The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity After World War II 9780262581967, 9780262082662

Table of contents :
Frontmatter (page N/A)
Acknowledgments (page xi)
Introduction (page 1)
1 A Technological Nation (page 21)
2 Technopolitical Regimes (page 55)
3 Technopolitics in the Fifth Republic (page 91)
4 Technological Unions (page 131)
5 Regimes of Work (page 163)
6 Technological Spectacles (page 201)
7 Atomic Vintage (page 241)
8 Warring Systems (page 271)
Conclusion (page 325)
Notes (page 341)
Bibliography (page 413)
Index (page 447)

Citation preview

The Radiance of France

Inside Technology edited by Wiebe E. Biker, W. Bernard Carlson, and Trevor Pinch Marc Berg, Rationalizing Medical Work: Decision-Support Techniques and Medical Practices Wiebe E. Biker, Of Bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulbs: Toward a Theory of Sociotechmcal Change

Wiebe E. Bijker and John Law, editors, Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change Stuart S. Blume, Insight and Industry: On the Dynamics of Technological Change in Medicine

Geoffrey C. Bowker, Science on the Run: Information Management and Industrial Geophysics at Schlumberger, 1920-1940 Louis L. Bucciarelli, Designing Engineers H. M. Collins, Artificial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines Paul N. Edwards, The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America

Gabrielle Hecht, The Radiance of France: Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War I Eda Kranakis, Constructing a Bridge: An Exploration of Engineering Culture, Design, and Research in Nineteenth-Century France and America Pamela E. Mack, Viewing the Earth: The Social Construction of the Landsat Satelite System

Donald MacKenzie, Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance

Donald MacKenzie, Knowing Machines: Essays on Technical Change

Susanne K. Schmidt and Raymund Werle, Coordinating Technology: Studies in the International Standardization of Telecommunications

The Radiance of France Nuclear Power and National Identity after World War I

Gabrielle Hecht

The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England

© 1998 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. Set in New Baskerville.

Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hecht, Gabrielle. The radiance of France : nuclear power and national identity after World War II / Gabrielle Hecht.

p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-262-08266-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Nuclear engineering—France—History. 2. Nuclear engineering—Social aspects—France. 3. Nationalism and technology—France. 4. National char-

TK9071.H43 1998 94-13590 621.48’0944—dc21 CIP acteristics, French. I. Title.

For Paul

Contents

Acknowledgments x1

Introduction 1 Lechnology, Politics, Culture, and National Identity Conceptual and Methodological Tools

Research Stories and Oral Histories

I A Technological Nation 21 State Engineering before World War IT

State Institutions after World War IT What Is a Technocrat? The Future of France The Mentality of the Future

The Plan

2 Technopolitical Regimes = 55 The Creation of the CEA

The Emergence of a Nationalist Technopolitical Regime The G2 Reactor: Developing a Nationalist Technopolitical Regime EDF: The Emergence of a Nationalized Regime The EDF 1 Reactor: Developing a Nationalized Technopolitical Regime

vit Contents

3 Technopolitics in the Fifth Republic 91 Technology and Gaullism Technopolttics from the Fourth to the Fifth Republic: EDF2 and EDF3

Optimization and the Competitive Kilowatt-Hour

Controlling Fuel and Pricing Plutonium Industrial Competitiveness, Exporting Reactors, and the Future of France

4 Technological Unions = 131 The Politics of Unionism Conceptuahizing National Technological Progress

Recruiting Technical Elites p)

Regimes of Work 163 Marcoule Chinon

6 Technological Spectacles 201 Salvation, Redemption, and Liberation Reconciling Modernity and Tradition Chateaux for the Twentieth Century The Cntics: “Two Steps Away Is the Abyss” Counter-Spectacle: “When the Tale of Marcoule Is Told”

/ Atomic Vintage 241 Representations of Public Opinion

Peasants and Engineers: Bagnolais de Souche and Marcoulins Interlude: Reflections on Local Memory The Little Kuwait of the Indre-et-Loire

Contenis 1x

§ Warring Systems = 271 Preliminaries to the War: Public Relations and Technological Mishaps The War Starts in Earnest: The Horowittz-Cabanius Report PEON: Defining the Context for Technological Development Breeder Reactors: Flexibility and Consensus Unions Strike Back

Boiteux Declares the End of the Gas-Graphite Program The CEA Strikes

Economic Comparisons, Union-Style Back to Bagnols

The Cleanup at Saint-Laurent: Healing the Technopolitical Wound The Battle Fizzles Out

Conclusion 32) Imagining a Technological Nation Technology and Politics

Notes 341 Bibliography 413

Index 447

Acknowledgments

There is a sense in which this book began in 1975. That was the year my parents and I moved to Paris for the first time, and the year that France became a real home in my continually itinerant life. My mother, Maria Teresa Lamarche Hecht, died before I could begin my research, but this project owes much to her. Two years before we moved to France, she gave me my first French lesson. By unconscious example, she taught me to love Paris. By conscious act, she gave me the courage and determination I would later need to see this book through to the end. In these and many other ways, she will be with me always.

I conducted the research for this book in France in 1989, 1990, 1994, and 1996. When I began, in 19839, the official archives of the nuclear program were closed. Without the goodwill of dozens of nuclear engineers and workers, as well as that of residents of the Touraine and the Gard, I would have never been able to do this research. A complete list of the people I interviewed appears in the bibliography. I am especially grateful to those who went out of their way to be hospitable, find documents, give me tours of nuclear facilities, and in some instances even read my work: Claude Bienvenu, Yves Chelet, Pierre Constantin, André Crégut, Paul

Delpeyroux, Phililppe Filhol, Claude Heurteau, Mireille Justamond, Bernard Laponche, Henri Loriers, M. Miévre, Marie-Anne Sabatier, Joél Sorin, Jean Thomas, Marie-Lise Grémy, Bernard Tourillon, Jacques and Raymonde Trélin, Jean-Claude Zerbib, and the workers and managers of EDF’s Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux site.

The Centre de Sociologie de |’Innovation provided a professional home in Paris at all stages of my research. I wrote the first chapter of this book in a tiny office there with a magnificent view of the Eiffel Tower, the quintessential symbol of French technological prowess in the nineteenth century. The researchers and staff of the CSI provided me with unfailing intellectual stimulation and professional assistance of all kinds. Special

xu Acknowledgments

thanks to Madeleine Akrich, Michel Callon, Florian Charvolin, JeanPierre Courtial, Penelope Dunning, Antoine Hennion, Juliette Hubert, Cécile Méadel, and Vololona Rabeharisoa. And of course to Bruno Latour, who was particularly generous with his time, his advice, and his car.

Academics at other institutions also helped me find my way through the maze of French scholarly resources. At various stages of this project I

received encouragement and counsel from Alain Beltran, Patrick Fridenson, Pascal Griset, Dominique Pestre, Jean-Francois Picard, Antoine Prost, Brigitte Schroeder-Gudehus, and Francoise Zonabend. My

thanks also to the many archivists and documentalistes | encountered: Louisette Battais, Annie Eskenazi, Odile Frossard, Helga Grunenwald, Marie-Héléne Joly, Mireille Justamond, Jean-Marie Palayrat, José Parreira, Santhi Pascal, Catherine Renon, Henri Sinnot, and Rose-Marie Wendling. These trips to France were possible thanks to financial support from the

National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Science Foundation, the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the Mellon Foundation, the University of Pennsylvania, and the Hewlett and MacNamara funds at Stanford University. Previous versions of some of the chapters appeared in Technology and Culture, Social Studies of Science, French Historical Studies, and the Journal of

Contemporary History, full citations are in the bibliography.

My intellectual and professional debts outside France extend far and wide. Sharon Traweek was my first mentor in this field: without her exam-

ple and encouragement, I might never have become an academic. The

History and Sociology of Science department at the University of Pennsylvania was a wonderful place to get a graduate education. Faculty,

students, and staff built an exhilirating and supportive environment there. Special thanks to Julie Denenberg, Marta Hanson, Julie Johnson, Pat Johnson, Henrika Kuklick, Rob Kohler, Judy McGaw, Joyce Roselle, Eric Schatzberg, Dave Shearer, Lynne Snyder, Susan Speaker, Raman Srinivasan, and Keith Wailoo. Nina Lerman has been my close intellectual companion in the sometimes terrifying adventures of the past decade. Her

support and our laughter have been precious in equal measure.

Arne Kaijser, Svante Lindqvist, and Hans Weinberger of the Department of History of Science and Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm hosted a memorable visit there at a crucial stage of my dissertation. Stanford University has provided a stimulating environment in which to write this book. Many thanks to the colleagues who commented on various portions of the manuscript and who have

encouraged me in my professional development: Keith Baker, Joel

Acknowledgments = xi

Beinin, Bart Bernstein, Joe Corn, Stephen Hastings-King, Paula Findlen,

Estelle Freedman, Norman Naimark, Lou Roberts, Richard Roberts, Karen Sawislak, Laura Smoller, Jim Sheehan, Bob Tatum, and Walter Vincenti. | am grateful to Tim Lenoir, who directed my first readings course on nuclear weapons at Penn, and who has since become a generous and sympathetic colleague at Stanford. His counsel and support have been invaluable. I greatly appreciate the wonderful graduate students who have helped me with my research, commented on my drafts, and inspired my thinking: David Kirsch, Jennifer Lee, Angus Lockyer, Carlos Martin (who also

drew many of the illustrations in this book), Sara Pritchard, Heather Schell, and Phillip Thurtle. My thanks also to Carolyn Commiskey, Jennifer Milligan, and Mary Beth Nikitin for their research assistance. The members of the Bay Area technology and culture discussion group cheerfully endured several drafts of chapter 8. Many other scholars also provided thoughtful comments on pieces of the manuscript: Ken Alder, Michael Bess, Herrick Chapman, Laura Downs, Bob Frost, Cathy Kudlick, Arwen Mohun, Ted Porter, Erik Rau, Gene Rochlin, Helen Rozwadowski, Michael Smith, John Staudenmaier, and Tyler Stovall. The MIT Press has been a pleasure to work with, thanks to Larry Cohen, Trevor Pinch, and Paul Bethge.

Thomas Parke Hughes and Agatha Chipley Hughes sheperded me through this project from its inception, with endless patience, humor, and wisdom. Agatha’s kindness and wit continues to sustain me after her

tragic and untimely death. Tom heroically read even the penultimate draft of my manuscript; his astute sense of technology and history helped me through all the stages of revision. I could not have asked for better mentors. I have also been sustained by warm friendships outside academia with

Ivan Deutsch, Jamie Henderson, Florence Le Gal, Todd Jones, Karin Nilsson, Marie-Laure Paris, Dori Schack, Elaine and Don Singer, and Rick and Eli Zinman. Jay Slagle has been more involved with this project than he ever imagined he would be, to the tremendous benefit of my book and my sanity.

My family, new and old, have been a vital source of nourishment. The Edwardses have shown me the delights of a large clan. Lauren Singer has given me steadfast support in the best and worst of times. Her daughter Maya Emlin Delaney brought me joy before she even drew breath. The unwavering faith and love of my father, Otto Hecht, has sustained me through all the phases of my education. He taught me how to make

xiv Acknowledgments

a great deal from very little, and has always had the grace and courage to let me learn to fly on my own. Finally, Paul Edwards has been at my side for the last five years of this project. He has endured much and given even more, always with infinite gentleness and understanding. His own work has been an inspiration to me, and his keen editorial eye has improved every page of this book. He has kept me whole, and for that I dedicate my book to him.

The Radiance of France

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