The Research Experience: Planning, Conducting, and Reporting Research [1st ed.] 9781506325149, 1506325149

Preface About the Author Introduction Chapter 1 Research, Biases in Thinking, and the Role of Theories Why Research Matt

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The Research Experience: Planning, Conducting, and Reporting Research [1st ed.]
9781506325149, 1506325149

Author / Uploaded
Devlin
Ann Sloan

Table of contents :
Preface 
About the Author 
Introduction 
Chapter 1 Research, Biases in Thinking, and the Role of Theories 
Why Research Matters 
The Research Process: Humans Make Predictions 
Heuristics and the Work of Kahneman and Tversky 
Other Problems in Thinking 
Doing Science as Tradition and Innovation 
Research and the Value of Common Sense 
Flexibility in Thinking 
Theories: What They Are and Why They Matter 
Making a Connection Between a Theory and a Good Research Question 
Summary 
Chapter 2 Generating and Shaping Ideas: Tradition and Innovation 
Overview 
Ideas: Information Services, aka The Library 
Ideas: Searching Effectively in the Library 
Electronic Resources and Keywords 
Keywords: The "Key" to Success 
PsycINFO 
Other Databases and Indexes in the Social Sciences 
The Web and Peer Review 
Particular Kinds of Articles 
How Journals Differ: Issues Related to Quality 
Open Access and Predatory Publishers 
Publication Practices of Journals 
Journal Articles Versus Book Chapters 
Physically Obtaining an Article: A Closer Look at Databases 
Summary of the Article Locator Search Process 
Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Systems and World Catalog (WorldCat) 
What to Do With Your Articles (Read More Than the Abstract!) 
The Introduction 
The Method Section 
The Results Section 
The Discussion Section: Conflicts and Gaps 
Keeping Track: ILL, Mendeley, and RefWorks 
Reasonable Questions and the Problem of Third Variables: Closing the Research Gap 
Time Pressure and Timelines 
Academic Fraud 
Summary 
Chapter 3 Research Design Approaches and Issues: An Overview 
Overview 
Research Quality Affects Research Answers 
What Research Can Tell You: The Continuum of Certainty 
Correlation Versus Causation 
Why Conduct Correlational Research? 
The Language of Correlation and Causation 
Correlational Research Approaches: Correlational and Quasi-experimental 
Hallmarks of True Experimental Approaches 
Differentiation of Independent and Dependent Variables 
Reframing a Research Idea 
Type I Versus Type II Error 
Type II Errors: Sample Size, Power, and Effect Size 
Internal Validity 
Behavior of the Experimenter and Demand Characteristics 
Behavior of the Participant: Role Attitude 
Single- and Double-Blind Approaches to Research 
Cover Stories 
Pilot Tests and Manipulation Checks 
Summary of Additional Threats to Internal Validity 
External Validity and Ecological Validity 
Where Research Takes Place 
Where Qualitative Research Takes Place 
Summary 
Chapter 4 Ethics and the Institutional Review Board (IRB) Process 
Overview 
What Is the IRB, and Why Does It Exist? 
History of Ethical Oversight 
The APA Code of Ethics 
What Is Research? What Are Human Subjects? 
IRB Membership and Duties 
Levels of IRB Review 
Components of the IRB Proposal 
Informed Consent 
Debriefing 
Children as a Vulnerable Population: Implications for Research 
Research With Children: Secondary Data Analysis 
Deception and Its Alternatives 
Ethics and Student Participation in Research: Alternatives to the Subject Pool 
Offering Incentives in Research: Are Incentives Coercive? 
Preparing an IRB Proposal 
The IRB Training Modules 
Summary 
Chapter 5 Measures and Survey Research Tools 
Overview 
The Concept of Measurement: Ideal Versus Real 
The Purpose of Measures 
Measurement Scale Types 
Sensitivity of a Scale and Anchor Values 
The Process of Identifying Measures: The Literature 
Databases of Tests (PsycTESTS and HaPI) 
Books of Measures 
Department Resources and Professors 
Catalogs of Measures and Fees Charged 
Qualities of Measures: Reliability and Validity 
The Importance of Computing Your Own Cronbach's Alpha 
Qualities of Measures: Validity 
Length and Difficulty of Measures 
Instructions for Scoring 
Names of Measures and Social Desirability Concerns 
Qualifications for Use 
Developing Your Own Instrument 
Scale Types and Flexibility in Answering Research Questions 
The Order of Questions in a Survey 
Online Survey Software Tools 
Features of Online Survey Software Programs 
Program Features 
Google Docs Forms 
Downloading Online Surveys into SPSS 
Survey Appearance 
Summary 
Chapter 6 Correlational and Qualitative Research 
Overview 
Correlational Research: General Characteristics 
Questions Posed About the Sample 
Drawbacks to Correlational Approaches 
Correlational Design: Quasi-experimental Design (i.e., Questions About Groups) 
Statistics Used in Correlational Designs 
Qualitative Research 
Qualitative Research and the Concept of Reflexivity 
Acceptance of Qualitative Methodology in the Social and Behavioral Sciences 
Qualitative Approaches to Research 
How to Capture Behavior: Behavioral Categories 
How Often and How Long to Observe 
Calculation of Inter-rater Reliability (IRR) 
Acceptable Values for Inter-rater Agreement 
Participant and Nonparticipant Observation and Overt/Covert Observation 
Ethnography: Extended Observation 
Issues in Ethnography: Gaining Access 
Initial Ethnographic Tours 
Preserving Information 
Grounded Theory 
Phenomenology 
Focus Groups 
Interviews: Degrees of Structure 
Recording or Not 
Case Studies and Case Histories 
Where Qualitative Meets Quantitative: Content Analysis 
Summary of Steps in a Content Analysis 
Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) 
Qualitative Research and the Emotional Self: A Final Consideration 
Summary 
Chapter 7 Experimental Approaches: Between Subjects Designs 
Overview 
Between Subjects Designs: What Are They? 
Characteristics of Between Subjects Designs: Advantages and Disadvantages 
Sensitivity of IV 
More on Power, Sample Size, and Power Calculations 
Number of IVs and Interaction Effects 
Evaluating an Interaction by Hand 
Common Types of Between Subjects Design 
Matched Groups Design 
Multiple Comparisons 
Handling Error Variance 
Summary of Between Subjects Design Considerations 
Finding and Creating IVs (Scenarios
Visual Images
Movie Clips
Auditory Clips) 
Existing Literature: Method Section 
Visual Images: Manipulating an Image 
Multiple Dependent Variables (DVs) in a Research Design 
Factor Analysis: An Overview 
Summary 
Chapter 8 Within, Mixed, Pre-Post Experimental, and Specialized Correlational Designs 
Overview 
Characteristics of Within Subjects Design: Advantages and Disadvantages 
Types of Research Questions More Commonly Asked in Within Subjects Designs 
Counterbalancing 
Simple and Complex Within Subjects Designs 
Adding Complexity to Within Subjects Designs 
Mixed Designs 
Pre-Post Designs: Characteristics 
Types of Pre-Post Designs 
Specialized Correlational Designs 
Time-Series and Interrupted Time-Series Design 
Strengths and Weaknesses of This Approach 
When Is This Approach Used? 
Real-World Challenges: Postoccupancy Evaluation (POE) 
Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Designs 
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Longitudinal Approach 
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Cross-Sectional Approach 
Cohort-Sequential Design 
Advantages of Using Multiple Methods 
Summary 
Chapter 9 Recruiting Participants 
Overview 
Who Participates in Research: An Overview 
The Subject Pool: The Workhorse of Social Science Research 
The Drawbacks to Subject Pools: Concerns About Internal Validity 
Limits on the Number of Participants Available From Unpaid Subject Pools 
Keeping Track of Participants: Online Participant Management Systems 
Practical Issues in Communicating About Recruiting 
Research on Sensitive Topics and the Role of the IRB 
Recruiting Off Campus 
Using Your Personal Connections 
Using Your Instituti

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