The relationship between temperament and achievement of a selected group of John Muir College students
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERAMENT AND ACHIEVEMENT OF A SELECTED GROUP OF JOHN MUIR COLLEGE STUDENTS
A D isse r ta tio n P r e s e n t e d to t h e F a c u lt y o f th e Sch ool o f E d u c a tio n U n iv e r s i t y o f Sou th ern C a l i f o r n ia
In P a r t ia l F u lfillm e n t of
t h e R e q u ir e m e n t s f o r t h e D e g r e e D o c to r o f E d u c a tio n
hy G ordon M. S p i v e y June 1950
UMI Number: DP71277
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UMT D is se rta tio n P u b lish in g
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'so
SKo!
T h i s d is s er ta ti o n , w r i t t e n u n d e r the d ir e c t io n o f the C h a i r m a n o f the candidate's G u i d a n c e C o m m i t t e e a n d a p p r o v e d b y a l l m e m b e r s o f the C o m m i t t e e , has been p r e s e n t e d to a n d a c c e p t e d by the F a c u l t y o f the S c h o o l of E d u c a t i o n in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r the d e g r e e of D o c t o r of E d u c a t i o n . D ate
Dean Guidance Committee
Chairman
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I.
PAGE
THE PROBLEM .
.
.
.
.
.
.
S t a t e m e n t o f t h e p r o b le m
.
.
.
.
..........................
. . . . . . . . .
l
I m p o r t a n c e o f t h e p r o b le m .........................................
3
R e la te d in v e s t ig a t io n s
4
. . . . . . . . . .
S c o p e o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n ....................................
4
D a t a and m eth o d o f p r o c e d u r e
5
D e f i n i t i o n o f te r m s
. . . . . . .
. . . . .
.........................
O r g a n iz a tio n o f th e r e m a in in g c h a p t e r s IX .
1
5
. .
8
REVIEW OF THE L IT E R A T U R E ..............................................
9
M ethod o f f a c t o r a n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . .
9
The b e g i n n i n g o f t h e f a c t o r m e th o d
. . .
9
The a s s u m p t i o n s o f f a c t o r a n a l y s i s
. . .
11
. . . .
13
. . . . . . . . . .
16
. . . . . . . . . . . .
16
. . . . . . . . . . .
17
L i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e f a c t o r m eth od R e la te d in v e s t i g a t io n s F la n a g a n 1s stu d y D u r f l i n g e r 1s stu d y
T h u r s t o n e 1 s p r im a r y a b i l i t i e s ..........................
19
G u i l f o r d 1s p e r s o n a l i t y f a c t o r s
.....................
21
. . . .
21
O th e r p e r s o n a l i t y f a c t o r s t u d i e s Summary
..............................
23
iii
CHAPTER III.
PAGE .......................
25
..............................................
25
THE POPULATIONS AND MEASURES USED . I n tr o d u c tio n
The s u b j e c t s and m e a s u r e s u s e d .
.
. v. .
The s u b j e c t s o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n D e sc r ijjtio n of th e t e s t s
.
A d m in is tr a tio n o f th e t e s t s
25
. . . .
25
.........................
.
. . . . . . .
C o r r e la tio n o f th e d ata
39 39
. . .
40
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE D A T A .......................................... Type o f f a c t o r a n a l y s i s u s e d
26
.........................
Summary IV .
.
. . . . . . .
44 44
E x tr a c tio n o f th e c e n tr o id f a c t o r s
. . . .
44
R o t a t io n o f th e c e n t r o i d m a t r ic e s
. . . .
48
R e p r o d u ctio n o f o r i g i n a l c o e f f i c i e n t s of c o r r e la tio n
.
52
C o n tr ib u tio n s o f f a c t o r s to t e s t v a r ia n c e
.........................
I n te r p r e ta tio n of th e fa c t o r p a tte r n s . . . The p r o b l e m s o f i d e n t i f i c a t i o n F a c to r I (B oys) F a cto r I I F a cto r I I I
57
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
. . . . . . . . . . . .
59
(B oys)
F a c to r V (B oys)
57
. . . . .
(B oys)
F a c t o r IV ( B o y s )
53
.................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................................
62 62 65
iv CHAPTER
PAGE F a c t o r VI ( B o y s )
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
F a c to r V II (B oys)
. . . . . .
F a cto r V III
. . . . . . . . . . . .
69
............................
69
F actor I
(B oys)
(G ir ls)
F actor I I
(G ir ls )
F a cto r I I I
(G ir ls )
Summary
................................... . .
.
65
.
69
..............................................
73
. . . . . . . . . . . .
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
73
....................................
Summary o f
t h e stu d y
Summary o f
th e fin d in g s
C o n clu sio n s
.........................
.
V.
65
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
.....................
R eco m m e n d a tio n s SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
81 81 84 86 87
.........................................
89
LIST OF TABLES TABLE I.
PAGE F requency D i s t r i b u t i o n s For B oys and G ir ls U s e d i n t h e I n v e s t i g a t i o n by Age . . . . .
II.
2?
T o t a l P o s s i b l e S c o r e s a n d T im in g on SubT e s t s o f t h e P r o g r e s s i v e A c h ie v e m e n t T ests
III.
.
..............................................................
T o t a l P o s s i b l e S c o r e s and T im in g on SubT e s t s o f t h e S. R. A.
IV .
.
. . . . . . . . .
T. D.
0. R.
IX . X. X I. X II.
38
I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s Among C e r t a i n T e s t 41
I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s Among C e r t a i n T e s t V a r ia b le s fo r G ir ls
V III.
37
.....................................
V a r ia b le s f o r Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . V II.
36
T o t a l P o s s i b l e S c o r e s on S u b - T e s t s o f t h e S.
V I.
..........................................
T o t a l P o s s i b l e S c o r e s on S u b - T e s t s o f t h e K uder P r e f e r e n c e R e c o r d
V.
35
.
.
.......................................
U n ro ta ted F actor P a t te r n f o r Boys
42
. . . . .
46
U n ro ta ted F actor P a tte r n f o r G ir ls . . . . .
47
R o ta ted F a cto r P a tte r n f o r Boys
. . . . . .
50
R o ta ted F actor P a tte r n fo r G ir ls
. . . . . .
51
R e p r o d u ctio n of C e r ta in C o e f f i c i e n t s o f C o r r e l a t i o n by t h e R o t a t e d F a c t o r P a t t e r n f o r Boys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
vi TABLE X III.
PAGE R e p r o d u ctio n o f C e r ta in C o e f f i c i e n t s o f C o r r e l a t i o n By t h e R o t a t e d F a c t o r P a t t e r n f o r G i r l s ..................... .
XIV.
............................................ .
.
55
P e r c e n ta g e s o f T o ta l T est V a r ia n c e A ccou n ted f o r by t h e Communal i t y V a l u e s o f C e r t a i n R o t a t e d F a c t o r s f o r B oys and G i r l s
XV. XVI. X V II.
L o a d i n g s o f V a r i a b l e s on F a c t o r I
. . .
56
(B oys).
.
60
L o a d in g s o f V a r i a b l e s on F a c t o r I I
(B oys) .
61
L o a d in g s o f " V a r ia b le s on F a c t o r I l l
(B o y s).
63
X V III.
L o a d i n g s o f V a r i a b l e s on F a c t o r IV ( B o y s )
.
64
XIX.
L o a d i n g s o f V a r i a b l e s on F a c t o r V ( B o y s ) .
.
66
XX.
L o a d i n g s o f V a r i a b l e s on F a c t o r VI ( B o y s )
.
6?
XXI. X X II. X X III. XXIV. XXV.
L o a d in g s o f V a r i a b l e s on F a c t o r V II
(B oys)
68
L o a d in g s o f V a r i a b l e s on F a c t o r V I I I ( B o y s )
70
L o a d in g s o f V a r i a b l e s on F a c t o r I
71
(G ir ls )
L o a d in g s o f V a r i a b l e s on F a c to r I I L o a d in g s o f V a r i a b l e s on F a c t o r I I I
(G ir ls) (G ir ls )
72 74
/XXVI.
L o a d in g s o f V a r i a b l e s on F a c to r
XXVII.
L o a d in g s o f V a r i a b l e s on F a c t o r V ( G i r l s )
76
L o a d in g s o f V a r i a b l e s on F a c t o r VI ( G i r l s )
77
L o a d in g s of. V a r i a b l e s on F a c t o r V I I
78
X X V III. XXIX. XXX.
IV ( G i r l s )
(G ir ls)
L o a d in g s o f V a r i a b l e s on F a c t o r V I I I ( G i r l s )
75
79
CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM W ith t h e e x c e p t i o n o f g e n e r a l s c h o l a s t i c a p t i t u d e , >/
a c h ie v e m e n t i s p r o b e b ly t h e m ost im p o r ta n t ty p e o f a p p r a is a l f o r a g u id a n c e program .
A lth o u g h a c c u r a t e o b j e c t i v e
in f o r m a tio n i s v e r y ic p o r t a n t in a g u id a n c e program ,
it
is
o n ly p a r t o f th e p ic t u r e f o r each in d iv id u a l s tu d e n t. T e a c h e r s an d g u i d a n c e p e r s o n n e l a r e aw are t h a t te m p e r a m e n t f a c t o r s a r e f u l l y a s i m p o r t a n t i n a s t u d e n t * s a c a d e m ic an d o u t - o f - s c h o o l a d j u s t m e n t a s a r e t h e m ore e a s i l y m e a s u r e d f a c t o r s o f i n t e l l i g e n c e an d a c h i e v e m e n t . S ta tem en t o f th e p r o b le m .
The p u r p o s e o f t h i s
stu d y
w as t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n c e r t a i n s e l e c t e d f a c t o r s o f te m p e r a m e n t:
s o c ia l in tr o v e r sio n -e x tr o v e r s io n ,
th in k in g in tr o v e r s io n -e x tr o v e r s io n , d i s p o s i t i o n and r h a t h y m ia ; a c h ie v e m e n t:
d e p r e ssio n ,
and c e r t a i n
r e s i d in g v o c a b u l a r y ,
c y c lo id
se le c te d fa c to r s of
r e a d in g co m p re h e n sio n ,
m a th e m a tic a l r e a s o n in g , m a th e m a tic a l fu n d a m e n ta ls , la n g u a g e , v e r b a l,
sp ace, r e a so n in g ,
in te r e st,
num ber, w ord f l u e n c y , m e c h a n i c a l
c o ir p u ta tio n a l i n t e r e s t ,
su a siv e in t e r e s t ,
a r tistic
so c ia l
sc ie n tific
in te r e st,
se r v ic e
lite r a r y
in te r e st,
in te r e s t, per in te r e st,
and c l e r i c a l
mus
ic a l
in te r e st,
in te r
est,
o f a s e l e c t e d group o f s t u d e n t s a t J ohn Muir C o l l e g e ,
P asadena,
C a lifo r n ia .
R e l a t i o n s h i p w as o b t a i n e d by c o r
r e l a t i o n s and in d e p e n d e n t f a c t o r s th ro u g h t h e s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c ess of fa cto r- a n a ly s is . o f th is 1.
In o th e r w ords,
th e p u rp ose
s t u d y was t o a n s w e r t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s : How many i n d e p e n d e n t f a c t o r s a r e b e i n g m e a s u r e d by t h e P r o g r e s s i v e A c h ie v e m e n t l e s t , In v en to ry o f F a c to r s ,
G u ilf o r d * s
S . T . D . C . R . , P r im a r y M e n ta l
A b i l i t i e s T e s t , a n d K uder P r e f e r e n c e R ecord? 2.
I n w h ic h o f t h e t e s t s o r s u b - t e s t s a r e t h e s e f a c t o r s fo u n d ?
_
3.
To w hat e x t e n t may t h e s e f a c t o r s b e i d e n t i f i e d ?
4.
How much o f t h e v a r i a n c e i s a c c o u n t e d f o r b y t h e faeto rs?
5.
I n w h ic h o f t h e s u b - t e s t s a r e h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n s found?
6.
lh a t sex d if f e r e n c e s e x is t in th e p o p u la tio n s stu d ie d ?
?,
How a c c u r a t e l y do t h e f a c t o r p a t t e r n s r e p r o d u c e th e o r ig in a l c o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e la tio n ?
8.
To what e x t e n t do any o f t h e t e s t s o r s u b - t e s t s m ea su r e s o m e t h i n g e l s e b e t t e r t h a n t h e y m e a s u r e w hat i s c l a i m e d f o r them?
9.
l h a t may b e i n f e r r e d w i t h r e g a r d t o
th e s t a b i l i t y
or c o n s is t e n c y o f th e f a c t o r p a tte r n s?
3
I m p o r ta n c e o f t h e p r o b l e m . b ecau se:
( l ) Much c o n t r o v e r s y e x i s t s r e g a r d i n g e d u c a t i o n a l
a c h iev em en t.
P ressey has p o in te d out th a t,
school p u p ils, la te
T h is s t u d y was i m p o r t a n t
t h e r e a r e no i n t e l l e c t u a l
among p u b l i c
tr a its
a s h i g h l y w i t h s c h o l a s t i c a c h i e v e m e n t a s do t h o s e t r a i t s
m e a s u r e d by i n t e l l i g e n c e
t e s t s . ’1'
(2 ) E d u ca to rs a r e n o t
a g r e e d a s t o w hat f a c t o r s d e t e r m i n e a c h i e v e m e n t . lie v e
th at corre
They b e
t h e r e a r e f a c t o r s w h ic h h a v e a h i g h p r e d i c t i v e v a l u e ,
b u t th ey are n o t c e r ta in o f th e id e n t it y
of th ese f a c to r s .
( 3 ) The im p o r t a n c e o f tem p eram en t h a s a l r e a d y b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d . R o s a n o f f h a s made much o f t h e norm al p e r s o n a l i t y , h is lis t'w h ic h se x u a lity ,
(a)
te m p e r a m e n t a l f a c t o r
in
w h ic h f a c t o r h e p l a c e s a t t h e h e a d o f
in c lu d e s in a d d it io n ,
in te llig e n c e ,
(c)
and ( e )
s u c h m in o r compon
e n t s a s m a th e m a tic a l and m u s ic a l t a l e n t .
R osan off s t r e s s e s
m ost o f a l l
(d ) p h y s i c a l f a c t o r s ,
(b )
t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e s o - c a l l e d “n o rm a l p e r s o n
a l i t y 11 r e f l e c t s
in a m ild b u t c l e a r l y d i s c e r n i b l e f a s h i o n th e
same te m p e r a m e n ta l c o m p o n e n ts w h ic h c h a r a c t e r i z e o u t a n d out p s y c h o tic in d iv id u a ls . o f g r e a t h e lp
in e d u c a tio n .
(4 )
A c h ie v e m e n t t e s t s a r e
S c o r e s on a c h i e v e m e n t t e s t s
1 0 . R. Cham bers, “ C h a r a c t e r T r a i t T e s t s a n d t h e P r o g n o s i s o f C o l l e g e A c h i e v e m e n t , “ J o u r n a l o f Abnorm al a n d S o c ia l P sy c h o lo g y , 2 0 :3 0 3 , 1926. a lity ,
2 L. P . T h o r p e , P s y c h o l o g i c a l F o u n d a t i o n s o f P e r s o n (New Y ork : M cG ra w -H ill B ook C o . , 1 9 3 8 ) , p . 1 3 .
4 a r e e x c e l l e n t "bases f o r a tio n a l
th e p r e d i c t i o n of t h e f u t u r e educ
s u c c e s s o f i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e s u b j e c t s c o v e r e d "by
th e t e s t s ,
a f f o r d v e r y h e l p f u l c l u e s f o r p u r p o s e s o f voea.-
t i o n a l g u id a n c e,
and are s i g n i f i c a n t l y
a p t i t u d e and w i t h i n t e r e s t s . 3
c o r r e la t e d w ith
( 5 ) T h ere h a v e b e e n f e w
s t u d i e s i m p o r t e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e g a r d i n g tem p eram en t an d i t s
r e la tio n
to a c h i e v e m e n t .
(6)
A tem p era m en t p a t t e r n
e v o l v e d from s u c h a s t u d y w o u ld a i d t h e c o u n s e l o r i n p r e d i c t in g f u t u r e a c h ie v e m e n t. In sh o r t,
a stu d y i s
i t sh o u ld i n d i c a t e c l e a r l y
im p o r ta n t to
e d u c a tio n because
th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een
tem p er
am ent a n d a c h i e v e m e n t . R e la te d i n v e s t ig a t io n s . w ise
to
presen t f u l l y
In asm u ch
as i t
was deemed
th e r e l a t e d s t u d ie s t h a t have been
made a n d r e p o r t e d i n t h e a v a i l a b l e l i t e r a t u r e on t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n tem p era m en t a n d a c h i e v e m e n t ,
th ese r e la te d
in v e s t i g a t io n s are g iv e n in a se p a r a te s e c t io n o f th e stu d y, n a m e ly ,
C h a p te r I I . Scope o f th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
in v e s t ig a t io n and th u s i s
T h is i s
a sta tistic a l
o b j e c t i v e i n m e th o d .
3 A. E. T r a x l e r , T e c h n i q u e s o f G -uldance, H a r p e r and B r o t h e r s , 1 9 4 5 ) , p . 6 8 .
The s t u d y
(New Y ork:
5 i s b a s e d on t h e r e s u l t s o f a d m i n i s t e r i n g a c h i e v e m e n t , a stic
a p titu d e ,
in te r e st,
sc h o l
and tem p er a m en t t e s t s t o a s e l
e c t e d group o f John M uir C o l l e g e s t u d e n t s .
The p r o b l e m was
l i m i t e d t o t h e f o l l o w i n g s e l e c t e d f a c t o r s o f te m p er a m en t: s o c ia l in tr o v e r sio n -e x tr o v e r s io n , e x tr o v e r sio n ,
d e p r e ssio n ,
th in k in g in t r o v e r s io n -
c y c l o i d d i s p o s i t i o n an d r h a t h y m ia ;
and c e r t a i n s e l e c t e d f a c t o r s o f a c h iev em en t: u la r y ,
r e a d in g vocab
r e a d i n g c o m p r e h e n s i o n , m a t h e m a t i c a l r e a s o n i n g , m a th e
m a t ic a l fu n d a m e n ta ls, la n g u a g e ,
v e r b a l,
sp a ce, r e a so n in g ,
nu m ber, i¥ord f l u e n c y , m e c h a n i c a l i n t e r e s t , in te r e st,
sc ie n tific
in te r e s t, lite r a r y in te r e st,
c o m p u ta tio n a l
i n t e r e s t , p e r su a siv e i n t e r e s t ,
in te r e st,
m u sic a l i n t e r e s t ,
a r tistic
s o c ia l se r v ic e
and c l e r i c a l i n t e r e s t .
D a t a a n d m eth od o f p r o c e d u r e . m a k in g t h i s
The d a t a u s e d i n
stu d y w ere o b t a in e d a s a r e s u l t o f an i n v e s t i
g a t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h f o u r h u n d r e d s t u d e n t s s e l e c t e d fr o m g r a d e s t h i r t e e n a n d f o u r t e e n o f John M uir C o l l e g e .
A d e
s c r i p t i o n o f t h e t e s t s a n d t h e m eth od o f o b t a i n i n g t h e d a t a w i l l b e f o u n d i n C h a p te r I I I . D e f in it io n o f term s.
Temperament w i l l b e c o n s i d e r e d
t h e p a r t o f p e r s o n a l i t y w h ic h d e a l s w i t h c o n s i s t e n t p a t t e r n s o f e m o tio n a l l i f e .
Andrew s s t a t e s :
The ter m tem p er a m en t i s s o m e t im e s u s e d l o o s e l y a s a synonym f o r p e r s o n a l i t y . T e c h n i c a l l y s p e a k i n g , tem p e r a m e n t r e f e r s more commonly t o c e r t a i n c o n s i s t e n t
p a t t e r n s in th e a f f e c t i v e o r e m o tio n a l l i f e o f th e i n d i v i d u a l — p a t t e r n s w h ic h make f o r m e l a n c h o ly o r o p t i m i s t i c o u t l o o k , an i r r i t a b l e o r e x c e s s i v e l y m ild , way o f t a k i n g t h i n g s . I t w i l l t h u s b e s e e n t h a t tem p er a m en t i n c l u d e s l e s s t h a n p e r s o n a l i t y . ^ A c h ie v e m e n t w i l l b e d e f i n e d a s t h e p r o f i c i e n c y o f p e r f o r m a n c e w h ic h i s m e a s u r e d by a s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t .
In
t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n a c h i e v e m e n t was m e a s u r e d by t h e f o l l o w in g t e s t s : A b ilitie s
P r o g r e s s i v e A c h ie v e m e n t T e s t , P r im a r y M e n ta l T est,
a n d Kuder P r e f e r e n c e R e c o r d .
A f a c t o r w i l l b e r e g a r d e d a s o n e o f t h e c o m p o n e n ts w h o se w e i g h t e d sum p r o v i d e s an e s t i m a t e o f some v a r i a t e . ® T h i s b r i e f c o n c e p t may be e l a b o r a t e d i n s e v e r a l w a y s . A c c o r d i n g t o Greene® a f a c t o r may b e d e f i n e d a s some e l e m ent i n a t e s t w h ic h can b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d from o t h e r e l e m en ts.
B u rt^ s t a t e s
th a t w eakness in s p e l l i n g i s
not neces
s a r i l y e it h e r a cause
or an
e f f e c t o f w eakness in a r it h m e t ic .
C o n se q u e n tly ,
in fe r
t h a t b o t h a r e c o n n e c t e d th r o u g h
o n e may
some more f u n d a m e n t a l
c a u s e w h ic h may b e c a l l e d a 11common11
4 T. G. A n d rew s. M e th o d s o f P s y c h o l o g y , John W ile y & S o n s , 1 9 4 8 ; , p . 5 3 9 .
(Hew Y ork:
5 K. J . H o l z i n g e r , “F a c t o r A n a l y s i s / * E n c y c l o p e d i a o f E d u c a tio n a l R esea rch , p . 4 8 7 , 1 9 4 1 . 6 E. B. G r e e n e , M e a su r e m e n ts o f Human B e h a v i o r , (Hew Y o r k : The O d y s s e y P r e s s , 1 9 4 1 J, p . 1 3 7 . sity
7 0 . B u r t , F a c t o r s o f t h e M ind (L ondon: o f L on don P r e s s , 1 9 4 0 ) , p . 5 .
The U n i v e r
7 fa cto r.
Q
T h u r s t o n e 0 w arns a g a i n s t t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t p r i
mary m e n t a l a b i l i t i e s a r e e l e m e n t a l o r i n d i v i s i b l e . fe e ls
He
t h a t f a c t o r s may b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s f u n c t i o n a l u n i t i e s
w h ic h a r e s t r o n g l y p r e s e n t i n some t e s t s p le te ly
and a l m o s t com
absen t in o th ers. F a c to r a n a l y s i s w i l l be c o n s id e r e d to r e f e r
to
T h u r s t o n e 1 s c e n t r o i d m e th o d i n t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e d a t e o f th is
stu d y .
A cco rd in g to H o iz in g e r :
F a c t o r a n a l y s i s i s a s t a t i s t i c a l m eth o d b y m eans o f w h ic h a g r o u p o f i n d i v i d u a l s , i n i t i a l l y d e s c r i b e d b y many v a r i a b l e s , may b e more s i m p l y d e s c r i b e d by a s m a l l number o f u n d e r l y i n g e l e m e n t s o r f a c t o r s . The p u r p o s e o f s u c h a n a l y s i s i s som ewhat s i m i l a r t o t h a t i n c h e m i s t r y w h er e com pounds a r e a n a l y z e d i n t o b a s i c e le m e n ts. The e v i d e n c e f o r p o s t u l a t i n g f a c t o r s i s fou n d in th e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s o f th e d e s c r i p t i v e var ia b le s. T h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s may u s u a l l y b e g r o u p e d i n s u c h a way t h a t f a c t o r s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e g r o u p s b ecom e t h e b a s i c e l e m e n t s o f d e s c r i p t i o n * 0 F a c t o r l o a d i n g s a r e c o e f f i c i e n t s m e a s u r in g t h e amount o f r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e e m p i r i c a l t e s t s on o n e h a n d and t h e h y p o t h e t i c a l f a c t o r s on t h e o t h e r . 1 0 F a c to r ia l
s ta b ility
is
d e ter m in e d by th e c o n s is t e n c y
0 L . L . T h u r s t o n e and T. G-. T h u r s t o n e , “F a c t o r i a l S t u d i e s o f I n t e l l i g e n c e , “ P s y c h o m e t r i c M onograph, I I , 1 9 4 1 { C h ic a g o : The U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o t r e s s ) 7 P • 9 . 0 H o lz in g e r , l o c . c i t . 1 0 L . L . T h u r s t o n e , The S e c t o r s o f Mind ( C h ic a g o : U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o P r e s s , 1 9 3 4 ) , p . 6 .
8 o f appearance o f
t h e m a jo r i n d e p e n d e n t f a c t o r s f r o m grou p
to group. 0 . R .A .
is
th e a b b r e v ia tio n f o r
. T h u r s t o n e 1 s P r im a r y M e n ta l A b i l i t i e s S .T . D . G . R . i s
t h e s h o r t form o f
T est.
the a b b r e v ia tio n f o r G u ilfo r d 1s
I n v e n t o r y o f F a c t o r s S. T .D .C .R . O r g a n iz a tio n o f s t a n d in g o f th e p la n o f
th e r em a in in g c h a p t e r s .
An u n d e r
t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n may b e g a i n e d fro m
a p r e v ie w o f t o p i c s d is c u s s e d i n su c c e e d in g c h a p te r s . R e la te d i n v e s t i g a t io n s
d e a l i n g w i t h tem p eram en t a n d
a c h i e v e m e n t a r e p r e s e n t e d i n C h a p te r I I ,
R e la te d I n v e s t i
g a tio n s. I n G h a p te r I I I ,
The P o p u l a t i o n s a n d M e a s u r e s U s e d ,
may b e fo u n d a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e t e s t s , and th e
th e p o p u la tio n s ,
m eth od o f o b t a i n i n g t h e d a t a . The a n a l y s i s o f
t h e d a t a and t h e r e s u l t s o f
su ch
a n a l y s i s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n G h a p te r IV , F a c t o r A n a l y s i s o f th e D ata. The c o n c l u d i n g c h a p t e r o f t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n , G h a p te r V, Summary and C o n c l u s i o n s , an d c o n c l u s i o n s ,
su m m a r iz e s t h e f i n d i n g s
and m akes r e c o m m e n d a t io n s f o r f u r t h e r
In t h e s p e c i f i c a r e a c o v e r e d by t h i s
in v e stig a tio n .
stu d y
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE I.
METHOD OF FACTOR ANALYSIS
The b e g i n n i n g o f t h e f a c t o r m e t h o d .
C h a rle s P .
Spearm an, a p s y c h o l o g i s t a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f L on d on ,
in
1 9 0 4 o b s e r v e d s t a t i s t i c a l a c t i v i t y w h ic h h a s r e s u l t e d i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e f a c t o r m eth o d .
S p e a r m a n ,! w o r k in g
on t h e s y s t e m o f c o r r e l a t i o n p r o p o s e d by G-alton and e l a b o r a t e d by P e a r s o n , f o u n d a h i e r a r c h y among i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e ffic ie n ts
in b a t t e r ie s o f
in te llig e n c e
tests.
He s t a t e d
t h a t t h i s h i e r a r c h i c a l o r d e r was e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e p r e s e n c e o f an a p p a r e n t l y c o n s t a n t r a t i o ie n ts
of c o r r e la tio n c o e f f ic
i n an i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n t a b l e w h ic h h a d b e e n r e a r r a n g e d
so t h a t t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s r a n k e d from h i g h t o low*
T h is
t e n d e n c y t o h i e r a r c h i c a l o r d e r was e x p l a i n e d by Spearman b y t h e t h e o r y t h a t a l l t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s w e re d u e t o o n e f a c t o r o n ly , p r e se n t in every te st>
but p r e se n t in th e la r g
e s t am ount i n t h e t e s t a t t h e h e a d o f t h e h i e r a r c h y .
T h is
f a c t o r i s h i s fa m o u s “g" to w h ic h h e g a v e o n l y t h i s a l g e b r a i c name t o e l i m i n a t e any s u g g e s t i o n a s t o
A b ility ,
its
n a tu re.
1 0 . H. Thomson, H ie F a c t o r i a l A n a l y s i s o f Human ■ (New Y o r k : H ough ton M i f f l i n Company, 1 9 3 9 7 , p . 5.
10
F i n a l l y , h e c o n c l u d e d t h a t a s e c o n d f a c t o r was p r e s e n t i n e a c h t e s t i n s u c h a m anner a s n o t t o b e f o u n d e l s e w h e r e e x c e p t i n v e r y s i m i l a r v a r i e t i e s o f t h e same t e s t . T h i s was t h e o r i g i n o f t h e fa m o u s Spearman t w o - f a c t o r th eo ry . Thomson, Brown, B u r t , K e l l e y , H o ta lin g ,
T h u rston e, H o iz in g e r ,
a n d Try on f o l l o w e d Spearman and h e l p e d t o c l a r i
f y an d d e v e lo p
tec h n iq u es of f a c t o r a n a l y s is .
A c co r d in g
t o F la n a g a n : W ith r e g a r d t o t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f f a c t o r a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e s , we may d i s t i n g u i s h t h r e e g r o u p s who h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d i n d i f f e r e n t w ays t o t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e p r o b le m s i n v o l v e d . The f i r s t g ro u p i s com p o s e d o f men s u c h a s Spearman and , m ore r e c e n t l y , K e l l e y , who may b e r e g a r d e d a s t h e “p a t h b r e a k e r s . rl T h e s e men h a v e p o i n t e d t h e way, s e t up t h e t h e o r i e s , and s t im u la t e d i n t e r e s t in th e p r o b le m s. A second g r o u p i s c o m p o se d o f men s u c h a s Thomson an d T ry o n , who m ig h t b e te r m e d Bo p p o n e n ts* 1 o r , p e r h a p s b e t t e r , c r i t i c s o f t h e t h e o r i e s d e v e l o p e d by t h e s e p i o n e e r s . T h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n s h a v e t a k e n t h e form o f a m ore r ig o r o u s s ta te m e n t of th e i s s u e s and h ave a l s o stim u l a t e d t h o s e b e i n g c r i t i c i z e d t o a t t e m p t m ore t h o r o u g h e : x p e r im e n ta l i n v e s t i g a t i o n . The t h i r d g r o u p w h ic h h a s made s u b s t a n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o f a c t o r a n a l y s i s m e th o d s i s c o m p r i s e d o f men i n t h e f i e l d s o f a p p l ie d m a th e m a tic s , su ch a s W ils o n , G a r n e tt, H o t e l l i n g , P i a g g i o , and I r w i n . By p r o v i d i n g s o l u t i o n s f o r many o f t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l p r o b l e m s i n v o l v e d and p o i n t i n g o u t l i m i t a t i o n s i n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s im p o s e d by c e r t a i n m a t h e m a t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , t h e s e men h a v e a i d e d m a t e r i a l l y i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f te c h n iq u e s .2
^ J. P e r so n a lity , p. 77.
G. F l a n a g a n , F a c t o r A n a l y s i s i n t h e S tu d y o f (P a lo A lt o : S ta n fo rd U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1935)
11 The a s s u m p t i o n s o f f a c t o r a n a l y s i s ,
W o lfle 5
p o i n t s o u t t h a t a l l f a c t o r i a l m e th o d s a g r e e on t h e f o l l o w i n g a ss u m p tio n s:
(l)
t h a t p e r f o r m a n c e i n any f i e l d
n e i t h e r upon o n e u n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d a b i l i t y p le te ly
depends
n o r upon a com-
c h a o t ic c o n g lo m e r a tio n o f s e p a r a t e a b i l i t i e s b u t
r a t h e r upon f u n c t i o n a l o r o p e r a t i o n a l u n i t s ,
(2 ) t h a t t e s t s
may d i f f e r a s t o t h e i r f a c t o r num bers o r l o a d i n g s o r b o t h — th e d e sir a b le one t e s t ,
s i t u a t i o n b e i n g a s m a l l f a c t o r number f o r any
( 3 ) t h a t when f a c t o r s a r e u n c o r r e l a t e d ,
r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n a n y two t e s t s
th e cor
e q u a l s t h e sum o f t h e p r o
d u c t s o f t h e w e i g h t s o f t h o s e f a c t o r s w h ic h a r e common t o t h e two t e s t s ,
(4 ) t h a t the a b i l i t i e s
c o m b in e by a d d i t i o n t o
d e t e r m in e
f o r th e p erfo rm a n ce o f th e t a s k , possesses
in v o lv e d in a ta sk
th e d eg ree o f e x c e lle n c e (5 ) th a t ev ery s u b j e c t
e v e r y f a c t o r a l t h o u g h t h i s w o u ld n o t a f f e c t t h e
a n a ly s is very s e r io u s ly ,
(6 ) t h a t s in c e th e f a c t o r s c o r e s
may b e e i t h e r p o s i t i v e o r n e g a t i v e ,
t h e y may b e a s s u m e d t o
i n d i c a t e e i t h e r a g r e a t d e a l o f a f a c t o r or a l i t t l e M ill,
i n h i s S y ste m o f L o g i c ,
of it.
s t a t e d ' th e f u n d a m e n t a l
a ssu m p tio n u n d e r ly in g a l l c o r r e l a t i o n a l a n a l y s i s .
Fie
^ D a e l T f o l f l e , “F a c t o r A n a l y s i s to 1 9 4 0 , “ P s y c h o m e t r i c M onograph, I I I , 1 9 4 1 ( G h ic a g o : U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o P r e s s ) ” p . 1 .
12
says: W h a te v er phenom enon v a r i e s i n any m anner w h e n e v e r a n o t h e r ph en om en on v a r i e s i n some p a r t i c u l a r m anner i s e i t h e r a c a u s e o r an e f f e c t o f t h a t p h en om en on , o r i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h i t t h r o u g h some f a c t o f c a u s a tio n .4 A c c o r d in g to T h u rsto n e5 f a c t o r a n a l y s i s assum es th a t a v a r i e t y o f p h en om en a w i t h i n a s t a t e d a r e a a r e r e l a t e d and t h a t t h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d b y a c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l number o f fu n c tio n a l u n i t ie s or f a c t o r s . ia l
s t u d ie s o f m e n ta lity
He c o n c l u d e s t h a t i n f a c t o r
t h e a s s u m p t io n c a n b e made t h a t t h e
m in d i s n o t a p a t t e r n l e s s m o s a i c o f a n i n f i n i t e number o f e l e m e n t s w i t h o u t f u n c t i o n a l g r o u p i n g s b u t t h a t somehow t h e m in d i s
stru ctu red . T h u rsto n e5 s t a t e s
th a t th e e n t ir e f a c t o r
th eo ry r e s t s
on t h e a s s u m p t io n t h a t t h e t e s t s c o r e c a n b e r e g a r d e d a s a l i n e a r co m b in a tio n o f h y p o t h e t ic a l f a c t o r s c o r e s . t i o n he s t a t e s
th a t th ree f a c t o r s o f
a s e p a r a te n a tu re are
in v o lv e d in th e v a r ia n c e of ea ch t e s t : an y a b i l i t y w h ic h i s tests
in a b a t t e r y ,
In a d d i
(l)
a common f a c t o r —
c a l l e d f o r by more t h a n o n e o f t h e n ( 2 ) a s p e c i f i c f a c t o r — any a b i l i t y
4 J . S. M i l l , A S y s te m o f L o g i c , m i l l a n a n d Company, 1 8 9 3 ) , p . 8 *
III
c a lle d
(L ondon: Mac
5 L. L. T h u r s t o n e , M u l t i p i e F a c t o r A n a l y s i s U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o P r e s s , 1 9 4 7 ) , ' p . 5 6 .
( C h ic a g o :
6 L. L. T h u r s t o n e , “C u r r e n t I s s u e s i n F a c t o r A n a l y s i s , “ P s y c h o l o g i c a l B u l l e t i n , XXXVT! ( 1 9 4 0 ) , p . 2 1 9 .
13 f o r by o n l y one o f n t e s t s ,
and ( 3 ) an e r r o r f a c t o r — a
v a r i a b l e chanc e e r r o r w h ic h i s p a r t o f t h e t o t a l v a r i a n c e o f a test* rt
The f o l l o w i n g a s s u m p t i o n s s t a t e d b y T h u r s t o n e
in
d e f e n s e o f t h e f a c t o r m e th o d w e r e u s e d i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a tio n ;
(l)
t h e number o f b a s i c f a c t o r s m u st b e s m a l l e r t h a n
t h e number o f t e s t s ,
(2 )
th e d ia g o n a ls o f th e ^ c o r r e la tio n
m a t r i x m u st b e r e g a r d e d a s unknown, r o ta te d in to
sim p le c o n f i g u r a t io n ,
o v e r d e t e r m i n e d by a p p e a r a n c e i n
(3)
t h e a x e s m u st b e
( 4 ) e a c h f a c t o r m u st b e
several te s ts ,
(5) th e t e s t s
sh o u ld have a sim p le f a c t o r i a l c o m p o sitio n . L im it a t i o n s o f t h e f a c t o r m eth od *
G re en e s t a t e s
t h e l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e m a jo r a s s u m p t i o n s o f f a c t o r a n a l y s i s as fo llo w s: 1. A l l t h e s c o r e s o n a g i v e n t e s t r e p r e s e n t t h e same fa cto rs. T h is a ssu m p tio n i s n o t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f a l a r g e number o f t e s t s w h e r e t h e same s c o r e s r e p r e s e n t d iffe r e n t a b ilit y p a tte r n s, but i t i s r e p r e se n ta tiv e of c a r e fu lly c o n tr o lle d situ a tio n s* U n l e s s one i s s u r e t h a t a p a r t i c u l a r s c o r e r e p r e s e n t s t h e same p a t t e r n in a l l p e r s o n s a t a l l t im e s , t h e c o m p a riso n s a r e in c o n c lu siv e . T h ere i s no a b s o l u t e c r i t e r i o n t o w h ic h o n e can a p p e a l . H er e, a s i n a l l o t h e r s c i e n c e s , o n e m u st r e ly " u p on t h e a g r e e m e n t Of o b s e r v e r s who a r e c o n s i d e r e d to b e c o m p e t e n t . 2* A h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n two t e s t s i n d i c a t e s s im ila r p r o c e s s e s in b oth t e s t s . T h i s a s s u m p t io n
^ L. L . T h u r s t o n e , nC u r r e n t M is u s e o f t h e F a c t o r i a l M e t h o d s , P sy c h o m e tr ik a , I I (1937) p . 73.
14 i s a l s o l i k e l y t o b e f a l s e i n many t e s t s i t u a t i o n s , A h ig h , c o r r e l a t i o n s i m p l y i n d i c a t e s t h a t a l l p e r s o n s h a v e th e same r e l a t i v e p l a c e i n e a c h t e s t d i s t r i b u tio n . I t d o e s n o t show w h a t f a c t o r s h a v e c a u s e d them to ta k e t h e s e p o s i t i o n s in th e group. O nly i n c a r e f u l l y c o n t r o l l e d s i t u a t i o n s may o n e make t h i s assum p tio n .Q F a c t o r a n a l y s i s h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d on t h e b a s i s o f c e r t a i n a ss u m p tio n s and d e s ig n e d to a c h ie v e c e r t a i n o b j e c t iv e s.
I f p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y m e a n i n g f u l r e s u l t s a r e to b e ob
ta in e d s t a t i s t i c a l p r e c a u tio n s sta tistic a l
sh o u ld be f o l lo w e d .
If
sh o r tc o m in g s a r e fo u n d in a stu d y t h e r e s u l t s
a r e m e a n i n g l e s s a n d t h e m e th o d may a l s o b e condem ned. More i m p o r t a n t t h a n s u c h t e c h n i c a l f l a w s a r e c e r t a i n l i m i t a t i o n s w h ic h h a v e b e e n m o s t a d e q u a t e l y d i s c u s s e d by Q
Thom son. is
.
#
( l ) The f a c t o r a l
o n ly one o f
so lu tio n i s
se v e r a l e q u a lly p o s s ib le
s e ld o m u n i q u e ; so lu tio n s.
In th e
r a r e c a s e s i n w h ic h S p e a r m a n 's s i m p l e t w o - f a c t o r i s a u n iq u e s o l u t i o n
i s a c h ie v e d .
stru ctu re i s p o s s ib le , u n iq u e n e ss.
it
ad eq u ate
When r o t a t i o n t o a s i m p l e
th e T h urston e s o l u t i o n a p p r o a c h e s
( 2 ) A w e a k n e s s a p p e a r s w h e n e v e r one w i s h e s to
d e t e r m i n e an i n d i v i d u a l s c o r e o n a g i v e n f a c t o r . s c o r e s can o n l y b e e s t i m a t e d ,
T h e se
and th e e s t i m a t e s h ave
® E. B. G-reene , M e a su r e m e n ts o f Human B e h a v i o r (New Y ork: The O d y s s e y P r e s s , 1 9 4 1 ) , p . 1 3 6 . A b ility
9 G-. H. Thomson, The F a c t o r i a l A n a l y s i s o f Human (B o sto n : H o u g h to n M i f f l i n Company, 1 9 3 9 7 7
15 unknown p r o b a b l y of
errors.
( 3 ) F a c t o r s d e p e n d upon t h e sa m p le
th e p o p u la tio n stu d ie d .
The f a c t o r p a t t e r n f o u n d by a n a l y
z i n g a g i v e n sa m p le w i l l r a r e l y b e t h e same a s
t h a t w h ic h
w o u ld h a v e b e e n f o u n d h a d t h e e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n b e e n s t u d i e d . The d i f f e r e n c e r e s u l t s fr o m t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s a n p l e i s u s u a l ly
m ore h o m o g e n e o u s w i t h r e s p e c t t o one o r more t r a i t s
th e t o t a l p o p u la tio n .
th an i s
T h is d i f f e r e n c e i n h o m o g e n e ity w i l l
c h a n g e th e f a c t o r l o a d i n g s a n d may i n t r o d u c e new f a c t o r s . H o i z i n g e r a n d S w in e f o r d 1 0 h a v e p r e s e n t e d d a t a s u p p o r t i n g Thomson1 s t h i r d l i m i t a t i o n .
They g a v e t h e same t e s t s
t o s e v e n t h a n d e i g h t h g r a d e p u p i l s fr o m two s c h o o l s .
The
g ro u p s d i f f e r e d i n s o c io e c o n o m ic b ackgroun d and i n i n t e l l i gence.
The e s t i m a t e d I .
Q. a v e r a g e s w e r e 9 4 and 1 0 0 r e s p e c t
iv e ly .
I d e n t i c a l b i - f a c t o r p a t t e r n s w e r e f o u n d f o r t h e two
g r o u p s , b u t t h e f a c t o r w e i g h t s w e r e n o t a l w a y s t h e sam e.
The
f a c t o r w e i g h t s t e n d e d t o b e l o w e r f o r t h e grou p w h ic h was m ore h o m o g e n e o u s w i t h r e s p e c t to t h a t f a c t o r . One o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r s who w a rn s a g a i n s t t h e t e n dency to r eg a r d th e f a c t o r
s o l u t i o n a s m a th e m a tic a lly r i g i d 11 a n d im m u ta b ly f i x e d f o r a l l t i m e , i s V e r n o n . He p r e s e n t s
1 0 K. J . H o l z i n g e r and F . A. S w i n e f o r d , “A S tu d y i n F a cto r A n a ly sis: th e S t a b i li t y of a B i- f a c t o r S o lu t io n ," S u p p ie m e n t a r y E d u c a t i o n M on ograp h , No. 4 8 ( C h ic a g o : U n iv e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o P r e s s , 1 9 3 9 )7 (L o n d o n :
E. V e r n o n , The M easu rem en t o f A b i l i t i e s The U n i v e r s i t y o f L on don P r e s s , 1 9 4 0 ) , p . 1 6 0 .
16 th e c o n v ic t io n fo r lie s
th a t f a c to r s c o n s is t p r im a r ily o f c a te g o r ie s
c l a s s i f y i n g m en tal t e s t s and e x a m in a tio n s ;
t h e ir v a lu e
i n t h e m anner i n w h ic h t h e y e x p l a i n w h at o v e r l a p s o r
c o r r e l a t e s w i t h w h a t. II.
BELATED INVESTIGATIONS
F la n a g a n 1s s t u d y .
H ie a n a l y s i s o f t h r e e s e t s o f 12 d a t a was c o n d u c t e d by F la n a g a n a t S tan ford U n iv e r sity . The f i r s t
in v e stig a tio n
i n v o l v e d t h e m arks r e c e i v e d
i n f o u r t e e n c o u r s e s by 4 9 ? c a d e t s o f t h e c l a s s e s o f 1 9 2 9 a n d 1 9 3 0 a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s M i l i t a r y A cadem y.
A la r g e
common f a c t o r w as f o u n d a n d l a b e l e d “ g e n e r a l a c h i e v e m e n t . 11 T h i s f a c t o r was a c o m b i n a t i o n o f many c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s u c h a s te m p e r a m e n t,
in te r e st,
perseveran ce,
in te llig e n c e ,
etc.
A s e c o n d f a c t o r p r o b a b l y i n v o l v i n g a c o m b i n a t i o n o f n u m e r i cal a b ility ,
verbal a b ility ,
A th ir d fa c to r
and s p a t i a l a b i l i t y
was f o u n d .
s e e m e d t o b e c a u s e d by n u m erous a g e n c i e s w h ic h
t e n d e d t o make th e g r a d e s i n one y e a r a g r e e b e t t e r w i t h e a c h o th e r th an t h o s e i n d i f f e r e n t y e a r s . The s e c o n d i n v e s t i g a t i o n c o n s i s t e d o f 1 , 0 4 6 c o l l e g e so p h o m o r es a t B u c k n e l l .
A group o f a c h ie v e m e n t t e s t s u s e d
J . 0 . F l a n a g a n , F a c t o r A n a l y s i s i n t h e S tu d y o f P e r s o n a l i t y (P a lo A lt o ; S tan ford U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1 9 3 5 '), p . 7 6 .
17
b y t h e C a r n e g i e F o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e A d v an cem en t o f was a d m i n i s t e r e d t o t h e s t u d e n t s .
T e a c h in g
The a c h i e v e m e n t t e s t s
r e p r e s e n t e d a r a t h e r co m p r e h e n siv e su rv ey o f g e n e r a l c u l tu re,
sc ie n c e ,
E n g lish ,
w ere t e n t a t i v e l y a b ility ,
a n d m a t h e m a t ic s *
T h ree f a c t o r s
id e n t if ie d as verb al f a c i l i t y ,
n u m er ica l
and r e t e n t i o n o f p r a c t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n . The t h i r d i n v e s t i g a t i o n a n a l y z e d t h e s c o r e s on t h e
fo u r s c a le s o f th e B ern reu ter P e r s o n a lity t a in e d by 305 e le v e n t h - g r a d e b o y s. ed fo r
i n term s o f two f a c t o r s .
In ven to ry ,
ob
The r e s u l t s w e r e a c c o u n t
The f i r s t f a c t o r i s
s i m i l a r to th e t r a i t m easured by th e t e s t s
very
o f N e u r o t i c Ten
d e n c y a n d I n t r o v e r s i o n - E x t r o v e r s i o n a n d h a s b e e n te r m e d “s e lf-c o n fid e n c e .“
The s e c o n d f a c t o r h a s m o st i n common
w ith B e r n r e u te r * s S e l f - S u f f i c i e n c y and,
r e v e r sin g th e
sig n ,
h a s been d e sig n a te d “s o c i a b i l i t y , H in d ic a tin g th e o p p o site o f n o n - s o c i a b i l i t y o r in d e p e n d e n c e . b u r f1 i n g e r *s s t u d y .
13
The s t u d y i n v o l v e d 2 1 3 women
a n d 1 0 8 men a t t h e f r e s h m a n l e v e l a t t h e N e b r a s k a S t a t e T eachers C o lle g e . on s e v e n v a r i a b l e s :
S c o r e s w ere o b ta in e d f o r (l)
fir st
th ese stu d en ts
sem ester grade p o in t average,
■^G-. W. b u r f l i n g e r , “ S c h o l a s t i c P r e d i c t i o n i n a T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e , M J o u r n a l o f E x p e r i m e n t a l E d u c a t i o n , XI (1 9 4 3 ), p. 258.
18 (2 )
in te llig e n c e
T est,
( 5 ) m u sic
test,
(3 ) a c h iev e m en t t e s t ,
test,
(4 ) E n g lis h
(6 ) B e r n r e u te r p e r s o n a l i t y
test,
and
( ? ) p e r s o n a l d a ta * P a r t i a l and m u ltip le c o r r e la t io n s w e r e c o m p u ted f o r t h e s u b j e c t s .
and f a c t o r a n a l y s e s
T h u r s t o n e ' s c e n t r o i d m eth od
o f f a c t o r a n a l y s i s p r o d u c e d t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r p a t te r n s :-* -^ Men .a b le
1 2
3 4 5 6
^2
h
X X X X X X
X X X X
Women *3
h
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
F a c t o r 1 was l a b e l e d a g e n e r a l f a c t o r , fa cto r,
and f a c t o r
k2
X X X
i
X X X X X X
f a c t o r 2 a grou p
3 a s p e c i f i c i t y f a c t o r by b u r f l i n g e r .
A fte r o b ser v in g
th e u s e o f c o l l e g e g r a d e s i n th e
c o r r e l a t i o n a l m a trix D u r flin g e r s t a t e s : The s i z e o f t h e c o m m u n a lity d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e f a c t t h a t th e c r i t e r i o n o f c o l l e g e s u c c e s s i s l e s s th an h a l f m e a s u r e d by th e t e s t b a t t e r y . I n o t h e r w ord s th e f a c t o r s b r o u g h t o u t by t h e s e t e s t s a s common t o them a n d c o l l e g e s c h o l a r s h i p a r e n o t a s l a r g e a s t h e u n iq u e o r s t i l l u n m e a s u r e d f a c t o r i n s c h o l a r s h i p . T h is may mean . . . th e' p r o f e s s o r s g r a d e t h e i r s t u d e n t s n o t o n l y upon a c h i e v e m e n t p a s t a n d p r e s e n t , o r d em o n stra ted and s u s p e c t e d i n t e l l i g e n c e , b u t a l s o to
^ * £ b id . , p.
2 62
19 a c o n s i d e r a b l e e x t e n t t h e y g r a d e them upon p o t e n t i a l t e a c h i n g s u c c e s s a s t h e p r o f e s s o r s s u b j e c t i v e l y m eas u r e i t . - 1-5 He d i s c o v e r e d ,
a lso ,
and a c h iev e m en t t e s t s
t h a t fresh m an g r a d e s ,
c o n t a i n a l l t h e f a c t o r s c o n t a i n e d by
th e o th e r fo u r v a r ia b le s .
He c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e s e f o u r
v a r i a b l e s w ere n o t e f f e c t i v e
sc h o la r sh ip p r e d ic t o r s ,
T h u r s t o n e s 1 p r im a r y a b i l i t i e s .
The m o st e x t e n s i v e
i n v e s t i g a t io n s in th e a r ea o f i n t e l l i g e n c e , fa c to r a n a ly s is , T h u rston e,
th e E n g lis h ,
w h ic h em p loy
h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d on by L . L.
T h e T h urston es*
a n d T* G-.
a ttem p t to a n a ly z e b e h a v io r
i n t o p r im a r y a b i l i t i e s r e s u l t e d i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a new type o f
t e s t o f m en tal a b i l i t y .
The P r im a r y M e n ta l A b i l i t i e s
T e s t c o n s i s t s o f s i x t e e n t e s t s and r e q u i r e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y th r e e hou rs to a d m in iste r .
The p r im a r y a b i l i t i e s
p e r c e p tio n ,
s p a c e , memory,
num ber, v e r b a l ,
are c a lle d
in d u c tio n ,
and
r ea so n in g . T h e s e f a c t o r s a r e d e s c r i b e d by t h e T h u r s t o n e s 1 ^ i n th e f o llo w in g sta tem en ts:
1 5 I M S * * P* 262 L . L. Thur s t o n e and T. G*. Thur s t o n e , " P rim a ry Men t a l A b i l i t i e s / 1 P s y c h o m e t r i c M onograph, I , 1 9 3 8 (C h i c a g o : U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o P r e s s ) ’. “F a c t o r i a l S t u d i e s o f I n t e l l i g e n c e / 1 P s y c h o m e t r i c M onograph, I x ( 1 9 4 1 ) p . Z f f .
20 Tiie v e r b a l f a c t o r V i s one o f t h e c l e a r e s t o f t h e p r im a r y m e n t a l a b i l i t i e s . I t can be e x p e c te d i n any o f th e t e s t s i n v o l v i n g v e r b a l c o m p reh en sio n , f o r e x a m p le t e s t s o f v o c a b u l a r y , o p p o s i t e s a n d sy n o n y m s, c o m p l e t i o n t e s t s , .and t h e v a r i o u s r e a d i n g - c o m p r e h e n sio n t e s t s . I t i s a l s o i n v o l v e d i n s u c h v e r b ~ a l-c o m p r e h e n s i o n t e s t s a s a d v e r b s , a b s u r d i t i e s , a n d t o some e x t e n t , i n s y l l o g i s t i c t e s t s and i n s t a t e m e n t p r o b le m s i n a r i t h m e t i c w h er e v e r b a l c o m p r e h e n s io n i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y in v o lv e d . I t i s n o t r e s t r i c t e d t o m ere flu e n c y w ith w ords. I t r e f l e c t s an a b i l i t y t o d e a l r e a d i l y and q u i c k l y w i t h v e r b a l m a t e r i a l . T h o se who e x c e l l in t h i s f a c t o r a r e p ro b a b ly v e r b a lly -m in d e d in t h e i r t h i n k i n g a n d p r o b le m s o l v i n g . F a ctor I . The t e s t s w h ic h r e q u i r e t h i s f a c t o r demand t h a t th e s u b j e c t d i s c o v e r some r u l e o r p r i n c i p l e in th e m a te r ia l of th e t e s t . The f a c t o r d o e s n o t seem t o b e r e s t r i c t e d t o m a t e r i a l w h ic h i s p r i m a r i l y n u m e r ic a l, p r im a r ily v i s u a l , or p r im a r ily v e r b a l, t y p e s w h ic h a r e a l l r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e t e s t s f o r t h i s fa cto r. The a b i l i t y t o d i s c o v e r a r u l e o r p r i n c i p l e i n th e s o l u t i o n o f a p ro b le m i s u s u a l l y c a l l e d in d u c tio n . P e o p l e d i f f e r m a r k e d ly i n t h e k i n d o f r e s o u r c e f u l n e s s t h a t i s in v o lv e d i n i n d u c t iv e t h in k in g , and t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t the f a c t o r I i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s k i n d o f a b i l i t y se em s p l a u s i b l e . F a c t o r D. The d e d u c t i v e f a c t o r i s s t i l l o n l y te n ta tiv e ly id e n tifie d . I t i s a f a c t o r w h ic h i s p r e s e n t i n s y l l o g i s t i c r e a s o n i n g a n d a l s o i n some o t h e r tests. I t i s one o f s e v e r a l f a c t o r s t h a t may b e i n v o lv e d in r e s t r i c t i v e th in k in g . In a g e n e r a l d e s c r i p t io n , t h e f a c t o r se em s t o r e p r e s e n t f a c i l i t y i n f o r m a l r e a so n in g . F a c t o r N. T h is i s one; o f t h e c l e a r e s t f a c t o r s th a t has been is o la t e d . I t c o n s i s t s o f f a c i l i t y w ith s i m p l e n u m e r i c a l work a n d i s b e s t r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e t e s t s o f r a p id c a lc u la t io n . I t i s o f s e c o n d a r y im p o r t a n c e i n a r i t h m e t i c a l r e a s o n i n g and i n d e c i p h e r i n g n u m er ica l co d e. F a c t o r M. The n a t u r e o f t h i s f a c t o r was i d e n t i f i e d by th e f a c t t h a t a l l o f t h e t e s t s w h ic h r e q u i r e i t a r e t e s t s o f m e m o r iz in g . The a p p e a r a n c e o f su c h a f a c t o r seem s t o g i v e j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e b e l i e f t h a t a g o o d memory i s an a b i l i t y i n d e p e n d e n t o f o t h e r m e n t a l p o w e r s . I t i s n o t kn ow n , h o w e v e r , w h e t h e r t h e a b i l i t y t o
21 m e m o r iz e i s t h e same a s t h e a b i l i t y t o r e c a l l e x p e r i e n c e w h ic h we do n o t i n t e n d t o r e t a i n f o r f u t u r e r e c a l l . The p r e s e n t f a c t o r II c a n b e t e n t a t i v e l y named t h e a b i l i t y t o m e m o r iz e . F a c t o r S. T h i s i s an a b i l i t y t h a t i s p r e s e n t i n t h o s e t e s t s w h ic h r e q u i r e t h e s u b j e c t to t h i n k v i s u a l l y o f g e o m e t r ic a l form s a n d o f o b j e c t s i n sp a ce . . . Many p e o p l e t h i n k a b o u t a p r o b le m v i s u a l l y e v e n when t h e n a t u r e o f t h e p r o b le m d o e s n o t I m m e d i a t e l y s u g g e s t any n e c e s s a r i l y v i s u a l c h a r a .c te r s. F acto r P. The t e s t s t h a t c a l l f o r t h i s a b i l i t y r e q u ir e th e q u ic k p e r c e p t io n o f d e t a i l in e i t h e r v i s u a l or verb al m a te r ia l. T h is se em s t o b e a p e r c e p t u a l a b i l i t y w h ic h e n a b l e s some p e o p l e t o e x c e l i n f i n d i n g d e t a i l w h ic h i s s i g n i f i c a n t t o them o r d e t a i l w h ic h th ey a r e se e k in g . G u llfo r d s1 p e r s o n a lity stu d ie s of p e r so n a lity
fa cto rs.
One o f t h e l e a d i n g
f a c t o r s was made b y t h e G u i l f o r d s 1 ^
when t h e y a n a l y z e d t h e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y u s e d i t e m s i n a num ber of
in tr o v e r s io n -e x tr o v e r s io n q u e s tio n a ir e s.
The i n v e s
t i g a t o r s u s e d T h u r sto n e * s c e n t r o i d m eth od o f a n a l y s i s and so u g h t f o r sim p le s t r u c t u r e b e f o r e a tte m p tin g to th e ir fa c to r s. so c ia l
They i s o l a t e d
in tr o v e r sio n ,
in te r p r e t
th e fo llo w in g f a c t o r s ;
(2 ) d e p r e s s io n ,
(l)
(3 ) c y c l o i d tem p era
m e n t , an d ( 4 ) h y p e r s e n s i t i v i t y . 0 th er p e r s o n a lity f a c t o r
stu d ie s.
M oore1 ^ a p p l i e d
T7 J . P . G u i l f o r d and R. B. G u i l f o r d , “An A n a l y s i s o f th e F a c to r s in a T y p ic a l T e st o f I n t r o v e r s io n - E x t r o v e r s io n ," J o u r n a l o f Abnormal ( S o p . ) P s y c h o l o g y , ( 1 9 3 4 ) p . 2 8 , 3 7 7 - 9 9 . 1 8 tjX' y . M oo re, "The E s s e n t i a l P s y c h o s e s a n d t h e i r F u n d a m e n ta l S yn d ro m es," S tu d y o f P s y c h o l o g i c a l P s y c h i a t r y Mo. 3 , 1 9 3 3 ( C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y o f A m e r ic a ) p . 3 .
fa c to r a n a ly s is p sy c h ia tr ic use of
to th e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s of f o r t y - o n e
symptoms on 3 5 0 p s y c h o t i c p a t i e n t s .
By t h e
Sp earm an1 s t e c h n i q u e o f f a c t o r a n a l y s i s h e l o c a t e d
f i v e f a c t o r s Which h e c a l l e d 11c a t a t o n i c , 11 “d e l u d e d , ” 11m a n ic , “ “ c o g n i t i v e d e f e c t , 1’ a nd “ c o n s t i t u t i o n a l h e r e d i t a r y d e p r e s s i o n . U n d e rly in g a l l
t h e s e f a c t o r s was w hat M oore c a l l e d a “ s u p e r
general f a c t o r .” McGloy-*-^ s e a r c h e d f o r g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r t r a i t s tw o a n a l y s e s o f r a t i n g - s c a l e fou n d fo u r f a c t o r s :
(l)
u rin g
a b ility
th e e x te n t
p e r so n ’ s energy, and o r i g i n a l i t y
(re
c o n sc ie n tio u s
(se lf-c o n fid e n c e ,
to d i s c i p l i n e o t h e r s ) ,
d e s ir e to
( 3 ) a f a c t o r m ea s
to w h ic h an i n d i v i d u a l m er g ed w i t h t h e
gr o u p o r s t o o d o u t from i t ,
tiv e
tr u stw o r th in e ss,
( 2 ) a d o m in a n ce f a c t o r
be lik e d ,
In each a n a l y s is he
a fa cto r of so c ia l q u a litie s
sp e c t fo r r ig h ts o f o th e r s , n ess),
d ata.
in
a n d ( 4 ) a f a c t o r m e a s u r in g t h e
d e s ir e to e x c e l in p r e f e r r e d a c t i v i t i e s , o f id e a s;
McGloy c a l l e d t h i s f a c t o r
“p o s i
a ttitu d e .” S te p h e n s o n ^
u sed th e
“in v e r te d fa c t o r te c h n iq u e ” .
G. H. McGloy, "A F a c t o r A n a l y s i s o f P e r s o n a l i t y T r a i t s to U n d e r l i e C h a r a c t e r E d u c a t i o n , ” J o u r n a l o f E d uca t i o n a l P s y c h o l o g y , XXVII ( 1 9 3 6 ) 3 7 5 - 8 7 . W. S t e p h e n s o n , “ The I n v e r t e d F a c t o r T e c h n i q u e , ” B r i t i s h J o u r n a l o f P s y c h o l o g y , XXVI ( 1 9 3 6 ) 3 4 4 - 6 1 .
in
several stu d ie s of p e r so n a lity
te c h n iq u e one c o r r e l a t e s
ty p es.
In th e in v e r te d
th e sc o r e s o f one p erso n w ith th e
s c o r e s o f a n o t h e r p e r s o n so t h a t t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e b e t w e e n p e r s o n s i n s t e a d o f b e t v /e e n t e s t s .
H ie o b t a i n e d f a c
to r s are not ftr a its of p e r s o n a lity but ty p es o f in d iv id u a ls . I n on e o f S t e p h e n s o n 1 s s t u d i e s ,
e i g h t e e n p e r s o n s r a t e d them
s e l v e s a s t o t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f t h i r t y m oods. t y p e c h a r a c t e r i z e d t h e norm al p e r s o n . son i s ,
th e h ig h e r i s h i s
secon d f a c t o r
One g e n e r a l
The more u s u a l a p e r
s a tu r a tio n w ith
th is fa c to r .
The
sh ow ed s i m i l a r i t i e s w i t h K r e t s c h m e r 1 s c y c l o
t h y m i c - s c h i z o t h y m ic d i s t i n c t i o n .
S tep h en son c o n c lu d e s th a t
t h i s f a c t o r becom es very l a r g e in p s y c h i a t r i c p a t i e n t s . III.*
It is (l)
SIMM&RY
c l e a r from a r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e
C h a rle s P.
h a s -r e s u lte d in
th a t:
Spearman o b s e r v e d s t a t i s t i c a l a c t i v i t y t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f
t h e f a c t o r m e th o d ,
w h ic h (2)
t h e r e a r e a number o f a s s u m p t i o h s t h a t a r e common t o a l l m e th o d s o f f a c t o r a n a l y s i s , b u t t h e r e a r e many a s s u m p t i o n s t h a t a p p ly o n ly lim ita tio n s,
t o a p a r t i c u l a r m eth o d ,
(3 )
d e sp ite
t h e f a c t o r m eth o d c a n mahe a v a l u a b l e
b u tio n in th e e v a lu a t io n o f t e s t b a t t e r i e s , l a r g e number o f f a c t o r
(4)
d e fin ite c o n tr i
th ere are a
s t u d i e s r e l a t e d to i n t e l l i g e n c e and
a c h i e v e m e n t b u t o n l y a l i m i t e d number i n t h e a r e a o f
24 p e r so n a lity ,
and (5) fa c to r s f a i r l y
w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e
l i t e r a t u r e a r e g e n e r a l , memory, n u m e r i c a l , verbal fa c to r s.
sp a tia l,
and
CHAPTER III THE POPULATIONS AND MEASURES USED I.
INTRODUCTION
The s c o r e s o b t a i n e d ;by 4 0 0 s t u d e n t s on f o u r s t a n d a r d iz e d t e s t b a t t e r i e s w ere d i s t r i b u t e d i n t o t i o n s by s e x f o r a n a l y s i s . d a ta .
two p o p u l a
Means w e re c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e
Then t h e s c o r e s made on e a c h s u b - s e c t i o n ?^ere c o r r e
l a t e d w i t h t h o s e made on e v e r y o t h e r s u b - s e c t i o n , in
r e su ltin g
some 552 i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s . N ext,
t h e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s w e re s u b j e c t e d t o
T h u r s t o n e ' s c e n t r o i d m eth o d o f f a c t o r a n a l y s i s a n d t h e f a c t o r l o a d i n g s s o o b t a i n e d w e re r o t a t e d , g e s t e d by Zimmerman,1 t o . f a c i l i t a t e fa c to r ia l
stru ctu res
by a m e th o d s u g
in te r p r e ta tio n .
The
s e c u r e d i n t h i s m anner w e r e c h e c k e d
a g a in s t th e e v id e n c e s in th e l i t e r a t u r e
as c r ite r ia
in ord
e r to d e ter m in e t h e i r ad eq u acy. II.
THE SUBJECTS AND MEASURES USED
The s u b j e c t s o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
The s u b j e c t s
f o r whom d a t a w e r e a n a l y z e d w e r e 4 0 0 p e r s o n s o f t h e
^ Wayne S. Zimmerman, “A S im p le G r a p h i c a l M eth od f o r O r t h o g o n a l R o t a t i o n o f A x e s ," P s y c h o m e t r i k a , XI (M arch , 1 9 4 6 ) , 5 1 - 5 5 .
26
C a u c a s i a n r a c e betvsreen t h e a g e s o f s e v e n t e e n and t w e n t y seven y e a rs.
T h ese i n d i v i d u a l s ,
235 b o y s and 165 g i r l s ,
w e r e e n r o l l e d a t some tim e d u r i n g t h e s c h o o l y e a r 1 9 4 8 - 4 9 i n t h e D i v i s i o n o f H u m a n it i e s o f John M u ir C o l l e g e , P a s a d e n a , C a l i f o r n i a , p u r s u i n g a c a d e m ic work l e a d i n g t o t h e d e g r e e o f A s so c ia te of A rts. in
The d e t a i l s o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n by s e x
ea ch o f t h e g r o u p s w ere p l a c e d i n
T a b le I .
D e sc r ip tio n of th e t e s t s . The t e s t s u s e d w e r e t h e p K uder P r e f e r e n c e R e c o r d , th e G u ilfo r d In ven tory o f F a cto rs S . f . B . C . R . , 3 t h e P r o g r e s s i v e A c h ie v e m e n t T e s t , ^ and t h e P r im a r y M e n ta l A b i l i t i e s
T e st5 (sh o r t form ).
The K uder
P r e fe r e n c e R ecord m easures n in e a r e a s o f v o c a tio n a l i n t e r e s t — M e c h a n ic a l, A r tis tic ,
C o m p u ta tio n a l,
L it e r a r y , M u sic a l,
S c i e n t if i c , P e r su a siv e ,
S o c ia l S e r v ic e ,
and C l e r i c a l .
^ G. F. K u d er , R e v i s e d M anual f o r t h e Kuder P r e f e r en c e R ecord ( C h ic a g o : " S c ie n c e ’ H e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e s , 1 9 4 6 ) , 30 p p . 3 J. P. (B e v e r ly H i l l s , 2 pp.
G u i l f o r d , An I n v e n t o r y o f F a c t o r s S T D C R Cal i f o r n i a : S h e r i d a n S u p p ly Company, X 9 ? 8 7
^ E. W. T i e g s and W. ¥/. C l a r k , M anual o f D i r e c t i o n s — P r o g r e s s i v e A c h i e v e m e n t T e s t s — A d v a n c e d B a t t e r y (L o s A n g e l a s : C a l i f o r n i a T e st B u reau, 1 9 4 3 J , 20 p p . 5 L. L . T h u r s t o n e a n d T. G. T h u r s t o n e , E xam iner M anual f o r t h e 8. R. A. P r im a r y M e n ta l A b l l i t i e s ~ ( C h i c a g o : S c ie n c e R e se a rc h A s s o c i a t e s , 1 9 4 7 j , 12 p p .
27
TABLE I FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR BOYS AND OIRLS USED IN THE INVESTIGATION BY AGE
Age
Boys
G ir ls
T o ta l
17 18 .1 9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 84 44 32 22 3 5 3 3 4 7
68 82 12 1 2
96 166 56 33 24 3 5 3 3 4; 7
235 1 9 .3
165 1 7 .7
T otal Mean
400 1 8 .7
28 In th e p r o c e s s o f
s t a n d a r d iz in g th e P r e f e r e n c e R ecord ,
K u d eru c l a i m s t h a t t h e nam es a s s i g n e d t o t h e v a r i o u s s c a l e s are a p p ro p ria te in
te r m s o f t h e
typ e o f o c c u p a tio n a s w e ll
a s i n t e r m s o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s f o r w h ic h t h e s c a l e i s In d e fin in g th e S o c ia l S e r v ic e a te o c c u p a tio n s:
scored .
S c a le , he g iv e s a s a p p ro p ri
n u r s e r y s c h o o l w ork,
te a c h in g ,
s o c i a l w ork,
t h e o l o g y , m i s s i o n a r y work.*'’ The a v e r a g e r e l i a b i l i t i e s f o r th e d iffe r e n t s c a le s are a l l
e lo s e
to . 9 0 .
The G -u ilf o r d
I n v e n t o r y o f F a c t o r s S T D C R i s b a s e d on f a c t o r
a n a ly tic
s t u d ie s of p e r s o n a l i t y v a r ia b le s fo u n d in v a r io u s p e r s o n a l i t y q u e stio n a d r e s. The I n v e n t o r y o f F a c t o r s S T D G R, c o v e r s t h e a r e a of p e r so n a lity
t r a d i t i o n a l l y known a s i n t r o v e r s i o n - e x t r o v e r -
w io n ; an d t h e F a c t o r s S T a n d R r e p r e s e n t ty p es of In tr o v e r s io n -e x tr o v e r sio n .
A
th ree d i s t i n c t
The r e l i a b i l i t y
s c o r e s f o r F a c t o r s S T D G R w e re i n v e s t i g a t e d by t h e
of sp lit-
h a l f m e th o d and th e u s e o f t h e Spearm an-B row n f o r m u l a , a n d 9 f o u n d t o b e . 9 2 , . 8 9 , . 9 1 , and . 8 9 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . H ie
^ K u d er,
op.
c i t . , p.
9
7 Ib id . , p . 18. S G - u ilf o r d , 9 Loo.
c it.
op .
c it.,
p. 1.
29 d e f i n i t i o n s o f th e v a r io u s f a c t o r s are a s f o llo w s : J3— S o c i a l i n t r o v e r s l o n - e x t r o v e r s i o n . — S h y n e s s , se o lu siv e n e ss,
ten dency
versu s s o c ia b ility ,
t o w ith d r a w fro m s o c i a l c o n t a c t s ,
ten d en cy to
se e k s o c i a l c o n t a c t s and
t o e n j o y t h e company o f o t h e r s . so c ia b ility .
A h i g h scox*e i n d i c a t e s
A lo w s c o r e i n d i c a t e s s h y n e s s .
2 — t h i n k i n g i n t r o v e r s i o n - e x t r o v e r s i o n . — An i n c l i n a tio n
to m e d i t a t i v e o r r e f l e c t i v e
th in k in g , p h ilo s o p h iz in g ,
a n a ly s is o f ones s e l f and o th e r s , o r ie n t a t io n o f th in k in g .
v e r s u s an e x t r o v e r t i v e
A h ig h s c o r e i n d i c a t e s a la c k o f
i n t r o s p e c t i v e n e s s a n d an e x t r o v e r t i v e o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e th in k in g p r o c e s s e s .
A l o w s c o r e i n d i c a t e s an i n c l i n a t i o n
to
m e d ita tio n and in t r o s p e c tio n * £ — R e p r e s s i o n . — H a b i t u a l l y g lo o m y , p e s s i m i s t i c mood, w i t h f e e l i n g s o f g u i l t a n d ■ u n w o r th in e s s ,
versu s c h e e r fu l
n e s s an d o p tim ism . Ql— O y c l o i d d i s p o s i t i o n . — S tr o n g
tio n s, ity ,
e m o tio n a l f l u c t u a
t e n d e n c i e s tow ard f l i g h t i n e s s and e m o tio n a l i n s t a b i l
v e r s u s u n ifo r m ity and s t a b i l i t y
d is p o sitio n te n d e n c ie s.
o f m ood s,
e v en n e ss of
A h i g h s c o r e i n d i c a t e s f r e e d o m fr o m c y c l o i d A lo w s c o r e i n d i c a t e s th e p r e s e n c e o f c y c l o i d
t e n d e n c i e s o r f l u c u a t i o n s i n mood. R— R h a th y m ia . — A h a p p y - g o - l u c k y , tio n ,
liv e lin e s s,
c o n tr o lle d ,
im p u lsiv e n e ss,
c o n sc ie n tio u s,
ca refree d is p o s i
v e r s u s an i n h i b i t e d ,
se rio u s-m in d e d d is p o s it io n *
over A
30 h ig h sco re in d ic a t e s an o v e r - c o n t r o l o f
im p u ls iv e n e ss .
A lo w s c o r e i n d i c a t e s
th e im p u lse s.
The P r o g r e s s i v e A c h i e v e m e n t T e s t s vrere d e v i s e d by E r n e s t W. T i e g s a n d W i l l i s W. C l a r k , a n d p u b l i s h e d by t h e C a l i f o r n i a T e st B ureau. le v e ls
They w e re c o n s t r u c t e d f o r t h r e e
o f e d u c a t i o n a l a c h i e v e m e n t , n a m e ly ,
in te r m e d ia te ,
and t h e a d v a n c e d l e v e l s .
t h r e e f o r m s , A, B, 1943 e d itio n of
and C.
For t h i s
th e p r im a ry ,
E ach b a t t e r y h a s
stu d y ,
fo r m A o f t h e
t h e a d v a n c e d l e v e l was u s e d .
The P r o g r e s s
i v e A c h ie v e m e n t t e s t s c o n s i s t o f a b a t t e r y o f f i v e d i f f e r ent te s ts . T e s t 1 — R e a d in g V o c a b u l a r y . fo u r s e c tio n s , two t o fie ld .
A, B ,
C, and D.
T h is t e s t c o n s i s t s o f
E ach s e c t i o n c o n t a i n s t w e n t y -
t w e n t y - t h r e e w ords r e l a t e d t o a s p e c i f i c
su b ject
S e c t i o n A c o n t a i n s w ords r e l a t e d to m a th e m a tic s;
S e c t i o n B i n c l u d e s words i n
th e f i e l d
o f sc ie n c e ;
S e c tio n C
c o n t a i n s w o r d s t a k e n fro m t h e s o c i a l s t u d i e s v o c a b u l a r y ; and S e c t io n D i n v o l v e s sa m p lin g s o f words u s e d in g e n e r a l lite r a tu r e . T e s t 2 — R e a d in g C o m p r e h e n s io n . in to
th ree p a r ts ,
S e c t i o n s E, F ,
a d i f f e r e n t r e a d in g
sk ill.
and Or.
T h is t e s t i s
d iv id e d
E ach p a r t e v a l u a t e s
S e c tio n E in v o lv e s ten r e a d in g
s i t u a t i o n s w h ic h r e q u i r e t h e r e a d e r t o f o l l o w d i r e c t i o n s ; S e c tio n F of t h is
t e s t m easures the p u p il* s f a m i l i a r i t y w ith
w ord s and s k i l l s n e e d e d f o r r e f e r e n c e w ork a n d l i b r a r y
31 research;
S e c t i o n G- c o n s i s t s o f t h i r t y
w h ic h m e a s u r e th e p u p i l 1s a b i l i t y sta ted fa c ts,
to
te s t situ a tio n s
t o c om p reh en d d i r e c t l y
s e l e c t th e b e s t to p ic s or c e n tr a l id e a s ,
t o make i n f e r e n c e s and d e d u c t i o n s ,
and t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e
a u t h o r 1s i d e a s a s e x p r e s s e d i n p a r a g r a p h s . T e s t 3— A r ith m e tic R e a so n in g . in to
th e fo llo w in g
cep ts,
th ree s e c tio n s :
E q u a t i o n s a n d S e c t i o n D— P r o b l e m s .
ures,
and t e s t s
gers,
fr a c tio n s,
c o n ta in s
the
fifte e n
S e c t i o n C— Numbers and The f i r s t
in d iv id u a l1s s k i l l
s e c t i o n m ea s
and d e c i m a l s .
S e c tio n B,
item s e v a lu a t in g sig n s,
in m a n ip u la tin g i n t e S y m b ols a n d R u l e s ,
t h e p u p i l s 1s u n d e r s t a n d i n g
s y m b o ls ,
a n d r u l e s o f m ath
S e c t i o n C, Numbers and E q u a t i o n s ,
p r o b l e m s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s t u d e n t 1s s k i l l l e m s w i t h t h e u s e o f n e g a t i v e n u m b e rs, s o lv e a lg e b r a ic e q u a tio n s.
c o n s i s t s o f ten
in s o lv in g prob
and t h e a b i l i t y
d iv id e d in to fo u r p a r ts ,
com
and r a t i o s .
T e s t 4 — A rith m e t i c
tr a c tio n ,
sh a rin g
s q u a r e and c u b i c m e a s u r e s , p e r c e n t a g e s ,
m is s io n s and d is c o u n t s ,
to
S e c t i o n I) c o n s i s t s o f f i f t e e n
p r o b l e m s w h ic h i n c l u d e s i m p l e t ? / o - s t e p p r o b l e m s , and a v e r a g in g ,
d iv id e d
i n w r i t i n g num bers and m o n e ta r y f i g
o f some o f t h e e s s e n t i a l e m a tic s.
is
S e c t i o n A— Number Con
S e c t i o n B— S y m b ols an d R u l e s ,
u r e s t h e p u p i l 1s s k i l l
T h is t e s t
F u n d a m en ta ls.
T h is t e s t
S e c t i o n E— A d d i t i o n ,
S e c t i o n G— M u l t i p l i c a t i o n ,
is
S e c t i o n F— Sub
a n d S e c t i o n H— D i v i s i o n .
I n e a c h p a r t t h e t e s t was d e s i g n e d t o d e t e r m i n e
the p u p il* s
32 m a th e m a tic a l s h i l l s d iv iso r s,
i n b o r r o w in g ,
and p o i n t i n g o f f
tw en ty p r o b le m s.
c a n c e lla tio n ,
d e c im a ls-
T e s t 5— L a n g u a g e. s ix d iffe r e n t p a r ts,
S e c t i o n B— P u n c t u a t i o n , S e c t i o n D— P a r t s o f F— H a n d w r it in g * p u p i l 1s s h i l l
E a ch s e c t i o n c o n t a i n s
They a r e s i m i l a r i n e a c h s e c t i o n e x c e p t
t h a t th e y a r e p r o b le m s p e r t a i n i n g to
in to
in v e r tin g
d iffe r e n t
The l a n g u a g e t e s t n a m e ly ,
s h ills .
i s d iv id e d
S e c t i o n A— C a p i t a l i z a t i o n ,
S e c t i o n G— Words a n d S e n t e n c e s ,
Speech,
S e c t i o n E— S p e l l i n g ,
and S e c t i o n
S e c t i o n A was c o n s t r u c t e d t o m e a s u r e t h e
i n t h e u s e o f c a p i t a l s i n t h e f i r s t ?/ord o f
s e n t e n c e s , p r o p e r nouns, p ro p er a d j e c t i v e s , p ro p er abbrev ia tio n s,
and t h e f i r s t w ord o f q u o t a t i o n s .
S e c t i o n B was
d e s i g n e d t o m e a s u r e t h e p u p i l 1 s h n o w le d g e o f
th e u s e o f
commas, q u e s t i o n m a r h s, a n d q u o t a t i o n m a r h s .
S e c tio n 0
c o n t a i n s t w e n t y i t e m s , h a l f o f w h ic h e v a l u a t e t h e p u p i l 1 s l a n g u a g e u s a g e i n t h e m a t t e r o f num ber,
case,
and t e n s e ,
and t h e o t h e r h a l f o f w h ic h a r e d e s i g n e d t o t e s t t h e p u p i l 1 s r e c o g n i t io n o f c o m p lete s e n t e n c e s .
S e c tio n D p r o v id e s a
t w e n t y - w o r d s e n t e n c e o f w h ic h e v e r y w ord i s a s to p a r t of of th ir ty
sp eech .
to be c l a s s i f i e d
S e c tio n E c o n s is t s of a s p e llin g t e s t
s e l e c t e d w o r d s.
S e c tio n F i s
an e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e
h a n d w r i t i n g o f e a c h p u p i l a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i r s t f e w w o rd s o f th e
sp e llin g l i s t .
The h a n d w r i t i n g i s
in g th e ex a m in ee 1 s w r itin g t h e M anual o f D i r e c t i o n .
j u d g e d by compar
w i t h s a m p le s o f h a n d w r i t i n g i n x
33 The c o e f f i c i e n t s o f r e l i a b i l i t y
o f t h e a c h iev e m en t
t e s t s h a v e b e e n c o m p u te d , b y t h e a u t h o r s , b a s e d on c o m p a r i s o n s o f odd v e r s u s Brown f o r m u l a .
10
e v en s c o r e s c o r r e c t e d by t h e S p earm an-
I t was f o u n d t h a t a l l o f t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s
r a n g e d fr o m . 7 7 t o
. 9 9 'w ith a m a jo r ity o f th e c o r r e l a t i o n s
b e in g i n th e 9 0 1s. A c co r d in g to
th e a u th o r s o f th e a c h iev e m en t t e s t s ,
t h e v a l i d i t y o f e a c h t e s t w as b a s e d upon a c a r e f u l s t u d y o f th e c u r r ic u lu m o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e p r o g r e s s i v e c i t y s ta te cou rses.
In j u s t i f y i n g t h e i r b a s is o f v a lid a t io n ,
th e a u th o rs s ta te d th a t,
“W h ereas c u r r i c u l a a n d c u r r i c u l a r
o b j e c t i v e s i n s c i e n c e or s o c i a l ly
and
s t u d i e s may d i f f e r d e c i d e d
in d if f e r e n t g eo g ra p h ica l a r e a s,
th e fu n d am en tal s k i l l s
or t o o ls of le a r n in g are r e l a t iv e l y
s i m i l a r and u n i v e r s a l .
The P r im a r y M e n ta l A b i l i t i e s
t e s t s a re th e r e s u l t
of e x te n siv e fa c to r a n a ly s is resea rch in in t e llig e n c e . th is
stu d y,
For
t h e s h o r t fo rm o f t h e P r im a r y M e n ta l A b i l i t i e s
t e s t s was u s e d .
The s h o r t fo rm m e a s u r e s f i v e
in te lle c tu a l a b ilitie s :
V e rb a l-m e a n in g ,
S p ace, R e a so n in g ,
Number, a n d W o r d - f l u e n c y .
^
T i e g s an d G la r k ,
H
Loc.
c it.
op.
of th e b a s ic
c i t . , p . 12
34 T e st 1 — V e r b a l- m ea n in g .
T h is t e s t c o n s i s t s o f f i f t y
w o r d - m a tc h in g p r o b l e m s w h ic h m e a s u r e t h e a b i l i t y
to under
s ta n d id e a s e x p r e s s e d in w ords. T est 2— Sp ace. a b ility ' sio n s.
T h is
t e s t m e a s u r e s an i n d i v i d u a l 1s
to v i s u a l i z e v a r io u s o b je c ts T h is a b i l i t y
m etry, a r t , p h y s i c s ,
i n two o r t h r e e d im e n -
i s r e q u ir e d in b lu e p r in t r e a d in g , and m e c h a n i c a l d r a w i n g .
geo
S p a ce i s m eas
u r e d by t w e n t y f i g u r e - m a t c h i n g p r o b l e m s . T e s t 3— R e a s o n in g . T h is t e s t c o n t a in s o f l e t t e r s and t h e i n d i v i d u a l le tte r
t o s o l v e l o g i c a l p r o b l e m s and i s
l i k e m a th e m a tic s and s c i e n c e . o n in g a r e m easured in t h i s T e s t 4— Humber.
th e number t e s t .
R e a s o n in g i s
th e
r e q u ir e d in s u b je c ts
In d u c tiv e and d e d u c tiv e r e a s
test.
S ev en ty p r o b le m s i n a d d i t io n w ith
e a c h p r o b le m h a v i n g a t o t a l tu tes
se r ie s
t a k i n g t h e t e s t d e c i d e s w hat
s h o u l d come n e x t i n e a c h s e r i e s .
a b ility
th ir ty
s t a t e d b e l o w t h e p r o b le m c o n s t i
The t e s t e e d e t e r m i n e s i f
a r e r i g h t o r wrong and m arks h i s T e s t 5 - -Word F l u e n c y .
the t o t a l s
an sw e r s h e e t a c c o r d i n g l y .
The i n d i v i d u a l w r i t e s a s many
w o r d s a s h e c a n b e g i n n i n g w i t h th e l e t t e r The b i g d i s a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s t e s t i s
11s" i n f i v e m i n u t e s .
t h a t t h e a u t h o r h a s norms
f o r o n l y on e l e t t e r . The d e t a i l s
o f s c o r i n g a n d t i m i n g on t h e s e
b a t t e r i e s w ere p l a c e d in T a b le s I I ,
III,
IV ,
and V.
test
35 TABLE I I TOTAL POSSIBLE SOOHES AND TIMING ON SUB-TESTS OF THE PROGRESSIVE ACHIEVEMENT TESTS
Sub T e s t
Score
Time
100
16
R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n sio n
55
34
M a th em a tica l R e a so n in g
60
30
M a t h e m a t i c a l F u n d a m e n t a ls
80
38
Language
125
32
T o ta l
420
150
R e a d i n g V o c a b u la r y
N ote:
in c lu d e
A l l s c o r e s a r e raw s c o r e s . A l l tim e f i g u r e s r e p r e s e n t m i n u t e s a n d do n o t tim e p r o v i d e d f o r p r a c t i c e *
36 TABLE I I I .
TOTAL POSSIBLE SCORES AND TIMING ON SUB-TESTS OP THE S. R. A.
Sub T e s t
Score
Time
V erbal
50
4
Space
54
5
R e a so n in g
30
6
Number
70
6
Word F lu e n c y
70
5
274
26
T otal
N o te:
in c lu d e
A l l s c o r e s a r e raw s c o r e s . A l l t i m e f i g u r e s r e p r e s e n t m i n u t e s and do n o t t im e p r o v i d e d f o r p r a c t i c e .
37 TABLE IV TOTAL POSSIBLE SCORES ON SUB-TESTS OF THE KUDER PREFERENCE RECORD
Sub T e s t
Score •
M e c h a n ic a l
192
C o m p u t a t io n a l
111
S c ie n tific
168
P er su a siv e
210
A r tis tic
153
L ite r a r y
159 69
M u sic a l S o c ia l
S e r v ic e
207 177
C le r ic a l
1446
T o ta l
N ote: A l l s c o r e s a r e raw s c o r e s . Ho r e q u i r e d tim e f o r t h i s t e s t .
38 TABLE V TOTAL POSSIBLE SCORES ON SUB-TESTS OF (HJILFOaD* S INVENTORY OF FACTORS S. T. D. 0. R.
Sub T e s t
Score
S o c ia l
52
Tii i n k i n g .
68
D e p r e ssio n
61
C y c lo id
73
R h a th y m ia
85
T otal
339
N ote: A l l s c o r e s a r e raw s c o r e s . No r e q u i r e d tim e f o r t h i s t e s t .
39 A d m in istr a tio n of th e t e s t s .
The t e s t s w e r e adm in
i s t e r e d to th e s i x t e e n c o m p o s itio n c l a s s e s o f H u m a n it i e s a t John Muir C o l l e g e . o f a l l Muir C o l l e g e
in th e D iv is io n
C o m p o sitio n i s r e q u ir e d
stu d en ts.
A p p r o x im a te ly n i n e t j r - s i x p e r c e n t o f t h e s u b j e c t s w e re a d m i n i s t e r e d t h e t e s t b a t t e r i e s
i n g r o u p s by c o m p e t e n t
e x a m i n e r s and u n d e r p r e s c r i b e d c o n d i t i o n s . took p a r t s o f th e t e s t s u a lly
under th e
th ey m isse d ,
The r e m a in d e r
due to a b se n c e ,
in d iv id
same e x a m i n e r s .
S c o r i n g w as p e r f o r m e d b y t h e e x a m i n e r s .
The r e c o r d s
i n d i c a t e t h a t two e x a m i n e r s h a n d l e d t h e t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e s fo r a ll
th e s u b j e c t s
in c lu d e d in th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
The e n v ir o n m e n t o f t h e t e s t i n g p r o g r a m w as a s c o n d u c iv e to th e b e s t e f f o r t o f th e in d iv id u a l m ade.
as i t c o u ld be
O p p o r t u n i t y was p r o v i d e d f o r p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s w i t h
t h e e x a m in e r f o r d i s c u s s i o n a n d c l a r i f i c a t i o n III.
of th e r e s u l t s .
CORRELATION OF THE DATA
The c o e f f i c i e n t s o f i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n w e re c o m p u te d by p l a c i n g th e d a ta o f th e
two v a r i a b l e s
t h a t w ere b e i n g
c o r r e la te d in to
two c a t e g o r i e s . T h is p r o c e d u r e d e v e l o p s a 1p f o u r f o ld or t e t r a c h o r ie t a b l e . From t h i s p o i n t t h e
3-2 J . P . G - u ilf o r d , P s y c h o m e t r i c M e th o d s M cG -raw-H ill B ook Company, 1 9 3 6 ) , p . 3 5 1 .
(New Y ork :
40 c o m p u ta tio n o f th e
t e t r a c h o r i e r i s l o n g and tim e -c o n su m in g
i f P e a r s o n 1 s le n g t h y fo rm u la i s
a p p lie d .
Thurstonehas
p r e p a r e d a s e t o f d ia g r a m s t h a t w i l l y i e l d of c o r r e la tio n
i n a feiv s e c o n d s .
th e c o e f f i c i e n t
I n t e r p o l a t i o n m u st h e u s e d
t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s e c o n d d e c i m a l p l a c e fr o m T h u r s t o n e ’ s d ia g r a m s. The t e t r a c h o r i e r was u s e d i n p r e f e r e n c e t o sc a tte r -d ia g r a m tec h n iq u e b e c a u se :
(l)
the
th e i n v e s t i g a t o r
was o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e u s e o f T h u r sto n e * s d ia g r a m s w as l e s s
t i m e - c o n s u m i n g f o r c o m p u t in g 5 5 2 c o e f f i c i e n t s ,
( 2 ) t h e d a t a n a t u r a l l y ' b e lo n g e d i n two c a t e g o r i e s , b e p l a c e d i n two c a t e g o r i e s . p r o c e d u r e w ere: (2 )
(l)
and
o r c o u ld
The d i s a d v a n t a g e s i n t h i s
c o e f f i c i e n t s w ere l e s s a c c u r a t e ,
and
th e t e t r a c h o r ie r d id not f u r n is h th e g r a p h ic s t o r y
w h ic h i s p r o v i d e d by t h e s c a t t e r - d i a g r a m . The c a l c u l a t i o n s w e r e c h e c k e d i n e a c h i n s t a n c e a n d r e c h e e k e d f o r num erous c a s e s .
The i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s
ob
t a i n e d i n t h i s m anner may b e s e e n i n T a b l e s VI and V I I . IV .
SUMMaHf
The s u b j e c t s f o r Y/hom d a t a w e r e a n a l y z e d w e r e 4 0 0 p ersons o f
t h e G a u c a s ia n r a c e b e t w e e n t h e a g e s o f s e v e n t e e n
1 3 L. L. T h u r s t o n e , C om p uting D ia g r a m s f o r t h e T e t r a c h o r i e C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s , "(C h ic a g o : U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o B o o k s t o r e , 1 9 3 3 1
TABLE VI INTERCORRELATIGNS AMONG CERTAIN TEST VARIABLES FOR BOYS
V iabl ar 0
Math. Reas.
Math. Math. Lang- VerbReason- Num- Word Mech-1 Computa- Scien- Per- Art. Lit. Musi- Soc. Cler- Read. Read. Soc- Think- DeCyn s. Fund, uage al Space ing ber Flu. anical tional tific sua. cal Serv. ical Voc. Comp, ial ing press, cloid
.81
Math. Fund. Language ^Verbal Space Reasoning Number v Word Fluency Mechanical Computational Scientific Persuasive
.55
.46
.40
.53
.17
.32
.27
.46
•53
-.29 -.06. -.13 -.27
-.13
.40
.36
.53
.68
.53
.30
.34
.23
•37
-.10
-.27
.47
.23
.50
.22
.27
-.15
.13
.18
.57
.45
.48
.35
-.05
.16
.23
-.03
.54
.52
.33
.20
-.03
.17
.00
.35
.20
.18
.20
.28
.23
.12
.30
.04
-.03
-.07
-.06
.00
.08
.45
-.27
.35
.08 -.13 -.10
.21 -.10
Literary Musical
-.17
.61
.7°
.20
.06
-.03
-.01
-.10
.45
.56 -.03
-.03
-.13
-.26
-.07
.23
-.05
.03
.60
.56 -.03
.12
.05
-.07
,.00
.03 -.09
-.17
.03
.63
.48
.06
.04
-.25
-.18
-.09
.15 -.14
.00
-.26
.12
.30
.33 -.04
.30"
-.07
-.19
-.05
-.15 -.16 -.10
.11
.35
-.14
.53
.46
.00
-.10
-.09
-.09
.23
.10 -.03 -.10 -.13
.00
.16
.14
.35
.03
-.04
.04
.01
-.18
.10 -.05
-.11
-.08
.28
.05 -.13
.08
.01
•33 -.35 -.36
-.20
-.25
-.13
.20 -.09
-.40
-.03
-.40 -.01 -.22 -.26
-.11
.53
.19
.23 -.15
.03
•13
.05
-.08
-.35 -.03 -.25 -.36
-.10
-.27
.39
.26
.13
-.13
-.15
-.22
-.01
15 -.29
.05
-.10
.00
.25
.13
.10
-.03
Artistic
.20
-.23
Rhathymia
k.
*20
-.08 ; -.01
.20
.23
.02
.00
7-03
-.27
.06
-.45
-.17
.03
.04
.23
.05
.05
.04
.00
.02
.00
.14
.27
.00
.06
,.27.
.19
.26
.00
-.13
.04
.11 -.13 -.10
.19
^25
.20
.01
-t
-.36*" -.20
.05
.03
.07
.08
-.13
.03 -.13
.23
.00
.20
•33
-.23
Read.Vocab.
.58 -.07
.15
.03
.10
.03
Read. Comp.
.07
.06
.65
.00
-.13
'
-.17
-.57
-.33
.68
.44
.50
.03
.93'.
-.45
Social Service
-.14
Clerical
Social Thinking Depression
Rhathymia
Umber of cases
235
This table is to be read as follows: the correlation between the Mathematical Reasoning and Mathematical Fundamentals sub-tests is .81
TABLE VII
42
INTERCORRELATIONS AMONG CERTAIN TEST VARIABLES FOR GIRLS
Language Verbal Spaee Reasoning Number Word Fluency Mechanical Computational Scientific Persuasive Artistic Literary Musical Social Service Clerical
.58
.44
.30
.45
.26
.20.
.20
.48
.45
.29
.53
.70
.07
-.02
.43
.42
.47
-.53 -.20
-.04
.29
Musi- Soc, Cler- Read. Read. Soc- Think- BeCyRhacal Serv. ical Voc. Comp, ial ing press, cloid tbymia
-.02 -.15
-.01
.10
-.03
-.60
-.10
.56
.57
-.17
.13
-.13
-.10
-.30
.00
-.06 -.10
-.09
.40
.00
.06
-.06
.50
.55
-.18
.10
.27
-.26
.25
-.23
.00 -.17
.10
.20
.13
-.20
-.07
.83
.67
.00
.06
-.03
-.16
-.20
-.09 -.14
.07
•33
.00
-.18
-.24
.72
.53
.10
.08
-.12
-.07
.03
-.12
.33 -.19
-.14
-.09
-.40
.28
.43
-.11
-.01
-.17
-.05
.15
.70
.50
.07
.23
.07
.50
.00
.30
.25
-.26
.44
.48
.06
-.13
.40
.00
.10
.00
-.14 .04
.02
.00 -.12
.14
.08
-.20
.05
-.10
.56
.38
-.24
.05
-.13
-.14
-.01
-.15 -.03
.04
.04
.08
-.13
•30
.46
.52
-.04
.08
.01
.03
.09
-.07
.21
.00
.05
-.18
.10
.13
.17
.01
.07
.10
.23
-.07
.43 -.30
•34 -.10
-.20
-.46
-38
.11
-.10
.12
-.07
.07
.05
-.05
.20 -.20
-.03 -.19
.07
1 a
Math. Fund.
.68
1
Math. Reas.
Math. Math. Lang- VerbReason- Num- Word Mech- Computa- Scien- PerReas. Fund, uage al Space ing ber Flu. anical tional tific sua. Art. Lit.
k
_ . _ variabie
.15 -.25
-.08
-.01
.10
.06
.07
-.05
-,72
.13 -.13
-.30
.03
.13
-.10
-.03
.64
-.38
-.30
.00
.10
-.03
.00
.35 -.19
.08
-.19
-.04
.09
.16
.18
-.18
-.03
-.37
-.27
.03
.19
-.12
-.09
-.07
.05
-.03
-.05 -.34
-.10
•46
.39
-.03
•37
-.13
.00
.00
-.20
.12
.00
.20
-.05
.02
.16
.08
-.17
-.22 -.06
-.07
-.18
-.03
-.33
.11
.03
-.30
-.04
.17
-.15
.40
.28
.23
.48
.00
.18
-.30
-.35
.20
-.08
.20
-.18
-.20
-.20
-.03
.56
.20
-.24
.28
.35
.03
.92
-.47
.17
-.02
-.38
Read. Vocab,, Read. Comp. Social Thinking Depression Cycloid Rhathymia Number of cases 165 This table is to be read as follows: the correlation between the Mathematical Reasoning and Mathematical Fundamentals sub-tests is .68.
.40
43 and tw e n ty -s e v e n y e a r s . 165 g i r l s ,
T hese i n d i v i d u a l s ,
w ere e n r o l l e d a t
£35 b o y s and
some tim e d u r i n g t h e s c h o o l y e a r
1 9 4 8 - 4 9 i n t h e D i v i s i o n o f H u m a n it i e s o f J o h n H u ir C o l l e g e , P asadena,
C a l i f o r n i a , p u r s u i n g a c a d e m ic w ork l e a d i n g t o th e
d egree of A s so c ia te o f A r ts. The G u i l f o r d I n v e n t o r y o f F a c t o r s S . T . D . C . R . , P r i mary M e n ta l A b i l i t i e s l e s t ,
P r o g r e s s i v e A c h ie v em en t T e s t ,
and K uder P r e f e r e n c e R e c o r d w e r e b r i e f l y r e lia b ility
and v a l i d i t y
d e s c r i b e d and t h e i r
c o e f f i c i e n t s in c lu d e d .
w ere a d m in is te r e d to s i x t e e n
The t e s t s
co m p o sitio n c l a s s e s and th e
sco rin g* was p e r f o r m e d by t h e e x a m i n e r s .
The r e c o r d i n d i c a t e s
t h a t tw o e x a m i n e r s h a n d l e d t h e t e s t i n g p r o c e d u r e s f o r a l l s u b j e c t s In c lu d e d in th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
th e
O p p o r t u n i t y w as p r o
v id e d f o r p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s w it h t h e e x a m in er s f o r d i s c u s s i o n and c l a r i f i c a t i o n o f
th e r e s u lts .
The c o e f f i c i e n t s o f i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n v/ere c o m p u te d by
coeds
ia b le s.
tru e t in g a t e t r a c h o r ic ta b le fo r each p a ir o f v a r The r e s u l t s o f t h e s e t a b l e s w ere u s e d i n o b t a i n i n g
c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s fr o m T h u r s t o n e ’ s d i a g r a m s . • C a lc u l a t i o n s w e re c h e c k e d i n e a c h I n s t a n c e a n d r e c h e c k e d f o r num erous c a se s .
CHAPTER IV FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE DATA I.
TYPE OF FACTOR ANALYSIS USED
T h u r s t o n e ’ s o e n t r o i d o r mul t i p i e - f a c t o r a n a l y s i s was s e le c te d fo r u se in th is (l)
stu d y fo r
th e fo llo w in g rea so n s:
t h e m a j o r it y o f s t u d i e s i n th e l i t e r a t u r e a r e i n term s
of th is y ie ld
ty p e of a n a ly s is ,
(2)
t h e m eth o d i s
d e sig n e d to
r e s u l t s w h ic h a r e p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y m e a n i n g f u l ,
m eth o d d o e s n o t r e q u i r e any p a r t i c u l a r o r e x p e rim en ta l d e sig n ,
(4 )
th e
typ e o f f a c t o r p a t t e r n
t h e m e th o d p r o d u c e s f a c t o r s t h a t
a re d i f f e r e n t i a b l e through t h e II.
(3 )
c lu ste r in g of a b i l i t i e s .
i
EXTRACTION OF THE CENTROID FACTORS
T h u r s to n e ’ s t e c h n iq u e i s p r e s e n t e d by P e t e r s and Van V o o r h i s ^ a n d G u i l f o r d ^ i n r e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s .
The
r e a d e r i s r e f e r r e d t o t h e s e v o lu m e s f o r a c o m p l e t e d i s c u s sio n o f th e p roced u re.
C. D. L o v e l l , The E f f e c t o f t h e S t r u c t u r e o f T e s t I t e m s on T h e i r F a c t o r C o m p o s i t i o n ( u n p u b l i s h e d d i s s e r t a t i o h , The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 4 2 ) , p . 1 5 ^ C. C. P e t e r s and W. R. Van V o o r h i s , S t a t i s t i c a l P r o c e d u r e s a n d T h e ir M a t h e m a t i c a l B a s i s (New Y ork: McGrawH i l l B ook C onpany, 1 9 4 0 ) , C h a p t e r IX . 3 J . P . G u i l f o r d , P s y c h o m e t r i c M eth o d s (New Y o rk : M c G r a w -H ill B ook Company, 1 9 3 6 ) , C h a p te r IXIV.
45 B r ie fly , c o r r e la tio n s
th e proced ure in v o lv e d p la c in g th e i n t e r -
i n c o lu m n s and ro w s i n a c o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i x .
The c o lu m n s w e r e summed a f t e r t h e h i g h e s t i n e a c h c o lu m n ,
r e g a r d le ss of
m u n a lity o f a v a r i a b l e .
sig n ,
B ecau se th e
c lu d e d t e s t s o f p e r s o n a l i t y
in te r c o r r e la tio n
was e m p lo y e d a s a comc o r r e la t io n m a tr ix in
t r a i t s and i n t e r e s t s
many c o lu m n s summed t h a t h a d a n e g a t i v e t o t a l . was e m p lo y e d t o o v erco m e t h i s
d iffic u lty .
t h e r e w ere R e fle c tio n
The c o lu m n a r sums
w e r e t h e n a d d ed a c r o s s the: c o lu m n s t o o b t a i n a t o t a l in te r c o r r e la tio n s.
N ext,
th e sq uare r o o t o f t h i s
sum o f
to ta l
sum
w as e x t r a c t e d a n d u s e d a s t h e d e n o m i n a t o r i n o b t a i n i n g t h e fa c to r lo a d in g s,
w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l c o lu m n a r sums s e r v i n g a s
th e n u m erators.
T hese f a c t o r l o a d i n g s r e p r e s e n t e d th e f i r s t
fa cto r.
H ie c o m p u t a t i o n o f r e s i d u a l s r e m a i n i n g a f t e r t h e
f i r s t f a c t o r h a d b e e n e x t r a c t e d fro m t h e d a t a w as t h e n e x t step .
T h e se r e s i d u a l v a l u e s w e r e t h e n a r r a n g e d i n m a t r i x
fo r m and t h e p r e v i o u s p r o c e s s o b t a in e d w ere
rep eated u n t i l
th e f a c t o r s
s m a l l en o u g h t o b e e x p l a i n e d by c h a n c e .
Hie
r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y t h i s p r o c e s s w ere p l a c e d i n T a b l e s V I I I a n d IX . The co lu m n l a b e l e d c o m m u n a lity i n d i c a t e d t h e p r e c e n t age o f th e t o t a l v a r ia n c e f o r each t e s t v a r ia b le a cco u n ted f o r by t h e f a c t o r s when t a k e n t o g e t h e r . v a l u e s w e r e o b t a i n e d by s q u a r i n g t h e for
e a ch te st v a r ia b le
The c o m m u n a lity
e ig h t fa c to r lo a d in g s
and summing t h e s q u a r e s .
Thus i n
46 TABLE V I I I UNROTATED FACTOR PATTERN FOR BOTS
Va r i a d1 e
ki
k2
*3
M ath. R e a s . .8 3 M ath. F und. .7 5 Language .4 8 Ve r b a l .5 7 Space .5 7 R e a so n in g .5 3 Number .4 5 Word F l u e n c y . 3 8 M e c h a n ic a l .3 6 C o m p u ta tio n a l .4 0 S c ie n tific .4 8 P e r su a siv e - .3 0 A r tis tic .1 9 L ite r a r y - .1 2 M u sic a l .1 1 S o c i a l S e r v . - .2 1 G le r ic a l - .0 6 R e a d .V o c a b . .6 1 R ead.C om p. .6 8 .2 5 S o c ia l T h in k in g .1 4 D e p r e ssio n .2 5 C y c io id .1 8 R h a th y m ia - .2 2
.3 0 « 34 .0 8 .2 5 .0 9 .3 2 .0 5 -.1 6 .2 9 .0 9 .4 0 .1 3 .0 8 .2 8 .2 4 .1 5 .1 6 .0 9 .2 4 -.6 4 -.4 3 -.8 6 - . 87 -.3 9
.1 1 .1 3 .4-4 .3 6 .2 7 .4 5 .2 0 -.3 4 -.5 6 -.2 1 -.3 2 -.3 2 -.2 7 -.4 2 -.2 4 -.1 1 -.1 2 .3 9 .1 8 .3 1 -.2 8 .1 5 -.1 5 .3 1
]£ l,k . 2 , e t c , h^ i s
k4
-.2 1 .1 9 -.0 8 .0 5 .2 7 .3 4 .3 4 -.0 9 -.1 3 .3 8 .1 9 .3 4 .0 7 -.2 1 .0 3 .2 5 -.2 5 -.2 5 .0 1 -.4 7 -.1 9 .1 3 -.4 0 -.2 5
are th e s t a t i s t i c a l
^5
.0 3 ■ -.1 4 ■-. 2 8 .1 6 ■-. 2 1 .1 8 .0 9 .3 3 -- . 2 1 -- . 4 9 -- . 1 5 -- . 1 9 . 50 --. 1 4 -- . 0 9 .2 9 -- . 3 1 -- . 2 1 .1 4 .1 3 .1 4 -- . 0 9 .1 6 .4 2
k6
k?
-.2 7 -.1 5 .2 9 -.2 5 .2 3 .1 7 -.4 8 .2 3 .1 0 -.3 1 .1 6 .0 7 .2 2 .1 0 -.1 7 .1 4 -.5 4 .1 8 .1 1 .1 2 -.1 5 .1 1 .1 3 .0 7
-.2 0 -.1 2 .1 4 -.3 1 -.1 7 -.4 0 .1 1 .1 6 .2 3 .1 6 -.1 5 -.1 8 -.2 8 .1 4 .2 6 -.5 2 -.0 8 .3 3 .1 3 .1 6 .1 5 -.0 5 .3 0 .2 6
kQ
h^
.2 4 1 .0 0 .1 5 .8 1 . 09 .6 3 .1 0 .7 1 -.1 5 .6 1 -.2 3 .9 7 .1 7 .6 4 -.2 6 .5 6 .6 9 -.2 2 .2 2 .7 ? ■ -.1 1 .6 1 .1 2 .4 1 .5 2 .1 3 .0 7 .3 6 .1 6 .2 7 .1 0 .5 1 .5 6 -- . 2 4 .3 5 • 89 -- . 0 5 .6 0 .9 1 .2 5 -- . 2 4 *4 4 -- . 0 4 .8 6 *- . 1 8 1 . 1 4 -- . 3 0 .7 0
s y m b o ls f o r f a c t o r l o a d i n g s ,
t h e sy m b o l f o r c o m m u n a lit y .
47 TABLE IX UNROTATED FACTOR PATTERN FOR GIRLS
*1
1! ‘I
V a r ia b le
k3
&4
&5
k6
k7
k8
.2 6 .5 4 .4 2 .4 0 .3 4 . 44 .1 1 -.1 5 .1 7 .0 5 -.5 6 -.3 9 .0 8 .1 2 -.2 7 -.1 5 -.5 4 .5 7 .3 7 -.4 0 .1 4 -.8 6 -.5 6 -.0 9
-.1 1 .3 1 .1 9 . 08 -.1 9 .0 4 . 31 .1 4 -.6 3 .0 9 -.6 6 - . 40 -.3 2 .2 4 -.1 2 .3 5 -.3 8 .1 9 .1 5 .2 3 -.2 9 .4 0 .2 6 .1 9
.0 8 .0 7 .2 2 .0 5 .4 9 -.1 9 .1 8 .3 1 .2 0 -.2 7 -.3 9 -.3 8 .3 3 .1 9 .1 4 .2 0 .1 1 .1 9 .0 8 -.3 5 -.4 8 —. 4 3 -.1 8 -.1 6
.1 5 .2 2 -.2 5 -.0 9 -.0 9 -.3 0 .2 5 -.3 5 .1 4 .0 7 .1 3 -.1 9 .0 7 -.2 0 -.1 9 .3 9 .2 5 -.2 4 —. 0 4 -.1 8 .3 5 .1 4 .4 6 - . 53
-.3 2 .1 9 .2 1 .2 1 -.3 3 -.1 9 .0 9 .1 9 .0 8 .1 9 .2 0 .0 9 .0 5 -.1 9 -.1 3 -.3 7 .2 2 .1 2 -.2 0 .3 1 .3 1 -.2 7 -.3 6 -.1 1
.0 7 .0 8 -.1 2 .2 6 -.2 3 .2 8 -.4 0 -.2 6 .2 1 -.2 0 -.2 0 .2 3 .0 9 .2 0 .0 6 -.1 8 -.2 6 .1 0 .1 8 .1 6 .3 0 .0 4 -.2 9 -.1 5
.2 6 .2 4 .3 1 .1 3 .1 8 -.1 4 -.0 8 .0 6 .0 7 -.1 4 .1 8 -.1 7 .0 4 -.5 2 .1 3 .1 6 -.1 1 .1 4 .1 7 .1 4 -.3 3 -.1 9 -.2 1 -.3 5
1
^2
. 64 M ath. R e a s . .5 0 M ath. Fund. .6 8 Language Ve r b a l .6 3 .3 8 Space R e a s o n in g . 56 .6 1 Number .4 1 Word F lu e n c y .0 6 M e c h a n ic a l C o m p u ta tio n a l- .1 5 S c ie n tific .2 8 .1 1 P er su a siv e .1 5 A r tis tic . 33 L ite r a r y M u sic a l .1 0 S o c ia l S erv - - .4 8 .0 2 C le r ic a l . 61 R e a d .V o c a b . R ead , Comp. .6 8 .1 4 S o c ia l .1 8 T h in k in g .3 5 D e p r e ssio n .2 2 C y c lo id .1 2 R h a th y m ia
etc. is
are th e s t a t i s t i c a l
.6 9 .8 0 .94
.7 1 .7 4 .7 7 .7 5 .5 4 .5 4 .2 0 .11: .5 9 .2 5 .6 1 .1 9 .7 6 .6 3 .8 7 .7 3 .5 3 .7 8 . 13* .9 2 .5 2
s y m b o ls f o r f a c t o r l o a d i n g s ,
t h e sy m b o l f o r c o m m u n a lit y .
48 T a b le IX ,
t h e c o m m u n a lity v a l u e
i n g v a r i a b l e was . 6 9 .
f o r th e M a th em a tica l R eason
T h i s v a l u e w a s . i n t e r p r e t e d t o mean
th a t th e e ig h t f a c t o r s in th e f a c t o r p a tte r n a cco u n ted fo r 69 p e r c e n t o f th e v a r ia n c e o f v a r ia b le .
th e M a th em a tica l R e a s o n in g
The r e m a i n i n g 31 p e r c e n t o f
t h e v a r i a n c e was
a t t r i b u t e d t o s p e c i f i c a n d e r r o r f a c t o r s n o t known. III.
ROTATION OF THE CENTROID MATRICES
W o l f l e ^ r e p o r t s t h a t t h e p r o b le m o f f a c s t o r a n a l y s i s is
c o n c e r n e d w i t h f i n d i n g t h e minimum number o f d i m e n s i o n s
i n w h ic h t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s
ca n b e d e s c r i b e d m o st a c c u r a t e l y .
T h ese d im e n s io n s th en becom e th e f a c t o r s . T h is o b j e c t i v e o f a minimum number o f d i m e n s i o n s i s a c h ie v e d in
th e m u l t i p i e - f a c t o r p r o c e s s by p l o t t i n g
to r lo a d in g s g r a p h ic a lly and r o ta t in g axes u n til of
them i n p a i r s on t h e i r
th e f o l lo w in g c o n d it io n s p r e v a il :
t h e number o f
th e f a c
zero or n e a r -z e r o lo a d in g s ,
( l ) m a x im iz in g and (2 ) m in i
m i z i n g o f t h e number o f s i g n i f i c a n t n e g a t i v e l o a d i n g s . Such r o t a t i o n
r e s u l t s i n a c o n d i t i o n i n w h ic h t h e
f a c t o r s a r e r e n d e r e d more m e a n i n g f u l p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y . T h u rston e c a l l s itiv e
th is
t e c h n iq u e " sim p le s t r u c t u r e "
a n d " p o s
m a n ifo ld .u
4 D ael W o lfle , F a c to r A n a ly s is t o 1940 U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o P r e s s , 1 9 4 1 ) , p . 6 .
( C h ic a g o :
49 G r a p h i c a l r o t a t i o n by t h e Zimmerman® m eth o d was e m p lo y e d f o r b o t h m a t r i c e s o f
in te r c o r r e la tio n s*
T h is
o u t s t a n d i n g i n n o v a t i o n e n a b l e s an e x p e r i e n c e d t e c h n i c i a n t o p e r f o r m a s many a s f i f t e e n
r o ta tio n s of p a ir s o f axes
p e r h o u r on w h ic h tw e n t y t e s t v a r i a b l e s h a v e l o a d i n g s . T h ir ty -tw o r o t a t i o n s o f p a i r s o f a x e s w ere n e c e s sary to s a t i s f y
t h e c r i t e r i a o f s i m p l e s t r u c t u r e and p o s i
t i v e m a n ifo ld f o r th e f a c t o r s r e la t io n s o f th e b oys.
e x t r a c t e d fro m t h e i n t e r c o r
T w en ty-fou r r o t a t io n s o f p a i r s o f
a x e s w e r e n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e f a c t o r s r e s u l t i n g fr o m t h e in t e r c o r r e l a t i o n m a tr ix o f th e g i r l s .
L o a d in g s o f l e s s
th a n .2 0 w ere c o n s i d e r e d a s v a n is h in g e n t r i e s , in g z e r o ).
The r e s u l t s o f
(i.e ..
approach
t h e s e r o t a t i o n s w ere p l a c e d i n
T a b l e s X a n d X I. The a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n th e c o m m u n a l i t i e s o f th e
tests
when c o m p u te d fr o m t h e o r t h o g o n a l c e n t r o i d l o a d i n g s a n d t h e c o m m u n a l i t i e s o f t h e t e s t s when c o m p u te d fr o m t h e f i n a l r o t a t e d lo a d i n g s p r o v id e s a ch eck on t h e a c cu ra c y o f th e do ta tio n s,
s in c e th e
co m m u n a lIties o f
th e v a r i a b l e s r e m a in t h e
same r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e p o s i t i o n s t o w h ic h t h e ^ r e f e r e n c e s axes are r o ta te d . al itie s
o f the
A c h e c k on t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e commun
t e s t s b efo re and a f t e r r o ta tio n
in f a c t o r
5 Wayne S. Zimmerman, 9 A S im p le G r a p h i c a l M ethod f o r O r t h o g o n a l R o t a t i o n o f A x e s , 9 P s y c h o m e t r i k a , XI (M arch , 1 9 4 6 ) p p . 5 1 - 5 5 .
50
ROTATED FAG TOR PATTERN FOR BOYS
kl
k2
M ath. R e a s . .7 6 M ath. Fund. .3 9 .2 6 Language V erbal . 44 Space .1 8 .2 4 R e a so n in g .0 4 Number Word F l u e n c y .3 5 M e c h a n ic a l .3 1 C o m p u ta tio n a l- .1 0 .2 7 S c ie n tific .3 7 P er su a siv e .2 9 A r tis tic L ite r a r y .0 6 M u sic a l .1 3 S o c ia l $ erv . - .0 9 C le r ic a l .0 6 • 44 R e a d .V o c a b . .4 4 R e a d . Oorap. S o c ia l .0 4 T h in k in g .1 8 .0 2 D e p r e ssio n .2 7 G y clo id R h a th y ia ia - .0 4
.2 1 .2 7 -.1 0 -.0 2 .0 2 -.2 2 .0 8 -.1 4 .2 2 .5 9 .3 3 .4 0 .1 0 .2 0 .1 9 .1 4 .0 4 -.0 2 -.1 4 -.3 2 -.1 0 -.0 2 -.2 7 -.7 2
k i , l£2, lo a d in g s .
e tc .
to
V a r ia b le
k4
k5
kg
.3 9 .4 7 . 06 .4 2 .1 9 .4 7 .2 8 -.2 2 .1 6 .2 2 .4 0 .1 1 .0 2 .1 1 .2 0 .1 4 .2 6 .0 3 .2 7 -.7 4 -.4 2 -.7 4 -.9 2 -.4 1
.1 0 .3 2 .3 6 .2 3 .6 6 .6 2 .0 2 .0 4 .0 3 .1 4 .3 2 .0 2 -.0 7 -.2 7 -.3 2 • 04 -.0 5 .0 7 .2 3 -.2 8 -.0 7 .4 0 -.0 5 -.1 6
.4 0 .4 6 .2 8 . 45 .2 8 .3 4 .7 0 .0 8 -.2 0 .3 4 -.0 1 -.2 2 .0 8 -.3 6 -.0 4 -.1 3 -.3 0 .4 4 .4 2 .0 2 .0 1 .3 3 .0 7 .0 3
-.1 4 -.0 4 -.3 2 -.1 9 -.0 2 .0 0 .0 0 .5 6 .4 8 .0 6 .3 4 .1 0 .3 2 .1 5 .1 0 .0 6 -.0 5 -.3 8 .1 3 -.4 2 .3 4 -.0 4 .2 3 .0 3
a r e th e s t a t i s t i c a l
h^ i s t h e sy m b o l f o r c o m m u n a lit y .
k*j>
.0 7 .1 2 .3 2 -.1 9 .0 6 -.3 3 .0 6 .0 4 .4 5 .4 2 .0 8 -.1 6 -.5 1 .2 0 -.2 1 -.6 7 .2 8 .4 6 .1 5 .0 3 . 14 .0 0 .2 3 -.0 5
s y m b o ls f o r f a c t o r
k8
h2
.9 7 -.1 2 .0 0 .7 6 .6 1 .3 5 .7 3 -.1 6 .1 7 .6 2 .1 3 .9 6 -.2 8 .6 6 •14 .5 3 .1 3 .6 7 -.1 5 .7 5 .6 0 .1 8 .4 1 .0 8 .2 1 .5 0 .3 4 .1 8 .0 2 .2 5 .0 8 .5 3 .5 4 -.5 5 . 87 .3 8 . .2 2 .6 0 .9 1 .0 3 -.2 9 .4 4 -.1 4 .8 4 - .1 2 1 .1 0 -.0 4 .7 2
51 TABLE XI •HOTA TED FACTOR PATTERN FOR OIRLS jgflWV..,, ...-- --V a r ia b le
kl
M ath. R e a s . .7 0 M ath. Fund. .6 4 ' .7 8 Language V erbal .7 2 .4 6 Space R e a so n in g . 66 Number .6 2 Word F l u e n c y .3 5 M e c h a n ic a l .1 1 C o m p u ta tio n a l- .1 2 .4 2 S c ie n tific P e r su a siv e .0 1 A r tis tic .1 7 L ite r a r y .3 5 M u sic a l .0 2 S o c ia l S e r v . - .5 0 C le r ic a l .1 3 R e a d , V ocab . .7 6 R ea d . Comp. .7 6 So c i a l .0 2 .2 2 T h in k in g D e p r e ssio n .0 8 C y c lo id .0 5 R h a th y m ia .1 4
*2
.0 7 .3 8 .2 1 .2 0 .2 2 .2 6 -.0 6 -.2 6 .1 5 .1 0 “ -.4 5 -.4 0 »04 .0 3 -.2 8 .0 0 -.5 1 .3 7 .1 6 -.4 2 .0 9 -.9 1 -.5 9 -.0 4
k3
k4
k5
k6
-.1 3 .1 9 .0 0 .0 3 - 46 . 16 .1 2 -.0 9 -.6 1 .2 4 -.2 5 -.0 6 -.4 4 .0 6 -.1 8 . 14 -.3 6 .0 2 .0 6 . 40 .0 9 .5 8 .3 2 .2 5
-.0 1 .2 5 .2 9 .0 9 .2 5 -.1 2 .3 4 .3 3 -.2 6 -.1 5 -.7 2 -.5 4 .0 3 .3 0 .0 3 .3 8 .1 6 .2 7 .1 6 -.1 2 -.5 6 -.0 7 . 03 .0 0
-.1 2 .2 9 -.0 3 . 08, - . 30 -.3 5 .2 4
-.3 2 -.0 2 .3 4 .2 2 - . 16 .0 9 -.1 1 .3 8 -.0 3 .0 9 .0 6 .2 1 -.0 1 .0 2 .0 5 -.5 3 -.0 1 .2 6 -.1 0 .3 5 -.0 3 ■*•. 2 8 -.5 8 .3 1
-.ii .1 6 .1 8 .2 4 -.0 7 .0 9 -.2 7 -.2 2 .0 2 .3 4 -.0 9 -.1 7 .0 9 .4 7 -.0 9 .0 7 -.4 5
k
.2 5 .2 0 .0 6 .3 0 -.1 0 .1 7 -.3 8 -.1 9 .2 2 -.2 4 -.0 7 .1 1 .1 0 -.1 0 .1 2 -.0 6 -.2 7 .1 6 .2 5 .2 1 .0 9 -.0 6 -.3 5 -.3 0
kQ
h2
.7 5 .2 6 .1 6 .8 0 .3 2 .9 5 -.0 3 .7 2 .7 3 ‘ .2 7 -.2 7 .7 8 .1 4 .7 4 .1 9 .5 4 .5 5 -.0 5 -.0 2 .2 0 . 2 6 :1 . 0 9 -.2 6 .5 7 .2 4 0 .0 1 -.5 5 .5 9 .0 8 .1 8 .2 3 .7 4 .0 4 .6 3 .0 6 .9 0 .7 4 .0 5 .5 2 .0 4 -.4 4 .8 0 - . 1 8 :L, 30 .9 1 -.0 3 -.2 2 .5 2
k;L, e t c . a r e t h e s t a t i s t i c a l s y m b o ls f o r f a c t o r l o a d in g s. h.£ i s t h e sy m b o l f o r communal i t y .
52 m a tr ic e s f o r
th e boys and g i r l s
i n d i c a t e s no l a r g e
d is
crep a n cy b etw een c e n t r o i d and r o t a t e d c o m m u n a litie s. f a c t in d ic a te d
S h is'
t h a t t h e p r o c e d u r e o f r o t a t i o n was c a r r i e d
on c o r r e c t l y . R e p r o d u c tio n o f o r i g i n a l c o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e l a t i o n . A c h e c k on t h e a c c u r a c y o f f a c t o r r o t a t i o n s W|S made by s e le c tin g
s i x r o t a t e d v a r i a b l e s a t r a n d o m / f o r the b o y s and
g i r l s and c a l c u l a t i n g t h e o r i g i n a l tio n fo r
c o e ffic ie n ts of
c o r r e la
th ese v a r ia b le s. The v a r i a b l e s s e l e c t e d
w ere M a t h e m a t i c a l R e a s o n i n g ,
M a t h e m a t i c a l F u n d a m e n t a ls , L a n g u a g e , R e a so n in g .
V erb a l,
Space, and
The o r i g i n a l c o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e l a t i o n w e r e
r e p r o d u c e d fr o m t h e f a c t o r l o a d i n g s a s f o l l o w s :
th e lo a d
i n g s on f a c t o r 1 f o r any two v a r i a b l e s w e r e m u l t i p l i e d a n d summed w i t h t h e p r o d u c t
o f th e l o a d in g s f o r
on t h e same v a r i a b l e s .
T h erefore:
r ab -
( k l a x k i t , ) 4- ( k 2 a x k g ^ 4* . . . . . .
w h er e a and b r e p r e s e n t
) 4- ( k 3 a x
)
( k a a x k^-’Q )
t h e tw o v a r i a b l e s , k-j_a i s t h e
l o a d i n g on v a r i a b l e a f o r f a c t o r 1 , v a r ia b le b fo r fa c to r 1,
fa cto r 2, e tc .
k -^ i s
t h e l o a d i n g on
etc.
‘The c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n M a t h e m a t i c a l R e a s o n i n g a n d M a t h e m a t i c a l F u n d a m e n t a ls f o r b o y s was c a l c u l a t e d b y m u l t i p l y i n g th e l o a d i n g on f a c t o r 1 f o r th e M a th em a tica l
53 R e a s o n i n g b y t h e l o a d i n g on f a c t o r 1 f o r t h e M a t h e m a t i c a l F u n d a m e n t a ls a n d summing t h e r e s u l t w i t h t h e p r o d u c t s on f a c t o r s 2 t h r o u g h 8 f o r t h e same v a r i a b l e s : rMR(KP) = ( . 7 6 x . 3 9
) -
(.2 1 x .2 7
)
_ ( .3 9 x .4 7 )
* ( .1 0 X .3 2
) -
( .4 0 x .4 6
)
- (-.1 4 x -.0 4 )
- ( .0 7 x .1 2 ) rMR(MF)
(-.1 2
x .0 0
- .2 9 6 4 -
.0 5 6 7 -
.1 3 3 3 -
- .0 0 5 6 -
.0 0 8 4 -
.0 0 0 0
= .7 7
.0 3 2 0
-
.1 8 4 0
I
The r e s u l t s o f t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r b o y s w e r e p l a c e d i n T a b le X I I and t h e r e s u l t s X III.
f o r g i r l s w ere p l a c e d in
T a b le
C o m p a riso n o f t h e s e t a b l e s w i t h T a b l e s VI a n d V I I
r e s u l t e d in th e f i n d in g t h a t th e r e p r o d u c tio n s o f th e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e l a t i o n w ere r e l i a b l e
w ith in th e l i m i t s o f
t e t r a c h o r i c r and th e s i z e o f th e p o p u la t io n s .
T h is f in d in g
r e s u l t e d in a d d it io n a l c o n fid e n c e in th e a ccu ra cy o f the f a c to r a n a ly s is proced u res. C o n tr ib u tio n s o f f a c t o r s se r v in g
t h e c o m m u n a lity v a l u e s ,
t i o n s o f th e f a c t o r s
to t e s t v a r i a n c e .
t o f i n d compound c o n t r i b u
to th e v a r ia n c e o f each t e s t ,
on t h e a d e q u a c y o f t h e
By o b i
a check
f a c t o r p a t t e r n s was o b t a i n e d .
c o m m u n a lity v a l u e s f o r b o t h s e x e s 'were a s s e m b l e d i n When t a k e n t o g e t h e r
The T a b le XIV.
the av era g e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f th e
54
TABLE X II REPRODUCTION OF CERTAIN COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION BY THE ROTATED FACTOR PATTERN FOR BOYS
Math* Fund*
V a r ia b le M a th em a tica l R e a so n in g M a t h e m a t i c a l F u n d a m e n t a ls
.7 7
Language
Space
R easo n in g
.3 7
*73
.3 8
*48
.4 0
.6 3
.5 1
*5?
*29
.4 6
.5 4
. 40
.6 4
Language . . . . . . . . . V e r b a l .............................. Space
V V erbal.
........................................................................
T h is t a b l e i s t o b e r e a d a s f o l l o w s : th e c o r r e la tio n b e t w e e n M a t h e m a t i c a l R e a s o n i n g and M a t h e m a t i c a l F u n d a m e n t a ls s u b - t e s t s i s .7 7 , e tc .
55
TABLE X I I I REPRODUCTION OF CERTAIN COEFFICIENTS OF, CORRELATION BY THE ROTATED FACTOR PATTERN FOR G-IELS
Ma t h , Fund.
V a r ia b le Ma t h ema t i c a l R e a s o n i n g M a t h e m a t i c a l F u n d a m e n ta l s Language . . V erbal .
• .
Space
,
.
,
. 51
Lang uage V erbal
Space
R e a s on inj
,5 5
.5 0
.5 3
.4 5
.7 0
.6 4
.2 9
.4 1
.7 1
.5 1
.5 0
.2 9
.5 7 .2 6
T h is t a b l e i s t o b e r e a d a s f o l l o w s : th e c o r r e la tio n b e t w e e n M a t h e m a t i c a l R e a s o n i n g and M a t h e m a t i c a l F u n d a m e n ta ls s u b - t e s t s i s ,5 1 , e tc .
56 TABLE XIV PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL TEST, VARIANCE ACCOUNTED FOR BY THE COMMUNALITY VALUES OF CERTAIN ROTATED FACTORS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS
V a r ia b le M a th em a tica l R e a so n in g . * M a th em a tica l F u n d a m en ta ls. Language . . . . . . . . . V erbal . . . . . . . . . . Space . . . . . . . . . . R e a so n in g ............................... . Number . . . . . . . . . . Word F l u e n c y . .......................... M e c h a n ic a l . . . . . . . . C o m p u ta tio n a l . . . . . . S c ie n tific . . . . . . . . P e r s u a s i v e ............................... .... A r t i s t i c . . ............................... L iter a ry . . . . . . . . . tl u s i c a l . . . . . . . . . S o c ia l S e r v ic e . . . . . . C le r ic a l . . . . . . . . . R e a d in g V o c a b u la r y . . . . R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s io n . . S o c ia l . . . . . . . . . . T h i n k i n g .......................................... D e p r e s s i o n . . .......................... C y c lo id . . . . . . . . . R h a th y m ia . . . . . . . .
Boys
G ir l s
.9 7 .7 6 *61 . 73 . 62 .9 6 . 66 .5 3 . 67 . 75 . 60 .4 1 .5 0 . 34 . 25 . 53 . 54 . 87 .6 0 . 91 »44 *8 4 1 .1 0 . 72
.7 5 .8 0 . 95 . 72 . 73 .7 8 . 74 .5 4 . 55 . 20 1 .0 9 .5 7 .2 4 . 59 . 18 . 74 . 63 . 90 .7 4 . 52 .8 0 1 .3 0 .9 1 . 52
57 fa cto rs cen t.
t o t h e t e s t v a r i a n c e w as a p p r o x i m a t e l y s e v e n t y p e r T h is f i n d i n g was i n t e r p r e t e d t o mean t h a t t h e f a c t o r s
w ere c o n t r i b u t i n g
s e v e n - t e n t h s of th e t e s t v a r ia n c e w h ile
unknown f a c t o r s w e r e c o n t r i b u t i n g t h r e e - t e n t h s .
The c o n c l u
s i o n was t h a t t h e o b t a i n e d f a c t o r s w ere a c c o u n t i n g ' f o r t h e test
r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n a s u f f i c i e n t m anner. IV .
INTERPRETATION OF THE FACTOR PATTERNS
The p r o b l e m s o f i n d e n t i f i c a t i o n . and d e f i n i t i o n o f f a c t o r s i s u a tio n .
It
The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n
a c c o m p lis h e d by s u b j e c t i v e e v a l
d i f f e r s fro m m o s t s u b j e c t i v e p r o c e s s e s b e c a u s e
t h e e v a l u a t i o n s a r e b a s e d up on o b j e c t i v e d a t a . is
I f a fa cto r
m ea n in g fu l i t h a s a good chance o f b e in g a u s e f u l f a c t o r . As e a c h new p r im a r y i s i s o l a t e d fr o m t h e w h o le f i e l d o f p o s s i b l e p s y c h o l o g i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n s , t h e ju d g m en t m u st b e made w h e t h e r i t i s s o c i a l l y , v o c a t i o n a l l y , or e d u c a tio n a lly s ig n if ic a n t . I f i t i s c o n sid e r e d t o be o f some i m p o r t a n c e a n d u s e f u l n e s s , i t s h o u l d b e ad d ed t o t h e p o r t f o l i o o f t h e s c h o o l p s y c h o l o g i s t .
In th is
c o n n e c tio n ,
G u ilfo r d s t a t e s :
The nam in g d e p e n d s u p o n f e a t u r e s t h a t t h e c l u s t e r i n g m e a s u r e s seem t o h a v e i n common a n d t h a t a r e u n i q u e t o th em . A t t a c h in g a m ea n in g fu l l a b e l f a c i l i t a t e s c o m m u n ic a tio n a n d s y s t e m a t i c t h i n k i n g . Any l a b e l o r d e f i n i t i o n o f a f a c t o r sh o u ld be reg a r d e d a s a
3L. L . T h u r s t o n e , " F a c t o r i a l S t u d i e s o f I n t e l l i g e n c e , ” P s y c h o m e t r i c M o n o grap h , Number I I ( G h ic a g o : U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o P r e s s , 1 9 4 1 J, p . 9 .
58 h y p o th e sis, in -th e i s a h y p o th e s is .h
same m anner t h a t any t r a i t name
T h er e n e e d b e no a t t e m p t t o i d e n t i f y f a c t o r s a s e le m e n ta l*
S u ch f a c t o r s o p e r a t e a s f u n c t i o n a l u n i t i e s
are p r e se n t in
some t e s t s and a b s e n t i n o t h e r s .
p r im a ry f a c t o r s ,
th at
R e g a r d in g
T h u rston e rem arks:
I f a p r im a ry f a c t o r i s v e r i f i e d in r e p e a t e d e x p e r i m e n t s , i t i s a l w a y s p o s s i b l e t h a t some f u t u r e e x p e r i m ent v / i l l r e v e a l t h a t a p r im a ry f a c t o r c o n s i s t s r e a l l y o f two o r t h r e e p r im a r y f a c t o r s w h ic h h a p p e n e d t o w ork t o g e t h e r so t h a t th e y w ere n o t s e p a r a t e d in th e e a r l i e r e x p e r im e n ts.8 A f a c t o r may b e d e s c r i b e d p a r t i a l l y a b ilitie s
it
does rep resen t
a b ilitie s
it
does n o t r e p r e se n t.
i n te r m s o f
as w e l l a s i n term s o f t h o s e
W ith r e g a r d to t h e n a m in g o f f a c t o r s T h u r s t o n e sta tes: A p r o j e c t io n or f a c t o r lo a d in g of .8 0 a c c o u n ts fo r o n ly 4 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l v a r ia n c e of a t e s t . We h a v e n o t r e g a r d e d a p r o j e c t i o n a s s i g n i f i c a n t i n n am in g a f a c t o r u n le s s i t i s as la r g e a s .4 0 . The n a m in g o f a f a c t o r c a n n o t b e made w i t h c o n f i d e n c e u n l e s s t h e p r o j e c t i o n s a r e a s l a r g e a s . 5 0 o r . 6 0 so t h a t t h e f a c t o r a c c o u n ts f o r a fo u r th o r a t h ir d o f th e v a r ia n c e o f a test. C o n f i d e n c e i n n am in g a f a c t o r i s a l s o , d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e number o f t e s t s t h a t h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t p r o j e c t i o n s
^ J . P . G u i l f o r d , MF a c t o r A n a l y s i s i n a T e s t - D e v e l o p m e n t P r o g r a m ,w P s y c h o l o g i c a l R e v i e w , LV, p p . 7 9 - 9 4 . ® L. L. T h u r s t o n e , “C u r r e n t I s s u e s i n F a c t o r A n a l y s i s , * 1 P s y c h o l o g i c a l B u l l e t i n , XXXVII, 1 9 4 0 , p . 2 2 2 .
59 on t h e f a c t o r . ^ In th e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n l o a d i n g s o f h ig h e r are c o n sid e r e d s i g n if i c a n t .
A lo a d in g
f o r n i n e p e r c e n t o f th e v a r i a n c e o f a t e s t .
. 3 0 and
o f .3 0 a cco u n ts I n t h e nam ing
o f f a c t o r s , h o w e v e r , more c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s g i v e n t o t h o s e t e s t s h a v in g t h e h i g h e s t f a c t o r l o a d i n g s .
On t h e f o l l o w i n g
p a g e s each f a c t o r h a s b een c o n s id e r e d i n d i v i d u a l l y . F a cto r I
(B oys).
T e s t s h a v in g lo a d i n g s o f .3 0 or
h i g h e r a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e XV.
The t e s t s h a v i n g t h e h i g h
e s t l o a d i n g s a r e M a th em a tica l R e a so n in g , V o c a b u l a r y , an d R e a d in g C o m p r e h e n s io n .
V e rb a l,
B ecau se o f th e h ig h
lo a d in g s in s u b - t e s t s of a s c h o la s t ic n a tu re ,
th ere is l i t t l e
doubt b u t th a t t h i s f a c t o r m easures th e a b i l i t y school ta sk s.
On t h e b a s i s
of th is
te n ta tiv e ly la b e le d a gen eral F actor I I as
(B o y s).
to p erfo rm
r e a s o n i n g , F a c t o r I was
sc h o la stic fa c to r .
T e s ts h a v in g p r o j e c t i o n s
. 3 0 on F a c t o r I I a r e shown i n T a b le XVI.
a h ig h n e g a tiv e lo a d in g .
R e a d in g
R e g a r d ir g
a s h ig h
R h a th y m ia h a s
n e g a tiv e v a lu e s G u ilfo r d
sta tes: P e r s o n a lity t r a i t s , u n lik e a b i l i t i e s , p r e s e n t th e p r o b le m o f n e g a t i v e v a l u e s . A ll a b i l i t i e s a re th ou gh t o f a s e x t e n d i n g fr o m z e r o t o a maximum. A p e r so n a lity
^ L. L. T h u r s t o n e , HP r im a r y M e n ta l A b i l i t i e s , ” P s y c h o m e t r i c M o n o g r a p h s, I . , 1 9 3 8 , p . 7 9 .
60
TABLE XV LOADING-S OF VARIABLES ON FACTOR I (BOXS)
V a r ia b le
L o a d in g s
M a th em a tica l R e a so n in g
.7 6
V erbal
. 44
R e a d in g V o c a b u la r y
.4 4
Reading* C o m p r e h e n s io n
. 44
Ma t h e m a t i c a l Fundame n t a l s
.3 9
P e r su a siv e
-.3 7
Word F l u e n c y
.3 5
M e c h a n ic a l
.3 1
61
TABLE XVI LOADINGS OF VARIABLES ON FACTOR II (BOXS)
V a r ia b le
B h a th y m i a
L o a d in g s
—. 7 2
C o m p u ta tio n a l
.5 9
P e r su a siv e
.4 0
S c ie n tific
.3 3
S o c ia l
-.3 2
62 t r a i t a s a r u l e h a s an o p p o s i t e q u a l i t y * In tr o v e r sio n e x t r o v e r s i o n , o p tim ism -p e ssim ism , t a c t f u l n e s s - t a c t l e s s n e s s , h o n e s t y - d i s h o n e s t y — c o n t r a s t i n g te r m s l i k e t h e s e d e sc r ib e c o u n tle s s a s p e c ts of p e r s o n a l i t y .^ A n e g a t i v e l o a d i n g o n R h a th y in ia i n d i c a t e s a s e r i o u s - m i n d e d d isp o sitio n . C o m p u ta tio n a l. fic
The h i g h e s t p o s i t i v e l o a d i n g o n F a c t o r I I was T h is f a c t o r was s u b j e c t i v e l y
title d
sc ie n ti
on th e b a s i s o f th e s e r io u s -m in d e d d i s p o s i t i o n and an
i n t e r e s t i n w o r k in g w i t h n u m b e rs. F actor I I I
(B o y s).
T e s t s h a v in g l o a d i n g s cf
h i g h e r a r e shown i n T a b le X V II.
C y c lo id ,
D e p r e ssio n ,
.3 0 or and
S o c i a l a r e t h e t e s t s w i t h t h e h i g h e s t l o a d i n g s on F a c t o r I I I . T h is f a c t o r h a s b e e n c a l l e d p e r s o n a l i t y b e c a u s e it e m s
th at
a p p e a r o n t h e s e t e s t s a r e u s e d on many o f t h e m od ern p e r s o n a lity
in v e n to r ie s. F a c t o r IV ( B o y s ) .
The l o a d i n g s o f t e s t s h a v i n g
p r o j e c t i o n s o f . 3 0 o r h i g h e r o n F a c t o r IV a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le X V I I I .
The p r e s e n c e o f a f o u r t h f a c t o r was c l e a r l y
i n d i c a t e d by t h e h e a v y l o a d i n g s on S p a ce a n d R e a s o n i n g . T h i s f a c t o r was i d e n t i f i e d
te n ta tiv e ly
as a sp a tia l-r e a s o n
in g a b i l i t y .
3-0 j . p # G u i l f o r d , P s y c h o m e t r i c M eth o d s M c G r a w -H ill Book Company, 1 9 3 6 7 , p . 5 1 1 .
(New Y ork:
63
TABLE XVII LOADINGS OF VARIABLES ON FACTOR III (BOYS)
V a r ia b le
, L o a d in g s
C y c lo id
-.9 2
D e p r e ssio n
-.7 4
S o c ia l
-.7 4
M a t h e m a t i c a l F u n d a m e n t a ls
.4 7
R e a so n in g
.4 7
V erbal
.4 2
T h in k in g
-.4 2
Rha th y m i a
- . 41
S c ie n tific
.4 0
M a th e m a tic a l R e a so n in g
.3 9
64
TABLE X V III LOADINGS OF VARIABLES ON FACTOR IV (BOYS)
V a r ia b le
L o a d in g s
Space
. 66
R e a s o n in g
.6 2
D e p r essio n
.4 0
Language
. 36
M a t h e m a t i c a l F u n d a m e n t a ls
.3 2
S c ie n tific
.3 2
M u sic a l
-.3 2
65 F a c t o r V (B o y s)*
T e s t s h a v in g p r o j e c t i o n s a s h ig h
a s . 3 0 a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le XIX.
Number, M a t h e m a t i c a l
F u n d a m en ta ls, M a th em a tica l R e a so n in g , R e a so n in g h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e e r ic a l
in n a tu re.
C o m p u ta tio n a l, and l o a d i n g s and a r e num
On t h e b a s i s o f t h i s
e v id e n c e F a cto r V
was l a b e l e d n u m e r ic a l. F a c t o r VI ( B o y s ) .
The l o a d i n g s o f t e s t s h a v i n g
p r o j e c t i o n s o f , 3 0 o r h i g h e r on F a c t o r VI a r e shown i n T a b le XX.
The two t e s t s h a v i n g
th e h ig h e s t lo a d in g s a r e
t h e Word F l u e n c y a n d M e c h a n i c a l . i a l in tr o v e r sio n ,
sc ie n tific
O th er t e s t s
in te r e st,
The p a t t e r n f o r F a c t o r VI a p p e a r s t o
soc
r e a d i n g and l a n g u a g e .
in d ic a te th e a p p ti-
t u d e s and i n t e r e s t s o f a m e c h a n i c a l e n g i n e e r . a s s u m p t i o n F a c t o r VI was i d e n t i f i e d
in d ic a te
On t h i s
t e n t a t i v e l y a s a m ech
a n ic a l fa c to r . F a c to r V II
(B o y s).
T e sts h a v in g lo a d in g s of
h i g h e r a r e shown i n T a b le XXI. o b ta in e d on t e s t s o f S o c ia l T h is seem s t o
H ig h n e g a t i v e l o a d i n g s a r e
S e r v i c e and A r t i s t i c
in d ic a te a la c k
*30 o r
in te r e sts.
of i n t e r e s t in h e lp in g p e o p le
an d d o i n g c r e a t i v e work w i t h t h e h a n d s . M e c h a n ic a l and Com p u t a t i o n a l w ere th e i n t e r e s t t e s t s in g s.
w ith h ig h p o s i t i v e lo a d
T h e s e t e s t s m e a s u r e i n t e r e s t i n w o r k in g w i t h m a c h i n e s
and i n t e r e s t i n w o r k in g w i t h n u m b e rs. a ls o had a s i g n i f i c a n t lo a d in g .
R e a d i n g V o c a b u la r y
B e c a u s e no c l e a r c u t t r a i t
66
TABLE XIX LOADING-S OF VARIABLES ON FACTOR V (BOYS)
V a r ia b le
L o a d in g s
Number
.7 0
M a t h e m a t i c a l F u n d a m e n t a ls
• 46
V erbal
.4 5
Reading* V o c a b u la r y
*4 4
R e a d in g C o m p r e h e n s io n
.4 2
M a th em a tica l R e a so n in g
«40
L ite r a r y
-.3 6
R e a so n in g
.3 4
G o m p u ta tio n a l
.3 4
D ep r essio n
.3 3
C le r ic a l
-.3 0
67
TABLE XX LOADING-S OF VARIABLES ON FACTOR VI (BOYS)
V a r ia b le
L o a d in g s
Word F l u e n c y
.5 6
M e c h a n ic a l
.4 8
S o c ia l
-.4 2
R e a d in g V o c a b u la r y
-.3 8
S c ie n tific
. 34
T h in k in g
.3 4
Language
-.3 2
A r tis tic
.3 2
68
TABLE XXI LOADING-S OF VARIABLES ON FACTOR V I I
(BOYS)
V a r ia b le
L o a d in g s
S o c ia l S e r v ic e
-.6 ?
A r tis tic
-.5 1
R e a d in g V o c a b u la r y
CO •
M ec h a n ic a l
.4 5
C o m p u ta tio n a l
.4 2
R e a so n in g Language
-.3 3 .3 2
69 e m e r g e d f r o m t h e t e s t v a r i a n c e s no a t t e m p t w as made t o name t h i s f a c t o r .
P o ssib ly
a d d itio n a l t e s t s
c l u d e d i n an a t t e m p t t o c l a r i f y
sh o u ld be in
th is fa cto r.
A p p a r e n tly
F a c t o r V I I i s a n i n t e r e s t p a t t e r n b e c a u s e o f t h e l a r g e num ber of
in te r e st te s ts F a cto r V III
in v o lv e d in th e f a c t o r .
(B o y s).
T e s ts h a v in g p r o j e c t io n s
. 3 0 o r h i g h e r a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le X X II.
of
T e sts h a v in g
p o s i t i v e l o a d i n g s w e r e R e a d in g V o c a b u la r y a n d L an gu age* F a c t o r V I I I was t e n t a t i v e l y F actor I
(G ir ls).
title d
a lite r a r y
I n T a b le X X III t e s t s h a v i n g
f a c t o r l o a d i n g s o f . 3 0 o r a b o v e a r e show n. i n g V o c a b u la r y ,
M a th em a tic a l F u n d a m en ta ls,
S p a c e and Word F lu e n c y a r e a l l
sch ool ta sk s.
gen eral sc h o la stic F actor I I
T a b l e XXIV.
Num bers,
i n d i c a t i n g sin a b i l i t y
to
T h e r e f o r e F a c t o r I was e n t i t l e d
a b ility . (G ir ls ).
The l o a d i n g s o f t e s t s h a v i n g
. 3 0 o r h i g h e r on F a c t o r I I
are p r e se n te d in
T h is f a c t o r h a s h ig h n e g a t i v e l o a d i n g s in th e
fo llo w in g t e s t s : S o c ia l,
Read
t e s t s w ith h ig h p o s i t i v e
‘l o a d i n g s on t h i s f a c t o r c l e a r l y
p r o je c tio n s of
Language,
R e a d in g C o m p r e h e n s io n , V e r b a l , M a t h e m a t i c a l
R e a so n in g , R e a so n in g ,
p erfo rm
fa cto r.
D e p r e ssio n ,
and P e r s u a s i v e .
C y c lo id ,
C le r ic a l,
S c ie n tific ,
M a t h e m a t i c a l F u n d a m e n t a ls a n d Read
i n g V o c a b u la r y h a v e p o s i t i v e l o a d i n g s .
No a t t e m p t wa.s made
70
TABLE XXII LOADING-S OF VARIABLES ON FACTOR V I I I
V a r ia b le
C le r ic a l
(BOYS)
L o a d in g s
-.5 5
R e a d in g V o c a b u la r y
.3 8
Language
.3 5
TABLE X X III LOADINGS OF VARIABLES. ON FACTOR I
V a r ia b le
(GIRLS)
L o a d in g s
Language
.7 8
R e a d in g V o c a b u la r y
.7 6
V erbal
.7 2
M a th em a tica l R e a so n in g
.7 0
R e a so n in g
.6 6
M a t h e m a t i c a l F u n d a m e n t a ls
.6 4
Number
. 62
S o c ia l
S e r v ic e
Space S c ie n tific
-.5 0 .4 6 -.4 2
fford F l u e n c y
.3 5
L ite r a r y
.4 5
72
TABLE XXIV LOABING-S OP VARIABLES ON FACTOR I I
V a r ia b le
(GIRLS)
L o a d in g s
O y c lo id
-.5 9
01e r le a l
-.5 1
P er su a siv e
-.4 2 o
S o c ia l
i
S c ie n tific
CJ!
-.9 1
1
D e p r essio n
M a t h e m a t i c a l F u n d a m e n t a ls
.3 6
R e a d in g V o c a b u la r y
.3 7
73 to
id e n tify
in g s
t h is fa c to r b ecau se o f th e m any n e g a tiv e lo a d
in i n t e r e s t and p e r s o n a l i t y
t e s t s and t h e s c a r c i t y
of
p o s it iv e lo a d in g s. F acto r I I I t o r l o a d i n g s of te n ta tiv e ly
(G ir ls ).
I n T a b le XXV t e s t s h a v i n g f a c
. 3 0 o r a b o v e a r e sh ow n .
title d
n s o c i a l b u t t e r f l y . 11
F actor I I I T h is t i t l e
was se e m e d
a p p r o p r i a t e b e c a u s e o f t h e l a c k o f i n t e r e s t on s e v e r a l terest ity
in
t e s t s a n d t h e e x t r o v e r s i o n p o l e on s e v e r a l p e r s o n a l
tests. No a t t e m p t was made t o
id e n tify
t h e r em a in in g f a c t o r s
b ecau se of th e d is p e r s io n o f t h e ir f a c t o r lo a d in g s . h a v in g lo a d in g s o f f o r F a c t o r IV , F a c t o r V I,
T ests
. 3 0 o r h i g h e r a r e p r o j e c t e d i n T a b le XXVI
T a b le XXVII f o r F a c t o r V,
T a b le XXVIII f o r
T a b le XXIX f o r F a c t o r V I I , a n d T a b le XXX f o r
F a cto r V III. V.
SUMMARY
T h u r sto n e ’ s c e n t r o id or m u l t i p l e - f a c t o r a n a l y s i s w as s e l e c t e d f o r u s e i n
th is
stu d y.
t o r a n a l y s i s was t h e e x t r a c t i o n p a tte r n s fo r b oys and g i r l s .
The f i r s t
step in fa c
of e i g h t u n r o t a t e d f a c t o r
N ext, r o t a t i o n o f
th e f a c t o r s
was p e r f o r m e d t o r e n d e r t h e f a c t o r s more m e a n i n g f u l p s y c h o l o g ic a lly .
G r a p h i c a l r o t a t i o n by t h e Zimmerman m e th o d was
e m p lo y e d f o r b o t h m a t r i c e s o f i n t e r e o r r e l a t i o n s .
T h ir ty -tw o
74
TABLE XX? LOADXNG-S OP VARIABLES ON FACTOR I I I
V a r ia b le
(GIRLS)
L o a d in g s
M e c h a n ic a l
-.6 1
D e p r essio n
.5 8
Space
-.4 6
A rti s t ic
-.4 4
S o c ia l C le r ic a l C y c lo id
.4 0 -.3 6 . 32
75
TABLE XXVI LOADINGS OF VARIABLES ON FACTOR IV (GIRLS)
L o a d in g s
T h in k i n g
~ . 56
P e r su a siv e
ID • 1
•
S c ie n tific
i -a :w
V a r ia b le
Soc i a l S e r v i c e
* 38
Number
.3 4
Word F l u e n c y
.3 8 o to
L iter a ry
76
TABLE XXVII LOADINGS OF VARIABLES ON FACTOR V (GIRLS)
V a r ia b le
T h in k in g
L o a d in g s
* 47
R h a th y m ia
-.4 5
R e a so n in g
-.3 5
C le r ic a l Soace
.3 4 -.3 0
TABLE XX VIII LOADINGS OF VARIABLES ON FACTOR VI (GIRLS)
V a r ia b le
L o a d in g s
C y c lo id
-.5 8
S o c ia l S e r v ic e
-.5 3
Word F l u e n c y
* 38
S o c ia l
.3 5
Language
. 34
M a th em a tica l R e a so n in g R h a th y m ia
-.3 £ . 31
?8
TABLE XXIX LOADINGS OF VARIABLES ON FACTOR V II
V a r ia b le
(GIRLS)
L o a d in g s
Number
-.3 8
C y c lo id
-.3 5
V erbal H h a th y m ia
.3 0 -.3 0
TABLE XXX LOABING-S OP VARIABLES ON FACTOR V I I I
V a r ia b le
(GIRLS)
L o a d in g s
L ite r a r y
-.5 5
T h in k in g
-.4 4
Language
. 32
80 r o ta tio n s of p a ir s of axes fo r
th e b oys and tw e n ty -fo u r
r o t a t i o n s f o r t h e g i r l s w ere n e c e s s a r y
to s a t i s f y
th e c r i t
e r i a o f s i m p l e s t r u c t u r e and p o s i t i v e m a n i f o l d . A c h e c k on t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e r o t a t i o n s w as made by t h e a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e c o m m u n a l I t i e s o f t h e t e s t s when c o m p u te d f r o m t h e o r t h o g o n a l c e n t r o i d l o a d i n g s a n d t h e comm u n a l i t i e s o f t h e t e s t s when c o m p u te d f r o m t h e f i n a l r o t a t e d lo a d in g s.
An a d d i t i o n a l c h e c k o n t h e a c c u r a c y o f f a c t o r
r o t a t i o n s w as made b y s e l e c t i n g
s ix r o ta te d v a r ia b le s a t
random f o r t h e b o y s a n d g i r l s a n d c a l c u l a t i n g t h e o r i g i n a l c o e f f ic ie n t s o f c o r r e la tio n f o r th e se v a r ia b le s . A check on th e adequacy o f th e f a c t o r p a t t e r n s w as o b t a i n e d b y o b s e r v i n g g h e c o m m u n a lit y v a l u e s to f i n d
com
pou nd c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e f a c t o r s to th e v a r ia n c e o f ea ch test.
When t a k e n t o g e t h e r t h e a v e r a g e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h e
f a c t o r s to t h e t e s t v a r ia n c e was a p p r o x im a te ly s e v e n t y p e r cen t. f h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n an d d e f i n i t i o n of a c c o m p lis h e d by s u b j e c t i v e e v a lu a t io n * t h e b o y s a n d two f a c t o r s f o r t h e g i r l s la b e le d .
No a t t e m p t to l a b e l
f a c t o r s was
Seven f a c t o r s f o r w ere t e n t a t i v e l y
t h e r e m a i n i n g f a c t o r s w a s made
b e c a u s e th e y d id n o t m eet t h e c r i t e r i o n
of m e a n in g fu ln e ss.
CHAPTER V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Summary o f t h e s t u d y .
The p u r p o s e o f t h i s
stu d y
was t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n c e r t a i n s e l e c t e d f a c t o r s o f t e m p e r a m e n t:
s o c ia l in jr o v e r s io n -e x tr o v e r s io n ,
th in k in g in tr o v e r s io n -e x tr o v e r s io n ,
d e p r e ssio n ,
p o s i t i o n and r h a th y m ia ;
s e le c te d fa c to r s of
a c h iev em en t:
an d c e r t a i n
c y c lo id d is
r e a d in g v o c a b u la r y , r e a d in g c o m p r e h e n sio n ,
m a th e m a tic a l r e a s o n in g , m a th e m a tic a l fu n d a m e n ta ls , la n g u a g e , v e r b a l,
sp ace,
in te r e st,
r e a s o n i n g , num ber, w ord f l u e n c y , m e c h a n i c a l
co m p u ta tio n a l i n t e r e s t ,
su a siv e in t e r e s t , cal in te r e st,
a r tistic
so c ia l
sc ie n tific
in te r e st, lite r a r y
se r v ic e
in te r e st,
in te r e st,
i n t e r e s t , m u s i
and c l e r i c a l
o f a. s e l e c t e d g r o u p o f J ohn M u ir C o l l e g e
per
stu d en ts.
in te r e st, R e la tio n
s h i p w&s o b t a i n e d by c o r r e l a t i o n s a n d i n d e p e n d e n t f a c t o r s th ro u g h th e s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c e s s o f f a c t o r
a n a ly sis.
The
m a jo r p r o b le m w as b r o k e n down i n t o n i n e q u e s t i o n s f o r w h ic h answ erssw ere so u g h t. 1.
T h ese q u e s t io n s w ere:
How many i n d e p e n d e n t f a c t o r s a r e b e i n g m e a s u r e d b y th e P r o g r e s s i v e A ch iev em en t T e s t ,
G u ilfo r d 1s In ven
t o r y o f F a c t o r s S . T . D . C . R . , P r im a r y M e n ta l A b i l i t i e s T est,
a n d K ud er P r e f e r e n c e R e co r d ?
82 2.
I n w h ic h o f t h e t e s t s
or s u b - t e s t s are th e se
f a c t o r s fo u n d ? 3.
To w hat e x t e n t may t h e s e f a c t o r s b e I d e n t i f i e d ?
4.
How much o f t h e v a r i a n c e i s
a c c o u n te d f o r by th e
facto rs? m
5.
I n w h ic h o f
th e s u b - t e s t s a r e h ig h ^ c o r r e la tio n s
fou n d ? 6.
What s e x d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n s stu d ied ?
7.
How a c c u r a t e l y do t h e f a c t o r p a t t e r n s r e p r o d u c e th e o r ig in a l c o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e la tio n s?
8.
To w hat e x t e n t do any o f t h e t e s t s
or s u b - t e s t s
m easure so m eth in g e l s e b e t t e r th a n th e y m easure w h at i s 9.
c l a i m e d f o r them?
What may b e i n f e r r e d w i t h r e g a r d t o
th e s t a b i l i t y
or c o n s i s t e n c y o f t h e f a c t o r p a t t e r n s ? The s u b j e c t s i n v e s t i g a t e d w e re 4 0 0 i n d i v i d u a l s o f t h e C a u ca sia n r a c e b e tw e e n t h e a g e s o f s e v e n t e e n a n d tw e n ty seven y e a rs.
Of t h i s
to ta l,
2 3 5 w ere b o y s
and 1 6 5 w e r e g i r l s .
A l l s u b j e c t s h a d b e e n e n r o l l e d i n t h e D i v i s i o n o f H u m a n itie s a t J oh n M uir C o l l e g e , P a s a d e n a , t e s t s w ere a d m in is t e r e d .
C a lifo r n ia ,
a t th e tim e th e
O n ly t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s f o r whom
c o m p le te d a ta w ere a v a i l a b l e w ere r e t a i n e d i n t h e s tu d y . The s u b j e c t s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d b y s e x i n t o a n d w ere a d m i n i s t e n e d t h e f o l l o w i n g
tw o g r o u p s
te s t b a tte r ie s:
K uder
83 P r e f e r e n c e R e c o r d , P r im a r y M e n ta l A b i l i t i e s T e s t ,
G u ilf o r d 1s
i n v e n t o r y o f F a c t o r s S .T .D .O .R . , a n d P r o g r e s s i v e A c h i e v e m e n t T ests. A t o t a l o f t w e n t y - f o u r v a r i a b l e s v/ere y i e l d e d by th e t e s t b a t t e r ie s : p e r su a s iv e ,
m e c h a n ic a l,
a r tistic ,
and c l e r i c a l
lite r a r y ,
c o m p u ta tio n a l, m u sic a l,
so c ia l
sc ie n tific , se r v ic e ,
s c o r e s on t h e K uder P r e f e r e n c e R e c o r d ;
so c ia l
in tr o v e r sio n -e x tr o v e r s io n ,
th in k in g in tr o v e r s io n -e x tr o v e r -
w io n ,
a n d r h a t h y m i a o n t h e S .T . D .C .R .
d e p r e ssio n ,
In ven tory; v e r b a l,
c y c lo id , sp ace,
r e a so n in g ,
nu m ber, a n d word f l u
e n c y on t h e S .R .A P r im a r y M e n ta l A b i l i t i e s ; r e a s o n in g , m a th e m a tic a l fu n d a m e n ta ls,
and m a t h e m a t i c a l
r e a d in g v o c a b u la r y ,
r e a d i n g c o m p r e h e n s i o n , a n d l a n g u a g e on t h e P r o g r e s s i v e A g h ie v e m e n t T e s t s . C o e f f i c i e n t s o f i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n b etw een th e
su b -tests
w e r e t h e n c a l c u l a t e d b y t h e t e t r a c h o r i c m e th o d f o r b o t h s e x e s on a l l fo r m s o f t h e t e s t b a t t e r i e s . w e r e e x a m in e d e m p i r i c a l l y f o r tern s.
N ext,
T hese i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s
sig n ific a n c e
th ese in te r c o r r e la tio n s
and p o s s i b l e p a t
w ere s u b j e c t e d to
T h u r s t o n e * s c e n t r o i d m eth od o f f a c t o r a n a l y s i s . l o a d i n g s w ere r o t a t e d i n t o and " sim p le
stru ctu re"
th e se r o ta tio n s*
c o m m e n d a tio n s*
a p a t t e r n o f " p o s i t i v e m a n i f o l d 11
a n d t h e f i n a l l o a d i n g s r e s u l t e d fro m
F in a lly ,
u s e d t o draw c e r t a i n
The f a c t o r
t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e s t u d y w e re
c o n c lu sio n s,
and t o make c e r t a i n r e
84 Summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s *
The fin d in g s
of th is
s t u d y may b e s t a t e d a s f o l l o w s : 1.
T iiere was r e l a t i o n s h i p b e ti^ e e n t h e s e l e c t e d f a c
t o r s o f te m p e r a m e n t a n d a c h i e v e m e n t a s e v i d e n c e d b y t h e 552 i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s and t h e n in e t e n t a t i v e l y l a b e l e d f a c t o r p attern s* 2.
C o r r e la tio n s
sh o w in g th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n
tem p er a m en t and a c h i e v e m e n t f o r b o y s a r e : la r y — so c ia l -.0 7 ;
r e a d in g
v o c a b u la r y — d e p r e s s io n .0 3 ;
v o c a b u la r y — th in k in g .1 5 ;
* 07;
r e a d in g c o m p reh en sio n —
r e a d in g c o m p reh en sio n — t h in k in g .0 6 ;
co m p reh en sio n — d e p r e s s io n .6 5 ; .0 0 ;
.2 0 ;
m e n ta ls— th in k in g - .0 3 ;
m a th e m a tic a l r e a s o n
m a th e m a tic a l fu n d a
m a th e m a tic a l fu n d a m e n ta ls— d e p r e s s io n
m a th e m a tic a l f u n d a m e n ta ls — c y c l o i d - . 2 6 ;
fu n d a m e n ta ls— rh a th y m ia - . 0 7 ;
m a th e m a tic a l
la n g u a g e— s o c i a l - . 0 3 ;
- - t h i n k i n g .1 2 ; la n g u a g e — d e p r e s s io n -.0 7 ;
.0 8 ;
m a th e m a tic a l r e a s o n in g — rh a th y m ia - . 1 0 ;
m a th e m a tic a l fu n d a m e n ta ls — s o c i a l - . 0 3 ;
-.1 3 ;
m a th e m a tic a l r e a
m a th e m a tic a l r e a s o n in g — t h in k in g
m a th e m a tic a l r e a s o n in g — d e p r e s s io n - . 0 3 ; in g — c y c lo id - .0 1 ;
r e a d in g
r e a d in g c o m p r e h e n sio n --e y c lo ± d
r e a d in g co m p re h e n sio n — r h a th y m ia - . 1 3 ;
so n in g — s o c ia l
r e a d in g
r e a d in g v o c a b u la r y — c y c l o i d .1 0 ;
r e a d in g v o c a b u la r y — r h a th y m ia .0 3 ; so c ia l
r e a d in g vocabu
.0 5 ;
la n g u a g e
la n g u a g e — c y c lo id
a n d l a n g u a g e — r h a t h y m i a .0 0 * 3.
C o r r e la tio n s
s h o w in g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n
te m p e r a m e n t a n d a c h i e v e m e n t f o r g i r l s
are:
r e a d in g v o c a b u la r y —
85 so c ia l
.0 0 ;
r e a d in g v o c a b u la r y — t h in k in g *18; r e a d in g
v o c a b u l a r y — d e p r e s s i o n - r .3 0 ; -.3 5 ;
r e a d in g v o c a b u la r y — c y c l o i d
r e a d in g v o c a b u la r y — rh a th y m ia - . 2 0 ;
sio n — s o c ia l - .0 8 ;
r e a d in g co m p re h e n sio n — t h in k in g .2 0 ;
r e a d in g c o m p re h e n sio n — d e p r e s s i o n - . 1 8 ; c y c lo id -.2 0 ;
r e a d in g
m a th em a t
m a th e m a tic a l r e a s o n in g — t h in k in g
m a th e m a tic a l r e a s o n in g — d e p r e s s io n - . 1 3 ;
r e a so n in g — c y c lo id - .1 0 ; -.3 0 ;
r ea d in g co m p re h e n sio n —
c o m p re h e n sio n — r h a th y m ia - . 2 0 ;
i c a l r e a so n in g — s o c ia l - .1 7 ; .1 3 ;
r e a d i n g c o m p re h e n
m a th e m a tic a l
m a th e m a tic a l r e a s o n in g — r h a th y m ia
m a th e m a tic a l fu n d a m e n ta ls— s o c i a l - . 1 8 ;
m a th e m a tic a l
f u n d a m e n ta ls — t h in k in g .1 0 ; m a th e m a tic a l fu n d a m e n ta ls— d e p r e ssio n .2 7 ;
m a th e m a tic a l fu n d a m e n ta ls— c y c l o i d - . 2 6
m a th e m a tic a l fu n d a m e n ta ls— rh a th y m ia .2 5 ; .0 0 ;
la n g u a g e— th in k in g .0 6 ;
la n g u a g e — c y c lo id - .1 6 ; 4. la b e le d are:
la n g u a g e — s o c i a l
la n g u a g e — d e p r e ssio n - .0 3 ;
la n g u a g e — r h a th y m ia - . 2 0 .
The f a c t o r s f o r t h e b o y s t h a t w e r e t e n t a t i v e l y general sc h o la stic ,
s p a t ia l r e a so n in g ,
n u m er ica l,
s c ie n t if ic , p e r so n a lity ,
m ec h a n ica l,
g i r l s t h e f a c t o r s l a b e l e d w ere g e n e r a l a n d “ s o c i a l b u t t e r f l y - 11
and l i t e r a r y .
For
sc h o la stic a b ility
No a t t e m p t w as made to i d e n t i f y
th e
o th e r f a c t o r s b ecau se of th e d is p e r s io n o f t h e ir fa c to r lo a d in g s. 5.
The o b t a i n e d f a c t o r p a t t e r n s a c c o u n t e d f o r
im a t e ly 70 p e r cent sp e c ific
o f th e
to ta l
t e s t v a r ia n c e .
approx
Unknown
and e r r o r f a c t o r s a c c o u n t e d f o r t h e b a l a n c e o f t h e
86
test
v a r ia n c e . 6.
The r e p r o d u c t i o n o f a s e l e c t g r o u p o f t h e o r i g
i n a l i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s by t h e f a c t o r p a t t e r n s w as c o n s i s t e n t enough to 7.
w arrant c o n fid e n c e i n th e f a c t o r p a t t e r n s . A lth o u g h t h e r e
w ere f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e s i z e o f
c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f r o m one p o p u l a t i o n t o t h e o t h e r , t h e r e w as c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n s i s t e n c y o f c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n th e
s u b - t e s t s from one p o p u l a t i o n to t h e o t h e r . 8.
S e x d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r e q u e n t l y among
th e m easures and f a c t o r p a t t e r n s a n a ly z e d . C o n clu sio n s. stu d y,
On t h e b a s i s o f t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h i s
th e f o l lo w in g c o n c lu s io n s appear to be v a l id : 1.
. T h e r e w as r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e s e l e c t e d
f a c t o r s o f te m p e r a m e n t a n d a c h i e v e m e n t a s e v i d e n c e d b y t h e 552 i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s a n d t h e n i n e t e n t a t i v e l y l a b e l e d f a c t o r p a ttern s. 2.
The f a c t o r p a t t e r n s o b t a i n e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s
a cco u n t f o r th e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s o f th e b a s i c d a ta w ith con sid e r a b le accuracy. 3. in d ic a te s
The f a c t
t h a t many f a c t o r s w e r e n o t i d e n t i f i e d
the n e e d fo r f u t u r e
th e c o n str u c tio n o f a d d itio n a l
in v e stig a tio n s,
and p r o b a b ly
t e s t s w o u ld h e l p
c la r ify
th ese
fa cto r s. 4.
The u s e o f th e p r e s e n t t e s t s f o r fceraperament-
a ch iev em en t p a t t e r n s
i s open t o q u e s t io n on t h e b a s i s o f
87 th e ir
som ewhat c l o u d y f a c t o r a l 5*
stru ctu re*
The t e s t s n e e d t o h e r e v i s e d s o t h a t t h e y may
b e t t e r a c h ie v e t h e ir p u rp ose o f f in d in g
th e r e la t io n s h ip
b e tw e en tem p eram en t and a c h ie v e m e n t. 6.
When a c h i e v e m e n t ,
in te r e st,
s c h o l a s t i c a p t it u d e t e s t s appear in th e m a tr ix i t ap p ears a s
if
11s i m p l e
p e r so n a lity ,
and
same c o r r e l a t i o n
s t r u c t u r e 11 a n d flp o s i t i v e
m a n ifo ld “ s h o u ld a p p ly o n ly to t h e f a c t o r lo a d in g s o f a c h ie v e m en t or a p t i t u d e when t h e p r o c e s s o f r o t a t i o n I n t e r e s t and p e r s o n a l i t y
is
attem p ted .
f a c t o r s may b e i n t e r p r e t e d when
t h e i r f a c t o r lo a th in g s a re n e g a t i v e b e c a u s e t h e t r a i t s and i n t e r e s t s m e a s u i'e d h a v e o p p o s i t e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . a m p le ,
a n e g a t iv e lo a d in g
on a p e r s o n a l i t y
w o u ld be i n t e r p r e t e d a s d i s h o n e s t y .
tr a it
For e x fo r h on esty
But a c c o r d in g to th e
l i t e r a t u r e m e a s u r e s o f a c h i e v e m e n t c a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d more m e a n i n g f u l p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y when t h e l o a d i n g s a r e p o s i t i v e . R e c o m m e n d a t io n s . of th is
in v e stig a tio n ,
I n v i e w o f t h e f i n d s and c o n c l u s i o n s
s e v e r a l r e c o m m e n d a t io n s may b e o f f e r e d - ...
A d d i t i o n a l r e s e a r c h m ak in g u s e o f th e c o n c l u s i o n s o f
th is
in v e s t ig a t io n appears j u s t if i a b l e b ecau se c le a r e r p a tte r n s of
tem p era m en t
and a c h i e v e m e n t p r o b a b l y w o u ld b e o b t a i n e d .
T h e s e p a t t e r n s w o u ld p r o m o t e m ore e f f i c i e n t u s e o f t h e v a r i o u s tests
i n c o u n s e l i n g and e d u c a tio n * Second,
it
is
recom m end ed t h a t f u r t h e r s t u d y b e
88
g i v e n t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a d e q u a t e t e s t i n g d e v i c e s w h ic h w o u ld c o n f i r m t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t te m p e r a m e n t,
in te r e st,
and
a c h i e v e m e n t t e s t s a r e c o m p lim e n t a r y a n d n o t d u p l i c a t i o n . M a la d j u s t m e n t t e n d e n c i e s i n n o r m a l p o p u l a t i o n s sh o u ld be i d e n t i f i e d w ith e d u c a tio n a l
and o c c u p a t i o n a l p a t
tern s. I t i s rec o m m e n d ed t h a t some c o n s i d e r a t i o n b e g i v e n to s h o r t e n in g th e t e s t s . t e s t i n g p e r io d , o f th is
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o c c u p a tio n a l c o u n s e lin g u sin g p a t t e r n s
d e r i v e d fr o m t e r a p e r a m e n t - a c h ie v e m e n t t e s t b a t t e r i e s b e im m e a s u r a b ly im p r o v e d .
c o u ld
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
90 A n a s t a s i , A n n e , “ The I n f l u e n c e o f S p e c i f i c E x p e r i e n c e a n d M e n ta l O r g a n i z a t i o n , “ G e n e t i c P s y c h o l o g y M o n o g r a p h s , X V III ( A u g u s t , 1 9 3 6 ) , 2 4 5 - 3 5 5 . A n d r e w s , T. G. , M e th o d s o f P s y c h o l o g y . & S o n s , 1 9 4 8 . 71 £ p p .
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John ? /ile v
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C h am bers, 0 . R . , “ C h a r a c t e r T r a i t T e s t s a n d t h e P r o g n o s i s o f C o l l e g e A c h i e v e m e n t , 11 J o u r n a l o f A bnorm al and S o c i a l P s y c h o l o g y , XX ( 1 9 2 6 ) , 3 0 3 . D u r f l i n g e r , G le n W., “ S c h o l a s t i c P r e d i c t i o n i n a T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e , * 1 J o u r n a l o f E x p e r i m e n t a l E d u c a t i o n . XI ( J u n e . 1 9 4 -3 ), 2 5 7 - 2 6 7 . F l a n a g a n , J o h n C. , F a c t o r A n a l y s i s i n t h e Stu d y o f P e r s o n a lity . P a lo A lto ; S ta n fo rd U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1935. 90 pp . G a r r e t t , H en ry E. e t a l , S t a t i s t i c s i n P s y c h o l o g y a n d E d u ca tio n . New Y ork ; Longmans^ G reen a n d Company, 1 9 3 7 . 493 pp. , “The A g e F a c t o r i n M e n t a l O r g a n iz a t io n ,* * A r c h i v e s o f P s y c h o l o g y , CLXXVI ( 1 9 3 5 ) , 35 p p . G r e e n e , Edward B . , M easur e m e n ts o f Human B e h a v i o r . The O d y s s e y P r e s s , 1 9 4 1 . 777 pp.
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