform in the way the evidence is presented and analysed.5 Four new studies have been added to the revised versions of previously published studies: one about the use of polis in the sense of territory or hinterland, and three about polis referring to named towns in Aineias the Tactician, in the philosophers, and in the poets. Some of our colleagues, including some reviewers of our many publications, have found that investigating whether a community is attested as a polis in contemporary sources is not the most important question one can ask. It is more important to find out whether, e.g., a polis had a mint, or a bouleuterion, or an army, whether it was fortified or is attested as party to a treaty, etc. I have two replies. 1. In the Polis Centre we wanted to investigate the concept of polis. It is a commonplace, but nevertheless true, that language is the medium in which concepts are expressed and words are the principal traces which ancient concepts have left behind for the modern historian to study. Symbols expressed in painting or sculpture or architecture etc. are important accessories, but it would be unwise to conduct an investigation of an ancient concept without focusing first on the words used to express it and the contexts in which these words appear.6 2. We claim that a number of important political activities were characteristic of poleis and, taken together, describe the essence of what it was to be a polis in the political sense. Of the criteria frequently referred to I can mention: striking coins, possessing a prytaneion or a bouleuterion, having a boule or a board of strategoi, being a member of a major league (e.g. the Delian League) or of a federation, being party to a treaty, providing a unit of hoplites for a multipolate army, declaring war or concluding peace, filling the o¶ce of naopoios or hieromnemon in the Amphiktyonic League, bestowing proxenia on a foreigner or having proxenia bestowed on one of the communities’ citizens, appointing a theorodokos to host the theoroi who were sent out to announce one of the pan-Hellenic festivals, having a citizen as victor in one of the pan-Hellenic games, having a patron god or goddess, 4 5

6

See Hansen (1997). The chapters of which Thomas Heine Nielsen is the author or co-author and the list of attestations of polis in the sense of state in inscriptions have been revised by the two of us in collaboration. Thomas Heine Nielsen has added the section about Palaiphatos on pages 187–90. I am responsible for the revision of the other chapters. For our views about the possibility and desirability of conducting investigations based on the etic view and starting from, e.g., the archaeological evidence, see CPCInv. 24–6.

Introduction

11

being perceived as patris by the members of the community, being organised as a demokratia or being ruled by a tyrant, etc.7 But how do we know that it was a characteristic of the polis, e.g., to strike coins? There is only one way of finding out: to start with an investigation of the word polis and (a) look for sources which assert in general terms that it is a characteristic of the polis to strike coins; and (b) build up a corpus of individual communities explicitly attested as poleis and then ascertain that a large number of these communities did strike coins, whereas not one single example can be found of coins struck by a kome or a phyle or any other form of urban settlement or civic subdivision.8 On the basis of this evidence we can now infer that an urban settlement which struck coins must have been a polis and that if it is not called a polis in any extant source, it must be due to an accidental loss of relevant sources. Similar investigations must be conducted for all the other characteristics listed above, and out of all these investigations we can establish the extension of the concept of polis and draw up a map of the entire Greek polis world. There is one more aspect of the use and meanings of the word polis which has been essential for our attempt to draw up in inventory of all the poleis which together constituted the ancient Greek city-state culture. An investigation of the word polis shows that it has several meanings and that the two predominant meanings are “town” and “state”, with the “hinterland” (of the town) or the “territory” (of the state) as a much less frequently attested third meaning, associated either with the meaning of “town” or with the meaning of “state”. In many cases polis is used in both senses simultaneously – that is why city-state is such a good rendering of polis – but in as many other sources polis is used either in the sense of town (often including the hinterland) or in the sense of state (often including the territory). Now, if polis in the sense of town and in the sense of state was often used to denote essentially di·erent objects, it would be a waste of time to draw up an inventory of all poleis. Some of the entries would describe a town which was not the centre of a state, and others would describe a state which had no urban centre. The validity of the Polis Centre’s enterprise depends on our observation that the di·erent meanings are connected through the reference: with very few exceptions – if any at all – every polis town was the urban centre of a polis state, and conversely: every polis state had an urban centre called a polis in the sense of town. This observation is what we have called the lex Hafniensis de civitate (described and discussed 13–51 infra) and the inverted lex Hafniensis de civitate (described and discussed 52–66 infra).

7 8

For a list of the characteristics of a polis, see the Polis Centre’s Database Card printed in Hansen (1996) 55–62. Most of these characteristics are discussed in the introduction to CPCInv. See CPCInv. 144–49, 1382–9. On 145–6 there is a discussion of criteria for establishing the di·erence between coins struck by poleis and by multipolate islands, federations, alliances, sanctuaries, rulers and mercenary leaders. The overwhelming majority of all Greek coins of the Archaic and Classical periods were struck by poleis, but the evidence also shows that far from all poleis struck coins, see 149.

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Bibliography Hansen, M.H. 1996. “πολλαχ ς πλις λ γεται (Arist. Pol. 1276a23). The Copenhagen Inventory of Poleis and the Lex Hafniensis de Civitate”, in CPCActs 3: 7–72. Hansen, M.H. 1997. “πλις as the Generic Term for State”, CPCPapers 4: 9–15. Hansen, M.H. 2000. “Introduction. The Concepts of City-State and City-State Culture”, 30 CSC 11–34. Trigger, B. 2003. Understanding Early Civilizations (Cambridge).

WAS EVERY POLIS TOWN THE CENTRE OF A POLIS STATE? by MOGENS HERMAN HANSEN

This article is a survey of the Copenhagen Polis Centre’s investigation of the word polis and sums up the conclusions originally stated in a number of articles published in our two series: CPCActs and CPCPapers,1 and here reprinted in revised form. On the basis of these studies we have formulated what we call the lex Hafniensis de civitate. As set out in Hansen (1996) 28 and 33, it runs as follows: “in Archaic and Classical sources the term polis used in the sense of town to denote a named urban centre is applied not just to any urban centre but only to a town which was also the centre of a polis in the sense of political community. Thus, the term polis has two di·erent meanings: town and state; but even when it is used in the sense of town its reference, its denotation, seems almost invariably to be what the Greeks called polis in the sense of a koinonia politon politeias and what we call a city-state.” The lex Hafniensis applies to Greek poleis only. For the use of polis in relation to barbarian communities, see 20–2 infra.

I By way of introduction I shall list the evidence on which our investigation is based and explain the method used in the analysis of this evidence. 1. The lex Hafniensis is an observation of how the word polis is used in ancient Greek prose down to ca. 300 BC. The whole investigation starts from the universally accepted view (a) that the word polis has several di·erent meanings, of which “nucleated settlement” and “political community” are the most common,2 (b) that in many passages it bears one of these two senses, but not the other, whereas (c) there are many other passages in which the word is used in both senses simultaneously. In some of these passages the principal sense is “political community” and “nucleated 1 2

See the list 7–8 supra. For “nucleated settlement” and “political community” as the two principal meanings of polis, see Hansen (1998) 17–20, 31– 4. For the less common territorial meaning of polis (polis = city plus hinterland = territory), see 67–72 infra. For the rare attestations of polis used synonymously with akropolis, see Hansen (1996) 34–6 to which I would like to add I.Ephesos 1.2, C6; I.Cret. III.iii.3B.10–11, C3–C2. For a discussion of attestations in literature of polis in the sense of akropolis, see Wyse (1904) 476–7.

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settlement” is a connotation; in other passages it is just the opposite. The purpose of the investigation is to study the relation between meaning and reference for both the urban sense and the political sense, and to assert that, via the reference, the two di·erent senses can be shown to be much more closely connected than most contemporary ancient historians are prepared to believe.3 2. The point of departure has been, in Archaic and Classical texts, to isolate occurrences of polis used in the sense of “nucleated settlement”;4 next in all cases in which the reference is to a named and identifiable nucleated settlement to investigate whether this settlement is also attested as a polis in the sense of “political community”. 3. To be cautious I have spoken so far about “nucleated settlement” versus “political community”. In the following I shall use “urban centre”, “town” and “city” synonymously with “nucleated settlement”, and “state” synonymously with “political community”. In other studies I have argued (a) that the Hellenic polis as an urban centre was indeed what can reasonably be called a “town” or a “city”5, and (b) that as a political community it was, in many important respects, what we today call a state.6 Thus, I find it legitimate to render polis by these terms, i.e. “town” or “city”, when the word occurs in an urban context, and “state” when the context is political. But let me stress that for the present investigation it makes no di·erence whether the polis was really a city and a state in the usual sense of these terms. The aim of the study is to compare the urban and the political senses of the word polis used about Hellenic communities and, via the reference, to demostrate that the two aspects are virtually inseparable. 4. To illustrate how we distinguish between the di·erent senses I find it expedient to list some examples which show that it is possible to isolate occurrences of polis (a) used in the urban sense without the political, (b) used in the political sense without the urban, and (c) used in both senses simultaneously. Re (a): polis in the urban sense is attested, e.g., when a polis is opposed to its hinterland (called chora or ge);7 when one walks from the polis into the fields, or returns from the fields into the town;8 when the distance from a polis is measured in 3

4 5 6 7 8

It is commonly held that polis in the urban sense can denote a nucleated settlement which was not the political centre of a city-state: Macan (1908) 156–7; Hampl (1937) 48, see 36 and 46 infra; Kahrstedt (1954) 25; Zahrnt (1971) 10 (Thorikos, see 41, 100–1 infra) and 221 (Sane, see 122 infra); Sakellariou (1989); 158–9; Ste. Croix (1981) 428 (late poleis); repeated by Burke (1986) 139; L‹evy (1990) 54; Bresson (1993) 222; Rhodes (1995) 97; Bowden (1996) 29; Knoepfler (1997) 401 with note 332; Funke (1997) 179 n. 36; Mertens (2002) 290. We include attestations of δπολις, τρπολις, τετρπολις, πεντπολις and ξπολις, see the appendix 48–9 infra. Hansen (1997a) 25–54; (2006b) 62–3, 147 n. 1. For the synonymous use of “town” and “city” in almost all historical studies of urbanism, see Hansen (2000) 25. Hansen (1998) 114–23, revised and improved in the French edn. (2001) 167–81 and 211–15; (2002); (2006b) 63–5. Dem. 18.203 speaks about the Athenians in 480, ο κα τν χραν κα τν πλιν κλιπεν πµειναν ες τς τριρεις µβντες. Dem. 47.63:  δ Ε"εργος οτοσ ε%θ'ς κ τ(ς πλεως . . . λθ*ν ες +γρν . . . Xen. Hell. 5.4.3: the Theban liberators in 379 πρ-ς τς π/λας 0λθον, 1ς δ ξ +γρο2 +πιντες . . . πε δ εσ(λθον ες τν πλιν.

Was Every Polis Town the Centre of a Polis State?

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stades;9 when a road leads towards the polis;10 when a house is lying in the polis;11 or the reference is to the higher lying part of the polis,12 or to the watersupply of the polis;13 when a cult festival is celebrated outside the polis;14 when a defence circuit is built around a polis;15 when a polis is besieged,16 or set on fire,17 or destroyed;18 when, during a civil war, the state is split up into one faction in control of the town while the other faction is driven out of the town.19 Re (b): polis in the political sense is attested when a polis passes a law,20 or takes up a loan,21 or consults an oracle,22 etc. In all such cases the term polis is used about the acting subject in the same way and in the same contexts in which we use the term state and in almost all translations polis is – in my opinion correctly – rendered by “state”, “‹etat”, “Staat”, stato etc.23 Particularly clear instances of polis in the political sense alone are the attestations of polis being opposed to asty, see, e.g., Thuc. 7.46.1: παρεκοµζοντο τν Ιταλιαν (the Athenian navy) τ5ν µ6ν πλεων ο% δεχοµνων α%το'ς +γορ78 ο%δ6 9στει . . . Re (c): polis used in the urban and political senses simultaneously is attested in, e.g., the following four passages: Din. 1.24: πλις +στυγετων κα σ/µµαχος κ µσης τ(ς µαξιτ-ν κα Κολωνς, ξενικ@5 µ6ν τα τ πλει πολ+µια Aν· ο% γ3ρ π& Mλλη τιν γ i τ το1των τ$ χωρ(ον τειχ(σθη. κα ε%θ1ς τε καθισταµ+νη τ πλει jναντιο>ντο . . . Polis is used in the urban sense (τειχ(σθη, καθισταµ+νη) with the political sense as a connotation (πολ+µια, jναντιο>ντο) and with the territorial sense as a possible connotation (προσοικο>ντα . . . τ πλει) . Cf. 3.93.1–2; 3.100.2. Called polis in the political sense at 3.92.4. Ialysos (no. 995). 8.44.2: polis is used in the urban sense but with the political sense as a possible connotation, see Kamiros infra. Called polis in the political sense at Hdt. 1.144.3. Kamiros (no. 996). 8.44.2: the Lakedaimonians προσβαλντες Καµε(ρWω τς DΡοδ(ας . . . ξεφβησαν µ2ν τος πολλος . . . 7τειχ(στου οJσης τς πλεως· εRτα ξυγκαλ+σαντες ο Λακεδαιµνιοι το1τους τε κα τος κ τον δυον πολ+οιν, Λ(νδου κα &Ιηλυσο>, DΡοδ(ους "πεισαν 7ποστναι θηνα(ων. Polis is used first in the urban sense and then, by analogy, in the urban sense but with the political sense as a possible connotation. Called polis in the political sense at Hdt. 1.144.3. Katane (no. 30). 6.51.1: τ0ν ν τ πλει (Katane) πρ$ς τ=ν κκλησ(αν τετραµµ+νων, ο στρατι0ται πυλ(δα τιν3 νWωκοδοµηµ+νην κακ0ς "λαθον διελντες, κα σελθντες jγραζον ς τ=ν πλιν. Cf. 6.64.2–3. Called polis in the political sense at 7.14.2. Kerkyra (no. 123, Korkyra). 3.72.3: / µ2ν δµος ς τ=ν 7κρπολιν κα τ3 µετ+ωρα τς πλεως καταφε1γει. Cf. 3.74.2; 3.77.1; 3.79.1–3; 3.81.2; 3.85.1–3; 4.2.3; 4.46.1; 4.42.2; 4.45.1; 4.48.4. At 1.37.3 polis is used in the urban sense with the territorial sense as a possible connotation: κα ? πλις α%τ0ν lµα α%τ ρκη θ+σιν κειµ+νη παρ+χει α%τος δικαστ ς . . . Called polis in the political sense at 1.55.1. Klazomenai (no. 847). 8.23.6: ο δ2 θηναοι . . . Κλαζοµεν(ων τ=ν ν τ jπε(ρWω Πολ(χναν τειχιζοµ+νην Hλντες διεκµισαν π λιν α%τος ς τ=ν ν τ ν5σWω πλιν . . . Cf. 8.31.3. Called polis in the political sense in a C4e arbitration treaty between Miletos and Myous (RO 16.21 @ 38). Knidos (no. 903). 8.35.3: ο θηναοι . . . ς τ=ν Κν(δον καταπλε1σαντες κα

προσβαλντες τ πλει 7τειχ(στWω οJση mλ(γου εFλον. Called polis in the political sense in a proxeny decree of C4s (I.Knidos 5.4).

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Kolophon (no. 848). 3.34.1–2: παραπλ+ων δ2 π λιν "σχε κα ς Ντιον τ$ Κολοφων(ων, οh κατWGκηντο ΚολοφGνιοι τς Mνω πλεως Hαλωκυ(ας Bπ$ &Ιταµ νους . . . Called polis in the political sense in PEP Kolophon 4.29, 82, 86 (311–306). Korinthos (no. 227). 1.13.5: ο;κο>ντες γ3ρ τ=ν πλιν ο Κορ(νθιοι π το> &Ισθµο> α;ε δ5 ποτε µπριον εRχον . . . Polis is used in the urban sense with the territorial sense as a possible connotation. Cf. 1.105.6; 4.42.2; 4.44.4; 4.45.1. Called polis in the political sense at 7.25.9. Kos Meropis (no. 499). 8.41.2: ς Κ0ν τ=ν Μεροπ(δα ν τW0 παρ πλWω 7ποβ3ς (Astyochos) τ5ν τε πλιν 7τε(χιστον ο@σαν κα Bπ$ σεισµο> . . . ξυµπεπτωκυαν κπορθε . . . Two citizens of Kos Meropis were Olympic victors in 420 and 400 (Paus. 6.14.12). Kranioi (no. 125). 2.30.2: κεται δ2 ? Κεφαλλην(α κατ3 καρναν(αν κα Λευκ δα τετρ πολις ο@σα, Παλς, Κρ νιοι, Σαµαοι, Προνναοι. The adjective τετρ πολις points to the urban sense, but the use of ethnics instead of toponyms indicates that the political sense is at least a connotation, see Boion supra and 150 infra. Coins struck from C5 onwards (Head, HN2 427). Kyme (no. 817). 3.31.1: some of the Ionian exiles παρ5νουν . . . τ0ν ν &Ιων(Wω πλεων καταλαβεν τιν3 i Κ1µην τ=ν Α;ολ(δα, \πως κ πλεως /ρµGµενοι τ=ν &Ιων(αν 7ποστ5σωσιν . . . To capture Kyme and use it as a base indicates that polis is used in the urban sense. Called polis in the political sense at Hdt. 1.150.2. Kythera (no. 336). 4.54.1–2: ο θηναοι . . . τ=ν π θαλ σση πλιν Σκ νδειαν καλουµ+νην αρο>σι τW0 δ2 MλλWω στρατε1µατι . . . χGρουν π τ=ν [π θαλ σση] πλιν τ0ν Κυθηρ(ων, κα µ χης γενοµ+νης mλ(γον µ+ν τινα χρνον Bπ+στησαν ο Κυθ5ριοι, . . . "πειτα τραπµενοι κατ+φυγον ς τ=ν Mνω πλιν. Skandeia is called ? π θαλ σση πλις as opposed to Kythera, which at 4.54.2 is called ? Mνω πλις, see Skandeia infra. Kythera became a member of the Delian League (4.57.4) and was the recipient of a gift of grain from Kyrene in 330–326 (RO 96.2, 48, 52). For the political status of Lakedaimonian perioikic communities, see 35–6 supra. Kytinion (no. 392). 1.107.2: polis is used synonymously with polisma in the urban sense. Subsumed under the heading τρ(πολις (Andron (FGrHist. 10) fr. 16a), see Boion supra; cf. 3.95.1; 3.102.1. See also Aeschin. 2.116; Philoch. fr. 56. A citizen of Kytinion is attested as hieromnemon at CID II 102.I.7 (324). On the polis status of Kytinion, see 149–50 infra. Leontinoi (no. 33). 5.4.3, 4: Λεοντνοι . . . Φωκα(ας τε τς πλεως τι τς Λεοντ(νων χωρ(ον καλο1µενον καταλαµβ νουσι κα Βρικινν(ας oν "ρυµα ν τ Λεοντ(νη. Gomme (1956) 634 notes the di·erence between πλις (the city) and Λεοντ(νη (the territory) and assumes that Phokaiai must have been a quarter of the city. Called polis in the political sense at 3.86.2. Leukas (no. 126). 3.94.2: ο δ2 καρννες jξ(ουν ∆ηµοσθ+νη τ$ν στρατηγ$ν τ0ν θηνα(ων 7ποτειχ(ζειν α%το1ς (the Leukadians), νοµ(ζοντες pαδ(ως γ& qν κπολιορκσαι κα πλεως α;ε σφ(σι πολεµ(ας 7παλλαγναι. Polis is used in the urban and the political senses simultaneously. Called polis in the political sense at 1.30.3.

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Lindos (no. 997). 8.44.2: polis is used in the urban sense but with the political sense as a possible connotation, see Kamiros supra. Called polis in the political sense at Hdt. 1.144.3. Lokroi (no. 59). 7.35.2: the Athenian squadron παρ+πλεον, Tσχοντες πρ$ς τας πλεσι πλ=ν Λοκρ0ν, ]ως 7φ(κοντο π Π+τραν τς DΡηγ(νης. Called polis in the political sense at 6.44.2. Mantinea (no. 281). 5.33.2: ο δ2 Μαντινς τ=ν πλιν ργε(οις φ1λαξι παραδντες α%το τ=ν ξυµµαχ(δα φρο1ρουν. Called polis in the political sense in the treaty with Athens et al. quoted at 5.47.1–12 Megara (no. 36). 6.4.2: the Megarians Bπ$ Γ+λωνος τυρ ννου Συρακοσ(ων 7ν+στησαν κ τς πλεως κα χGρας. Theognis is called a polites of Sicilian Megara at Pl. Leg. 630a. Political polis status implied at Hdt. 7.156.2. Megara (no. 225). 4.66.4: ξυν+βησ ν τε πρ0τα µ2ν τ3 µακρ3 τε(χη Hλεν θηνα(ους (Aν δ2 σταδ(ων µ λιστα mκτr 7π$ τς πλεως π τ=ν Ν(σαιαν τ$ν λιµ+να α%τ0ν). Cf. 1.103.4; 4.66.1; 4.68.4; 4.69.3–4; 4.70.2; 4.73.1; 4.74.2. Called polis in the political sense at 4.66.1 (second occurrence). Mekyberna (no. 583). 5.18.6: see Akanthos supra. Polis is used in the urban sense with the territorial and political senses as possible connotations. At Hdt. 7.122 Mekyberne is called polis in the urban sense with the territorial and political senses as connotations. Member of the Delian League (IG I3 263.III.15). Mende (no. 584). 4.129.3: the Mendians and their allies "τυχον ξεστρατοπεδευµ+νοι "ξω τς πλεως π λφου καρτερο>. Cf. 4.129.5; 4.130.1–2, 6. Called polis in the political sense at 4.121.2. Messene (no. 51, Zankle/Messana). 6.50.1: The Messanians answered Alkibiades and the Athenians: πλει µ2ν qν ο% δ+ξασθαι, 7γορ3ν δ& "ξω παρ+ξειν. Cf. 4.25.10–11. Called polis in the political, territorial and urban senses simultaneously at 6.4.6, and in the urban and political senses simultaneously at Hdt. 7.154.2. Methone (no. 319, Mothone). 2.25.2: σπ(πτει ς τ=ν ΜεθGνην κα mλ(γους τιν3ς ν τ σδροµ 7πολ+σας τ0ν µεθ& αBτο> τ5ν τε πλιν περιεπο(ησε . . . For the political status of Lakedaimonian perioikic communities, see 35–6 supra. Methymna (no. 797). 3.18.1: Polis used in the urban sense with the political sense as a connotation, see Antissa supra. Called polis in the political sense in a treaty of 378/7 (RO 23.23–4). Miletos (no. 854). 8.25.4: Bποχωρησ ντων α%τ0ν 7π$ τς τ0ν ργε(ων τροπς ς τ=ν πλιν ς HGρων τ$ Mλλο σφ0ν ?σσGµενον, πρ$ς α%τ=ν τ=ν πλιν τ0ν Μιλησ(ων κρατο>ντες δη τ3 \πλα τ(θενται. Called polis in the political sense in a decree of C5m (Meiggs-Lewis, GHI 43.7). Mykalessos (no. 212). 7.29.3: lµα δ2 τ ?µ+ρα τ πλει (Mykalessos) προσ+κειτο (Dieitrephes and his Thracians) οJση ο% µεγ λη, κα αρε 7φυλ κτοις τε πιπεσrν

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κα 7προσδοκ5τοις . . . το> τε(χους 7σθενο>ς !ντος . . . Cf. 7.30.2. Called polis in the political sense at 7.29.5. For the polis status of Mykalessos, see Hansen (1996a) 7– 8 and CPCInv. 88. Mytilene (no. 798). 3.3.3: σηγγ+λθη δ2 α%τος ς εTη πλλωνος Μαλεντος "ξω τς πλεως Hορτ5. Cf. 3.4.5; 3.6.1; 3.28.1; 3.30.2; 3.35.1; 8.23.3, see Antissa supra. Called polis in the political sense at 3.36.4. Naupaktos (no. 165). 3.102.5: Ε%ρ1λοχος δ2 κα ο µετ& α%το> ς  σθοντο τ=ν στρατι3ν σεληλυθυαν κα 7δ1νατον oν τ=ν πλιν β(α Hλεν, 7νεχGρησαν ο%κ π

Πελοπονν5σου . . . Listed as a polis in the political sense at 2.9.1 @ 4. Called polis in the political sense in a law of C6l (IG IX2.1 609.10) often assigned to Naupaktos (Koerner, Gesetzestexte no. 47) but there is room for doubt (Nomima I no. 44). Naxos (no. 41). 4.25.7–8: Μεσσ5νιοι . . . τ=ν γν δ5ουν, τW0 δ2 πεζW0 πρ$ς τ=ν πλιν σ+βαλλον. Cf. 4.25.9; 6.3.1; 6.50.3. Called polis in the political sense at 7.14.2. Oiniadai (no. 130). 2.102.2: / γ3ρ χελW0ος ποταµ$ς . . . ς θ λασσαν δ& ξιε ς παρ& Ο;νι δας κα τ=ν πλιν α%τος περιλιµν ζων, Mπορον ποιε Bπ$ το> ^δατος ν χειµ0νι στρατε1ειν. Theorodokos appointed in 355 (IG IV2.1 95.9) and again in 323/2 (SEG 36 331A.34). The earliest attestation of Oiniadai as polis in the political sense i in a C3 decree (IG IX2.1 3B.7–8). Olynthos (no. 588). 1.58.2: Περδ(κκας πε(θει Χαλκιδ+ας τ3ς π θαλ σση πλεις κλιπντας κα καταβαλντας 7νοικ(σασθαι ς KΟλυνθον µ(αν τε πλιν τα1την ;σχυρ3ν ποι5σασθαι. Cf. 5.18.6, see Akanthos supra. Called polis in the political sense in the Peace of Nikias (5.18.5). Orobiai (no. 374). 3.89.2: τς Ε%βο(ας ν &Οροβ(αις ? θ λασσα πανελθο>σα 7π$ τς ττε οJσης γς κα κυµατωθεσα πλθε τς πλεως µ+ρος τι, κα τ$ µ2ν κατ+κλυσε, τ$ δ& Bπενστησε, κα θ λασσα ν>ν στ πρτερον ο@σα γ. For the polis status of Orobiai, see 148 infra. Paleis (no. 132). 2.30.2: τετρ πολις. Polis is used in the urban sense. That the political sense is at least a connotation is indicated by the use of the city-ethnics instead of toponyms, see Kranioi supra. Coins struck from C5 onwards (Head, HN2 427–8). Pharsalos (no. 413). 1.111.1: ο θηναοι στρ τευσαν τς Θεσσαλ(ας π Φ ρσαλον. κα τς µ2ν γς κρ τουν . . . τ=ν δ2 πλιν ο%χ εFλον. Listed as a polis in the political sense at 2.22.3. Called polis in the political sense at Xen. Hell. 6.1.2 @ 5. Plataiai (no. 216). 2.72.3: Bµες δ2 πλιν µ2ν κα ο;κ(ας ?µν παρ δοτε τος Λακεδαιµον(οις κα γς \ρους 7ποδε(ξατε. Cf. 2.3.4; 2.4.2–7; 2.5.4–5; 2.72.2; 2.73.2; 2.73.1– 2; 2.75.1; 2.76.1, 3–4; 2.77.1–5; 2.78.1; 3.22.5, 8; 3.24.2–3; 3.52.2–3; 3.53.1; 3.56.1; 3.57.3; 3.59.3; 3.65.1–3; 3.68.3. Called polis in the political sense at 2.2.2. Poteidaia (no. 598). 1.62.1: Ποτειδεται δ2 . . . στρατοπεδε1οντο πρ$ς &Ολ1νθου ν τW0 ;σθµW0, κα 7γορ3ν "ξω τς πλεως (Poteidaia) πεπο(ηντο. Cf. 2.58.2; 2.70.4. Called polis in the political sense at 1.66.1.

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Pronnoi (no. 135). 2.30.2: τετρ πολις. Polis is used in the urban sense. That the political sense is at least a connotation is indicated by the use of the city-ethnics instead of toponyms, see Kranioi supra. Coins struck from C4 onwards (Head, HN2 428). Pyrrha (no. 799). 3.18.1: polis used in the urban sense with the political sense as a connotation, see Antissa supra. Coins struck in C4f (Head, HN2 563). Rhegion (no. 68). 6.44.2–3: the Athenians 7φ(κοντο ς DΡ5γιον . . . κα ντα>θα δη ?θρο(ζοντο, κα "ξω τς πλεως . . . στρατπεδν τε κατεσκευ σαντο . . . Called polis in the political sense at 3.86.2. Same (no. 136). 2.30.2: τετρ πολις. Polis is used in the urban sense. That the political sense is at least a connotation is indicated by the use of the city-ethnics instead of toponyms, see Kranioi supra. Coins struck from C5 onwards (Head, HN2 428). Samos (no. 864). 1.116.2: the Athenians and their allies πολιρκουν τρισ τε(χεσι τ=ν πλιν κα κ θαλ σσης lµα. Cf. 1.115.4; 4.75.1. Called polis in the political sense at 8.21.1. Sane (no. 601). 5.18.6: see Akanthos supra. Polis is used in the urban sense with the territorial and political senses as possible connotations. Member of the Delian League (IG I3 266.II.18); for the identification of Sane, see Hansen (2004b) 111–16. Sermylia (no. 604). 1.65.2: Aristeus and his Korinthians Σερµυλι0ν λοχ5σας πρ$ς τ πλει πολλος δι+φθειρεν. Called polis in the political sense in the Peace of Nikias (5.18.8). Sestos (no. 672). 8.62.3: commanding an Athenian squadron Strombichides Σηστ$ν πλιν τς Χερσον5σου . . . καθ(στατο φρο1ριον κα φυλακ=ν το> παντ$ς DΕλλησπντου. See Nielsen (2002b) 52. Called polis in the political sense at Isoc. 15.107–8. Singos (no. 605). 5.18.6: see Akanthos supra. Polis is used in the urban sense with the territorial and political senses as possible connotations. Called polis in the political sense at Hdt. 7.122 (second occurrence). Skandeia (no. 336, Kythera). 4.54.1–2: ο θηναοι . . . τ=ν π θαλ σση πλιν Σκ νδειαν καλουµ+νην αρο>σι τW0 δ2 MλλWω στρατε1µατι . . . χGρουν π τ=ν [π

θαλ σση] πλιν τ0ν Κυθηρ(ων . . . κα µ χης γενοµ+νης mλ(γον µ+ν τινα χρνον Bπ+στησαν ο Κυθ5ριοι, "πειτα τραπµενοι κατ+φυγον ς τ=ν Mνω πλιν. 4.54.4: ο θηναοι τ5ν τε Σκ νδειαν τ$ π τW0 λιµ+νι πλισµα παραλαβντες . . . "πλευσαν . . . See Kythera supra. For the polis status of Skandeia, see 147–8 infra. Skione (no. 609). 4.131.1: the Skionaians and the Peloponnesians δρ1θησαν π

λφου καρτερο> πρ$ τς πλεως. Called polis in the political sense at 4.120.1. Sollion (no. 137). 2.30.1: θηναοι . . . Σλλιν τε Κορινθ(ων πλισµα αρο>σι κα

παραδιδασι Παλαιρε>σιν καρν νων µνοις τ=ν γν κα πλιν ν+µεσθαι, i.e. Sollion is refounded as an Akarnanian polis. Cf. 3.95.1; 5.30.2. See Anaktorion supra. For the polis status of Sollion, see 147 infra.

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Sparta (no. 345). 1.10.2: Λακεδαιµον(ων γ3ρ ε; ? πλις ρηµωθε(η, λειφθε(η δ2 τ τε ερ3 κα τς κατασκευς τ3 δ φη . . . οJτε ξυνοικισθε(σης πλεως οJτε ερος κα κατασκευας πολυτελ+σι χρησαµ+νης, κατ3 κGµας δ2 τW0 παλαιW0 τς DΕλλ δος τρπWω ο;κισθε(σης, φα(νοιτ& qν Bποδεεστ+ρα. For Sparta as a polis in the urban sense, see 150 infra. Cf. 1.134.1. Called polis in the political sense in the Peace of Nikias (5.18.1). Spartolos (no. 612). 2.79.2: [ς ξελθο1σης κ τς ΣπαρτGλου (the Spartolians and their allies) ς µ χην καθ(στανται ο θηναοι Bπ& α%τ τ πλει. Called polis in the political sense in the Peace of Nikias (5.18.5). Stratos (no. 138). 2.81.2: ο δ2 Πελοπονν5σιοι κα ο ξ1µµαχοι . . . χGρουν πρ$ς τ=ν τ0ν Στρατ(ων πλιν, \πως γγς στρατοπεδευσ µενοι, ε; µ= λγοις πε(θοιεν, "ργWω πειρW0ντο το> τε(χους. Cf. 2.81.4–5; 2.102.2; 3.106.1. The territorial sense may be a connotation at 2.80.8. Called polis in the political sense in a proxeny decree of C5l (IG IX2.1 390.1). Syrakousai (no. 47). 6.3.2: Συρακο1σας . . . ρχ(ας . . . _ W κισε, Σικελος ξελ σας πρ0τον κ τς ν5σου ν [ ν>ν ο%κ+τι περικλυζοµ+νη ? πλις ? ντς στιν. Cf. 6.45.1; 6.49.1, 3; 6.50.5; 6.64.1; 6.65.3; 6.66.3; 6.69.1; 6.70.4; 6.75.1; 6.91.3; 6.96.1, 2; 6.97.1, 4; 6.98.3; 6.99.3; 6.100.1; 6.101.2, 4; 6.102.1, 4; 6.103.4; 7.4.1, 4; 7.13.1; 7.28.3; 7.37.2; 7.39.2; 7.40.2; 7.72.1; 7.74.2; 7.82.3; 7.86.1. Called polis in the political sense at 6.38.2–3. Tegea (no. 297). 5.62.2: κα( τινες α%τος (the Mantineans) κα α%τ0ν τ0ν ν τ πλει (the Tegeatans) νεδ(δοσαν τ3 πρ γµατα. Called polis in the political sense at Simon. 122, Diehl = Anth. Pal. 7.512. Teos (no. 868). 8.16.3: καθ5ρουν α%το( (the Teans) τε τ$ τεχος e 7νWωκοδµησαν ο θηναοι τς Τη(ων πλεως τ$ πρ$ς πειρον. Cf. 8.19.3. Called a polis in the political sense in public imprecations of C5f (SEG 31 985.18). Thasos (no. 526). 8.64.3: ο Θ σιοι . . . τ=ν πλιν τε(χιζον. Cf. 8.64.4 (first occurrence). Called polis in the political sense at 8.64.4 (second occurrence). Thyrea (no. 346). 4.57.1: ο Α;γινται . . . ς δ2 τ=ν Mνω πλιν, ν [ W_κουν, 7πεχGρησαν. 4.57.3: ο θηναοι . . . αρο>σι τ=ν Θυρ+αν. κα τ5ν τε πλιν κατ+καυσαν κα τ3 νντα ξεπρθησαν . . . Cf. 2.27.2; 5.41.2. For the political status of Lakedaimonian perioikic communities, see 35–6 supra. Torone (no. 620). 4.110.1–2: καθ+ζετο (Brasidas) πρ$ς τ$ ∆ιοσκρειον, e 7π+χει τς πλεως τρες µ λιστα σταδ(ους. τ=ν µ2ν ο@ν Mλλην πλιν τ0ν Τορωνα(ων κα τος θηνα(ους τος µφρουρο>ντας "λαθεν. Polis is used first in the urban and then in the territorial sense. 4.111.2; 4.112.1, 3; 4.113.2; 4.114.1, 3; 5.2.2–4; 5.3.1–2. Called polis in the political sense at 4.114.3 (second and third occurrence). Of the above 83 polis towns, 73 are explicitly or implicitly attested as poleis in the political sense either in Thucydides or in other contemporary sources. For ten polis towns, however, our sources are so poor that it is an issue whether they were poleis in

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the political sense too. They are, in alphabetical order: Aigition, Anthene, Chalkis, Ephyra, Kythera, Methana, Orobiai, Skandeia, Sollion and Thyrea. Conversely, many historians hold that Sparta was a polis in the political but not in the urban sense. Ephyra in Epeiros and Aigition in Aitolia are unknown from other sources. Chalkis and Sollion are described as belonging to the Korinthians; Anthene, Kythera, Methana and Thyrea were perioikic Lakedaimonian communities, and in the last two cases Thucydides seems to apply the word polis to second-order settlements in the territory of larger poleis: Orobiai was apparently a deme in the territory of Histiaia/Oreos, and Skandeia was the harbour of Kythera, itself a Lakedaimonian perioikic community. On Ephyre there is nothing more to say. We simply have to suspend judgement. The polis status of the other nine communities, however, deserves closer investigation. 1. Aigition. In Thucydides’ description of Aitolia there is an opposition between 3.94.4: τ$ γ3ρ "θνος µ+γα µ2ν εRναι τ$ τ0ν Α;τωλ0ν κα µ χιµον, ο;κο>ν δ2 κατ3 κGµας 7τειχ(στους, κα τα1τας δι3 πολλο> and 3.97.2: . . . χGρει (∆ηµοσθ+νης) π

Α;γιτ(ου, κα κατ3 κρ τος αρε πιGν. Bπ+φευγον γ3ρ ο Mνθρωποι κα κ θηντο π

τ0ν λφων τ0ν Bπ2ρ τς πλεως. At first glance the opposition between the general description of the Aitolians as settled in scattered komai, and the specific description of Aigition as a polis looks like an inconsistency, but the apparent contradiction disappears when the two passages are studied in context: the reference to Aigition as a polis is a classification made by Thucydides himself, whereas the information about habitation in scattered komai is not evidence reported by Thucydides himself in a kind of historical digression. It is a paraphrase in indirect speech of what the Messenians told the Athenian general Demosthenes in order to persuade him to attack the Aitolians. Thus, it has the same status as, e.g., what the Egestaioi told the Athenians in 415 in order to talk them into the Sicilian campaign (Thuc. 6.6.·.), and, if it suited their case, we should expect the Messenians to exaggerate or even to lie about how the Aitolians were organised and settled. We do not have to believe that all Aitolians lived in unfortified villages (κατ3 κGµας 7τειχ(στους) although that is obviously the picture of Aitolia which the Messenians want to convey to Demosthenes. As Funke has pointed out,15 archaeological evidence does in fact indicate that some of the Aitolian settlements were fortified already in the Classical period. So in that respect the Messenians’ report is demonstrably false. Thus, according to Thucydides, Aigition was a polis when Demosthenes attacked Aitolia in 426, and, if we allow for some exaggeration in what the Messenians tell Demosthenes, there is no reason to believe that Thucydides’ site classification is idiosyncratic or mistaken. But what can we infer from this site classification? At 3.97.2 Thucydides is indisputably using the term polis in its urban sense and the inference is that Aigition was a nucleated settlement of some size and importance, but was it also a political community, i.e. a polis in the political sense of the term? In 426 BC the Aitolians were subdivided into three large “tribes”, the Apodotoi, the Ophiones and the Eurytanes. Each of these “tribes” was subdivided into smaller 15 Funke (1997), cf. CPCInv. 379–86.

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political units, of which some were smaller “tribes” settled in komai. But not all the komai were unfortified and at least one nucleated settlement, namely Aigition, was described as a polis. It is commonly and correctly assumed that the emergence in Aitolia of poleis in the political sense was not a consequence of a major reform by which a federation was formed, but that polis formation developed gradually, and that during a certain period a tribal organisation of Aitolia co-existed with an emerging polis organisation, which happens to be attested in one particular case: namely that of Aigition; and we cannot preclude the possibility that there may have been a few other similar poleis.16 2. Chalkis and Sollion. In Thucydides three west Greek communities are described as Korinthian poleis, viz. Anaktorion (4.49.1), Chalkis (1.108.5) and Sollion (2.30.1). The two first are called a Κορινθ(ων πλις (not Κορινθ(ων 7ποικ(α, cf. Molykreion at 3.102.2), whereas Sollion is called Κορινθ(ων πλισµα, but two lines further on πλις is used synonymously with πλισµα. In all three cases polis is used in the urban sense. Were these communities poleis in the political sense as well? Many of the Korinthian colonies in western Greece were in fact dependencies,17 and polis status is strongly indicated for Anaktorion: it struck pegasus coins in C5 and it is twice listed under the heading polis used in the political sense (1.46.1–2 and 2.9.2). At 5.30.2 Anaktorion and Sollion are mentioned as communities which the Athenians had not handed back to the Korinthians in spite of a stipulation to that e·ect in the Peace of Nikias. Both seem to have had the same status, i.e. Sollion was probably a dependent polis like Anaktorion. Finally, an unpublished pegasus coin inscribed Χ should probably be assigned to Aitolian Chalkis since no other Korinthian colony known to us has a name beginning with the letter chi. The presumption is that Chalkis was a polis dependent on Korinth like others that struck pegasus coins inscribed with their own city-ethnic (Head, HN2 406–7). 3. Anthene, Kythera, Methana and Thyrea were perioikic Lakedaimonian communities, and in all our sources the perioikic communities are collectively called poleis in the political as well as in the urban sense;18 by being used externally the ethnics derived from the toponyms behave like city-ethnics, not like sub-ethnics;19 and several poleis bestow proxenia on citizens from the perioikic communities.20 The Lakonian perioikic communities seem to have been dependent poleis, and not just municipalities of a unitary Lakedaimonian polis.21 4. Skandaia was the harbour town of Kythera and at 4.54.1 it is described as ? 16 See Hansen (1997c) 173–5 with Funke’s reply at 176. 17 Graham (1964) 118–53, pace Salmon (1984) 277–8. 18 Hdt. 7.234.1–2; Thuc. 5.54.1; Xen. Lac. 15.3; Ages. 2.24; Hell. 6.5.21, 32; Isoc. 12.178; Androtion fr. 63. For a detailed interpretation, see Shipley (1997) 207–9. 19 Cf., e.g., Ν+ων (/) σιναος (Xen. An. 5.3.4; 5.6.36; 6.4.11). For the distinction between city-ethnics and sub-ethnics, see Hansen (1996b) 171–3. 20 Gnosstas of Oinous was appointed proxenos by Argos in C5e (SEG 13 239; LSAG 169 no. 22), cf. also the perioikic proxenoi appointed in C4f by Karthaia (IG XII.5 542.20–2). 21 For the view that the Lakedaimonian perioikic communities were dependent poleis, see Hansen (1997a) 34; Shipley (1997) and Hall (2000). For the view that they were just municipalities, see Mertens (2002) countered by Hansen (2004a).

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π θαλ σση πλις. The distinction between ? π θαλ σση πλις (4.54.1) and ? Mνω πλις (4.54.2), however, indicates that Thucydides takes Skandeia and Kythera each to be one half of a polis, in which case Skandeia must be viewed as a part of Kythera and not as a polis in its own right.22 It is worth noting the di·erence between Thucydides’ descriptions of Kythera and of Thyrea a few chapters on, where, at 4.57.1, Thucydides distinguishes between the fortress by the sea (τ$ π τ θαλ σση τεχος) and the inland town (? Mνω πλις) about ten stadioi removed. If Thucydides is consistent in his use of the terms, it follows that Skandeia was a proper urban centre which in this sense deserved to be called a polis whereas the part of Thyrea by the sea was just a fortress. Furthermore, Thucydides’ usage must be studied in a broader context and a proper investigation must be made of inland cities which had a port by the sea. In this context two examples will su¶ce: in the famous rescript issued by Alexander in ca. 334 Naulochon, the port of Priene, is called a polis in the urban sense whereas, in the political sense, it is a part of the polis of the Prienians.23 It had its own mint, however,24 and theorodokoi to host theoroi sent from Argos,25 indications that in some respects at least it was a polis in its own right. Similarly Notion, the port of Kolophon, must have been a polis in the political sense, since in the late fourth century it could form a sympoliteia with Kolophon.26 Once more Thucydides uses the term ? Mνω πλις about Kolophon while Notion is called Ντιον τ$ Κολοφων(ων,27 a phrase which may indicate that Notion was a polis community already in the fifth century, cf. Anaktorion and Sollion supra.28 5. Orobiai: At 3.89.2 Orobiai is described as a polis which was partly engulfed by the great seismic sea wave of 426 BC. We know from other sources that a great part of Histiaia was destroyed by the same disaster (Demetrias of Kallatis [FGrHist 85] fr. 6). An Attic inscription of ca. 430–410 shows that Orobiai was situated in the territory of Histiaia (IG I3 418a.6). The ethnic &Οροβιε1ς is attested in a C5 inscription (IG XII.9 923.2–3, AE [1963] 5). We know that Histiaia was organised into tribes and demes (Tod, GHI 141.10, ca. 364). But the stone inscribed with IG XII.9 923 was found in Chalkis, not in the Histiaia-Oreos area, and that points to the ethnic being a city-ethnic rather than a demotic. In Hellenistic inscriptions from the Histiaia-Oreos area, however, &Οροβιε1ς is attested again, and now indisputably 22 Thuc. 4.54.1: ? π θαλ σση πλις, as opposed to Kythera which at 4.54.2 is called ? Mνω πλις. Cf. 54.4, where the reference is to Σκ νδειαν τ$ π τW0 λιµ+νι πλισµα. As far as we know, the island Kythera had only one polis, viz. Kythera (cf. Skylax 46; Strabo 8.5.1; Paus. 3.23.1), and Skandeia is just the port of Kythera, not a political community in its own right. Cf. Gomme (1956) 509. See also Graham Shipley’s analysis (1997) 227–8. 23 I.Priene 1.6 @ 14–15. I follow the interpretation of the inscription o·ered by K. Rosen in Gnomon 54 (1982) 361. 24 Head, HN2 587. 25 SEG 23 189 col. II 10 (ca. 330 BC). 26 Meritt, AJP 56 (1935) 355–7; M. Pi‹erart, BCH 108 (1984) 168–71. 27 Thuc. 3.34.1–2. 28 At CPCInv. no. 336 Shipley takes Skandeia to be the port of Kythera and not a dependency of Kythera. In Hansen (1995) 43–4 I suspended judgement and left open the other possibility, i.e. that Skandeia, like Notion and Naulochon, was a dependent polis.

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as a demotic (IG XII.9 1186.3; 1189.27, 37). In Hellenistic inscriptions are attested some thirty other demotics from Histiaia/Oreos29 including ∆ιε1ς (IG XII.9 1187.3), θην(της (IG XII.9 1186.2), and Ποσειδ(της (IG XII.9 1189.20, 28, 39). Now, in the Athenian tribute lists both Dion and Athenai Diades are attested alongside Histiaia as members of the Delian League (e.g. IG I3 263.IV.31: ∆ιε„ς, 32:θε„ναι ∆ι δε[ς], 33: [Γ]ρυνχε„ ς, 34: [h εσσ]τιαιε„ [ς], 450/49). Again, Ποσ(δειον ν Ε%βο(αι is recorded in the assessment decree of 425/4 (IG I3 71.I.91–2) but does not appear in any of the tribute lists. Similarly, both the ∆ις and the θηνται are recorded in the Charter of the Second Athenian Naval League of 378/7 (IG II2 43.88, 90) while the [DΕσ]τιαις are recorded somewhat later (B18). It also appears from an inscription which regulates the relation between Athens and Histiaia after the conquest in 446/ 5 that Histiaia, Dion, Athenai Diades (restored) and Hellopia are treated as four separate circuits of jurisdiction (IG I3 41.100–5). After the suppression of the Euboian revolt in 446 BC Histiaia was made an Athenian colony (Thuc. 1.114.3; 7.57.2), and the Histiaians were forced to emigrate to Makedonia (Theopomp. fr. 387). The Athenian colonists must have been expelled again in 405/4 BC. According to Theopompos, the Athenian colonists were placed in Oreos, formerly a deme of Histiaia. The sources cited above indicate that a number of what were later Histiaian demes were originally independent or, perhaps, semi-independent political units, namely: Athenai Diades, Dion, Posideion, and perhaps some others as well.30 Thus, telling the foundation myth of Athenai Diades, Ephoros describes it as a polis (FGrHist 70 fr. 24). In the course of the fourth and third centuries all these communities became Histiaian demes – or perhaps became Histiaian demes once again – as demonstrated by the demotics attested in the Hellenistic inscriptions. The attestation at IG XII.9 923 of an &Οροβιε1ς outside Histiaian territory indicates that Orobiai may have been one such community and that in the second half of the fifth century it was a (dependent) polis lying in Histiaian territory. To conclude: at Thuc. 3.89.2 polis is used in the urban sense about Orobiai, but may well denote what was then a (dependent) polis in the political sense. If so, it was a polis lying inside the territory of a larger polis, for which see Hansen (1997a) 31. 6. The three Dorian Poleis. At 1.107.2 the three towns in Doris are classified as polismata, and later one of them is called polis in the urban sense, see 139 supra and this designation undoubtedly applies to all three towns but obviously in the urban sense. Some scholars doubt or even refuse to believe that they were poleis in the political sense.31 There are, however, good reasons to believe that the three Dorian towns – referred to by Thucydides as both polismata and poleis – were poleis in the political sense too. (1) At Andron (FGrHist 10) fr. 16a, quoted 182 infra, the region 29 See Jones (1987) 77–8. 30 McGregor (1982) 101–11. 31 See, e.g., Zahrnt (1971) 60: “Der f•ur dies Siedlungen [some urban centres in Bottike and Chalkidike referred to as polismata at 1.65.2.] gebrauchte Ausdruck πολ(σµατα dient bei Thukydides nur zur Bezeichnung von Barbarenst•adte oder befestigten Orten ohne den Rechtscharakter einer πλις.”—Zahrnt’s observation is contradicted by, e.g., 4.103.5 where polisma is used to designate the urban centre of Amphipolis and not just a fortification; see Hornblower (1996) 330.

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of Doris and its three towns (Boion, Erineos and Kytinion), are described with the adjective τρ(πολις, which indicates that they were poleis both in the urban and in the political sense, see Reger (1997) 483 n. 25 and Kranioi infra. (2) The region of Doris provided one of the twelve hieromnemones, and in the Delphic inscriptions the hieromnemon from Doris is identified sometimes by the ethnic Metropolites (cf. CID 76.I.19: ∆ωρι+ων Νικα(ου Ματροπολ(τα) but sometimes by a city-ethnic: CID II 43.19: Ε%κλε(δα &Ερινα(ου and CID II 102.I.7: ∆ωρι+ων Τηλεµ χου Κυτινι+ος, which is an indication of polis status in the political sense. 7. Sparta. What has induced historians to believe that Sparta was not a polis in the urban sense of the term is probably Thucydides’ famous description of Sparta at 1.10.2: \µως δ2 οJτε ξυνοικισθε(σης πλεως οJτε ερος κα κατασκευας πολυτελ+σι χρησαµ+νης, κατ3 κGµας δ2 τW0 παλαιW0 τς DΕλλ δος τρπWω ο;κισθε(σης, φα(νοιτ& qν Bποδεεστ+ρα (sc. ? Λακεδαιµον(ων πλις).32 The prevailing interpretation of this passages is well represented by Gomme’s Historical Commentary to Thucydides.33 In his note on 1.10.2 he simply refers back to his note on 5.1, where he writes: “πλεσιν . . . κατ3 κGµας ο;κουµ+ναις: a good instance of the meaning of πλις = political community, even one which had no πλις = permanent centre of administration (which always became a town, generally walled).” Thus, Gomme takes the phrase πλις κατ3 κGµας ο;κουµ+νη to denote a political community in which people live scattered in komai (villages) as opposed to a community in which they live in a polis (in the sense of town). But, pace Gomme, both at 10.2 and 5.1 the word πλις must refer to the urban centre and not to the political community. At 10.2 Thucydides mentions temples and buildings, and in the comparison between Sparta and Athens the focus is on τ3ς !ψεις τ0ν πλεων; but what meets the eye is the polis as an urban centre whereas no one can “look at” a political community, except in a metaphorical sense. Similarly in 5.1, where the full phrase is πλεσιν 7τειχ(στοις κα κατ3 κGµας ο;κουµ+ναις. In his lemma Gomme left out the adjective 7τειχ(στοις which, however, indicates that here, too, πλις must be taken in its physical sense. Aristotle, for example, explicitly denies that a defence circuit was a element of the polis understood as a political community.34 Thus both at 10.2 and 5.1 Thucydides uses the term polis in its urban sense, and by πλις κατ3 κGµας ο;κουµ+νη he understands an (unwalled) town consisting of a cluster of komai instead of being one unified settlement around an acropolis.35 The above list of how Thucydides uses the word polis in the sense of town must of course be supplemented with a discussion of how he refers to a settlement which was not a polis. In such cases he never uses asty or polisma, but sometimes kome.36 32 Thuc. 1.10.2, however, as Sparta is not compactly built as a unified town and has not provided itself with costly temples and other edifices, but is inhabited village-fashion in the old Hellenic style, its power would appear less than it is. 33 Contrast the much more cautious and accurate interpretation in Hornblower (1991) 34–5. 34 Arist. Pol. 1276a26–7. 35 For other sources which show that Sparta was a polis in the urban sense, see Hansen (1997b) 34–5. 36 Cf., e.g., Thuc. 2.80.8: κα δι3 τς ργε(ας ;ντες Λιµνα(αν, κGµην 7τε(χιστον, πρθησαν;

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Far more frequently he describes a place by the word chorion, a very vague term that can be used of a polis 37 as well as of other locations.38 Often, however, he seems to avoid any descriptive noun and simply uses the toponym without further qualification.39 To conclude: as is well known, Thucydides did not care much about technical terms.40 A meeting of the assembly, for example, can be called ekklesia or syllogos as it suits the context.41 Like other Classical authors he can use polis synonymously with polisma, even within the same period, about one of the small cities in Doris.42 It is unlikely that Thucydides spent long hours making sure that in every case he had used the term polis in accordance with the rule stated above. In my opinion, his use of polis simply reflects the ordinary use of the word in Classical Greek prose, as is confirmed by a study of all other texts from Hekataios ca. 500 to Theophrastos who wrote two hundred years later.

APPENDIX

ATTESTATIONS OF POLIS USED IN THE POLITICAL SENSE43 Akanthos (no. 559) Akragas (no. 9) Akrothooi (no. 560) Ambrakia (no. 113) Amphipolis (no. 553)

37

38

39

40 41 42

43

4.85.6; 4.86.3; 4.87.6; 5.18.5; 5.18.6 6.4.4; 7.46.1 4.109.3–4 [1.46.1–2]; [2.9.1–3]; [2.80.3 @ 83.4 @ 85.3]; 3.113. 6bis; 7.25.9 4.106.1; 4.106.3; 4.108.1; 4.132.3

4.42.2: κα κGµη ν>ν π& α%το> (an eminence near Korinthos) Σολ1γεια καλουµ+νη στ(ν; 4.70.1: . . . π Τριποδ(σκον ("στι δ2 κGµη τς Μεγαρ(δος !νοµα το>το "χουσα Bπ$ τW0 !ρει τ Γερανε(α). Cf., e.g., Thuc. 3.102.3–4: ∆ηµοσθ+νης . . . πε(θει καρννας . . . βοηθσαι Ναυπ κτWω. κα

π+µπουσι µετ& α%το> π τ0ν νε0ν χιλ(ους /πλ(τας, οd σελθντες περιεπο(ησαν τ$ χωρ(ον. 2.102.1. For polis = chorion, see the description of Herakleia at 5.51.2. Cf., e.g., Thuc. 2.19.2: ]ως 7φ(κοντο ς χαρν ς, χωρ(ον µ+γιστον τς ττικς τ0ν δ5µων καλουµ+νων; 2.102.1: "κ τε Στρ του κα Κορντων κα Mλλων χωρ(ων Mνδρας ο% δοκο>ντας βεβα(ους εRναι ξ5λασαν. 3.105.2: ο δ2 καρννες ο µ2ν ς Xργος ξυνεβο5θουν ο δ2 τς µφιλοχ(ας ν το1τWω τW0 χωρ(Wω e Κρναι καλεται; 5.6.3: Βρασ(δας . . . 7ντικ θητο . . . π τW0 Κερδυλ(Wω· "στι δ2 τ$ χωρ(ον το>το ργελ(ων π µετεGρου π+ραν το> ποταµο>; 5.83.2: DΥσι3ς χωρ(ον τς ργε(ας λαβντες . . . Nisaia, for example, is mentioned 31 times, 29 times without further qualification, once it is called neorion (2.93.2) and once limen (4.66.3). Cf. also Pella: Thuc. 2.99.4 and 2.100.4; Malea: 3.4.5, cf. 3.6.2; Oinophyta: 1.108.3; Rheneia: 3.104.2; Delion: 4.76.4–5. Hornblower (1987) 96–100. Thuc. 1.139.3 and 2.59.3, see Christensen @ Hansen (1989) 195–211. Thuc. 1.107.2, cf. 2.30.1, where polisma and polis are used synonymously about Sollion. At 4.109.3–4 the six communities on Athos are first called poleis (in the political sense) and then polismata when the urban aspect of the communities is in focus. Passages in which communities are listed under the heading polis are in square brackets. Communities attested as poleis in the political sense only are in italics.

152 Anaktorion (no. 114) Antissa (no. 794) Argilos (no. 554) Argos (no. 347) Argos (no. 115) Athenai (no. 361)

Chaironeia (no. 201) Chalkis (no. 145) Chios (no. 840) Dion (no. 569) Elis (no. 251) Epidamnos (no. 79) Epidauros (no. 348) Eresos (no. 796) Gela (no. 17) Gyrton (no. 397) Haliartos (no. 206) Herakleia (no. 430) Hermion (no. 350) Himera (no. 24) Ialysos (no. 995) Kamarina (no. 28) Kamiros (no. 996) Katane (no. 30) Kerkyra (no. 123) Kleonai (no. 580) Kopai (no. 209)

Mogens Herman Hansen

[1.46.1–2]; [2.9.1–3]; [2.80.3 @ 83.4 @ 85.3]; 4.49.1 3.18.1 5.18.5 [2.9.1–3]; 5.29.1; [5.38.1–2]; 5.47.1–12; 5.67.2; [5.77.1] 2.68.4 1.2.6; 1.70.6; 1.71.1; 1.72.1; 1.73.1; 1.73.1; 1.73.3; 1.83.1; 1.122.3; 1.124.3; 1.127.2; 1.144.2; 1.144.3; 2.11.1; 2.11.6; 2.11.9; 2.13.1; 2.13.3; 2.15.6; 2.17.2; 2.20.4; 2.21.3; 2.22.1; 2.24.1; 2.31.2; 2.34.6; 2.36.3; 2.37.1; 2.38.2; 2.39.1; 2.39.4; 2.41.1; 2.41.2; 2.41.5; 2.42.1; 2.42.2; 2.43.1; 2.43.1; 2.43.1; 2.44.3; 2.46.1; 2.53.1; 2.60.4; 2.60.6; 2.61.4; 2.63.1; 2.64.2; 2.64.3; 2.65.4; 2.65.7; 2.65.7; 2.65.11; 2.65.11; 2.65.13; 2.67.2; 2.70.2; 3.40.3; 3.43.2; 3.43.3; 3.44.2; 3.98.4; 4.3.3; 4.17.5; 4.18.3; 4.28.4; 4.77.1; 4.94.1; 4.95.3; 5.16.1bis; 5.18.1; 5.23.1–2quater; 5.29.2; 5.44.1; 5.47.1–12; [5.75. 5–6];5.111.4; 6.8.4; 6.9.2; 6.10.5; 6.12.2; 6.14.1; 6.15.3; 6.15.4; 6.16.2; 6.16.3bis; 6.18.6bis; 6.18.7; 6.23.3; 6.24. 4; 6.26.2; 6.31.3; 6.31.5ter; 6.53.1; 6.54.6; 6.60.3; 6.60. 5; 6.61.2; 6.77.1; 6.89.6; 7.10.1; 7.42.5; 7.47.4; 7.56.4; 7.75.2; 7.77.7; 8.1.3; 8.2.1; 8.48.1; 8.48.4; 8.50.2; 8.53. 2; 8.54.4; 8.67.1; 8.70.1; 8.71.1; 8.72.1; 8.73.3; 8.76.1; 8.76.3; 8.76.4; 8.76.6; 8.86.3; 8.86.4; 8.86.7; 8.89.2; 8.91.1; 8.91.3; 8.92.8; 8.93.2; 8.95.2; 8.96.4; 8.97.2. 4.76.2–3; 4.89.2 1.108.5 1.19.1; [2.9.1 @ 4]; 8.6.4; 8.15.1; 8.24.4; 8.24.6; 8.38.3; 8.40.2 4.109.3–4 [1.46.1–2]; [2.9.1–3]; 5.47.1–12; [5.75.5–6] 1.25.1 [8.3.2] 3.18.1 6.4.3 [2.22.3] [4.91.1 @ 93.4] 3.92.4; 5.51.1–2 [8.3.2] 6.62.2 8.44.2 3.86.2 8.44.2 6.20.2–3; 7.14.2 1.55.1; [2.9.1 @ 4]; 3.70.1 4.109.3–4 [4.91.1 @ 93.4]

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Korinthos (no. 227)

153

[1.46.1–2]; [2.9.1–3]; [2.80.3 @ 83.4 @ 85.3]; [5.38.1– 2]; [5.55.1]; 7.25.9; [8.3.2] Koronaia (no. 210) [4.91.1 @ 93.4] Kranioi (no. 125) 2.30.2 Krannon (no. 400) [2.22.3] Kyme (no. 57) 6.4.5 Larisa (no. 401) [2.22.3] Leontinoi (no. 33) 3.86.2; [6.20.2–3] Lepreon (no. 306) 5.31.5 Leukas (no. 126) 1.30.3; [1.46.1–2]; [2.9.1–3]; [2.80.3 @ 83.4 @ 85.3]; 3.94.2 Lindos (no. 996) 8.44.2 Lokroi (no. 59) 3.86.2; 6.44.2 Mantinea (no. 281) 5.47.1–12 Megara (no. 225) [1.46.1–2]; [2.9.1–3]; 4.66.1; 4.66.3; 4.71.1; 4.73.3; 4.74.2; 4.74.3; [5.38.1–2]; [8.3.2] Mekyberna (no. 583) 5.18.6 Melos (no. 505) [2.9.1 @ 4]; 5.87.1; 5.91.2; 5.112.2 Mende (no. 584) 4.121.2 @ 122.1; 4.123.1; 4.123.3; 4.130.1 Messene (no. 260) 6.4.6 Mykalessos (no. 212) 7.29.5 Myrkinos (no. 633) 4.107.3 Mytilene (no. 798) 3.13.7; 3.27.3; 3.36.4; 3.39.1; 3.39.6; 3.49.2; 3.50.3 Naupaktos (no. 165) [2.9.1 @ 4] Naxos (no. 41) 6.20.2–3; 7.14.2 Naxos (no. 507) 1.98.4 Olophyxos (no. 587) 4.109.3–4 Olynthos (no. 588) 5.18.5; 5.18.6 Orchomenos (no. 213) 4.76.2–3; [4.91.1 @ 93.4] Paleis (no. 132) 2.30.2 Pellene (no. 240) 2.9.1–3]; [8.3.2] Pharsalos (no. 413) [2.22.3] Pherai (no. 414) [2.22.3] Plataiai (no. 216) 2.2.2; 2.2.4bis; 2.6.1; [2.9.1 @ 4]; 2.72.2; 3.57.2; 3.65.3 Poteidaia (no. 598) 1.66.1; 4.121.2 @ 122.1 Pronnoi (no. 135) 2.30.2 Pyrasos (no. 442) [2.22.3] Pyrrha (no. 799) 3.18.1 Rhegion (no. 68) 3.86.2; 6.44.2–3 Rhoiteion (no. 790) 4.52.2 Same (no. 136) 2.30.2 Samos (no. 864) 1.115.4; 8.21.1; 8.76.4 Sane (no. 601) 5.18.6 Sane (no. 600) 4.109.3–4 Selinous (no. 44) 6.20.2–3; 6.48.1 Sermylia (no. 604) 5.18.8

154 Sikyon (no. 228) Singos (no. 605) Siphai (no. 218) Skione (no. 609) Sparta (no. 345) Spartolos (no. 612) Stagiros (no. 613) Stolos (no. 614) Syrakousai (no. 47) Tanagra (no. 220) Taras (no. 71) Thasos (no. 526) Thebai (no. 221) Thera (no. 527) Thespiai (no. 222) Thyssos (no. 618) Torone (no. 620) Troizen (no. 357) Zakynthos (no. 141)

Mogens Herman Hansen

[2.9.1–3]; [2.80.3 @ 83.4 @ 85.3]; [8.3.2] 5.18.6 4.76.2–3; 4.89.2 4.120.1; 4.122.3; 4.122.4; 4.123.3; 5.18.8 1.71.3; 1.84.1; 1.132.1; 1.142.3; 5.16.1; 5.18.1; 6.11.7; 5.23.1–2quater; 5.29.2; [5.77.1]; 7.25.9; 7.56.4; 8.2.3; 8.5.3 2.79.2; 5.18.5 5.18.5 5.18.5 (Στ0λος conj. Σκ0λος) 4.58.1 @ 59.1; 4.64.1; 6.20.2–3; 6.33.1; 6.33.2; 6.36.1; 6.36.2; 6.37.1; 6.37.2; 6.38.2; 6.38.3; 6.39.2; 6.40.2; 6.41.2; 6.48.1; 6.86.3; 7.56.4; 7.56.4; 7.68.2 [4.91.1 @ 93.4] 6.44.2 8.64.4bis 3.62.3; 3.62.4; [4.91.1 @ 93.4]; [2.9.1 @ 4] [4.91.1 @ 93.4] 4.109.3–4 4.110.1; 4.114.3; 4.132.3; 5.18.8 [8.3.2] [2.9.1 @ 4]

Bibliography Christensen, J. @ Hansen, M.H. “What is Syllogos at Thukydides 2.22.1?”, ClMed 34 (1983) 17–31, reprinted in The Athenian Ecclesia II (Copenhagen 1989). Funke, P. 1997. “Polis-genese und Urbanisierung in Aitolien im 5. und 4. Jh.v.Chr.”, CPCActs 4: 145–88. Gomme, A.W. 1956. A Historical Commentary on Thucydides III (Oxford). Graham, A.J. 1964. Colony and Mother City in Ancient Greece (Manchester). Hall, J.M. 2000. “Sparta, Lakedaimon and the Nature of Perioikic Dependency”, CPCPapers 5: 73–89. Hansen, M.H. 1996a. “Πολλαχ0ς πλις λ+γεται (Arist. Pol. 1276a23). The Copenhagen Inventory of Poleis and the Lex Hafniensis de Civitate”, in CPCActs 3: 7–72. Hansen, M.H. 1996b. “City-Ethnics as Evidence for Polis Identity”, CPCPapers 3: 169–96. Hansen, M.H. 1997a. “A Typology of Dependent Poleis”, CPCPapers 4: 29–37. Hansen, M.H. 1997b. “The Polis as an Urban Centre and as a Political Community”, CPCActs 4: 9–86. Hansen, M.H. 1997c. “A Note by Mogens Herman Hansen on the Classification of Aigition as a Polis”, CPCActs 3: 173–5. Hansen, M.H. 2004a. “The Perioikic Poleis of Lakedaimon”, CPCPapers 7: 149–64. Hansen, M.H. 2004b. “Sane on Pellene”, CPCPapers 7: 111–16. Hansen, M.H. 2006. “Emporion: A Study of the Use and Meaning of the Term in the Archaic and Classical Periods”, in G.R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas (Leiden) 1–39.

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Hornblower, S. 1987. Thucydides (London). Hornblower, S. 1991. A Commentary on Thucydides I (Oxford). Hornblower, S. 1996. A Commentary on Thucydides II (Oxford). Jones, N. 1987. Public Organization in Ancient Greece (Philadelphia). McGregor, M.F. 1982. “Athens and Histiaia”, Hesperia Suppl. 19: 101–11. Mertens, N. 2002. “ο%κ /µοοι, 7γαθο δ+. The Perioikoi in the Classical Lakedaimonian Polis”, in A. Powell and S. Hodkinson (eds.), Sparta. Beyond the Mirage (London). Nielsen, T.H. 2002a. Arkadia and its Poleis in the Archaic and Classical Periods (G•ottingen). Nielsen, T.H. 2002b. “Phrourion. A Note on the Term in Classical Sources and in Diodorus Siculus”, CPCPapers 6: 49–64. Reger, G. 1997. “Islands with One Polis versus Islands with Several Poleis”, CPCActs 4: 450–92. Salmon, J. 1984. Wealthy Corinth (Oxford). Shipley, G. 1997. “‘The Other Lakedaimonians’: The Dependent Perioikic Poleis of Laconia and Messenia”, CPCActs 4: 189–281. Zahrnt, M. 1971. Olynth und die Chalkidier (Munich).

XENOPHON by THOMAS HEINE NIELSEN AND MOGENS HERMAN HANSEN1

1. Anabasis In the Anabasis there is no detectable deviation from the general Classical norms for the use of the word polis in application to Greek communities: in the urban sense, it is applied only to urban sites which were the centre of a polis in the sense of political community. However, the term polis is not very frequent in the Anabasis: it occurs in some 108 passages only,2 whereas, by contrast, it occurs some 489 times in the Hellenika (on which see 160–72 infra). Not only Greek communities are called polis in the Anabasis: 21 non-Greek sites are called polis;3 but, polis is applied to non-Greek sites only in the urban or topographical sense. In reference to Greek sites, polis is used exclusively in the senses of “town” or “political community”.4 But as always, it often di¶cult to distinguish between the sense of “town” and that of “political community”, e.g. 1.1.6:
πσας εχε φυλακς ν τας πλεσι παργγειλε τος φρουρρχοις κστοις λαµβνειν νδρας Πελοποννησους τι πλεστους κα! βελτστους, "ς πιβουλε#οντος Τισσαφ%ρνους τας πλεσι; here the principal meaning is probably “political community”, but at least in the first instance the sense of “town” is present as well. A fine example of polis in the political sense is found at 3.2.13: &ν 'στι µ(ν τεκµρια
ρ)ν τ τρπαια, µ%γιστον δ( µαρτ#ριον * λευθερα τ-ν πλεων ν α/ς 0µες γ%νεσθε κα! τρφητε, or at 5.1.14: τς δ( πλεις κο#σας 'πεισεν
δοποιεν. In the urban sense polis occurs at, e.g., 4.8.22: κα! 1λθον π! θλατταν ε2ς Τραπεζο4ντα πλιν 5Ελληνδα ο2κουµ%νην ν τ7- Ε8ξεν7ω Πντ7ω, or at 5.5.11: ν4ν δ( :κο#οµεν 0µ)ς ε;ς τε τ 5Ελλησποντιακα! πλεις, without any names given, 1 2 3 4

Anabasis and Hellenika by Thomas Heine Nielsen, Other Works by Mogens Herman Hansen. Revision and update in collaboration. At 7.4.24 (Perinthos (no. 678)) polis may be an intrusive gloss (cf. n. 5 infra). The present investigation is based on Marchant’s edition of the text. Nielsen (2000) 136. At 7.1.27 (a speech by Xenophon): 0παρχντων δ( πολλ-ν χρηµτων ν τ?@ πλει, the meaning of “acropolis” perhaps cannot be entirely excluded, but the presence of the definite article argues against this meaning (the regular Attic formula for “on the polis” is µ πλει (IG I3 4B.3; 46.21–2; IG II2 17.10); but see e.g. Aeschin. 1.97 and Wyse ad Is. 5.44) and it is probably better to take polis here simply in the sense of “political community”.

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or about ethnically defined groups of Greek poleis as at 1.1.6: α> AΙωνικα! πλεις, where Miletos is singled out for specific mention, or, finally, about named or at least identifiable individual communities. An example of a named individual community classified as a polis is, e.g., Kerasous: κα! :φικνο4νται πορευµενοι ε2ς Κερασο4ντα τριταοι πλιν 5Ελληνδα (5.3.2). An example of an identifiable, though not specifically named community classified as a polis is Dardanos: at 5.6.19 Timasion is described by the ethnic ∆αρδανε#ς; at 5.6.22–3 he makes a speech where he states: 0πρξει 0µν * µ< πλις. Thus, Dardanos is described as a polis. Other examples are found at 2.6.2 (Sparta) and 3.1.5 (Athens). Adding up named and identifiable communities a mere eleven Greek communities are classified as poleis and this even means accepting polis at 7.6.24 (Perinthos) where it was possibly not in the original text. Nine of these eleven poleis are described as poleis in the urban sense (see List of poleis), and of these six are called polis in the political sense in other passages of the Anabasis (Athens; Byzantion; Herakleia; Kotyora; Sinope; Trapezous); two (Kerasous and Perinthos) are called polis only in the urban sense but can be shown from other evidence to have been poleis in the political sense as well; three (Dardanos (no. 774), Miletos (no. 854) and Sparta (no. 345)) are called polis in the political sense only. In one case, Issos (no. 1007), it is doubtful whether the community can be considered Hellenic.

LIST OF POLEIS Athenai (no. 361). 6.1.28: πε! δ( το4το "µολγησαν, ε8θEς πα#σαντο πολεµο4ντες κα! ο8κ%τι π%ρα πολιρκησαν τρο4σιν ν τρισ! µησ! δ#ο πλεις 5Ελληνδας Σελινο4ντα κα! 5Ιµ%ραν (1.1.37); (ii) προσεχIρησαν δ( α8τ7- κα! Γοργων κα! Γογγ#λος, :δελφο! ντες, 'χοντες
µ(ν Γµβριον κα! Παλαιγµβριον,
δ( Μ#ριναν κα! Γρ#νειον· δ-ρον δ( κα! α]ται α> πλεις 1σαν παρ βασιλ%ως (3.1.6); (iii)
δ( διαβς τε κα!
ρµIµενος ξ AΕφ%σου τε κα! τ-ν ν Μαινδρου πεδ7ω πλεων Πρινης τε κα! Λευκφρυος κα! Lχιλλεου, 'φερε κα! 1γε τ ν τ?@ Ε8ρIπ?η πλεις (4.8.5); α> καθA5Ελλσποντον πλεις (4.8.6); α> 0πG τ?@ Θρ=κ?η ο2κο4σαι 5Ελληνδες πλεις (4.8.28); α> τ@ς Μακεδονας πλεις (5.2.12); or about groups of poleis defined on an ethnic and/or political basis, e.g. α> Lρκαδικα! πλεις (6.5.5); α> Lχα_δες πλεις (7.1.43); α> τ-ν Lκρωρεων πλεις (7.4.14). The most common meaning of the term in the Hellenika by far is “political community”, which occurs in more than 270 passages, e.g. (i) ο> δA ο8κ 'φασαν δεν στασιζειν πρGς τ περ! Στσιππον, λακωνζοντες κα! ο8κ λχιστον δυνµενοι ν τ?@ πλει (6.4.18).9 Not surprisingly, the meaning of “town” is next, occurring in more than 130 passages, e.g. (i) Θρσυλλος δ( ξαγαγUν Lθηναους κα! τοEς λλους τοEς ν τ?@ πλει ντας cπαντας παρ%ταξε παρ τG Λ#κειον γυµνσιον "ς µαχο#µενος (1.1.33); (ii) προσβαλντες δ( τ?@ πλει α>ρο4σι κατ κρτος (2.1.19); (iii) πε! δ( :φκετο πρGς τ Λακεδαιµνιοι δ%χεσθαι τδ ντας διαρπ-σαντας Pφυγον, ταFτα Pλεγον ο) πολ#ται “τοιαFτα κακA cµ&ς ! Κ-δµος ε'ργ-σατο ∆ρ-κοντα 9ποκτενας” (III.276.14–15). – τ τε το[ς Καδµεους µ( κατατοξεFσαι τ: θRριον, 9λλA περιορ&ν το[ς πολτας 5ς πολεµους κατεσθιοµ*νους, µ-ταιον (IV.277.7–9). – α'σθοµ*νη δ% c Σφ,γξ Hτι Mλλην π*γηµε, πεσασα πολλο[ς τν πολιτν συναπ&ραι α2τG, κα, τν χρηµ-των τA πλεστα tρπ-σασα κτλ. (IV.277.14–16). – θρλλουν οUν ο) πολ#ται λ*γοντες “Σφ,γξ cµ&ς c 9γρα α'νγµατι gφισταµ*νη διαρπ-ζει κτλ.” (IV.277.20–278.1). Trikarenia. π λις στ,ν ν τ= Ε2ξεν=ω π ντ=ω Τρικαρηνα καλουµ*νη (XXIV.288.1– 2). – εsρηται περ, Κερβ*ρου 5ς κων uν τρε#ς ε0χε κεφαλ-ς. δλον δ% Hτι κα, οfτος 9π: τς π λεως κλRθη Τρικαρην ς, Yσπερ ! Γηρυ νης. Tyrene. See supra s.v. Argos (XXXVIII.301.8–13). Xanthos (no. 943). βασιλε[ς δ% µισIδαρος p = κει π, τ= Ξ-νθ=ω ποταµ= jρος τι gψηλ ν, ξ οf c Τελµισσ,ς 8λη προσκ*χωσται, πρ:ς r δ( jρος προσβ-σεις ε'σ, δο, µ%ν Pµπροσθεν κ π λεως τς Ξανθων, c δ% jπισθεν τς Καρας (XXVIII.291.13–15). Unnamed poleis. Polis. ε'σβ-λλοντες οUν ε'ς τ(ν π λιν διεφRµιζον 5ς ο) περ, ταλ-ντην [κα, Μειλανωνα] ε'ς λ*οντας µετεβλRθησαν (XIII.282.1–3). – φασ, δ% Hτι κα, χαλκοFν τε#χος τG π λει α2τοF περιεβ*βλητο, Hπερ στ, ψεFδος· !πλτας γAρ ε0χε τ(ν π λιν α2τοF φυλ-ττοντας (XVII.284.1– 4). – ο'κτεραντες δ% α2τ:ν ΖRτης κα, Κ-λαϊς, 9στυγετονες α2τ= jντες, Βορ*ου δ% πα#δες (9νδρ ς, ο2κ 9ν*µου), βοηθRσαντες α2τ=, τ-ς τε θυγατ*ρας ξεδωξαν κ τς π λεως κτλ. (XXII.287.3– 5). – προσετ*τακτο δ% τν π λεων αEς µ%ν qππους διδ ναι, αEς δ% β ας, αEς δ% κ ρας (XXXVII.300.10–11). – Politai. Pλεγον οUν ο) πολ#ται “∆στηνος ! Φινες· α) yρπυιαι α2τοF διαφθερουσι τ:ν βον” (XII.287.1–3). – 5ς δ% Pµειναν, ο) πολ#ται, δεδι τες περ, τν γυναικν κα, θυγατ*ρων, µεταπεµψ-µενοι τ:ν +Ορφ*α µηχανRσασθαι δ*οντο, rν τρ πον καταγ-γοι 9π: τοF jρους α2τ-ς (XXXIII.298.17–20).

Bibliography ‹ Baladi‹e, R. 1980. Le P‹eloponn›ese de Strabon. Etude de g‹eographie historique (Paris). Berkowitz, L. @ Sqitier, K.A. 1990. Thesaurus Linguae Graecae. Canon of Greek Authors and Works, 3rd. edn. (New York). Bernab›o Brea, L. and Cavalier, M. 1991. “Lipara (isola)”, BTCGI 9: 81–185.

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Blass, F. 1882. “Neue Papyrusfragmente im a• gyptischen Museum zu Berlin”, Hermes 17: 148–63. Bruce (1967) An Historical Commentary on the ‘Hellenica Oxyrhynchia’ (Cambridge). ‹ ‹ Decourt, J.-C. 1990. Enipeus: La vall‹ee de l’Enipeus en Thessalie: e‹ tudes de topographie et de g‹eographie antique, BCH Suppl. 21 (Paris). Demand, N. 1996. “Poleis on Cyprus and Oriental Despotism”, CPCPapers 3: 7–15. Flensted-Jensen, P. 1995. “The Bottiaians and their Poleis”, CPCPapers 2: 103–32. Flower, M.A. 1994. Theopompus of Chios (Oxford). Gras, M. 1987. Bibliografia topografica della colonizzazione Greca in Italia e nelle isole Tirreniche (Pisa and Rome). Hansen, M.H. 1995. “Boiotian Poleis – A Test Cse”, CPCActs 2: 13–63. Hansen, M.H. 1996a. “City-Ethnics as Evidence for Polis Identity”, CPCPapers 3: 169–96. Hansen, M.H. 1996b. “An Inventory of Boiotian Poleis in the Archaic and Classical Periods”, CPCActs 3: 73–116. Hansen, M.H. 1998. Polis and City-State. An Ancient Concept and its Modern Equivalent, = CPCActs 5. Hansen, M.H. 2002. “Introduction”, 6 CSC 7–21. Hatzopoulos, M. 1996. Macedonian Institutions under the Kings 2 vols. (Athens). Knoepfler, D. 1997. “Le territoire d’Er‹etrie et l’organisation politique de la cit‹e (d^emoi, ch^oroi, phylai)”, CPCActs 4: 252–449. Lehmann, G.A. 1984. “Theopompea”, ZPE 55: 19–44. Liampi, K. 1994. “Αργιλος Ιστορα και Ν µισµα/Argilos – History and Coinage”, NomChron 13: 7–36. Marksteiner, T. 2002. “St•adtische Strukturen im vorhellenistischen Lykien”, 6 CSC 57–72. McKechnie, P.R. @ Kern, S.J. 1988. Hellenica Oxyrhynchia (Warminster). Meritt, B.D. 1935. “Inscriptions of Colophon”, AJP 56: 358–97. Migeotte, L. 1992. le souscriptions publicques dans les cit‹es grecques (Geneva). Miller, S.G. 1990. Nemea. A Guide to the Site and Museum (Berkeley @ Oxford). Nielsen, T.H. 2002. Arkadia and its Poleis in the Archaic and Classical Periods. Hypomnemata 140 (G•ottingen). Pearson, L. 1939. Early Ionian Historians (Oxford). ‹ ee (428–425)”, BCH 108: 161–76. Pi‹erart, M. 1984. “Deux notes sur la politique d’Ath›enes en mer Eg‹ Robert, L. 1969. Opera Minora, 4 vols. (Amsterdam). Ruschenbusch, E. 1980. “Theopompea. 9ντιπολιτεεσθαι”, ZPE 39: 81–90. Shipley, G. 1997. “‘The Other Lakedaimonians’: The Dependent Perioikic Poleis of Laconia and Messenia”, CPCActs 4: 189–281. Stern, J. 1996. Palaephatus. On Unbelievable Tales. Translation, Introduction and Commentary (Wauconda).

THE ATTIC ORATORS by MOGENS HERMAN HANSEN

In this chapter – once again – I focus on the use of polis about urban centres other than Athens, and the purpose of the study is to investigate whether such poleis – in the urban sense – were poleis in the political sense too.1 The overwhelming majority of attestations of poleis in the Attic orators concern Athens, and in almost all cases polis is used in the political sense. Polis is only infrequently used in the urban sense about towns other than Athens, and almost all the relevant attestations come from Demosthenes and Isokrates. Accordingly, I have subdivided the article into three sections, one about Demosthenes, one about Isokrates, and one about the very few occurrences in the other orators.

1. Demosthenes In the Corpus Demosthenicum there are about 1,125 attestations of the word polis. Problems with the text make it impossible to reach an exact figure. The total number is in fact a little higher, viz., 1,143 attestations, but I have subtracted occurrences in spurious documents (especially those inserted in the speech On the Crown) and in quotes of poets (especially those from Sophokles and Solon inserted in the speech On the False Embassy). My investigation covers the entire corpus, since there is reason to believe that the Pseudo-Demosthenic speeches are, in any case, fourthcentury documents.2 Even the letters are, presumably, genuine, apart from no. 5, in which polis does not occur.3 I include Philip’s letter ( = Dem 12), which is obviously not by Demosthenes but belongs in this context. It goes without saying that the great majority of occurrences, altogether some 933, concern the Athenian polis. In 115 passages the reference is to an unnamed polis or the polis in general, and 81 passages only concern named poleis other than Athens.4 In a few of these cases polis is used in the plural and applied to the 1

2

3 4

Lists of attestations of polis in the Attic orators were compiled in 1992–3 by M.H. Hansen (Aischines, Demosthenes) and D. Whitehead (Andokides, Antiphon, Deinarchos, Hyperides, Isokrates, Lykourgos and Lysias). McCabe (1981). On the authenticity of Dem. 25 Against Aristogeiton I, see Hansen (1976) 144– 52, countered by Sealey (1993) 237–9, but Sealey’s remaining arguments against authenticity have been countered by Rubinstein (2000) 30–2. Goldstein (1968), confirmed by McCabe’s stylistic analysis (1981). 933+115+81 add up to 1129, as against 1,125 occurrences of polis, because, in a few passages

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193

poleis within a named region, e.g. Phokis.5 But mostly it is an individual, named community which is classified as a polis. Apart from Athens, 33 other named communities are called polis, see infra. Again, in Demosthenes the word polis is used in the political sense much more frequently than in the urban or territorial senses. There are just eighteen attestations of the territorial sense as either the principal meaning or a clearly detectable connotation.6 In some 79 passages polis means town, or town is a connotation that goes with the political sense of the word.7 In all other passages polis is used either exclusively in its political sense, or the political sense seems to prevail over the other two. These figures must, of course, be taken with a pinch of salt. In many cases polis conveys, possibly, all three meanings at the same time, and an exact classification is simply impossible. Apart from Athens, 33 named communities are called polis, six in the political sense only,8 27 in the urban sense, and of these six are described as poleis in the political sense in another passage of the corpus,9 whereas twenty-one are attested as poleis in the urban sense only. The evidence for the polis status of the 27 communities is as follows: Aigina (no. 358). 23.211: . . . Λµπιν, ς µγιστα ναυκλρια κκτηται τν Ελλνων, κα κατεσκεακεν τν πλιν ατος κα τ µπριον . . . Like Sostratos in C5 (Hdt. 4.152.3), Lampis seems to have been a very rich Aiginetan shipowner who spent private money on building operations in his polis (in the urban sense) and its emporion. Called polis in the political sense at Hdt. 2.178.3 and Xen. Hell. 2.2.9. Amphipolis (no. 553). 12.22ter: (1) πντες ο!κο"µεν τ#ς πλεις. (2) λχιστον δ& χρνον ν τος τποις µµε'ναντες, (ντιποιεσθε (the Athenians) τ*ς πλεως

5

6

7

8 9

polis denotes both Athens and some other polis, see, e.g., Dem. 60.30: κοινο" δ+ -ντος (µφοτραις τας πλεσιν (Athens and Thebes) το" παρντος κινδνου. Dioikismos of 22 Phokian poleis: 19.123, cf. 18.36, 42; 19.61, 62, 141. Thirty-two Thracian poleis destroyed by Philip: 9.26; cf. 23.141. Illyrian poleis protected by building walls 4.48. Poleis in the Gulf of Pagasai: 12.5. Poleis in Euboia: 18.100. 3.31; 8.40; 9.67, 70; 10.63bis; 15.27; 18.132; 19.39, 342; 22.13; 23.52bis; 25.87, 89, 95; 40.32bis. A typical instance is the punishment of exile, often described as banishment from the polis, i.e. from the territory of the polis, see e.g. 25.95: ξορ'σαι, 1ψαι κ τ*ς πλεως. For a passage in which the sense of territory seems to be combined with the sense of town, see 18.132: 3ντιφντα, ς παγγειλµενος Φιλ'ππ5ω τ# νε6ρι+ µπρσειν ε!ς τν πλιν 7λθεν. For the sense of territory combined with the sense of political community, see 10.63: οκ 8στι τν 8ξω τ*ς πλεως χθρν κρατ*σαι, πρν 9ν το:ς ν ατ;* τ;* πλει κολσητ+ χθρος. For a possible instance of all three meanings combined, see 9.70: κα γρ Jνηµ ρους ποιµανεις

Poets

257

πολιτας. Artemis looks over to Magnesia from her sanctuary in Leukophryene. Magnesia is called a polis in the political sense at SEG 14 459.7, C4l–C3e. Megara (no. 225). Thgn. 56: 8ξω δ5 ^στ5 8λαφοι τσδ5 "ν µοντο π λεος. 773: Φοβε Wναξ, α>τ+ς µ*ν "πργωσας π λιν Wκρην. 951: τειχ ων δ5 #ψηλDν "πιβς π λιν ο>κ Jλπαξα. Cf. 776, 782, 1043. Megara is called a polis in the political sense at Thgn. 39. Metapontion (no. 61). Bacch. 11.114: Jρηϊφλοις Wνδρεσσιν τ-ν] καλε "ν τος "π(ωδος. Polis may be used in the urban and the territorial senses simultaneously. Paros is called a polis in the political sense at Archil. fr. 13.2. Phleious (no. 355). Bacch. 9: Α>τοµδει Φλειασ(ω. 9.98–9: θεοτµατο[ν] π λιν [ν]αειν. Phleious is called a polis in the political sense at Xen. Hell. 5.3.10–12. Rhodos (no. 1000). PCG Adespota 247: αKτη π λις 8σθ5 &Ελλην=ς X e δοις Oσην ε>ωδαν 8χουσα χWµ5 Jηδαν. Rhodos is called a polis in the political sense at Aeschin. 3.42. Soloi (no. 1021). Solon fr. 19.1–2: ν)ν δ* σb µ*ν Σολοισι πολbν χρ νον "νθαδ5 Jνσσων τνδε π λιν ναοις κα= γ νος #µ τερον. Polis is used in the urban/territorial (ναοις) and in the political (Jνσσων) senses simultaneously. Soloi is called a polis in the political sense at Aesch. Pers. 891–2. Teos (no. 868). Anacr. fr. 391, PMG: στ φανος γρ ^σπερ τDν π λεων τ τεχη. κα=

258

Mogens Herman Hansen

0νακρ ων “ν)ν δ5 Jπ+ µ*ν στ φανος π λεως 6λωλεν”. The reference is probably to Teos, Anakreon’s native city. Teos is called a polis in the political sense in a law of C5f (SEG 31 985.18 = Nomima I 105). Thasos (no. 526). Archil. fr. 49.7 = Eust. Od. 1889.2–3): ν[κτωρ περ= π λιν πωλεοµ νωι]; fr. 228: Θσον δ* τ-ν τρισοιζυρ-ν π λιν. – CEG 415 (C6l-C5e): Ζην+ς κα= Σεµ λης κα= 0λκµνης τανυπ πλο / hστσιν παδες τσδε π λεως φυλαiο. The epigram is inscribed on the city wall and the divinities must have been the protectors of the community as well as the city; thus, polis is used in the urban and political senses simultaneously. – Archestr. fr. 5.6–9: θεο= εOπερ 8δουσιν Wλφιτ’, "κεθεν (Eresos) \ν &Ερµς α>τος Jγορζει. "στ= δ* κJν Θβαις τας hπταπλοις "πιεικ κJν Θσ(ω 8ν τ5 Wλλαις π λεσν τισιν . . . Thasos is called a polis in the political sense at IG XII.8 356.2 = CEG 415, C6l. Thebes (no. 221). Thgn. 1209–10: ΑOθων µ*ν γ νος εµ, π λιν δ5 ε>τεχεα Θβην οκD, πατρ(:ας γς Jπερυκ µενος – Hes. [Sc.] 105: jς Θβης κρδεµνον 8χει eετα τε π ληα. Mythological context. – Pind. Pyth. 12.26: . . . δονκων το= παρ καλλιχ ρ(ω ναοισι π λι Χαρτων, Καφισδος "ν τεµ νει . . . – Bacch. 9.54: τς γρ ο>κ οQδεν κυανοπλοκµου Θβας "9δµα[τον π λι]ν – Archestr.fr. 5.6–9, see Thasos supra. Thebes is called a polis in the political sense at Pind. Pyth. 9.91. Thespiai (no. 222). Hes. Op. 222: d δ’ (Dike) `πεται κλαουσα π λιν κα= [θεα λαDν. I follow West (1978) 212 in taking π λιν κα= [θεα λαDν with `πεται which indicates that polis is used in the urban sense. The reference is probably to Thespiai. Thespiai is called a polis in the political sense at Hell. Oxy. 19.2–3.

APPENDIX

ATTESTATIONS OF POLIS USED IN THE POLITICAL SENSE Abdera (no. 640) Aigina (no. 358) Aitna (no. 8) Akragas (no. 9) Antandros (no. 767) Athenai (no. 361) Chalkis (no. 365) Chios (no. 840) Ialysos? (no. 995) Ioulis (no. 491) Kamarina (no. 28) Korinthos (no. 227) Kyrene (no. 1028) Lokroi (no. 59)

Anac. fr. 191, Gentili Pind. Ol. 8.88; Pyth 8.99; Isth. 5.22. – Bacch. 13.71, 185 – Simon. Anth. Plan. 16.2.4 Pind. Pyth. 1.61 Pind. Ol. 2.94 Alc. fr. 337 Solon fr. 4.1, 5, 17, 31; fr. 9.3; fr. 36.25. – Scolion 884.2 Philiskos, fr.3 Ar. Pax 171 Pind. Ol. 7.94 Bacch. 1.52, cf. fr. 43 Pind. Ol. 5.4, 22 Alexis fr. 255 Pind. Pyth. 4.272; 5.53; 9.69 Pind. Ol. 10.13; 98

Poets

Megara (no. 225) Miletos (no. 854) Mytilene (no. 798) Opous (no. 386) Paphos (no. 1019) Paros (no. 509) Salamis (no. 363) Salamis (no. 1020) Soloi (no. 1021) Sparta (no. 345) Syrakousai (no. 47) Tanagra (no. 220) Tegea (no. 297) Thasos (no. 526) Thebai (no. 221)

259

Theogn. 39, 52, 53, 287, 541, 604, 776, 782, 855, 885, 893, 947, 1005, 1081; Ar. Ach. 755 Timoth. 791 fr.15.234 Alc. fr. 70.7; fr. 129.23–4; fr. 141.4; fr. 331; fr. 348 Pind. Ol. 9.21 Aesch. Pers. 891–2 Archil. 13.2 Cratinus fr. 246 (mythological context) Aesch. Pers. 891–3 Solon fr. 19.2; Aesch, Pers. 891–2 Tyrt. 4.4, 8, 10; 21.15 Bacch. 4.2; 5.12 Corinna 655.4 Simon. Anth. Pal. 7.512.3 CEG 416.3 = Lazzarini 947 Strattis fr. 47.1; Pind. Pyth. 9.91

Bibliography Easterling, P. 2005. “The Image of the Polis in Greek Tragedy”, CPCActs 7: 49–72. Hansen, M.H. 1998. Polis and City-State. An Ancient Concept and its Modern Equivalent, CPCActs 5. Haubold, J. 2005. “The Homeric Polis”, CPCActs 7: 25–48. Hope Simpson, R. and Lazenby, J.F. 1970. The Catalogue of Ships in Homer’s Iliad (Oxford). Kienzle, E. 1996. Der Lobpreis von Sta• dten u. L•andern i.d. a• lteren gr. Dichtg. (Kallm•utz). L‹evy, E. 1983. “Astu et polis dans l’Iliade”, Ktema 8: 55–73. McInerney, J. 1900. The Folds of Parnassos: Land and Ethnicity in Ancient Phokis (Austin, Tex.). Rhodes, P.J. 2003. “Nothing to Do with Democracy: Athenian Drama and the Polis”, JHS 123: 104–19. Rutter, K. 1997. Greek Coinages of Southern Italy and Sicily (London). Schmidt, M. 2004. “π λις, πτ λις”, in Lexikon des fr•uhgriechischen Epos 20: 1345–79. Scully, S. 1990. Homer and the Sacred City (Ithaca). West, M. 1978. Hesiod Works and Days (Oxford).

INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

Abai 23, 34, 35, 107, 109, 111, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, 124, 125 Abdera 23, 57, 69, 82, 107, 112, 117, 137, 213, 230, 243, 245, 258 Abilyke 211, 239 Abrotonon 239 Abydos 23, 57, 70, 104, 107, 108, 111, 116, 119, 120, 129, 163, 171, 238 Achaia, Achaian, Achaians, Achaides, Achaioi 76, 110, 137, 160, 163, 175, 179, 183, 206, 209, 249 Achaion limen 212 Acharnai 56 Acheloos 143, 213 Acheron 213 Acherousia 212 Achilleion (no. 766) 23, 36, 65, 82, 108, 122, 125, 238 Achilleion (no. 836) 23, 33, 160, 163, 167, 170 Achilleios 208, 210, 212 Acropolis (in Athens) 136 Adane 212 Adienos, see Odeinios Adramyttion (Atramytteion) 23, 105, 108, 109, 125, 238 Adrymetos kolpos 212 Adyrmachidai 239 Aedonia 212 Aegena 222 Africa 73 Agora/Chersonesos 68, 96, 97, 101, 104, 106, 114, 213, 230 Agra 230 Aias 213 Aigai 209, 213, 238 Aigaiai 23, 57, 82, 108, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 123, 124, 129, 230 Aige 23, 37, 57, 108, 110, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125 Aigeai 57 Aigeira 23, 209, 238, 249 Aigiale 23, 48, 57, 82, 225 Aigina, Aiginetai, Aiginetan 23, 58, 104, 108,

129, 145, 162, 163, 171, 193, 212, 224, 255, 258 Aigion 209, 238 Aigipios 213 Aigiroessa 23, 58, 108, 125, 129 Aigition 23, 37, 38, 43, 44, 137, 146, 147 Aigosthena 38, 39, 210, 211, 218, 238 Aigyptos, Aigyptioi, see Egypt Aineia 23, 37, 58, 108, 109, 113, 114, 115, 116, 123, 129, 213, 220, 230 Ainos, Ainians 23, 58, 82, 109, 176, 178, 179, 201, 213, 230 Aioleion, Aiolitai 23, 58, 82, 178 Aiolian, Aiolians, Aioleis, Aiolis, Aiolides 47, 69, 73, 94, 97, 105, 108, 110, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 123, 124, 125, 128, 141, 166, 207, 218, 231 Aiolidai 16, 23, 35, 37, 58, 109, 125, 129 Airai 23, 58, 82, 230 Aischrionie phyle 119 Aison 82 Aithalia 212 Aitna, Aitnaios 23, 37, 53, 58, 255, 258 Aitolia, Aitolians, Aitoloi 23, 35, 38, 43, 44, 53, 73, 137, 146, 147, 182, 183, 197 Aix 213 Akamantis 100 Akanthos, Akanthians 23, 58, 69, 70, 137, 142, 143, 144, 151, 163, 164, 171, 213, 220, 230 Akarnania, Akarnanians, Akarnanes, Akarnanian 47, 73, 141, 144, 151, 197, 211, 216, 222 Ake 213, 239 Akele 186 Akion 212, 239 Akra 212, 239 Akragas, Akragantinos 23, 58, 151, 163, 238, 246, 247, 255, 258 Akraiphia 23, 58, 67, 109 Akroreioi, Akroreians, Akroreian 160, 169, 170 Akros 239 Akros kolpos 212

Index of Geographical Names

Akrothooi (Akrothoon) 23, 58, 109, 112, 115, 119, 122, 124, 151, 213, 220, 230 Aktaian poleis 108, 109, 119, 121, 167 Alabanda 132 Alalie (Alalia) 23, 23, 109, 125 Alapta 23, 34, 213, 219, 220, 221, 230 Alazia 94 Alebaia 24, 34, 116 Alexandria 250 Alion 170 Alope 71, 238 Alopekonnesos 83, 96, 238 Aloros, Alorites 24, 34, 213, 219, 220, 221, 230 Alpenoi, see Alponos Alpheios 39, 208, 213 Alponos, Alpenoi, Alpenos 24, 34, 38, 40, 44, 45, 125, 129 Alyzeia (Alyzia) 24, 212, 225 Amastris 219, 222, 234, 236, 237 Amathous 58, 83 Ambrakia (Amprakia) 15, 24, 58, 71, 105, 129, 138, 151, 205, 206, 207, 208, 211, 213, 223, 250 Ameneia 33, 219, 237 Ammonians 118 Amorgos 48, 214, 217, 218, 225 Amos 83 Ampe 132 Amphanai 101, 238 Amphidolia, Amphidoloi 58, 171 Amphikaia 24, 34, 35, 107, 109, 125 Amphilochia, Amphilochikon 69, 138, 151 Amphipolis, Amphipolitai 24, 58, 126, 138, 149, 151, 193, 194, 198, 199, 201, 238, 250 Amphissa 24, 109, 125, 210, 225, 226 Amprakia, see Ambrakia Amprakian Gulf 138 Amyklaieis 160 Amynandeis 55 Amyros 115, 238 Anaia 83 Anaktorion, Anaktorioi 24, 58, 138, 144, 147, 148, 152, 225 Anaktorikos kolpos 212 Anaphlystos 209, 214 Andros 24, 58, 83, 105, 129, 164, 213, 225, 250 Anemourion 211, 239 Angaia 83 Anidas 214 Ankon 24, 34, 212, 223

261

Anopaia 109 Antandros 24, 58, 83, 108, 109, 138, 258 Anthana (Anthene) 24, 35, 138, 146, 147, 216, 228 Anthedon, Anthedonios 24, 188, 189, 214 Anthele 24, 37, 38, 40, 44, 45, 109, 125, 129 Anthene, see Anthana Anthylla 132 Antikyra 24, 34, 35, 125, 212, 225 Antikyre 24, 33, 110 Antipygos 212 Antissa 24, 58, 83, 110, 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 152, 231, 232, 234, 236, 250 Antron 238 Anysis 132 Aphrodisias 212 Aphytis 24, 37, 58, 108, 110, 125, 220, 238, 250 Apis 132, 213, 239 Apodotoi 137, 146 Apollonia (no. 77), Apolloniatai 24, 58, 83, 110, 213, 223, 250 Apollonia (no. 545) 24, 37, 58, 69, 71, 164, 171, 213, 220, 231 Apollonia (no. 627) 24, 34, 194, 195 Apollonia, Apolloniatai (no. 682) 24, 37, 69, 110, 113, 117, 125, 158, 163, 238, 243, 250 Apollonos Klariou hieron 212 Apsaros 213 Apsinthioi 96 Apteraia 214 Arabis 213 Arados 212, 213bis, 239 Araplous, Araplos 96, 238 Archandropolis 132 Areos 212 Arethousa, Arethousios 24, 37, 83, 213, 220, 231 Argilos, Argilioi 24, 58, 100, 110, 138, 151, 152, 179, 228 Argolis 38, 184, 186, 216 Argos (no. 115) 24, 58, 138, 152 Argos, Argeians, Argeioi, Argeia, Argives (no. 347) 15, 24, 35, 38, 39, 58, 67, 70, 71, 74, 81, 83, 101, 110, 116, 129, 137, 138, 142, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 161, 162, 164, 171, 177, 179, 181, 184, 187, 188, 188, 189, 190, 197, 198, 201, 213, 218, 222, 225, 228, 234, 243, 244, 245, 246, 249, 250, 253 Argos Amphilochikon 69, 211, 212, 225 Arion 213

262

Index of Geographical Names

Arios 213 Aris 210 Arisba 24, 37, 58, 110, 112, 113, 117, 118, 124, 125, 129 Arkadia, Arkadians, Arkades, Arkadikai, Arkadian 38, 68, 81, 104, 160, 161, 162, 164, 169, 209, 243 Arkesine 24, 48, 58, 74, 83, 225 Arkesseia (Arkeseia) 24, 37, 48, 58, 220, 233 Armenia 94, 159 Artabachis 132 Artaiou Teichos 42 Artake 24, 36, 110, 121, 125, 238 Artanes 214 Artemision 16, 105 Arylon 213, 239 Asea, Aseatai 58, 71, 161, 162 Asia, Asia Minor 36, 126, 160, 177, 187, 204, 205, 218, 220, 221, 222 Asine, Asinaios 36, 105, 129, 147, 217 Askalon 132, 240 Aspendos 24, 58, 69, 83, 164, 171, 205, 213, 231 Ass(er)a 24, 37, 53, 58, 106, 110, 129 Assos 65, 177 Assyrian 221 Astakos 24, 210, 213, 225 Astraiousioi 83 Astyra 65, 238 Atarneus, Atarneites 24, 164, 213, 231 Atharambe 94 Athenai, Athens, Athenians, Athenian 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 24, 38, 39, 43, 47, 49, 58, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 95, 96, 99, 104, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 115, 117, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 152, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 186, 187, 192, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199, 209, 210, 216, 217, 220, 225, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 252, 254, 255, 256, 258 Athenian Naval League 17, 47, 49, 78, 98, 117, 149, 169, 176, 183, 196, 217, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 235 Athenian tribute list 17, 55, 97, 99, 100, 101, 107, 113, 115, 117, 122, 123, 124, 149, 181, 196, 221, 226, 228, 229, 230

Athenai Diades, Athenites 24, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, 83, 149, 176, 177 Athos 22, 105, 109, 112, 115, 119, 122, 124, 136, 151, 208, 212 Atrax 58, 83 Athribis 94 Atramytteion, see Adramyttion Attika, Attic 20, 38, 41, 43, 45, 50, 67, 73, 75, 93, 101, 102, 135, 148, 151, 156, 173, 177, 178, 192, 209, 243 Aulis 212 Auschiseis 123 Axios 124, 213 Axos 24, 44, 58, 83, 119, 238 Azen 119 Azotos 132 Babylon 132 Bakeles 123 Barke, Barkaioi 24, 58, 111, 116, 123, 129, 208, 213, 231, 245 Barkes, limen 212 Bartas 212 Batiai 24, 34, 178, 179, 197, see Bitia Becheirias 24, 33, 213, 219, 221, 231 Becheirikos 212 Belbina 24, 36, 212, 225 Bembina, Bembinon [?] 186, 187 Beroia 58, 83 Berytos 240 Besbikos 212 Birytis 55, 65 Bitia 178, 196, see Batiai Black Sea, see Euxeinos pontos Boia 24, 35, 208, 212, 216, 225 Boion 24, 37, 49, 58, 139, 140, 141, 150, 182 Boiotia, Boiotians, Boiotian 15, 16, 17, 54, 65, 73, 93, 101, 106, 137, 162, 163, 178, 179, 180, 182, 184, 188, 208, 254 Bolbe 212 Borystheneitai 119 Boryza 94 Bosporos, Bosporan 97, 98 Bottiaia, Bottiaians 55, 114, 120, 178 Bottike 149, 178 Boubastis 132 Boucheta 25, 34, 178, 194, 196 Bouchetion 194, 197 Boura 25, 34, 249 Bousiris 132 Boutheieis 99 Bouthroton (Bouthrotos) 25, 34, 93, 95, 97, 101, 197

Index of Geographical Names

Bouto 132 Bracheion 212 Brendesinoi 224 Brikindarioi 55 Brikinniai 141 Brykous, Brykontioi 25, 37, 48, 58, 220, 233 Bysbikos 83 Byzantion, Byzantioi 25, 58, 83, 96, 111, 130, 157, 159, 164, 171, 175, 178, 194, 201, 250, 255, 256 Campania 54, 64, 223 Cape Colonna 104 Cardia, see Kardia Carthaginians, see Karchedon Chaironeia 25, 58, 71, 93, 95, 101, 152, 177 Chalestre (Chalastre) 25, 33, 94, 95, 100, 101, 111, 122, 125 Chaleion, Chaleians 25, 58, 74, 78, 83, 93, 95, 99, 101, 226 Chalisia 25, 33, 44, 176, 177 Chalka 213, 240 Chalke 176 Chalkedon, see Kalchedon Chalkeia 176, 212 Chalketor 58, 83 Chalkia 176, 177 Chalkideon [gen.] 178 [?] Chalkidike, Chalkidians, Chalkidikos 53, 55, 98, 119, 143, 149, 224bis [?] Chalkis (no. 145) 25, 37, 58, 139, 146, 147, 152 Chalkis (no. 365) 25, 48, 58, 83, 93, 95, 101, 105, 130, 148, 182, 183, 186, 213, 225, 226, 244, 250, 258 Chalyboi 237 Chandane 93, 94 Chaones 83 Charadra 25, 37, 83, 107, 111, 125 Charadrous 25, 33, 213bis, 219, 220, 231, 240 Charmande 159 Chedrolioi 55, 83 Chelidoniai 211 Chennis 132 Cherrobios 213 Cherronesoi Achilides 212 Cherronesos 212 Chersonesos, Cherronesos (no. 661) 25, 37, 83, 94, 95, 96, 101 Chersonesos, Chersonasitai (no. 695) 25, 58, 74, 83 Chersonesos 101, 114, 119, 122, 144 Chersonesos, Taurian 96

263

Chersonesos, Thracian, Cherronesos 125, 194, 195, 230 Chios, Chians 25, 47, 59, 69, 71, 75, 83, 92, 94, 97, 98, 99, 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 121, 124, 128, 130, 137, 139, 152, 164, 175, 198, 201, 212, 213, 244, 245, 246, 250, 256, 258 Choirades 25, 34, 94, 95, 97, 101, 213, 231 Chorasmie, Chorasmioi 94 Chorsiai, Chorsieioi 25, 34, 178, 179, 238 Chorsos 213 Cilicia, Kilikes, Kilikia 94, 121, 157, 159, 160, 218, 237, 239, 240, 241 Corinth, see Korinth(os) Corinthian, see Korinthian Cortona 186 Crete, Cretan, Krete 56, 73, 119, 205, 253 Cycnus, see Gyenos Cyprus, Kypros 73, 121, 123, 160, 177, 189, 198, 212, 218, 237 Daminon Teichos 42, 214 Dana 159 Daraanon 213 Dardanos, Dardaneus 25, 59, 70, 83, 104, 108, 111, 119, 121, 157, 159, 238 Datala 59, 84 Datos (Daton) 25, 204, 213, 231 Daulis, Daulieis 16, 25, 37, 59, 111, 130, 180, 181 Dekeleia 160 Delion 137, 151, 208, 212, 254 Delos, Delians, Delioi 59, 73, 84, 105, 130, 200, 238 Delian amphiktyones 49, 226, 230 Delian League 10, 19, 36, 39, 43, 48, 55, 78, 97, 98, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124, 125, 126, 141, 142, 144, 149, 158, 166, 167, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 183, 216, 217, 220, 227, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236 Delphi, Delphoi, Delphic, Delphian 15, 17, 25, 38, 39, 54, 59, 73, 84, 111, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 127, 135, 150, 200, 212, 223, 224, 225, 226, 231, 250 Delphic Amphiktyony 49 Delphic naopoioi 195, 196, 227 Delphikos kolpos 212 Deris 212 Diakres apo Chalkideon 55, 84 Diakrioi (no. 366) 55 Diakrioi (no. 994) 55 Didymon Teichos 42

264

Index of Geographical Names

Dikaia 25, 36, 84, 107, 112, 114, 117, 125, 213, 231, 234 Diktynnaion 212 Dion (no. 368) 41, 84, 149 Dion (no. 534) 220 Dion (no. 569) 25, 37, 59, 84, 109, 112, 152, 213, 220, 231 Dionysios 212 Dioskoreion [?] 67 Dioskouris 25, 59, 84, 213, 231 Dismaros 36 Dodone 74 Dorian, Dorieis 47, 48, 49, 128, 139, 149, 183 Dorike 101 Doris 37, 48, 49, 139, 149, 150, 151, 183 Doriskos 100, 125 Doros 213, 240 Douriskos 214 Dreros 15, 20, 25, 59, 75, 84 Drinaupa 212 Drymos 25, 34, 35, 107, 112, 125 Drys 212 Dyme, Dymaios 175, 179, 209, 238 Dystos 25, 38, 40, 41, 44, 178, 179, 180 East Lokris, see Lokris, East Echedoros 213 Echinades 212 Echinos, Echinaians 25, 213, 225 Edonian, Edonians 105, 118 Egbatana 132 Egesta, Egestaioi 20, 137, 146 Egypt, Egyptian, Aigyptos, Aigyptioi, Egyptians 21, 94, 118, 125, 127, 137, 173, 177, 186, 246 Egypt, Lower 94 Eion (no. 570) 93 Eion (no. 630) 25, 38, 42, 44, 92, 93, 112, 126, 138 Ekecheirieis 240 Ekkeios 214 Elaia 212 Elaiatis 139 Elaious, Elaiosioi 84, 96, 99, 238 Elaphonnesos 212 Elateia (Elatreia) (no. 94) 25, 34, 178, 179, 194, 196, 197 Elateia (no. 180) 25, 59, 71, 84, 107, 112, 238 Elea 238 Elektrides 212 Elephantine 132 Eleusis 209, 212 Eleutherna 25, 59, 75, 84, 238

Elis, Eleioi, Elean, Eleia 25, 38, 39, 53, 59, 84, 105, 112, 130, 152, 160, 163, 164, 171, 177, 178, 179, 194, 197, 198, 201, 206, 212, 218, 225, 227, 246, 250, 251 Ellopia 113 Eltynia 59, 84 Elymean, Elymoi 20, 183 Elyros 25, 212, 225 Emporion, Empporitaisin (dat.) 25, 133, 213, 223 Entella 175 Epeion (Epion) 25, 59, 69, 112, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 160, 164, 166, 167, 171 Epeiros 73, 93, 95, 146, 196, 197, 206 Ephesos, Ephesioi 25, 59, 73, 75, 84, 111, 112, 130, 160, 163, 165, 168, 173, 181, 211, 213, 232, 246, 250, 251, 256 Ephyra (Ephyre) 25, 34, 139, 146 Epichos 213, 240 Epidamnos, Epidamnians, Epidamnian 15, 25, 59, 135, 136, 139, 152, 213, 223, 251 Epidauros 25, 59, 71, 75, 84, 105, 130, 139, 152, 171, 196, 197, 213, 214, 216, 226 Epidauros Limera 25, 35, 36, 216, 226 Epion, see Epeion Epitalion 54, 59, 171 Erchia 73 Ereikinion 85 Eresos 25, 59, 70, 75, 85, 112, 138, 139, 152, 231, 232, 258 Eretria, Eretrian, Eretrians, Eretrieus, Eretrieis 25, 35, 41, 48, 59, 73, 75, 85, 105, 111, 112, 130, 139, 179, 180, 193, 194, 201, 213, 224, 226, 244, 251 Ereuthalie 184, 185 Eridanos 213 Erineis 55 Erineos, Erinaios 25, 37, 49, 59, 85, 139, 140, 150, 183 Erochos 26, 71, 107, 112, 125 Erythra 132 Erythrai, Erythraioi, Erythraian 26, 59, 71, 75, 76, 85, 92, 97, 99, 100, 101, 111, 113, 130, 213, 231, 232, 256 Eryx 20, 137 Eteokarpathioi, Eteokarpathians 48, 85, 220, 233 Etruscan 20, 137, 186, see Tyrrhenoi Euanthis 210, 225, 226 Euboia, Euboian, Euboieus, Euboians 36, 38, 41, 44, 48, 55, 93, 112, 143, 149, 176, 178, 193, 205, 212, 214, 215, 216, 224, 225, 226, 227, 240, 249, 255

Index of Geographical Names

Euhesperides, Hesperides, Eusperites 26, 232 Eupagion 170 Euripos 211, 214, 222, 244 Europe 160, 205 European, Europeans 21 Eurotas 208, 213 Eurymedon 164, 214 Eurymenai 238 Eurytanes 146 Eutaia 26, 34, 56, 57, 162, 165, 170, 171 Euxeinos pontos or Pontos (The Black Sea), Pontos 38, 44, 73, 110, 122, 137, 156, 158, 190, 204, 206, 221 Gadeira 212, 215, 240 Gagaia 213, 240 Gale(psos) 26, 37, 59, 85, 94, 97, 101, 106, 113, 117, 119, 122, 124, 128, 130, 177, 178, 238 Gambrion 26, 37, 59, 160, 165, 167, 168, 169, 171 Gargara 26, 59, 85, 177 Gaulos 240 Gela 26, 59, 140, 152, 179, 238, 251, 255 Gelas 140 Gelendzhik 237 Genetes 212 Gentinos 65 Gephyra 101 Gerai 213 Geraneia 151, 210 Geraneia, teichos 210 Geraistos, Cape 208, 212 Gergis 26, 37, 59, 165, 169, 171 Gigonos 26, 37, 59, 85, 108, 113, 125, 126, 130 Gonnos, Gonnoi 26, 56, 59, 85, 113, 232 Goritsa 53 Gortyns 26, 59, 70, 74, 76, 85, 238 Grana 211 Graphara 213, 240 Grynchai 41, 149, 180 Gryneia, Gryneion, Grynoi, Gryneies 26, 59, 85, 94, 97, 101, 108, 126, 130, 160, 165, 171 Gyenos, Cycnus 26, 34, 213bis, 219, 232 Gymnias 159 Gyrton 152 Gytheion 26, 35, 39, 44, 165, 212 Hairai 140 Haisa 26, 37, 59, 85, 116, 126, 130 Halia, see Halieis Haliakmon 124, 213

265

Haliartos 59, 71, 85, 152, 180 Halieis (Halia) 26, 59, 85, 213, 226 Halikarnassos (Halikarnessos) 16, 26, 47, 49, 59, 76, 85, 105, 128, 130, 182, 213, 232 Halikyrna 238 Halisarna 26, 37, 59, 165, 170, 171 Halos, Haleis 26, 37, 59, 194, 201 Halys 213 Hamaxitos 15, 26, 37, 59, 85, 165, 166, 171, 238 Harmene 26, 37, 38, 39, 44, 53, 213, 218, 219, 221, 232 Hebdomos 213, 240 Hebros 109, 213 Hekatoncheiria 187, 188, 189 Hekatonnesos 110, 113, 130 Helike (Helikeia) 26, 249 Heliopolis 132 Helisson, Heliswassians 26, 38, 40, 44, 59, 76, 79, 80, 81, 85 Hellespont, Hellespontine 95, 96, 107, 111, 116, 119, 120, 122, 137, 144, 160 Hellopia 149 Heloron (Heloros) 26, 34, 212, 223 Henna 26, 76 Hephaistia 26, 43, 59, 85, 183, 201 Heraia 26, 69, 112, 160, 164, 165, 166, 209, 238, 251 Heraion (Heraion Teichos) 26, 34, 42, 110, 113, 125 Herakleia (no. 52) 26, 59, 76, 85, 238 Herakleia (no. 80) 26, 223 Herakleia (no. 430) 26, 59, 69, 85, 140, 151, 152, 204, 208, 256 Herakleia (no. 715) 26, 59, 157, 158, 159, 213, 223, 232, 236, 245, 251 Herakleia/Latmos (no. 910) 61, 205, 238, see also Latmos Herakleion 26, 36, 213bis, 220, 221, 232 Hermaia 211bis, 240 Hermeopolis 132 Hermion 26, 60, 85, 105, 130, 152, 213, 226 Hermonassa 26, 34, 94, 97, 98, 101, 179 Hermonax 98 Hermoneia 98 Hermos 120, 214 Hesperides, see Euhesperides Hestiaia, see Histiaia Hieron akroterion 211 hieron Poseidonos/Isthmos 212 hieron Poseidonos/Sounion 212 hieron Poseidonos/Tainaros 212

266

Index of Geographical Names

Himera 26, 42, 60, 69, 152, 160, 166, 204, 213, 215, 223, 244, 245 Hippon 213, 240 Hipponion 64, 238 Histiaia/Oreos (Hestiaia), Histiaian, Hesstiaies, Hestiaies 26, 41, 48, 60, 75, 85, 113, 130, 146, 148, 149, 172, 180, 195, 202, 205, 213, 226, 251 Holmoi 26, 213, 232 Homolion 26, 85, 205, 206, 226 Hyampolis 26, 107, 113, 125, 180, 181 Hyble 132 Hybliseis 55, 85 Hydaieis 55 Hydroeis 212, 215, 240 Hydrous 212 Hyele 26, 64, 113, 114, 125 Hyettos 65 Hykkara 137 Hymisseis 55 Hyope 94 Hyops 93, 94 Hyparkyris 114 Hypata 85 Hypios 214 Hyria 132 Hyrtakina 238 Hysiai 151

Inessa 137 Inyx 132 Iolkos 238 Ionia, Ionian, Ionians 47, 69, 73, 92, 94, 98, 104, 106, 108, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 128, 137, 141, 157, 194, 245 Ionian Gulf, Ionios kolpos 135, 139, 186 Ios 27, 60, 86, 213, 226 Ioul 211 Iouliou akra 240 Ioulis 27, 41, 48, 60, 70, 77, 86, 226, 227, 258 Ireland 9 Is 132 Isai 212 Isis 213 Issa 27, 212, 223, 224 Issoi 159 Issos 22, 44, 157, 159 Isthmos 141, 208, 209 Istris 212 Istros (no. 685) 251 Istros (the Danube) 60, 137, 213bis Itanos 27, 114, 125 Ithaka 27, 212, 227, 253 Ithyke 213 Ityke 240 Ixias 93, 94

Ialysos (Ielysos) 16, 26, 38, 41, 44, 47, 48, 49, 60, 73, 76, 80, 81, 105, 128, 130, 140, 152, 183, 232, 236, 258 Iapygians 93 Iasonia 26, 33, 211 Iasos 26, 60, 76, 86, 255, 256 Iberian 176 Iberos 213 Ichnai 22, 26, 60, 86, 105, 114, 120 Idalion 27, 60, 76, 86 Ide 96 Idyros 27, 36, 213, 240 Ienysos 132 Ikaria 88 Ikaros 49, 212, 226 Ikonion 159, 211 Ikos 27, 37, 48, 49, 86, 212, 217, 218, 226 Ilion, Ilieis 27, 37, 60, 166, 167, 171, 186, 187, 188, 189, 238, 243, 244 Illyria, Illyrians, Illyrian 73, 116, 193, 204 Imbros, Imbrians 27, 43, 60, 86, 160, 171, 212, 217, 232 India 178 Indonesia 9

Kadiston 212 Kadyanda 80, 82 Kadytis 132 Kaikos 214 Kainai 159 Kalaureia (Kalauria) 27, 60, 86, 212, 227 Kalaurian Amphiktyony 39, 228 Kalchedon, Chalkedon, Chalkedonioi 27, 60, 166, 213, 231, 244, 245, 248, 251 Kalindoia 86 Kallatebos 132 Kallatis 148, 238 Kallichoros 214 Kallipolis (no. 27) 27, 60, 114, 116, 118, 123, 125, 130 Kallipolis (no. 744) 27, 36, 86, 213, 232 Kalydnos 105, 130 Kalydon 170, 238 Kalymna 27, 60, 77, 86, 212 Kalypsous 212 Kamakai 86 Kamarina 152, 238, 258 Kamikos 133 Kamarina 60

Index of Geographical Names

Kamiros (Kameiros) 16, 27, 38, 41, 44, 47, 48, 49, 60, 81, 105, 128, 130, 140, 142, 152, 232, 236 Kampania, see Campania Kampsa 27, 37, 60, 108, 114, 126, 130 Kanastraion 208, 211 Kantoripa 137 Kapheleis 86 Kappadokia 159 Karambis 27, 34, 213, 219, 232 Karchedon, Karchedonioi, Carthaginians 160, 163, 166, 168, 213, 214, 215, 218, 239, 240, 241 Kardia, Kardianoi 27, 60, 69, 96, 97, 101, 114, 119, 178, 193, 194, 195, 201, 238 Karene 27, 36, 44, 114, 125 Karia, Karian, Kares, Karike 55, 69, 73, 105, 111, 137, 176, 181, 190, 205, 218, 233, 256 Karkinitis 27, 114, 125 Karnos 212 Karoussa (Karosa) 27, 213, 221, 233 Karpathos, Karpathioi 27, 37, 49, 60, 214, 219, 220, 233 Karthaia 27, 36, 48, 60, 67, 86, 147, 216, 227 Karyanda 27, 36, 204, 212, 233 Karystos, Karystians 27, 48, 60, 86, 106, 111, 112, 130, 226, 227, 252 Kasmenai 27, 37, 38, 42, 44, 114, 125, 126 Kasolaba 86 Kasos 86, 212 Kaspartyros 133 Kassopa, Kassopaioi, Kassopian, Kassopia, Kassopians 60, 86, 178, 179, 194, 196, 197 Kastanaie, Kastanaian 27, 34, 115, 125 Katane, Katanians 27, 60, 93, 98, 101, 140, 152, 186, 216, 238, 251 Katarbates 213 Katarrhaktes 214 Kaukalos 212 Kaukasis 213, 240 Kaukones 112 Kaulonia 64, 238 Kaunos, Kaunians 27, 37, 86, 181, 213, 218, 233 Ka•ystros 214 Ka•ystrou Pedion 159 Kebren 27, 36, 65, 166, 238 Kedreai 27, 37, 60, 160, 161, 166, 171 Kelainai 133, 159, 180 Kelenderis 27, 36, 213, 233 Kenaion 212

267

Kenchreai 214 Kenya 9 Keos, Keans 41, 48, 105, 128, 129, 214, 216, 226, 227, 229 Kephallenia, Kephallenians, Kephalenia 47, 48, 141, 212 Kephesias 212 Kepoi 238 Keramiakos kolpos 212 Keramon Agora 159 Kerasous 27, 36, 157, 158, 213, 221, 233 Kerdylion 151 Kerkasoros 133 Kerkinitis 212, 240 Kerkyra, see Korkyra Kerne 212 Ketieues (citizens of Kition) 76 Kianou kolpou, tou 211 Kibyra 240 Kierion 238 Kikynethos 27, 34, 212, 216, 227 Kildareis 86 Kilikes, Kilikia, see Cilicia Killa 27, 60, 108, 115, 125, 130 Killareis 55 Killini 39 Kimmerios, Kimmerians 97, 123 Kinolis 27, 33, 213, 233 Kinyps 27, 33, 71, 213, 214, 233 Kios 27, 60, 86, 213, 214, 233 Kirrha, Kirrhaioi 27, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 185, 200, 201 Kithas 86 Klazomenai, Klazomenioi 27, 47, 60, 86, 111, 115, 128, 130, 140, 160, 213, 233, 244, 251 Kleitor 60, 171 Kleonai 27, 60, 86, 109, 115, 152, 213, 220, 233 Knidos 16, 27, 47, 49, 60, 86, 106, 128, 130, 140, 213, 233 Knosos (Knossos) 60, 86, 187, 188, 189, 238, 250 Kobrys 212 Kodapeis 55 Kokylion, Kokylitai 27, 37, 60, 166, 170, 171 Kolchis, Kolchoi 157, 158, 233 Kolonai 15, 27, 60, 165, 166, 238 Kolophon, Kolophonioi, Kolophonian 27, 38, 60, 77, 86, 111, 115, 130, 141, 148, 181, 182, 218, 219, 235, 251 Kolossai 133, 159 Koloussa 28, 33, 213, 219, 221, 233

268

Index of Geographical Names

Kombreia 28, 37, 60, 108, 115, 125, 130 Kopai 65, 67, 152 Kopes kolpos 212 Korakai 86, 238 Korakesion 240 Koranza 60, 86 Koresia (Koressia), Koresioi 28, 41, 48, 60, 86, 227 Korinthos, Korinthios, Korinthioi, Korinthians 28, 60, 67, 69, 70, 71, 87, 104, 115, 130, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 144, 146, 147, 151, 153, 160, 162, 163, 166, 168, 172, 173, 174, 195, 198, 201, 208, 210, 213, 214, 227, 247, 248, 250, 251, 256, 258 Korinthian Gulf 39 Korkyra, Korkyraians 28, 47, 60, 69, 87, 95, 136, 140, 152, 166, 193, 198, 199, 201, 212, 223 Koroneia 60, 87, 153, 180 Koronta 151 Korsiai 178 Korsote 159 Kos 16, 28, 47, 49, 60, 69, 77, 86, 106, 128, 193, 195, 196, 201, 212, 234 Kos Meropis 28, 61, 130, 141, 254 Kotyora 28, 61, 157, 158, 159, 233 Koudatos 213 Krabis 214 Kranioi 28, 37, 48, 61, 141, 143, 144, 150, 153 Krannon 87, 153, 238 Krateiai 212 Krathis 213 Kremmyon (Krommyon) 214 Krenai 151 Kressa 96, 238 Krestona 133 Kreta 212 Krete, see Crete Kriou Metopon 211 Krisa 92, 109 Krithote 28, 37, 61, 96, 198, 201, 238 Krokodeilopolis 133 Kromna 219, 234 Krossaie 108 Krossian 126 Kroton, Krotonians 28, 61, 115, 130, 186, 238 Kroton (barbarian) 133 Krousis 100, 109, 113, 114, 115, 116, 123 Kryassos 211 Ktimene 87 Kuban 97 Kydonia 28, 61, 87, 177, 213, 227, 238

Kydrara 133 Kyklades 205, 212 Kyllene (no. 254) 28, 38, 39, 44, 213, 218, 222, 227 Kyllene (no. 816) 28, 37, 61, 173 Kyme, Cumae, Kymaians (no. 57) 28, 61, 153, 213, 215, 223, 224, 234 Kyme (no. 817) 28, 61, 108, 115, 130, 141, 173, 175, 213, 237 Kynos 28, 34, 92, 93, 98, 101, 238 Kynosouros 98 Kynouria 138 Kypaira 87 Kypasis 96, 212 Kyphanta 36 Kypros, see Cyprus Kyrene, Kyrenaioi 16, 28, 61, 71, 77, 87, 116, 141, 226, 227, 245, 248, 249, 256, 258 Kyrenes, limen 212 Kyrnos 109, 212 Kystiros 61, 87 Kytaia 238 Kythera 28, 35, 38, 39, 44, 141, 144, 146, 147, 148, 166, 167, 212, 216, 227 Kythnos 28, 37, 106, 130, 212, 227, 252 Kytinion, Kytinieis 28, 37, 49, 61, 139, 141, 150, 183 Kytoros (Kytoris) 28, 34, 213, 219, 222, 234, 236, 237 Kyzikos, Kyzikenian, Kyzikenoi 28, 61, 87, 106, 110, 130, 167, 238, 256 Labrys 28, 61, 77, 87 Lade 117 Lakedaimon, Lakedaimonian, Lakedaimonioi 35, 41, 46, 48, 68, 87, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 150, 158, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 177, 181, 193, 195, 197, 208, 210, 216, 217, 220, 222, 251 Lakinion 212 Lakonian, Lakonike 147, 167, 175, 182 Lamia 28, 37, 87, 213, 225, 227 Lampeia 184 Lamponeia 65 Lampsakos 28, 61, 87, 108, 116, 119, 130, 167, 238, 251 Laos 64, 238 Larisa (Larissa) (no. 255) 28, 34, 179 Larisa (Larissa) (no. 401) 28, 56, 153, 187, 188, 189, 238, 246, 248 Larisa (Larissa) (no. 437) 87, 238

Index of Geographical Names

Larisa (Larissa) (no. 784) 15, 28, 37, 61, 87, 167, 172, 238 Larisa (no. 818) 28, 61, 116, 130, 165, 166, 167, 172, 173 Larisa (on the Tigris) 159 Larisos 179 Larymna 238 Las 28, 35, 208, 213, 216, 227 Lasion 61 Latmos 28, 61, 77, 87, 205, see Herakleia (no. 910) Laureion (Laurion) 43, 173 Lebaia 34, 116, 125 Lebadeia 61, 71, 87, 180 Lebedos 28, 61, 79, 87, 98, 111, 116, 130 Lechoioi 61, 87 Lemnos, Lemnian 43, 160, 183, 212 Leontinoi, Leontine 28, 61, 69, 114, 116, 130, 141, 153, 167, 238, 251 Lepreon, Lepreeis 28, 61, 112, 116, 153, 247, 248 Lerisai 108 Lerne 184, 185, 187, 188, 189 Lesbos, Lesbioi 99, 106, 110, 112, 118, 121, 137, 177, 212, 218, 231 Leston 213 Letrinoi 61, 172 Leukai 28, 213, 234 Leukania 211 Leukas, Leukadians 28, 61, 106, 130, 141, 153, 213, 228 Leukata 211 Leuke 212 Leukophrys (Leukophryene) 28, 34, 160, 163, 167, 170, 257 Lianos 57 Libya 33, 38, 104, 176, 205 [= Africa], 218, 256 Lilaia 87 Lilybaion 211 limen Barkes, see Barkes, limen limen Kyrenes, see Kyrenes, limen Limnai 87, 96 Limnaia 150 Limne 28, 34, 213, 240 Limyra 213, 240 Lindioi 140 Lindos, Lindian 16, 28, 38, 41, 44, 47, 48, 49, 61, 73, 80, 81, 87, 106, 128, 130, 140, 142, 153, 220, 234, 236 Lipara, Liparaioi 28, 183, 212, 248 Lipaxos 28, 37, 61, 108, 116, 125, 130 Lisai 108, 116, 125, 126, 130

269

Lissa (Lisos) 28, 213, 228 Livan‹ates 98 Lixos 213, 214, 240 Lokris, East 38, 73, 93, 95, 98, 101, 129 Lokris, West 17, 73, 93, 136, 137, 210 Lokroi Epizephyrioi (no. 59) 28, 61, 77, 87, 142, 153, 201, 238, 250, 251, 258 Lotophagoi 239, 240 Lousoi 61, 87 Lydia, Lydian 105, 111, 185, 186, 218 Lydias 124, 213 Lykastos 28, 34, 213bis, 219, 221, 234 Lykeion (gymnasion) 161, 247 Lykia, Lykian, Lykians 22, 55, 73, 80, 82, 188, 205, 218, 219, 240, 241 Lykos 214 Lyktos 238 Lyrnateia 212 Machimos 177 Madytos, Madytioi 29, 36, 87, 96, 97, 117, 122, 125, 238 Magnesia (no. 852) 29, 61, 87, 213, 234, 251, 256, 257 Magnesia 53, 206, 226 Magydos 219 Maiandros 160, 163, 214 Mainalia, Mainalians 56, 170, 185 Maiotis 212 Makedonia, Makedonian 73, 94, 105, 116, 149, 160, 168, 179, 206, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 230, 232, 237 Makiston, Makistos 29, 69, 112, 117, 125, 160, 164, 165, 167, 172 Maktorion (Sicilian) 105 Maktorion (barbarian) 133 Malay 9 Malea 151, 208, 211 Malis, Malieis 110, 129, 208, 225, 227 Mallos 29, 213, 234 Manios kolpos 212 Mantinea, Mantinean, Mantineans 29, 40, 54, 61, 71, 76, 80, 81, 87, 106, 130, 136, 142, 145, 153, 160, 167, 172, 177, 198, 201, 209, 238 Marathon, Marathonian 49 Marea 133 Marganeis 61, 163, 172 Marion 29, 213, 234 Maroneia, Maroneians 29, 37, 88, 94, 98, 101, 107, 112, 117, 125, 128, 183, 213, 231, 234 Massalia 29, 61, 213, 223, 224, 251

270

Index of Geographical Names

Mazousia 95 Media 94 Mediterranean 206 Medma 55, 64, 238 Megale polis, Megalopolitai, Megalopolis 29, 37, 61, 71, 88, 161, 162, 195, 201 Megara, Megarians (no. 36) 131, 142, 224 Megara, Megarian, Megareis (no. 225) 29, 39, 61, 70, 73, 88, 106, 135, 142, 153, 173, 181, 201, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 225, 228, 244, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 257, 259 Megara Hyblaia 29 Megaris 151, 210, 211, 212, 218, 222, 224 Megiste 212 Mekyberna, Mekyberne, Mekybernaians 29, 61, 70, 106, 113, 117, 137, 142, 153, 213, 220, 234 Melaina Korkyra 29, 77 Melas potamos 124 Melas kolpos 212, 213 Meliboia 52, 71, 104, 106, 238 Melieus kolpos 212 Melitaia 88, 238 Melite 212, 240 Melos 29, 61, 106, 131, 153, 198, 200, 201, 212, 228 Memphis 133 Mende, Mendians, Mendaios 29, 61, 93, 108, 117, 118, 142, 153, 195, 220, 238, 251 Menekine 93, 94 Mentorides 212 Meroa 133 Mes 213, 240 Mesambria (no. 687) 29, 36, 100, 110, 117, 123, 125, 131, 238 Mesambrie (no. 647) 29, 34, 42, 100, 117, 123, 125 Mesapios 213 Mesopotamia 159, 160 Mespila 159 Messana, see Zankle Messapioi 88 Messene, Messanians, Messana (no. 51) 142, 143, 146, 213, 215, 224 Messene (no. 260) 153 Messene (no. 318) 29, 88, 160, 195, 198, 201, 204, 210, 228, 246 Messenians 35, 36, 161, 162, 215, 216 Messene/Ithome 61 Metapontion 29, 64, 71, 183, 184, 238, 257 Metasoris 213 Methana 29, 146, 147, 213, 216, 228

Methone (no. 319), see Mothone Methone (no. 454) 53, 88, 238 Methone (no. 541) 29, 61, 88, 195, 201, 213, 220, 221, 234 Methydrion 71 Methymna, Methymnaioi 29, 61, 88, 110, 117, 126, 131, 138, 142, 167, 172, 198, 201, 231, 234 Metropolis, Metropolites, Matropolita 88, 150 Metropolis (of the Mossynoikoi) 159 Mexico 9 Mikro Karabournou 100 Miletos, Milesian, Milesians 29, 61, 67, 69, 71, 77, 78, 88, 96, 97, 105, 110, 111, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 131, 140, 142, 157, 159, 179, 229, 232, 233, 238, 254, 257, 259 Miletou Teichos 42 Milkoros 88 Minoa 29, 48, 62, 88, 225 Mitylene, see Mytilene Mixtec 9 Molykreion 147, 239 Momemphis 133 Monte Casale 126 Mossynoikoi 97, 159 Mothone, Methone (no. 319) 29, 35, 142, 194, 200, 239 Mounichia 246 Mygdonia 100, 124 Mykalessos 29, 62, 142, 143, 153 Mykenai (Mykene) 29, 73, 78, 106, 131, 187, 188, 189, 190, 253, 254 Mykonos 29, 37, 48, 49, 78, 88, 212, 217, 218, 228 Mylai, Mylaians 29, 38, 42, 44, 213, 215, 216, 222, 224 Mylasa 29, 62, 88, 106, 131, 248, 251 Myndos, Myndian 29, 36, 213, 234 Myonnesos 29, 34, 94, 98, 99, 101 Myous 29, 62, 67, 69, 88, 111, 115, 116, 117, 118, 131, 140, 232, 233 Myriandros 159, 212 Myrina (no. 502) 29, 43, 62, 88, 172, 183, 201 Myrina, Myrinaioi (no. 822) 29, 62, 97, 108, 118, 131, 160, 165, 167, 213, 235 Myrkinos 29, 62, 105, 118, 153 Myrleia 239 Myrmekion 239 Myrrina 183 [?] Mysia, Mysoi 55, 218 Mytilene (Mitylene), Mytilenaians 29, 47, 62, 70, 71, 74, 78, 88, 97, 108, 118, 122,

Index of Geographical Names

128, 131, 138, 143, 153, 167, 172, 179, 193, 198, 201, 206, 231, 234, 251, 257, 259 Nagidos 29, 94, 99, 101, 213, 235 Narisbareis 55 Naro 213 Nasamones 240 Nasos 62, 113, 130 Nasos/Pordoselene 29, 78, 236 Naukratis, Naukratitians 20, 29, 37, 38, 42, 44, 47, 88, 118, 125, 127, 128 Naulochon 29, 38, 39, 44, 62, 78, 80, 81, 82, 88, 147 Naupaktos 29, 62, 88, 95, 143, 151, 153, 212, 228 Nauplia 29, 37, 38, 39, 44, 53, 213, 222, 228 Naustathmos 212 Naxos, Naxioi, Naxians (no. 41) 29, 62, 114, 118, 131, 143, 153, 186, 216, 239 Naxos, Naxioi (no. 507) 30, 62, 88, 104, 118, 131, 153, 239, 244, 247, 248 Neandreia, Neandreis 30, 37, 62, 166, 167, 172, 239 Neapolis (no. 63) 30, 65, 137, 213, 215, 223, 224 Neapolis (no. 586) 30, 37, 62, 108, 118, 125 131 Neapolis (no. 634) 88 Neapolis (barbarian) 133, 240 Nemea 186, 187, 211 Neon 30, 107, 118, 125 Neon Teichos 30, 42, 62, 108, 118, 131 Nephelokokkygia 254 Nesos 121 Nestos 213 Nikonion (Nikonia) 30, 36, 208, 213, 235 Ninos 133 Nisaia 142, 151, 208, 210, 214 Nisyros 62, 106, 131, 212 Nonakris 52, 68, 104, 106 Notion (no. 825) 30, 38, 62, 108, 118, 125, 131 Notion, Notieis, Notians (no. 858) 30, 36, 39, 141, 148, 181, 182, 213, 218, 219, 235, 251 Noudion 30, 34, 112, 118, 125 Nymphaia 239 Oasis 30, 34, 118, 119, 125 Oaxos 119, 131 Ochamchire 232 Ocherainos 213 Odeinios, Adienos 30, 34, 213, 219, 221, 235

271

Odessos 239 Odrysians 137 Oianthea (Oianthe, Oiantheia), Oiantheoi 30, 78, 93, 95, 99, 101, 210, 226 Oie 108 Oine 30, 49, 62, 88, 101, 226 Oiniadai 30, 143, 212, 228 Oinoe 49 Oinophyta 151 Oinotria, Oinotrians 93, 113 Oinous 35, 147 Oinoussai nesoi 99 Oios 35, 40, 41, 217 Oisyme 30, 128, 177, 239 Oitaia 38 Oite 208 Oitylos 184, 185 Olbia 30, 69, 78, 88, 117, 119, 210, 213, 219, 235 Olbia/Borysthenes 62 Olizon 239 Olbianos kolpos 212 Olophyxos 30, 62, 109, 119, 153, 213, 220, 235 Olous 212, 239 Olympia 169, 215, 224 Olynta 212 Olynthos, Olynthians, Olynthia 30, 62, 68, 70, 106, 113, 119, 137, 143, 153, 163, 167, 169, 172, 182, 193, 194, 195, 202, 210, 213, 220, 235, 252 Ophiones 146 Ophiousa 30, 34, 208, 213, 235 Ophryneion 30, 36, 65, 70, 88, 104, 111, 119, 125 Opis 133, 160 Opous 62, 88, 92, 98, 170, 239, 259 Orchomenos (no. 213) 30, 62, 71, 153, 195, 196, 257 Orchomenos, Orchomenioi (no. 286) 30, 40, 62, 67, 106, 131, 168, 172, 209, 238 Oreos, see Histiaia Oresthasion 30, 184, 185 Oresteion 184, 185 Orestias 189 [?] Orikoi 240 Orikos 30, 34, 95, 212, 224 Ornithon 213, 240 Orobiai, Orobieis 30, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, 143, 146, 148, 149 Oropos 71, 88, 139 Othoros 88 Ouriton 211

272

Index of Geographical Names

Oxoniaioi 88 Pachynos 183, 211 Pagai (Pegai) 38, 39, 210, 211, 214, 218, 239 Pagasai 39, 239 Gulf of Pagasai, Pagasetikos kolpos 193, 216, 227 Paion 30, 37, 62, 96, 119, 125, 131, 239 Paisos 30, 36, 108, 119, 125 Paktye 30, 34, 96, 114, 119, 125, 239 Palaigambrion 30, 37, 62, 160, 165, 168, 170, 172 Palaiokastro 49 Palairos, Palaireis 39, 144 Palaiskiathos, Palaiskiathioi 217, 229 Palaityros 213 Palamnos 213 Paleis 30, 37, 48, 62, 141, 143, 153 Pallantion, Pallantieis, Pallantians 62, 71, 89, 161, 162 Pallene (in Chakidike) 106, 108, 109, 110, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 124, 211, 220, 221 Pallene (in Attika) 248 Pamphylia 205, 218, 240 Pandosia 30, 65, 178, 179, 194, 196, 197, 239 Panopeus (Phanoteus) 16, 31, 37, 62, 71, 111, 119, 131, 180, 181, 239 Panormos 30, 37, 62, 196, 217, 228 Pantikapaion 16, 239 Paphos 30, 62, 78, 259 Papremis 133 Parapotamioi 30, 37, 62, 107, 119, 180, 181 Parikane, Parikanioi 94 Parion 30, 37, 108, 120, 125, 131, 239 Parnessos, Parnassos 118, 182 Paroreatai 112 Paros, Parians, Parioi 30, 62, 79, 89, 120, 177, 198, 199, 209, 212, 224, 239, 257, 259 Parpariotai 55 Parthenios 214 Parthia 94 Patara 213, 240 Patoumos 133 Patrai 209, 239 Pedasa 105 Pedieis 30, 35, 37, 55, 89, 107, 120, 125 Pegai, see Pagai Peiraieus 39, 75, 139, 160, 209, 210, 212 Peirasia 89 Pelasgis, Pelasgoi 108, 109, 186 Peleiatai 55 Pelinnaion 239

Pella 22, 30, 37, 62, 69, 105, 114, 120, 151, 168, 172, 213, 220, 221, 235 Pellana 36 Pellene, Pelleneis 30, 62, 89, 137, 153, 168, 172, 209, 239 Peloponnese, Peloponnesos, Peloponnesian, Peloponnesians 73, 135, 137, 143, 144, 145, 156, 161, 179, 182, 194, 198, 205, 249, 253, 255 Peloponnesian War 16 Pelorias 211 Peltai 160 Peparethos 30, 37, 62, 195, 196, 213, 214, 217, 218, 228, 229 Peraia 41 Pergamon 30, 37, 62, 165, 168, 172 Perge, Pergaios 30, 36, 205, 213, 219, 235 Perinthos, Perinthian, Perinthioi, Perinthians 30, 36, 89, 96, 110, 131, 156, 157, 158, 206, 213, 235 Peritas 178 Perkote 30, 36, 108, 120, 125, 239 Perrhaiboi 113 Petra 142 Petras 212 Peuketians 93 Phagres 42, 239 Phaistos 239 Phalanna 89 Phalasarna 30, 212, 213, 229 Phanagoria, Phanagorou 31, 213, 235, 239 Phanoteus, see Panopeus Phara 31, 34, 212, 216, 229 Pharai 65 Pharbelos 89 Pharos (in Egypt) 137, 212 Pharos (no. 84) 31, 62, 89, 212, 223, 224 Pharsalos, Pharsalian 31, 62, 89, 143, 153, 172, 184, 185, 239 Phaselis 31, 47, 62, 106, 128, 131, 205, 213, 235 Phasis 18, 31, 213bis, 235, 236 Phellos 205, 213, 240 Pheneos 68 Pherai, Pheraioi 31, 39, 62, 89, 153, 187, 188, 190, 196, 239 Phleious, Phleiasioi 16, 31, 62, 71, 89, 106, 131, 163, 168, 172, 198, 202, 257 Phoinikes, Phoenician, Phoinikia, Phoinike 114, 176, 183, 214, 218, 239, 240, 241 Phoinix 109 Phoitiai 89

Index of Geographical Names

Phokaia 31, 47, 62, 89, 111, 120, 128, 131, 213, 236, 251 Phokaiai (in Leontinoi) 141 Phokis, Phokian, Phokians 15, 17, 35, 38, 54, 73, 92, 107, 109, 113, 137 [?], 139, 193, 205 Phrikonis 108 Phrixai (Phrixa) 31, 62, 112, 120, 172 Phrygia, Phrygian 21, 94, 159, 160, 180, 184, 185, 218 Phthia 184 Phykous kolpos 212 Phyrragioi 89 Pidasa 62, 77, 89, 205 Pillars of Herakles 206, 218, 240, 241 Piloros 31, 63, 89, 106, 120, 131 Pinara, Pinareoi 80, 82, 182 Pinaros 182 Pisa 212, 215, 240 Pistasos 89 Pistiros 42 Pistyros 31, 34, 104, 106, 120, 125 Pitane 31, 63, 108, 120, 131, 212 Pithekoussai (Pithekoussa, Pithekousai) Pithekoussans 31, 37, 38, 42, 44, 212, 213, 215, 222, 224, 240 Pladasa 63, 89 Plakia 31, 213, 236 Plareeis 239 Plataiai, Plataians, Plataieis 31, 63, 71, 78, 79, 89, 121, 131, 137, 143, 153, 182, 183, 195, 196, 198, 199, 202, 244 Platea 116 Plateia 212 Pleume 89 Pleuron 44, 183 Plinthinos kolpos 212 Poiessa 31, 48, 63, 89, 213, 227, 229 Polichna 140 Polichnaioi (-itai) 99 Polis, Polieus 136 Polyrrhenia 229 Pontia 212 Pontic region 94, 97, 98, 219, 220, 221, 222 Pontic Sea, see Euxeinos pontos Pontion 214, 240 Pontos 195 Pordanis 213 Pordoselene 63, 89, 212, 236 Porphyreon 213, 240 Porthmos 194 Poseidonia 63, 89, 239 Poseidonos, hieron, see hieron Poseidonos

273

Posideion (no. 376) 41, 149, 180 Posideion (no. 1022) 31, 121, 125 Poteidaia (Potidaia) 31, 63, 71, 89, 108, 121, 143, 153, 198, 199, 200, 202, 200, 239, 244 Potidaion 220, 233 Praisos 239 Prasiai 31, 35, 213, 216, 229 Prasidaki 53 Priapos 31, 36, 213, 236 Priene, Prienians 31, 38, 63, 78, 80, 81, 82, 89, 111, 121, 131, 147, 160, 163, 168, 213, 236 Probalinthos 49 Proerna 89 Prokonnesos 31, 63, 110, 121, 131, 167, 212, 236 Pronnoi, Pronnaioi 31, 37, 47, 48, 63, 89, 141, 144, 153 Propontic Thrace 73 Proteras 212 Psamathos 212, 240 Psamathous 208, 210, 212 Psegas 213, 240 Psoron 212 Psophis 63, 89 Psylla 212 Pteleon, Pteleosioi 42, 99 Pteria 122 Pterioi 133 Ptolis 136 Ptoon 109 Pydna 31, 37, 200, 202, 213, 220, 221, 236 Pygela 63, 89 Pylos 253 Pyramos 214 Pyrasos 153 Pyrene 133 Pyrgos 31, 34, 53, 112, 121, 125 Pyrrha 31, 37, 63, 121, 138, 144, 153, 213, 231, 236 Pyxous 65 Rhamnous 209, 214 Rhaukos 239 Rhebas 214 Rhegion 31, 63, 142, 144, 153, 211, 224, 247, 248, 251 Rheneia (Rhenaia) 31, 63, 151, 200, 202, 239 Rhis 213 Rhizous 231, 239 Rhodes, Rhodos, Rhodia (the island) 38, 41, 47, 48, 49, 55, 80, 81, 128, 129, 140,

274

Index of Geographical Names

177, 180, 182, 183, 200, 212, 220, 232, 234, 236, 237, 245 Rhodos (the city) 31, 41, 63, 69, 89, 131, 193, 200, 202, 212, 251, 257 Rhoiteion 31, 37, 63, 70, 89, 104, 111, 121, 153, 239 Rhome (Rome) 20, 212, 215, 240 Rhyndakos 214 Rhypes 209, 239 Sagarios 214 Sais 133, 246 Salamis, Salaminios (no. 363) 16, 20, 31, 38, 43, 44, 105, 128, 129, 209, 212, 213, 217, 229, 259 Salamis (no. 1020) 31, 63, 121, 198, 199, 202, 236, 259 Sale 31, 36, 121, 125, 125 Same, Samaioi 31, 37, 48, 63, 141, 144, 153 Samos, Samians, Samioi 15, 31, 63, 69, 70, 74, 90, 99, 111, 113, 119, 121, 122, 123, 125, 131, 144, 153, 168, 172, 198, 199, 200, 202, 212, 236, 251 Samothrake, Samothracian 63, 90, 100, 117, 121, 125, 212 Sane (no. 600) 31, 63, 109, 122, 153 Sane (no. 601) 14, 31, 37, 63, 70, 108, 122, 137, 144, 153 Sarapta 213, 240 Sardis 133 Saronic Gulf 38 Sarpedon 213, 240 Sarte 31, 37, 63, 90, 106, 122, 131 Sason 212 Seleinous 31, 37, 63, 196, 217, 228 Selinous, Selinousioi 31, 63, 90, 153, 160, 166, 168, 239 Sellasia 175 Selymbria 31, 63, 90, 96, 131, 193, 202, 210, 213, 236, 251 Sepeia 110 Sepias 71, 115 Seriphos 31, 54, 63, 90, 106, 131, 198, 202, 212, 229, 250 Sermylia (Sermyle) 31, 63, 106, 113, 122, 144, 153, 213, 220, 236 Sermylikos kolpos 212 Serreion Teichos 42 Sesamos 31, 213, 219, 222, 223, 234, 236 Sestos, Sestioi, Sestians 32, 42, 63, 90, 96, 97, 122, 144, 163, 168, 198, 199, 202, 239 Setos 212 Sicily, Sikelia, Sicilian, Sikeloi, Sikeliotai 34,

38, 73, 92, 93, 105, 137, 142, 145, 146, 160, 164, 175, 183, 186, 198, 204, 212, 215, 216, 224 Sida 213, 240 Side (no. 344) 32, 35, 213, 216, 229 Side (no. 1004) 32, 213, 237 Siderous 211 Sidon, Sidonians, Sidonioi 20, 133, 213, 240 Sidous 214 Sidousa, Sidoussa, Sidosioi 32, 36, 42, 94, 99, 100, 101 Sige 240 Sigeion 32, 36, 65, 108, 122, 125, 177, 239 Sikelia, see Sicily Sikinos 32, 63, 90, 212, 229 Sikyon, Sikyonioi 32, 63, 71, 90, 106, 131, 154, 163, 168, 172, 208, 212, 229 Sindikos 212 Sindos, Sindonaios 32, 34, 111, 122, 125 Sindos, modern 95 Singos, Singaians 32, 63, 70, 106, 122, 131, 137, 144, 154 Sinope, Sinopeis 32, 38, 63, 77, 122, 123, 157, 158, 159, 213, 218, 219, 221, 223, 232, 233, 234, 236, 237 Sinos 90 Siouph 133 Siphai 32, 63, 154, 213, 222, 229 Siphnos 32, 63, 90, 123, 131, 198, 199, 202, 227, 239 Sipylos 184 Siris, Siritis 32, 65, 183, 184 Sithonia 106, 110, 117, 119, 120, 122, 124 Sittake 160 Sixos 93, 94 Skamandros 214 Skandeia 32, 35, 38, 39, 44, 141, 144, 146, 147, 148 Skepsis 32, 63, 90, 165, 169, 172, 239 Skiathos, Skiathios 32, 36, 48, 49, 90, 212, 213, 217, 218, 229 Skillous, Skillountioi 53, 63, 90, 163, 172 Skione, Skionaians 32, 63, 108, 123, 131, 144, 154, 220, 239 Skiritis 217 Skolos, see Stolos Skottoussa (Skotousa) 90, 239 Skylaion 211 Skyros, Skyrios 32, 43, 63, 160, 172, 212, 217, 229 Skythia, Skythian 21, 114, 208 Smila (Smilla) 32, 37, 63, 90, 94, 100, 101, 108, 123, 126, 131

Index of Geographical Names

Smyrna 32, 63, 90, 108, 123, 131, 256 Sollion 32, 34, 39, 144, 146, 147, 148, 151 Soloi (no. 1011) 32, 213, 237 Soloi, Solioi (no. 1021) 32, 63, 123, 237, 257, 259 Solygeia 151 Sounion 208, 209, 211 Sousa 133 Spalauthra 239 Sparta, Spartan, Spartiates, Spartiatai 16, 20, 32, 35, 39, 53, 54, 63, 70, 79, 110, 123, 131, 135, 137, 145, 146, 150, 154, 157, 159, 169, 172, 173, 174, 177, 184, 185, 197, 198, 199, 202, 220, 239, 243, 246, 253, 259, cf. Lakedaimon Spartolos, Spartolians 32, 63, 145, 154 Spercheios 208, 213 Spina 32, 34, 224 Spines 186 Stagiros 32, 64, 123, 154 Stameneia (Stamene) 32, 33, 213, 219, 221, 237 Stephanes 212 Stolos/Skolos 32, 64, 79, 154 Stratos, Stratioi 32, 64, 69, 90, 145, 151 Strouza 43 Stryme 32, 37, 38, 42, 43, 44, 64, 117, 123, 127, 128 Strymon 93, 110, 112, 208, 213bis Stymphalos 64, 90, 209, 239, 243 Styra 41, 106, 132, 180 Styx 68, 104 Swahili city-states 9 Syangela/Theangela 32, 64, 79, 80, 90 Sybaris, Sybaritai 32, 64, 123, 132, 249, 251 Sybrita 239 Syene 133 Sylleion 213, 240 Symaithos 213 Syme 90 Syrakousai, Syracuse 16, 32, 64, 69, 92, 114, 123, 126, 132, 137, 142, 145, 154, 167, 172, 174, 177, 182, 198, 202, 213, 223, 224, 250, 251, 259 Syria, Syrians 121, 159, 160, 218, 239, 240, 241 Syros 64, 90, 239 Syrtis kolpos 212 Tainaros, Cape 208, 212 Talana 90 Tanagra, Tanagraians, Tanagraioi 32, 37, 64, 65, 68, 71, 101, 154, 161, 184, 259

275

Tanais 213 Tanzania 9 Taras 32, 64, 90, 154, 177, 183, 184, 193, 202, 239, 250, 251 Tarbaneis 55 Taricheiai 213, 240 Tarsoi 160 Taucheira 32, 123, 125 Taurian Chersonesos 96 Taurikes, tes 211 Tauromenion 204, 239 Tearos 110, 113 Tegea, Tegeatai, Tegeatans 32, 40, 64, 71, 90, 106, 132, 145, 161, 162, 169, 172, 209, 239, 259 Teichos Boioton 214 Teithronion 32, 37, 90, 124, 125, 239 Telemessos (Telmissos) 80, 82, 190, 205, 213, 241 Telos 212 Temesa 55, 65 Temnos 32, 64, 108, 124, 132, 172 Tenedos, Tenedioi 32, 64, 90, 106, 110, 124, 132 Tenos 32, 37, 90, 106, 132, 213, 230 Teos, Teioi, Teans 15, 32, 47, 64, 74, 79, 90, 98, 99, 101, 107, 111, 124, 128, 132, 145, 213, 237, 245, 257, 258 Terina 65, 239 Termera 106, 132 Tetrakis 32, 34, 213, 219, 221, 237 Tethronion 107 Teuthrania 32, 37, 64, 165, 169, 172 Thapsa 213, 241 Thapsakos 160, 214 Thasos, Thasian, Thasians, Thasioi 20, 33, 42, 64, 71, 79, 91, 97, 101, 106, 117, 120, 123, 127, 128, 132, 145, 154, 195, 196, 204, 212, 231, 237, 258, 259 Thasthareis 55 Theangela, see Syangela Thebai, Thebes, Theban, Thebans, Thebaioi 14, 15, 33, 64, 68, 71, 80, 91, 124, 132, 154, 161, 169, 172, 173, 174, 180, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193, 196, 198, 199, 200, 202, 239, 250, 251, 252, 254, 258, 259 Thebai, Thebes (Egypt) 119, 246 Themiskyra 33, 34, 213, 221, 237 Theodosia 239 Thera 64, 91, 106, 114, 132, 154, 251 Therambos, Thrambaioi 33, 37, 64, 108, 124, 125, 220, 239 Therma (no. 481) 33, 37, 49, 64, 91, 226

276

Index of Geographical Names

Thermaic Gulf 22, 95, 100, 108, 109, 212 Therme (no. 552) 22, 33, 94, 95, 100, 101, 111, 122, 124, 125, 179, 213, 220, 221, 237 Thermodon 213 Thermopylai 40, 78, 109, 129, 208 Thespiai, Thespians 15, 20, 33, 64, 69, 91, 106, 121, 124, 132, 154, 169, 178, 195, 196, 198, 202, 254, 258 Thesprotis, Thesprotia 139, 197 Thessaly, Thessalians, Thessalian, Thessalia 56, 73, 137, 143, 184 Thetideion 184, 185 Thorikos 14, 33, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, 53, 93, 100, 101, 102, 185, 209, 214 Thourioi (Thouria) 33, 37, 65, 211, 212, 224, 239, 251 Thrace, Thracian, Thracians, Thrake 38, 42, 73, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 106, 107, 118, 122, 128, 142, 160, 176, 177, 179, 193, 194, 195, 220, 222, 230, 231 Thraistos, Thraustos, Thraistioi, Thraustian 33, 37, 64, 169, 170, 171 Thrambaioi, see Therambos Thraustos, see Thraistos Thronion 44 Thymiateria 213, 241 Thyrea 33, 35, 138, 145, 146, 147, 148 Thymbrion 160 Thynias 212 Thyssos 33, 64, 109, 124, 154, 213, 220, 237 Tibarenoi 97 Tieion 33, 213, 219, 222, 223, 234, 237 Tigris 159 Tinde 91 Tindion 186 Tiryns 44 Tlos, Tlotoi 80, 82 Torikos, Toretike 213, 237 Torone, Toronaians, Toronaioi 33, 64, 67, 68, 69, 106, 113, 119, 124, 135, 145, 154, 169, 198, 199, 213, 220, 237 Trachis 33, 124, 125, 204, 208 Trapezous, Trapezuntian 33, 64, 97, 98, 156, 157, 158, 159, 213, 233, 237 Triballoi 243 Trieres 241

Trikaranon/-os 71 Trikarenia 187, 190 Trikka 91 Trikorynthos 49 Triopion 211 Triphylia, Triphylian, Triphylians, Triphylioi 53, 54, 112, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 163 Tripodiskos 151 Tripoiai 91 Tripolis 213, 241 Tritea 64, 74, 91 Triteis 33, 34, 35, 107, 124, 125 Triton 214 Tritonis 212 Troas 54, 65, 218 Troizen, Troizenioi 33, 64, 70, 80, 91, 106, 132, 154, 196, 202, 213, 230, 251 Troy 185, 186, 189, 198, 201, 254 Tylisos 64, 91 Tyrene 187, 188, 189, 190 Tyriaion (Tyriaeion) 21, 160 Tyris 208, 213 Tyros, Tyrioi 213, 240, 241 Tyrrhenoi 186, 240 Uganda 21 Viking city-states 9 West Lokris, see Lokris, West Xanthos, Xanthioi 22, 33, 64, 80, 82, 91, 182, 188, 189, 190, 214 Xion 214 Xiphoneios 208, 212 Zakynthos, Zakynthioi 33, 37, 91, 154, 169, 212, 230 Zankle/Messana, Zanklaioi 33, 64, 114, 125, 132, 142, 215, 224, 251 Zeleia 33, 64, 80, 91 Zephyrion 213, 241 Zephyrios 212 Zone 33, 36, 121, 125, 212

Polis, in plural poleis, is the word the ancient Greeks used to describe their principal type of state and community and the most common of all nouns in ancient Greek. In Archaic and Classical sources there are over 11,000 attestations of the word, and they show that it was used in two different senses: (1) town (sometimes including the hinterland) and (2) state (sometimes including the territory). Often it carries both senses simultaneously and denotes both the state and its urban centre. The Copenhagen Polis Centre (1993–2005) conducted a number of investigations into

the use and meanings of the term polis in all Archaic and Classical sources to find out what the Greeks thought a polis was. The present volume is a thoroughly revised and updated comprehensive publication of all these studies, to which four new studies have been added. They show that the two different meanings of the word polis are connected through their reference: with very few exceptions every polis town was the urban centre of a polis state, and conversely: virtually every polis state had an urban centre called a polis in the sense of town.

www.steiner-verlag.de Franz Steiner Verlag

ISBN 978-3-515-09054-4