THE RELATIONSHIPS OF PSYCHOMETRIC TEST SCORES TO PERSONALITY DISORDERS; A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TESTS OF INTELLIGENCE AND PERSONALITY IN CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS IN AN ARMY GENERAL HOSPITAL.

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THE RELATIONSHIPS OF PSYCHOMETRIC TEST SCORES TO PERSONALITY DISORDERS; A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TESTS OF INTELLIGENCE AND PERSONALITY IN CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS IN AN ARMY GENERAL HOSPITAL.

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H c r l i c k , Reuben S 1911The r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f p s y c h o m e t r i c t e s t sco r e s to p e r s o n a li t y d i s ­ o rd ers; a com parative a n a l y s i s o f t e s t s o f i n t e l l i g e n c e and p e r s o n a l i t y i n c l i n i c a l d i a g n o s i s i n an Army general hosp ital,. New York e l 9 5 0 a 16G t y p e w r i t t e n l e a v e s , tab les, d i a g r s f e r n s < 2 9 cn„ T h e s i s ( Fh, Eo ' - her; York U n i v e r ­ s i t y , S c h o o l c. ■‘"■^Education, 1 9 5 0 . Rib l i e graph; Pc l L 1 c

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P r o f e s s o r B ria n E. T om linson, Chairman P r o f e s s o r Avrum Ben-Avi P r o f e s s o r R. Emerson L a n g f itt

THE hRELATIONSHIPS OF PSYCHOMETRIC TEST SCORES TO PERSONALITY DISORDERS

A Com parative A n a ly sis o f T e s ts o f I n te l li g e n c e and P e r s o n a lity i n C li n ic a l D iag n o sis i n an Army G en eral H o s p ita l

REUBEN S . HORLICK

S ubm itted i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e req u ire m en ts f o r th e degree o f D octor o f P h ilo so p h y in . th e School o f E d u catio n o f New York U n iv e rs ity

PLEASE NOTE:

Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as r e c e i v e d .

U n i v e r s i t y M i c r o f i l m s , A Xerox Educati on Company

TABLE OF CONTESTS

The Problem S tatem en t o f th e Problem D e lim ita tio n o f Problem D e f in itio n s Seed F or th e Study B asic H y p o th esis II.

III.

IV.

V.

V I.

1

Review o f R e la te d L ite r a t u r e P s y c h o lo g ic a l T e s tin g i n M ilita r y C li n ic a l Psychology T e s ts o f I n t e l l e c t u a l F u n c tio n in g E v a lu a tio n o f P e r s o n a lity

10

P ro ced u res F or C o lle c tio n o f D ata The S u b je c ts S e le c tio n o f th e T e s ts O rg a n iz a tio n o f D ata

38

A n a ly s is and I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f T e sts P lan o f P r e s e n ta tio n W ec h sler-B ellev u e I n t e l l i g e n c e S cale The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S o ale The M innesota M u ltip h a sio P e r s o n a lity In v e n to ry The R orschach In k -B lo t T e st I n t e r r e l a t i o n s o f T e s ts I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f D ata Case S tu d ie s

50

Summary and C onclusions Summary o f F in d in g s C on clu sio n s Im p lic a tio n s For F u rth e r Study

133

B ib lio g ra p h y

141

Appendix

149

L i s t o f T ables T ab les

Page No.

Age D is tr ib u t io n of P a ti e n ts by C li n ic a l Grouping

39

II.

D is tr ib u t io n o f E d u c a tio n a l L evel by C li n i c a l Grouping

40

III.

D is tr ib u tio n o f P a t i e n t s ' Army G eneral C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T est (AGCT) S cores by C l i n i c a l Grouping

41

IV.

Comparison o f C li n ic a l G roupings in Age, E d u c a tio n a l Level and AGCT Score

42

V.

Means and S tan d ard D e v ia tio n s o f W eighted S cores and IQ 's on th e W ec h sler-B ellev u e S c a le s by C li n ic a l Grouping.

50

V I.

Yfeighted Mean S cores and S tan d a rd D e v ia tio n s on th e Y Jechsler-B ellevue V erb al S cale S u b te s ts by C li n ic a l Grouping

51

W eighted Mean Scores and S tan d a rd D e v ia tio n s on th e W ech sler-B ellev u e Perform ance S c a le S u b te s ts by C lin ic a l G roupings

52

Rank Order o f S u b te s t Mean S co res f o r Each C li n ic a l Group

53

S ig n ific a n c e o f W ech sler-B ellev u e S cale Mean S cores f o r Any Two C lin ic a l G roupings

55

S ig n ific a n c e o f 'W echsler-B ellevue V erbal S u b te s t Mean Scores f o r Any Two C li n ic a l Groups

56

S ig n ific a n c e o f W ech sler-B ellev u e Perform ance S cale S u b te s t Mean S cores f o r Any Two C li n i c a l Groups

57

S ig n ific a n c e o f IV ech sler-B ellev u e S u b te s t Mean S cores Between th e N e u ro tic D ep ressiv e and N e u ro tic A n x iety P a tie n ts

58

S ig n ific a n c e o f W ech sler-B ellev u e S u b te st Mean S cores o f P aran o id S c h iz o p h re n ic and Simple S ch iz o p h re n ic P a ti e n ts

59

D e v ia tio n s From th e Mean and V ocabulary S co res fo r Each W ech sler-B ellev u e S u b te s t by C li n ic a l Group

60

A verage Mean S c a t te r o f Each W e c h sler-B ellev u e S u b te s t and th e S ig n if ic a n c e o f T h e ir D iffe re n c e from Zero f o r th e N e u ro tic , P sy ch o p ath , and S ch iz o p h re n ic Groups

62

I.

V II.

V II I. IX. X. X I. X II.

X I II. XIV.

XV.

Average Mean S c a t te r o f Each W ech sler-B ellev u e S u b te s t and th e S ig n if ic a n c e o f T h e ir D iffe re n c e from Zero f o r N eu ro tic A n x iety and N e u ro tic D ep ressiv e Sub-groups

63

Average Mean S c a t te r o f Each W ech sler-B ellev u e S u b te st and th e S ig n ific a n c e o f T h eir D iffe re n c e from Zero f o r F aran o id and Simple S ch izo p h ren ic Sub-groups

64

Average Mean S c a tte r D iffe re n c e s o f W eo h sler-B ellev u e S u b te s ts and T h e ir S ig n ific a n c e f o r th e N e u ro tic , P sychopath, and S ch izo p h ren ic Groups

65

Means and S ta n d a rd D ev ia tio n s f o r th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S c a le s by C li n ic a l Grouping

74

S ig n ific a n c e o f Mean S core D iffe re n c e s Between th e C l i n i ­ c a l Groups on th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S c a le s

75

The P ercen tag e o f Each C lin ic a l Group R eceiving C onceptual Q u o tien ts in Each Im pairm ent C ategory on th e S h ip le y H a rtfo rd S c a le

76

The Means o f th e C onceptual Q u o tien t S cores and th e S ig n i­ fic a n c e o f th e D iffe re n c e s For th e Three C li n ic a l Groups

77

Comparison of D e te r io r a tio n Q u o tie n ts and C onceptual Q u o tie n ts f o r Each C li n ic a l Group

78

Mean T -S cores and S tan d ard D ev iatio n s o f th e MMPI S c a le s f o r Each C li n i c a l Group

82

Mean Score D iffe re n c e s and T h eir S ig n ific a n c e f o r Each S cale o f th e MMPI and th e Three C li n ic a l Groups

83

MMPI Mean T -S cores and th e S ig n ific a n c e o f T h eir D if f e r ­ ences f o r N e u ro tic A nxiety and N e u ro tic D epressive F a tie n ts

85

MMPI Mean T -S co res and th e S ig n ific a n c e o f T h eir D if f e r ­ ences f o r th e P aran o id and Simple S c h iz o p h re n ics

86

D is tr ib u t io n o f R orschach Mean S cores and S tan d ard De­ v ia tio n s f o r Each C li n ic a l Group

91

S ig n ific a n c e o f Mean S core D iffe re n c e s on th e R orschach T e st f o r th e Three C li n ic a l Groups

94

S e le c te d R orsohach F a c to r Mean Scores and T h e ir S i g n i f i ­ cance o f T h e ir D iffe re n c e s For th e P aran o id and Simple S c h iz o p h re n ic P a ti e n ts

96

R orschach F a c to r Mean S cores and th e S ig n ific a n c e o f T h eir D iffe re n c e s f o r th e N e u ro tic D ep ressiv e and N e u ro tic A nxiety P a ti e n ts

97

XXXII.

XXXIII.

XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI.

W ech sler-B ellev u e S c a le C o r r e la tio n M atrix For Each C li n ic a l Group C o rr e la tio n s C o e f f ic ie n ts Between th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S cale and S e le c te d T e s ts o f th e W ech sler-B ellev u e S cale f o r Each C li n ic a l Group MMPI C o r r e la tio n M atrix F or Each C li n ic a l Group S e le c te d Rorsohach F a c to r C o r r e la tio n s M atrix For Each C li n ic a l Group C o e f f ic ie n t C o r r e la tio n s Between S e le c te d R orschach F a c to rs w ith R P a r t i a l l e d Out For Each Group

XXXVII.

C o r r e la tio n C o e f f ic ie n ts Between S e le c te d MMPI S cales and R orschach F a c to rs F or Each C lin ic a l Group

XXXVIII.

C o rre la tio n C o e f f ic ie n ts Between S e le c te d MMPI S cales and W e c h sle r-3 e lle v u e T e s ts For Each C lin ic a l Group

XXXIX.

C o r r e la tio n C o e f f ic ie n ts Between S e le c te d R orschach F a c to rs and S e le c te d W ech sler-B ellev u e T e sts For Each C li n ic a l Group

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM

S tatem en t o f The Problem The purpose o f t h i s i n v e s t ig a t io n i s to d e term in e th e r e l a t i o n ­ s h ip s w hich may e x i s t among sc o re s on t e s t s o f i n t e l l i g e n c e and p e r­ s o n a l i t y , and w h eth er th e s e t e s t s c o re s a r e o f v a lu e i n d i f f e r e n t i a t ­ in g p e r s o n a lity d is o r d e r s o f Army p e rs o n n e l. S p e c ific Problem s 1.

To d eterm in e th e e x is te n c e and e x te n t o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een

s c o re s on t e s t s o f i n t e l l i g e n c e and s c o re s on t e s t s o f p e r s o n a li ty . 2.

To determ ine w h eth er any r e l a t i o n s h i p s e x i s t betw een sc o re s

on d i f f e r e n t m easures o f i n t e l l e c t u a l f u n c tio n in g . 3.

To determ ine w h eth er any r e l a t i o n s h i p s e x i s t betw een s tr u c t u r e d

and u n s tru c tu re d in s tru m e n ts employed i n th e m easurem ent o r e v a lu a tio n o f p e r s o n a li ty . 4.

To determ in e w h eth er th e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n th e

t e s t perform ances o f a group o f p s y c h o n e u ro tic s , p sy ch o p ath s and s c h iz o ­ p h re n ic s as m easured by a b a t te r y o f in t e l l i g e n c e and p e r s o n a li ty t e s t s . 5.

To d eterm in e w h eth er t e s t p a t te r n s oan be d e riv e d w hich w i l l

e f f e c t i v e l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e p s y c h o n e u ro tio , th e p sy ch o p ath and th e s c h iz o p h re n ic i n an Army h o s p i t a l . 6.

To d eterm in e th e s p e o if i c t e s t f a c t o r s w hioh a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

o f th e i n t e l l e c t u a l and em o tio n al fu n c tio n in g o f th e p s y o h o n e u ro tic , p sy ch o p ath ic and sc h iz o p h re n ic p a t i e n t i n an Army h o s p i t a l .

7.

To determ ine w hether t e s t sco res r e f l e c t th e im pairment o r

d e te r io r a tio n i n m ental fu n c tio n in g . tw h

ml t-at.-i a n o f

Problem

This study i s lim ite d to m ale, w hite s o ld ie r s , between th e ages o f 18 and 4 0, who have been adm itted to th e N eu ro p sy ch iatric S erv ice o f an Aimy G eneral H o sp ita l f o r o b serv atio n fo r a m ental d is o rd e r.

This s e le c ­

t io n i s designed to c o n tro l the e f f e c t s o f sex , race and extrem es i n age upon th e t e s t p a tte r n s which may be d e riv e d . I t i s notew orthy t h a t most s tu d ie s , w ith few e x cep tio n s ^ , re p o rt surveys on w hite p a tie n ts so t h a t th e p o s sib le e d u c a tio n a l and c u l t u r a l f a c to r s oper­ a tin g in negro groups w i l l n o t a f f e c t th e d is tr ib u tio n o f t e s t d a ta n o r in ­ flu en ce unduly th e type o f t e s t p a tte rn d e riv e d .

"The u n s u ita b il ity o f the

standard t e s t s when a p p lie d to negroes has been dem onstrated over and over a g a in .'1 2 While i t i s recognized th a t s im ila r c o n d itio n s may in flu e n c e th e t e s t performance o f c e r ta in w hite s u b je c ts being s tu d ie d , i t i s b elie v ed n e v er­ th e le s s , t h a t co m p arab ility w ith o th e r s tu d ie s w i l l be enhanced.

Age d i f f e r ­

en ces, to o , on v a rio u s t e s t s a re w e ll known, and in view o f th e f a c t t h a t th e Army personnel i s mainly composed o f a younger elem en t, d a ta f o r p a tie n ts beyond th e age o f 40 i s excluded. For purposes o f t h i s stu d y , th e t e s t d a ta f o r th re e p s y c h ia tric groupings, namely, th e n e u r o tic , psychopathic and p s y c h o tic , w ill be in v e s tig a te d .

The

psychoneurotic categ o ry w i l l be lim ite d to an a n x ie ty and d e p ressio n group 3

1.

S. Machover. C u ltu ra l and R a c ia l V a ria tio n s in P a tte rn s o f I n t e l l e c t ; Performance o f W hite and Negro Cri mlnal s on th e B ellevue A dult I n t e l l i ­ gence S c a le . Teachers C o lleg e, Columbia U n iv e rs ity , C o n trib u tio n s to E ducation, No. 875, New York, 1943. 2 . W. A. Hunt and I . Stevenson. P sy ch o lo g ical T e stin g i n M ilita ry C lin ic a l Psychology: I . I n te llig e n c e T e stin g . P sy c h o lo g ic al Review. 53* 1946, p . 30. 3* D. R apaport, R. S c h a fe r, and M. G ill . Manual o f D iag n o stic T e s tin g . Joseph Macy, J r . , Foundation Review S e r ie s , Volume I I , No. 2, 1944.

who m a n ife s t a n x ie ty as th e predom inant f e a t u r e o f t h e i r n e u r o s is , w ith d e p re s s io n a s an accom panying symptom.

The p sy o h o p ath ic p e r s o n a li ty ty p e

was re p re s e n te d by th o s e p erso n s who m a n ife s te d a c h a r a c te r and b e h a v io r d is o r d e r ^ i n w hich a s o c i a l o r a n t i - s o c i a l a g g r e s s iv e b e h a v io r predom inated The p s y c h o tic d is o r d e r s w ere r e p r e s e n te d by a group o f p a ra n o id and sim ple sc h iz o p h re n ic p a t i e n t s showing a f f e c t i v e and i n t e l l e c t u a l d is tu r b a n c e s b u t in f a i r c o n ta c t w ith th e t e s t i n g s i t u a t i o n .

O th er ty p e s o f p e r s o n a lity

d is o r d e r s , such a s , c a t a to n i c and h eb ep h re n ic s c h iz o p h re n ia s , m a n ic -d e p re s­ s iv e p sy c h o se s, and o b se ssiv e -c o m p u lsiv e p e r s o n a li ty , a r e in f r e q u e n tly seen and a re n o t u s u a lly r e f e r r e d f o r d i f f e r e n t i a l d ia g n o s is b ecau se th e y a re e a s il y i d e n t i f i e d and o r d i n a r i l y n o t seen in th e m i l i t a r y s e r v ic e . D e f in itio n s P e r s o n a lity D is o rd e r i s a m e n tal and em o tio n al d is tu rb a n c e m a n ife ste d by symptoms c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f n e u r o ti c , p sy o h o p a th ic , o r s c h iz o p h re n io modes o f b e h a v io r. C l i n i c a l D iag n o sis i s th e p s y c h i a t r i s t 's d ia g n o s is o f a p a t i e n t 's p e r ­ s o n a lity d is o r d e r b ased on th e m e d ic a l ex am in atio n , p s y c h ia tr ic in te rv ie w s and o b s e r v a tio n s , la b o r a to r y f in d in g s and c a se h i s t o r y . V ocabulary S c a t t e r i s th e d if f e r e n c e betw een a s u b - te s t s c o re and th e sc o re on v o c a b u la ry a s m easured on th e W ech sler-B ellev u e I n te l li g e n c e S c a le Mean S c a t t e r i s th e v a r i a t i o n o f a W ech sler-B ellev u e w e ig h te d s u b - te s t sco re away from th e c e n t r a l te n d e n c y , i . e . , th e d e v ia tio n from th e F u ll S cale w eig h ted mean s c o r e .

1.

War D ep t. T e c h n ic a l B u ll e ti n , TB Med. 203, N om enclature and Method o f R ecording D ia g n o s is . War D e p t., W ashington, D. C ., 19 O cto b er 1945.

- 4 O rig in a l I n te l li g e n c e r e p r e s e n ts th e ’’true'* o r e s tim a te d in n a te i n t e l ­ l e c t u a l endowment o f an in d iv id u a l p r i o r to any change i n m en tal fu n c tio n in g as a r e s u l t o f p s y o h o p a th o lo g ic a l im p act. F u n ctio n in g i n t e l l i g e n c e i s a m easure of th e p r e s e n t m en tal f u n c tio n in g of an in d iv id u a l a3 in d ic a te d by th e t e s t d a ta . Need For The Study W hile some p r e d ic tiv e and d ia g n o s tic c r i t e r i a have been e s ta b lis h e d f o r e v a lu a tin g d e v ia n t b e h a v io r, much o f th e d a ta have been found t o be in a p p li­ c ab le in in t e r p r e t i n g th e t e s t perform ance o f Army n e u r o p s y c h ia tr ic p a t i e n t s . N e ith e r th e c l i n i c a l n o r th e c o n tro l groups in re s e a rc h e s conducted on c i v i ­ l i a n p o p u la tio n s a r e r e p r e s e n ta tiv e o f Army p e rs o n n e l.

Thus, f o r exam ple,

R a b in 's form ula f o r d e te rm in in g th e S c h iz o p h re n ic In d ex ^ i s b ased upon a sm all number o f s c h iz o p h re n ic p a t ie n ts in a s t a t e h o s p i t a l .

L ik ew ise, Rapa-

p o r t 's c l i n i c a l and c o n tr o l groups a r e n o t t y p i c a l of th e Army p o p u la tio n s in c e h is c o n tro l group r e p r e s e n t s , in th e m ain, a r u r a l p o p u la tio n w ith a c u l t u r a l and socio-econom ic background p e c u lia r to t h a t group and h is c l i n i ­ c a l group, on th e o th e r h an d , i s p red o m in an tly s u p e r io r i n i n t e l l i g e n c e , " c h a r a c te r iz e d by a r a t h e r r i c h e d u c a tio n a l and s c h o o lin g b ackground." Linn b e lie v e s t h a t A d ap tatio n t o m i l i t a r y l i f e in v o lv e s d r a s t i c and deep s e a te d changes in th e b e h a v io r and th in k in g o f th e in d i v id u a l . The l i f e o f th e s o l d i e r i s regim ented and r i t u a l i z e d . . . I n making t h i s a d ju stm e n t, th e in d iv id u a l r e g r e s s e s to a le s s m ature le v e l o f p erfo rm an ce. He becomes c o n s tr ic te d in h is i n t e r e s t s , a m b itio n and energy o u t p u t . . . T h is c o n s t r i c t i o n and re g r e s s io n

1.

2.

A. I . R ab in , T est S core P a tte r n s i n S ch iz o p h re n ia and N on-Psychotio S t a t e s , J o u rn a l o f P sychology, 12*91-100, 1941. (S ch izo p h re n ic Index i s th e r a t i o o f th e sum o f th e w eig h ted sc o re s o f In fo rm a tio n , Comprehension and B lock D esign t o th e sum o f th e sco res o f D ig it Symbol, O b ject Assembly and S i m i l a r i t i e s o f th e W ech slerB ellevue I n te l li g e n c e S c a le .) D. R ap ap o rt, R. S c h a fe r and Id. G i l l . op. o i t . , p . 18.

i n th e course o f a d ap ta tio n to Army l i f e i s a norm al process and must be ta k en in to account i n th e use o f any p e rs o n a lity t e s t s based on c iv ilia n standards^-. While Luchins does n o t agree w holly w ith L inn, he does s t a t e th a t h is d a ta (w ith th e Rorschach t e s t ) d i f f e r s , " in some c a te g o rie s r a th e r s tr ik in g ly , from th o se given by some o r a l l o f th e o th e r a u th o rs ." 2

He found t h a t f r e ­

q u en tly a d is in te r e s te d a t titu d e p re v a ile d , th e p a tie n t re s e n tin g b ein g te s te d o r was t i r e d o f being "pushed around." Although s e v e ra l s tu d ie s 3 on Army p a tie n ts have been p u b lish e d , th e y have been confined to is o la te d s tu d ie s in v o lv in g sm all homogeneous groups o r s in g le te s ts .

Few com parative s tu d ie s between t e s t s o f i n t e l l e c t u a l fu n c tio n in g and

t e s t s o f p e rs o n a lity have appeared in th e l i t e r a t u r e .

R apaport, in f a c t ,

m ain tain s t h a t i n th e p re s e n t s ta t e o f o u r knowledge o f p e rs o n a lity and m aladjustm ent i n which th e in te r r e la tio n s h ip s o f fu n c tio n s a re so o b s c u r e ...th e c l i n i c a l p sy ch o lo g ist i s on s a f e r ground when he has a b a tte r y o f t e s t s * . . f o r th e use o f f u l l b a t t e r i e s . . . y i e l d s th e kind o f experience and m a te ria l on which to r e a r a b e t t e r th e o r e tic a l u n d erstan d in g o f , and b e t t e r t e s t i n g p ra c tic e s f o r , th e in te r r e la tio n s h ip s o f . . . d if f e r e n t fu n c tio n s i n adjustm ent and m aladjustm ent. 4 A lso, th e problem o f d iag n o sis i n c i v i l i a n i n s t i t u t i o n s i s n o t th e same a s f o r th e Army p a tie n ts f o r th e im pact o f th e Army i s f o r many men a c a ta s tro p h ic s itu a tio n i n which a l a t e n t p re d is p o s itio n m a n ife sts i t s e l f .

Amy p a tie n ts come

w ith te n ta tiv e diagnoses f o r p s y c h ia tric o b serv atio n and e v a lu a tio n o f a b e rra n t b eh av io r which i s not u s u a lly o f long stan d in g because th e re i s f a i r l y e a r ly

1. 2. 3. 4.

L. L inn, The Rorschach T est i n th e E v alu atio n o f M ilita ry P erso n n el. Rorschach R esearch Exchange. 10, 1946, p . 22. A. S . L uchins, S itu a tio n a l and A ttitu d in a l In flu e n c e s on Rorschach Responses. American Jo u rn a l o f P s y c h ia try . 103, 1947, P. 781. C. H. P a tte rs o n , C lin ic a l Psychology in th e Army: A B ib lio g rap h y . Psycho­ lo g ic a l B u lle tin . 42:393-395, 1945. D. R apaport, D iagnostic P sychological T e stin g . Vol. I , p . 8.

- 6 re c o g n itio n o f p e c u l ia r b eh av io r in th e Army.

The in d iv id u a ls a re f r e ­

q u e n tly in th e i n c i p i e n t sta g e s o f psychopathy w ith th e s e v e r it y n o t as marked a s t h a t found i n c i v i l i a n h o s p ita ls w here t y p i c a l l y c h ro n ic o r d e t e r io r a t e d c a se s a r e s e e n .

As R apaport p o in ts o u t, " th e p s y c h i a t r i s t

and p s y c h o lo g is t o f th e Armed F o rces a re not l i k e l y to e n co u n ter d e t e r io r a ­ te d c a s e s ." ^

Techniques which w ould make e a r ly d i f f e r e n t i a l d ia g n o sis

more co n c lu siv e a r e u r g e n tly need ed . P rev io u s p s y c h o lo g ic a l s tu d ie s , w h ile h e lp f u l i n d ir e c tin g a t t e n t i o n to th e ty p e s of t e s t perform ance o f p s y c h ia tr ic p a t i e n t s , have n o t e s ta b ­ lis h e d th o ro u g h ly v a l id methods f o r p re d ic tin g th e u ltim a te d ia g n o s is . Rabin r e p o r ts t h a t th e work o f G illila n d and c o lla b o r a to r s produoe 3 w hich a re d e f i n i t e l y i n d isag reem en t w ith th o s e of W echsler • 4 Rabin and M agaret b e lie v e th a t th e d is c r e p a n c ie s between th e s e i n v e s t i ­ re s u lts

2

g a tio n s a r e e x p la in a b le in term s o f d i f f e r e n t i a l sam p lin g s. G a rfie ld

g

b e lie v e s t h a t as y e t no s c a t t e r p a tte r n s on th e W ech sler-

B ellevue S cale a re r e l i a b l e in d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g sc h iz o p h re n ic p a t i e n t s .

He

b e lie v e s t h a t th e la r g e o v erla p betw een s c h iz o p h re n ic and o th e r ty p e s o f p a t i e n t s does n o t w a rra n t a d i f f e r e n t i a l d ia g n o s is on th e b a s is o f th e t e s t d a ta .

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

D. R apap o rt, R. S c h a fe r, and M. G i l l . 0j>. c i t . , p . 13. A. R. G i l l i l a n d , P . W ittman and M. Goldman. P a tte r n s and S c a t te r of M ental A b i l i t i e s in V arious P sy ch o se s. J o u r n a l o f G eneral Psycho­ lo g y , 29* 263, 1943. D. W ech sler. The Measurement o f A dult I n t e l l i g e n c e , p . 153. A. I . R abin. The tJse o f th e W ec h sler-B ellev u e S cale w ith Normaland Abnormal P e rs o n s . P sy c h o lo g ic a l B u ll e ti n , 42* 410-422, 1945. S. L. G a r f ie ld . A P re lim in a ry A p p ra is a l o f W ech sler-B ellev u e S c a tte r P a tte r n s in S c h iz o p h re n ia . J o u r n a l o f C o n su ltin g P sychology, 12* 32-36, 1948.

Olch, in h e r work ^ , o b ta in s d iv e rg e n t r e s u l t s , confirm ing th e fin d ­ in g s o f some w orkers on s e v e ra l s u b - te s ts b u t d isa g re e in g on o th e r s . In h is review 2 o f th e v a rio u s measures o f s c a t t e r and v a r i a b i l i t y , Rabin fin d s t h a t th e re i s i n s u f f ic ie n t agreement i n group d i f f e r e n ti a tio n i n th a t the v a rio u s s tu d ie s did n o t c o n tro l th e most im p o rtan t f a c to r s and, hence, th e v a r ia tio n s i n th e fin d in g s .

Watson1s supplem entary review 3 o f

th e W echsler-B ellevue S cale p o in ts o u t th a t th e re are many d iffe re n c e s o f opinion in re g a rd s to th e r a tio n a le u n d erly in g th e t e s t s . E l l i s , review ing th e v a lid ity o f p e rs o n a lity q u e s tio n n a ire s , concludes th a t "group-adm inistered p ap er and p e n c il p e rs o n a lity q u e stio n n a ire s a r e o f dubious v a lu e ...a n d th a t th e y a re o f much l e s s value i n th e d ia g n o sis o f in d iv id u a l adjustm ent o f p e rs o n a lity t r a i t s . " ^

T e sts a d m in istered in d iv i­

d u a lly gave v a ry in g r e s u lts and, hence, more research w ith such m a te ria ls i s w e ll w arran ted . In a l a t e r p a p er, E l l i s and Conrad p re se n t a summary o f s tu d ie s 5 on th e m ilita r y a p p lic a tio n o f p e rs o n a lity in v e n to rie s and f in d t h a t "such in ­ v e n to rie s have proved h e lp fu l f o r th e n e u ro p sy c h ia tric screen in g o f a d u lts p r io r to in d u c tio n in to m ilita r y s e r v ic e , and a f t e r in d u c tio n ."

These

s tu d ie s , however, have been devoted, i n th e m ain, to s e le c tio n b u t n o t to d if f e r e n tia tio n amongst p s y c h ia tric groups,

1. 2. 3. 4* 5.

D. R. Olch. "Psychom etric P a tte rn o f Schizophrenics on th e W echslerBellevue T e s t." Jo u rn a l o f C onsulting Psychology. 12:127-136, 1948. Rabin, op. c i t . R. I . Watson. "The Use o f th e W echsler-B ellevue S c a le s ." A Supplement, P sy ch o lo g ical B u lle tin . 43:61-6 8 , 1946. A. E l l i s . "The V a lid ity o f P e rs o n a lity Q u e stio n n a ire s." Ps_vchological B u lle tin . 4 3 , 1946, p . 426. A. E l l i s and H. S. Conrad. "The V a lid ity o f P e rs o n a lity In v e n to rie s in M ilita ry P r a c tic e ." P sycho lo g ical B u lle tin . 45, 1948, p . 385.

P r o te c tiv e te c h n iq u e s f o r e v a lu a tin g p e r s o n a l i t y a r e c o m p a ra tiv e ly r e c e n t p ro c e d u re s .

K e lle y and B a rre ra summarize * th e s t a t u s o f th e R orschach method

up t o 1940 and conclude t h a t f u r t h e r s tu d ie s should in c lu d e more com plete pro g ­ n o s t i c e v a lu a tio n .

Though Beck s t a t e s t h a t " th e t e s t ' s c o n s is te n t s t a b i l i t y

o f r e s u l t s . . . w a r r a n t s co n fid e n c e i n i t a s a d ia g n o s tic a i d " 2 , he s u g g e s ts t h a t t h e r e i s s t i l l much d isa g re e m e n t amongst i n v e s t i g a t o r s and t h a t a d d i tio n a l s tu d ie s w ith th e R orschach a r e n e c e s s a ry f o r d i f f e r e n t age g ro u p s, p e r s o n a li ty ty p e s and v a ry in g d eg rees o f im p airm en t.

The work of Linn® and Luchins ^

a llu d e to d if f e r e n c e s in th e t e s t perform ance o f Army p e rs o n n e l.

H ertz f in d s ®

t h a t f a i r l y good co rresp o n d en ce has been re p o r te d f o r some o f th e s tu d ie s on i n t e l l i g e n c e and R orschach f a o t o r s , b u t many s tu d ie s f a i l t o o b ta in s i g n i f i c a n t c o rre la tio n s . I n view o f th e in c o n c lu s iv e r e s u l t s and d isag ree m en ts w hich a r e fou n d among v a r io u s in v e s t ig a t io n s and s in c e t h e Army n e u r o p s y c h ia tr ic p a t i e n t h as n o t been i n t e n s iv e l y s tu d ie d , s e p a ra te in v e s t ig a t io n and a n a ly s is o f p sy ch o m etric t e s t s c o re s a re w a rra n te d in o rd e r to determ in e w h e th e r e f f e c t i v e s ta n d a rd s f o r d i f ­ f e r e n t i a t i n g p s y c h ia t r ic groups a r e f e a s i b l e and t o stu d y th e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w hich e x i s t betw een t e s t s c o r e s .

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

D. M. K elle y and S. E. B a r r e r a . "The P r e s e n t S ta te o f t h e R orschach Method a s a P s y c h ia tr ic A d ju n c t." R orschach R esearc h Exchange, 4* 3 0 -3 6 , 1940. S . J . Beck. "The R orschaoh T e s t i n Psychopathology!*1 J o u rn a l o f C o n su ltin g P sycholog y , 7 , 1943, p . 110. L in n , £ £ . o i t . L u ch in s, o p . c i t . M. R. H e rtz . HR orschach: Twenty Years A f t e r ." R orschaoh R esearch Exchange. 4s 90-103, 1940.

B asic H y p o th esis The "basic con cep t u n d e rly in g c l i n i c a l t e s t i n g stems from th e id e a t h a t m alad ju stm en t i n p e r s o n a li ty f u n c tio n in g i s a s s o c ia te d w ith encroachm ent upon some m e n tal a b i l i t i e s t o a g r e a t e r d eg ree them upon o th e r s , and t h a t v a r ia ­ t i o n s i n th e t e s t perform ance o f an in d iv id u a l from t h a t o f th e av erag e r e ­ f l e c t s th e p e r s o n a li ty m ake-up, a r e s u l t a n t o f th e p h y s ic a l, e m o tio n a l, s o c ia l and c u l t u r a l f a c t o r s upon th e developm ent o f th e s e v e r a l a b i l i t i e s . T h e re fo re , a b a t t e r y o f t e s t s m easuring d i f f e r e n t a s p e c ts o f i n t e l l i g e n c e and p e r s o n a li ty should r e f l e c t in t h e i r sc o re s th e p e r s o n a lity c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f in d iv id u a ls m a n ife s tin g a s im ila r mode o f b e h a v io r.

Each p s y c h ia tr ic group

th e n should be d is tin g u is h e d by a d i s t i n c t i v e t e s t p a t te r n o r p r o f i l e .

F u r th e r ­

m ore, s c o re s o b ta in e d on d i f f e r e n t t e s t s w hich m easure common p e r s o n a lity c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w i l l l i k e l y show c o rresp o n d in g v a r ia tio n s from t e s t t o t e s t f o r any one c l i n i c a l syndrome, and t h e r e f o r e , th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s among th e t e s t s w i l l r e v e a l th e m s e lv e s .

- 10 -

CHAPTER I I REVIEW OP RELATED LITERATURE

P sy o h o lo g io al T e s tin g in M ili ta r y C li n i c a l Psychology A rev ie w o f th e l i t e r a t u r e in m i l i t a r y c l i n i c a l psychology r e v e a ls a s u r p r is in g ly sm all number o f in v e s t ig a t io n s devoted t o th e p s y c h ia t r ic p a t i e n t . Most s t u d i e s , w hich in o lu d e p s y c h o lo g ic a l t e s t i n g as p a r t o f th e su rv ey o r in v e s t i g a t i o n , co n cern th e m selv es w ith th e se a rc h f o r te c h n iq u e s w hich w i l l be h e lp f u l i n r a p id ly s e le c tin g and s c re e n in g r e c r u i t s . ^ In rev iew in g a 2 b ib lio g ra p h y o f c l i n i c a l psychology i n th e Army, p u b lish e d d u rin g th e w ar, o n ly one r e f e r e n c e

3

, o u t o f a l i s t o f 51 a r t i c l e s , was found to be a p p l i­

ca b le to th e i n v e s t ig a t io n b ein g u n d e rta k e n h e r e in . T his i s u n d e rsta n d a b le becau se th e war s i t u a t i o n demanded a f u l l lo ad o f t e s t i n g w ith l i t t l e tim e rem ain in g f o r re s e a r c h o r developm ent o f c l i n i c a l te c h n iq u e s . li s h e d .

S u b seq u en tly , how ever, s e v e r a l p e r ti n e n t s tu d ie s have been pub­

These w i l l be review ed u nder t h e i r a p p r o p r ia te h e a d in g s.

T e sts o f I n t e l l e c t u a l F u n ctio n in g P r io r t o th e in tr o d u c tio n o f th e W ech sler-B ellev u e I n te l li g e n c e S cale in 1939, numerous s tu d ie s o f s c a t t e r and p a tte r n in g in t e s t s , e s p e c i a ll y w ith th e S ta n fo rd B in e t T e sts o f I n t e l l i g e n c e , w ere made in o rd e r t o d eterm in e th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s which would d is ti n g u is h one ty p e o f c l i n i c a l group from a n o th e r.

1.

I . S te v e n so n . A B ib lio g ra p h y o f N aval C li n ic a l P sychology. P sy c h o lo g ic a l B u l l e t i n , 42t 390-392, 1945. 2 . C. H. P a tte r s o n . C li n i c a l Psychology i n th e Army} A B ib lio g ra p h y . P s y c h o lo g ic a l B u ll e ti n , 42* 393-395, 1945. 3 . ' C. W . L ev eren z. ^M innesota M u ltip h a sio P e r s o n a lity In v en to ry } An E valua­ t i o n o f I t s U se fu ln ess i n th e P s y c h ia tr io S e rv ic e o f a S ta t io n H o s p ita l." War M edicin e, 4 , 618-29, 1943.

- 11 Brody

i n a com prehensive review o f th e l i t e r a t u r e , co n clu d es t h a t

psychoses occur in p erso n s o f a l l m en tal le v e ls and t h a t s u b je c ts show d e f i ­ c ie n c ie s i n p e r c e p tio n and memory.

’’The m e n tal t e s t p a t t e r n i s rem arkably

c o n s ta n t.

v o cab u lary h ig h e s t, v e r b a l t e s t a b i l i t y

The t y p i c a l p a t t e r n is *

second, n o n -v e rb a l t e s t a b i l i t y l o w e s t ...

The p r e s e r v a tio n o f v o cab u lary i s

such t h a t i t can be assumed t o be a r e l i a b l e m easure o f th e p a t i e n t ’ s i n i t i a l a b ility ."

Brody adds th e q u a l i f i c a t i o n t h a t th e same p sy ch o m etric p a t t e r n

may, how ever, be th e r e s u l t o f a v a r ie ty o f cau ses and n o t n e c e s s a r i ly lim ite d t o p s y c h o tic perfo rm an ce. A nother rev iew ® o f 44 p re v io u s s tu d ie s w ith th e S ta n fo rd B in e t, by H a rris and Shakow, r e v e a ls v e ry c o n tr a d ic to r y r e s u l t s due t o th e u se o f d i f f e r e n t m easures o f s c a t t e r , d i f f e r e n t k in d s ( i n term s o f IQ, e d u c a tio n , la n g u a g e , e t c . ) o f c l i n i c a l and c o n tro l p o p u la tio n s and d i f f e r e n t k in d s o f t e s t s .

Over­

la p p in g i s g r e a t . T here i s g e n e ra l ag reem en t, however, t h a t v o cab u lary sc o re s rem ain f a i r l y s ta b l e and c o n s ta n t, b eing u s u a lly th e h ig h e s t .

D avidson r e p o r ts ^ t h a t

s c h iz o p h re n ic s ten d ed to sc o re h ig h e r on v o cab u lary th a n on any o th e r t e s t o f th e S ta n fo rd -B in e t S c a le .

Comparing t e s t d a ta , he i n f e r s t h a t " th e t o t a l

sco re was a m easure o f th e fu n c tio n in g m e n ta l a b i l i t y o f th e p a t i e n t a t th e tim e o f th e t e s t and t h a t th e v o cab u lary s c o re was a m easure o f th e i n t e l l i ­ gence b e fo re d e t e r i o r a t i o n ." ®

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

M. B. Brody. A Survey o f t h e R e s u lts o f I n te l li g e n c e T e s ts in P sy ch o se s. B r i t i s h J o u rn a l o f M edical P sychology, 19* 225-261, 1942. Brody, I b i d . , p . 260. A. J . H a rris and D. Shakow. The C li n ic a l S ig n if ic a n c e o f N um erical M easures on th e S ta n f o r d - B in e t. P sy c h o lo g ic a l B u l l e t i n , 34* 134-150, 1937. M. D avidson. S tu d ie s i n th e A p p lic a tio n o f M ental T e s ts t o P sy ch o tio P a t i e n t s . B r i t i s h J o u rn a l o f M edical P sychology, 18* 4 4 -5 2 , 1939. D avidson, I b i d . , p . 4 4 .

- 12 -

Kendig and Richmond ^ o b ta in a median m ental age o f 11 y e a rs 5 months, a s te s te d by th e S ta n fo rd -B in e t, f o r th e group o f sch izo p h ren ics b u t reg ard t h i s fig u re o nly a s a measure o f th e le v e l a t which th e p a tie n t i s th en func­ tio n in g .

T heir fin d in g o f a median vocabulary age o f 12 y e ars i s o n ly s l ig h tly

above th e m ental age. U sing th e S tan fo rd -B in et and th e Army Performance S c a le s , J a s ta k fin d s t h a t " in a m a jo rity o f cases s u ffe rin g from m ental d is o rd e r, th e Terman Vocabu­ l a r y T e s t...g iv e s the most a c c u ra te p ic tu re o f n a tiv e i n t e l l i g e n c e . . . p a tte r n o f th e p sy ch o tic i s e s s e n tia l l y t h i s : B in et n e x t, manual performance lo w e st." ^

The

Vocabulary h ig h e s t, S ta n fo rd -

A ll c l i n i c a l groups show th e sama

t e s t p a tte r n b u t v a r i a b i l i t y amongst them i s to be expected. I n a study 3 comparing p s y c h ia tr ic p a tie n ts and e n lis te d men i n th e Army, B illin g s and h is co lleag u es o b ta in an average score on th e re v is e d S ta n fo rd B in e t which i s s l i g h t l y low er f o r th e c l i n i c a l group b u t a s a screen in g o r d iag ­ n o s tic device th e y fin d th e sco res have a lim ite d value and cannot be recommend­ ed.

Roe and Shakow's a n a ly s is ^ re v e a ls th a t " fo r re se a rc h w ith d iso rd ered

p e rso n s, an omnibus t e s t i s o f co n sid erab ly l e s s value th an a b a tte r y o f t e s t s o f d e fin a b le f u n c t i o n s ..•

In a d d itio n , i t i s s t i l l tru e t h a t adequate a d u lt

s ta n d a rd iz a tio n i s n o t a v a ila b le and th e e x p ressin g o f a d u lt sco res in HA term s i s h ig h ly u n d e s ira b le ." 5

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

I . Kendig and W. V. Richmond. P sy ch o lo g ical S tu d ies i n Dementia Praecox. p . 38. J . J a s ta k . Psychom etric P a tte rn s o f S ta te H o sp ita l P a t ie n ts . Delaware S ta te M edical J o u rn a l. 9 , 1937» P» 8 . E . G. B illin g s , F . H. Ebaugh, D. W. Morgan, L. I . O 'K elley, G. B. Short and F . C. G olding. Comparison o f 100 Army P s y c h ia tric P a tie n ts and 100 E n lis te d Men. War M edicine. 4: 280-283, 1945. A. Roe and D. Shakow. I n te llig e n c e i n M ental D iso rd er. Annals o f th e New York Academy o f S cien ces. 42: 361-490, 1942. I b id . . p . 483.

13 The f u t i l i t y o f a p p ly in g t e s t r e s u l t s b ased upon t e s t s o f in t e ll ig e n c e s ta n d a rd iz e d on c h ild r e n was re c o g n iz e d .

F u rth erm o re , s tu d ie s u t i l i z i n g th e

s e p a ra te sc o re s from t e s t s o f th e s e r i a l ty p e have n o t been r e p o r te d .

The

W ec h sler-B ellev u e S c a le ^ o b v ia te d th e s e d i f f i c u l t i e s and gave renewed im petus to t h e stu d y o f s c a t t e r and p a tte r n in g and, s in c e i t s in t r o d u c tio n , new r e ­ p o r ts have ap p ea red .

The item s o f t h i s s c a le a r e a rra n g e d in to e le v e n sub­

t e s t s , each o f which i s r e l a t i v e l y homogeneous and p erm it stu d y o f th e s e le c ­ t i v e im pairm ent o f f a i r l y autonomous f u n c tio n s .

Mayman p o in ts o u t t h a t

" a n a ly s is o f i t s s c a t t e r r e t a i n s th e m e rits o f th e psy ch o m etric p a t te r n ap p ro ach , and makes p o s s ib le th e i n v e s t ig a t io n o f a g r e a te r number o f t e s t score i n t e r r e l a t i o n s . " ^ The W echB ler-B ellevuo S c a le o f I n te l li g e n c e 3 R abin has made th e most e x te n s iv e survey o f th e W ech sler-B ellev u e S c a le s in c e i t s in c e p tio n , r e p o r tin g two s tu d ie s on a lc o h o lic s and drug a d d i c ts , th r e e on p sy ch o p ath s, th r e e on m e n tal d e f e c tiv e s , and tw e lv e on p s y c h o tic s . 4 A r e c e n t survey by W atson adds s e v e r a l s tu d ie s on m en tal d e f ic ie n c y . S ince th e n , s e v e ra l s tu d ie s p e r t i n e n t to t h i s in v e s t ig a t io n have been p u b lis h e d . One o f th e f i r s t p ap ers d e a lin g w ith th e W ech sler-B ellev u e S cale i s t h a t of G i l l i l a n d whose "p u rp o se was t o d eterm in e d i f f e r e n t i a l p a t te r n s o f , and v a r i a b i l i t y in f u n c tio n a l lo s s f o r , v a rio u s p sy c h o se s." ®

Comparing h is c l i n i ­

c a l group w ith t h a t o f W eo h sler’ s norm s, he f in d s t h a t s c a t t e r i s about 35 p e r cen t

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

D. W eohsler. The Measurement o f A dult I n t e l l i g e n c e . M. Mayman. Review o f th e L i t e r a t u r e in D. R a p ap o rt. D ia g n o s tic P sy ch o lo g i­ c a l T e s tin g , V o l. I . , p . 552. A . I . R abin. The Use o f th e W ech sler-B ellev u e S cales w ith Normal and Abnormal P e rso n . P s y c h o lo g ic a l B u ll e ti n , 42* 410-22, 1945. R. I . W atson. The ifse o f th e W ech sler-B ellev u e S c a le s t A Supplem ent. P s y c h o lo g ic a l B u l l e t i n , 42* 6 1 -6 8 , 1946. A. R. G i l l i l a n d , d i f f e r e n t i a l F u n c tio n a l Loss in C e r ta in P s y c h o s is ." P sy c h o lo g ic a l B u ll e ti n , 37* 439, 1940.

- 14 -

more far th e p s y o h o tic s and t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s e x i s t betw een p sy ch o t i c s and norm als. In a l a t e r p a p e r, however, G i l l i l a n d , Y/ittman and G o l d m a n ^ r e p o r t on a la r g e group of s c h iz o p h re n ic s , p a r e t i c s , m an ics, p s y c h o n e u ro tic s , dru g and a lc o h o l a d d i c ts , and m en tal d e f e c tiv e s and conclude t h a t " th e r e i s no t e s t on w hich th e p s y c h o tic group d id c o n s is te n tly d i f f e r e n t from th e c o n t r o l s .

The

p sy c h o n e u ro tic s d id r e l a t i v e l y b e t t e r on th e S i m i l a r i t i e s t e s t th a n on any o f 2 th e o th e r s ." On no t e s t a re any o f th e p s y c h o tic g roups p a r t i c u l a r l y low. In term s o f s c a t t e r a n a l y s i s , " th e r e i s no g r e a t e r s c a t t e r in m e n tal a b i l i t i e s among any o f th e p s y c h o tic groups o r th e m en tal d e f e c tiv e groups th a n among norm als."® A lthough th e Y fech sler-B ellev u e t e s t s had been i n u s e f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s , i t was n o t u n t i l 1941 when Rabin p r e s e n te d ^ h is S ch iz o p h re n ic Index t h a t th e f i r s t c o n tro lle d stu d y o f s c a t t e r o r p sy ch o m etric p a t te r n in g ap p e a re d .

W hile

th e com putation o f th e SI (a d i f f e r e n t i a l r a t i o b ased on s u b - te s tc w hich h o ld up and o th e rs w hich do n o t hold up i n sc h iz o p h re n ia ) shows s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s between s c h iz o p h re n ic s and n o rm a ls, he re c o g n iz e s t h a t i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y p r e o is e to d is ti n g u is h th e sc h iz o p h re n ic from th e un d iag n o sed

1. 2. 3. 4.

A. R. G i l l i l a n d , P . W ittnian, and M. Goldman. " P a tte r n s and S c a t te r o f M ental A b i l i t i e s i n V ario u s P sy c h o se s." J o u rn a l o f G eneral P sy ch o lo g y , 29s 251-260, 1943. I b id , p . 265. I b i d , p . 259. A. I . R abin. " T e s t-S c o re P a tte r n s i n S c h iz o p h re n ia and N o n-P sychotic S t a t e s " . J o u rn a l o f P sychology, 12i 91-100, 1941.

- 15 -

group.

Webb

1

and G a rfie ld

2

q u e stio n th e -v a lid ity o f suoh an index; th e f o r ­

mer b e lie v e s th e r a t i o i s v a lid o nly f o r th e group on which devised w hile th e l a t t e r does n o t fin d th a t i t d i f f e r e n t i a t e s h is group e f s u b je c ts and t h a t i t has l i t t l e p r a c tic a l v a lu e .

He concludes t h a t th e re a re no t e s t p a tte rn s

r e lia b le f o r schizophrenic p a tie n ts and th a t th e r e i s a g re a t d e a l o f over­ lapping w ith th e c o n tro l s u b je c ts . H a g a re t's in v e stig a tio n ® in to th e perform ances o f so h izo p h ren io s, p a r e tic s and p r e - s e n ile s i s of i n te r e s t on two c o u n ts.

She fin d s t h a t th e Vocabulary

soore i s a ffe c te d by m ental d e te r io r a tio n and t h a t h er group o f schizophrenios o b tain s lew sco res on th e A rithm etic and high soores on th e Objeot Assembly sub­ t e s t s , th e re b y d isa g re e in g w ith Rabin but confirm ing W eo h sler's c l in ic a l im pres­ sio n .

G en erally , h er schizophrenic p a tie n ts a re su p erio r on t e s t s o f Vooabulary

and Inform ation b u t i n f e r io r on t e s t s o f Digit-Symbol s u b s titu tio n , P ic tu re Arrangement and P ic tu re Completion. A l a t e r survey * by Magaret and W right d is c lo s e s t h a t t h e i r r e s u l t s , based on a group o f non-psyohotio in d iv id u a ls o f below average in te llig e n c e having th e same age range as th e sch izo p h ren ics on th e o r ig in a l stu d y , f a i l to answer th e q u e stio n s concerning th e cues w hich would d i f f e r e n t i a t e .

1. 2. 3. 4.

W. B. Webb. A Note on th e Rabin R a tio . Jo u rn a l o f C onsulting Psychology, 11* 107-8, 1947. -------S . L. G a rfie ld . P relim inary A p p ra isal of W echsler-B ellevue S c a tte r P a tte rn s i n S chizophrenia. Jo u rn al o f C o n su ltin g Psychology, 12* 32-36, 1948. A. M agaret. P a r a lle ls in th e Behavior e f Sohizophrenics, P a re tic s and P re S e n ile N on-Psychotios. Jo u rn a l o f Abnormal and S o c ia l Psychology, 37* 511-528, 1942. A. Magaret and C. W right. L im ita tio n s in th e Use o f In te llig e n c e T est Per­ formance t o D eteot Mental D istu rb a n ce s. Jo u rn a l o f A pplied Psychology, 27* 387-398, 1943.

- 16 -

R abin, how ever, in a l a t e r s tu d y , co n clu d es ^ t h a t th e V erb al S o ale i s f a i r l y s ta b le and c lo s e ly ap p ro x im ates th e p a t i e n t 's p o t e n t i a l le v e l b u t n o te s c o n s id e ra b le changes i n th e Perform ance S c a le . Using a mixed group o f 32 sc h iz o p h re n ic p a t i e n t s w ith ag es ran g in g from 17 to 4 9 , e d u c a tio n from th e 6 th grad e t o c o lle g e , and I . Q . 's from 69 to 115, O lch, re c o g n iz in g th e li m it in g v alu e o f th e s t a t i s t i c a l d a ta , p r e s e n ts

d a ta

w hich does n o t sup p o rt th e view t h a t th e r e i s a d if f e r e n c e betw een V erbal and Perform ance m eans. More r e o e n t ly , L ev in e, t e s t i n g th e d ia g n o s tic u t i l i t y o f t e s t p a tte r n s f o r s c h iz o p h re n ia by comparing h o s p ita l d ia g n o ses o f v e te ra n s w ith th o s e based on th e V fechsler-B ellev u e psy ch o m etric p a t t e r n , in d ic a te s ® t h a t th e p a tte r n s a r e of lim ite d d ia g n o s tic v a lu e . W ithout a tte m p tin g t o s e p a ra te a group of sc h iz o p h re n ic p a t i e n t s in to subty p e s (s in c e W echsler does n o t do s o ) , Johnson d e r iv e s ^ t e s t s c o re s p a tte r n s (by o b ta in in g th e av erag e s u b te s t d e v ia tio n from each i n d i v i d u a l 's mean w eighted s c o re ) b u t f in d s t h a t " s c h iz o p h re n ic p a t i e n t s do n o t p re s e n t a c o n s is te n t sympto­ m a to lo g y ...

O btained t e s t s c a t t e r exceeds th e v a r i a b i l i t y l i m it s e s ta b lis h e d by

W e c h s le r ...

I n c id e n ta l to th e stu d y i s th e t e n t a t i v e f in d in g t h a t t e s t v a r ia ­

b i l i t y does n o t in c re a s e w ith I . Q . 's above 110". ®

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A. I . R ab in . F lu c tu a tio n in th e M ental L evel o f S ch iz o p h re n ia P a tie n ts * P s y c h ia tr ic Q u a r te r ly , 18* 7 8 -9 1 , 1944. D. Oloh. P sy ch o m etric P a tt e r n o f S ch iz o p h re n ic s on th e W ech sler-B ellev u e I n te l li g e n c e T e s t. J o u rn a l o f C o n su ltin g P sychology, 12* 127-137, 1948. L. L ev in e. The U t i l i t y o f W eo h sler’ s P a tte r n s i n th e D iag n o sis o f S chizo­ p h r e n ia . J o u rn a l o f C o n su ltin g P sychology, 13* 28-31, 1949. L. G. John so n . W ec h sler-B ellev u e Pa-fc-bern A n a ly sis in S c h iz o p h re n ia . J o u rn a l o f C o n su ltin g Psychology, 13* 3 2-33, 1949. I b i d ., p . 33.

- 17 Examining th e perform ance ^ o f a group o f a d o le s c e n t male p sy ch o p ath s w ith th e W ech sler-B ellev u e S c a le , Levi i n d i c a te s a la rg e d is c re p a n c y i n f a v o r o f t h e Perform ance over t h e V erb al S c a le .

The w ork o f Van V o rst

how ever, does n o t

s u b s ta n tia te th e above f in d in g s " to an e x te n t w hich would j u s t i f y d e f in in g any c h a r a c t e r i s t i c re sp o n se p a t t e r n f o r th e p sy ch o p ath ic p e r s o n a li ty ." ® S tr o th e r q u e s ti o n s ^ th e r e l i a b i l i t y o f L e v i’ s r e s u l t s .

^ ^ e w is e ,

S c h a fe r p r e s e n ts no

d a ta b u t a cc o rd in g to him, " th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p a t te r n i s a s u p e r io r it y of th e Perform ance le v e l over th e V e rb a l," " w ith low sc o re s on Comprehension and S i m i l a r i t i e s , and h ig h sc o re s on P ic tu r e A rrangem ent, O b ject Assembly and Block D esign. L ew inski, a p p ly in g

g

th e p r in c i p le o f psychom etric p a tte r n in g t o d if f e r e n ­

t i a l d ia g n o s is , does n o t f in d a c o n s is te n t, s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t , p a tte r n in a n x ie ty n e u r o s is a lth o u g h W echsler s t a t e s th a t th e n e u r o tic does p o o rly on t e s t s c a llin g f o r im m ediate e f f o r t , such as O bject Assembly and D ig it Span and t h a t " t e s t v a r i a b i l i t y in n e u r o tic s i s g r e a t e r th a n t h a t o f p s y c h o tic s ."

n

He

f a i l s , however, t o d e s c rib e th e manner in w hich th e p a t te r n s were w orked o u t, nor does he d e s c r ib e

th e d a ta which y ie ld e d th e se p a t t e r n s .

A very th o ro u g h and com prehensive su rv ey o f t e s t s c a t t e r and p a tte r n in g and u t i l i z i n g a v a r i e t y o f te c h n iq u e s is t h a t o f R apaport ®.

H is d a ta in d ic a te

t h a t n e u r o tic s do r e l a t i v e l y b e t t e r on th e V erbal th a n on th e Perform ance p a r t of th e S cale.

The n e u r o tic s do r e l a t i v e l y b e s t on S i m i l a r i t i e s , V o cab u lary ,

A rith m e tic , and P ic t u r e C om pletion.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

The r e l a t i v e c a s e , f o r th e n e u r o tic s , o f

J . L evi. A P sy ch o m etric P a tte r n of th e A d o lescen t P sy ch o p ath ic P e r s o n a li ty . U npublished Ph.D . t h e s i s , School o f E d u ca tio n , New York U n iv e r s ity , 1943. R. 3. Van V o r s t. An E v a lu a tio n o f th e T est P erform ance o f a Group o f Psyoho­ p a th ic D e lin q u e n ts . P s y c h o lo g ic a l B u l l e t i n , 50* 583, 1943. Loc. C xt. C. R. S t r o t h e r . The P erform ance o f P sychopaths on th e W ech sler-B ellev u e T e s t. P roceedin g s o f th e Iowa Academy o f S c ie n c e , 51* 397-400, 1944. R. S c h a fe r. The C lin ic a l A p p lic a tio n o f P sy c h o lo g ic a l T e s ts . P . 54. R. J . LewinsknT She P sy ch o m etric P a tte rn * I . A n x iety N e u ro s is . J o u rn a l of C lin ic a l P sy chology, 1* 214-21, 1945. D. W eohsler. Measurement o f A d u lt I n t e l l i g e n c e , p . 156. D. R apaport. D ia g n o s tic P s y c h o lo g ic a l T e s tin g , V o l. I .

- 18 -

S im ila r itie s and V ocabulary and th e r e la tiv e d i f f i c u l t y of D ig it Span and O bject Assembly agree w ith th e p a tte rn given by W eohsler. S chafer re p o rts t h a t th e most conspicuous fe a tu re s of a n x ie ty on th e Weohsle r-B e lle v u e a re na markedly lowered D ig it Span score (im paired a tte n tio n ) , a le s s markedly but s t i l l n o tio e a b ly lowered A rith m etic score (im paired co ncentra­ tio n ) and a lowered Performance le v e l ." * Aooording to Lynn, Levine and Hewson

who stu d ie d a group o f a n x iety

n e u ro tio s i n an e f f o r t t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e i r psyohometrio p a tte r n from t h a t o f s u b je c ts having d o s e d head i n j u r i e s , th e n e u ro tio s do r e l a t i v e l y po o rly on P ic tu re Completion and r e l a t i v e l y w e ll on A rith m etic and D ig it Symbol, except th a t th e D ig it Symbol sco re is sometimes low. Watson b e lie v e s t h a t s u f f ic ie n t evidenoe e x is ts " to show th a t a p a tte r n o f v a ria tio n s in s c a tte r on th e W eohsler-B ellevue S c a le, in p a r t , i s produced by a p a tte r n o f psyohopathy,"

b u t d if f e r e n t ed u ca tio n a l and c u ltu r a l backgrounds of

p a tie n ts w ith in any one p s y o h ia trio group te n d s to modify th e s o a tte r p a tte rn making th e s e p a tte rn s in d ic a tiv e r a th e r th a n d ia g n o s tic . expeoted to have id e n tic a l t e s t p a tte r n s .

Every case cannot be

A la rg e number o f c a s e s, however, as

a r e f le c tio n of t h e i r d is o rd e r should show s im ila r impairments o f c e r ta in i n t e l ­ le c tu a l fu n c tio n s .

A ccordingly, Watson b e lie v e s t h a t th e W eohsler-B ellevue Seale

i s a v a lu ab le c l i n i c a l t o o l even though i t does not provide a l i s t o f s p e c ific d ia g n o stic s ig n s.

1. 2.

3.

S c h a fe r, 0g. C it. , p . 45. J . C. Lynn, K. N. Levine and L. R. Hewson. P sy ch o lo g ical T ests f o r th e C lin i­ c a l E v alu atio n o f Late D iffu se , O rganic, N eurotic and Normal R eactions A fte r Closed Head I n ju r y . Research P u b lic a tio n s of th e A sso c ia tio n f o r Research in Nervous and M ental D isea ses, 24: 296-376, i945. R . T . W atson. The tfse o f th e W eohsler-B ellevue S c a les: A Supplement. P sycholo gical B u lle tin , 43* p . 67, 1946.

- 19 -

The S h ip lo y -H artfo rd S o l o In c o n tra s t to th e in d iv id u a lly a d m in istered ty p e of t e s t exem plified by th e W eohsler-B ellevue S o a le , a group t e s t o f th e s e lf-a d m in is te rin g ty p e use­ f u l in m easuring impairment in m ental fu n c tio n in g i s th e S h ip ley -H a rtfo rd R e tre a t Soule * which appeared in 1940.

According t o i t s a u th o r, th e Seale

was devised to provide a qu ick , o b je c tiv e , s e lf-a d m in is te rin g measure o f m ental d e te r io r a tio n . I t was based on th e o lin io o -e x p e rim ental o b serv atio n s th a t in m ental d e te r io r a tio n vocabulary le v e ls te n d to be a ffe o te d b u t s l i g h t l y , w hile th e a b i l i t y t o a b s tr a c t r e la tio n s h ip s , d eo lin es r a p id ly . ^ I t c o n s is ts o f an a b s tr a c tio n s e a le o f 20 item s and a vocabulary so a le o f 40 ite m s.

The scores o b tained can be converted in to a p p ro p ria te m ental ages

which may th e n be compared w ith sco res d erived from o th e r t e s t s .

The d is c r e ­

pancy between th e vocabulary soore and th e a b s tr a c tio n score y ie ld a concep­ t u a l q u o tie n t as a measure of th e m ental im pairm ent.

T o tal soores c o rre la te

.67 w ith m ental a g e. Like Babcock's method, th e t e s t i s based on th e idea t h a t i n t e l l e o t u a l impairment can be measured by c o n tra s tin g th e soores on a t e s t (a b s tra c tio n ) which i s s e n s itiv e to impairment w ith th o se on vocabulary which i s r e la t iv e l y u n a ffe c te d .

S hipley compared h is Soale w ith th e Babcock Exam ination For the

Measurement o f Mental D e te rio ra tio n * by ad m in isterin g th e t e s t s to 160 m ental

1.

Manual e f D ire c tio n s and Sooring Key* S h ip le y - I n s titu te o f Living S o ale. The N eu rep sy c h iatrie I n s t i t u t e of th e H a rtfo rd R e tre a t, H a rtfo rd , Conn.

wo:—

2.

----------------------------------------

W. C. S h ip le y . A S elf-A d m in isterin g Soale f o r Measuring I n t e l l e c t u a l Im­ pairm ent and D e te rio ra tio n . Jo u rn a l e f Psychology, 9: 371-77, 1940. 3 . I b id . , p . 377. 4 . H. Baboock. An Experiment in th e Measurement o f Mental D e te rio ra tio n . A rchives o f Psychology, No. 117, 18, 1940.

- 20 -

h o s p ita l p a tie n ts* and found t h a t th e mean r e n t a l age s c o re s f o r th e two t e s t s were p r a c t i c a l l y i d e n tic a l i n th e group showing no d e te r io r a tio n . In a l l th e rem aining groups* th e a b s tr a c t-th in k in g sc o re s a re c o n sid erab ly low er. The r e s u lts in d ic a te t h a t th e a b s tr a c t t h in k in g t e s t . . . c o n s t i t u t e s a s e n s itiv e measure o f i n t e l ­ le c t u a l im pairm ent.1 I n a l a t e r paper* S hipley and Burlingame p re s e n t

2

d a ta to show t h a t

w hile th e psychoneurotic and psychopath conceptual q u o tie n ts approach th e normal* th e sc h iz o p h re n ic 's i s g e n e ra lly low .

However* th ey c o n sid e r th e

t e s t u s e f u l only w ith r e la tiv e ly e a r ly cases o f average (vocabulary age* 14 y e a rs) o r su p e rio r in te llig e n c e , b u t u n s u ita b le f o r markedly d e te r io r ­ ated o r subnormal c a s e s .

Fleming* review ing ^ th e work done w ith th e S h ip ley -

H a rtfo rd Scale* b e lie v e s t h a t some p a tie n ts do p o o rly because th e y a re so in h ib ite d th a t th ey are unable to r e a c t adequately to th e t e s t . W right stu d ie d ^ over n in e hundred p a tie n ts ad m itted to th e Neuro­ p s y c h ia tric S ervice a t a n a v al h o s p ita l.

H is r e s u l ts based on a c o rre la ­

tio n o f th e scores w ith th e t o t a l sc o w s on th e W echsler-B ellevue ( r “ .7 7 ), in d ic a te t h a t th e sco res on th e S h ip ley -H a rtfo rd Scale (a b s tr a c tio n p lu s vocabulary) give na rougfr approxim ation o f th e g e n eral i n t e l l e c t u a l le v e l o f th e in d iv id u a l.. . (an d ). . . t h a t many o f th e p a tie n ts a re fu n c tio n in g con­ s id e ra b ly below t h e i r o r ig in a l in te llig e n c e * H 5 su g g estin g th e presence o f i n t e l l e c t u a l im pairm ent.

1.

The mean vocabulary score o b tain ed f o r h is group

IT. C. S h ip ley . A Comparison o f Two Techniques f o r M easuring I n t e l l e c t u a l Impairment and D e te rio ra tio n . P sy ch o lo g ical B u lle tin . 37: 439* 1940. 2. W. C. Shipley and C. C. Burlingam e. "A Convenient S elf-A d m in isterin g S cale f o r M easuring I n t e l l e c t u a l Impairment in Psycho t i c s . ” American Jo u rn a l o f P s y c h ia try . 97: 1313-25, 1941. 3* G. W. T. H. Flem ing. The S h ip ley -H a rtfo rd R e tre a t S cale For Measuring I n t e l l e c t u a l Im pairm ent. Jo u rn a l o f M ental S c ie n ce . 89: 64-68* 1943. 4 . M. E . W right. Use o f th e S h ip ley -H a rtfo rd T est i n E v alu a tin g I n t e l l e c ­ t u a l F unctioning o f N eu ro p sy ch iatric P a tie n ts . Journal o f A pplied Psychology, 30: 45-50, 2®4&. 5. I b i d . * p . 4H.

- 21

i s e q u iv a le n t to a m ental ag e le v e l o f 1 5 .0 y e a r s . G a r f ie ld , how ever, u s in g th e S o ale a s a m easure o f m e n tal s t a t u s i n an Army d i s c i p l i n a r y b a rra c k s n o te s t h a t th e o b ta in e d m e n ta l ages can n o t be in t e r p r e t e d v a l i d l y , " p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r in d iv id u a ls i n th e lower h a l f o f th e in t e l l i g e n c e d i s t r i b u t i o n . " ^

He q u e s tio n s W r ig h t's i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t h a t

th e low sco res o f h i s s u b je c ts r e p r e s e n t a f u n c tio n a l lo s s b u t r a t h e r a t t r i ­ b u te s th e low s c o r e s t o th e in h e re n t d i f f i c u l t y o f th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd Soale f o r th e a v e ra g e and below av era g e s u b je c t. Solomon s tu d ie d a s im ila r group

o f o h a r a c te r an d b e h a v io r d is o r d e r s a t

a d i s c i p l i n a r y b a rra o k s , known a s a medium s e c u r ity i n s t a l l a t i o n , and o b ta in e d a marked d isc re p a n c y betw een s o o re s . q u o tie n t below 80.

F o rty -n in e p e r c e n t have a c o n c e p tu a l

In a n o th e r su rv e y , f i f t y inm ates o f a p o s t sto ck ad e w ere

s u b je c te d to an in te n s iv e in v e s tig a tio n ®

by R o ttersm an .

The p r is o n e r s w ere

s e p a ra te d in to two gro u p s, ac c o rd in g t o w h eth er th e in d i v id u a l had a non­ c o n trib u to r y c i v i l i a n h is to r y (group I ) o r a c o n tr ib u to r y h i s t o r y (group 2 ) . " F o rty p e r c e n t o f group 1 and 60 p e rc e n t o f group 2 had a v o cab u lary age o f le s s t h a n 12 y e a r s .

Of s u b je c ts w ith a v o cab u lary age o f 1 1 .5 y e a r s o r b e t t e r . . . ,

members of group 1 had an av erag e co n c e p tu a l q u o tie n t o f 89 p e r c e n t ( e s s e n t i a l l y norm al) and members o f group 2 had an av era g e o f 77 p e r o e n t ( d i s t i n c t l y su g g est i v e o f m ental d e t e r i o r a t i o n " •

1. S . G a r f ie ld . The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd R e tr e a t S oale a s a Measure o f M ental S t a t u s . J o u r n a l of C o n su ltin g P sy chology, l i t p . 150, 1947. 2 . J . C. Solomon. AdulF C h a ra c te r and B ehavior D is o r d e r s . J o u rn a l o f C li n ic a l P sy ch o p ath o lo g y , 9 t 1 -5 5 , 1948. 3 . W. R ottersm an. The Guardhouse In m ate. War M ed icin e, 5 t 271-279, 1944. 4 . I b i d . , p . 273.

-

22

-

While th e W echsler-B ellevue S cale i s e s s e n tia l ly a t e s t o f a d u lt in te llig e n c e , i t s a u th o r p rovides a means f o r e stim a tin g th e m ental im pairm ent o r d e te r io r a tio n in fu n c tio n in g by th e use o f a r a t io ^ (th e Mental D e te rio ra tio n Index) based on th e assum ption t h a t sco res which in d iv id u a ls a t t a i n on t e s t s m easuring a b i l i t i e s which do n o t d eclin e s ig n if ic a n tly w ith age (In fo rm a tio n , V ocabulary, P ic tu re Completion and O bject Assembly) re p re s e n t t h e i r o r ig in a l in te llig e n c e a s a g a in st th o se scores on t e s t s (Block D esign, A rith m etic, D ig it Span, D ig it S u b s titu tio n ) which a re much im paired w ith a g e. L e v i, Oppenheim and W echsler c i t e ^ c ases where the method i s u s e f u l f o r d i f f e r e n t i a l d iag n o sis where org an ic c o n d itio n s a re suspected. th e le s s , th ey a re aware o f the need fo r f u r th e r ex p erim en tatio n .

Never­ Applying

th e two methods o f m easuring m ental impairment to 100 v e te ra n s i n a neuro­ p s y c h ia tric h o s p ita l, G a rfie ld and Fey o b ta in ^ a low c o rre la tio n ( r m / . 1 3 ) , n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n if ic a n t, between th e S h ip ley -H artfo rd CQ and th e W echslerB ellevue Index (c o rre c te d f o r age) b u t t h i s c o e f fic ie n t i s based on an un­ c la s s i f i e d group o f sch iz o p h re n ic s, n e u ro tic s , psychopathic p e r s o n a litie s and o th e r p sy ch o tic and non-psychotic c o n d itio n s .

The c o rre la tio n s between

S h ip ley -H artfo rd M ental Ages and W echsler-B ellevue I n te llig e n c e Q u o tie n ts, a re , n e v e r th e le s s , q u ite hig h ( / .6 3 ) .

1. 2. 3.

D. W echsler. Measurement o f A dult I n te llig e n c e . C hapter VI. J . L ev i, S . Oppenheim and D. W echsler. C lin ic a l Use o f th e M ental D eter­ io r a tio n Index o f th e B ellevue-W echsler S c a le. Jo u rn al o f Abnormal and S o c ia l Psychology. 40: 405-407, 1945. S . L . G a rfie ld and W. F . Fey. A Comparison o f th e W echsler-Bellevue and S h ip ley -H artfo rd S cales a s Measure o f M ental Impairm ent. Jo u rn a l o f C onsulting Psychology. 12: 259-264, 1948.

23 -

A breakdow n o f th e group i n t o t h e i r v a r io u s c l i n i c a l c a te g o r ie s in d ic a te s t h a t " t h e s c h iz o p h re n ic group and th e m ixed n o n -p sy o h o tic group ( p r im a r ily a lc o h o l i c s l ) have th e l a r g e s t p e rc e n ta g e o f p a th o lo g ic a l s o o r e s .

There i s a ls o a

g r e a t e r freq u en cy o f p a th o lo g ic a l so o res on th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S o ale th a n on th e W e c h sle r-B e lle v u e , a lth o u g h t h i s may be due i n p a r t to th e m ethod o f o l a s s i f i o a t i o n on th e l a t t e r . "

However, 57 p e r c e n t o f th e 100 c a se s re o e iv e d s c o re s

on b o th s c a le s w hich w ere n o t in d i c a t i v e o f p ath o lo g y ; o n ly 7 p e r c e n t o b ta in e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y low s c o re s on b o th t e s t s , o The re s e a ro h w ith th e two s c a le s by M agaret and Simpson on a group o f "25 m ale and 25 fem ale s t a t e h o s p i t a l p a t i e n t s o f v a ry in g d ia g n o s is " y ie ld s r e s u l t s s im i la r to th o s e o f G a r f ie l d .

A w ide range o f d e t e r i o r a t i o n on, and

a la c k o f agreem ent a s t o th e e x te n t o f im pairm ent betw een, th e two in d ic e s a r e e v id e n t.

They f in d t h a t th e c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e m e n ta l d e t e r i o r a t i o n

index and th e c o n c e p tu a l q u o tie n t a s w e ll a s t h a t betw een p s y c h i a t r i s t s ’ r a ti n g and eac h of th e d e t e r i o r a t i o n in d ic e s i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from z e ro . The c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e t o t a l so o res on each s c a le i s /.8 6 7 w hich i s comA p a r a b le to th e one re p o r te d by Y frig h t. They conclude t h a t th e la c k o f a g re e ­ ment may be due to th e v a ry in g assu m p tio n s u n d e rly in g th e s e te c h n iq u e s .

1. 2. 3. 4.

I b i d . , p . 262. A. K f a g a r e t and M. M. Simpson. t i o n i n P sy c h o tic P a t i e n t s . 270, 1948. G a r f ie ld , £ £ . C i t . W rig h t, Op. C i t . , p . 4 8 .

A Comparison o f Two M easures o f D e te r io r a ­ J o u rn a l o f C o n su ltin g P sy ch o lo g y , 12» 265-

*

24

*

E v alu atio n o f P e rs o n a lity P e rs o n a lity t e s t in g in t h i s country d a tes from 1917 when Woodworth brought f o r th th e P ersonal Data Sheet f o r use in soreening men f o r th e Army.

Sinee

t h a t tim e , many p e rs o n a lity q u e stio n n a ire form s, sueh a s , th e B em reu ter Per­ s o n a lity In v e n to ry , th e Fsyeho-Somatie In v en to ry and o th e rs have been used in experim ents in p s y o h ia trie and psy o h o lo g isal e v a lu a tio n . The review * o f p e rs o n a lity q u e stio n n a ire s by E l l i s e i t e s th e advantages and f a i l i n g s o f p a p er-an d -p en o il q u e stio n n a ire s and p o in ts o u t t h a t s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e s i n group means do mot h e lp i n d is tin g u is h in g between normal and n e u ro tie in d iv id u a ls*

He found t h a t o f "75 a tte m p ts t o v a lid a te p e rs o n a lity

q u e stio n n a ire s a g a in st p s y o h ia trie o r p sy ch o lo g ical d ia g n o s is , 36 have shown p o s itiv e , 9 q u estionably p o s itiv e , and 30 n e g ativ e r e s u l t s . " ^ E l l i s eonoludes, The o ld e r, more co n v en tio n al, and more w id ely used forms o f th e se t e s t s seem to b e , f o r p r a c t ic a l d ia g n o stic pur­ p o ses, hard ly w orth th e paper on which th e y a re p r in te d . Among th e newer q u e s tio n n a ire s , th e M innesota M u ltip h asic schedule appears to be th e most prom ising one — perhaps beoause i t g e ts away from group a d m in is tra tio n which has h ith e r to been alm ost synonymous w ith p e rs o n a lity t e s t g iv in g . More re s e a rc h i n t h i s d ir e c tio n i s w e ll w arranted a t th e p re se n t tim e.® E l l i s and Conrad s t a t e * t h a t p e rs o n a lity in v e n to rie s "have proven h elp ­ f u l fo r th e n e u ro p sy c h ia tric scree n in g o f ad u lts p r io r t o in d u o tio n in to m ilita r y s e rv ic e , and a f t e r in d u c tio n .

I n c o n tr a s t, th e u s e . . . i n c i v i l i a n p r a c t i c e . ••

has g e n e ra lly y ie ld e d d isa p p o in tin g r e s u l t s ." ® In th e m ain, however, th e y

1. 2. 5. 4. 5.

A. E l l i s . The V a lid ity o f P e rs o n a lity Q u e stio n n a ire s. P sy ch o lo g ical B ulle­ t i n , 43: 385-440, 1946. Iblct. . p . 406. 1^17, p . 425. A. E l l i s and H. S. Conrad. The V a lid ity e f P e rs o n a lity In v e n to rie s in M ilita r y P r a c tis e . P sy ch o lo g ical B u lle tin , 45: 385-426, 1948. I b i d ., p . 385.

26 -

fin d t h a t th e p e rs o n a lity in v e n to rie s a re o f the group form o f th e p a p e ra n d -p e n c il v a rie ty and p rim a rily used i n m ilita r y screen in g and s e le c tio n . A n o ta b le exception to th e se i s th e M innesota M u ltip h asic P e rs o n a lity In v en to ry ^ which, i n c l i n i c a l p r a c t i c e , i s u s u a lly ad m in istered i n d iv i­ d u a lly alth o u g h a group form o f t h i s p s y c h ia tric q u e stio n n a ire has been p u b lish e d . The M innesota M ultiphasic P e rs o n a lity In v en to ry The M innesota M ultiphasic P e rs o n a lity In v en to ry (MMPI) i s a s tru c ­ tu re d p e rs o n a lity t e s t which y ie ld s sco res on nine components o f ab n o rm ality , namely hypochondriasis (H s), depression (D ), h y s te r ia (H y), psychopathic d e v iate (P d), m a sc u lin ity -fe m in ity (Mf), p a ra n o ia (P a), p sy ch a sth en ia ( P t) , sch izo p h ren ia (Sc) and hypomania (Ma), and fo u r v a li d i ty sco res which in d i­ c ate w hether th e reco rd i s to be co n sid ered v a lid f o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

Raw

scores o b ta in e d f o r each scale a re computed in to T -sc o re s, w ith th e mean a t 50.

V alues above a T -score o f 70 a re con sid ered s ig n if ic a n t o f d ev ian t

o r abnormal behavior from th e norm al. Leverenz, in an e a r ly re p o rt ^ o f th e u se fu ln e ss o f th e MMPI i n psychia­ t r i c work, fin d s th a t i n a m a jo rity of 10$ p s y c h ia tric ward p a tie n t s in an Army h o s p ita l, th e sco res on the In v en to ry correspond w ith th e p s y c h ia tric d ia g n o sis, e s p e c ia lly f o r the n e u ro tic group in which hypochondriacal com­ p la in ts a re fre q u e n t.

N on-psychotic d istu rb a n c e s show r e s u l t s s im ila r to

the hypochondriacal and depressive groups; p sy ch o tic s u b je c ts sire h ig h on the sc h iz o p h re n ia , p a ra n o ia, and p sy ch a sth en ia s c a le s .

1. 2.

S. R. Hathaway and J . C. McKinley. Manual For th e M innesota M u ltip h asic P e r s o n a lity In v e n to ry . The P sy c h o lo g ic a l C orp., New York, 1943* C. W. Leverenz. liiP I: An E valu atio n o f I t s U sefulness in th e Psychia­ t r i c S erv ice o f a S ta tio n H o sp ita l. V/ar M edicine. 4s 618-629, 1943.



16



Schmidt examined 1 th e M innesota M ultiphaeie P e rs o n a lity In v e n to rie s o f 121 "white. Army A ir Forees e n lis te d men who had been r e f e r r e d "ho th e C o n su ltatio n Servioe because o f poor adjustm ent, and compared t h e i r records w ith those o f a normal group o f 98 s u b je c ts .

"The p r o f ile s f o r th e d ev iate

groups show obvious divergence from th e normal p r o f i l e . th e curves a re h ig h e r." 2

I n a l l in s ta n c e s ,

The d a ta d is tin g u is h s ig n if ic a n tly t h e major

c l i n i c a l groups and a re i n agreem ent w ith th e above fin d in g s o f L everenz. Gough adm inistered 2 th e MMPI t o 136 consecutive ad m issio n s, inoluding b o th w h ite and negro s o ld ie r s , t o a n eu ro p sy ch latrie s e c tio n o f a s ta tio n h o s p ita l and grouped th e records accord in g to th e c lin ic a l d ia g n o s is . The fin d in g s in d io a te d is tin c tiv e p r o f ile s ; th e p sy ch o n eu ro ties show a d ip h a sic curve i n which th e hypochondriasis, d epression

h y s t e r i a soores

a re h ig h e r th a n th e p aran o ia, psyohasthenia and schizophrenia s o o re s .

The

p sy eh o tie p a tte r n i s described a s a dip h asic curve w ith ap p ro x im ately co-equal p eak s.

The "Pd" s u b te s t, fo r th e psychopathic p e rs o n a lity , i s h ig h e r th a n on

any psychoneurotie ourve; a ls o , psychopaths ten d t o o b ta in much h ig h e r F s c o re s .

The r e s u l t s re p o rte d * by Van V orst who gave th e 1UPI t o a group of

d elin q u e n t boys do not c o rro b o ra te th e above fin d in g s.

1.

H. 0 . Schm idt. T est P r o file s as a D iagnostic Aid* The Minnesota M u lti1945 PerSO aality ImTWltw7 * Jom -sal of Applied Psychology, 29: 115-131, 2# Ibidep p# 120* 3 . H. G. Gough. D iagnostic P a tte rn s on th e Minnesota M u ltip h a sic P e rso n a lity In v en to ry . Jo u rn al of C lin ic a l Psychology. 2, 23-37 1946. 4* H* E v alu atio n o f 'l e s t PeSonnanoes o f a Group o f Psyohop a th ie D elinquents. P sy c h o leg iea l B u lle tin . 40: 583, 1943 (A b s tra c t).

-

27

-

Meehl, employing th e c r i t e r i a in d ic a te d by Schmidt and Gough (ae re p o rte d above) and h is own c l i n i c a l judgment, in sp ec te d * a s e r ie s o f " v a lid " abnormal p r o f ile s and c l a s s i f i e d th e se in to th r e e c a te g o rie s , namely, p sy ch o sis, psyohon e u ro s is , and oonduet d is o rd e r.

About tw o -th ird s o f th e abnormal re c o rd s a re

p ro p e rly id e n tif ie d ; th e c h ie f d i f f i c u l t y occurs in d is tin g u is h in g between n e u ro tic and p sy ch o tic curves. A s im ila r study by Hunt and h is o olleagues r e s u lt s

i n even le s s agree­

ment which i s only 58 p e r oent o f th e cases c l a s s i f i e d . A lthough aware t h a t c o lle c te d s t a t i s t i c a l m a te ria l i s eonoerned w ith group com parisons, U odlin b e lie v e s * t h a t th e MMPI i s a v alu ab le ad ju n ct to c lin ic a l p r a c tic e , d e s p ite th e f a s t t h a t i t dees n o t provide i n f a l l i b l e d iag n o ses.

M o rris,

however, i s extrem ely s k e p tic a l, fin d in g th a t d a ta * o b tain ed from 320 p a tie n ts a t a n av al h o s p ita l do n o t d i f f e r e n t i a t e one abnormal group from a n o th e r, a l ­ though th e y do s e p a ra te th e " b o rd e rlin e norm als" from th o se m a n ife stin g serio u s p ath o lo g y .

His fin d in g s a re t h a t sco res on th e d ep ressio n so ale a re above

seventy f o r "every p a th o lo g ic a l group w ith th e ex cep tio n o f th e h y s te r ic a l group a n d ... th e c o n s titu tio n a l psychopathic group (em otional i n s t a b i l i t y ? ) f a l l s below seventy on t h e i r own s c a le , i . e . , th e Pd s o a le , and

w h ile th e sch iz o id s have a

mean sco re above

sev en ty , i t i s s ig n if ic a n t a t only th e 17 p e r cen t le v e l." ® Fur­

t h e r , a l l groups

show th e ty p ic a l psyehoneurotio p a tte r n d escrib ed by Gough.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

P . E. Meehl. P r o f ile A nalysis o f th e Minnesota M u ltip h asic P e rs o n a lity In v en to ry i n D if f e r e n tia l D iag n o sis. Jo u rn a l c f A pplied Psychology, 30* 517-524* 1946. H. F . H unt, A. C arp, W. A. C ass, J r . , W indier, C. L. and R. E. K an ter. A Study e f th e D if f e r e n tia l D iagnostic E ffic ie n c y e f th e MMPI. Jo u rn al e f C onsulting Psychology, 12* 331-336, 1948. H .T . M odlin. A Study o r th e MMPI in C lin ic a l P r a c tic e . Ameriean Jo u rn al e f C lin ic a l Psychology. 3* 370-374, 1947. W.“W. M o rris. A P relim in ary E v alu atio n e f th e M innesota M u ltip h asic Per­ s o n a lity In v e n to ry . Jo u rn a l e f C lin ic a l Psychology, 3* 370-374, 1947. I b i d . , p . 373.

- 28 -

The c l i n i c a l re c o rd s o f 98 male v e te ra n s from c l i n i c a l groups comprised • o f chronic a lc o h o lic s w ithout p sy c h o sis, psychopaths, p sy choneurotics and p s y c h o tic s , were s e le c te d a t random by Rubin1 who computed th e v a ria n c e s f o r each o f th e s u b -sc a le s o f th e MMPI and d iscovered t h a t th e se r e s u l t s do n o t y ie ld any s ig n if ic a n t agreement between th e MMPI sco res and c l i n i c a l d ia g n o sis. Noteworthy i s t h a t h i s fin d in g s a re markedly a t v a ria n ce w ith th o se o f p re ­ v io u s in v e s tig a to r s .

The h ig h e s t mean score on th e d ep ressio n s c a le , f o r

example, i s 6 8 .8 , t h a t o f th e p sy ch o n eu ro tics.

A lso, each c l i n i c a l group,

except th e p s y c h o tic s , a tta in e d t h e i r h ig i e s t mean score on th e psychopathic d e v ia te s c a le . Aside from stu dying th e s ig n ific a n c e o f abnormal sco res on th e n in e com­ ponent s c a le s o f th e MMPI i n d i f f e r e n t i a l d ia g n o s is , th e v a l i d i t y s c a le s have been su b jected to in v e s tig a tio n .

The a u th o rs o f th e In v en to ry d e sc rib e th e

s e v e ra l v a l i d i t y f a c to r s in t h e i r manual* 2

In a supplem entary manual, 3 a

new f a c t o r , K, i s in tro d u c e d to d e te c t th e in flu e n c e and reduce th e e f f e c t o f " d is tu rb in g te s t - t a k i n g a ttitu d e s " because th e MMPI s c a le s L and F "do n o t seem to be s u f f ic ie n tly s u b tle to d e te c t th e more common and o f te n unconscious v a r i e t i e s o f defen siv en ess o r p lu s - g e ttin g ." ^ Subsequent s tu d ie s by o th e r in v e s tig a to r s , however, q u estio n th e need f o r th e "K" s c a le .

Schmidt fin d s 3 t h a t w hile f a l s i f i c a t i o n may o ccu r, th e g en eral

shape remains th e same b u t th e e le v a tio n i s reduced.

1.

According to Rubin,

H. Rubin. The MMPI As a D iagnostic A id. Jo u rn a l o f C onsulting Psychology. 12s 251-254* 2 . S . R. Hathaway and J . C. McKinley. Manual o f th e M*nnA«yhft Mni-Mphasic P e rs o n a lity In v e n to ry . 3 . -Supplementary Manual f o r th a mmpt. 4* P . E . Meehl and S. R. Hathaway. The £ F a c to r a s a Suppressor V ariable in th e M innesota M ultip h asic P e rs o n a lity In v e n to ry . Jo u rn a l o f Applied Psychology. Vol. 30, p . 561, 1946. 5 . H. 0 . Schmidt. Notes on th e MMPI: The K -F actor. Jo u rn a l o f C onsulting Psychology, 12s 337-342, 1948.

- 29 -

"Ik s X so ale was found t o weaken r a th e r th a n s tre n g th e n th e d is c rim in a to ry powers of c e r ta in e f th e in d iv id u a l s u b te s ts .*

X

Likew ise, th e work

o

ef

B in t, e t a l re v e a ls th e i n a b i l i t y o f th e K o o rre o tie n t o improve th e aoouraoy o f th e s c a le s . Kazan and 8heihberg do not b e lie v e th a t a m arkedly h ig h "F" sco re inva­ lid a te s th e re c o rd .

On th e c o n tra ry , t h e i r fin d in g s in d io a te 5 t h a t n e u ro tic

and p sy c h o tic p a tie n ts may o b ta in v a lid h ig h "F" so o re s.

Twenty-two p er c en t

of a group o f c lin ie p a tie n ts , th e y found, had ”F" soores o f 70 o r above. Indeed, M odlin's s e r ie s ^

of MMPI reco rd s show 30 p er cent w ith an "F" sco re

above th e c r i t i c a l v alu e o f 70.

D espite th e b e l i e f of th e t e s t ’ s d evelopers

th a t a high *F* soore u s u a lly in v a lid a te s a re c o rd , th e tre n d ap p ears to fa v o r a somewhat h ig h e r o r i t i o a l minimum, as evidenced by th e work ® e f Meehl, one of th e t e s t ' s o h ie f proponents. S e v e ra l in v e s tig a to r s have compared o th e r t e s t fin d in g s w ith sco res on p e rs o n a lity in v e n to rie s .

Bnpleying th e B e m re u te r P e rs o n a lity In v en to ry and

th e Psychosomatic Inventory a s measure o f psyohoneuretie te n d e n c ie s. Page c o rre la te d

them w ith f a e te r s o f in te llig e n c e (Army G eneral C la s s if ic a tio n

T e s t), age and le n g th o f s e rv ic e , and ob tain ed c o e f f ic ie n ts "sc sm all i n com­ p a riso n w ith t h e i r probable e r r o r s , th a t s t a t i s t i c a l l y th e y cannot be con­ sid ered in d ie a tiv e o f aay d e f in ite r e la tio n s h ip ." ^

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Rubin, op. c i t . , p . 254. H unt, e $ a l , eg. o i t . A. T. Kazan and I . M. S heinberg. C lin ic a l Note on th e S ig n ific a n c e e f th e V a lid ity Soore (F) in th e Minnesota M u ltip h asic P e rs o n a lity In v e n to ry . American Jo u rn a l e f P s y c h ia try , 102t 181-83, 1946. M odlin, op. o l t .7~p. 766. P . B . Meehl. th e K F actor a s a Suppressor V a ria b le in th e M innesota M u lti­ p h a sic P e rs o n a lity In v e n to ry . Jo u rn a l e f A pplied Psychology, 30* S25-S64, 1946. H. B. Page. D etectin g Psychoneurotie Tendenoies i n Army P e rso n n e l. Psycho­ lo g ic a l B u lle tin , 42* 645-658, 1946. I b i d . . p . SSH

30

-

Using a group o f 48 undergraduate co lleg e s tu d e n ts , Brower adm inis­ te re d 1 th e MMPI and th e W echsler-B ellevue Scale and c o rre la te d th e sub­ sco res o f th e in v en to ry w ith th e t o t a l IQ.

In v erse c o rre la tio n s which are

s ig n if ic a n t are between IQ and hypochondriasis and h y s te r ia and between IQ and psychopathic d e v ia tio n , in d ic a tin g th a t th e v ery su p e rio r in d iv i­ d u als are n o t as l i k e l y to ex p ress m aladjustm ent a s would th e average o r s lig h tly s u p e rio r p erso n s. P ie Rorschach In k -B lo t T est Although p ro je c tiv e techniques f o r e v a lu a tin g th e p e rs o n a lity have a lo n g e r h is to r y

2 3 *

than th e s tru c tu re d q u estio n n aire ty p e , th e use o f such

te ch n iq u es, i . e . , th e Rorschach Ink -B lo t T est and th e Thematic Apperception T e s t, have only com paratively re c e n tly been adopted in to th e armamentarium o f th e c l i n i c a l p sy c h o lo g ist. Many s tu d ie s have been re p o rte d w ith th e Rorschach technique and no attem pt to review e x te n s iv e ly th e many c lin i c a l in v e s tig a tio n s w ill be made. Buros l i s t s ^ alm ost 600 re fe re n c e s and th e number co n tin u es to grow. During the tw enty y e a rs sin c e Rorschach, H ertz p o in ts out 5 t h a t age groups o f a l l le v e ls and v a rio u s p e rs o n a lity ty p es have been s tu d ie d .

Almost

every kind o f m ental d is o rd e r has been subjected to in v e s tig a tio n and stu d ie s w ith c l i n i c a l groups have v e r if ie d many o f th e e m p iric a l fin d in g s o f ^ Rorschach.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

D. Brower. The R elatio n Between In te llig e n c e and MMPI Scores. Jo u rn al o f S o c ia l Psychology. 25: 243-5* 1947. S. H. T ulchin. The Pre-Rorschach Use o f th e In k -B lo t T e s ts. Rorschach Research Exchange. 4: 1 -7 , 1940. H. S a rg e n t. P ro je c tiv e Methods: T heir O rig in , Theory, and A pplication i n P e rs o n a lity R esearch, P sych o lo g ical B u lle tin . 42: 257-293* 1945. 0 . K. B uros. The T hird M ental Measurement Yearbook. M. R. H e rtz . Rorschach: tw enty Sears A ite r. P sy ch o lo g ical B u lle tin . 39: 529-572, 1942. H. Rorschach. P sy ch o d iag n o stics.

- 31 -

In a l a t e r r e p o r t, she s ta t e s t h a t , " b a t te r ie s o f fa c to rs have been e sta b lis h e d which a re s ig n if ic a n tly more fre q u e n t in c e r ta in groups of c l i n i o a l su o je o ts th an in c o n tro lle d o r c o n tra s tin g g ro u p s ... Signs have been id e n tif ie d fo r in tr a c r a n ia l organic pathology (P io tro w sk i), psyohoneuroses (M a le and B arrow erE ric k s o n ), sch izo p h ren ia (Beck and K elley and K lo p fb r), and adjustm ent and m aladjustm ent (D avidson)." 1 9

Symonds and Krugm&n oonfirm * th e o u rren t tre n d in the development o f d i f ­ f e r e n t i a l " sig p s" f o r d iagnosis end p ro g n o sis.

In th e i r summary 3 o f th e

Rorschaoh method, K elley and B arrera l i s t a number o f fa o to rs u s e f u l in e s tim a tin g th e i n t e l l e c t u a l le v e l , te n sig n s fo r organio b ra in damage, c in e in d ic a tio n s f o r th e psyohoneuroses, and.about tw enty sch izo p h ren ic s ig n s . They c a u tio n , however, t h a t " f u r th e r s tu d ie s should inolude more complete p ro g n o stic e v a lu a tio n s .•• to g e th e r w ith s tu d ie s attem p tin g to d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e v a rio u s c l i n i c a l -types o f s c h iz o p h re n ia ." 4 R ickers-O vsiaakina fin d s t h a t th e re i s no one type o f sch iz o p h re n ic re c o rd ; e s s e n t i a l l y , the d iffe re n c e i s one o f d eg ree.

She m entions 3 th re e

fa o to rs which ooour m ainly in th e schizophrenic group, namely, p o s itio n re­ sponses, c o lo r naming and i n t r a - t e s t v a r i a b i l i t y in th e form o f q u a li ty .

Rape--

p o rt em phasizes th e value o f d e v ia n t or odd v e rb a liz a tio n s as " o ru o ia l souroes" o f sohizophrenic th in k in g .

"The manner in which the su b ject conm unioates,

j u s t i f i e s , and a p p ra ise s h is response in i t e s e l f . . . a d ire o t e x p re ssio n o f the s u b je c t's m aladjustm ent through th e medium o f v e rb a liz a tio n o f though processes %

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

M. £ . H e rtz . The Rorsohaoh Method; Soienoe or Mystery. J o u r n a l o f Sons u itin g Psychology , 7 , p. 71, 1945. " P. Symonas and M. Krugman. P ro je o tiv e Methods in th e Study o f P e rso n a lity . Rorsohaoh Research Exchange, yi 8 5 - lu l, 1945. D. M. K elley and S. E. B a rre ra . The P resen t S ta te o f the Rorsohaoh Method, as a P s y c h ia tric A djunct. Rorschaoh Researoh Exchange. 4s 30-36, 1940. I b id . , p . 3 2. R icker8-O vsiankina. The Rorsohaoh T est as A pplied to Normal and Sohizophrenio S u b je c ts . B r itis h Jo u rn al o f Medioal Psychology, 17*227-67, 1938. D. R apaport, R. S chafer and M. G ill. Manual o f D iagnostic T e stin g s D iagnostic T estin g o f P e rs o n a lity and Id e a tio n a l Content.

- 32 -

Beck b e l ie v e s 1 th e R orschach T e st i s a s ta b l e in s tru m e n t j u s t i f y i n g

confidence i n i t . Thus, th e re i s agreement th a t F / (form q u a lity ) i s low; c o lo r nuance te n d s in d ir e c tio n o f pure c o lo r o r C (c o lo r ) ; Dr (r a re d e t a i l ) i s h ig h ; sequence, o r o rd e r, tends toward th e confused; DW (in c lu d in g DrW) i s th e most c h a r a c te r is ti c method o f approach by a p a tie n t to h i s problem s; experience balanoe (E rle b n isty p u s) ten d s in d ire c tio n o f C; M (movement) i s n o t h ig h ; Po (p o s itio n ) resp o n ses are c h a r a c te r is ­ t i c ; P (popular responses) i s low. R e g u la ritie s in more q u a litia tiv e o b serv atio n s in c lu d e th e wide f lu c ­ tu a tio n from very good to v ery poor form; th e s t r i k ­ in g , p o e tic o r ig in a l, b la n d ly in te rm in g led w ith b iz a r r e p e rc e p ts ; contam inations; p e rs e v e ra tio n s ; r e je c tio n o f t e s t c a rd s . 2 These f in d in g s a r e i n g e n e ra l agreem ent w ith th o s e o f K elley and K lo p fer 3 and o th e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s , a lth o u g h w e ll re c o g n iz e d , n e v e r th e le s s ,

i s the need f o r c a u tio n when "u sin g any p a r tic u l a r Rorschach c h a r a c te r is tic a s evidence f o r o r a g a in s t a p a r tic u la r p ath o lo g y ." 4 Studying th e re c o rd s o f a v a rie d group o f n e u ro tic p a tie n ts , M iale and H arrow er-Erickson, have is o la te d 3 nine f a c to r s o r "sig n s" which appear to c h a ra c te riz e t h e i r Rorschach p ro to c o ls .

In a subsequent p a p er, H arrow er-

Erickson r e v is e s ^ th e above f a c to r s and e s ta b lis h e s a c r i t i c a l score o f 5 o r more s ig n s , though approxim ately tw enty p e r cent o f n e u ro tic p a tie n ts escape d e te c tio n because they f a i l to show fiv e o r more s ig n s, and o th e r p a th o lo g ic a l groups may d isp la y some o f the same s ig n s .

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

S . J . B eck. The Rorschach T est in Psychopathology, Jo u rn a l o f C onsulting Psychology. 7: 1 0 3 -U 1 , 1943* I b id . . p . 104. D. M. K elley and B. K lopfer. A p p lic atio n o f th e Rorschach Method to Re­ search i n S chizophrenia. Rorschach R esearch Exchange. 3: 55-66, 1938. J . R. W ittenboro and S. B. Sara son. E xceptions to C e rta in Rorschach C r i t e r i a o f Pathology, Jo u rn a l o f C onsulting Psychology. 13: 21-27, 1949. F. M iale and M. H arrow er-Erickson. P e rs o n a lity S tru c tu re in th e Psycho­ n e u ro se s. Rorschach Research Exchange. 4 : 71-74* 1940. M. H arrow er-Erickson. The Value and L im ita tio n s o f th e So-C alled "N eurotic S ig n s" . Rorschach R esearch Exchange. 6 -7 s 109-114* 1942-3.

T/Thile S ch afer does n o t p re s e n t co m p arativ e s t a t i s t i c a l d a t a , he in d ic a te s^ " t h a t th e t y p i c a l n e u r o tic re c o rd c o n ta in s ; a "reduoed number o f re sp o n se s ( l e s s th a n 20) and a p rep o n d eran ce of vague and p o o rly co n ceiv ed re sp o n ses'* .

Beoause

th e p e rc e p ts a r e v ag u e, th e form l e v e l may drop below th e a c c e p ta b le ran g e o f 65 to 80 p e r c e n t.

However, b a s i c a l l y im p aired r e a l i t y t e s t i n g i s n o t in d i c a te d .

A lso , th e ex p e rie n c e b a la n c e u s u a lly i s c o n s tr i c te d .

U s u a lly , one o r two F/C o r

C/F a re th e o n ly c o lo r re s p o n s e s . The stu d y by Lynn, L evine, and Hewson in d io a te s t h a t , f o r n e u r o t i c s , "p ro d u c­ t i v i t y , i n term s o f t o t a l number o f re s p o n s e s was d e c r e a s e d .• • t i v i t y served as a p o s i t i v e s ig n o f norm al f u n c t i o n . . .

Thus, h ig h produc­

In c r e a s e d re s p o n s iv e n e s s

to th e b r i g h t l y c o lo re d c a rd s a ls o te n d e d t o o ccu r only i n n o r m a ls .••

The i n a b i l i t y

to r e a c t to th e c o lo r s tim u la tio n may be i n t e r p r e te d as a f u n c tio n o f th e o o n s tr ic o t i v e n e u r o tic r i g i d i t y in p sy o h o n eu ro tic s u b je c t s ." T hat i s , " th e p sy c h o n e u ro tic resp o n se has reduced p r o d u c tiv ity b u t w ith in d ic a tio n s t h a t i t i s d i r e c t l y r e la te d t o th e v a rie d stim u lu s p r o p e r tie s o f t h e b l o t s ( c o lo r and s h a d in g ) , and f a i l u r e t o p a r t i c i p a t e in u s u a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . " 3 4 I t i s p o in te d o u t t h a t w h ile th e n e u r o tic s ig n s o f M iale and H arro w er-E rick so n have g e n e ra l a p p l i c a b i l i t y to d i f f e r e n t i a l d ia g n o s is o th e r p a th o lo g io a l groups and even some norm als may d is p la y th e same s ig n s .

F u rth erm o re , th e s e s ig n s may

r e f l e c t conoom itant n e u r o tic r e a c tio n s o f some o th e r p a th o lo g io a l p ro c e s s .

1. 2.

3.

R. S c h a fe r. The C li n i c a l A p p lic a tio n o f P sy c h o lo g ic a l T e s t s . P . 44. J . G. Lynn, K. N. L ev in e, and L. R. Hewson. P sy ch o lo g ic T e s ts For The C li n ic a l E v a lu a tio n o f L a te 'D if f u s e O r g a n io ', 'N e u r o tic 1, and 'N o rm al' R ea c tio n s A fte r C losed Head I n ju r y . The R esearch P u b lic a tio n s of th e A s s o c ia tio n F or R esearch in N ervous and M ental D is e a s e , V o l. XXTV, p . 243, 1945. I b i d . , p . 244.

34



M ichael and B uhler, w ritin g ^ e f t h e i r experiences w ith p e rs o n a lity t e s t ­ in g , express th e c o n v ie tio n th a t th e Bersehaeh i s extrem ely u s e fu l i n discrim ­ in a tin g th e psyehoneureses and th e psyehoses.

They f in d , though, t h a t i t i s

o f l i t t l e h elp i n d is tin g u is h in g th e psyohop&th.

(The Minnesota M ultiphasic

P e rs o n a lity In v e n to ry , though h e lp f u l, i s n o t d ia g n o s tic .) L in d n e r's review o f, and work w ith , psychopathic re c o rd s 2 re v e a l no r e a l b a s is f o r d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n .

The q u a n tita tiv e "sig n " approach i s n e t u s e fu l

although th e reco rd s show q u a lita tiv e f a c to r s which he names a s , " s u p e r f ic ia l­ i t y " , "avoidance", "e x p lc siv e n e ss" , "inoom pleteness" and " e g c o e n tric ity " . Heuser, on th e e th e r hand, studying a group of 28 psychopaths in th e Army, s e le c ts ® approxim ately 13 f a c to r s whioh a re o f value i n th e Rorsohaoh p ic ­ tu r e of th e psychopath. In an o th er Army sampling o f 178 w h ite s o ld ie rs re fe rre d to a C onsulta­ t i o n S ervice a tta e h e d to an A ir Force Replacement Fool during th e w ar, Schmidt computed * T-soore v a lu es (based on a normal sampling o f e n lis te d p erso n n el) f o r th e m ajor Rorsohaoh scoring fa o to rs and fin d s s e v e ra l c o n s is te n t c a te ­ g o rie s ( i . e . , o rg a n is a tio n eap a o ity , shading, and anim al and anatomy co n ten t) which d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e c l i n i c a l from th e normal group b u t overlap w ith in th e d ia g n o stio group i s v ery marked.

1. 2. 3. 4.

J . C. M ichael and C. B uhler. Experiences w ith P e rs o n a lity T estin g in a H eu ropsyohiatric Department e f a P u b lic G eneral H o s p ita l. D iseases c f th e Nervous System, 6: 206-11, 1945. R. M. K indner. th e Rorsohaoh Test and th e Diagnoses e f Psychopathic P er­ s o n a li ty . Jo u rn a l c f C rim inal Psychopathology, 5 t 69-93, 1943. H. D. H euser. The Psychopathic P e rs o n a lity . American Jo u rn a l o f Psychia­ t r y , 103* 105-110, 1946. H. 0 . Schm idt. T est P r o f ile s as a D iagnostio Aid* The Rorschaoh. Jo u rn a l c f C lin ic a l Psychology, I t 222-7, 1945.

However, th e in v e s tig a tio n s e f Linn

1

and Luohins

2

on Army personnel

oaution a g a in s t a too ready aooeptanoe e f stan d ard s based upon a c i v i l i a n population*

They p o in t out t h a t th e responses are in flu e n e e d by t h e i r edu­

c a tio n a l tr a i n i n g , p rev io u s experiences and c u ltu r a l background, and by th e s p e c ifio a t t i t u d e s adopted toward th e t e s t and by t h e i r a d a p ta tio n to Army life . g

W ishner c o rre la te d

s e le c te d Rorsohaoh f a o to rs w ith th e s u b -te s ts of

th e W echsler-Be1levue Seale and found t h a t th e number o f responses (R ), good whole p eroepts (ll/) and o rg a n is a tio n (Z) a re s ig n if ic a n tly r e la te d to in te llig e n c e b u t t h a t th e good form p e r cent ( F / % ) i s n o t.

He suggests th e

h y pothesis t h a t th e Rorsohaoh i s " th e more s e n s itiv e t e s t i n t e l l e c t u a l l y to th e e f f e e t s o f n e u ro tic d is tu rb a n c e s , w h ile th e W eohsler-B ellevue remains an in d io a to r e f i n t e l l e c t u a l p o t e n t i a l ." * Here re c e n tly , s e v e ra l s tu d ie s , w ith "normal" c o lle g e stu d en ts a s sub­ j e c t s and u t i l i s i n g th e group forms o f th e Rersehaoh teo h n iq u e and Minnesota M u ltiphasie P e rs o n a lity In v en to ry , have appeared which c o r r e la te se v e ra l Rorsohaoh which appear v a lid in term s e f a Schisophrenic S eale c r i te r i o n a re found by A ltus 6 t e be a low peroentage o f popular re sp o n se s, fo u r e r more anim al responses w ith movement and a r a t i o r e la tin g th e t o t a l number o f responses to th e number e f oontent c a te g o rie s .

1. 2. 3. 4. 6.

L. L inn. The Rorsohaoh T est in th e E v alu atio n o f M ilita ry P erso n n el. Roraehaoh R esearch Exchange, 10s 20-27, 1946. A. S. Luohins. S itu a tio n a l and A ttitu d in a l In flu en c e s on Rorsohaoh R esponses. American Jo u rn a l o f P sy c h ia try , 103t 780-4, 1946. J . W ishner. Rorsohaoh I n t e l l e c t u a l In d ic a to rs in N e u ro tio s. American Jo u rn a l «f O rth o p sy ch iatry . 18s 265-279, 1948. I b id . , p . 278. W. D. A ltu s . Seme C o rre la te s o f th e Group Rorsohaoh and th e Schiso­ p h ren ic Seale e f th e Group MMPI Among Two Groups o f "Normal" College S tu d e n ts. Jo u rn a l o f C onsulting Psychology, 12i 385-386, 1948.

M aladjustm ent, acc o rd in g to C la rk , ten d s * to be r e l a te d to h ig h e r sum C so o re s, w hile Thompson o o rr e la te s * d e v ian t movement responses w ith soores on th e Sohizophrenia and h y s te r ia Soales b u t o b ta in s le s s marked d e v ia tio n s on th e Fsyohopathio d e v ia te , F syohasthenia and Bypomania S o a le s, The m aladjustm ent, however, i s measured in term s o f a com paratively sm all p o in t d iffe re n o e between groups, a l l s c a le soores o f which f a l l w ith in norm al li m i t s , but A ltu s f e e l s th a t "wnen th e range o f m aladjustm ent*•• ( i s ) • •• extended to in c lu d e p sy c h o tic s, even h ig h e r degrees o f v a l i d i t y should be found." ® H ertz b e lie v e s t h a t many o f th e d i f f i c u l t i e s experienced w ith th e Rorsohaoh method have been due to th e inadequate s t a t i s t i c a l techniques which have been a p p lie d .

" C o rre la tio n a l technique in v o lv es a b s tr a c tio n

o f th e Rorsohaoh fa o to rs as s e p a ra te , d i s t i n c t and s t a t i s t i c a l v a r ia b le s , w h ile th e Rorsohaoh p a tte r n s a re conceived as eomponent p a rts o f a la r g e r whole and th e re fo re demand a technique which conserves th e in te g ra te d whole o f th e in te r r e la te d p a r t s ." *

Sargent f e e ls th a t "re o en t advanoes in s t a ­

t i s t i c s have been l i t t l e e x p lo ite d on th e q u a n tita tiv e tre a tm e n t o f r e s u l t s o f p ro je c tiv e e x p erim en ts.••

Small sample th e o ry , in o lu d in g th e tech n iq u es

o f a n a ly s is and oovarianoe, have n o t been used to any e x te n t." ®

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

J . C lark . Some MMPI C o rre la te s o f Color Responses in the Gfcoup Rorsohaoh. Journal o f C on su ltin g Psychology, 12* 385-886, 1948, G. M. Thompson^ Mkfl C o rre la te s o f C e rta in Movement Responses in th e Group Rorsohaoh o f Two College Samples. Jo u rn al o f C o n su ltin g Psycho­ lo g y , 12* 379-384, 1948. W.' 1)7A ltu s , op. c i t . , p . 377. M. £ . H e rtz . Rorsohaoh* Twenty T ears A f te r . P sy ch o lo g ical B u lle tin , 39, p. 542, 1942. H. S arg en t. P ro je o tiv e Methods* T heir O rig in s , Theory, and A p p lic atio n in P e rso n a lity R esearch. P sy ch o lo g ical B u lle tin , 42, p . 281, 1945.

- 37 -

In summary, i t i s e v id en t t h a t th e re i s co n sid erab le disagreem ent as t o the d i f f e r e n t i a l fa o to rs which d is tin g u is h th e p e rs o n a lity d is o rd e rs and t h a t probably th e th re e most eommon d iso rd e rs which give th e most d i f f i c u l t y are th e psyohoneuroses, sc h iz o p h re n ia s, and psychopathic p e rs o n a litie s *

- 38 -

CHAPTER I I I . PROCEDURES FOR COLLECTION OF DATA

The S ubjeots The su b ject* were * group e f 100 w h ite , male Army n eu ro p ey o h iatrle patiem t* * who had been sen t to th e N europsyohiatrio S e rrio e , W alter Reed G eneral H o s p ita l, Army M edieal C en ter, W ashington, D. C ., f o r o b serv atio n and e l i n i o a l d ia g n o sis.

Only th e s e p a tie n ts whom th e a tte n d in g ward psy­

c h i a t r i s t had c la s s if ie d in any one e f th e th re e m ajor c a te g o rie s in v e s t i­ gated (N eurotios - a n x ie ty o r d e p re ssio n , Psyohopaths, and Sohisophrenios p aranoid o r sim ple ty p e) and who completed a l l fo u r t e s t s o f th e b a tte r y , namely. The W eohsler-B ellevue In te llig e n c e S o ale, The S h ip ley -H artfo rd S o a le , The M innesota M ultiphasie P e rs o n a lity In v en to ry and The Rorsohaoh In k -b lo t T e s t, were included i n t h i s stu d y .

Diagnoses were made indepen­

d e n tly o f th e psyoholegioal fin d in g s . Sinoe a p p ro p ria te d ia g n o sis and com pletion o f th e t e s t b a tte r y were th e so le o r i t e r i a , no attem pt was made to match th e groups on any o th e r v a r ia b le s , such a s , age, e d u o atien or in te llig e n c e .

By studying each o f

th e s e f a o to r s , i . e . , age, e d u catio n and in te llig e n c e as sep a ra te f a o to r s , v a lu ab le a d d itio n a l data m ight be adduoed as to th e re la tio n s h ip between eaoh o f th e s e f a c to r s and th e e lin io a l groups.

1.

Records o f oolered o r fem ale p a tie n ts were n o t used in o rd e r t e avoid th e p o s sib le in flu en o e o f ra e e and sex upon th e t e s t r e s u l t s .

- 39 -

The p a tie n ts were g e n e ra lly o oep erativ e and o rie n te d a t th e tim e o f th e p sy ch o lo g ical exam ination.

1 p o s te r io r i evidence t h a t th e p a tie n ts who were

f i n a l l y se le e te d f o r in o lu s ie n i n t h i s study were t e s t a b l e i s seen i n t h e i r a b i l i t y to eomplete eaoh o f th e fo u r t e s t s .

A c o n sid e ra b le number e f d istu rb e d

p a tie n ts were u nable to f i n i s h a l l e f th e t e s t s and t h e i r reco rd s w ere exeluded from c o n s id e ra tio n .

F u rth e r, th e p a tie n ts were n e t re p o rte d by m ilit a r y grade

beoause t h e i r p re s e n t grades were n e t r e l i a b l e in d ic a to rs e f t h e i r m ilit a r y s ta tu s • r p ro g ress i n th e Army sinoe many o f them had been reduoed in grade p r io r to hos­ p i t a l i s a t i o n o r had r e - e n lis te d i n grades low er th a n th o s e h eld fo rm erly . TABLE X Age D is trib u tio n of P a tie n ts by C lin io a l Grouping*

Age

N eu ro tics (N 38)

Psychopaths (N 50)

S chizephrenios (H 32)

37-40

2

1

2

53-36

7

2

5

29-32

6

1

4

25-28

15

6

8

21-24

6

6

2

17-20

2

14

11

Mean

28.47

22.90

26.20

S.D.

5.05

6.17

6.49

* The mean ages and t h e i r stan d ard d e v ia tio n s f o r th e n e u ro tic and schizophrenic sub-groups w eret N eurotic A nxiety

D epressive

Schizophrenic P aranoid Simple

Mean

28.86

27.40

29.60

21.95

S.D.

5.48

4.88

5.99

4.22

The a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r eaoh o l i n i o a l group i s in d ic a te d i n T ab le I .

In

t h i s stu d y , t h e n e u ro tio s and s c h iz o p h re n ic s te n d t o f a l l i n th e o ld e r ag e groups w hereas th e psychopaths a r e s e v e r a l y e a r s y o u n g er. TABLE I I D is tr ib u t io n o f E d u o a tio n a l L e v e l by C l i n i c a l G rouping*

Grades Completed

N e u ro tic s (N 38)

P sy ch o p ath s (N 30)

S c h iz o p h re n ic s (N 32)

18-19

1

0

0

16-17

1

1

3

14-15

4

1

1

12-13

15

3

11

10-11

7

6

8

8-9

7

11

3

6-7

3

4

6

4-5

0

3

0

Mean

1 1 .1 0

9.07

10.68

S.D.

2 .6 4

2.73

2.72

* The mean' e d u o a tio n a l l e v e l s and t h e i r s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s f o r th e n e u r o tic and s c h iz o p h re n ic sub-groups w ere: A n x ie ty

N eu ro tic Dejy^essive

S c h iz o p h re n ic P aran o id Sim ple

Mean

1 1 .3 9

10.30

11.89

9 .1 4

S .D .

2 .2 2

2.52

2 .1 1

2.62

The g r e a t e r e d u o a tio n a l background o f th e n e u r o tic s and s c h iz o p h re n ic s i s r e a d i l y seen i n Table I I .

An a d d i tio n a l breakdown o f th e s c h iz o p h re n ic g ro u p ,

- 41 -

however, re v e a ls t h a t th e sim ple sch izo p h ren ics have a lower mean eduoa­ t i o n a l le v e l (9*14 y e a rs ) than th e paranoids (11,89 y e a r s ) , th u s showing a c lo se resemblance to the psychopaths o f t h i s study in e d u o atio n al a t t a i n ­ m ent,

The two types o f n e u ro tio s a re more l ik e eaoh o th e r, w ith th e de-

p re s siv e s (11.39 y e a rs ) showing a s l ig h tly h ig h e r le v e l th a n th e a n x iety oases (10,30 y e a r s ) , TABUS 111 D is trib u tio n o f P a tie n ts * Army General C la s s if ic a tio n T est (AGCT) Soores By C lin ic a l Grouping

AGCT

N eurotios (N«27)

Psyohopaths (Ns 17)

Sohizophrenics (N*15)

130-139

2

0

0

120-129

4

4

1

110-119

8

3

3

100-109

3

5

3

90- 99

6

2

3

80-89

2

0

2

70- 79

1

1

2

60- 69

1

2

1

Mean

106.04

102.41

96.67

S.D,

18.22

18.22

17.25

The r e la tiv e in te lle o tu a l stan d in g as measured by th e Army General C la ssi­ f ic a tio n Test seores i s re p o rte d in Table 111 , AGCT soores were n o t re p o rte d fo r a l l p a tie n ts sin c e soma o f th e p a t i e n t s ' m ilita r y re c o rd s (which contained the AGCT seo res) were u n a v ailab le d u rin g t h e i r h o s p ita lis a tio n .

These r e s u lts

- 42 -

although re p o rte d on a reduced number, are o o n s iste n t w ith o th e r fin d in g s* Because age, ed u catio n and AGCT soores w ere no t used t o c o n tro l th e se­ le c tio n of th e p a tie n t p o p u la tio n o f t h i s stu d y , i t i s neo essary to e v alu a te th e s e f a o to r s to determ ine w hether th ey a f f e c t th e s ig n ific a n c e of t e s t soore d iffe re n c e s* TABLE IV Comparison o f C lin io a l Groupings in Age, E duoational Level and AGCT Soore

F actor*

N eurotios vs Psychopaths D iff t Sig**

N eurotios vs S chizophrenics D iff t Sig

Psychopaths vs Sohi zophrenics D iff t Sig

Age

5.57

4.33

.01

2.77

1.59

-

-3 .3 0

3 .1

.01

Education

2.03

3 .0 1

.01

.42

.64

-

-1 .6 1

2 .6

.05

AGCT

3.63

.63

ae

9.37

1.57

.20

5.74

.89

* Mean S eores and S tandard D eviation s a re re p o rte d in Table I - I I I * ** S ig n ific a n c e s ^ w i l l be in d io a te d throughout th e t e s t as fo llo w st •01 in d io a te s one p e r cent o r less} •05 in d io a te s one t o fiv e p e r oent; •10 in d ic a te s fiv e t o te n p e r oent; .20 in d ic a te s te n to tw enty p er oent* No e n try in d io a te s t h a t th e le v e l o f s ig n ific a n c e i s g re a te r th a n th e 20# le v el* An in s p e c tio n of Table IV re v e a ls s e v e ra l s ig n ifio a n t r a t i o s a t th e fiv e p e r cent le v e l or le ss*

1*

D ifferen ces in age and ed u o atio n al le v e l in d io a te

Cf p . 54 f o r e x p la n a tio n o f t e s t o f s ig n ific a n c e

- 43 t h a t fo r th e p a t i e n t p o p u la tio n o f t h i s stu d y th e n e u r o tic s and s c h iz o p h re n ic s a r e o ld e r and b e t t e r ed u ca ted th a n th e p sychopaths b u t t h a t th e s e f a c t o r s do n o t d is ti n g u is h between th e n e u r o tic s and s c h iz o p h re n ic s*

A breakdown o f th e

sc h iz o p h re n ic group in t o i t s two s u b -ty p e s shows t h a t th e p aran o id so h iz o p h re n io s acco u n t fo r th e s e r e s u lt s *

The sim p le s o h iz o p h re n io s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f ­

f e r e n t ( a t th e .0 1 le v e l o r l e s s ) from th e p ara n o id so h iz o p h re n io s b u t do n o t show any s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e from th e p sy ch o p ath s. I f th e AGCT s c o re s a r e c o n sid e re d as m easures o f i n t e l l i g e n c e , th e in d i­ c a tio n s a r e . th e n , t h a t in t e l l i g e n c e i s n o t a d is c r im in a tin g f a o to r in th e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f th e th r e e g ro u p s. S e le c tio n o f th e T e s ts The f o u r t e s t s , nam ely, th e W ech sler-B ellev u e I n te l li g e n c e B eale and th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S o ale f o r m easu rin g i n t e l l e c t u a l f a o t o r s . and th e M innesota M u ltip h a s ic p e r s o n a lity In v e n to ry and th e R orscnach In k -B lo t T est f o r e v a lu a t­ in g th e p e r s o n a lity w ere s e le c te d f o r t h e i r a b i l i t y to m easure v a rio u s a s p e c ts o f p e r s o n a lity f u n c tio n in g and f o r th e c o m p a ra b ility o f t e s t d a ta from one t e s t w ith t h a t o f a n o th e r. The W eohsler-B ellevue Beale o f I n te l li g e n c e This t e s t c o n s is ts o f a V erb al S c a le , a Perform ance S c a le , and a s e p a r­ a t e V ocabulary s u b te s t*

The V erb al Boale i s made up o f f iv e s u b t e s t s , nam ely.

In fo rm a tio n , Comprehension, D ig it Bpan, A rith m e tic , and S i m i l a r i t i e s .

The

Perform ance Boale i s made up o f f iv e s u b t e s t s , nam ely, P io tu re A rrangem ent, P ic tu r e C om pletion, Block D esign, O b ject A ssem bly, and D ig it Symbol. f b r each s u b t e s t , th e raw sc o re s a t t a i n e d by th e p a t i e n t were co n v erted in to e q u iv a le n t w eig h ted s c o r e s .

I t was th e s e w eig h ted (s ta n d a rd ) s o o re s

w hich were used i n oomputing th e s u b - t o t a l s fo r each o f th e two s c a le s an d ,

- 44 -

by r e fe re n c e s to a p p r o p r ia te age t a b l e s , V e rb a l and Perform ance I . Q . ’ s w ere o b ta in e d .

The s u b - to ta ls w ere added to g e th e r f o r a grand t o t a l w hich was

s i m i l a r l y o o n v erted in to a F u ll S o ale I.Q .

A lthough e le v e n s u b te s ts w ere

a d m in is te re d to eao h p a t i e n t , th e v o o ab u lary s u b t e s t so o re was n o t in o lu d ed i n th e t o t a l so o re so t h a t com parison w ith o th e r s tu d ie s co u ld be f a c i l i t a t e d . This t e s t was s e le o te d b ecau se i t i s th e b e s t t e s t a v a i l a b l e fo r meas­ u r in g a d u lt i n t e l l i g e n c e .

I t f u l f i l l s th e o r i t e r i a o f r e l i a b i l i t y , v a l i d i t y ,

sam p lin g , and ad eq u ate s ta n d a r d iz a tio n . f o r a v a r ie ty o f d i s c r e t e f u n o tio n s .

I t p ro v id e s s e p a r a te t e s t s c o re s

P rev io u s s tu d ie s have u t i l i z e d th e

S ta n fo rd -B in e t I n te llig e n c e S c a le s , b u t as Roe and Shakow p o in t o u t, " f o r r e s e a ro h w ith d is o rd e re d p e rs o n s , an omnibus t e s t i s o f c o n s id e ra b ly l e s s v a lu e th a n a b a t t e r y o f d e f in a b le f u n o tio n s , n ^

By c o n v e rtin g th e raw t e s t

s c o re s in to s ta n d a rd s o o r e s , i t i s f e a s ib l e to oompare th e d i f f e r e n t m e n tal a b i l i t i e s te s te d .

In a d d i tio n , t h i s t e s t p ro v id e s a q u a n t i t a t i v e method o f

d e te rm in in g lo s s in i n t e l l e c t u a l f u n c tio n in g by oomparing th e sum o f th e w eig h ted so o re s o f two groups o f s u b t e s t s .

A com plete d e s c r ip t io n o f th e

s c a le s and th e te c h n iq u e s o f a d m in is tr a tio n and s c o rin g a r e o o n ta in e d i n W e o h s le r's 'M easurement o f A d u lt I n t e l l i g e n c e . The S h ip le y -H artfO rd S o ale The t o t a l s o a le c o n s is ts o f a V ooabulary S c a le (40 ite m s ) and an A b stra c ­ t i o n S oale (2 0 ite m s ) , eaoh h av in g a te n -m in u te tim e l i m i t .

S e p a ra te s o o re s

w ere o b ta in e d from th e in d iv id u a l s c a l e s , and th e oombined s o o re s o f b o th s o a le s were o o n v erte d in to a t o t a l m e n tal age (whioh oould th e n be oompared w ith m ental ag es o r in t e l l i g e n c e q u o tie n ts d e riv e d from o th e r t e s t s ) .

Con-

o e p tu a l q u o tie n t b ased on r a t i o betw een th e v o o ab u lary and a b s t r a c t i o n so o re s

1.

Roe and D. Shakow. I n te l li g e n c e in M ental D is o rd e r, A nnals o f th e Mew York Aoademy o f S c ie n o e s, 4 2 , p . 561-490, 1942,

- 45 -

was obtained a s a measure o f m ental impairment* This t e s t was s e le c te d because th e soores and age norms o f th e vooabu­ la ry and a b s tra c tio n s u b te s ts , and o f th e combined t o t a l o f th e two, could be oompared d ir e c tly w ith th e soores ob tain ed on th e W eohsler-B ellevue S o ale. In a d d itio n , f a c to r s , such a s vooabulary and a b s tr a c t th in k in g and th e de­ gree o f impairment or d e te r io r a tio n , can be oompared w ith th o se o f th e Weohs­ le r-B e lle v u e S o ale.

Furtherm ore, t h i s t e s t c a ll s f o r another type o f ra p p o rt

w ith th e exam iner.

In th is t e s t th e s u b je o t was in a p ap er-an d -p en cil s itu a ­

tio n in vhioh th e p ersonal fa c to rs were m inim al; w hereas, th e W eohsler-B elle­ vue Soale re q u ire s a p e rso n -to -p e rso n s itu a tio n w ith responses b ein g given o r a lly on the v e rb a l t e s t s .

The d ir e c tio n s fo r a d m in is tra tio n and sooring

used a re those contained in th e manual 1 fu rn ish ed w ith the t e s t . The Minnesota M ultiph asic P e rs o n a lity In v entory This t e s t ^ c o n s is ts o f 650 sta te m e n ts , eaoh p rin te d on s e p a ra te c a rd s , co v erin g a broad area o f p s y c h ia tric in v e s tig a tio n , in c lu d in g g en eral h e a lth , p h y sic a l and m ental c o n d itio n , a t t i t u d e s , phobias, emotions and th e like* The s u b je o t i s d ire o te d to plaoe th e se card s in to any one o f th re e c a te g o rie s t T rue, F a lse , Cannot Say.

The t e s t p ro v id es soores f o r 13 c a te g o rie s as fo llo w s:

4 v a lid a tin g s o a le s , and 9 d ia g n o stic s c a le s — hypochondriasis (BA), Depres­ sio n (D ), H y ste ria (R y), Psychopathic D eviate (P d ), M a so u lin ity - Famini n i t y (M f), Paranoia (P a), Psychasthenia ( P t ) , Sohizophrenia (So) and Hypomania (Ma). The Minnesota M ultiphasio P e rs o n a lity Inventory i s one o f th e newer p er­ s o n a lity q u e stio n n a ire s whioh has been c a re fu lly sta n d a rd iz e d and may be ad­ m in is te re d in d iv id u a lly , th u s prov id in g a c lo se r p e rso n -to -p e rso n re la tio n s h ip *

1*

Manual o f D ire c tio n s and Sooring Key: S h ip ley -H artfo rd R e tre a t S c a le , H europsyohiatrio I n s t i t u t e o f th e H artfo rd R e tr e a t, H a rtfo rd , Conn., 1940. 2* S. R. Hathaway and J . C. McKinley. Manual For The iHwneaota M ultiphasio P e rs o n a lity In v en to ry , Psychological C orp., 1943.

46 -

Because i t p rovides soores in n in e p s y c h ia tric d ia g n o s tic syndromes, i t i s p o ssib le to eompare th e r e s u l t s more d ir e c tl y w ith th e p s y c h i a t r i s t 's evalua­ tio n o f th e p a t i e n t 's p e r s o n a lity .

Furtherm ore, th e v a lid i ty soores enable

th e examiner to e stim ate th e r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e p a t i e n t 's responses t o th e te s t. The Rorschach In k -B lo t T est This p ro je c tiv e teohnique c o n s is ts o f a stan d ard s e r ie s e f te n in k -b le t p ic tu r e s , reproduced on c a rd s , 7 x 9 ^ in c h e s. inks in a d d itio n t o b lao k in k .

Five o f th e b l o ts use oolored

Five o o n s is t o f only g ray , in v a rio u s depths

o f shading; th e o th e r fiv e have varying degrees e f o o lo r.

A ll th e designs

a re on w h ite backgrounds. The responses were scored a s fo llo w s;

( l ) by th e number o f responses (R)

and th e i n i t i a l re a c tio n tim e t o eaoh e a rd , th e average tim e f o r th e te n oards being reoorded (T /lR ); (2 ) by th e lo o a tio n o r mode o f a p p ero ep tio n , i . e . , w hether t o th e whole (W), t o a u su a l d e t a i l (D), o r to a r a r e ly seen d e t a i l (Dd), and by th e use of w h ite space ( s ) in c o rp o ra te d in any o f th e above a re a s ; (3 ) by th e determ inants o f th e p e ro e p t, i . e . , form (F ), oolor (C ), movement (M), shading (Y ), v i s t a (Y), o r com binations th e re o f; (4 ) by th e oontent o r ty p es o f form seen , i . e . , human (H ), human d e t a i l (Hd), anim al (A ), anim al d e t a i l (Ad), anatomy (A n), sex , blood ( B l) , f i r e ( F i ) , olouds (C l), geography (G e), land­ scape (L s ), n a tu re (Ka) and o th e r m iscellan eo u s oontent a re a s ; (5) by th e popu­ l a r i t y (F) o f th e re sp o n se s.

A q u a lita tiv e type o f soore i s in clu d ed and w i l l

be known a s th e " d e v ia n t v e rb a lis a tio n " (DV) s c o re .

I t i s p a tte rn e d a f t e r

R a p a p o rt's fin d in g th a t " th e r e la tio n s h ip between v e r b a liz a tio n o f responses and th e p ero ep ts them selves i s a o ru o ia l source o f d ia g n o stic in d ic a tio n s , e s p e c ia lly fo r S c h iz o p h re n ia." *

I t may be d efin ed a s th o se responses which

a re o h a ra o te riz e d by odd o r p e o u lia r v e r b a liz a tio n s n o t o r d in a r ily observed i n normal s u b je c ts .

1.

D. R apaport.

In a d d itio n , c e r ta in values a re o a lo u la te d .

Manual e f D iagnostic P sy ch o lo g ical T e stin g , I I , p . 53.

- 47 The F / p e rc e n ta g e (?/%) i s th e r a t i o o f f / and F - .

The A p e rc e n ta g e (k%) i s

th e r a t i o o f anim al c o n te n t to th e t o t a l number o f re s p o n s e s , i . e . , A / Ad/^l. The E x p erien ce B alance o r M:Sum C i s th e r a t i o between th e number o f human movement re sp o n se s and th e t o t a l amount of c o lo r used in a p r o to c o l. The R orschach T est i s one o f th e m ost w id e ly u sed to o ls i n p e r s o n a li ty t e s t i n g , i n w hich th e i n t e l l e c t u a l and a f f e c t i v e components i n t e r a c t to p ro ­ duce an in t e g r a te d p ic tu r e of th e p e r s o n a li ty s t r u c t u r e .

I t i s reo o g n iz ed

t h a t th e R orschach method p ro v id e s many p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r a n a l y t i c a l i n t e r ­ p r e t a t i o n o f th e re s p o n s e s .

The a c t u a l sc o re s a r e r a r e l y i n t e r p r e te d d i s ­

c r e t e l y by th e p s y c h o lo g is t; th e p a t t e r n o f i n t e r - r e l a t i o n s h i p s , th e lan g u ag e and b e h a v io ra l f a c t o r s c o n tr ib u te t o a R orschach i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

The d i f f i ­

c u l ty w ith s t a t i s t i c a l te c h n iq u e s in h a n d lin g th e raw d a ta i s w e ll known. N e v e rth e le s s , i t i s p lan n ed t o t r e a t th e d a ta i n d is c r e te form a s t h i s method i s th e m ost s u ita b le means o f t r e a t i n g th e r e s u l t s s t a t i s t i c a l l y . The t e s t was sco red a s su g g ested by Beck ^ .

The in q u iry was conducted immed­

i a t e l y a f t e r th e p r e s e n ta tio n o f each c a rd w ith th e card b e fo re th e p a t i e n t . O rg a n iz a tio n o f D ata A ll t e s t s w ere a d m in is te re d and sc o re d i n accordance w ith p ro c e d u re s o u t­ lin e d in th e s e v e r a l m anuals in d ic a te d p r e v io u s ly .

P a t i e n t s ' sc o re s w ere

grouped a cc o rd in g to th e p s y c h i a t r i s t s ' c l i n i c a l d ia g n o s is .

The d a ta r e l a t ­

in g to a g e , e d u c a tio n , and AGCT le v e l w ere added t o th e sc o re s made on th e elev en s u b te s ts o f th e W ech sler-B ellev u e S c a le , th e V ocabulary and A b s tr a c tio n

1.

S . J . Beck.

The R orschach T e s t, V o l. I

- 48 -

Scores o f th e S h ip ley -H artfo rd Soale# the soores on the s e v e ra l s c a le s o f th e Minnesota M ultiphasio P e rs o n a lity Inventory and the t e s t soores and com putations derived from th e Borsohaoh Test* The d a ta from a l l fo u r t e s t s were tre a te d in s im ila r fa sh io n f o r the th re e o lin io a l groups employed in th i s study*

In th e W eohaler-Bellevue

Seale# th e w eighted soores fo r eaoh o f the eleven s u b te s ts and fo r eaoh o f th e th re e so a le s (Verbal# Performance and F i l l ) were tab u lated *

In eaoh

instance# means# stan d ard d e v ia tio n s and stan d ard e r r o r s o f th e means were computed.

In ad dition# th e d e v ia tio n s o f eaoh s u b te s t soore from th e mean

soore (F u ll Soale soore d iv id e d by 10) and from th e Vooabulary s u b te s t soore were o b ta in e d .

The s ig p ifio a n e e o f eaoh o f the above soores was examined

w ith re s p e o t to the d if f e r e n tia tio n between any two of th e th re e o lin io a l groups in v e s tig a te d in t h i s study* For th e S hipley-H artford Soale# the soores o b tain ed were th o se on Vo­ oabulary# A b stra ctio n and th e t o t a l o f both* t i e n t s (CQ) were d e riv e d . manual.

In ad d itio n # conceptual quo­

These a re read from a ta b le provided in th e

For eaoh s e t o f soores# th e sig p ifio a n o e o f the mean d iffe re n c e s

between th e o lin io a l groups was te s te d . 2h th e oase o f the Minnesota M ultiphasio P e rs o n a lity Inventory# fo r eaoh o f th e fo u r v a lid a tin g and n in e p ay o h iatrio so ales# th e T -soores were ta b u la te d and the means# standard d e v iatio n s and stan d a rd e r r o r s o f the means oomputed.

Mean d iffe re n o e s between any two groups were te s te d fo r s i g a i f i -

oanoe* For eaoh o lin io a l group# the Borsohaoh p ro to c o ls were "soored" and th e d a ta organised in aooordanoe w ith th e so o rin g system devised by Book.

Means#

stan d ard d e v ia tio n s and stan d a rd e r r o r s of the means were oomputed f o r eaoh f a e to r s e le o te d .

The r e s u ltin g d a ta were examined f o r s ig n ific a n c e *

- 49 -

In c o n tr a s t to th e above in te r-g ro u p com parisons, th e in tra -g ro u p re ­ la t i o n s , u sin g th e Pearson produot-moment formula fo r ungrouped d a ta , were in v e s tig a te d in order to determ ine w hether any m eaningful re la tio n s h ip s could be d iscovered between any two s e le c te d fa o to rs f o r whioh soores were o b tained in t h i s stu d y .

Thus, w ith in eaoh o lin io a l grouping, soores from

th e W eohsler-B ellevue Soale were o o rre la te d w ith eaoh o th e r and w ith soores from th e S h ip ley -H artfo rd S oale, and s e le c te d so a le soores from th e Minnes o ta M ultiphasio P e rs o n a lity Inventory were o o rre la te d w ith eaoh o th e r and w ith soores from th e Rorsohaoh.

In a d d itio n , i n t e r - t e s t c o rre la tio n s be­

tween s u b te s ts o f the in te llig e n c e so a le s and s e le o te d fa o to rs o f the per­ s o n a lity t e s t s were o a lo u la te d .

- 50

CHAPTER 17 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF TESTS

Plan o f P re s e n ta tio n For a s o lu tio n o f th e basio problems o u tlin e d fo r in v e s tig a tio n , th e t e s t r e s u lts from th e b a tte r y used in t h i s study w ill be p resen ted in two s e c tio n s .

F i r s t , the t e s t d a ta fo r eaoh o lin io a l group w i l l be re p o rte d .

For any two o l i n i o a l grouping?, th e s ig p ifio a n c e of any ap p aren t d if f e r e n ­ t i a l fa o to rs w i l l be e x p lo re d , i . e . , in te r-g ro u p r e la tio n s h ip s w ill be determ ined.

D iscussion o f the fin d in g s w ill be p resen ted f o r eaoh o f th e

t e s t s s e p a ra te ly by o lin io a l grouping. Second, th e in te r o o r r e la tio n s among the t e s t s fo r eaoh o f the o l i n i ­ o a l grouping? w i l l be p resen ted and explored fo r re la tio n s h ip s *

D isoussion

and sig p ifio a n o e o f re la tio n s h ip s among th e t e s t s w ill fo llo w . The W gohsler-Bellevue In te llig e n c e Soale T est Findings The t e s t perform ance o f the th re e p sy o h ia trio groups i s in d io a te d in Table 7 . TABUS Y Means and Standard D eviations o f Weighted Soores and IQs On th e W eohsler-B ellevue Soales By C lin io a l Grouping

N eurotios*(36)

Psychopaths(30$

Sohizophrenios (32)

M

SD

It

SD

U

SD

V erbal Soale

54.24

10.78

50.87

10.42

50.47

13.57

Fsrformanoe Soale

54.32

10.25

55.70

9.66

50.16

9.09

108.56

18.92

106.57

18.65

100.62

20.97

Soale

F u ll Soale

- 51 -

(C ontinued) N eu ro tics (38) M



Psyonopaths (30) 1C

SD

SD

Sohizophrenios (32) 1C

SD

V erbal Soale

108.95

12.84

105.10

12.43

104.31

16.48

Performanoe Soale

108.66

12.79

108.07

13.32

102.28

13.52

R ill Soale

109.92

12.51

107.23

12.89

108.69

15.13

The n e u ro tic s score h ig h er than e i t h e r o f th e o th e r two groups on th e V erbal Soule but th e psychopaths tend to be somewhat b e tte r than e ith e r th e n e u ro tio s o r th e sohizophrenios on th e Performance Soale.

I t should be

poin ted out t h a t th e re i s c o n sid erab le ov erlap in th e d is tr ib u tio n o f the soores a tta in e d by eaoh o f th e o lin io a l groups.

The tre n d s bear o u t th e

e m p iric a l im pression t h a t n e u ro tie and sohizopnrenio p a tie n ts tend to p er­ form b e t t e r w ith v e rb a l item s whereas psyohopaths fin d th e non-language item s e a s ie r.

A breakdown o f the so a le s in to t h e i r s u b te s ts i s shown in Tables

VI and V II. TABLE VI Weighted Mean Soores and Standard D eviations On The W eohslerBellevue V erbal Soale S ubtests By C lin io a l Grouping.

S u b te st

N eu ro tics U SD

Psychopaths M SD

Sohizophrenios U SD

Inform ation

11.89

2.16

10.67

2.27

11.34

2.64

Comprehension

12.11

4.89

11.03

2.42

10.81

2.57

D ig it Span

9.03

2.73

8.77

3.18

8.53

2.84

A rithm etie

10.63

3.93

9.77

3.81

10.19

4.80

S im ila r itie s

10.58

2.64

10.63

2.18

9.59

3.53

10.50 11.47 2.71 2.29 Vooabulary * 10.56 2.86 * For convenience, grouped under th e V erbal Soale bu t sco res w e r e n o t included in th e computation o f the V erbal Soale s c o re .

- 52 -

In sp e o tio n o f Table VI re v e a ls t h a t th e In fo rm atio n and Comprehension soores ran k h ighest* w ith Vooabulary running a o le se th ird * except f o r th e psychopaths' Vooabulary soore which te n d s t o be s l i g h t l y lower th a n t h e i r S im ila r itie s so o re .

In a l l th re e groups* D ig it Span ranks th e lo w est.

G enerally* th e d is tr ib u tio n of th e t e s t s i s s im ila r f o r th e n e u ro tic s and sch izo p h ren ics except t h a t Comprehension shows a g r e a te r drop in th e l a t t e r group.

The psychopaths soore lower on A rith m etio th a n do th e o th e r two

groups. TABLE V II W eighted Mean Soores and Standard D ev iatio n s On The W echsler-B ellevue Performance Soale S u b te sts By C lin ic a l Groupings N euroticsPsyohopathsSohizophrenios S ubtest M

SD

M

SD

M

SD

P ic tu re Arrangement

11.05

2.09

10.80

3.61

9.75

2.97

P ic tu re Completion

11.18

2.18

11.70

2.07

10.28

2.38

Blook Design

11.71

2.85

11.55

2.72

10.44

2.93

Object Assembly

11.61

2.86

12.13

2.40

10.76

2.18

8.74

2.14

9.70

2.35

8.94

2.85

D ig it Symbol

Table VII re p o rts th e performance o f each group on th e non-verbal p a r ts of th e W eohsler-B ellevue S c a le .

A ll groups do w e ll on th e Blook Design and

O bject Assembly t e s t s and most poorly on th e D ig it Symbol t e s t .

The P ic tu re

Completion soores a re c o n s is te n tly h ig h e r th a n th o se on th e P ic tu re Arrange­ ment t e s t whioh* in a l l groups* ranks n ex t to th e D ig it Symbol in d i f f i c u l t y . When th e F u ll S eale i s considered* no group shows c o n sis te n t s u p e r io rity in e ith e r th e V erbal o r Performance S o ale.

This i s w e ll dem onstrated in Table

V III whioh ranks th e t e s t s i n order o f th e magnitude o f th e mean so o re s.

- 53 -

IABI£ V III

Bank Order o f S u b te st Mean Soores For Eaoh O lin io a l Group

S u b test

N eu ro tics Bank

Psychopaths Rank

Sohizophrenics Bank

Inform ation

2

6

1

Comprehension

1

4

2

D ig it Span

10

11

11

A rithm etic

8

9

7

S im ila r itie s

9

7

9

Vocabulary

5

8

4

P ic tu re Arrangement

7

5

8

P ic tu re Completion

6

2

6

Blook Desigp

3

3

6

O bject Assembly

4

1

3

11

10

10

D ig it Symbol

The n e u ro tic s re v e a l f a i r l y uniform s c o re s , w ith th e ex cep tio n of th e D ig it Symbol t e s t , on th e Performance Soale and show lower soores on s e v e ra l o f the v e rb a l t e s t s , suoh a s , D ig it Span, A rithm etio and S im il a r i tie s .

The s u p e rio r­

i ty o f t h e i r Inform ation and Comprehension perform ances tends to aocount fo r the o v e ra ll V erbal Soale score b e in g s l i g h t l y above th e Performance Soale so o re . The psychopaths a re c o n s is te n tly b e tte r w ith non-language m a te ria ls (excluding D ig it Symbols), exceeding t h e i r mean and Vooabulary so o re s.

The

sohizophrenios, on the o th er hand, s c a tte r more in t h e i r t e s t performance th an e ith e r o f th e o th e r two c a te g o rie s o f p a ti e n ts , showing v a r i a b i l i t y w ith ­ in eaoh p a rt o f th e t o t a l t e s t .

D esp ite th e drop in t h e i r Comprehension soore,

Fig. I

130

Mean

scores

of

W ec h sler - Bellevue

S u b te s t

by clinical group (see table 3ZL and'SE

for a c tu a l mean s c o r e s )

- 54 -

th e sohizophrenios* n e v e r th e le s s , re v e a l le s s Impairment in v e rb a l comprehen­ s io n o r judgnent th an in o th e r phases o f m ental fu n c tio n in g .

Figure 1 graphi­

c a lly i l l u s t r a t e s th e t e s t perform ance o f th e th re e groups* The t e s t re s u ltB re p o rte d above re p re se n ts th e a o tu a l performance o f eaoh p s y c h ia tric group, themt

What i s th e s ig n ific a n c e o f th e d iffe re n c e s between

Are th e se d iff e r e n c e s o f v alu e in d iag n o ses1 The approach to a s o lu tio n o f th e se problems was to oompare the p e rfo r­

mances o f th e groups w ith eaoh o th e r by ap p ly in g th e " t ” t e s t o f th e s i g n i f i ­ cance o f th e d iffe re n c e between eaoh p a ir o f oomparable s u b te s t means*

Eaoh

" t* value was computed by d iv id in g th e d iffe re n c e between th e means (D) by th e standard e r r o r o f th e d iffe re n c e UT&J where (J^ =

wil6r®

d j^ 'is the stan d ard e r r o r o f the mean^of th e f i r s t group a n d f f j^ is th e stan ­ dard e r r o r of the mean o f the second group.

This r a t i o was compared w ith

F is h e r 's Table o f " t " , under th e a p p ro p ria te degrees o f freedom* to determ ine th e p ro b a b ility t h a t th e obtained o iffe re n c e was to be expected by ehance under the n u ll hypothesis* i .e .* t h a t the tru e d iffe re n o e between th e means was zero .

The la r g p r th e c r i t i o a l ra tio * th e sm aller i s the liv e lih o o d t h a t

th e obtained d iffe re n o e i s due a chance e r r o r o f sam pling. In t h i s study* the fiv e , per c e n t le v e l o f s ig n ific a n c e was used as th e b a s is fo r r e je c ti n g th e n u ll hyp o th esis t h a t th e tru e d iffe re n o e between th e ob tain ed means was zero .

When th e ob tain ed nt n reached or exceeded th a t re ­

q u ire d fo r the fiv e per o en t le v e l o f sig n ific a n c e * th e n u l l hypothesis was r e je c te d .

1.

When th e obtained nt n was below th a t re q u ire d fo r th e fiv e p er o en t

S . E. G a rre tt. (

S t a t i s t i c s in Psychology and E duoation* p . 18b. f or sm all sam plesJ.

. 55

le v e l of oonfidenoe, th e n u ll hy p o th esis m is accepted a lth o u g h , f o r purposes of t h i s stu d y , r a t i o s f a l l i n g between th e f iv e and tw enty p er o en t le v e ls of sig n ific a n c e were considered as dem onstrating a tre n d tow ard sig n ific a n ce * TABUS IX S ig n ific a n c e of W eohsler-B ellevue Soale Mean Soores For Any Two C lin io a l Groupings* N eurotios vs Sohi zophrenios

H eu ro tics vs Psychopaths

Soale

V erbal Score Performance Score F u ll Soore

D iff 3.37

t Sig** 1.28 -

D iff 3.77

t 1.25

Sig -

Psyohopaths vs Sohizophrenios D iff .40

t .13

Sig -

-1 .3 8

*56

-

4.16

1.78

.10

5.54

2.28

.05

1.99

.43

-

7.93

1.63

.20

5.95

1.16

-

* A minus sig n ooours when th e seoond o f two soores i s la r g e r th a n th e f i r s t o f a pair* ** Based on 60 degrees o f freedom* sig n ific a n ce *

See Table IV f o r ex p lan atio n of le v e ls of

An a n a ly s is of Table IX in d ic a te s t h a t only th e d iffe re n o e between th e psycho­ p aths and th e sohizophrenios on th e Performance Soale i s s ig n if ic a n t a t th e f iv e per cent lev el*

This i s probably due to th e " p lu s -g e ttin g " performance o f psycho­

p aths as a g a in s t th e "m in u s-g ettin g " performance of sch izo p h ren ics on non-language item s, th u s ten d in g to in o re a se th e d iffe re n c e s in t h e i r scores* d iffe re n c e s f a i l to d is c rim in a te s ig n if ic a n tly between groups*

A ll o th e r sc a le

TABLE X S ig n if ic a n c e of W eo h sle r-B ellev u e V erb al S u b te s t Mean Soores F or Any Two C li n ic a l Groups

N e u ro tic s vs P sychopaths

S u b te s t

D if f

t

N e u ro tic s vs S ch iz o p h re n ics

Sig*

D if f

t

P sychopaths vs S c h iz o p h re n ic s

S ig

D iff

-

-.6 7

1.0 6

.10

.24

.38

t

In fo rm a tio n

1.22

1.91

10

.55

.93

Comprehension

1 .0 8

1.4 8

. 20

1.30

1.76

D ig it Span

.2 6

.35

-

.5 0

.74

-

.24

.31

A rith m e tic

.86

.90

-

.4 4

.41

-

-.4 2

.38

- .0 5

.09

-

.99

1.29

-

1.04

1.39

.97

1.56

.20

.91

1.34

-

- . 01

.02

S im ila ritie s V ocabulary

S ig -

-

.20

* See T able IV f o r e x p la n a tio n o f le v e ls o f s ig n ific a n c e * T able X compares th e in d iv id u a l s u b te s t d if f e r e n c e s o f th e V erb al S c a le . The d if f e r e n c e s a r e n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t , b u t some tr e n d s a r e w o rth n o tin g .

F i r s t i s th e c o m p arativ ely po o r perform ance o f t h e sc h iz o p h re n ic s on

th e S i m i l a r i t i e s t e s t *

Second, th e n e u r o tic s te n d to be b e t t e r on Comprehension

item s th e a n e i t h e r o f th e o th e r two g ro u p s. psy ch o p ath s on In fo rm a tio n and V o cab u lary .

T h ird , th e n e u r o tic s a r e b e t t e r th a n

- 57 -

TABLE XI S ig n ifio an o e o f W eohsler-B ellevue Performance Soale S u b test Mean Soores For Any Tiro C lin ic a l Groups

P ic tu re Completion Blook Design

*2S

1.30

1.78

.10

1.05

1 .24

-

-.5 2

1.00

.90

1.58

.20

1.52

2.67

.01

.18

.26

1.27

1.74

.10

1.09

1.50

.20

.86

1.41

.20

1.38

2.3 4

.06

-

.76

1.13

-

-.9 6

1.71

.10

-.2 0



D ig it Symbol

1

-.5 2

00

O bject Assembly

CM to

Psyohopaths vs Sohi zophreni os D iff t Sig

o •

N eurotios vs Sohizophrenios D iff t Sig

I

P ic tu re Arrangement

N eurotics vs Psychopaths D iff t Sig o IQ •

S u b te st

In sp e c tio n o f Table XI shows t h a t th e d iffe re n c e s in performance on non­ v e rb a l item s a re n o t s u f f ic ie n tly d isc rim in a to ry a t th e f iv e p er o e n t le v e l , w ith th e ex cep tio n t h a t a s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e i s found between th e psycho­ p a th s and schizophrenics in t h e i r perform ance on th e O bject Assembly and P ic tu re Completion te s ts *

A tre n d towards s ig n ific a n c e on th e se t e s t s i s n o tic e a b le

between th e n e u ro tio s and schizophrenics*

G e n era lly , th e so h izo p h ren io s' t e s t

perform ance w ith th e non-language t e s t s shows a c o n s is te n tly p o o rer s e t of soores th a n e ith e r of th e o th e r two o lin io a l groups* I t was p rev io u sly seen from Table IX t h a t th e psychopaths obtained s i g n i f i ­ c a n tly h ig h er sco res th a n th e sohizophrenios on th e Performance Soale.

The sub­

t e s t s whioh s p e c if ic a lly aooount f o r t h i s fin d in g a re P ic tu re Completion and O bjeot Assembly, o f whioh mean soore d iffe re n c e s a re a t th e *01 and a t th e *06 le v e l o f s ig n ific a n c e , r e s p e c tiv e ly , in fa v o r of th e psyohopaths* D eriving r e lia b le t e s t p a tte rn s whioh w i l l d is tin g u is h one group from an o th er becomes more oomplex and d i f f i o u l t when c o n sid e ra tio n i s giv en to th e performance o f s p e c ific c a te g o rie s o f p a tie n ts w ith in any one m ajor grouping.

Table XII oem-

14.0

130

12.0

\/ 11.0

10.0 Neurotic Depression Neurotic Anxiety Neurotic Combined 9 .0

ao

Com.

Fiq.2

DSP

AR

Sim.

PA.

PC.

BD.

M ean sc o res of the W echsler-B ellevue S u b te sts for th e Neurotic Anxiety ond

OA.

DSY.

Neurotic Depression

Voc.

Groups

58

pares th e t e s t performance o f th e n e u ro tio d e p re ssiv e and th e n e u ro tic anxietyp a tie n t.

Table X III compares th e t e s t performance of the paranoid sohizophrenio

w ith t h a t of th e simple scn izo p h ren io . TABLE XII S ig aifio an o e o f W eohsler-B ellevue S u b te st Mean Soores Between The N eurotio D epressive and N eurotio A nxiety P a tie n ts

S u b te st

D epressive (N*10)

A nxiety (N*28)

U

SD

M

SD

D iff

t

Inform ation

12.80

1.33

11.57

2.31

1.23

.62

-

Comprehension

12.90

2.12

11.82

5.54

1.08

1.28

-

D ig it Span

9.20

1.47

8.96

3.05

.24

.71

-

A rith m etic

12.10

3.75

10.11

3.85

1.99

1.45

S im ila r itie s

11.10

2.12

10.39

2.78

.71

.89

-

Vooaoulary

12.80

1.60

11.00

2.87

1.80

.77

-

S ig

.20

P ic tu re Arrangement 11.80

2.75

10.79

3.03

1.01

1.09

-

P io tu re Completion

11.90

1.81

10.93

2.67

.97

.79

-

Block Design

12.10

2.17

11.57

3.04

.53

.93

-

O bject Assembly

13.50

1.86

10.93

2.85

2.57

.83

-

9.20

2.04

8.57

2.16

.63

•80

-

D ig it Symbol

In sp e c tio n o f Table X II re v e a ls t h a t th e d e p re ssiv e group perform s c o n sis­ t e n t l y a t a h ig h e r lev el* th e mean d iffe re n c e s being a l l in i t s fa v o r.

The

s ig n ific a n c e s o f th e se d iffe re n c e s* however* are below the .05 le v e l and in d i­ c a te t h a t th e se d iffe re n c e s a re o f no r e a l v alu e in d if f e r e n tia ti n g th e se groups.

13.0

12.0

10.0

MEAN

SCORES

11.0

90 PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA SCHIZOPHRENIA COMBINED SIMPLE SCHIZOPHRENIA

8.0

Com

Fig. 3

D.SP

AR.

Sim PA — W -B Subtest —

PC.

O.A.

DSY

Voc.

Mean scores of the Wechsler-Bellevue Subtest for the Paranoid Schizophrenia and Simple Schizophrenia Groups

59 -

TABLE X III

S ig iifio a n e e o f W eohsler-Bellevue S u b te st Mean Soores o f Paranoid. S chisophrenic and Simple Schizophrenic P a tie n ts

S u b te st

Paranoid (IP118) H SD

Simple (BP 14) M SD

D iff

t

Sig

Inform ation

12.22

2.30

10.21

2.62

2.01

2.18

• 05

Compr ehens ion

11.33

2.37

10.14

1.81

1.19

1.57

• 20

D ig it Span

8.94

2.17

8.00

3.44

.94

.86

-

A rithm etic

11.50

4.11

6.50

5.10

3 .00

1.73

.1 0

S im ila r itie s

10.83

3.10

8.00

3.42

2.83

2.34

.05

Vooabulary

11.39

2.31

9.50

3.13

1.89

1.83

.1 0

P ic tu re Arrangement . 9*22

2.82

10.43

2.94

-1 .2 1

1.13

-

P ic tu re Completion

11.06

1.93

9.29

2.52

1.77

2.11

.05

Blook D esigi

10.94

3.03

9.79

2.65

1.15

1.11

-

O bject Assembly

10.89

1.73

10.57

2.64

.32

.38

-

9.06

2.68

8.79

3.05

.27

.25

-

D ig it Symbol

From Table X III* i t i s e v id e n t th a t th e paranoids a re b e tte r in a l l a re as o f performance* exoept fo r a re v e rs a l in tre n d on th e P io tu re Arrangement te s t* Since d iffe re n o e s in performance may be due* in p art* to le v e ls o f in te llig e n c e * a s h i f t from the predominant tre n d i s o f importance*

Unlike th e n e u ro tio group*

a number o f an tra-g ro u p d iffe re n o e s a re o f sig aifio a n o e* namely* th e p e rfo r­ mance o f th e paranoid sohizophrenios i s b e tte r on Inform ation* S im ila ritie s * and P io tu re Completion.

Moreover* mean soore d iffe re n o e s on A rithm etic* Compre­

hension and Vocabulary approach s ig iifio a n o e *

- 60 -

TABLE) XIV

D eviations From The Mean and Vooabulary Soores For Eaoh W eohsler-B ellevue S u b te st By O lin io a l Group

S u b -te s t

N eurotios (88) Psyohopaths (30) Mean """Vooab Mean Vooab Dev. Dev. Dev. Dev.

Sohizophrenios (32) Mean Vooab Dev. Dev.

Inform ation

/1 .0 4

/ .4 2

/.0 2

/.1 7

/ I . 28

/.7 8

Comprehension

/ l . 25

/ .5 8

/ .3 6

/ .5 3

/ .75

/.2 5

D ig it Span

-1 .8 3

-2 .4 5

-1 .8 9

-1 .7 3

-1 .5 9

-2 .0 3

A rithm etic

- ..2 2

- .84

- .89

- .73

/ .12

- .38

S im ila r itie s

- .28

- .89

- .02

/ .13

- .47

- .97

Vooabulary

/ .59

/ .5 0

- .14

P io tu re Arrangement / .20

- .42

/ .14

/ .30

- .3 0

- .81

P io tu re Completion

/ .32

- .29

/ l . 02

/ l . 20

/ .22

- .28

Blook D esigi

/ .86

/ .16

/ .91

/ l . 03

/ .38

- .12

O bjeot Assembly

/ .75

/ .13

/1 .4 8

/1 .6 3

/ .69

- .19

D ig it Symbol

-2 .1 2

-2 .7 4

- .94

- .80

-1 .1 2

-1 .6 2

To oiroumvent th e p o ssib le in flu en o e s o f age, eduoation and in te llig e n c e whioh nay o re a t sp u rio u s d iso rep an o ies between th e mean so o res o f th e o lin io a l groups, an a n a ly s is o f the s o a tt e r o f th e in d iv id u a l s u b te s t soores about t h e i r mean and Vooabulary so o res was und ertak en .

Eaoh p a t i e n t 's s u b te s t soores was

su b tra c te d from h is own mean soore (based upon the te n s u b te s ts , ex clu d in g th e Vocabulary s o o re ).

The d e v ia tio n s (fo r any one s u b te s t) so ob tain ed f o r a l l

su b je c t w ith in a o lin io a l group were added a lg e b r a ic a lly and d iv id ed by th e number in eaoh group to a r r iv e a t a mean s o a tt e r so o re. was follow ed in a r r iv in g a t a

The same prooedure

Vooabulary s o a tt e r so o re , u s in g th e Vooabulary

soore as a base in s te a d o f th e mean so o re.

Table XIV shows th e d e v ia tio n soore

— 61 —

fo r eaoh type o f s o a tte r fo r eaoh o l in io a l group* An in s p e c tio n o f Table XIV re v e a ls th a t th e Vooabulary s o a tt e r p a r a l l e l s , w ith few e x o e p tio n s, the s o a tte r around the mean.

A p p aren tly , the Vooabulary

s o a tt e r i s m erely a supplem entary way o f ex p re ssin g d e v ia tio n s around a o e n tra l tendency.

J a s ta k * has found, however, th a t th e Vooabulary soore i s an un­

r e l i a b l e measure in th a t i t appears to be very dependent upon e a rly environmen­ t a l fo ro e s ,

and, henoe, proves to be " q u ite u n s a tis fa c to ry and even m islead in g

in a la rg e number o f m ental p a t i e n t s " F o r t h i s re a so n , th e Vooabulary s o a tte r soores a re m erely re p o rte d b u t w i l l n o t be fu r th e r considered in th i s study* I t i s more d e s ira b le to o o n sid er flu c tu a tio n s o f t e s t soores about th e mean whioh ten d s to be more c o n s is te n t in i t s a p p l ic a b ili ty as i t i s n o t a f f e c t­ ed too s tro n g ly by unusual o r extreme soores on a p a r tio u la r su b test* To what e x te n t are the mean s o a tt e r soores s ig ii f io a n t?

What a re the

ohanoes th a t a t e s t soore w i l l exceed o r f a l l below i t s F u ll Soale mean soore? For answers to th e se q u e stio n s, an a n a ly s is o f th e mean s o a t t e r o f th e s u b te s t soores was made.

Table XV gives th e mean s o a tt e r soores and t h e i r stan d ard

d e v ia tio n s and th e s ig iifio a n o e o f t h e i r d iffe re n o e s from zero s c a tte r

1. 2. S.

J . J a s ta k . Problems o f Psyohometrio S0a t t e r A n a ly sis. Psyohologioal B ulle­ t i n , 461177-197, 1949. I b i d ., p . 186. The zero s o a tte r i s used as a re fe re n o e p o in t on th e n u l l h ypothesis th a t th e d e v ia tio n s around th e mean w i l l be zero .

- 62 -

TABLE XV Average Mean S o a tte r Of Eaoh W eohsler-B ellevue S u b te sts And The S ignifioanoe of T heir D ifferen o e From Zero For The N eurotio, Psychopath, and Sohizophrenio Groups

M

N eurotio SDn

Sig

M

Psychopath SDm Sig

Sohizophrenio U SDm S ig

Inform ation

/l.0 4

.23

.01

/.0 2

.36

-

/1 .2 8

.33

.01

Comprehension

/l.2 5

.32

.01

/.3 6

.29

mm

/ .75

.35

.05

D ig it Span

-1.83

.29

.01

-1.89

.45

.01

-1 .5 9

.43

.01

A rithm etio

- .22

.48

-

- .89

.52

.10

/ .12

.59

-

S im ila r itie s

- .28

.26

mm

- .02

.27

-

- .47

.38

-

Vocabulary

/ .59

.24

.05

- .14

.36

-

/ .50

.34

.10

P io tu re Arrangement

/ .20

.36

-

/ .14

.50

-

- .30

.44

-

P ic tu re Completion

/ .32

.28

-

/1 .0 2

.29

.01

/ .22

.32

mm

Blook Design

/ .86

.36

.05

/ .91

.31

.01

/ .38

.30

am

Object Assembly

/ .75

.39

.10

/1 .4 8

.35

.01

/ .69

.49

.20

D ig it Symbol

-2 .1 2

.26

.01

- .94

.32

.01

-1.12

.35

.01

An in s p e c tio n o f Table XV re v e a ls th e fo llow ing p e rtin e n t fin d in g s t

( l ) The

n e u ro tio p a t i e n t s ' soores on In fo rm atio n , Comprehension, Vooabulary and Blook Design te n d to exceed t h e i r in d iv id u a l mean so o re s, whereas t h e i r D ig it Symbol and D ig it Span soores ten d to f a l l below t h e i r mean soores*

The A rith m etio ,

S im ila r itie s , P io tu re Arrangement and P io tu re Completion soores f lu c tu a te around th e mean.

O bject Assembly scores show a tendency to remain p o s itiv e b u t

may vary i n i t s p o s itio n about th e mean.

Separate a n a ly s is of th e s u b te s t s o a tt e r

f o r n e u ro tio dep ressiv e and n e u ro tio a n x ie ty p a tie n ts does n o t re v e a l any s ig n i-

f io a n t ohange from th e above.

(See Table XVI) TABLE XVI

Average Mean S o a tte r o f Eaoh W eohsler-B ellevue S u b test And The S ignifioanoe o f T h e ir D ifferen o e From Zero For N eurotio Anxiety and N eurotio D epressive Sub-groups.

A nxiety M

SDv

D epressive Sig



SDu

Sig

Inform ation

/l.O O

.30

.01

/1 .1 4

.26

.05

Comprehension

/1 .2 5

.38

.01

/1 .2 4

.61

.10

D ig it Span

-1.61

.36

.01

-2.46

.60

.01

A rithm etio

- .46

.61

/ -44

.90

-

S im ila r itie s

— .18

.36

-

- .56

.47

-

Vooabulary

/ .43

.31

.20

/1 .1 4

.55

.10

P io tu re Arrangement

/ .22

.46

mm

/ .14

.48

-

P io tu re Completion

/ .36

.36

-

.24

.59

Blook Design

/l.O O

.43

.06

/ .44

.47

-

Objeot Assembly

/ .36

.44

-

/1 .8 4

.86

.05

D ig it Symbol

-2 .0 0

.26

.01

-2 .4 6

.44

.01

/

(2) The psyohopaths* soores on P io tu re Completion, Blook D esign and Object Assembly tend to be p o s itiv e i . e . , exceed th e mean, and D ig it Symbol and D ig it Span soores te n d to be n e g a tiv e , i . e . , f a l l beloir t h e i r in d iv id u a l mean le v e l s . The lik e lih o o d i s , to o , th a t A rithm etio soores drop but th e p ro b a b ility is n o t as g r e a t.

The o th e r t e s t s show f lu c tu a tio n about th e mean.

(3 ) In th e

so h iso p h ren io s, th e Inform ation soore alo n e i s s u re ly above th e mean and D ig it Span and D ig it Symbol soores a re below th e mean. o f th e se soores i s a t th e one p e r oexxfc le v e l .

The sig n ifio a n o e

Comprehension and Vooabulary

64 -

soores a re probably p o s itiv e b u t a l l th e o th e r t e s t soores v ary about th e mean* A breakdown of th e o lin io a l group in to i t s component p a r ts , however, compels re c o n s id e ra tio n of th e above findin g s*

(See Table XVII) .

TABLE XVII Average Mean S o a tte r Of Eaoh W eohsler-B ellevue S u b test And The S ig n ifio an o e Of T h eir D ifferen o e From Zero For Paranoid and Simple Sohizophrenio Sub-Groups

Paranoid M SDm

Simple Sig

u sdm

Sig

Inform ation

/1 .6 2

.36

.01

/ .84

.80

-

Comprehension

/ .73

.45

.20

.77

.55

.20

D ig it Span

-1 .6 6

.67

.05

-1 .3 7

.70

.10

A rithm etio

- .90

.95

-

- .87

.92

-

S im ila r itie s

/ .23

.48

-

-1 .3 7

.55

.05

Vooabulary

/ .79

.37

.10

/ .13

.61

-

P io t . Arrangement

-1 .3 8

.65

.05

/1 .0 6

.80

.20

P i a t . Completion

/ .46

.35

.20

- .08

.53

-

Blook Design

/ .34

.64

-

/ .42

.42

.10

Objeot Assembly

/ .29

.47

-

/1 .2 0

.66

-

D ig it Symbol

-1 .5 4

.44

.01

- .58

.54

-

The mean s o a tt e r p a tte r n s o f th e two groups a re n o t sim ilar* a re c e r ta in of perform ing as in d ic a te d .

Only th e paranoids

I n a d d itio n , in d ic a tio n s a re t h a t th e

soores on P io tu re Arrangement w i l l be n e g ativ e w ith th e S im ila r itie s t e s t f lu c ­ tu a tin g about th e mean.

- 65 -

The simple sch izo p h ren ic, on th e o th e r hand, is n o t as r e lia b le in h is perform ance.

S im ila r itie s , n o t h e re to fo re co n sid ered , evidences a d e f in ite

n eg ativ e tr e n d .

Qbjeot Assembly and Comprehension show ten d en cies to exoeed

t h e i r mean s c o re s .

D ig it Span and F io tu re .Arrangement ten d to oe n e g a tiv e ,

i . e . , f a l l below th e mean. When th e performances o f th e th re e c l i n i c a l groups on th e s u b te s ts were oompared e a r l i e r in th i s study (Table X and X I), the d iffe re n c e s in soores l o s t some o f t h e i r s ig n ific a n c e because th e in flu en o e o f th e g eneral p e rfo r­ mance le v e l o f each group was n o t m atched.

An attem pt to e lim in a te t h i s fa c ­

t o r was made by an a n a ly s is of the mean s c a tt e r d iff e r e n c e s ; t h a t i s , th e d iffe re n c e s in the mean s o a tte r sco res re p o rte d in Table XV.

By t h i s method

i t i s p o ssib le to compare B ubtest soores when th e g eneral performance le v e l o f each group is c o n tro lle d sin c e th e stan d ard o f comparison i s th e p a t i e n t ’ s own mean score and h is s u b te s t d e v ia tio n s from i t .

Table 2VTI1 re p o rts th e

mean s c a tte r d iffe re n c e s and t h e i r s ig n ific a n c e . TABUS XVIII

Average Mean S c a tte r D ifferen ces o f W echsler-B ellevue S u b tests And T heir S ig n ific an c e For The N e u ro tic , Psychopath, and Schizophrenic Groups N eurotics vd Psychopaths Si£__

Di P f

Inform ation

1.02

.33

.01

Comprehension

.89

•43

.05

D ig it Span

.06

.69

A rithm etic

.67

.71

S im ila r itie s

.26

.37

Vocabulary

.73

.43

N eurotics vs Schizophrenics •D iff tfn SiR - .24 .40

Psychopaths vs Schizophrenics Sig Sp . _ JDiff -1 .2 6

.50

.05

.50

.47

-

- .39

.45

-

-

- .24

.51

-

- .30

.62

-

-

- .34

.76

-

-1 .0 1

.79

-

.19

•46

-

.45

.47

-

.09

.42

-

- .64

.50

.20

.10

66

-

-

TABLE XVIII (C o n tin u ed ) N e u ro tic s vs P sy ch o p ath s D if f fc, S ig

N e u ro tic s v s S c h iz o p h re n ic s D if f S ig

P ic tu r e Arrangem ent

/ .06

.61

-

P ic t u r e C om pletion

- .70

.40

.10

B lock D esign

- .0 5

.48

-

O bject Assembly

- .73

.53

.20

/ / / /

D ig it Symbol

-1 .1 8

.41

.01

.50

.56

.10

.43

.48

.47

.06

.63

-1 .00

.8 7

P sychopaths vs S c h iz o p h re n ic s D if f C S ig

/ / / / /

-

-

.44

.67

.80

.43

.48

.43

.79

.60

.18

.48

An in s p e c tio n o f T able XVIII r e v e a ls t h a t i n r e l a t i o n to t h e i r own m eans, th e n e u r o tic s have c o n s is te n tly h ig h e r r e l a t i v e s c o re s th a n th e p sychopaths on In fo rm a tio n and Com prehension.

The p sy ch o p ath s, on th e o th e r hand, have h ig h e r

r e l a t i v e s c o re s th a n th e n e u r o tic s on D ig it Symbol; t h a t i s , w h ile b o th groups sco re c o n s is te n tly below th e mean, th e sc o re fo r th e p sy ch o p ath s i s n e a r e r th e mean s c o re .

S im ila r ly , th e V ocabulary sc o re te n d s to be h ig h e r and th e P ic tu r e

C om pletion low er f o r th e n e u r o tic s when compared w ith th e p sy c h o p a th s1 p e r f o r ­ mance.

The mean s c a t t e r d if f e r e n c e s betw een th e n e u r o tic s and sc h iz o p h re n ic s

a r e not s i g n i f i c a n t .

The p re c e d in g d a ta ap p ear to su p p o rt much o f th e ev id en ce

p re s e n te d e a r l i e r in T ab les X and X I. To r e c a p i t u l a t e , th e most o u ts ta n d in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f each c l i n i c a l group on th e IV ech sler-B ellev u e may be s ta t e d a s fo llo w s ; (a )

The perform ance o f th e n e u r o tic s i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t ,

a t th e f iv e p e r cen t le v e l o r l e s s , from t h a t o f th e p sy ch o p ath s b u t th e r e i s s tro n g ev id en ce to b e lie v e t h a t In fo rm a tio n , Comprehension and V ocabulary sc o re s a r e d is tin g u is h in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . n e u r o tic s t e s t p a t t e r n .

These sc o re s ran k among th e h ig h e s t i n th e

The n e u r o tic s do n o t perfo rm s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r th a n

th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s , a lth o u g h P ic tu r e A rrangem ent, B lock D esign and Comprehension ap p ea r t o r e f l e c t a tr e n d in f a v o r o f th e n e u r o ti c s .

No s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s

- 67 -

a re found which d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e perform ance o f th e n e u ro tic depressed from th e n e u ro tic a n x ie ty p a tie n t. (b)

The perform ance o f th e psyohopaths i s c h a ra c te riz e d by a te n ­

dency to o b ta in h ig h e r sco res on th e Performance S cale th an on th e V erbal p a r t . The psyohopath tends to exceed h is own mean score on P ic tu re Completion, O bject Assembly and Block D esigns.

The o th e r t e s t s c o re s , w ith the e x cep tio n o f D ig it

Span and D ig it Symbol, f lu c tu a te about th e mean sc o re .

As a group, th e y are

s ig n if io a n tly b e t t e r than th e sch izo p h ren ics on the Performance S c a le , w ith P ic tu re Completion and O bjeot Assembly being a t th e fiv e p er oent le v e l or le s s . (e )

The most im portant fin d in g in th e sch izo p h ren ic group i s t h a t

th e two su b ty p es, th e paranoid sch izo p h ren ics end th e sim ple sohizo p h ren io s , show d is tin c tiv e p a tte rn s o f response which a re obsoured when t h e i r t e s t d a ta a re c o n so lid ated and tr e a te d as one group to re p re s e n t th e c l i n i c a l syndrome o f so h izo p h ren ia.

Thus, In fo rm atio n , S im ila r itie s and P ic tu re Completion

soore d iffe re n c e s appear s ig n if ic a n t a t th e fiv e p er oent le v e l o f confidence in fav o r of th e p aran o id s.

On th e o th e r hand, th e P ic tu re Arrangement sco res

a re higher fo r the sim ple sch iz o p h re n ic , though the 6 h if t i s n o t s ig n if ic a n tly re lia b le .

The age and e d u c a tio n a l le v e l d iffe re n c e s between th e two subtypes

a re s ig n if ic a n t. (d)

Por a l l th re e groups, D ig it Span and D ig it Symbol soores f a l l

s ig n if io a n tly below t h e i r mean so o re s.

While the Performance soore i s hig h er

than th e V erbal soore in th e psyohopath and th e sc h iz o p h re n ic ’ s V erbal sco re i s s l i g h t l y higher than h is Performance s c o re , th e se r e la tio n s h ip s a re i n s u f f i­ c ie n tly r e lia b le fo r d ia g n o stic purposes. (e ) re v e a le d .

R eliab le t e s t p a tte rn s which d is tin g u is h th e th re e groups a re n o t

Indeed, th e g re a t v a r i a b i l i t y e v id en t w ith in eaoh c l i n i c a l group i s

in d ic a tiv e o f the la rg e amount o f o v erlap p in g p re se n t among th e groups*

68 -

D iscussion In a review * of th e uses of th e W eohsler-B ellevue S c a le , Rabin p o in ts out t h a t th e "v ario u s measures e f s c a tt e r and v a r i a b i l i t y , th e d if f e r e n t p a tte r n s , have suooeeded in d if f e r e n tia tin g groups b u t not in d iv id u a ls This study would add t h a t even group d iffe re n c e s a re n o t c le a r cu t and t h a t th e r e i s c o n sid e ra b le o v e rla p from one to a n o th e r. mined a re tr e n d s , sane more r e l i a b l e th a n o th e r s .

What have been d e ter*

The conclusion to be drawn

i s th a t th e p a tte rn s a re in d ic a tiv e bu t have d e f in i te lim ita tio n s as d ia g n o stic devioes in th e e v a lu a tio n o f th e in d iv id u a l whose soores a re a ffe o te d by h is age, ed u o atio n , in te llig e n c e , and c u ltu r a l background. The d i f f i c u l t y of u sin g t e s t d a ta from a mixed group o f sch izo p h ren ics a s a stan d a rd becomes immediately apparent when comparisons w ith o th e r stu d ie s a re made.

P revious stu d ie s have produced c o n f lic tin g fin d in g s reg ard in g th e

t e s t perform ance o f sch izophrenics beoause th e com position o f th e groups v a rie d . This in v e s tig a tio n i s no ex ce p tio n .

The fin d in g s from t h i s stu d y a re e ith e r

in s u b s ta n tia l agreem ent or disagreem ent w ith o th e r in v e s tig a tio n s , depending upon which a re used a s o r i t e r i a . This study ag rees w ith Rabin

2

and Rapaport

3

reg ard in g th e s u p e r io rity

• f th e schizophrenic p a tie n t on Info rm atio n b u t only ag rees w ith Rabin on th e high le v e l o f th e Comprehension T e s t. There i s agreement w ith Oloh * and 5 Rabin on th e low ranking o f th e S im ila r itie s t e s t b u t n o t w ith Rabin on th e

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A. I . R abin. The Use o f th e W eohsler-B ellevue Soale w ith Normal and Abnor­ mal P e rso n s. P sychological B u lle tin , 42s 410-423, 1945. A. I . R abin. T est Score P a tte rn s in Sohizophrenia and Ron-Psychotic S ta te s . Jo u rn a l o f Psychology, 12s 91-100, 1942. D. RapaporFT D iagnostic P sych o lo g ical T e stin g , V ol. I . D. R. Oloh. Psychom etric P a tte rn o f S chizophrenics on th e W echsler-B ellevue T e s t. Jo u rn a l of C onsulting Psychology, 12i 127-137, 1948. R abin, lo o . cUTT

placem ent o f th e O bject Assembly t e s t .

R apaport * , how ever, r a t e s S im i la r i­

t i e s a t a h ig h l e v e l . M a g a r e t's ^ f in d in g s t h a t th e s c h iz o p h re n ic i s s u p e r io r on t e s t s o f V ocabulary, In fo rm a tio n and O b ject A ssem bly, and i n f e r i o r on th e D ig it Symbol and P ic tu r e A rrangem ent a re confirm ed b u t h e r r e p o r t t h a t Comprehension sc o re i s r e l a t i v e l y low i s n o t su p p o rte d . The f in d in g s from t h i s study do n o t su p p o rt R abin in h i s co m putation of •2 th e S ch iz o p h re n ic Index . He found t h a t In fo rm a tio n , Com prehension, A r ith ­ m e tic , P ic tu r e Arrangement and Block D esigns " h o ld up" i n s c h iz o p h re n ia . The p re s e n t stu d y in d ic a te s t h a t o n ly In fo rm a tio n , Comprehension and Block D esign " h o ld u p ".

L ik ew ise, O b ject Assembly and P ic tu r e C om pletion do n o t

belong in th e "do n o t h old" c a te g o ry . c o n c lu sio n

T his i n v e s t i g a t o r co n cu rs w ith Y /eb b ’ s

t h a t " th e R abin r a t i o i s v a l id o n ly f o r th e group on w hich de­

v i s e d . . . (and) . . . a s a g e n e r a liz e d d ia g n o s tic t o o l . . . ( i s ) ...d a n g e r o u s i f u t i l i z e d i n th e c l i n i c a l s i t u a t i o n . " 4 The f a i l u r e t o d is ti n g u is h betw een th e d i f f e r e n t su b ty p es o f s c h iz o p h re n ia i n th e tr e a tm e n t of th e d a ta pro b ab ly i s a c o n tr ib u to r y f a c t o r tow ards c r e a t ­ in g such c o n tra d ic to r y f in d i n g s .

The two sc h iz o p h re n ic groups used in t h i s stu d y

do n o t p re s e n t s im ila r t e s t p a tte r n s as shown by th e s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s re p o r te d in T ab les X III and XVII.

F u tu re s tu d ie s sh o u ld endeavor to s e p a r a te th e

s p e c if i c c a te g o r ie s so a s t o av o id th e p o s s ib le o b sc u rin g o f th e t e s t p a t te r n s a s a r e s u l t o f m ixing th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e d i f f e r e n t k in d s o f p s y c h o tic perform ance.

1. 2. 3. 4.

R ap ap o rt, o t d . c i t . p . 515. A. M agaret. P a r a l l e l s i n th e B ehavior o f S c h iz o p h re n ic s , P a r e t i c s , and P re S e n ile Non P s y c h o tic s . J o u rn a l o f Abnormal and S o c ia l P sychology, 37* 511-528, 1942. A. I . R abin, op. c i t . W. B. Webb. A Note on th e R abin R a tio . J o u rn a l o f C o n su ltin g P sychology, 11* p . 108, 1947.

- 70

Rapaport * has endeavored to re p o rt d a ta based on s p e o ific e n t i t i e s , and in many re s p e o ts , th e subtype fin d in g s re p o rte d in t h i s study and Rapap o r t 's show c o n sid erab le agreement*

Thus, on r e s u lts d eriv ed from two d if ­

fe r e n t groups o f sim ple sc h iz o p h re n ic s, Rapaport and th e p re se n t in v e s tig a ­ t o r are in agreement on th e high ranking o f Objeot Assembly, Inform ation and Comprehension and on the low ra n k in g o f D ig it Span, A rith m etic , P ic tu re Com* p le tio n and S i m ila r itie s .

The major discrepancy between th e two s tu d ie s is

th e low (seventh p la c e ) rank given to P ic tu re Arrangement as compared to the rank (seoond p la c e ) a tta in e d in th i s stu d y . The paranoid schizophrenic groupings o f Rapaport and t h i s in v e s tig a to r likew ise show s im ila r agreem ents, suoh a s . V ocabulary, Inform ation and Compre­ hension ran k in g among th e f i r s t f iv e , and P ic tu re Arrangement, D ig it Symbol and D ig it Span ra n k in g among th e low est (alth o u g h R ap a p o rt's "sch iz o p h re n ic s, p aranoid, c h ro n ic ", plaoe D ig it Span in s ix th p la o e ).

D isagreem ent, however,

i s found in th e placem ent o f th e S im ila r itie s and A rith m etic t e s t s , th e l a t t e r b ein g one o f the b e s t and th e former being one o f th e more d i f f i c u l t t e s t s fo r th e paranoids in v e s tig a te d in t h i s stu d y . Corresponding agreements w ith Sohafer 2 a re a p p a re n t.

He s ta t e s th a t th e

simple sc h iz o p h re n ic s' soores on "th e th re e t e s t s o f v isu al-m o to r c o o rd in atio n a re higb r e la tiv e to the soores on th e V erbal and P ic tu re Arrangement and Pic­ tu re Completion s u o te s ts " 3 ', th e

p resen t fin d in g s agree on th e placement o f th e Block D esigi and Objeot

Assembly.

1. 2. 3.

Except fo r a low r a tin g o f th e D ig it Symbol t e s t ,

L ikew ise,

th e re i s agreement on th e low rank aooorded A rithm etic

R apaport. lo o , c i t . R. S ohafer. The C lin ic a l A p p licatio n o f Psychological T e sts. R. Sohafer. op. o i t . , p . 84.

- 71 b u t th e r e s u l t s on Comprehension and D ig it Span a r e n o t i n com plete ag reem en t. The p r e s e n t fin d in g t h a t th e sim ple s c h iz o p h re n ic f a l l s i n a younger age group th a n th e p a ra n o id i s c o n cu rred i n by S c h a fe r. D iffe re n c e s o o c u rrin g on c e r t a i n t e s t s may be due t o v a rio u s u n c o n tro lle d f a c t o r s , such a s , o n s e t and le n g th o f th e m e n tal d is o r d e r , i n t e l l e c t u a l and e d u c a tio n a l l e v e l s , age and amount o f tr e a tm e n t.

Olch r e p o r ts h e r f in d in g s ^

on a mixed group o f c a t a to n i c , h e b e p h re n ic , p a ra n o id , sim ple and u n c l a s s i f i e d s c h iz o p h re n ic p a t i e n t s who w ere i n v a rio u s s ta g e s o f tr e a tm e n t. v e s ti g a te d

2

G a r f ie ld i n -

an u n d if f e r e n tia t e d group o f s c h iz o p h re n ic p a t i e n t s and compared

i t w ith a " c o n tr o l" group o f p s y c h o n e u ro tic s , p sy ch o p ath s and a l c o h o lic s " . He concluded t h a t th e r e w ere no r e l i a b l e s c a t t e r p a t te r n s f o r th e s c h iz o p h re n ic p a t i e n t s and a t t r i b u t e d i t to th e la r g e amount o f v a r i a b i l i t y i n th e s u b je c t s , t h e degree o f i l l n e s s o f th e p a t i e n t s , th e tim e a t w hich p a t i e n t s were examined and th e deg ree o f m o tiv a tio n and r a p p o r t.

R a th e r, th e h etero g en eo u s co m p o sitio n

o f h i s groups may have o b scu red any s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s w hich m ight have e x is te d .

M oreover, in d ic a tio n s a r e t h a t i f he had u sed homogeneous g ro u p in g s,

r e l i a b l e t e s t p a t te r n s m ight have em erged.

The p r e s e n t stu d y would in d i c a te

t h a t m ixing d i f f e r e n t ty p e s o f s o h iz o p h re n ia and t r e a t i n g th e w hole group as one te n d s t o reduce th e d e v ia tio n s around th e mean and th e re b y mask th e a c tu a l d if f e r e n c e s t h a t m ight e x i s t . D iffe re n c e s in th e s c a t t e r p a t te r n s found by d i f f e r e n t in v e s t ig a t o r s may w e ll be due to th e v a r ia tio n s i n th e p a t i e n t p o p u la tio n s in c lu d e d in

th e s e v e ra l

s tu d ie s .

f a r as is

T hat i s , com parisons o f t e s t f in d in g s should be made i n so

p o s s ib le on homogeneous g ro u p s.

1. 2.

D. R. O lch . Op. c i t . S. L. G a r f ie ld . A P re lim in a ry A p p ra is a l o f W ec h sler-B ellev u e S c a tte r P a tte r n s i n S c h iz o p h re n ia . J o u r n a l o f C o n su ltin g P sy ch o lo g y , 12t 3 2 -3 6 , 1948.

- 72 -

Studios on n e u ro tic perform ance a re few.

Lew inski* found no s i g n i f i ­

can t d iffe re n c e between V erbal and Performance IQ 's and d isce rn e d no c o n sis­ te n t p a tte r n s .

The p re se n t fin d in g s c o rro b o ra te th e above.

"a n x iety and depressed" group in v e s tig a te d .

R ap ap o rt's

i s oomparable to th e n e u ro tio group h e re in

Though fin d in g s f o r th e s e two groups show agreement on th e

r e l a t i v e l y h igh placement of In fo rm atio n , Comprehension and Vocabulary and th e low ranking of D ig it Span and D ig it Symbol (which i s supported by Tfeohsl e r ® ) , sharp disagreem ent e x is ts i n th e p o s itio n s o f th e S i m i la r it ie s , Block Design and Object Assembly.

The l a t t e r two a re given low ra tin g s and

S im ila r itie s i s ranked f i r s t by Rapaport b u t th e p re se n t fin d in g s re v e rse th e p o s itio n s o f th e s e t e s t s . The r e la tiv e standing of s u b te s t soores in th e study by Levi * and th e p re se n t in v e s tig a tio n are s im ila r .

The V erbal t e s t s show th e same rank p o s i­

t i o n w ith Comprehension ranking f i r s t (though n o t f a r above In fo rm atio n and S im ila r itie s i n term s of t h e i r mean s c o re s ), and D ig it Span ta k in g up l a s t p la o e. ranking.

The Performance t e s t s , however, do n o t r e f l e o t th e above one-to-one Exoept f o r P ic tu re Arrangement and P io tu re Completion, th e r e la tiv e

stan d in g s of th e o th e r t e s t s a re about th e same.

Levi p la ce s P io tu re Arrange­

ment as th e b e s t t e s t fo r h is group o f ad o leso en t psychopaths.

The t e s t ranks

fo u rth , however, in th e perform ance o f th e A rtsy psychopath.

1. 2. 3. 4.

R. J . Lewinski. The Psychom etric P a tte rn : I . A nxiety N euroses. Jo u rn a l o f C lin ic a l Psychology, 1* 214-221, 1945. D. R apaport. Op. o i t . , p . 515. D. W eohsler. Measurement o f A dult I n te llig e n c e , p . 151. J . L ev i. Psyohometrio T est P a tte rn s in th e A dolesoent Psyohopathio P er­ s o n a lity . Unpublished T h e sis, School o f E duoation, New York ‘t inivers i t y , 1943.

When a l l te n t e s t s a r e compared w ith each o th e r , a l l f iv e o f th e P er­ formance S cale t e s t s in L e v i's stu d y ra n k h ig h e r th a n any o f th e V erb al t e s t s w h ereas, in t h i s s tu d y , Comprehension ranks f o u r th and D ig it Symbol i s in th e n e x t to th e l a s t p o s iti o n .

This change in r e l a t i v e p o s itio n s o f th e

t e s t s i n r e l a t i o n t o th e mean soore a cc o u n ts f o r th e re d u c tio n in th e d is c r e pany between th e V erb al and Perform ance S cale s c o r e s .

A lth o u g h , t h i s stu d y

in d io a te s t h a t on ly tw enty p e r c e n t o f th e p sychopaths o b ta in d if f e r e n c e s in mean so o re s o f 11 p o in ts o r more in fa v o r o f th e Perform ance S cale s o o r e .( a s compared w ith L e v i's 70 p e r c e n t ) , i t was found t h a t ap p ro x im ate ly 73 p e r c e n t d id o b ta in h ig h e r Perform ance s c o r e s .

C o rre sp o n d in g ly , 64 p e r c e n t o f th e

sim ple s c h iz o p h re n ic s and 56 p e r cen t o f th e n e u r o tic d e p re s s iv e s o b ta in e d h ig h e r Perform ance s c o r e s .

( I n c i d e n t a l l y , th e im m ature, in a d e q u a te , though

n o t p sy c h o p a th ic , ty p e a ls o s c o re s h ig h e r on th e n o n -v e rb a l t e s t s . ) L e v i's form ula t h a t p sychopaths o b ta in a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r sum t o t a l fo r th e P ic tu re A rrangem ent and O b ject Assembly so o res as oompared w ith th e sum o f th e Block D esign and P ic tu r e Com pletion so o res i s based on th e s i g n i ­ f i c a n t d iscrep a n cy (1 .6 2 p o in t s ) n o ted between P ic tu r e Arrangement and P ic tu r e Com pletion t e s t s , f o r th e d if f e r e n c e betw een B lock D esign and O b ject Assembly s c o re s ( 0 .4 7 ,p o in ts ) i s n e g lig b le and n o t s i g a i f i c a n t .

In r e a l i t y , th e n , th e

r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e form ula depends upon th e r e l a t i o n s h i p between P ic tu r e Ar­ rangem ent and P io tu re Com pletion whioh i s n o t su p p o rted by th e p re s e n t stu d y in whioh P ic tu r e C om pletion ra n k s h ig h e r th a n P ic tu r e A rrangem ent.

Block De­

s ig n and O b ject Assembly s c o re s show th e same r e l a t i v e v a lu e s (mean d if f e r e n o e i s 0 .6 0 p o i n t s ) . L svi e x p la in s th e s u p e r io r it y o f th e psychopath on n o n -v e rb a l a s p e c ts o f in t e l l i g e n c e as b ein g due t o "a more p r im iti v e , undeveloped ty p e o f th in k in g ." T his th e o ry does n o t ao c o u n t, how ever, f o r th e f a i l u r e o f th e 30 p e r c e n t in h i s group to aoh iev e h ig h e r perform ance s c o r e s .

The p r e s e n t stu d y in c lin e s

- 74 tow ard a l e s s a n im is tic e x p la n a tio n .

E d u c a tio n a l r e t a r d a t i o n ( tr u a n c y ) , c u l­

t u r a l backgrounds and socio-econom ic c o n d itio n s a r e more l i k e l y c o n tr ib u to r s t o th e m aldevelopm ent o f v e rb a l f a c i l i t y . The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S c a le A nother t e s t o f i n t e l l e c t u a l f u n c tio n in g i s th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S c a le . I t p ro v id e s a m easure o f o n e 's v o c a b u la ry and a b s t r a c t th in k in g a s w e ll as an in d i c a ti o n o f th e m en tal age based upon th e combined t o t a l o f th e v o cab u lary and a b s tr a c tio n s c o r e s .

The s c o re s o b ta in e d by each of th e c l i n i c a l groups

i s c o n ta in e d in T able XIX. TABLE XIX Means and S tan d a rd D e v ia tio n s F or The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S c a le By C li n io a l G roupings

S cale

N e u ro tic s M

SD

P sychopaths

S c h iz o p h re n ic s

M

SD

M

SD

V ocabulary

28.26

5.54

25.67

5.69

26.12

6.82

A b s tr a c tio n

21.37

9.7 4

19.93

9.00

17.56

8.91

T o ta l

49.63

14.51

4 5 .6 0

12.97

4 3 .6 9

14.81

An a n a ly s is o f T able XIX r e v e a ls t h a t th e n e u r o tic s p o s se ss somewhat h ig h e r V ocabulary and A b s tr a c tio n sc o re s th a n e i t h e r o f th e o th e r two groups and c o n f im s th e W ec h sler-B ellev u e f in d in g s n o te d p r e v io u s ly . W hile th e p sy ch o p ath s show a s l i g h t l y low er V ocabulary le v e l th a n th e s c h iz o ­ p h re n ic s , t h e i r A b s tr a c tio n s c o re s a r e h ig h e r .

The s c h iz o p h re n ic s r e v e a l a g r e a t e r

d if f e r e n c e betw een t h e i r A b s tr a c tio n and V ocabulary mean s c o re s th a n e i t h e r o f th e o th e r two c l i n i c a l g ro u p s.

The s c h iz o p h r e n ic s , to o , show th e g r e a t e s t v a ria n c e

on th e V o cab u lary , in d ic a tin g th e w ide range o f i n t e l l e c t u a l a b i l i t y r e p re s e n te d by th e g roup.

On th e o th e r hand, th e v a r i a b i l i t y i n th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s ' p e r f o r ­

mance on th e A b s tr a c tio n t e s t i s n o t a s marked as t h a t o f th e o th e r g ro u p s.

76

TABLE XX S ig p ifio a n o e o f Mean Soore D iffe re n c e s Between The C lin io a l Groups on The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd 8o a le s

N e u ro tic s vs S c h iz o p h re n ic 8

N eu ro tio s vs P sychopaths

S cale

D if f

t

.1 0

2.1 4

S ig

D if f

1.41

.2 0

- .4 5

t

t

S ig

2.5 9

1.86

A b s tra c tio n

1.44

.62

-

3 .8 1

1.6 9

.1 0

2 .3 7

1 .0 4

-

F u ll

4.0 3

1.19

-

5.94

1.66

.2 0

1.91

.53

-

GO CM

V ooabulary

1

D if f



S ig

Psyohopaths vs S o h izo p h renios

Table XX r e p o r ts th e s ig a if io a n o e o f th e mean d if f e r e n c e s on th e S h ip le y H a rtfo rd S cale* When eaoh s u b te s t i s t r e a t e d a lo n e w ith o u t c o n s id e rin g th e r e la tio n s h ip s betw een them* i t i s e v id e n t t h a t no p a r t o f th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S oale s i g n i f i ­ c a n tly d i f f e r e n t i a t e s any group from a n o th e r , a lth o u g h some o f th e d if f e r e n c e s approaoh s ig p d fio a n o e .

As a group, th e n e u r o tio s te n d t o soore h ig h e r on th e

V ocabulary t e s t when oompared w ith th e p sy ch o p ath s, but t h i s tr e n d d is a p p e a rs when th e y a r e oompared w ith th e s o h iz o p h re n io s.

The n e u r o ti o s , how ever, te n d

to perform b e t t e r th a n th e so h iz o p h re n io s on th e A b s tra c tio n t e s t .

This may

be an one a d d i tio n a l c lu e in d is ti n g u is h in g between th e s e two gro u p s.

Compar­

in g th e psyohopath w ith th e s c h iz o p h re n ic , how ever, r e v e a ls no sh a rp b a s is f o r d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g between th e two a lth o u g h , as n o te d in th e p re v io u s t a b l e , th e so h iz o p h re n io s V ooabulary so o re s te n d to be s l i g h t l y h ig h e r b u t th e A b s tra c tio n so o re s s l i g h t l y l e s s th a n t h a t o f th e psyohopaths* In a d d itio n to m easu rin g i n t e l l e c t u a l f u n c tio n s , th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S oale y ie ld s a C onceptual Q u o tie n t whioh i s based on th e r a t i o between th e V ooabulary soore and th e A b s tra c tio n soore*

This r a t i o r e p r e s e n ts th e d e f i c i t o r im p a irNEW YORK U r t i v . > ; o i i i S C H O O L OF E D U C A 11 f! e LIBRARY •

76 -

ment in m en tal f u n c tio n in g .

Q u o tie n ts below 90 a r e s a id to be in th e d ir e c ­

t i o n o f im pairm ent w ith CQs below 70 r e f l e c t i n g " p ro b ab ly p a th o lo g ic a l" im­ p a irm e n t.

Table XXI r e p o r ts th e p e r o e n t o f p a t i e n t s in eaoh o l i n i o a l group

f a l l i n g w ith in c e r t a i n a re a s o r c a te g o r ie s o f im pairm ent. TABLE XXI The P ercen tag e o f Eaoh C lin io a l Group R ece iv in g C onceptual Q u o tie n ts In Eaoh Im pairm ent C ategory On The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S oale

C lin io a l Group

Im pairm ent C ategory* Above 90 %

86-90 %

81-85

N eu ro tio s

37

13

Psyohopaths

40

S c h iz o p h re n ics

25

* Eaoh c a te g o ry

Below 70 % ■

76-80

71-75

11

11

13

15

10

13

10

17

10

9

9

25

9

23

..

i s in t e r p r e t e d a s fo llo w s !

CQs above 90 .............................................. norm al CQs between 86-90 ............................................ s l i g h t l y s u s p ic io u s o f im pairm ent 81-85 ..........................................m o d e ra tely s u s p ic io u s o f im pairm ent .....................................q u ite s u s p ic io u s o f im p a ir­ 76-80 m ent. 7 1 - 7 5 .......................................... .. v e ry su sp io io u s o f im p a ir­ ment below 70 ......... .. p ro b ab ly p a th o lo g ic a l im­ p airm en t An in s p e c tio n o f Table XXI shows t h a t a la r g e r p e rc e n ta g e o f s c h iz o p h re n ic p a t ie n ts a s f u n c tio n in g a t low er le v e ls o f m e n tal e f f ic ie n c y th a n e i t h e r th e n e u r o tic o r p sy chopath groups.

1.

A f u r th e r breakdown o f th e so h iz o p h re n io group

Manual o f D ir e c tio n s and S o o rin g Key; p. 3

S h i p l e y - I n s t i t u t e o f L iv in g S c a le ,

- 77 -

in t o th e two su b ty p es r e v e a ls a h ig h e r l e v e l o f e f f ic ie n c y in th e sim ple so h iz o p h re n io a s compared to th e p ara n o id p a t i e n t .

That i s , 36 p er o en t o f

th e sim ple s c h iz o p h re n ic s as oompared t o o n ly 17 p e r c e n t o f th e p ara n o id s o b ta in e d co n o ep tu al q u o tie n ts above 90, and on ly 14 p er o e n t o f th e sim ple ty p e sco red below 70 a s oompared to 27 p e r c e n t f o r th e p ara n o id ty p e .

This

a p p a re n t d iv e rg e n ce in perform ance, how ever, i s p ro b ab ly due to th e v e ry low s c o re s o b ta in e d by th e sim ple s c h iz o p h re n ic s on both th e V ocabulary and Ab­ s t r a c t i o n t e s t s , a s a r e s u l t o f w hioh th e CQs ap p ear s p u r io u s ly h i^ h . A breakdown o f th e n e u r o tic group r e v e a ls t h a t about 50 p er o en t o f th e d e p re sse d and 32 p e r c e n t o f th e a n x ie ty p a t i e n t s o b ta in c o n c e p tu a l q u o tie n ts above 90.

The perform ance o f th e n e u r o tio s p a r a l l e l s t h a t o f th e p sy ch o p ath s.

The n e x t problem i s to d eterm in e th e s ig a if ic a n c e o f th e d if f e r e n c e s in th e c o n o ep tu al q u o tie n ts o f th e th r e e o l i n i o a l g ro u p s.

T able XXII p r e s e n ts

th e means o f th e co n c e p tu a l q u o tie n t so o re s fo r each c l i n i c a l group and th e s ig a i f ic a n o e o f th e d if f e r e n c e s o f th e mean s c o r e s .

jBach o f th e mean d i f f e r ­

ences i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e f iv e p er c e n t le v e l o r l e s s . TABLE XXII The Means o f The C onoeptual

Q u o tie n t S cores and The S ig n if ic a n c e

o f The D iffe re n c e s Tbr The Three C lin io a l Groups

D if f

t

N e u ro tic s v s Psyohopaths

1 .3 8

.3 4

N e u ro tic s v s S ch iz o p h re n ics

2.52

.75

Psyohopaths v s S o h izo p h ren io s

3 .9 0

1.07

Group

Mean

SD

N e u ro tio s

85.55

13.76

P sychopaths

86.93

14.17

S o h izo p h ren io s

83.03

14.01

* See Table IV f o r e x p la n a tio n o f s ig a if io a n o e o f t v a lu e s .

Sig*

78 -

A nother method o f c a l c u l a t i n g im pairm ent in m en tal fX m otioning i s th e te c h n iq u e employed by W eohsler who d e s c rib e s a "M ental D e te r io r a tio n Index" in term s o f a d i f f e r e n t i a l t e s t - s c o r e m e th o d ^ .

T hat i s , th e r a t i o between

a s e t o f s u b te s t s o o re s whioh a r e r e s i s t a n t t o d e t e r i o r a t i o n and a n o th e r s e t o f s u b te s t so o re s w hioh a r e v u ln e ra b le y ie ld s a M ental D e te r io r a tio n In d ex . TABLE XXIII Comparison o f D e te r io r a tio n Q u o tie n ts and C onoeptual Q u o tie n ts For Eaoh C lin io a l Group

Im pairm ent Index

N e u ro tic s

Psychopaths

D e te r io r a tio n Q u o tie n t*

85.7

85.5

85.8

C oncep'tual Q u o tie n t

85.6

86.9

8 3 .0

S c h iz o p h re n ics

* U noorreoted f o r a g e . When c o r r e c tio n s f o r age a r e made, th e q u o tie n ts ohange one p e r c e n t f o r th e n e u r o tio s and so h iz o p h re n io s and none f o r th e p sy c h o p a th s. T his In d ex , showing th e p er c e n t o f lo s s in m en tal e f f ic ie n o y , i s conver­ t i b l e in t o an D e te r io r a tio n Q u o tie n t whioh e x p re s s e s th e im pairm ent in term s o f a p e r o en t o f e f f i c i e n c y .

E xpressed a s a q u o ti e n t, th e M ental D e te r io r a tio n

Index i s re n d ered d i r e c t l y com parable w ith th e CQ. From an in s p e c tio n o f Table XXIII i t i s seen t h a t no one g roup, as m easured by W eohsler*s D e te r io r a tio n Q u o tie n t i s im p aired to any e x t e n t.

M oreover, th e

th r e e groups a ch iev e alm o st i d e n t i c a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n s c o r e s , and th e n e u r o tio s show a s l i g h t l y low er e f f ic ie n o y r a t i n g .

By o o n t r a s t , how ever, th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s

show a somewhat g r e a te r im pairm ent on th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S cale b u t th e mean d if f e r e n c e s in o o n o ep tu al q u o tie n ts a re n o t s i g n i f i c a n t as n o te d in th e p re v io u s ta b le .

L.

D. Wec h s l e r .

M easurement o f A d u lt I n te l li g e n c e (2nd E d .) p . 6 4-66.

- 79 The in c lu s io n o f c o r r e c tio n s f o r age in d e te rm in in g th e D e te r io r a tio n Q u o tie n t would r e s u l t in o n ly s l i g h t ohanges s in c e th e groups s tu d ie d a r e r e l a t i v e l y young.

Sinoe th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd C onoeptual Q u o tie n t does n o t

p ro v id e f o r such a c o r r e c t io n , g r e a t e r c o m p a ra b ility i s enhanoed i f bo th q u o tie n ts a r e t r e a t e d a l i k e . D isc u ssio n The d a ta from t h i s stu d y in d ic a te t h a t th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S c a le does n ot d is ti n g u is h s u f f i c i e n t l y th e th r e e c l i n i c a l groups in v e s t ig a t e d .

As

te c h n iq u e s f o r m easuring m ental im pairm ent, th e W ech sler-B ellev u e D e te rio ra ­ t i o n Q u o tie n t (M ental D e te r io r a tio n Index) and th e S h ip le y -E a rtfo rd Concep­ t u a l Q u o tie n t a r e o f d o u b tfu l v a l i d i t y in d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g c l i n i c a l g ro u p s. While th e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s co n firm S h ip le y and B urlingam e’s r e p o r t t h a t th e p sy ch o n eu ro tio s and p sychopaths CQs approach t h a t o f n o rm als, th e fin d in g s a ls o c o rro b o ra te G a rfie ld and Fey ^ who found p a th o lo g ic a l sc o re on b o th s c a le s i n p sy ch o tic and n o n -p sy c h o tic p a t ie n ts w ith th e h ig h e s t o ccu rren c e r a t e among th e s o h iz o p h re n ic s . T his i n a b i l i t y o f th e two te c h n iq u e s t o d is c r im in a te may be due t o t h e o r i t i c a l c o n s id e r a tio n s which a re o f d o u b tfu l v a l i d i t y .

M agaret and Simpson ^

q u e s tio n W ech sler’ s b a s ic prem ise t h a t a "m en tal d e t e r i o r a t i o n index" in ten d ed t o measure m ental lo s s due to age i s a p p lic a b le t o p e r s o n a lity d y s f u n c tio n . An ex am in atio n o f th e r e l a t i v e s ta n d in g o f th e W ech sler-B ellev u e s u b te s ts in t h i s s tu d y , f o r each o l i n i c a l group, s u b s t a n ti a te s t h e i r p o s i t i o n .

The in d i­

c a tio n s a re t h a t eaoh group h as i t s own t e s t s w hich h o ld or do n o t ho ld up. H ence, each g ro u p ’ s e f f ic ie n c y index must be e s ta b lis h e d in d e p en d en tly o f th e o th e r s ,

1, 2.

S. L. G a rfie ld and W. F. Fey. A Comparison o f th e W ech sler-B ellev u e and S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S c a le s as M easures o f M ental Im pairm ent. J o u rn a l o f C o n su ltin g P sychology, 12j 259-264, 1948. A. iia g a re t and M. M. Simpson. A Comparison o f Two M easures o f D e te rio ra ­ t i o n in P sy o h o tio P a t i e n t s . J o u rn a l o f C o n su ltin g P sychology, 1 2 t 265-270, 1948.

- 80

On th e o th e r h an d , th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd Soale i s based upon o n ly two t e s t s w hioh a r e s u b je c t to many in f lu e n c e s o th e r th a n psy ch o p ath y .

Gar­

f i e l d 1 has shown t h a t th e S c a le , "and th e A b s tr a c tio n S cale in p a r t i c u l a r , i s ex ce e d in g ly d i f f i c u l t f o r th e av erag e and below average s u b j e o t " 2 .

This

f a c t o r was e s p e c i a ll y t r u e in th e case o f a number o f psyohopaths and sim ple s o h iz o p h re n io s.

Fleming ® b e lie v e s t h a t a p a t i e n t may be u n ab le to cope w ith

th e t e s t because he i s so i n h i b i t e d .

The p r e s e n t w r i t e r f in d s t h a t th e Con­

c e p tu a l Q u o tie n t i s so dependent upon many o th e r f a c t o r s , such a s , m o tiv a tio n ( in d i f f e r e n o e , i n t e r e s t , la c k o f d r i v e ) , a n x ie ty , poor com prehension o f d ir e c ­ t i o n s , le v e l o f i n t e l l i g e n c e , c u l tu r a l- e d u c a tio n a l background and a g e , t h a t i t i s n o t a t a l l s u r p r is in g t h a t p a th o lo g ic a l so o res a re o b ta in e d r e g u l a r l y . The r e a l d i f f i c u l t y o l i n i o a l l y i s e s t a b l i s h i n g th e reaso n f o r th e absence o r p resen ce o f p a th o lo g ic a l p erfo rm an ce.

1. 2. 3.

S. G a rf ie ld . The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd R e tr e a t S oale as a Quick M easure o f M ental S ta t u s . J o u rn a l o f C o n su ltin g P sychology, H i 148-50, 1947 I b i d . , p . 150 G. W. T. H. Flem ing. The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd R e tr e a t S oale Fbr M easuring I n t e l l e c t u a l Im pairm ent. J o u rn a l o f M ental S p ien o e, 87i 6 4 -6 8 , 1943

- 81 -

The M innesota M u ltip h a s ic P e r s o n a li ty In v e n to ry The MMPI a s a m easure o f p e r s o n a li ty i s a c o m p a ra tiv e ly r e c e n t

in n o ­

v a tio n and ap p ro ach es th e problem o f p e r s o n a li ty e v a lu a tio n i n term s o f p s y c h ia tr ic c a te g o r ie s r a t h e r th a n th e custom ary t r a i t m easures in d ic a te d by th e p a p e r and p e n c il q u e s tio n n a ire ty p e s o f p e r s o n a li ty e v a lu a tio n s . Thus, i t becomes a s u ita b le te c h n iq u e f o r u s e in c l i n i c a l s i t u a t i o n s where p s y c h ia t r ic d ia g n o s tic p a t te r n s a r e o f g r e a t e r im port th a n th e e s ta b ­ lish m en t o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t r a i t s o r modes o f s o c i a l o r em o tio n al b e h a v io r. The t e s t perform ance o f th e n e u r o ti c s , p sy ch o p ath s and s c h iz o p h re n ic s s tu d ie d in t h i s in v e s t ig a t io n i s in d ic a te d in T ab le XXIV.

D eviant mean

T -sco re v a lu e s (above 70) a r e n o te d f o r th e n e u r o tic s and sc h iz o p h re n ic s alth o u g h th e p sy ch o p ath s a r e o n ly s l i g h t l y below t h a t le v e l on th e Psycho­ p a th ic D ev iate (P d) s c a l e .

In th e case o f th e n e u r o ti c s , th e a n x ie ty and

d e p re s s io n a r e r e v e a le d by th e e le v a te d H y p o ch o n d riasis, D ep ressio n and H y s te ria s c o r e s . tr e n d s , to o .

The P sy c h a s th e n ia and S ch iz o p h re n ia s c a le s r e f l e c t h ig h

The p e rc e n ta g e o f p a t i e n t s s c o rin g above 70 on any s c a le

ranges from f o u r p e r c e n t on th e M a s c u lin ity -F e m in in ity s c a le to s i x t y fo u r p e r c e n t on th e D ep ressio n s c a l e . The o u ts ta n d in g peak f o r th e p sy chopath i s th e sco re on th e Psycho­ p a th ic D ev iate s c a le w ith a m ild e le v a tio n on th e Hypomania s c a le .

F o rty -

s ix p e r c e n t o f th e psyohopaths sco red above th e c r i t i c a l minimum and f o r t y - s i x p e r c e n t o b ta in e d s c o re s betw een 60 and 70. ap p ro x im ate ly 92 p e r o e n t o f a l l th e p sy ch o p ath s.

T h is acco u n ts f o r

- 82 TABLE XXIV

Mean T-Soores and Standard D eviations o f The MMPI S c a les For Eaoh C lin io a l Group N eurotios SD

Psyohopaths M SD

Sohizophrenios M SD

Soale*

M

7

52.42

4.17

52.97

5.31

53.12

5.67

L

53.42

4.88

52.97

4.46

54.50

5.76

K

52.84

10.30

50.33

8.39

48.88

8.92

F

56.84

8.17

59.23

8.53

63.78

10.94

Hs

69.08

16.22

52.27

9.77

64.28

16.02

D

71.68

17.70

56.83

11.09

67.41

16.83

By

69.47

12.75

54.57

9.50

63.50

13.14

Fd

62.47

12.31

69.90

9.17

64.66

13.68

Mf

52.68

8.74

50.03

10.50

56.56

11.37

Pa

56.66

11.68

56.03

12.26

69.94

14.14

Pt

65.42

15.94

58.33

11.09

69.72

18.48

So

64.47

14.45

62.70

16.30

80.59

20.59

Ha

53.92

10.81

61.50

15.24

61.91

11.50

* 7 (Cannot Say), L (L ie ), E (C o rre c tio n ), F (V a lid ity ) , Hs (H ypochondriasis), D (D ep ressio n ), Hy (H y s te ria ), Fd (Psychopathic D e v ia te ), Mf (M aso u lin ity F e m in in ity ), Pa (P a ra n o ia ), Pt (F sy c h a sth e n ia ), So (S o h izo p h ren ia), Ma (Hypomania). The schizophrenic group, on th e o th e r hand, predom inantly r e f l e o t t h e i r psyohopathy in th e abnormal d e v ia tio n s a t th e psyohotio end e f th e ourve, i . e . , th e P aran o ia, Psyohasthenia and Sohizophrenia s o a le s .

I n te r e s tin g ly

enough, th e y show, as w e ll, marked e le v a tio n s on th e n e u ro tic and psyohopath s o a le s .

The percentage of sohizophrenios so arin g above 70 on any so ale ranges

from 12 p e r oent on th e Mf soale t o 66 p e r oent on th e So s o a le .

A breakdown

in to two subtype8 show 56 p e r oent o f th e p aranoids and 78 p er oent o f th e sim ple ty p e sooring above th e o r i t i o a l soore on th e Sc s c a le .

They te n d t e

90

80

60

50

40 —

-NEUROTC COMBINED SCHIZOPHRENICS COMBINED



psrCHORHTHics

30-

20

HS

F ig 4

T - S c o r e p ro file s

on tn e M innesota

0

HY

PO

MF

PA

PT

SC

MA

M ^ ' phasm P e rso n ality Inventory fo r th e N e u ro tic ,P sy c h o p a th ic and Sctuzophrenic G roups

■ 83 "

soore high on th e n e u ro tio t r i a d s c a le s as w e ll, th e percen tag es ranging from 28 to 44 p e r oent so o rin g above 70 on th e s e s o a le s .

F ig . 4 g rap h i­

c a lly p re s e n ts th e T -soore p r o f ile s f o r eaoh group. Are th e s e T -soores o f s ig n if ic a n t value f o r e f f e o tiv e d is c rim in a tio n between th e o lin io a l groups?

Table XXV re p o rts th e sig n ifio a n o e o f th e

d iffe re n c e s between th e t e s t soores f o r any two o f th e th re e groups. TABLE XXV Mean Soore D iffe re n c e s and T h eir S ig n ific a n c e For Each S cale o f th e MMPI For th e Three C lin io a l Groups

S cale

N eurotios vs Psyohopaths D iff t S ig *

N eurotios vs Sohizophrenios D iff t Sig

Psyohopaths vs Sohizophrenios t Sig D iff - .15

.11

-

-1.53

1.16

-

7

- .55

.46

-

- .70

.57

L

.45

.39

-

-1 .0 8

.82

-

X

2.51

1.09

-

3.96

1.71

.10

1.45

.65

F

- 3.39

1.63

.20

-7 .9 4

3.34

.01

-4 .5 5

1.81

.10

Hs

16.81

5.21

.01

4.80

1.22

mm

-1 2 .0 1

3.53

.01

D

12.85

3.60

.01

4.27

1.02

-

- 8.58

2.34

.05

By

14.91

5.44

.01

5.97

1.90

.10

- 8.93

3.03

.01

Fd

-7 .4 3

2.81

.01

-2 .1 9

.69

5.24

1.75

.10

Mf

2.65

1.10

-

-3.88

1.55

.20

-6 .5 3

2.32

.06

Fa

.62

.21

-

-13.28

4.18

.01

-13.91

4.08

.01

Ft

7.09

2.13

-4 .3 0

1.02

-

-11.39

2.91

.01

So

1.77

.46

-16.12

3.66

.01

-17.89

3.74

.01

Ma

-7 .5 8

2.27

-7 .9 9

3.37

.01

-

.05 ee

.05

* Based on 60 degrees o f freedom,

••

.41

.12

Mi

- 84 -

From Table XXV, i t i s e v id e n t t h a t a number o f th e s o a le s s i g p i f i o a n tly i d e n t i f y th e th r e e o l i n i o a l gro u p s.

The H y p o ch o n d riasis, D epression

and H y s te ria s o a le s d is ti n g u is h bo th th e n e u r o tio s and th e so h iz o p h re n io s from th e p sy o h o p ath s; how ever, th e s e s c a le s do n o t s e p a r a te th e n e u r o tio s from tn e s o h iz o p h re n io s, a lth o u g h th e H y ste ria s o a le so o re approaches s i g ­ n i f i c a n c e , in fa v o r o f th e n e u r o ti o s . The Psyohopath s c a le i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y a t th e .0 1 l e v e l in fa v o r o f th e psyohopaths when compared w ith th e n e u r o tio s and a t th e .1 0 le v e l wnen com­ p ared w ith th e s o h iz o p h re n io s.

in c o n tr a s t to th e D ep ressio n Soale fa v o r­

in g th e n e u r o ti o s , th e Hypomania sco re i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .05 l e v e l in fa v o r o f p sy o h o p ath s.

The d if f e r e n c e on th e Hypomania s o a le between th e

s c h iz o p n re n io s and tn e p sy o h o p ath s, however, i s n e g l i g i b l e . As e x p e o te d , th e sc h iz o p h re n ic s show s i g n i f i c a n t l y e le v a te d so o re s on th e P aran o ia and S ch izo p h ren ia s o a le s .

The s ig n if ic a n c e o f th e d if f e r e n c e s

in th e v a l i d i t y ( F) s c a le s s c o r e s in fa v o r o f th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s p o in ts to a n o th e r f a o to r w hich h elp s to i d e n t i f y th e p sy c h o tic p a t i e n t . The n e x t problem i s to d eterm in e w hether th e IflMPI i s s u f f i c i e n t l y sen­ s i t i v e to d i f f e r e n t i a t e between two ty p e s o f b eh av io r in a m ajor o a te g o iy . That i s , to w hat e x te n t does th e MMPI d is c r im in a te between n e u r o tic d e p re s­ s io n and n e u r o tio a n x iety ?

To w hat e x te n t does th e UMPI d is ti n g u is h between

p a ra n o id s c h iz o p h re n ia and th e sim ple so h izo p h ren ia? s e t f o r t h th e MMPI sc o re s f o r eaoh ty p e .

T ab les XXVI and XXVII

- 85 -

TABLE XXVI MMPI Msan T -so o res And The S ig n if ic a n c e o f T h e ir D iffe re n c e s I b r N eu ro tio A n x iety and N e u ro tic D ep ressiv e P a tie n ts

9

SD*

P

M

•H

D e p re ssiv e (10)

i

S oale

(28)

M

SD

D if f

t

S ig

53.20

3.89

52.14

4.23

1.06

.69

-

L

54.20

5.98

53.14

4.38

1.06

•49

-

K

50.70

8.99

53.61

10.62

-2 .9 1

.80

-

F

58.40

11.89

54.93

6.08

3.47

CO

mm

Hs

63.80

14.88

70.96

16.26

-7 .1 6

1.22

D

69.30

72.54

16.66

-3 .2 4

.43

By

65.40

14.83

70.93

11.58

-5 .5 3

1.01

-

Pd

67.20

13.63

60.79

11.34

6.41

1.27

-

Mf

59.20

14.27

50.36

8.65

8.84

1.75

Pa

57.10

16.61

56.50

9.30

.60

.10

-

Pt

65.40

16.66

65.43

15.67

oto



.005

-

So

64.90

18.52

64.32

12.68

.58

.09

-

Ma

53.40

12.82

54.11

9.99

- .71

.15

-

20.15



t

-

-

.10

* Based on 35 d e g re e s o f freedom An a n a ly s is o f Table XXVI r e v e a ls t h a t th e a n x ie ty n e u r o tio s c o re s h ig h e r on eaoh s o a le o f th e r c u r o t i o t r i a d , in c lu d in g th e D ep ressio n s o a le in w hich i t would be ex p eo ted t h a t th e d ep ressed p a t i e n t would so o re h ig h e r . in g s , how ever, a r e n o t s i g i i f i o a n t a t th e .05 l e v e l .

The f in d ­

An i n t e r e s t i n g d i f f e r ­

ence i s th e so o re on th e M a s o u lin ity -ib m in in ity s o a le in fa v o r o f th e n e u r o tio

• 86 •

d e p re s s iv e group.

This d if f e r e n c e approaches s i g ii f io a n o e and w a rra n ts

f u r th e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . TABIE XXVII MMPI Mean T-Soores And The S ig n ific a n c e Of T h eir D iffe re n c e s For The P aran o id and Simple S o h izo p h ren io s

S o ales

P aran o id (18) M SD

Simple (14) M SD

D if f

t

Sig*

53.00

5.7 6

53.29

5 .5 4

- .2 9

.14

-

L

54 .6 0

5.72

54.36

5.81

.2 4

.11

-

K

47.78

7.13

50.29

10.64

- 2 .5 1

.73

-

F

64.78

8.73

62 .5 0

13.17

2.28

.5 4

-

Hs

62.11

15.06

67.07

16.77

-4 .9 6

.8 4

-

D

67 .4 4

17.32

67.36

16.18

- .0 8

.0 1

-

By

61.83

13.23

65,54

13.14

- 3 .8 1

.78

-

Pd

64.11

15.49

65.36

10.93

- 1 .2 5

.26

-

Mf

61.06

9 .9 4

50.79

10.45

10.27

2.72

Pa

70.89

13.82

68.71

14.45

2.18

.42

-

Pt

6 8 .5 0

20.31

71.29

15.69

- 2 .7 9



CM

-

So

76.44

20.81

85.93

19.02

- 9 .4 9

1 .3 0

-

Ma

62.06

9.05

61 .7 1

13.88

.35

o•

T

GO

?

.05

* Based on 30 d eg ree s o f freedom . In s p e c tio n o f Table XXVII shows t h a t th e sim ple so h iz o p h re n io te n d s t o o b ta in somewhat h ig h e r so o re s on s i x o f th e n in e s o a le s , w ith th e p aran o id so o rin g h ig h e r on th e P a ra n o ia , M a s c u lin ity -F e m in in ity and Hypomania s o a le s . E xcept f o r th e s i g i i f i o a n t d if f e r e n o e a t th e .0 5 l e v e l on th e Mf s o a le , no s o a le d if f e r e n o e i s r e l i a b l y s i g i i f i o a n t o r even ap p ro ach es s ig n if i c a n c e .

- 87 The c o n c lu sio n m ust be t h a t th e MMPI i s n o t u s e f u l i n any s p e c if i o c a te g o ry w ith in a m ajor c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . I t i s o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t to n o te , however, t h a t th e Mf s c a le ap p ea rs to d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e p a ra n o id from th e sim p le, and th e d e p re sse d n e u r o tic from th e a n x ie ty p a t i e n t .

F u r th e r in v e s t ig a t io n i s in d ic a te d i n t h i s a r e a .

D isc u ssio n In an a r t i c l e ^ - on th e u ses o f p e r s o n a lity i n v e n to r ie s , E l l i s and Conrad in d i c a te t h a t such in v e n to r ie s have proved h e lp f u l i n m i l i t a r y p r a c t i c e .

The

fin d in g s from t h i s stu d y w ould te n d to confirm t h i s im p re ssio n and a r e in s u b s t a n t i a l agreem ent w ith th e r e s u l t s o f o th e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s . Gough r e p o r ts ^ , f o r exam ple, s i g n i f i c a n t r a t i o s w hich d is tin g u is h e d b e tw een p s y c h ia t r ic groups b ased on 136 Army p a t i e n t s .

M odlin 3 and Leverenz 4

s t a t e t h a t t h e i r s tu d ie s w ith Army c a se s showed p o s iti v e c o r r e l a ti o n s w ith c l i n i c a l f in d i n g s .

On th e o th e r hand, M orris b e lie v e s ® t h a t p a th o lo g ic a l

groups could n o t be d i f f e r e n t i a t e d from one a n o th e r. A com parison o f t h i s stu d y w ith th e f in d in g s ® o f Schmidt in d ic a te s s tro n g agreem ent on th o s e s c a le s w hich d i f f e r e n t i a t e one p a th o lo g ic a l group and an­ o th e r .

S chm idt’ s com parison betw een P sy c h o n e u ro sis, I.lild (Pm) and P sy ch o sis (P sy)

and t h i s s tu d y 's com parison betw een th e n e u r o tic and sc h iz o p h re n ic groups show

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

E l l i s , A lb e tt & Conrad, H erb ert S . The V a lid ity o f P e r s o n a lity In v e n to r ie s in M ilita r y P r a c ti c e . P s y c h o lo g ic a l B u l l e t i n , 45: 385-426, 1948. H. G. Gough. D ia g n o stic P a tte r n s i n th e MMPI. J o u rn a l o f C lin ic a l Psycho­ lo g y , 2: 23-37, 1946. H. C. M odlin. A Study o f th e MMPI in C lin ic a l P r a c ti c e . American J o u rn a l o f P s y c h ia tr y , 103: 748-769, 1943. C. YY. L ev eren z. MMPI - An E v a lu a tio n o f I t s U se fu ln ess i n The P s y c h ia tr ic S e rv ic e a t a S ta t io n H o s p ita l. War M edicine, 4: 618-629, 1943. W. VY. M o rris . A P re lim in a ry E v a lu a tio n o f th e MMPI. J o u rn a l o f C l i n i c a l P sychology, 3: 370-374, 1947. H. 0 . S chm idt. T e st P r o f i l e s a s a D ia g n o stic A id: The MMPI. J o u rn a l o f A pplied P sychology, 29: 115-131, 1945.

88 -

s im ila r s i g i i f i o a n t o r i t i o a l r a t i o s on th e P a ra n o ia , S o h izo p h ren ia and Hypo­ mania s o a le s .

Pbr th e se v e re n e u ro s e s ana p sy ch o ses, how ever, he found no

s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s .

The c o n c lu sio n one may draw i s t h a t a s th e s e v e r it y

o f th e n e u r o s is in o re a s e s i t s d if f e r e n o e from a p sy o h o sis d e c r e a s e s .

A nother

im p o rtan t f in d in g in b o th s tu d ie s i s th e la rg e n e u r o tio and s c h iz o p h re n ic o v e rla y in th e p s y c h o tic and n e u r o ti o , r e s p e c tiv e ly . When com paring th e m ild n e u r o tic s w ith p sy o h o p ath s, Schmidt f in d s s ig n i­ f i c a n t r a t i o s f o r th e P syohopathio D e v ia te , P a ra n o ia , and Hypomania s c a le s , tf i th d if f e r e n c e s fa v o rin g th e p sy ch o p ath s.

This in v e s t i g a t i o n , however, does

n o t oonfirm th e s ig n if ic a n c e o f th e P aran o ia s o a le d if f e r e n o e .

On th e n euro­

t i c t r i a d , how ever, t h i s stu d y in c lu d e s s i g n i f i c a n t r a t i o s in fa v o r o f th e n e u r o ti o s .

Whereas th e p r e s e n t stu d y y ie ld s s i g n i f i c a n t r a t i o s between th e

psyohopaths and s c h iz o p h re n ic s v i r t u a l l y on a l l th e s o a le s , Sohmidt o b ta in s none w orthy o f m en tio n . P rev io u s s tu d ie s on Army oases have been o r i t i o i z e d becau se knowledge o f th e M innesota In v e n to ry s c o re s a t th e tim e o f making p s y c h ia t r ic d iag n o ses may have "co n tam in ated " th e v a l i d i t y o f th e r e s p e c tiv e f in d in g s .

While i t

may be t h a t p r io r knowledge o f th e MMPI sc o re s in flu e n c e d th e p s y c h ia tr io im p re ssio n , i t i s a ls o l i k e l y , how ever, t h a t th e p s y c h i a t r i s t in o th e r in s ta n c e s d is re g a rd e d th e MMPI r e s u l t s i f th e y d id n o t oonfirm o r su p p o rt h i s d ia g n o sis o b ta in e d from in te rv ie w and o b s e rv a tio n . At any r a t e , th e fin d in g s h e r e in p re s e n te d do a c t u a l l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e n e u r o t i c s , psyohopaths and s o h iz o p h re n io s.

The o v e rla p p in g among group s o o r e s ,

how ever, should se rv e a s a c a u tio n t h a t in d iv id u a l p r o f i l e a n a ly s is i s n o t as c l e a r o u t and r e q u ir e s c o n s ia e ra b le c l i n i c a l in s ig h t and e x p e rie n c e in th e dynamios o f p e r s o n a lity s t r u o t u r e .

I t i s an a id to w ard , n o t a s u b s t i t u t e f o r ,

a more a o c u r a te , d e s c r ip t iv e c l i n i o a l im pression*

- 89

D esp ite th e w arn in g * t h a t a so o re aoove 70 on one o f th e v a l id a ti n g s o a le s te n d s to make a reo o rd o f q u e s tio n a b le v a lu e , s e v e r a l i n v e s t ig a t o r s have r e p o rte d v a l i d h ig h ”F" s o o re s .

Modlin found t h a t 30 p e r c e n t in a

s e r i e s and Kazan and S h ein b erg r e p o rte d t h a t 22 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r o ases w ith an "F" so o re aoove th e c r i t i c a l v a lu e o f 70.

The p r e s e n t stu d y shows t h a t

11 p e r c e n t o f th e n e u r o t i c s , 25 p e r c e n t o f th e so h iz o p h re n io s and 7 p e r c e n t o f th e p sy ch o p ath s sc o re above 70 on t h i s s c a le .

To w hat e x te n t th e

h ig h "f** so o re s cause o th e r s o a le s t o show e le v a te d so o re s i s p ro b le m a tic a l and w a rra n ts f u r t h e r in v e s t i g a t i o n . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to n o te t h a t w h ile M o rris 1 r e s u l t s do n o t d i f f e r e n ­ t i a t e between g ro u p s, and S ch m id t's show a number o f s i g n i f i c a n t r a t i o s , th e mean t - s c o r e s o f t h e i r o a s e s , ex ce p t f o r m inor d if f e r e n c e s in n o n - o r i t i o a l a r e a s , a re a l l h ig h e r th a n th o s e p re s e n te d in t h i s s tu d y .

That i s , th e h ig h e r

so o re s fo r t h e i r p a t ie n ts would in d ic a te a g r e a te r d eg ree o f psychopathy.

The

d is c r e p a n c ie s may be a t t r i b u t e d , in p a r t , to th e d i f f e r i n g o ircu m stan o es u n d er w hich th e t e s t i n g was done.

Most o f t h e i r ex am in atio n s w ere accom plished

w h ile t h i s co u n try was s t i l l a t w ar. in g e f f e c t upon

This s i t u a t i o n had a p o w erfu lly m o tiv a t­

th e in d iv id u a l s o ld ie r an d , no d o u b t, prom pted him to r e s ­

pond t o th e c a rd s in a s fa v o ra b le a l i g h t to him as p o s s ib le , and pro b ab ly r e s u l t e d in a c o rre sp o n d in g ly e le v a te d p r o f i l e .

W hile th e e x ig e n c ie s o f war

d id n o t prompt suoh e la b o r a tio n s o f re sp o n se s i n th e p r e s e n t s tu d y , n e v e rth e ­ l e s s , o th e r m o tiv a tio n s may have in flu e n c e d th e t e s t s c o r e s .

1.

S . Hathaway and J . C. McKinley. s o n a li ty In v e n to ry .

Manual o f th e M innesota M u ltip h asio Per­

- 90 -

A nother c o n s id e r a tio n i s th e sm a ll number o f oases em ployed. and S chm idt'8 s tu d ie s

1

*

2

In Gough's

th e number o f in d iv id u a ls in th e s e p a ra te d ia g n o s-

t i c c a te g o r ie s i s f r e q u e n tly 12 o r l e s s .

E l l i s and Conrad

doubt th e depen­

d a b i l i t y o f s t a t i s t i c s ( in o lu d in g wt " ) based on suoh sm all sam p les.

I t is

n o t th e sm a ll sam p les, how ever, t h a t i s o f im port b u t r a th e r th e p s y c h ia tr ic n o m en clatu re t h a t r e q u ir e s r e - e v a lu a tio n .

Sm all sam ples oan be cum u lativ e

u n t i l d e f i n i t i v e fin d in g s emerge b u t im proper p s y c h ia t r ic c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o n ly co n fu ses th e tr u e d if f e r e n c e s t h a t may e x i s t .

Thus, in th e p re s e n t s tu d y ,

no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s , ex c e p t on th e M f s c a l e , a r e found w hich s e p a ra te th e n e u r o tio a n x ie ty from th e n e u r o tio d e p re s s iv e o r th e p ara n o id from th e sim ple s o h iz o p h re n io .

Sm all sam pling te c h n iq u e s can n o t overcome suoh d i f f i ­

c u l tie s *

1. 2. 3.

H. G. Gough, op. o i t . H. 0 . Schm idt, op. o i t . E l l i s and Conrad, op. c i t .

91 -

The Rorsohaoh In k -B lo t T est The f o u r th t e s t in t h i s in v e s tig a tio n i 6 a p r o je c tiv e te o h n iq u e and o f f e r s a n o th e r o l i n i c a l approaoh to th e d ia g io s is o f m a lad ju stm en t.

The

r e s u l t s a re p re se n te d in d is o r e te form as s e p a r a te s c o r e s , th e aim b ein g t o determ in e th e r e g u l a r i t y w ith w hich id e n tif y i n g marks o f p e r s o n a lity d y sfu n o tio n o ccu r w ith o u t c o n s id e rin g th e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f th e d i f f e r e n t f a c t o r s i d e n t i f i e d by th e R orschach t e s t . Table XXVIII r e p o r ts th e t e s t perform ance o f eaoh c l i n i c a l group. TABLE XXVIII D is tr ib u t io n o f R orschach Mean Scores and S tan d ard D ev ia tio n s For Eaoh C lin io a l Group

S co rin g B aotor *

N e u ro tic s M SD

P sychopaths M SD

S ch iz o p h re n ics M SD

R

22.76

14 .7 4

29.07

18.90

26.78

19.33

T/1R

23.47

13.43

18.12

10.83

25.12

15.31

W

5.37

3.1 7

5.67

3.56

5.53

4 .0 0

D

15.58

11.71

20.63

14.42

17.69

13.75

Dd

1.97

2 .9 9

2.63

3 .7 6

3.5 3

6 .1 9

S

1 .5 0

1.62

2.67

4 .4 2

2.16

2.32

M

1.74

1.39

1 .7 7

1.93

2.19

3.32

C

.26

.5 9

.63

.7 9

.66

.96

CF

1.58

1 .8 0

2 .2 7

2 .7 7

1.7 6

2.96

FC

1 .5 0

2.05

1 .6 0

1 .8 4

1 .0 0

1 .15

SC

2 .7 0

2 .6 9

3.8 9

3 .8 8

3.2 7

3 .9 4

Y

.05

.15

.1 0 .

.3 0

.1 2

.33

YF

.55

1 .1 8

.3 7

.88

.6 9

.95

TABLE XXVIII (Continued)

S co rin g F a c to r*

N e u ro tic s K SD

Fsyohopaths M SD

S o h iso p h re n io s M SD

FY

1.82

1.83

2.0 0

1 .8 4

1 .8 8

2 .1 6

FV

.6 0

.9 3

1.27

1.44

1.12

1.69

P/

10.42

6.11

12.87

6 .5 5

10.84

6.56

F-

3 .8 7

4 .0 7

5.13

5.39

6 .2 5

4 .7 0

H

2 .2 6

1 .9 4

2 .4 0

2 .0 6

2 .5 9

3.57

.97

1.56

1.00

1.63

1.72

2.59

A

9.63

5 .2 4

11.73

7.16

9 .3 8

6 .57

Ad

1 .3 4

1 .6 4

1 .9 3

1.93

1.6 6

1.91

An

1.84

2 .7 7

1.70

1.87

1.62

2.70

F /f.

75.65

17.43

75.51

11.03

66.20

14.95

k%

52.54

17.36

51.26

17.96

43.53

18.22

59.28

14.99

56.78

16.19

49 .4 2

18.71

5.97

2 .5 0

6 .4 0

2 .1 8

4 .8 5

1.86

.50

1.3 7

.57

1.23

2 .2 5

2.93

Hd

F DV

1.03

o 00 .

R e fu sa ls

1 .0 6

* F or a d e s c r ip t io n and e x p la n a tio n o f so o rin g f a c t o r s , see p . 43*

93 An in s p e c tio n o f T ab le XXVIII r e v e a ls th e freq u en cy w ith w hich th e v a rio u s f a c t o r s o c c u r.

T hus, pu re c o lo r (C ), p u re sh ad in g (Y) and sh ad in g -

form (YF) p e ro e p ts o ocur v e ry in f r e q u e n tly b u t, when th e y do, ap p e a r m ost o f te n i n th e re c o rd s o f s c h iz o p h r e n ic s .

(C o lo r naming (Cn) i s a s c h iz o ­

p h re n ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ; i t o ccu rred i n on ly f i v e o f th e sc h iz o p h re n ic re c o rd s b u t i n none o f th e p sy ch o p ath s o r n e u r o t i c s .)

Bach group r e v e a ls a t e n ­

dency tow ard an e x tr a te n s iv e e x p e rie n c e b a la n c e a s n o ted by th e h ig h e r Sum C s c o re o v er th e M s c o r e .

The p sy o h o p ath s, how ever, show a s tr o n g e r im­

b a la n c e . Many o f th e c o n te n t c a te g o r ie s , suoh a s , s e x , b lo o d , f i r e , c lo u d s, b o tan y and geography, ap p ea r in f r e q u e n tly .

On th e o th e r hand, anim al p e r­

c e p ts occur v e ry o f te n and i n f a i r l y la rg e num bers.

D ev ian t v e r b a l iz a t io n s

a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f s c h iz o p h re n ic p r o to c o ls , o o c u rrin g in 66 p e r c e n t o f t h e p r o to c o ls .

These p e c u lia r o r odd m a n if e s ta tio n s , how ever, a l s o ap p ear

o c c a s io n a lly i n th e o th e r g ro u p s, 24 p e r cen t and 23 p e r c e n t in th e n e u ro ­ t i c s and p sy c h o p a th s, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The t o t a l number o f c a rd s r e j e c t e d w ith ­

out e l i c i t i n g any re s p o n s e s i s about th e same f o r each g ro u p . T able XXIX g iv e s th e s ig n if ic a n c e o f th e mean so o re d if f e r e n c e s f o r a s e le c te d number o f R orschach c a t e g o r ie s . f a c t o r s w hich have d i f f e r e n t i a l v a lu e .

An in s p e c tio n r e v e a ls s e v e r a l W hile th e n e u r o tic s show a s m a lle r

number o f re sp o n se s (R) t o th e te n o a rd s , th e number o f re sp o n se s g iv en by each group does n o t d is c r im in a te s i g n i f i c a n t l y among them .

The speed o f

r e a o tio n (T /lR ) , t o each c a rd , how ever, d is tin g u is h e s th e p sychopaths s i g n i ­ f i c a n t l y from th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s a t t h e .05 l e v e l and from th e n e u r o tic s a t th e .10 l e v e l .

- 94 -

TABLE XXIX S ig n ifio an o * o f Kean Soore D iffe re n c e s on th e Rorsohaoh T est For th e Three C lin ic a l Groups

S o o rin g F acto r*

N e u ro tio s ▼s P sychopaths t

S ig

D iff

t

P sychopaths TS S o h izo p h ren io e S ig

D iff

t

S ig

R

-6 .3 1

1 .4 8

.2 0

— 4 .0 2

.9 6

-

/2 .2 9

.46

t/ ir

/5 .3 S

1.79

.1 0

-1 .6 5

.47

-

- 7 .0 0

2 .0 5

w

- .3 0

.36

- .16

.18

-

/ .14

.14

-

D

- 5 .0 5

1.53

- 2 .1 1

.67

-

/ 2 .9 4

.81

-

Dd

- .66

.77

-1 .5 6

1.29

-

- .90

.69

-

S

-1 .7 7

1.36

.20

- .66

1.32

.20

/ .51

.55

-

M

- .03

.07

-

- .45

.70

-

- .42

.60

-

C

- .37

2.1 8

.05

- .4 0

2 .0 0

.05

- .03

.1 4

-

CF

- .69

3 .6 3

.01

— .20

.33

-

/

.49

.66

mm

FC

- .1 0

.30

-

.5 0

1.25

-

/ .60

1.50

C

-1 .1 9

1.42

.20

- .57

.68

-

/

.62

.6 1

-

Y

- .05

.79

-

- .07

1.08

-

- .02

.2 0

-

YF

/ .18

.75

-

- .1 4

.54

-

- .32

1.45

FY

- .18

.4 1

-

- .06

.12

-

/ .12

.23

-

FV

- .66

2.1 5

.05

1 • O tol

D if f

N e u ro tic s ▼s S ch iz o p h re n ic s

1.58

.20

/ .16

.38

-

F/

- 2 .4 5

1.55

.20

- .42

.27

-

/2 .0 3

1.20

-

F-

-1 .2 6

1.05

-2 .3 8

2.22

.05

- 1.12

.85

■e

.20 «e

/

.06

.20

.20

- 95 TABLB XXIX (C o n tin u ed )

Sooring F acto r

N eu ro tics vs Psyohopaths D iff

t

N eu ro tics vs Sohizophrenios Sig*

D iff

t

Psyohopaths vs Sohizophrenios

Sig

D iff

t

Sig

H

- .14

.28

we

- .33

.25

-

- .19

.40

Hd

- .03

.05

-

- .75

2.68

.01

- .72

1.04

we

A

-2 .1 0

2.51

.05

/ .26

.17

-

/2 .S 5

1.93

.10

Ad

- .59

.20

-

- .32

.73

-

/ .27

.56

-

An

/ .1*

.25

-

/ .22

.33

aw

/ .08

.42

-

F/fo

/ .14

.04

-

/9 .4 5

2.41

.06

/9 .3 1

4.19

.01

/1 .2 8

.29

-

/9 .0 1

2.08

.05

/7 .7 3

1.66

.20

k /k n %

/2 .5 0

.64

-

/9 .8 6

2.36

.06

/7 .3 6

1.63

.20

P

- .43

.75

-

/ l . 16

2.19

.05

/1 .6 9

3.06

.01

DV

- .07

.22

-

-1 .7 6

3.07

.01

-1 .6 8

2.96

.01

-

* Based on 60 d eg ree s o f freedom . The number o f movement re sp o n se s f o r eaoh group i s . on th e a v e ra g e , ab o u t tiro p e r p a t i e n t , w ith th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s showing a s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r fre q u e n c y . The s ig n if ic a n c e o f th e d if f e r e n c e s i s n e g l i g i b l e .

C olor re s p o n s e s , th o u g h

sm all in number, s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e n e u r o tic s from t h e p sy ch o p ath s in th e u se o f p u re c o lo r (C) and e o lo r-fo rm (CF)» and th e n e u r o tic s from th e sc h iz o p h re n ic s i n th e p u re o o lo r (C) component.

The more a d a p tiv e and m ature

o o le r resp o n se (FC) o ccu rs i n a l l th r e e groups and i s n o t a d is c r im in a to r y f a c t o r . The sh ad in g re s p o n s e s , n o t o n ly o ccu r in f r e q u e n tly , b u t do n o t in d i c a t e any s i g n i f i c a n t t r e n d s .

T i s t a . o r d ep th p e r c e p tio n (FV ). re sp o n se s d is c r im in ­

a t e betw een th e n e u r o tie s and psyohopaths b u t do n o t ap p ear s u f f i c i e n t l y t o w a rra n t t h e i r u s e a s a d i f f e r e n t i a l f a c t o r .

96 -

W h ile th e number o f good form ( I / ) and p oor form ( P - ) p e rc e p ts do n o t d is ti n g u is h th e g ro u p s, th e r a t i o

e f f e c t i v e l y s e p a r a te s a t th e .0 5

le v e l o r l e s s , tn e so h iz o p h re n io s from th e o th e r two gro u p s.

A sso c ia te d w ith

good form q u a l i t y , th e number o f p o p u la r re s p o n s e s (P ) and th e number o f de­ v i a n t v e r b a l iz a t io n s (DV) a re o th e r f a c t o r s w hich s i g n i f i c a n t l y d is c r im in a te th e n e u r o tic s and th e psychopaths from th e s c h iz o p h r e n ic s . The c o n te n t c a te g o r ie s , a s a w h o le, do n o t p ro v id e e f f e c t i v e so u rces f o r d is c o v e rin g d i f f e r e n t i a l a re a s f o r d ia g n o s is .

E x ce ssiv e use o f human d e t a i l s

(Hd) ap p e a rs to d is ti n g u is h th e n e u r o tic s and s c h iz o p h re n ic s* TABLE XXX S e le c te d Rorsohaoh P ao to r Mean S cores and T h e ir S ig n ific a n c e o f T h e ir D iffe re n c e s For th e P aran o id and Simple S ch iz o p h re n ic P a tie n ts

Rorsohaoh J h c to r

P aran o id (18)

Simple (14)

M

SD

M

SD

D if f

t

R

28.78

21.34

24.21

16.03

4.57

.67

-

W

5.83

4.06

5 .1 4

3 .9 0

.69

.4 7

-

D

18.78

14.59

16.29

12.44

2.49

.5 0

-

Dd

4.11

7.38

2.79

3 .1 4

1.32

.66

-

M

2.33

2.79

2 .0 0

3.89

.33

.26

-

EC

3.72

4 .7 4

2.68

2.42

1 .0 4

.7 8

-

62.93

16.40

70.41

11.58

-7 .4 8

1 .4 6

-

41.88

18.46

45.66

17.68

- 3 .7 8

.57

-

P

4 .9 4

1.61

4 .6 4

2.12

.3 0

.0 4

-

DV

3 .0 0

3.02

1 .2 9

2.49

1.71

1.7 1

A%

* Based on 30 d eg rees o f freedom

S ig *

.1 0

- 97

T able XXX r e p o r ts th e perform ance o f th e p a ra n o id and th e sim ple so h izo ­ p h re n io s on th e Rorsohaoh t e s t . o f th e o th e r s , a r e p re s e n te d .

The d a ta f o r a number o f f a c t o r s , ty p i o a l I t w i l l be n o te d t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n t i a l

f a o to r s a re a b s e n t. TABLE XXXI Rorsohaoh P ao to r Mean Soores and The S ig n ifio a n o e o f T h eir D iffe re n c e s P ar th e N eu ro tio D ep ressiv e and N eu ro tio A nxiety P a tie n ts

N eu ro tio D ep ressiv e (10)

Rorsohaoh F acto r

M

N eu ro tio A n x iety (28)

SD

M

SD

D if f

t

Sig*

14.16

/2 .0 9

.48

4.79

2.78

/2 .2 1

1.67

/ 15.32

3.61

/

3.43

2.97

-1 .9 3

1.68

1.10

/

1.64

1.47

/ .36

.77

-

3.40

3.56

/

2.45

2.24

/ .95

.75

-

F /%

/ 71.06

13.05

/ 77.29

18.47

-6 .2 3

1.11

-

Afo

/ 52.02

13.97

/ 52.73

18.42

- .71

.12

-

P

/

6.20

1.40

/

5.89

2.78

- .31

.44

-

DV

/

.80

2.40

/

.39

.67

/

.51

-

/ 24.30

W

/

D

/ 16.30

Dd

/

1.50

2.97

U

/

2.00

SC

/

7 .0

16.11 3.61 12.43

/

€0 o>•

/ 22.21

R

*41

.23

-

.10 -

.10

* Based on 35 d eg ree s o f freedom Table XXXI r e p o r ts s im i la r d a ta f o r th e n e u r o tio a n x ie ty and n e u r o tio de­ p re s s iv e p a t i e n t s .

The fin d in g s a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

- 98 D isc u ssio n Few s tu d ie s w ith th e R orschach t e s t on Array n e u r o p s y c h ia tr ic p e rs o n n e l have appeared i n th e l i t e r a t u r e .

L in n 's stu d y \ b ased on norm al s o l d i e r s ,

r e p o r ts d is c re p a n c ie s betw een h is r e s u l t s and th o s e n o rm ally found in a c i v i l i a n p o p u la tio n .

G e n e ra lly , he in d ic a te s t h a t th e av erag e s o l d i e r te n d s

t o be le s s p ro d u c tiv e th a n h is c i v i l i a n c o u n te r p a r t.

Luchins ^ , s tu d y in g

a n o th e r Army g ro u p , f in d s h i s R orschach d a ta d i f f e r from L in n 's fin d in g s in some c a te g o r ie s and b e lie v e s t h a t th e re sp o n se s w ere due to " s p e c i f i c a t t i t u d e s toYvard th e t e s t and t e s t e r , by p re v io u s e x p e rie n c e s , and by educ a t io n a l , o c c u p a tio n a l and c u l t u r a l background." The r e s u l t s from th e p r e s e n t i n v e s t ig a t io n , how ever, in d ic a te t h a t d e s p ite th e p o s s ib le p a t i e n t a t t i t u d e s in f lu e n c in g th e t e s t , th e t o t a l number o f re s p o n s e s , a s r e f l e c t e d by th e mean s c o r e s , appro x im ate th e number o f re sp o n se s o b ta in e d from c i v i l i a n p o p u la tio n s . W hile S c h a fe r ^ does n o t p re s e n t o b je c tiv e s t a t i s t i c a l e v id e n c e , he i n ­ d ic a te s t h a t th e t y p i c a l n e u r o tic R orschach re c o rd has a red u ced number o f resp o n ses ( l e s s th a n 20) w ith many vague and p o o rly conceived p e r c e p ts .

W hile

im p aired r e a l i t y t e s t i n g i s n o t in d ic a te d , he s t a t e s t h a t th e form l e v e l may drop below th e a c c e p ta b le ran g e and t h a t th e e x p e rie n c e b a la n c e may be con­ s tric te d .

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s stu d y a r e in g e n e ra l agreem ent w ith S c h a f e r 's

f in d in g s . H a rro w e r-S ric k so n 's " n e u r o tic s ig n s " , e s ta b lis h e d by a com parison o f a group o f mixed n e u r o tic s and a group o f n o rm als, u n f o r tu n a te ly a r e a p p lic a b le to psychopaths and s c h iz o p h re n ic s as w e ll , i f th e p r e s e n t f in d in g s a re 1. 2. 3. 4.

L. L in n . The R orschach T e st in th e E v a lu a tio n o f M ilita r y P e rs o n n e l. R orschach R esearch Exchange, 10: 2 0-27, 1946. A. S. L u ch in s. S i t u a tio n a l and A t t i t u d i n a l I n f lu e n c e s on R orschach R esponses. American J o u rn a l o f P s y c h ia tr y , 103: 780-784, 1946. Op. c i t . , p . 783. R. S c h a fe r. The C li n i c a l A p p lic a tio n s o f P s y c h o lo g ic a l T e s t s . P . 4 3 .

- 99 re p re s e n ta tiv e .

T his has been p o in te d o u t by K lo p fe r and K elley'*' .

For exam ple,

w h ile th e n e u r o tic s show th e h ig h e s t p e rc e n ta g e o f an im al re s p o n s e s , th e psycho­ p a th s a r e n o t f a r b e h in d .

A gain, w h ile th e n e u r o ti c , on an a v e ra g e , s c o re s l e s s

th a n 25 re s p o n s e s , th e d if f e r e n c e betw een h i s mean s c o re and t h a t o f th e psycho­ p a th o r t h a t o f th e sc h iz o p h re n ic i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

R e je c tio n o f card s i s n o t

only a n e u r o tic phenomenon; i t i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e o th e r two g ro u p s, to o . Though H euser

2

l i s t s a number o f f a c t o r s w hich a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f psycho­

p a th s , L indner ®, however, does n o t b e lie v e t h a t any q u a n t ita t iv e b a s is f o r d i f ­ f e r e n t i a t i o n has appeared an d , in s te a d , c o n s id e rs th e q u a l i t a t i v e a s p e c ts more im p o rta n t f e a t u r e s .

W hile t h i s stu d y confirm s some o f H eu ser1s fin d in g s re g a rd ­

in g th e t e s t perform ance o f th e p sy ch o p ath , a com parison o f th e th r e e c l i n i c a l groups r e v e a ls an i n s u f f i c i e n t number o f s i g n i f i c a n t R orschach f a c t o r s w hich w i l l d e f i n i t e l y s e p a r a te th e p sy ch o p ath s from th e o th e r two g ro u p s . Beck, i n a p e rs o n a l com munication t o L in d n er, in d ic a te s t h a t th e p sy ch o p ath re c o rd te n d s t o c o n ta in an o v er-em p h asis on th e D, an av erag e number o f p o p u la r re s p o n s e s , more c o lo r-fo rm th a n p u re c o lo r re s p o n s e s , and an ?/% l i k e l y to be low er th a n i n th e n eu ro ses b u t h ig h e r th a n i n th e s c h iz o p h re n ia s .

Except f o r th e

s i m i l a r i t y in th e F/% le v e ls o f th e n e u r o tic s and p sy ch o p ath s, th e p re s e n t d a ta c o rro b o ra te Beck.

Compared to G e i l 's group o f 50 a d u lt c rim in a l p sychopaths

th e group o f psychopp-ths s tu d ie d i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s more re s p o n s iv e , i . e . , in term s o f th e number of re sp o n se s th e human movement and c o lo r-d e te rm in e d p e r ­ c e p ts and th e av erag e number o f p o p u la r re sp o n se s p ro d u ced .

1. 2. 3. 4.

These f in d in g s ,

B. K lo p fe r and D. M. K e lle y . The R orschach T ech n iq u e. K. D. H eu ser. The P sy o h o p ath ic P e r s o n a lity : The R orschach P a tte r n s o f 28 C ases. American J o u rn a l o f P s y c h ia tr y , 103: 105-112, 1946. R. M. L in d n e r. The R orschach T e st and th e D iag n o sis o f P sy ch o p ath ic P erso n ­ a l i t y . J o u rn a l o f C rim in al P sy ch o p ath o lo g y , 5t 6 9-93, 1943. G. A. G e il. The S im i la r i ty i n R orschach P a tt e r n s o f A dult C rim in al Psycho­ p a th s and P re -a d o le s c e n t Boys. R orschach R esearch Exchange, 9 :2 0 1 -2 0 6 , 1945.

- 100 -

how ever, a r e n o t in f u l l agreem ent w ith th o s e o f S c h a fe r who r e p o r ts ^ - t h a t th e psychopath re c o rd i s " f l a t and v ag u e", th e number o f re sp o n se s f a l l i n g betw een 10 t o 20 re s p o n s e s , th e F/% b ein g low (50-65 p e r c e n t) and o n ly a few c o lo r d eterm in ed re s p o n s e s . The p r e s e n t stu d y su g g e sts s e v e r a l f a c t o r s w hich, when o c c u rrin g in combina­ t i o n , te n d to d is ti n g u is h th e s c h iz o p h re n ic re c o rd from t h a t o f th e psychopath o r th e n e u r o ti c .

These a re a low F/%, low number o f P , p resen ce o f d e v ia n t v e r ­

b a l i z a t i o n s , e x c e ss iv e number o f r a r e d e t a i l s and low A%, i s a d e q u a te .

No one o f th e s e alo n e

More l i k e l y extrem es i n sc o re s w i l l be accompanied by o th e r d ia g ­

n o s tic f a c t o r s w hich a re q u a l i t a t i v e in c h a r a c te r . Beck

compared a group o f s c h iz o p h re n ic s w ith a group o f norm als a s a con­

t r o l and found many s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n th e u se o f sm all d e t a i l s , re sp o n s i v i t y t o c o lo r , form q u a lity and th e freq u en cy of p o p u la r re s p o n s e s , among o th e r q u a n t ita t iv e and q u a l i t a t i v e f a c t o r s .

These f in d i n g s , w h ile h e lp f u l i n d i s t i n ­

g u is h in g betw een norm al and sc h iz o p h re n ic p o p u la tio n s , m ust be r e - e v a lu a te d in term s o f o th e r n o n -p sy c h o tic b u t "non-norm al" g ro u p s.

The p r e s e n t stu d y co n firm s

many of Beck’ s f in d in g s b u t i t i s n o ted t h a t th e d if f e r e n c e s from th e o th e r groups a r e c o n s id e ra b ly s m a lle r and hence c a u tio n must be u sed in i n t e r p r e t i n g b o r d e r lin e r e c o r d s .

R ic k ers-O v sian k in a* s re p o rt^ t h a t th e r e i s no one ty p e o f

sc h iz o p h re n ic re c o rd and t h a t th e d if f e r e n c e in re c o rd s i s " n o t one o f c h a r a c te r b u t one o f degree" i s f u l l y c o rro b o ra te d .

1. 2. 3.

R. S c h a fe r. Op. o i t . , p . 55. S. J . Beck. P e r s o n a lity S tr u c tu r e i n S c h iz o p h re n ia . Nervous and M ental D isease Monographs, No. 63, 1938. M. R ic k e rs-O v sia n k in a . The Rcr schaoh T est as A p p lied to Normal and S ch izo ­ p h re n ic P a t i e n t s . B r i t i s h J o u r n a l o f M edical P sychology, 17: 227-57, 1938.

T h is in v e s t ig a t io n does n o t s u p p o rt th e f in d in g s o f R apaport in a l l d e t a i l s on s c h iz o p h re n ic r e c o r d s .

1

and S c h a fe r

2

There i s agreem ent on th e p e rc e n ta g e

of an im al re sp o n se s and th e number o f d e v ia n t v e r b a liz a tio n s o c c u rrin g b u t v a r i a ­ t i o n s in t e s t r e s u l t s among th e s tu d ie s ap p ea r i n th e t o t a l number o f re sp o n se s g iv e n , th e p e rc e n ta g e s o f good fo rm -q u a lity p e rc e p ts and in th e u se o f c o lo r . Then v a r i a t i o n s may be due to th e d if f e r e n c e s i n th e sam ples u sed ; t h a t i s , th e groups w ere n o t eq u ated f o r a l l v a r i a b l e s , such a s , a g e , sex , e d u c a tio n , s e v e r ity o f th e d is e a s e p ro c e s s , le n g th o f o n s e t and c u l t u r a l - s o c i a l b ack g ro u n d s. K lo p fe r and K e lle y re c o g n iz e th e d i f f i c u l t y in o b ta in in g "p u re and unmixed c l i n i c a l s c h iz o p h re n ic e n t i t i e s " , m ix tu re of o th e r syndrom es.

and p o in t o u t t h a t cases u s u a lly show an ad­

They a r e u n ab le to s p e c ify th e t o t a l number o f sig n s

n e c e ss a ry to in d ic a te s c h iz o p h re n ia b u t b e jie v e r a t h e r t h a t " th e e n t i r e p a t te r n m ust be s tu d ie d by i t s e l f and in r e la tio n s h ip to th e o th e r sig n s w hich may happen to be p re s e n t i n th e re c o rd • 4

T his stu d y confirm s th e above im p re ssio n a lth o u g h

as in d ic a te d p r e v io u s ly , a com bination o f commonly o c c u rrin g f a c t o r s ap p ear to d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e s c h iz o p h re n ic re c o rd from t h a t o f th e n e u r o tic p sy ch o p ath . O ther pathognomonic s ig n s , such a s , c o lo r nam ing, p o s itio n re s p o n s e s , g eo m etric p e rc e p ts and b iz a r r e c o n fa b u la tio n s occu r to o in f r e q u e n tly in sc h iz o p h re n ic r e ­ cords to be h e lp f u l in e s ta b l is h in g th e sc h iz o p h re n ic p ro c e s s .

1. 2. 3. 4.

D. R ap ap o rt. D ia g n o stic P sy c h o lo g ic a l T e s tin g , V ol. I I . R. S c h a fe r. Op. c i t . B. K lo p fer and D. hi. K e lle y . 0£. c i t . , p . 351. I b id , p . 352.

- 102 -

I n t e r r e l a t i o n s o f T e sts This s e c tio n o f th e stu d y was u n d erta k en to determ in e w h eth er any r e l a ­ tio n s h ip s e x i s t betw een t e s t s o f in t e l l i g e n c e and t e s t s o f p e r s o n a li ty .

The

approach was t o i n t e r c o r r e l a t e th e t e s t sc o re s f o r eaoh group and to examine th e r e s u l t a n t d a ta f o r communality o f r e la tio n s h ip s and f o r th e v a l id a ti o n o f o th e r t e s t f in d in g s .

Eaoh s u b te s t o r t r a i t was c o r r e l a te d w ith o th e r sub­

t e s t s o r t r a i t s w ith in th e same s c a le o r t e s t , and w ith o th e r s u b te s ts o r t r a i t s o f o th e r s o a le s o r t e s t s . ■While s e v e r a l is o l a t e d s tu d ie s p e r ti n e n t to t h i s in v e s t ig a t io n have ap­ p eared in th e l i t e r a t u r e , th e whole f i e l d o f r e la tio n s h ip s h as n o t been ex­ p lo r e d .

I t i s n o t th e purpose o f t h i s stu d y to do so b u t m erely t o r e p o r t

some o f them and in d ic a te th e n eed s f o r f u tu r e r e s e a rc h in th e f i e l d o f t r a i t ■m

o r fu n c tio n c l u s t e r s . T e s ts o f I n te l li g e n c e T e st F indin g s To a n a ly z e th e r e la tio n s h ip s among th e i n t e l l e c t u a l f u n c tio n s te s t e d by th e s u b te s ts o f th e W eoh sler-B ellev u e S c a le , i n t e r t e s t c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c ie n t s w ere computed f o r eaoh t e s t w ith ev e ry o th e r t e s t f o r eaoh c l i n i c a l g roup. The r e s u l t s a r e re p o r te d in Table XXXII.

- 103 -

TABU! XXXII

W eonsler-B ellev u e S cale C o r r e la tio n M atrix For Eaoh C lin io a l Group

In f Com

.3 3 ( l j * .5 5 (2J .8 6 (3 )

Com

D. Span

.51 .19 .3 0

.21 .32 .3 7

D. Sp

Ar

.86 • 26 .65

.1 9 .51 .71

.38 .45 .4 0

Ar

Sim

.74 .7 9 .7 4

•28 .71 .44

.47 .4 4 .30

.59 •53 .62

Sim

PA

.48 •15 •06

.07 •45 • 21

•53 •38 - .0 5

.39 .44 .58

.6 0 .39 - .0 1

PC

.59 .5 5 .56

.25 •45 .71

.4 5 .3 0 .41

.39 .32 .57

•59 .77 •63

.53 • 29 .08

PC

BD

- .1 2 •39 .47

- .1 4 .58 .68

- .0 3 •38 .3 0

.11 .39 •53

- .0 3 •59 •66

.47 •26 .37

- .0 5 .6 0 .53

BD

QA

.17 .14 .08

.10 .36 .19

.51 .44 •46

.19 .31 .39

.6 0 .44 • 20

.34 .39 .1 0

.5 4 .38 .33

.26 .68 - .1 4

OA

D. Sy

.77 .3 4 .33

.23 .45 •69

•42 .35 .54

• 86 .38 .53

.37 .51 .52

.30 .30 • 21

.6 0 .49 .2 4

.68 .6 8 .5 2

.45 •39 .4 6

D.Sy

.89 .73 .8 4

•32 .57 .97

.68 •28 • 29

.5 5 •30 .6 0

.71 .61 .81

.65 .42 .08

.76 •32 .66

.43 .25 .51

.33 .16 .1 0

.55 .41 .36

Voo

*

PA

The c o r r e l a ti o n between two s c a le s f o r eaoh group i s re p o rte d in th e fo llo w in g o r d e r t (1 ) n e u r o tic s ( 2 ) psychopaths (3 ) sc h iz o p h re n ic s

- 104

For p u rp o ses of t h i s in v e s t ig a t io n , th e c o r r e l a ti o n s ^ a r e in t e r p r e t e d as fo llo w s : An r from .0 0 to / r a t th e .05 le v e l of c o n fid e n c e , d en o tes i n s i g n i f i c a n t —r e la tio n s h ip s ; An r from £ r a t th e .05 le v e l to / .6 0 , d en o tes s i g n i f i c a n t o r f a i r l y h ig h r e l a tio n s h ip s ; — An r from £ .60 to £ 1 .0 0 d en o tes marked o r v ery h ig h r e l a ­ ti o n s h i p s . In each o f th e th r e e c l i n i c a l g ro u p s, V o cab u lary , S i m i l a r i t i e s and I n f o r ­ m ation show marked o r s u b s t a n t i a l c o r r e l a t i o n w ith each o th e r .

These th r e e

t e s t s ap p ea r t o o p e ra te as a s in g le p a t te r n f o r a l l g ro u p s. Among th e n e u r o ti c s , Comprehension shows no s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a ti o n w ith any o f th e o th e r s u b te s ts .

Among th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s , P ic tu r e Arrangement shows

s i g n i f i c a n t o r f a i r l y h ig h r e la tio n s h ip s w ith o n ly two o f th e s u b te s ts (.5 8 w ith A rith m e tic and .37 w ith B lock D esig n ).

These fin d in g s su g g est t h a t th e

fu n c tio n s m easured by th e Comprehension and P ic tu r e Arrangem ent item s a r e , in a se n se , " i s o l a t e d ” from th e o th e r p a tte r n s o f i n t e l l e c t u a l fu n c tio n in g . O Y iechsler, i n h is s ta n d a r d iz a tio n s tu d ie s ^ on a norm al p o p u la tio n , r e p o r ts f o r te n o f th e s u b te s ts , only f iv e c o r r e l a ti o n s a t .6 0 o r h ig h e r.

He r e p o r ts

no i n s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a ti o n s and o n ly one n e g l ig ib l e o r i n d i f f e r e n t r e l a t i o n ­ s h ip ,

In t h i s s tu d y , th e number o f h ig h c o r r e l a ti o n s ( .6 0 o r h ig h e r) v a r ie s

f o r each c l i n i c a l g ro u p .

Comparing th o s e r e s u l t s on a norm al p o p u la tio n w ith

th e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d i n th e p r e s e n t study on p s y c h ia t r ic p a t i e n t s , t h e r e i s a s u g g e s tio n t h a t o th e r f a c t o r s a re a f f e c t in g th e i n t e l l e c t u a l f u n c tio n in g o r in t e g r a t i o n o f th e in d iv id u a l.

The a d d i tio n a l f a c t o r s have r e d i s t r i b u t e d th e

g e n e ra l i n t e l l e c t u a l p a t t e r n , r e s u lt in g i n a c lo s e r r e l a tio n s h ip betw een some fu n c tio n s and a w id er d isc re p a n c y betw een o t h e r s .

1.

The s ig n if ic a n c e v a lu e o f each o b ta in e d r t e s t e d a g a in s t th e n u ll h y p o th e sis i s c o n tain ed in T able 49 in G a r r e t t 's S t a t i s t i c s in Psychology and E d u c a tio n , (p. 299 ).

2.

D. W ec h sler.

Measurement o f A d u lt I n t e l l i g e n c e , p . 223.

- 105 An ex am in atio n o f T able XXXII r e v e a ls t h a t a h ig h r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s b e­ tw een Block D esign and S i m i l a r i t i e s f o r th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s and p sy ch o p ath s b u t n o t f o r th e n e u r o ti c s .

I t may be t h a t o th e r f a c t o r s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e

n e u r o ti c s , such a s , a n x ie ty , a r e r e s p o n s ib le f o r t h i s d is c re p a n c y . The c o e f f i c i e n t betw een V ocabulary and D ig it Span i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h only f o r th e n e u r o tic s (.6 8 ) and low f o r th e o th e r two gro u p s.

This may be du e, in

p a r t , t o th e u n iq u e co m p o sitio n of th e n e u r o tic g roup, o r may be r e f l e c t i n g th e le s s d is o rg a n iz e d m en tal f u n c tio n in g on th e p a r t o f th e n e u r o ti c s .

A nother prob­

lem i s th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een P ic tu r e Arrangement and S i m i l a r i t i e s w hich i s h ig h f o r th e n e u r o tic s b u t n o t s i g n i f i c a n t f o r th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s .

I s t h i s due

to th e adm ixtu re o f sim ple and p ara n o id s c h iz o p h re n ic s in to th e one group?

It

w i l l be r e c a lle d t h a t th e sim ple sc h iz o p h re n ic o b ta in e d r e l a t i v e l y low s c o re s on S i m i l a r i t i e s w hereas th e p ara n o id s showed a drop in perform ance on P ic tu r e A rrange­ m ent. TABLE XXXIII C o r r e la tio n s C o e f f ic ie n ts Between The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S c a le and S e le c te d T e s ts of th e hTe c h s le r - 3 e lle v u e S cale For Bach C l i n i c a l Group W ech sler-B ellev u e S c a le F u ll

Verb

P e rf

Voc

A ri

Sim

B.D,

.82

.56

.93

.54

.60

.35

Voc (2)

.62

.65

.51

.80

.35

.62

.09

.85

.53

.86

.67

.80

.54

.66

.54

.54

(3)

CD

.8 4



S-H (1)

.74

.74

CO

.82

A b st.

.78

.78

.66

.54

.56

.67

.29

.7 4

.73

.61

.62

.50

.65

.53

S-H

.82

.79

.68

.91

.65

.59



T o t.

.96

.95

.83

.8 4

.6 1

CO CO



.18

.85

.83

.61

.77

.61

.76

.76

CO

S-H

- ±ue C o r r e la tin g th e t e s t s and S o ale s o f th e W eo h sler-B ellev u e w ith th o s e o f th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd b e a rs o u t th e c lo s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w hich e x i s t betw een them . From T able XXXIII, i t i s seen t h a t th e t o t a l sco re o f th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd , c o r r e l a t e s from .82 t o .9 6 , depending upon th e p s y c h ia t r ic group, w ith th e F u ll S cale sc o re o f th e W e c h sle r-B e lle v u e , and ab o u t th e same w ith th e V erb al S cale sco re and V ocabulary S co re.

These c o r r e l a ti o n s a r e h ig h e r th a n th e c o r r e l a ­

ti o n s o b ta in e d betw een th e P erform ance S cale and th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S c a le w hich ran g e from .6 1 t o In o rd e r to r e l a t e

.8 3 . v a rio u s ’'a b s t r a c t th in k in g " t e s t s , th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd

A b s tra c tio n T est s c o re s were c o r r e la te d w ith sc o re s on A rith m e tic , S i m i l a r i t i e s and Block D esign w hich a re p u rp o rte d to in v o lv e th e a b i l i t y to re a s o n o u t o r a b s t r a c t and s y n th e s iz e r e l a t i o n s h i p s .

iVhile c o r r e l a ti o n s betw een th e s e t e s t s

a r e s i g n i f i c a n t , i t i s n oted t h a t t h i s r e la tio n s h ip does n o t ho ld betw een Block D esign and A b s tra c tio n f o r th e p sy c h o p a th s.

T his la c k o f s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n ­

sh ip f o r t h i s group may be due t o th e c h a r a c te r o f th e t e s t s and t o th e a t t i t u d e and i n t e r e s t o f th e s u b je c t s . The r e la tio n s h ip betw een th e two V ocabulary t e s t s i s v ery h ig h , ran g in g from .8 0 t o .9 3 .

A lso , th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd V ocabulary c o r r e l a te s h ig h ly w ith

S i m i l a r i t i e s (a n o th e r v e rb a l t e s t ) b u t i t s degree o f r e la tio n s h ip drops when com­ pared w ith Block D esigns w hich i s n o n -v e rb a l in f u n c tio n as compared to th e o th e r te s ts .

These r e la tio n s h ip s te n d to c a rry o v er in t o th e A b s tr a c tio n t e s t .

D isc u ssio n Many s tu d ie s have been re p o r te d on th e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s o f i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s b u t few in v e s t ig a t io n s have been made in to th e r e la tio n s h ip s w hich e x i s t b e­ tw een th e i n t e l l e c t u a l f u n c tio n in g and th e p e r s o n a lity s t r u c t u r e .

W echsler ^ r e ­

p o r ts a number o f s tu d ie s c o r r e l a t i n g th e W ec h sler-B ellev u e F u ll S c a le w ith o th e r in t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s , w ith c o e f f i c i e n t s ra n g in g from .39 w ith th e C.A.V.D. t e s t to

1.

D. W ech sler.

Measurement o f A d u lt I n t e l l i g e n c e , p . 134.

.93 w ith th e S ta n f o r d - B in e t.

The c o r r e l a ti o n s " r e p o r te d f o r th e V erb al p a r t

alo n e a r e u s u a lly alm o st as h ig h and o c c a s io n a lly somewhat h ig h e r th a n th o s e f o r th e F u ll S c a le ." ^

On th e o th e r hand, c o r r e l a ti o n s o f th e Perform ance

S c a le w ith o th e r t e s t s a r e c o n s is te n tly low er th a n t h a t o f th e F u ll S c a le . The r e s u l t s from t h i s stu d y r e f l e c t s th e above p a t te r n in g o f c o r r e l a t i o n . The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S cale c o r r e l a te s more h ig h ly w ith th e W ec h sler-B ellev u e F u ll S c a le and V ocabulary t e s t th a n w ith th e Perform ance S c a le .

The c o r r e l a ­

t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e somewhat h ig h e r th a n th e r o f .7 7 , based on W ech slerB ellevue F u ll S cale s c o re s and S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd t o t a l s c o re s , found by W right ^ , and may be due, i n p a r t , to th e g r e a te r h e te r o g e n e ity o f th e p a t i e n t s in th e p re s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

At any r a t e , th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S cale a p p e a rs to be a

u s e f u l te c h n iq u e f o r a r a p id e s tim a tio n o f i n t e l l i g e n c e .

Where d is c re p a n c ie s

betw een t h e V ocabulary and A b s tr a c tio n s c o re s a r e l a r g e , th e d e riv e d m en tal ages m ust be used w ith c a u tio n . The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd A b s tr a c tio n t e s t m easures " a b s tr a c t - th in k i n g " , l i k e ­ w is e , th e W ec h sler-B ellev u e Block D esign and S i m i l a r i t i e s t e s t s in v o lv e th e a b i l i t y to an a ly z e and s y n th e s is a b s tr a c t r e l a t i o n s h i p s . th e n , t h a t h ig h c o r r e l a ti o n s o ccu r among th e th r e e t e s t s .

I t sh o u ld be e x p e c te d , Except f o r th e psycho­

p a t h s ' low c o e f f i c i e n t of c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e B lock D esign and A b s tra c tio n t e s t s , th e r e la tio n s h ip s a re f a i r l y h ig h b u t n o t s u f f i c i e n t f o r a c c u r a te p r e d ic ­ tio n . Of g r e a te r i n t e r e s t , p e rh a p s , i s th e f a c t t h a t th e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s on th e W ec h sler-B ellev u e a r e a t v a ria n c e w ith th o s e b ased on a norm al p o p u la tio n . These f in d in g s a r e in agreem ent w ith G illila n d ®

who found t h a t " i n t e r c o r r e l a ­

t i o n s f o r th e p s y c h o tic s w ere m arkedly d i f f e r e n t from th o s e o f th e c o n t r o l s " . ^

1. 2. 3. 4.

D. W ec h sler. Op. c i t . M. E. W rig h t. Use of th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd T e st in E v a lu a tin g I n t e l l e c t u a l F u n ctio n in g o f N e u ro p s y c h ia tric P a t i e n t s . J o u rn a l o f A p p lied P sychology, 30: 4 5 -5 0 , 1946. A. R. G i l l i l a n d . D i f f e r e n t i a l F u n c tio n a l Loss in C e r ta in P sy ch o se s. (A b s tra c t) P s y c h o lo g ic a l B u l l e t i n , 37: 439, 1940. G i l l i l a n d , lo o .' c i t .

108 -

T ea ts o f P e r s o n a lity T est F indin g s T able XXXIV r e p o r ts th e i n t e r - s o a l e c o r r e l a ti o n s f o r eaoh s o a le o f th e M innesota M u ltip h asio P e r s o n a lity In v e n to ry . TABIE XXXIV MMPI C o r r e la tio n M atrix Par Each C li n ic a l Group

Hs D

.42 - .2 7 .65

(1 )* (2 ) (3 )

D

Hy

.76 .43 .76

.52 .12 .71

By

Pd

.03 .12 .53

.37 .1 4 .37

.28 .19 .56

Mf

.34 .31 .06

.37 .3 0 .13

- .2 0 .34 .1 0

.22 .23 .33

Mf

Pa

.65 .0 4 .39

.57 .45 .4 0

.36 .0 8 .43

.46 .41 .65

- .2 5 .48 .25

Pfc

.22 .37 .62

- .0 4 .73 .79

.37 .63 .6 7

.48 .29 .67

.25 .37 .39

.71 •65 • 23

Pt

So

.38 .37 .67

.66 .54 .45

.41 .35 .52

.52 .38 .73

- .0 2 .36 .24

.74 .71 .65

.56 .88 .68

Sc

Ma

.27 .33 .41

.17 .2 0 - .0 2

. 25 .4 0 - .0 4

.21 .19 .43

.15 .34 .25

.21 .37 .41

.27 .5 4 .22

.39 .61 .56

* The c o r r e l a ti o n in g ord er* (1 ) (2 ) (3 )

Pd

Pa

between two s c a le s f o r each group i s re p o rte d in th e fo llo w ­ n e u r o tic s psychopaths so h iz o p h re n io s

An a n a ly s is o f T ab le XXXIV r e v e a ls a number o f r e l a t e d s o a le s f o r eaoh c l i n i c a l group.

The n e u r o tic s show s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h ( .6 0 o r h ig h e r) c o r r e ­

l a t i o n s betw een H y p o ch o n d riasis and H y s te r ia , and D ep ressio n and S c h iz o p h re n ia . P a ra n o ia i s h ig h ly c o r r e l a te d w ith P s y c h a s th e n ia , S ch iz o p h re n ia and Hypochon­ d ria s is . The psychopaths r e v e a l c lo s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s among th e P s y c h a s th e n ia , D epres­ s io n , H y s te ria and P a ra n o ia s c a le s ; among S o h iz o p h re n ia , P a ra n o ia and P sychas­ th e n ia ; and betw een Hypomania and S o h iz o p h re n ia . The S c h iz o p h re n ic s , on th e o th e r h an d , show a number o f h ig h r e la tio n s h ip s among H y p o ch o n d riasis, H y s te r ia , P s y c h a s th e n ia ; among P a ra n o ia , S c h iz o p h re n ia , H y s te ria and P sy c h a sth e n ia ; and among S c h iz o p h re n ia , P a ra n o ia and P s y c h a s th e n ia . In each c l i n i c a l group, i t w i l l be n o te d , th e P a ra n o ia and S ch iz o p h re n ia s c o re s a r e h ig h ly c o r r e l a t e d .

Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t i s th e f a c t t h a t f o r th e

psychopaths no com parably h ig h p o s iti v e r e la tio n s h ip s n o te d elsew h ere a re o b ta in e d betw een th e Psychopath s c a le s c o re s and any o th e r MMPI s c a le s c o re s . I t would ap p ear from th e above r e la tio n s h ip s t h a t such p e r s o n a li ty f a o to r s w hich a f f e c t th e s c o re s on some p a r t i c u l a r s c a le a f f e c t s n o t t h a t s c a le a lo n e b u t th e s c o re s on o th e r s c a le s a s w e l l .

From a n o s o lo g ic a l c o n s id e r a tio n , th e symp­

tom atology a s r e f l e c t e d by th e s c a le s c o re s i s n o t r e s t r i c t e d to o n ly one o f th e c l i n i c a l g ro u p s.

I t i s a p p a re n t t h a t i t i s n o t f e a s i b l e to com partm en talize th e

symptoms b u t r a t h e r t h a t c o n s id e ra b le o v e rla p i s e v id e n t by th e h ig h c o r r e l a ­ ti o n s o b ta in e d i n t h i s s tu d y .

- 110 -

table;

xxxv

S eleoted Rorsohaoh F acto r C o rre la tio n s M atrix For Each C lin ic a l Group

R T/1R

- .3 7 - .2 9 - .5 2

(1)* (2 ) (3 )

T/LR

W

.26 .51 .35

- .1 4 - .3 4 - .4 3

W

D

.95 .98 .98

- .3 6 - .2 7 - .5 0

.07 .37 .21

D

M

.75 .65 .65

- .2 9 - .1 8 - .3 2

.01 .39 .20

.77 •60 •64

M

.69 .9 1 .8 0

- .4 6 - .2 5 - .3 4

•42 .68 .54

.54 .85 .74

•38 .63 .38

.75 .59 .77

- .2 9 - .0 7 - .4 3

.16 .44 •30

.71 .59 .77

.53 .33 •45

.27 .65 .7 4

Fjt/o

- .2 6 - .4 1 - .1 2

.06 .24 - .0 9

- .3 0 - .0 8 - .2 5

- .1 8 - .4 1 - .1 0

- .1 8 - .2 2 - .0 4

- .1 4 - .2 5 - .2 8

- .1 1 .00 - .0 1

A#

- .3 9 - .3 2 - .1 8

.27 - .0 9 - .0 3

- .3 4 - .4 2 .37

- .3 0 - .3 0 - .1 4

- .4 3 - .4 3 - .2 4

- .4 5 - .4 4 - .3 6

- .3 4 - .0 3 - .2 5

Ic

FT

* The c o rre la tio n ing order* (1) (2) (3)

lc

FT

.35 .07 •41

between two s c a le s fo r each group i s rep o rted in th e follow n e u ro tic s psychopaths sohizophrenios

- Ill

An in s p e o tio n o f Table XXXV, w hich r e p o r ts th e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s among a number o f s e le c te d Rorsohaoh f a o t o r s , r e v e a ls many h ig h c o r r e l a ti o n s (.6 0 o r h ig h e r) between R ( t o t a l number of re s p o n s e s ) and most o f th e s e f a c to r s * Sinoe th e s e higji c o r r e l a ti o n s were r e f l e c t i n g th e p ro b ab le in flu e n o e o f R, a p a r t i a l c o r r e l a ti o n m a trix was p rep ared in w hich R i s h e ld c o n s ta n t so t h a t th e e f f e c t o f R would be c o n t r o l le d .

These r e s u l t s a re r e p o r te d in

Table XXXVI. TABUS XXXVI C o e f f ic ie n t C o r r e la tio n s Between S e le o te d R orschach F ao to rs W ith R P a r t i a l l e d Out For Eaoh Group

T/1R w

- .0 5 - .2 3 - .3 1

D

- .0 3 - .0 8 .06

- .5 9 - .7 6 - .7 1

D

M

- .0 2 .01 .05

- .2 9 .09 - .0 4

.28 - .2 5 .0 2

M

- .3 0 .04 .15

.34 ,60 .46

- .5 1 - .5 1 - .3 7

- .2 7 .12 - .3 1

SC

.02 .13 .05

- .0 6 .20 •05

- .0 1 .07 .12

- .0 7 - .0 9 - .1 0

- .5 2 • 34 •32

BY

F /f.

- .0 4 .14 - .1 8

- .2 5 - .1 6 .22

.22 - .0 5 .09

.0 2 .07 •05

.06 ..3 3 - .3 1

.13 •33 .13

F/%

A#

.15 - .2 0 - .1 5

- .2 7 - .3 2 .44

.25 - .0 7 .19

- .2 3 - .3 1 - .1 7

- .2 7 - .3 8 - .3 7

- .0 8 - .2 1 - .1 8

.28 - .0 7 .4 0

SC

BY

(1 ) (2 ) (3 )

W

- 112 -

I t w i l l be seen , from Table XXXVI, t h a t W (whole) and D (u su a l d e t a i l ) responses a re n e g a tiv e ly c o r r e la te d , i . e . , th e production o f one type of p eroept r e s u lts in th e re d u c tio n o f th e o th e r. a re o f i n t e r e s t . c a n t.

The r e la tio n between D and Sum C

In a l l th re e groups, th e n e g a tiv e c o rre la tio n s are s i g n i f i ­

The im p lic a tio n seems to be t h a t th e u t i l i z a t i o n o f obvious, co n crete

d e t a i l s i s done p rim a rily on th e b a s is of form, i . e . , a p a tie n t who produces many usual d e t a i l p e rc e p ts does n o t in c o rp o ra te th e color in to th e resp o n se. On th e o th e r hand, th e re are s ig n if ic a n t c o rre la tio n s between Sum C and W. Color usage a p p a re n tly involves an in te g r a tiv e a c tiv ity as p a rt o f th e o rg an i­ z a tio n of whole re s p o n se s.

A r e la te d c o r r e la tio n i s suggested by th e n e g a tiv e

re la tio n s h ip between Sum C and A% (per cent of animal co n ten t in th e re c o rd ). D e fin itiv e c lu s te r s a re n o t in d ic a te d . e v e r, a re w orth n o tin g .

S everal is o la te d r e l a t i o n s , how­

E m p iric a lly , th e JBY and Sum C n eg ativ e c o r r e la tio n

fo r th e n e u ro tic s i s re a so n a b le .

This r e la tio n s h ip does n o t e x is t fo r th e

psyohopaths and sc h iz o p h re n ic s.

Other s ig n if ic a n t c o rre la tio n s a re A% w ith

W and

(per c en t o f good-form -quality in a re c o rd ). TABLE XXXVII C o rre la tio n C o e ffic ie n ts Between S elected MMPI Scales and Rorschach Factors fb r Each C lin ic a l Group

R -.0 3 .11 .28

W .02 -.0 8 .03

D -.0 5 .16 .27

M -.0 9 .17 .19

ic -.2 3 .07 .10

FI - .1 5 .04 .15

.04 - .3 7 .06

A/„ .26 -.1 3 .04

MMPI D

-.2 5 -.1 2 ,2S

-.1 3 -.3 8 .02

-.2 3 -.0 7 .27

-.2 1 .06 .25

-.3 5 - .2 u .13

- .1 7 - .0 1 .24

.01 .20 .30

.14 .15 -.0 2

MMPI Pd

-.1 6 .15 .39

- .1 1 -.1 5 .12

-.1 4 .19 .36

-.2 1 .04 .26

- .1 2 .13 .29

- .2 6 .17 .25

.04 -.0 8 - .0 5

.24 -.0 6 •30

MMPI So

- .0 9 .02 .31

-.1 6 - .0 4 .12

- .0 5 .19 .27

-.0 9 .14 .30

-.2 3 .03 .18

- .1 5 .18 .17

.04 -.1 7 - .0 0

.26 .05 .09

MMPI (1) Bs (2) (3)

- 113 -

T able XXXVII r e p o r ts th e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s betw een s e v e r a l s o a le s o f th e MMPI and th e Rorsohaoh f a c t o r s t r e a t e d i n T able XXXV.

The MMPI s c a le s w ere se ­

le c te d because a n a ly s is o f th e d a ta p r e v io u s ly r e p o r te d re v e a le d t h a t th e s e s o a le s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d th e c l i n i c a l g ro u p in g s. c o r r e l a ti o n s p red o m in ate .

In th e m ain, low

The c o e f f i c i e n t o f - .3 5 betw een MMPI-D and R orschach-

Sum C, f o r th e n e u r o ti c s , te n d s to be s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .05 le v e l o f co n fid e n c e , and su g g e sts t h a t as th e d e p re s s iv e symptom atology ( a s m easured by th e MMPI) in ­ c r e a s e s , th e c o lo r p e rc e p ts d im in ish .

The c o e f f i c i e n t o f .36 betw een MMPI-Pd

and Rorschach-D i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .05 l e v e l .

The s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a ­

t i o n betw een MMPI-Pd and Rorschach-W , f o r th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s , i s p ro b ab ly more a fu n c tio n o f th e t o t a l number o f re sp o n se s on b o th t e s t s r a t h e r th a n b ein g in d i c a ti v e o f any s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p .

The in v e rs e r e l a tio n s h ip betw een

IiMPI-Hs and R o rsch ach -F /$ , f o r th e p sy ch o p ath s, su g g e sts a p o s s ib le d is r e g a r d f o r th e environm ent (low F/%) e x p re sse d by numerous som atic co m p lain ts (h ig h Hs) w ith o u t p h y s ic a l b a s i s . D isc u ssio n The preponderance o f i n s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a ti o n s i s in d ic a tiv e o f th e la c k of u n ity among d i f f e r e n t te c h n iq u e s f o r e v a lu a tin g th e p e r s o n a li ty .

I s th e R orschach

e s s e n t i a l l y a q u a l i t a t i v e p r o je c tiv e te c h n iq u e dependent upon th e i n t e r r e l a t i o n ­ sh ip s th e p s y c h o lo g is t re a d s in t o i t ? Rorsohaoh ^ s t a t e s th e problem q u ite c l e a r l y . The q u a lity of symptoms can be d eterm in ed from i t ( th e R orschach T e s t) b u t th e q u a n t ita t iv e degree in w hich th e s e ap p ear rem ains u n c e r ta in , a s d o es, t h e r e ­ f o r e , a ls o th e r e l a t i v e im portance o f symptoms in a m ix tu re o f them . E x perien ce and p r a c t ic e w ith th e t e s t p la y s a g r e a t r o le i n t h a e v a lu a tio n of q u a n ti­ t a t i v e im portance o f symptoms .

1. 2.

H. R orsch ach . P s y c h o d ia g n o s tic s . I b i d . , p . 120.

- 114 I t may be t h a t th e s tr u c tu r e d t e s t o f p e r s o n a li ty (MMPI) i s m easuring a s ­ p e c ts o f th e p e r s o n a lity w hich a r e d i f f e r e n t from th e ones b e in g ta p p e d by th e p r o je c tiv e in s tru m e n t (R o rsc h a c h ), o r t h a t th e v a r i a b i l i t y w ith i n each group p re c lu d e s th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s .

S t a t i s t i c a l l y , th e r e ­

l a t i v e l y low r e l i a b i l i t y o f p e r s o n a lity t e s t s may a c c o u n t, i n p a r t , f o r th e low o rd e r o f c o r r e l a t i o n s o b ta in e d . S e v e ra l s tu d ie s have been re p o r te d i n w hich th e MMPI i s c o r r e la te d w ith se­ le c te d f a c t o r s o f th e R o rsch ach .

W hile th e work o f A ltu s ^ does n o t a p p ly to t h i s

stu d y s in c e h is s u b je c ts w ere a "norm al" c o lle g e p o p u la tio n , i t i s p e r ti n e n t in t h a t he s t a t e s t h a t th e " s i g n i f i c a n t v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s r e p o r te d in ( h i s ) r e ­ s e a rc h . . .i n d i c a t e s t h a t when th e ran g e of m a la d ju s tm e n t.. . ( in c lu d e s ) . ..p s y c h o tic s 2 even h ig h e r d eg rees o f v a l i d i t y " w i l l be o b ta in e d . The e v id en ce from th e p re ­ s e n t i n v e s t ig a t io n does n o t su p p o rt t h i s c la im . C la r k 0 , exam ining th e same d a ta c o lle c te d by A ltu s , f in d s t h a t th e MMPI sc o re d if f e r e n c e s in d i c a te t h a t m alad ju stm en t te n d s t o be c o r r e l a te d w ith h ig h e r Sum C, even though th e sc o re d if f e r e n c e w ith th e H y p o ch o n d riasis s c a le i s th e only one s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l .

Such d a ta , how ever, a r e n o t a p p lic a b le

t o p s y c h ia t r ic p a t i e n t s a s i s e v id e n t by th e f r e q u e n t absence o f c o lo r from th e R orschach re c o rd s o f n e u r o tic d e p re s s iv e and sim ple s c h iz o p h re n ic p a t i e n t . R etu rn in g to th e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s among th e MMPI s c a le s , one n o te s th e tendency o f th e sc h iz o p h re n ic t o o b ta in high sc o re s on o th e r s c a le s as w e ll a s th e S ch iz o p h re n ia and P a ra n o ia s c a le s .

I t i s wondered w h eth er t h i s o v e r-e la b o ra ­

t i o n o r e x a g g e ra tio n i s n o t i n d i c a t i v e o f th e g e n e ra liz e d d is o r g a n iz a tio n o f

1. 2. 3.

W. D. A ltu s . Some C o r r e la te s o f th e Group R orschach and th e S ch iz o p h re n ia & cale o f th e Group MMPI Among Two Groups o f "Normal" C o lle g e S tu d e n ts . J o u rn a l o f C o n su ltin g P sychology, 12s 375-378, 1948. I b i d , p . 377. J . H. C la rk . Some MMPI C o r r e la te s o f C olor R esponses in th e Group R orschach. J o u rn a l o f C o n su ltin g P sy ch o lo g y , 12: 3 8 4 -5 , 1948.

115

th e p e r s o n a lity ta k in g p la c e , b e in g m a n ife ste d by d is tu r b a n c e s in th e emo­ t i o n a l , p h y s ic a l and m ental components o f th e p e r s o n a lity s t r u c t u r e .

I t is

o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t to n o te th e d i r e c t r e la tio n s h ip s betw een th e D epres­ s io n and P sy c h a sth e n ia sc o re s w ith th o s e o f th e S ch iz o p h re n ia s c a le .

I n te l li g e n c e and P e r s o n a lity l e s t F in d in g s U t i l i z i n g th e T /iechsler-B ellevue S c a le s and s e v e r a l o f t h e i r su c rte sts as m easures o r in d i c a to r s o f th e i n t e l l e c t u a l le v e l o f th e p a t i e n t p o p u la tio n in t h i s s tu d y , th e c o r r e l a ti o n c o e f f i c i e n t s w ith th e M innesota M u ltip h a sio P er­ s o n a li ty In v e n to ry were com puted.

Pour s c a l e s , r e p r e s e n ta tiv e o f th e m ajo r

c a te g o r ie s o f th e c l i n i c a l g ro u p s, w ere in v e s tig a te d t o d eterm in e w h eth er any s i g n i f i c a n t r e la tio n s h ip s e x is te d between in t e ll ig e n c e t e s t f a o to r s and p e r­ s o n a li ty m easu res.

T able XXXVIII r e p o r ts th e o b ta in e d c o r r e la tio n c o e f f i c i e n t s . TABLE XXXVIII

C o r r e la tio n C o e f f ic ie n ts Between S e le c te d MMPI S c a le s and lN ech sler-B ellev u e Te s t s Por Each C li n ic a l Group

P u ll

P e rf

Voo

A rith

Sim

B.D.

-.0 3 .08

-.2 3 .10 -.1 5

-.1 5 .16 - .0 4

-.2 9 .01 - .0 4

-.2 2 - .4 0 .27

-.1 7 -.3 7 .22

-.2 3 - .3 7 .30

- .1 0 -.0 9 .02

-.4 0 -.1 6 .26

- .0 6 -.4 1 .05

-.2 5 -.4 2 • 26

MMPI Pd

-.1 3 - .0 6 - .1 0

- .2 0 - .0 7 - .0 6

- .0 5 - .0 3 -.1 5

-.1 3 - .0 4 - .1 4

-.1 9 -.0 1 .03

-.1 6 -.1 1 -.1 2

• 02 - .2 0 - .0 8

MMPI So

- .1 8 .08 -.0 9

- .2 4 .09

- .0 9 .05 - .0 8

- .1 8 .13 -.0 6

-.2 1 • 22 .01

-.1 6 .02 - .1 0

-.0 9 .07 .02

-.1 5 .11 -.0 5

MMPI D

*

( lj * (2) (3 )'



- .1 9 .05 -.0 2

MMPI Hs

1 • o CO

-.0 9 .15 -.0 8

i oo>

Verb

The c o r r e l a ti o n between two s c a le s f o r eaoh group i s re p o rte d in th e fo llo w in g o r d e r : (1 ) n e u r o t i c s ; (2 ) p sy ch o p ath s; (3 ) s o h iz o p h re n ic s .

- 116 -

An in s p e o tio n o f th e above t a b le makes c l e a r th e absence o f any v a l id r e ­ la tio n s h ip s .

In th e p sy chopath g ro u p , sm all b u t s i g n i f i c a n t n e g a tiv e c o e f f i ­

c ie n ts a re o b ta in e d between MMPI-D and W-B S i m i l a r i t i e s , and MMPI-D and W-B Block D esign. v e r s e ly .

In th e n e u r o tic group, MMPI-D and W-B A rith m e tic c o r r e l a t e in ­

These r e l a t i o n s h i p s , how ever, a re n o t c o n s is te n t and may be due t o

a rtifa c ts .

I t i s o f i n t e r e s t t o n o te t h a t , in th e sc h iz o p h re n ic g roup, th e

MMPI-So r e f l e c t s a n e g l ig ib l e r e la tio n s h ip w ith W-B S i m i l a r i t i e s . A s im i la r t a b l e was p rep ared f o r th e c o r r e l a ti o n s between th e W eohslerB ellevue t e s t s and s e le c te d Rorsohach f a c t o r s .

These r e s u l t s a r e re p o rte d in

Table XXXIX. TABLE XXXIX C o r r e la tio n C o e f f ic ie n ts Between S e le o te d R orschaoh fh o to rs and S e le o te d Weo h s le r-B e lle v u e T e sts For Eaoh C li n ic a l Group R W-B F u ll

.13 11)* .52 (2) .44 (3)

W

D

M

.29 .42 .4 0

.08 .5 2 .38

.3 4 .14 .28

.06 .58 .38

.05 .39 .41

.17 - .2 0 • 23

.13 - .2 2 - .1 1

£C

kfo

FT

Comp

- .0 3 .51 .36

•12 •30 ;3 8

- .0 6 .51 • 29

.07 .09 .37

- .0 4 .51 .34

.02 .24 .31

.06 - .1 9 .14

- .0 2 - .1 8 - .2 2

A ri

- .0 5 .17 .43

.2 0 .3 1 .4 6

- .1 0 .2 0 .3 6

.18 - .0 4 .31

.05 .24 .49

- .1 9 .10 .43

.12 .01 .37

.20 - .4 3 - .3 9

Sim

.11 .45 .33

.12 .5 5 .33

.24 • 40 .26

.37 .22 .25

.02 .51 .27

.13 .33 • 28

.15 - .1 0 .14

.02 - .3 2 - .0 8

P.C

- .3 9 .31 .3 4

.31 .1 6 .5 8

.12 .34 • 29

.53 - .0 1 .1 6

.11 .34 .30

.3 0 .28 .3 0

.12 - .0 3 .19

- .1 1 .13 - .0 4

B.D.

- .1 1 .34 .49

.2 0 .25 . 23

- .1 3 .35 .27

.01 - .0 3 .24

- .0 8 .37 .26

- .0 7 .35 •39

- .2 3 - .3 0 •09

.17 •13 - .0 6

D. Sy

.12 .34 .47

.06 .11 .48

.13 .39 .32

.27 - .1 0 .18

.02 .32 .33

.37 .29 .35

- .3 6 - .3 5 - .0 1

.15 .17 - .3 2

Voo

.24 .57 .40

.22 .4 7 .25

.22 .5 2 .3 6

.44 - .2 1 .17

.13 - .0 4 .35

.13 .35 .32

.07 - .2 4 .16

.0 0 - .2 7 - .1 0

From Table XXXIX, i t ia seen t h a t no c o e f f ic ie n ts ,6 0 or h ig h e r a re ob­ tained* denoe*

Moat o f th e c o rre la tio n s f a l l below th e fiv e p er oent le v e l o f o o n fiI t ia o f in t e r e s t to n o te th e s ig n if ic a n t r e l a ti o n between th e

F u ll Scale score and th e Rorsohaoh-Sum C soore in oonneotion w ith th e s ig n i­ f ic a n t r e la tio n s h ip noted between Sum C and W sco res on th e Rorsohaoh (Table XXXVI). A number o f o th e r r e la tio n s h ip s a re worthy o f n o tin g .

These are th e s ig n i­

f ic a n t re la tio n s h ip s between th e W-B .S\ill d cale and th e Rorschaoh-R and RorsohachW; W-B F u ll Soale and Rorschaoh-D; W-B Comprehension and Vocabulary w ith R, D and Sum C o f th e Rorschach fo r th e psychopaths; W-B A rithm etic and R, W, D, Sum C, F i, F/% and A# o f the Rorsohaoh f o r th e S chizophrenics.

I t i s noted

t h a t th e s e re la tio n s h ip s do n o t e x is t fo r th e n e u ro tic s* D iscussion Fsw s tu d ie s have been re p o rte d on th e c o rre la tio n o f th e MMPI w ith t e s t s o f in te llig e n c e .

Page ^ s ta t e s t h a t "th e c o e f fic ie n ts o f c o rre la tio n between

psyohoneurotic te n d e n c ie s, as measured by th e B ern reu ter P e rs o n a lity Inventory and the Psychosomatio In v en to ry , and th e fa c to rs o f in te llig e n c e (AGCT), ag e, and le n g th of se rv ic e a re so sm all •*• t h a t s t a t i s t i c a l l y th e y cannot be oonsid ered to be in d ic a tiv e o f any d e f in ite r e la tio n s h ip ."

p

The r e s u lt s o f t h i s

study oonfirm th e above fin d in g s . B row er's study^on normal co lle g e stu d en ts re p o rts n eg ativ e c o rre la tio n between in te llig e n c e and sco res on th e H y s te ria , H ypochondriasis and Psycho­ p a th ic D eviate s o a le s , th e o o e ffio ie n ta being - .6 5 , - .6 0 and - .5 7 , re s p e c tiv e ly .

1. 2. 3.

H. A. Page. D eteoting Psychoneurotio te n d en c ie s in Army P ersonnel. P sychological B u lle tin , 42* 645-658, 1945. I b id . , p . 6 6 l. D. Brower. The R e la tio n Between In te llig e n c e and M innesota M ultiphasic P e rs o n a lity Inventory Soore. Jo u rn a l of S o c ia l Psychology, 25* 243-5, 1947.

- 118 i

He su g g e sts t h a t v e ry s u p e r io r in t e ll ig e n c e o p e ra te s to reduoe symptom e la b o ra ­ tio n .

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s in v e s tig a tio n do n o t su p p o rt such f in d in g s .

p s y c h ia tr ic p a t i e n t s , th e le v e l o f i n t e l l i g e n c e

For

a p p a re n tly i s o f no v a lu e in

m a in ta in in g a co rre sp o n d in g le v e l o f a d ju s tm e n t. S p e c ific c o r r e l a t i o n a l s tu d ie s between tn e R orscnaoh ana W eo h sler-B eiiev u e f a o to r s a re few . W ishner ^ examined th e re c o rd s o f a group o f n e u r o tic s f o r r e l a t i o n s h i p s between a number o f R orschach i n t e l l e c t u a l i n d i c a to r s and th e W eoh sler-B eiiev ue s u b te s ts .

A ccording t o h i s r e s u l t s , R (number o f re s p o n s e s ) y ie ld s th e h ig h e s t

c o r r e la tio n s w ith th e V erb al S cale s c o r e , In fo rm a tio n and S i m i l a r i t i e s . fin d in g s from t h i s stu d y r e v e a l,

The

i n s i g n i f i o a n t c o r r e l a ti o n s f o r th e n e u r o tic

group, a lth o u g h c o r r e l a ti o n s c o e f f i c ie n t s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t fo r t h e p sy ch o p ath s and s c h iz o p h re n ic s in some in s ta n c e s .

(F or th e P sy ch o p ath s, R orschach-R and

W-B F h ll S o a le , .5 2 ; R and Comprehension, .5 1 , R and S i m i l a r i t i e s , .4 5 ; and R and V o cabu lary , *57.

For th e s o h iz o p n re n ic s , R and W-B P h il S c a le , .4 4 ; R and

Comprehension, .3 6 ; R and A rith m e tic , .4 3 ; R and Blook D esig n , .4 9 ; R and D ig it Symbol, .4 7 ; R and V o cab u lary , .4 0 ) . re p o rte d in b o th stu d ie rs.

Low c o r r e l a ti o n s f o r o th e r f a c t o r s a r e

However, Sum C r e l a t e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y in a number o f

in s ta n c e s w itn th e W eo h sle r-B eiiev u e.

(P br th e p sy o h o p ath s, Sum C w ith FS, .5 8 ,

w ith Comprehension, .51 and w ith S i m i l a r i t i e s , .5 1 . Sum C w ith FS, .3 8 , and w ith A rith m e tic , . 4 9 ) .

For th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s ,

F/% does n o t c o r r e l a te s ig n i­

f i c a n t l y w ith any W eohsler-B eiievue t e s t s . He b e lie v e s th e Rorsohaoh i s s e n s iti v e t o th e e f f e c t s o f n e u r o tic d i s t u r ­ b an ce s.

From t h i s s tu d y , th e c o n clu sio n would be t h a t th e R orschach does n o t

r e f l e c t th e same a s p e c ts o f i n t e l l e c t u a l f u n c tio n in g o f th e n e u r o tic a s th e W eohsler-B eiiev u e S c a le .

1.

J . W ish n er. R orschach I n t e l l e c t u a l I n d ic a to r s in N e u r o tic s . n a l o f O rth o p s y c h ia try , 18: 265-279, 1948

American Jo u r­

- 119 -

Burnham, in a re o e n t study * on th e r e la tio n s h ip between th e F ie tu re Arrangement s u b te s t o f th e W-B and human o o n ten t peroentage (H^) o f th e Rorsohaoh, concludes t h a t on th e b a s is of th e .09 c o e f f ic ie n t obtained th e two fa o to rs do n o t r e f l e c t s im ila r p e rs o n a lity components.

Sen ^ examined 100

In d ia n stu d e n ts working in G reat B r ita in and re p o rts t h a t c o rre la tio n s " o b ta in ­ ed w ith o rd in a ry methods o f sco rin g f a i le d to confirm th e o p tim is tic statem en ts commonly made about th e d ia g n o stic v alu e o f th e s e v e ra l Rorsohaoh c a te g o rie s enumerated by Beok and o th e rs ." ® The c o e f fic ie n ts o f .45 and .41 f o r f / % and M jS,respectively, w ith in te llig e n c e a re th e most s ig n if ic a n t fig u re s re p o rte d . The r e s u l t s o b tained from t h i s stu d y do not o o rro b o rate S e n 's fin d in g s i n a l l d e ta ils .

I t w i l l be r e c a lle d from Table XXXIX t h a t th e W-B F u ll Scale score

i s not s ig n if ic a n tly o o rre la te d w ith F /% nor w ith th e Rorschach--!! s c o re .

The

f a i l u r e to o b ta in s im ila r c o rre la tio n s i s probably due to th e p s y o h ia trio popu­ la tio n s employed in t h i s study as compared w ith th e normal s u b je c ts te s t e d by Sen. S ev eral comparisons were undertaken in an attem pt to r e l a t e comparable fu n c tio n s in th e two t e s t s .

Sinoe Rorschaoh-W i s supposed t o re p re se n t an

in te g r a tiv e fo ro e re q u irin g a n a ly s is and sy n th e sis o f th e component d e ta i ls o f th e oard and sinoe W-B Blook Designs involves s im ila r a b i l i t i e s , th e two scores were matched. each group.

The c o e f f ic ie n t of c o r r e la tio n i s below s ig n ific a n c e f o r

I f th e r a tio n a le f o r th e se two t e s t s i s adequate, th e n o th e r re a ­

sons f o r th e f a i l u r e to c o rre la te h ig h ly must be o ffe re d .

I t i s p o s sib le t h a t

th e W -score does n o t re p re se n t an in te g r a tiv e a b i l i t y because o f th e vague and a r b itr a r y wholes in clu d ed .

S im ila rly , Blook Designs may be a ffe o te d by o th e r

f a c to r s , such a s , v isu al-m o to r c o o rd in a tio n and speed o f resp o n se.

1. 2. 3.

C. A. Burnham. A Study o f th e Degree o f R e la tio n sh ip Between Rorschaeh H$ and W eohsler-B eiievue P ic tu re Arrangement S co res. Rorschach Research Exchange and Jo u rn a l o f P r o je c tiv e Techniques, IS* 206-209, 1949. Sen, Amya. A S-fcudy o f ^he Rorsoiiaoii T e s t. TEq B r it is h Jo u rn a l o f Educa­ ti o n a l Psychology, 19* 1942-43, 1949. I b i d ., p. 142.

- 120 A nother i n v e s t ig a t io n in v o lv e d th e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een Rorschaoh-M and Y iech sler-B ellev u e s u b t e s t s .

Except f o r s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een M

and P ic tu r e C om pletion ( r = .5 3 ) , and M and S i m i l a r i t i e s ( r s .3 7 ) f o r th e n e u r o ti c s , and M and Comprehension ( r ■ .3 7 ) f o r th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s , c o r r e l a ­ tio n s y ie ld n e g lig ib le r e s u lts . E a r l i e r when s tu d y in g th e r e l a t i o n s h i p p r e s e n t among th e W echsler s u b te s ts , a com parison w ith W e c h s le r's s tu d ie s on norm als su g g ested t h a t th e p a tte r n in g o f i n t e l l e c t u a l f u n c tio n in g i s u p s e t when p a th o lo g y i s imposed upon th e p erso n ­ a lity .

T h is su g g ested h y p o th e sis may a ls o e x p la in some o f th e d is c re p a n c ie s

p r e s e n t in comparing th e R orschach t e s t w ith th e W ec h sler-B ellev u e S c a le . S t a t i s t i c a l l y , th e low o rd e r o f r e l a t i o n s h i p may be due t o th e low r e l i a b i l i t y o f p e r s o n a li ty t B s ts o r to th e low o rd e r o f c o r r e l a t i o n w hich e x i s t s between t e s t s o f i n t e l l i g e n c e and p e r s o n a li ty . I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e Data The fo re g o in g d a ta has shown t h a t a number o f th e t e s t f a c t o r s co n sid ere d i n t h i s stu d y d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e th r e e c l i n i c a l g ro u p s. s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .05 le v e l o f co n fid en ce o r l e s s .

These f a c to r s * a re

I t w i l l be n o te d t h a t th e

M innesota M u ltip h a sic P e r s o n a lity In v e n to ry and th e R orschach c o n trib u te th e g r e a t e s t number o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g c a te g o r ie s . none.

The S h ip le y -K a rtfo rd S cale adds

The W ech sler-B ellev u e S cale d is tin g u is h e s o n ly two o f th e th r e e p sy c h ia ­

t r i c groups un d er stu d y in t h a t no s u b te s t s c o re s se rv e t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e n e u r o tic from th e s c h iz o p h re n ic a t a .05 le v e l of s ig n if i c a n c e , a lth o u g h s e v e r a l s u b te s ts appro ach s ig n if ic a n c e . The M innesota M u ltip h a sic P e r s o n a lity In v e n to ry r e l i a b l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e s each c l i n i c a l group from th e o th e r two groups a t s i g n i f i c a n t le v e ls o f c o n fid e n c e .

*

A ll th e s e f a c t o r s a r e ta k e n from th e co m p arativ e T a b le s, v i z . , IX, X, X I, XV, X V III, XXV and XXIX.

The n e u r o tic s

a r e d is tin g u is h a b le from th e p sy ch o p ath s on th e b a s is o f th e r e ­

l a t i v e l y h ig h s c a le s c o re s on H y p o ch o n d riasis, D e p re ssio n , H y s te r ia ( n e u r o tic t r i a d ) and P s y c h a s th e n ia and th e r e l a t i v e l y low s c o re s on P sy ch o p ath ic D ev iate and Hypomania s c a le s .

The n e u r o ti c s , lik e w is e , a r e d i f f e r e n t i a t e d from th e

s c h iz o p h re n ic s on th e b a s i s of th e l a t t e r group*s r e l a t i v e l y h ig h e r sc o re s on th e S c h iz o p h re n ia , P a ra n o ia , and Hypomania s c a le s (p s y c h o tic t r i a d ) .

The

s c h iz o p h re n ic s , f u r t h e r , a r e d is tin g u is h a b le from th e p s y c h o p a th sin t h a t th e y o b ta in s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r sc o re s on a l l s c a le s ex c e p t th e P sychopath and Hypo­ m ania s c a l e s . The R orschach d a ta show t h a t th e n e u r o tic s a r e d is tin g u is h a b le from th e psy ch o p ath s by t h e i r l e s s e r use o f c o lo r as a d e te rm in a n t o f th e re sp o n se and i n th e number o f an im al p e r c e p ts .

The n e u r o tic s a r e d i f f e r e n t i a t e d from th e

s c h iz o p h re n ic s by t h e i r h ig h e r p e rc e n ta g e s o f good fo rm -q u a lity and an im al p e r­ c e p ts and in th e number o f p o p u la r form s se e n .

The s c h iz o p h re n ic re c o rd s show a

g r e a t e r number o f d e v ia n t v e r b a l iz a t io n s , a low er number o f p o p u la r p e rc e p ts and an e x c e ss iv e number o f re sp o n se s b ased upon sm all d e t a i l s (Dd) o f th e d e s ig n s . The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S c a le sc o re s f a i l t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e c l i n i c a l rro u p s a t s i g n i f i c a n t le v e ls o f c o n fid e n c e . have v a lu e in two r e s p e c t s .

In th e c l i n i c a l s e t t i n g , how ever, th e s c o re s

They p ro v id e rough m easures o f m en tal im pairm ent as

in d ic a te d by th e C onceptual Q u o tie n t; as in d ic a te d by th e h ig h c o r r e l a ti o n s w ith th e Y Jechsler-B ellevue S cale s c o r e s , an a d d i tio n a l m easure o f i n t e l l e c t u a l f u n c tio n ­ in g i s f u rn is h e d . As re g a rd s th e W ech sler-B ellev u e S c a le , th e d if f e r e n c e s in t e s t perform ance o f th e t h r e e c l i n i c a l groups on th e v e r b a l and n o n -v e rb a l s u b te s ts a r e n o t s i g n i f i ­ c a n t ex cep t f o r two o f th e s u b te s ts , nam ely, P ic tu r e Com pletion and O b ject Assembly, w hich d is ti n g u is h th e psychopaths from th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s .

When mean s c a t t e r s c o re s

a re c o n s id e re d , how ever, d e f i n i t e t e s t p a t t e r n s f o r each group em erge.

For th e

n e u r o ti c s , t h e In fo rm a tio n , Comprehension, V o cabulary and B lock D esign exceed t h e i r

122 mean s c o re s ; th e D ig it Symbol and D ig it Span s c o re s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y below t h e i r mean s c o r e s .

For th e p sy c h o p a th s, th e n o n -v e rb a l t e s t s o f P ic tu r e C om pletion,

Block D esign and O b ject Assembly exceed t h e i r mean so o re w h ile th e D ig it Span and D ig it Symbol sc o re s a r e below .

For th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s , In fo rm a tio n and Comprehen­

s io n a r e g r e a t e r th a n , and D ig it Span and D ig it Symbol, a r e l e s s th a n , t h e i r mean s o o re . The c o n s id e ra b le o v e rla p i n t e s t perform ance o c c u rrin g among th e th r e e p s y c h ia ­ t r i c groups may be r e f l e c t i n g th e f a c t t h a t many o f th e p a t i e n t s ' d is o r d e r s were n o t in advanced s ta g e s o f long d u r a tio n .

T his i s e v id e n t i n th e co m p arativ ely m ild

" d e t e r i o r a t i o n ” s c o re s r e f l e c t e d by th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd and W ech sler-B ellev u e S c a le s . I t i s p o s s ib le t h a t th e t e s t perform ance would have shovm le s s o v e rla p , and oo n v ers l y , more c l e a r - c u t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n , had th e y been i n more advanced s ta g e s o f th e d is e a s e a t th e tim e of e x am in atio n .

I f , in a d d itio n ,

as S ch afer p o in ts o u t, " i t i s

reco g n ized t h a t a s p e c if i c id e n tif y in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

i s n o t th e e x c lu s iv e p r o p e rty

o f any group and t h a t c o n s te l la t io n s o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s e s t a b l i s h d ia g n o s e s " , ^ th e n th e o v e rla p becomes more u n d e rsta n d a b le w ith r e s p e o t to th e low nuriber o f d i f ­ f e r e n t i a l s ig n s shovm i n t e s t r e c o r d s . The study d em o n strates t h a t t e s t te c h n iq u e s a r e a v a ila b le w hich w i l l d is c r im in ­ a t e among m ajor p s y c h ia t r ic c a te g o r ie s . more a c c u ra te p s y c h ia t r ic c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .

In t u r n , th e t e s t d a ta can c o n tr ib u te to In o th e r w ords, t e s t f a c t o r s have been

determ ined w hich have d i f f e r e n t i a t e d among th e t h r e e groups and may be o f d i f f e r e n ­ t i a l v alu e i n th e f u t u r e .

1.

R. S c h a fe r. P s y c h o lo g ic a l T e s ts in C li n ic a l R e searc h . P sychology, 13: 329, 1949.

J o u rn a l o f Consul t i n g

- 123 -

Case S tudies The case summaries o f th e p s y c h ia t r ic

e v a lu a tio n and p s y c h o lo g ic a l exam ina­

t i o n f o r th e f iv e p a t i e n t s p re s e n te d below i l l u s t r a t e th e u s e f u ln e s s o f th e se ­ le c te d t e s t f a c t o r s in d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g th e

t e s t perform ance o f th e th r e e p s y c h ia ­

t r i c groups s tu d ie d i n t h i s in v e s t i g a t i o n . H e u ro tic A n x iety R e a c tio n , Case Ho. 2* P s y c h ia tr ic e v a lu a tio n :

P a tie n t i s a 2 5 -y e a r-o ld w h ite m ale,

p r i v a t e - f i r s t - c l a s s , t r a n s f e r r e d from th e European Command w ith a d ia g n o sis o f "A n x iety r e a c tio n , c h ro n ic , m o d e ra te".

I t was a f t e r

th e d eath o f h i s m o th er, around whom he had b u i l t h is f u t u r e , t h a t th e p a t ie n t e n l i s t e d in th e Army " j u s t to g e t away from e v e ry th in g " and r e g r e t te d h i s d e c is io n alm ost im m ediately a f t e r .

As tim e w ent

on he found t h a t th e Army had changed a g r e a t d e a l s in c e h is p r e vous s e r v ic e d u rin g th e w ar y e a r s .

Headaches and c o n tin u a lly in ­

c re a s in g i r r i t a b i l i t y w ith s p e ll s o f u n c o n tr o lla b le w eeping o v er th in g s " t h a t o th e r fe llo w s would swear ab o u t" fo rc e d him to seek th e h e lp o f th e n e u r o p s y c h ia tr ic c l i n i c .

He d id n ’t f e e l t h a t he

re c e iv e d much h e lp from t h a t so u rce and l i f e grew more complex day by day.

He r e a liz e d t h a t e i t h e r he was f a i l i n g t o keep h is work

up to p ar o r th e lion-com m issioned o f f i c e r s w ere {rowing more dom ineer­ in g .

The p a t i e n t d e s c rib e s a long h i s t o r y of h y s t e r i c a l c o n v u lsiv e

s e iz u re s p r e c i p i t a t e d by d i e t a r y i n d i s c r e t i o n s , th ro u g h o u t h is c h ild ­ hood u n t i l about th e age o f f o u r te e n y e a r s .

These w ere c h a r a c t e r i ­

zed by com plete u n co n scio u sn ess b u t w ith o u t to n g u e - b itin g and in ­ c o n tin e n c e .

D uring h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n , th e p a t i e n t showed improvement

a s te n s io n s t a t e s , i r r i t a b i l i t y and em o tio n al l a b i l i t y w ere red u ce d .

* Case numbers a re th o s e r e p o r te d in Appendix I , The p s y c h ia t r ic e v a lu a ­ t i o n s and p s y c h o lo g ic a l t e s t fin d in g s a r e a b s tr a c te d from th e c l i n i c a l c h a rts.

- 124 P s y c h o lo g ic a l e x am in atio n :

The n e u r o tic t e s t perform ance

i s e v id e n t on th e Y iech sle r-B ellev u e, MMPI and R orschach.

He

a t t a i n s an I .Q . o f 111 w hich p la c e s him in th e h ig h av erag e group o f g e n e ra l i n t e l l i g e n c e . 117.

T his i s commensurate w ith h is AGCT o f

There i s some v a r i a b i l i t y betw een v e rb a l ( l.Q . 114) and

perform ance s u b te s ts ( I .Q . 1 0 5 ).

He o b ta in s low s c o re s on P ic ­

t u r e Arrangem ent ( 8 ) , D ig it Span ( 7 ) , and D ig it Symbol (1 0 ) . High sco res a r e o b ta in e d on In fo rm a tio n (1 3 ), S i m i l a r i t i e s ( 1 4 ), Comprehension ( 1 5 ) , and V ocabulary ( 1 2 ) .

The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd

S c a le y ie ld s a c o n c e p tu a l q u o tie n t o f 73, th e v o cab u lary le v e l b ein g 16.2 y e a r s a n d h is a b s t r a c t re a so n in g l e v e l b ein g 12.0 y e a r s . The MMPI shows sc o re s s i g n i f i c a n t l y above th e c r i t i c a l l i m i t o f 70 on H y p o ch o n d riasis (7 0 ), D ep ressio n (84) and H y s te ria (8 4 ), w ith a l l o th e r s c a le sc o re s w ith in norm al l i m i t s .

The R orschach

p ro to c o l o f 18 re sp o n se s i s below norm al e x p e c ta tio n s .

He te n d s

to respond t o th e more o b v io u s, c o n c re te d e t a i l s (D ,14) and la c k s d riv e tow ard su rv ey in g th e whole a r e a (W ,3).

The i n t e l l e c t u a l

c c n tr o l ( f /?6,90) and co n fo rm ity o f th in k in g (P ,7 ) r e f l e c t good ego c o n ta c t w ith r e a l i t y and s o c ia l co n v e n tio n .

The anim al con­

t e n t i s h ig h (5 5 .5 p e r c e n t ) .

N eu ro tic D e p re ssiv e R e a c tio n , Case Ho. 1 P s y c h ia tr ic e v a lu a tio n :

P a tie n t i s a 22 -y ear-o lc^ w h ite , male

r e c r u i t w ith 2 y e a rs 2 months o f s e r v ic e who was a d m itte d a s a t r a n s ­ f e r from S t a t i o n H o s p ita l, F t . Lee, V ir g in ia , w ith th e d ia g n o s is o f "N e u ro tic d e p re s s iv e r e a c tio n , a c u te , s e v e r e " .

On ad m issio n to Wal­

t e r Reed G en eral H o s p ita l, he was ex trem ely d e p re sse d and a c t iv e l y co n tem p la tin g s u ic id e .

He was p reo ccu p ied w ith th o u g h ts o f h is own

g u i l t co n cern in g a dom estic s i t u a t i o n w ith h is w if e .

H is p a s t h is to r y

- 125 re v e a le d t h a t he was a s tr o n g ly p a s s iv e ly dependent i n d i ­ v id u a l who was u n a b le t o se v e r th e t i e s t o h i s m other. A lthough p a t i e n t i s n o t a t p r e s e n t f u l l re c o v e re d , i t i s f e l t t h a t he lias now reached th e maximum b e n e f i ts of h o s­ p ita liz a tio n .

I t i s n o t f e l t t h a t he would prove cap a b le

of w ith s ta n d in g even th e m inim al s t r e s s o f peacetim e m i l i ­ ta r y s e r v ic e and f o r t h i s re a s o n he i s p ro p o sed f o r s e p a ra ­ t i o n u n d er th e p r o v is io n s o f C e r t i f i c a t e o f D i s a b i l i t y D is­ ch arg e . P s y c h o lo g ic a l e x a m in atio n :

The n e u r o tic t e s t p e r f o r ­

mance i s shown on th e V /ech sler-B ellev u e and R orschach t e s t s . He o b ta in s a P u ll S cale I.Q . o f 109, w ith a V erb al S cale I .Q . o f 117 and a P erform ance S c a le I.Q . o f 97.

T e st s c a t t e r

shows a drop in D ig it Span (1 0 ) and D ig it Symbol ( 7 ) , and h ig h sc o re s on In fo rm a tio n ( 1 3 ) , Comprehension (15) and Vocabu­ l a r y (1 4 ).

The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S cale y ie ld s a C onceptual

Q u o tie n t o f 84.

The M innesota M u ltip h a sic P e r s o n a lity Inven­

to r y r e v e a ls d e v ia n t s c o re s on seven of th e n in e s c a le s b u t one o f th e v a l i d i t y sc o re s (P ,8 0 ) exceeds th e l i m i t s f o r r e ­ l i a b i l i t y an d , t h e r e f o r e , s c a le sc o re s a r e o f q u e s tio n a b le v a lu e .

The R orschach re c o rd lim ns o u t a p ic tu r e of u n d er­

ly in g n e u r o tic s t r u c t u r e in an in d iv id u a l who i s a t p re s e n t d e p re s s e d .

The i n t e l l e c t u a l sp h ere i s g r e a t ly narrow ed and

th e r e i s some c o a r c ta tio n o f in n e r li v in g (M,2; Sum C ,2 ). He g iv e s on ly 16 re s p o n s e s , and b lo c k s co m p letely on Cards VI and V II.

H is g r ip on r e a l i t y rem ains f irm ( f / %, 87) b u t

a h ig h degree o f s te r e o ty p y (A^,69') i n th in k in g i s e v id e n t. No d e v ia n t re sp o n se s a re e l i c i t e d .

- 126 -

Psyohopa t h i o B eh av io r, Case No. 18 P s y c h ia tr ic e v a lu a tio n :

P a ti e n t i s a 2 1 -y e a r-o ld , w h ite ,

r e c r u i t w ith 3 y e a rs s e r v ic e and was ev ac u ated from Germany because of co n tin u o u s and r e p e t i t i v e d e s tr u c t iv e b e h a v io r under th e in flu e n c e o f a lc o h o l.

He has in d u lg ed i n d rin k

s in c e a d o le sc e n c e , s t a r t i n g a t ab o u t th e age o f 15, and h is b e h a v io r has alw ays g o tte n him in to t r o u b l e .

He has been h o s­

p i t a l i z e d and c o n fin e d on numerous o c c a sio n s due t o a lc o h o lism when he becomes manic and hom ocidal.

He w ent o v e rse a s in A p ril

1948 and w h ile th e r e was in th e g uard house 13 tim e s f o r d e s tr u c ­ t i v e b e h a v io r.

The p a t i e n t i s th e o n ly c h ild o f a second m a rria g e .

H is p a re n ts s e p a ra te d because o f th e f a t h e r 1s a lc o h o lis m .

H is

m other m a rrie d a t h i r d tim e and th e p a t i e n t d id n o t g e t alo n g w e ll w ith h is s t e p - f a t h e r .

He l e f t home a t th e age o f 16 t o work

a t a s t e e l m i ll and jo in e d th e Army a t age 18.

P h y s ic a l, la b o ra ­

to r y and n e u r o lo g ic a l ex am in atio n s a r e w ith i n norm al l i m i t s . The p a t i e n t shows no ev id en ce o f p sy c h o sis and i s so f a r f r e e from m en tal d e f e c t as to be a b le t o d is ti n g u is h r i g h t from wrong and t o ad h ere t o th e r i g h t . P s y c h o lo g ic a l ex am in atio n :

The p sy ch o p ath t e s t perform ance

i s r e f l e c t e d in th e MMPI, b e c h s le r - B e lle v u e and R orschach t e s t s . The o n ly abnorm al sco re on th e MMPI i s on th e P sychopath (74) s c a le w ith a l l o th e r s c a le sc o re s c o m p a ra tiv e ly low.

On th e

W e c h sler-B ellev u e, he a t t a i n s an I .Q . o f 110 on th e f u l l s c a le ; Perform ance S core h ig h e r th a n th e V erb al S c o r e ( l.Q .’ s 113 and 106, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) .

His s c o re s on P ic tu r e Com pletion (1 5 ) and

Block D esign (14) a re th e two h ig h e s t and h i s soore on D ig it Span (9 ) i s th e lo w e s t.

A rith m e tic ( 1 0 ) , and D ig it Symbol (10) show

a drop below th e mean ( 1 1 .2 ) .

The R orschach p r o to c o l o f 31 r e s ­

ponses shows a h ig h le v e l o f i n t e l l e c t u a l c o n tr o l ( f / ^ , 8 1 . 2 1)

- 127 -

and c o n fo rm ity o f th in k in g ( P ,8 ) . th e te n c a rd s ( T /lR ,7 .8 " ) .

He resp o n d s q u ic k ly to

The e x p e rie n c e b a la n c e o f move­

m ents to c o lo r re sp o n se s (2 :6 ) e x p re s s e s th e e x t r a te n s iv e , im p u lsiv e b e h a v io r (4C F). e lic ite d .

No d e v ia n t v e r b a l iz a t io n s a re

The S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S c a le y ie ld s a C onceptual

Q u o tie n t o f 88 w hich i s c o n sid e re d o n ly " s l i g h t l y s u s p ic io u s " of im p aired m en tal f u n c tio n in g .

Simple S c h iz o p h re n ia , Case No. 3 P s y c h ia tr ic e v a lu a tio n :

P a t i e n t i s a 2 3 - y e a r - o ld , w h ite ,

r e c r u i t w ith one m onth’s s e r v ic e .

He was t r a n s f e r r e d to W a lte r

Reed G en eral H o s p ita l from th e S ta tio n H o s p ita l, F o rt Knox, Kentucky w ith a t r a n s f e r d ia g n o s is o f ( l ) E p ile p s y , Grand Mai, and (2 ) S ch iz o p h re n ic r e a c tio n , c h ro n ic , s e v e re , sim ple ty p e , m a n ife ste d by s u ic id e a tte m p ts and h a l l u c i n a t i o n s .

He com plained

o f abdom inal

p a in s , c ry in g

s p e l l s and n ig h tm a re s . He a t t r i b u t e d

h is tr o u b le s

to e x c e ss iv e w orry ab o u t h is m o th e r's h e a lth and th e

f a c t t h a t he

dreamed ab o u t

about h e r i n

th e d ay tim e. D uring p r e s e n t h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n , p a t i e n t

h e r a t n ig h t c o n s ta n tly and " f e l t "

was f i r s t w ith d raw n , s e c lu s iv e , more o r le s s m ute, and w h ile on th e d is tu r b e d ward had an e p iso d e o f h y p e r - v e n tila tio n w ith o u t c lo n ic o r to n i c c o n tr a c tio n s .

EEG was n orm al.

On th e w ard , pa­

t i e n t c o n tin u e s to be c h i ld is h and r e q u ir e s e x te n s iv e s u p e rv is io n «

of a c tiv itie s .

P rev io u s d ia g n o s is o f E p ile p sy i s n o t co n cu rred i n .

P s y c h o lo g ic a l ex am in atio n :

The sim ple s c h iz o p h re n ic t e s t p e r­

form ance i s re v e a le d i n th e W e c h sler-B ellev u e and MMPI w ith su s­ p ic io u s s ig n s on th e R orschach.

He a t t a i n s an I .Q . o f 81 on th e

f u l l s c a l e , w ith a V erb al I.Q . o f 72 and a Perform ance I .Q . o f 93. S co res on A rith m e tic ( l ) and S i m i l a r i t i e s (2 ) a r e ex trem ely low.

- 128 Soores on Comprehension (5 ) and D ig it Symbol (6 ) are below and Inform ation (8) and P ic tu re Arrangement (11) are above th e mean s c o re s .

The MMPI e l i c i t s s i g n if ic a n tly d ev ian t

sco res on Sohizophrenia (86) and P sy ch asth en ia (71) and high tre n d s on P aran o ia (65) and Hypomania (6 5 ).

The Rorschach

reco rd i s meager and r e f l e o t s th e im poverished th in k in g , showing low i n t e l l e c t u a l c o n tro l ( f/ / o, 50) and conform ity (P ,2 ) of th in k in g .

Paranoid S ch izo p h ren ia, Case No. 2 P s y o h ia tric e v a lu a tio n :

This 2 7 -y e a r-o ld , w h ite , c o rp o ral

w ith approxim ately 4 y e a rs se rv ic e was ad m itted to W alter Reed General H o sp ita l as a t r a n s f e r from S ta tio n H o sp ita l, C raig F ie ld , Alabama.

When p a tie n t was seen a t W alter Reed General

H o sp ital he was h a llu c in a tin g , spoke ir r e le v a n tl y , was very frig h te n e d , t r i e d to f ig h t w ith th e exam iner, and was n o t very co h eren t. F ie ld .

He had been h e a v ily sedated b efo re leav in g Craig

The follow ing day, p a tie n t was much more re le v a n t and

gave a v iv id d e ta ile d account of a p sy ch o tic b reak w ith r e a l i t y , d e sc rib in g h is fe e lin g s of impending doom and th e stra n g en e ss of th e w orld about him.

He was seen in approxim ately 70 in te rv ie w

hours d u ring which tim e he seemed to develop peaks of being w e ll-a d ju s te d and re c o g n izin g some of th e dynamics behind h is paranoid th in k in g .

However, each tim e t h a t he was given open

ward p r iv ile g e s , he was unable to acoept th e r e s p o n s ib ility and would in s e v e ra l days become markedly d ep ressed , s u ic id a l, and have to be re tu rn e d to d o s e d ward o are, and f u r th e r in terv iew s would show a lo s s o f th e " in s ig h t" whioh i t was f e l t he had de­ veloped.

He beoame more p aran o id .

The course o f h is h o s p it a l i­

z a tio n has been marked by peaks of w e ll b ein g and depths o f d e s p a ir.

I t i s f e l t th a t more th e ra p e u tio b e n e f it w i l l r e s u l t i f he i s tr a n s f e r r e d t o a VA f a o i l i t y . P sychological exam ination:

The sch izo p h ren ic t e s t p a t­

t e r n i s apparent on th e MMPI and Rorschach t e s t s . B eiievue r e s u lts support th e se fin d in g s .

The W eohsler-

He a tta i n s an I.Q . o f

103, w ith th e V erbal I.Q . 104 and Performance I.Q . o f 101.

P ic­

tu r e Arrangement (6) and D ig it Span (6) a re h is low est scores which along w ith h is scores on S im ila r itie s (9) and D ig it Symbol (9) a re below th e mean. a re h ig h .

In fo rm atio n (.12) and A rith m etic (13)

The MMPI shows th e most marked d e v ia tio n on th e

Sohizophrenia (90) s c a le , and abnormal soores on Fsyohasthenia (7 9 ), Psychopathic D eviate (8 3 ), H ypochondriasis (77) and H y steria (7 3 ).

High tre n d s are noted on th e Paranoia (67) and D epression

(68) s o a le s .

The Rorschaoh reco rd o f 60 responses re v e a ls low

f o r a - q u a lity (p /^ ,5 3 .5 ) and anim al oontent (A % , 3 8 .3 ), d ev ian t v e rb a liz a tio n s ( 3 ) , o o lo r (C ,2) p e rc ep ts ("b lo o d " ), and an exces­ siv e number of responses in v o lv in g sm all d e t a i l s (D d,14).

The

S h ip ley -H artfo rd y ie ld s a Conceptual Q uotient o f 61 which i s con­ sid e re d in d ic a tiv e of m ental im pairm ent.

His vocabulary le v e l o f

15.1 y e a rs i s c o n s is te n t w ith o th e r fin d in g s b u t a b s tr a c t th in k ­ in g le v e l of 9 .4 y ears i s w e ll below h is p o t e n t i a l i t i e s . The oase s tu d ie s p resen ted above dem onstrate th e d isc rim in a to ry value o f th e t e s t s used in t h i s study i n id e n tify in g th e th re e c l i n i c a l groups.

There a r e ,

however, some t e s t reoorde which f a i l to show th e id e n tify in g t e s t p a tte rn s r e ­ v ealed by t h i s study and th e r e a re o th e r t e s t re c o rd s in w hich th e c h a r a c te r is tic s o f more th a n one group a re p re s e n t.

Determining th e a p p ro p ria te c l a s s if ic a t io n f o r

suoh p a tie n ts p re s e n ts a challenge to th e c li n i c a l p sy c h o lo g ist.

Wherever p o ssib le

th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n must th e n be based on th e q u a lita tiv e a sp e c ts o f th e p a t i e n t 's

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performance in term s o f th e i n t e r - and i n t r a - t e s t v a r i a b i l i t y , h is mode o f respond­ in g , h is v e rb a liz a tio n s and h is mannerism s.

There a re in s ta n c e s in which th e

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n must be d e fe rre d u n t i l a d d itio n a l t e s t s can be a d m in iste re d . The follow ing cases a re exam ples. N eurotic D epressive R eactio n , Case No. 5 P s y c h ia tric e v a lu a tio n :

This 2 3 -y e a r-o ld w h ite m ale,

c o rp o ra l, s ta tio n e d a t W alter Reed G eneral H o s p ita l, was adm itted to th e N europsyohiatrio S erv ice from th e OutP a tie n t Department as a p o s sib le su ic id e w ith a com plaint of d e p re ssio n , fe e lin g s of f u t i l i t y , and a d e s ir e t o ta k e h is own l i f e , claim ing t h a t th e only th in g t h a t stopped him was th e d isg race th a t would f a l l on h is fa m ily .

He was

ra is e d in a fam ily of s t r i c t d is c ip lin a r ia n s who s e t a very high and r ig id moral code, and he has had d i f f i c u l t y ad h erin g to i t .

He consequently developed c o n f lic t i n every sphere

o f s o c ia l beh av io r, such a s , smoking, d rin k in g , p a r tie s and g irls .

J u s t p r io r to adm ission, a s e r ie s o f minor m istak es

which he made in th e o p e ra tin g room re s u lte d in h is fe e lin g t h a t he was com pletely u s e le s s to h im self and to th e Amy. He rev ealed th a t th e se fe e lin g s o f i n f e r i o r i t y , in s e c u r ity and inadequacy have been of lif e lo n g d u ra tio n . P sychological exam ination:

The presence of t e s t f a c to r s ,

considered of p a th o lo g io a l s ig n ific a n c e ,w h ic h a re re p re s e n ta tiv e o f more th a n one o f th e c l i n i c a l groups i s a p p aren t in th e r e ­ co rd .

On th e f u l l sc a le o f th e W echsler-B ellevue, he a tt a i n s

an I.Q . of 92.

The V erbal I.Q . o f 93 and Performance I.Q . o f

93 a re c o n s is te n t w ith th e above.

In te r- te s t v a ria b ility ,

however, i s marked b u t t e s t p a tte rn in g i s n o t c o n clu siv e .

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The S h ip ley -H a rtfo rd Soale giv es a co n cep tu al q u o tie n t of 75 whioh i s considered q u ite su sp io io u s o f p a th o lo g io a l fu n c tio n in g . The Minnesota M ultiphasio P e rs o n a lity In v en to ry e l i c i t s d ev ian t sco res on th e Psyohopathio D eviate (8 1 ), H ypochondriasis (70) and Hypomania (70) s c a le s , w ith o th e r so ale sco res w e ll below th e o r i t i c a l minimum.

The Rorsohaoh reco rd o f 64 resp o n ses,

however, is su g g estiv e of p o s sib le sch izo p h ren ic perform ance, showing an f /% of only 60 p er oent and e ig h t d e v ian t v e r b a li­ z a tio n s .

The high "Sum C" score (1 0 .5 ) i s n o t ty p ic a l of neuro­

t i c s and appears more fre q u e n tly in psychopath o r schizophrenic re c o rd s .

The ra p id i n i t i a l re a c tio n tim e (T /lR ) to th e oard s,

11.4 seoonds, i s more lik e t h a t o f th e psychopath. Paranoid S ohizophrenia, Case No. 17 P s y c h ia tric e v a lu a tio n :

P a tie n t i s a 3 4 -y e a r-o ld , w h ite ,

m a rrie d , te c h n ic a l se rg e a n t, who was tr a n s f e r r e d to W alter Reed General H o sp ital from S ta tio n H o s p ita l, F o rt Monroe, V a., w ith a d iag n o sis of P sychotic D iso rd er, u n c la s s if ie d ty p e . For s e v e ra l weeks previous to h is adm ission t o t h i s h o s p ita l, he was se c lu siv e and had id eas t h a t people were a g a in s t him and t h a t some of them wanted to k i l l him.

On adm ission, he was

d is o rie n te d , oonfused and somewhat a g ita te d .

Since th e n , he

has had d elu sio n s of p e rsec u tio n and fre q u e n tly d is p la y s hos­ tility .

T ran sfe r to a V eterans A d m in istratio n H o sp ita l f o r

f u r th e r tre a tm e n t and o b serv atio n was reoommended. d ia g n o sis was:

The f i n a l

"Schizophrenic re a c tio n , p aran o id ty p e , a o u te ,

m oderately se v e re ."

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P sychological exam ination:

The absence o f d if f e r e n t ia tin g

t e s t fa c to r s ( i n term s o f th o se found in t h i s stu d y ) i s th e most conspicuous a sp e c t o f th e t e s t re c o rd .

Only h is n a rra tio n

of th r e a ts a g a in s t h is l i f e by persons b en t on c o lle c tin g h is government in su ran ce a t t e s t s to th e paranoid o o n ten t of h is id e a tio n .

During th e exam ination, however, he s ta te d th a t he

i s convinced o f th e f a l s i t y o f h is f e a r s . i s as fo llo w s:

The t e s t performance

On th e f u l l sca le of th e W eohsler-B eiievue, he

a t t a i n s an I.Q . of 107 which i s c o n s is te n t w ith h is V erbal I.Q . of 108 and Performance I.Q . of 104.

Aside from two su sp icio u s signs

( o u t- o f - p a tte r n r e la tio n s h ip between D ig it Span (11) and A rith ­ m etic (7) s c o re s , and th e low soore on P io tu re Arrangement (6 )) t e s t performance i s about av erag e.

Test p a tte rn in g on th e

W eohsler-B eiievue i s not c o n clu siv e, however, and i s n o t stro n g evidence of psychopathy.

The S h ip ley -H artfo rd S cale y ie ld s a

conceptual q u o tie n t of 88 which i s considered only s lig h t ly su sp icio u s o f im paired m ental fu n c tio n in g . 90 or h ig h e r.

Normal sco res a re

The Minnesota M ultiphasio P e rs o n a lity In v entory

sc a le scores a re a l l below 60, w e ll below th e c r i t i c a l lim it of 70. (2 6 ).

The Rorschach re c o rd co n tain s an average number o f responses The p io tu re i s one o f a dependent, u n im ag in ativ e, d o c ile , im­

m ature in d iv id u a l w ith c o n s tr ic te d a f f e c t .

He shows good oontact

w ith r e a l i t y ( f / % , 77.7) and conform ity o f th in k in g (P, 8 ). in g , however, i s stereo ty p e d and immature (A % , 5 8 ). i s on th e p r a c tic a l and oonorete d e t a i ls (D, 1 9 ). b a lis a tio n s a re e l i c i t e d .

Think­

The emphasis No d ev ian t v er­

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CHAPTER V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Summary o f F in d in g s The purpose o f t h i s stu d y was t o d eterm in e w h eth er any r e la tio n s h ip s e x i s t m ong c e r t a i n t e s t s o f in t e l l i g e n c e and o f p e r s o n a li ty , and w h eth er th e s e t e s t s a r e o f v a lu e in th e d ia g n o s tic e v a lu a tio n o f p e r s o n a lity d is o r d e r s . The p o p u la tio n from w hich th e s u b je c ts were drawn was as fo llo w s :

m ale,

w h ite Army n e u r o p s y c h ia tr ic p a t i e n t s whom th e a tte n d in g w ard p s y c h i a t r i s t c l a s s i ­ f ie d in one o f th r e e m ajor n o s o lo g ic a l c a te g o r ie s (N e u ro tic s - a n x ie ty o r d e p re s ­ s io n ; P sych o p ath s; and S c h iz o p h re n ics - p ara n o id o r sim ple ty p e ) and who had com­ p le te d each o f th e fo u r t e s t s o f th e b a t t e r y . c o n d itio n s w ere s e le c te d a s s u b je c t s . w ere a s fo llo w s :

One hundred p a t i e n t s who met th e s e

The p s y c h ia tr ic d iag n o ses o f th e s e s u b je c ts

38 n e u r o ti c s , 30 p sychopaths and 32 s c h iz o p h r e n ic s .

The t e s t

b a t t e r y c o n s is te d o f two t e s t s o f i n t e l l i g e n c e , nam ely, th e W eo h sler-B eiiev u e In ­ t e l l i g e n c e S cale and th e S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd S o a le , and two t e s t s o f p e r s o n a li ty , nam ely, th e M innesota M u ltip h a sic P e r s o n a lity In v e n to ry and th e R orschach In k -B lo t T e s t.

P s y c h ia tr ic d iag n o ses w ere made in d e p e n d e n tly o f th e p s y c h o lo g ic a l t e s t

f in d in g s . The av erag e age f o r each of th e c l i n i c a l groups was 2 8 .5 , 2 2 .9 and 26.2 y e a rs f o r th e n e u r o ti c s , psychopaths and s c h iz o p h re n ic s , r e s p e c t iv e l y .

D iv id in g th e

n e u r o tic s in to t h e i r two su b ty p es showed th e n e u r o tic d e p re s s iv e t o be somewhat o ld e r th a n th e n e u r o tic a n x ie ty p a t i e n t .

The p a ra n o id sc h iz o p h re n ic was ab o u t

seven and a h a l f y e a rs o ld e r , s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e f iv e p e r c e n t l e v e l o f c o n f i­ d en ce, th a n th e sim ple s c h iz o p h re n ic . The breakdown by e d u c a tio n a l le v e l f o r each o f th e c l i n i c a l groups re v e a le d t h a t th e n e u r o tic s and th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s com pleted more g rad es o f sch o o lin g th a n th e p sy c h o p a th s.

The n e u r o tic s showed 11.10 y e a r s , th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s , 10.68 y e a rs

and th e p sy c h o p a th s, 9 .0 7 y e a r s .

The sim ple s c h iz o p h re n ic resem bled th e p sy chopath

in e d u c a tio n a l ach iev em en t, h av in g com pleted 9 .1 4 g r a d e s .

The p a ra n o id s c h iz o ­

p h re n ic s showed a h ig h e r le v e l o f e d u c a tio n a l a tta in m e n t, ap p ro x im ate ly t h a t o f th e n e u r o ti c s . The Army G en eral C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T e st (AGCT) s c o re s in d ic a te d t h a t th e n eu ro ­ t i c s and th e psy ch o p ath s sco red h ig h e r th a n th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s , w ith a p p ro x im ate ly th e same v a r i a b i l i t y (s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n ) f o r each g ro u p .

The d if f e r e n c e s , how­

e v e r, w ere n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y above th e chance e r r o r o f sam p lin g .

The in t e l l i g e n c e

q u o tie n ts , a s o b ta in e d on th e Y fech sler-B ellev u e P u ll S c a le , showed th e same ran k o rd e r a s was found w ith th e AGCT breakdow n, w ith n e u r o tic s o b ta in in g th e h ig h e s t mean IQ (10 9 .9 2 ) and th e s c h iz o p h re n ic s th e lo w est (1 0 3 .6 9 ). ta in e d an averag e IQ o f 1 0 7 .2 3 .

The p sychopaths ob­

S t a t i s t i c a l e v a lu a tio n o f th e s ig n if ic a n c e of th e

d if f e r e n c e s showed th e same la c k o f s ig n if ic a n c e a s in d ic a te d p re v io u s ly w ith th e AGCT. I t was fou n d , a l s o , t h a t th e n e u r o tic p a t i e n t 's V erb al S cale sc o re exceeded only s l i g h t l y h is Perform ance S cale sco re w hereas th e p sychopaths perform ed b e t t e r w ith th e n o n -v e rb a l ite m s . v e rb a l ite m s .

The s c h iz o p h re n ic s w ere somewhat b e t t e r w ith th e

The d if f e r e n c e s i n perform ance a re n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

No c l i n i c a l group showed c o n s is te n t s u p e r io r it y o v er th e o th e r two groups on e i t h e r th e V erb al o r Perform ance S c a le .

A ll th r e e c l i n i c a l groups made th e p o o re s t

sc o re s on th e D ig it Span and D ig it S u b s tit u tio n t e s t s .

In fo rm a tio n , Comprehension,

V ocabulary, Block D esign and O b ject Assembly sc o re s ra n k among th e f iv e b e s t t e s t s perform ed by th e n e u r o tic s and s c h iz o p h r e n ic s .

On th e o th e r hand, f o r th e psycho­

p a th s , th e V erb al s u b t e s t s , w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f Comprehension, ran k below th e P er­ form ance p a r t s .

D iffe re n c e s in mean s c o re s on each s u b te s ts f o r any two groups

were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e f iv e p e r c e n t l e v e l , ex c e p t f o r th e d if f e r e n c e s b e ­ tween th e psyohopaths and s c h iz o p h re n ic s on th e P ic tu r e C om pletion and O b ject Assembly t e s t s a t th e f iv e p e r cen t le v e l o f c o n fid e n c e . S u b d iv id in g th e n e u r o tic group in to i t s n e u r o tic d e p re s s iv e and n e u ro tio a n x ie ty subtypes re v e a le d no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n t e s t perform ance on th e

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W eohsler-B eiievue S o ale.

A breakdown o f th e sch izo p h ren ics in to th e tiro subtypes

com prising t h i s group in d ic a te d t h a t a number o f s u b te s ts s ig n if ic a n tly d if f e r e n ­ t i a t e d th e paranoid and sim ple sch iz o p h re n ic s, namely, In fo rm atio n , S im ila r itie s and P io tu re Completion, a t th e f iv e p er cent le v e l. The S h ip ley -H artfo rd Soale f a i l e d to d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e th re e c l i n i c a l groups, alth o u g h some o f th e d iffe re n c e s in sco res approached s ig n ific a n c e .

N e ith e r th e

D e te rio ra tio n Q uotient obtained from th e W eohsler-B eiievue S cale n or th e Concep­ t u a l Q uotient from th e S h ip ley -H artfo rd Soale served a s v a lid d i f f e r e n t i a l in d i­ c a to rs of impairment in m ental e f f ic ie n c y . The Minnesota M ultip h asic P e rs o n a lity Inventory d if f e r e n ti a te d th e th re e c l i n i ­ c a l groups.

The n e u ro tic s showed s ig n if ic a n tly e le v a te d sco res on th e Hypochon­

d r i a s i s , D epression and H y ste ria s o a le s , a t th e .01 le v e l or le s s when compared w ith th e psychopaths b u t n o t w ith th e sc h iz o p h re n ic s.

The psychopaths scored sig ­

n i f i c a n tly h ig h e r th a n th e sch izo p h ren ics on th e Psychopathic D eviate a t th e .01 le v e l o f confidence.

R e la tiv e ly low sco res on th e o th e r s c a le s were ob tain ed w ith

th e p o s sib le exception of th e Hypomania s o a le .

The sch izo p h ren ics rev ealed h ig h er

scores a t th e .01 le v e l of confidence on P aranoia and Sohizophrenia sc a le s th a n e ith e r th e n e u ro tio s or psychopaths. t r i a d end of th e s c a le .

In a d d itio n , th ey obtained high sco res a t th e n e u ro tic

While d is tin c tiv e p a tte rn s emerged, th e n e u ro tio s and schizo­

p h ren ics fre q u e n tly showed an overlay o f symptomatology of th e o th e r group. The Rorsohaoh In k-B lot T est provided a number o f f a c to r s o f d i f f e r e n t i a l value s ig n if ic a n t a t th e f iv e p er cent le v e l o r l e s s .

Thus, F /% , A% , A/An#, P, DV, C,

F- and Hd d is tin g u is h e d th e n e u ro tic s from th e sch izo p h ren ics; F /% , P, DV, and T/lR d if f e r e n tia te d th e psychopaths from th e so h izo p h ren io s.

Only th e number of anim al

responses (A) and c o lo r and color-form (CF) p e rc ep ts d is tin g u is h e d th e n e u ro tio s from th e psychopaths. groups were la rg e .

The v a r i a b i l i t y w ith in each group and th e ov erlap among th e

No s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e s were o b ta in e d between th e subtypes

of th e n e u ro tic s and of th e so h izo p h ren io s.

- 136 -

A high measure o f r e la tio n s h ip e x is t s between th e two in te llig e n c e t e s t s . The W eohsler-B eiievue F u ll Scale scores and th e S h ip ley -H artfo rd t o t a l sco res co r­ r e la te d very h ig h ly w ith each o th e r, th e c o e f f ic ie n t of c o r r e la tio n ranging from .85 to .9 6 , depending upon th e o l in ic a l group,

^he c o r r e la tio n c o e f f ic ie n t be­

tween th e V ocabulary s u b te s ts of both S cales ranged from .80 to .9 3 .

The S h ip ley -

H a rtfo rd A b stra c tio n t e s t showed le s s e r degree of r e la tio n s h ip w ith th e W echslerB ellevue but c o rre la tio n s g e n e ra lly were s ig n if ic a n t a t th e .05 le v e l or l e s s . When Rorschach f a c to r s were in te r c o r r e la te d , th e in flu en o e of th e t o t a l num­ b e r o f responses (R) was r e f le c te d in t h a t a la rg e number o f a r t i f i c i a l l y high co­ e f f i c i e n t s were o b ta in e d .

These s ig n if ic a n tly high c o e f fic ie n ts among th e s e v e ra l

fa c to r s stu d ie d dim inished when th e R f a c to r was held c o n sta n t and " p a r tia lle d " o u t.

D e fin ite c lu s te r s o r p a tte rn s o f r e la tio n s h ip s were n o t re v e a le d . The low o rd er of c o r r e la tio n c o e f f ic ie n ts between Rorschach fa c to rs and MMPI

s c a le s was not in d ic a tiv e of s ig n if ic a n t r e la tio n s h ip s .

In d ic a tio n s were t h a t

th e s e two p e rs o n a lity t e s t s were not m easuring r e la te d fu n c tio n s or t r a i t s .

Cor­

r e la tin g p a rts of th e W eohsler-B eiievue Scale w ith s e le c te d MMPI sc a le s and w ith s e le c te d Rorsohaoh fa c to rs re v ealed an absence of v a lid re la tio n s h ip s as demon­ s t r a te d by th e f a c t th a t no c o e f f ic ie n ts of .60 o r h ig h e r were obtained and th a t most of them f a l l below th e fiv e per cent le v e l of s ig n ific a n c e .

An in d ic a tio n

fo r f u r th e r re sea ro h i s th e s ig n if ic a n t c o e f fic ie n t between Rorschach W and Sum C and between Sum C and W echsler-B ellevue F u ll Soale sco re, su g g estin g th e p o s s ib il ity t h a t c o lo r determ ined p e rc ep ts re q u ire o rg a n iz a tio n a l and in te g r a tiv e a b i l i t y . C onclusions The c o rre la tio n s between th e s u b te s ts of th e W eohsler-B eiievue and S h ip ley H artfo rd S c a le s, as th e two t e s t s of i n t e l l e c t u a l fu n c tio n in g used in t h i s re ­ sea ro h , a re predom inantly high in d ic a tin g t h a t th e two measures o f in te llig e n c e a re c lo s e ly r e la te d .

The in te r c o r r e la tio n s of th e W eohsler-B eiievue s u b te s ts re ­

v e a l a la r g e r number o f high and low c o rre la tio n s among the p s y o h ia trio groups th a n in a normal p o p u la tio n .

The r e d is tr i b u ti o n of re la tio n s h ip s may be r e f le c tin g

- 137 -

th e p sy ch o lo g ical impact o f th e p e rs o n a lity d y sfu n o tio n . The loir c o r r e la tio n s ob tain ed between th e soores on th e so a le s o f th e M innesota M ultiphasic P e rs o n a lity In v e n to ry , re p re se n tin g th e s tru c tu re d p e r­ s o n a lity in stru m e n t, and th e f a c to rs of th e Rorschach, re p re se n tin g th e un­ s tru c tu re d t e s t of p e rs o n a lity , would in d ic a te th a t no clo se re la tio n s h ip e x is ts between th e two t e s t s .

I n te r - s c a le c o r r e la tio n s of th e Minnesota M u lti-

phasio P e rs o n a lity In v en to ry re v e a l a number o f r e la te d groupings among th e s c a le s suggesting p o ssib le p a tte rn s o f p e rs o n a lity t r a i t s f o r each o lin io a l grouping.

I n te r o o r r e la tio n o f th e Rorschach f a c to r s used in t h i s stu d y , however,

r e s u lts i n low o r in s ig n if ic a n t re la tio n s h ip s when th e t o t a l number of responses (R) i s h eld c o n sta n t. The low c o rre la tio n s between th e s u b te s ts o f th e W eohsler-Beiievue S cale and component f a c to r s of th e M innesota M u ltip h asic P e rs o n a lity In v en to ry and th e Ror­ schach show t h a t th e in te llig e n c e t e s t soores a re n o t c lo s e ly r e la te d to th e measures o f p e rs o n a lity . S t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is o f th e d iffe re n c e s in th e t e s t performance of th e c l i n i ­ c a l groups re v e a ls th a t th e re a re s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e s among th e th re e groups. The s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e s appear in one of th e t e s t s o f in te llig e n c e (W eohslerB eiievue S cale) and in b o th o f th e t e s t s o f p e r s o n a lity .

The s ig n ific a n t d i f f e r ­

ences in th e t e s t perform ances of th e th re e c l i n i o a l groups appear in a s u f f ic i e n t number of t e s t f a c to r s to c o n s titu te t e s t p a tte rn s which w il l d i f f e r e n t i a t e th e c l i n i c a l g roupings. There a re a number o f t e s t f a c to r s , based upon th e b a tte r y of t e s t s and th e p s y c h ia tric groups used in t h i s study, which r e f l e c t th e i n t e l l e c t u a l and em otional fu n c tio n in g of th e psyohoneurotio, psyohopathic and aohizophrenic groups. (1)

The n e u ro tic re v e a ls h im self by h is high soores on th e V ocabulary,

In fo rm atio n , Comprehension, Blook Design and O bject Assembly t e s t s as compared to th e low sco res obtained on th e D ig it Symbol and D ig it Span t e s t s .

He o b ta in s s ig ­

n if i c a n tly high scores on th e H ypochondriasis, D epression and H y steria s c a le s o f th e

- 138 -

M innesota M ultiphasic P e rs o n a lity In v e n to ry .

The Rorschach reco rd shows c o a rc ta ­

t i o n , a high percentage of anim al (A % ) responses and a high le v e l o f form accuracy ( f /%) and conform ity o f th in k in g (P ). (2) The psyohopath te n d s to re v e a l h im self by th e c o n s is te n tly h ig h er soores on th e Performance Soale o f th e W echsler-B ellevue.

On th e V erbal S o ale, he

does com paratively poorly on th e A rith m e tic , In fo rm atio n and D ig it Span T e s ts . P sychopathic D eviate soore on th e MMPI

The

i s h ig h er th a n a l l o th e r sc a le soores and

i s u s u a lly above th e c r i t i c a l minimum.The Rorsohaoh t e s t i s no t h e lp fu l in t i f y i n g psychopathic t r a i t s except in c e r ta in q u a lita tiv e ways.

iden­

The reco rd s ten d

to show high F /% , A% and Sum C. (3) The schizophrenic p a tie n t i s discovered by h is p e c u lia r approaoh to th e Rorschach t e s t in which pathognomonic fe a tu re s and below c r i t i c a l soore v alu es may ap p ear.

When they occur, d eviant v e r b a lis a tio n s , low f / % , low number of popu­

l a r responses ( le s s th a n f i v e ) , and very low l a r l y h e lp fu l. ty p e .

(below 35 p er cent ) a re p a r tic u l -

The W echsler-B ellevue shows mixed fin d in g s depending upon th e sub-

He re v e a ls s ig n if ic a n tly d e v ia n t soores on th e P aranoia and Schizophrenic

s c a le s of th e MMPI* While th e t e s t s employed i n t h i s study re v e a l t e s t c h a r a c te r is tic s which a re o f value in d if f e r e n tia tin g th e th re e major p s y o h ia tric groups stu d ie d in t h i s in ­ v e s tig a tio n , th e t e s t fin d in g s do not show a s u f f i c ie n t o rd e r o f refinem ent to en­ a b le d if f e r e n tia tio n of s p e c if ic subty p es. The Conceptual Q uotients and D e te rio ra tio n Q uotients deriv ed from th e two in ­ te llig e n c e t e s t s used in t h i s stu d y , th e S h ip ley -H artfo rd and W echsler-B ellevue S c a le s , re s p e c tiv e ly , do n o t d is tin g u is h th e th r e e c l i n i c a l gro u p s. No one t e s t in th e b a tte r y proves to be i n f a l l i b l e in i t s a b i l i t y to d if f e r e n ­ t i a t e th e th re e groups due to th e marked v a ria n ce in th e t e s t perform ance of each of th e c l i n i c a l groups stu d ie d i n t h i s in v e s tig a tio n .

The t e s t s , however, con­

t r i b u t e s ig n if ic a n t d ata w hich, in a b a tte r y o f t e s t s , provide a c o n s te lla tio n of id e n tify in g c h a r a c te r is tic s which are e f f e c tiv e in d if f e r e n ti a tin g th e th re e groups.

- 139 Im p lic a tio n s f o r F u rth e r Study 1.

C lin ic a l r e s e a r c h has been dependent upon p s y c h ia t r ic c l a s s i f i c a t i o n f o r

c r i t e r i a o f b e h a v io r.

Y et, i t has been d em o n strated t h a t th e p s y c h ia t r ic nosology

o f to d a y i s in a d e q u a te to meet th e dynamics of b e h a v io r.

A s u g g e s tio n f o r r e ­

se a rc h would be to a n aly ze th e re c o rd s o f d i f f e r e n t in d iv id u a ls w ith a view to s e p a ra tin g out th e s i m i l a r i t i e s and d if f e r e n c e s in t e s t sc o re s and e s ta b l is h in g a new o rd e r of c l a s s i f i c a t i o n based n o t on ly on c l i n i c a l in te rv ie w s (which i s j u s t one o f many te c h n iq u e s ) b u t on t e s t perform ance as w e l l .

The r e s u l t s have a p ra c ­

t i c a l im p lic a tio n t h a t tra n s c e n d s th e mere im portance of t e s t p a tte r n in g and I .Q . in i n t e r p r e t i n g t e s t p erfo rm an ce.

The p o s s i b i l i t y i s su g g ested t h a t p s y c h o lo g ic a lly

s i g n i f i c a n t a s p e c ts o f th e t o t a l p e r s o n a lity may be in f e r r e d from th e c h a r a c te r o f th e s u b te s t p a t te r n w h ich , in t u r n , may prove t o be u s e fu l in d eterm in in g a nomen­ c l a tu r e o f p s y c h ia t r ic d is e a s e w hich i s ro o te d in th e dynamics o f b eh av io r r a th e r th a n in a d e s c r ip tio n of th e o v e rt re sp o n se s of an in d iv id u a l in c l i n i c a l i n t e r ­ views and o b s e r v a tio n s . 2.

A lthough p a tte r n s of d y s fu n c tio n a re c l e a r l y p re s e n t in th e W ech sler-

B ellevue re c o rd s of p s y c h ia tr ic p a t i e n t s , a tte m p ts t o d is c o v e r a s p e c if i c p a t t e r n f o r some p a r t i c u l a r p s y c h ia tr ic nosology produce few s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s .

T his

problem r a i s e s q u e s tio n s in re g a rd t o th e t h e o r e t i c a l j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r such e ffo rts .

J a s ta k ^ su g g e sts t h a t perhaps th e p sy ch o m etric p a t te r n r e f l e c t s a more

b a s ic le v e l of p e r s o n a lity i n t e g r a ti o n o r d i s i n t e g r a t i o n upon w hich th e a c u te psycho­ p a th o lo g y is im posed.

Assuming t h i s t o be t r u e , in v e s t ig a t io n s f o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

and o rg a n iz a tio n o f p e r s o n a lity f u n c tio n should s t a r t f i r s t from th e a n a ly s is o f th e b /e ch sler p a t t e r n .

P erhaps th e r e i s no one p a t t e r n o f s c h iz o p h re n ic fu n c tio n in g ,

b u t perh ap s th e r e a r e some p a tte r n s t h a t n ev er occur i n s c h iz o p h re n ia , o r perhaps th e r e a re c e r t a in s p e c if i c ty p e s t h a t occu r i n s c h iz o p h re n ia .

1.

J . J a s ta k . Problem s o f P sychom etric S c a t te r A n a ly s is . 46: 3, p . 194, 1949.

P sy c h o lo g ic a l B u ll e ti n , *

- 140 3.

The whole problem o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f i n t e l l e c t u a l fu n c tio n s ha.3 only

b een touched in t h i s s tu d y .

IVhen th e r e s u l t s o f th e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s among th e

W-B s u b te s ts w ere d is c u s s e d e a r l i e r in th e s tu d y , th e q u e s tio n o f th e e f f e c t s of p ath o lo g y on th e p a tte r n in g o f i n t e l l e c t u a l fu n c tio n s was r a i s e d . sh ip s betw een v a rio u s f u n c tio n s change w ith th e o n se t o f p athology? " i s o l a t i o n ” of f u n c tio n from th e g e n e ra l p a tte r n ?

Hardo r e l a t i o n ­ Is th e re

Does b e h a v io r become more g en era­

liz e d in some a s p e c t s , i . e . , do fu n c tio n s become more c lo s e ly r e la te d in path o lo g y? These problem s a r e r i g h t a t th e h e a r t o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n and in t e g r a t i o n th e o ry in human b e lia v io r. 4.

The i n a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f th e s e f in d i n g s , w hich w ere based on a group o f

w h ite , male Army n e u r o p s y c h ia tr ic p a t i e n t s , t o o th e r in d iv id u a ls who d i f f e r in r a c e , c u l t u r a l background, sex and m o tiv a tio n in d i c a te s a need f o r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h in t e s t p a t te r n in g o f o th e r groups f o r th e purpose o f e s ta b l is h in g s ta n d a rd s f o r a n a ly s e s and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

A d d itio n a l re s e a r c h i s w a rra n te d in th e m en tal fu n c­

ti o n in g o f s p e c if i c c a te g o r ie s w ith in m ajor g ro u p in g s, lik e th e immature and in a d e ­ qu ate ty p e s and th e n e u r o tic and s c h iz o p h re n ic su b ty p e s.

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G a rfie ld , S. L. and Fey, W. F ., A Comparison o f th e W eohsler-Bellevue and S h ip ley -H artfo rd Scales as Measures o f Mental Im pairm ent. Jo u rn al o f Con­ s u ltin g Psychology, 12x259-264, 1948. G illila n d , A. R ., D if f e r e n tia l F unctional Loss in C ertain Psychoses. lo g io a l B u lle tin , 37x439, 1940.

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G illila n d , A. R ., W ittman, P ., and Goldman, M., P a tte rn s and S o a tte r o f Mental A b ilitie s in Various Psyohoses. Jo u rn al o f General Psychology, 29x251-260, 1943. Gough, H. G., D iagnostio P a tte rn s on th e Minnesota M ultiphasio P e rso n a lity In v e n to ry . Journal o f C lin ic a l Psyohology, 2x23-37, 1946. H a rris , A. J . and Shakow, D ., The C lin io a l S ig n ific an c e o f Numerioal Measures o f S c a tte r on th e S ta n fo rd -B in e t. Psychological B u lle tin , 34x134-150, 1937.

- 148 -

H a r r is , A. J , and Shakow, D ., S o a tte r on th e S tan fo rd -B in et in S ch izo p h ren ics, Hormal and D elinquent A d u lts. Jo u rn al o f Abnormal and S o cial Psvoholoev. -------33*100-111, 1S38. Hathaway, S. R ., and McKinley, J . C ., Manual of th e Minnesota M ultiphasio Per­ s o n a lity In v en to ry . U n iv e rsity o f Minnesota P r e s s , 1943, M inneapolis. , Supplementary Manual fo r th e MMPI. c h o lo g ic al C orporation, 1946, New York

Psy­

H arrow er-Eriokson, M. £ . , The Value and L im ita tio n s o f th e So-C alled "N eurotio S ig n s". Rorsohaoh R esearch Exchange, 6-7*109-114, 1942-3. H e rtz , M. R ., Rorsohaoh: 529-572, 1942.

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P sychological B u lle tin , 39*

Soienoe o r M ystery.

Jo u rn al o f C onsulting

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Johnson, A. P ., Measuring Mental D e te rio ra tio n 5y th e D if f e r e n tia l Test Soore Method. American Jo u rn al o f Mental D efioienoy, 51*389-390, 1947. Johnson, L. C ., W eohsler's P a tte rn s in th e D iagnosis o f S ohizophrenia. o f C onsulting Psyohology, 13*28-31, 1949.

Jo u rn al

Kazan, A. T ., and Sheinberg, I . M., C lin ic a l Note on th e S ig aifio an o e o f th e V a lid ity Soore ( F ) in th e Minnesota H u ltip h a sio P e rs o n a lity In v en to ry . American Jo u rn al o f P sy o h ia try , 102*181-183, 1945. K e lle y , D. M., and B a rre ra , S. £ . , The P rese n t S ta te o f th e Rorschach Method a s a P sy o h ia trio A djunct. Rorsohaoh Research Exohangs, 4*30*36, 1940. K e lley , D. M., and K o lp fe r, B ., A p p licatio n o f the Rorsohaoh Method t o Research in S ohizophrenia, Rorsohaoh Researoh Exohange, 3*55-66, 1939. Kendig, 1 ., and Riohmond, W. V ., Psyohologioal S tu d ies in Dementia Praeoox. Edwards B ro s ., J h o ., Ann A rbor, M iohigan, 1940.

- 144

Krugman, M., Out o f th e Ink Wells Exohange, 4*91-101, 1940.

The Rorsohaoh Method.

Rorsohaoh Besearoh ~

Leverenz, C. W., Minnesota M ultiphasio P e rs o n a lity Inventory* An e v a lu a tio n o f I t s U sefulness in th e P sy o h ia trio Servioe o f a S ta tio n H o s p ita l, War M edioine, 4*618-629, 1943. L ev i, J . , "A Psyohometrio P a tte rn o f th e A dolesoent Psychopathio P e rs o n a lity " , Unpublished Ph.D. T h e sis, Sohool o f E duoation, New York U n iv e rsity , 1943. L ev i, J . , Oppenheim, S ., and W eohsler, D. C lin io a l Use o f th e Mental D e terio ­ r a tio n Index of th e B ellevue-W echsler S o a le , Journal o f Abnormal and S o o ial Psyohology, 40*405-407, 1945. Levine, L. S ., The U t i l i t y o f W eohsler's P a tte rn s in th e D iagnosis o f Sohizo­ p h re n ia . Journal o f C onsulting Psychology, 13*28-31, 1949. Lew inski, R. J . , The Psyohometrio P attern * C lin io a l Psyoholoffi’, 1*214-221, 1945.

I.

A nxiety N eu ro sis. Jo u rn a l

L indner, R. M., A nalysis o f th e Rorsohaoh Test by C o n ten t. Payohopathology, 8*707-719, 1947. a lity .

of

Journal o f C lin io a l

, The Rorsohaoh Test and th e D iagnosis o f Psyohopathio Person­ Journal o f C rim inal Psychopathology, 5*69-93, 1943.

Linn, L ., The Rorsohaoh T est in th e E v alu atio n o f M ilita ry P erso n n el. R esearoh Exohange, 10*20-27, 1946. Luohins, A. S ., Qa C ertain Misuses o f th e W eohsler-B ellevue S c a le s. C onsulting Psychology, 10*109-111, 1946.

Rorsohaoh " Jo u rn a l of

. S itu a tio n a l and A ttitu d in a l In flu en c e s on Rorsohaoh Responses. Amerioan Journal o f Psy o h ia try , 103*780-784, 1946-47. Maohover, S ., C u ltu ra l and R ao ial V a ria tio n s in P a tte rn s o f I n t e l l e c t * P e rfo r­ mance o f White and Negro C rim inals on th e B ellevue A dult In te llig e n c e S o a le , Teachers C ollege, Columbia U n iv e rs ity , C o n trib u tio n s t o E ducation, No. 875, New York, 1943. M agaret, A ., P a r a lle ls in th e Behavior o f S ohizophrenios, P a r e tic s , and P reS e n ile N on-Psyehotios• Jo u rn al o f Abnormal and S o o ial Psychology, 3*511*528, 1942. M agaret, A ., and Simpson, M., Two Measures o f D e te rio ra tio n in Psyohotio P a tie n ts . Jo u rn a l o f C onsulting Psyohology, 12*265-270, 1948. Manson, M. P ., and (brayson, H. M., The S h ip ley -H a rtfo rd R e tre a t S cales as a Measure o f I n te l l e c t u a l Impairment f o r M ilita ry P ris o n e rs . Jo u rn al o f A pplied -----Psyohology. 47*67-81, 1947. “ Meehl, P. E ., The Itynamios o f S tru o tu re d P e rs o n a lity T e s ts. Psyohology, 1*296-303, 1945.

Jo u rn a l o f C lin io a l

145 -

Meehl, P. S . , P r o file A nalysis o f th e M innesota M ultiphasio P e rs o n a lity Inventory in D if f e r e n tia l D iagn o sis. Jo u rn al o f A pplied Psyohology, 30*517-524, 1946. , and Hathaway, S. R ., The K PAotor a s a Suppressor V ariab le in th e Minnesota M ultiphasio P e rs o n a lity In v e n to ry . Jo u rn al o f A pplied Psyoholo g y , 30*525-564, 1946. n e u ro se s.

, H arrow er-Eriokson, M, R ., P e rs o n a lity S tru o tu re in th e PsyohoRorsohaoh Researoh Exohange, 4*71-74, 1940.

M odlin, H. C ., A Study e f th e M innesota M ultiphasio P e rs o n a lity Inventory in C lin io a l Praotioe* With Notes on th e C ornell Index. American Jo u rn al o f P sy o h ia try , 103*758-769, 1947. Monroe, R ., The In sp e o tio n Technique: A Method o f Rapid E v alu atio n o f th e Rorsohaoh P ro to o o l. Rorsohaoh Researoh Exohange, 8*46-70, 1944. M orris, W. f t., A P relim inary E valu atio n o f th e MMPI. Psyohology, 3*370-374, 1947*

Jo u rn a l o f C lin io a l

Oloh, D. R ., Psyohometrio P a tte rn s o f Schizophrenics on th e W eohsler-Bellevue T e s t. Journal o f C onsulting Psychology, 12*127-137, 1948. Itoge, H. E ., D eteo tin g Psyohoneurotio Tendencies in Army P erso n n el. lo g io a l B u lle tin , 42*645-658, 1945.

Psyoho-

P a tte rs o n , C. H ., The W eohsler-Bellevue Soale as an Aid in P sy o h ia trio Diag­ n o s is . Jo u rn a l o f C lin io a l PByohology, 2*348-353, 1946. . C lin io a l Psyohology in th e Army* A B ib lio g rap h y . lo g io a l B u lle tin , 42*393-395, 1945.

Psyoho­

P o la tin , P ., and Hook, P ., D iagnostic E v alu atio n o f E arly S ohizophrenia. Jo u rn a l o f Nervous and Mental D iseases, 105*221, 1947. P o llao k , B ., The V a lid ity o f th e S h ip ley -H artfo rd R e tre a t T est fo r D e terio ra­ t i o n . P sy o h ia trio Q u a rte rly , 16*119-131, 1942. R abin, A. I . , D if f e r e n tia tin g Psyohometrio P a tte rn s in Schizophrenic and Manio D epressive Psyohoses. Journal o f Abnormal and S o o ial Psychology, 37*270-272. 1942. » F lu c tu a tio n s in th e Mental Level o f Schizophrenic P a tie n ts . P sy o h ia trio Q u a rte rly , 18*78-91, 1944. , Test Constancy and V a ria tio n in th e M entally 111. General Psyohology, 33*231-239, 1944.

Jo u rn al o f

, T est-Soore P a tte rn s in Schizophrenia and Non-Psyohotio S ta te s . Jo u rn al o f Psyohology. 12*91-100, 1941. P e rso n s.

, The Use o f th e W eohsler-B ellevue Soales With Normal and Abnormal Psyohologioal B u lle tin , 42*410-422, 1945.

- 146 -

R apaport, D ., P r in c ip le s U nderlying P ro je c tiv e Techniques* P e rs o n a lity , 10:213-219* 1942*

C h aracter and

R apaport, D ., S c h a fe r, R*, and G ill, M., Manual o f D iagnostic Psyohologioal Testing* 1, D iagnostic T estin g o f I n te llig e n c e and Conoept form atio n , Jo sia h Maoy, Jr* : foundation o f Review S e r ie s , Vol I I , No* 2, 1944* , D iagnostic Psyohologioal T e stin g , Vol* I , Chicago Year Book P u b lish in g Co*, 1945* R ash k is, H* a * , and W elsh, G. S ., D etectio n o f A nxiety by Use o f th e WeohslerS o ale. Jo u rn al o f C lin io a l Psyohology, 2*354-357, 1946* R eiohard, S ., and S h a fe r, R*, The C lin ic a l S ig n ific a n c e o f th e S o a tte r on th e W eohsler-B ellevue Scale* B u lle tin Msnninger C lin io , 7*93-98, 1943* R iokers-O vsiankina, M., The Rorsohaoh Test As A pplied to Normal and Schizophrenic P a tie n ts . B r itis h Jo u rn al o f Medioal Psychology, 17*227-57, 1938* R ip le y , H* S. and Wolf, S ., Psychoses O ccurring Among Psyohopathic P e rs o n a litie s in A sso c ia tio n w ith I n e la s tic S itu a tio n s O verseas. American Jo u rn al o f P sy c h ia try , 105*52-59, 1948. (#1, J u ly ) . Roe, A ., and Shakow, D*, In te llig e n c e in Mental D isorder* York Academy o f S cien ces, 42*361-490, 1942*

Annals o f th e Mew

Rorsohaoh, h . , Psyohodiagnostios* A D iagnostic Test Based on P e rc e p tio n * Grune & S tr a tto n , New York, 1942* Rotter.sman, W., The Guardhouse Inm ate, War M edicine, 5*271-279, 1944. Rubin, H., The MMPI as a D iagnostic Aid in a V eterans H o sp ita l. C onsulting Psyohology, 12*251-254, 1948.

Jo u rn al o f

S a rg e n t, H*, P ro je c tiv e Methods: T h eir O rig in s, Theory, and A p p licatio n in P e rs o n a lity Researoh* Psyohologioal B u lle tin , 42*257-293, 1945* S c h a fe r, R*, The C lin io a l A p p lic atio n o f Psychological T e sts. U n iv e rs itie s P re s s, I n c ., New York, 1948*

In te rn a tio n a l

, and R apaport, D ., The S o a tte r in D iag n o stic In te llig e n c e Testing* C haracter and P e rs o n a lity Jo u rn a l, 12*275-284, 1944* Schmidt, H* 0*, Test P r o f ile s as a D iagnostic Aid* The Minnesota M ultiphasio In v e n to ry . Jo u rn a l o f Applied Psychology, 29tll& *131, 1945* , Notes on th e MMPI* lo g y , 12*337-342, 1948*

The K-Photor» Jo u rn al o f C onsulting Psyoho­

, T est P r o f ile s as a D iagnostic Aid* C lin ic a l Psychology 1*222-227, 1945* Sen, Amya, A Study o f th e Rorsohaoh T e st. Psyohology, 19*142-143.

The Rorsohaoh.

Jo u rn al o f

The B r iti s h Jo u rn al o f E duoational

- 147 -

Shakow, D ., The N ature o f D e te rio ra tio n in Sohi zophrenio C onditions* vous and M ental D isease Monograph, No. 70, 1946.

Ner­

S hipley, W. C ., A Comparison o f Two Techniques fo r M easuring I n te l l e c t u a l Impairment and D e te rio ra tio n . P syohologioal B u lle tin , 37*438-439, 1940. Solomon, J . C ., Adult C h aracter and Behavior D iso rd e rs. Psyohopatho1ogy, 9*1-58, 1948.

Jo u rn al o f C lin io a l

Stevenson, I r i s , A B ibliography o f Naval C lin io a l P sycholo^-. B u lle tin , 42*390-392, 1945.

Psyohologioal

S tr o th e r , C. A ., The Performance o f Psychopaths on th e W eohsler-B ellevue T est. Proceedings o f the Iowa Academy o f Soienoe, 51*397-4001 1944* Symonds, P ., and Krugman, A ., P ro je o tiv e Methods in th e Study o f P e rso n a lity * Rorsohaoh Researoh Exohange, 9*85-101, 1945* Thompson, G* M., MAPI C o rre la te s o f C e rta in Movement Responses in th e Group Rorsohaohs o f Two C ollege Samples* Jo u rn a l o f C onsulting Psyohology, 12*379-383, 1948. Trapp, 0. £ . , and James, &• B ., Comparative In te llig e n c e R atings in th e form Types o f Dementia Praeoox. Jo u rn a l o f Nervous and Mental D isea ses, 86* 389-404, 1937. Tulohin, S. H*, The fre-R orsohaoh Use o f th e In k -B lo t Tests* search Exohange, 4*1-7, 1940.

Rorsohaoh Re­

Van V o rst, R. B ., An E v aluation o f T est Performances o f a Group o f Psyohopathio D elinquents. Psychological B u lle tin , 40:583, 1943* W allen, R ., The Nature o f Color Shook. lo g y , 43*346-^56, 1948.

Jo u rn al o f abnormal and S o o ial Psycho­ -----

War Dept* Teohnioal B u lle tin , TB Med 203, Nomenclature and Method o f Record­ in g D iagnoses, p* 14* Watson, R. 1 ., The Use o f th e W eohsler-Bellevue Scales* Psyohologioal B u lle tin , 43(61-68, 1946. Webb, W. B ., A Note on th e Rabin R a tio . 11*107-108, 1947.

A Supplement.

Jo u rn a l o f C onsulting Psyohology,

W eohsler, D«, The Measurement o f A dult I n te llig e n c e , (T hird E d itio n ) , W illiam s and W ilkins Co*, B altim ore, Nid., 1944* W eider, A ., E ffe o ts o f Age on th e B ellevue I n te llig e n c e Soale in Schizophrenic P a tie n ts* P sy o h ia trio Q u a rte rly , 17*337-346, 1943* W ishner, J . , Rorsohaoh I n te lle c tu a l In d ic a to rs in N e u ro tic s. o f O rthopsyohiatry, 18*265-279, 1948*

American Jo u rn al

W ittenbom , J . R ., and S arason, S. B ., Exceptions to C ertain Rorsohaoh C r ite r ia o f Pathology* Jo u rn a l o f C onsulting Psychology, 1949, 13*21-27*

148 -

W rig h t, M. E ., Use o f S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd T e st i n E v a lu a tin g I n t e l l e c t u a l F u n c tio n in g o f N e u ro p s y o h ia tric P a t i e n t s . J o u rn a l o f A p p lied Psycho­ lo g y , 30: 4 5 -5 0 , 1946.

- 148 -

W rig h t, M. E ., Use o f S h ip le y -H a rtfo rd T e st i n E v a lu a tin g I n t e l l e c t u a l F u n c tio n in g o f N e u ro p s y o h ia tric P a t i e n t s . J o u rn a l o f A p p lied Psyoho­ lo g y , 30: 4 5 -6 0 , 1946.

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a

R.S.

WT.S.

INFORMATION

£

COMPREHENSION

i

• .25 6u

DIGIT SPAN

L U

ARITHMETIC SIMILARITIES

18 17 16 15 14 13 12

23 21-22 20 18-19 17

17 16 15 14

14 17 16 15 14

13 12 II 10

23-24 41-42 21-22 39-40 20 37-38 19 35-36 17-18 32-34 16

29-31

15

27-28

20+ 20 19 18 16-17

15 14

15 14

13 12

38+ 38 35-37 33-34

18 26 25 24

30-32

23 28-29 22 25-27 20-21

66-67 62-65 57-61 53-56 49-52

17 16

(VOCABULARY)

I

) (

)

VERBAL SCORE*

15 14

P. ARRANGEMENT

13 12

P. COMPLETION BLOCK DESIGN

II 10 9 a 7 6 5 4 3 2

15-16 12-13 13-14 II 12 10 o 10-11 9 8 7-8

7

6 4-5 2-3 1

5-6 4 3 2

13 12 II 10 9

8 7

0

6 5

4 3

6

0 0

8 7

5

2 1

13-14 25-26 12 22-24 II 20-21 9-10 17-19 8 15-16 7 12-14 5-6 4 3 1-2

10-11 7-9 5-6 3-4 1-2 0

12-13 II 10 9 7-8 6

23-24

19

II

20-22

10 9

18-19 16-17

18 17 16

8 7

13-15

1 +15

33-36 29-32

11-12

13

2+28

8-10

5 4

6

6-7

2-3 1

5 4

3-5 1-2

0

3 2

0

45-48 41-44 37-40

11 10 9

12 20-23 10-11 16-19 9 12-15 8 8-11 7 +7 5-6 0-3

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0

OBJECT ASSEMBLY DIGIT SYMBOL PERFORMANCE SCORE* TOTAL SCORE • P ro ra tio n is necessary if fo u r o r sin V erbal te sts a re given o r fo u r P erfom ance te sts. VERBAL SCALE

1.0.

PERFORM. SCALE

1.0.

FULL SCALE

1.0.

Clinicians who wish to draw a "psychograph" on the above ta b le may do so by connecting the appropriate raw scores; however, one must recognise the relative nreliability of these subtest scores when they are thus treated.

ST ANALYSIS AND OBSERVATIONS

opyrlght 1947, THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CORPORATION, 522 Fifth Avenue, New York 18, N. Y.

47-189 AS

INFORMATION

1.

Score

2.

COMPREHENSION

Score

SIMILARITIES

Score

(PRESIDENT) 1

BEFORE

2

THERMOMETER

3

RUBBER

4

LONDON

5

PINTS

& WEEKS 7

ITALY

8

JA P A N

9

H E IG H T

10

PLANE

" 12

PARIS

13

HEART

14

HAMLET

BRAZIL

15

PO PU LA TIO N

16

W A S H IN G T O N

17

POLE

18

EGYPT

19

H . FINN

20

VATICAN

21

KORAN

22

FAUST

23

H. CORPUS

24

ET H N O L O G Y

25

A PO C R Y P H A

ENVELOPE

2

THEATER

3

BAD C O M P A N Y

4

TAXES

5

SH O ES

6

LAND IN CITY

7

FOREST

8

LAWS

9

M A RRIA G E

10

3, DIGITS FORWARD DIGITS BACKWARD 5, 8, 2

6, 2, 9

6, 9. 4

4, I, 5

6, 4,

3,9

3, 2,

7,9

7. 2,

8,6

4, 9.

6.8

4, 2,

7,3. I

I, 5,

2, 8, &

7. 5,

8,3, 6

6, I,

8,4, 3

6, I,

9,4. 7. 3

5, 3,

9,4, I, 8

3, 9,

2. 4, 8. 7

7, 2,

4, 8. 5, 6

5, 9,

I, 7, 4. 2. 8

8, I,

2, 9, 3, 6, 5

4, I,

7,9, 3, 8, 6

4, 7,

3, 9, I, 2, 8

5, 8,

I, 9, 2, 6, 4, 7

9, 4,

3, 7, 6, 2, 5, 8

3, 8,

2, 9, 5, I. 7, 4

7, 2,

8, I, 9, 6, 5, 3

2. 7,

5, 8, 6, 2, 5, 8, 4

7, I,

3,9, 4, 2, 5, 6, 8

DEAF

5. 1

O R A N G E — B A NA N A

2

C O A T — DRESS

3

D O G — LION

4

W A G O N — BICYCLE

5

PAPER — RADIO

6

AIR — WATER

7

W O O D — ALCO H O L

8

EYE— EAR

9

E G G — SEED

ARITHMETIC

4. T 1

1

(1 5 ")

R orW SC.

T 6

RorW SC .

10

POEM — STATUE

II

PR A ISE— PU N ISH M ENT

12

FLY — TREE

(3 0 ")

2

(1 5 ")

7

(6 0 ")

3

(1 5 ")

8

(6 0 ")

4

(3 0 ")

9

(1 2 0 ")

5

(3 0 " )

!0

(1 2 0 ")

5A.

VOCABULARY

1

APPLE

2

DONKEY

3

J O IN

4

D IA M O N D

5

N U ISA N C E

6

FUR

7

C U S H IO N

8

SH ILLING

9

GAMBLE

10

B A CO N

II

NAIL

12

CEDAR

13

TINT

14

ARM O RY

15

FABLE

16

BRIM

17

G U ILLO TIN E

18

PLURAL

19

SECLUDE

20

N ITROGLYCERINE

21

STANZA

22

M IC R O SC O PE

23

VESPER

24

BELFRY

25

RECEDE

26

AFFLICTION

27

PEWTER

28

BALLAST

29

CA TA C O M B

30

SPANGLE

31

ESPIO N A G E

32

IM M INENT

33

MANTIS

34

HARA-KIRI

35

CHATTEL

36

DILATORY

37

A M A N U EN SIS

38

PROSELYTE

39

MOIETY

40

ASEPTIC

41

FLOUT

42

TRADUCE

Score

RT.

l/2 RT.

TOTAL

1V101

un

•in Vi

I 9 Z L £ 8 P 6 9 9 P L £ 8 Z 6 I

cn

cn

Z £ 9 P

cn

€ Z P 8 9 6 I 8 Z I £ 9 P 9 8 Z Z s £ 9 Z z p

Z 9 I

£ 9 P I £ Z 9 £ Z P I Z £ I Z I £ 9 £ P Z I £ I Z ajdureg



X

6

8

o 9

V z

n 9

c £

“1 P

1/1



ls a i lo a m s n o lo '01 6.

PICTURE ARRANGEMENT T

1 H O U SE

.O R D E R

PICTURE COMPLETION

7. SC.

{1*)

l N O SE

9 HAND

2 M USTA CH E

10 W ATER

2 H O L D UP | r )

3 EAR

II A R M — IM A G E

3 ELEVATOR ( l ' |

4 D IA M O N D

12 TIE

4 FLIRT

(2 'J

5 LEG

13 BASE THREAD

5 TAXI

(2 ')

6 TAIL

14 EYEBROW

6 FISH

(2 ')

7 STACKS

15 S H A D O W

...

8 KNOB

8. CARD

BLOCKS T

A C . SC.

CARD

OBJECT ASSEMBLY

9. T

OBJECTS

A C . SC.

T

1 (7 5 ")

5 (1 5 0 ")

M AN

2 (7 5 ")

5 (1 5 0 ")

PROFILE

|3 ')

7 (1 9 5 " )

HAND

(3 ')

3 (7 5 ")

(2*)

PLACE

SC O R E

4 (7 5 ")

FOR CALCULATING DETERIORATION (see Measurement of A dult Intelligence, Chapter VI) "H O L D " TESTS

Score

"D O N 'T H O LD " TESTS

IN FO R M A TIO N

D IG IT SPAN

VOCABULARY

ARITHM ETIC

P.C O M PLETIO N

BLOCK DESIGN

O B JE C T ASSEMBLY

D IG IT SYMBOL

Score

% OF LOSS (Deterioration) nU LU

SU M

.

CORRECTION SUM



DON 1 HOLD

°/ LOSS

-f

M OLD

The M innesota M ultiphasic Personality Inventory RECORDING SHEET Name__________

_

.

Date___________________

IAddress_________________

Age_____ Sex_____ Married?.

Occupation_________________________Referred by _____________ _________________

Scoter's Initials__

PROFILE CHART ?

L

K

120 | ■ I

F ~

H.

D

" I

Hy

Pd

"

M,

Pa

P,

Sc

Ma

"................................I ..

"

T "............

n o --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 0 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4)

S 7 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o

5 0 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 0 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 0 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 0 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

?

L

K

F

H,

D

Hy

+ .5 K

Standard (T) S core_____________ ________ Raw S core_____________ ________

Pd

M,

Pa

+ .4 K

P, + IK

Sc

Ma

+ IK

+ .2 K

___ ___ ___ __

___ __

__

___

__

__

__

__

___

___

___ __

K to be a d d e d

___

__

__

___

Raw Score with K

___

__

__

__

Signature-----------------------------------------------Copyright 1943 b y the University oi M innesota ’rinted in U S A.

PUBLISHED BY THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CORPOBATION. 522 FIFTH AVENUE. NEW YOHK

B*v. 1946 46-201S

A l __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5 __ 6 __ 7 __ 8 __ 9 __ 10__

B 1 __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5 __ 6 __ 7 __ 8 __ 9 __ 10__

C 1__ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5 __ 6 __ 7 __ 8 __ 9 __ 10__

D 1__ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5 __ 6 __ 7 __ 8 __ 9 __ 10__

E 1 __ 2 __ 3 _ 4 __ 5— 6 _ 7 __ 8 __ 9 __ 10 —

F 1 __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5 __ 6 __ 7 __ 8 __ 9 __ 10__

G l __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5 __ 6— 7 __ 8 __ 9 __ 10__

H 1 __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5 __ 6 __ 7 __ 8 __ 9 __ 10__

I 1 __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5 __ 6 __ 7 __ 8 __ 9 __ 10__

1 1 __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5 __ 6 __ 7 __ 8 __ 9 __ 10__

11__ 12__ 13__ 14__ 15__ 16__ 17__ 18__ 19__ 20__

11__ 12__ 13__ 14__ 15__ 16__ 17__ 18__ 19__ 20__

11__ 12__ 13__ 14__ 15__ 16__ 17__ 18__ 19__ 20__

11__ 12__ 13__ 14__ 15__ 16__ 17__ 18__ 19__ 20__

11__ 12__ 13__ 14__ 15__ 16__ 17__ 18__ 19__ 20__

11__ 12__ 13__ 14__ 15__ 16__ 17__ 18__ 19__ 20__

11__ 12__ 13__ 14__ 15__ 16__ 17__ 18__ 19__ 20__

11__ 12__ 13__ 14__ 15__ 16__ 17__ 18__ 19__ 20__

11 — 12__ 13__ 14__ 15__ 16__ 17__ 18__ 19__ 20__

11__ 12__ 13__ 14__ 15__ 16__ 17__ 18__ 19__ 20__

21__ 22__ 23__ 24__ 25__ 26__ 27__ 28__ 29__ 30__

21__ 22__ 23__ 24__ 25__ 26__ 27__ 28__ 29__ 30__

21__ 22__ 23__ 24__ 25__ 26__ 27__ 28__ 29__ 30__

21__ 22__ 23__ 24__ 25__ 26__ 27__ 28__ 29__ 30__

21__ 22__ 23__ 24__ 25__ 26__ 27__ 28__ 29__ 30__

21__ 22__ 23__ 24__ 25__ 26__ 27__ 28__ 29__ 30__

21__ 22__ 23__ 24__ 25__ 26 — 27__ 28__ 29 — 30__

21__ 22__ 23__ 24__ 25__ 26__ 27__ 28__ 29__ 30__

21__ 22__ 23__ 24__ 25__ 26__ 27__ 28__ 29__ 30__

21__ 22__ 23__ 24__ 25__ 26__ 27__ 28__ 29 — 30__

31__ 32__ 33__ 34__ 35__ 36__ 37__ 38__ 39__ 40__

31__ 32__ 33__ 34__ 35__ 36__ 37__ 38__ 39__ 40__

31__ 32__ 33__ 34__ 35__ 36__ 37__ 38__ 39__ 40__

31__ 32__ 33__ 34__ 35__ 36__ 37__ 38__ 39__ 40__

31__ 32__ 33__ 34__ 35__ 36 — 37__ 38 — 39__ 40__

31__ 32__ 33__ 34__ 35__ 36__ 37__ 38.__ 39__ 40__

31 — 32__ 33__ 34 — 35__ 3 6__ 37__ 38__ 39__ 40__

31__ 32__ 33__ 34__ 35__ 36__ 37__ 38__ 39__ 40__

31__ 32__ 33__ 34__ 35__ 36__ 37__ 38__ 39 — 40__

31__ 32__ 33__ 34__ 35__ 36__ 37__ 38__ 39__ 40__

41__ 42__ 43__ 44__ 45__ 46__ 47__ 48__ 49__ 50__

41__ 42__ 43__ 44__ 45__ 46__ 47__ 48__ 49__ 50 —

41__ 42__ 43__ 44__ 45__ 46__ 47__ 48__ 49__ 50__

41__ 42__ 43__ 44__ 45__ 46__ 47__ 48__ 49__ 50__

41__ 42__ 4 3__ 44__ 45__ 46__ 47__ 48__ 4 9__ 50__

41__ 42__ 43__ 44__ 45__ 46__ 47__ 48__ 49__ 50__

41__ 42__ 4 ?__ 44__ 45__ 46__ 47__ 48__ 49__ 50__

41__ 42__ 43__ 44__ 45__ 46__ 47__ 48__ 49__ 50__

41__ 42__ 43__ 44__ 45__ 46__ 47__ 48__ 49__ 50__

41__ 42__ 43__ 44__ 45__ 46__ 47__ 48__ 49__ 50__

51__ 52 53 54__ 55

51 52 53 54__ 55 B

51__ 52 53 54__ 55 C

51__ 52 53 54__ 55 D

51__ 52 53__ 54__ 55

51__ 52 53 54 55

51__ 52 53 54 55 G

51__ 52__ 53__ 54 55 H

51 52 53 54 55

51__ 52 53 54 55

_______ _______

_______

A



_______

_______

_______

_______ —

_______

_______ _______

_______

______

_______

E

_______ _______

_______ _______

F

_______ _______ _______ _______

_______ _______

_______ _______ _______ _______ _______

I

_______ _______

_______

_______

I

HA1 SCO] 0VVJ j ? L K



m

F

H, —

—Pc «

m

Pi —

Sc mf, M

NAM E C o m p le te th e f o llo w in g . E a c h d a sh ( _ ) ca lls f o r e ith e r a n u m b e r o r a le tte r t o b e fille d in . E v e r y lin e is a se p a r a te ite m . T a k e th e ite m s in o r d e r , b u t d o n ’t sp e n d to o m u c h tim e o n a n y o n e . sta r t h e r e (1)

1234 5_

(2)

white black short long down

(3)

AB

(4)

Z Y X ¥V U _

(0

12321

(6)

N E /SW

(7)

escape

scape

(8)

oh ho

rat tar

(9)

AZBYCXD_

BC

CD



D _

23432

34 54 3

SE/N W

E /W

4 5 6 __

N /_

c a p e ____ m o o d ______

(10)

to t to t

bard drab

(11)

mist is

wasp as

(12)

57326

73265

(13)

knit in

(14)

Scotland

(13)

surgeon 1234567

snore 1763 5 rogue

(16)

tarn tan

rat raw

(17)

tar pitch throw saloon bar rod fee tip end p l a n k __

(18)

3124

(19)

lag leg

(20)

two w four r one o three _

spud up

537 ____ ; p in t in

32657

rib rid

82

73

pen pin

26573

both to

landscape

154

tone

big bog

------------

stay

scapegoat

46



______ ee

hip -------

13_ rob ------

Copyright 1939 The Institute of Living

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY* SC H O O L OF EDUCATION

! •

l ib r a r y _ _ _

NAME In the test below, the first word in each line is printed in capital letters. Opposite it are four other words. Draw a line under the one w ord which means the same thing, or most nearly the same thing, as the first word. A sample has been worked out for you. If you don’t know, guess. Be sure to underline the one word in each line that means the same thing as the first word. sample LARGE

red

big

silent

wet

speak cu t divide sofa num ber fall young leafy sceptical book fight stir signify uninform ed vent fame associate speedy grace remade cu t heading strip fervid inform dominate fish rally dingo rigid armed supple pertain revoke building devout lentil incite desire first

sleep drive tell glass defy think dreadful hearty afraid pretender separate enchant bicker precise deaden loyalty tell low malice soiled waste ape bewilder plain delight cure atom pledge pond sparse blunt convex abuse maintain lute complaining locker placate kindness level

begin here (1 (2 (3 (4 (5 (6 (7 (8 (9 (10 (11 (12 (13 (14 (13 (16 (17 (18 (19 (20 (21 (22 (23 (24 (25 (26 (27 (28 (29 (30 (31 (32 (33 (34 (35 (36 (37 (38 (39 (40

TALK PERM IT PA R D O N COUCH REMEMBER TUMBLE H ID EO U S CO RD IA L E V ID E N T IM POSTOR M ERIT FASCINATE IN D IC A TE IG N O R A N T FO RTIFY RENOW N NARRATE MASSIVE H ILA R ITY SM IRCHED SQU A ND ER C A PTIO N FA CILITA TE JOCOSE APPRISE RU E D EN IZEN DIVEST AM ULET INEXORABLE SERRATED LISSOM MOLLIFY PLAGIARIZE O RIFICE QUERULOUS PA R IA H ABET TEM ERITY PR ISTIN E

draw allow forgive pin swim drink silvery sw ift green conductor deserve welcome defy red submerge length yield bright laughter stolen tease drum help humorous reduce eat senator dispossess charm untidy dried moldy mitigate appropriate brush maniacal outcast waken rashness vain

eat sew pound eraser recall dress tilted muddy obvious officer distrust fix excite sharp strengthen head buy large speed pointed belittle ballast tu rn paltry strew lament inhabitant intrude orphan in volatile notched loose direct intend hole curious priest ensue tim idity sound

Copyright 1939 The Institute of Living