Guobin Yang argues that Chinese youth engaged in an imaginary revolution from 1966 to 1968, enacting a political mytholo
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English Pages 288 [282] Year 2016
Table of contents :
CONTENTS
NOTES ON DATA
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INTRODUCTION
1. VIOLENCE IN CHONGQING
2. FLOWERS OF THE NATION
3. THEORY AND DISSENT
4. ORDINARY LIFE
5. UNDERGROUND CULTURE
6. NEW ENLIGHTENMENT
7. FACTIONALIZED MEMORIES
CONCLUSION
NOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
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