The Predynastic Lithic Industries of Upper Egypt, Parts i and ii: A comparative study of the lithic traditions of Badari, Nagada and Hierakonpolis 9781407390154, 9781407390161, 9780860546016, 9781407347554
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English Pages [518] Year 1989
Polecaj historie
Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter 1. THE PREDYNASTIC OF EGYPT
Chapter 2. BACKGROUND TO RESEARCH
Chapter 3. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Chapter 4. STONE IMPLEMENTS FROM HEMAMIEH
Chapter 5. LITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM THE BADARI DISTRICT
Chapter 6. THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE BADARIAN: A PERSPECTIVE BASED ON LITHIC ARTIFACTS
Chapter 7. THE LITHIC INDUSTRY OF NAGADA
Chapter 8. A LITHIC ASSEMBLAGE FROM LOCALITY HK-29 AT HIERAKONFOLIS
Chapter 9. REGIONAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN THE INDUSTRIES FROM BADARI, NAGADA AND HIERAKONPOLIS
Chapter 10. A SURVEY OF EARLY AND MIDDLE HOLOCENE TRADITIONS IN NORTH-EAST AFRICA AND THE LEVANT
Chapter 11. THE ORIGINS OF THE NEOLITHIC TRADITIONS IN THE EGYPTIAN NILE VALLEY
Chapter 12. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
APPENDICES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citation preview
The Predynastic Lithic Industries of Upper Egypt A comparative study of the lithic traditions of Badari, N agada and Hierakonpolis
Diane L. Holmes
Part i
Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 33
BAR International Series 469(i) 1989
B.A.R. 5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.
GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.
BAR 8469 (I), 1989: 'The Predynastic Lithic Industries of Uppe r Egypt' Part I
©
Diane L. Hol:mes, 1989
The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407390154 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407390161 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860546016 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407347554 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546016 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
PREFACE
D espite E gypt, h ave
i t
r eally
i n t he
nearly
i s o nly b egun
l ate
1 9th
c oncentrated a reas.
a c entury
r ecently t o
b e
r esearch
t he
efforts
t he o n
i nto
t he
P redynastic
f lint a rtifacts of
s ystematically
C entury a nd
their
o f
t hat
s tudied .
f irst
S cholars
h alf of
a wealth
o f
e xcavating
t he p resent c entury
cemetery s ites r ather
T he cemeteries p roduced
o f
t his period
t han h abitation
i nteresting
material:
pottery vessels, s tone v ases, s late palettes, objects of i vory etc., w hich f or
t he
s ome
e xcavators
d escribed
s pectacularly
a nd
d iscussed.
e laborate e xamples,
U nfortunately,
t he
e xcept
l ithic a rtifacts
which
t hey f ound were r egarded a s u ninfor mative a nd l ittle a ttention was p aid
t o
t hem,
and
s ettlement s ites I n b egan t he
t he
l ate
which
i s
l ithic
a n
1 960s
s till
a ' modern
of
t he
p hase' o f
c ontinuing .
artifacts
f ocussed.
u nderstanding
o f
t he
a rtifacts
P redynastic
H owever,
published
so
m uch
f ar
i s
With t he u sults of t he r ecent
k nowledge
stone
f rom
w as g enerally e ven p oorer.
P redynastic
i s
r apidly
o f
i nvestigations
t he
l iterature
p reli minary
f ield
and
o n
site-
i nvestigations o ur
e xpanding
a nd
o ur p erspective
c hanging. P revious
scholars b asing t heir conclusions on t he d iscoveries
made i n t he e arlier p art of t his c entury a nd a t t he e nd of t he g enerally
described
t he
P redynastic
c onstituted a s ingle h omogeneous f our
main periods.
present
an
f or
a s
l ast,
t hough
i t i ts
T he a i m of t his s tudy i s to t ry
' up-to-date' picture of
contemporary
c ater
E gypt
E arlier s ummaries of t he l ithic artifacts were
P redynastic o f U pper of
Upper
c ultural e ntity d uring a ny o ne o f
g enerally f itted i nto t his p attern. t o
of
E gypt,
l ithic
a nd
analysts.
t he e xtreme v ariety o f
t he
t o d escribe
l ithic t hem
i ndustries of
u sing t he
t he
t erminology
E xisting t ypologies d o n ot wholly
t ool
f orms
t hat a re
t o b e e ncountered
i n the P redynastic so s ome ' new' t ool classes a re i ntroduced i n t his s tudy. t ake
( The c lassification u sed i s p resented i n Appendix A . t his
opportunity
t o
d raw
t he
a ttention
of
t he
I a lso
r eader
t o
Appendices Band C which s ummarize o ther t erminology a nd a ttribute s tates
u sed
i n
d ocumenting
t he l ithic a rtifacts d escribed .)
I n t rying t o a chieve a b asic u nderstanding of l ithic i ndustries of U pper E gypt, a rtifacts
f rom
material
f rom
e xcavations.
t hree
r egions
t he
l atter
e xcavations
M useum
E gyptian
c onfined t o
t his
my
a nalysis
c ollection material
T he
o f
r esults
important
t his
o f
t he
N agada a nd
areas
1 920s
A rchaeology
P redynastic of
B adari,
two
o f
t he
a s
i t
f rom
s tone i s
hope
r egion
t o
p rovide
i s p lanned b y
t he
f or
i s
n ow f rom
t he
s ingle
C aton-Thompson 's
a re
d escribed be
( and t he
f rom
h ere
answered
i n
t he
L ondon . B adari
T he
r ecent
B runton a nd h oused
C ollege
l argest
c annot
answers
t he a uthor
i s f rom
a rtifacts
t he
which
which
P redynastic
H ierakonpolis.
pri marily
U niversity
B runton a nd
a nalysis
questions
a t
which
B adari material k ept i n o ther museums. c an
i s
T hat f rom t he B adari a rea
T hompson 's o f
-
t he
Ih ave exa mined t he c hipped-stone
C atonP etrie I h ave
d istrict
c ollection
of
i nvestigations . r aise
a n umber
by s tudying
more
O nly new work i n t he r egion a preli minary w inter
o f
1 989 .)
s urvey
of
t he
T his P h.D .
s tudy
r epresents
d issertation
U niversity My
a n
c arried
C ollege
extended
o ut
a t
modified
I nstitute
v ersion of my
of
A rchaeology,
L ondon .
r esearch has benefitted
n umerous
i ndividuals.
h is
v alued
m uch
and
t he
I am
h elp a nd
f rom
t he
e specially
a dvice
wisdom and a ssistance o f
g rateful
t hroughout
t o
a ll
S pecial t hanks a re d ue t o B arbara A dams,
M ark
s tages
N ewcomer
o f
my
f or
r esearch .
c urator of t he P etrie
Museum of E gyptian A rchaeology, f or v irtually g iving me f ree r un of t he
l ithic
c ollections
a nd
N agada
c ollections) .
I a lso access
to
U niversity, P rofessor a lso
w ish the a s
t o
i n
h er
e xpress
Nagada well
c are
my
g ratitude
l ithic
a s
t o
( especially
t o
M ichael
F ekri
collections
r elevant H offman
o f
me w ith t he
B adari,
H assan
at
u npublished
H assan a lso k indly p rovided
i ndebted
t o
t he
H emamieh,
who
g ave
Washington
n otes
F igs .
U niversity
a nd
me
S tate
manuscripts .
7 .1
a nd
o f
S outh
7 .2 .
I am
C arolina
f or a llowing me t o s tudy t he L ocality 2 9 s quare 10L10 a ssemblage f rom H ierakonpolis, t hank b oth
a nd
f or
M ichael
d iscussions
o n
p roviding
me
w ith
H offman a nd F ekri
t he
P redynastic,
a nd
F igs .
H assan f or
f or
8 .1 a nd
8 .2 .
I w ish t o
many t hought-provoking
g enerally
b eing
g enerous
a nd
h elpful c olleagues. I am
a dditionally g rateful
A lexander a nd R obert t his b ook
w ish
M ostagedda
t o
t hank
c ollection
D afydd G riffiths
t o
M ichael H offman a s
r eading
t hrough
well a s
earlier
t o J ohn
v ersions
o f
F unding a nd
f or
J effrey i n
t he
S pencer B ritish
f or
a llowing
M useum .
me
t o
My t hanks
e xamine
t oo g o t o
who h elped me w ith u sing t he e lectric f urnace a t t he
I nstitute o f A rchaeology
E ducation
f or
a nd p roviding m any v aluable c riticisms.
I a lso t he
M iller
t his
S cience .
f or
t he h eat
r esearch I a lso
was
t reatment e xperiments . p rovided
g ratefully
by
t he
a cknowledge
D epartment t he
of
D epartment
of E ducation a nd S cience f or a t ravel g rant t o s tudy t he N agada a nd H ierakonpolis F inally, t heir
s upport,
c ollections
i n
t he
U nited S tates
i n
1 984 .
I wish t o e xpress my s incere g ratitude e ncouragement a nd u nderstanding .
i i
t o
my p arents
f or
TABLE OF CONTENTS
p age
PART i :
P REFACE
i
T ABLE OF C ONTENTS
i ii
L IST OF TABLES
v i
L IST OF F IGURES
x i
C hapter
1 :
THE
P REDYNASTIC OF
E GYPT
1
I ntroduction
1
C hronology a nd
C ultural
S equence
3
P alaeoenvironment T he
N eolithic and
T he
P redynastic of
C oncluding C hapter
2 :
3 :
L ower
E gypt
E gypt
R emarks
2 0
2 2
L ithic
S tudies
R esearch
2 8
METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
STONE
3 3
S tudied
3 3
I nformation
A nalysis of
L ithic
I MPLEMENTS
f rom M useum C ollections
A rtifacts:
P rocedures
F ROM H EMAMIEH
4 2 4 2
L ithic A rtifact
r epresented D ata
f or
5 :
a t
I ndividual
D iscussion a nd
C ategories and
T ool
C lasses
H emamieh
4 6
L ithic A rtifact
C lasses
C onclusions
L ITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM THE
BADARI
D ISTRICT
9 3 9 3
f rom t he
B adarian V illage and
C emetery A reas
1 01
L ithic A rtifacts
f rom t he
P redynastic V illage A reas
L ithic A rtifacts
f rom t he
P redynastic
a nd
5 0 8 8
I ntroduction L ithic A rtifacts
D iscussion
3 6 3 9
I ntroduction M ajor
C hapter
8 1 2
P revious
E xtracting
4 :
U pper
2 2
S amples
C hapter
P redynastic of
BACKGROUND TO RESEARCH
A ims o f C hapter
6
S ummary
i ii
C emetery A reas
1 07 1 69 1 71
C hapter
6 :
THE
CURRENT S TATUS OF THE
B ADARIAN:
A PERSPECTIVE
BASED ON L ITHIC ARTIFACTS
1 76
I ntroduction
1 76
P revious
L ithic
O utline of
t he
R esults T he
B adarian
D escribed
D istribution o f
O rigin a nd
1 76
S tudies L ithic
i n
C hapters
B adarian
D evelopment
I ndustry b ased on 4 a nd
S ites
of t he
i n
1 79
5
1 80
E gypt
B adarian
T radition
1 83 1 87
S ummary C hapter
7 :
THE L ITHIC
1 89
I NDUSTRY OF NAGADA
1 89
I ntroduction
1 97
R aw M aterial L ithic A rtifacts N agada P etrie's L ithic
8 :
R ecent
E xcavations
i n
t he 1 98
R egion
S outh
T own
A rtifacts
D iscussion and C hapter
f rom t he
2 58
C ollection
f rom t he
N agada
2 76
C emeteries
2 80
C onclusions
A L ITHIC ASSEMBLAGE FROM
L OCALITY H K-29 AT 2 84
H IERAKONPOLIS
2 84
I ntroduction A n
A nalysis
of
10L10 a t
t he
L ithic A rtifacts
f rom S quare 2 90
HK-29
D iscussion and
3 14
C onclusions
PART i i:
C hapter
9 :
REGIONAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY F ROM BADARI,
I N THE
I NDUSTRIES 3 22
N AGADA AND H IERAKONPOLIS
3 22
I ntroduction C hronological
3 22
C onsiderations
3 23
A C omparative A ssessment R egional
a nd
T emporal
V ariation:
I nterpretation a nd 3 27
I mplications S ummary of
C hronological
3 36
C hanges
3 38
S ummary C hapter
1 0:
A SURVEY OF
E ARLY AND M IDDLE HOLOCENE TRADITIONS
NORTH-EAST AFRICA AND THE
I N 3 40
LEVANT
I ntroduction
3 40
T he
E gyptian
3 40
T he
N ile V alley
E astern T he
N ile Valley i n
C entral
S udan S ahara
T he Western
D esert
T he
N orth-East
T he
E astern a nd
i n
A frican
N orthern
3 42
S udan
3 49 3 50
L ittoral
Z one
3 57 3 59
D esert
t he
S udan
3 49
E astern
S inai
N orthern a nd
L evant
3 60
D iscussion
3 62
i v
C hapter
1 1:
THE ORIGINS OF T HE
N EOLITHIC TRADITIONS
I N T HE
E GYPTIAN N ILE VALLEY
3 67
I ntroduction
3 67
P revious
I deas
3 67
T he O rigins
of
t he
E gyptian
A T entative
M odel o f
t he
N eolithic:
O rigins of
t he
D iscussion
N eolithic
C hapter
A ppendix
3 81
S ummary
3 86
1 2:
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
3 88
A :
A CLASSIFICATION S CHEME PREDYNASTIC
A ppendix
B :
F OR STONE TOOLS
FROM
E GYPT
3 95
L IST OF TERMS AND ATTRIBUTES U SED
I N R ECORDING
L ITHIC ARTIFACTS
4 19 4 45
A ppendix
C :
GLOSSARY OF L ITHIC TERMS
A ppendix
D :
A NOTE ON SOME
PRELIMINARY H EAT TREATMENT
E XPERIMENTS A ppendix
3 70
E gyptian
E :
4 59
L IST OF UC NUMBERS AND NAGADA GRAVE NUMBERS OF L ITHIC ARTIFACTS S TUDIED E GYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY
I N THE P ETRIE MUSEUM OF 4 65
B ibliography
4 69
V
L IST OF TABLES
T able
p age
1 .1
P redynastic a nd
2 .1
L ist
2 .2
L ist
2 .3
L ithic a rtifact
2 .4
B aumgartel's
4 .1
M ajor
4 .2
E stimate o f a verage n umber o f
o f
D ynastic
f rom N eolithic s ites o f
C hronology
C aton-Thompson's t ool c lasses
i n t he
P redynastic o ccupation s ite a t c ategories o f d e f or
l ithic a rtifact
f rom e ach c lass
6 -inch
4 .3
T ool
4 .4
S ummary o f
4 .5
F requency d ata
4 .6
D imensional D ata
f or
F requency d ata D imensional
4 .10
D ata
4 .11
F requency d ata
f or
f or
2 7
H emamieh
4 7
H emamieh
f rom
f or
4 9
c ores
e ndscrapers
4 .12
D imensional s tatistics
4 .13
F requency d ata
4 .14
D imensional s tatistics
4 .15
F requency d ata
5 1
H emamieh
5 2
f rom H emamieh
5 4
f rom H emamieh
5 5
f rom H emamieh
f or e ndscrapers
s crapers
f or
2 5
s tone a rtifacts
l ithic a rtifacts c ollected
5 6
f rom H emamieh
f rom H emamieh
f or p erforators f or
f or
2 4 ( 1896)
c ore c lasses c ores
s tatistics
c ircular
t he
4 8
f or
s tatistics
4 .9
f or
A rmant
P redynastic
s econdary b lades
4 .8
t ools
l evel
H emamieh
4 .7
s tone
2 3
H uzayyin
M organ
f requencies
f requencies f or
f or
F ayum
r ecognized b y
t ypology
5
2 5 m ain c lasses
f or p erforators f or
6 4
f rom H emamieh
f rom H emamieh
t runcations
t runcation
6 1
f rom H emamieh
t runcations
k nives
f rom H emamieh
D imensional
s tatistics
f or
t runcation
4 .17
D imensional s tatistics
f or
b acked p ieces
4 .18
D ata
f or
s ickle b lades
f rom H emamieh
f or
b lade k nives
4 .19
D ata
4 .20
F requency d ata
4 .21
D imensional
4 .22
D ata
f or
b ifacial
4 .23
D ata
f or
c oncave-base a rrowheads
4 .24
D ata
f or
r etouched p ieces
5 .1
B adarian v illage a nd
5 .2
P redynastic v illage a nd
5 .3
L ithic a rtifact
5 .4
T ool
5 .5
M ajor
5 .6
T ool
5 .7
M ajor
5 .8
T ool
5 .9
C ore c lasses
5 .10
F requency d ata
k nives
f rom H emamieh
f rom
s tatistics
f or
k nives
H emamieh
s idescrapers
7 7
f rom H emamieh
f rom H emamieh f rom
H emamieh
8 4
i n
8 7 t he
c emetery s ites
i n
B adari t he
d istrict
t he
B adari B adari B adari
f or
B adarian
v illage a reas
5 500
1 03
t he
c ategory d ata B adari
f requencies
f or
f or
B adarian
d istrict B adarian
1 04 c emeteries
i n
t he
d istrict
1 05
l ithic a rtifact c lass
B adarian v illage a reas 1 02
l ithic a rtifact i n
f or
5 500
f requencies
c emeteries
i n
9 8
B adari 1 00
5 300-5400 a nd
B adari
7 8 7 9
f rom H emamieh
c ategory d ata
5 300-5400 a nd
c lass
7 1 7 5
d istrict
c lass
6 9 7 3
f rom H emamieh
c emetery s ites
6 7 6 8
f rom H emamieh
f or s idescrapers
6 5 6 6
f rom H emamieh
4 .16
5 8
B adari
f requencies
f or
P redynastic s ites
d istrict
f requencies
1 08
f or
P redynastic s ites
i n
t he
d istrict
1 10
r epresented
a t
P redynastic s ites
i n
t he
d istrict f or
1 11 c ores
f rom
d istrict
P redynastic
s ites
i n
t he 1 13
v i
5 .11
D imensional s tatistics f or b ladelet c ores s ites f or
i n t he
B adari
f rom P redynastic
d istrict
s econdary b lades
1 15
5 .12
D ata
5 .13
S triking p latform d ata
5 .14
D ata
5 .15
S triking p latform d ata f or g lossy b ladelets f rom A reas
5 .16
D imensional s tatistics f or a xe p reparation f lakes
5 .17
F requency d ata f or e ndscrapers f rom P redynastic s ites i n
B adari
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he
d istrict
1 900 a nd
1 16 f or s econdary b lades f rom A reas
3 000
1 17
f or g lossy b ladelets
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he
B adari d istrict 1 900 a nd
1 19
3 000
1 20
P redynastic s ites t he 5 .18
1 22 1 23
D imensional s tatistics D ata
B adari d istrict
B adari d istrict
s ites 5 .19
i n t he
f rom
f or e ndscrapers f rom P redynastic
i n t he B adari d istrict
f or c ircular
s crapers
1 24
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he
B adari d istrict 5 .20
F requency d ata
1 28
f or b urins
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he
B adari d istrict
1 30
5 .21
D imensional s tatistics
5 .22
F requency d ata
f or b urins
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he B adari d istrict B adari 5 .23
1 32
f or n otches
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he
d istrict
1 34
D imensional s tatistics
f or n otches
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he B adari d istrict 5 .24
D ata f or d enticulates
5 .25
F requency d ata
5 .26
D imensional s tatistics
5 .27
F requency d ata
5 .28
D imensional s tatistics
1 35
f rom P redynastic s ites i n t he
B adari d istrict
1 36
f or p erforators
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n
t he B adari d istrict s ites
i n t he B adari f or
1 39 f or p erforators
f rom P redynastic
d istrict
t runcations
1 40 f rom P redynastic s ites i n
t he B adari d istrict s ites 5 .29
t runcations
f rom P redynastic
i n t he B adari d istrict
F requency d ata s ites
1 42 f or
f or
i n t he
1 43
t runcation k nives
f rom P redynastic
B adari d istrict
5 .30
D imensional s tatistics f or
5 .31
F requency d ata
5 .32
D imensional s tatistics
5 .33
F requency d ata
5 .34
D imensional s tatistics
5 .35
D ata f or b lade k nives B adari d istrict
5 .36
D ata
5 .37
D ata
5 .38
D ata
P redynastic s ites
1 45
t runcation k nives
f rom
i n t he B adari d istrict
f or b acked p ieces
1 46
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he B adari d istrict s ites
i n t he
1 49
f or b acked p ieces
f rom P redynastic
B adari d istrict
1 50
f or s ickle b lades
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he B adari d istrict s ites
f or
i n t he B adari
o ther b lade
1 51
f or s ickle b lades
f rom P redynastic
d istrict
1 52
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he 1 55
k nives
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n
t he B adari d istrict f or
t he B adari f or
B adari
1 57
g lossy b ladelet
t ools
f rom P redynastic s ites
d istrict
s idescrapers
i n 1 58
f rom P redynastic s ites
d istrict
i n t he 1 60
v ii
5 .39
D imensional d ata a nd
f or b ifacial
3 000/6 1 61
5 .40
D ata f or b ifacial s ickles
5 .41
D ata f or
5 .42
D ata f or o ther
5 .43
D ata f or
5 .44
D ata f or m iscellaneous t ools
B adari
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he
d istrict
1 62
c oncave-base a rrowheads f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he
B adari d istrict
i n t he
1 63
f ine b ifacial
t ools f rom P redynastic s ites
B adari d istrict r etouched p ieces
B adari
1 66 f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he
d istrict
t he B adari 5 .45
k nives f rom A reas
3 000/10
T ool c lass B adari
1 68 f rom P redynastic s ites i n
d istrict
1 69
f requencies f or
P redynastic c emeteries
i n t he
d istrict
1 70
6 .1
C ategories o f
6 .2
M ain l ithic a rtifact c ategories a nd
B runton,
B adarian s tone a rtifacts r ecognized b y
C aton-Thompson a nd
r epresented i n
t he
c hapters
5
4 a nd
B aumgartel
B adarian c ollections , d escribed i n 1 80
6 .3
O ccurrences o f r ippled c eramics i n t he
7 .1
M ajor
7 .2
T ool c lass
7 .3
C ore c lasses
7 .4
F requency d ata
7 .5
D imensional s tatistics
N ubia a nd
t he
E astern D esert,
S udan
l ithic a rtifact
i n t he
1 77
t ool c lasses
N agada
1 86 f requencies
f or
P redynastic s ites
r egion
f requencies
1 99 f or
P redynastic s ites
i n t he N agada
r egion
2 01 r epresented a t
S ites
K H3B a nd
S outh
f or c ores f rom S ites K H3B a nd f or
c ores
T own
2 03
S outh T own
f rom S ites K H3B a nd
S outh
T own
2 05
7 .6
D ata
7 .7
D imensional s tatistics f or a xe p reparation
f or s econdary
f lakes
P redynastic s ites 7 .8
F requency d ata
f rom K H3B a nd
i n t he N agada
f or e ndscrapers
S outh T own f lakes
2 07 f rom
r egion
2 08
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n
t he N agada r egion 7 .9
2 10
D imensional s tatistics f or e ndscrapers f rom P redynastic s ites
7 .10
D ata
f or
N agada
i n t he N agada r egion c ircular
s crapers
2 11
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he
r egion
2 15
7 .11
F requency d ata
7 .12
D imensional s tatistics f or
7 .13
D ata
7 .14
D imensional s tatistics f or n otches f rom P redynastic s ites
7 .15
F requency d ata
7 .16
D imensional s tatistics f or d enticulates
7 .17
F requency d ata
7 .18
D imensional s tatistics
N agada
f or b urins
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he
r egion
i n t he N agada f or n otches
2 16 b urins
f rom P redynastic s ites
r egion
2 17
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he N agada
r egion i n t he i n
t he
s ites i n t he s ites 7 .19
2 04
2 21 N agada N agada i n t he
i n t he
r egion N agada
2 24 f rom P redynastic
r egion
2 25
r egion
t he N agada
F requency d ata
2 22 f rom P redynastic s ites
f or p erforators f rom P redynastic s ites
N agada i n
r egion
f or d enticulates
f or
N agada
2 26 f or p erforators
f rom P redynastic
r egion
2 28
t runcations f rom P redynastic s ites
r egion
2 30
v iii
7 .20
D imensional s tatistics f or s ites
i n t he N agada f or
t runcations
f rom P redynastic
r egion
2 31
7 .21
F requency d ata
7 .22
D imensional s tatistics f or b acked p ieces f rom P redynastic
7 .23
D ata
7 .24
F requency d ata
i n t he N agada s ites f or
b acked p ieces
f rom P redynastic s ites
r egion
2 32
i n t he N agada
r egion
s ickle b lades
f rom S outh
f or
2 33
s idescrapers
T own
2 34
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n
t he N agada r egion
2 36
7 .25
D imensional s tatistics
7 .26
D ata
7 .27
B reak,
7 .28
R etouch a nd g rinding d ata
7 .29
F unctional a ttributes o f a xes
7 .30
D imensional d ata
7 .31
D ata
7 .32
D ata
7 .33
D ata
7 .34
D ata
7 .35
D ata
7 .36
D ata
7 .37
T ool b lank
7 .38
M ajor
7 .39
T ool c lass
7 .40
D ata
7 .41
D ata
f or e ndscrapers
7 .42
D ata
f or
7 .43
D ata
f or p lanes
7 .44
D ata
f or
7 .45
B reak,
7 .46
R etouch a nd g rinding d ata
7 .47
F unctional a nd d imensional d ata
7 .48
M ajor
7 .49
t omb g roups ( Petrie C ollection) M ain t ool c lass f requencies f or N agada
s ites
f or s idescrapers
f rom P redynastic
i n t he N agada r egion
2 37
f or p lanes f rom P redynastic s ites
i n
t he
N agada
r egion
2 38
t ool b lank,
R NS a nd s hape d ata
P redynastic s ites i n t he N agada
i n
f or a xes
f rom
t he N agada r egion f or a xes
2 41
f rom P redynastic s ites
r egion
2 42 f rom P redynastic s ites
i n
t he N agada r egion N agada
2 44
f or a xes
f rom P redynastic s ites
r egion
2 47
f or c oncave-base a rrowheads
i n t he N agada f or
o ther
f rom P redynastic s ites
r egion
2 48
f ine b ifacial
i n t he N agada
t ools
f rom P redynastic s ites
r egion
2 51
f or m iscellaneous b ifacial t ools
s ites
i n t he N agada
f or
i n t he
r egion
r etouched p ieces
N agada
f rom P redynastic 2 53
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he
r egion
2 54
f or w orked t abular
s labs
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n
t he N agada r egion
2 56
f or m iscellaneous
t ools
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n
t he N agada r egion
2 57
f requencies
f or u nidentifiable b roken
f rom P redynastic s ites
i n t he N agada
l ithic a rtifact c ategories
f or
t ools
r egion
S outh
2 58
T own
( Petrie
M useum c ollection)
2 59
f requencies
f or
S outh T own
( Petrie M useum
c ollection) f or
2 60
s econdary b lades
f rom S outh
T own
( Petrie
C ollection)
2 61 f rom S outh
s ickle b lades
f rom S outh
f rom S outh T own
b ifacial
T own
k nives
( Petrie
T own
C ollection)
( Petrie C ollection)
( Petrie
C ollection)
f rom S outh T own
2 66 2 67
t ool b lank, ( Petrie
2 64
( Petrie
C ollection) T own
2 62
R NS a nd s hape d ata
f or
a xes
f rom S outh
C ollection)
2 71
f or a xes
f rom S outh
T own
( Petrie
C ollection)
2 72 f or
a xes
f rom S outh T own
( Petrie C ollection) l ithic a rtifact
2 73 c ategory f requencies
C ollection)
f or
N agada 2 77
t omb g roups
( Petrie 2 78
i x
8 .1
M ajor
8 .2
M ain
l ithic a rtifact
8 .3
C ore c lasses
8 .4
D ata
f or
c ores
f or
s econdary b lades
t ool
c lass
f requencies
f requencies
f or
r epresented a t f rom H K-29,
8 .5
D ata
8 .6
S triking p latform d ata
8 .7
D ata
f or
e ndscrapers
8 .8
D ata
f or
b urins
f or
H K-29,
H K-29,
H K-29,
H ierakonpolis
H ierakonpolis
H ierakonpolis
2 93
H ierakonpolis f rom H K-29,
f or
2 91 2 92 2 94
H ierakonpolis
s econdary b lades
2 95
f rom H K-29,
H ierakonpolis
2 96 f rom H K-29,
f rom H K-29,
8 .9
D ata
f or
n otches
8 .10
D ata
f or
d enticulates
f rom H K-29,
H ierakonpolis
2 98
H ierakonpolis
3 00
H ierakonpolis
f rom H K-29,
3 02
H ierakonpolis
3 03
8 .11
D ata
f or
p erforators
f rom H K-29,
H ierakonpolis
8 .12
D ata
f or
m icrodrills
f rom H K-29,
H ierakonpolis
3 04
8 .13
D ata
f or
t runcations
f rom H K-29,
H ierakonpolis
3 06
8 .14
D ata
f or
b acked p ieces
8 .15
D ata
f or
s idescrapers
8 .16
D ata
f or
t ransverse a rrowheads
f rom H K-29, f rom H K-29,
8 .17
D ata
f or
w inged d rills
8 .18
D ata
f or
m iscellaneous b ifacial
8 .19
D ata
3 04
H ierakonpolis
3 07
H ierakonpolis
f rom H K-29,
f rom H K-29,
3 07
H ierakonpolis
H ierakonpolis
t ools
3 09
f rom H K-29,
H ierakonpolis
3 11
f or
r etouched p ieces m iscellaneous
f rom H K-29,
t ools
H ierakonpolis
8 .20
D ata
f or
8 .21
T ool
b lanks
1 1.1
H olocene p alaeoclimate o f
f rom H K-29,
1 1.2
D istribution o f c haracteristically W estern
o f u nidentifiable b roken
H ierakonpolis
t ools
D .1
M unsell
E l
f or
p ost-Palaeolithic
D abadib a rea, C olor
t reatment
3 13 3 13
t he W estern
c lasses a nd p redominant b lank L ithic d ata
3 12
f rom H K-29,
H ierakonpolis
1 1.3
3 08
C hart
D esert
3 72
D esert
t ool
t echnologies s ites
i n
3 75
t he
U mm
K harga O asis r eadings
f or
e xperiments
3 80 f lakes u sed
i n h eat 4 60
x
L IST OF F IGURES F igure 1 .1
p age M ap o f
E gypt
t he 3 .1
s howing
t he
l ocation o f p laces m entioned
i n
t ext
2
A rrow s ymbols u sed t he
B adari
i n
4 .1
M ap o f
4 .2
S tratigraphic s ection
4 .3
C ores
4 .4
S crapers
4 .5
T ools
l ithic a rtifact
i llustrations
4 1
D istrict a t
4 3
H emamieh
4 5
f rom H emamieh
5 3
f rom H emamieh
f rom t he
l evels a t
5 9
B adarian
a nd
B adarian/Amratian
t ransition
H emamieh
4 .6
S ketch o f a c ircular
4 .7
A b lade
k nife a nd
4 .8
G erzean
t ools
4 .9
B ifacial
4 .10
S ketch o utlines o f
4 .11
G raph
6 0 s craper
o n
t hin n odular
f lint
f rom
H emamieh
6 2 7 0
k nives
7 4
f rom H emamieh f ishtails
8 0 f rom
t he d istribution o f
H emamieh t he
8 2
t ool b lanks
o f
t ools
H emamieh
9 1
5 .1
R egional
5 .2
M ap s howing
m ap s howing t he
l ocation o f
s ites
i n
t he
B adari
5 .3
M ap s howing
t he
l ocation o f s ites
5 .4
S ingle p latform b lade c ore
5 .5
H eat-treated b ladelet
M ostagedda a nd
i n
f rom H emamieh
f rom H emamieh
s howing
f rom
a t runcation k nife
t he
B adari
t he
l ocation o f
M atmar
t he
B adari,
a reas
9 4
B adarian a nd
l ater
P redynastic
d istrict
9 6 i n
t he
f rom A rea
c ores
Q au a rea
9 7
3 000/6
1 12
f rom P redynastic v illage s ites
d istrict
1 14
5 .6
A xe a nd a xe p reparation
f lakes
5 .7
S crapers
5 .8
E ndscrapers
5 .9
C ircular
s craper
f rom A rea
3 000/6
5 .10
C ircular
s craper
f rom A rea
1 900 a nd b urin
5 .11
B urins
5 .12
T ools
P redynastic v illage s ites
f rom B adarian a nd
i n
t he
f rom P redynastic v illage
B adari
s ites
d istrict
i n
t he
1 21
B adari
d istrict
1 25 f rom A reas
f rom A reas
3 000/6 a nd
3 000/6
a nd
1 900
1 26 1 29 f rom A rea
3 000/6
3 000
f rom P redynastic v illage s ites
i n
t he
B adari
d istrict
1 37
5 .13
P erforators
5 .14
T ools
f rom A rea
5 .15
T ools
f rom A reas
5 .16
S ickle b lades
f rom A reas
k nives
3 000/3 a nd
3 000/6
1 44
3 000/6 a nd
f rom A reas f rom A rea
3 000/10
1 47
3 000/6 a nd
3 000/24
B lade
5 .18
G lossy b ladelet
5 .19
B ifacial
7 .1
L ocation m ap o f
7 .2
L ocation m ap o f a rchaeological s ites
7 .3
S ingle p latform
f lake
7 .4
A xe p reparation
f lakes
7 .5
E ndscrapers
7 .6
T ools
7 .7
B urins
f rom S ite
7 .8
B urins
f rom
7 .9
N otches
B adari
S outh
1 41
3 000/6
5 .17
t he
1 31 1 33
t ools
1 53
3 000/6 f rom
1 56
P redynastic v illage s ites
i n
d istrict
t ools
1 59
f rom A reas
3 000/6 a nd
P redynastic s ites
i n
3 000 t he i n
1 65 N agada
t he
r egion
T own
1 96
f rom
f rom S ite
1 90
v icinity o f
c ores
f rom
f rom S ite
P redynastic K H3 a nd
S outh
T own
K H3
S outh
f rom S ites
T own a nd K H3 a nd
a nd
S ite
K H3
K H3
s ites
S outh
T own
i n
2 06 2 09
t he
N agada
r egion
2 12 2 14 2 18
S ite K H4
x i
K H4
2 19 2 23
7 .10
P erforators
7 .11
G rand
f rom P redynastic s ites
7 .12
S ickle b lades
a nd
7 .13
A xe a nd p lane
f rom S ites
7 .14
A xes
p er oir
f rom
f rom S ite
S ite
K H3 A rea
t runcation
K H3 A rea
f rom
K H3 a nd
i n
t he
N agada
r egion
X /XI
2 27 2 29
S outh
T own
2 35
K H4
2 39
X /XI
2 43
7 .15
A xe
f rom
S outh
T own
( aspect
A )
2 45
7 .16
A xe
f rom
S outh
T own
( aspect
B )
2 46
7 .17
C oncave-base a rrowheads
7 .18
O ther
7 .19
R etouched p ieces
7 . 20
O utlines
f ine b ifacial
f rom S ite
t ools
f rom S ite
o f b ifacial
K H4 a nd
f rom S outh K H3 a nd
S outh
T own
S outh
a nd
T own
S ite
K H3
T own
k nives
f rom S outh T own
( Petrie
k nives
f rom S outh
T own
( Petrie
k nives
f rom S outh
T own
( Petrie
2 68
7 .21
O utlines o f b ifacial
7 . 22
O utlines
8 .1
T opographic m ap o f
C ollection)
2 69
o f b ifacial
C ollection) 8 .2
P lan o f T ools
t he
2 70
l ate
f rom H K-29,
8 .4
B urins a nd n otch
8 .5
B ifacial
1 1.1
S equence o f m aps
t he
H ierakonpolis
A mratian s quare
o f
A .1
P redynastic
A .2
T runcation
t he
t ool
o ccupational
f rom H K-29,
2 85
f eatures a t
H K-29
s quare
s quare
E gyptian
10L10
3 01
10L10
3 10 o f
t he
N eolithic
c ategories
P redynastic
O utline o f a b ifacial
t ool
A .5
O utline o f a c omma-shaped
A .6
R ipple-flaked
A .7
O utlines o f
r homboidal
A .8
O utlines o f
f ishtails
A .9
O utlines o f b ifacial
3 83 3 97
k nife a nd b lade k nife
A .4
2 88 2 99
s ummarizing a t entative m odel
A .3
k nife
r egion
10L10
t ools f rom H K-29,
o rigins
2 52 2 55
C ollection)
8 .3
2 49
4 01
c ategories
4 04
k nife o f
' standardized G erzean
f orm'
4 06 k nife
4 07
k nife
A .10
N agada-like a xe
A .11
P redynastic
t ool
4 09 k nives
f rom N agada
4 10 4 11
s ickles
4 13 4 14
c ategories
4 15
B .1
C ore d imensions
4 21
B .2
C ore p latform p reparation c ategories
4 22 4 23
B .3
C ore p latform s urface c ategories
B .4
S chematic d iagrams s howing
B .5
B lank
s triking p latform d imensions
B .6
B lank
p latform p reparation c ategories
B .7
B lank p latform s hape c ategories
' extent o f w orking o f c ore'
c ategories
s hape
4 24
B .8
E dge
B .9
E dge-on p rofile c ategories
4 26 4 27 4 28
c ategories
4 30 4 31
B .10
N otch w idth a nd n otch d epth
4 34
B .11
N otch
4 34
r etouch c ategories
B .12
S ickle b lade
B .13
S ickle r etouch c ategories
s hape c ategories
4 35 4 36
B .14
A xe
s hape
B .15
A xe
t ransverse s ection c ategories
c ategories
4 39
B .16
A xe
r etouch c ategories
4 41
B .17
P reparation
B .18
A rrowhead
B .19
W inged
o f a xe e dge
4 38
c ategories
d imensions
4 43
d rill w ing c ross-section
C .1
C ore
C .2
E dge-on p rofiles
4 42
r ejuvenation p ieces
c ategories
4 44 4 47 4 48
x ii
C .3
R etouch p osition
C .4
R etouch
e xtent
4 52
C .5
R etouch
s ize
4 53
C .6
R etouch d escription
C .7
R emoval o f a n a xe p reparation
D .1
C olour
c hanges d ue
4 51
c ategories t o h eat
4 55 f lake
t reatment
4 57 i n b anded
f lint
4 61
C hapter
1
THE PREDYNASTIC OF E GYPT
I NTRODUCTION T he
P redynastic
e ncompasses
t he
p eriod
a griculture t o t he E gyptian N ile V alley u nification
o f
E gypt
a nd
t he s tart
f rom
t o t he
t he
moment
i ntroduction
o f D ynastic h istory .
S ystematic i nvestigations o f P redynastic s ites b egan P etrie,
with
P redynastic Q uibell,
t he assistance of Q uibell,
c emeteries
1 896).
i n
t he
H owever,
N agada
t his
o f
o f t he political
was
s tarted
a rea l i n
a t
U pper
a t ime
i n
1 894
to excavate
when
E gypt many
when l arge
( Petrie
a nd
E gyptologists
were s till u nconvinced o f t he p resence of a ' Palaeolithic' i n E gypt, a nd
t he
e xistence
d ebated .
o f
a N eolithic,
o r
P redynastic,
I nitially,
P etrie
h imself,
o f a P alaeolithic i n
E gypt,
r egarded h is
a " New
R ace"
I ntermediate s i milar s ame
year
s upposed
I t
f ound
a nd
P etrie s oon
h e
P eriod .
to t hose
p rehistoric, t he
which
was by
J acques
as
P etrie
a s
a nd
h e
was
to
d e
E gypt
( Petrie,
Morgan
who,
immediately
N eolithic .
Q uibell's
H e
N umerous u ntil
t he
1 901:
4 -12;
P redynastic s ites
o utbreak
o f
t he
N aqada
1 920:
World
W ar,
b eing p laced o n t he s tudy o f c emeteries. o ut
a fter
t he
war
u ntil
w as r apidly r enewed mobilized
i n t he
several
P rehistoric
E xpedition Methodist
( Institute
of
i n
t he
f inding
and
u nder
t he
A fter
E xpedition,
of
H owever, o f
t he
b y t he
N ile
V alley
P redynastic.
I n
i nvestigating
a ll
t he
tea ms,
to as
1 896.
" Sequence
t his t ime o nwards
p articular
o f
s uch
work
as
emphasis
was
t he
P rofessor
and
D r.
C ulture,
f ield work
t heir T hese
c arried
F red
Wendorf
Romuald
P olish
S child
Academy
i n N ubia,
D am
C ombined
of
a s t he n ew
1 968a; Wendorf and S child, 1 976a). i nterest
i n t he p rehistory
t o s park o ff r enewed
F airservis
periods
a ttention t o t he p rehistory o f t eams h ad b een c oncentrating o n
r evitalized
b eginning
1 967,
i n
some expeditions i ncluding t he C ombined
t urned
1 960s t his
was
as
r esults
p rehistory o f t he N ile V alley
U .S .A .)
c onducting
( e.g. Wendorf,
l ate
f rom
O nly m inor
Material
t he N ile V alley n orth o f A swan. P alaeolithic s ites
h is
N agada d iscoveries a nd
w ith
d irection
U niversity,
L ake N asser b egan to f or m, P rehistoric
r emains t hem
B allas,
t o
F irst
1 960s when t he t hreat o f t he A swan H igh
H istory
W arsaw).
i n
international
( Southern S ciences
i nterest
t he
3 -4).
were e xcavated
S econd
b eing
e xistence
r ecognized
p ublished
t he p rehistoric a ge o f h is
1 900;
e ven
t he
d uring
b egan working on a r elative d ating scheme r eferred D ating"
not
a ccepted
N agada g raves a s b elonging
c a me
P etrie,
s pecifically
c onceded
t hough
i ncluding
l ed
a
t he
t eam
i nterest
to
i n
t he
H ierakonpolis
P redynastic
( Fairservis,
1 972), and s ince t hen t here h ave b een s everal P redynastic p rojects, m any
o f
which
a re
s till
c ontinuing
( Eiwanger,
1 978;
G inter, K ozlowski and S liwa, 1 979; G inter e t a l,
1 979;
1 985;
1 980;
1 982;
1 987; H assan,
1 981; H ays and H assan, 1 976; H ays, 1 976; Hoffman,
1 982; D emuynck and
V er meersch,
1 987).
1S ee
F igure
1 978;
1 .1
f or
W ildung,
1 984;
C aneva
p lace n ames m entioned
1
e t
i n
a l,
t he
t ext.
A s
yet
t he
M E DI T E R R A N E A N
SE A
M in e la t Abu Omar , 1
t,
. -
,
fQATTARA E
H e l iopo l is Me r imde• CA IRO Maad i •Omar i S aqqara• •He lwan
”..
' .« .
1.‘'
,,‚ '
S " 1• fDEPRE S J ,CW 1 1 z . , > 3,
S I WA . •
SI N AI
F AYUM , H arageh•
' 4 .
Ge ueh • Abus ir e lMe leq
OAS IS
A
BAHAR I A OAS IS if
W E S T E R N
DE S E R T o s _
Ma t mar o s tagedda B adar i
ASS IUT
F ARAFRAz OAS IS ,. .. , . ,
,E INa
aga e d-De ir Mga hasna. N A bydos•• QENA
H am Ea ld A '
m r a h , Na l l a . GOU V NAO. \ N L UXOR A rman t•
' : . DAKHLÄ" ' . . . .- ' , -K HAR dA : OAS IS OAS IS f
I SNAo H ierakonpo l is•
, .
E l K ab
A E bD u — F U 0 ' Ze idan
EG Y P T I: G IL F ' F SEB IR I
, " 4.
ma t
AS WAN K hor B ahan
, , % ' . , 1 . , "
D akka B IR K ISE IBAo
I I I
S aya la
NABTA 0
tSUDAN
I
F ig.
• Me l ik e n-Nas ir 0
1 .1
1 00
Map
o f
2 00
E gypt
3 00
s howing
4 00 km
t he
l ocation
t ext.
2
o f p laces
mentioned
i n
t he
r esults
o f
t o
p rovide
o f
t he
t he a n
o lder
c rumbling
modern
work
u p-to-date i deas
away,
b ased
whil e
h ave
n ot
p icture o n
t he
o thers
b een
o f
t he
f ully
p re-Second a re
a ssessed
P redynastic .
b eing
World
a nd
d igested
G radually
W ar
m any
e xcavations
s ubstantiated
o r
a re
s lightl y
m odified.
CHRONOLOGY AND CULTURAL SEQUENCE B ased p ri marily o n pottery t ypes, P etrie devised h is system of " Sequence
D ating"
e ffectively c omputer. g raves
H e
d ivided
i nto
( abbreviated 1 -29
f or
( Petrie
a s eriation f ifty S .D .)
1 900;
c arried
t he
p ottery
a rbitrary
b eginning
a ny e arlier
1 901:
o ut
3 0
a nd
t hat
1 920:
s trips
s equence
s tages
a t
p eriods
4 -12;
w ith
o f
3 -4)
c ard
r epresented
he
t er med
e nding
a t
b y
was
t han
t he
a
N agada
" Sequence
8 0,
m ight b e f ound,
which
r ather
D ates"
a llowing
n umbers
which i ndeed was t he
c ase, t he " Badarian" b eing d i scovered b y B runton a nd C aton-Thompson ( 1928) i n t he 1 920s.
( However, t he B adarian seems restricted to one
a rea, s ee C hapter 6 .) p eriods, d ivided
Amratian
t he
E nglish E arly,
S . D. S . D.
3 8-60
S emainian
S . D.
6 1-78
K aiser
to
a s
and
B aumgartel
with
d id
t he
i n
not
1 939:
F irst
o f
t his t he
u sed
t he
e xpressions
Amratian,
G erzean
t ripartite
S .D .
l imits,
d ivisions - N aqada
a nd
d ivision
o f
i dentifying I ( Amratiah),
P etrie's
" Se mainian"
l ate G erzean.
D ynasty.
F or
P redynastic,
period
S ome even c onsidered K antor
ends
a t
( 1 965: S .D .
4 ),
6 5,
the
while
4 64) d ates t he beginning of the F irst D ynasty t o
6 3. K emp
s caling
( 1982)
t o
h as
o btain
used
t hree
o ld
cemetery d ata
' Groups' .
G roups
i n a multidi mensional
I a nd
I I
a re
a re b roadly equivalent to t he Amratian a nd G erzean, corresponds
to
t he
P redynastic c ultural
p eriods
s ettlements P etri e's
early p hase
L ittle a ttempt P redynastic
where
t erms
very
syste m
S equence
D ates
f or
would
m ake
i t
i n
m ultidimensional
t he
i n
whole
r ather
r ecent
c eramic
t o
t hey
v essels
type
a l ater
and
v erify
work a re
t he
m ainly
f ound,
vessel
i n
and
shape.
H assan h as obtained 1 984a;
H assan a nd S .D . 4 1-44.
G erzean i t
i n
( Hassan,
s cheme .
H owever,
r epresents an e arlier
N agada
s caling
P etrie's
a rea
than
workers
l arge s herds,
N agada
a nd
S emainian .
D ates a s
cera mic
f rom t he
b y
P redynastic
while G roup I II
F or e xample, S ite KH3 i s e stimated a t
f rom KH3 s uggests t hat P redynastic
peri od
S equence
on
f or m
s ites
made o f
f ew
depends
M atson, i n p ress).
A rchaic
w hich c ould b e c alled
h as b een i n
R econstructing v essel
T his
9 ):
( Semainian).
accept
o f t he
t he
o f
t he I II
o ften
p lace
s ome
N aqada
t herefore
( 1 970a:
3 8-80), b ut l ater he
( Petrie,
s cheme
modified
r ena ming
a nd
m erely p art
coincide a nd
1 957)
r eorganizing
r esearchers i t
Gerzean, S .D .
b y
( Gerzean),
Many
P etrie's
P redynastic
( 1956;
s ubgroups I I
r egarding i t
L ate
p eriods
3 0-37
a dopting
a nd
P redynastic
N aqada
t hree
G erzean
s cholars
s everal
i nto
A mratian
M iddle
P etrie r ecognized two P redynastic
3 0-37) and G erzean ( S.D .
P redynasti .c
S emainian . t he
I nitially,
( S.D .
o f
a rea,
a nd
c eramic
i ndeed,
d ata
3
f rom
t he
e vidence
d evelopment
g raphic t he
s ite
of
t he
s eriati on and s how
c learly
t hat
i t b elongs t o a n e arlier g roup o f N agada s ites
c a.
3 800 B .C . a s d istinct
i s d ated 3 440 + 7 0 B .C . I t
would
a ppear
( Hassan a nd M atson, i n p ress).
t hat
w hile
c onsidering
e rrors a nd i nconsistencies emerge a s above.
H owever,
S equence
D ating
i n
S equence
D ates
t he e xample
i n
d etail
j ust o utlined
t he o verall t rends t hat P etrie d iscovered t hrough
a re
s till
v alid .
F or
e xample,
m ay s till b e r egarded a s e ssentially e arly i t d oes n ot
w hich a re d ated t o
f rom l ater s ites i n t he a rea, o ne o f which
m atter
w hether
i t
W hite C ross-lined
P redynastic o r
w are
Amratian a nd
i s s pecifically l imited t o S .D .
3 1-34 o r
continues t o S .D . 3 8 o r p erhaps i s o ccasionally f ound a t S .D . 4 0. S equence a bsence
o f
D ating
was
r adiocarbon
a u seful
d ates
t he P redynastic. H owever, a daptation . s ites
f or
r elative
d ating
e stablishing
t he
method
m ajor
S ince s o f ew w hole p ots a re r ecovered
method
potsherds.
t he o f
i t i s i n need o f c hecking, r efinement a nd f rom
t he s ettlement
w hich c ontemporary a rchaeologists c hiefly e xcavate,
D ating
i n
d ivisions
p articularly
n eeds
t o
b e
a dapted
f or
t he S equence
d ealing
with
I t a lso n eeds t ying t o a good r adiocarbon s equence.
I n
f act, t here i s potential f or a f airly p recise c hronology b ased o n a g ood
t ypological
r adiocarbon
r im
d ates
s herd
s equence
( Hoffman,
p ers.
p robably h ave t o b e worked o ut
f or
f ixed
comm.).
s everal
a t
b road
S uch
r egions
i ntervals
a s equence t o c heck
b y
would
f or
i nter-
r egional v ariability. H owever,
a t t he moment,
a b road chronology o f d evelopments i s
s till a ll we h ave f or t he P redynastic, complex
p icture
c hronology p eriods
i s
f or
i s
emerging
s hown
i n
r eference
E gyptian c ollections, f urther
c omment .
t able
1 .1
( based
1 964) .
T he
t han o n
i ncluding
t he
H owever,
o ld n ames,
a nd a p erhaps s lightly
h itherto
s uspected. t he
B ritish
E gyptian
M useum's
d ynastic
g uide to t he
t he P redynastic p eriods
B adarian,
Amratian
a nd
r equire
G erzean,
s till c ommonly u sed b ut t he t rue s ignificance o f t hese d ivisions n eeds c larifying. t he
possible
more
A g eneral
T hey a re not u sed i n j ust a t emporal s ense.
exception
of
t he
g eographically l i mited i n e xtent,
B adarian
which
appears
a re
s till W ith to
be
t he P redynastic p hases s hould b e
r egarded a s r epresenting important t rends within t he P redynastic t hough t hey d o n ot c orrespond t o s pecific a ssemblages o f a rtifacts f or a ll
r egions .
A s t his s tudy d emonstrates,
a ssemblages,
t here
a re
r egional
a t
l east
d ifferences .
f or
T hus
l ithic a rtifact
t he
G erzean
l ithic
a ssemblages o f s ites i n o ne a rea m ay n ot b e t he s ame a s t hose o f i n
a nother
r egion
e ven
t hough
t here
a re
p robably
a
s imilarities among o ther a rtifact c ategories. Moreover, t rends may b e o ccurring a t s lightly d ifferent t imes i n r egions. every
T hus t he t ime r anges
region
a pproximate . i s s et a t ( Hassan,
and I n
t hey
g iven
should
p articular,
a lthough
3 650 B .C ., t his 1 984a; 1 985a;
i n
t able
t herefore t he
1 .1
be
o f
d ifferent d ifferent
may not apply
regarded
Amratian-Gerzean
i s based o n H assan a nd
s ites
n umber
as
t o
only
t ransition
t he e vidence f rom N agada Matson, i n p ress). At
H ierakonpolis, t he A mratian-Gerzean t ransition a ppears t o h ave t aken p lace c a. 3 500 B .C . ( Hoffman, 1 980a). T he B adarian, i ndicated a s 1> 3 850 B .C .
( ?)' i n t able 1 .1,
r adiocarbon
d ates
t hermoluminescence l atter dating
a re
s tratified
d ates
u nfortunately
( see
C hapter
s ite
o f
i s v ery poorly d ated.
( Hassan,
4 ,
1984b;
( Caton-Thompson t oo p .
H er ramieh
i naccurate 4 6). i n
t he
A ll
a nd f or
a nd
W hittle, t he
t hese
B adari
4
T here a re o nly two
1 985a),
a
p urposes d ates
d istrict
series
1 975), o f
are
n ear
a nd
of t he
a bsolute f rom
A ssiut .
the T he
T able 1 .1 P REDYNASTIC A ND D YNASTIC C HRONOLOGY
D ate
D ynasties
P eriod
( B.C.)
> 3850 ( ?) 3 850-3650 3 650-3250 3 250-3150
B adarian Amratian G erzean P rotodynastic
3 150-2700 2 700-2180 2 180-2130 2 130-1785 1 785-1565 1 565-1085 1 085-332 3 32-30
A rchaic ( = E arly D ynastic) O ld K ingdom F irst I ntermediate P eriod M iddle K ingdom S econd I ntermediate P eriod N ew K ingdom L ate D ynastic P eriod P tolemaic P eriod
N ote:
t wo
P redynastic
r adiocarbon
t ree-ring B .C .
c hronology
d ates
c orrected
( Hassan,
a re
d ate
1 984b;
i s
P redynastic
t entative
s tatistically
o f
4 080
1 985a) .
+ 1 60
S ince
o nly
s imilar
B .C .
t he
( see
t ext).
a nd
g ive
a n
w ith
a r ange
o f
Amratian
f ollows
t he
a verage
4 400-3800 B adarian
a t H emamieh, a nd t he e arliest Amratian s ites i n t he N agada a rea a re d ated t he
c a.
3 850
B adarian
possibly
i ts
p ossible
B ased
upper
o n
t he
( Hassan,
1 984a; n ot
l i mit
i s
about
o f
r adiocarbon d ated
i s
1 985a;
l i mit
of
3 250
a s
a t
H assan a nd B .C .
t he a nd
i s
e nd
c a.
a nd
d ates
t o c a .
H owever,
i n
3 850
a nd
i n
I II"
u sed
c onfused p eriod.
o f
( 1985a), b y
a n umber
w ith T he
P redynastic,
K aiser
( 1956;
a nd w ill
H offman
B .C . t o
1 957)
b e u sed
( 1970;
o r
N agada
3 650
t able
1 .1
N agada,
3 300 B .C .
f or
p robably
t he
B .C .
t hough
a t t he
( Hassan,
t hough a p rovisional
u pper
G erzean a s
l asted
a m aximum
t o a round
3 150
a o f
B .C .
o f t he P redynastic r ejecting P etrie's
f inal
a nd
t he
1 980a;
s cholars
T he
i mmediately p hase
m ay b e
I t i s roughly equivalent t o t he
d efined
l asted n o more t wo .
T his
" Terminal
i n t his s tudy i n t he
1 976;
P rotodynastic,
o nly a g eneration
A t
o f i mportant d evelopments
i ts u se b y e arlier
p robably
not
t he
p ress),
f airly f irmly f ixed
r eferred t o a s t he ' Protodynastic'.
i s
i n
3 600 B .C .
p receding t he p olitical u nification o f E gypt. " Naqada
a nd
i s
i t i s u seful t o r ecognize a f inal p hase o f t he
P redynastic t o r eflect
H assan
t hen
B .C .
i t
s ites
M ost a uthorities h ave a ccepted t he d ivision B adarian, Amratian a nd G erzean p hases,
S emainian.
yet,
c a. 3 500
i n p ress),
P rotodynastic i s
A s
3 850
f rom
M atson,
3 650 o r
i ndicated d ate
B .C .
b etween
c ontinues
M atson,
s ucceeding i ts
t o
H assan
Amratian
e stimated
1 984a;
1 00 y ears
t he
i n p ress),
a bout
l imit.
i s
1 985a;
M atson,
t han
4 000
a n umber
1 984a;
G erzean
H assan a nd
b e younger
Amratian
H ierakonpolis
i nto
( Hassan, p robably
t o e stimate i ts o ldest
r egion,
w hole,
B .C . c an
1 982).
P redynastic" s ame s ense a s
I t
s hould
n ot
o f i t b e
t o d enote t he E arly D ynastic a s
t he
f inal
p hase
o f
t he
t han a h undred y ears a nd p ossibly
s tart
o f
5
t he
F irst
D ynasty a nd
t he
beginni ng
of
Egyptian
a pproximately
3 150
B .C .
h istory
( Hassan,
T he a bove c hronology
f airly
securel y
dated
to
E gypt,
h owever,
i s e ssentially an a daptation o f existing s chemes, a nd over
t he n ext
f ew
years
r ather t he
i t
may need
C 14 d ates
i n
4 050-3800
B .C .,
b een
a rea
t he
of
e t
c a.
t here
of
t he
N agadian
as
f or
U pper
a l,
o ne
1 985;
date
F or
G inter's
5 200-5000
i s
( 1985a) corrects to 4 435 B .C . p art
P redynastic o f
o btained
( Ginter
r ange
and
t he
to be r adically r evised.
e arly d ates h ave
G ourna-Armant
f or
i s
1 980a).
e t
1 987).
bp,
of
exa mple,
a l
T here
t hat
i s
a re
c urrent
o f
t he
o f
s everal
approxi mately
5 560 + 8 0 bp which
H assan
P rovisionally we c an a ccept t he e arly
Amratian,
but
i t
l ooks
as
t hough
eventually h ave to consider a s ignificant r evision of t he c hronology
some
" Nagadian"
P redynastic
i n
o rder
t o
t ake
p roper
we
may
c ulture-
a ccount
o f s uch
' discrepancies' a s t he N agadian and t he apparent l ate end of
t he Amratian a t
H ierakonpolis .
P erhaps,
f or
e xample,
i n t ime,
t here
c an neither be t er med Amratian o r
i s an early t radition t hat
B adarian.
u se
' Amratian' and ' Gerzean', etc. ( cf. p. 1 2
i t
may
l ocal
b e
p referable
c ulture
t o
s equences
d rop
o nly .
s uch
Most
o f
t he
P redynastic
N eolithic .
b est of
k nown
U pper
H owever,
s ites E gypt
m any
D elta
g eneral
( Indeed,
t his s tudy c ould p rovide a b ackground
t he
we s hould accept
a s
i n
L ower a re
f or
( see p . s ites
i n
d escribing I t
1 2).
i n
E gypt
E gypt
a re
c ontemporary
should
be
o therwise
( half-life
5 568
b eyond
r ange
t he
a re
i ncluded
a nd
d escribed
i n
d irection .)
m uch
o lder
r eferred
w ith
a t
s uch a s
t han
to
a s
l east
t he
M inshat
A bu
of r adiocarbon d ates i n
t he
section
i n
years
below
t hem . noted
t hat
t his s tudy a re t ree-ring u nless
which
t his
g enerally
T here a re a lso now a n u mber
L ower
o r perhaps i n
r esults
a s tep
a nd s ites
t he
f f),
c ategorizations
l ater p art o f t he P redynastic a re c oming t o l ight, Omar
t hat
Maybe we will n eed to be much more p recise i n how we u se
t he t er ms f uture
o r
t he l imit o f t he
Amratian s hould be e xtended b ack
s tated .
y ears). o f
t he
d ates
g iven
c alibrated d ates ' bp ' r efers N o a ttempt
c alibration
t o i s
c alculated
b y
u ncorrected m ade
t o
B .C .
u sed
H assan
r adiocarbon
c orrect
d ates
i n
( 1985a) d ates
t hat
a re
t ables .
PALAEOENVIRONMENT I t N ile
u sed
V alley
swamps T his
( Childe,
t he
were p lots
swamps,
o n
O nly
H assan,
t he
1 980;
1 984),
t he e arlier
i nhabited,
B au mgartel,
t he
l ow
l ater,
s purs
d uring
o f
1 955: what
t he
P redynastic t he
consisting
why t he s ettlements
i s
t rue
t hat
moister
c limate s till
1 980;
N ile V alley
t hose
3 ; of
i s
G erzean
of
1 970a: t he
e xtensive 4 65-466).
B adarian and
n ow d esert
a nd not
d id
a ttempt
p eople
d uring
o f
t oday,
t he b ut
P redynastic t here were
were
h ardly
b eing e ssentially a rid .
t he
o f
western D esert H aynes,
c onditions
t han
r econstructing
t he
d uring
b e
3 1-32;
g athered by a n u mber
r egions: a l,
t he
f or
t hat
t o
f or c ultivation i n the f loodplain a s i t began to d ry I t
s lightly
D ata b een
l ocated
s lightly .
g enerally v ast
wet
1 952:
f loodplain .
t o c lear o ut
too
s upposedly e xplained
Amratian i n
to be t hought was
H olocene
r esearchers
p alaeoclimate i n v arious
( e.g. C aton-Thompson,
1 982;
Wendorf a nd
( Butzer,
1 960;
6
1 952;
S child, 1 976;
o f
E gypt
h as
e nvironmental
1 980;
B utzer
Wendorf and Wendorf a nd
e t
H ansen,
1 968;
Wendorf a nd
F ayum
( Beadnell,
G ardner, W endorf
1 934; a nd
T he
S child,
1 905;
1 976a),
S andford
t he D elta
a nd
A rkell,
( Butzer, 1 929;
1 976), a nd t he
C aton-Thompson
a nd
C aton-Thompson e t a l, 1 937; L ittle, 1 936; B all, 1 939;
S child,
1 976e;
H olocene
G inter
e t
p alaeocli mate
a l,
o f
1 983;
E gypt
H assan, i s
1 986a) .
c haracterized
b y
a
s equence o f moist a nd a rid episodes, t hough t hroughout t he H olocene t he e nvironment h as r emained e ssentially a rid . A ssociated w ith t he c limatic c hanges, o bserved p articularly i n t he H olocene s ediments i n t he W estern D esert, h ave b een f luctuations i n t he N ile f lood l evels, a nd i n t he l evel o f t he F ayum l ake . T o s ummarize t he c limatic t rends o f t he H olocene i n E gypt, we may r efer to t he work o f H assan ( 1986a; 1 986b; 1 988) who h as a ttempted o ne of t he most recent and c omprehensive c limatic r econstructions . H assan ( 1986b) s ubdivides t he c limatic s equence o f t he Western D esert
i nto a n
M iddle
H olocene
B .C .), to
E arly H olocene wet i nterval
i nterval
( ca.
cf.
d esertification c a.
t able
o ccurred
6 100-5900
b p
1 1.1,
d uring
( ca.
p .
t he
( ca.
1 0,300-7100 b p),
M iddle B .C .)
o r c a.
4 500 bp
3 72).
5 000-4800
3 800-3600 B .C .) a lternating w ith g enerally d ry c onditions b eginning
( ca.
7 100-4500 bp,
a nd a L ate H olocene a rid i nterval
present;
bp,
moist
[ ca.
S evere H olocene
a nd
c a.
3 300 B .C .]
episodes
a t
c a .
of
7 100-6900
5 000-4800
moist p hases b efore i n t he l ate H olocene .
a
6 000-3300
t he
b p
( ca.
o nset
o f
H owever, e ven d uring t he s o-called ' wet' p hases o f t he E arly H olocene, c onditions i n t he W estern D esert w ere n ot s o f avourable a s t o
a llow
p layas
s ignificant
i n
s ettlement
l ocalities
s uch a s
o utside
S iwa,
t he
w atered
K harga,
D ungul
e nvironment e ven a t b est was b asically a rid. b een s urrounded b y a bundant v egetation d om
p alm,
t he
p layas,
T he
n atural
h ares,
d ate
p alms,
t he
v arious
v egetation
f auna
2 36-237).
would
a ssociated
a nd o strich
1 980:
a nd
h ave
t his
t here
E astern 1 984;
i s
I n
b y
e t
c a.
a l,
F ayum,
9 000
1 984:
o f bp
e arly
1 986a;
o ut
1 980;
t amarisk,
g rasses .
t o a d ry
Wendorf
1 980a;
c attle
( Wendorf a nd
B eyond
g rassland .
a nd
S child,
1 984a; 1 984b; 1 986),
d omestication
S child,
1 980:
i n
t he
2 77-278;
4 20).
v ariations
i n
t he
b y t he h eight o f t he F ayum l ake w hich Y usef.
a nd
M any post-Palaeolithic communities k ept d omestic
S ahara
t he
h erbs
l andscape i ncluded g azelles,
( Wendorf a nd H assan,
a possibility
W endorf
a nd T he
T he p layas would h ave
t hinned
c attle a t l east f rom c a. 7 000 bp ( Smith, a nd
N abta.
c omprising a cacia,
s hrubs,
w ith
d epressions a nd
N ile f lood w as
l evels
w ere r eflected
f ed b y t he N ile v ia t he
B ahr
S everal d ifferent l ake s tages h ave b een i dentified ( Hassan, 1 988;
Wendorf a nd
t ime i nterval
t hat
i s o f
S child,
1 976a:
i nterest
2 22-226).
i n t his s tudy,
C onsidering f rom c a.
t he
6 000 B .C .
( ca. 7 000 b p) t o c a. 3 000 B .C ., t he s equence o f F ayum l ake l evels a nd N ile a nd
f lood l evels i n
t he
r eflecting
N ile t he
7 100-6900 b p)
i s a s
f ollows.
f lood
l evels
s evere ( Hassan,
a ridity 1 986a;
l evels b egan t o r ise a gain c a. 1 988) . b p),
T his a nd
m id-Holocene
was
l ake
a ccompanied
b y
A m ajor o ccurred
d rop c a.
d ocumented 1 988).
f or
t he
B .C .
( ca.
W estern
T he l ake l evel a nd
5 400 B .C . b egan
i n t he F ayum l ake l evel 6 000
t o
a f all
( ca. 6 500 bp) s hrink i n
c a .
N ile
N ile
( Hassan,
3 800
f lood
7 000
D esert
B .C .
f lood 1 986a;
( ca .
l evels.
b p) ( ca .
5 000 T his
l owering o f l ake a nd f lood l evels c ontinued i nto t he E arly D ynastic p eriod
t o b e
f ollowed b y a r ise
i n
t he O ld
1 988).
7
K ingdom
( Hassan,
1 986a;
D uring
t he
period
of
h igher
l ake
t here
would
h ave
b een
F ayum t he
N ile more
f loods
a nd t he
mid-Holocene
a bundant
n atural
v egetation
N ile V alley c haracterized by t a marisk,
acacia a nd pal m.
s cant v egetation c onsisting o f g rass a nd o ccasional a cacia t rees h ave
g rown
i n
and g rasses 1 980b;
would
t he l ow d esert w ith p erhaps s lightly more a bundant t rees
i n
t he
1 981).
wadis
I ndeed,
n atural v egetation H ierakonpolis 1 982:
i n
S ome
were
d ebouching
i nto
t here appears
when
L ocalities
o ccupied
c a .
t he
N ile
to h ave been 1 1
a nd
3 600-3500
1 4
i n
B .C .
V alley a f air
t he
( E1
( Hassan,
amount of
G reat
H adidi
i n
Wadi
a t
H offman,
1 02-109).
THE NEOLITHIC AND PREDYNASTIC OF LOWER EGYPT Several
tea ms
i nvestigation Way,
1 985;
p ers .
o f
1 986;
c omm .),
are
currently
N eolithic a nd 1 987;
involved
in
P redynastic s ites
W ildung,
1 987;
a nd a s a c onsequence,
V an
a re
D en
i n
the t he
B rink,
t hrowing
1 988;
much n ew
northern E gyptian c ommunities .
S everal n ew p ublications
j ust
book
and
a s
t he
manuscript
s everal
H ence,
o ther
t his
o f
t his
monographs
s ummary o f t he
a ttempts
to
a bout
being
and
( Von
D er
F attovich,
l ight o n
t he
h ave a ppeared
t o b e s ubmitted t o B .A .R .
prepared
o r
a re
i n
p ress.
N eolithic a nd P redynastic o f L ower E gypt i s
e ffectively o ut-of-date a lready, and
i s
a re
survey
D elta
b ut
i ncorporate
i t
many
d oes s ummarize
of
t he
t he
r esults
o lder
of
the
work
r ecent
i nvestigations. T he F ayum, F ayum
o ldest
k nown
N eolithic
and date f rom c a. N eolithic
was
i nvestigated
F ayum A .
H owever,
" Qarunian"
A s t he
i s
1 934)
who r ecognized
two g roups
i n
the
1 985a).
C aton-Thompson
a r esult
P alaeolithic i ndustry they
d ated
S child,
northern
o f
t heir
part
o lder,
e t
of
a l,
F ayumian
to
1 976a:
f ield
1 986;
s he
T he
( Caton-
l abelled
" A"
h ave
T he
c a .
4 000
F ayum
( A)
B .C .)
bp
i n
t he
N eolithic), i ndustry,
two
et
1 0,
and
1 980;
( ca.
mostly
by b lade
i nvestigated b y
1 972;
a rea
i n
K ozlowski 1 983;
i ndustries,
5 200-4500
a nd a more r ecent
c haracterized
B
3 41) .
1 982;
N eolithic
i ndustry
al,
p .
e l-Sagha
G inter
G inter e t a l,
r ecognized
N eolithic s ites
( Said
Q asr
depression,
F ayum
f ound a nd termed
s ee a lso C hapter
i n p ress;
1 984) ( Early
8 200-7140
r esearch
F ayum
i s e ssentially a f lake
N eolithic;
ca.
3 11-318;
t he
( Ginter a nd K ozlowski,
which
by
E gypt occur
( Hassan,
Wendorf a nd h is a ssociates h ave e quated t he
which
a nd
D agnan-Ginter a n
Lower
r egarding t he F ayu m B as a " degenerate" phase f ollowing the
g roup with a t erminal Wendorf
i n
f irst
T hompson a nd G ardner, a nd " B",
s ites
5 200 B .C . to 4 000 B .C .
B .C .)
Moerian ( Late t ools .
C aton-Thompson h ave
y ielded r adiocarbon d ates r anging f rom 5 145 + 1 55 B .C . to 4 255 + 1 35 B .C .
( Hassan,
s ites
i n I n
t he
1 985a). Q asr
T hey a re t hus contemporary w ith t he F ay j mian
e l-Sagha
general,
a rea.
Neolithic
sites
in
the
Fayum
a re
occupation
l ocalities c haracterized mainly by hearths a nd l ittle evidence f or s tructures. l arge
b ase
G ardner
However, c amps
( 1934),
s uch
a nd
t here a re a t l east two k inds of s ettlement as
Kor n
s easonal
W ,
c amps
e xcavated s uch
t he Q asr e l-Sagha r egion b y G inter e t a l t he
s ites
e xcavated
b y
C aton-Thompson
a s
by
t he
( 1980;
C aton-Thompson
s ites 1 983:
i nvestigated 6 9-70).
y ielded b arley a nd
8
emmer
and i n
While wheat,
a nd t he bones o f possible d omestic a ni mals, t he s ites i nvestigated m ore r ecently h ave y ielded o r
a nimal
b ones
( Ginter
1 986;
Wenke
f ishing r ole
e t
e t
w as
t ogether
l ittle o r
h usbandry h aving a l,
1 983:
a l,
6 8;
1 988;
a m ajor
( Hassan, T he
a nd
s ubsistence
1 986a;
W enke
e t
C asini,
p lant c ultivation
a ctivity
a l,
i n
1 984;
p ress).
d uring
t he
B rewer,
E vidently
F ayum
N eolithic
a griculture p laying a c omparatively a nd
C asini,
N eolithic s ettlement
o f
i n
m inor
p ress).
M erimde a t
D elta was f irst excavated b y J unker work
f or
p roduced h uge q uantities o f f ish
D agnan-Ginter
Wenke
w ith s ome h unting,
n o e vidence
i nstead
t he
( 1928;
western m argin o f t he
1 929-1940).
More r ecent
h as b een c arried o ut b y Z ahi H awwas o f t he E gyptian D epartment o f
A ntiquities 1 977
i n
1 976
( Badawi,
i nvestigations
1 980;
1 982) .
T he
h ave
e arliest
1 978;
b een
H assan,
p ers.
c omm.),
u ndertaken by E iwanger
s ettlement
a t
M erimde
i s
a nd
s ince
( 1978;
1 979;
d ated
t o
c a.
4 800
B .C . with t he occupation c ontinuing u ntil c a. 4 400 B .C . and p robably l ater
( Hassan,
1 985a).
M erimde ( Butzer,
was
1 960).
d omestic emmer T here
a re
a l arge s ettlement,
covering about
wheat,
s everal
a f ew h earths
c attle,
l evels
i n t he
a t
s heep a nd p ig h ave b een
t he
l owest
s ite .
J unker's
o f o val
o f
l evels.
o val
h uts .
T he
u pper
dwellings s unk a bout
1 1
S ome
s imilarities
T hompson
h ave
b een
p articularly
a nd G ardner,
H owever,
f or
l evels
f ormed t he main
r epresented a l arge v illage
f eet i nto t he
1 934:
E iwanger
noted
b etween
t he
c eramics
8 9-93;
V andier,
( 1979;
u ncovered
I n t he middle l evels h e f ound
g round
walls c ontinuing above g round ( summarized i n H ayes, N eolithic
i n
i dentified.
e xcavations
p ostholes a nd f ragments o f wooden posts which h ad f ramework
1 80,000 s q .
A griculture s eems t o h ave b een o f some importance;
1 980;
a nd
Merimde
and
a nd
s tone
1 952:
with
1 965:
mud
1 04-106). t he
t ools
F ayum
( Caton-
1 84-187) .
1 982) h as d ivided
t he
M erimde
s tratigraphy i nto f ive p hases a nd h as noted a marked c hange i n both t he
c eramic
pottery o f w hereas
i n
a nd
t he
l ithic a ssemblages
f irst
p hase
I I
p hase
c losed
i s
b etween phases
c haracterized
f orms
b ecome
by
more
I and
s imple
I I.
T he
open
bowls
T he
l ithic
important .
a rtifacts f rom p hase I r epresent a f lake-blade i ndustry with o nly a r elatively
small
o ther
t he
h and,
r esulting
b ifacial
i ndustry
f rom b ifacial
N eolithic s ites s outh s ites
o f
C airo w ere
a re
t ool
i s
c omponent.
d ominated
t ool
b y
I n p hases
b ifacial
a nd
o n t he
d ebitage
m anufacture .
i n t he
v icinity
o f
Wadi
H of
r eported b y B ovier-Lapierre
c ollectively
1 1-V ,
t ools
k nown
as
E l
n ear
( 1926a;
Omani.
H elwan
1 926b).
E xcavations
j ust T hese were
s ubsequently c arried o ut by D ebono ( 1946; 1 948a; 1 956) a t o ne o f t he l ocalities k nown a s Oman i A . a bundant
p its .
M any
w ere
T his i s a s ettlement s ite comprising
s torage
p its
b ut
s ome
l arger
o nes
m ay h ave
s upported t ent-like s uperstructures a nd s erved a s dwellings. b urials h ave
were
a lso
f ound
r ecently b een
p ottery
a nd
r e-analyzed
l ithic
a ssemblages
w ithin
a rtifacts
f rom
M erimde
t he
s ettlement .
( Debono
s how
a s
a nd
M ortensen,
a n umber
well
a s
D ebono 's
o f
some
i n
c onsists
p olished
w ares,
c ores
a nd
c omparable
f lake i n
mainly
a nd
r esemblances
s traw-tempered
t o
a nd
a lso
t he
l ater
n umerous p hases
o f
t he
with
t he
T he E l Omani
wet-smoothed
9
b ifacial
t ools .
o ccupation
a t
T he
w ith
a nd
t he l ithic a rtifacts c omprise mostly f lakes,
t ools
a ge
o f
p ress).
s imilarities
c eramics a nd l ithic i ndustry o f t he F ayum N eolithic. pottery
S ome
c ollections
E l
r ed
f lake
O man i i s
M erimde.
T he
available r adiocarbon d ates a re: + 6 5 bp
( 4360
I n addition, b eing
+ 1 20
A lso
i n
( Mortensen,
t he
c emetery a reas s ettlement
E l
t here
main
a re
t o t he
Mortensen,
o ther
smaller
s ame g eneral
i n
habitation and
p eriod
l ater
a re
period
r adiocarbon of
( Amratian;
d ates
occupation
o f
R izkana
c a.
s eems
t he
main
s ettlement s ite o f
i s a l arge s ite which appears t o h ave been P redynastic
a s
p ress).
1 0 km northwest o f E l Oman i i s t he
I t
d uring t he e arly a nd
c om m .).
r egi on
b elong
a nd
5 255
p ers.
Omani
t hat
( Debono
A bout M aadi.
5 690 + 7 0 bp ( 4540 + 1 80 B .C .), 5 500
+ 2 30 bp ( 4110 + 2 60 B .C .) ( idem). — a f ourth esti mate i s expected f rom a s a mple c urrently
p rocessed
B .C .) a nd
to
3 600 h ave
a nd
B .C .
f irst s ettled
S eeher,
( Hassan,
been
during
1 987:
7 8),
1 985a).
T he
t he
G erzean,
t hough apparently t he s ettle ment was o nly o ccupied u ntil t he end of m iddle G erzean t imes, ( Rizkana
and
o r
S eeher,
E xcavations
at
( 1932; 1 936; Amer,
t he e nd o f
1 987: Maadi
1 936a;
N aqada
1 7-19).
1 987;
i n
were
p ress).
e xcavations i n t he
begun
i n
1 930
1 948
1 984
f urther
i n
I n
addition,
M aadi a rea b etween
a j oint
p ublications
M aadi
p roject t o
was a l arge
h istorically
2 01).
t he
i n Upper
a n
t ribes
c ontact E gypt,
of
b etween C airo
s ettlement
important
l ocated
t rade
o f
w ith
o ther
E astern
copper
d isintegrated c opper a ctually s urvived, 1 932:
T he
4 8;
t he
1 987:
r egions
were
f or
-
a nd
i n
t he t o
i n
o bjects .
Maadi
o lder
1 987
o f t he
[ and
W adi
( Hoffman,
e l
1 980b:
s eems to h ave h ad
P redynastic
c ommunities
P erhaps v ia nomadic
Maadi
obtained
1 980b:
working,
and
were
a nd
o nly a f ew
wire-like
mainly
A t
t he
V arious
c ommodities
g rain,
s tone v ases,
i n
t he
oval
with,
n orthern
s torage a reas.
f ound
t he southern border
a t
mouth
Maadi
w ith
( Hoffman,
H owever,
wattling
dwellings. were
E gypt
t he
1 985;
S inai
S inai,
smelting
i ncluding awls
special
n ecks
1 984;
and the L evant.
D esert
o re
mud-daubed
s ubterranean
f rom
1 953 h ave b een a nalyzed
l arge
2 06-207).
f requent c opper
copper
T he
t races
o f
o bjects h ave ( Menghin
and
1 936: 4 8).
houses
s upporting
U pper
Amer
U niversity a nd t he G erman
r oute
s ite y ielded ample e vidence o f c opper
t heir
and u nder
appear]).
and with S inai
t he
q uantities
s ite
menghin
f inds
1 930 a nd
U nlike the earlier s ites a t E l Oman ,
important
Amer,
by
( Rizkana and S eeher,
I nstitute of A rchaeology ( Rizkana and S eeher,
T ih,
K aiser's t erminology
R ecent work h as b een c arried o ut by an I talian t eam ( Caneva
a l,
s ince
i n
1 936b) and were l ater continued
d irection of Amer and R izkana until e t
T ic
7 8).
L arge
n orthern
constructed
i n
a ddition,
a nd
s outhern
s torage
p art
o f
a
m argins
j ars
t he
o f
f ound
i n
t hese
s torage
a nd c arnelian b eads.
M aadi
i nclude
B lack-topped
o f
b uried
s ettlement
were l arge u nderground s tore-holes o r were
f acilities,
posts
n umber
o f t he
u p
t o
a nd
o n
c ellars. i ncluding
P redynastic imports f rom R ed
ware p ottery,
a nd
s late
p alettes. N ear
M aadi
( Rizkana, a djacent t he
H ayes,
t he
s ettlement
i n
c ontemporary S eeher,
two c emeteries
1 952: t o
south
a re
t he w th
1 987:
5 8).
mouth t he
1 965:
m ain
Maadi
1 31-133).
w hile
o f
-
t he p eriod
North
T he
m aadi
S outh
Wadi
D iGla.
i s
o f o ccupation
a nd
f or mer
i s
Both a t
S outh
s ituated
l ocated a bout
1 km
c emeteries
M aadi
A lsc b roadly contemporary with t he
30
M aadi
( Rizkana M aadi
t o a re a nd
s ites
( idem:
6 0)
which
i s a c emetery a t
H eliopolis a bout
was e xcavated b y D ebono
( 1950a;
1 5 km north o f M aadi,
1 954;
D ebono a nd
Mortensen,
1 988).
U ntil i n
L ower
t ried
r ecently ,
E gypt .
t o
correlate
P redynastic o f
t he
c onsidered c losely t he
E arly
w ere
t he
M aadi)
F ayum
o nly o nes
M aadi
D ynastic
t hey
a s
l ithic
U pper
E gyptian
t hat
not
( 1970a:
t he
northern
a nd
E l
4 79)
f or
e xample
o nly contemporary
i ndustries,
g enerally a ccepted
m erimde
k nown
s cholars
t he
c oncluded
B aumgartel
w as
with
r eally
e arlier
were c ontemporary with t he e arlier
N eolithic
r egarded t he
1 970a:
s equence
G enerally,
N eolithic,
1 21-122;
northern
( except
r elated .
F ayum
s ites
P redynastic.
t he
Amratian b ut
a bove
t he
s tages.
N eolithic s ites p hases
t he
I n t he a bsence o f r adiocarbon d ates,
Omani,
a t a s
l east, y ounger
t hough
with
t o b e
t he v ery
i n a ge t han
B aumgartel
( 1955:
4 83) h eld t he e xtreme v iew t hat t he s ettlement was
r ather
t han
T he a ssumption t hat
P redynastic .
t he n orthern
N eolithic s ites w ere a t l east i n
p art c ontemporary w ith t he P redynastic o f U pper E gypt l ed t he e arly r esearchers
t o
contrast
t he
two
r egions.
T he
s ettlements
and
c emeteries o f t he n orth were s een t o b e impoverished compared w ith t hose
o f
s eemed W hite
t he
s outh .
C ross-lined
a lso appeared E gypt . t hose
T he
u nremarkable
i n
b urials
U pper
abundance
a nd
monochrome w ares o f t he n orthern s ites
w ith
t he
h igh
o ther
d ecorative
p oor
i n
r ather
W hile
p lain
c ompared
i n
E gypt
t he
( when
o f pottery a nd
i vory c ombs, amulets a nd
c omparison
n orth
o ften
f ound
o ther
q uality
w ares
B lack-topped
U pper
with
t he
c ontained
i ntact)
i tems
o f
E gypt .
g raves
s uch
a s
of
U pper
o nly a s ingle
f requently
R ed,
B urials p ot,
c ontained
a n
f ine s late p alettes,
j ewelry .
B ut t he r adiocarbon estimates o btained over t he l ast f ew y ears s how t hat
w e
a re
n o
a ' rich s outh' a s N eolithic
l onger
o lder
P redynastic.
I t
b ut
i n
c omparing
a ' poor
i f t hey were contemporary c ultural
t raditions
s ignificantly B adarian,
j ustified
i s
a s
y et
o f
t he
t han
F ayum,
t he
main
p ossible t he
M erimde
t hat
l atter
p hases t hey
a nd o f
E l
t he
o verlap
t radition
i s
emerging
f or
n orth '
r egions.
T he
Oman i a re
a ll
U pper
i n
w ith
E gyptian
t ime
with
v ery p oorly d ated
t he
( cf .
p .
4 -5). A n ew g eneral
s equence
N eolithic
M erimde
a nd
i s,
i n
p eriod
E l
f act,
r epresented
Oman .
T his
i s
b y
t he
L ower
E gypt .
t raditions
s ucceeded
b y
a t s ites o ver s outh
o f
s ite
o f
M aadi.
a n a rea e xtending
t he
F ayum
( idem:
t he
a c ultural
r eferred t o a s t he " Maadi c ulture" ( Rizkana a nd S eeher, t ypified b y t he
T here i s a
o f
c ultural
f rom
t he n orthern p art o f t he
5 8-63).
T he
u nit
h as
1 987:
T his
Maadi
b een
t he
m iddle
S eeher,
o f
f rom
t he t he
G erzean s econd
' Since s ites o f t he P redynastic l east,
f rom a t ( or
l east i n
h alf o f
M aadi
C ulture
t he
t erminology
' Predynastic ' f or
c opper,
i t
i s
s ites o f t he
c an b e
t o
a v ery
E gyptian
p eriod
1 1
b y
I Ic)
R izkana
( idem:
a nd
7 8)
1.
r elated t o t he U pper E gyptian
c onsidered M aadi
u sed
I t o N aqada
i n t erms o f c hronology a nd t he
c ontains
D elta
i s
t he s econd h alf o f t he Amratian t o
N aqada
C ulture
5 8) a s
r ecognized
d efinite n orthern p henomenon which c an b e d ated by U pper i mports a nd p arallels
F ayum,
c omplex
t ype
s ite
a ppropriate o nwards
i n
t o
o f
M aadi,
u se
L ower
t he
a t
t erm
E gypt.
T he
s ites
b elonging M aadi
i tself,
R izkana
i denti fied
to t he
Maadi
t he
a nd
c emeteries
S eeher
l ocalities a t
by
R izkana
C ulture
as
a t
Wadi
Meri mde
a re
and
t he
M aadi
S outh
D igla)
( several
S eeher
( idem:
5 8-63)
as
s ettlement a nd c emetery a t
and
( which
i s
r eferred
H eliopolis,
a nd
P redynastic g raves h ave
t o
b y
c emetery
b een
f ound
d uring t he r ecent i nvesti gations u nder E iwanger's d irection), T ura, E s-Saff,
a nd
p art o f t he i n
t he
S edment.
F ayum
a nd
Maadi C ulture. s ites
a nd
R izkana
B uto s ettlement a n
a nd
S eeher
s equence,
o ccurrence
r ecognize
o f pottery
a t G iza
j ust
t o
t he
s outh-west
R epresenting n ew d evelopments only
r ecently
t hat
t he
i n
o f
H arageh
L ower
contain
M aadi
( see
E gypt,
y ielded
l ate
G erzean
wares
( Naqada
pottery
l ate P redynastic s ites a re k nown f rom s urvey two s ites which h ave been excavated: F ara'in
T he
s ites
of
U pper
A f ew h ave
majority
work.
t he
1 .1).
a re n umerous
abundant I Id) .
t o
C ulture
F ig.
E gyptian types d ating to t he P rotodynastic a nd A rchaic. a lso
e arlier
Q arun s ite
a s b elonging
S edment i s t he southernmost o f t hese
o ccurs
documented
a lso
C aton-Thompson 's Q asr
H owever,
o f
t hese
t here a re
M inshat Abu Omar and T ell el-
( Buto).
M inshat
A bu
Omar
( Wildung,
1 984;
K roeper a nd
W ildung,
1 985)
i s a
l ate P redynastic-Early D ynastic c emetery l ocated a bout
3 0 km
of
I n addition
to
P rotodynastic
of
t he
modern
t own
of
F aqus
y ielding pottery typical Upper
E gypt,
i ncluding tools.
t he
s tone
s ite
Moreover,
s outheast
o f t he
has
v essels,
i n
t he
of t he
eastern D elta.
l ate
p roduced
c opper
Gerzean a r ich
t ools,
v ariety of
p alettes
a nd
g rave
goods
o ccasional
f lint
t races of a settlement h ave been d etected to the
n ecropolis a s a r esult
T ell e l-Fara'in D elta near D isuq.
a nd
n ortheast
i s a s ettlement
o f
s ite
b oring
i n
( Wildung,
t he n orthwest
I t h as y ielded a s equence o f l evels
1 985; 1 986; 1 987; S chmidt, pers. comm.).
1 987). p art
o f
t he
( Von D er Way,
T he f irst two belong t o t he
Maadi C ulture complex and a re esti mated t o s pan t he p eriod between l ate
N aqada
I and
N aqada
h Ic/d.
T he
P rotodynastic a nd p ossibly e xtends b ack t he
u pper . two
l evels
d ate
to
t he
t o t he e nd o f t he G erzean,
t hird
l evel
dates
a nd
t o t he A rchaic a nd e arly O ld
K ingdom .
THE PREDYNASTIC OF UPPER E GYPT P revious
r esearchers
h ave
described
E gypt i n t erms of t he t hree major phases G erzean
-
implying
homogeneous v ariation.
t hat
c ultural
e ach
u nit
phase
t he
r epresents
without
P redynastic of a s ingle,
considering
2 30;
t his
s tudy
1 939:
2 43-244,
d emonstrates
2 59; f or
1941:
t hree
3 07-309) o nce
P redynastic
d ifferent parts of t he N ile Valley. m ind, major
a ny
a s H uzayyin
( 1937:
s uggested,
and a s
l ithic
d evelopments o f
t aking
p lace,
i ndustries
f rom
H ence w ith this observation i n
t he m ain p hases o f t he P redynastic a re d escribed
c ategories
e ssentially
g eographical
However, the P redynastic phases a re not a s homogeneous
f rom a rea to a rea a s h as b een g enerally t hought, 2 10,
U pper
B adarian, Amratian, and
and
a rtifacts.
1 2
the
i n t erms
appearance
o f
o f
t he
important
T he B adarian P hase T he i n
B adarian r epresents
U pper
E gypt
( >
3 850
t he e arliest
( ?)
I t
B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar
a rea
T ahta
T he
( see
C hapter
H am mamat
in
6 ).
the
b etween
t he
B adarian
E astern
D esert
k nown a gricultural t radition
appears
t o
b e
modern
s tatus
and
on
l imited
t owns
o f
o f
g raves
the
Red
t o
t he
A ssiut
i n
t he
S ea
a nd W adi
coast
i s
u nconfirmed. T he
B adarian w as
G ertrude B adari
f irst
C aton-Thompson d istrict.
P redynastic s equence
T he
p hases
r evealed
l ocality,
1 920s b y G uy B runton a nd
c learly
o f
t he
B adarian
d emonstrated
by
t o
t he
with
B adarian
l evels
u nderlying Amratian a nd G erzean
a t
t he
b ottom
o f s everal
6 0 cm
wooden posts a djacent
d eep p its,
p roduced d ebris,
f rom
c emeteries
B runton,
( idem:
t he
m aterial
i n
6 8).
A lthough
c ontracted
r emains
e xcavated
1 937;
b y
o f
B runton
t he
1 937:
1 4).
c ontained
t he
t ools,
B adarian
( Brunton
a re
a nd
and o ther b est
k nown
C aton-Thompson,
a re mostly r oughly oval i n p lan w ith t he
'
p osition,
p laced o n a r eed o r s kins .
B adarian s ettlement
s tone
u sually
l ying
o n
t he
h ead o riented t o t he s outh a nd f acing west. a nimal
t he
1 948) .
T he B adarian g raves b ody
( Brunton,
mostagedda a rea
l arge n umbers o f potsherds,
c ultural t he
k nown f or
o ften wider a t t he bottom t han a t t he t op, which B runton
i nterpreted a s g ranaries
1 928;
t he
i nto t he g round with t he t o i t
S everal o f t he v illage s ites a lso i n t he
s ites
o f
l evels .
I n t he Mostagedda a rea, a hut o r s helter of s ome k ind may
b e r epresented by a v ertical c ut o f s tumps
t he
o ther
s tratigraphic
F ew s tructures a ssociated w ith h abitation s ites a re B adarian.
i n
t he
C aton-Thompson's e xcavations a t t he s ettlement
H emamieh,
s equence,
i n t he
r elationship
was b y
r ecognized
( 1928) a s a r esult o f t heir e xcavations
g rass
mat
a nd
c overed
l eft
s ide
w ith
o ver
b y
f urther
mats
O ften t he b ody w as a dorned w ith p ersonal o rnaments,
s urrounded b y a f ew g rave g oods,
t he
T he corpse was u sually
i ncluding o ne pot
o r a nd
a nd p erhaps a s late
p alette. T he pottery t ypes r ecognized f or t he B adarian a re B lack-topped polished B rown, B lack-topped polished R ed, P olished R ed, A ll B lack, Smooth
B rown,
and
Rough
B lack-topped
B rown,
c lasses
d escribed
a re
2 0-26].) H owever,
' See
t han
B runton
a nd a nd
2 4;
i s
a lso
3 0-34),
1 970a:
K rzyzaniak 2 7-30),
o f
t he
abundant
R ough
wares b eing t he
B rown .
( These
p ottery
[ Brunton a nd C aton-Thompson, t hese
1 928:
wares a re h and-made.
o f
o f
a nd
1 928;
B adarian b y
u cko
C hilde
6 8-84),
V andier
m any
o f
s ubsequent
B adarian
v essels
P redynastic w as
' combed '
' rippled ' e ffect .
s ummarized
A rkell
( 1977:
c eramics
C aton-Thompson, p lates
4 67-473),
a nd
t he
s urface
d istinctive
d escriptions ( 1975:
a ny
M oreover, a v ery
t raditon
B runton
most a nd
t he f iner wares a ttain a t hinness and a h igher s tandard o f
p eriods . g ive
by
t he R ed
L ike a ll P redynastic pottery,
manufacture t o
B rown,
B lack-topped
a n umber ( 1965:
1 67-180,
a nd o f
1 929; o bjects .
a uthors
1 50-151),
( 1952:
m assoulard
( 1952:
B runton,
g raves
4 2-45),
( 1949:
1 3
H ayes
1 948
T he
f or
B adarian
i ncluding
B aumgartel
1 13-132),
1 91-230).
1 937;
A rkell
( 1955:
( 1953: T rigger
2 0-
1 4-16), ( 1983:
T he
v arious
p endants
o f
i tems
n atural
o f
p ersonal
p ebbles,
a nd
a dornment i nclude i vory b angles, s trings
o f
s hells
a nd
b eads
o f
v arious materials, i ncluding g lazed s teatite, i vory, s hell, c opper, c arnelian,
j asper,
a nd
l imestone .
T he
s hells
a re
o f
v arious
s pecies
f rom t he R ed S ea. S ome o f t he m ale b urials c ontained b elts m ade o f h undreds o f v ery small s teatite b eads c oated w ith a b lue-green g laze . M alachite
w as
u sed
l ong r ectangular
f or e ye-paint a nd
f rom b eads a nd b angles, small
o bjects
w as g round w ith small p ebbles o n
s late p alettes h aving c oncave o r
were
e laborate c ombs,
made
o f
i vory.
n otched e nds .
small v ases,
N eedles
a nd
A side
s poons a nd o ther
awls
m ade
o f b one
o ccur, a nd s craps o f b asketry, r opes, a nd l inen c loth h ave a lso b een r ecovered. S tone
v ases
a re
e xtremely
r are .
O ne
w as
f ound
i n t he
m ostagedda
a rea, a nd a f ew f ragments a re k nown f rom B adarian s ettlements.
T he
s tone u sed f or t hese v ases i s b asalt. T ypical B adarian s tone t ools a re b ifacial s ickles a nd c oncave-base a rrowheads. T he B adarian i ndustry
i s
E mmer
c onsidered w heat
t o c omprise f ew
a nd
f urther
b arley
m ainly c attle,
f ish b ones s uggest
i n
C hapters
w ere
4 ,
5 a nd
c ultivated,
s heep a nd g oats .
a nd
6 .
b one
r emains
a ppear
G azelle w as h unted,
t he e xploitation o f r iverine
r esources .
a nd a A lso a
f ew c lay models o f b oats a re k nown f rom B adarian c ontexts . B ased
o n
h is
work
a t
mostagedda,
B runton
i dentified
what
h e
c onsidered t o b e a c ulture i mmediately p receding t he B adarian w hich h e c alled t he
" Tasian" a fter
r easons which
D eir
B aumgartel
T asa
( 1955:
( Brunton,
r egarded a s s eparate f rom t he B adarian. T asian
w as
c haracterized
body a nd a w ide
mouth
b y
p ots
1 937).
2 0-21) o utlines, h aving
H owever,
a ccording t o B runton, a small
i n a g reyish ware,
f lat
b ase,
a n
r ectangular
p alettes
l imestone o r
( without n otches)
t he
a ngled
sometimes w ith v ague a nd
c oarse v ertical r ippling ( Brunton, 1 929: 4 65; 1 937: 2 5, 2 8). c onsidered g round a xes o f h ard
f or
t he T asian i s not
m ade
i gneous
H e a lso
r ock,
o f a labaster
o r
r oughly
l imestone,
a nd a c ertain k ind o f b eaker w ith a f laring
mouth
w ith
a s d iagnostic o f t he T asian
i ncised d esigns
f illed
i n
w ith w hite,
( Brunton, 1 929: 4 65-466; 1 937: 2 5, 2 8-30, m ay
i n
f act b e r egarded a s
T he
possible
3 2).
m ade o f a b lack
w are
B ut a ll t hese o bjects
B adarian .
o rigin
o f
t he
t ogether w ith a d iscussion o f t he
B adarian
a nd
f lint-work,
i ts
d istribution,
a re d iscussed
i n C hapter
6 .
T he A mratian P hase T he e arliest E gypt
P redynastic p hase
i s t he Amratian.
a ppears
t o h ave
I n
d eveloped
t he
r epresented
f rom t he B adarian,
w ith t he B adarian i n t erms o f c eramics, i vory
c ombs
H owever,
a nd
t here
o ther
a re
M ostagedda-matmar
n o a rea
c onfidence
( see
s ubsequent
Amratian
a pparent
objects,
e arly
c hapter
a ncestral
i n
6 ).
most p arts o f U pper
T he
u se
t erms s ites
r elations
o f i s
1 4
i t
b urial
o utside
t o
t he
o f s late p alettes,
o f t he
s ignificance,
p arts
r egion
s howing s trong c ontinuity
t he
i n
c an b e a ssigned
o ther
B adarian
a nd
P redynastic
w hich
i n
B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar
p ractices. t he
B adari-
B adarian w ith a ny
t herefore,
N ile
u nclear.
o f
V alley
o f
t he
w ith
i ts
O ne
possible
s ummarized t hat
a s
a major
c ultures
i n
t raditions p erhaps
t he
B .C .
C hapter
when
6 ).
t he
a lso
be
o n
D esert.
i nflux o f
to
T he
Amratian
i s
t hought
appearance
t hat
of
i s
m ay
b e
P redynastic 1
r egarded
h ave
t he e astern
b ecame
may
p ossible
post-Palaeolithic
B adarian
f rom
r egions
t he
I t
v arious
t radition
m igrants
d esert
of
1 1).
t he
ascribed
P redynastic
t he
emergence C hapter
i nfluence
c an
W estern
e arly
a s a r esult o f a n 6 000
f or
( see
external E gypt
o f
o ne
model
f ollows
a s
b een
b eing
i nitiated
S ahara a fter
i ncreasingly
a rid
c a. ( cf.
T he T arifian and t he P redynastic of t he N agada a rea can
a lso p erhaps be s een to h ave emerged a s a r esult of d esert r efugees s eeking a more
h abitable environment.
i nfiltration
d esert
a bout
s ome
o f
movement
s ites a re a lmost d iffused
f rom
B adarian,
t o t he
p robably
s upplied
a nd
p erhaps
p eoples
f rom
t he
u nknown
the
f rom t his
northern t he
o r
r egion),
E gyptian
s outh
t wo
west
E astern D esert,
i n
P redynastic o f
o ne
However,
t he
U pper
w ith
o ther
i n addition
( one
c an
a lso
b ut p rehistoric H olocene some
i nfluence p robably
communities,
p erhaps
E gypt g enerally .
t he
k nowledge
t raits
s uch
to a n
s peculate
a s
o f
T his
c ereal
c ertain
v ia
t he
i nfluence
c ultivation
i deas
o n
pottery
m anufacture. B y w ere
t he
t ime t he Amratian p hase b egan,
f airly well
hypothesized
e stablished .
that
b y
t he
A s y et
V alley .
( and
P redynastic c ommunities
I deas o n
b urial
pottery a nd o ther
i s
s parse,
b ut
i t
i s
s tart of t he Amratian t here was a c ertain
amount o f e stablished c ommunication d ifferent e arly
t he N ile V alley c ommunities
t he e vidence
p ractices a nd
a rtifacts
p erhaps
t rade)
b etween
t he
i n d ifferent p arts o f t he N ile
t he
manufacture o f
B lack-topped
could . easily have spread.
P erhaps t he
emergence o f t he Amratian i s a r eflection o f t he e stablishment o f t his c ommunication .
S ites
t hat
t he
t o a s
f ar
M atmar a rea T he
c eramics
R ed 2 a nd l ined
R ough
d uring
wares .
c eramics.
c an b e a ssigned t o t he Amratian s outh a s
t he
A lso
T he
K hor
Amratian
p resent
B lack-topped
B ahan
i n
c onsist
a re
ware
L ower
o ccur
f rom
mainly
N ubia. o f
B lack-topped
P olished
R ed
a nd
White
c ontinues
t he
s tyle
o f
C rosspottery
u sed i n t he B adarian a lthough t here a re c hanges i n v essel f or m. a ddition, d uring
o ccasional
t he
T he
Amratian
r ippled ( cf .
Amratian b urials
B adarian.
They
a re
f acing west.
1T he
t er m
a re
appears
t o
h ave
r emained
I n
i n
u se
6 ).
i n a b road s ense s imilar s imple
oval
u sually on t he
g raves
with
t o t hose o f t he the
c orpse
i n
l eft with the h ead to t he south
T he accompanying g rave goods consist of v arious pots
' post-Palaeolithi c'
' Neolithic'
f or
i s
u sed
H olocene i ndustries of
c ommittal
t er m
v ariety
s ubsistence
o f
C hapter
mostly
contracted position,
pottery
f or
Holocene
g roups
s trategies
t o f ully agricultural.
i n
t hat
r anging
p reference
N orth
Africa.
to
t he
I t
i s a non-
t er m
may h ave p ractised a wide f rom
p urely
h unter-gatherer
T he s ubsistence evi dence however,
i s often
i nconclusive.
2T he
c eramic c lasses
r ecognized
phases a re d escribed by P etri e 4 2;
P etrie,
1 901:
1 3-16),
a nd
f or
t he Amratian a nd l ater
P redynastic
( Petrie and Q uibell, 1 896: 1 1-13,
a lso s ummarized b y
8 6).
1 5
m assoulard
( 1949:
3 67 6-
( generally
o f
t he
f iner
wares
r ather
t han
R ough
ware),
a nd
o ther
objects, i ncluding s late p alettes, i vory combs a nd h airpins, l ithic a rtifacts,
h uman
f igurines,
a nd r are c opper
a rtifacts .
T he s late p alettes i n t he A mratian a re r homboidal l ater s ome p alettes a ppear a ntelopes, o bject
i s
t urtles,
B aumgartel no
o f
( defined
c onsidered
b ifacial
l onger
n umber
f ish.
A r are
t hough
d istinctive
k ind
o f
t he d isk-shaped s tone m acehead .
e ssentially now
a nd
i n s hape t hough
i n t he f orm o f a nimals s uch a s h ippopotami,
t he
i ndustry
t enable .
r emarkable
H owever,
b ifacial
i n A ppendix A ,
Amratian
( Baumgartel,
p .
( see A ppendix A , p . 4 08,
Amratian
s tone
4 08,
l ithic
1 960:
t ools
4 10),
i ndustry
2 6),
g raves
a v iew h ave
f ishtails
w ith
a n i s
p roduced
i ncluding r homboidal
a nd
a s
w hich
a
k nives
U -shaped e nds
4 11).
T he Amratian s ettlements c omprise small h amlets and v illages r epresenting s ites
h ave
S everal
a c omparatively
p roduced
e vidence
l ate Amratian
( Caton-Thompson, a pparently G arstang
f ound
l ines
s ocial
o f
s tructure
mud h ut
1 928:
s upported
s imple t he
c ircles
8 2-88).
o rganization .
were
T hese
o f
c ircular
m ade
o f
" abundant
a nd
o f
r eeds . t races
H emamieh
mud
A t
a f ew
dwellings .
u ncovered a t
l ow
a s uperstructure p ostholes
O nly
Amratian
E l
walls
M ahasna,
o f small t wigs
i ntertwined a nd o f powered m ud" which h ave b een i nterpreted a s t he r emains
o f
M ore
a w ind-break r ecently,
t he
( Garstang,
1 903:
' Predynastic
6 -7,
o f
p l .
N agada
I V ) .
P roject '
h abitation a reas a t a s ite i n t he N agada a rea.
h as
u ncovered
A reas o f c lean s and
with o ccupation f eatures s uch a s h earths a nd c eramic v essels o ccur a longside l arge d ung-rich p atches which o bviously r epresent s heep/goat p ens a ttached t o t he dwellings . d isintegrated C hapter
7 ,
p .
l eaving 1 92).
T he h ouse s tructures h ave n ow t otally
l ittle
t o
G inter e t a l
s uggest
how
t hey
were
b uilt
( see
( 1987) h ave a lso f ound a n umber o f
e arly h abitation f eatures a t S ite MA 2 1/83 near A rmant. T hese f eatures i nclude h earths a nd a v aried a ssortment o f p its a s well a s a s eries o f p ostholes s everal
c ircular
1 .5m
d iameter.
i n
t hat d elineate p art
s tructures
A t H ierakonpolis w as
d iscovered
o f
( HK-29),
c onsisting
o f a r ectangular
l imestone
r ectangular
m udbricks w ith
( Hoffman,
1 980a;
w hich
i nclude
wooden p osts, a r ow o f small posts, 1 980:
p it
1 980c;
e xcavated a t a nother
( HK-11C),
3 2-47; 1 982).
d ug
( Hoffman,
1 982:
s tructure a nd n o
4 5-80
cm
1 982) .
T his
A dditional
l ate Amratian
a s emi-circular
a nd t races o f
h ouse
w as
o f
( Harlan,
i n
t he
H ierakonpolis
1 22-138) .
C hilde
1 970a:
t he
o ccupation
mudbrick
( 1955:
m assoulard
i nto
l ocality a t
t he Amratian t he r eader i s a nd U cko ( 1965: 1 51-153),
2 4-38;
t han
a rrangement
F or f urther s ummaries o f A rkell ( 1975: 3 4-42), A rkell 1 01-123),
more
F urther possible l ate Amratian o r t ransitional
Amratian-Gerzean h ouse s tructures h ave b een n oted a rea
a re
mud c lods a nd f ragments o f
f ence t renches a nd a k iln.
f eatures h ave b een H ierakonpolis
t hat
a l ate Amratian s emi-subterranean h ouse
o f a r ectangular
g round a nd l ined with a mixture o f mud, a ssociated
s labs
4 73-480), ( 1949:
1 33-188),
( 1952: a nd
1 6
5 0-61),
T rigger
r eferred t o B aumgartel
K rzyzaniak
( 1983:
3 0-32) .
( 1977:
T he G erzean P hase T his
i s a p eriod o f s ignificant socio-economic c hanges d uring
which e xchange n etworks b ecome more important a nd p robably e xpand. D efinite c ontact
w ith t he m iddle E ast i s now e vident,
n othing t o s ubstantiate t he i dea o f a n w as
o nce
G erzean
c ommonly
s upposed .
r epresents o ne o f
T he
i nvasion
t ransition
c ontinuous
b ut t here i s
f rom s outhwest A sia a s
f rom
t he
Amratian
t o
t he
d evelopment .
B lack-topped R ed a nd P olished R ed c eramics continue t hough i n d eclining c onsists ware
f requencies.
o f
D ecorated
c eramics
continue
m orphological
c hanges .
more
t han
common
h arpoons,
T he c haracteristic pottery o f
w are
i n
w avy-handled
g reat
C opper
t hey
d aggers,
a nd
h ad
k nives,
abundance,
t ools
b een
a dzes,
p ottery .
a re
i n
n ow
t he
t hough
c ast,
a nd
o nly a f ew s tone v essels, b ut
v ariety
b asalt,
o f
p orphyry,
i nclude
T here i s a
t he Amratian,
u sually o f a labaster o r b asalt were made,
i n t he G erzean t he q uality o f
w ider
I n
some
s omewhat
T hey
b eads a nd p ins .
c onsiderable i ncrease i n t he u se o f s tone v ases.
R ough
with a re
Amratian.
n eedles,
t he G erzean
H owever,
materials s chist,
i s
a nd
s tone
v ases
improves
a nd
a much
worked i ncluding s erpentine, b reccia,
a labaster.
T here a re spectacular d evelopments i n t he p roduction o f s tone t ools,
t he z enith o f f lint-working b eing r epresented b y t he h ighly
s tandardized w hich
were
r ipple-flaked
mounted i n
E l-Arak and Abu Z eidan 2 68-271;
and
o ccasionally
g old
S late p alettes o r
a nimals.
maceheads. p endants
i n
N eedler,
h andles c ontinue
A lso
( defined
i n
A ppendix
( e .g.
A ,
k nives
p .
4 08)
f rom G ebel
[ Bgngdite, 1 916; N eedler, 1 984: 1 24-125, 1 36,
C hurcher
i n
k nives
d ecorative i vory h andles
( de i n
1 984:
M organ, u se
c haracteristic
made o f
1 52-168]),
1 896: i n
t he
1 12-116;
t he
s hape
G erzean
o r
1 897:
o f
f ish,
a re
even
p l .
V ) .
b irds,
pear-shaped
J ewelry b ecomes more e laborate a nd i ncludes b eads a nd
o f
s ilver,
a nd
gold.
Many
i ncluding o bsidian a nd l apis l azuli
d ifferent
k inds
o f
s tone,
w ere e xpertly p olished a nd d rilled
i nto b eads . S ettlements a nd
many
a re
a re
n ow
l arger .
more
t o s uggest t he k inds o f h ouses S outh
T own
m udbrick
i n
t he
s tructure,
a nd Q uibell, " fortified
1 896:
t own" ,
w idespread
H owever, N agada
t here t hat
a rea,
a re
t han
l ocated
e dge
o f
c onsists
t he
a t
f ound
m ay
L XXXV).
s eems
b ehind
f ound
T his was d escribed a s p art
more
l ikely
t he
T emple
( Peet,
1 914:
c ommunal,
c onsisting
o f
a rea
t hough t he
H owever,
p resumably
two
A t
r ectangular
p l.
i t
r epresent
p lastered r eeds.
a l arge
5 4,
b ut
o f a r oughly c ircular were
p hase
s tructures
m ain p art o f which w as a bout 3 0 x 5 0 m ( Petrie
c ultivation
s tructures
p revious
a f ew
t he
A bydos
e ncountered
t he
o nly
w ere b uilt d uring t he G erzean .
P etrie
the
o f
S eti
1 -2).
a bout T he
o f
h uts
grey
i n f rom t he
k iln
was
s ite
N o h ouse
powdered
p ossibly
a t t he e dges o f t he l arge,
2 00
s ettlement
3 0 i n i n d iameter .
abundant
g rain-parching
r ows
A l ate G erzean s ettlement
o f
a bout
r emains
o f a
t o h ave b een a p alatial o r
t emple s tructure ( see C hapter 7 , p . 1 95). w as
i n
s till
b uilt
o f
mud m ud-
s ettlement a l arge, f ound
c haff-tempered
( idem:
R ough
ware
7- 8 ), j ars
s upported u pright b y f irebricks a nd e nclosed between two l ow b rick w alls . b een
A dditional,
l ocated
i n
s imilarly c onstructed
a nother
p art
o f
t he
A bydos
1 -7).
1 7
g rain-parching a rea
( Peet
a nd
k ilns L oat,
h ave 1 913:
T he P redynastic s ites ' apart f rom t he B adarian l ocalities) i n t he B adari d istrict a re o f u ncertain a ge t hough t hey c ould well b e G erzean ( see
C hapter
5 ,
p .
h uts p artly d ug
1 74) .
S everal
i nto t he g round
C aton-Thompson,
1 928:
4 4,
o f t he
w ith
4 7).
Most o f t he
oval i n p lan t hough o ne h ut appears a ddition, B runton f ound a r ectangular 2 .0
m )
d ivided
i nto
two
d ynastic t emples a t X XIII),
t hough
N o
i t
o ther
m ay b e
G erzean
l ate
( or
u nder
3 000/3.
about t he d ating o f t his s tructure
t he
( Brunton a nd
f oundations
H owever,
B runton
( Brunton e t a l,
P redynastic,
p robable
f loors
f loors a re c ircular
h ouse
( Randall-MacIver
with
a nd
G erzean)
a r oofed
mace,
1 902:
h ouses
s ection 2 2,
o f
two
i s u nclear
1 927:
1 8-20,
p l.
o r e arly A rchaic . a re
k nown,
f or a c eramic model f rom a G erzean g rave a t E l Amrah. r ectangular
t o
t o h ave b een r ectangular. I n m udbrick s tructure ( about 4 .5 x
c hambers,
L ocality
s ites p roduced t he r emains o f
m ud-plastered
a nd
a n
e xcept
T his s hows a
open
4 2, p l. X [ 1-2]).
c ourtyard A t
H u,
what
h as b een i nterpreted a s a f ragment o f a model o f a walled t own
was
f ound
i n
two
w alls
m eeting a t a r ounded c orner
t he
t op
a b urial o f
t he
a rchitecture . s o i t
( Petrie,
walls.
T he
g räve
1 901:
3 2,
p l.
V I).
I t
w ith t wo h uman
I t
i s
c ertainly
i n
w hich
i t
w as
consists
f igures
s uggestive f ound
i s
l ooking o ver
o f
d ated
o f
r ectangular t o
S .D .
3 3-48
i s actually u ncertain a s t o whether t he model i s Amratian o r
G erzean. H owever,
a r emarkable
d iscovery
m ade
a ppears
t o b e a t emple c omplex c onsisting
s haped
courtyard
more
t han
3 2
i n i n
s urrounded b y t he r emains o f a s eries b uilt
a t
v arious
t imes
d uring
a re a n umber o f r ectangular f or
p riests
b uilding
a nd
a rtifactual t ypes
r emains
( Friedman,
m anufacture
o f
G raves p articular, r eflecting o r
g reater o f
a re
l ined
w ith
a lso
which
d istinctive
I n
Q uibell a bout w ith
b ut
t here
5 x 2 i n a nd
s cenes
q uite
l arge,
matting
a nd
t hese
f or
1 973;
t he
V andier, G enerally
s pecialization,
i nclude
1 987).
u nusual
T he
p ottery f rom t he
o r
M ost a lso
a nd
m any
wooden
a f ew w hen
a re
k nown
o f
p lanks.
s mall
f ound
i ntact,
r ectangular
t hese
r ectangular
S ome
w ere
C emetery T a t i t
t he T his
" Decorated
o val
o f
l arge r ectangular
l ocal e lite a s i s
s till
a n umber
h ave
m ud-
g raves
r ich
a re
b urials,
N agada a ppears
contains n umerous m udbrick. T omb"
T he
m ost
e xcavated
i s a l arge r ectangular
b y
t omb,
1 .5 i n d eep l ined with mud-plastered mudbrick a nd
p artition
wall .
L XXV-LXXIX; 1 952: i r
c ourtyard
p ost a nd w all t rench
( Hoffman,
i ncluding a f ew l ined w ith
g rave
i ncluding b oats a nd h uman
2 2, p ls. L XVII,
i n w ide t renches
1 987a) .
a re
a nd G reen a t H ierakonpolis .
a m udbrick
t he
f lint-working d ebris
( Holmes,
a ddition,
r eserved
G erzean
a nd
s tratification .
a re
w ith
l arge r ectangular t ombs, s pectacular
1 3
a nd
G erzean s how a n umber o f d evelopments. I n a re more d iverse s izes a nd t ypes o f g raves
m udbrick,
b een
a h uge
p roper
e vidently t he t ombs o f important p eople . t o h ave
t o
what
p arabolic-
a bout walls
A djacent
a nd
t emple
k nives
s ocial
p lastered walls.
a nd
e nclosure
G erzean .
workshops
t he
g raves,
l ined
l ength
o f
1 987) a nd a bundant
i n t he t here
s ome
b urials
a re
b ifacial
s ubrectangular
g raves,
a s
a m ud-floored
r ooms t hat p robably s erved a s t he q uarters
c raftsmen's
i nterpreted
t he
r ecently concerns
o f
w alls
w ere
( Quibell
C ase a nd P ayne,
p ainted
w ith
a nd G reen,
1 962; K emp,
v arious
1 902:
1 973;
2 0-
P ayne,
5 61-570).
t he
a nd
T he
f igures
G erzean,
s ocial
t here
c ompJexit .
i s
e vidence I n
t he
o f
i ncreasing
d esigns
a nd
c raft
m otifs
o f
t he
D ecorated
t owards was
r ed
o n
b uff p ottery
w e
t he d evelopment o f w riting
b ecoming
a n
i ncreasingly
m ay
p erhaps
( Hassan,
important
i ncluding g old, a nd i t would a ppear t hat N agada a nd t hey
t he
T he
s ource
o f
f irst
s teps
E astern r aw
D esert
m aterials
i t was n o coincidence t hat
H ierakonpolis b ecame i mportant G erzean s ettlements b eing a s
were,
E astern
s ee
1 983).
s ituated
D esert
k nown a s N ubt,
o pposite
( Trigger,
major
1 984).
wadis
g iving
a ccess
i nto
t he
I n h istoric t imes N agada was e ven
" The G olden T own".
D oubtless,
i t was i n p art t hrough
t he c ontrol o f t his t rade a nd t he r esources f rom t he E astern D esert t hat
l ocally p owerful F urther
4 2-48), 1 970a:
s ummaries o f t he G erzean a re
A rkell
a nd
4 81-492),
M assoulard
l eaders emerged .
U cko
( 1965:
C hilde
( 1952:
( 1949:
1 89-258),
t o b e
1 53-154), 6 1-74),
a nd
T rigger
f ound
i n A rkell
B aumgartel
K rzyzaniak ( 1983:
( 1955:
( 1977:
( 1975: 3 8-49;
1 38-164),
3 2-40).
T he P rotodynastic P hase T his r epresents a s hort p eriod
r eflecting t he t ransition f rom t he
P redynastic t o t he s tart o f t he h istorical l asted n o more t han a h undred y ears . T he a nd
D ecorated
d isappears,
c ylindrical h andle
p ottery
a nd
t he
c haracteristic
b ulbous
a s
a h andle .
U nfortunately, not
T he
d ominant
p roperly
t he
t he c eramics
p olitical
k nown.
c eramic
o f
U pper
E gypt
k nown
a s
i dentified w ith N armer, a n
a ncient ' Lower r uled w hat
G erzean a re
o rganization
U pper
E gyptian
E gyptians E gypt'
b y
p robably
d egenerates
n ow
r educed
e xtent
k ings t here
o f
k ingdom i t
o f
i s
E gypt,
i n
w ith t he wavy
i s
o f
n o
t he
F irst
D ynasty .
E gypt
i .e.
l onger
s o-called
a t
t his
U nification
h istorical
f rom
o f
t he D elta,
k ing
t ime E gypt
b y t he
l ists .
H ierakonpolis
p ossible
a k ingdom
N ekhen,
w ere
t he
t o
M enes,
a nd h is immediate p redecessors apparently
- a nd
c onsisted
t he
M enes
c lass
o f t he
T raditionally,
c onsisted o f t he s ubjugation o f L ower
r uled
t he p ots
j ars p ainted with a t rellis p attern and
L ate w are w hich o verlaps w ith
k ing
o f
W avy-handled
which
m erely r epresented a s a s tylized w avy o rnamentation,
f unctional
i s
p eriod
i n
p erhaps
m ilitary
t hat t he
w ith
N ile i ts
c onflicts
N ekhen
d uring
t he
V alley
c apital
b etween
o f
t he
P rotodynastic n orth a t
t he
o f
t hat
N agada .
T o
P rotodynastic
k ingdoms o f E gypt l eading u p t o t he U nification i s u nknown.
C ombat
s cenes a re s hown o n s ome o f t he l arge e laborately c arved c ommemorative p alettes o f t hese
w hich a re c haracteristic o f t his t ime, b ut t he s ignificance i s u nclear . W ildung ( 1984) s uggests t hat t here w ere n o m ajor
c onflicts, D ynastic s truggle
a nd was
t o
t hat o ne
t he
o f
a ttain
t ransition
continuous
p olitical
f rom
t he
c ultural
d ominance
o ver
n otion o f c ontinuous c ultural d evelopment t he
A rchaic
p olitical T he
c an
n o
s tructure
U nification
l onger o f
E gypt
b e
d enied,
d id
n ot
g o
P redynastic e volution a ll
f rom
i t
does
t hrough
o f t he
w ere b eing
u nified
E gypt.
not
E arly
no
f inal
W hile
f ollow
t hat
e ventful
e vent,
i s c ertainly
t he
P redynastic
s ome
w as p robably a v ery r eal p olitical
w hat p arts o f E gypt
t o
with
t he i nto t he
s tages .
t hough q uite
l ess c lear.
O ne i dea t hat u sed t o b e f avoured by some a uthorities was t hat t he E gyptian c ivilization o wed
i ts
o rigins
t o a c onquering
R ace which e ntered E gypt
f rom t he
' East' v ia e ither
t he
p ossibly
v ia
e ast
o f
t he
D elta,
o r
1 9
t he
W adi
D ynastic
Wadi T umilat t o
H ammamat
( Engelbach,
1 943;
Emery,
1 961:
3 8-42).
H owever,
s uch
i deas
c an
no
l onger
b e
u pheld. S ome o f t he most s pectacular P rotodynastic d iscoveries h ave b een a t H ierakonpolis. A t t he K or n e l-Ahmar ( ancient N ekhen), Q uibell
m ade
a nd G reen f ound a l arge g roup o f objects b etween two l ater dynastic t emple
w alls .
c eremonial
T his
c ollection,
p alettes,
l arge
k nown a s
t he
M ain D eposit,
c onsists o f
c ommemorative s tone m aceheads,
i vory s tatuettes a nd o ther
i vory o bjects,
g reen
g lazed
n umerous
f igures
o f
monkeys a nd s corpions, g reen g lazed b eads, pottery, s tone v ases and b owls,
f lint
k nives,
o bjects
o f
c opper,
a nd
m any
o ther
i tems,
a lmost
a ll o f t hem d ating f rom t he v ery end o f t he P redynastic a nd t he v ery b eginning o f t he c ollection
F irst
p ossibly
D ynasty
( Quibell a nd G reen,
1 902:
a rticles
f urniture
r epresents
o f
t emple
2 8-35) .
T his
t hat
w ere
u nwanted a t a l ater d ate, b ut b eing r egarded a s v aluable o r s acred t hey were not d estroyed b ut r ather b uried i n t he g round, p robably s ometime d uring s uggests
t hat
o ffering
a rea
A lso
t he
a t
t he
n early
K ingdom
( idem:
3 3-35).
D eposit
c ould
h ave
main
( Hoffman,
approximately s andstone
t he O ld
K or n
p ers .
e nclosing
a n
5 0 m a cross,
Q uibell
r evetment
a rea
a nd
o f
m ay
b een
however,
a P rotodynastic
c omm .).
e l-Ahmar,
c ircular
H offman,
a nd
G reen
c onsisting
o f
c lean w hitish s and .
r epresent
d iscovered
n atural T he
a P rotodynastic
a n
b locks
r evetment
t emple
o f w as
( Quibell
a nd G reen, 1 902: 3 -5). R ecently,
H offman
h as
e xcavated two l arge
H K-6 i n t he G reat W adi
a lso i n
1 and
1 i s
T omb
2 .
mudbrick. w ooden 4 5) .
T omb
A ssociated
s uperstructure
T omb
2 i s
r ectangular
postholes
a nd
w as
t entatively
s uggest
i dentified i t
b elongs
s tone
t o ,
i t
s hale o f t he s hale
u pder W ith
3 150
b egins . f ound
b y
E gypt's
e vent
Q uibell
i s
and
1 902:
wearing t he d epicted
N armer
E gypt
1 3;
n ame
t he
t all
b y
1 982:
t hough
a
4 3-
t here
I t
E gypt .
m ,
c ut
a c hamber
o n
t he
i s e ssentially a
i nto t he s andstone a nd was
made
i n
N armer,
t he
c rown
s oft
P alette
D eposit a t
s hown
a nd o n o f
1 29). i n
h istory
w hich
w as
H ierakonpolis O n o ne
a s erekh)
t he
U pper
k ingdom c a .
d ynastic
N armer
1 980b:
c learly E gypt,
t he
4 8-50) .
M ain
H offman,
white
with
c overed
i nto a s ingle n ation o r
i s
r ed c rown of L ower
wearing
was
( Hoffman,
P rotodynastic,
pharaoh,
G reen n ear
( his
p alette,
i t
T omb
l ined
t omb i n
c ommemorated
( Quibell a nd G reen,
t hat
d esignated
walls
W hichever p eriod i t
( idem:
f irst
t he
a s
6 .0 x 2 .0
s andstone
U nification o f
i ts
l ate Amratian .
F rom o ne s ide,
h arder
u nder T his
i s
a pproximately
a rea.
t he
t he
B .C .
i s t he o ldest
p it,
with
e nclosed b y a f ence
i s a r emote p ossibility t hat r ectangular
P rotodynastic t ombs a t
t he H ierakonpolis a rea,
o ther E gypt
s ide i s
s ide
o f
s hown h e
i s
p ear-shaped
macehead i n h and r itually c lubbing t he h ead of s ome u nfortunate n orthern enemy . T he e nsuing A rchaic i s a f ormative p eriod d uring w hich
E gyptian c ulture t akes o n
i ts
f amiliar c haracter.
C ONCLUDING REMARKS T he p icture o f t he b ased
l argely o n
T here
i s
a s
e xcavations
y et w ith
P redynastic a s o utlined
t he e xcavations
n o
c oherent
t hose
v iew
c arried
c arried
o ut
i ncorporating
o ut
s ince
2 0
t he
i n
t his c hapter
b efore t he
l ate
World
War
i s I I.
r esults o f t he o ld 1 960s .
S ome
p arts
o f t he p icture a re s ubstantiated by t he new work. b een
r eplaced .
i ndicates t he
a t
T he
l east
P redynastic
E gypt
a re
i nvoke f rom
t hat
what
e vidence
a l arge
a nd
f irmly
f oreign
s uppose
n ew i nto
i n
i nvaders
t o
s ome
o f
A rchaic .
i ts
w ith
T he
f or
s omewhat
p ast.
o f
t he
i s
o ld
t hroughout
c ivilization
T here
P redynastic
b rought
v aguely
o f
c ontinuity
o rigins
e very
D ynastic R ace
O ther p arts h ave
r ethinking
c ultural
p rehistoric
a ccount
s uperior
i s a f requently
S o f ar,
m easure
t he
r ooted
c ombined
n o n eed
p hase,
o r
i n t o t o
c ivilization t o E gypt
d efined
' East%
i nsufficient r adiocarbon dates h ave been obtained f rom
t oo f ew s ites to d efine t he c hronological l i mits of t he P redynastic p hases
w ith
any
r eal
degree
of
accuracy.
Amratian to t he p receding B adarian i s all B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar
r egion .
I ndeed,
T he
r elationship of t he
too obscure except i n t he
i t
may b e q uestioned w hether
t he Amratian w as p receded b y a E adarian p hase
a t
the
the
Egyptian
t ransition?
N ile
Valley.
And
what
of
a ll
i n o ther p arts o f
Am rat i an-Ge rzean
A t N agada t his would appear to o ccur a round
3 650 B .C.,
whereas a t H ierakonpolis t he Amratian appears to continue to about 3 500
B .C .
d ifferent I n
s uggesting t imes
o ne
s trokes
P redynastic, k nowledge o f
t he
s ense,
which a re
t he
gave
b ut
t hat
t he
i n d ifferent o lder
some
s till
P redynastic
p oorly o f
U pper
e xcavations
i dea
t he p icture
t ransition
occurred
at
s lightly
a reas.
i s
of
t he
s till
k nown . E gypt
i ts
2 1
s tudy l ithic
a f ew
l arge
composition
v ery s ketchy .
T his -
p rovided
overall
b rushof
t he
M any a reas o f o ur
f ocusses
o n
i ndustries.
o ne
a spect
C hapter
2
BACKGROUND TO RESEARCH
PREVIOUS L ITHIC STUDIES D espite of E gypt,
n early
a h undred
y ears
o f
r esearch
i nto
t he
P redynastic
not o ne p ublication i s d evoted t o a g eneral s urvey of t he
l ithic a rtifacts, unless C urrelly's c atalogue i s counted ( Currelly, 1 913).
T his c atalogue,
s tone
tools
important a n
C airo
e xcavations
overall
c hapter
i n
i n
o f
a rtifacts.
t he
T he
comprising
p revious
o f t he
f or and
s uch
a s
however,
modern t he
t aken
l ithic
j ewelry,
h igh
a lso
u sually
t ools
a ttractive t here
before
p lace.
A t
i ndustries
excavator
B adari
d istrict
( idem:
7 5-78)
c oncave
a nd
c onsist
were
many b est,
f ills
a
o f
c emeteries
P redynastic s tone
of
b ifacial examples
p resence
o f
f airly
of
h igh
a nd o f
o ther l ithic
knives. ' flint
Most f lakes'
q uality
b lades
r eceived much a ttention, a nd e ven
g enerally
f inds,
s uch a s
generally
i nterested
o nly
g iven
l aconic
m ention .
w hole c eramic v essels
l ittle
h uman
f igurines,
i nterest
i n
( useful amulets
stone
t ools.
C aton-Thompson, a meticulous a nd
i n
s tone a rtifacts,
f rom t he s ettlement
( Caton-Thompson,
c onsisted
o f
r ipple-flaked
t he
d ecorative i vory c ombs, was
e xcavation
spectacular
note
T here a re, of course, exceptions. l ithic implements
t he
p roportion
some
B ut t hese never
b ifacial
more
o n
a b alanced v iew
f ishtails
d id
t erms
S equence D ating),
c areful
p ublished
h ad
p roduced collections o f s tone implements
i ncluding
a nd b lade t ools. W ith
emphasis
t o p rovide
c emeteries
t ools,
c raftsmanship,
most
was
s ites
P redynastic
a comparatively
excavators, i n
i t
P redynastic
consideration o f
Moreover,
which
i s nothing more t han a l ist of t he a nd
a b ook.
h as n ot e xactly h elped
e laborate
however, Museum,
r ecovered n umerous
l ocality o f H ema mieh i n
1 928).
t he
T he c ategories s he r ecorded
o f:
b ase a rrow-heads
l eaf-shape a rrow-heads p ush-planes s mall
( steep-ended s crapers)
k nives
c ircular
o r
o f g ood workmanship o val
s crapers
s ickle-flints e nd s crapers
o n
l ong t hin
b lades
a wls c hipped c elts f ish-tail k nives
k nives
( bifacial)
Maintaining
her
i nterest
i nvestigated N eolithic o ccupation l arge n umber
i n
settle ments,
s ites
i n
t he
F ayum
C aton-Thompson and
r ecorded
( Caton-Thompson and G ardner, 1 934: 1 9-22) l isted i n t able 2 .1. o f
t hese
a
of s tone tools whi ch s he c lassified i nto 2 5 main t ypes
c lasses
c onsist
o f
b ifacial
t ools
a nd g round
implements .
Most I t
s hould b e r emembered t hat s he c onducted h er work i n t he d ays b efore
2 2
T able
L IST OF C ATON-THOMPSON'S
2 5
2 .1
M AIN
N EOLITHIC S ITES
1
A xes,
i gneous o r
2
A xes,
f lint f laked
o r
3
A xes,
4
A dzes a nd A xes,
5
G ouges
6
P lanes
7
K nife b lades
8
D aggers,
9
H alberds
s edimentary
c hert,
C LASSES
r ocks,
S pear
i gneous o r
o r
1 2
A rrow-heads,
t riangular
1 3
A rrow-heads,
c oncave-base
1 4
S ickle-blades
1 5
L eaf-shaped p oints,
b ifacial
1 6
L eaf-shaped p oints,
p artial
1 7
P ebble-butted p oints
a nd
k nives
1 8
P ebble-backed k nives
a nd
s crapers
1 9
S ide-blow f lakes
2 0
C eltiforms
2 1
S crapers
2 2
B acked-blades
2 3
T rihedral
2 4
T anged a rrowheads
2 5
L eaf-shaped a rrowheads
When
s he
b een l eft
( 1983:
N eolithic
p redominantly
notches
and
of
a n umber of l ess A )
a ssemblage
w as
c haracterized
t renches
a t
a ny
b ifacial n otches
H uzayyin's
t ools o r
b y
" diagnostic" tools.
t hat
e t
a l
noted
t hick
T hese a rtifacts and
f lake
( 1972), t hat
f lakes
h aving
t he
o ften
t ools l ithic
r etouched
C aton-Thompson evidently s elected t he
s ite,
a nd
s he
d id
n ot
e ven
m ention
s tudy of t he s tone implements f rom t he P redynastic
1 937).
f requencies, o ther
f rom
S aid
t ype
m any a rtifacts h ad
c ores,
W a lso
a bundant
S he
" waste
d enticulates.
v illage s ite a t A r mant ( Huzayyin,
f lake
K or n
s amples.
i gnoring
W ( Caton-Thompson's
t hey n oted
f lakes,
i nto notches a nd d enticulates.
among
K or n
d enticulates).
t est
t ool
t otal
" diagnostic" t ools
v isited
F ayum
two
f inding
r etouch
t o b e
6 9)
excavated
t he
o nly)
h ollow-based
i n t he b ack d irt by M iss C aton-Thompson.
consisted
m ainly
s lightly
s ystematic a nalysis o f
c onsidered
a l
l ocality f or t he
( mostly
o r
a nd a s i t t ranspires, e t
( ground
r ods
was p laced o n t he
G i nter
r ocks
J avelin h eads
C hisels
f lakes",
f laked
s edimentary
G round p oints
what
F ROM
o nly
1 1
c ollected
S TONE TOOLS
g round a nd polished
p olished a nd
1 0
emphasis
F OR
I N T HE F AYUM
e arly
i s a lso exceptionally t horough
H uzayyin s uch
( l937:
2 24A)
t abulation
r eports
o f
e ven
of d ata
P redynastic
23
p rovided b eing
s tone
f or
i ts
a t able
v irtually
t ools.
H e
t ime
o f
t he
u nknown
i dentified
1 8
main
c lasses
f lakes";
s ee
c lasses
i nto
of
t able
tools
2 .2).
types
a nd
H e
and
o ne
a lso
d ebitage
f urther
s ubtypes.
c ategory
d ivided
A lthough
( "re-edging
many
h e
of
was
t he
t ool
l i mited
to
d escribing t he collection b rought b ack to E ngland by t he e xcavator, O liver o ne
M yers
o f
( Mond
t he
a rchaeologists f rom
i nsist
M yers,
1 937),
meticulous
i n
A r mant,
u nbiased,
a nd
most
E gypt.
even
H e
t hough
r epresentative
of
Myers,
t he
l ike
C aton-Thompson,
p re-Second
World
r ecovered a g ood q uantity o f t hey
s ample
d id
not
t hat
c onstitute
modern
w as
War
f ield
l ithic
f inds
t he
completely
i nvestigators n ow
l ike
t o
o n.
T able
2 .2
L IST OF TOOL C LASSES R ECOGNIZED B Y H UZAYYIN F OR T HE P REDYNASTIC O CCUPATION S ITE AT ARMANT
3
C ores a nd
2
Di scs
T ool-Cores
3
S ling-Stones
4
A typical
5
P olished A xe
6
F laked A xes
a nd
D iscoidal-Forms T ools
7
F laked A dzes
8
R e-edging
9
D ibbles
1 0
C hisel
1 1
P lanes
1 2
S crapers
1 3
B ifacial
1 4
S ickles
1 5
B lade-
1 6
P oints a nd
o r
C elt
F lakes
o r
D igging-picks
a nd
C hisel-ended
T ools
K nives-Fragments
( and
F lake-)
K nives
J avelin-heads
1 7 ,Arrow-heads 1 8
B orers
1 9
B urins
T he
f irst
s cholar
t o
a ttempt
a g eneral
d escription
o r
s urvey
o f
P redynastic s tone tools was J acques d e Morgan i n h is R echerches sur l es
O rigines
p erson
to
r epresented c oined .) y et a s
de
l 'Egypte,
recognize i n
T he
E gypt.
n otion
t o b e d evised, a whole.
l ocalities, E gypt.
H e
c ategories t his
t o
1 4
H e
with
vol.
( The
o f
1 ( 1896).
t here
e xpression
a P redynastic
s o d e
Morgan 's
collected
I ndeed,
g rouped ( de
t he
Morgan,
main
l ittle
was
' Predynastic' h ad
d ivided
n ot
i nto s everal
a rtifacts
f irst
f rom
y et
b een
p eriods
d escriptions c overed t he
P redynastic
t he
N eolithic p eriod h ad
P redynastic a n u mber
f rom u pper
a nd
of
L ower
l ithic a rtifacts h e r ecovered i nto 1 2 major 1 896:
c ategories f or
h e
was a p rehistoric
both s ettlements a nd c emeteries,
main c ategories E gypt
t hat
f inds
f or
8 9-142; l ithic
f rom
s ee t able f inds
f rom
2 .3) t he
l ater e xpandi ng F ayum
a nd
" kjoekkenmoeddings" s ites
overlap b et ween
t he
2 4
two
i nventories
( de
i n
t o
1 4
Upper
Morgan,
1 926:
5 8-67,
7 7-78,
7 7-91).
9 2-93,
essentially d iscussed 1 28-142),
A f ew
1 28)
y ears
p resented
modifications
t he
tools
a gain
of
to some
r eferring
l ater,
t hree d e
C ottevieille-Giraudet
l ithic
i nventories
Morgan's
extent
( idem:
a l most e ntirely
T able
t ool
7 7-87,
t o d e
N uclei
2
P ercuteurs
3
H aches
4
C outeaux
a re
l ists.
H e
a lso
9 2-104,
1 13,
1 16,
morgan 's
work.
2 .3
L ITHIC ARTIFACT C ATEGORIES O F D E MORGAN
1
( 1933:
which
( 1896)
( cores) ( hammerstones)
( axes,
i ncluding p olished a xes)
( knives,
i ncluding
k nives m ade
o n
b lades a nd b ifacial
k nives) 5
R acloirs
( scrapers,
6
T etes d e
l ances
a nd 7
T etes
8
S cies e t
i ncluding e ndscrapers)
( lances,
f ishtails
i n
o u pointes d e f aucilles
d e M organ
f laches
P ointes
1 0
P ercoirs
1 1
T ranchets
1 2
R etouchoirs
r homboidal
k nives
( arrowheads)
( saws a nd s ickles,
b lades a nd b ifacial 9
i ncludes
t his c ategory) i ncludes b oth s ickle
s ickles)
( consisting m ostly o f pointed b ifacial
i mplements)
( perforators) ( a
c ertain ( a
k ind o f b ifacial
k ind o f
t hick
t ool)
b ifacial
t ool)
T he n ext s cholar to g ive a comparatively d etailed o vervie w o f P redynastic
s tone
i nfor mation
f rom
e ssentialay v arious
s ummarizing F ayum,
3 3,
t he a nd
3 5-36,
P redynastic
b eing
o n
t he
r eports
d escriptions
p ublished
1 40-142,
l ithic
t he
4 4,
m assoulard's o f
U pper
b ifacial nodular
l ance-heads,
k nives
b y
1 949 .
with
f rom
t he
H e
was
t hus
a uthors
d escribed
a f urther
E l-Oman , o f
d escription
b y
axes,
c haracterized
a nd
o f t he
s ix
M erimde,
B runton 's
pages
m aadi
" Tasian"
a nd
( idem:
2 63-264).
E gypt,
f rom p rismatic cores,
t o
H e d erived h is
h im
i ndustries i n about s ix pages
implements
4 5-46,
( 1949). to
p rovided
p rior
2 01-204),
i ndustries
o utlining
4 0-41,
C onsidering t he
massoulard available
Amratian and Gerzean f lint
(i de m : 1 1 7-118, t he
was
l iterature
d ependent
e xcavation
B adarian,
implements t he
o f
m assoulard t ools,
t ools
scrapers,
made
o n
t he
l ithic
s ummarizes m ade
o n
l arge
b ifacial
o f
B adarian a s
f lakes
scrapers on
f lakes,
i ndustries
t he
d etached f lakes,
k nives
with
denticulated c utting edges ( i.e. b ifacial s ickles), s ickle-elements m ade o n f lakes, t anged), o range t he
c ortex
b ifides
f rom
M assoulard
k nives, ( i.e.
( mostly c oncave-based,
u nretouched
c ollected
Amratian,
b ifacial
a rrowheads
n u merous
s uch
a s
f ishtails),
a nd c oncave-base
f lakes,
t he notes
d esert
l ames
a rrowheads,
a s
s urface
v arious
c omma-shaped a s
25
f oliate a nd o ne
( idem:
b ifacial
k nives,
l osangiques
w ell
s ome
and b y t he u se of f lint with
f oliated ( i.e .
v arious
1 17-118).
t ools
F or
i ncluding
t ools,
r homboidal
l ames
k nives),
t ypes o f s craper,
r are
p erforators, o nly),
a nd
k nives
d ibbles
o n
f lakes,
( Armant)
s ickle-elements,
( idem:
1 40-142) .
mentions r ipple-flaked k nives, cores p erforators,
k nives o n
f lakes
b urins
A nd
f or
( from A rmant
t he
G erzean,
h e
f or f lakes, v arious scrapers,
( including
t he
s o-called
" three-faced
twisted b lades"), s ickles, b urins ( from A rr rant only), d ibbles ( from A rmant), l ames
a nd
mentions b ifides t ools a nd
a gain
b ifides t he
u se
( idem:
o f
I t
t ools
f ork,
o bsidian
a re
t ools,
b ifacial
V-shaped
2 01-204) .
r ecognized
b lade
v arious
with
i n
t he
c an b e
b ifacial,
a nd
i ncluding
a rrowheads, G erzean
a g ood t he
i gnored k nives
t he
m ade o n
t he
o f
r eal
f lakes
a re
work
may
r esults
P redynastic s ites i n
f lakes
t hus
o r
o riginal A s
f rom
b e
n early
h ad
i ndication h as
P redynastic
l ithic
o f
b een,
s ubsequently
L ondon,
H owever,
h ow
we
i s
( Vandier,
s tored
s he
s hown
of
t he
emphasis
was
i n
m useums,
a n
s tudy t o
H e
M assoulard h ad wrote of
f airly
t he
l ithic
what
t he
w ritten
t ools, f or
i nto
b y
l ithic
overview
E lise
o f
B aumgartel,
1 960:
2 4-43).
H er
1 1 e xcavations w hich h ad
p articularly
t he
a t
a ssociate
c ollections
U niversity
years.
H er
t hough
more
s till
v ery
a nd
f or
i n
College
many
l ithic
b ifacial
P redynastic l ast
B au mgartel's scheme,
2 .4.
p articularly
o f
t he
A rchaeology
honorary
t able
and b lanks converted
a s
1 952).
N eolithic a nd
r epeated
( Baumgartel,
c lassifications,
t radition o f t hose o f o ther
on
c ategories,
t he
f rom p re-World W ar
E gyptian
was i n
o f
V andier
merely
a lready
T his
e laborate t han most p receding i n
I t
M assoulard's
d escriptions
h e
l imited
come
a rtifacts.
Museu m
where
typology m uch
f lakes.
t he e xcavations
t he
who d evoted 2 0 p ages to t he s ubject
P etrie
f lake
a re noted.
w ritten .
work was b ased o n m aterial t he
o n
mentioned
a ll
i ncluded
s ites.
e xcavators a n
f lint
' obvious'
m ade o n b lades.
d rawing h is i nformation,
which
t he
i ndustries
b een
t ools
a ctually
a lso
o f
E gypt,
s ummaries
a rtifacts
a lso l ames
l ike many o ther e arlier
f rom t he p ublished e xcavation r eports.
d etailed
a nd
r eferred t o b lades a s f lakes ( or eclats), and, i n f act,
V andier's
done,
H e
m any o f t he
more
s uch a s scrapers and s ickle b lades,
m ajority
s ummarized
k nives,
axes.
f lakes
s een t hat
s hould a lso b e pointed o ut t hat M assoulard, r esearchers,
f or
t hat
o nly
b ifacial
a nd
i s
e arlier a rchaeologists w ith a n
a ltogether
d ebitage.
F or
l acking
t he
i rregular-looking
most
tools
i n
p art, with
c ertain d ebitage,
o nly small
amounts o f r etouch were i gnored by n early a ll early excavators who s uch
p ieces,
u ninfor mative
r egarded
' waste'
v irtually n o o ne u p t o n otches,
d enticulates
After
1 960,
we
s ampling p rocedures, c lasses
to
debitage,
b e
i f t he
a nd
c onsidered
t hey
t ime
d id
i n
a ssemblages,
d ata
b eing
a re
with
a nalyzed
a nd
t he
a s
merely
collect. s uch
T hus
t ools a s
f or
r ange
t han
o f t ool
u nderstanding
t echniques
based
s elected
p rojects a re
p repared
more systematic
f ull
a p roper
r ecordi ng
a rchaeological
a ll,
to
p ieces.
s tatistically u nbiased a ssemblages r ather m any r ecent
a t
r ecognized
i nto a ' modern e ra',
appropriate
H owever,
t hem bother
o f B aumgartel
r etouched
move
not
a t horough a ppreciation o f
f ound
and
t hey
which
s till
p ublication,
o f
upon
collections.
o ngoing, s o
t here
o r
t he
i s,
a s
y et, comparatively l ittle published material concerning t he l ithic a rtifacts
r ecovered
P reliminary b een
g iven
McHugh
f or
( 1982)
f rom
t he
l ate
d escriptions
H ierakonpolis a nd
Hol mes
o f b y
1 960s
o nwards .
P redynastic H offman
( 1987a),
f or
2 6
l ithic
( 1970; N agada
a ssemblages
1 972a), by
H arlan
H ays
and
h ave
( 1980), H assan
T able
2 .4
B AUMGARTEL'S T YPOLOGY F OR P REDYNASTIC S TONE ARTIFACTS
B adarian: 1
P ush-planes
2
D isc-scrapers
3
B orers
4
S ickle-stones
5
K nives
6
A rrow-heads
7
F lakes
Amratian: 1
A xes o f i gneous a nd s edimentary r ocks
2
P olished f lint a xes
3
P olished a nd
4
C eltiforms
5
A rrow-heads
f laked a xes
( a) w ith c oncave b ases ( b)
t riangular a rrow-heads
6
S ickle-stones
7
L eaf-shaped p oints,
8
P ebble-butted a nd P ebble-backed t ools
9
P lanes
1 0
S crapers ( a) s ide-scrapers
a nd c hisel-ended points
( b) e nd-scrapers ( c)
core-scrapers
1 1
D ibbles o r
1 2
F ish-tails
1 3
D ouble-edged k nives w ith r ounded t ips
1 4
S ingle-edged k nives
1 5
r imers
( a)
k nives w ith s traight b acks a nd c urved c utting e dges
( b)
k nives w ith c urved b acks a nd s traight c utting e dges
D aggers
G erzean: 1
A xes o f i gneous a nd s edimentary r ocks
2
F lint a xes
3
A rrow-heads ( a)
b ifacial,
( b)
o n b lades,
t anged c hisel-headed a nd
4
S ickle-blades a nd s aws
5
P oints
6
S crapers ( a)
l unates
s ide-scrapers
( b) e nd-scraper
a nd s craping
k nives o n b lade
( c)
c ircular a nd o val s crapers
( d)
hollow o r
7
F ish-tails
8
K nives
r ound s crapers
( a)
double-edged k nives,
b ifacial
( b)
s ingle-edged k nives,
b ifacial
9 1 0
( c) k nives o n b lades D aggers a nd S pear-heads G ravers
1 1
S ide-blow f lakes
1 2
S mall b lades
1 3
B orers
1 4
C ores
2 7
( 1976), H ays ( 1984a), H assan ( 1981) a nd H olmes ( 1984; i n p ress), f or E l-Kab b y D emuynck a nd V ermeersch ( 1978), f or s ites i n t he GournaA rmant a nd
a rea
b y G inter
D robniewicz,
e t a l
1 979;
( 1979;
G inter
1 982;
a nd
1 985;
K ozlowski,
o f t he F ayum b y G inter e t a l ( 1980; 1 982; 1 984;
G inter
M erimde b y
a nd
K ozlowski,
E iwanger
( 1979;
i n
p ress),
1 984), a nd
G inter,
K ozlowski
f or
N eolithic
t he
1 983; D agnan-Ginter e t a l,
f or
f or
1 987; 1 984),
t he
r ecent
t he r ecent
e xcavations
l ithic
f inds
a t
f rom
T ell e l-Fara'in ( Buto) b y S chmidt ( in V on D er Way, 1 985; 1 966; 1 987). T he l ithic a rtifacts, which a re r elatively f ew i n n umber, f rom t he l ate P redynastic-Early D ynastic c emetery Omar
i n t he
K roeper a nd W ildung, l ithic a rtifacts t he
i ndustries o f
t he
a t
m inshat
1 985:
o n
t he
monograph f rom
N agada
R egion
r eport
which,
a s y et,
8 6-87).
A bu
1 984;
T he most e xtensive coverage o f
f rom r ecently e xcavated P redynastic s ites c onsists o f
E iwanger's r eport 1 984),
e xcavations
D elta h ave a lso b een b riefly mentioned ( Wildung,
f inds
b y
E lTarif l ithic
f rom p hase
G inter n ear
e t
G ourna,
a ssemblages
( Hassan,
e d .
a l
w ith
a nd
i n
I a t
( 1979)
c hapters
t he
c hapters
Merimde
( Eiwanger,
d escribing o n
P redynastic o f
b y
H assan
t he
v arious
e t
t he
a l,
f lint
a spects
a nd
N agada H olmes)
i s n ot a ctually p ublished .
I n a ddition to t he a bove r eports, t here a re a lso s everal p apers which v ery
f ocus o n specific t ool c lasses. d etailed
a rrowheads, l ithic
p oints .
T ixier,
p aper
F our
p apers
k nives
1 981;
a lso
o f
w ere
a lso d iscussed
t he
a re
d evoted
t o
m anufactured
( 1974) p resent a
D ynastic
b y
C asini
d iscussing
( Bradley,
1 984;
m anufacture
i n a p aper
a nd
a rrows
a nd
i vory a nd wooden a rrowheads a s well a s
M idant-Reynes,
c onsiders
C lark e t a l
P redynastic
i ncluding bone,
r ipple-flaked a nd
a ccount
K elterborn,
o f
P redynastic
M idant-Reynes
1 984) .
f ishtails,
( 1974) .
h ow
1 972; a nd
H owever,
B radley 's
f ishtails
a ll
t hese
a re
' tool-
s pecific' p apers r efer t o material t hat c ame f rom p re- World War I I e xcavations . o f
T he o nly p aper
P redynastic
d uring
t he
T he
t ools
r ecent
o nly
u ndertaken
i s
which s o.far
t hat d iscusses a r ecently e xcavated b y
t he
i nvestigations
o ther
h ave
o ne
s tudies
b een
o f
m icrowear
w riter
a t
o n t he
N agada
P redynastic a nalyses
f lint a xes
( Holmes, l ithic
( Hester,
g roup
r ecovered
n .d .) . a rtifacts
1 976;
r ecently
H olmes,
h ave p rovided s omewhat d iscouraging r esults
1 987b)
( Holmes,
1 987b).
A IMS OF R ESEARCH I n t he p revious s ection s tatus
of
t he
n inety y ears
s tudy
o f
of
r esearch,
Ih ave attempted t o convey t he c urrent
P redynastic I h ave
l ithic
t o a gree
a rtifacts.
w ith
M cHugh
E ven
( 1982:
after
8 5)
t hat
t he s tudy i s s till " in a n e arly s tage o f d evelopment"! I n g eneral, t he e arlier r esearchers p aid s cant a ttention t o f lint t ools, a nd t hose who
d id
t ake
a n
i nterest
c ompletely
i gnoring
T ools
a s
s uch
f ocused
d ebitage
b urins,
a nd
n otches,
p rimarily
t he
m ajority
d enticulates
a nd
o f
o n
b ifacial
s imple
r etouched
t ools
f lake
t ools .
p ieces
w ere
a lmost n ever r ecognized. O nly H uzayyin ( 1937: 2 23-225) c onsistently i dentified b urins, a nd d e M organ was e xceptional i n r ecording n otches o nly ( de
h e
r eferred
Morgan,
M organ, T he
t o
1 896:
1 926: e arly
t hem
1 20
a s
a t ype
[ figs.
o f
" racloir",
1 66-167])
o r
" racloirs " e 7 chancrgs"
" racloirs
e ncoche"
( de
8 4). l ithic
c lassifications,
2 8
s uch
a s
t hose
s hown
i n
t ables
2 .1-2.4, T hey
r eflect
s elected
' diagnostic ', c ontrary
b e
h e
t o t he
f or
t han
t hem,
c ollecting
v iew o f,
t o
h ave
t he
s ettlement a t T own
p rocedures' o f t he e arly e xcavators.
a t
l east,
b rought
N agada
h ome
v ery
s ite, i n
C hapter
p .
( 1955:
7 ,
t hey
c onsidered
r epresentative
a s
s amples,
B aumgartel
( 1970a:
i s c lear
f act,
t hat
b rought
2 58-260) .
2 7-28;
1 960:
i t
I t
2 6;
a rtefact ."
i s
W hile
c ertainly
t his
u ntrue
o f
m ay t he
H aving compared t he c ollection o f S outh
w ith a r ecently e xcavated i t
e very
i n t he P etrie
e xamined, a rtifact,
what
o ne p erson.
c emeteries,
S outh T own.
l ithic a rtifacts s ame
a nd
u nbiased,
" Petrie was v ery t horough i n h is c ollecting a t N aqada
a ppears
t rue
' sampling i nterested
r ather
4 79) t ells u s, a nd
t he
what
P etrie,
b ack
i s
M useum,
1 970a:
f ar
s uch
4 79)
a ssemblage
f rom
t he
f rom b ringing h ome e very
a r ather
w ith
which B aumgartel a lso
( 1960-1981)
b iased
c ollection
a c ollection
p roceeded
t o
t hat
make
( cf.
B aumgartel
c omparisons
b etween S outh T own a nd t he l ist o f tool c lasses r ecorded f or C atonT hompson's N eolithic F ayum A , c oncluding t hat t he two were r elated, a nd,
t herefore,
c ontemporary .
H owever,
t he
two
v ery d ifferent a s well a s o f d ifferent a ges. c a .
3 440
a bout
B .C .
a nd
1 000 y ears
t he
F ayum
m aterial t hat
s tone
i ndustries
a re
S outh T own i s d ated t o
B aumgartel
w as c omparing
i s
o lder .
T hus, t he s elected l ithic c ollections f rom p re-Second World W ar e xcavations h ave n ot o nly l ed t o i ncomplete i nterpretations, b ut a lso t o
o ften
wildly
e rroneous
i deas.
i naccurate
B aumgartel's
T he
above
i nterpretations
r emarks,
t hough
example
which
r eferring
t o
i s
o nly
p ervade
t he
o ne
t he
P redynastic
w ell s ummarize t he s ituation r egarding t he s tudy o f
o f
many
l iterature. i n
g eneral,
P redynastic l ithic
i ndustries: " The o verwhelming k now a nd h ow k nowledge
i mpression
s lender
( i.e.
o f
w hich emerges
a re t he
f oundations
P redynastic
E gypt)
i s h ow l ittle w e
o n
w hich
r ests.
e ven
t his
T he r easons
f or t his a re manifold. T he work o f o ur p ioneers,
F linders
P etrie and h is s chool, R eisner a nd d e Morgan, most o f t hem e xcavating a bout a h alf a c entury a nd
more a go, h as n ot b een
f ollowed up b y modern e xcavations made with a ll t he h elp r oadern
technique
can
i nformation
e xtracted
l ack
i nadequacy
o r
t he
g ive, which o f
s ettlements c annot b ut t hese
d rawbacks
r ecovered, h ardly
w hich
b een
a rticles b ack
w ith
p ublication
a dded
o f
every
o f
n ot
f act
m useums
a ll,
a nd
more
r ecent
material .
a chieved a re
t he
i n o ur
i nsufficient
t o t he o riginal
r esults
b e a t
books
with
e xcavations
a lso
t hat f or t hat
d ate
i llustrations, I n
v iew
p lace
t he
p ublished
p reliminary,
a nd
e xtract
i nformation
s tored I t
more
i n
" museums
i s
s uch
Ih ave, f or
of
objects
most
h ave
o f
o n
a nd
i n T o
t he
o lder
d o n ot
o f a ll t his,
g o
t he p oor
s urprising ."
" modern e xcavations"
t hough
t he
d ecades,
r ely
( Baumgartel, O f course,
g rain
material m ay c onceal . T he
make a ll our v iews l op-sided.
h ave b een
s tudied
and
p ublications
must
and t he
1 960:
1 40)
i n s ettlement s ites a re now t aking
i nformation
i s
a s r eported i n t his
s till, s tudy,
i n
t he
main,
e ndeavoured t o
f rom s ome o f t he material which h as b een
d ecades" .
f ailings
i n
t he
l ithic
2 9
d ata,
which
B aumgartel
i ndirectly a lluded t o,
t hat
modern a rchaeo]ogists h ave h ad t o d eal
w ith. H ays ( 1976; 1 984a; H ays a nd H assan, 1 976) e ndeavoured t o u se t he o lder l iterature t o d etermine t o which P redynastic p eriod t he N agada a ssemblages s hou]d l ack o f p revious l ithic
b e a ssigned, e mphasizing t hat t here w as a d ata. C onsidering t he r aw material, h e
s uggested t hat t he N agada a ssemblages c ould b e B adarian. c onsidering
t he
t ool
l ithic a rtifacts N agada
l ist
i n
c onjunction
( Baumgartel,
t ypology
was
most
1 960:
s imilar
w ith B aumgartel 's
2 4-43),
t o
t he
h e
H owever, s ummary o f
concluded
G erzean,
t hat
t hough
t he
f inally
s ettling o n a B adarian a ssignment f or t he N agada s ites b ased o n c eramic d ata ( an a ssignment w hich a lso h as s ubsequently b een s hown t o b e e rroneous
( cf. C hapter
7 , p . 1 91).
C learly a n u p-to-date o verview o f P redynastic l ithic a rtifacts, i ncorporating d ata f rom t he r ecent e xcavations, i s l ong o verdue . T he
m ain a im o f
s uch a n o verview. s ense,
i t
i s
a
my r esearch h as b een t o a t l east b egin t o p rovide
A s s uch, modern
t his s tudy i s v ery d escriptive.
] ithic
equivalent
o f
P etrie's
I n o ne
C orpus
o f
P rehistoric P ottery a nd P alettes ( 1921). I h ave c oncentrated o n c haracterizing l ithic a ssemblages f rom s ettlement s ites, d escribing t hem d ata,
i n
t he
a nd
l anguage
o f . modern
r ecording
l ithic
a ttribute
a nalysts,
d ata.
p roviding
P redynastic
d iverse, a nd o ften I f ound I n eeded t o a dapt o lder o ccasionally t o c reate n ew s uitable
c lassification
p resented
i n
A ppendix
c lasses o f t ools,
s cheme
f or
f requency
t ools
a re
v ery
nomenclature,
o r
i n s hort t o d evelop a
P redynastic
t ools,
which
i s
A .
T he e arly t ypologies emphasized b ifacial t ools a nd n eglected m any o rdinary
t ools
r esearchers a s
possible
i ntended
s uch
h ave
( e.g.
f or
a s
u sed
notches
t he
a nd
d enticulates,
t ypological
M cHugh,
1 982).
E pipalaeolithic
s cheme H owever,
i ndustries
o f
g enerally d ominated b y b lade a nd b ladelet t ool c lasses a re not
s o
most
T ixier T ixier's
t he
a s
f ar
s cheme
Maghreb
t ools.
modern
( 1963)
was
which
a re
Many o f T ixier's
i n t he P redynastic,
a nd t here a re
many P redynastic t ools, p articularly b ifacial t ools,
which a re not
accommodated
b y
T ixier's
c urrent r eports, t ogether
i n
a longside, T hus
i n
r epresented
o f
a c ategory a nd
t he
w ith
s cheme
l abelled
i nadequate p roposed
s uitable b alance b etween I h ave ( 1)
I n
t he
d ata
t ables
o f
' bifacial
t ools ' w ith
d escriptions h ere,
i n
t he
t heir
f requency
a ccompanying
t ext.
I h ave e ndeavoured to achieve a t ool
c lasses .
m ore
i n
t he
f rom
p ast,
' attractive'
s ettlements h ave
a ttention
i mplements
h aving f ound
r eceived
b een i n
m ainly
l ittle
g iven
t o
c emeteries .
A rtifacts f rom s ettlements a re more r epresentative o f t he P redynastic t he
p eople
t hought ( 3)
a ll.
t he b ifacial a nd n on-bifacial
L ithic a ssemblages t he
a t
f ocused o n s ettlement a ssemblages f or t hree m ain r easons:
a ttention
( 2)
t ypology
t here i s a s trong t endency t o l ump b ifacial t ools
A lso,
i ndustries . u sed
t hey
i n
t heir
would n eed
l ithic
A fter d aily i n
a rtifacts
t he
a ll,
t hey
l ives,
a re
p resumably
a nd n ot
j ust
a fterlife .
occur
f ar
more
abundantly
s ettlements t han i n c emeteries.
C aton-Thompson
( 1928:
r eferring
c emeteries
t he
t o
t he
P redynastic
3 0
w hat
what t hey
i n
i n
7 0),
B adari
d istrict, g raves t he
noted
c ontain
l ithic
" not
f lint
more
work
a rtifacts
r estricted
i n
t han
a t
about
a ll",
a nd
r ecovered
I i n
2 0
P redynastic
s he a lso o bserved
t hat
f rom b urials w ere " probably
t ype" .
O ne might a lso add t he f act t hat i t
i s mostly s ettlement . l ocalities
which a re c urrently b eing excavated.
H owever,
i n o rder t o g et some
i dea o f h ow s ettlement a ssemblages d iffer f rom c emetery a ssemblages,
I
h ave e xamined s ome c emetery m aterial. T he r egions
l ithic i n
a rtifacts r ecent
a rtifacts
U pper
E gypt,
e xamined
f rom
e xcavations.
e xcavations
o f
asse mblages
S outh
' Predynastic
are
o f
a nd
by
f rom
f rom
u nder
material i s
C aton-Thompson M useum
of
e xamined
t he
s ettlement s ingle a nd i n
l ocality,
l argest
t he
B adari
H emamieh)
[ Yehya w as
o f
l ithic
p rimarily
a nd as o f
s ince
r ecently b y i n
A lthough b iased,
part
U .S .A .
t he
N agada of
P rofessor
P ull man,
U niversity
t he
College
( including
i n t he P etrie a nd
1 920s
F athi
e valuating
t he
f rom
o f
t he
the F ekri
H owever,
M useum a s
B adari
t here o f
E l
i t
b een
f rom
f rom
n o
some
A hzar
B adari
t he
u sefulness
o f
t he
B runton
e xcavations
l i mited
U ni versity,
s uch
I
f rom
c ontains t he
m aterial
h ave
( apart
A fifi
L ondon.
material
E id, pers. comm.]) to p rovide an a lternative s ample.
i nterested
f rom
i s
Hoffman
d irection
P redynastic
e xcavations,
a rea
t hree
T he
and i s now housed i n t he P etrie
a t
collections
c ollection
C aton-Thompson 's
c arried o ut
1 920s,
A rchaeology
B adari
A .
U .S .A.,
undertaken
t he
f rom
f rom e xcavati ons c arried o ut by B runton a nd
( 1928) i n t he
E gyptian
a re
M ichael
C olumbia,
excavations
a re
H ierakonpolis
A . H assan of Washington S tate U niversity, t he B adari
s tudy
H ierakonpolis.
H ierakonpolis
P rofessor
P roject'
t his
a nd
material
C arolina,
N agada
i n
N agada
N agada T he
conducted
u niversity
d escribed
B adari,
o ld
work C airo
A lso,
I
c ollections.
c ollections y ielded a s urprising amount
o f
i nformation which t he o riginal
i nvestigators h ad not
a ddition,
o f a rtifacts r ecovered b y P etrie f rom
I e xamined c ollections
s ites i n t he
N agada
A lthough E gypt
a nd
e arlier p eriod
o f
t hree
within t he
a reas
c hanges
i n
E gypt
t hese
b road
i n
l ithic
s hould b e
r egarded a s
h as
l ithic t he
i n
to
i ndustries
r esults
o f
t hough
o f
t he
o f
i nterest
t he
c lear
t he
m ain
many
o ne
c ollections
a rchaeologists,
been
noted.
t hat
a re
l ight
a nd
o n
e ach
c ultural f rom
d istinct
v arious
T he
d uring
i ndustries
t hrow
F urthermore,
t emporal
t echnological
a ssemblages
p resented
a im
o n
t hese
h ave
a spects
o f
t he
up-to-date o lder T o
r esearch
d escribed
overview
c ollections t his
e nd,
o f
a nd
t he
i n
t his
P redynastic i ncorporating
l ithic
a rtifacts
E gypt h ave b een
( including r ecording of a ttribute d ata),
v ariability
r ather
t han
t he
r egional
o nly .
e xcavations.
F urther more,
M useum .
h omogeneous
l ithic
t here
i nformation
an
b y
s eldom
was
t hat
l ithic
t he
P etrie
impression
d escriptions
t he
t he
l ocalities i n t hree a reas of U pper
i nter-regional
v ariation.
h as
E gypt
c onsidering
s tudied i n some d etail b een
i s
i nitiate b y
modern
f rom s ettlement h ence
U pper
p reliminary
s ummary,
b een
g ave
i ndustries .
a spects
r eported,
s tudy
i t
I n a ddition,
f unctional
r egions
i n
I n
l ithic i ndustries o f n orthern
r ecognized
t he c haracterization o f t he
c onsidered, t he
t he
a re
p articular,
a lso b een
T hus
b etween
U pper
P redynastic,
T hrough
d ifferences . a nd
o f
s cholars,
r egion .
w hich a re a lso h oused
d ifferences
t hose
v ariation
a rea
r ecorded.
a nd
b road
i nter-site
c hronological and
i ntra-site
d escribing a nd c lassifying
3 1
t rends
t he
a nd h ave
activity
m aterial
u sing
modern
t erminology
t ogether f or
t he
w ith
t he
i s
r egarded
d evelopment
o f
a s
a n
important
a spect
a c lassification
e xtreme d iversity o f P redynastic s tone
3 2
o f
s cheme
t ools.
t his t hat
s tudy c aters
C hapter
3
M ETHODOLOGICAL C ONSIDERATIONS
S AMPLES S TUDIED T he main f ocus o f t his s tudy h as b een material f rom s ettlement l ocalities o f
t he
i n
t he
B adari,
l ocalities
N agada
r epresented
a nd
b y
H ierakonpolis
t he
l ithic
p robably s mall a gricultural s ettlements, e ncampments S outh T own p ossibly p erhaps P etrie
o r
i n t he o f
a t
o r
N agada a rea o r
e nd
o f
w here
w here
t he
i ncluded
l ast
a p ottery
t han,
r emains
o f
s ay,
o r
k iln .
r evealed
H owever,
a re
s tructure,
were
f ound b y
l ocality
HK-29
a h abitation
i n
r epresented b y t hese
s easonal
r epresenting
' country v illa',
a rea
a ll were
e xceptions
a l arge
s ignificance, and
N early
e xamined
p robable
c entury;
e xcavated
t he a ctivity v ariation
T he
t he
r eligious
t he
r ather
t owns .
P redynastic o fficial's
t he
a lso
v illages
p alatial
s ome
H ierakonpolis w hich
l arge
a reas .
a rtifacts
n either
a t
c omplex
i nstance
i s
t hought
t o
l ocalities
s ignificantly i nfluence t he c haracter o f t heir l ithic a ssemblages. O nly t he w inged d rills ( defined
i n
p articularly a ssemblages t hey
A ,
a nalyzed
m ay
r epresent
n oted
t hat
t he
i n A ppendix A ,
p .
s pecialized
p robably
m ay b e
( defined
Appendix
3 99)
a t
a ctivities.
b e
r egarded
n ormal
d ata
p .
H K-29
4 12) a nd
s eem
Generally,
a s
f or
c omparable
[ p .
s imilar
1 08,
1 10]
a nd
7 .1
and
s ets o f a ctivities
r egion.
A lthough
H ierakonpolis,
i t
7 .2
[ p .
1 99,
t he
t o
a nother
t hat I t
f rom t he
s uggesting
t he s ites w ithin
s tudy o nly o ne s ample
c omparable
s ense
f unctions .
( cf. t ables 5 .7 a nd
2 01])
were p erformed a t
i n t his i s
i n
a ny
s ettlement
t he l ithic a rtifacts
s ites w ithin e ach a rea a re consistently s imilar 5 .8
s uggest
t he
a gricultural-habitation
o btained
m icrodrills
to
t hat
a g iven
was e xamined
a ssemblage
f rom
f rom
t he
s ame
l ocality a nd c ompares well w ith s amples o f l ithic a rtifacts f rom o ther m ore
o r
l ess
c ontemporary
s ites
i n
t he
H ierakonpolis
a rea .
T he
f act
t hat t he l ithic d ata f rom e ach s ite i n e ach r egion a re s imilar a lso s uggests t hat t he a dequately o verall
r ange
c omposition
i nterest r ather
t han
a reas
were
s ampled
s ignificance
r ather
A t N agada, u nits
v arying
s everal a dopted
o f
r epresented
u nits w ith
o f
a ctivities
b y
t he
t he
s ettlement
c arried f rom
l arge
e nough
to
t he s amples a re s ize
f rom
a t
a s ite
s creening.
T he d ata f or
c ontiguous
2 x 2 m s quares
f or i s
a t
e ach
s ites. e ach
s ite
S ince r egion
i s t he
i s
o f
r eassuring t hat t he
d ata
o f
o verall
s ite
i nformation .
f rom e xcavation a nd s urface c ollection
1 x 1 i n t o 1 0 x 1 0 i n with
c ombined.
m aterial
i t
p rovide
t han a ctivity-specific
o ut
t he
i ndustry
i ntra-site v ariability,
i n
t he
s amples
A t otal
t he d ata f rom
s ampling
s trategy
was
f rom t he e xcavated u nits b eing r ecovered b y S ite
K H3 A rea
( 12 s q .
B i s
m ) d ug i n
f or
s amples
f rom t hree
7 a rbitrary 1 0 cm
l evels,
a nd t he l ithic d ata s hown i n t he f requency t ables 7 .1 a nd 7 .2 f or K H3 A rea X/XI a re f or s amples f rom t he f orty 2 x 2 m squares ( 160 sq . m ) e xcavated d own t o l evel 2 ( approximately 1 0 cm i n t hickness) i n t he main 1 2 x 1 8 i n e xcavation a rea ( ostensibly consisting o f 5 4 t hough
F urther,
more d etailed d ata were obtained f or t he l ithic a rtifacts
f rom t he
2 5
s quares
l evel
two
s quares
( representing
2 e xcavations
i n
t he
were 1 00
not
s q .
m )
a ctually
s ystematically
4 0 s quares .
3 3
e xcavated
2x 2i n
s quares,
T he K H4 d ata
a t
s elected
a ll). f rom
i n t ables
7 .1
a nd
7 .2 r epresent
t wo
1 0 x 1 0
i n u nits
l aid o ut
a cross t he s ite.
s urface c ollections w ere m ade f rom b oth u nits, o f s ediment f or
S ite
w ere s ieved t o
r ecover
K H7 were o btained
collection
u nits,
a nd
f rom
f urther
a rtifacts.
s amples
A fter
t he t op f ew c entimetres
f rom
T he l ithic d ata
f our
f rom a 3 x 2 i n t est p it.
5 x 5 i n s urface
T he l ithic d ata f or
S outh T own a re f rom t en lx l m randomly c hosen e nd o r
c entre s egments
o f s ix t est t renches ( four I x 2 5 m , o ne 1 x 1 8 i n , a nd o ne 1 x 1 6 m ) s ystematically s pread a cross t he s ite o n a 2 5 i n g rid . T he l ithic d ata c ombined
f or
N orth
T own
s quares p laced n orth T hus, 1 0 s q . a rea
t o
r epresent
s outh
f our
a cross
t he
5 x 5 i n s urface
c ollected
s ite .
t he smallest s ampled a rea f or a N agada s ite i s a t otal o f
m f or
w ith
S outh
T own .
i ndividual
H owever,
u nits
t his r epresents a c ombined s ampling
a ctually
s paced
o ut
o ver
t he
s ite .
T hus,
f or t he N agada s ites o verall, t he c ombined a reas s ampled s hould h ave b een s ufficient t o p rovide o verall s ite d ata w ithout r unning i nto t he p roblem
o f
s urface
i ntra-site
collected
v ariability .
s amples
e xcavated u nits.
W ith
I t
y ielded
s hould a s
a lso
b e
r eliable
t he e xception o f v ery
n oted
d ata
a s
o ccasional
t hat
t he
d id
t he
o bviously
l ater o bjects, t he s urfaces o f t he P redynastic s ites y ielded p urely P redynastic I n
m aterial.
a ddition
t o
t he
P etrie 's c ollection o f t he
P etrie
a rea
o f
was
approximately
m udbrick a rea
M useum,
s tructures
s hould
f unctional
b e
r ecently
a lso 6 0
s tudied .
x 1 20
t han
v ariability.
h ave
h ad
a ddition,
i t
sq .
t o
o n
n oted
t hat
b e
t he
p .
1 95)
a lthough
m ansion,
t his a rea,
T his
c oncerns
o ver
t he
c ollected
a n
o bviously
P etrie
o f
f unction
s ocial
o f w hich
a ssemblage .
I n
i n t he n ortheastern p art
o f
( well i nto t he G erzean;
s o t here could b e s ome t emporal v ariabil i ty.
P etrie
s everal
L XXXV ).
t he a rea
l ithic
b iased
s et
comprising c hiefly a xes a nd o ther b ifacial tools,
p late a ny
i n
a r ectangular
l arge s tructure
r esulting
N agada,
n ow h oused
u ncovering
5 4,
counter
t he s ite, i s t he youngest s ector o f t he s ite c f.
m )
a s n oted above,
t emple o r
e ffect
f rom
T own,
e xcavated
1 896:
t o c orrespond t o s ome
some m ay
m ( 7200
H owever,
material
S outh
P etrie
s ufficient
i mportance s uch a s a p alace, may
f rom
( Petrie a nd Q uibell,
more
e xcavated appears
r ecovered
l ithic a rtifacts
o f
H owever,
l ithic
t ools,
a nd
a rtifacts
' nice' b lade
i t i s t hought u nlikely t hat t he f unction o f t he s ite a rea h e
e xcavated,
o r
i ts
s lightly
more
r ecent
a ge,
s ignificant e ffect o n t he l ithic a ssemblage.
s hould T hus,
h ave
i f
h ad
P etrie
a
h ad
c ollected a r epresentative s ample i t s hould r esemble t hat f rom t he t est
t renches which
( though
w ere
l ocated i n a s lightly
T he
H ierakonpolis
e xcavated t hought
a rea
t o
f eatures r eflects
w hich
h ave
a ssemblage.
s ample
c ontained
s ignificantly
i ncluding
g ave
a h ouse.
a reas
t o
h e
i nfluenced T hus,
i dea
c leared
o vercome
was
considerably
more
a nd
f rom
o f
t he
f rom
o ccupational
l ittle
d iscoveries,
e nough
p art
o f
t he
i n
( 200
s ite
a
1 0
x 1 0
k iln . t he
H owever,
c haracter
s q.
m )
i s
n ot
t his
o f
t he
l ithic
I n t he a djacent s quares a re t he r emains o f h abitation
m ainly o rdinary
B runton
i s
a p ottery
o f
t he
s ettlement l ocalities i n t he B adari h is
o lder
s till G erzean) .
p lan
h uge
a ny
a dept
h er
t he
e xtent
o f
d istrict,
a reas .
i ntra-site i n
l ithic assemblage p robably
a ctivities . h is
e xcept
E vidently
e xcavations t hat h e
v ariability .
a t t he
j udging
d ug
o ver
f rom l arge
C aton-Thompson
r ecording h er e xcavation p rocedures,
e xcavation
u nits
3 4
( Caton-Thompson,
1 928:
p l .
L XIII)
i t
may
b e
estimated
e xcavated
a t
s ufficient
t o o vercome
I n
t he
g eneral,
d isturbance. d isturbance
t he
S outh
N agada
n otably
d isturbance
merely
o f
d ue
t o
of
about
o f a ny
a t
h ave
a c ombination
u p
a lso
t he
o f
d eposits
s uffered
b een
J acques
was
d iggers
Morgan .
r ather
l ittle
considerable
s ebakh
d e
a lthough P etrie noted some
f t.
p robably
v ariability .
most,
to
sq.
a gain
i ntra-site
h ave,
b ut
8 600
H emamieh,
appears
P etrie, j umbled
i ntrusive a rtifacts,
a rea
s ites
t here
T own
a rchaeologists, h as
an
s ite
t he e ffects
However,
a t
t hat
s ettlement
t han
B ut
a nd t his
i ntroduced
l ater XVIIIth D yn.
pottery i n t he northeastern a rea of t he s ite where h e e xcavated, t he v icinity o f some mudbrick s tructures. r egular
t o
b e
P redynastic,
c onsidering
i n
T hese h e r egarded a s too
t hem
t o
b e
XVIIIth
D yn .
o n
t he
b asis of t he pottery, t hough t here were a lso P redynastic s tructures immediately e vidence
n earby
( Petrie
o f s ebakh
a nd
d igging
Q uibell,
1 896:
5 4).
was observed a t one o r
More
l imited
two o ther N agada
s ites. T he
s ite a t
appears
to
H ierakonpolis
h ave
s uffered
which
some
i s
o f concern
extensive
i n t his
s tudy,
d isturbance
by
a lso l ocal
f ertilizer d iggers, a s well as possibly by P redynastic c lay d iggers ( Hoffman,
1 980c),
r edistributed
T hus n o i ntrusive F rom
b ut
again
material.
r eused
was not
m aterial h as
b een
a dded.
B runton
i n
l ater
4 2-47,
5 0,
5 2,
l ocality
i n
d isturbance
s ite
a nd
C aton-Thompson's
t hat t he m ajority o f t he
P redynastic
p eriods,
b een p lundered
t his
T he
d escriptions,
s ites
p articularly
i n t he
f or
t he
j ust
l ocally
l ater
p eriods.
i t
would
B adari
b urials
( Brunton a nd C aton-Thompson, 8 8-94).
h as
r eused i n
a rea
many o f
1 928:
a ppear
h ad b een
which
3 -6, 9 -10,
h ave
1 3,
1 7,
A rea 1 900-2000 i s perhaps t he most d isturbed
r egion.
B runton
descri bed
i t
as
" thoroughly
d isturbed" and with " all s tratification of t he o ld v illage deposits d estroyed"
( idem:
d ynasties h aving
b een
v illage
of
o ther
o ccupied a t
of
i n
was
t o
c overed
F irst
H emamieh.
t he
l ater
a rea t he
a nd
k eep
r ecent
H owever,
t he
B adari t he
p it-tombs by
despite a nd
v arious well
extensive b urials
appears
o ther
a s
a p revious
s uch
a rtifacts
and
o f a s
i ntrusive
B runton
P redynastic b urials
P eriod,
t imes
d isturbances
d istrict,
i ntrusive
b y
I ntermediate
comparatively
s ite,
m anaged
t he
o f
i n
E l
t his
s ites
s uccessfully t hose
T he
mostly
modern
d isturbance a t
4 3).
t hough
to
h ave
s eparate
f rom
l ater
i ntrusive
e lements, a s t he l ithic d ata a re r emarkably c onsistent f rom s ite to s ite
whether
each
s ite
h ad
been
q uantity o f f lint p laced i n g raves q uite
r apidly,
and
i n a ny c ase,
c ontain c omparatively f ew I n l ithic
a ddition a rtifacts
B runton, N agada were
and
r egion,
t o
f rom
compare
with
material
e xcavated b y t he
f rom t he
s ettlement
f rom t he
s ettlement
c ollection t he
not.
with
Of
course,
t i mes
t he
declined
settlements,
t he
s ettlement
B adari
( mainly t he
g raves
a nd n ow
" Great k ept
l ocalities,
d istrict
C emetery")
i n t he
t he
e xcavated
P etrie
b y
i n t he M useum,
collections p rovided i nteresting d ata t o d ata,
a nd
B adarian c emeteries
i nformation o n f rom
i n
P etrie,
T hese
a dditional
2 66 a rtifacts
compared
a rtifacts
c emeteries
c emeteries
a lso examined.
o r
P redynastic
l ithic a rtifacts.
l ithic
f rom
r eused
after
B adarian
c omprised o nly
i n
t he
f lint
i ndustry,
4 5 s tone
c emetery a reas .
3 5
c ase
of
t he
B adarian
i n t he B adari r egion, a s
a rtifacts
t he
u seful
B adarian
c ompared
w ith
A ll
t he
a rtifacts
e xamined were c lassified a nd c ounted w ith t hese
data
b eing r ecorded i n appropriate f requency t ables.
w ith
t he
i n
t he
e xception
B adari
o ther
c ollection
f rom
( consisting
of
t he
o nly
I n a ddition,
B adarian 4 5
v illage
l ithic
a reas
a rtifacts),
were r ecorded f or a ll of the t ools, cores and o ne o r
a rtifact
c ollections
t he
d istrict
a ttribute d ata two
o f
a nd
categori es
represented
in
the
settl ement
a ssemblages.
EXTRACTING I NFORMATION FROM MUSEUM COLLECTIONS H aving i n
c riticized
C hapter
2 ,
o ne
t he
m ay
c ollecting
wonder
why
worth while s tudying a t a ll. words
a gain
h ere
t hat
h abits
a ny
o ld
o f
t he
e arly
e xcavators
were
c onsidered
c ollections
H owever, we might r ecall B aumgartel's
t here
h as
b een
P redynastic
m aterial
g athering
d ust i n museu ms f or decades which h as scarcely b een s tudied a t a ll. I n
p articular,
i n
t his
B adari
m ay
t he
d istrict,
( Brunton and m aterial only
i t
s tudy,
b e
r eceived
H emamieh
r emaining
c ollections f rom
t he
t hree
f lint
b angles) i n
( Petrie
T hus,
t he
f irst p lace.
a nalysts. " flint
improve p ut
C lose
i f
and
( 1896)
one
i n
t he
B runton
while t he l ithic w as
d escribed
1 928:
7 5-78).
museum,
t he
i n T he
l ithic
f rom
South
Town,
were
f our
p ages
( or
f our
i n
i ncludes t he description o f t he j ust
o ver a p age
P lates" c hapter
collections t hey
on
a re
r eceived
t he e arlier
d escriptions
i nspection o f
o f t ools
H owever, b e,
t he
flakes" with
h undreds
6 1-62),
f rom
by
of
o f
comments
N aqada
b y
a nd B allas
b iased
and
i nadequate
i nadequate a ttention
a s
i n t he
C learly, a r e-examination of t he collections could b e
t o
emphasized,
t reatment
P etrie
d escribed
B runton
5 0-51).
s amples b y modern s tandards, expected
c ollection
C aton-Thompson t he
i n addition, 1 896:
a lthough
i n
Spurrell
" Description of
Q uibell,
3 5-37,
b y
c emeteri es
paragraphs with,
t he
a nd
by
l argest
r ecovered by
( Caton-Thompson,
s tudied
N agada
o riginally d escribed
1 928:
detail
a rtifacts and
t he
perfunctory
e xcavated
g reater
pages
t hat
o nly
C aton-Thompson,
f rom
slightly
P etrie
n oted
l ithic a rtifacts
o n
d escriptions,
a nd
i t
s hould
what
B runton
would c asually r efer
l ittle i ndication of t heir abundance, b eautiful,
b iased a nd
b e
i nto t he t erminology o f modern l ithic
r egular
t o a s
r evealed
b lades.
u nrepresentative a s t hese o ld c ollections m ay
t hey h ave y ielded a s ubstantial
amount
o f
u seful
i nformation,
a nd
t heir analysis has l ed to a s ignificant r evision of s everal e arlier conclusi ons. l ikely what
i s
p resent
o bserved
i n
s elected
o ut
fact,
O nce
t he
( and
w hat
a nd
O bviously b e
t hey
t here c hose
s uggested a s
e xtent
c hapter,
b lades
s ome
t o
of a nd
b e
the b lade
more p robable v ariability
t o c ollect,
what
way
b ut
f rom
w hat
t he p re-Second
c onsidered
t he
i n
collections
a re
c oncentrate o n o btaining i nformation f rom
consisted
r egular i s
appreciated
c an
t o a c ertain
t hey
generally
implements
i s
o ne
p revious
a l ithic a rtifact, what
i t
t o b e b iased,
a n
' diagnostic', more
t ools . i t
was
b etween
3 6
a bsent). W ar
T he i t
which
t he
more
A s
was
e xcavators
' eye-catching'
a pproxi mate
f ollows:
i s
World
i n
a ctual
b ifacial
' attractive'
would b e p icked up. e arly
e xcavators
' collecting
s cale'
i n m ay
v ery
f inely m ade e laborate
e .g.
t ools
r ipple-flaked k nives
f ishtails, a lways c ollected
f ine b ifacial
t ools
e .g.
b ifacial
k nives,
w ell-made a xes o ther
b ifacial
t ools
e .g.
m iscellaneous
b ifacial d ecreasing f ine b lades,
b lade t ools,
e .g.
& b lade c ores
b lade
k nives,
c ertainty
s ickle b lades
o f c ollection
o ther
b lades,
f ine
b lade t ools
f lake t ools
e .g.
e ndscrapers
e .g.
c ircular
s crapers,
e ndscrapers f lake c ores
e .g.
n eat s ingle p lat-
f orm f lake c ores
a lmost n ever
f lakes
& o ther
d ebitage,
e .g.
f lake t ools
n otches,
a tes,
r etouched
u nretouched
T hus, s uch a s t hey
would
( defined
p robably a ll
collection s cale.
c ollected
f lakes,
f lakes
i t i s r easonable t o s uppose t hat i f a ny e laborate tools,
f ishtails
H owever,
d enticul-
would,
i n
T he
b een
t herefore,
t he s ame c annot a bsence
d enticulates,
A ppendix A ,
h ave
i n
o f
p .
4 08)
c ollected,
s ignify t heir
b e s aid
f or
o rdinary
a collection
were
f ound a t
a s ite
a bsence
i n t he
a nd t heir a bsence
f rom
t he
s ite.
t ools a t t he o ther e nd o f t he
f lake
t ools,
c annot
b e
s uch
a s
i nterpreted
absence o f s uch tools f rom t he o riginal s ite.
notches
a nd
t o
t he
mean
A n e xample o f s uch a
c ase was o utlined o n p . 2 3. T he
examination
o f
i nstructive c omparison s ite .
t ools,
s ickle b lades,
f orming o nly
d ebris),
a nd
t he
r etouched
e xcavated
T own
collection a llowed a n material
t ools
c omprised
material
N o
f rom
mostly
p lanes
S outh
H owever,
l arge q uantities o f d ebitage
8 .0% o f t he l ithic a ssemblage
p ieces.
f rom t he s ame
mainly o f a xes a nd a f ew o ther
a f ew p lanes a nd l ittle e lse .
r ecent e xcavations p roduced
t ools a nd
S outh
r ecently e xcavated
P etrie's collection consists
b ifacial t he
P etrie's
w ith
T own
( calculated
e ndscrapers,
were
r ecorded
( though
b urins,
f or
w ith
i ncluding n otches
t he
r ecently
p lanes h ave b een
r ecovered
f rom o ther N agada s ites), a nd o nly o ne a xe, a nd a f ew b ifacial t ools a nd
s ickle
c ollection a llows u s t o
s ee
b lades o f
a dditional and
f ound.
Y et
worthless,
r ather
t he
t han
r ecently
making
e xcavated
t o c ompare a nd e valuate t he o lder c ollection,
how
c ollection . axe
were
a rtifacts u seful
i nfor mation
P etrie 's
S outh
d ata, 1 1
T own
e specially
s ickle
f or
b lades
c an
b e
t he
a xes
were
a nd t herefore,
e xtracted
c ollection
i s
a nd
f rom
v aluable
s ickle
recovered
P etrie's
a ssemblage
i n
b lades .
f rom
t he
o ld
p roviding O nly
the
o ne
modern
i nvestigations.
C omparing t he d ata f or t he modern s amples ( for t he
a xes,
combined
note
collection t ables s imilar,
t he
N agada
d ata)
( compare t ables 7 .23 a nd
7 .45-7.47), t hough
i t
may
t hey p erhaps
b e
7 .42,
s een
t hat
i ndicate
t hat
3 7
with a nd t he
t hose t ables
d ata
P etrie
f or
a re
d id
P etrie's
7 .27-7.30 w ith e ssentially
n ot
a ttempt
t o
c ollect
v ery
small b roken s ickle b lades
s ickle b lades d imensions
o f
i n
modern s ample,
s ickle
o r v ery s mall,
b lades
i n
P etrie's
r oughly worked a xes
i n modern s amples,
T hus,
mm,
6 3 .0
w ith
x 1 9 .4
a verage
x 5 .7
r p m ) ,
6 5.1 x 4 6.0 x 2 0.4 mm, w ith average d imensions o f
g enerally,
i t
i s
7 6.7 x 4 9 .5 x 2 2.2 mm).
possible
t o
o btain
u seful
d ata
about
c lasses w hen t he e arly e xcavators r ecognized t hem a nd O f c ourse, a s i n t he e xamples c ited a bove, t here m ay
b e s light b iases n ot
s anple,
( compare a verage d imensions o f a xes
a xes i n P etrie's S outh T own s ample,
i ndividual t ool c ollected t hem .
( compare a verage d imensions o f
4 8.9 x 1 4.8 x 3 .8
s ignificant
w ithin
e ach c lass o f a rtifact,
e nough
t o s everely
l imit
b ut
t hey a re g enerally
t he v alue o f t he d ata g ained .
O ne e xception would b e where t he t ools h ad b een made o n both f lakes a nd
b lades,
h ad
b een
b ut
where
o nly
c ollected.
classes
i n
old
t ools
m ade
N evertheless,
t he
t he
collections
c an
t he
most
s tudy
p rovide
useful
b lades t ool
s upplementary
p articularly
m ake a n e ffort t o c ollect a nd w hich o ften o nly f orm,
o f
( per
o nly o ne o r
b ifacial
t ool
t wo p ieces .
c lass)
t ools
r egular
i ndividual
i nformation, 1 -2%
b ifacial
of
e xcavators d id most,
f or
o n
o f a t ool
F orty s uch
which
t he
a ssemblage
m embers o f a c lass
a nd
U ndoubtedly, modern
a major
i nformation
e xcavations,
a s
B adari
d istrict.
B adari
collection a nd
t remendous
T he
i s
v aluable
i nformation. t o l earn
r egion
t he
w ith
c ase
w here
t he
i s
i n p roviding
t here
h ave
collections
C aton-Thompson's H emamieh T he
( classified
p ossible
a s ite o r
d ata.
b een
f rom
n o t he
' presence d ata' a lone o btained f rom B runton's
importance.
collections
u se o f a n o ld collection
f or
a t
c onsist
i n a m useum
c ollection s omewhere c an . s oon s upply s ome e xtra s tatistical
p reliminary
e arly
l ists
u sing
o f
c ollection a re o f
l ithic
a rtifacts
i n
t he
modern t erminology) a re b y t hemselves
T he p resence
s omething a bout
o f
c ores
a nd
d ebitage
h as
m ade
t he m anufactural t echnology,
i t
a nd t he
r ange o f t ool c lasses r epresented a llows s ome comparisons w ith t he l ithic i ndustries o f o ther a reas. t he
a rtifacts
c onstancy
o f
i n t he
t he
F urther, e ven t he f requencies o f
c ollections
p roportions
o f
a re
t he
i nformative.
t he v arious l ocalities i n t he B adari a rea 1 08,
T he
r elative
d ifferent a rtifact c lasses f rom ( cf. t ables 5 .7 a nd 5 .8,
1 10) i s a n i ndication t hat t he s ites a re s imilar,
a nd t emporally, a nd h ave t hus p roduced a s ingle i ndustry. s heer n umbers o f r egular b lades a nd b lade t ools,
p .
f unctionally A lso t he
r egardless o f w hether
t here were o riginally abundant f lakes a nd f lake t ools at t he s ites, a re s ufficient
t o h ighlight a n
s ites a nd t hose o f t he t ools
a re
e xtremely
u ncommon .
c ertain a rtifact c ategories e xtreme
r arity
o f
i mportant d ifference b etween t he B adari
N agada
a xes
a rea I n
where
r egular
a ddition,
t he
b lades
a bsence
m ay a lso b e s ignificant . f rom
t he
P redynastic
o r
F or
a nd
b lade
r arity
e xample,
B adari
s ites
o f t he
( not
c onsidering t he l ocalities o f t he B adarian p eriod) i s p articularly n oticeable w hen o ne c onsiders t he a bundance o f a xes a t t he P redynastic s ites
i n
c ategory c ommon
i n
t he t hat t he
N agada P etrie B adari
a rea,
a nd
collected a rea,
t hat i n
B runton
t hey s ome would
m ore e xamples .
3 8
c onstituted
o ne
f requency.
H ad
u ndoubtedly
h ave
a rtifact a xes
b een
c ollected
ANALYSIS OF L ITHIC ARTIFACTS:
P ROCEDURES
T he a ttributes u sed t o d ocument
t he
t his s tudy a re l isted i n A ppendix B .
l ithic a rtifacts d escribed
i n
T he p urpose o f t his s ection i s
t o p rovide t he r eader with a n o utline o f t he way t he a rtifacts were d ocumented, w here
i t
a nd
i s
f or
e xample,
f ar
a s
i s
modified
tool
B efore a ny
i n
c lass
k ind
o r
modified
d ebris,
t ools,
i n
a s
u sed,
h as b een u sed a s w hich
addition,
i ncorporated
a rtifacts
l ithic cores,
i n
a nalysis, e tc.),
a ny
a n
i s s orted i nto m ajor a rtifact c ategories f lakes,
t erminology
1 980)
h as
a ny
i nto
b een
n ew
t he
o r
tool
i n A ppendix A .
l ithic
o f
t he a ttributes r ecorded
t erminology
C w ith,
definiti ons
d escribing
o n
l ithic
T ixier e t a l,
A ppendix
s cheme g iven
o ther
c omment
S tandard
( 1963;
A dditional
d efined
c lassification
f urther
n ecessary .
by T ixier
p ossible .
employed
d oing
t o p rovide
t hought
d etail,
a ssemblage
( primary
a nd
b efore
o r
c ollection
f lakes,
s econdary
t he t ools a nd cores a re s orted
i nto major c lasses, a nd t ables o f t hese f requency d ata a re p repared ( e.g.
t ables
2 92]) .
7 .1
a nd
7 .2
[ p.
1 99,
2 01],
I r egard t his a s a n e ssential
s urprising
h ow
s till,, i n
a n
a ge
t ables
8 .1
a nd
8 .2
p reliminary p rocedure, o f
' new
a rchaeology'
[ p .
2 91-
b ut
i t
conscious o f a ccurate r eporting, t his i s o ften o nly p artially t herefore,
i nadequately)
a ttribute
d ata
p articular, b ladelets, T he
were
f or a nd
a ll f or
r ecorded
t he
H aving c lassified t he
f or
t ools,
c ertain
c ores,
a xe
s amples o f s econdary
a ttributes
although
c arried o ut .
employed
technology
a nd
a re
l ithic
( and,
m aterial,
c ategories,
p reparation
i n
f lakes,
g lossy
d escriptive
v alue,
b lades .
p rimarily
f unction
i s
s upposedly
have
o f also
b een
t aken
i nto
c onsideration t o a c ertain e xtent, p articularly t echnology a s i t i s d ifficult
t o
d escription a rtifact
s eparate
o f
l ithic
t he
main
a rtifacts .
d imensions a nd whether
b lank
t ype,
s triking p latform
f orm,
r etouch
a ttributes
a nd
o n t he a rtifact c ategory.
aspects T he
t he k ind o f r aw
m aterial
I n
g eneral,
c ondition. f lint.
o ther
c haracteristics
a
i nclude well
a s
o verall d epending
i s n ot
f lint
l imestone,
r eported
a nd
w ith
o nly v ery
i n o ne a rea,
r are
q uartz,
i n
t he
a ttribute
d ata
t ables
e xamined
a re
i n
u npatinated
t he t ext .
a ll
T he
H owever,
i n
a s
edge c haracteristics,
c ertain
m ade o f s ilicified
d iscussed
f r om
r ecorded
S ince t he r aw material o f a ll t he l ithic
s pecimens b eing i s
technology d ata
a n a rtifact i s b roken,
d ata,
a rtifacts a nalyzed c onsists p redominantly o f
b ut
of
a ttribute
t he
a rtifacts
majority o f t he a rtifacts s ome
a rtifacts
a re
d isplay a s hiny o r
w ith a d eepening a nd r eddening o f
t he
u sual
f resh,
o f
a b eige-coloured ' glossy ' a ppearance
b eige
c olour.
I t
was
s uspected t hat s uch a n appearance was c aused b y h eat t reatment, and t he e xperiments s ummarized i n Appendix D , appeared t o c onfirm t his impression.
T hus
a ppearance i s
S tatements c ombination a vailable
where
t hought
o f
a rtifacts
t o b e p robably
c oncerning t he
t he
w riter's
l iterature.
a re
t echnology
e xperience
S ince,
d escribed
t he r esult o f
w ith
i n
o f
a s
h eat
a rtifacts
a re
f lintknapping
o ne
f lintknapping e xperiments h ave a ctually b een
o r
two
' glossy'
t he
t reatment . b ased
a nd
o n a
f rom
t he
e xceptions,
no
c arried o ut t o a ttempt
t o
r eplicate a ny o f t he P redynastic t echnologies, t he r emarks c oncerning t he p robable u se o f h ard h ammer p ercussion a nd p unch t echnique e tc. r emain,
f or
t he
most p art,
u nverified .
3 9
T he d imensions
t aken
( length,
t o t he n earest w hole m illimetre . m ean,
s tandard
d eviation
a nd
w idth a nd F or e ach
t hickness) h ave b een
measurement,
r ange h ave b een
t he
r ecorded,
m ade
f requency,
b ut
i t
m ust
b e
s tressed t hat t he s tatistical d ata must b e r egarded a s d escriptive o nly,
p articularly
d eviation b ased t heoretical
t he
t hree
s tatistical
O ther p oints ( 2)
w here
o n
s amples a re
v alues
c an
b e
I f
t here
a re
n o
i n
t he
s tandard
r epresent
a
o ut
i n t he d ata
a c ertain
a ttribute
s ay,
I t
t wenty p ossible t ool b lanks w hen
s ample a re a ll
m ade o n s econdary f lakes
b lades .
t ables
where t here
o f
t hen t hat a ttribute s tate i s not l isted.
i n a p articular
s econdary
w ritten
r epresentatives
would b e p ointless t o l ist, t he t ools
a nd
t o
t o n ote a re:
s tate i n a s ample,
a nd
A m ean
e xpected
p opulation!
N ot a ll possible a ttribute s tates a re t ables .
( 2)
small .
h ardly
o f
a ttribute
i s a t otal
d ata,
o f
2 5
p ercentages
o r
more
c alculated f or t otals o f l ess t han
a re
o nly
s pecimens.
c alculated
P ercentages
2 5 could b e u nrealistic a nd
m isleading. ( 3)
w here t he
a m easurement
s pecimen
i s
c oncerned
g iven i s
i n
p arentheses
b roken,
a t
l east
t his
a long
i ndicates t hat
t hat
p articular
d imension. ( 4)
T he abbreviation b revity
( 5)
T he
i n
t he
small
' my' s tands f or m issing v alue, a nd i s u sed f or
t ables .
a rrows
u sed
i n
t he
l ithic
i ndicate t he d irection o f p ercussion . t hose o f D auvois t hat
t he
( 1976:
s triking
1 38-140) .
p latform
i s
a rtifact
T he a rrow
A n a rrow
p resent
i llustrations
s ymbols u sed a re
w ith a c ircle d enotes
( Fig .
3 .1a);
a n
a rrow
w ith
a l ine c rossing t he s tem o f t he a rrow i s u sed t o i ndicate t hat most o f
t he
p ercussion
p roximal
i s
a bsent
f eatures ( as
w ith,
r etouched p roximal e nd; F ig. i ts
b ase
d enotes
t hat
p ercussion a re absent ( 6)
I n
t he
l ithic
t he
( Fig.
a rtifact
a re f or
p resent
t hat
t he
a s lightly
p oint
o f
b roken
o r
3 .1b); a nd a n a rrow with a l ine a t s triking
p latform
a nd
b ulb
o f
3 .1c).
i llustrations,
d istinguish b etween a ncient p atina a ncient p atina
b ut
e xample,
a n
a ttempt
a nd cortex
b y
i s
made
s howing
more s chematically w ith a l ess d ense s tippling .
4 0
to t he
F ig.
3 .1
A rrow
symbols
u sed
i n
l ithic
a rtifact
i llustrations,
a rrow i ndicating p resence o f s triking p latform; i ndicating p ercussion
t hat i s
p roximal missing;
f eatures c ,
a rrow
a re
p resent
i ndicating
s triking p latform a nd b ulb o f p ercussion.
4 1
b ut
b ,
a ,
a rrow
p oint
o f
a bsence
o f
C hapter
STONE
4
I MPLEMENTS F ROM H EMAMIEH
I NTRODUCTION T he i s
P redynastic
l ocated
( Fig.
n ear
4 .1),
s ettlement
o f
t he v illage of
about
5 0
km
south
H emamieh
( or
E l-Hemamieh
of
t he
N orth
i n
t he
modern t own
S pur
H emamieh)
B adari
d istrict
of A ssiut.
F or
a
l ong t i me i t was t he o nly k nown deeply s tratified P redynastic s ite with
l evels
f ro m
the
r epresenting
B adarian
to
t hree
t he
of
t he
Gerzean
f our m ain
( the
P redynastic p hases,
P rotodynastic
i s
only
r epresented by a f ew pot burials which i ntrude i nto t he deposits of t he
p revious
s tratified f ound
a t
f rom
t he
P redynastic
deposits
H ierakonpolis. A rchaic
( Hoffman, e t a l,
p hases),
r epresenting T hese
period
although
an
l atter
down
r ecently,
e ven g reater c onstitute
t o
possible
1 986; 1 987; c f. C hapter
H emamieh i s particularly important
h owever,
t imespan h ave b een
a s equence
e xtending
' pre-Amratian'
6 , p .
1 82).
T he
l evels
s equence a t
i n e sti mating more c losely t he
r elative a ge of t he material f rom t he P redynastic s ettlement a reas a lso G uy
i n
t he
B adari
B runton
d istrict,
( Brunton
H emamieh
was
a nd
e xcavated
b y
C aton-Thompson,
e xcavated
b y
C aton-Thompson's
C aton-Thompson
F ebruary-March 1 924 a nd F ebruary-March
c olleague,
1 928) .
1 925
i n
two
f ield
s easons,
( Caton-Thompson,
1 928).
T he s ite i s s ituated on a small spur
i n t he l ow desert abutting t he
l imestone
r emains
p lateau,
P redynastic
a nd
v illage
r epresents
t he
c ommunities.
W hen
i t covered a n a rea of approxi mately more t he
t han
6 f eet
d eposits
i n
was
e xcavated t he
d epth
n o
s ite
6 9),
t han
4 f eet
6 -inch
l evels,
and v arying i n l ength f rom f t.
w as
c leared
H emamieh concluded
n ine
were
a ffiliating ( 261b) a nd
makes
7 8).
i n s trips
9 5 f eet.
of i t
small
t he
s ite
with deposits
i n p laces
( idem:
a nd
o f
t he d epth o f
C aton-Thompson
mostly 1 0 f eet w ide
A t otal of about
hut
8 600 sq .
p ottery
bet ween
with
s herds
t he
l ithic
about
S .D.
3 5
t hat
and
45
a rtifacts .
( ide m:
Amratian and e arly Gerzean.
postholes c lear
a nd
c ircles were f ound which C aton-Thompson
i n l ength a nd a t a depth of a bout
a n umber
r eport
a bundant
mud made
t hem
2 7 f t.
a lthough
o f
f ound
r epresenting n early h alf o f t he e xisting s ite a rea .
p roduced
I n a ddition,
3 5 t o
a s equence
4 0 x 5 0 y ards
( idem:
more
i n
o f
C aton-Thompson
were n ot
a lso
a ll
2 f t.
uncovered.
a rtifacts
A mud
below
8 8) wall
s urface,
C aton-Thompson's
f ound
were
k ept.
A bout
9 9% of all potsherds were of R ough ware which, except for a f ew r im s herds,
were not
" distinctive" was
equally
P redynastic
saved
wares
( idem:
were
selective. o r
7 1).
T he
I ntrusive
P rotodynastic
p ot
P l.
t o
L XIII),
t he t op 2 1 a lthough
a t g reater depths T he
t he
f inds
s everal
8 8-94).
s ome
o f
t he
t he
s ection
O ld
s herds o f
o f v arious
l ithic
c onsisted
of
O ld
a rtifacts
a f ew
K ingdom
K ingdom
i n certain a reas g raves
w ere
l ate
g raves
Most of t he b urials
f eet of t he deposits
( up t o 3 f t.
s tratigraphy o f
a p hotograph o f
r ecovery
b urials,
a nd s everal a ni mal burials ( idem: c onfined
O nly c ertain
r ecorded .
were
( idem:
e ncountered
9 i ns.).
s ite
i s
i n p late
s hown L XV
42
i n
f igure
( idem).
4 .2
M ost o f
r edrawn
f rom
t he d eposits
F ig.
4 .1
M ap o f
t he
4 3
B adari
D istrict
consist h earth a nd
of
d ark
midden
d eposits.
a ppear
material
T hese
m idden
t o r epresent
t he
c ontinuous
B adarian t o t he G erzean. scree
s urface
deposits
worked below
s herds,
f lints
p eriod,
( ide m:
73-74).
u nconsolidated t he
s urface
T hompson
1 1
i ns.
i s
1 0-12 i ns.
l imestone
T he p resence
a n
i ndication
t he
The
and
charcoal
i n
t hickness
s ite
r ubble
B eneath t he t hick.
s cree.
t hat
i t
T his
m idden b reccia
B eneath i t were f ound
o f B adarian
bel ow
a nd
wash
a nd
t he
t he
s equence
r ed
ware,
m aterial
f ormed
o f
a re
of
i n
a nd
a bove
i s
f airly
t he
P redynastic
a s
f ollows
d eposits
c eramic
of
b etween C aton-
according
( idem:
l ater
consists
homogeneous,
l evels
3
a nd
a r elatively
b reccia
S ince
6 -inch
c ertain
l evels
t he
d ust.
b reccia
f requency
d ivision o f t he
t hick.
f rom t he
l imestone
c ementation p rocess p robably o ccurred
sedi ment
l imestone
a nd
t he
of u ncombed polished
d ivided
d istribution r esulting
7 2) .
i s
a sh
6 f eet
o ccupation o f
t han
a ngular
a lthough
s ome
5 t o
which
3 s herds
( idem:
t he b reccia
s hort
more
o f a c emented
B adarian
a re
T hey a re overlain by a l ayer o f
i s a h ard b reccia
c onsists 3 6
wash no
containing
d eposits
t o
t he
t ypes.
H er
7 4-79):
D epth b elow s urface M iddle u pper
P redynastic E arly
E arly
( Gerzean)
P redynastic a nd
l evels l ower
M iddle
P redynastic
( Amratian/Gerzean
t ransition)
l evels
P redynastic
( Amratian)
T ransition
2 f t.-surface
3 f t.-2 l evels
( Badarian/Amratian
l evels
T o a bove more
whe .re
g reatest
i s t he
n umber l evels
as
t ransition n umerous
to
7 4).
r ippled
( Amratian) f t.
l evels.
R ed-polished
a nd
D ecorated
l evel. a re
a nd
o nly
l ower
a
w are
l evels
I n i s
t his
f requently
( 2
f ew
M iddle
a re
s tudy, f ound
f t. o f
to
t hat
4 f t.
6 i ns, a nd
p roduced
t he
3 f t.
p eriod 6 i ns,
to
a s
t he
l evel
t he
t hese E arly
t hese l evels
( 4
B adarian/Amratian c ontained
s herds.
r elatively
r are
W hite
T he
upper
l evels
( 3
a nd t he n umbers while
and
o f t he
s herds
f t.
o f o f
to
C rossE arly 2 f t.)
B lack-topped W avy-handled
l evels a re r eferred t o h ere a s t he I n t he m iddle P redynastic, most
w are
o f
( idem:
c onsidering e ach a re
( or
B adarian
and
t he
6 f t.
C aton-Thompson
B adarian
P redynastic
s urface)
t here
b etween
C aton-Thompson r egarded
B adarian
T hese
6 i ns.
s herds, t rue
6 i ns.
c onclusions,
l evels
ware s herds,
d ecreased
D ecorated
when
f t.
H ence i n t his s tudy,
r eferred
s herds
f t.-4
' true'
R ed-polished
w are a ppeared .
C aton-Thompson
f t.
6 i ns.
a nd
t he
Amratian/Gerzean t ransition l evels. Gerzean,
6 i ns.-3
" the
4 f t.
c ontained v irtually n o B adarian s herds a nd
a nd
w are
T he s ucceeding Amratian
and and
between
6 i ns.)
B lack-topped
P redynastic
4 f t.
T he
r epresent
B etween
t ransitional
s herds
f t.
C aton-Thompson 's
s tudy .
were d eeper)
B adarian
l evels
( idem:
6 i ns.-3
l ined
o f
with
t his
o f B adarian s herds d ecreased,
P redynastic f t.
i n
d eposits
t hese
o ccupation"
c omparisons
r etained
n umbers
considered
6 i ns.-3
> 6
f acilitate
s cheme
3 f t.
t ransition)
l evels B adarian
f t.
n o
t he
o r
r ecorded
by
l ithic a rtifact,
i t
7 9) .
c lass
o f
s ignificant
44
s herds
d ifferences
b etween
H emamieh .
u nconsolidated
l imestone
CY)
C o
C \ J
4 5 4 4
•
t he
material
material
f rom
t he
f rom t he
Therefore,
i t
is
often
B adarian/Amratian l evels',
a nd
' upper
t he
( idem:
a ccording
t o
7 5).
o f
b lade
A n umber
l ithic i n
c ircles'
i n
t he
l evel
t his
d ata
a re
material
b lade,
were
i n
the
a nd
B adarian,
a s
t he
' lower
l evels
t he
a s
s a me
a
u pper
t he
t rend,
" predominantly
a c ore
" very
f ine
l evels
i s
i ndustry .
makes
l evel
f ound
f lake
i n
f act,
C aton-Thompson 's
i t c lear
t hat
s he
f ound
a bove.
t he h ut c ircles,
d escriptions
f rom p its o r p laced
i ndeterminate l evel', addition,
3 f t.
n oticed
t he
a b lade
to
t he
l evels.
a s well a s n ear
T he d ata f or t hese a re g rouped i nto t he c ategory
r emaining a rtifacts specific
f rom
between
a nd G erzean
p roduced
a rtifacts
t he
o f p ieces
t he mud wall 2 61b. ' hut
i ndustry
o r
G erzean
l evels
y ielded
l evels
t erminology,
t he
r efer
t ransition
l evels
upper T he
t ools
to
Amratian
C aton-Thompson
l ower
t he
modern
d escription abundant
t he
whereas
i ndustry"
and
l evels,
t ransition a nd
convenient
t ransition
I ndeed,
t hat
i ndustry"
t o Amratian
Amratian/Gerzean
l evels'.
r emarking
B adarian
Amratian/Gerzean
i n
t he
a bbreviated
appears
t here a re
t o
a nd
t ables
which
o ther p rovenances,
b e
c ategory
to
' other'
l ate
( comprising
6 u nretouched s econdary b lades,
t he
f ollow .
n ot
' other
i n
r elatively
1 2 a rtifacts
o r
t ied
A ny
t o a ny
p rovenance
t ables.
i .e.
o r
M uch
o f
G erzean.
I n
1 u nretouched p ri mary
2 s ickle b lades,
1 b lade
k nife,
1r etouched b lade a nd 1 miscellaneous t ool) f rom a r ough r ed pot
( UC
1 0307) d ated t o S .D . 4 3-70 which was f ound a t t he 2 f t. Gerzean l evel ( idem: t he
9 8,
r est W hen
were
no
L XXI
[ 85]) .
m aterial
to
more
s herds
g ive
t han f rom
( Caton-Thompson
H ence,
t hese
w rote
t he
h er
a rtifacts
f orty years
l ater,
by
W hittle,
more
t he
a re
g rouped
w ith
l evels.
r eport
l evels
H emamieh
a nd
1 2
f rom t he G erzean
C aton-Thompson
means
However, e ight
p l.
o f t he
o f
t he
s ite
i n
1 928,
t han a r elative a n a ttempt
was
t here
c hronology. made
t o d ate
t hermoluminescence d ating m ethod
1 975) .
T he
r esulting
d ates
r anged
f rom
3 775 + 3 30 B .C . obtained f rom a D ecorated ware s herd f rom t he 2 f t. 6 i ns.
«l evel,
B adarian
to
5 580
s herd.
s tratigraphic
position,
r easonably
accurate
r adiocarbon
d ates,
1 60
B .C .
and
( Hassan,
+ 4 20
A lthough
a
t he
h owever, of
f or
r ange
d ates
absolute
r ange
1 984b;
B .C . t he
age
g ive
t he o f
a re
6 f t.
not
a verage
4 400-3800
f or
t he
o n
with
e nough
( Hassan,
c orrected
B .C .
l evel
agrees
p recise
esti mates
a n
6 i ns,
TL d ates
a
t heir
t o
g i ve
1 984b).
Two
d ate
o f
B adarian
4 080
+
l evels
1 985a).
MAJOR L ITHIC ARTIFACT CATEGORIES AND TOOL CLASSES REPRESENTED AT HEMAMIEH T he
P etrie
s ettlement r easonable
M useum h ouses a t otal o f
s ite
s ample
l evel a nd c lass, b ecome
of
r ather
H emamieh.
s ize,
by t he
some o f t he
l ow,
3 34 l ithic a rtifacts
A lthough t i me
i t
f or
t he
f or
l ower
f ar f rom i deal s tatistically ( and, of c ourse, t hat
t he
s ample
i s
b iased
i nteresting meaningful t here a re l ower a re
of
s tart
f rom t he
appear
t o
b e
w ith),
F rom t able
a to
i ndividual c ategories l evels.
W hile
t his
i s
i t must b e r emembered
t he d ata 4 .1,
i t
s till
i ndicate
may b e s een t hat
more l ithic a rtifacts f rom t he upper l evels t han f rom t he
l evels .
not
t o
t rends.
may
i s s ubdivided according
f requencies
p articularly
t his
I t
equal
s hould
b e
n oted,
t hickness,
and
h owever, t he
d ata
C aton-Thompson d id n ot c ollect a c onstant
46
t hat c an
t he b e
p roportion
g roups
u sed
o f
l evels
t o s how
t hat
o f a rtifacts
f rom
T able 4 .1 M AJOR L ITHIC A RTIFACT F REQUENCIES
F OR H EMAMIEH
L evel B adarian
B ad/Amr
A mratian A mr/Grz G erzean
( >6'-4'6)(4'6-3'6)(3'6-3')
P rimary
H ut
O ther
T OTAL
( 3'-2')(2'-surf)circ
f lakes
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
P rimary b lades
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
S econdary
f lakes
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
4
S econdary b lades
0
2
0
9
0
1
G lossy b ladelets
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
D ebris
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
d ebitage
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
T otal d ebitage
0
1
3
O ther
( chunks)
C ores a nd
. 2
0
1 9
0
1 1
2 2
2 3
1 1
1 7
2 1
T ools
1
4
1 4
4
6 4
1
1 16
4 0
6 -inch
l evel
v iew
o f
3 4
( table
t he
1 5
7 9
c haracter
r elatively
f ewer
o f
t he
l ithic
f rom
3 6-37),
t he
i .e.,
u ni mpressive
f lakes a nd f lake t ools and
t ools
t he
i n
A lmost
a ll
u pper t he
a rtifacts l ower
f ar
l ithic a rtifacts
i n
c ollected
f rom
l evels
b ecause
t hey
f ewer b lades and b lade
t he collection a re made o f
t o be
made
o f a quartzitic l i mestone. S ome p ieces a re
mid-brown and
very dark
o f
t he
i s
N ile
c liffs
o f
E ocene
a nd
f lint
l imestone
c ontinues
i nvolving
l ocal.
a s
f ield
T he
s outh
p ossible f rom t he f lint i tself o r whether c ollected
mainly
coloration.
E gypt
i s
T he
b ounded
b y
b ands o f t abular a nd n odular
E sna .
f rom
i n
i s
t here a re a f ew
i n t he
H owever,
w ithout
t he B adari a rea, RNS o f
f urther
i t i s not
t he a rtifacts
t o s ay
t he i nhabitants of H emamieh q uarried t heir r aw material o r i t
f rom n earby wadis
m aterial p rocurement T he
a s
i nvestigations
a nd
b rown
V alley
which c ontains
f ar
T he f lint
m id-brown,
t hat show bands of
c ores
3 34
t here were p robably more
s ource
r aw
1 4
l evels .
l ight b eige i n c olour.
f lint,
1 0
1
T he o ne e xception i s a f lake c ore f rom a d epth o f 5 f t. which
appears
s tudy
0
i t would s eem t hat C aton-Thompson
p ieces
were l ess ' attractive' ( cf. p . t han
2 50
4 .2).
t he s ite ( see t ables 4 .1 a nd 4 .3), c ollected
1 42
4 4
1 1
1
T OTAL
f lint.
3 9
0
7
P alaeoliths
I n
1
c ore
r emnants e tc.
e ach
3 1
H emamieh
( n=44,
i n
c ollection
i ncluding
( see p .
t he
1 71-172
B adari
c onsists
c ore p reforms
a nd
47
f or
f urther
c omments o n
d istrict). mainly
of
r emnants).
t ools
( n=250)
a nd
T here a re o nly
3 9
T able
4 .2
E STIMATE O F AVERAGE N UMBER O F L ITHIC A RTIFACTS C OLLECTED F ROM
E ACH
6 -INCH L EVEL
L evel
G erzean
N o.
o f
A mratian
f rom e ach
1 42
t ransition
B adarian/Amratian
( 3'-2')
t ransition
o f l ithic
r ecovered
( 3'6-3')
B adarian
A verage n o.
a rtifacts c ollected
( 2'-surface)
A mratian/Gerzean
l ithic
a rtifacts
( 4'6-3'6)
( >6'-4'6)
6 "
l evel
3 5.5
7 9
3 9.5
1 5
1 5.0
3 4
1 7.0
4 0
1 3.3
p ieces of debitage,
more t han h alf of which consists of blades f rom
t he
Most
u pper
l evels.
B adarian/Amratian Amratian a nd u pper which
a re
f rom
of
t ransition l evels.
t he
t he
c ores
l evels
a re
while
T he c onverse
upper
l evels.
f rom
t he
r elatively
i s
t rue
f or
t he
represents
adjacent p lateau. collected s upposed t he
by
a rtifact
i ntrusive
C aton-Thompson
t he
l iked
an
P redynastic
t o p ick
c ould
P alaeolithic ( idem:
occupants
of
h ave
b een
t ransported
includes an
c ircle
2 52
a rtifact
t he
t o
t he
t his
s ite
i s
b y
which
f rom
settle ment
W hile
t he
most o f
8 6) s uggested t hat
u p g listening o bjects .
a nd
f rom
t ools
T he collection a lso
e olized s econdary f lake w ith v ery worn e dges f rom h ut p robably
B adarian
f ew a re
t he
i t
was
who
she
p ossible,
s ome
n atural
t he
l ist o f
a gency. A lthough t ool l ow
c lasses
t he
major
( table
t ool. counts
l ithic
4 .3)
for
i s
t he
a rtifact
more l ower
t here were c omparatively f ew
d ata a re
i nformative . l evels a re
' collectable'
A s
l imited, mentioned
t hought
t o
p ieces,
a nd
a bove,
i ndicate t hat
t he t hat
i nstead
t here were more uni mpressive f lake t ools which were not collected. S ince t he c ounts a re small f or
t he l ower
g iven.
h owever,
t here
P ercentages a re given, a re
d o n ot
g reater
h ave
t herefore,
n umbers
t ools.
c omplete a ssemblages t hese
percentages
p ercentages
deriving
e xcavation
n ormally
way a nd
i s
i t
o f
P redynastic
s hould
f rom
a re .
u seful
B ut
e ven
T he
t he
l evels no p ercentages a re f or t he upper
i t
f rom
n ot
b e
b e
l evels,
' digested' o f
a re
a
l evels where
s tressed
t he u pper
r esults
p ercentages
m ust
i n
t hat
t he
way
systematic
meaningful
i n
we
a nd t hat, t ool
modern
a g eneral
t o c ompare t hem w ith t he t ool p ercentages f or
s ettlement
a reas
e xcavated
b y
B runton
( see
C hapter
t he
5 ,
p .
1 10). F rom
the
c ollection,
Badarian
levels
c onsisting of
m iscellaneous b ifacial p ieces, o f
o ther
p .
4 02).
s everal ( defined
t ool
c lasses
F rom t ools i n
t he made
there
i ncluding
on
r egular A ,
p .
only
17
tools
2 c oncave-base
i n
the
points,
2
2 r etouched p ieces a nd s ingle s pecimens a b lade
B adarian/Amratian
Appendix
are
6 e ndscrapers,
b lades,
4 00)
and
48
k nife
( defined
t ransition namely
a s ickle
i n
A ppendix
l evels
t here
8 t runcation blade.
O ther
A , are
k nives t ools
T able
4 .3
T OOL C LASS F REQUENCIES F OR H EMAMIEH
L evel B adarian B ad/Amr ( >6'-4'6)(4'6-3'6)
A mratian A mr/Grz ( 3'6-3') ( 3'-2')
E ndscrapers
6
6
6
1 9.6
2
1
s crapers
0
1
0
4
6 .5
3
2 .7
0
1
9
f ragments
0
0
0
0
0 .0
2
1 .8
1
0
3
B urins
0
0
0
2
3 .2
1
0 .9
0
0
3
N otches
0
0
0
0
0 .0
0
0 .0
0
0
0
D enticulates P erforators
0 1
0 0
0 2
0 2
0 .0 3 .2
1 6
0 .9 5 .4
0 0
0 1
1 1 2
T runcations
0
0
1
4
6 .5
1 0.7
0
0
1 7
T runcation k nives
0
8
0
1
1 .6
1
0 .9
0
0
1 0
B acked p ieces S ickle b lades
0 0
1 1
1 2
5 9
8 .1 1 4.5
6 2 4
5 .4 2 1.4
0 1
0 2
1 3 3 9
B lade k nives
1
0
1
1
1 .6
3
2 .7
2
0
8
O ther b lade k nives G lossy b ladelet
0
0
0
0
0 .0
4
3 .6
0
0
4
t ools
2 9.0
2 2
H ut O ther T OTAL c irc
C ircular S craper
1 8
G erzean ( 2'-surf)
1 2
6 1
0
0
0
1
1 .6
0
0 .0
0
0
1
S idescrapers
1
0
0
1
1 .6
2
1 .8
0
2
6
S caled p ieces
0
0
0
1
1 .6
0
0 .0
0
0
1
P lanes
0
0
0
1
1 .6
0
0 .0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1 .6
2
1 .8
0
1
6
( ?)
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 .0 1 .6
1 1
0 .9 0 .9
0 0
0 0
1 2
B ifacial s ickles
0
0
0
0
0 .0
0
0 .0
0
1
1
A xes
0
1
0
0
0 .0
0
0 .0
0
0
1
B ifacial
k nives
B ifacial
k nife
r oughouts F ishtails
C oncave-base a rrowheads
2
1
0
0
0 .0
1
0 .9
0
0
4
O ther a rrowheads
1
0
0
0
0 .0
0
0 .0
0
0
1
B ifacial ' triangles
0
0
0
1
1 .6
0
0 .0
0
0
1
O ther
1
0
0
1
1 .6
2
1 .8
0
0
4
2
0
0
1
1 .6
1
0 .9
0
0
4
T OTAL B IFACIAL
6
3
1
5
8 .1
8
7 .1
0
2
2 5
R etouched p ieces
0
6
9 .7
1 3.4
0
2
2 6
f ine b ifacial
M iscellan.
b ifacial
2
1
W orked t abular s labs
1 5
0
0
0
1
1 .6
1
0 .9
0
0
2
M iscellaneous
0
0
0
0
0 .0
1
0 .9
1
0
2
0
0
0
2
-
4
-
0
0
6
U nidentifiable b roken t ools
T OTAL
1 7
2 1
1 4
6 4
9 9.9
1 16
1 00.2
7
N ote: p ercentages a re c alculated e xcluding u nidentifiable b roken t ools.
4 9
1 1
2 50
r epresented
f rom
t hese
l evels
i nclude
6 e ndscrapers,
an axe a nd a c oncave-base a rrowhead. Amratian
l evel
p erforators, o ther t he
consists
u pper
l evels,
t he
b lades
scrapers, t runcation
w here
and
a ny
b lade f or m
t he
p resence
b lade . a ny
b ut
l ooked
t hey a re b urins.
i s
o nly
N otches
a nd
o ne
A fter
t his
i ndividual
t heir
g ood
r egular s ickle
s everal
c ircular
t ools
i nclude
t hey
a re
t he
m ay h ave b een p icked u p t han
f or
t he
f act t hat
t he a bsence o f notches
t he
o ften
v irtual
t hroughout
w ere r ecognized a s s uch b y
r ather i n
c lass
to f or m an important t ool
c ollection
i n
w hich
n oticeable
a bsence
i n
i s
a nd o n
a bundance
t his
a i n
c ase p robably
b ias.
c ollection,
t ool
o n
R arer
t ool
t o n ote
d enticulate
p reli minary
l ithic
i f
good b lades
a nd
o f
t runcations, a re
p ieces.
t he c ollection
d enticulates
a c ollecting
H emamieh
wonders i n
e xamples
f ishtails.
i nteresting
l ithic a ssemblage,
i ndicates
o ne
l ike
I t
o f
m anufactured
p redominant
T he e xamples
t hey
a nd
s ingle
t he
2a re
I n t he collection f rom
p resent
b acked
p iece,
f rom
6a re endscrapers,
endscrapers,
A lso
k nives t he
were
a b acked
collection
a nd t here a re
B urins do not appear
l evel,
t he e xcavator. because
a re
p erforators
E ndscrapers i n
t ools
p ieces.
H emamieh s equence. c lass
most tools
r etouched k nives,
t ools:
i ncluding a blade k nife.
commonest
and
1 4
2 a re s ickle b lades,
t ool c lasses
b lades,
of o nly
T he t ool
c lasses
l ook
t he
w ill
a t
t he
c ores
overall
a nd
b lade
b e c onsidered
structure
d ebitage
i n g reater
of
t he
f ollowed
b y
d etail.
DATA F OR I NDIVIDUAL L ITHIC ARTIFACT CLASSES C ores
( Tables T he
4 .4-4.6;
H emamieh
F ig.
4 .3)
collection
p reforms a nd c ore r emnants. t able
4 .4.
B adarian s ingle
2 1
c ores,
l evels.
1 c ore
p latform
f lake
which 4 1.0
a re
mm .
f lake T he
c ores .
cores a re small
o r
f lake)
p latfor m,
t he
f lakes
a p latfor m
i n
T ixier's
s urface f lake
s cars
a nd
w ell t he
b road
worked
mainly
small
C aton-Thompson, f lake c ores
a nd
a nd
t he
a nd
3 d ouble
1 .12) o ne
s urface
core
f rom o f
p latform
a re:
e t
t he
small c ores, a ll o f
3 0 .8 x 4 4 .4
i ndicate
t hat
X
t he
( usually a
core
i s
on
act
a s
a s triking
to
r emoving a s ingle a l,
a t hick
l arge
1 980:
f lake
8 6])
o r
by
t he nodule often h ad a n ancient s triking
s trengthening h ammer
p latform .
r emovals
T he
s uggests
p ercussion t echnique.
s lightly e longate
i n
f orm.
c haracter t hat
t he
T he f lake
Most
of t he
m ay b e c onsidered e xhausted .
B adarian/Amratian
a nd 1 core r emnant. a re
e dge
a s
c ome
I f t he core b lank
[ Tixier
However,
s erved
cores,
4 i rregular cores,
a lthough
c reated by
t erminology
f lakes.
which
scars t end t o b e
F rom
a lso and
( average,
a s uitable
was
4 4
p redominantly
c ore d imensions
r atios
were d etached b y a h ard
c ores a re
a re
f ragment,
l acked
r emoving s everal o f
T here
T he a verage
nodule
o f
1 c ore r emnant
consist
r oundish o r s tocky i n f orm.
s econdary
p atina
c ores
( Fig. 4 .3a),
w idth/thickness
nodule
( entame
c ores.
a total
p reform a nd
T he B adarian
2 multiple p latfor m cores
contains
T he core s ubclasses a re s u mmarized i n
t ransition
l evels
t here
a re
1 0
c ores
T he cores, l ike t hose f rom t he B adarian l evels,
s ingle
p latform
1 928: p l. L XXXII 1 b lade
c ore
( UC
f lake
[ 141]).
1 0031;
cores
( Fig.
4 .3b;
s ee
a lso
T here a re a lso 2 d iscoidal
i dem:
p l.
L XXXIII
[ 161]) .
T he
b lade core i s t echnically a double p latform core, b ut i t appears to
5 0
T able
4 .4
S UMMARY O F H EMAMIEH C ORE C LASSES
L evel B adarian
B ad/Amr
( >6'-4'6)(4
A mratian
16 -3 16 )(3'6-3 1 )
A mr/Gerz G erzean
H ut
( 3'-2')
c irc.
( 2'-surf)
T otal
S ingle p latform f lake c ores
1 2
7
1
1
3
1
2 5
6 1.0
3
0
0
2
0
0
5
1 2.2
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
4 .9
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
4 .9
c ores
4
0
0
1
1
0
6 14.6
B lade c ores
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
4
1
D ouble p latform f lake c ores M ultiple p latform f lake c ores D iscoidal
f lake
c ores I rregular
f lake
T otal c ores
2 1
1 0
4 1
1 00.0
C ore p reforms
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
C ore
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
1
4
4
1
end
h aving
r emnants
T otal c ores,
2 .4
c ore
p reforms a nd r emnants
h ave
2 3
1 1
one
main
core
i rregular
b lade
s cars
i s
c lear
f rom
t hat
t hat
d istinct l ikely r emains b lade
t o d etach
a p unch
o r
p erhaps
o nly
t o
u ncertain
( cf .
appears a nd
t o
t he
f lakes
f rom
t he
t echnique
experi ments,
B adari h ave
b lades, b een
g lossiness
of
c onfined t o t his speci men.
f lake
was
t he p .
t he
p iece.
I n
a s
H eat
Amratian/Gerzean c ores
o f
t he
f lake
t ransition
p revious
T here I t
i s
a
s eems
w ithout
a ddition,
i ndicated t reatment
t o
h ave
b een
f rom
h eat-treated
which
( cf .
T he c ore f rom t he Amratian l evel i s a n e xhausted, platfor m
I t
t echnique
t his
b y
t he
i s
not
S ome of t he f lake cores f rom nearly all
a ppear
a lso
short
c ore .
a lthough
1 17-118) .
h eat-treated
o nly
c ore)
c ores.
u sed,
( all e xcept t he Amratian l evel
s ingle
a f ew t he
method o f b lade d etachment
t he H emamieh l evels o ne
j ust s hape
s trengthening o f t he c ore p latform .
p ressure
f lintknapping
c oloration
o ther
were
t he b lades were detached u sing a d ifferent
u sed
core
t he
w hich
c ontinuous e dge
t hat
r elevant
f ace,
4 4
core. l evels
l evels.
O ne
T he a re o f
5 1
4
f lake
i s D ) .
small s tocky
cores
b asically
s imilar
t he
s hows
c ores
t here
A ppendix
t o
m any
f rom t he
the f lake
i ncipient
T able
4 .5
F REQUENCY D ATA F OR C ORES F ROM H EMAMIEH
L evel B adarian B ad/Amr A mratian Amr/Gerz G erzean ( >6'-4'6)(4'6-3'6)(3'6-3') n =21
N o.
H ut
( 3'-2')
( 2'-surf)
n =1
n =4
n =4
n =1
7
1
1
3
1
1
0
2
0
0
n =10
T otal
c irc. n =41
o f s triking
p latforms: 1
1 2
2
3
2 5
61.0
6 14.6
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
2 .4
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
2 .4
o ther/irreg.
4
2
0
1
1
0
8
1 9.5
2
0
0
2
0
1 8
4 3.9
7
6
1
4
1
1
2 0
4 8.8
0
2
0
0
1
0
3
7 .3
3
4
1
0
0
1
9
2 2.0
6
1
0
2
1
0
4
1
0
1
0
0
6
1 4.6
5
3
0
0
1
0
9
2 2.0
P latform p reparation: n o e dge s trengthe ning r emovals
1 4
t iny e dge s trengthe ning
r emovals
c ontinuous e dge s trengthening P latform s urface: l arge
f lake s car
s cars o f p revious f lake
r emovals
1 0
2 4.4
s cars o f p latform s urface p reparati on
f lake r em.
a ncient p atina u npatinat d n atural f lint s urface
1
1
0
0
1
0
3
7 .3
o ther/irregular
2
0
0
1
1
0
4
9 .8
o ne a rea worked
1
0
0
0
0
0
o ne
8
2
0
1
0
0
E xtent o f w orking o f c ore: f ace
1 1 1
h alf o f p eriphery
1
0
1
0
0
0
most o f p eriphery
7
1
0
0
2
0
1 0
2 4.4
e ntire p eriphery
4
6
0
3
2
1
1 6
3 9.0
t wo f aces
0
1
0
0
0
0
5 2
2
2 .4 2 6.8
1
4 .9
2 .4
a
0
F ig.
4 .3
C ores
f rom
6 ' l evel;
H emamieh . U C 9 932);
a , b ,
m ultiple
1
p latform
s ingle p latform
l evel; UC 1 0079).
5 3
2 cm
f lake
c ore
f lake core
( from
( from
4 '
T able 4 .6 D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS
F OR C ORES
F ROM H EMAMIEH
L evel B adarian
B ad/Amr
( >6'-4'6)
L ength
Amratian
A mr/Gerz
( 4'6-3'6)(3'6-3')
G erzean
( 3'-2')
H ut
( 2'-surf)
T otal
c irc.
( max) 2 1
1 0
1
1
4 1
m ean
3 0.81
3 1.80
-
3 1.50
3 3.75
-
3 1.46
s .d.
1 0.11
8 .91
-
5 .02
2 .38
-
r ange
1 4-63
2 3-47
2 7-40
3 1-37
W idth
4
4 4
4
9 .08
2 0
1 4-63
( max) 2 1
1 0
1
m ean
4 4.43
3 8.50
-
s .d.
1 2.04
8 .92
-
r ange
2 2-75
2 4-56
T hickness
4
1
4 1
3 4.25
4
-
4 0.61
6 .69
6 .50
-
1 0.96
2 4-42
2 7-44
3 2
2 2-75
1
4 1
3 4.50
4 0
( max) 2 1
1 0
1
m ean
4 1.00
3 7.60
-
2 4.50
4
2 3.25
4
-
3 6.63
s .d.
1 1.53
1 7.18
-
8 .56
5 .00
-
1 3.92
r ange
2 3-62
2 2-82
4 4
1 3-35
1 8-31
3 0
1 3-82
4 1
W idth/Thickness n
1
4
4
1
m ean
2 1 1 .12
1 .13
-
1 .51
1 .55
-
1 .19
s .d.
0 .26
0 .32
-
0 .28
0 .52
-
0 .35
r ange
1 0
0 .73-1.58
0 .61-1.75
N ote:
m easurements a re
c ones
o f
p ercussion
0 .91
1 .20-1.85
1 .16-2.44
1 .07
0 .61-2.44
i n mm.
i ndicating
t he
u se
o f
a h ard
h ammer.
T he
G erzean
cores comprise 3 s ingle p latfor m f lake cores, a nd 1 i rregular core.
A gain,
l evels.
O ne
f lake
t hese a re small cores s i milar to t hose f rom t he l ower
h as a h igh
w idth/thickness
r atio,
a nd
i s
a t hin e xhausted
c ore. T here p latform r efers
i s
one
f lake
t o a s
Overall
core
c ore
a " core t here
f rom
w hich
h ut c ircle 2 52.
C aton-Thompson
do
not
s eem
to
f rom t he v arious
( except
one
for
the
s tocky
u sually a l arge p latform
f lake
s urface
i s a typical s ingle 8 5,
p l.
blade
s ingle s car,
b e
core)
p latform s cars
p reparation
any
l evels. small c ores.
o f p revious
f lake
r emovals
s ignificant T hey a re f lake T he
2 2 t o
7 5
mm
[ 213])
f lake o r
w ith a m ean o f
4 0 .6
mm,
5 4
a nd
d ifferences
v irtually a ll
cores,
p latform
and
a ncient
t hickness
are
s urface
r emovals,
l ength v aries f rom 1 4 to 6 3 mm with a mean o f 3 1.5 mm. f rom
L XXXV
implement" .
b etween t he cores p redominantly
I t
( idem:
s cars
p atina.
i s o f
C ore
Width v aries r anges
f rom
1 3
t o 8 2 mm averaging 3 6.6 mm. T he c ores appear
h ave b road,
T he mean width/thickness r atio i s 1 .19.
o ften
s lightly
e longate
f lake
t he c ores h ave b een worked t o e xhaustion o r c ores
f rom a ll
l evels
( except
t he
c ore
f rom
r edder
b eige
c olour.
O ne
c ore
a s mall d ouble p latform b lade c ore
S econdary b lades T he
most
b lades.
t here
2 f rom
a nd
T he
f lakes
a re
o ne
of
t heir
s tands
w ith
exhaustion.
Amratian g loss
o ut
r egular
f rom
a nd s lightly
t he
b lade
S ome
l evel) a ppear r est,
b eing
s cars .
( Table 4 .7)
f requent
s econdary
n ear
t he
t o h ave b een h eat-treated a s i ndicated by d eeper
s cars.
t o h ave been d etached b y hard h ammer percussion, and most of
unretouched e lements
T hese t he
c ome
m ainly
f rom
i n
t he
t he collection are
u pper
B adarian/Amratian t ransition
u ncertain
depth.
S ince
t here
do
l evels,
l evels
not
a lthough
( from
appear
t o
4 f t .), b e
a ny
s ignificant d ifferences between t he b lades according t o l evel, t he d ata
a re
c ombined .
T able D ATA
4 .7
F OR S ECONDARY B LADES
F ROM H EMAMIEH
( n=29)
B reaks: n one
1 6
m inor
5
b roken
8 m ean
s .d.
r ange
L ength
2 1
6 3.71
1 9.96
W idth
2 9
1 6.72
5 .74
T hickness
2 9
4 .55
1 .83
L ength/Width
2 1
4 .06
1 .43
2 .05-7.07
T hickness/Width
2 9
0 .27
0 .06
0 .14-0.36
T hese d ata e xclude t ransition
t he
l evels.
t wo b lades
f rom t he
M easurements a re
T he b lades a re mostly moderately p latforms.
P latform
p latform
was
n oted
r ecorded
f or
1 4 b lades .
o f a re
1 -6
mm.
M ost
o f
multifaceted
( Remaining s hape
i s
N atural
a c lear
t he
t he
a nd
p oint
b lades
b ut
p latforms
small
a re
c f.
Appendix
l enticular. t he
by
C p .
T he
s ome
t echnique
5 5
3 .0
of
t hickness was
mm a nd a r ange
O ccasionally
p latforms 4 49).
b ulb
of
f or t he
T he
t here
with
RNS
p latfor m
p ercussion
i s
T he p latforms g enerally l ack
b ulb b eing
c learly produced
o r
s triking
i n d etail
c haracter
P latform
u nfaceted .
p latforms
t hin
r ecorded
g ive a mean o f
s omewhat p ronounced.
d irect h ard h ammer p ercussion
with o nly
o f t he b lades .
t hinned
o f p ercussion,
were
were
a lthough t he g eneral
r est
S urface,
2 -11
B adarian/Amratian
r egular
T he r esults
p redominantly
g enerally small T he
f or
6 -34
i n mm.
c haracteristics
a bout h alf o f t he specimens,
3 9-114
t runcated
a t
t he
p latform .
t echnique o ther
u sed
t o
p roduce
t he
t han
t he
f lakes,
T able F REQUENCY D ATA
4 .8
F OR E NDSCRAPERS
F ROM H EMAMIEH
L evel B adarian B ad/Amr
A mratian
( >6'-4'6)(4'6-3'6)(3'6-3') n =6
n =6
n =6
A mr/Grz G erzean
H ut
( 3'-2')(2'-surf)
c irc
n =18
n=22
1 6
2 0
n =2
O ther n =1
T otal n =61
B reaks: n one
6
6
6
1
1
m inor
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
5 6 1
b roken
0
0
0
1
2
1
0
4
4
6
5
4
4
1
1
2 5
2
0
1
8
1
0
2 7
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
P rimary f lake
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
S econd.
f lake
4
5
5
4
3
0
1
P rimary b lade
0
0
0
1
0
0
S econd.
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
5
3
2
1
S ubclass: s ingle e s o n
f lake
s ingle e s o n b lade o ther
s ingle
1 5
3
d ouble e s o n b lade o ther
d ouble
o ther T ool b lank:
b lade
0 1 0
1 5
4 2 2 1 2 9
i ndet s ec f k/b1'
1
t hin n odular f lint o ther N o.
o f s crapers
w ith a dditional r etouch:
a nd
t heir
p latform
c haracteristics
1 5
s uggest
p ressure t echnique ( cf. p . 1 17-118).
1 8
p ossibly
e ither
4 6
a p unch o r
B lade l ength v aries f rom
3 9 t o
1 14 mm with a mean of 6 3.7 mm, and t he l ength/width r atios a re h igh r anging f rom 2 .05 t o 7 .07 with a mean of 4 .06.
5 6
E ndscrapers
( Tables 4 .8 a nd
E ndscrapers c ollection, f rom
t he
m ade
o n
f orm
b eing
l ower
t he
w ell
l evels
b lades
4 .9;
most
F igs. 4 .4a-c,
i mportant
r epresented a re
m ainly
T he
I n
t he
l ength/width
T hompson's appear
r atios
Amratian/Gerzean
e ndscrapers
a re
s tatement
until
t he
( idem:
3 f t.
l onger a s p rominent.
f lakes .
7 6)
t hat
T he
L ength
l evels,
H emamieh
e ndscrapers
b lades
v aries
o f
t hose
f rom
2 2
f rom t he
a g ood n umber
b lades
which
e ndscrapers
T hus
t he
T he
t o
l ower
1 .38 .
r egular
l evel.
i n
t he e ndscrapers
a verage
o n
c lass
l evels.
r egular.
t ransition
m anufactured
a ll
m ade o n
7 8 mm with a mean o f 4 7.5 mm f or a ll l evels.
t ool
f rom
a re n ot p articularly
4 .5b and 4 .8a)
o n
( 56%)
s upports
l ong b lades
endscrapers
on
d o n ot
f lakes
F our double e ndscrapers a re p resent.
o f
C atona re
no
T he new
emphasis on scrapers made on b lades i s r eflected i n t he mean l ength a nd
l ength/width
s crapers t he
r etouched
perforator, r etouch so me
r atio,
6 3 .4
mm
a nd
with additional r etouch, end
b ut
r epresents
or
all
modification
opposite
i t
of
i s
double
h afting,
r espectively .
s craper
t hat
a modification the
f or
t he
thought
2 .14,
Among
t hose
3h ave b acking r etouch, and i n 2 , e nd
could
be
i n t hese
c ases
t he
f or
h afting .
I t
endscrapers,
p articularly
one
where o ne
c lassed
as
i s p ossible t hat end
a
' perforator' i n
represents a
s craper
e nd
i s
wider
o r better p repared than t he o ther ( e.g., i dem: p l. L XXX [ 74, 7 6-77]). S craper i s
U C 1 0190
of particular
f laked
k nife,
( from
t he
i nterest as
with
t he
r ipple-flaked was
f ound
l evel;
i dem:
7 7,
p l.
L XXXI
[ 891)
made o n a f ragment of a r ipples cars
o n
o ne
s ide
a nd
t he
g round
I t i s r etouched a round t he entire periphery.
T his worked r ipple-flaked a s craper,
i s
r ipple-flaked
s urface on t he o ther. r etouched
3 f t . i t
k nife
k nife
o n
t he
f ragment
f ragments.
d esert
i s
T he
s urface
o ne of o nly two k nown o ther,
a t
a lso
worked
H ierakonpolis
i nto
( Hoffman,
pers. comm.). I n
the
i ncreases a nd
Gerzean
( 73%)
l ength/width
r etouch,
two o f
C ircular
l evels,
t he
p roportion
w ith a c orresponding r atio which
( 2 .36).
a re
of
i ncrease
Most
o f
i n
t he
scrapers mean
o n
l ength
s crapers
h ave
b lades
( 73 .4
mm)
a dditional
b acked .
scrapers and scraper f ragments ( Table 4 .10; F igs. 4 .4d a nd
4 .6) T he
P etrie
Museum contains
4 .4d,
7 3]).
T hey a re mainly f rom t he upper
f rom
t he
4 .6;
9 c ircular scrapers
( Figs.
4 f t.
s ee a lso i dem: p ls.
L XXVIII
[ 13],
o n
a p lain t hin
f lat
n odular
f racture s labs
a re
b een p roduced by n atural h ave mostly a n atural minor v aries
cortex. f rom
3 1
T he t o
s urface
1 11
o n
e xtremely t hermal
t he
l evel
o ther).
l arge
( ?)
a nd
mm
Two
t he
f racture
f racture s urface o n
c ircular
a nd o ne
s cars,
w ith
6 9,
with
' domed'
o f
s labs
t he s eem
( Fig. 4 .6).
no
both
s ides
w ith a m ean o f
7 6 .9
mm .
T he
s ome s quare subparallel
57
f orms.
s ide,
s crapers t o
h ave
T hus t hey
and h ave
scrapers a re variable i n s ize.
i s invasive and consists mainly o f r elatively f lat, s calar
6 1,
T hey a re made chiefly on t hin nodular
p ieces of f lint a nd n atural spalls ( with cortex on o ne a nd
[ 60,
l evels, a lthough t here i s one
B adarian/Amratian t ransition
l evel o r o ther source g iven.
f rom H emamieh
L XXX
s craper b road,
o nly
L ength r etouch nor mal-
T able
4 .9
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR E NDSCRAPERS F ROM H EMAMIEH
L evel B adarian ( >6 ,4'6)
B ad/Amr ( 4'6-3'6)
A mratian ( 3'6-3')
A mr/Gerz ( 3'-2')
G erzean ( 2'-surf)
H ut c irc
O ther
L ength n
6
m ean
1 7
2 0
5 3.17
4 5.17
4 4.17
6 3.35
7 3.40
6 .69
1 7.01
1 2.07
1 7.48
1 7.81
4 2-62
2 2-78
2 7-63
3 6-117
4 0-102
s .d. r ange
6
6
1
1
5 0
5 4
W idth n
6
m ean
3 9.33
6 3 3.33
1 8
2 2
2
1
3 3.17
6
3 2.39
3 2.68
-
-
-
-
3 2,35
4 2
s .d.
1 1.16
1 0.86
6 .94
1 1.23
9 .20
r ange
2 7-57
2 0-53
2 3-46
1 6-57
2 0-60
T hickness n
6
m ean
1 5.17
s .d. r ange
6 1 0.50
1 8
2 2
2
1
1 1.33
6
1 0.39
1 1.45
-
-
3 .80
4 .54
3 .68
4 .15
4 .81
-
-
1 0-21
4 -19
7 -19
5 -23
5 -28
1 0,10
2 0
L ength/Width n
6
6
6
m ean
1 .46
1 .34
1 .34
s .d. r ange
0 .46 1 .02-2.14
0 .21 1 .10-1.71
1 7
0 .31 0 .93-1.75
2 .14 0 .95 1 .30-5.32
2 0 2 .36 0 .96 1 .11-4.50
1
1
-
-
-
-
1 .56
1 .29
T hickness/Width n
6
6
6
m ean
0 .39
0 .31
0 .34
s .d. r ange
N ote:
0 .06 0 .34-0.52
0 .08 0 .20-0.43
1 8
0 .07 0 .22-0.43
m easurements a re i n m m.
5 8
0 .34 0 .13 0 .14-0.57
2 2 0 .36 0 .14 0 .20-0.85
2
1
-
-
-
-
0 .29,0.31
0 .48
1
a
b
1
0
1
2 cm
d F ig.
4 .4
S crapers 3 '6"
f ragment f lake
f rom
l evel;
H emamieh .
U C
( from
( from
2 '6" l evel;
2 '6"
a ,
1 0112); 3 '
b ,
l evel;
l evel;
s ingle e ndscraper o n f lake s ingle
U C
U C
U C 1 0234).
5 9
e ndscraper
1 0201);
1 9677);
d ,
c ,
s ingle
c ircular
o n
( from
p atinated
e ndscraper s craper
o n
( from
a
0
F ig.
4 .5
Tools
f rom
t he
l evel;
UC
l evel;
a ,
9927);
beneath b reccia at 4 '
2 cm
B adarian and B adarian/Amratian t ransition
l evels at He ma mieh. 6 '5"
1
6 ';
miscellaneous b ifacia]
b ,
s ingle
UC 9 893); c ,
uC 1 0067).
6 0
too]
( from
on
f lake
( from
t runcation
knife
( from
endscraper
T able
4 .10
D ATA F OR C IRCULAR S CRAPERS F ROM H EMAMIEH
( n=9)
L evel B ad/Amr
A mr/Gerz
G erzean
O ther
T otal
n =3
n =1
n =9
( 4'6-3'6)
( 3'-2')
( 2'-surf)
n =1
n =4
B reaks: n one
T ool
1
4
3
1
9
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
3
1
2
1
0
4
0
1
0
0
1
b lank:
s econdary
f lakes
t hin n odular n atural
f lint
s palls
i ndeterminate
L ength n
1
m ean
-
7 2.25
4
9 3.00
3
-
1
7 6.89
9
s .d.
-
2 1.10
1 7.66
-
2 5.71
r ange
9 3
5 0-107
6 9-111
3 1
3 1-111
W idth n
1
m ean
-
s .d. r ange
4
3
1
9
6 9.00
8 2.67
-
7 3.89
-
1 8.45
1 9.60
-
2 6.48
1 12
4 7-98
5 5-98
2 9
2 9-112
T hickness n
1
m ean
-
s .d.
-
r ange
2 1
4
3
1 3.00
1
1 5.67
-
3 .46
5 .19
-
1 1-19
1 2-23
1 2
9 1 4.67 4 .59 1 1-23
L ength/Width n
1
4
3
1
m ean
-
1 .04
1 .14
-
1 .06
s .d.
-
0 .04
0 .10
-
0 .11
r ange
0 .83
0 .97-1.09
1 .01-1.25
1 .07
9
0 .83-1.25
T hickness/Width n
1
4
3
1
9
m ean
-
0 .20
0 .22
-
0 .23
s .d.
-
0 .07
0 .14
-
r ange
N ote:
0 .19
m easurements a re
0 .11-0.30
i n mm.
6 1
0 .12-0.42
0 .41
0 .11 0 .11-0.42
0
F ig.
4 .6
S ketch
of
H emamieh.
a c ircular ( from
l '
s craper
l evel;
6 2
U C
o n
t hin
1 0435).
1
2 cm
nodular
f lint
f rom
T he h ut
3s craper
c ircle
r elatively
2 52) f lat,
t o
i nvasive
o f n ormal-scalar, ( idem:
f ragments
appear
( 2 f rom t he G erzean
b e
f rom
t ypical
c ircular
c ircular
b road s cars w ith
l evels, and
s crapers.
s craper
a t endency
r etouch
t o b e
1 f rom
T hey
h ave
c onsisting
s quare subparallel
8 5, p l. L XxXV [ 212]).
B urins T he ( one
3 b urins
e ach
consist
f rom
i n
of a b urin
o blique
t he
t he
s traight
H emamieh c ollection a re f rom t he u pper
3 f t.,
2 f t.
o n a s traight
t runcation,
a nd
6 i ns.
a nd
t runcation,
a b urin
o n
1 f t.
l evels
l evels).
a burin o n a n
a b reak.
A ll
T hey
i nverse
a re
made
o n
s econdary b lades with b acking o n t he edge opposite t he l ateral edge b earing
t he b urin 5 3
f acet.
T he d imensions
o f
t he
b urins
a re:
x 2 0 x 1 0 mm
4 5
x 1 9 x 6
mm
4 4
x 1 4 x 4
mm
D enticulates T here f rom t he I ts
i s
o nly
1 f t.
o ne
6 i ns .
d imensions a re:
d enticulate
G erzean
i n
l evel,
7 7 x 3 3 x 1 1
t he
a nd
H emamieh
i s
m ade
c ollection .
I t
o n a s econdary
i s
b lade .
mm .
P erforators ( Tables 4 .11 a nd 4 .12; F ig.
4 .8e)
Most of the 1 2 p erforators i n t he H emamieh collection a re f rom t he
u pper
f rom
t he
l evels
( 2
f rom
Gerzean
s econdary b lades. Gerzean c lear
5 4
of
T he
t o
r atios a re h igh mean
a re
f rom t he upper
f rom
Of
t hese
t ransition
8 perforators,
l evels
7 a re
and o ne i s of i ndeter minate l evel.
p erforators
d egagement.
r anges
Amratian/Gerzean
7 5
double l evels
l ength
mm
with
b acked,
b ut
( from the
o f t he p erforators
w ith a n a verage
v alues
r anging
o f
f rom
t here
3 f t.
f rom
2 .52
to
i s
o nly
f lake
b ias.
p erforators.
( idem:
r elatively
p l. wide
l ength/width b road
o ne
which h as a
t he
u pper
T he
l ength/width
5 .82
a nd
l evels
h aving
T here a re v ery f ew perforators f rom t he l ower l evels.
l evel
f rom
T hree of t he
l evel)
6 5 .3 mm .
6 o n
a
4 .46.
possibly a collecting c ommon
a nd
made
Of t he o ther 2 p erforators on b lades, o ne i s
t he Amratian l evel perforator
t he
l evels).
r etouch
L XXXIV and
r atio o f
T here
T he
1 .26 .
l ikely
p erforator
[ 194])
s hort
a re
s eems
with
T he
s cars e xtend o ver
t ool most
a
( UC
h ave
b een
9 931)
f rom
t he
somewhat c lear
b lank
i s
a nd
i ndeterminate
f airly
B adarian
exceptional.
degagement
o f t he p iece.
63
T his i s
to
a s
I t h as
i s a
l arge,
T able
4 .11
F REQUENCY D ATA F OR P ERFORATORS F ROM H EMAMIEH
L evel B adarian A mratian A mr/Gerz G erzean ( >6'-4'6)
( 3'6-3')
( 3'-2')
( 2'-surf)
n =1
n =2
n =2
n =6
O ther
T otal
n =1
n =12
B reaks: n one
1
1
2
3
1
m inor
0
0
0
1
0
1
b roken
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
s econdary b lade
0
1
2
5
1
9
i ndeterminate
1
0
0
0
0
1
r etouch:
1
1
1
5
0
8
( Tables
4 .13 a nd
u pper
l evels.
p erf.
T ool
e nd b roken
b lank:
s econdary
f lake
s econdary
f lake
N o.
8
f rg
o f p erforators w ith
a dditional
Truncations
T runcations
s eem
t o
b e
4 .14) r elatively
T here i s o ne f rom t he Amratian l evel. b lades .
T he f orm,
f ollowed
b y
5 .04.
o blique
i n
l ength
o f
a dditional
d isplay r etouch,
b acking 2 o f
7 7 .4
mm a nd a h igh
C onvex t runcations a re t he s traight
t runcations .
t runcations a re both double convex t runcations. t runcations
t he
A ll a re made on good r egular
t runcations y ield a n a verage
average l ength/width r atio, c ommon
abundant
r etouch,
a nd
which a re a lso
64
t here b acked .
a re
T he
most
2 d ouble
N early h alf of t he 5 t runcations
w ith
T able
4 .12
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR P ERFORATORS
F ROM H EMAMIEH
L evel B adarian A mratian A mr/Gerz ( >6'-4'6) n =1
( 3'6-3') n =2
G erzean
( 3'-2')
( 2'-surf)
n =2
n =6
U pper
l evels
O ther
( 3'-surf) n =8
n =1
L ength 1 m ean s .d. r ange
4 8
1
2
-
-
4 6 6.75
-
-
3 5
5 4,71
6
1
6 5.33
-
5 .54
6 .97
-
6 0-75
5 4-75
6 3
W idth n
1
2
2
m ean
-
-
-
6
s .d.
-
-
-
r ange
3 8
9 ,13
1 2,23
1 5.83
8
1
1 6.25
-
5 .67
5 .67
-
1 1-27
1 1-27
1 3
T hickness n
1
2
2
6
8
1
m ean
-
-
-
6 .17
6 .13
-
s .d.
-
-
-
4 .02
3 .62
-
r ange
1 4
3 ,4
4 ,8
3 -15
3 -15
3
n
1
1
2
4
6
1
m ean
-
-
-
4 .79
4 .46
-
s .d.
-
-
-
1 .32
1 .24
-
1 .26
3 .89
3 .09,4.50
L ength/Width
r ange
2 .52-5.82
2 .52-5.82
4 .85
T hickness/Width n
1
2
2
6
8
1
m ean
-
-
-
0 .37
0 .36
-
s .d. r ange
N ote:
0 .37
m easurements a re
0 .31,0.33
-
0 .11
0 .33,0.35
i n mm.
65
0 .26-0.56
0 .09 0 .26-0.56
0 .23
T able F REQUENCY DATA
4 .13
F OR TRUNCATIONS
F ROM H EMAMIEH
L evel Amratian
Amr/Gerz
( 3'6-3')
G erzean
T otal
( 2'-surf)
n=1
n=4
n =12
n=17
9
B reaks: none
1
3
5
m inor
0
0
0
0
b roken
0
1
7
8
0
1
1 ( 1)
2 ( 1)
0
1
7 ( 4)
8 ( 4) 4 ( 2)
Tool
s ubclass:
s traight convex
t runcation
t runcation
oblique
s traight
t runc.
1
1 ( 1)
2 ( 1)
o blique
o ther/irregular
0
0
1
1
0
1 ( 1)
1
2 ( 1)
0
2
6
8
1
4
0
0
double Total
no.
w ith Tool
t runcation of
t runcations
b acking
r etouch:
b lank:
s econdary b lades N o.
o f
t runcations w ith
i onal
r etouch
b acking
N ote:
F or
t ool
s ubclass,
h ave
1 7
a ddit-
( excluding
r etouch):
t runcations
1 2
b acking
n umbers
i n p arentheses
r etouch.
66
5
i ndicate
5
how m any
T able D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS
4 .14
F OR T RUNCATIONS
F ROM H EMAMIEH
L evel A mratian
A mr/Gerz
( 3'6-3')
( 3'-2')
G erzean
T otal
( 2'-surf)
L ength 1
3
6
1 0
m ean
-
9 1.33
7 0.50
7 7.40
s .d.
-
1 2.12
1 6.11
1 6.93
r ange
7 7
7 5-104
5 2-102
5 2-104
W idth 1 2
1 7
m ean
-
1
1 6.75
4
1 7.17
1 7.35
s .d.
-
3 .34
6 .37
5 .72
r ange
2 2
1 3-22
9 -28
9 -28
T hickness 1
4
m ean
-
5 .50
1 2 6 .75
1 7
s .d.
-
2 .18
3 .54
3 .20
r ange
7
2 -8
3 -15
2 -15
6 .47
L ength/Width 1
3
6
m ean
-
5 .15
5 .24
s .d.
-
0 .74
1 .93
r ange
3 .50
4 .32-6.12
2 .32-7.44
1 0 5 .04 1 .63 2 .32-7.44
T hickness/Width 1
4
m ean
-
0 .32
0 .38
s .d.
-
0 .12
0 .09
r ange
N ote:
m easurements
0 .32
a re
i n mm.
0 .15-0.47
1 2
0 .29-0.58
1 7 0 .36 0 .10 0 .15-0.58
T able 4 .15 F REQUENCY D ATA F OR T RUNCATION K NIVES F ROM H EMAMIEH ( n=10)
B reaks : n one m inor b roken
1 0 0 0
T ool b lank: p rimary b lades s econdary b lades
1 9
R NS : n one c ortex
7 3
T runcation c haracteristics T runcation l ocation : p roximal 7 d istal 3
R etouch: nvasive , m d irect, s lightly i edium , n ormal subparallel nvasive, m edium , n ormal d irect, s lightly i d irect, s lightly i nvasive , l arge, n ormal
5 4 1
C haracteristics o f e nd o pposite t runcation L ocation : p roximal d istal
3 7
S hape: r ound o gival o ther
7 2
R etouch : u nretouched d irect, i nvasive, l arge , s lightly e longate s ubparallel, m ay b e c onvergent d irect, s lightly i nvasive , m edium , c onvergent w ith p ointed s cars d irect, n on-invasive, s mall, n ormal d irect, n on-invasive, m edium , n ormal
K nife E dge c haracteristics L ocation : l eft l ateral e dge r ight l ateral e dge
7 3
E dge-on p rofile : r uler s traight v irtual s traight s lightly c urved
7 2 1
E dge s hape : r uler s traight v irtual s traight a pprox. s traight s lightly c urved
R etouch : u nretouched d irect, n on-invasive, v ery s mall, n ormal r etouch a long e ntire e dge i nverse , n on-invasive, v ery s mall, n ormal r etouch a long e ntire e dge i nverse, n on-invasive, m edium , n ormal r etouch a long p art o f e dge
1 4 2 3
6 I 1 2
N on-functional e dge L ocation: l eft l ateral e dge r ight l ateral e dge
3 7
E dge-on p rofile : r uler s traight v irtual s traight s lightly c urved t hick
5 2 1 2
E dge s hape : r uler s traight v irtual s traight a pprox . s traight s lightly c urved
R etouch : u nretouched d irect, n on-invasive, v ery s mall, n ormal r etouch a long e ntire e dge d irect, n on-invasive, s mall, n ormal r etouch a long e ntire e dge
6 8
4 4 2
3 3 1 3
2 2 3 2 1
T runcation k nives ( Tables 4 .15 a nd 4 .16; T runcation t runcation .
k nives
C ompared
s tandardized. i dem:
p ls.
k ind
of
t runcations,
oblique
t hey
a re
l evels
( 1
[ 129-135],
t ransition
( idem:
[ 40]).
l evels,
f rom
4 f t.
L XXXIII
a nd
1 i s
8 f rom
6 i ns.,
[ 158]),
f rom
convex
r emarkably
1 0 i n t he H emamieh c ollection,
L XXXII
L XXIX
o ther
t ransition
A mratian/Gerzean p l.
a special
t he
T here a re
B adarian/Amratian f t.;
a re
w ith
F igs. 4 .5c a nd 4 .7b)
t he
t he
7 f rom
1 f rom
G erzean
4
t he
l evels
S ince t he t runcation k nives f rom t he u pper
l evels a re s imilar t o t hose f rom t he B adarian/Amratian t ransition l evels t he d ata a re c ombined .
T able
4 .16
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR T RUNCATION K NIVES F ROM H EMAMIEH
m ean
s .d.
r ange
L ength
1 0
6 3.60
7 .95
5 0-77
W idth
1 0
2 0.60
5 .02
1 2-29
T hickness
1 0
4 .80
1 .25
3 -7
L ength/Width
1 0
3 .32
1 .07
2 .29-5.67
T hickness/Width
1 0
0 .24
0 .04
0 .17-0.29
N ote:
m easurements a re i n m m.
A s
t hese
d escribed
a re
b efore,
r egular b lades,
a d istinctive a d etailed
p .
t ool
i s
which
merited .
t o h ave b een p referred
t runcation
4 01) . .T he
o f
h as
A ll
not
a re
been
made
9o n s econdary b lades and 1 o n ap rimary b lade.
p roximal e nd s eems d istinctive
t ype
d escription
( cf.
t runcation
i s
F igs.
m ade
4 .5c a nd
b y d irect,
f or
t he
l ocation
4 .7b; s ee also s lightly
o n T he
o f
t he
F ig. A .2a,
i nvasive
r etouch
which v aries f rom n ormal t o n ormal w ith s ome s quare subparallel s cars . T he
e nd
opposite
p redominantly
r ound
t he i n
t runcation
s hape,
a nd
( usually
i s
t he
r etouched
d istal
i n
e nd)
8 c ases.
i s T he
p robable f unctional e dge o r ' knife e dge' i s i dentified b y i ts ' ruler s traight' t hat
t he
p iece
e dge-on
p rofile
k nife e dge
( with
t runcation
dorsal
i s a t
a nd
i s a lways a spect
t he
t op .
i ts t o
r elative t he
t hinness .
r ight-hand
u ppermost)
i s
T he s hape o f
I t
l ateral
o riented
a lso h appens m argin s o
i f
t hat
t he k nife e dge v aries
t he t he
f rom
r uler s traight t o s lightly c urved. F our k nife e dges h ave r etouch c onsisting e ither o f m edium n ormal r etouch a long p art o f t he e dge, o r v ery
small
e ntire
e dge .
c urved
i n
c onsists n ormal o f
n eat
s hape, o f
n ormal,
T he
a nd
d irect,
r etouch
t runcation
6 o f
k nives
r atio
t he
i s
a long
' ouchtata-like' e dge
i s
m ostly
r etouch
s traight
a long t o
v ery
t he
small,
s mall
e ntire t here
( ouchtata-like),
e dge .
i s
A lthough
a s urprising
t he
s lightly
n on-functional e dges h ave r etouch
n on-invasive
o ccurring
s tandardization. l ength/width
r ather
n on-functional
o r
t he
w hich s mall s ample
d egree
o f
T heir average l ength i s 6 3.6 mm a nd t heir a verage i s
3 .32 .
6 9
0
a
-
1
2 cm
-
b F ig.
4 .7
A b lade b lade
k nife
k nife
a nd
a t runcation
( from pot
UC
1 0307;
k nife ( from 1 '6" l evel; UC 1 0344).
7 0
k nife U C
f rom
1 0308);
H emamieh. b ,
a ,
t runcation
C aton-Thompson workmanship" o f which t he
( idem:
I would not
P etrie
d ark g rey,
t hese
l ists
p ieces a s
C aton-Thompson c hert.
f lint,
3 a re
b rown
s upport
a nd
2 a re
O f
o n
C aton-Thompson 's
f lint,
k nives
c lassify a s t runcation k nives,
b lack
b urnt),
" small k nives o f g ood
1 3 t runcation
c ollection .
( probably t hus
S he
a lmost
v ery d ark
c oloured
described 7 6).
a lthough
i t
on
d ark
T able
t hat
1 0 e xamined,
v ery
l ight v iew
i s
c laimed
t he
d ark
b eige
t hat
b rown a re
r ather
t hey
7 6),
2
1 i s not i n a re
m ade
o n
4 a re o n b rown a nd f lint,
c oloured
t hey
b rown
( idem:
and
f lint.
m ainly t han
1 i s
b lack
T hese d ata m ade
d ark
o n
d ark
g rey .
4 .17
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR B ACKED P IECES F ROM H EMAMIEH
L evel B ad/Amr ( 4'6-3'6).
Amratian
A mr/Gerz
( 3'6-3')
( 3'-2')
G erzean ( 2'-surf)
U pper
l evels
( 3'-surf)
L ength n
1
1
m ean
-
-
3
s .d.
-
-
1 4.97
1 6.77
1 8.54
r ange
3 9
6 0
7 3-108
4 7-94
4 7-108
8 7.33
4 6 8.50
7 7 6.57
W idth n
1
1
m ean
-
-
s .d.
-
-
r ange
2 3
1 7
5 2 2.60
6 2 0.83
1 1 2 1.64
4 .32
2 .91
3 .72
1 4-25
1 8-26
1 4-26
T hickness n
1
1
5
6
m ean
-
-
7 .20
8 .33
1 1 7 .82
s .d.
-
-
1 .60
2 .87
2 .44
r ange
7
6
6 -10
6 -14
6 -14
7
L ength/Width n
1
1
3
4
m ean
-
-
3 .55
3 .26
3 .38
s .d.
-
-
0 .68
0 .99
0 .89
1 .70
3 .53
r ange
2 .92-4.50
2 .50-4.95
2 .50-4.95
T hickness/Width n
1
1
5
6
m ean
-
-
0 .33
0 .40
s .d.
-
-
0 .08
0 .13
0 .30
0 .35
r ange
N ote:
m easurements a re
0 .24-0.43
i n mm.
7 1
0 .23-0.67
1 1 0 .37 0 .12 0 .23-0.67
B acked p ieces
( Table 4 .17)
T here a re 1 3 b acked p ieces i n t he H emamieh c ollection. f rom t he 4 f t. s econdary a f airly t he
f lake .
T here
r egular
i s o ne b acked p iece f rom
s econdary
A mratian/Gerzean
b lade,
t ransition
a nd
T hese
b lade,
b lade,
a double b acked b lade,
T he G erzean b lades
w ith
1 d ouble b acked
i nverse
b lade
s pecimens h igh a t
a lternately
b acked
i s
r etouch
b lade,
5 b acked
p ieces
f rom
w hich a re o n s econdary
mm,
a long
T he
a nd
b lade,
f airly
a n
a lternating
6 b acked b lades .
t he
l ateral
d ouble
a verage
b acked
i nversely b acked b lade. T he b lades a re
which h ave b een worked
2 i rregular
f ragment. 7 0 .6
o f
a nd a d ouble
s econdary b lades
b acked
a ll
a lthough t he t ool f orms a re
l evels a re r epresented b y
r egular
t he A mratian l evel o n
a re
5 b acked b lades c an b e d escribed a s c omprising a
b acked
a ll
a n
t here
l evels,
b lades t hat a re mainly r egular, i rregular.
O ne i s
6i ns. B adarian/Amratian t ransition l evel a nd i s o n a
e dge
b acked
l ength
i nto 2 b acked
o pposite
b lades
of
a ll
t he b ack,
a nd
1 d ouble
t he
u nbroken
t he a verage l ength/width r atio i s r elatively
3 .21.
S ickle blades ( Table 4 .18; F ig. 4 .8b-d) S ickle
b lades
p articularly f rom
t he
i n
f orm
t he
Amratian
l evel,
t ransition
l evel,
o ne
T he
b lades
f orm
s ickle
d ata
i n
t able
E ight p robably s ickle w as
4 .18
e xample,
a nd,
p roximal e nds . blade
t o
Appendix
A ,
4 02).
s econdary
p .
b lades.
i nclude
t hose
s pecimens
l ength
4 .59
A ll
u pper s ickle
t wo
T he
w ithout
b een
o f
b lades
u ncertain o f
most
o f
l evel
t he
t he n eed
u seful,
d epth . s o
t he
awkward g ap
s ickle
average
t o
t o
i n
t he
a nd
t o
h ave
t he
average a nd
s ickle
a re
made
b een
w ith
s ickle
e nd f or
mount
7 0 .5
( cf.
r egular
r atio a re
a nd a gain t o
d eliberately
i s
m ean
t he
w ith,
o n
l ength/width
l ength t he
i f
a s
w ay o f g etting
m eans a re n ot v ery g reat .
b reaks),
o ne
a re
t rim a n e nd b y
r etouch
b lades
l ength
a ppear
s pecimens h ave
b reaks
p articularly
m ay h ave b een a q uick
t he
which
w ith
e xcluding
l evels,
B adarian/Amratian
r egardless
b ut
a r emaining
b reaks,
s pecimens
t he t wo
f irst e xcluding a ll b roken s ickles,
s pecimens
( 4 .87
i n
a lso
6 i ns .
2 49 a nd
g roup
t herefore,
A ll
s ickles
with
4 f t .
b roken,
h ave
T he d ifferences b etween t hese e xcluding
a re
b oth e nds h aving b een s napped t o o btain a
A lso i t
f ill
c alculated twice,
t he
c ircle
a re
m ight
a s ickle
c lass
T here
c ombined .
d esired
t hick
f rom
h ut
o ne o r
T his
r elatively
o ne
b lades
o f a c ertain
t ool
l evels .
a c onsistent
a re
s ickle
i t .
important
f rom
i ntentional,
t runcating
a n
G erzean
b roken .
I ncluding t he mm
( 75 .0
l ength/width
r atio
mm i s
b reaks) . e dge .
T here
a re
n o
e xamples
w ith
b oth l ateral e dges c onverted t o s ickle e dges . T he s ickle e dges h ave mainly b ifacial r etouch c onsisting o f small-medium, n on-invasive, i rregular,
n ormal,
n ormal-scalar
o r
s calar s cars,
c ontinuous o n o ne s ide a nd d iscontinuous o n
t he
a g ood e xample o f a s ickle w ith c ontinuous, r etouch . o ften
T he
t ends
o pposite
s calar t o
b e
p ressure f lat
a nd
r etouch
t he s ickle e dge a re b acked
h ave i nverse b acking,
o f
i nvasive. ( n=34,
w hich a re
o ther .
b ifacial,
f requently
F igure
4 .8b
i s
small s calar
t eeth
o n
t he
v entral
a spect
Most
of
t he
l ateral
edges
8 7%),
a nd
o f
t hese
t he r emainder b eing d irectly b acked.
2 6
( 76%)
M ost o f
t he d istal a nd p roximal e nds a re t runcated, f requently i nto o blique s traight
t runcations
( 34%) .
1 8% a re s traight,
7 2
1 6% a re o gival,
1 8% a re
T able D ATA F OR S ICKLE
4 .18
B LADES
F ROM H EMAMIEH
( n=39)
B reaks: n one
3 1
7 9.5
m inor
0
0 .0
b roken
8
2 0.5
T ool b lank: s econdary b lades
3 9
1 00.0
S ickle s hape: r ectangular a pprox.
7
r ectangular
r ectangular w ith o ne o r e nds b roken
6 o ther
e nd b roken
u nintentionally b roken,
( excluding b reaks)
L ength
( including s pecimens
i ntentionally b roken) W idth T hickness ( excluding b reaks)
m easurements a re
o ther/irregular T he a re
4 .8b)
i s
a nd
s ickle i n
t runcated
ended
r ange
3 1
7 4.97
1 8.90
3 8-114
3 8
7 0.45
2 0.09
3 9
1 5.46
3 .33
3 8-114
3 9
5 .00
1 .48
3 -8
3 1
4 .87
1 .02
3 .09-7.60
3 8
4 .59
1 .11
2 .86-7.60
3 9
0 .32
0 .07
0 .20-0.50
1 0-24
i n mm .
1 3% a re
b lades o verall
a t
o ne
t ypical of
s ickle
s .d.
( including
b roken)
r ectangular)
m ean
i ntentionally
T hickness/Width
N ote:
5 .3
n
L ength
s pecimens
2 .6
2 1
s tatistics:
L ength/Width
2 6.3
1
s hape
i ndeterminate
L ength/Width
1 5.8
1 0
o ther
D imensional
3 1.6
both
o ne e nd o gival o ne e nd o gival
1 8.4
1 2
b lades
t hought
t o b e
a re
mainly
s hape
( 66%),
e nd
t his h ave
and
r ectangular a nd
o gival
l atter
at
s hape.
oblique
i ntentionally b roken .
a l ittle t he
73
o ther.
Most
s traight
( or o ver
approxi mately a q uarter
( 29%)
UC
( Fig.
1 0426
( n=8) of t hese ogival-
t runcations.
Two
h ave
a
1
F ig.
4 .8
G erzean ( from
t ools
f rom
2 ' l evel;
H emamieh .
U C 1 0292);
a ,
b-d,
s ingle
e ndscraper
s ickle b lades
( b,
2 cm
o n
b lade
U C 1 0426
f rom l ' l evel; c , U C 1 0348 f rom l '6" l evel; d , U C 1 0480 f rom l ' l evel); e , p erforator ( from 6 " l evel; U C 1 0464).
7 4
s traight i s
t runcations
i ntentional
i s
a nd
o ne
B lade knives ( Table 4 .19; T here a re f rom
t he
i s
b roken
a t
o ne e nd .
t his
8 b lade knives i n t he H emamieh collection.
u pper
f rom
t he
two
f ragments
5 f t .
l evels
( idem:
B adarian f rom
p ls.
L XXI
l evel
mud
( idem:
wall
r egular s econdary b lades. r atio
L XXXIII
( idem:
h igh
a t
L XXXI
[ 114]), one i s
[ 1691),
p l.
F our a re
[ 36-37], a nd
L XXXV
t here a re
[ 221]).
T he
T hese tools a re a ll made o n
T heir average
i s
L XXIX
( idem: p l. L XXXI
p l.
2 61b
[ 85a],
combined d ata a re s hown i n t able 4 .19. l ength/width
b reak
F ig. 4 .7a)
[ 971), o ne i s f rom t he Amratian l evel
m ean
W hether
u ncertain .
l ength i s
1 08.3 mm and the
5 .35 .
T able
4 .19
D ATA F OR B LADE K NIVES F ROM H EMAMIEH
( n=8)
B reaks: n one
4
m inor t ool
T ool
2 f ragments
2
b lank:
s econdary b lades
8
D imensional s tatistics: m ean
s .d.
r ange 8 6-135
L ength
6
1 08.33
1 8.75
W idth
8
2 2.00
4 .56
T hickness
7
7 .86
1 .88
L ength/Width
6
5 .35
0 .95
3 .38-6.14
T hickness/Width
7
0 .38 ,
0 .08
0 .22-0.48
N ote:
m easurements a re
T he
b acking
mostly
f or
i nvasive
r etouch
r etouch),
a nd
o ne
a ppears
s ize.
While
t he
t he b lade
b lade
2 b lade
f rom
a nd s quare subparallel,
t o o ccur
a long
t he
r ight
normal
a nd
i s
k nives
k nife
k nives a nd
f lat
a nd
h ave d irect
T he
r etouch
i s
l arge
and
consists
7 5
o f
r etouch
non-invasive
n ormal-scalar
mostly a ll
f ragments) . h ave
t o
l arge
t o
b acks,
i nverse r etouch ' a long part o r a ll of t he k nife e dge. t he
l ateral e dge
( though t he l eft a nd r ight margins c annot b e
o f
( only
v aries
5 -11
i n mm .
of a ll t he b lade k nives d istinguished
1 4-28
b road v ery
i s
b acking s quarish l arge
t hey a ll
i n
h ave
I n most c ases,
nor mal-scalar
o r
nor mal-
s ubparallel r etouch . one
of
e nds
s cars.
T he
T he
k nife e dges
k nife e nd
i s a t
t he b lade k nife
a re
r etouch
n ot
d istinguishable . i s p redominantly
i nverse
r etouch
o f
t he
I n
f rom
h ave
e nd i n a ll
m edium n ormal
c ases e xcept
f or
which t he p roxi mal and d istal
5 c ases,
t he
k nife
e nd
i s
s haped
b y
i s o ften c ontinuous w ith t he
T hree
speci mens
h ave
b ifacial
T he h aft end i s shaped by d irect r etouch
f rom n on-invasive
v arying
2 s pecimens
i nverse a nd
k nife e dge.
the k nife end.
which v aries
o f
p roximal
f ragments f or
t hat
r etouch a t r etouch
t he
m edium n ormal
r etouch
t o more
i nvasive
f lat a nd b road t o more e longate w ith s ome pointed
c onverging scars.
O ther b lade k nives F our knives
tools
in
f rom
for m.
t he
One
manufactured
on
a l arge
l ength
( width
2 5
mm,
e nd
b roken
b ut
i s
f lat,
b road
entirely r elated a re
subparallel
t o b lade T heir
r elated to t he b lade
( ide m:
pl.
s econdary b lade.
1 1
mm,
m ay h ave
by
r etouch.
couvrante
k nives a re a lso b y
seem
knife L /W
5 .64,
b een
made
I t
T h/W w ith
LXXIX
[ 351)
i s
mm
However, r etouch.
m ade o n r egular
C aton-Thompson
d imensions
t he T he
( 1928:
p ls.
1 41
0 .44).
T he
v entral t hree
i n
h aft
t his b reak.
i t h as a backed edge h aving v ery l arge,
modified
i llustrated
[ 56]) .
r egular
p iece
l evels
a f ine
t hickness
t he
t he b lade k nives,
Gerzean
is
L ike
i nvasive, aspect
o ther
i s
p ieces
s econdary b lades, a nd
L XXVIII
[ 8,
1 4],
L XXIX
a re:
1 08 x 5 3 x 1 7 mm 8 6 x 2 2 x 7
mm
6 7 x 2 2
mm
x 3
G lossy b ladelet tools T hese a re f airly common i n t he B adari collection, b ut t here i s o nly
o ne
i n
t ransition
t he
H emamdeh
l evel).
I t
i s
c ollection
( from
a f airly t ypical
t he
3 f t.
s pecimen
d istal t runcation ( idem: p l. L XXX [ 83]).
Amratian/Gerzean
w ith a t iny c onvex
I ts d i mensions a re 3 6 x 9x
2 mm .
S idescrapers T here l evels. r elatively
( Tables 4 .20 and 4 .21)
a re
6 s idescrapers
T hey
f or m
s teep
a nd
an
v aries
normal t o b road-normal
i n t he
i rregular f rom
i n f orm,
H emamieh c ollection g roup.
T he
n on-invasive
a nd medium
f rom v arious
s craper
t o
r etouch
i nvasive
t o v ery
l arge
i n
i s
e xtent,
i n s ize.
S caled p ieces T he
one
s caled
p iece
i n
Amratian/Gerzean
t ransition
i ncipient
p ercussion .
c ones
o f
d imensions o f t he p iece a re
t he
collection
l evel. T he
2 4 x 2 9
One
t ool x 1 3
76
e nd
b lank mm .
i s
i s
f rom
s hows
t he
3 f t.
c rushing
i ndeterminate.
a nd T he
T able
4 .20
FREQUENCY DATA F OR S IDESCRAPERS
F ROM H EMAMIEH
( n=6)
L evel B adarian Amr/Gerz G erzean ( >6'-4'6)
( 3'-2')
( 2'-surf)
n=1
n=1
n=2
O ther
T otal
n=2
n=6
B reaks: n one
Tool
1
2
2
6
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
3
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
6
b lank:
p rimary
f lakes
s econdary
f lakes
t hin nodular
f lint
i ndeterminate
N o.
1
o f
s idescrapers w ith
a dditional
r etouch:
P lanes There [ 63]). f lint
I t
i s i s
one
plane
in
the
a n oval-squarish
H e ma mieh
s pecimen
collection
made
f rom the Amratian/Gerzean t ransition l evels.
r etouched r etouched .
( couvrante)
o n
T he p iece h as
o ne
s ide .
T he
o ther,
t he d imensions
77
( idem:
pl.
o n a t hin n atural p lane
6 4 x 4 9
LXXX
s lab o f
I t i s entirely
s ide
x 7 mm .
i s
p artially
T able
4 .21
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR S IDESCRAPERS F ROM H EMAMIEH
L evel B adarian A mr/Gerz
G erzean
( >6'-4'6)
( 3'-2')
( 2'-surf)
n =1
n =1
n =2
O ther
T otal
n =2
n =6
L ength n
1
1
2
2
m ean
-
-
-
-
6 6.83
6
s .d.
-
-
-
-
2 2.42
r ange
4 1
4 2
7 5,107
6 3,73
4 1-107
W idth n
1
1
2
2
m ean
-
-
-
-
s .d.
-
-
-
-
r ange
4 1
3 9
4 1,55
3 9,48
6 4 3.83 5 .84 3 9-55
T hickness n
1
1
2
2
m ean
-
-
-
-
s .d.
-
-
-
-
r ange
1 2
1 1
1 1,12
1 4,16
6 1 2.67 1 .80 1 1-16
L ength/Width n
1
1
2
2
m ean
-
-
-
-
1 .50
s .d.
-
-
-
-
0 .35
1 .00
1 .08
1 .83,1.95
1 . 52,1.62
r ange
6
1 .00-1.95
T hickness/Width n
1
1
2
2
m ean
-
-
-
-
0 .29
s .d.
-
-
-
-
0 .04
0 .29
0 .28
0 .22,0.27
0 .33,0.36
r ange
N ote:
m easurements a re
i n mm.
7 8
6
0 .22-0.36
B ifacial knives ( Table 4 .22; F ig. 4 .9) T here
a re
5 b ifacial
H emamieh collection. 4 .9a;
i de m:
pl.
B adarian/Amratian L XXXI
[ 113]) i s
4 .9c;
i dem:
UC
1 0291
L XXXI
l evel;
( Fig.
l evels.
T he
LXXXIII
a nd
3 f t.
[ 102])
6 i ns.
comes
i dem:
f ragment,
i s
l evel;
and U C 1 0342
4 .9e;
1 b ifacial
f rom v arious
[ 154])
t ransition
f rom t he
p l.
t ransition
k nives
T hey a re
U C 1 0578,
f rom
t he
UC 1 0115
( Fig.
f rom
T able
t he
4 .9d;
L XXIX i s
f ragment
o f
3 f t.
i dem:
[ 53])
4
f t.
4 .9b;
t he
( Fig.
6
ins.
i dem:
UC 1 0200
p l.
( Fig.
Amratian/Gerzean
p l.
a re
i n
UC 1 0027
Amratian l evel;
( Fig.
p l.
k nife
l evels.
L XXIX
f rom
i ndeterminate
[ 38]) and
t he
G erzean
l evel.
4 .22
D ATA F OR B IFACIAL KNIVES F ROM H EMAMIEH
( n=6)
B reaks: n one
3
h aft e nd
1
k nife e nd
1
k nife=frag.
1
D imension v alues: U C n o.
L ength
1 0027
( 136)
1 0115
( 87)
1 0200
1 17
3 3
7
3 .55
0 .21
1 0342
1 61
3 0
7
5 .37
0 .23
1 0291
1 40
3 7
7
3 .78
0 .19
1 0578
( 88)
4 4
-
0 .30
N ote:
W idth
m easurements
T hickness
L ength/Width
3 7
6
-
0 .16
2 0
5
-
0 .25
a re
1 3
i n
mm .
T hickness/Width
L ength v alues i n p arentheses a re
f or
b roken k nives.
T he
tool
a lthough
o ne
b lank
s ee ms
s pecimen
s eems
more
o r
t o
s how
l ess i ndeter minate i n all c ases, e vidence
o f
a f lake
s urface
w ith
r ipples perhaps s uggesting i t i s made on a l arge f lake o r b lade, and o ne
s peci men
o riginal w hat a re
t he a ll
s hows
b lank
o n
of
t he
both s ides implying a r elatively t hin b lank,
some
but
r emaining o riginal worked
b ifacially
c overed b y v ery
l arge,
mostly s ubparallel t he
s pecimens.
O C
1 0115 h as n oticeable p art
o f
t he
e dge
s urface
w ith
1 0027
o f
u nretouched
r epresents
c ouvrante s cars,
u nclear.
r etouch. while
m ay
T he
T he
k nives
c entre a rea
t he e dges
h ave
i s
smaller,
T here a re no g rinding t races on a ny r epresent
r ounding o f b oth
h as
i s
s urface
Two k nives s how e vidence o f t he r eworking
margins.
e dge
which
a reas
f lat b road
r etouch .
of o ne o r both l ateral o f
t iny
b een
r eworked
7 9
a b roken l ateral ( see
F ig .
' comma' m argins, 4 .9b).
k nife. e xcept
U C t he
F ig.
4 .9
B ifacial p ls. UC
k nives
L XXIX
1 0027
i ndicates f rom
[ 38, f rom
f rom
H emamieh
5 3],
LXXXI
4 '6";
b ,
UC
e dge rounding);
1 '6"; e ,
UC 1 0291
f rom
8 0
( after
[ 102,
1 0115
c ,
C aton-Thompson,
1 13],
L XXXIII
f rom
3 '6"
UC 1 0200 f rom
2 '.
S cale
1 :2.
3 ';
1 928:
[ 154]). ( note: d ,
a , l ine
UC 1 0342
I n m ight
a ddition,
b e
t here
i s
o ne
c onsidered a k nife
s pecimen
r oughout.
t abular nodule with v ery l arge, e dges .
A lternatively,
k nife
m ay
i s
i nvasive,
h ave
t he
G erzean
a b roken
l evels
p iece
t hat
m ade
o n
a
b road r etouch a long both
b een a r ough,
l ocally
m ade
b ifacial
imitation .
F ishtails
( Fig.
4 .10)
C aton-Thompson t he
i t
f rom
I t
P etrie
U C
l evel
( Fig.
t ransition f rom t he 1 0244
f ound
M useum .
( idem:
i n
1 07).
f rom
( Fig.
a t
H emamieh
t he
2 f t.
6 i ns.
p l.
L XXX
[ 72]),
i dem:
l evel
f ound b roken
two apart
f ishtails
i s
4 .10a;
2 f t. G erzean
was
two
1 0244
4 .10b;
two h alves
i dem:
which
a nd and
p l.
were
b oth
a re
i n
Amratian/Gerzean UC
L XXIX
1 0294
i s
[ 57]).
l ying o nly a n
UC
i nch o r
T he o ther f ishtail h as a v ery m inor b reak a t
t he h aft end. UC
1 0244
i s a very
f ine
speci men
w idth o f 4 2 mm a nd a t hickness o f i ts
h aft
width
e nd
of
5 6
i dentical T he
s tage
mm
a t hickness
by
the
p rior
h ave
After
shaped b y v ery l arge, p arallel, upper
margins of the p iece.
s cars.
T he
p arallel F inally, a round
s haping o f t he
pressure a long
t he
t o c reate
a v ery
f ine
T hese
p ieces
l arge,
f lat,
t he
r emains
t hese
l arge,
e vidence
o f
f orked e nd consists margins
f lat, a ny
i s of
and
t han
of
t he
of
t his
o f an earlier
g rinding,
a re
t he
p artially
speci men
was
i s
t he
t he
u pper
w as
a chieved
r etouch
b y
of
two-thirds
u sed
t o
s omewhat
the
upper
o f
r emove
t he
t iny
smaller margins.
m argins
s calar
a nd
f lakes
expansive
central
g rinding,
s omewhat d ifferent small,
f rom
b road
b road,
a nd
f ine,
t he
t hat
to
T his f ishtail has
scars,
o f
t he
t here
r etouch
o ther
s ubparallel
f lat,
but
m arginal
f ishtail.
r etouch
s ubparallel
i s o f
along
r etouch
at
no t he I t the t he
A f ine s erration i s l i mited to a long t he edge i n t he ' U '
f orked
r eworking. n ormal
not
s erration .
s ubsequent
l arger,
f orked end.
a re
l amellar p ressure r etouch along t he
p ressure
b road
mainly
h ad
b road e xpansive
s cars
UC 1 0294 h as a s hallow U -shaped f orked end. very
t o h ave
I t h as a maximum
T he haft end has l ess r egular elongate
r etouch e nd
a s
f orked e nd
a pproximately
f orked
v ery
g rinding
g rinding.
a ppears
7 0 mm .
6 mm.
to r epresent
to
i n l ength with a mid-
UC 1 0244 h as a V -shaped forked end.
s ides
appear
mm
U C 1 0294
l ength i s
of
manufacture.
would
f laking
smoothed
I ts p resent
a reas o f b oth
T hese of
and
for m o r
c entral
s cars.
r eworked .
1 55
7 mm .
end.
T his
T he
h aft
end
r eworking r etouch
has
been
c onsists
completely o f
l arge,
modified
by
r elatively d eep,
s cars.
B ifacial s ickle f ragment O f p erhaps
u ncertain h alf
couvrante r etouch
o f
scars.
scars:
l evel
a t ool. T he
( 1)
i s a b ifacial I t
i s
v ery
denticulated
a s eries
of
s ickle
c arefully edge
l arge,
f ragment r epresenting made
has
two
p arallel,
w ith
l arge,
s ets
b road,
of
pressure
l amellar
p ressure
s cars, and ( 2) a s eries of very small, s calar p ressure s cars for ming the
sickle
teeth.
There
i dentification a s a s ickle w ith
o thers
f rom
t he
i s
B adari
i s
no
b ased o n
d istrict
s ickle
gloss.
The
tool's
t he s imilarity o f t his s pecimen
which
d o
h ave
s ickle
d i mensions o f t his p iece a re: c urrent l ength 5 6 mm,
8 1
g loss .
T he
width 2 4 mm and
w idth
w id th
b et ween t i ps o f f ork
a t
b ase o f c oncav ity
5 3 mm
5 0 mm
5 3 mm 5 6 mm
b
0
F ig.
4 .10
S ketch f rom
o utlines
of
2 '6" l evel; b ,
f ishtails
f rom
UC 1 0294 f rom
8 2
1
2 cm
H e mamieh.
2 ' l evel.
a ,
UC
10244
t hickness
5 mm .
A xe O nly one speci men which could be c lassed a s a n axe was f ound a t H emamieh ( idem: p l. i ns.
h eavily p atinated made
o n
t he
t ransition
r etouch
r etouch
i s
i s
t ool
n ot
l arge,
of
t he
m easurements a re
C oncave-base
6 6
x 5 2
B adarian [ 166A , 4 f t. f t.
l evels
6 i ns,
o ne
I t i s f rom t he 4 f t.
s hows
w hat
( from i s
5 f t,
f rom
a h andaxe.
a ppear
t he
T he
mm
a xe
i s
T he o f
o f
t he
o ther
( L/W
( the
T h/W
6 b e
t hat
i t
more
r ecent
was
s hape,
I t e xtends o ver r emaining a reas
P alaeolithic
1 .27,
t o
e xpanding
r elatively d eep .
scars).
I ts
0 .42) .
4 .23)
a total
a ll o f which . are
1 67]),
I t
patinated
( Table
f ound
a nd
h alf
x 2 2
a rrowheads
as
p atinated .
heavily
C aton-Thompson H emamieh,
s uch
b road,
most o f o ne s ide a nd n early consisting
UC 1 0032).
l evel.
f lake s cars on both s ides s uggesting
a P alaeolithic
P redynastic a nd
L XXXIII [ 162];
B adarian/Amratian
of
4 concave-base a rrowheads
i n t he P etrie
M useum.
UC 9 992 and
UC 9 993;
a t
Two a re f rom i dem:
p l.
B adarian/Amratian t ransition
t he
L XXXIII
l evel
( from
UC 1 0028; i dem: p l. LXXXIII [ 1571), and o ne i s f rom t he 1
6 i ns. G erzean l evel
( UC 1 0345;
i dem:
p l.
L XXIX
[ 41]).
T he
t ool
b lank could not b e determined for any of t he a rrowheads, a lthough 2 h ave
a reas
o f
o n one s ide, i ndicating s urfaces
o riginal
f lint
s urface ..
O ne
and t he o ther h as o riginal t hat
m ay
a t hin
r epresent
b lank
t he
was
r emains
h as
o riginal
c hosen.
o f
f lint
s urface
f lint s urface o n both s ides
t he
T hese
o riginal
s urface o f a f lake o r
f lint b lade
b lank. T hree s hape .
of
T he
t he
f ourth
U nfortunately, d ifferent s traight
f or ms
concave-base
a rrowheads
h as a t riangular
o nly
3 b arbs
occur
t ermination,
o n
t he
have
an
s haped b ody with
o n
2 speci mens
t he
s ame
o ther
h as
a rrowhead a r ound
i ncurving
s traight
r emain ( UC
whole.
9 993);
t ermination,
b arb
m argins.
o ne
Two has
a nd t here
nothing to s uggest t hat o ne r epresents a r eworked b roken b arb. o ther o gival
complete
barb
( on
UC
1 0345)
i s
concavo-convex
T he i n
a n
t ermination .
T hese a rrowheads a re b ifacially worked. l arge,
ending
a i s
f lat,
were p ossibly
b road
s cars
i n
t he
c entre
a rea
T hey h ave r elatively
which
s uggests
i nitially s haped b y s oft h ammer p ercussion .
h ave mostly smaller
p ressure
s cars
which
83
t end
t hat
t hey
T he margins
t o b e s ubparallel.
T able
4 .23
D ATA F OR C ONCAVE-BASE ARROWHEADS F ROM H EMAMIEH
U C n o.
( n=4)
B reaks
9 992
b oth
9 993
n one
b arbs
1 0028
m ost
o f o ne
1 0345
p art
o f o ne b arb
b arb,
m inor
b reak
o n o ther
b arb
D imension v alues: L ength
W a
W b
T ha
T hb
9 992
( 47)
1 8
2 8
5
6
9 993
4 4
2 6
3 0
5
7
1 0028
( 32)
2 3
2 6
6
7
1 0345
3 4
1 4
2 5
5
5
N ote:
measurements
b roken
a re
i n
mm .
L ength v alues i n p arentheses a re f or
a rrowheads .
L eaf-shaped a rrowhead T his s pecimen [ 168] ) .
I t
is
i s
f rom
very
t he
5 f t.
carefully
B adarian l evel
made
and
( idem:
appears
p l.
to
L XXXIII
have
been
manufactured on a blade ( although i t may have been made on a f lake). T he d orsal a spect s hows s ome 4 1
x 1 3
half
x 3 mm
of
t he
c ouvrante r est
both
s ide,
T he
and
l ateral
i nvasive,
d escribed
a s
p art
edges
T he d imensions
retouch
t here
w ith small,
margin
s lightly o ther
c ortex .
0 .23).
dorsal
r etouch
of o ne
a long
( Th/W
i s
I t
r ound,
o f t his p iece a re
f ine and
collateral,
f lat.
O n
e longate,
non-invasive r etouch continuing d own t he of
t he
and
l eaf-shaped .
v ery
small, o ther.
consists
normal subparallel
e nd b eing n arrow
i s
h as o r
a s harp o gival
I nverse
of
small,
r etouch. p ointed
i n
r etouch
o ccurs
non-invasive
to
T he
i s
t ip
a t
speci men o ne
e nd,
t he
s hape.
B ifacial t riangle UC
1 0237
i s
Amratian/Gerzean e ssentially and
t he
f lat,
t ip
b road,
a
bifacial
t ransition
t riangular i s
o gival.
e xpanding
i n
f orm, • its T he
( L/W 1 .30,
T h/W
r etouch
c entral
b e s ubparallel a round p arts x 1 2 mm
triangle
l evel
o f
s cars t he
f rom
( idem: s ide
p l.
m argins
consists w ith
e dges.
0 .32).
8 4
the L XXX
of
smaller I ts
a re
2 f t. [ 64]). s lightly
l arge, r etouch
d imensions
6 ins. T hough c urved
r elatively t ending a re
4 8
t o
x 3 7
O ther
f ine b ifacial I n
a ddition
n umber
of
t ools and f ragments
to
t he
b ifacial
a bove
tools
b ifacial
t hat
c annot
tool
b e
c lasses,
c lassified
t here
a re
a
i nto d istinct
c ategories, e ither b ecause t hey a re o f u nusual f orm o r b ecause t hey a re
b roken and t heir o riginal shape i s u nidentifiable.
p ieces do h ave i n common,
however,
i s t he
h ave been c arefully s haped and have well
f act
t hat
executed,
What t hese
t hey appear
to
r elatively f lat
r etouch. T here 9 996;
i s
o ne
i dem:
s uch
p l.
speci men
L XXXIII
f rom
[ 171]).
o riginally of some k nife s hape. t hat I ts
c onverge c urrent
t hickness
l ength
i s
T he o r
t o a n o gival e nd, 6 mm
3 f t.
o f
scars.
l evel
tool,
( UC
possibly
h as
i ts
b road,
c urrent
f lat
width
c ouvrante
r etouch .
i s
a nd
2 2
mm
i ts
0 .27) .
( UC
b reaks .
c entral
a tool
F rench
t ransition
1 0195;
i dem:
T he
r etouch
and
smaller
s cars,
f ine
t o
f ragment l ength
with
3 8 mm,
l evel p roduced a f ine o val, p l.
L XXXI
c onsists f lat,
o f
[ 96]).
l arge,
I t
has
f lat,
a
b road-
b road subparallel
edge
I t
i s
c ome
and
' li mace'
F rench
f lat,
f rom
the
G erzean ( UC
( although,
Middle
b road,
t he
o ther
l evels.
1 0473)
o f
course,
P alaeolithic!).
expanding
r etouch.
O ne
r ecalls i t
T he I ts
a
h as tool
c urrent
and h as a width v alue of 2 6 mm and a thickness of 7
0 .27) .
transverse
t ools
1 0456),
t he
l arge, T he
made on a t abular s ides) .
( UC
P alaeolithic
do
h as
i s
( Th/W
b ifacial
f ragment
Middle
nothing
mm
mm,
B adarian
a b roken
I ts d i mensions a re 5 3 x 3 6 x 9 mm ( L/W 1 .47, T h/W 0 .25).
Two o ther i s
( Th/W
t ool
m inor
elongate
5 0
5 f t.
i s
I t h as more o r l ess s traight edges
a nd
Amratian/Gerzean
' egg-shaped',
c ouple
i s
t he
I t
a n
' slug-like
l imace'
nodule f ragment e longate
section
b ifacially
with
a
implement worked
very
0 .52.
b road
8 9 x 2 1
T he p iece
i s
t ool
w ith
pronounced
thickness/width r atio i s h igh a t a nd e xpanding .
a ppears
t o
h ave
b een
( minor cortex i s p resent on both a p iano-convex
convexity.
I ts
T he r etouch i s l arge,
f lat,
x 1 1
mm.
Miscellaneous b ifacial tools and f ragments T here i n
f orm,
a re
4 b ifacial
t ools
collection,
t here a re two
9 926;
pl.
i dem:
LXXXV [ 205]). I ts
( Th/W
0 .30).
and
1 0
L XXXV a re
3 9
b road b ifacial
O ne f t.
f rom
[ 204],
t he
a nd
x 4 3
r elatively
f lat
6 f t.
UC
x 8 mm
r etouch.
F unctionally,
miscellaneous
i ns.
has
a re
t hick,
r etouch.
5 i ns.
9 927;
F ig.
I n
i rregular
t he
P etrie
B adarian
l evel
( UC
4 .5a
i dem:
p l.
and
UC 9 926 i s an oval tool with l arge, b road f lake scars.
d i mensions
l arge,
which
and do not h ave particularly
i t
c ould
b ifacial
( Th/W
I ts
h ave
b road
central
s erved
f ragment
Amratian/Gerzean t ransition
l arge,
scars
0 .19).
d i mensions
( UC
a s
I t
nor mal
9 927 6 1
also
h as
x 4 3 x 1 3 mm
a p erforator.
1 0532)
l evel.
and
UC a re
i s
c omes o f
edge
f rom
t he
2
e longate
f orm
r etouch.
I ts
current l ength i s 7 6 mm, and i t h as a width of 3 5 mm and a t hickness of 8 mm
( Th/W 0 .23).
T here i s one m iscellaneous b ifacial i ns.
G erzean
one end,
l evel .
which
I t
i s
a p ointed
t ool
e longate
( UC 1 0457) f rom t he 6
p iece
h aving
a b reak
a t
i s p robably made on a t abular p iece o f r aw material
8 5
( cortex h ave
i s
b een
p resent
i n
made
a nodule
l acking
c ortex,
c entral
s cars
1 0
mm
t he
w ith
o ther a spect, c ompletely
o n
l arge,
Retouched pieces T here
i s
collection. f rom
a ll
b lades.
s ide) .
t he
l arge,
T he
b reak.
f lat,
p iece
On
t he
b road,
m ay s ide
e xpanding
s cars .
O n
t he
d imensions
r ounding
o f
o ccurs
t his
p iece
a long p art
o f
a re
1 14
o ne
e dge .
x 3 2
x
( Table 4 .24)
a
t otal
Most
l evels
a long
o f
o ne
b road-slightly e longate e dge
T he
E dge
a re a re
G enerally,
r etouch
c onsists
o n
w ith
b road scars extend t hrough t he cortex without
i t.
0 .31) .
q uantity
f ragment
r etouch smaller
r emoving
( Th/W
e xtensive
o ne
of
2 6
f rom
r etouched
t he
made
on
u pper
p ieces
l evels
secondary
i n
t he
( n=21).
f lakes
H ema mieh
A good
( n=16)
n u mber
r ather
t han
t he r etouched p ieces h ave l i mited small nor mal
o r
b oth
l ateral
e dges.
Worked t abular s labs O ne
piece
( from
t he
3 f t.
Amratian/Gerzean
s eems to b e made o n an atural spall. x 1 5 mm. ' domed'
l evel)
I t h as v ery l arge, relatively s teep, nor mal r etouch on t he c ortical
T he
o ther
a r elatively a nd
t ransition
I t i s a n e longate p iece 9 8 x 4 3
s ide.
worked
b road,
a m inor
t abular
p iece
e longate
amount
o f
c ortex .
m edium-large n ormal s cars .
i s
p iece
f rom
w ith
O ne
t he G erzean
a ncient
e dge
i s
p atina
r etouched
T he d imensions o f t his
l evels.
I t
o n
s ides
b oth
b ifacially
p iece a re
8 4
i s
w ith
x 4 9 x
1 0 mm.
M iscellaneous tools T here
i s
o ne
L XXXV [ 223]). d isto-right s calar and
m iscellaneous
I t
i s
l ateral
r etouch .
T he
would appear
s pecimen a re
d irect, l eft
to b e
f lat,
l ateral
t he
7 9 x 4 3 x 1 1
A nother t he
o ther
t ool
i s a p lain
' domed' a spect
v ery
l arge,
w ith
s lightly
mud
w all
2 61b
( idem:
f lake.
I t
non-invasive-slightly
e dge
h as
d irect
8 8,
h as
p l.
l arge
i nvasive
g rignotage
r etouch
T he d i mensions of the
mm .
m iscellaneous
more
f rom
f unctional edge.
tool b lank i s i ndeterminate. c ortex,
t ool
made on a l arge s econdary
t he
i s
f rom
t he
6 i ns.
G erzean
l evel.
T he
O ne s ide h as a ncient p atina with some f lint
RNS .
i nvasive,
s urface .
T he
T he p iece
d eep normal
a round t he e dges of t he entire tool.
r etouch
i s e longate
t o s calar
o ccurs w ith
r etouch
o n t he
l arge
t o
o ccurring
I ts d imensions a re 7 9 x 3 1 x 1 7
mm.
U nidentifiable b roken t ools A ltogether, c ollection . o ne
of
o ther t ool
which i s
o n
t here
a re
6 u nidentifiable
T here a re t wo f rom i s
t he
b roken
Amratian/Gerzean
o n a t hin nodular p iece of f lint.
i ndeter minate. a s econdary
b lade
F rom w hich
tools
t ransition i s
h ave b een a p erforator,
6 6
the
l evels
T he b lank of the
t he G erzean l evels t here m ay
i n
a b roken a t ool
o n
T able
4 .24
D ATA F OR R ETOUCHED P IECES
F ROM
H EMAMIEH
L evel B adarian
B ad/Amr
( >6'-4'6)(4'6-3'6)
A mr/Gerz ( 3'-2')
G erzean
O ther
T otal
( 2'-surf)
n =2
n =1
n =6
n =15
n =2
n
n
n
n
n
n =26 n
%
B reaks: n one
2
1
6
6
1
m inor
0
0
0
7
1
8
3 0.8
b roken
0
0
0
2
0
2
7 .7
T ool
1 6
6 1.5
b lank:
s econdary
f lakes
2
0
6
7
1
s econdary b lades
0
1
0
7
1
9
3 4.6
i ndeterminate
0
0
0
1
0
1
3 .8
L ength n
2
1
m ean
-
-
-
-
3 6,43
4 9
s .d. r ange
1 3
2
4 5.50
6
6 7.92
-
6 .68
2 4.65
3 6-57
4 0-123
5 5,97
W idth n
2
1
m ean
-
-
-
-
2 3,43
1 7
s .d. r ange
6 2 8.50
1 5
2
2 4.87
-
4 .11
8 .87
2 2-34
1 0-44
2 0,42
T hickness n
2
1
6
m ean
-
-
8 .67
s .d. r ange
1 5 6 .87
2 -
-
-
1 .80
2 .70
-
8 ,24
5
6 -11
4 -14
8 ,14
L ength/Width 2
1
6
m ean
-
-
1 .62
3 .43
s .d.
-
-
0 .25
1 .76
0 .84,1.87
2 .88
2
1
6
-
-
0 .31
r ange
1 .09-1.85
1 3
1 .61-6.83
2
1 .31,4.85
T hickness/Width m ean s .d. r ange N ote:
-
-
0 .35,0.56
0 .29
m easurements a re
0 .09 0 .18-0.45
i n mm .
87
1 5
2
0 .29 0 .10 0 .13-0.50
0 .33,0.40
1 6
6 1.5
a t abular
f ragment
( from p ot
U C
o f r aw
1 0307),
a nd
m aterial,
a t ool
a b roken t ool o n a s econdary b lade
f ragment
o n
a n
i ndeterminate
b lank.
D ISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS R e-analysis e xcavations
a t
i nformation
o f
w hich
analysts.
t he
l ithic
H emamieh h oused i s
p resented
R e-analysis
a rtifacts
i n
t he
h ere
a lso l eads
f rom
P etrie i n
t he
to
C aton-Thompson's
M useum
p rovides
l anguage
a r evision
o f
o f
d etailed
modern
s ome
l ithic
of
C aton-
T hompson's c onclusions. E xcept l evels,
D ebitage upper
for
t here
two
i s
n o
o ther
b lades
f rom
d ebitage
t han
b lades
t he
i n
t he
i s
very
l evels a nd consists of t hree
b ladelet. c ircles
I n addition,
a nd
S econdary
t he
o ther
blades
c ollection, of
m anufacture
t he
t ransition
l ower
l evels .
poorly r epresented even s econdary
f lakes a nd
i n
t he
o ne g lossy
a f ew p ieces of d ebitage come f rom t he hut most
mainly
6 3 .7
4 .06.
f rom
p rovenance/indeterminate t he
o ccurring
b lades a veraging rati o
a re
B adarian/Amratian
c ollection
mm
i n
Their
common
f rom
t he
l ength,
a p unch
o r
c ores
c onsist
mainly
u pper
a nd
platfor m
b y
elements
c ategories.
debitage
l evels.
T hey
h aving a n a verage
attributes
p ressure
l evel of
t echnique,
t he
r egular
l ength/width
indicate
r ather
i n
a re
t han
possible
h ard h ammer
p ercussion. T he
o f
small,
s tocky
cores t hat h ave b een extensively worked. t he B adarian l evels. mm. s how
were
d etached
evidence
of
h ighlights
t he
f lake
o ccur
c ores
B adarian i n
t he
been
u pper
h eat
p ercussion .
t he
T he
f requency
f lakes
t hough
i n
t hey
a bundant
t he
a re
r egular
l evels,
s cars,
S everal o f
f lake
of
a nd
t he
i n
f lake
a bundant
b lades
a nd
t he
c ores cores
collection.
most
t here a re no b lade cores.
t hese
l east
actual
l evels
D espite
i n
h ammer
t reatment. of
a ll
l evels
collected a t
h ard
p aucity
l evels.
p resent
often s lightly e longate f lake
b y
a t
p latform
T heir average d i mensions a re 3 1.5 x 4 0.6 x 3 6.6
T hey h ave b road,
f lakes
s ingle
T hey a re most abundant
T hese i n
b lade
t he
t ools
H ad a ny b lade
cores
C aton-Thompson would u ndoubtedly h ave
some e xamples,
especially considering
t hat
s he
s aved t he small uni mpressive f lake cores.
I t may t hus be s uggested
t hat
i nhabitants
while
b lades
f lakes
were
manufactured
v illage.
The
one
B adarian/Amratian
blade
core
t ransition
f rom b elow t ool",
o n
3 f t .
what
which
s craper"
s he
" push-plane"
c alled
t ermed
7 5) .
b eing
" the
" a
T hese
r eally
o f
H emamieh,
b y c raft s pecialists
t he
i n a nother
the
coll ecti on
6 i ns.
l evel.
is
f rom
the
C aton-Thompson
d id
a lthough s he d escribed t he material
a s p rimarily a " core
s he
( idem:
in
4 f t.
not i dentify t he cores a s s uch, b ased
b y
were p roduced e lsewhere p erhaps
most
h eavy,
i ndustry" . typical
n odular,
" push-planes"
a t ypical
d escription
s triking
p ush-plane
a re
s ingle
T his
and i n
f act
p latform
o r
was
B adarian
s teep-ended
c ores,
a t ypical
f lake c ore .
A n o ften r epeated s tatement about t he B adarian b ased o n C atonT hompson 's " crackled s urface
work o range
were
b etter
r aw
f lint
i n
t herefore,
a t
H emamieh
c ortex"
chosen
m aterial s itu t hat
for was
i n
t he
i n
s itu
i s
t hat
d uring
t he
( idem:
7 5)
p icked
u p
working, o btained E ocene f lint
whereas d irectly
c liffs.
w as
l ater f rom
t he
i n
t he
n odules n earby
t he
t o
t he
w ith
d esert
P redynastic
t abular
C aton-Thompson
u nfamiliar
88
B adarian, f rom
b ands
o f
s uggested,
m anufacturers
o f
t he B adarian i ndustry and t hat t hey o riginally c ame f rom beyond t he r egion o f
f lint-bearing l imestone
d ifferences
a re
B adarian
l evels
P ossibly
t his
s een
b etween
a nd
t hat
i s
o f
t he
merely
t o
d isplay d ark,
whereas and
t he
i s
c ortex
l ight
o r
R NS
because
t he
even
l ater
white
H owever,
t he
t he
n o s ignificant
l ithic a rtifacts
f rom
t he
f rom
s ucceeding
collection
i s
t he
l evels .
l i mited,
f or
l ocalities i n t he B adari d istrict d o
weathered,
o f
7 5) .
o f
a rtifacts
B adarian a rtifacts f rom o ther t end
( idem:
t he
orange ancient patina
P redynastic
i n
colour.
a rtifacts
i s
a nd
cortex
u nweathered
N evertheless,
a d ifferent
explanation f rom C aton-Thompson's f or t his d ifference i n RNS c an b e s uggested
( see
T he
C hapter
l ithic
T he
B adarian a ll
1 71-172).
c ollection
f rom
t he
B adarian
l evels
( including a c ore p refor m a nd o ne c ore
l evels
small
a bundance o f
p .
a rtifact
of t ools and c ores almost
5 ,
y ielded
t he
f lake c ores
t hese
g reatest
n umbers
i ndicative
f lake c ores
i s
of
o f
c ores,
a f lake
i n s harp c ontrast
c onsists r emnant). which
i ndustry.
t o
t he
a re T he
s carcity o f
f lake debitage which was p resumably p resent a t t he s ite, t hough not collected.
T he
endscraper. r eported
h ere;
T hompson ( idem:
6 e ndscrapers
a nd
2 a re
a re
o n
s o
r ather
a re
i n
b lades
P etrie
which
b iased
a re
l ithic
c urrent
T his
t ool
T he
i n
material
C hapter
main
t ool
t he
i t
t runcation
k nives
( n=8,
been
l evels i s
i n
t he
r epresented
t he
a re
o ne
e ndscrapers.
7 t ools
and
k nife.
s ickle
b lades,
t ool,
2
With s uch a
t o say
what
a s tudy
o f t hese
of
e xcavated
chapter,
i s t he by
and our
r e-analyses
i s
t he B adarian/Amratian
a ll
made
k nives of good
a re
on
f lakes)
c ore),
A lso p resent
( predominantly
a nd
2 s econdary b lades .
made
o n
b lades,
C aton-Thompson
l imited
1 4
t ools
i ncluding
a lso
gave
c ontrasting
t hem
with
t he
a n
i n t he collection
cores
f lake core and
and
work manship" of
O ther t ools i nclude a s ickle b lade,
s everal
b lade
f rom
a
f lake
c ores
c ollection o f
of which
t wo
description of t he t ools f rom t he Amratian l evels. t he
p resent
i nformation on
f rom
t he next
( n=6,
" small
7 6]).
consisting o f one
a blade
f lakes
A lso
cemeteries
l ight
T here
o n
b ifacial'
d ifficult
i n
H emamieh
2 c oncave-base
f ine
T he Amratian i s r epresented b y a n e xtremely a rtifacts
made
r egular.
A dditional and
described
and a concave-base a rrowhead. t here
a re
k nife,
obtained
e ndscrapers
C aton-Thompson [ idem: t hese
i s
B adarian.
h as
i s
a t
a re
C aton-
( see above).
F our
' other
s ettlements
c lasses a re
f rom
B adarian
a nd 2 r etouched f lakes.
B adarian
l evels
a lthough
t he
t hat
6 .
t ransition
axe,
of
a n
s crapers
" push-planes"
a b lade
collection
a rtifacts
k nowledge o f t he
d iscussed
s teep-ended
o r
particularly
a rrowhead,
material f rom t he B adarian B runton.
n ot
t ools,
r eally c haracteristic o f B adarian
no
c ollection .
a s idescraper,
a l eaf-shaped
and
t hat
s crapers
c haracteristic
miscellaneous b ifacial l i mited
noted
t o be considered as cores
t he
a perforator,
a rrowheads,
be
s teep-ended
were
a re
f requent t ool f rom t he B adarian l evels i s t he
should
t he
s aid
7 5)
most
I t
s ickle
r ather
6a re b lades
l i mited
S he r eferred t o
b ifacial
s ickles
k nown
f rom B adarian contexts e lsewhere i n t he B adari d istrict.
S he a lso
n oted
e xamples
s he
t hat
" circular
i llustrates,
e ndscrapers s craper"
of
e ndscrapers
i n
t his
t he o n
o r
i dem:
o val p l.
s tudy)
B adarian
l ong
s crapers L XXXI
a ppear, but
made
o n
a f lake"
[ 107-112], r eplacing
t hat
t here
b lades .
89
t he a re
a re
( the
a ll
" nodular no
c lassed
a s
s teep-ended
e xamples
yet
of
C aton-Thompson e ndscrapers l evels,
and
s crapers m ade
( idem:
o n
7 7)
however,
b lades"
i n
t he
o n
t he
t he
G erzean
f lakes
w ith
E ndscrapers
u pper
l evels.
r etouched
p ieces.
f ishtails
a re
appearance
A mratian/Gerzean
p resent.
a re o ne of
i ncluding c ircular
u pper
o bserved
t erminal
t he
a re
s crapers,
T he About
s he
b eautiful
A lso c ommon
C ircular
and r ange of tools.
l evels
most
t hat
abundant
e nd
a re
c ommon"
tool
c lasses
s ickle b lades
b acked p ieces, p roduced
f act
" single
r etouch
t runcations,
l evels
o f
t ransition
( although not a ll c ircular s crapers a re i n
I n
l ong
7 8).
t he
r emark,
t hin
t he abundance of s crapers o n f lakes
f lakes) .
s crapers
d id
" long
( idem:
o n
f rom
o n
b lade
t he
a nd
k nives
g reatest
a nd
n umber
6 4% of t he t ools i n t he Amratian/Gerzean
t ransition l evels, and 8 0% i n t he Gerzean l evels a re made o n b lades. C aton-Thompson d escribed f ine
f lake
s everal ( idem: 3 7])
i ndustry"
k inds p l.
and
o f
t he
k nives
X XIX
[ 53];
a speci men
S he a lso noted t he
i ndustry
( idem:
7 5).
( idem: F ig.
4 .9e),
7 8).
f rom
l evels
which
t he G erzean
I t
7 8),
may
L XXXI
b e
[ 96,
t he
b ifacial"
t ool,
S everal
a s
o ne
A lso,
t he
C aton-Thompson t hat
of
pl.
p l.
t hought
noted
s pecimen XXIX
XXIX
on
w as
f orm b elongs
[ 36,
[ 35]).
pointed
l evels i n
o ut
i s
c lassed
t he
a s
o f
t o t he
mentioned
t ransition
colour
l evels
r etouched n a mes f rom
o r
p lace
B adarian.
a c elt
a nd
( idem:
7 7,
P etrie
an p l.
M useu m.
" other
f ine
a p erforator.
s uggestive
a ppear
p ieces
imply,
and
one
u nretouched
g lossy
h eat-treated
of
h eat
t reatment.
t o h ave b een h eat-treated a s secondary
b ladelet
a nd
well
b lades.
one
g lossy
c ores.
4 .11 s hows t he r elative p roportions of tools o n f lakes, o ther
t ool
b lanks
( where
T he p redominance of b lade tools T he 4 f t.
t he
C aton-Thompson
" arrowhead"
d eepening f rom a ll
t heir
a nd
( idem:
( idem:
both of which were examined
t ool a re
F igure b lades
k nives
a b ifacial
s ickle-flints...made
Amratian/Gerzean
a nd
two
a s
b ladelet
i nclude
" a v ery
s he
l ithic a rtifacts i n t he collection s how a ' glossiness'
c ores o r
t hat
T hey b lade
of
l evels a s l evels
" ovate chipped c elt" i s classed h ere a s an
a s light
S everal
t he
9 9]),
H owever,
and
noted
f rom
u pper
T here i s a lso a concave-base a rrowhead
a pparently a ssuming
a lso
a rrowhead
t he
t he G erzean
to b lade k nives
" quantity
( idem:
( idem:
7 8) .
r elated
squared f lakes"
f rom
F or
t ool
b lank
i n t he upper
c ould
b e
i dentified).
l evels i s q uite clear.
6 i ns. to 3 f t. 6 i ns. B adarian/Amratian t ransition l evels
g ive a spuriously h igh h istogram f or b lade t ools which consist of 8 t runcation t hat
k nives,
t runcation
t ools
m ade o n I n
t his
B adarian,
r egular
b lade
b lades
s tudy,
t ransition
and
G erzean
a rtifacts
p iece
a nd
a s ickle
k nives
a nd
s ickle
t o a ppear
s ome f rom
h as
been
c omment S emamieh
s ite
i t
u ntil
warrant
d istinct c learly f rom o ne
p erhaps
i t.
I t
i ndustry
d istinct
i n
m anufacture
o f
j ustified,
c lear
t hat
to
' Badarian'
a s
i ndustry .
t he
l evels
i nto
H owever,
r e-analysis
M useum .
I n
t he
t he
O n
t he
t his o f
t he
whole,
i s no r eason
s equence and
b etween,
o f t ools o n
l evels i n
f irst
t o
f rom s ome f uture e xcavation o f t he
T he p resence b lades
t he
a ppears
t he
Amratian/Gerzean
a nd t here
s eems
t ransition
r egular
P etrie
r esults
' Gerzean'
B adarian/Amratian
t he
o f
I t
a re
s equence.
t hroughout.
l ight o f
t he
r eferred
t o t he o ther.
t he
t he H emamieh
Amratian,
u sed
i n
b lade .
b lades
d ivision
t ransition,
C aton-Thompson's scheme s eems modify
i n
C aton-Thompson's
B adarian/Amratian
d ivision d eserves l ithic
a r etouched
k nives,
appears B adari
s tarts
ends
t here
i s
r egular to
with
b egan
i n t he
t hat
the
e ither
t he end o f t he B adarian o r d uring t he Amratian. T he d ivision a t
90
a
a g radation
b lades
i ndicate
d istrict
with
a nother
a t
3 f t.
C O •:•:• :•
•:•:•: :
•• • ::
::
0
4 _ )
(Z S
. ...
c o
. .......... . ................ .. .....
. .....
. ....
0
0 e r
9 1
does
s eem
upper
f airly
l evels
c lear-cut,
b lades and b lade
does
s eem
a bundance,
i t
a s G erzean
which
f or
t he
( 1 975).
B adarian
ascertain
r easonable
t o
t heir
for
r efer
i n
c hanges
apparently t o
t he
a ll
p aper
l evels
s he
i n
t he
i ncreasing a bove
i n
3 f t.
c oauthored
w ith
A lthough t here i s now a provisional d ate
l evels,
d ates
t here a re
tools
C aton-Thompson d oes
E lizabeth Whittle r adiocarbon
a nd a lthough
with
i t
t he
i s
o ther
synchronism
u nfortunate
t hat
l evels
would
with
t hat
phases
t here
a re
no
u s
t o
allow
represented
at
other
P redynastic s ites. I t s hould not be f orgotten t hat t he H emamieh collection i s t he p roduct of excavations c arried o ut e arlier t his c entury where o nly t hose
a rtifacts
c onsidered
T he p resence a nd
f requency
r epresented
H emamieh
for
b iased n ature of t he A ssessing s ome
n otion
n umbers t he
t he
o f
s ite,
what
f lake
i nterest s uch
o f
i s
p articularly
t he
i n
a s
' diagnostic ' were
o f
a rtifact
a nd t he
much
means
u seful
t hat
c ollection,
m issing .
d ebitage
o r
a r ange
provide
collection
c haracter
o f
o f o f
I t
i s
f lake l ower
s trongly were
l evels .
d ata.
s aved . a s
However,
a re t he
t here a re c ertain g aps.
i .e .
t ools
c lasses
what
was
s aved,
s uspected
t hat
g ives l arge
o riginally p resent
T here
i s
n o
d oubt
t hat
a t a
modern systematic excavation a t H emamieh would provide u s with a n unbiased r ecord of t he v ariety a nd r elative f requency of t he l ithic a rtifacts,
as
t hroughout
t he
excavation
would
e stablish
a n
well
as
the
s equence. f urnish
c era mics I t
i s
s uitable
' absolute' c hronology
a nd
a lso
to
o ther be
c ultural
hoped
t hat
r emains, s uch
an
s amples f or r adiocarbon d ating t o
f or
t he
9 2
H emamieh
l evels.
C hapter
5
L ITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM T HE BADARI D ISTRICT
I NTRODUCTION T he
B adari
d istrict
south of modern A ssiut. u nder
t he
d irection
P redynastic a nd 1 922-1923,
o f
D ynastic
B runton,
B adarian)
s ites
l ocated
c emeteries
d istance
T hompson, d esert
of
Many
1 0
t he of
e t
b ank
o f
t he
N ile,
( see
F ig.
f ield
s easons, P etrie's
P redynastic
( including
t he
B adari
K ebir)
5 .1;
a nd
d istrict
N aga
B runton
and
W issa, C aton-
t hese s ites a re l ocated i n t he and
l ocalities
t he
were
o f
1 927).
i n
( Qau e l
excavations
t hree
a l,
many
a reas
E tmanieh
c ultivation
t he
d uring
e xcavated
m iles
e ast
conducted
( Brunton
settlement o f
t he
t he a rea
L ike H emamieh,
between
p lateau.
i n
a nd
and
about
1 928).
o n
S chool o f A rchaeology i n E gypt
P etrie,
1 924-1925
b etween t he modern v illages a
l ocated
F linders
1 923-1924,
c olleague,
i s
T he B ritish
c liffs
o f
d isturbed.
t he T he
l ow
l i mestone c emeteries
f requently contained b urials not onl y of t he P redynastic period b ut a lso o f t he
l ater
p eriods.
" general
a s w ell had
r ubbish"
a s i n g raves,
been
R ecognizable o f
t he
c emetery
plundered
in
antiquity.
P redynastic
h uts
r emains
w ith
B runton
a nd
C aton-Thompson
a n
e arly
period
p hase
o f
periods
were
E arly,
d iscussions
o f
f or
t he
any
B adarian r ing
of
t he
d ate
o f
of
t he objects H ema mieh's c ross-check
( see
4 080 a ge
of
he
r egion
dati ng
t hat
t he
r ecognized
r eferred
f rom
t he
B adarian
t he
was
B adarian a s
t o s ites
r eferring
P redynastic t here except
p .
4 6)
+ 1 60
o f
t he
r ecovered
f rom
to
t hat
s ites
f rom
b y
B runton's
3 ),
o f
two
d ates
a n
t he
t ree-
B runton
t he
S equence
p articularly
t herefore,
s ites,
f or
1 984b).
c onsidering
i n
d ates
a verage
h is excavations,
B adari
e xcept
r adiocarbon
y ield
( Hassan,
s ites
p .
n o
f or
which
B .C .
( cf.
a re
s tratigraphic sequence, f or
f loors.
material
while
l ocalities,
r elative
m any
r emains
P redynastic w ithout s pecifying whether
L ate
H emamieh
pottery. v aluable
o r
d eposits, were
B runton
U nfortunately,
B adari
corrected
a s
v illage
i n
A rchitectural
B adari
B adarian,
M iddle
a t
t he
P redynastic,
merely
i n
f ound
I t was a s a r esult of t he work o f
a lthough
a s
d ating .
l evels
d etermined D ates
t he
specifically
s ubsequent t hey
i n
C onsequently,
a nd
were
f ound u ndisturbed t hough
m ud p laster
consist
B adarian to t he L ate P redynastic. d iscovered .
a reas
s ome o f which were
e ssentially l imited t o a f ew T he
P redynastic r emains
i s
i ndicating
a v ery
t hat
t he
P redynastic p hases r ecognized do i n f act r epresent a chronological s uccessi on
rather
t han
some
for m
of
synchronous
assemblage
v ariability. B runton e xcavations, a l,
1 927:
appears e ven
4 -5).
s ettlement
a reas,
syste matic.
to
have
conducted
i nvolving
s ieving,
H owever,
s eldom
excavation
C ertainly
no
where
excavation o f
p lans a nd
C aton-Thompson
H emamieh
s ections
r emarked
were
t hat
s he
t he
f inding
methods
plans
d eposits were not d ug i n l evels, c areful
o f
o r
h ere
careful g raves any
thorough ( Brunton
s tructures
s eem
s ections
and
f ound to
were
h ave
i n
b een
made,
and
e t t he
l ess t he
contrasting with C aton-Thompson's which
made.
was excavated I ndeed,
w anted
9 3
i n h er
i n l evels,
and
a utobiography
t o e xcavate a s ettlement
s ite
Mu t i a
•E l Ghora ib
• B aqu r
% .E 1 -= :K hawa led \
` tE l iNaz la e l Mus tag idda • E l S ah l i
A tf t i t i
•
D e ir T as ,• I
I L
#
E l N ikh
l a *
•N ' aga W issa
adar i E l B •
,
. !She ikh ' Esa
• E l D i we ir
` ‘ • •
'H emam ieh
T amma •
E zbe t E s i i. hqba t
E l B irba •
E l E tman ieh % (Qau )
c l i f f
M is
l i m i t o f c u l t iva t ion
---- —
a
E I Niuwara
r a i lway
0
1 2
F ig.
5 .1
3 4
5 6
R egional
7 km
map s howing
Mostagedda B runton
S ha t tura
and
( 1929:
t he
matmar 4 57).
9 4
l ocation areas.
•
o f
t he
B adari,
Modified
f rom
c arefully, f orce
a nd
—was
t hat
not
e ncampments"
f ollows.
4 d igit
s ystem
f inds
d igit(s)
o f
G enerally,
n umber,
i mportant
s tyle o f e xcavation
t o h u mdrum d igs
( Caton-Thompson,
B runton's a s
" Brunton's
g eared
1 983:
e .g.
t he
v illage
v illage o r
4 00
o r
w ith
a l arge
P redynastic
a nd
c emetery
c emetery a rea
4 500.
w as
I ndividual
g raves
a rea
n umber)
o f t he a rea n umber 5 227 .
s o
f or
p articularly i f t he a rea was l arge, e .g., f acilitated
i t
containing i s
more
t he
northern
t han
l ow
part
of
t he
C aton-Thompson,
1 928:
a lso
a rea
w ere
i dentified
n umber.
g iven F or
t o a s A rea o f
b y
B adari
4 500
d istrict
p late
I I).
a s A rea
1 927:
most
s purs
w ith
t he
a rea
I ;
b y
o n
t he
S pur
t hough
f ollowing t he n umber i s
I n
1927,
B runton
P redynastic
s outh
K hawaled
and
Mostagedda a rea P redynastic h is
A fter
h e
t he
north
north
t o
i n
of
i t
e xcavations
i n
t he
H ere h e a fter
a nd
M atmar
a reas
e xcavations
t o t he Apart
d istrict, o nly
B adari f rom
a nd
o ther
i n
t he
d istrict
M atmar
B runton
B runton 's
e xcavations
o f
b e
t he
T asa
( see
b etween
Mostagedda s ites
c omm .) . a rea, d ays
S teindorff
b ut i n
h e
1 914,
I n
1 929,
1 930). b etween
to
a ppears
D eir i n
i nterested P redynastic
l ater
4 2;
v isited
B runton
e t
i n
b y
a l,
t he
i n
B runton 's 1 927:
T asa t he
t he
t hat a nd
south
of
t he
B runton d id n ot N aga
W issa.
G abra
o ut
t he c emetery
of
o r
9 5
B adari
a reas,
i n
t he
t he
whole
L imited work t ombs
( Cemetery t eam
i n
0 00)
t he i n
( Brunton
some D eir
3
a nd
P redynastic T asa
e xcavate
found
a nd
t hese
( Yehya E id, pers.
and
H e a lso f ound a n a rea of abundant a rea b etween
o f
3 ).
v illage s urvey
1 948).
t he
D ynastic
c emetery
o f
Mostagedda
M atmar
c arried
G abra f ound a B adarian c emetery a nd
B adarian g raves. a rtifacts
w as
1 928:
r emains I t
m ainly
v illages
5 .1.
i n r ecent y ears by A fifi
a small
which
C aton-Thompson,
v illage
w as
c leared
C hapter
( Brunton,
work
a nd
t he
early
e xtended
p roximity
f igure
t he
main s easons
B runton's t he
f rom
to a s
a lso
t he
1 931
f rom
to
B runton
r egion were conducted by S teindorff, a nd l ater G abra. h as a lso been c arried o ut
were
d i strict, T asa
a nother
two f urther
M useum,
P redynastic
D eir
a rea,
O ctober
s een
B adari
C aton-Thompson's
i n
c lear
s pur
T hus t he spur
i dentified
a rea
i n
P etrie
and
work
l atter
n ot
t he s ame
referred
D eir
material
c an
the
Mostagedda
r egion
A lthough t here i s n o P redynastic
t he
i s
s pur
r eferred
s tudy .
was
K hawaled and G horaieb where h e worked f or c oncluding
b e
u sed
b etween
which
t he
t he
t his
t he a rea
T asian,
s easons
n orthward
to i n
1 937).
t ermed
f ield
c oncession
to
( Brunton,
p hase two
moved s ites
a ddition
d esignating a P redynastic s ettlement
t he n umbering s ystem a dhered . t o i n
excavating
6 ).
3 000,
t o
r emains
i n
c an
A lso o n
t he
appropriate
2 4
B runton
o ccurring
i n
north
P redynastic
g iven t he s ame a rea n umber o r s eparate a rea n umbers. a rea,
t he spurs
B runton a nd
s ettlements
f requently .
s ettlement a reas
a c emetery
c hannels) p l.
n o .
more
5 300-5400.
i n
addition,
wadi
f ollowed
3 000/24,
i dentification
c emetery a nd
3 000
s ettlement
g rave
were also n u mbered,
Moreover,
n umber
t he
T he
g raves
i n
t he
5 .2; B runton e t a l,
t he
o r
of
H owever,
b etween
n umbers.
e xample,
a rea
n umbering
a reas
( Fig.
w ere
t he
9 9 b urials.
d esert
f rom I t o 2 4
n umber
o ther
were g iven
P resumably,
w hether
i s
a 3 o r
o r
e xample,
S ome a reas
t han one n u mber
m ethod
a reas
g iven
f rom a n a rea were n umbered u sing t he f irst s ignificant
2 7 i n C emetery 5 200 i s d esignated a s
south
o r
( first d igit o f a 3 -digit a rea n umber, and f irst two d igits
o f a 4 -digit
( that
l abour
v illages
9 2).
n umbering
e ach
o f
D eir
i n
( Gabra, t he
B adarian
T asa,
a rea
excavated
4 7
l ithic
a nd s outh o f
3 000 ' 3 000 / 3 000 /6 3 000 / ; 3 000 / 1t 3 000 /9 3 000 / 1 0 ' , 3 000 / 11
' t
3 000 / 12
mag
S he ikh
E s. )
d eser t s pur
l im it o f c u lt ivat ion
0
F ig.
5 .2
2 50
Map
5 00
s howing
P redynastic o n
7 50 m
B runton
t he s ites
a nd
l ocation i n
t he
o f
C aton-Thompson
9 6
B adarian
B adari
a nd
d istrict. ( 1928:
p l.
l ater B ased I I).
\ -
c em 1 9 00 2000 =2 c em 1 50 018 0 0
E l
Hemarmeh
ma g .
• c em 1 00 E zbet E l Aqba t % x I
t
A ir
E l E tman ieh ( Qau)
#
a
c l if f
e
E zbet U lad E l Hagg Ah med
_ __---
0 -5
e r 1 1
l i m it o f c u l t iva t ion
1 0
1 . 5
4 00
km c em 2 00 m t o
‘ t8 00
F ig.
5 .3
Map s howing
t he
B runton et al
l ocation
( 1 927:
pl.
o f I ).
9 7
s ites
i n
t he
Q au
S outh
a rea .
B ased
o n
t he c emetery
P redynastic v illage r emains were f ound t hat
Gerzean d ecorated ware pots. D ynastic
F arther t o t he south a gain,
i ncluded a n e arly
c emetery w as l ocated w hich a lso p roduced s ome XVIIIth D ynasty
r emains. A lthough f ocus o f were
l ithic
t his s tudy,
a lso e xamined
c emeteries d iffer o f
t he
B adarian
t he poorly l ithic
f rom
f rom
s ettlement
c emetery
t o d etermine
t o
c ontexts
a reas
w hat
i n
e xtent
f rom t hose f rom s ettlements.
c emetery
k nown
m aterial
B adarian
a rtifacts
M useum,
a rtifacts t hose
i n
t he
p rovides
l ithic
B adari
t he
a re
B adari
l ithic
a dditional B efore
collection
m ain
d istrict
a rtifacts
I n a ddition,
i ndustry.
t he
t he
f rom s tudy
i nformation d escribing
examined
i n
t he
o n t he
P etrie
t he B adarian a nd P redynastic c emetery a nd s ettlement a reas a re
d iscussed
i n
g reater
d etail
i n
t he
f ollowing s ections.
T he B adarian V illage and C emetery A reas I n
t he
B adarian T hese
B adari
d istrict
c emetery
a re
l isted
s ites i n
t here
a re
( Brunton
t able
5 .1.
I n
B adarian objects i n C emetery 1 700, A rea
1 900-2000
( idem:
4 ).
Two
v icinity of t he l atter a rea. b urial
( 3507)
s uggested
may
which, b e
addition,
B adarian
( idem:
g raves 1 3,
5 500
to
a nd
1 928:
1 0
3 -6).
f ound
a f ew
P redynastic v illage, were
a lso
f ound
B runton f ound a n
a ssigned
t he
i n
t he
i solated
P redynastic,
h e
5 .1
B ADARIAN V ILLAGE A ND C EMETERY S ITES
5 300-5400
B runton
s ites
5 0).
T able
V illage s ites:
v illage
C aton-Thompson,
a nd i n t he
On S pur
a lthough
B adarian
4 B adarian
a nd
I N T HE B ADARI
D ISTRICT
C emetery s ites:
*
4 00-500
*
1 400
6 000
1 900-2000
H emamieh
*
4 800
*
5 100
*
5 200
*
5 300-5400 5 600
5 700-5800 6 000
* - L ithic a rtifacts
*
* *
*
f rom t hese s ites w ere e xamined
i n
t he
P etrie
M useum.
M ost v illage 6 000
o f
( Fig.
o f
5 .2).
d iscovered. b een
p art
t he
S heikh
o f
B adarian ' Esa
l ocalities
s outhwards
t o
i n
w adi
t he
a rea
b etween
f rom
n ear
t he
A reas
5 700
a nd
A rea 5 500 i s t he main B adarian settlement locality
T he s ettlement a reas t he
o ccur t he
v illage
5 300 a nd
r epresented
b y
98
A rea
6 000 may a lso h ave 5 500 .
S urrounding
o nce t hese
v illage a reas a re C emeteries 5 100, a nd 6 000. 5 200
a re
g raves
o f
age
Dynastic
o ccurred
6 -17).
5 200, 5 300-5400,
Most of t he g raves i n C emeteries 4 00, i n
( idem:
C emeteries
2 ).
5 100,
T he
of
majorit y
5 300-5400
5 700-5800
a nd
4 800 a nd
t he
B adarian
5 700-5800
( idem:
4 ,
T he g raves i n Ce metery 5 100 h ad a ll b een p lundered, b ut most
o f t he b urials A f ew
m ainly
1 900-2000, C emetery
i n
C emeteries
p lundered
4 800,
4 00-500
T he v illage
5 200, y ielded
B adarian A reas
5 300-5400 a nd
B adarian g raves 5 600
a nd
o nly
o ne
l ithic
5 300-5400
4 800,
5 100,
5 200,
5 500
c emetery a nd 5 389,
5 390,
5 725,
5 300-5400,
t omb g roups 5 401,
5 744,
5 773,
5 403,
v illage
a nd
5 814,
a nd
c emetery
3 ,
6 017).
4 ),
a nd
f orm
f rom
5 143, 5 451,
f or
t he
l ithic m aterial
1 400,
1 7-18).
3 ).
6 000
a re
f rom
e xcavated A reas
( including
5 206,
5 213,
5 227,
5 452,
5 459,
5 705,
l ithic
a l imited
1 3,
t he c emetery
a rtifacts
c ollection,
no d etailed a ttribute i nformation was o btained. r ecorded
9 ,
M useum
and
B adarian
u ndisturbed .
H emamieh
f rom
5 128, 5 436,
T he
4 ,
( idem:
5 700-5800
5 116,
were
i n c emeteries
P etrie
a s
5 430,
a reas
t he
well
5 600,
5 112,
( idem:
i n
( as
5 410,
f ound
B adarian g rave
a rtifacts
a nd
5 700-5800
were
6 000
b y C aton-Thompson d escribed i n C hapter
t he
5 600,
1 900-2000,
f rom
t herefore,
D etails were o nly
f rom t he P redynastic s ettlement a reas
which f or ms t he main f ocus of t he s tudy o f material f rom t he B adari d istrict.
T he P redynastic V illage and C emetery A reas T here
a re
1 2
P redynastic
v illage , a reas
t he B adari d istrict ( see t able 5 .2). may b e
a small
s ettlement A rea
a re
1 900-2000
dynasties, s cattered more
P redynastic
a reas
i s
a r ather
p articularly
o ver
t he
r ecently
a rea.
by
o ccupation
1 900-2000 a nd
t he
T he
a rea
a p revious
1 0
c emetery
a reas
i n
s ite
( idem:
4 3).
T he
main
3 000/6 .
d isturbed
of
a nd
I n addition to t hese, A rea 4 400
a rea.
F irst
P it-tombs
I nter mediate
a lso a ppears
v illage
o f
t o h ave
modern
E l
o f
v arious
P eriod, b een
a re
o ccupied
H e mamieh,
and
a ccording t o B runton a ll s tratification o f t he P redynastic v illage d eposits h as b een d estroyed B adarian
t o
d eposits
a rtifacts.
e vidence
o f
a ny
c eramics
s uggested
B adarian
T here a re a lso a f ew p robable 4 ).
v illage
a f ew
4 3).
B runton
l ithic
and
( idem:
s uggest t hat t his a rea was f irst o ccupied i n t he B adarian ( idem: T he
g raves
c ontained
S everal
s tructures t hat
t he
s ite
( Amratian) c ontinuing
P redynastic
( Gerzean).
s ite,
( idem:
4 3).
N orth S pur
two m iles
H emamieh,
n orth o f A rea
P redynastic t he
n umbered
3 000/6 P eriod 7 -12
i ntrusive
g raves
a nd
2 4
P redynastic o f
i n
a lso
were
T he
potsherds
found,
S equence
t he
not
b eginning
t o A rea b e
with
l ithic
a nd
o f
a nd
c eramic
t he
K ingdom
C aton-Thompson,
p roduced
P redynastic
S pur
P rotodynastic p otsherds a nd
3 ( Area
no t he
E arly
M iddle
H emamieh
t he
v illage
which i s a bout
1 928:
7 0).
i s n ot e ncountered a gain u ntil
p art O ld
o f
t he
t he
1 900-2000 a s
c onfused
( Caton-Thompson,
material
n orthern
D ates
of
and
t hough
m ainly o ccupied d uring
r eferred
P rotodynastic,
o f
l ed
e xcavated b y C aton-Thompson,
abundant
d eposits
which
charcoal,
pots
u ntil
1 900-2000
t he
( Brunton
w as
s hould
s ettlement
s purs
p roduced
i ncluded
B runton T his
of
d iscovered .
P redynastic V illage
s cattered
c aches
w as
o bjects
99
t he
d istrict .
r emains.
a nd
1 928:
F irst 4 5-46).
s ettlement
3 000/3)
b eneath
B adari
o ccurred
f oundations
T he
I ntermediate S purs
r e mains. b eneath o f
A rea s ite
t wo
2 -4, T he
a l ayer t emples
T able
5 .2
P REDYNASTIC V ILLAGE AND C EMETERY S ITES
V illage
s ites:
0 00
*
3 000/4
*
1 00
*
2 00
*
3 000/7
1 500-1800
3 000/8
g rave
3 000/9
3 600
*
*
3 700
( Spur
1 5)
3 000/11
*
3 800
( Spur
1 6)
3 000/12
*
3 900
( Spur
1 7)
3 000/24
( 4500)
4 600
*
3 000/10
D ISTRICT
C emetery s ites:
3 000/3 3 000/6
I N T HE B ADARI
1 900-2000 H emamieh
*
3 507
*
* *
* - L ithic a rtifacts
f rom t hese s ites w ere e xamined
i n
t he
P etrie
M useum.
- an
early
( Brunton
XVIIIth
e t
a l,
Dynasty t emple and an e arlier
1 927:
1 8-21).
T he
P redynastic
D ynastic
v illage
t emple
d eposits
were
up to 5 f eet t hick and homogeneous, containing c harcoal a nd o rganic m atter. up
to
A f ew mud p laster for m
l ow
s upported t he
u pper
C aton-Thompson, s tructure l ocated . i s 2 0,
p l.
P arts
w alls o f
1 928:
( approx. B runton
p robably
f loors were d iscovered s ome o f w hich c urved
walls.
4 .5
w as
o f
t hese
wooden
h uts,
s takes,
were
4 4).
I n
addition,
x 2 .0
m )
s ubdivided
u ncertain o f t he a ge
P rotodynastic
o r
e arly
a lso
may
i nto
two
h ave
( Brunton
a rectangular
o f t his
A rchaic
which
f ound
a nd
mudbrick
c hambers
was
s tructure t hough
( Brunton
e t
a l,
1 927:
i t 1 8-
XXIII).
T he mud f loor of a P redynastic hut was found at A rea 3 000/9 ( or 3 300). f t.,
T he f loor
and
was
P redynastic c ompact
h uts
were
s ub-surface
plaster. wall .
was approxi mately c ircular with a d iameter o f
bordered by a l ow
9 f eet.
f ound
a t
A rea
( gebel)
o f
t he
O ne a lso h ad
T his
h ut
f eet.
A rea
T his t i me t he h ut
1 0
s eems
existing
T hompson, Most
of
D ynastic a nd 1 800
o n
the
a re
t he
about
P redynastic
R oman b urials, o ther
s ide
o f
d uring
P rotodynastic,
( idem:
h igh.
T hey p lain
were a nd
mudbricks i n p lan
Two
a t
1 2
f urther
c ut
i nto
t he
l ined
w ith
m ud
t he
b ase of t he
w ith a d iameter
o f
i n s hape w ith a m aximum d imension roughly r ectangular
5 x 7 f eet
( Brunton
i n s hape.
and
C aton-
4 7) .
particularly,
t he
of
c ircular
t o h ave b een
1 900-2000, p eriods
i ns.
3 000/12 a lso produced the r emains of a hut.
d i mensions
1 928:
1 4
3 000/11.
two courses
w as a pproximately
wall
a lluvial
T he o ther h ut w as more o val
o f about I ts
mud
4 3).
c emetery
a nd
were
t he was O ld
C emetery
wadi
to
r eused
also
t he south of
i n
K ingdom, 3 800,
a reas
contained
f requently d isturbed . l ater
F irst
h owever,
100
A rea
l ater 1 500-
t he settlement
periods,
I ntermediate c ontained
e specially a nd
R oman
p redominantly
P redynastic a nd
b urials,
C emetery
S pur
4 600
1 3 p roduced
t here
B runton
t here
only
u ndisturbed B ased
o n
t he
l ittle
b elonged
t o
M iddle
t he
t hat
( idem:
T he
l ater
Amratian .
T he
l ithic
s ettlement
3 000/12, m aterial
T his
material
c ollection
3 900 a nd
4 5,
a nd
4 600 .
a nd
S pur
most
1 4 and
i n
o f
I n
f rom
t he
E arly very
c eramics c hiefly
E arly and
P etrie
3 000/6,
3 000/5
L ate
M useum
3 000/10,
addition,
A rea
B runton
b e
y ielded
t he
3 000/4,
to
p roduced
a f ew
e xamined
a nd
f ound,
a reas
h owever,
1 900-2000.
4 400,
v essels
o nly
3 000/3,
and
A rea
t here
which
i s
B runton
T here a re a lso l ithic a rtifacts f rom ' Area b ut i t
i s
p resumed
t hat
i t
f rom the n u mbered spurs which l acks a specific
i dentifying spur n u mber. P etrie
O n
Amratian
apparently
c emeteries,
a rtifacts
3 000/24
f rom
S .D .
i s not explained by B runton,
designates
5 1), 5 2).
5 0).
were
s ettlement
g raves
a reas
does not mention a t all. 3 000'.
which
1 900-2000 t han
( Gerzean)
P redynastic
3 000/11, l imited
o f
( idem: ( idem:
a lthough c lassed a s
( idem:
o f t he c eramic
A rea
4 8-52).
t he
both
D ates
4 2-43,
f rom
B adarian
g raves
b urials
3 507 which,
b e
P redynastic
was
P redynastic
g raves
a re
of
t he
m ight
h istoric
D ynastic
5 0).
( Amratian).
m aterial
t wo
l ater
b urials
S equence
most
P redynastic
t hought
two
( idem:
considered
o nly
no
o nly o ne g rave -
P redynastic, were
b eing
contained
i s
T he c emetery material r epresented i n t he
f rom
T here
C emeteries
i s a lso
1 00,
m aterial
1 500-1800,
f rom g rave
3 600,
3 507 .
3 700,
T his
3 800,
c emetery
material i s s omewhat l imited s o t he d ata f rom t he d ifferent c emeteries a re
c onsidered t ogether
i n
t he r elevant
s ection
b elow .
L ITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM THE BADARIAN VILLAGE AND CEMETERY AREAS B adarian V illage A reas T he
P etrie
a rtifacts p ieces.
M useum
f rom
t he
T hirty
of
f lakes a nd
( Tables
5 .3 a nd
c ontains
B adarian t hese
1 c hunk.
T he
a ncient t hat
t he
some
T he
p atina r aw
w ith
a v ery
v illage
a re
h ad b een
t i me before being s elected
b road
f lake cores,
c ores .
T he
cores,
4 s ingle p latform
B adarian c ores
c oloured o r
( flint)
1 2
for
c onsists
o f t he c ores A rea o f
5 500,
T he
l ying o n t he d esert s urface working.
T he
T he o r
S everal
t hey
a re
t hey a re n ot
a s
o r
s eparate
to
o f
t he
b lade b ut
T hey were p robably
c ores appear
extensively
f or
f rom
worked
t o h ave b een
and
v irtually
r educed a nd s o small a s t he m ajority H emamieh.
S everal
c ores
f rom
( group 5 527), are shown i n p late XXVIII,
1
C ivilisation . f rom
t he
b ifacial speci mens. more
v ary
t echnologies,
r epresent
f rom t he B adarian l evels a t
tools
cores f lakes,
f ound together
B adarian
o f c ortex
which p roduced elongate
G enerally,
t hough
c ores,
d o
b y d irect p ercussion .
e xhausted,
f lake
c ores
n ot
4 5
2 s econdary
weathered a ppearance s uggesting
r ather t ypes which g rade f rom o ne to t he o ther. worked
l ithic
o nly
cores
v arious
h eat-treated .
o f
of
2 double p latform b lade cores and 1
R NS o f t hese
material
c ollection
consisting
l eaving
c ores c omprise
a d ark
l imited a reas
tools,
5 s ingle p latfor m b lade cores, d iscoidal c ore .
5 .4)
B adarian
v illage
a reas
consist
mainly
T he two b ifacial s ickles a re b roken.
l ess
p arallel
b roken .
T his
s ickle
f laking
and
margins
h as
d isplays
and
c arefully
some
s ickle
a round worked g loss.
0 1
b ase.
t eeth T he
T he o ther
p roduced o ther
b y
o f
O ne h as end
i s
p ressure
s ickle
i s
a
T able 5 .3 MAJOR L ITHIC ARTIFACT C ATEGORY D ATA F OR B ADARIAN V ILLAGE AREAS
5 300-5400 AND 5 500
C ores
1 2
s ingle p latform f lake c ores
4
s ingle p latform b lade c ores
5
d ouble p latform b lade c ores
2
d iscoidal c ores
1
S econdary
f lakes
2
C hunks
1
T ools
3 0
T OTAL
4 5
r ectangular o r
s ickle T he
f ragment w ith b oth e nds
l acking a ny d istinct
t eeth
two a xes consist o f o ne h aving a n o vate t o s lightly e xpanding
s hape and a t ranchet s car. s hape
b roken,
g loss.
a nd
l acks
a t ranchet
T he o ther s car.
( Fig. 5 .6d, p .
T he
o ne
small a rrowhead w ith b roken b arbs.
I t h as
r etouch.
f rom
T he
o ther
two
a rrowheads
1 21)
c oncave-base c areful
t he
i s
ovate
a rrowhead
i n
i s
a
f lat small p ressure
s ettlement
a reas
c onsist
o f a l ens-shaped a rrowhead h aving s ubparallel,
s quare-elongate r etouch
( Brunton and
[ 5]) a nd a l eaf-shaped
C aton-Thompson,
1 928:
speci men ( idem: pl. XXVIII [ 6]).
pl.
XXIX
T he l ens-shaped specimen h as some
cortex on both s ides i ndicating t hat i t was made o n a t hin p iece of r aw material. possibly
T he o ther a rrowhead was made o n a p ri mary b lade
a p rimary
T he
t hree
b ifacial
shaped by s ubparallel e nds.
Another
t hought
t hat
h as
t he
t he b roken b arbs a nd s traight. o f
o ne
T hey
well
h ave
s lightly t hree
r od-like
d rills
to p arallel
e xtreme
edge
two b ifacial
rounding
d rills
i n
e longate
t riangle
a nd
b road,
c entral
e dge
r etouch .
speci mens
two
l ess
T he
both
of
a nd
6 ]) a t
e nds.
a re both
B runton
4 were
t hey a re
c arefully s cars
[ 4,
b roken
X XVIII,
b ut
o ther
a re
X XVIII i s
( idem: p l. XXVIII
c ouvrante
which
p l. O ne
a t
p late
o f c oncave-base a rrowheads,
s haped
i rregular
( idem:
r etouch.
T he b ifacial t riangles
l arge,
( or
f lake).
f ar
p robably t oo l ong
[ 6]) consist
s haped s ome
t riangles.
s ubparallel -
b ifacial
t ools
c onsist
e longate
f orm,
a nd
o f
t hree
f ragments. O f g rand
t he
m aterial. p ieces
r emaining
perioirs T here
and
n ot
h ave
o f
i s
a lso
a worked
r etouched p ieces b een
t ools,
a ll
a re
t here
which o ne
a re
t abular f rom
o ne e ndscraper,
made
p erforator, s lab.
m ade o n v ery
d etached
i s
a ny
T he
o n
nodular
a b acked
a n otch a nd two p ieces
p iece,
perforator
a nd
of
r aw
4 r etouched o ne
of
t he
r egular s econdary b lades which c ould
o f
t he
B adarian
102
c ores
k nown
f rom
t he
T able T OOL C LASS
F REQUENCIES
5 .4
F OR B ADARIAN V ILLAGE A REAS
E ndscrapers
1
N otches
1
P erforators
1
B acked p ieces
1
G rand p ergoirs
2
B ifacial
s ickles
2
A xes
2
C oncave-base a rrowheads
1
L ens-shaped a rrowheads
1
O ther a rrowheads
1
B ifacial
d rills
3
B ifacial
t riangles
O ther
b ifacial
3
t ools
6
T OTAL B IFACIAL
1 9
R etouched p ieces
4
W orked t abular
1
s labs
T OTAL
3 0
B adari a rea, t he
l ater
b acked
and which i nstead l ook l ike the more r egular b lades o f
P redynastic,
p iece
s econdary s econdary e longate
a nd
two
b lades. f lake .
so
o f
t he
T he
T he
b ifacially
t hey
may
r epresent
r etouched p ieces
r emaining
worked
o val
( Tables
s lab
i n
t he
p reforms a nd c ore T he a reas.
cores
P etrie
5 .5 a nd
r emnants),
are
s i milar
T hey c onsist
p latfor m
b lade
o f
r emnants.
c lasses b lades
of of
2 8
cores,
p latform b lade cores. core
M useum,
L ike
c ores
to
f rom
t ools
a nd
t hose
s ingle
p l.
7 0
c ores
1 02 p ieces
f rom
t he
p latfor m
b road
worked
o n
nodules
ancient p atina s urface. ' glossy '
a nd
h ave
h aving
i s
a a n
f lake
f lakes,
l ong
c lass
a dark
r eddish
settlement
cores, core
and
2 8
s ingle
7 double
3 core p refor ms a nd f lakes,
g rading
o range
c ore
d ebitage .
B adarian
f lake
t here a re
one
F orty f our
a s lightly
were h eat-treated.
o n
[ 4])
( including
o f
f rom t he v illage areas,
p roportions,
made
X XVIII
s uggesting a s ingle b asic manufacturing t echnique. a lso
i s
T he
r egular
7 B adarian c emetery a reas
p latfor m
I n addition, t he cores
p iece
l ess
5 .6)
c omprising
1 double
p roduced
b ladelet
9 4
( idem:
remains.
m ade o n
p iece .
A t otal o f 2 66 l ithic a rtifacts h oused
l ater
a re
r etouched
t abular
r etouched
B adarian C emetery A reas
a re
5 300-5400 A ND 5 500
3
t he v arious b lades,
i nto
t he
a nd
o ther
T hese cores a re
weathered
cortex
o r
( 69%) of t he c emetery cores a re b eige
c oloration
s uggesting
t hey
R elatively f ew b lanks were d etached f rom t hese
103
T able
5 .5
MAJOR L ITHIC A RTIFACT C ATEGORY D ATA T HE
B ADARI
F OR B ADARIAN C EMETERIES
D ISTRICT
C ores
6 4
s ingle p latform f lake c ores
2 8
s ingle p latform b lade
2 8
c ores
d ouble p latform f lake c ores
1
d ouble p latform b lade
7
c ores
C ore p reforms
3
C ore
3
r emnants
P rimary
f lakes
3
P rimary b lades S econdary
5
f lakes
3 9
S econdary b lades
3 5
C hips
1 3
C hunks
6
B iface t hinning
f lakes
1
T ools
9 4
T OTAL
2 66
c ores
c ompared
i ndicates g raves
I N
w ith
t hat
f or
t he
t he
t hey
d eceased
T he secondary consisting
t hose f rom t he s ettlement a reas.
were e ssentially p repared
of
t o u se
d ebitage
f lakes
i n
i n
t he
t he a fterlife .
r eflects
v arying
T his p erhaps
cores placed
to
t he
t echnology
e longate
f lakes
of to
t he
cores,
b lades
and
b lade l ets T he
main
r etouched
tool
p ieces,
mostly o ne
o r
classes
worked
i n
t he
t abular
two s pecimens
collection
s labs
a nd
a re
b ifacial
o f e ndscrapers,
c ircular
a nd
p lanes .
A bout
e qual
n umbers
o f
T here
s crapers,
notches, denticulates, t runcations, backed p ieces, s idescrapers
perforators,
t ools.
g rand p er9oirs,
t hese
t ools
a re
o n f lakes and b lades and a f ew a re made o n t abular o r nodular T he
most
tools.
important T hese
a rrowheads,
g roup
consist
axes
and
d istinct
c ategories.
i ncurving
t apering
t ranchet
t echnique.
c ollection.
T hey
t ools
various T he
b arb a re
o f
c hiefly
i n
o f
t he
o ther
tools
concave-base
f orm . T here
mostly
T hree a re
c ollection
b ifacial
o f
1 7
do
a rrowheads
t he
a xes
worked
s haped b y
a re
s ickles, which
t he
m ade
f lint.
b ifacial
c oncave-base not
h ave
f all
i nto
mainly
an
s how e vidence o f t he
t abular
i nvasive b ifacial
1 04
a re
b urins,
s labs
i n
r etouch .
t he
T able T OOL C LASS F REQUENCIES
5 .6
F OR B ADARIAN C EMETERIES
E ndscrapers
2
C ircular
2
s crapers
B urins
1
N otches
1
D enticulates
3
P erforators
8
T runcations
2
B acked p ieces
2
G rand p er oirs
2
S idescrapers
1
P lanes
1
B ifacial
k nives
3
B ifacial
s ickles
7
A xes
5
C oncave-base a rrowheads
6
L ens-shaped a rrowheads
1
B ifacial
1
O ther
t riangles
b ifacial
t ools
I N T HE B ADARI
D ISTRICT
1 6
T OTAL B IFACIAL
3 9
R etouched p ieces W orked t abular
7
s labs
1 7
M iscellaneous
5
U nidentifiable b roken
t ools
1
T OTAL
9 4
S ummary of t he B adarian L ithic A rtifacts T here t he
a re
B adarian
f rom
t he
no
m ajor
c emetery
d ifferences
a reas
v illage a reas;
a nd
b etween t he
t he
l imited
l ithic a rtifacts
c ollection
t hey c onstitute a c onsistent
o f
f rom
a rtifacts
i ndustry .
T he collections a re d istinctly b iased towards cores a nd tools, p articularly b ifacial
t ools.
T he
B adarian
c ores c onsist p redominantly
of s ingle p latfor m f lake a nd b lade cores
made on nodules
o range
s uggesting
weathered c ortex a nd a ncient p atina
t he d esert c ore
s urface b efore
c lasses
g rade
f rom
i n t he s ame way a s T hey
a re
b lanks
t he
v ary
bladelet
f rom
b road
Many of
f rom t he
f rom
t he
m aterial
t o
t he
a s ingle
f lakes
t o
l ong
t he cores appear
c emeteries.
I t
a reas
a re
s eems
T he
f or
t he
t o
blades
d ark
f laking .
f lake c ores a re
technology.
f lakes
a re
percussion.
T he
b lades
T he
worked
r esulting
a nd
not
b lades
e xtensively
t he
105
c ores
i n
worked
t he
o f
e specially
t o h ave b een h eat-treated.
more
t hat
s elected
possibly by d irect
basic
Generally
v illage
was
o ther.
b lade cores,
of
p roportions.
r egular. c ores
t he
p roduct
t he
o ne
with
l ong e xposure o n
t han
g raves
T he t hose
w ere
f or
t he d eceased t o u se
i n
v illage
a ppear
a s
a reas
t he
B adarian c ores
T he b ase
d o n ot
m ain
f rom
most
t ools
t he
' other
p ls. X XVII [ 4], t riangular
a re
b ifacial
a re
o ther
t riangles,
c lass
a t
s ickles,
a nd
f rom
b ase .
H emamieh
k nives" . a nd
I t
1 0
i n
f orm
8 1) .
t ogether
f rom
( group
e nds
w ith
B runton c alled t hem
f ound
a c urved
t o b e
a s imilar B runton
t ip
( n=9)
B adarian
s ickle
i n
o f
1 0 f rom v illage
e dge
a re
t he
v illage
a nd
O ne
( e .g .,
i s
i dem:
i dem:
X X
s ides a nd a
t o
t he
s ickles
3 6).
N ine
a s
S ix a re f rom g raves o f
i dem:
c oncave-base
c emetery
l evel
" saw-edged
t hese
1 7,
p l .
were
a rrowheads
d eposits
f ound
X XIX
[ 4]).
( Brunton
f rom t he B adarian l ocalities,
a nd
[ 16],
f ragment o f u ncertain
5 700-5800,
2 4
p ls.
b y t he b roken s ickle
l ess p arallel
s haped
( idem:
C emetery
a t otal
o f
( one o f which i s t he
( e.g.,
r epresented
r eferred
" winged a rrowheads")
g raves a nd
k nives,
T he o ther i s more o r l ess a n e longate
s eems
" deposits"
5 773
c oncave-
a ssortment
s ickles
t he
A ltogether a t otal o f 1 6 were f ound.
a re
small
T here a re two main f orms o f s ickle.
b oth
r ecalls
( p .
a nd
b ifacial
a v aried
b ifacial
f rom t he v illage a reas which h as more o r c urved
a s
u nclear.
f it i nto a ny r ecognized c ategory.
r epresented
XXVIII [ 2]).
A t hird
o r
a xes
a rrowheads,
s hape w ith s lightly c urved margins
[ 2]) .
t he cores f rom t he r educed
W hy t his s hould b e i s
s ickle e dge) c onverging t o a pointed X XIX
H owever,
e xtensively
b ifacial' t ools,
b ifacial
p ointed
a s
which do not
c emetery c ollections. e longate,
b e
H emamieh .
b ifacial
t ools
a bundant
t o
A lso p resent
d rills,
m iscellaneous A part
f rom
b ifacial
a rrowheads .
b ifacial
t he a fterlife.
( idem:
1 4 f rom
3 5).
T he
a rrowheads a re well s haped a nd n eatly worked i nto i ncurving f orms w ith c urved t apering b arbs t erminating i dem: p l. XXIX
[ 3,
S even a xes makes
no
5 ,
w ith
o f
t hem.
b road,
T hey
c ouvrante
a nd s ome h ave t ranchet s cars. w ere
o bserved A lso
t abular
i n
n umerous
s haped
a nd
s crapers,
r etouched
n otches,
n umber
b lades, o f
B runton l ocalities
b e
B runton,
o vate
r etouch
( Fig .
t he
B adarian i nvasive
h owever,
i rregular
5 .6d,
f lakes,
c ollection b ifacial
1 21),
P .
h owever,
a re
worked
r etouch.
t ools consist mostly o f perforators, T here
a re
a f ew
e ndscrapers,
T he g rand
c ircular
b acked p ieces a nd s ingle
s idescrapers a nd p lanes.
T hese t ools a re m ade o n
i n
t he
6 i n
c ollection
t he
l evels a t
r ather
( n=3)
s eems
s ummarized j ust
over
t he two
f lint a nd
T he
somewhat
l ow
small t ool c ollection ( n=17)
H emamieh,
b ut t his
may o nly r eflect a
t he c ollecting b iases o f B runton a nd
i n
o r
a nd t abular o r nodular p ieces o f r aw material.
B adarian i n
t o
b ifacial
b y
p ieces.
e ndscrapers
d ifference
( e.g.,
t runcations,
c onsidering t here a re f rom t he
i n
d enticulates,
s pecimens o f b urins, f lakes,
t end
N o a xe p reparation
mainly
r emaining non-bifacial p er virs
t ips
t he c ollection .
f airly
s labs
o gival
w ere e xamined i n t he P etrie M useum .
mention
s pecimens
i n pointed o r
6 ]).
a rtifacts
a h alf
p ages
C aton-Thompson . f rom
t he
( idem:
B adarian
3 5-37).
H e
r ecognized t hree c ategories o f t ools t hat a re " carefully f inished" . T hese a re t he concave-base a rrowheads, v ariety of n oted H e
" the
f orms, v ery
r emarked
t hat
k nives,
r ough m any
a dzes,
f lints, f lint
" that
t hey h ad
a nd
" may
h ave
s ome
i nnumerable
f lakes
h im t o c onclude t hat
t he
t heir
b een
t he b ifacial s ickles a nd
l ance-heads" h ad
b een
u ses,
r egarded
1 06
( idem:
f lakes,
p laced
a nd a s
i n
w ere n ot models
3 5). a nd
t he
H e
" a
a lso
c ores" .
g raves
l eading
m erely
w aste",
o f
f ull-sized
implements"
( idem:
3 7).
T he v arieties of " winged a rrow-head" that B runton recorded a re a ll
m erely
T he
o nly
h as
a n
r elatively
n oticeable e longate
v ariations f ound
B runton
f rom
t o
p l.
d escribed which
o f
i s
t he
U C
w ith
i ncurving
9 992
f rom
s traight
[ 5])
w as
which
l ens-shaped
i ncluded
i n
t anged
i s
not
f orm . w hich
F urther
T he only o ther
a rrowheads. i n
t he
arrowheads
t he
b arbed
H emamieh
s ides.
P redynastic contexts.
mentioned
X XIX
t he h e
t his
body
l ater
B runton
( idem:
implements"
v ariations
t riangular
o ccur
c lass o f a rrowhead was
m inor
e xception
s ection o n
as
t he
O nly
P etrie
o ne
M useum.
" leaf-shaped
t hird c ategory o f
t ools. B runton
f ound
s everal
k nives
( idem:
p ls.
2 015]) a nd some symmetric b ifacial tools [ 5120,
5 69],
appears
XXVIII
t hat
t he
b eing
g rouped
f ound
t he
g roups, X XIX
h oles
[ 1]) .
of i n
No non-bifacial
made on
t ogether
n umber
i n
[ 3]).
tools
w ith
t he
r est
o f
r ough
J udging
f rom.these
p lates,
b lades
t he
XX
were
" flint
l umps
t he g round" r emarkable
[ 5],
p ls.
LVII
[ 16],
[ 2: XXVI
tools a re mentioned.
f lakes a nd
" extremely
XXVIII
( idem:
of
3 7,
h owever,
B runton
d eposited
p ls.
most
I t
noticed
f lakes" .
f lint
( idem:
not
o f
X XVIII t hese
i n
[ 1],
p ieces
s eem to be cores with a f ew worked t abular s labs and miscellaneous b ifacial t ools. O n t he
t he
b asis
P etrie
t radition
i s
b ased
( bearing
i n
b ifacial
s ickles,
m ind
endscrapers, nu merous
o f
t he
M useum,
B adarian
i t
may
be
v illage
o n a f lake-blade
t he
c ollection
b iased
p erforators
a nd
bifacial
d rills,
denticulates, l ithic
b ifacial
a rtifacts
o f
t he
l ithic
main t ool
c lasses
b ifacial
worked
t abular a re
p resent
a re
s labs, a lso
i n
t he
l ens-shaped a rrowheads,
c ircular
scrapers,
a nd g rand
f urther
t ools)
T here
tools
more a re
i n
B adarian
p ieces.
Other
b acked p ieces
B adarian a re
T he
a xes,
r etouched
tools.
t riangles,
t runcations,
t he
t owards
c oncave-base a rrowheads,
' other'
c emetery c ollections
t hat
t echnology .
i s
c ollection w ith a f requency o f t wo o r b ifacial
a nd
concluded
notches,
per v )irs.
d iscussed
i n
T he
C hapter
6 .
L ITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC VILLAGE AREAS T he
l ithic
a rtifacts
f rom
t he
m ain o bject o f s tudy o f t he B adari
P redynastic m aterial
a rtifacts a re f rom t en l ocalities. f rom
t he
B adari
T his material o f a rtifacts t o
4 77
s purs
t hese s ites
3 000/6;
found b etween t he r epresents
l acks
v illage a reas t he
I n a ddition,
s pecific
s pur
s ee
v aries
t able
5 .7).
l ithic a rtifacts
a s ingle
consistent
f rom a s N o
t hat
a ssemblages.
B runton
d id
not
T he t ools a re m ainly
B runton d id not
r etouched
i nto a tool
C onsequently, ' blades'.
o r
p ay
I t much
not;
t he p roportions
a ttention
of
tool c lasses a re r ather consistent
t wo
t hey
t he
1 07
( Area
4 400) were
T he
B adari
6 6%).
I t
i s
r epresentative t here a re
f airly
t hat apart f rom s ickle to whether
were a ll
f airly
major
f rom
n umbers .
T he material
( n=651,
m ade o n b lades a nd
to h i m,
T he
d ifferences
completely
h e u nintentionally collected
T hus
a s
i ndustry.
i s evident
t he
T he f requency
f rom t hese s ites.
collect
n umerous u nretouched b lades. b lades,
i dentifying
l ittle
P redynastic
f orm
M useum .
t here i s material
s ignificant
v illage collection c onsists p rimarily of t ools obvious
P etrie
i s g rouped under t he l abel ' Area 3 000'.
f rom
( Area
w hich
i n
s ite
a b lade
' flint
r andom
was
f lakes'.
s amples
o f
l ithic c ategories a nd to s ite.
S ome o f
t he
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debitage
r i
T otal
MAJOR L ITHIC ARTIFACT
FREQUENCIES
FOR
PREDYNASTIC S ITES
I N THE
B ADARI
D ISTRICT
0
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l ocalities
a re
3 000/6
3 000/10),
well
a nd
d isturbed
s eparated,
a ppear
t o
b e
a s
b y
l ater
b ut
t he
none
o f
g raves
m aterial t he
( especially
f rom
t hese
A reas
h as
l ithic a rtifacts
1 900-2000,
e vidently
i n
b een
t he collection
i ntrusive .
B runton
d ated
t hese P redynastic s ettlement
a reas to t he E arly
P redynastic o r Amratian, b ased on t he S equence p ates of t he pottery t hat
was
f ound.
c ontinuing l ithic
A rea
1 900-2000
i nto t he b eginning o f
a rtifacts
c omparable
t o
f rom
t hose
t hese
f rom
l evels a t H emamieh,
t he
extremely
small
r espectively t here
a re A ll
no
t he
i s
d ates
A part
a t
f air
a re
t ransition
H emamieh
a re
c omparisons
a ny o f t he
t ools,
b lades
f lint
( n=15)
t he
( n=193,
t hese a re
f ew p rimary b lades
o nly a f ew
t he
l ocalities a nd
w hich,
R egrettably,
s ites. l ike
t he
m aterial
most
2 0%).
c ommon U nlike
e lement t he
s econdary
( n=10) a nd n o p rimary f lakes.
However,
b lades,
b urin
spalls,
axe
f lakes.
T here
a re
1 3
main
o nly
tool
p reparation
and
f rom
f lakes. a re
T here b iface
T here f airly
i s h ardly c rested t hinning
c ores.
classes
s ickle b lades,
f lakes
t he
speci mens.
t here
7 9 s pecimens.
i n
b lades
r egular
any f laking d ebris, a nd o nly r are core r ejuvenation p ieces,
The
by
3 4 a rtifacts,
w ith .
B adari
mostly v ery
n umerous g lossy b ladelets consisting o f
t runcations,
G erzean
r epresented
consisting o f 1 5 a nd
f or
f rom
l ocalities,
T here a re v ery
Amratian
H owever,
mostly b eige i n c olour w ith s ome b rown a nd b rown-
s econdary
B adarian
a re
l evels
t he a rtifacts e xamined a re o f
c ollection
mainly 4 3) .
v illage
Amratian/Gerzean
t oo small t o m ake
v ariations .
( idem:
P redynastic
collections
r adiocarbon
u sed a t H emamieh, i s b anded
considered
t hough i t should be noted t hat t he Amratian and
B adarian/Amratian t ransition o nly
was
t he G erzean
( see
a nd
table
5 .8)
r etouched p ieces,
are
endscrapers,
f ollowed b y
c ircular
scrapers, b urins, perforators, backed p ieces, glossy b ladelet tools and b ifacial tools.
T he b ifacial tools consist of b ifacial k nives,
f ishtails,
s ickles,
b ifacial
concave-base
a rrowheads,
b ifacial and miscellaneous b ifacial tools, axes and b ifacial d rills. t runcati on k nives, planes, a re
worked
c alculated
t ool
t abular f or
collections e xtent
j udging
must
i s
b lade
f rom
t hought
t he
t hat
s labs,
t hose a reas
l ikely t hat t hey a re what
A lso present a re notches,
b lade k nives,
n ot
b e
f airly
w ith
f ifty o r
t hey
a t
a s
more
H emamieh
r epresent
t ools.
u nbiased
r epresentative of
t ools p redominate a t e vidence
s idescrapers,
miscellaneous t ools .
r egarded
P ercentages A lthough t he
a ssemblages,
t he b lade
t he
p resent
a s ignificant
i t
tools.
t he s ites i s u nknown . a nd
f ine
denticulates,
o ther b lade k nives,
and
o ther
a nd s ingle speci mens o f
H owever,
c ollection,
f raction of
i s T o
t he
i t
tool
a ssemblage. I n
t he
d ebitage be
a nd
noted
following t ool
that
i f
s ection,
c ategories t here
c ategory f rom a l ocality, i n
t hat
p articular
a re
a re no
the
exa mples
t hen t hat
i nstance .
d ata
for
d escribed .
T his
of
l ocality m akes
s pace.
1 09
I n
t he
i ndividual
t he
t ables,
a particular
i s omitted
t he
t able
f rom
c learer
i t
core, s hould
class
o r
t he t able a nd
s aves
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CO
0
0
0
01 • 4
0
0
0
N
0
N
0
0
0
N
0
0
0
rn
0
L el
N
CD
CD
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
O. 0
0 4
0
0
0
N
0 4 4
0
0
0
N
0
0
e r
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4 . 5
0
0
0
0
N
0
0
0
N
0
0
0
el
0
0
0
C ,4 1
CD
e ,
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
00 0
0 4
0 • 4 4 4
.
MI
en
.
0
Ui
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,
0 1
N
UI I f ,
N
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• •
UI
• 4
e n
N
0
N
,
0
1 . 11
e t
0,
r -
0,
0
In
0
0
0
4 .1 . 1
N
0
0
0
UI
0,
UI
> • , I
. 4 1
C 4
• . ' 4 c a , c c at a . .N _ , c u a ,r . 0 C U
N C A c C I ) C .0 • . , C . ) > 4 4 .,
t h C 1 2 C . ) M b 4 C C C L ) e 1 3 0 0 0 -. -, . 1 4 4 . ei . 1 C i •. .0 i t 4 . ) 4 -, w e t :, e t 3 RD ( U 0 0 C . ) 0 ) .- 1 44 C C _ . _ e
Z
0 e l, V > V ea ,1 ( 0 , - I C ,• -I 0 i x .0 >, 0 , 4 N 1 : 1 C D C / 7
w z mc . ) u n 3 «c o a e
C 1 G
w E e
u
0
0
N
0
0
N
0
rc . .1 C a C a
, a a
C f l i 1 0 O 4 4
1 . 4 i . 4 0 ., CI c 6 b i 4 ( . ) W a )
a , >
• o I C 5C
c
C n 0 C C C
i i e l : 1 • ei ( ) c C S 1 4 -,
( 1)
a .
C A
1 10
• •
N o t
N
,D
•
• r-
C)
C. )
l f 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CD
0 4
0
0 1
CD 4 4 1
0
0
N
In
0
0
I ' s
C D
In 0 IA 0 • • • • N 0 N 0
0, •
el • N 4 . I
el
0
N
CD
0 • •
c v
a , >
n . a s . .
0
0 , C• 1 e t . • • • • 0 0 In 0
C 0
t n
C O ) . 4 C U
C 0 L e N 4 t a C D Q. M I e l 3 k i e e i C ., 7 C e 3 C . ) 13 4 4
• •
0
F ishtails
.
0
0
0 1 .. l i l 4 , 1 e r N 0 1 N N 0 4 1 .4 N • • • • • • • • • • • • . 4 . 41 C N I • 4 4 . 4 4 . • . • • 1 40 / r , r e ) , , r 1 . • • •
0 4
0
0
0
N
0
0
N
0
N
e l .
-
rl 0 • • 0 0
0
C U
N
1 . 1
0
, 4 0
CO
▪ N
t ools
.
• 0
L el
er
b roken
,
•
•
R etouched
cn N C e, N VD 0 0, 0, CD UI 0 N • . . . . • . • . . . . N e -, e l. • • CD ,: l • 1 / 4 0 0 C0 N N N 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 4 0
TOTAL B IFACIAL
0
b ifacial
0
f ine b ifacial
N
M iscellan.
N
a rrowheads
N
C oncave-base
en
s ickles
N
B ifacial
F OR P REDYNASTIC S ITES T OOL C LASS F REQUENCIES
T able
5 .8
I N T HE B ADARI
D ISTRICT
, J D e ,
E I 0
E I
D ata f or
Cores
I ndividual L ithic A rtifact
( Tables
T here
5 .9-5.11;
a re
1 3
cores
platfor m b lade cores t o t his). and
b eige
T he cores,
o ther
t hat
1 1
c ores
of
i n
for m,
B adari
collection.
9 8 x 5 2 x 3 8 mm
1 .39,
a re
UC 9 715).
t hey
r atio
s hape
( Fig.
h ave
although on t hick.
b ladelet
conical
di mensions
w idth/thickness t hey a re
5 .5) Two
a re
s ingle
5 .4; t he o ther b lade core i s v ery s imilar
( W/Th,
double platform cores s uggest
t he
( Fig.
C lasses
( W/Th
1 .37,
UC 9 714)
B oth a re on a non-heat-
f lint.
u sually
average
i n
5 .4 a nd
T heir d i mensions a re
1 07 x 5 3 x 3 8 mm
t reated
F igs.
C ategories and Tool
5 .5c).
b een are
o f t he
N ine
F ig.
x
3 3.3
i ndicating
( see x
s ingle
p latform
and
Appendix
3 0.4
t hat
whole t hey t end s how
a re
5 .5a,b),
two
a re
T heir g lossiness and coloration
h eat-treated
3 6.7
1 .13
T hey a ll
c ores.
( e.g.,
t he
mm
D ).
with
c ores
T heir a
a re
mean
r oundish
to be a l ittle wider than
f airly r egular
b ladelet
r emovals.
T able 5 .9 CORE C LASSES R EPRESENTED AT P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE B ADARI
D ISTRICT
L ocality 3 000/3 n =2
3 000/6
3 000/10
n =6
1 900
3 000
T otal
n =2
n =2
n =1
n=13
S ingle p latform f lake c ores
0
0
0
0
0
S ingle p latform b lade c ores
0
2
0
0
0
2
S ingle p latform b ladelet
c ores
1
3
2
2
1
9
D ouble p latform b ladelet
c ores
1
1
0
0
0
2
T he c haracter i s
s uggestive
soft
h ammer
percussion c ores
s eems
o f
o f t he
a p unch
percussion
t echnique
working o f b oth o r
p ressure
t echnique
( see below p .
s ignificant
t hough
i t
t he b lade a nd b ladelet c ores
t echnique, r ather 1 17-118).
c ould b e
1 11
0
o r
than
possibly any
h ard
a d irect h ammer
T he absence of
a c ollecting b ias.
f lake
S ingle p latform
b lade
c ore
f rom
0
1 12
T able
5 .10
F REQUENCY D ATA F OR C ORES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE B ADARI D ISTRICT
L ocality 3 000/3 n =2
N o.
3 000/6
1 900
3 000
T otal
n =6
3 000/10 n =2
n =2
n =1
n =13
o f s triking p latforms: 1
1
5
2
2
1
2
1
1
0
0
0
1 1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
o ther/irregular
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
5
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
3
0
2
1
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
o ne a rea w orked
0
0
0
0
0
0
o ne
0
0
0
0
0
0
h alf o f p eriphery
0
1
0
0
0
1
m ost o f p eriphery
1
4
1
1
0
7
e ntire p eriphery
1
1
1
1
1
5
t wo
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
P latform p reparation: n o e dge s trengthening r emovals t iny e dge s trengthening r emovals c ontinuous e dge s trengthe ning
r emovals
1 1
P latform s urface: l arge f lake s car s cars o f p revious f lake
r emovals
s cars o f p latform s urface p reparation
r emovals
a ncient p atina u npatinated n atural
f lint
s urface o ther/irregular
E xtent o f w orking o f c ore:
f ace
f aces
1 13
a
0
F ig.
5 .5
H eat-treated i n ( a, c ,
t he
B adari
b ladelet d istrict.
UC 9 719 f rom A rea d ouble
p latfor m
cores
f rom
a -b,
14
b ,
c ore
2 cm
P redynastic
s ingie
3 000/6;
b ladelet
1
p latform
UC 1 0621 f rom
A rea
v i1lage b ladelet
f rom A rea 3 000/3
( UC
s ites c ores 1 900); 9 630) .
T able
5 .1]
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR B LADELET C ORES B ADARI
F ROM
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE
D ISTRICT
L ocality 3 000/3
L ength
3 000/6
3 000/10
1 900
3 000
T otal
( max)
n
2
2
2
1
1 1
m ean
-
3 0.25
-
-
-
3 6.73
s .d.
-
2 .59
-
-
-
3 8,46
3 5,40
2 6
2 6-56
1 1
r ange W idth
4
4 2,56
2 7-34
8 .58
( max)
n
2
2
2
1
m ean
-
2 5.25
-
-
-
3 3.27
s .d.
-
6 .83
-
-
-
1 0.31
3 2,50
2 3,38
4 8
1 8-50
1 1
r ange
4
3 1,43
T hickness
1 8-36
( max)
n
2
m ean
-
2 3.00
s .d.
-
2 .12
r ange
4
2 2,30
2
1 -
3 0.36
-
-
-
1 0.24
3 9,49
1 8,41
4 3
1 8-49
1 1
2 0-26
2 -
W idth/Thickness n
2
4
2
2
1
m ean
-
1 .09
-
-
-
1 .13
s .d.
-
0 .21
-
-
-
0 .25
0 .65,1.28
0 .93,1.28
1 .12
r ange
N ote:
1 .41,1.43
m easurements a re
Secondary
blades
S econdary collection. t otal
1 900 a ll
v arying
b lades
i n
5 .12 a nd
f or m
l ength
p latform
a nd
( table
t he
3 000 b lades F or
t hickness M ost o f t able
i n
t hey t end
to
i ndicate b e
dominant
3 2 t o
were T he
B adari
1 93
mostly 1 51
2 .00
mm
a re
a re
i rregular.
9 .00
T he
f or
t he
3 000 6 .3
l enticular
p latforms
11 5
B adari o f
t he
p arallel-sided
o f
a re
not
3 .96 .
b lades
f rom
A reas
r epresentative
p latforms
mm and
b ulbs
t he 1 9.6%
a veraging
c onsidered T he
u nfaceted a nd when
r egular,
1 900 a nd 2 .1
of
for ming
w ith a n a verage o f 6 6 .7 mm .
t o
r ecorded
d ata
Ar eas
width
t hat
component
b lades
c ollection .
f rom
a re
a re
f rom
d ata
platform
t he p latforms 5 .13
v ary
t he b lades
and
5 .13)
T hey a re
5 .13).
t he
a
t here f rom
r atios
D etailed
small.
i n
( Tables
A ltogether
l ength/width
0 .65-1.43
i n mm.
l ithic collection.
b lades T he
0 .78-1.38
t he mm, i n
g enerally
mean
p latfor m
r espectively.
s hape.
T he d ata
l enticular
percussion
o f
a re
a re
i n p lan
g enerally
, , I D 4 . 1 O E .
e n 0 . I I c
O D c P C h • • • , 0 , V D ,, N I
O P
C
I n C V
a C V
0 r • 3 / 1 1 /0 4 • C l • 3 C/
O D •P •
•I
( V ,, • I N C V
. 1 i n . , 1 N CI
Cm L e l OD 0 , r e • 1 I N C. U I I .. C7 , .
e n Ch
.I
rI
,0
r . 1
L C1 I l l 0 , , I D r- . - , • . u 1 C V c v
c r ,
0 0 U1 • • . C r ,
el
.
40 / 1
• c r s t
0 0
• -,
0,
r-
e r
•I
r . I
0
1 . • 0 1 .• 0 , . r 1 0
rI
I N c l • • U I 1 ' 1
1 . • •
r,
• --I
. e l
0 , 0
0
0
C V
0 ▪• • • •I
0
0
2 .00-6.69
IV
I .• • I?
0 C I 0 1 .
en c r I C
C
. 4 C V
CO
e r • 4
0, I N
er r s . CV 0 I C3 Z 0 C• 1
13 ,
C
C V
0
0
C V
• ••I 0
C V 30 u 1 • • I . e r CT ef I D • • • el
/
el c r
• •I I l l I • C• 1 . :I •
CV
IN
CO
0 • CO . 4
U1 I ' l . I ‘ 1 , CO
I
CO
en
Ln
IN
0
I l l . . • • 1 M1 i n C V CV e r
01 . I • 0 .
C V
I
CO
I D . -I • • 0 C V
1 4 1 I . I n
N
en
o rn • V P I • C O ‘ 0
I
C V
I
N
C
• . •
0
0
r 1
I
. 0 I 1 . • •
.
I
I el
r1
I
I . C3 I .
0 0 • • • ▪ •• 0 I C
C
C3 N
0 • -I • • OD U1 .
• .
1 / 1 C V I I, r • •
r n CD C
CD
OD
a
C V
OD
C
c D c ,
CD CV CM OD CM r g . . I • • • ee m e ee
r• • OD ,s cl m D CV en
I / 40 1
In I A M I C V 0, • • I en f • • • • • I 30
VI a e e
I
0
en en
. "
I
I
.
I
I
0
I
0
C
In
N so • + • • • C I CI 0, 1 ` . 1 . •-•
c I P
1 • • • . 4 . • VP
e • • I
r . . I . .
C
40 / 1 40 / 1
0 • %
C O .
a
a
e • • • Ul I n OD . •
r n r q
. 4 1
u l
ul e e
• • I 30 el ` K J `
I
• •" /
CN I
C .,
CI
M I OD a ' ee
e r I D
C O
r q • C V C V
in r -
I C
,I . . ., . 0 01 0 I 0 C
C
C
40 / 1
. .
• •
r ,
r -
I
I / 41 1 )
C. N , s t ,
• CP 0,
0 e s
C I, el
0 N
. • •
I
/ 4 1 0 i t , C r t
CO o -I
I
C V N
• e r
e r a '
u n
"
1
I CO
I
el . 0
c r ,
1 • • • I D . I 0 . . • • I
40 / 1
r . 0 C V tO• 0I
•
r . . I
U l • . 3 .
• K r
a CD •
a ' •
U l C D C D
•
c o
•• I
en C V r- en • un r s
o 4
40 / 1
e n
/ 4 1 0 ' , . . . c l • C D 0,
I ,1 01 • S P
o rn • 0 i • 30 CV • 0
0 .36-0.54
C V . . . . . . . 0 I 0 C 0
I
C • 1 I • • • • I V
-
0 C V r • • • OD 1 /0 4 • / 0 e l
I
N t e l
I
a
el
0 . • U• N • a 0
ln
0
C
. 0 • - •
0 a • . C • 1 • -• U l
C V
C V r l • MI . .
OD r • • • OD e l
OD C T MP C • 1 • C I • C . 1 • • 1 C• 1 1 / 4 0 1 40 / 1 • • •
e n
r1
• • 1
11
. . I s . e l C . • • I • • I / 4 1 0 i ' l m i .
• • ••
rl
C •1 •
0 , 0 c ;
0 1
In
I n . 33 . C • 1 0 . 0 I 0 C
CO
40 / 1
0 C1 0 • I • • • I N r • • i C • 1 . /0 4 1
0
•1
•I
. I 0, • • I
C V
0 . 0 . 1 . ) V • H X . .„
C . . I C C . , b . ,
0 . • C 0 c
I a 0 C
C 0 1 1 . °
c
C t x 3
-n l
1 1
4I
W
E .0
t r C 4 . )
C
H I • 0, ' 0 C •
E cn
I O
.0
w
4 -, V " .
c
1 16
0 C • C T, . 4 1 : 3 C W • I C I E c o k 4
C O C O . 3 . , C 3 C ° • H . .
c
I l C • 0, m i l3 C H . 3 • C H a w 3 . 1
4 1 C H I
C
H I C • 0, n : 'D C 0 • I I E C O ,I
i n m m.
C O
r l I N U I C O 0 , • • I P. . 3 . r . C V
C O C O C 1 , C 1 C U • .. ..
C
C • R S M 0 . 1 • E cn
C D 0, C 4 3 h . .
m easurements a re
• • •
. 1 . U I 1 ` . . . N • I .0 OD
N ote:
C O
1 0 .
0 .20-0.50
C
C • 1 r1 UI r 1 CT Ur ) • • 0 ID 0 U I C • 1
2 .06-5.18
P REDYNASTIC S ITES F ROM D ATA F OR S ECONDARY B LADES
T able
5 .12
I N T HE B ADARI
D ISTRICT
0 1 " • • • 0 • • 0 I C• 1 C
0 .18-0.50
CV
T able
5 .13
S TRIKING P LATFORM D ATA F OR S ECONDARY B LADES F ROM
A REAS
1 900 AND
m ean
s .d.
r ange 9 4-127
P latform a ngle
2 8
1 09.00
8 .53
P latform t hickness
3 6
2 .06
1 .67
1 -7
P latform w idth
3 7
6 .27
4 .85
1 -24
P latform p reparation:
P latform s hape:
R NS
0
u nfaceted
3 000
0 .0
3 2
r ectangular
7 4.4
1
l enticular
1 8
2 .3 4 1.9
d ihedral
1
2 .3
t riangular
3
m ultifaceted
1
2 .3
g ull-winged
3
7 .0
t hinned
2
4 .7
s emi-circular
2
4 .7
o ther/irregular
7
1 6.3
t otal
V entral
4 3
1 00.0
l ip:
7 .0
o ther/irregular
1 6
3 7.2
t otal
4 3
1 00.1
B ulb o f p ercussion:
n o l ip
2 0.5
d iffuse
2 1
4 8.8
s light
1 8
8
4 6.2
small&pronounced
1 7
3 9.5
moderate
1 0
2 5.6
v ery p ronounced
s trong
3
t otal
3 9
( missing v alues
5
1 1.6
7 .7 1 00.0
t otal
4 3
9 9.9
3 5
8 1.4
4 )
g raillure:
P reparation s cars:
p resent
1 5
3 4.9
p resent
a bsent
2 8
6 5.1
a bsent
t otal
4 3
1 00.0
8
t otal
4 3
1 8.6 1 00.0
d iffuse o r small b ut moderately p ronounced with s light to moderate v entral
l ips.
Most p latforms s how small p latform p reparation s cars o n
t he d orsal a spect b elow e dge
s trengthening
t he p latform .
r emovals
( seen
o n
T hese t he
r epresent
c ore
i n
F ig .
t he
r emains
T he p latform c haracteristics a nd r egularity o f t he b lades s pecialized ( e .g . o r
B ordes,
b lade 1 967;
t echnology . B ordes
p ossibly a p ressure
a nd
F rom
a c onsideration
C rabtree,
t echnique
s eems
1 969; l ikely .
117
o f
C rabtree, I t
o f
5 .4).
t he
imply a
l iterature
1 968)
a p unch
i s a lso possible
t o
p roduce b lades w ith small p latforms s uch a s t hose f rom B adari b y a d irect s oft h ammer p ercussion t echnique c lear,
h owever,
d irect p ercussion p ronounced
w ith a h ard h ammer.
b ulbs
o f
p ercussion
W hile
t hey d o not
b ulbs h aving c lear p oints o f p ercussion h ard h ammer a ny
s truck
c onchoidal
g enerally l ips,
i .e .
b lanks.
f racture
h ave
( Newcomer,
1 975).
W hat i s
i s t hat t he B adari b lades were not manufactured b y
small
f eatures
N or
m arks a re
which
may h ave
l arge,
a re
f airly
p ronounced
c haracteristic
o f
d o t he b ulbs o f t he B adari b lades s how
( Ohnuma
a nd
B ergman,
b ulbs
w ith
s light
t runcated
w hich
t hey
h ave
n ot
a ssociated
1 982); t o
w ith
r ather
moderate
d irect
t hey
v entral
h ard
h ammer
p ercussion. I t
may
l ocality ( 151
b e noted t hat
3 000/6)
r efit .
x 3 0 x 1 9 mm,
T h/W
0 .58)
J udging b lade
f rom
t he
c ore
T h/W 0 .63;
f rom
a n
c oloration
a nd
9 715,
w hich
a lso a ppears
Glossy bladelets
i s
G lossy o f
( UC 9 712 a nd
a s
o f
f rom
s pecimens
mm,
b lade
w ell a s
9 713
t hick
1 37 x 3 1 x 1 8
s tage
b anding,
v ery
t o b e
L /W 4 .42,
manufacture.
t he g eneral s hape
s imilar
( Tables 5 .14 a nd
b ladelets
f orm
c ore
r eduction
t o
t he
c ore
f rom
i llustrated
i n
( 174 x 3 5 x 3 2 mm, L /W 4 .97,
f rom c ore U C 9 715 .
8 .0%
m ajority a re r egular b ladelets, O verall,
e arly
T he r etouched b lade, UC 9 711
0 .91)
s tages
t he b lades
i t appears t hat t hese two b lades were detached
U C
f igure 5 .4. T h/W
L /W 5 .03,
r esulting
o f t he p ieces,
two o f
T hey a re e xceptionally l arge,
t end
5 .15)
( n=79)
o f
t he
B adari
c ollection .
a lthough s ome o riginating t o
g lossy b ladelets v ary i n
b e
b road
l ength
a nd
f rom
s omewhat
2 3 t o
7 1
T he
f rom e arlier l ess
r egular.
mm w ith a m ean
o f 4 2.1 mm. P latform
d ata
w ere
r ecorded
f or
t he
g lossy
b ladelets
f rom
A reas
1 900 a nd 3 000 t o p rovide q uantitative d ata f or t he o bserved t rends. T he b ladelets i n t hickness L ike
t he
mostly h ave v ery small ( average
b lades,
1 .2
t hey
mm) a nd
h ave
m ainly
small b ulbs o f p ercussion. s ignificantly d ifferent of t he p latforms, b ladelets
a verage smaller f rom
f rom
c ores
t he
a rtifacts
s uch a s
a ll
appear
' glossy% m aterial
t o
h ave
m unsell
w ere
( see
A ppendix
t he
t he
d o
b lades
I t o 2 mm 3 .1
5 .5 .
s equence f or
r eadings
mm) .
p latforms
not
a ppear
e xcept
f or
a nd
t o b e
t he s ize o f
t he
t he b lades e xcept t hat o n
T he
f igure
b ladelets
w ere
d etached
T he b ladelets d o a ppear
f rom
t hat
r epresented
b y
t he p roduction o f b ladelets
h eat-treated. c hart
f rom
( average
u nfaceted
d ata
f or
p roduced . i n
w idth
method o f p roduction
t hat
T he c ores
b een
c olour
f or
t hat
s ame a s
t hose s hown
b lades a nd b lade c ores .
i n
l enticular
t hose
t o r epresent a s eparate r eduction t he
8 mm
T he p latform
s uggesting
m ay h ave b een
p latforms r anging
1 t o
H ence i ndicate
t he
b ladelets
a r eddening
a re
o f
t he
D ) .
O ther d ebitage T here
a re
no
p ri mary
p rimary b lades .
T hese h ave
o f
b lades .
t he
Most
s econdary a re
e longate
and
f lakes p latform
S econdary appear
to
i n
t he
collection,
c haracteristics f lakes be
t echnology.
118
a re
a lso
a nd
s imilar r are
by-products
of
o nly t o
( n=15, t he
1 0
t hose 1 .5%) . b lade
. I
, I
D ISTRICT
N
CV
e l
Oh 0 C
o m 0
0 C O 0 r i 0 , I • c
1 , 1
. I
In
CD
0,
0
CO
. 1
r -
. OD VD CO sr • • I Oh s r r l
r l
40 / 1
01
r n
CO
CO
• CO
N.
OD
, . 4 C O • • I C r , C V . , / I
•
. 4 .
N
.0 r l • . 1 u, • I e a 14/0
r n r, r m sP e l •
ON
•
e .
1
r e 0 r e
CT
•
s r
IV
•
t e ,
•
• • •
c o r -
rI
0 5
CV 0 • • 0 0
CO
4 0 N
e nd b roken
NI
e .
C D
( )C D
C D CIC D
( T 5 0 1 2
C D
L C )
T able
5 .26
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR P ERFORATORS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES B ADARI
I N T HE
D ISTRICT
L ocality 3 000/3
3 000/4
3 000/6
3 000/10
3 000/11
T otal
L ength n
4
1
9
m ean
8 1.25
-
6 7.56
s .d.
2 4.99
-
1 8.20
r ange
5 4-122
9 5
3 7-104
1 3
2
2
1 8
-
-
6 8.50
-
-
2 2.37
4 3,78
3 9,45
3 7-122
W idth n m ean
1 3.20
5
2 _
s .d.
4 .87
_
r ange
9 -22
7 ,21
3
1 5.00
1 3.00
2 _
2 5
4 .29
3 .74
_
4 .69
1 1-26
9 -18
9 ,17
7 -26
1 3
1 4.16
T hickness n
5
2
3
2
m ean
8 .00
-
5 .46
5 .33
-
6 .28
s .d.
4 .69
-
1 .08
0 .94
-
2 .91
r ange
2 -16
4 ,10
4 -8
4 -6
4 ,12
2 -16
L ength/Width n
4
1
9
2
2
m ean
6 .07
-
4 .62
-
-
s .d.
1 .81
-
1 .22
-
-
4 .33,4.78
2 .65,4.33
r ange
3 .45-8.13
4 .52
2 .69-6.55
2 5
1 8 4 .81 1 .46 2 .65-8.13
T hickness/Width n
5
2
3
2
m ean
0 .61
-
0 .39
0 .42
-
s .d.
0 .30
-
0 .09
0 .07
-
r ange
0 .20-1.07
0 .48,0.57
1 3
0 .19-0.55
N ote: m easurements a re i n m m.
1 40
0 .33-0.50
0 .44,0.71
2 5 0 .46 0 .18 0 .19-1.07
a
1 ,
9
F ig.
5 .13
P erforators p erforators U C
2 7038);
f rom f rom
c ,
cm
A reas
A rea
3 000/3
3 000/6
p erforator
f rom
1 41
( UC
a nd 9 708,
A rea
3 000/6. U C
3 000/3
a -b,
2 7114, ( UC
U C
2 6883) .
d -e, 2 7294,
. . . . • C, 40
,0
C .4
o I
In •
. . . me re m • • • . 4 4 . . 4 . • • I i n es
r . . . e, • • CO 01 ei
, 0 . . 1 • . 0 ea . . ..
7.
40
r. .,
0 • • 4
sr
C%
re
. . I
IN
In
% ,0
0
co
c0 0
C 4
C ▪ ,8 •
0
ri
a>
0
. . I
▪
N
(. 4 4 . 4 0%
N
0
0
4 0
40
4 . 4
. . . .
. . . .
. . 1
P 1
c o .
. 4 .
.,
ri
40 ni
h
r, h 6 . . 1
0 v . .
0
0
0
0
• • . .
0
0
t N I
0
co
4 --
ße
ei • •
04 r4
0
1( 4 i r e
0 4
IV
0
0
ei
N
0
sr
. e
CO
• 4 1 . 0 C •
M 4 )
. .
0
c r %
N
• o •
m
0
0
•
• » I
. . .
e . .
. .
tv co
0
0 1 0
4 ( 4
. .
C 0 14 . 1 .0 1 4 CP I C .. 0 .4
D C ( I,
.
. I . 1 .0 0, • I . 5 1 . 1 4 4 0 4
C
p .
C
I CI 4 1 1 1 C 1 1 0 . 1 . i D 4 . , . . 4 1 I C D a A D . 1 4 / 0 0
C 0 . . i J J 1 4 C 0
c , 4 o c o.c c e n o c z 4 . e o . 4 . 4 . 4 = 4 ) . 4 b . . e n 4 0 . 1 4 0 L A 4 . 1 . 1 . 1 L • . 1
4 4
I C I C 4 4 1 . 4 1 0 . 1 . 1 0 0 40 0 0 1 -. 0 X 7 C 7 C 2 1. 1 \ C M W O ' 0 CP 7 7. 10 b + 7 . -t > . . I 1 . 4 . I 1 . I . 1 ., 4 / 1 . 4 .0 C ., . 1 . 1 . . 1 . 1 . 1 r I 7 .0 4 . 1 7 0 . 0 .0 . 0 J . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 V
14 2
C .0 0 0 7 0 4 1 4 1 h4
4 1 4 5 0 C
O n 4 . I C I 4
J C 0 A I •. 10 0 C M 4 . . . • • .. A s 3 . 1 . . .
. 1 . 1
0 4 C • • 4 0 14 C 1 1 0 4 1
11 4
0
. 3
L . 1 1 4 V C O ( . 1 • C O
4 1 V C 0 4 ) 4 1
C D L a 4 . 1
0 •
V .. .0 0 4 1 4 . 0 4 14 1 4 / b d
a dditional
0
4 7, N C
0
7 0 4 4
. s
. ? .. 1
• •
le
CD m L I D
. . . . . . . .
r - • • o
e 1
Ch
0
. . . .
CO ei C . )
r . , n 0,
F or
•
C
0
. .
a re a lso b acked.
ch
c0 4
N
t runcation
0 0
• • • 1
C
n
s ubclass:
0 .0 0 4 0 C
0 ea
OD W .0
T ool b lank:
I .-
0 re el . . .
In 1 . . ) • •
In
Tool
F REQUENCY D ATA F OR TRUNCATIONS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES I N THE BADARI
T able
5 .27
D ISTRICT
o r
. . .
. . . .
0
T able
5 .28
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR T RUNCATIONS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES I N T HE B ADARI
D ISTRICT
L ocality 3 000/3
3 000/4
3 000/6
3 000/10
1 900
3 000
T otal
L ength n
8
m ean
3
4 0
2
1 8
6 9.68
-
6 2.39
5 0,76
6 4.63
6 5.33
s .d.
1 1.82
1 0.34
1 9.11
r ange
4 7-79
5 1-75
4 1-128
4
7 5
5 8.75
6 6.45
1 0.69
1 0.89
1 6.30
3 7-77
4 6-76
3 7-128
W idth n
5 4
1
1 8
m ean
1 6.89
9
1 9.75
1 9.13
-
2 1.50
1 7.33
s .d.
7 .81
' 2.59
4 .84
-
5 .82
3 .35
5 .40
1 0-38
1 7-24
1 0-33
2 0
1 3-38
1 4-24
1 0-38
2
1 8
r ange
4
6
9 2 1 9.29
T hickness n
9
4
m ean
4 .89
7 .00
5 5 6 .44
-
6 .11
6 5 .33
9 4 6 .22
s .d.
1 .37
1 .58
2 .40
-
2 .13
1 .37
2 .26
r ange
4 -8
5 -9
2 -13
7 ,10
4 -13
4 -8
2 -13
n
8
3
m ean
4 .25
3 .27
3 .86
-
3 .12
3 .22
3 .66
s .d.
1 .42
0 .29
0 .99
-
0 .98
0 .50
1 .07
L ength/Width
r ange
1 .63-6.25
3 .00-3.68
4 0
1
2 .03-6.27
3 .80
1 8
1 .48-5.15
4
2 .42-3.67
7 4
1 .48-6.27
T hickness/Width n
9
4
m ean
0 .31
0 .35
0 .34
-
0 .29
0 .31
0 .33
s .d.
0 .08
0 .05
0 .10
-
0 .07
0 .05
0 .09
r ange
Note:
0 .21-0.46
measurements
are
0 .29-0.42
i n
5 4
1
0 .17-0.62
mm.
74 3
0 .50
1 8
0 .19-0.47
6
0 .25-0.38
9 2
0 .17-0.62
-
a
b
± 0
1
d
2 cm
C
F ig.
5 .14
Tools f rom A rea 3 000/6.
a , oblique convex t runcation ( UC
9 682); b , o ther b lade k nife ( UC 9 690); c , o blique s traight t runcation
( UC
9 709);
d ,
t runcation
1 44
k nife
( UC
9 703) .
T able
5 .29
F REQUENCY D ATA F OR T RUNCATION K NIVES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES I N T HE B ADARI
D ISTRICT
L ocality 3 000/3
B reaks: n one
T ool
1 900
3 000
n =1
3 000/6 n =3
3 000/10 n =4
n =1
n =1
T otal n =10
1
3
4
1
1
m inor
0
0
0
0
0
1 0 0
b roken
0
0
0
0
0
0
s econdary b lades
1
3
4
1
1
none
1
3
2
1
1
8
cortex
0
0
2
0
0
2
p roximal
0
1
4
1
1
7
d istal
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
p roximal
0
2
0
0
0
2
d istal
0
1
4
1
1
7
1
0
0
0
0
1
b lank: 1 0
R NS:
T runcation
l ocation:
i ndet.
e nd
L ocation o f e nd o pposite t runcation:
i ndet.
e nd
S hape o f e nd o pposite t runcation:
N o.
r ound
0
3
4
1
1
9
o gival
1
0
0
0
0
1
o ther
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
4
1
1
0
1
4
1
1
7
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
o f t runc.
k nives w ith
e nd opposite t runcation r etouched: L ocation o f l eft
k nife e dge:
l ateral
r ight
e dge
l ateral e dge
i ndet.
e dge
E dge s hape o f r uler
1 0
k nife e dge:
s traight
0
1
0
1
0
2
v irtual s traight
0
1
1
0
0
2
s lightly c urved
1
1
3
0
1
6
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
1
4
1
1
7
1
0
0
0
0
1
r uler s traight
0
1
2
1
0
4
v irtual s traight
0
0
2
0
1
3
s lightly c urved
0
2
0
0
0
2
o ther
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
3
0
0
5
N o. o f t runc. k nives w ith k nife e dge r etouched: L ocation o f n on-functional e dge: l eft
l ateral
r ight i ndet.
e dge
l ateral e dge e dge
E dge s hape o f non-functional e dge:
N o.
o f t runc.
k nives w ith
n on-functional e dge r etouched:
1 45
T runcation k nives ( Tables 5 .29 a nd 5 .30; F igs. 5 .14d a nd 5 .15b,f)
t he
S ince t runcation k nives r epresent a n ewly i dentified t ool c lass d ata s hown i n t able 5 .29 a re more e xtensive t han t he d ata f or
o ther
t ool c lasses.
H emamieh, r egular c areful
t he
I t
t runcation
may b e n oted t hat, o ccurs
m ainly
a t
l ike
t he
t he
e xamples
p roximal
e nds
o f
f rom v ery
s econdary b lades. T he t runcation r etouch i s a lways v ery a nd u sually c onsists o f s lightly i nvasive, n arrow, e longate
s ubparallel
s cars .
a r ounded,
o r,
T he
e nd
o pposite
i n o ne c ase,
t he
t runcation
a n o gival s hape.
T able
i s
r etouched
T his r etouch
i nto
i s a lso
5 .30
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR T RUNCATION K NIVES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES I N T HE B ADARI D ISTRICT
L ocality 3 000/3
• 3 000/6
3 000/10
1 900
3 000
T otal
L ength n
1
m ean
1
1
1 0
6 5.67
3
5 6.75
4
-
-
6 2.30
-
-
6 8
6 8
s .d.
-
1 1.73
8 .23
r ange
6 3
5 5-82
4 6-67
9 .52 4 6-82
W idth n
1
m ean
-
s .d.
-
r ange
1 2
3
1
1
1 0
1 5.00
-
-
1 5.20
6 .80
4 .30
-
-
1 1-27
1 0-21
1 7
1 0
1 0-27
1 0
1 7.67
4
5 .21
T hickness n
1
3
4
1
1
m ean
-
5 .00
4 .25
-
-
4 .50
s .d.
-
1 .63
1 .09
-
-
1 .36
r ange
4
3 -7
3 -6
6
3
3 -7
L ength/Width n
1
3
4
1
1
m ean
-
4 .01
3 .94
-
-
s .d.
-
0 .80
0 .56
-
-
4 .00
6 .80
r ange
5 .25
3 .04-5.00
3 .19-4.60
1 0 4 .39 1 .05 3 .04-6.80
T hickness/Width n
1
3
4
1
1
m ean
-
0 .30
0 .29
-
-
0 .31
s .d.
-
0 .11
0 .03
-
-
0 .06
0 .35
0 .30
r ange
N ote:
0 .33
0 .20-0.45
0 .24-0.33
m easurements a re i n mm .
1 46
1 0
0 .20-0.45
-
-
,
a
b
-
-
i $ 9 C
0
1
d
2 cm
-
e F ig.
5 .15
f
T ools f rom A reas 3 000/6 a nd 3 000/10. t runcation k nives
f rom A rea
i rregular
f rom
3 000/6
3 000/6 ( UC
1 47
a , o blique s traight
( UC 2 7310);
( UC 9 774,
f rom A rea
f rom A rea A rea
3 000/6
3 000/10
t runcation
t runcation k nife
f rom A rea
3 000/6 ( UC
2 7014) .
b ,
f ,
t runcation
U C 2 7235); c , ( UC 2 6967);
2 6918);
e ,
o blique
d ,
b roken
d ouble b lade
u sually v ery r egular and convergent. h ave
s mall
5 .15b).
a long
p art
o r
O nly two p ieces h ave
m inor) t hese
r etouch
a long t ools
t he i s
f unctional
6 2 .3
mm,
a ll
t he
r etouch
e dge
a nd
H alf o f t he t runcation k nives o f
n on-functional
( which
( Fig .
5 .15f) .
t heir a verage
e dge
( Fig .
i n t hese i nstances i s T he
a verage
l ength/width
l ength
r atio i s
o f
4 .39 .
H alf of t he t runcation k nives a re made on b eige c oloured f lint. T he o ther l ighter
5 specimens a re
b rown
made o n very d ark
b rown
f lint w ith s ome
b anding .
B acked pieces ( Tables 5 .31 and 5 .32; F ig. 5 .12e) B acked p ieces a re f airly a bundant 7 .8%) .
T hey a re
a n
r egular b lades. i nverse
back
i rregular
g roup ,
Most o f t hem
( n=10;
t he
B adari
c ollection
t hey a re
mostly
( n=39) h ave o ne d irect
( n=29),
o r o ne f ive
a re d irectly double b acked a nd o ne i s i nversely d ouble b acked.
T he
i s
mainly n on-invasive,
c onsisting of v ery p ieces
h ave
5 .12e).
( n=50,
m ade o n
F ive a re a lternately backed,
b acking r etouch
F ig.
i n
a lthough
l arge,
a dditional
nor mal.
b road-scalar s cars.
r etouch .
T he
whole
1 46 mm i n l ength with a mean o f 8 3 .4 mm. r atio
S ome i s i nvasive Twenty
s pecimens
f our
v ary
b acked
f rom
5 6
t o
T he a verage l ength/width
i s 3 .80.
S ickle blades ( Tables 5 .33 and 5 .34; F igs. 5 .12a and 5 .16) S ickle i n
t he
b lades
B adari
b lades
a re
c onstitute
c ollection
b roken,
i ntentional
( cf.
o ne
( n=95,
b ut
most
A ppendix
o f
t he
most
1 4 .9%) . o f
A ,
M ore
t hese
p .
important t han
b reaks
4 02).
T he
h alf a re
t ool o f
s ickle
t hought
average
l ength/width r atio of t he u nbroken specimens a re
c lasses
t he
t o
l ength
6 0 .6 mm a nd
b e a nd
3 .89,
r espectively . I ncluding t hose s ickle b lades t hat a re c onsidered t o b e i ntentionally b roken, t he a verage l ength a nd l ength/width r atio a re 5 7 .5
mm
a nd
T he
3 .59,
s ickle
r ectan -gular
i n
r espectively .
b lades
a re p redominantly
overall
s hape
( 72%)
r ectangular
( Fig.
o gival a t o ne end g iving
t he p ieces a c onverging
T he
o gival-ended
o ther
s traight
ends
of
t hese
r etouch
medium,
s ickles
e -f).
f orm
a re
t runcated
i s
i ntentionally s napped a t
p redominantly
n on-invasive,
b ifacial
s ubparallel Most
i rregular-normal,
s cars, of
t he
o r
l arge,
e nds
when
f lat, n ot
b road
i nto
s napped
( 28%)
a nd 1 0% a re o gival. O f
b acking
r etouch .
h ave d irect b acks, a lternating
t hese,
3 3
( 52%)
a re
t runcated
r etouch .
1 48
i nto
1 6% h ave i rregular
i nverse
( 67%) s ickles b acks,
2 ( 3%) h ave b ifacial b acking r etouch,
b acking
t o
s calar
A f ew s pecimens f lat, e longate
S ixty f our
h ave
o r
s cars .
( 27%), o r oblique s traight ( 19%) f or ms.
h ave
T he
u sually small
normal-scalar,
s calar
o r o ther s haped e nds,
h as
a re
t he n on-ogival e nd .
c omprising
s cars, a nd v arying f rom d iscontinuous t o c ontinuous . h ave i nvasive r etouch c onsisting o f e ither l arge,
s traight
2 1%
( Fig. 5 .16d).
( n=4) and oblique s traight ( n=4) f orms t hough 1 0 s peci mens
h ave a pparently b een s ickle
o r a pproximately
5 .16a-c,
2 8
a nd
( 44%) 1 ( 2%)
BADARI I N THE
0
0 0 • • • ( N C V 1 4 / . 0
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r i
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D ISTRICT
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FREQUENCY DATA FOR BACKED PIECES FROM PREDYNASTIC
5 .31 T able
0 d i >
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e • I N
L ength/Width
0 0 0 CI
V D 0 C1 / 4 1
I I I
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n t . % . 0 r " ) 0 • • 0 CZ
C n : I 0 E
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m easurements a re i n mm.
0 0 0 4 .1
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0 .25-0.44
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T hickness/Width
VD . . . .
1 .70-6.64
N
T hickness
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR B ACKED P IECES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES I N T HE B ADARI D ISTRICT
T able
5 .32
s r N
C . 1 s r • rl CO
V
••
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1 J 0 Z
O P . I i l l I t i ON . . i I I
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r -
0
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CT
. 4 . c v • •
a D c . 4 • •
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I A 1 1
,
M I • • 0 Mt . 4
I t l
6
. •. . , .20 ;2 3 . , . , 1 7,
. G
I D
.0
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4 . 3 •1 2 m
C
1 68
G
• 6
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h a
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VI
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m easurements a re
C D M 1 1
g r MI . N 0 NI • • M I CO 0 M 1.1 CO NI gr
N ote:
0
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el
T ool b lank:
D ATA F OR R ETOUCHED P IECES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES I N THE B ADARI D ISTRICT
O.
T able
5 .44
D ATA F OR M ISCELLANEOUS T OOLS F ROM I N T HE B ADARI
L ocality
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
D ISTRICT
U C n o.
B reaks
T ool
b lank
L
f lake
3 000/3
W
T h
L /W
T h/W
9 620
n one
s ec.
4 6
5 0
8
0 .92
0 .16
2 6777
n one
i ndet.
5 1
2 8
9
1 .82
0 .32
3 000/6
9 727
n one
s ec.
f lake
6 5
3 5
8
1 .86
0 .23
2 7096
n one
s ec.
b lade
5 1
1 4
6
3 .64
0 .43
9 764
n one
p lunging
7 4
4 8
1 .54
0 .71
3 000/10
f k
3 4
L ITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC CEMETERY AREAS T he
P etrie
c emetery a reas o f
a t otal
T here a re
collection
i n t he
o f
3 5
of
B adari
p ieces,
l ithic
d istrict
many
( n=14)
artifacts f rom t he P redynastic
i s
e xtremely
o f
which a re
c ollection c onsists i nclude
o f t ools,
k nives,
h alf
f ishtails,
T he n on-bifacial t ools c omprise s ickle blades, s labs
( idem:
v arious
c onsisting
C emetery
3 800 .
f ive p ieces o f d ebitage c omprising t hree s econdary b lades,
s econdary b ladelet a nd a n a xe p reparation and
l imited f rom
which
T he r emainder
a re
b ifacial
LVII
k nives
T he d enticulate
( table
5 .45),
concave-base a rrowheads a nd s ickles. o ne
denticulate,
[ 3]).
a re
T he t runcations,
a ll
i s o n a n
made
o n
e longate
f airly
s econdary
a f ew
t runcations,
s ickle b lades a nd t he
r egular
s econdary
b lades.
f lake .
One of t he ' other' b lade k nives , UC 9 799 ( idem: pl. LVII [ 3: k nife f rom t op]) f rom C emetery 3 800, r egular
s econdary
b lade
which
i s
o f
f orm .
T he
v entral
r ipple-flaking, f laked been
k nives . ground
t he
T his at
a spect k ind of
h as
h eat-treated
b een
i tself .
of
small
On
equal
i n
apart
s tandard
f rom
t he
neatly
small
e dge
r etouch
t o t he
b rown
T his
k nife
been
worked
b y
r ipple-flaked
r ipple-flaking
on
aspect,
f ine
r ipple-
a long
k nives,
ver y
f rom
t he
o f e xceptional
t he
v ery
o n
main d orsal
detached
o ccurs
i s
f lint.
made o n a b lade a nd h as not
dorsal
t o a s ingle
h ave
k nife e dge .
i s
the
s cars
A dditional
o f t he c urved
c ompletely
however,
stage.
s ubparallel b acking r etouch e xtends a s eries
mottled
t he o ther e nd i s rounded
f laking normally only s een
s pecimen,
any
2 nd
i s made on an extremely l arge,
One e nd ( probably t he k nife end) i s b roken; i n
a
o f t he
a blade k nife, o ther blade knives and worked t abular
pl.
b lade
o f
f lake.
t hough
neat,
r idge, t he
d orsal
a nd
r idge a spect
c raftsmanship, t he
t echnology,
v entral
a spect,
i s
quite
r ipple-flaked
k nives,
one
f rom
A f ine b ifacial
k nife
d ifferent. T here C emetery came
f rom
c ouvrante
a re
1 00,
two
f ragments
a nd t he o ther
c emetery r etouch .
3 900
O ne
e nd
of
f rom ( idem: i s
C emetery pl.
3 800 .
LVII
b roken,
b ut
169
[ 3]) i t
h aving
a ppears
t o
b road, h ave
f lat,
b een
o f
T able T OOL C LASS F REQUENCIES
5 .45
F OR P REDYNASTIC C EMETERIES
I N T HE B ADARI D ISTRICT
D enticulates
1
T runcations
5
S ickle b lades
3
B lade
k nives
1
O ther
b lade
B ifacial
k nives
3
k nives
R ipple-flaked
1
k nife
f ragments
2
F ishtails
3
C oncave-base a rrowheads
2
O ther a rrowheads
1
B ifacial s ickles
2
O ther
4
b ifacial
t ools
T OTAL B IFACIAh
1 5
W orked t abular
s labs
2
T OTAL
3 0
f airly t ypical
G erzean
t he
T he
h aft
e nd .
k nife
f orm,
f ishtails
t hough w ith
consist
o f
o ne
s haped f ishtail e nd b ut with o ne o f t he f ishtail 3 802]), t he
with
a nd
a s hallow
a f ishtail
U -shaped
f ragment .
' tails'
f orked
T he
a n otch
which
two
end
i n
o ne
s ide
o f
o riginally h ad a V now b roken,
( idem:
pl.
c oncave-base
a small
XLVIII
[ 6:
a rrowheads
i n
P redynastic cemetery collection a re both i ncurving for ms with
t apering pointed b arbs
( idem:
pl.
XXIX
[ 3:
1 700,
3 920]).
T he o ther
a rrowhead i s a small s temmed point w ith s errated m argins f rom C emetery 3 800 ( idem: pl. XXIX [ 3: marked 3 000/16]). C emetery g rave i ts
1 700
3 507
ends
c onsist 3 800,
b ipointed
( idem:
i s
o f
i s
p l.
b road
LVII
r ather
a p ointed
B runton 's ( idem:
c omments
c emeteries 6 1).
a re
A lso
o n
t he p ieces
( idem:
6 1, p l. XXXIV [ 1]).
which
f laked
k nife
mentioned,
a re
a b lade
while t he s ickle
o f a r elated s hape
pointed. ( idem:
T he p l .
o ther
L VII
l ithic H e
g rave
a rtifacts
noted 1 02)
t hat
f rom
t hough o ne o f
b ifacial
[ 3])
was
f rom
1 3
f rom
t he
f ishtails
a b roken
T here i s no p late f or and t he third ( idem:
O ne o f t he k nife,
T he b ifacial s ickle f rom [ 4]),
tools
C emetery
P redynastic were
f ound
r ipple-flaked
when f itted t ogether g ive a c omplete o bject
i s also mentioned ( idem: 5 1). B runton
i s
LVII
f ragments.
t he
( in
p l .
t ool
l imited .
k nife,
t ypical s pecimen .
t han
t ool
f ound o f
[ 2])
b ifacial
a nd t hree b ifacial
B adari
( idem:
f ragments
t he s econd
pl.
e xamined
LVII
i n t he
r ipple-
[ 2]) i s not a P etrie
M useum
Among t he " other k nives" described by
v arious
i rregular
170
b ifacial
k nives,
c omma-
s haped LVII
k nives,
[ 3]),
k nife, w ith
and
which
t he
k nives
a re
i n
h eat-treated
a n otch
i n
t he
A ccording
C emeteries
P etrie
b lade
k nife
h aft
to
f rom
t he
( UC
9 799),
examples
B runton
A lthough
f rom
C emetery
( idem:
b elief t hat
a ll
C emetery
3 900
and
a nd
3 900
( idem:
i nclude
t he
p l.
a b lade
b ifacial
k nife
e nd . 6 1-62)
there
a rrowheads f rom t he P redynastic c emetery t he
3 800 and
collection
1 700
c ontained
and
n o
are
a reas. g rave
B adarian
no
concave-base
B runton 3 920
to
b urials,
c onsidered
b e
B adarian.
B runton,
i n
t he
i ncurving-shaped c oncave-base a rrowheads a re B adarian,
wondered whether g rave
3 920 was
B adarian o r
whether
t he a rrowhead
was
i ntrusive. T he only o ther
t ools f rom t he P redynastic c emetery a reas t hat
B runton mentioned o ccur u nder t he s ubheading where
he
s aid
s pecifically
s i mply
" very
o nly a " sickle
f ew
f lint"
were f rom
" Flakes a nd
found
g rave
i n
1 40
S crapers"
g raves",
( idem:
6 2,
noting p l .
L VII
[ 1]).
D ISCUSSION AND SUMMARY T he e xamination o f t he P redynastic p rovides f lint
a wealth
o f
a rtifacts
d evoted
l ess
( idem:
i n
n ew
i nformation.
o nly
than
6 1-62).
a rrowheads,
two
a page
H e
to
paid
and
t ools
f rom
B adarian and
c ame
B runton d escribed t he B adarian
a h alf
t hose
of
particular
k nives and b ifacial
e laborate t he
l ithic a rtifacts c ollected b y B runton f rom
( including B adarian) localities i n t he B adari d istrict
f rom
p ages
the
( idem:
3 5-37),
of
P redynastic
r est
attention
tools.
Most of
t he c emeteries
l eaving
t he
to
concave-base
t he comparatively
t he s tone
implements
P redynastic v illage a reas barely
mentioned.
C ertainly,
t he descriptions he p rovided a re
wholly
making
comparisons
l ithic a rtifacts
any
s ettlement T he P etrie o n
r aw n o
t he
a rtifacts
with
e lsewhere
material
Museu m
A lthough R NS
s ites
i s
f rom
of
f lint
o bvious l ithic
B adari
d ark,
weathered
u sually
t he
were o bserved a t
f rom
t he
patina
d isplays
e ven
white
B adarian
l evels,
B adarian
ancient o r
p redominantly
P redynastic
T he
of
m aterials
c ores and
t he
were
B adarians
unfamiliar
u sed
f lint
with
i n
a nd
i n
i n
t he
c olour.
t hat
a d ifference f rom
t he
o n i s
t he s een
B runton's s ites
i n p articular
cortex,
f or
f rom
H emamieh b etween
i n
h ave n oticeably
whereas
t he
cortex
o n
l ittle e vidence o f weathering a nd i s i n
colour.
T his
material,
and
i s
t he
k ind
of
who went o n t o s uggest
l ying o n t he d esert
s itu
beige
l evels
such
d ifference n oted b y C aton-Thompson a t H emamieh, t hat
i nadequate
l ithic artifacts examined
i s
P redynastic
a rtifacts
l ight,
all
d ifferences
d istrict.
P redynastic
E gypt.
which
b etween t he B adarian a nd t he
collections
i n
a rtifacts
t he
a nd
s urface b ecause t hey
t hat,
t herefore,
t hey
o riginally c ame f rom an a rea l acking l i mestone deposits containing f lint c an
be
( Caton-Thompson, offered.
S ince
1 928: 7 5). t he
H owever, a d ifferent explanation
material
l ying
e xposed
o n
t he
d esert
s urface i n t he v icinity o f t heir settlements was adequate for t heir n eeds,
t he manufacturers of t he B adarian i ndustry made no e ffort to
o btain
f lint
o r
i n s itu
more
f lint
H owever,
l ater
m aterial
were
r ecently
weathered
f rom
f rom t he n earby c liffs i n
t he
r equired
P redynastic, t o
e nable
o r
when
t he
t he
l ocal
l arge
p ieces
p roduction
171
l imestone
f rom o utcrops o f
o f
c liffs
f arther g ood
f airly
away .
q uality
l arge
( and
i n
s ome
c ases,
n odules
o f
p ieces
of
e xtremely
f lint r aw
o f
t he
l arge),
l ow
material
r egular
d esert
h ad
t o
b lades,
w ere
b e
t he
small
u nsuitable .
obtained
f rom
e ither
l imestone g ebel o r f rom m ore d istant l imestone o utcrops, t hat b etter p ieces o f f lint o ccurred i n
t abular
t he
n earby
t hough i t m ay
b e n oted t hat t he f lint u sed may not h ave b een q uarried. i t w as f ound
w eathered
L arger,
A t N agada,
t he u pper r eaches
o f t he l ocal wadis where t he material h ad only r elatively r ecently w eathered o ut w adis
f rom
c loser
t rue
f or
t o
B adari,
d istribution d efine
t he
p resence
s ource f or
t he
t he
t he
c ores
i n t he
t ools,
w ithin
w as
s ignificant
t he
f ield u sed
t he
T he
B adarian
b lade
c ollections
a nd
a re
h ighly p robable, a re
appear b asic
m ainly
t o
h ave
b een
t echnology f lakes,
d escribed
a s
a s
r egular
c haracter
o f
t hose t he
f lake
T hese
and
a nd
b lanks,
appears
t hat
f rom
b y
b een
a fterlife .
p laced
A lthough
i n
t he
T he
a l ocal
s eems
l ikely,
s pecialists .
c ores,
t he B adarian
a dmitted
s econdary
b ifacial
t hat
t ools .
f lake
A lthough
r epresentative
t he
t he
a nd
b lade
c ores
cores
v arying
t he
o f I t
a nd t he t he
s eems
f rom a re
b lanks
t he
g raves
c ores
f rom
f or t he
f lakes
t o
t hat
might
b e
n ot
were
a reas
c onsistently
J udging
p articularly
c emetery
w hich
b road
b lades
h owever,
T he B adarian many o f
r epresent a s ingle
P redynastic.
worked a s t hose f rom t he s ettlement a reas, t hey h ad
I t
a nd
f urther
i ndicates
must b e
narrow
b lades,
c ores
T he c ores
i t
b lanks
b lades
l ater
i t
t o
P redynastic.
d istrict .
T hese
t he
p ercussion .
n ature
f lake a nd b lade b lanks .
o f
p latforms,
t he b een
t he o riginal a ssemblages a lso c ontained
p roduced
b ladelets . a s
t he
p robably
e ntirely
h eat-treated. t o
t he
impossible
i ndicative o f c ertain t rends .
t hat
p latform
a nd
o f
o f
m ay h ave
a re observed b etween t hough
n ot
t ools o n
w hich
e longate
B adari
d ominated
t hey a re
s ingle
i s
d uring
p articularly
h owever,
s tudies i t
r eaches
s ame
l imited c onsisting of o nly 4 5 p ieces.
u ndoubtedly
f laking d ebris a nd
c ores
a re
t ools,
o riginal a ssemblages, m ore
r ather
c ollections
d ebitage
l ower
T he
t ask o f l ocal c raft
d ifferences i s
t he
a nd p erhaps t he m anufacture o f s ome o f
v illage a nd c emetery c ollections, v illage c ollection
i n
c ollection
t hat b lade p roduction,
t he b ifacial
t han
1 97-198).
t he a rea
f lint
i n
m aterial
( p .
without
f lint
of
b lade
r ather
s ettlements
t hough
o f
s ource
o f
h owever,
N o
t he g ebel,
t he
d etached
a re
f rom
t heir
n ot
a s
t he
s triking b y
d irect
e xtensively
i ndicating p erhaps t hat
t he
d eparted
v illage
a reas
t o a re
u se
i n
t he
e xtensively
worked, t hey a re not a s small a nd e xhausted a s t he f lake c ores f rom t he
B adarian
m ay
o nly
l evels
r eflect
a t
H emamieh .
a d ifference
i n
T he
r eason
c ollecting
f or
t his
b ias
i s
u nclear
a nd
b etween
B runton
a nd
C aton-Thompson. T he p er oirs, a xes
a nd
m ain t ools
i n
c oncave-base
n otches,
d enticulates,
b ifacial
d rills,
a nd f ragments. b lades
t he
r etouched p ieces,
and
B adarian c ollections a re p erforators, worked
t abular
a rrowheads.
O ther
t runcations,
b acked
b ifacial
t riangles
a nd
s labs,
s everal
w ith
b ifacial
a re
made o n nodular p ieces o f r aw
a s traight
b ase,
and
a n
k nives,
' other' b ifacial
T he n on-bifacial t ools a re made o n b oth
a f ew
g rand
s ickles,
t ools i nclude e ndscrapers, p ieces,
b ifacial s ickles a re mostly o f two f orms s hape
b ifacial
t ools
f lakes a nd
material.
T he
a n e longate t riangular
e longate
b ipointed
f orm.
T he
c oncave-base a rrowheads a re o f i ncurving f orm with c urved t apering b arbs e nding i n p ointed o r o gival t ips . B oth t he b ifacial s ickles a nd c oncave-base a rrowheads s how c areful s haping w ith w ell e xecuted f lat r etouch .
T he
a xes
a re
m ostly
o vate
o r
i rregular
t ranchet s cars.
1 72
i n
f orm .
A f ew h ave
O n
t he
B adarian
whole,
l evels
c ollections .
t he
a t
T he
l imited
H emamieh
B adarian
c ollection
i s
t ools
o f
material
comparable
f rom
to
H emamieh
f rom
these
a lso
t he
B adarian
i nclude
a b lade
k nife o n a r egular b lade, b ut i t i s p ossible t hat t his i s i ntrusive. T here a re a f urther
t wo t ools
v illage a reas
m ay a lso d ate
t here
a re
r ather
w hich
n o
r egular
t he
b lade
B adarian
m ade o n r egular b lades f rom t he B adarian
c ores
cores
f rom f rom
l ater
i n
a ny o f
s uggest
t he
t he
P redynastic
s ince
B adarian l ocalities;
a generalized
f lake-blade
t echnology. I n
t his
s tudy,
t he
l ithic
a rtifacts
f rom
s ettlement a reas e xcavated b y B runton a re t he T he
material
e xamined
i s
f rom
a t
l east
m ain
t en
t he
P redynastic
f ocus o f a ttention .
s ites,
a nd
t he
o btained s how t hat i t f orms a s ingle consistent i ndustry. l ithic
c ategories
i n
t he
c ollection
g lossy b ladelets a nd t ools. c learly
u nderrepresented
a re
u nretouched
d ata
T he main
s econdary b lades,
A lthough f lakes a nd f laking d ebris a re
i n
t he
c ollection,
i t
i s
a lso e vident
t hat
a
s pecialized b lade t echnology i s a p revalent a spect o f t he i ndustry. R egular
b lades
c ollection . o f
6 6.7
and
T he
mm
a nd
t ools
made
u nretouched a mean
o n
r egular
s econdary
b lades
b lades
l ength/width
h ave
r atio
o f
dominate
a n
a verage
3 .96.
T he
t he
l ength
s triking
p latforms a re mostly r elatively small, u nfaceted a nd l enticular i n s hape.
T he
p ressure
b lades
a re
t echnique .
l ikely
T hey
were
t o
h ave
b een
c ertainly
d etached
n ot
b y a punch
p roduced
b y
d irect
o r
h ard
h ammer p ercussion . A s eparate d istrict. were
s truck
( mainly
b ladelet
t echnology
Small b ladelets f rom small
s ingle
i s
a lso p resent
( mean l ength = 4 2.1 mm,
( mean
p latform).
l ength
T he
i n
t he
B adari
mean L /W = 4 .18)
= 3 6.7 mm) h eat-treated cores
p latform
c haracteristics
o f
t he
b ladelets a re e ssentially s i milar t o t hose o f t he b lades e xcept f or t heir
s ize .
a re
3 .1
mm
6 .3
mm
a nd
T he a verage p latform a nd 2 .1
m anufactured b lades.
1 .2
mm,
mm
u sing
f or
t he
a t echnique
b ladelet
T he
s imilar
I t s hould b e pointed o ut,
h eat-treated
c ompared
b lades.
s equences a re q uite d istinct . f rom
w idth a nd t hickness o f t he b ladelets
r espectively
w ith
t he
a nd
f rom non-heat-treated b lade c ores,
v alues
were
o f
p robably
t o t hat employed t o d etach t he
however,
t hat t he two r eduction
T he g lossy b ladelets
c ores,
m ean
b ladelets
t he
b lades
two o f
were o nly d etached w ere
which a re
o nly
p roduced
i n t he
P etrie
c ollection. T he
m ain
t ool
c lasses
f rom
t he
P redynastic
s ettlement
a reas
a re
e ndscrapers, t runcations, s ickle b lades, a nd r etouched p ieces. A lso p resent i n t he c ollection a re c ircular s crapers, b urins, n otches a nd denticulates, p erforators, t runcation k nives, b acked p ieces, b lade k nives, o ther b lade k nives, g lossy b ladelet t ools, and a v ariety o f other
f ine
b i f acial
tools
and
f ragments.
There
a re
r arer
r epresentatives o f o ther t ool c lasses i ncluding s idescrapers a nd a p lane.
T he
f ishtails,
b ifacial bifacial
a rrowheads.
T he
s tandardized
G erzean
T he a xe
o ne
t ools
i nclude
s ickles,
w hole k nife
an
a
w ell-shaped f orm,
6 a xe p reparation
f lakes
i t no
s everal
i s
k nife f airly
t ranchet
m ost o f o ne
1 73
k nives,
t riangular
two
concave-base i s
o f
t hick
s car,
i n t he collection.
c oncave-base a rrowheads h ave s traight-sided s ixth h as a s hort b ody w ith
b ifacial
a nd
b ifacial
a lthough
i s a n o vate s pecimen which h as
t here a re
f ew
axe
t ypical ( 23
mm) .
although
F ive o f t he b odies.
i ncurving b arb r emaining .
T he
T he and
a ge
l ater
S equence
t his t he
D ates
of
s ettlement
a reas
continuing
m aterial,
b eyond
B adarian, t he
were
i s
pottery
mainly
w ith
B runton 's
types,
Amratian
t hat
f rom
t he
P redynastic
collection
B adari
f rom
f act
B runton A rea
H owever,
G erzean
H emamieh
i s
i s
P redynastic o n
t he
concluded
t hat
t he
1 900-2000,
h e
B ased
s imilar
so
n oted,
t he
H emamieh,
l evels. i s
i t
comparing
s ite,
m aterial
comparisons c an be made with i t.
t hat
u ncertain.
w ith
s tratified
Amratian/Gerzean t ransition a nd Amratian
t he
somewhat
i nto t he e arly Gerzean.
c ollection t hat
o f
t han
i t
l ithic
i s
t o t hat
f ound
f rom t he
U nfortunately,
l i mited
I t s hould a lso be
t hat
no
t he f air
mentioned
t hat
t here a re no r adiocarbon dates a t a ll f or any l ocality i n t he B adari d istrict, ( P.
e xcept f or t he d ates f or t he B adarian l evels at
H emamieh
4 6). B runton
d istrict [ Late
t o
considered
b e
P redynastic]
e stimate
f or
t he
a rtifacts
f rom
t he
o f
r ange T he
b lade
mostly
t he
f ragments
b urials
b lade
c emetery c ollection, ( n=4)
u nretouched
k nives,
I n
c onsistent
s ickle b lades,
k nives
i nclude two
t he
B adarian
t here a re v ery f ew
t he
t he
a s
r egular
f rom t he
b lades
P redynastic s ettlement a reas, h abits.
s econdary
B adarian g raves.
r arity of u nretouched blanks particularly
a nd
to
a
c oncave-
S ince t he two c emetery c ollections were b oth m ade b y B runton,
f rom
p rimary
w ith
l ocalities.
contrast Moreover,
h is
f lint
a nd
were r ecovered
8 2
of
f lakes
b lades
whereas
with
f ishtails,
T he b ifacial
k nives.
t here a re n o c ores.
b lanks
i s
t runcations,
b ifacial
s ickles.
small,
B adari
S emainian
c ollection
s ettlement
i ncludes
k nives,
a nd b ifacial
t he
t he
a nd
contrasting
t he
t hough
f rom
i n
Amratian
uncovered)
a reas,
r ipple-flaked
cemeteries
s ome
However,
r ecovered
collection
o ther
o f
( although were
c emetery
cemetery
b ase a rrowheads
P redynastic
s ettlements.
material
k nife,
t he
G erzean
P redynastic cemetery a reas,
a re
a
dominant
f eature
of
S ince i t i s hypothesized t hat t he P redynastic b lades
p roduced
b y
l ithic
c raft
t he
p robably r eflects a change i n b urial
s pecialists,
c ores
a nd
b lanks
were
m ay h ave b een
u nnecessary among t he g rave goods of t he P redynastic occupant o f a g rave. use
T he person only needed a f ew r eady-made tools for immediate
relying
on
r eplacements! specialists p roduced
a nd
t heir
T here a re a lso s tandardized k nives
some
l ithic
specialist
D uring t he B adarian, e ach own
c hanges
t ools
appear
person,
tools,
o n
i n
i n
t he
b lades
t he
o r
t he
h owever, p erhaps
s uch
a s
were
a nd
afterlife of
e ach
provided
tool
s ickle
P redynastic,
the
a member
deceased c emetery
in
for
when t here were n o l ithic
l ist.
b lades
among
I n a nd
t he
f amily,
with
cores.
particular,
v arious
b ifacial
b lade tools
f ishtails and v arious new f orms of k nives, i ncluding r ipple-flaked k nives,
m ake
t heir
O verall, b lade
t he
i ndustry
cores.
appearance . B adarian
with
t he
may
core
e xamined,
c oncave-base do
not
f it
i nto
scrapers,
a nd
r arer
T he main t ool c lasses,
a re
endscrapers,
worked
a rrowheads
t abular
a v ariety
any
c lear
notches,
o f
c ategory.
denticulates,
o f o ther
t ool
174
b ifacial
b ifacial
f lake
j udging f rom t he
p erforators,
s labs,
a nd
e xamples
f rom
f lakea f ew
p ieces,
g rading
a g eneralized
blade
r etouched
p ieces,
a s
T he cores were p robably worked by direct percussion,
collections
which
s ummarized
to
h aving been h eat-treated.
c ircular
b e
c lasses
g rand p erioirs, s ickles,
t ools
T here
a nd
a re
t runcations
c lasses.
a xes,
f ragments
a lso and
a f ew b acked
D uring t he P redynastic, a d istinct r egular b lade t echnology i s p revalent,
a s
well
a s
a s eparate
b ladelet
t echnology .
T he
p roduction
o f b lades i s r egarded a s t he t ask o f l ithic c raft s pecialists. b lades
a re
p resent
i n
r etouched t he
p erforators,
i nto
B adarian,
a v ariety
s uch
t runcations
a s
a nd
of
t ools.
e ndscrapers,
b acked
f orms s uch a s i n
t he
p resent
i n t he
s ickles, n ew
G erzean'
t he
b ifacial a nd
t he
a vailable
P redynastic
be
made,
M any
o f
t he
k nives a ppear
b ifacial
c lasses
P redynastic n otably b ifacial
a nd
b ifacial
e specially
t hose
d rills. o f
H owever,
' standardized
a ppear.
e vidence
f or a nd
i n
t he
B adari
f rom e lsewhere i n
T here e xcavations r ange
t o
o f
t he
l ithic
a rtifacts
a s
o utlined
i t s eems c lear t hat t here i s c ontinuity f rom t he B adarian t o
i nfluences
d ata
f ishtails
T he were
I n a ddition, s tandardized
i nto t he
k nives,
t hat
d enticulates,
c ontinue
s ickle b lades a nd b lade
i nventory.
c oncave-base a rrowheads
o f
f orm,
F rom
t ool
B adarian c ontinue
a xes,
f orms
a bove,
t runcation k nives,
P redynastic
n otches,
p ieces,
t hough mainly o n t he n ew r egular b lades.
C lasses
a rea
whether
o r
not
were a ny
is clearly an u rgent need for rene wed syste matic i n t he B adari d istrict i n o rder t o o btain u nbiased l ithic
t he
B adarian,
r elative
e ach t radition,
a nd
t he
f requency
Amratian
a nd
d istribution
o f
G erzean t he
f or
a nd t o c larify t he r elationship o f t he o ther
c ultural
t he s ites. I n p articular, c annot b e o veremphasized .
r emains,
t he n eed
a nd
t o a scertain
l ithic
l ater P redynastic i ndustries, a s well a s, of c ourse, i nformation
t here
E gypt .
v arious
a rtifacts
t he o f
B adarian t o t he t o p rovide n ew o ther
a spects
o f
f or a dequate r adiocarbon d ates
175
C hapter
6
T HE CURRENT S TATUS OF T HE B ADARIAN :
A P ERSPECTIVE BASED O N
L ITHIC ARTIFACTS
I NTRODUCTION T he 1 4).
B adarian
t radition
w as
b riefly o utlined
i n
c hapter
1 ( p .
1 3-
T he p urpose o f t his c hapter i s t o e valuate t he B adarian i n t he
l ight
o f
t he
l ithic
a rtifacts
a nalyzed
f rom
t he
s ettlement
a nd
c emetery s ites i n t he B adari d istrict d escribed i n t he p revious two c hapters . b een
n o
S uch
a n
r ecent
a ssessment
e xcavations
i s
a t
B adarian s ites t o b e e xcavated o ne g rave i n t he ( 1950b;
1 951:
w adi
6 9,
p articularly
a ny
B adarian
i mportant
s ite l .
w ere t wo g raves
H ammamat
a rea
w hich
a s
T he
t here
l ast
h ave
p utative
i n t he L ac ieita a rea a nd
were
d ug
i n
1 949
b y
D ebono
7 4).
PREVIOUS L ITHIC STUDIES B ased o f
o n
B runton
a nd
1 948:
1 1),
5 6;
t he
2 6; 7 1; t he
i s p resented
1 27; V andier,
1 952:
F orde-Johnston, Kozlowski,
c onsidering
r epeats
1 959:
s ome
o f
f lint
t he
n odules
a b rief
A rkell,
most
1 975:
r ecent
o f
r eviews
mentions
s itu
3 4;
t he
c hert-bearing 1 928:
a nd
s ummary
l i mestone r egions"
f lint-working
p rimarily a c ore
s urface
1 977:
exa mple,
a ccounts
k nives"
a rrowheads,
f rom
t he
l imestone to
( Arkell,
t hem"
o f
f lint
1 975:
3 2,
3 4;
t hat
C aton-
t he
d esert .
o rder
u tilizing
S mall
o f
i s a s
e xpertise .
n odules
p ush-planes
f ollows:
f ound o n
a nd
b ifacial
f ound
T he
B adarians'
i n n earby c liffs
f ailure
h as b een
t o
u se
t he
i nterpreted b y
s ome a s e vidence t hat t hey d id n ot o riginate
i n t his p art o f
t he
r esources) a nd
( because
t hat t hey c ame
f rom
t hey d id t he
not k now
i ts
s outh ." ( Trigger,
'F or
a nd
i n a n a rea o utside
l ithic i ndustry
i s n ot o f a h igh i ndustry,
s haped a nd c oncave-based .
v alley
o f
( i.e.
c liffs
a nd
s ickle-stones a re common a nd a rrow-heads were both l eaft abular
1 17-
7 5) .
" Badarian t he
5 5-
t he B adarian u se o f w eathered
u nfamiliar
s ummary o f t he B adarian
i s
1 949:
For
f lint
l eaf-shaped
f lint
was
T rigger's
I t
1 937:
K rzyzaniak,
29).
" saw-edged
a nd
t abular
i n
3 2,
t herefore " their o riginal home may b e l ooked f or T hompson,
d escriptions
B runton,
( massoulard,
1983:
s uggestion t hat
" flint
a rtifact
7 5-76;
i naccurate v iew o f B adarian
T rigger,
c oncave-base
i nstead
t hat
1 9;
A rkell
s ickles),
l ithic
3 5-37,
i n t he l iterature
1 37;
C aton-Thompson 's
i ndicates
B adarian
( 1928:
2 27-229; B aumgartel, 1 955: 2 1-22; 1 960: 2 4-
1983:
P redynastic,
b ifacial
s hort
g enerally o nly
s tone a rtifacts 1 18,
r ather
C aton-Thompson
t he s o-called
' Badarian'
a t
E l
K oh s ee b elow s ee p .
1 76
1 983:
1 82.
2 9)
T he
c ategories
( Brunton 1 1),
a nd
a nd
o f
B adarian
C aton-Thompson,
C aton-Thompson
o f B adarian a rtifacts
s tone
1 928:
( 1928:
a rtifacts
3 5-37;
7 5-76)
( Baumgartel,
r ecognized
B runton,
t ogether 1 960:
1 937:
w ith
b y
B runton
5 5-56;
1 948:
B aumgartel's
2 4-26) a re s hown
i n
l ist
t able
6 .1.
T able
6 .1
C ATEGORIES O F B ADARIAN S TONE ARTIFACTS R ECOGNIZED B Y B RUNTON ,
C ATON-THOMPSON AND BAUMGARTEL
B runton
C aton-Thompson
B aumgartel
W inged a rrow-heads T anged a rrow-heads S aw-edged k nives K nives L ance-heads F lakes C ores C elts Adzes Oval s crapers
P ush-planes o r s teepe nded s crapers S mall k nives o f good workmanship C oncave b ase a rrowheads S ickle-flints
P ush-planes D isc-scrapers B orers S ickle-stones B ifacial k nives A rrow-heads - w inged - l eaf-shaped F lakes
T he v arious c ategories b een
c ommented
o n
i n
o f
B runton a nd
C hapters
4 a nd
5 .
C aton-Thompson h ave a lready
C aton-Thompson considered t he
B adarian to be e ssentially a " core i ndustry" c haracterized by pushp lanes
( Caton-Thompson,
t o b e small,
1 928:
B aumgartel e choes a s
" rather
7 5).
T hese p ush-planes
p ractically e xhausted
a r ough
f lake
i n
f act t urn o ut
c ores.
C aton-Thompson d escribing t he B adarian i ndustry
o ne,
u sing
s urface
nodules
a lthough
a m uch
v ariety l ay i n s itu i n the l i mestone cliff on t he spot", t hat
" The
most
s teep-ended
c haracteristic
s craper"
implement
( Baumgartel,
1 955:
i s
a small
push-plane
a rtifacts
I n b oth a reas, o ne
e nd,
1 948: T he
f ound
b y
B runton
pl. VI
[ 10-11]),
concave-base
M ostagedda
a nd
t he
Mostagedda
B runton f ound e xamples o f
a nd notched a t t he
1 1,
i n
o ther
a rrowheads
M atmar
a reas
f rom
a re
a nd
" saw-edged
( Brunton,
a f or m not
o r
2 1-22) .
A f ew additional notes may b e made on t he B adarian a nd l ithic
b etter
and noting
1 937:
f ound
the
i n
k nives" p ointed a t
5 5, t he
B adarian
p redominantly
' Tasian'
M atmar a reas .
p l.
X XVII
B adari
[ 130];
d istrict.
localities
s imilar
t o
i n
t hose
t he f rom
B adarian s ites i n t he B adari d istrict, i .e. they are i ncurving for ms with
o gival-tipped t apering b arbs
1 34-136], o r
two
X XVIII
a ppear
u nfinished
[ 12,
t o
b e
( Brunton,
1 5,
r oughly 1 937:
a re s traight-sided o r [ 131], e longate b roken
XXVIII
[ 14,
t riangular ( idem:
pl.
1 8-21];
t end
1 6, b ody
worked
p ls.
with
XXVIII
be
2 5]).
[ 127],
V I
1 937: pls. [ 14-15]). which
X XVIII
s traight-sided O ne
s traight [ 17]).
p l.
s pecimens
X XVII
to
2 2,
( Brunton,
1 948:
T his
177
t herefore [ 23-24]), ( idem:
concave-base
s ides.
T he
piece
XXVII
b arbs
[ 128,
H owever, a nd
p ls.
point t he
b e
s ome XXVII
has
a ppear
recalls
o ne
may
t o
an b e
l ater
P redynastic
( Amratian o r G erzean) s pecimens f rom s ettlement l ocalities
i n t he B adari r egion B runton
notes
s ettlement
s ites
4 8,
5 7-59],
5 3-54,
1 63-167, [ 73]). c entre,
1 63-165
a n umber
i n
t he
o f
[ 57,
6 0,
B runton,
i n h is
i n f act a xes. B ritish
1 13,
p articularly
( idem:
1 40],
5 5-56,
X XVIII
1 948: p ls. V II
i n t he B ritish
B runton ( idem:
m useum
[ 5-7,
p ls .
[ 78-83, 9 -10,
f or
t he
X XVI
[ 46,
8 5-87,
2 5-28],
8 9, XVII
A c rescent
o r
d isplay
i rregular
d rill
i t
m ay b e
[ 68]) .
r eveals
t hat
t hey a re
t ranchet t ranchet
F ew
o f
s cars,
t he a xes
a nd
i n
t hose
t he
t hat
d o
s cars .
( "crescentic s craper" o f B runton) a lso c omes
f rom a B adarian s ettlement s ite s uggests
M useum
3 1-32) r efers t o t he more r egular l ong
" imitation c elts" .
c ollection
h ave r ather a typical
a n
i ntrusive
A n umber
i n t he
M ostagedda
a rea
t hough
l ater
P redynastic
t ool
( idem:
o f s ickle b lades
f rom B adarian v illage s ites
X XVII
a rea
r eports a nd a ctual s pecimens o f t hese s crapers i n
e xpanding s pecimens a s
c ome
5 .19b]).
H e d escribes t hem a s " mostly more o r l ess oval, t hick i n t he a nd worked o n b oth f aces" ( Brunton, 1 937: 5 6). A n e xamination
M ostagedda c ollection
X XVIII
[ Fig.
" scrapers",
M ostagedda
X XVII
1 69-178];
o f t he p lates t he
( cf . p .
i n t he
( on
r egular
b lades)
M ostagedda a rea
B runton 5 6,
p l .
h ave a lso
( idem:
5 6,
p l .
[ 38-42]). B runton was c ertainly not c lear
o n what
was t o b e r egarded a s
' Tasian': " To d ecide
definitely
which
o f
t he
c lassed
T asian
which
a s
B adarian
m atter
a s
o f
a nd
implements i s
s hould
a t
s omewhat c ontradicting h imself B runton c ontinues,
" The
T asian
p resent,
i s
where p art l eft .
f lint-work, mostly r ough o f
a s
f ar
a s
i n s tyle;
we
c an
t here a re
3 1)
s tating:
j udge
i t
v ariety
o f
f lint
w ith
a n
o range-red
c ortex
and o ccurs o n many implements...The l arge s ize
o f many o f t hese t ools, a s well a s t heir c olour, d ifferentiate t hem c learly
s erves t o
f rom t he B adarian work." ( idem:
H is d escription o f ' Tasian' which
e xpanding o r 2 3,
2 5,
5 7,
appear
t o
b e
l ong e xpanding 6 2], XXVIII
t ools
f airly f orm
8 ],
( idem:
V II
3 2,
( see
[ 57, 8 1-82,
[ 2]) .
p ls. X III
A part
f rom
[ 1-11], h aving
a n
i ncludes
n eatly i dem:
t he
' Tasian ' a rtifacts
evidence
o f
t he
s eparate
( earlier)
c onsiders
a s
' Tasian '
f rom
s tone ' Tasian' m ay
b e
p ls.
[ 22-40];
i dea
t hat
B adarian .
a rtifacts t radition. r egarded
a s
1 78
3 1)
" imitation
o f
[ 79],
g enerally X XVII
[ 22-
B runton's " celts"
f ine-grained 1 948:
' Tasian '
i gneous
4 , pls. V I t ools
[ 1-
s hould
b e
B runton h ad no r eason t o A nd
t o
a nd
axes
X XVI
l imestone o r
X XVI
l arge a nd c oarse and i nclude g round a xes, s eparate
c elts
s haped
8 9, 1 70-176]).
a re g round a xes u sually m ade o f h ard r ock
a t
m any s pecimens
t he cortex o f t he o riginal nodule h as b een
A s pecial
i s t ypical,
c elts"
a
impossibility" . ( idem:
H owever,
b e
p resent
t here
s upport
i s
n othing
f rom
t he
notion
o f
T herefore, B adarian .
what
a
B runton
OUTLINE OF T HE BADARIAN L ITHIC I NDUSTRY BASED ON RESULTS D ESCRIBED I N C HAPTERS 4 AND 5 T he
a nalysis
T hompson's c emetery d escribed
o f
t he
e xcavations
B adarian
a t
l ithic
H emamieh
a nd
a rtifacts
B runton's
f rom
C aton-
e xcavations
a t
a nd s ettlement s ites i n t he B adari d istrict, which a re i n C hapters 4 a nd 5 , h as s omewhat e xpanded t he l ists s hown
i n t able 6 .1 t o t he l ist p resented i n t able 6 .2 . H owever, i n n o way s hould t his b e r egarded a s a d efinitive l isting. W ith a modern c ontrolled e xcavation o f a B adarian s ite,
f urther
c ategories w ill
a lmost c ertainly h ave t o b e a dded, e ven t hough t hey m ay o nly c onsist o f a f ew mundane d ebitage c ategories a nd r elatively o rdinary n onb ifacial
t ool
c lasses .
T he r esults p resented i n C hapters 4 and 5 s uggest t hat t he B adarian i ndustry i s a g eneralized f lake-blade i ndustry w ith c ore c lasses
g rading
f rom
f lake
t o b lade c ores,
a nd t he s cars
v arying f rom
b road f lake s cars t o e longate f lake s cars, a nd to s cars o f b lade a nd b ladelet
p roportions.
A s ingle
b asic
t echnology
appears
t o
b e
r epresented . T he b lanks were p robably s truck f rom t he c ores b y h ard h ammer p ercussion . S ome o f t he c ores s how e vidence o f h eat t reatment . T he
RNS
g enerally
o f
t he
c ores
weathered
i n
t ends
t o
b e
appearance
d ark
o range
i ndicating
i n
t hat
colour
a nd
s labs
and
t he
n odules o f f lint h ad b een l ying o n t he d esert s urface f or s ome t ime b efore being worked.
H owever,
r ather
t han d emonstrating t hat t he
B adarians were'unfamiliar w ith t he i n s itu m aterial i n t he a rea, s uggested
t hat
s ince: t he
m aterial
i mmediate v icinity o f t heir e ffort
was
wasted
e lsewhere . o f
h igh
i n
v illages
p rocuring
I t was o nly l ater
q uality
l ying
m aterial
o n
f rom
r equired
t he
r epresented
b lanks v arying b ladelets . t hose
i s
s hown
b y
t he
f rom b road
H owever,
f ull i n
t he
r ange
t able
b ifacial
t ools,
b ifacial
s ickles,
do not
b ifacial
c ores,
f lakes b lade
t he
t ools T he
main
e ncountered
b ifacial
f it
i nto
a ny
material
i s t he
n eeds,
n o
c liffs
o r
l arge p ieces
w as
m ainly
f lakes, b lanks
a xes
f orms.
T he
t ranchet
a nd a xes
t o b e a c haracteristic
o f
l arge,
s ought .
o f
s econdary
a nd t o b lades a nd a re
b ifacial a re
n ot
T he n on-bifacial t ools
a s
r egular
i s
r egular
n ot t he
c lear
w hat
B adarian
b lades
o f
o f
v arious
t hat
B runton
t ools
p resent
a re
which
a re o f r ather n on-
o vate
o r
i rregular
t abular
B adarian
p ieces o f r aw
a t
b eing
s labs
f orm . a lso
i ndustry .
m ainly o f e ndscrapers, p erforators
i mportance
l evels
t owards
b ifacial
A lso
worked
t he
c ollections
b iased
r epresented
T hese t ools a re m ade o n b oth
a nd o ccasionally o n t hin n odular
f rom
a nd
k nives
u sually
c onsist
B adarian
e vidently
c ategories.
B ifacially f eature
t he
c lasses
a rrowheads,
s cars.
a nd r etouched p ieces .
i n a re
t ool
d istinct
a ppear
o n
w hen
m anufacture
c onsists
b ladelet
c ollections
h ave
I t
a nd
t o e longate
a nd
c oncave-base
t riangles,
s tandardized
o f
6 .2 .
A f ew
k nife
t heir
n earby
i n
o f t he s ucceeding A mratian a nd G erzean p eriods.
T he
which
i t
s urface
l imited d ebitage i n t he B adarian collections r eflects t he
t echnology
a s
f or
t he
P redynastic f or
r egular b lades t hat a d ifferent s ource o f r aw T he
d esert
w as a dequate
f lint
d uring t he
w ere
t he
s hould
H emamieh,
f ound
b e
179
a ttached
a nd
( notably
f lakes a nd
b lades,
m aterial .
t he
t he
t he
b lade
o ccasional
t ools
s ickle
t o
b lades
f rom
T able
6 .2
MAIN L ITHIC ARTIFACT C ATEGORIES AND T OOL C LASSES R EPRESENTED BADARIAN COLLECTIONS
M ajor
L ithic
A rtifact
P rimary
D ESCRIBED
I N CHAPTERS
4 AND
I N THE
5
C ategories:
f lakes
P rimary blades S econdary
f lakes
S econdary blades C hips C hunks B iface C ores
t hinning
f lakes
( flake a nd b lade c ores)
Tools
M ain
T ool
C lasses:
E ndscrapers
B ifacial
k nives
C ircular
B ifacial
s ickles
s crapers
N otches
A xes
D enticulates
C oncave-base a rrowheads
B urins
L ens-shaped
P erforators
O ther
T runcations T runcation
k nives
a rrowheads
a rrowheads
B ifacial
t riangles
B ifacial
d rills
B acked p ieces
O ther
G rand per virs
M iscellaneous b ifacial
f ine b ifacial
t ools tools
S idescrapers P lanes R etouched p ieces Worked
t abular
s labs
M iscellaneous
settlement represent
areas a
i n
trend
the
Mostagedda
towards
standardized blade tools at intrusive p arts
later
of s ites
P redynastic
which h ad
region).
the
production
t he
end
tools,
of
t he
or
they
Amratian d eposits
These
of
tools
regular
B adarian; t han
and
t hey could be
may represent at
r ather
could
blades
least
B adarian .
THE DISTRIBUTION OF BADARIAN SITES IN EGYPT So
f ar
B adarian s ites t he
( 42
l ittle
sites
in
mention E gypt.
c emeteries
a nd
4 6
B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar
B runton, G abra
1 937;
( 1930)
1 948).
f ound
I n
been
made
s ettlement r egion
s ites
t he
d istribution
a total
of
i ncluding
8 8
near
t he v illage
a nd an a rea
outside
180
of
r ich
H emamieh)
t his
of
of
B adarian
( Brunton and C aton-Thompson,
c emetery,
H owever,
of
recorded
addition,
a B adarian
B adarian l ithic a rtifacts.
has
B runton
D eir
i n
1 928; T asa,
i n apparently
' core'
B adarian
r egion,
which
e vidence
l ies
f or
a
b etween
B adarian
t he
modern
p resence
t owns
i s
b oth
o f
A ssiut
a nd
e xtremely
T ahta,
s carce
a nd
d oubtful. I n 1 923, Murray f ound a p lundered g rave about 5 m iles i nland o f t he R as
S amadai
r emaining 1 923).
L ater,
B adarian
I n
t he
t he
t he
l ed
a n
S ea c oast
( Debono,
c oast .
o f
M urray
P redynastic
t he
t he
r ecognized
g rave
r ectangular
s pecifically
l ithic
a rtifacts .
e xpedition
t o
s urvey
t he
t he e ast b ank o f t he
1 950b;
1 951) .
N ear
B ir
a s
s late p alette t hat
n o
f ound a g rave c ontaining s everal o bjects
t he
( Murray a nd D erry,
c ontained
H ammamat b etween Q ift o n
t he R ed
S ea
i dentified
b asis
T he g rave
D ebono
R ed
g rave a s
( 1963)
o n
f ound .
1 949,
o f
R esch
p rimarily
M urray h ad
W adi
h eadland o n
c ontents
d esert
a long
t he
N ile a nd Q useir o n
e l H ammamat,
D ebono
i ncluding t wo s late p alettes,
o ne o f which was " typiquement b adarienne" ( Debono, 1 950b; 1 951: 7 4). A lso i n t he H ammamat a rea, D ebono n oted s everal B adarian p otsherds. I n t he
L aqeita a rea,
c onsidered
t o b e
h e u ncovered t he b urials o f t wo c hildren which h e
p robably
B adarian
( Debono,
1 951:
6 9) .
Two r ippled pots a re k nown f rom g raves a t N agada C aton-Thompson,
1 928:
2 5-26),
a nd
t he p resence
o f
( Brunton and
a f ew
r ippled
w are
s herds a t s ettlement s ites i n t he N agada r egion l ed H ays t o s uggest t hat
t he
1 976) . t he
s ites
a re
H owever,
N agada
N agada
s ites
and
p ress;
p ublished
s hould
l ate
s ee a lso
B adarian
( Hays,
1 976;
t he c eramic a nalyses o f b e
N agada; C hapter
d ata
on
c onsidered
H assan
7 ,
p .
i nformation g leaned
f rom
Amratian
1 981;
1 984a;
1 91-192) .
P redynastic t he
1 984a;
H ays
and
H assan,
H assan a lone d emonstrate t hat a nd
G erzean
H assan and
( or
H ays c ommented o n t he
l ithic
a rtifacts.
B adarian
e arly
M atson, l ack
H owever,
c ollections
of
i n o f t he
B runton
and
C aton-Thompson c ompared w ith t he r ecently e xcavated N agada a ssemblages i ndicates t hat t here a re i mportant d ifferences ( see C hapter 9 ) . A n umber o f
B adarian s herds,
i ncluding
f ragments o f S mooth
B rown
a nd B lack-topped B rown wares a nd a f ew r ippled s herds were f ound i n s everal
places
s ettlement 3 ,
6 -8,
i n
t he
A rmant
( Myers a nd F airman,
1 66,
1 74-176).
b y b oth c eramic
t ypes a nd and
l ithic
M yers,
I II t o
2 0%
1 937:
1 74).
M ond a nd
w ares c ontinued
i n
L evel
i n u se
t ypology
1 937:
f requency o f B adarian s herds L evel
notably
2 28-229;
i n
t he
P redynastic
M ond a nd M yers,
1 937:
1 -
T he l evels o f t he s ettlement s ite were d ated
p eriods
( Mond
a rea,
1 931:
Myers
t o
t o
t he
Amratian
H uzayyin,
was o bserved
I I a nd
w ell
1 72;
t o d ecrease
1 1% i n L evel
t herefore
a nd
1 937:
G erzean
2 29). f rom
T he
2 9%
i n
I ( Mond a nd Myers,
s uggested
t hat
t he
B adarian
i nto t he Amratian a nd G erzean p eriods .
A f ew B adarian s herds were f ound b y B runton
( 1932:
2 74) a t
t he
" Predynastic t own-site" a t H ierakonpolis, a nd F airservis ( 1972: 1 2) r ecovered a f ew r ippled s herds f rom L ocality 1 1A i n t he G reat Wadi. R adiocarbon
d ates
which c orrected
o btained
l ate Amratian). t his two
would
s till
r ippled
f rom
would b e T here p lace
s herds
i n
t his
t he
s ite
c luster
r egion o f
a round
3 500 B .C .
f loodplain
l evels a t
t he l ocal
i s a s ingle o lder d ate o f 4 875 + 1 08 bp, L ocality
a nd
H K-11A i n
t he
Amratian .
a f ragment o f a bag-shaped
s hape w ith a n e arly t ype o f s lanting s treak b urnish P redynastic
4 720-4750 b p
( i.e.
a t t he
t own s ite o f
H ierakonpolis
( Barbara
K or n e l
A dams,
1 81
p ers .
a ddition,
j ar o f
B adarian
were
A hmar
b ut
I n
f ound
which
c omm .) .
l ies
i n l ate i n t he
A l i mited number
of sherds have also been recovered f rom ' pre-
Amratian' l evels i n t he f loodplain r esult
o f
( Barbara t hat
c oring .
A dams)
one
o r
P reliminary
o f
two
t he
i n t he H ierakonpolis r egion as a
i n-the-field
H ierakonpolis
sherds
might
be
a ssessment
E xpedition
B adarian.
l ed
b y
t o
Among
o ne
t he
the
member
s uggestion
predominant
s traw-tempered sherds,
t here a re a f ew v ery small sherds of a f ine
ware
c omm .)
which
Smooth
A dams
p ossibility . f rom
( pers .
B rown o r
C ertainly,
writer
a lso
B rown
for
d eposits
t he
l ater
t o
r ippled
K ab
( Demuynck
E l
r eveal
of
t he
N ile
more
or
l ithic assemblage l ithic f rom
i ndustry
S outh
K ab s ite t hat
H aving
p .
outlined
a t
r ippled
s urfaces
s ickle
t hey
l ies
to be
are
t he
T he
i s
b e
r ather
always
t o
based
t he
E l t o
( though
s ee
during
t he
3 30).
t he
evidence
l i mited . on
a rtifacts,
u sually
s ites
' Badarian'
with
h ave y ielded to
t hose
T he
only
for
s ites
occupied
t hat
s herds
o r
o nly
two t he
a s ite
a s
p ottery
s herds .
B adarian B adarian'
N one
o f
B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar
a ssemblages o f T he
o f
i t can be
' characteristic
a f ew
o utside
o r
a rea.
i dentification
o ne
c omprising
c ollections
f rom
t he
s imilar
B adarian outside of t he B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar r egion, s een
t o
a ssemblage
r egards
attribution
b ank
associated
N agada
V ermeersch
s ite
e ast
comparable
l ate
f rom
s ettlement
l ithic a ssemblage b eing
a Gerzean
t he
l evels.
o n
H ierakonpolis. t he
b y
t he potsherds a re
P redynastic
which
b lades .
t he
s amples
as
a P redynastic
p articularly
s uggests
9 ,
l ater
B runton 's i s only a
would s upport e ven
area
1 43) appears
H owever,
Town
C hapter
t he
1 978)
opposite
c ontaining
S outh
i n
f ound
1 41,
N agada,
B adarian .
f rom
c omments
l ess
of
a nd
V ermeersch,
( idem:
f rom
T own
a s
were
t hat
N evertheless,
Amratian
s herds
with a ny
a nything
occupation
k nown
a nd
s herds
t o
t his
e xamination o f t hese
early
A f ew a t
r elated
n o
f ailed
u nderlying
b e
H owever,
a nd
a ' probable' B adarian attribution. evidence
c ould
wares.
t here a re
t hese c ore s amples,
p resent
s uggests
B lack-topped
t he a rea
l ithic a rtifacts c omparable
i dentification
of
s ites
as
B adarian
should not be based on t he discovery of two or t hree r ippled sherds. S ites
s hould
l ithic
o nly
b e
asse mblages
c onsidered which
B adarian
r ese mble
i f
t he
t hey
p roduce
collections
c eramic
f rom
t he
a nd
B adari-
Mostagedda-Matmar r egion . T hus c ultural t hough near
f or
the
t he
N agada
t he
p hase
status
R ed
and well
i nto
f rom
E l
t he
K ab,
B adarian cera mics l evel
H emamieh
T he i s
T hey
t radition
f rom
B adarian
i n
U pper
t o
t he
E gypt
1 928: of
s ites could
i n
a nd t he
a re T he
i n
to
i n
t he
T he
G erzean
be
an
early
t he
use
a nd
t he
b e
s herds
of
t he
t own-site"
r eflect
I t
a t
B adarian ' Badarian'
a nd
L ocality
continued
f ound
a rea,
H ammamat and
' Badarian'
p eriods,
" Predynastic also
Wadi
P redynastic periods.
u se
of
may be noted
i n
t he Amratian
7 9) . t he
presence
b eyond
t he
t he
o lder
o f
t ype
a rea
t han
' Badarian'
a c ontinuation
p arts
T arifian
of
cera mics
B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar
r epresent
v arious
s ites
t hat
B adarian.
s ites
B adarian s herds c ontinued t o
B adarian t he
f rom
see ms
B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar
a continuation of
i nto l ater
G erzean
unclear.
B adarian
t he
r emains uncertain.
p robably
s ignificance a nd
the i n
' Badarian'
Amratian a nd
( Caton-Thompson,
Amratian
o nly
r epresent
H ierakonpolis
t hat a t
being,
t he
S ea coast
f inds at
of
A r mant
wares 1 1A
t i me
r epresented
c a .
t he
t here
3 800
t radition
182
N ile
of
V alley,
a re
an
i n
r egion
earlier
t hough
a part
a pparently n o s ites
B .C .
which
of
G inter
c an and
b e
a ssigned
K ozlowski
( 1984;
G inter,
associated [ 1985a]),
a d ate
c learly
t he s herds t he
Kozlowski
with m ay
c annot
and
o f b e
S liwa,
5 185
e quated
i ndicate s ome
l i mited
t hemselves t hat
t he
e xchange
s urviving
' Badarian '
i n
p ots
s o-called
' Badarian'
p eriod
o ccupation
o f
( though and
we
Wadi
c annot
i nto
were
s herds
y et
H ammamat
t he
t he
B adarian.
i s
G erzean,
1 985),
b y
H assan
i nhabitants
o utside
t he
t he
o ccurrences
i n
t ype
j ust
n o
i nstance imply
b efore
t hat
B adarian).
t he
o f
d o
a n
t he
i s t he
e arly
Amratian
t he
R ed
t he
l ight
I n
pots
a lternative
a rea
B adarian
p ossibility
a re
o r
A t hird
H owever,
c ulturally
d ismiss
a l,
A lternatively,
w ith t he
G erzean .
c opied .
f rom
t hat
w ith t he
et
( corrected
d istrict d uring t he Amratian a nd w ith
d uring
u se
G inter
B .C.
f orm o f e xchange
B adari-mostagedda-Matmar
e ither
1 979;
+ 1 20
S ea
c oast
of
t he
available i nfor mation, i t i s t he writer's v iew t hat such occasional f inds of r ippled and o ther ' Badarian' s herds at v arious s ites i n t he N ile
Valley
p robably
r epresent
e xchange with t he B adari-Mostagedda-
Matmar d istrict d uring t he Amratian a nd possibly t he e arly Gerzean with
a f ew
appears
imports
perhaps
consistent
B adarian
( in
t he
when
c ore
occasionally
considering
being
t he
copied.
possible
T his
o rigins
v iew
o f
t he
a rea).
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE BADARIAN TRADITION S everal
r esearchers
h ave considered t he south,
possible source of t he B adarian ( e.g. A rkell, O thers
h ave
8 0-81).
s uspected
B aumgartel
o rigin
( based
on
a N ear
E astern
( 1952:
2 79),
black-topped
i nfluence
however,
pottery
However,
emergence
o f
f ootnote
t he
1 on
c onsidered c ultures
i t
i s
p .
1 5)
t he
was
g roups
l ikely t hat s ome i n
possible
B adarian
north
of
f rom
t raits E gypt,
p robably were u ltimately o f N ear t hat
a t
l east
However,
some
H olocene a re a lmost
s ites
u nknown
P reli minary evidence M iddle
H olocene
p hases
a nd
a reas
specifically t he
on
emergence
c onnection
i s
a s
t he
well a s
t raditions
c onsidered possible I n
R ed
N eolithic o f t he
t he
I t t he
cereal a nd
f rom
C hapter
i t
i n
the ( see
i s
also
N eolithic
c rops
which
i s c onceivable
E astern dating
between
t he
1 1.
T his
D esert. f rom
t he
T he
C aton-Thompson N ubia,
E arly and P redynastic
s ection
D esert a nd o ther
F ayum a nd
" poor
H ills .
t radition.
1 926,
f rom
Western D esert a nd o ther
i n
and
i nfluence
rock-art)
S ea
1 977:
a southern
ware,
D esert.
i ntroduced
Western
B adarian
n ew.
Western
f rom
both
post-Palaeolithic
i ndicating a l ink
i s
t he
t he
o f t he
t he
of not
a major by
derives
1 984b).
K rzyzaniak,
r ippled
particularly
( apart i n
( e.g .
E astern o rigin;
i nfluence
p rehistoric
t he were
N ubia a s a
( for domestic a nimals and
t hat
s upplied
i .e.
3 4; H ays,
s uggests
and
f lint work") and a N ear E astern i nfluence cereals).
1 975:
i dea
t hought h ad a n
f ocusses
i nfluences o n of
a western
t he
B adarian,
" autochthonous
p roto-Libyan" a ncestry . H uzayyin a nd
c ertain
t hat
c ertain
K harga
noted
t ools
r egion
a gricultural
t hat
o n
t he
l ie
with
k nown
( Huzayyin,
1 939:
t raditions,
a ffinities o ther
f rom
' Tasian' f lint
B adarian b ifacial
B adarian a nd Amratian t hat
t he
t abular
t he
o f
a nd
i n t he s outh, e arly
S udan a nd
i n
l imestone a xes
K harga
O asis,
were a lso paralleled 1 941:
t he
3 04-305).
F ayum A i n
K antor E gyptian
African a ssemblages,
s ilicified
p arallels
points
2 40-241;
M erimde
t hese
g round
h ad
( 1965)
K harga O asis" .
183
t he
" It
w ill
b e
i s
a nd t he
e arly
t he n orth a nd
w rote,
c ultures
s uch a s
F or
i n
t he
l ikely
f ound t o
t hose beginning
to be
A s
d iscussed at g reater
t hat
t he
a ppearance
N ile
Valley,
o f
t he
i ncluding
d esert dwellers
t he
( cf.
m igrating o ut o f t he
H assan,
S everal
c hapter
1 1,
i t
c ommunities
i n
was
D esert
s uggested
t he
i nfluenced
W estern
m iddle
i s b y
i n r esponse
H olocene b etween c a.
e lements
o f
t he
B adarian
s how
S aharan
a ffinities.
s uch a s could b e ancestral
a re common i n t he Western D esert
1 89-203),
( Hobler
a nd
Wendorf
e t
of
t o t he
7 000 a nd 6 000
a nd
t here
H ester, al,
a re
1 969:
1 984:
Western
1 24;
4 16,
D esert
( Hassan,
p arallels
Wendorf a nd
4 18),
1 976;
f or
S child,
concave-base
F lake
to t he B adarian
1 978b; 1 979; H obler and H ester, 1 969; Wendorf and S child, 1 65,
E gyptian
g roups
1 986b).
and b lade t echnologies, t echnology,
i n
B adarian,
worsening a ridity d uring t he b p
l ength
a gricultural
1 978a;
1 980:
1 28-
g round
a xes
1 980:
1 60,
a rrowheads
2 18;
( Caton-
T hompson, 1 952: 1 85, pl. 1 11 [ 9]; Wendorf e t a l, 1 976: 1 12; McDonald, i n
p ress),
a nd
l ens-shaped
C aton-Thompson, 1 7];
McDonald,
a nd o strich 1 928:
2 8;
1 952:
a rrowheads
p ls.
9 5
( Caton-Thompson,
[ 15-16],
9 7
1 982: 1 27, pl. XV [ a-b]).
f eathers
B runton,
i n
t he
1 937:
B adarian
3 0,
5 7)
[ 25-27],
[ 2],
F ig . 9 9
1 ;
[ 7-8,
T he u se of o strich eggshell ( Brunton
i s
1 931:
9 8
also
and
C aton-Thompson,
s uggestive
of
a desert
c onnection. A Rough main i n
ware sherd
B adarian
t he
P etrie
m useum,
encountered S child,
i n
T hompson,
a nd
t he
( e.g.
P redynastic
post-Palaeolithic
1 952:
E arlier
t o t he
i n
a ssemblages
o bjects
l ater
4 0-41,
d efinite c ontact
and
5 500
B adari
d istrict
was
noted
B anks,
1 980;
Wendorf
a nd
1 980: 1 56, 2 22).
at
b p).
A rea
a nd a lso r ecalls t he k ind o f c eramics f requently
S aharan
P redynastic f ound
( UC 9 359) with impressed markings f rom t he
s ettlement,
w ith
pl.
t he
contacts
1 21
i nspired
s ites
[ 2-3,
i n
5 ];
Hol mes,
N ile V alley d uring t he
t herefore
B adari-Mostagedda-Matmar
a re
not
a rtifacts
K harga
h ave
O asis
n .d.)
i ndicating
P redynastic
u nlikely .
T he
d istrict a re B aharia,
b een
( Caton( ca.
n earest
F arafra,
5 000 o ases
K harga
D akhla. U nfortunately,
B aharia
( Hassan,
r estricting
there
1 978b;
comparisons
bp,
i s
which
l i mited i nformation a vailable f or
t he
( Barich a nd
B adarian .
H assan,
N evertheless,
1 987)
t he post-
a ssociated with a r adiocarbon d ate of c a.
characterized
t echnologies
only
with
P alaeolithic of B aharia, 7 000
i s
1 979) a nd F arafra
c ould
by
b e
the
predominance
r elated
t o
t he
of
f lake
f lake-blade
a nd
blade
t echnology
o f
t he B adarian, and t he tools r eported consist mainly of endscrapers, b urins, r are
n otches,
b ifacial
g eometrics,
d enticulates
tools
b acked
and
a nd
worked
b ladelets
a nd
r etouched t abular
p ieces.
A lso
pieces.
m icroburins
a re
a bsent.
i s no pottery to compare with the B adarian cera mics. f rom
B aharia
c omponents c ould i s
i s
b ut
well h ave
t hat
at
c ollections
somewhat
i t
i s
b een,
the which
r epresentative s et
n ot a t
c ontain
l acking any
r adically d ifferent
l east
moment o f
' si mple',
s o
t he
i n p art,
a bundant
' ordinary'
b ifacial
l east
H assan,
1 987) .
two post-Palaeolithic U nfortunately,
a s
A lso
a re a s
t here
T he i ndustry
r eally
d istinctive B adarian a nd
t o
i t.
only
k nown
t ools
b ut
n ot
T he p roblem f rom
older
a r eliably
a rtifacts.
P reliminary f ield i nvestigations t hat a t
i s
s uch
f rom t he
a ncestral
B adarian
p resent
E lements
i n
t he
F arafra
r egion
i ndustries a re p resent
y et
n either
184
o f
t hese
h as
s uggest
( Barich a nd b een
d ated .
O ne
i s
mainly a f lake
m odified
i ndustry b ut
i nto d enticulates;
i ndustry
with
numerous
s eems
a s
r egular b lades often
t o
perforators,
s idescrapers a nd s caled p ieces, a nd p rojectile p oints.
w ith s ome
t he o ther
b e e ssentially a f lake
notches,
denticulates,
w ell a s a v ariety o f b ifacial
t ools
T he data a nd i llustrations published s o f ar
a re l imited, b ut i t i s n ot impossible t hat t he F arafran material i s r elated
t o
t he
B etter D akhla
k nown
a nd
i ndustries
B adarian .
K harga t o
3 54-355).
e ach
a re
t he
O ases o ther
a nd
t he
T arifian
a nd
m ade
w ith
t he
B adarian
N agada
a ssemblages
h ave
n .d .;
t he
p roduced
s ee
K harga
a lso
f rom
t he
comparable
C hapter
1 0,
p .
post-Palaeolithic
i ndustries
o f
t he
N ile
V alley
H owever, s ome c omparisons c an a lso b e
p articularly
b ifacial
t o
1 987c;
between
a re d iscussed i n C hapter 1 1. s tandardized
a ppear
( Holmes,
S imilarities
t raditions
post-Palaeolithic
which
t ools
a nd
w ith
t he
r espect
working
t o
o f
a n umber
t abular
o f
n on-
p ieces
o f
f lint. T hough t he evidence a s yet c an h ardly b e s aid t o b e conclusive, i t would s eem q uite l ikely t hat small g roups o f p eople
m igrated o ut o f
v arious d esert a reas, particularly f rom t he nearer o ases of D akhla, K harga, F arafra, a nd B aharia t o t he N ile V alley i n t he r egion b etween A ssiut w ell t he
a nd
a s
T ahta
B adarian
t o
b ringing
p ossibly
s ay.
w ere
T he
e lsewhere,
a lso
p resent
s ee
a gricultural
t hem v arious
a nimals .
i ntroduced e vidence
C hapter
a s b eing t ransmitted t he
w ith
d omestic
1 0,
t o
p .
k nowledge
W hether b y
( or
t he
t he
o asis
r ather
s kills,
a s
c ereals
o f
m igrants
t he
3 64-365) o bliges u s
U pper
a nd
d omestic v irtual
o f
n orthern
d ifficult
l ack
o f
i t
t o v iew c ereal c rops
E gypt u ltimately f rom
t raditions
i s
t he
E gypt.
N ear I t
E ast
i s
v ia
a lso
a
p ossibility t hat t he p olished r ed a nd b lack c eramics o f t hese L ower E gyptian c ultures i nspired t he development of t he f ine wares o f t he B adarian
( cf .
T hese n ative i s
C hapter
w estern
1 1,
a nd
p .
3 85).
n orthern
N ile V alley t radition,
a lso p ossible
t hat
n omads
f rom
t he emergence o f t he B adarian, E arly t o
M iddle
i mpossible W ith
t o t he
i nfluences,
d eveloped t he
b lend
a ny
l ocal I t
E astern D esert p layed a r ole
i n
b ut w ith t he a lmost t otal
l ack o f k nown
a ssess . i nfluences
f ind a s ingle,
o f
w ith
H olocene o ccurrences i n t he E astern D esert t his i s
s uspected,
i s n ot a t radition t hat appeared g oing t o
c ombined
i nto t he B adarian c ulture .
o ne
t hing
i s
c lear;
s traightforward a ntecedent .
i nfluences,
e ven
i f
t he
f rom a s ingle s ource. we
v iew
t he
B adarian
We a re n ot
T he B adarian i s a
Western
D esert
a s
a
p redominant s ource, a s i t i s l ikely t hat g roups f rom more t han one d esert t radition g radually i nfiltrated t hat p art o f t he N ile V alley o ver a period l asting h undreds o f y ears. t o
a s ingle
t hough
t rait
r ippled
t o
d etermine
pottery
i s
t he
often
I t i s u nrealistic t o point
B adarian 's u sed
t o
p ossible
i nfer
a ncestry,
a ncestry a s
e ven
well a s
B adarian i dentity . T able n ot
f rom
6 .3
s ummarizes
P redynastic
t he
o ccurrence
E gyptian
o f
r ippled
c eramics
N ile V alley c ontexts.
T he
t hat a re majority
a ppear t o d ate f rom a period younger t han t he B adarian a nd a re f rom c ontexts a t
B ir
t hat
e l
p ossible
a re
c ertainly
H ammamat
e xceptions,
a nd
n ot
B adarian
L aqeita
t hough
o ne
i n
t he
s uspects
1 85
c ulturally . Wadi t hat
T he
l ocalities
H ammamat a re t he
r ippled
t he o nly
s herds
f rom
T able O CCURRENCES O F R IPPLED C ERAMICS
T radition/
S ite
a ffinity
E astern B ir
e l
I N T HE
D ate o r d ate
E ASTERN D ESERT ,
N UBIA A ND T HE S UDAN
p robable
R eference
( bp)
D esert H ammamat
B adarian
L ac leita
R ed
6 .3
S ea
( ?)
u nknown
D ebono,
1 951
P redynastic
u nknown
D ebono,
1 951
K assala
a pprox.
c oast a rea
E rkowit
P hase
5 500-3000
a ffinities
C allow a nd W ahida, F attovich
1 981
e t a l,
1 984
F attovich e t a l,
1 984
A tbai S ite
i n
K assala
r egion
T ransitional
e arly
S aroba/Kassala
m illennium
6 th
P hase M ahal
T eglinos
K assala
i n v icinity
T erminal
P hase
3 860 + 6 0
C onstantini
4 935
N ordström,
e t a l,
1 982
N ubia S ites
o f A bka
n r.
A bkan
S econd 4 470
C ataract S ites
i n a rea
F irst
C ataract
n r.
A -Group
4 655
t o
-100 k m s outh o f S econd
+ 1 30
t o
1 972:
1 4,
( Second d ate c ited
+ 3 00
H assan,
+ 8 0
N ordström,
t o
1 7
i n
1 986c) 1 972:
1 7,
2 2,
( dates g iven b y O lsson,
4 160 + 5 5
1 972)
C ataract
a rea
C entral
S udanese
N ile V alley
B ridge
f inal
N eolithic
a pproximately
A rkell,
1 949
G eili
f inal
N eolithic
c ontemporary w ith
C aneva,
1 984
S hendi
f inal
N eolithic
E l
G eus,
1 981
E l
f inal
N eolithic
4 830
G eus,
1 981;
O mdurman
K adada
K adada + 5 0 t o
4 370
+ 8 0
1 86
( dates 1 986c)
c ited
1 984 i n
H assan,
2 9
t hese
s ites
( actually
a t
L aqeita
only
p robably r epresent
l ater
w ares
r esult o f i ndependent
c ase
a re o f
r egion
n ot
a n
t he
i dea
v ia
t he
b eing
P redynastic p assed
E astern
o n
one
s herd
I f t he
t he
H owever,
S udan
which
t he b y
b e
t hrown
E astern n omadic
t he I t
w hole
i tems h as
i ssue
i f
g roups
w ho
w ere
b etween
m ore
s edentary
s uggested
t hat
t he
t his
r eady
were
t o t he
more d ata
r egion
t o
a ct
D esert
L evant a nd
w as
a s
i s
f rom
i nhabited
m iddlemen
H offman
was
p opulated w ith i ts i nhabitants p laying a n i mportant t rade n etwork e xtending
B adari
F urther l ight
c ommunities .
E astern
t he
way t he c oncept
o nly t here
i s n ot u nlikely t hat
p astoralist
t ransport 2 47-248)
o n
D esert .
f ound)
m ay h ave a
a nd
b eing t ransmitted i s r ather d ifficult t o d etermine. m ight
was
B adarian r ippled
i nnovation t hen w e
b etween
D esert.
s uch
i mports .
q uite
m erchant
t o
( 1980b: d ensely
r ole i n a
M esopotamia .
S ince t he A -Group s hows ample e vidence o f e xchange with E gypt f rom
t he
Amratian
d isappeared N ubia
c ould I t
i s
u ntil
f rom
c ould
t he
C hapter
c onsist a lso
s preading c oncept
( cf.
o f
9 ,
b eginning p .
A mratian
c onceivable, t he
h ave
B adarian b een
( and
t hat
t o
D ynastic
t he
l ater?)
S udan
l ater
o f
v ia
f rom
t imes
r ippled
when
p ottery
i t
f rom
imports .
i nstead
t he
s pread
of
3 32-333),
t he
t he
t he
i dea
o f
E astern
A -Group
r ippling
D esert,
u pstream
t he
a long
t he S udanese N ile V alley a nd t hen e astwards; o r t he t echnique c ould h ave s pread b y s ome c ombination o f t hese p ossibilities. A d earth o f r adiocarbon d ates p revents u s f rom esti mating t he o f t he a ppearance o f t he B adarian . I f t he s evere a rid p hases o f
d ate c a.
6 000
B .C .
p opulations, s oon
a fter
y ielded
( 7000 . bp) a nd c a.
5 000
t hen e arly B adarian 5 000
t oo
B .C .
l ittle
a t
t he
B .C .
l atest.
e vidence
( 6000 bp)
c ommunities
t o
T he
e nable
c an s ite
i t
t o
mobilized d esert
p robably b e
e xpected
of
E l
S alamuni
b e
a ssigned
h as
t o
a ny
c ultural g rouping ( Vermeersch, i n p ress a nd pers. c omm.; c f. C hapter 1 0,
p .
t he
B adari
3 42) .
H owever, d istrict
i t
a nd
i s h as
l ocated n ear p roduced
S ohag o n
a r ather
t he
o f 5 730 + 1 00 bp ( which c orrects t o 4 695 + 1 35 B .C . T hus,
i t
not
a ncestral T he
B adarian
i nto
c haracterized B adarian
b y
l asted l ocal t he
t echnology,
b ladelet
c lasses
t he
b ank,
n ear
e arly d ate
[ Hassan,
1 985a]).
i t r epresents a n e arly B adarian o r
s ite .
B adarian
d eveloped
a nd
impossible t hat
e ast
i ntriguingly
u ntil
Amratian
about
d evelopment
i n p art a t
4 000
p hase o f
l east,
B .C .
w hich t he
i n
( see
t erms
g eneralized
p .
o f
5 ).
I t
l ithics
i s
f lake-blade
i nto s eparate s pecialized b lade
t echnologies a nd t he appearance o f s tandardized
s uch a s s ickle
b lades
a nd
b lade
t ool
k nives .
S UMMARY C ontrary s tone
t o
t he
v iew
of
t he
i ndustry
c haracterized
b y
u sually
p erpetuated
B adarian
p ush-planes
a nd
i s
not
a f ew
i n
t he
a poor
b ifacial
a nalysis o f m aterial c ollected b y B runton a nd
l iterature, c ore
t he
i ndustry
t ools.
T he
r e-
C aton-Thompson s hows t he
B adarian t o b e a g eneralized f lake-blade i ndustry c haracterized b y n on-bifacial p ieces
o f
t ools
f lint,
r etouched p ieces. s ickles,
m ade a nd
o n
f lakes,
which
b lades
i nclude
a nd
o ccasionally
e ndscrapers,
o n
B ifacial t ools c onsist mainly o f a xes,
c oncave-base
t abular
p erforators
and
b ifacial
a rrowheads a nd v arious n on-standardized t ools .
1 87
Worked
t abular
s labs a lso s eem f airly c ommon .
C onsideration t hat
o nly
t hose
o f
t he
s ites
a vailable
o riginally
e vidence
i dentified
i n t he B adari-mostagedda-matmar
l eads a s
r egion c an
t o
t he
B adarian i n
f act
c onclusion
( and
b e
' Tasian ')
r egarded a s
B adarian. S ites i n o ther p arts o f t he N ile Valley t hat h ave produced B adarian ceramics c an often be s hown to b e Amratian o r G erzean,
and
t he p resence of ' Badarian' pottery may b e i nterpreted a s i ndicating some
f or m
' Badarian'
of
e xchange
ceramics
with
B adari-mostagedda-Matmar t he
c ore
t hat
r egion
compare
a ttribution
o f
with
t he
s ites
i n
I t
must
b e
core
until
r egion .)
y ielding
t he B adarian r emains
t he
continued
a rea.
a t
( The
l east
Moreover, c eramics
B adarian
collections
W adi
h ave
l ithic f rom
r ealized
t hat
t he
v iew o f t he
t entative o nly .
N evertheless,
o f
s ites
a s
s hould
o n
' Badarian' ceramic types, a ssemblages
B adarian I t
c ould
i s
h ave
s ites
t hat o f
not
but
c an
t he
considered b een
a ssemblages
B adari.
T he t o
B adarian p resented h ere
r egarded a s
l ithic
o f t he
conjectural.
t o b e
t he
i n
H ammamat a nd o n t he R ed S ea c oast
i s
B adarian
manufacture Amratian
n one o f t he s ites o utside
' Badarian'
t he
t he
r est r ather
b e
t he
i dentification
r ippled s herds o r
be b ased o n
d emonstrated
t ype
o ther
whole c eramic and
t o b e r elated
t o t hose o f
a rea .
possible
s ignificantly
a f ew
t hat
t he
i nfluenced
emergence b y
v arious
of t he B adarian post-Palaeolithic
g roups of t he Western D esert who migrated to the N ile Valley d uring p eriods
o f
e xtreme
a ridity
b arley a nd possibly o ne t he
o r
c a.
N eolithic communities
d eriving
f rom
t he
L evant.
6 000
of
L ower
T he
post-Palaeolithic
5 000
o ccurrences
E gypt,
impact
o n t he B adarian c annot b e a ssessed a t o f
a nd
B .C .
D omestic
wheat
a nd
two o ther t raits were p robably a dopted f rom o f
t he
a ny
c ereals
E astern
moment
r eported .
188
t he
d ue
u ltimately
D esert
c ultures
t o a v irtual
l ack
C hapter
7
THE L ITHIC I NDUSTRY OF NAGADA
I NTRODUCTION T he N agada r egion l ies on t he west b ank o f t he N ile between t he modern d ealt
towns
w ith
a s imilar t he
o f
i n
t o
t he
N agada
a nd
L uxor
c hapter
s ituation
N agada a rea T he
Q ena
t his
a re
t hat
o f
r egion
w as
P etrie
( Petrie and Q uibell,
m iddens)
p rehistoric, two
cemetery
P redynastic
l ocalities,
a reas
Morgan
1 896). t he
a s
a t
1 897) and
r ecognizing t he
N eolithic.
a nd
n ot
l ong
b efore
h e
c onceded
t he
e nd
N orth
o f
T own), h e
( kitchen-
l ocalities a s with
g raves
a nd
t he
t he
p robed
c oncluding t hat
s upposed e ntered
d uring t he F irst I nter mediate P eriod ( ca. 2 180-2130 B .C .). w as
i n
F linders
P etrie,
n umber
r emains were t hose o f a " New R ace" which i t
t hat
Morgan collected a n umber o f
a l arge
T own
e xcept
w ider. e xplored
( 1896;
s ites
l ow d esert,
" kjoekkenmoeddings"
l atter,
e xcavated ( South
D e
and
specifically
Q uibell,
s ettlement
B adari
d e
a reas
p articularly and
o f
T he
t he e dge o f t he
a rchaeologically
C entury b y J acques
s ites,
a ssistance
t he
f irst
1 9th
f rom
1 .1). a t
l ow d esert a nd c ultivation a re
o f t he
a rtifacts
( Fig.
l ocated
p rehistoric
a ge
o f
t he
E gypt
H owever, h is
N agada
d iscoveries o n t he b asis o f which he worked out h is S equence D ating s ystem
which
3 7-38)
also
s ettlements S ites a gain
f irst
v isited
of
o f
which
S child,
i n
N agada
P redynastic
1 968
when
t he
P rofessor
w as s urveying t he o f
p ublished t he
1 900 . a rea
L ortet and
a nd
noted
G aillard
t he
( 1909:
P redynastic
a nd c emeteries .
u ntil
d irection
w as
F red
r egion
1 00).
i n
t he
N agada
o f
O ne of
was
t he
M ethodist
l ocalities
f ound
members
and o f
were
not noted
E xpedition,
S outhern
P alaeolithic
s ite
r egion
P rehistoric
Wendorf
f or
a P redynastic
1 976:
age
C ombined
u nder
d uring t he
r ecorded
t he
U niversity, c ourse
( Wendorf
Wendorf's
t eam
and
was
F .A .
H assan who r eturned to t he N agada region with T .R . H ays i n 1 975, and a gain
i n
1 977,
t o s urvey t he a rea
t est excavations
( Hays,
f or
P redynastic
s ites
a nd t o c onduct
1 976; H ays and H assan, 1 976).
T hey surveyed
t he e dge o f t he l ow d esert a djacent t o t he c ultivation b etween modern 7 .1).
v illages T hey
o f
E l
l ocated a nd
N orth Town),
t he s ettlement t hat
locality a rea,
s ite S tate
l eading
( Hassan, ( known
1 981;
a s
D anfiq,
a d istance of
mapped n ine s ites
( KH1-KH7,
1 8
km
S outh
t he
( Fig.
Town
" The
( see b elow),
a nd
and S outh Town a nd N orth Town a re
l ocalities v isited by P etrie and Q uibell. KH2
rather
W ashington
and
some o f which have been i dentified as s ites o riginally
v isited by d e Morgan noted
B allas
was
than
l ater
a
U niversity
expeditions i n
p rep.).
P redynastic
f ound
to
P redynastic h as
c ontinued
i n
t he
T he o f
be
N agada
e arly
I t may b e
I st
D ynasty
one.
P rofessor
f ield
i nvestigations
s ummers
writer
an
of
1 978,
participated
P roject")
d uring
H assan
1 980 i n
t he
t he
i n
and
o f t he
1 981
p roject
l atter
two
s easons. A n
I talian t eam f rom t he
I nstituto U niversitario O rientale o f
N aples h as conducted e xcavations a t S outh T own i n 1 982,
1 983 and 1 984 ( Barocas, 1 985).
1 977,
1 978,
1 979,
C onfusion over the concessions
1 89
. N ORTH TOWN /
i
,Z AWAY D A g e ' SOUTH T OWN
4
• KH I ( # 1 (H A TTA R A a NA '
01
F ig.
7 .1
L ocation
map
o f
P redynastic
1 90
s ites
2
i n
34
t he
5 Km
N agada
r egion.
h as
a llowed
P roject
b oth
t o
t he
work
e xcavations
I talian
a t
t he
e xpedition
s ame
P rofessor
t he
P redynastic o f N agada
T he
h ere a s
o n t he whole they a re r ather
H assan's
excavations and a re not y et
a re not expounded
s imilar to t hose o f
a nd
s ite.
r esults
of
t he
I talian
f ully p ublished . The
s ites
P redynastic
located
s ettlement
by
H ays
l ocalities
c ontaining abundant charcoal, a rtifacts. a s
O nly
small
c ut
i nto
t he
u ndertaken, o f a rtifacts b ut
pollen)
not f ound
a lso
a nd
a nalyses;
o nly
f aunal
various
u sed
to
N ile
u ncovered
s hallow
s ilt
s tudies
s uch
d epressions
underlying
o f
t he
b one a rtifacts, ( charcoal,
the
s tudies
i nvolving
--
of
g rinding
K H3 . k inds
s tones,
s amples
a nd
. N agada
a nd
p hosphate
i nvestigation
t he
a nalysis
s ite,
v arious
f lotation
microarchaeological
g eomorphology
s tudies
b een
a nd
e xtensively e xcavated
b otanical
geological
and
t he P redynastic s ites. b een
most
l ithics,
o f
d eposits
m ultidisciplinary s tudies h ave b een
i n-depth
r emains;
d eposits
g eoarchaeological
t he
( pottery,
predominantly
o rganic-rich
h ave
p osts
compact
i nclude
s tudies
and
Q uaternary
of
f or
are
o f
f eatures
wooden
D etailed
p articularly
s tudies
e tc .),
small
d eposits.
H assan
bone f ragments, potsherds and l ithic
s tructural
p its,
s ubstratu m
a rchaeological T hese
l imited
m ud-lined
and
c onsisting
o f
t he
r egion,
a nd
o f s ediment s amples
f rom
T he v arious s ets o f d ata t hus obtained h ave
generate
settlement
and
s ubsistence
p rovide p alaeoenvironmental a nd p alaeoclimatic
models,
a nd
to
r econstructions.
I n
a ddition, s tatistical analysis of P etrie's published c emetery data ( Petrie
a nd
r ole
o f
women
O n
t he b asis
t he
Q uibell, i n
1 975 and
s ites
1 984a;
a nd
s herds
i n
t he
N agada
H assan,
u sing
1 976).
f ound a t
P etrie's
KH3 d ated to S .D. 4 1-44. b y
K emp
( 1982),
H assan c harcoal) ( Hassan,
a nd
h as
f or
1 970b)
h as
t o
o f
t hrown
w are s herds r egion
t hat
were b y
K H3 a nd v essel
s equence
were
B adarian
1 985a) .
N agada
f ound
d uring
of
1 8
I I
i t
T here a re e ight
was
t he
( Kaiser,
K H3,
d ates
f or
1 976;
r elative
f ound
f rom t hat
Ia s d etermined
r adiocarbon
( KH1,
t he
r econstructed
s cheme,
N agada
s ites
( Hays,
d etermining s hapes
d ating
e arly
a t otal
t he
o n
H ays t hought t hat the P redynastic
H owever,
K aiser's
l ight
1 984) .
T his c orresponds to N agada
obtained
f our
1 984a;
R ippled
f ield seasons,
a ge o f whole v essels l arge
B aumgartel,
o f a f ew
1 977
s ettlement H ays
1 896;
P redynastic s ociety . (Smith,
1 956) .
dates
K H6
a nd
S ite
( all
S outh
K H3
o n
T own)
c onsisting
o f two dates f rom A rea A , one f rom A rea C and f ive dates f rom A rea B . T he d ates + 7 5
f rom
B .C .
T he
a nd
t he d ates
B .C.
The
A rea
B y ield a weighted
s ingle
date
f rom A rea
f rom A rea
A correct
difference
to
between
a verage
a verage
A .
3 795
B .C .
T he
e xcavated
f rom
S outh
d ates b y
T own
y ield
obtained
P etrie
a re
by
o lder
d ates average 4 530 + 2 50 B .C . m ethod o f d ating,
+ 7 5
B .C .,
reflects f rom
a nd
( 1955)
t he
3 715 + 9 0 B .C .
t hose
H owever,
o n
f or
material
the
K H1 p rovide two d ates T he d ates
a verage c orrected d ate o f
L ibby t han
3 830 B .C .,
3 440 + 7 0
f rom
t he s ettlements.
g raves L ibby 's
L ibby u sed t he s olid c arbon
a nd t he s amples h e d ated h ad b een s tored i n a m useum
where t hey h ad probably got 1 985a).
a n
dates
Two d ates
f rom KH6 g ive an average corrected d ate of o btained
o f
B .C . a nd 7567 + 1 14
+ 1 27
two
3 780
+ 1 45
3 788
these
c orrected d ate o f
d ate
to
s tratigraphic d epth o f d eposits a t A rea a w eighted
c orrected
C corrects
c ontaminated
by
' dead c arbon'
( Hassan,
G raphic seriation and multidi mensional scaling of cera mic
a ssemblages o ne e arlier
s howed
t hat
s ites
g roup a nd t hat
K H1,
S outh
K H3,
K H4,
K H6
a nd
K H7
b elonged
t o
T own and North Town belonged to a
191
y ounger
g roup
( Hassan
a nd
M atson,
w ith t he r adiocarbon d ates,
i n
p ress).
C ombining
t hese
H assan d ivides t he s ites
r esults
i nto a n e arly
N agada g roup d ating to 3 850-3650 B .C . and a l ate N agada g roup d ating t o
3 580-3300 T he
t he
a nalysis
o f
t he
t he
d esert
t hat
1 985b),
s uch
f rom
f lood
about A t
d amage .)
f irst
s ight,
r ecognizable
s uch
a reas
s tone
o r
l ightly
d isintegrated d erive p alm
of
i n a l inear p attern a long f loodplain .
G eoekistic
most
f avourable
geomorphic
a nalysis"
was
o f
f ood
a nd
d eveloped
l andscape
w ater
r esources,
a t
f airly
r egular
i ntervals
f rom
o f
o f
s eem
a ctual houses
c lusters
o r
h uts
t he
H owever,
K H3,
r evealed
s ite of
wattle
r ubbly deposits
t he daub of s uch huts),
o r
d ung-rich
o r
z eribas.
f eatures
whole
marked
a nd
d aub
p ots, b y
a nd
i n
r emains
p ost-holes
which
h ave
n ow
K H3
may
encountered a t
perhaps
T he
s uch a s
o f a rchitectural
f oundations
o f
d ark
by
s tones),
coloured
a nd
pens
l ack
h ave
l ighter
a reas
i dentified T he
s tructure,
a t
a ni mal
b urned
o f
d eposits.
consisting
a re
o f
any k ind
' midden'
h abitation
f oundations
c onstructed of
l ack
p articularly
wooden posts .
mud
t o
h omogeneous
houses of
r eeds and
f ronds. a reas
a p robable
have
been
a nalyses .
domestic a rea
s herds,
I n
i dentified o ne
p art
where c ooking
a nd two n earby
o f c ores,
s tone
o f
1 2
about
t ools,
sq.
m .
at
o f
KH3
t he
was done,
d ung,
f lakes
a nd
f lint
n .d.).
d ebris
d ebris,
c eramic
[ Hassan, T he
f ragments,
d ung,
a r esult ( Area
bone,
w ith h igh
were
f aunal
a nd
of
a griculture
for
t he
b otanical N agada
s hell,
t heir
w ith a bout twice a s
s tudies
r egion
l ivelihood.
l ocated
i n a n a rea
p lant
i ndicated
were
t hat
t he
e ssentially
h ave
b een
q uite
v ertebrae h ave b een r ecovered. t o h ave b een g rown .
medicinal p lants
b ryony
and
l ithic
r emains,
P redynastic
dependent
henbane
s uch
a s
o n
Wheat a nd b arley were c ultivated D omestic s heep/goats,
T here are r are gazelle and h artebeest
r emains i ndicating t hat hunting p layed o nly a m inor role.
a lso a ppear
analysis
r emains -
c harcoal,
m uch b arley g rown a s w heat.
c attle and p igs were r aised. must
a nd Rough
f requencies
( Microarchaeological
b one,
o f
l evel
1 978c]).
i nhabitants
f ishing
B ,
a ssociated w ith a
seeds,
f lint-working a reas
( Hassan,
as
s ite
i nvolves t he q uantification o f m inute a rchaeological
o f
b y
t he
u se potentials a nd p rotection
h earth a nd concentrations o f c harcoal,
e tc .
p ress) .
t he
s paced
a ssociated
t he
( much
Activity
w are
i n
of evaluating
l and
complexes
t he
o f
m icroarchaeological 3 )
t he
p roximity a re
o ut,
household
( consisting
a s
o nly
c arried
i nstance s tubs
s uggests
a s
s ites
r epresenting
h abitation o ne
t o
a method
t he s ites
r epresenting
deposits h earths
T he
c onsisting
e xcavations
d eposits
was
m aterials,
M atson,
l ocated
( "Geoekistic i s
v ariables
a nd
2 km.
a pparently t he
t his
and
a vailability o f b uilding o f
H assan
a djacent
s ettlements.
( 1980b;
c onsidering
1 985a;
s ettlements a re
l ow
i ndicates
f or
H assan
( Hassan,
P redynastic
margin
s etting
B .C .
a n
important
V arious P ollen
n ightshade,
( Emery -Barbier,
a ctivity
h erbal a nalysis
and
a s
H owever,
n umerous
medicinal
f ish
p lants
r evealed t he p resence
c amomile,
m arjoram,
l avender,
n .d J .
T he potsherds f rom t he N agada s ites consist mainly o f P olished R ed and Rough ware s herds. s herds
a re
s pecimens
f rom
were
P robably most o r a ll of the P olished Red
B lack-topped
f ound a t
R ed
v essels,
K H3 .
192
of
which
s everal
whole
V arious
a spects
o f
P reli minary sorting c lasses
t he
i nto
l ithic
major
a rtifacts
a rtifact
h ave
b een
c ategories 1 981.
w riter
s ites
a nalyzed i n
s amples
o rder
d eter mine
to
t he
P redynastic ( 1980),
i n
q uantify
t he
N agada
by
t he
( PDSM)
analysts
found
h ave
G race e t T he
1 985;
l ithic
i n 1 980 a nd N orth
a nd
N ewcomer
f rom
c ompare modern
a l,
a ttributes
i n
p rep .). t hat
and t hat
with
t he
a nd
b y
K eeley
E gyptian
whole
f lint
r eadily surface
o ther
( Levi-Sala,
to the
M icrowear
t hey a re
I n a ddition,
t he
S outh
d uring
d eveloped
f ound
m icrowear
p rospect
1 984-86;
of
1 986;
1 986). b elow
( Areas
a re
f rom t he
B a nd X /XI),
t o p rovide f rom
K H4,
f urther o ld
i nvestigations
K H7,
d ata
f or
e xcavations
P etrie's
which a re h oused
C omparisons
a nd
post-depositional
e xcavations,
i n
S outh
T own
c ertain
t ool
w ith
m aterial
collection of
t he
P etrie
f lint
M useum,
was
were a lso made b etween t he l ithic a rtifacts a nd
m aterial
f rom
t he
N agada
c emeteries d ug
B efore d escribing the l ithic a rtifacts f rom t he N agada
t he s ites
f rom
w hich
s ections
t hat
f ollow .
t he
tool
I n 1 981, K H3
practised
method
w as
1 987b).
m aterial
f rom t he s ettlement s ites by P etrie.
e t
K H3
S outh T own,
a lso s tudied .
i t
p roblems
I n a ddition,
systematic,
a rtifacts
b ut
d escribed
a t s ites
t o
b lank 1 981;
l ithic a rtifacts
a rtifacts
1 981
T own .
c lasses,
i n
( Holmes,
occurring
s erious
analysis o f
a l,
of
' high-power'
( Holmes,
f rom
t echnique
extremely s lowly,
f requently
modifications microwear
b lanks
a n umber
r egion
employing
u se-polishes
obscured
a rea,
d ebitage
h ave a lso b een a ttempted,
d evelops
f rom
o f
blank-manufacturing
i nvestigations,
a nd
main
was done i n t he f ield by H ays and D emuynck i n t he 1 978 f ield
s eason, a nd by H assan and t he writer i n 1 980 and T own
i nvestigated .
and
t he a rtifacts
were o btained a re s ummarized
S ite KH3 I nitially d eposits. i ndicated t he
t hat
mounds
m .
T he I ,
t he
c ultural
I II,
of
deposits
1 981; n .d.).
low and
mounds
of
o btained
e tc .)
f rom
I n
1 978, o f
e xcavated
u sed
B y s ampling t he s ite
t o
s ystematically
l arge-scale
u sing a 5 0
T he
i dentified r adiocarbon
m
l ocate
t he
i n
l evel .
l evels
t hese
i n A rea
( 1-7)
squares
a lready
d ates
corrected d ate of
K H3B d escribed
i n
t his
to
a re
f rom
1 0 cm
e xcavated and
i n
1 980 a
G 56,
to
s terile.
h earths of
above
B a re
a nd t he ( p.
were
1 54 a nd
f eatures
small
m ud-lined
activity 1 92). and
areas
T he
G 56 a nd
f ive
g ive
T he l ithic a rtifacts G 54,
1 56)
T he
consistent
s quares
193
s ite,
l evels.
( G54,
3 830 + 7 5 B .C .
c hapter
t he
squares
described A rea
o f
excavation
a nalysis
f or
a reas
1 978
o f
1 x
E ach of these areas
t he
down
consist
b een
o btained
B was
F our
microarchaeological has
t hree
2 x 2 m s quares a nd a rbitrary
t o a f irst
i n
i n
V and X/XI.
a djacent
e xcavation and t en
More detailed i nfor mation
e xcavations
t he s ite),
a 3 x 7 m area
d own
e ncountered
average
m test t renches.
2 x 2 m s quares
continued
p its.
analyses
c ontinued i n t he a reas b etween
( each g rid s quare b eing g iven a R oman n umeral
w as
mounds of
w as e xcavated i n
n umber
cultural
phosphate
T he s ite was e xplored by f orty 1 x 1 m t est p its,
B ( one of t he
were
consist
KH3 was found to extend for an a rea of about 3 0,000 sq.
2 5 m and t hree 1 x 1 2.5 w as
to
microarchaeological
5 0 m g rid s ystem
I I,
u nits.
appeared
( Hassan,
square g rid, -
KH3
However,
1 54 .
an
f rom
A d escription t his
a rea
were
p reliminary
o f
A rea
not
s tudy
V i s
analyzed
i n t he
omitted
a s
by
writer
t he
t he
l ithic
a rtifacts
a nd
only
f rom
r eceived
f ield .
A 3 x 3 m t est e xcavation e nd o f t he 1 980 f ield s eason,
( Mm12)
was c arried o ut
i n A rea X a t t he
a s a r esult o f w hich a c ache o f 1 2
whole
B lack-topped R ed ware pots was f ound. E xcavations a t K H3X were e xpanded t he f ollowing s eason t o u ncover a n a rea o f 1 2 x 1 8 m w ith o ne r ow o f 2 x 2 m squares extending i nto t he a djacent 5 0 m g rid square l abelled
' XI'.
e xcavated
i n
L ater A rea
i n
X .
t he
T he
1 981 s eason,
A rea
X/XI
p ortion o f a s ingle h ousehold u nit d ark
s ediments
r ich
c onsisting
o f
a n
b urial,
i nfant
h earths
l ight
a nd
h abitation T he
f our
t hat
w ith
s andy
were
s tudy
o btained
no
( level
i n
was
a l arge
t he
I t
was
a rea
l atter and
a rea
s everal
a lso
i n
t his
f rom
t he
m ain
f ound .
t his
2 ) e xcavated,
occupation
vertebrae,
f ound. was
a n
W ithin
bovid
t he c ache o f p ots
l evel
a nd
d eposits .
l ithic a rtifacts d escribed
t he z eriba a reas.
dung
a rticulating s tones
3 x 4 m a rea u ncovered
a z eriba a rea c haracterized b y
s heep/goat
c oloured
g rinding
a rea
a rchaeological t his
i n
a nother
excavations
c hapter
a re
f rom b oth t he h abitation a nd
S ince i ntrasite v ariability i s n ot c onsidered i n
effort
h as
been
made
t o
s eparate
t he
l ithic
d ata
f rom t he two a reas .
S ite K H4 H assan Morgan,
( in
1 896:
e vidence
p rep.)
i dentifies
8 7-88; 1 897:
s uggests
t hat
S ite
K H4
w ith
T oukh
i s
e quivalent
t o
a bundant
o n
t he
s urface
a t
made f rom two 1 0 x 1 0 m a reas m arked o ut a t
t he s ite .
m aterial .
m c ollection T here
T he
A fter l ithic
a re
n o
r adiocarbon s caling
o f
t he e arly N agada g roup ( ca. K H3,
( de
t his
s ite .
( see p .
2 83) .
L ithic a rtifacts a re
S urface
c ollections
were
t he
i nitial s urface c ollection w as made were a lso s creened
a rtifacts
s tudied
a re
d ates
K H4
g raphic
t o
r ecover
f rom b oth 1 0 x 1 0
u nits .
m ultidimensional K H1,
T oukh
( referred t o a s N 10 x 1 0 a nd C 10 x 1 0)
t he t op f ew c entimetres o f s ediment f urther
M organ 's
S outh T own
S ite KH4 c overs a n a rea o f a bout 2 0,000 s q . m . v ery
d e
3 9) t hough a c onsideration of t he l ithic
K H6
a nd
K H7
i s
K H7
f or
c eramic
d ata
b ut
i ndicate
t hat
s eriation i t
b elongs
a nd t o
3 850 t o 3 650 B .C .) c lustering w ith s ites
( Hassan
a nd
M atson,
i n
p ress) .
S ite K H7 S ite
2 t o
3 k m
s outhwest
o f t he modern v illage o f D anfiq .
I t i s a s mall s ite c ompared w ith t he o ther N agada s ites i nvestigated e xtending over a n a rea o f o nly about 2 100 s q . m . A lthough t here a re n o
r adiocarbon
d ates
f or
t his
s ite,
t he
g raphic
s eriation
a nd
m ultidimensional s caling d ata f or t he c eramics c learly s how t hat i t i s t he o ldest of t he p ress).
P redynastic
N agada
s ites
( Hassan
1 m t est t rench with a 3 x 2 m t est p it o n o ne I n
t he
a nd
M atson,
i n
F our 5 x 5 m s urface collections were made a t KH7 a nd a 1 0 x 3 x 2 m t est p it,
a p it
a bout
s ide
were e xcavated.
3 0 cm d eep and 2 m i n d iameter
c ut i nto t he c ompact N ile s ilt s ubstratum was f ound. e ncountered
i n
t his
t est
e xcavation
w ere a shy
1 94
a nd
T he d eposits
c harcoal-rich .
K H7
i s r elatively poor i n l ithic r emains t hough potsherds a re abundant. T he
l ithic a rtifacts
s tudied
a re
f rom
t he
s urface
c ollections
a nd
t he
3 x 2 m t est p it.
S outh Town T his 8 7-88;
i s probably t he
1 897:
3 9).
f ield
season and
a bout
3 0
a nd
e xcavated part of
u ncovered a l arge
x 5 0
m w ith
Q uibell,
1 896:
P etrie's
s ite of Toukh v isited by de Morgan
P etrie
" town",
f urther 5 4,
which
rectangular
m udbrick
pl.
t he s ite
s tructures
L XXXV).
may perhaps
T his
be
i n
mudbrick t o
t he
i nterpreted
1 894-5
s tructure
s outh
s tructure a s
( 1896:
t he
( Petrie
constituted a mansion
o r
t emple. T he
whole
s ite
i s
e xcavating p art o f i t,
very
d isturbed.
b ut a lso o ver
Not
a p eriod
only
o f
h ad
P etrie
m any y ears
b een
t he
l ocal
f ar mers h ave r emoved l arge q uantities of t he o rganic-rich cultural deposits a ppears
to
u se
a s
f ertilizer
t o b e a c haotic
abundant potsherds. d ata
f rom
S outh
s eemed
P etrie's
t he t otal
s ite a rea
t renches
( mostly
i n
r emote .
S outh
T own
w hich s preads 1 x 2 5
m )
h ave
been
N ile
s ilt
f or mations
the
s ite
were
s hallow,
c ircular were
found
were d iscovered
d ug
t his
S a mples
in
i n
d ata
T here
s ite .
4 4.
b eing
t he
M atson, p atch
s eriation t hat
t he
g ive a n
walls
o f
t he
a rea
f rom t his a rea h ave
h as
p art
s ite
a n
P etrie's
p ottery
o f
d eposits d ate
a nalysis
o f
o f
3 440
t he
P etrie's
t he
only S outh
o f
s hifted
l aterally
o f
t he
northeastern
f ragments
a nd
l ow
s ite
t he
+ 7 0
v alues
s equence most
i s
5 2 a nd
were
c eramic w ith
s ituated . l ater
f or
o f
T his
( Hassan a nd
p art
o f
S outh
T own
B .C . r esults
c onsidering t he
H igh
d ate
r ecent a rea
f rom a t est p it d ug i n a
r evealed
l ithic d ebris a
i n t he southwestern and
d i minishing
a reas.
t he
m icroarchaeology
e xample,
a re a ssociated with P etrie's s ite.
The
s caling
n orthwestern
i s observed with h igh t rend v alues p arts
F or
t he
p attern
west-central
t rends.
i n
s patial
c eramic
i nto
u ndisturbed
were obtained a nd a
" town"
S .D .
d istinct
and
of
e stimated
D ated c harcoal s amples
c orrected
s urface
where
y ielded
u ndisturbed a verage
e astern
c ut
no
f rom 5 x 5 m u nits
m ultidimensional
o ccupation
b ut
t est
locating
two t est p its were d ug .
t hen developed northwards,
n ortheastern
T rend
a nd
hope
trenches.
when
n ew
i s an e arly occupation i n t he southwestern part o f t he
i n p ress).
o f
of
microarchaeological analysis
T he s ite
n ortheastern
S everal
t he
for
T he c eramics
S .D .
3 h ectares.
these
1 978
o f
a small p art o f
i n
u nsuccessful.
i ndicated
t i me.
o nly
was
G raphic
s ite
e xcavations
a wealth
d epressions
s eries o f s urface collections of potsherds m ade .
T he
s ystematic
located
An a ttempt was also made to r ediscover t he T own b ut
f ields.
y ielded
f orms
o ver a bout
h ave
a reas.
of
A f ew
1 981
a ctually
u nderlying
u ndisturbed a reas
t heir
H owever,
1 980 a nd
u ndisturbed patches
o n
r ubbly d eposits w ith v ery noticeably
T he p rospect of obtaining a l arge body of new
T own
a nd s urface c ollections i nformation.
( sebakh)
j umble o f
t rend
c harcoal,
to
l ow
v alues p lant
v alues f or
i n
t he
adobe
and
r emains
a nd
b one
" town" i n t he northeastern part of t he
To t he south o f t his s tructure appears to have b een a r efuse
a rea. T he
l ithic
a rtifacts
e xamined
b y
t he
1 95
w riter
a nd r eported
i n t his
E L -Z AWAYD 11 41
r e t ir t met o
7
.
b •, N V
( n
2 . 1 W
t Utu L u
I
>
NAGADA
P
P YRAM ID
e h . ,
1
0
0
w
4 e .
I f
'
m L ji
)
B
1 :2 `
. 4 •.w
l ' s ' ,,
C E METERY
-
c I — w 2
TA IR WAY
v4 e,
e , 9
1
NEN
k
• 4 C • 0 . . i I —
4
C EMETERY
ae - am
•„
NUBT TEMPLE
4 c o
ax »1
1
. . ,
CEMETERY
.
SOUTH TOWN
4 4444
0
0
F ig.
7 .2
Location
map
of
a rchaeological
S outh Town
1 96
s ites
i n
t he
v icinity
of
c hapter
a re
f rom
s ix t est
t renches
e xcavated
i n
1 980 .
N orth Town North 4 0,000
Town
sq.
i s
m .
Q uibell,
a l arge
I t
1 896:
P redynastic
1 -2)
of
a rchaeological
was
s ite
covering
e xplored
who
Nagada
material
by
noted
a
f ew
P roject
f rom
surface
f our
M ultidimensional
s caling
c eramic
s uggest
s ite
n ow
t he
c entral
a rea o f t he s ite
l ater
expanding
s outh
both
( represented b y SC 1 ).
r epresents a still T his p attern c eramics
( SC 4 ).
T own
b ut
l ater
t he
and
was
SC 4 i n
a rea
( SC
a nd
S urface S C
i n
i s
C ollection
2 )
3 ) and
o f
5 7-78
o f
i s
r egarded
a s aberrant
( Hassan,
t he
S .D .
f or
to the s ite
i n press). 4 6-48
t he
O nly o ne r adiocarbon d ate h as b een o btained
i t
o f
what
Matson,
d ates
S .D .
of
s eriation
t he northern p art
2 )
T he
s outh t o n orth
o ccupied
( Hassan and
a nd
s ite. sa mples
g raphic
f irst
( represented by
occupation
c entral
s pread
( represented b y
to t he north
( Petrie
t he
collected
i s a lso i ndicated b y t he s equence
f rom
a rea
t he
1 894-5
f rom
5 x 5 m a reas
t he
t hat
i n
f inds
a cross t he s ite . d ata
an a rea of approxi mately
Q uibell
f or
northern
f or
North
1 984a).
T he N agada C emeteries P etrie
a nd
Q uibell
( 1896)
c leared
a bout
i n t he N agada region i n o ne f ield s eason. t housand S outh
g raves
Town.
t erraces
n ear
T hese
of
the
B allas
while
c emetery
l ow
desert
P etrie
a reas away
t owards t he l imestone e scarpment. t he P ertrie which
a re
P redynastic
worked
t he
located
f rom T he
3 000
g raves
Q uibell e xcavated about a
the
on
edge
l ithic
c emeteries t he
of
n ear
P leistocene
t he
f loodplain
collection
s tudied
i n
museum i s p redominantly f rom P etrie's " Great C emetery"
contained n early
2 000
g raves.
RAW MATERIAL A lmost a ll i s
o f t he
p redominantly
s ilicified
N agada
a b eige
l i mestone.
l ithic a rtifacts a re made o n f lint which
c olour.
A p lane
Occasionally
and
an
axe
collection a re made o n t his material. l imestone I n
g ebel
1 980,
a nd
i n
t he
t he w riter
to S ite KH3 ( Holmes,
l ocal
i n
tools
P etrie's
F lint occurs
i n
a re
made
S outh s itu
on
Town
i n
t he
wadis.
worked m aterial o btained f rom a wadi a djacent
1 981).
T he f lint f laked reasonably well but i t
was noticed t hat t he RNS o f t he r eplicated f lakes d iffered s lightly f rom
that
of
the
a rchaeological t exture,
obtaining d istance t hat
S uspecting f lint
a fter
two
too
t hat
t hat
had
weathering
wadis
accessible
nodules
was
f lakes
studied.
mostly
matt,
T he
r ough
cortex o r
on
the
' chalky'
i n
whereas t he cortex o n the r eplicated f lakes was generally
smoother.
a long
P redynastic
specimens
i n t he
o ut
N agada
o utcrops
small
t o be
people
during
t he
P redynastic
were
not been naturally t ransported any g reat
o f
o f
t he
r egion f lint
l imestone, ( Holmes, i n
the
e xcursions
i n p rep .).
g ebel
worked and d ifficult
I t
were
m ade
w as
f ound
c onsisted
to r emove.
o nly
of
Abundant
f lint occurs i n t he t alus d eposits abutting t he l imestone s carp b ut t he cortex appeared t o b e u nlike t hat of t he P redynastic a rtifacts. H owever,
i n t he u pper r eaches o f t he
wadis
197
a s
t he
g ebel
w as a pproached
a bundant
n odules
a ppearance a s
o f
f lint
t hat o n
n umerous
anciently
observed
t hat
f lint n odules s till
e ncountered
h aving
P redynastic a rtifacts.
t ested
a l arge
f lintknapper's
were
t he
nodules.
b lock
of
I n
c ortex
o f
Moreover,
p articular,
appropriate
s ize
i t
was
a nd
were
f ound N ot
i s
c onceivable
t hat
i t
i s p robable t hat
w ith
a ll
s ome
j ust
t hese a re
two
o r
t hree
t ested b locks
L ate
f lakes
may b e
P alaeolithic
o r
s ame were often
f orm
s eat was s urrounded by k napping debitage,
l ay n earby .
t he
t here
f or
a
and l arge
r emoved
w hich
P redynastic .
A rchaic .
I t
H owever,
most o r all of t he f lint required i n t he N agada
a rea d uring t he P redynastic was collected f rom t he upper r eaches o f l ocal
wadis . W hy
l ittle
wadis c loser t hat
f lint
wadis,
u se
was
nodules
a nd
made
o f
m aterial
i n
t he
to t he s ettlements i s u nclear,
t hat
a re
t his
more
abundant
f lint
f lakes
i n
t he
b etter
f lint
w ith
i nsolation,
o ccurring
i n
t he
upper
t han
r eaches of wadis c loser to t he f loodplain. c ombined
r eaches o f t he r eaches
material
of
t he
f rom
t he
G reater wadi t ransport,
h as p robably c reated
l ower
l ower
t hough i t may be noted
s ome
weaknesses
r eaches o f t he wadis,
a nd
i t
i n
t hat t his material t ended to b reak o r s hatter because of f laws b eing
f laked
c loser
q uite
f requently
whereas
t o t he g ebel d id not b reak
o r
m aterial
s hatter
collected
a s
t he
w as noticed when
i n t he
f requently
wadis
( Holmes,
i n
p rep.).
L ITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM THE RECENT E XCAVATIONS I N THE NAGADA REGION A ttribute d ata a re r ecorded f or tools, c ategories a nd
of artifacts
S outh T own,
T own .
T he
s ites
are
a nd
main
f or
l ithic
shown
two
t ool
c lasses
a rtifact
in
cores a nd c ertain o ther
f rom s ites KH3 ( Areas B and X/XI),
tables
a nd 7 .1
t ool and
a nd
c lass 7 .2,
b etween
t he
two t ables.
I n t able
7 .1
t he n umber of tools
7 .2
t he
whereas
1 94 .
T he
i n
G54 and G56 G 54,
G 56
t able
( levels
a nd
KH4 and
t able
d ifference 1 54 .
N orth
7 .1
i s
T he
Town.
a nd a s
1 78
and
o ther
o f
total tool
b ecause
1 -7),
n umbers
t he
d ata
t he d ata
d iscrepancies
t able
7 .2,
t he
f or
t able t able i n
t ools
t he
t able
7 .1.
tools
F urther c lass
r epresented
d iscrepancies
f requencies
a ttribute
d ata
i n
were
r eflect
a rtifacts
o ne c ase,
a nd
t he
e xactly
'M ost
o f
i n
f act
t hat
t he s ame
t he
t he
l ithics
7 .2
two
t able
b e
t he
i n
people
well a s
d ata
were
c ompiled
major
a re
f or
4 40 i n b eing
o f
t hose
o f
tools
t he
f or
b elow).
i n
t ool
which T hese
a d ifferent s a mple o f i n c ertain t ool t he
t he
i nstances,
a ssemblages
writer
f ield
b y t he
a rtifact c ategories.
1 98
s quares squares
t able
some
o f
s ections
t hat
i n
f or
l atter
b etween
a nd
g iven a s
f or
c ounts
a s a mple
m aterials f act
a re
t he
S i milarly for N orth
n umbers
i n t he
i nto m ajor t ool c lasses,
i nto t he
a re
s ubdivide
t he
Some i n
g iven a s
KH3B i s
t ool
t he
some c ases,
n ever
t hese
KH4 i s g iven a s
i n
n oticed
a nd
a vailability o f
way ' , a s
7 .2
( described
sampling
f requency
s orted t he t ools
w ill
t able
r ecorded
d ifferences
i n
f or
n oted
7 .2 are
a s ample of t he tools r epresented i n t able 7 .1. Town,
b e
7 .1
t he
T he n umber of tools for i n
m ay
KH7
N orth
f rom KH3B i s
count
i n
KH4,
f rom
f requencies
t ools
i n
p lanes)
respectively.
d iscrepancies 1 47
t otal
( axes
b y
w riter
h as
i n
u sed a
H assan
who
who s orted
m e . r 1 (N in . • • • In co 0
d P
E 4 E 4
0
1 -- O
rn , 4
, 1
i n rn • •
. I ( 0 C Y ) e. rr 1 VJ M
CD 01
V D / 4 1 . 0
0 CO , 1
4 . ) 1 4
1
l c , i r-01 OD , 4
CT / 4 1 . o rn
in c) rl I 1
e. •
0
0
0
OD
CO , 1
0 r- u-) 0 CO • • • •
•
CO
CD
•
in
, s in
r-
co e. NJ
r s • C Z ) t .0 • • • 0 VD
, 1 CD r 1
CD 01 r-- , s CO r 1
CD
•
. 4 . in in
rn
•
r-- CD
C • 4 •
dP
CN e
•
C T )
0 c) 01
cn L r ) • •
CN
r 0 CT
rn •
0
CD
CV , 1
. 4 .
co r el
CD
CD
CV co • •
0
CO
• CD CD
C D
4 4
r. -) r (N r -, 1
•
4 1
4 1
40 / 1
CO 1 / 4 . 0 • •
, . 0 c) 0 (N
C I D
•
0 C L 3 V
t . r : ) •
c a
r i 4 ) , 1 r " )
0
CO e r " ) C yl
CO VD
, i CV r 1
, 1
01
OD
r . -
CO
C y)
in
C V
z 0 C J
in
0
C O
in • C D
• CD
r-• C N I
• 4. 0 / 1
•
t here w as a
in •
%J D
rn c) cn
Qo , 1
rn i f l e. C • s 1
, , rn (N
rn 01 r C s 1
r- 0 , i rn -• • • • c r , , 4 CN I ' s . - in ,z t . , s L r ) , 1 cm . e . . co C r ) CO 1 / 4 . 0 rn cN CD r- CV 1 / 4 0 VD ,I CD CO • • ri
VD •
CD
CV
•
•
•
C D
C O
U)
r-
vo C3 CO in
co en • •
C N 1 e.
C N 1 C N I , 4
i
i in 0 CO e.
/ 4 1 0 a)
m VJ • • rn r -
•
•
in
/ 4 1 . 0 r yl
4 ) 4 . )
VD r ri
c N 1 I
c. e. e.
•
r 0 e.
VD •
r -
in ri
rn L f1 0 C N 1
CV VD r 1
C N I CV e (N
Cn r " . . CO e.
1 99
C f ) CV
1 " • e. , 1
in t r l CD
( .1 VD
p ercentages
V .) CO , 1
C a C O C L ) r I 0 O 0
E +
N ote:
c p
rn
i nferred f rom t he weight s hown
° N o
T otal d ebitage
T able
7 .1
'
s lightly 1 981
d ifferent
f ield
s et
s eason,
o f
c ategories.
c ollections
o f
T o b e
l ithic
more
s pecific;
a rtifacts
a fter
( primarily
t he
t ools)
f rom t he N agada s ites were s hipped to Washington S tate U niversity. T he writer v isited WSU i n s ystematic
s ampling
t he
m aterial
and
7 .2.
1 984 t o s tudy t hese collections.
p rocedure
( primarily t ools)
f rom
d ata
K H3
X /XI
were
r ecorded
r epresented
U sing a
f or
i n
6 3%
t ables
o f 7 .1
U nfortunately, not a ll t he axe p reparation f lakes f ound a t
K H3 X /XI h ad b een b rought t o o ccurred
i n
f requency
s amples
W ashington
t he s amples a nalyzed .
f rom K H7 e xamined b y t he t he
a ttribute
f rom
d ata
t he
i n
w riter a re
t ables
s ite
which
7 .1
h ad
S tate
U niversity,
a nd
o nly two
T he t ools a nd a xe p reparation f rom and
n ot
t he
3 x 2 m t est p it
7 .2 a re
b een
f or
b rought
f lake
whereas
s urface collected t o
WSU .
T he
w riter
was per mitted to r eturn to t he U .K. with most of t he s amples of axes a nd planes These
f rom
tools
t he
N agada
included
s ites
i n o rder
speci mens
to s tudy t hem
f rom
North
To wn
i n d etail. for
which
r epresentative s amples o f o ther tool c lasses were not available a t W SU. T he
r emaining
d iscrepancies n umbers a bove,
o f t ools
a re t he
so me what
f actors
b etween f or
t he
t o
consider
t ool
c lass
f act t hat t he s et o f t ool c lasses f ro m
that
used
by
c lassification o f s tone t ool a ssemblages t ool
a ssemblages s crapers, ' other
categories
which
worked
tools.
d rills,
a re
i n
to some of
t able
tool
s labs
a nd
c ategory
o ther
f ine
i s not a n
i ndicated
i n
b ifacial
i n
7 .2
a nd
that
b roken
N agada
c ircular
t ools.
T he
a rrowheads,
m iscellaneous
b ifacial
A nalyzing t he t ool collections a t WSU meant sorting a nd r e-
c lassifying them a s t hey were i n bags merely l abelled ' tools' w ith
i s
the
p rocess.
t he
a re
concave-base
t ools
t he
w riter
and
i nfallible
t able
the
a nd
a s a lluded t o
writer
u nidentifiable
i ncludes
7 .2
u sed b y t he
Hassan,
r ecognized by t he
not
t abular
b ifacial'
b ifacial
r egard
w hich a ttribute d ata were r ecorded,
different
A dditional
with
f requencies
t he
a ppropriate
p rovenance .
c lassified b y H assan g ot
U ndoubtedly,
s ome
r eassigned t o d ifferent
t ools
along
o riginally
c ategories.
W ith a ny
l arge tool a ssemblage t here i s always a r esidue of borderline cases which
do
not
f it
exactly
i nto
the
c lassification s cheme b eing u sed . H aving s hould b e o f
t he
p ointed
s tressed
d ata,
a s
o ut
e ach
r elative h ave
t o
class
f requency b e
w ith
c onsidered
d o
n ot
c lass
What
s hould
i s
b e
o r
neat'
t he t o
o ther
t o
o ther
t hat
the
material
d escribed
f rom
i n
C hapters
p resented
i n
t ables
a rti fact
categories
s tatistically
t he
4 a nd
7 .1
t o
p ick
T he
7 .2
and
shown T hey
i n
t he
and
T own
KH7)
a nd
N orth
i t
v alidity
i s s tudied
class;
a nalysis
i n
of a
their
d oes o f
not
t hem .
t he
B adari
a nd
percentages
for
7 .3
nothing
d ata,
i nformation g leaned
data
t ables
have
t he
c ategories
f requencies
t he
a rea
i ndividual
to
7 .37
are
no w
to do
with
what
t he
u p!
D espite some s ignificant d ifferences ( South
t hat
a ttribute
excavations
5 .
and
as
meaningful.
e xcavators c hose
old
the
t he a rtifacts
of
T he d ata obtained a re i n s harp contrast to t he f rom
i n
a rtifact c ategory i s
of
t ypology .
s tatistical
a rtifact
a n
o f
f ound
t he
r epresentative
u ndertaking
c ategories
n ature
b e
d iminish
important
r espect
when
i s
d iscrepancies
t hey
t ool
a s a s eparate g roup. p articular
t he
t hat
' nice,
S uch
T own
b eing
i n age between the s ites
s ignificantly
y ounger
t han
K H3,
K H4
the data i ndicate t hat t he P redynastic N agada a sse mblages
c onstitute e ssentially a s ingle, n oticeable
d ifferences
a re
t he
c onsistent
a ppearance
2 00
i ndustry .
o f
a f ew
T he o nly r eally
r egular
b lades
a nd
c l P
, 1
C • N I
C 1 1
•
Co
•
C)
•
( . ' )
•
. 1 .
•
I s -
r s -
i n
C . 1
. 1 .
0
. 4 .
i l l
i n •
0
0
C D
1 1
C M
C V
, . 0
C O
C V
N .
N -
N .
i f ,
4 . , 1
N . 4 .
c v
r 1
CO
r " .
r -
0
r • •
r 1 r " • • I l l , ,
N-
•
•
•
•
•
•
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CV
N.
0
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l0
01
r )
. 4 .
l i l
e
. 4, e .
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CV
CD
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CV
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c v
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C O r " ) r ".. . 4 c p c p o c z • • • • • • • • NI N I r 1 M 0 C D 0 0
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r e )
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S outh
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r i p t s -
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c r i o
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( 14
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r . " )
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% I D
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0 0 0 0 0 0 • • • • • • • N I C . C C C C C
c r )
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l n I ' s
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4 / 1 . 0
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CO NJ
N I
I n
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N I
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0
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c r
v z,
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ri
•
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c f )
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• • • • • • • • • • • • N
N
•
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C N I
C ' )
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VD
( N ) , 1
r i • • 1
t . 0
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t -
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> J D
r i
4 .
( 1 1
C V
t . 0 N I
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c r ) r • 1
9 1
•
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4. / 1 0
r n
c v
C l )
▪
C . )
C
C 0 C D 0
W
C
. 0
•
C D
0
0
0
0
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U )
( C S
C D
0
0 )
0 . •
f a i
C I ) C l •
W
C . ) C 0
V 0 )
V
C r 1 0 )
• z o C O
Z
a )
C O
C . ( )
2 01
. 4 C A
C . ) M
> 4 C . 2
C I .
r i
•
c v
C f ) C O
•
-
C 2 . 4
C D
•
C D
( . 0
C 0 C D
. 1 2
M C f )
0
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•
5 2 4
V) L i L I 1 0 0 0 t 1 1 • • • • • • •
> c
0 0 4 . )
TOTAL B IFACIAL
• 4. / 1 0
b ifacial
c i P
O ther
Town
r 1
( N I
. 4 . . 4
t ools
m ade
N agada
o n
r egular
s ites,
S outh
Overall, a ssemblages
about
7 5%
c onsist
t able
7 .1).
T he
b urin
spalls
f requencies
o f a xe
p reparation
a nd
1 a xe
d ebitage,
d ebitage'
b reak
s ickle
b lades)
i n
t he
l ate
T own.
( calculated excluding debris) of t he N agada s econdary
down
to
9 2
p erdominantly
c ategory
in
t able
f lakes.
b urin
T he
spalls
and
f lakes
( see
7 .1
c omprises
' other
d ebitage'
3 0
axe
p reparation
4b urin spalls and 3 a xe p reparation f lakes f or
8 b urin spalls and
s pall a nd
( particularly N orth
' other
f lakes f or KH3 X/xi, KH4,
b lades
T own a nd
1 axe p reparation f lake f or KH7, and 1 b urin
p reparation
f lake
f or
N orth
T own .
O nly
t he
t otals
o f
b urin spalls and axe p reparation f lakes together were recorded f or KH3B and N agada
S outh
Town.
a ssemblages
5 .6 to 1 8.0%.
Overall,
' other
T he
T he overall percentage i s
morphometric
analysis
of
b lank-producing
r eduction
i nhabitants of t he N agada s ites. 1 981;
H aving c hosen
i n
prep.)
so
1 .3%
of
t he f rom
9 .4%.
t he
t echnique
f orms
t ool p ercentages v ary
unretouched
r eplicative e xperiments per mitted
( Hol mes,
d ebitage'
( excluding d ebris) .
blanks
combined
r econstruction
p ractised
by
o f
t he
with
t he
main
P redynastic
T his s tudy i s d iscussed e lsewhere
only
a b rief
a n odule o f a ppropriate
s u mmary
f orm a nd
s ize,
i s
g iven
t he
h ere.
m aterial
was
f laked by h ard h a mmer .percussion to p roduce mainly f lakes, b road i n f orm . and
T he a verage d imensions o f s amples o f s econdary S outh
Town
r espectively
a re
with
3 4.4
r espectively .
mean
T he
f lake c ores.
t he
r esulting
( L/W
was
a re
u sed
b road
a s
ratios
t o b e
o f
f rom
x 2 9.3
of
1 .42
p redominantly
n umber
were small
r ock
f lakes
3 5.6
and
s ingle
i rregular
K H3B
x 7 .1
mm,
1 .39,
p latform
f lake
c ores.
roughly spherical s tones of
f ound i n
t he
W adi
H ammamat
i n
t he
s ites. f lakes
a t endency
> , 2 .00)
p roduced
c ores
and
S everal of t hese hammerstones h ave been r ecovered
N agada
A lthough t here
mm
length/width
D okhan V olcanics
E astern D esert. f rom
x 4 .8
T here a re a lso a f air
T he h ammerstones i gneous
x 2 6.1
t o
were
a b y-product
b lades
among
t he
p roduce
c hief
k ind
e longate
o f
t he
a s ample
o f
f lakes
b lank
o f
f lake t echnology .
of
r eplicated
manufactured,
b lade
p roportions
U nintentionally
b lanks
f ormed
3 .9%
( excluding debris) of the r ange of debitage r esulting f rom f laking. I n
t he
N agada
1 5.3%
with
a ssemblages,
1 0.5%
A lthough
t he
b lade
o nly 9 .1 and 8 .8%, f ew
r egular,
i ntentional been
found at
c ore
f rom
t he
b lades
s ites.
t o
b e
a t
S outh a re
H owever,
N agada
T here
c emeteries.
m ade
o n
S outh
r egular
T own
for m
3 .4%
s ickle
b lades
i n
i n
t able T he
7 .2, main
of t he
a f ew tool
t he
f rom
6 .2
to
Town
T own,
o n
a nd
t he
T own
a re
p roduct
b lade
N orth
assemblage. t o
r epresented
202
t here
b lades,
T own.
s ickle
c ores
of
h ave
T he b lades
i s a b lade t hough main
A lthough d ata
h ave b een i n
t he
t here f or
not t ool
w hich
A t S outh T own,
p roduce
f inds
a nd
r egular
c omprises
a nalyzed
i solated s urface c lasses
N orth
i s a b lade core i n P etrie's S outh
T ools
b lades
tool
s amples
a nd
a f ew
a lmost a ll made on r egular s econdary b lades. b lades
v ary
evidently
o nly
a b ladelet c ore f rom N orth
n umerous a re p resent at c lass
p ercentages
t he b lades at t hese s ites i nclude a
which
manufacture .
t hese
T own c ollection,
blade
p ercentages
r espectively,
q uality
b lade
t he
overall.
a re
s ickle were
N orth
no
T own
made . N agada
a rea
a re
e ndscrapers,
b urins,
notches and r etouched p ieces.
most abundant t ool c lass O ther
t ools
p resent
p erforators, s caled
t he
c ategories
r esult
D ata
m ay i n
b e a re
t he
t he
c ores,
a nd
1 8% a re
C ore
c ores
l ength
l arge
t o
t ext
t hat
a re
b lade
F ig.
denticulates, s idescrapers,
miscellaneous
t o
1 0.2%
t ools.
of
t he
N agada
of
i rregular
c ores.
1 multiple
v aries
f rom w ider
o f
a nd b road
t he
t ools,
and
i n
s econdary t he
f lake the
b lade
t ool
c omparatively
manufacture b lades a re
t he
blank
i rregular
u nless
r egular
i t
and
i s t he
C ategories
s tudy a re f lake
c ore,
a nd
7 .3)
f or
g enerally
i n s ize,
a re
b lades,
m anufacture .
a re
r atio
3 .4
c omprise of
some
1 8 t o
w idth a nd t hickness
w idth/thickness
and
describing
p ri mary
a by-product
e xamined
p latform
T he a verage T he
f orm
s ections
c onsidered
7 .3-7.5;
cores
1 d ouble c ore .
a xes)
t he
T he c ores a vailable A ll
s ickle
p lanes
I ndividual L ithic A rtifact
( Tables
asse mblages
p ieces,
o verall.
t ables,
o f s pecialized
f or
Cores
6 .4%
N agada
b acked
B urins a re t he
3 1.2% o f t he N agada t ools o verall.
per v pirs,
f ollowing
which
i ndicated
t he
( chiefly
a nd
a ccompanying b lades
g rand
t ools
a ssemblages, I n
i n
t runcations,
p ieces,
B ifacial
f or ming
1 .51 .
a re
f rom
t o e longate
6 6%
K H3B a nd a re
T here a re a lso p latform 7 5
mm
4 3 .4
i n
a nd
3 1.4
c ores,
1 l evalloisoid
mm,
3 7 .1
mm .
r espectively .
t hick a nd h ave a n average
s cars
f orm .
T own .
p latform
w ith a n a verage o f
a re
f lake
S outh
s ingle
3 d iscoidal
c ore,
mm a nd
t han they T he
s ites
cores.
a re
A ll
mostly
t he
medium
t o
appear
t o
cores
T able 7 .3 C ORE C LASSES R EPRESENTED AT S ITES K H3B AND S OUTH T OWN
K H3B
S ingle p latform f lake c ores
2 0
S outh
5
D ouble p latform f lake c ores
1
0
M ultiple p latform f lake
0
, 1
c ores
T own
T otal
2 5 1 , 1 ,
6 5.8 2 .6 2 .6
D iscoidal
f lake
c ores
0
3
3
7 .9
I rregular
f lake c ores
3
4
7
1 8.4
0
1
1 ,
2 .6
L evalloisoid c ores
T otal
2 4
203
1 4
3 8
9 9.9
T able 7 .4 F REQUENCY D ATA F OR C ORES F ROM
S ITES K H3B A ND S OUTH
K H3B n =24
N o.
S outh
T own
T OWN
T otal
n =14
n =38
o f s triking p latforms: 1 2
2 0 1 ,
5 0
2 5 1
6 5.8 2 .6
3
0
0
0
0 .0
4
0
1
1
2 .6
o ther/irregular
3
5
8
2 1.1
d iscoidal
0
3
3
7 .9
7
0
7
1 8.4
0
1
1
2 .6
0
0
0
0 .0
P latform p reparation: n o e dge s trengthening r emovals t iny e dge s trengthening r emovals c ontinuous e dge s trengthening r emovals i rregular,
l arge a nd s mall
c hip
s cars
1 5
o ther
7
2
6
4
4
6
4
2 2
5 7.9
8
2 1.1
8
2 1.1
P latform s urface: l arge
f lake
s cars
o f p revious
s car
s cars
o f p latform s urface
f lake
r emovals
p reparation r emovals
1 0
2 6.3
5
0
5
a ncient p atina
3
0
3
7 .9
c ortex
1
0
1
2 .6
u npatinated n atural
f lint s urface
1 3.2
2
0
2
5 .3
3
6
9
2 3.7
o ne a rea worked
0
0
0
0 .0
o ne
4
3
7
1 8.4
9
2
, 1, 1
2 8.9
5
7
1 2
2
2
o ther/irregular E xtent o f working o f
f ace
h alf o f p eriphery most
o f p eriphery
e ntire p eriphery
c ore:
4
3 1.6 1 0.5
t wo f aces
0
0
0
0 .0
o ther
4
0
4
1 0.5
204
T able D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS
F OR C ORES F ROM S ITES K H3B AND S OUTH T OWN
S outh
K H3B
L ength
7 .5
T own
T otal
( max)
n
2 4
1 3
m ean
3 4.83
4 1.15
3 7.05
s .d.
1 2.67
7 .95
1 1.64
r ange
1 8-75
2 8-61
1 8-75
n
2 4
1 4
3 8
m ean
4 6.00
3 8.93
4 3.39
s .d.
1 0.93
6 .28
1 0.08
r ange
2 2-66
2 9-50
2 2-66
n
2 4
1 4
3 8
m ean
3 3.46
2 7.93
3 1.42
s .d.
1 0.12
1 2.17
1 1.24
r ange
1 3-49
1 4-62
1 3-62
2 4
1 4
3 8
W idth
3 7
( max)
T hickness
( max)
W idth/Thickness n m ean
1 .47
1 .58
1 .51
s .d.
0 .45
0 .49
0 .47
r ange
0 .88-2.62
N ote:
m easurements a re
h ave
been
e xtensively a s
r educed worked
' levalloisoid '
n ot a n
i ndicator
A lthough c ores, N orth
by a nd
f rom o f
0 .66-2.39
i n mm.
h ard may
h a mmer
b e
S outh
percussion.
c onsidered
T own
L evallois
t he c ores
0 .66-2.62
i s
T he
e xhausted .
a v ery
r educed
majority
T he
c ore
a re
c lassed
f lake c ore,
a nd
i s
t echnology .
s tudied
f rom
a s ingle p latform b ladelet
K H3B a nd
c ore
( 51
S outh T own a re a ll f lake
x 4 5
x 3 8
mm)
was
f ound
a t
T own . T here
i s
no
evidence
for
heat
t reatment
of
any
of
t he
N agada
c ores.
S econdary blanks ( Table 7 .6) About
t hree-quarters
s econdary f lakes a nd b lades. a nd
S outh
( Holmes,
Town)
1 981;
i n
were
of
t he
analyzed
p rep .) .
N agada
S amples T he
by
a ssemblages
i s c omprised o f
o f s econdary d ebitage t he
writer
d imensional
205
i n
an
s tatistics
( from
earlier r esulting
K H3B
study f rom
a
0
F ig.
7 .3
1
2 cm
S ingle platfor m f lake cores f rom a , South Town and b , KH3
( Area
B ).
2 06
S ite
T able 7 .6 D ATA F OR S ECONDARY F LAKES F ROM
K H3B AND S OUTH T OWN
K H3B
S outh
T own
P latform a ngle 2 43
5 6
m ean
1 05.32
1 09.50
s .d.
9 .69
1 1.20
P latform t hickness 2 58
5 9
m ean
4 .46
5 .04
s .d.
2 .46
2 .52
L ength 3 18
7 9
m ean
3 4.43
3 5.60
s .d.
1 1.54
1 0.39
W idth 3 18
7 9
m ean
2 6.06
2 9.25
s .d.
9 .07
1 0.21
T hickness 3 18
7 9
m ean
4 .84
7 .07
s .d.
2 .78
3 .50
L ength/Width 3 18
7 9
m ean
1 .42
1 .39
s .d.
0 .55
0 .70
T hickness/Width 3 18
N ote:
t his n ot
7 9
m ean
0 .19
0 .25
s .d.
0 .08
0 .10
m easurements a re
s tudy a re g iven r ecorded).
p latforms. p rominent a ttributes
b ulbs
i n t able
M ore
O ther
m ultifaceted,
i n mm.
7 .6
f rom H olmes
1 981.
( ranges a re not g iven a s
t hey
w ere
t han h alf o f t he b lanks h ave u nfaceted s triking
p latform
t hinned,
c ategories
r epresented
c rushed a nd c ortical.
o f p ercussion.
r ecorded
D ata
I n s ummary,
i ndicate t hat
a re
t he
t echnomorphological
t he b lanks w ere d etached
2 07
d ihedral,
T he b lanks h ave m ainly b y
h ard
h ammer a bove
p ercussion.
F or
f urther
A xe p reparation f lakes
( Table
T wenty a xe p reparation T he
o verall
a verage
p reparation
p ronounced b ulbs
7 .7;
F ig.
f lakes
t he
r eader
i s
r eferred t o t he
f lakes
r atios o f h ave
7 .4)
f rom t he
d imensions a re
l ength/width a nd t hickness a xe
d etails
r eferences.
3 .03 a nd
p latforms
o f p ercussion
N agada a rea w ere e xamined.
5 4.9 x 2 1.1 x 8 .6 mm 0 .45,
w ith
w ith
m ean
r espectively.
d iffuse
t o
T he
s lightly
l acking g raillures.
T able D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS
7 .7
F OR A XE P REPARATION F LAKES F ROM
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B
L ength n
K H3X/XI
K H4
K H7
S outh
T own
T otal
1
m ean
5 7.82
-
-
-
4 0.67
5 4.94
s .d.
1 7.01
-
-
-
3 .30
1 6.65
r ange
3 7-96
5 4,70
7 4
3 3
3 7-45
3 3-96
W idth n
1 2
2
1 ,
1
m ean
2 0.50
-
-
-
1 6.67
2 1.11
s .d.
7 .42
-
-
-
6 .60
8 .32
r ange
8 -32
2 3,23
4 2
1 7
1 2-26
8 -42
3
1 9
T hickness n
2
1
1
3
m ean s .d.
1 3 8 .08 3 .71
-
-
-
8 .67 2 .62
2 0 8 .55 3 .92
r ange
2 -17
6 ,10
1 8
6
5 -11
2 -18
L ength/Width n
2
1
1
3
m ean
1 1 3 .36
-
-
-
2 .83
3 .03
s .d.
1 .64
-
-
-
1 .01
1 .44
2 .35,3.04
1 .76
1 .94
r ange
1 .76-7.38
1 .42-3.75
1 8
1 .42-7.38
T hickness/Width n
2
1
1
3
m ean
1 2 0 .44
-
-
-
0 .57
s .d.
0 .23
-
-
-
0 .25
0 .26,0.43
0 .43
0 .35
r ange N ote:
0 .23-1.00
measurements a re
i n mm .
208
0 .38-0.92
1 9 0 .45 0 .22 0 .23-1.00
-
0
1
2 cm
a
-
-
b
F ig.
7 .4
A xe
p reparation
f lakes
f rom
f rom A rea B ).
2 09
S ite
K H3
( a,
f rom
A rea
X/XI;
b ,
I n
addition,
s idescraper)
t here a re
w hich a re
6 tools
m ade o n a xe
( 4 notches,
p reparation
1 d enticulate a nd
1
f lakes.
T able 7 .8 F REQUENCY D ATA F OR E NDSCRAPERS F ROM I N T HE
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
N AGADA REGION
S ite K H4
K H7
S outh T own
n=17
K H3B
K H3X/XI n =20
n=15
n =1
n =11
1 5
1 6
1 3
T otal n=64
B reaks: n one
1
6
m inor
1
1
0
0
1 ,
5 1 3
7 9.7 4 .7
b roken
1
3
1 ,
0
4
9
1 4.1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1 .6
8
9
1 ,
6
1 ,
2
1
0
4
8
1 2.5
0
0
0
0
1
1
1 .6
2
2
1
0
0
5
6
7
3
0
0
i ntentiona l(?)
b reak
S ubclass: s ingle e s o n
f lake
1 0
3 4
5 3.1
s ingle e s o n b lade s ingle e s
o n
i ndet.fl/b1 o ther
s ingle
d enticulated e s
1 6
7 .8 2 5.0
T ool b lank: P rimary f lake
, 1
2
0
0
1 ,
4
6 .3
P rimary b lade
0
0
0
0
1 ,
1
1 .6
S econd.
f lake
S econd.
b lade
1 2
1
5
2
1 2 2
1 3 1
0
3
4 3
6 7.2
8
1 2.5
t hin nodular 2
2
1
0
0
5
7 .8
n atural s pall
f lint
0
1
0
0
0
1
1 .6
i ndet.
0
1
0
0
1 ,
2
3 .1
N o.
o f s crapers
w ith a dditional r etouch:
1 2
1 4
8
21 0
7
4 2
6 5.6
Endscrapers
( Tables
7 .8 and 7 .9;
F igs. 7 .5 and 7 .6a-b)
E ndscrapers f orm o ne o f t he most important tool c lasses i n t he N agada
assemblages,
f or ming
e ndscrapers o n f lakes importance
( 25.0%),
o f
the
total
D enticulated
tools.
e ndscrapers
E ndscrapers
o n
Most
a re
t hese being mostly made o n f lakes.
f ew e ndscrapers o n b lades b lades .
1 6.1%
( 53 .1%).
are
n ext
i n
T here a re a
( 12.5%), b ut t hey a re u sually o n i rregular
b lades a re a l ittle
more c ommon a t
S outh
T own
t han at t he o ther s ites, and t he b lades of t hese s crapers t end t o b e f airly
regular.
i ndeterminate
T he
speci men
recorded
( flake o r b lade) b lank
as
was p robably
being
on
a broken
m ade o n a r easonably
T able 7 .9 D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR E NDSCRAPERS F ROM
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE NAGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B
K H3X/XI
K H4
K H7
S outh T own
T otal
L ength n
1 6
1 7
1 4
1
m ean
4 9.44
4 7.18
4 2.36
-
4 6.57
7
4 6.73
5 5
s .d.
1 1.40
1 1.26
9 .70
-
1 0.00
1 1.09
r ange
3 2-75
3 3-67
2 9-59
5 8
3 5-67
2 9-75
n
1 7
2 0
1 5
1
1 1
6 4
m ean
3 3.71
3 8.10
2 8.47
-
3 1.09
3 3.47
s .d.
7 .49
9 .58
8 .26
-
9 .62
9 .45
1 7-46
1 7-57
1 5-42
3 8
1 4-46
1 4-57
n
1 7
2 0
1 5
1
1 1
6 4
m ean
1 2.18
1 2.00
9 .27
-
9 .82
1 0.97
s .d.
4 .66
3 .73
3 .79
-
3 .76
4 .20
r ange
5 -22
7 -21
4 -17
8
4 -16
4 -22
W idth
r ange T hickness
L ength/Width n
1
7
m ean
1 6 1 .53
1 .34
1 .51
-
1 .28
s .d.
0 .41
0 .42
0 .32
-
0 .28
r ange
1 .07-2.52
1 7
0 .79-2.53
1 4
1 .00-2.07
1 .53
0 .92-1.86
5 5 1 .43 0 . 39 0 .79-2.53
T hickness/Width n
1 7
2 0
1 5
1
1 1
6 4
m ean
0 .36
0 .34
0 .32
-
0 .32
0 .34
s .d.
0 .12
0 .15
0 .08
-
0 .09
0 .12
r ange N ote:
0 .23-0.63
m easurements a re
0 .16-0.82
0 .20-0.50
i n mm .
211
0 .21
0 .14-0.43
0 .14-0.82
a
-
0
F ig.
7 .5
E ndscrapers
f rom
f rom KH3 A rea f rom
S outh
B ;
P redynastic b ,
f rom KH4;
T own) .
2 12
1
s ites c ,
e ,
i n
2 cm
t he
f rom
N agada KH3
r egion
A rea
X/XI;
( a, d ,
r egular
b lade
j udging
f rom
t he
parallel
scars
o f
t he
dorsal
scar
p attern. About
two-thirds
u sually c onsisting o f h ave
b acking
b etween
r etouch.
t hose
f rom
a nd
t he
x 1 1 .0
0 .34,
e ndscrapers
l ateral
o f
d o
have
r etouch .
n ot
s eem
additional
H owever,
t o
b e
t he e ndscrapers
a ny
f rom
r etouch,
two e ndscrapers
major
d ifferences
t he v arious
s ites,
f rom KH4 s eem somewhat smaller o n average t han
o ther
mm
the
T here
t he d imensions
t hough t he scrapers x 3 3 .5
of
m inor
s ites.
w ith
O verall,
l ength/width
t he
a nd
a verage
d imensions
t hickness/width
a re
4 6 .7
o f
1 .43
r atios
r espectively.
C ircular scrapers ( Table 7 .10) T hese a re poorly r epresented r ecognized t he
b y
f ield.
f lakes.
t he
Two
T he
w riter a re
i n
s ubsequent
t he
t o
N agada
t he
made o n natural spalls and
scraper
r etouch
m ainly o f normal-scalar
of
s cars.
all
region,
t ypological
f our
i s
f our
l ists
being
m ade
i n
two are o n p ri mary
i nvasive,
c onsisting
e longate,
s ubparallel
O ne s pecimen h as
r etouch.
B urins
( Tables
B urins ( 31.2%). t he
f orm
2 39
2 1 s how
7 .11 and t he
7 .12;
m inor b reaks,
b lanks.
T he
f lakes:
8 .4%;
7 .7 and 7 .8)
most c ommon t ool c lass
were e xamined
speci mens
F igs.
a nd
i n d etail .
1 8 a re b roken .
I t
counted as b roken appear majority
of
secondary
t he
b urins
f lakes:
i n t he
Most a re
N agada a ssemblages
whole specimens
s hould b e noted
while
t hat
2 o f
to have been made on b roken
a re
5 8.6%).
made
o n
3 1.4%
are
f lakes made
( pri mary on
blades
( mostly s econdary) which a re not e specially r egular and a re c learly b y-products
o f
t he
n or mal
f lakes d ominate o verall, more than h alf r egular
a nd
f lake t echnology .
t he b urins
( 55 .9%) a re made on b lades,
a ppear
t o
h ave
b een
H owever,
f rom S outh
s pecially
while b urins o n
T own a re e xceptional a s
some of which a re f airly
manufactured .
T hree
b urins
a re made o n thin nodular p ieces of f lint and one b urin f rom KH3B i s made o n a P alaeolithic p atinated b ut i n
f resh
t he
f lake,
t he
T he
main
b urin
b urins
s ubclasses
account
additional r etouch r etouch small,
a cting
f ew
a s
i rregular
B urin a verage
i tself
b eing
worn
f acet a nd a ssociated
a nd
h eavily
r etouch b eing
c ondition .
s ingle b urin o n r etouched e dge D ouble
f lake
P redynastic b urin
o r
l ength o n
a n
r eflecting
varies
o f a ll
b urin
on
break
( 22.6%),
and d ihedral b urins
b urins.
b lades
more
p latforms)
r etouch . f rom
r atio
average t he
f acet
n ormal
r elatively e longate. y ielding
1 0 .5%
s ingle
( 17.6%).
3 8% o f t he b urins h ave
( i.e. r etouch i n a ddition to t he b urin f acets a nd
b urin
l ength/width
b urins
f or
a re
( 24.3%),
and
i s
2 4
c onsisting
O nly o ne b urin to
8 7
mm,
r elatively
t he
f act
T he b urins
many
1 .76, of
r atio
b urins
a ssemblage.
213
g reater on
the
t han
b lades
4 3.8
mm.
r eflecting
f rom S outh Town a re
l ength/width n umerous
a t
l imited
b acked .
averaging
h igh
t hat
mostly o f i s
f lakes
T he t he a re
t he o nly o nes 2 .00 ( L/W 2 .07),
p resent
i n
t he
I
1
a
b
M O O
C
0
1
2 cm
IM I. I .
.. 1 1 1
e d
F ig.
7 .6
Tools
f rom
S ite
KH3
and
South
e ndscrapers
f rom
K H3 A rea
A rea
d-e,
denticulates
X/XI;
A rea X/XI
X/XI;
( e).
2 14
Town. c ,
a-b,
t runcated
f rom
South
denticulated f lake
Town
( d)
f rom
K H3
and
KH3
T able
7 .10
D ATA F OR C IRCULAR S CRAPERS F ROM
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B
K H3X/XI
S outh T own
T otal
n =1
n =1
n =2
n =4
1
1
2
4
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1 ,
2
B reaks: none
T ool b lank: p rimary
f lakes
s econdary
f lakes
t hin nodular
f lint
n atural s palls
L ength n
1
1
2
m ean
-
-
-
s .d. r ange
5 0
5 8
4 3,57
4 5 2.00 6 .04 4 3-58
W idth n
1
1
2
m ean
-
-
-
s .d. r ange
4 6
4 7
4 1,44
4 4 4.50 2 .29 4 1-47
T hickness n
1
1
2
m ean
-
-
-
s .d. r ange
1 4
1 1
1 5,20
4 1 5.00 3 .24 1 1-20
L ength/Width n
1
1
2
4
m ean
-
-
-
1 .17
s .d.
-
-
-
1 .09
1 .23
1 .05,1.30
r ange
0 .10 1 .05-1.30
T hickness/Width n
1
1
2
4
m ean
-
-
-
0 .34
s .d.
-
-
-
0 .30
0 .23
0 .34,0.49
r ange N ote:
measurements a re
i n mm .
0 .10 0 .23-0.49
T able
7 .11
F REQUENCY D ATA F OR B URINS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B n =50 n
K H3X/XI n=65 n
K H4 n=68 n
K H7 S outh T own n =22 n=34 n
n
T otal n =239 n
%
B reaks: none
4 3
m inor
b reak
b roken
2 00
8 3.7
3
5 3 9
6 1 6
1 7 1
2 6 2
2 1
8 .8
4
3
1
4
6
1 8
7 .5
5 4
2 2.6
T ool s ubclass: s ingle b urins o n b reak o n oblique
1 5
s traight t runc.
1 3
1 0
5
1 1
1
1
0
1
2
5
o n s traight t runc.
1
3
0
1
0
5
o n o ther
3
2
5
0
1
1 1
4 .6
6
7
5 8
2 4.3
t runc.
o n r etouched e dge o n u nretouched
1 4
1 4
1 7
2 .1 2 .1
e dge o n b acked b lade
4 0
4 0
7 0
3 0
1 0
1 9 0
7 .9 0 .0
o ther
0
1
7
0
2
1 0
4 .2
( 38)
( 38)
( 46)
( 16)
( 24)
t otal
( 162)
( 67.8)
d ouble b urins o n
1 b reak
0
2
3
0
1
6
2 .5
0 1
0 0
0 2
0 0
0 0
0 3
0 .0 1 .3
3
5
4
3
1
1 6
( 4)
( 7)
( 9)
( 3)
( 2)
( 25)
( 10.5)
4 2
1 7.6
o n 2 b reaks 1 b urin o n b reak b urins not o n b reaks t otal
d ihedral
6 .7
b urins
d ihedral
6
8
2
7
a ngle d ihedral m ultiple d ihedral
0 1
1 0
2 1
0 0
0 0
3 2
( 7)
( 20)
( 11)
( 2)
( 7)
( 47)
t otal
1 9
1 .3 0 .8 ( 19.7)
m ultiple b urins o n
1 b reak, b urin(s) not o n b reak
o ther e nd o n b reaks b oth e nds
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 .0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0 .4
1
0
2
0
1
4
1 .7
( 1)
( 0)
( 2)
( 1)
( 1)
( 5)
( 2.1)
4 3
6 2
6 1
2 0
2 2
2 0 8
8 .4 3 .3
b urins not o n b reaks t otal
T ool b lank: p rimary f lakes p rimary b lades s econdary f lakes
2 5
3 9
s econdary b lades
1 6
1 8
t hin nodular f lint
5 0
1 3
9
7
1 3
1 40
5 8.6
1 7
6 7
2 8.0
1
0
2
0
0
3
1 .3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0 .4
p alaeolithic f lake N o.
o f b urins w ith a dditional r etouch
( excl.
r etouch
s upporting b urin f acets):
2 1
2 5
2 7
2 16
8
1 0
9 1
3 8.1
T able
7 .12
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR B URINS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B
K H3X/XI
K H4
K H7
S outh T own
T otal
L ength n
4 6
6 3
6 7
1 9
2 8
m ean s .d.
4 4.50 8 .58
4 3.90 1 0.19
4 1.40 8 .70
4 4.00 1 1.00
4 8.00 1 0.51
2 23 4 3.80 9 .77
r ange
2 7-65
2 4-66
2 7-87
2 8-65
2 5-69
2 4-87
n
5 0
6 5
6 8
2 2
3 4
m ean
2 7.06
2 7.28
2 6.37
2 4.27
2 4.88
s .d.
8 .71
7 .53
6 .30
4 .71
6 .72
7 .22
1 2-48
1 2-43
1 2-40
1 8-33
1 2-41
1 2-48
5 0
6 5
6 8
2 2
3 4
W idth
r ange
2 39 2 6.36
T hickness n
2 39
m ean
8 .16
8 .12
9 .54
8 .23
8 .68
8 .62
s .d.
4 .29
3 .48
3 .50
3 .49
3 .32
3 .70
r ange
3 -24
3 -17
3 -21
3 -17
4 -16
3 -24
L ength/Width n
4 6
6 3
6 7
1 9
2 8
m ean
1 .80
1 .70
1 .64
1 .84
2 .07
s .d.
0 .67
0 .54
0 .47
0 .43
0 .71
r ange
0 .93-3.75
0 .83-3.58
0 .93-3.08
1 .12-2.73
0 .71-3.83
2 23 1 .76 0 .58 0 .71-3.83
T hickness/Width n
5 0
6 5
6 8
2 2
3 4
m ean
0 .30
0 .30
0 .36
0 .33
0 .36
s .d.
0 .10
0 .10
0 .10
0 .10
0 .12
r ange
N ote:
0 .11-0.62
0 .15-0.62
0 .20-0.60
m easurements a re i n m m.
2 17
0 .17-0.65
0 .14-0.62
2 39 0 .33 0 .11 0 .11-0.65
a
0
F ig.
7 .7
B urins f rom S ite KH3. o n
b reak;
f rom
K H3
c -e, A rea
d ihedral
1
2 cm
a , burin o n retouched edge; b , burin b urins .
X/XI J
2 18
( a-b,
f rom
K H3
A rea
B ;
c -e,
-
-
z
a
b
-
0
C
F ig.
7 .8
B urins
f rom
s traight e dge
f rom
South Town and S ite KH4.
t runcation S ite
KH4;
f rom c ,
S outh
b urin
2 19
T own;
o n b reak
a , b ,
1
burin on oblique
b urin
f rom
2 cm
o n
S outh
r etouched
T own.
Notches
( Tables
N otches A bout
7 7%
were
a re
o f
A f ew a re
7 .13 and
t he
f airly
common
notches a re
m ade o n a xe
p roduced
7 .14; F ig.
by
( Tables
O verall,
t he
7 .15
d enticulates
7 .16;
f orm
a ssemblages
N early
o r
h alf
2 .8%
T he
n ormal
F ig .
( 11.9%).
( mostly s econdary f lakes).
techni que.
i rregular
a nd
N agada
f lakes
f lakes .
c lactonian
r etouched a nd d isplay e ither
D enticulates
i n
m ade o n
p reparation
t he
7 .9)
o f
t he
n otches
r emainder
were
r etouch.
7 .6d-e)
o f
t he
N agada
t ool
a ssemblages,
and t hey constitute a very i rregular g roup of tools. T here a re equal n umbers
m ade o n s econdary f lakes
p reparation
f lake .
i n
t erms
b oth
i n
one
o f
c ase
T he
s ize
a nd
consists
l ength/width
a nd o n b lades.
r etouch
o f
f orm .
of
t he
E ight
d irect
r atio i s
r elatively h igh m ade o n b lades.
( L/W
Perforators ( Tables 7 .17 a nd 7 .18; F ig. P erforators
account
for
h ave
3 .0%
of
i s
m ade o n a n a xe
i s
v ery
a dditional
backing
n umerous d enticulates
O ne
d enticulates
retouch.
1 .97)
T he
r eflecting
f rom
K H3X/XI
a nd
S outh
7 .10) the
N agada
t ending
tool
a ssemblages.
t o
t he blade
r elatively
Many of t he perforators are for med by d irect r etouch along
entire
o f t he b lank. l ength
perforators b acked, f rom
f rom
the
f rom
on
average o verall t han
l ength/width a verage
i s
s ites
a back.
F ive
i n
f our
t he
f lakes
d imensions a re:
2 9 x 6
4 .86). f rom K H4 h ave b een f rom
N agada
and
t he
K H4
s eem
r egion
t o
as
p erforator
m ade
d iffer
t hey
a re
t ips
a re
( n=10) showing a c lear d egagement.
r atio
2 .61
T heir
( L/W
K H3X/XI a nd
b road
r elatively short with most
for ming
i nclude two small p erforators
f orm .
T he p erforators
o ther
manufactured
t he r etouch c ontinues a long
margins
3 4 x 7 x 4 mm
t ip
b road
1f rom S outh Town) are alternately
f oret
c lactonian notches.
t hose
mostly
m eche d e
r elatively
2 f rom S outh T own) a re d irectly d ouble
f rom KH3X/XI,
4 .83) and
p erforator
small
f rom
T own o f
( L/W
O ne b y
c ases,
l ateral
T he double b acked specimens
S outh
x 3 mm
I n a f ew
t he
( 3 f rom KH3X/XI,
and two ( 1
b acked.
of
m ade o n
r egular.
f lakes.
m argins
m ainly
b e
t he p erforators
t he
K H4 a re
f airly
H owever, t he
f rom
T own
which
average
t he
About h alf of t he perforators s tudied a re made o n b lades, b lanks
v ariable
r etouch
of
t he
KH4
w ith no o ther
p erforators
i s
T he
1 .44.
T he
s ite y ielding a n average o f l ess
2 .00.
Grand perioirs T hese 0 .5%).
T he
are
i ndeterminate grand
7 .11)
a r are
t hree
by t he writer. third
( Fig .
f rom
tool
K H3
c lass
( 1
f rom
i n
t he
K H3B ,
N agada
2 f rom
a sse mblages
K H3X/XI)
One i s made o n a r elatively t hin nodule, one i s o n a n b lank per
t hough vir
i t
s hows
appears
s ome
to
c ortex
have
o n
been
o ne
made
s ide, on
( Palaeolithic) a rtifact a s t here a re heavily p atinated r emaining worked
o n
( n=5,
were e xamined
o ne
s ide
w ith v ery l arge,
( Fig .
7 .11).
b road
T he
r etouch
g rand
p erioirs
which v aries
220
f rom
a nd
an
t he
older
f lake scars
a re
b ifacially
v ery
i nvasive
T able D ATA F OR N OTCHES F ROM
7 .13
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B
K H3X/XI
n =29
n=28
2 0
1 9
K H4
K H7
n =19
n =1
S outh
T own
T otal
n =18
n=95
B reaks: n one
1
9
5 9
6 2.1
m inor
5
3
1 0 3
0
2
1 3
1 3.7
b roken
4
6
6
0
7
2 3
2 4.2
f lakes
1
2
3
0
1
7
p rimary b lades
0
0
0
0
1
1
T ool b lank: p rimary
s econdary
f lakes
2 1
1 8
1 5
1
1 1
7 .4 1 .1
6 6
6 9.5
1 2
1 2.6
s econdary b lades
2
8
1
0
1
t hin nodular
2
0
0
0
2
4
4 .2
3
0
0
0
_ L 1
4
4 .2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1 .1
f lint
a xe p reparation f lakes c hunks N otch t ype: c lactonian
1 1
r etouched
( normal)
r etouched u lar)
( irreg-
N otch w idth: n
7
1 4
8
1
9
4 3
4 5.3
6
6
0
2
2 5
2 6.3
8
5
0
7
2 7
2 8.4
2 9
2 8
1 9
1
1 8
9 5
m ean
1 5.10
1 5.39
1 5.53
-
1 4.61
1 5.18
s .d.
5 .03
6 .88
6 .69
-
6 .49
6 .22
r ange
4 -31
6 -30
8 -36
1 5
8 -30
4 -36
N otch d epth: n
N o.
1 1
2 9
2 8
1 9
1
1 8
9 5
m ean
3 .24
3 .21
3 .11
-
2 .83
3 .12
s .d.
1 .55
1 .54
1 .48
-
1 .21
1 .48
r ange
1 -7
1 -7
2 -9
2
1 -5
1 -9
1
6
o f notches w ith a dditional r etouch:
1 7
1 7
1 1
221
5 2
5 4.7
T able D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS
7 .14
F OR N OTCHES
I N T HE
F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES
N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B
L ength n
K H3X/XI
K H4
K H7
S outh T own
T otal
2 6
2 2
1 5
I a _
1 1
7 5
m ean
4 6.08
4 6.45
4 6.53
-
4 6.55
4 6.17
s .d.
1 3.42
1 7.66
1 2.24
-
1 1.11
1 4.30
r ange
2 1-82
2 7-91
3 0-69
3 3
3 3-73
2 1-91
n
2 8
2 8
1 7
1
1 8
9 2
m ean
3 1.46
2 8.54
3 1.82
-
2 8.94
3 0.10
s .d.
8 .33
' 9 .31
8 .33
-
8 .23
8 .71
2 0-52
1 5-51
2 1-46
2 7
1 4-47
1 4-52
2 9
2 8
9 5
W idth
r ange T hickness n
1 9
1
1 8
m ean
9 .41
9 .25
1 0.37
-
1 0.17
9 .69
s .d.
3 .44
3 .79
4 .81
-
3 .93
3 .95
r ange
4 -18
3 -20
4 -21
9
3 -19
3 -21
L ength/Width n
2 5
2 2
1 3
1
1 1
m ean
1 .55
1 .73
1 .44
-
1 .70
s .d.
0 .59
0 .79
0 .29
-
0 .63
r ange
0 .68-3.42
0 .93-4.45
0 .93-1.91
1 .22
1 .06-2.93
7 2 1 .60 0 .64 0 .68-4.45
T hickness/Width n
2 8
1 7
1
1 8
0 .30
0 .33
0 .32
-
0 .36
s .d.
0 .10
0 .12
0 .10
-
0 .12
r ange
N ote:
t o
2 8
m ean
0 .15-0.51
0 .16-0.80
m easurements a re
c ouvrante . 1 25 x 4 1
0 .15-0.57
0 .33
i n mm.
T he d imensions
o f t hese t ools a re:
x 2 9 mm
( L/W
3 .05,
T h/W
0 .71)
9 2 x 5 5 x 3 7 mm
( L/W
1 .67,
T h/W
0 .67)
9 7
( L/W
3 .73,
T h/W
0 .65)
x 2 6
x 1 7 m m
222
0 .17-0.57
9 2 0 .33 0 .11 0 .15-0.80
a
0
F ig.
7 .9
Notches f rom
K H4;
f rom d ,
S ites f rom
KH3
KH3
and
A rea
2 23
KH4
X /XI).
( a,
f rom
KH3
1
2 cm
A rea
B ;
b -c,
T able
7 .15
F REQUENCY DATA FOR D ENTICULATES I N THE
F ROM
PREDYNASTIC S ITES
NAGADA REGION
S ite K H3B n=5
KH3X/XI n=10
K H4
S outh
n=2
n=9
Town
T otal n=26
B reaks: none
2
5
0
5
m inor
3
2
2
0
7
2 6.9
b roken
0
3
0
4
7
2 6.9
3
1 1.5
T ool
1 2
4 6.2
b lank:
p rimary
f lakes
1
2
0
0
f lakes
1
3
2
4
1 0
3 8.5
s econdary b lades
1
4
0
5
1 0
3 8.5
t hin nodular
2
0
0
0
2
7 .7
0
1
0
0
1
3 .8
1
5
1
1
8
3 0.8
s econdary
f lint
axe p reparation f lakes N o.
o f denticulates w ith additional r etouch:
2 24
T able
7 .16
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR D ENTICULATES F ROM I N T HE
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
N AGADA REGION
S ite K H3B
K H3X/XI
K H4
S outh T own
T otal
L ength n
5
7
2
5
1 9
m ean
4 2.00
4 8.00
-
6 3.40
4 9.32
s .d.
7 .56
6 .30
-
1 2.42
1 2.39
3 4-55
4 1-61
3 5,39
4 0-75
3 4-75
r ange W idth n
1 0
2
m ean
2 4.60
5
2 7.40
-
3 4.22
9
2 6 2 9.31
s .d.
1 0.84
8 .16
-
1 0.17
1 0.18
r ange
1 0-41
1 3-41
2 0,37
1 0-51
1 0-51
T hickness n
5
1 0
2
m ean
9 .40
1 0.00
-
1 0.78
9 .85
s .d.
6 .37
3 .55
-
3 .26
4 .26
r ange
2 -20
4 -15
4 ,8
4 -15
2 -20
L ength/Width n
9
5
7
2
5
m ean
2 .15
2 .08
-
1 .84
s .d.
1 .20
0 .81
-
0 .40
r ange T hickness/Width n
1 .02-4.40
1 .32-3.62
2
9
0 .36
0 .38
-
0 .33
s .d.
0 .17
0 .11
-
0 .09
N ote:
1 0
1 .08-2.21
m ean r ange
5
0 .95,1.95
0 .20-0.67
m easurements a re
0 .17-0.54
i n mm.
0 .20,0.22
0 .19-0.50
2 6
1 9 1 .97 0 .86 0 .95-4.40
2 6 0 .35 0 .12 0 .17-0.67
T able
7 .17
F REQUENCY D ATA F OR P ERFORATORS F ROM I N T HE
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B
K H3X/XI
n=5
K H4
n=13
S outh T own
n =11
T otal
n=10
n=39
B reaks: n one
4
7
8
m inor
0
, 1
1
1
3
7 .7
b roken
0
0
2
1
3
7 .7
1
2
1
0
4
1 0.3
p rimary f lake
0
1
2
0
3
7 .7
p rimary b lade
1
0
0
0
, 1
s econdary
f lake
3
3
7
2
1 5
3 8.5
s econdary b lade
1
9
2
7
1 9
4 8.7
i ndeterminate
0
0
0
1
2
2
6
2
p erf.
e nd b roken
1 0
2 9
7 4.4
T ool b lank:
N o.
1
2 .6
o f p erforators w ith
a dditional
r etouch:
T runcations
o ccurring
( 46 .2%) .
i n
S even
c lassified
a s
t he
( 26 .9%) s traight
r egular.
H owever,
s traight
t runcation,
manufactured, o n
4 4 .6
a re
mm,
a re o r
s traight o blique
g roup i n
o verall .
t he T hey
N agada a re
3 0.8
t runcations.
s traight,
E ven
e tc .
a re
both
f rom
S outh
T own,
t hose
n ot
a nd
t he
o n
t hat
a re
p articularly
( Fig.
a re
o nly
i rregular
7 .12d) and a
f airly
neatly
T he s traight
More than h alf ( 57.7%) of t he t runcations a re
b lades,
m ade
r egion,
mainly
a nd a re made on f airly r egular b lades.
s econdary
r emainder
t ool
a ssemblages
o ne oblique c onvex t runcation
t runcation i s b acked. m ade
1 2
( Tables 7 .19 and 7 .20; F igs. 7 .6c and 7 .12d)
T runcations a re a minor 3 .3%
i s
2 .6
s ome
f lakes.
a verage
o f T he
which
a re
a verage
l ength/width
226
r elatively l ength
r atio
i s
o f 1 .93 .
r egular.
t he
T he
t runcations
-
-
b
a 0
1
2 cm
d C
;f e F ig.
7 .10
P erforators
f rom
P redynastic
f ,
f rom KH3 Area X/XI;
e ,
f rom
S outh
b ,
T own) .
2 27
s ites
i n
t he
f rom KH4; c ,
N agada
r egion
f rom KH3 A rea B ;
( a, d -
T able
7 .18
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR P ERFORATORS F ROM
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B
K H3X/XI
K H4
S outh T own
T otal
L ength n
5
m ean
1 3
3 7.20
s .d. r ange
9
9
3 6
5 1.23
4 0.89
4 6.44
4 5.50
4 .17
9 .42
1 2.64
1 5.61
1 2.74
3 1-44
4 0-78
2 8-61
2 9-77
2 8-78
W idth n
5
m ean s .d. r ange
1 3
1 1
1 0
3 9
1 9.40
2 1.85
2 9.18
2 0.60
2 3.28
7 .53
1 2.45
5 .10
1 2.81
1 1.07
1 2-32
9 -53
2 1-38
6 -49
6 -53
T hickness n
5
m ean
4 .40
1 3 7 .08
1 1 9 .00
1 0 7 .30
3 9 7 .33
s .d.
2 .42
5 .61
2 .59
3 .95
4 .36
r ange
2 -9
1 -21
6 -15
3 -17
1 -21
L ength/Width n
5
9
9
m ean
2 .18
3 .27
1 .44
3 .05
2 .61
s .d.
0 .78
2 .31
0 .57
1 .46
1 .79
r ange
1 3
1 .38-3.17
1 .32-10.25
0 .88-2.73
3 6
0 .96-5.09
0 .88-10.25
T hickness/Width n
5
m ean
0 .22
0 .30
0 .32
0 .40
0 .32
s .d.
0 .07
0 .08
0 .11
0 .12
0 .11
r ange N ote:
1 3
0 .17-0.33
m easurements a re
B acked
pieces
( Tables
1 1
0 .17-0.46
1 0
0 .20-0.55
3 9
0 .27-0.64
0 .17-0.64
i n mm.
7 .21 a nd
7 .22)
T here a re only r are backed p ieces f rom t he N agada s ites, a re o n
k nown o nly e longate
f lakes
d irect b acks, O nly 4 9
t hree
mm
w ith
f rom
K H3 a nd and
S outh
t hree
a re
T own . on
O f t he
s econdary
f ive s tudied, blades.
which
t wo
a re
T hree h ave
o ne h as an i nverse b ack a nd o ne i s alternately b acked.
b acked
p ieces
l ength/width
a re
u nbroken .
r atios
r anging
T heir f rom
228
l engths 1 .90
t o
v ary
2 .47 .
f rom
4 0
t o
E 0 c \ I In.. .
. .
KH3
A rea
0
i
1
2 29
T able
7 .19
F REQUENCY D ATA F OR TRUNCATIONS F ROM I N T HE
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B
K H3
K H4
K H7
X /XI n=4
S outh
T otal
T own
n =11 n=4
n =1
n =6
n =26
B reaks: n one
3
5
4
0
2
m inor
1
3
0
0
1
1 4 5
1 9.2
5 3.8
b roken
0
3
0
1
3
7
2 6.9
2 6.9
T ool s ubclass: s traight t runcation
1
4
0
0
2 ( 1)
7 ( 1)
c onvex t runcation
0
2
0
0
0
2
7 .7
1
1
0
0
0
2
7 .7
0
0
0
0
1
1
3 .8
0
0
1
0
1
2
7 .7
o blique s traight o blique c onvex
t runc.
t runc.
o blique o ther/irregular o ther/irregular d ouble T otal no.
t runc.
t runcation
2
4
3
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1 2 0
0 .0
0
0
0
0
1
1
3 .8
( 3.8)
4 6.2
o f t runcations
w ith b acking r etouch:
T ool b lank:
N o.
p rimary f lakes
1
1
0
0
0
2
7 .7
s econdary
f lakes
2
2
4
0
, 1
9
3 4.6
s econdary b lades
1
8
0
1
5
0
7
2
0
2 ( 1)11
5 7.7
o f t runcations w ith a dditional
Note:
F or
r etouch:
t ool
t runcations F or
1 5
a dditional
t runcations
s ubclass,
h ave
b acking r etouch,
n umbers
i n p arentheses
( 1)
4 2.3
( 3.8)
i ndicate how
many
i ndicate
many
r etouch . n u mbers
w ith a dditional
r etouch
i n
parentheses
a re
a lso
2 30
b acked .
how
T able D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS
7 .20
F OR TRUNCATIONS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B
K H3X/XI
K H4
K H7
S outh
T own
T otal
L ength n
4
9
4
m y
3
2 0
m ean
4 5.50
4 3.56
3 9.00
-
5 2.67
4 4.60
s .d.
6 .73
1 0.75
4 .06
-
1 2.76
1 0.30
3 8-56
2 9-67
3 3-44
3 6-67
2 9-67
r ange W idth n
4
1 0
4
1
6
2 5
m ean
2 8.75
2 3.90
2 8.00
-
2 5.33
s .d.
6 .61
7 .20
5 .39
-
7 .44
7 .01
2 2-39
1 0-39
2 1-35
1 8-36
1 0-39
r ange
2 5
2 5.72
T hickness n
4
4
1
6
m ean
7 .25
1 1 6 .09
7 .50
-
8 .17
2 6 7 .00
s .d.
2 .86
3 .09
2 .06
-
2 .64
2 .94
r ange
4 -11
2 -13
5 -10
7
4 -12
2 -13
n
4
8
4
MV
m ean
1 .72
2 .17
1 .43
s .d.
0 .46
0 .96
0 .21
L ength/Width
r ange
0 .97-2.23
0 .74-3.80
1 .09-1.64
1 _ -
3
1 9
2 .25
1 .93
1 .02
0 .84
1 .03-3.53
0 .74-3.80
T hickness/Width n
4
4
1
6
m ean
0 .25
0 .26
0 .27
-
0 .32
s .d.
0 .05
0 .16
0 .03
-
0 .09
r ange N ote:
0 .17-0.30
m easurements a re
1 0
0 .10-0.68
0 .24-0.32
i n mm.
2 31
0 .28
0 .21-0.47
2 5 0 .27 0 .12 0 .10-0.68
T able
7 .21
F REQUENCY DATA F OR B ACKED P IECES FROM I N T HE
PREDYNASTIC S ITES
NAGADA R EGION
S ite K H3X/XI
S outh Town
T otal
n=2
n=3
n=5
none
2
1
3
m inor
0
0
0
b roken
0
2
2
f lakes
2
0
2
s econdary b lades
0
3
3
0
3
3
B reaks:
T ool b lank: s econdary
N o.
o f backed p ieces w ith a dditional r etouch:
S ickle
blades
( Table
7 .23;
F ig .
7 .12a-c,e)
S ickle b lades a re k nown p rimarily f rom S outh T own where t hey f orm 3 .4%
( n=6)
s urface not
of
f inds
seen
the at
by
assemblage.
N orth
the
i nvestigated by
T own .
writer.
t he
A couple T he
s ickle
No
other
" Predynastic o f
also b lade
occurred r ecorded
sites
N agada
in
the
as
isolated
f or
K H3B
Nagada
P roject" y ielded
a ny
was
area s ickle
b lades. T he
s ickle blades
I n a ddition the
examined by
t o t he s ix r ecovered
surface
at
the site.
t he
f rom
writer
a re a ll
e xcavations,
f rom S outh T own .
f ive
were
Thus the total nu mber studied i s
f ound 1 1.
o n A ll
a re made on r egular secondary blades, a nd t hey a re predominantly of r ectangular o gival
e nd
The r etouch b lades f lat,
s ickle t o
chiefly
for m.
more
direct
with
retouch or
d irect backed.
ogival-ended
p robably
s ickle
s cars.
Most
1 has of
t he
o f
of
minor, s calar
ventral
r etouch
Most
the
end
h as
t he
i rregular, r etouch .
opposite
the
side
of
c ontinous,
s ickle
t he
inverse
one
back,
232
of
r etouch
a re
and a re
i s
t he s ickle
s lightly
b lades
s ickle blades
d iscontinuous T he
2 have i nverse backs,
a partial ends
a nd
T he
F our have d irect backs, backs,
f rom
normal
bifacial.
b ifacial
with
i ntentionally .
varies
continuous
s ubparallel
9 0.9%).
Two are
s napped,
i nvasive,
b acked
( n=10,
2 have partial
1 i s
b ifacially
t runcated.
S ix
T able
7 .22
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR B ACKED P IECES F ROM I N T HE
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3X/XI
S outh T own
T otal
L ength n
2
1
-
m ean s .d. r ange
3
-
4 5.33
-
4 0,49
3 .86
4 7
4 0-49
W idth n
2
m ean
-
s .d.
3
-
r ange
5
2 1.00
2 1,25
2 1.80
3 .56
3 .19
1 8-26
1 8-26
T hickness n
2
3
m ean
-
8 .33
7 .60
s .d.
-
3 .40
2 .80
6 ,7
5 -13
5 -13
r ange
5
L ength/Width n
2
-
m ean s .d. r ange
1
3
-
2 .11
-
1 .90,1.96
0 .26
2 .47
1 .90-2.47
T hickness/Width n
2
3
m ean
-
0 .38
0 .34
s .d.
-
0 .09
0 .09
r ange
N ote:
e nds
m easurements a re
appear
o gival, T he 4 8.9
0 .24,0.33
mm
s napped).
t o
h ave
b een
s ickle b lades T he
i ntentionally
v ary i n
t hose
a verage
0 .28-0.50
0 .24-0.50
i n mm.
2 a re o blique s traight a nd
( including
5
l ength
s ickle
s napped,
2 h ave f rom
b lades
l ength/width
r atio
233
4 a re
s traight,
o ther/irregular-shaped 2 7 t o
7 5
t hought i s
3 .64 .
mm
t o
b e
3 a re e nds .
w ith a mean o f d eliberately
T able
7 .23
D ATA F OR S ICKLE B LADES F ROM
S OUTH T OWN
( n=11)
B reaks: none
2
m inor
0
b roken
9
T ool b lank: s econdary b lades
1 1
S ickle s hape: r ectangular a pprox.
2
r ectangular
0
r ectangular w ith o ne o r
both
e nds b roken
3
o ne e nd o gival
0
o ne e nd o gival
o ther
e nd b roken
2
o ther
0
u nintentionally b roken,
s hape
i ndeterminate
4
D imensional s tatistics: m ean L ength
( excluding b reaks)
L ength
( including s pecimens
i ntentionally b roken) W idth T hickness L ength/Width L ength/Width s pecimens
( excluding b reaks)
7
r ange
-
-
4 5,56
4 8.86
1 6.15
2 7-75
1 1
1 4.82
3 .74
1 1-24
1 1
3 .82
1 .11
3 -6
-
-
4 .09,4.31
3 .64
0 .92
2 .25-4.92
0 .26
0 .06
0 .17-0.36
2
( including i ntentionally
b roken)
7
T hickness/Width
N ote:
2
s .d.
m easurements a re
1 1
i n m m.
2 34
a
0
F ig.
7 .12
S ickle
b lades
s ickle
b lades;
and d ,
t runcation o blique
2 35
f rom
convex
1
S outh
t runcation .
2 cm
Town.
a -c,
e ,
S idescrapers
( Tables
S idescrapers accounting
f or
e xa mined.
T hey
l ength
o f
5 4 .5
7 .24 a nd
f orm
7 .25)
a m inor
0 .7%
of
a re
a n
t he
t ool
tools
c lass
i n
t he
N agada
T en
s idescrapers
overall.
i rregular
g roup
a ssemblages, were
o f tools h aving a n average
mm .
T able
7 .24
F REQUENCY D ATA F OR S IDESCRAPERS F ROM
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE N AGADA REGION
S ite K H3B
K H3X/XI
K H4
n =2
n =2
n =5
S outh T own n =1
T otal
none
1
2
4
1
8
m inor
1
0
1
0
2
b roken
0
0
0
0
0
p rimary f lakes
0
2
0
1
3
s econdary f lakes
2
0
3
0
5
n atural s palls
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
2
0
3
n=10
B reaks:
T ool
b lank:
a xe p reparation f lakes N o.
o f s idescrapers w ith a dditional r etouch:
P lanes
( Table
P lanes
7 .26; occur
f or ming
1 .3%
s tudied:
9 f rom
a re b roken. average
o f
r esulting l arge
i n
K H3,
f requencies
a ssemblages 2 f rom and
O ne p lane
K H4 a nd
t he
2 f rom
N agada
T hirteen
N orth
thickness/width i s
e xceptionally
i nflated
on comparatively
means
T own .
aspects
of
a nd
r atios l arge
assemblages, p lanes
were
N one o f t hese
i s
f lakes
i ndeterminate w hich
of
m ay
i n b e
of
r aw
and
0 .26,
n atural
mm)
T he p lanes a re
material,
3 c ases,
l acking any observable
236
1 .37
( 109 x 9 0 x 2 5
l arge r anges.
t hin n atural p ieces
T ool b lank
l ightly p atinated p lane s urfaces v entral
i n
overall.
T heir average d imensions a re 6 1.2 x 4 5.5 x 1 2.0 mm with
i n s omewhat
f lakes.
7 .13b)
l ow
t he
l ength/width
r espectively. made
F ig.
t hough
s urfaces
r ipples
and o n
two h ave o r
o r
t he
o ther
T able
7 .25
D IMENSIONAL S TATISTICS F OR S IDESCRAPERS F ROM I N T HE
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
N AGADA REGION
S ite K H3B
K H3X/XI
K H4
S outh
T own
T otal
L ength n
2
2
m ean
-
-
6 2.00
-
5 4.50
s .d.
-
-
8 .27
-
1 0.37
4 4,50
3 7,53
5 1
3 7-74
r ange
5
1
5 5-74
1 0
W idth n
2
2
1
1 0
m ean
-
-
4 0.00
-
3 8.50
s .d.
-
-
3 .74
-
3 4,40
3 4,38
r ange
5
3 5-44
3 .53
3 9
3 4-44
T hickness 1
1 0
m ean
2
-
2
1 7.00
-
1 4.50
s .d.
-
5 .83
-
5 .43
1 3
8 -27
9 ,12
r ange
5
8 ,18
1 0-27
L ength/Width n
2
2
5
1
m ean
-
-
1 .55
-
1 .41
s .d.
-
-
0 .15
-
0 .20
1 .10,1.47
1 .09,1.39
r ange
1 .30-1.76
1 0
1 .31
1 .09-1.76
T hickness/Width n
2
2
5
1
m ean
-
-
0 .42
-
s .d.
-
-
0 .12
-
0 .23,0.35
0 .24,0.47
r ange
N ote:
m easurements a re
r ecognizable C ortex
o ccurs
more
T he
c ommonly
o n
t he
' dorsal'
which i s u sually t he v entral
a ncient
p atina
N early
a spect
a spect
o n
t he p lane s ide r aw
t han
o n
o f a f lake
material. t he
o r
' plane'
a smooth
s urface .
a ll
t he p lanes a re o f e xpanding s hape .
T he
working
medium
0 .23-0.63
o f
p iece
o f
t he
planes
i s
i s
r ecorded a s
predominantly
O ne
u nifacial,
t hough one speci men i s f laked partially b ifacially. mostly
0 .11
0 .33
t hird h as a ncient p atina
made o n a t hin nodular
a spect,
U -shaped.
0 .37
i n mm.
f eatures.
o nly b ut i s p robably
0 .28-0.63
1 0
with
some
small
a nd
l arge
237
scars,
a nd
T he r etouch i s i s
b road
and
T able
7 .26
D ATA F OR P LANES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES ( KH3,
K H4
a nd
N orth
B reaks:
I N THE N AGADA R EGION
T own;
n =13)
T ool b lank:
n one
1 3
l arge
( pr/sec)
m inor
0
t hin nodular
b roken
0
i ndeterminate
P resence o f RNS o n
' dorsal'
f lakes
5
f lint
5 3
S urface o f p lane a spect:
a spect: no RNS
5
c ortex
1
c ortex
4
a ncient p atina
5
a ncient p atina
3
n atural
c ortex
1
v entral a spect o f
& a ncient p atina
f lint s urface
0
f lake
5
i ndeterminate
P lane s hape:
2
E xtent o f r etouch:
s quare
0
e xpanding
p redominantly u nifacial
1 2
l ong e xpanding
0
U -shaped
1
1 2
p artly b ifacial
1
m arginally r etouched
0
T ype o f r etouch: l arge,
d eep
1
m edium & l arge, broad, small
& m edium d eep,
s maller m arginal,
i nvasive,
smaller
d eep
2
m ainly e xpanding,
s cars a t e dges
m edium & l arge, s mall
e xpansive,
4
r elatively
b road,
f lat,large s calar
e xpansive c entral
s cars a t e dges
& m edium,
f lat,
3
r elatively e longate
1
o ther
S hape o f
1
s cars,
1
f unctional
e dge:
E dge a ngle o f
f unctional e dge:
s traight
2
n
1 3
i rreg.
1
m ean
6 0.38
7
s .d.
c urved
2
r ange
o ther/irregular
1
s traight
s lightly
c urved
8 .70 4 7-75
D imensional s tatistics: n
m ean
s .d.
r ange
L ength
1 3
6 1.15
1 4.41
5 0-109
W idth
1 3
4 5.54
1 3.95
3 5-90
T hickness
1 3
1 2.00
4 .47
L ength/Width
1 3
1 .37
0 .12
1 .20-1.58
T hickness/Width
1 3
0 .26
0 .06
0 .17-0.38
N ote:
m easurements a re
i n mm.
2 38
8 -25
a
0
1
2 cm
-
b
F ig.
7 .13
Axe and plane f rom S ites KH3 and KH4. p lane
f rom
K H3
A rea
X /XI.
2 39
a ,
axe
f rom
KH4;
b ,
expansive. T he
T he f unctional edge
a verage
Axes
e dge
( Tables
a ngle
i s
i s u sually slightly curved i n plan.
6 0 .4 ° .
7 .27-7.30; F igs.
7 .13a,
7 .14-7.16)
A xes a re t he most c ommon b ifacial r anging f rom
i ndicated f or S outh T own i n t able f or
S outh
T own
t renches, r ecovered 3 0
i n
s ite
t he
P etrie 1 2
N one
of
speci mens. e xpanding I n
axes main
cases
a re
i t
f all
r emains
i t
f ragments
i s
v entral a spects o n
l arge
mainly o f
f lakes .
t he
s ite .
T here
s tudie2,
2 6
f rom
( 34 a ltogether
f rom
N early
axes a t
were KH3
T own a nd and
a ll
o val
N orth
appear
( 18.4%;
U -shaped
t he
2 f rom
t o
a re
T own.
be
f inished
e .g.
F ig.
7 .14b),
e .g.
F ig.
7 .13a),
c ategory
( 20 .4%) .
( 16.3%;
' other/irregular'
t o determine
P etrie
t he
k ind of b lank on
where s ufficient c ortical e vidence
r elatively t hin t abular nodules o r nodule
u sed.
f lakes
f ew h ave s ignificant
a t
pit
a nd
t est
e xcavations
H owever,
c lear t hat
were
s ix
s ite
a re
i s not possible
which t he a xes were made .
f rom
t he
and
i nto
r ecovered of
b roken,
7 .14a),
N agada a ssemblages,
s urface
S outh
s hapes
t he
i n which t he t ool f requencies
F orty-nine
axe
i n
A lthough t here a re no axes
material
t he
h is
1 f rom
e .g.
n umber
7 .2
1 f rom a t est
t he
( 22.4%;
t he o n
f rom
Museum. K H4,
T he
o n
f ound
KH3B,
f rom
a f air
most
b ased
was
n umber
7 f rom
K H3),
t hough
are
o ne axe a f air
KH3X/XI,
t ool
2 .1% t o 6 .8% ( 4.4% overall).
T hree
i ndicating a ll
t he
axes
t hat
a xes
a re
amounts o f RNS s till
s how
t he
r emains
of
t he
i n s ome c ases a xes w ere made b ifacially
worked,
t hough
a
p resent.
C omparing t he character of t he f laking of t he N agada axes with t hat of some experi mental axes made by t he writer on f lint f rom t he Nagada
area,
manufactured
i t
would
u sing
appear
a h ard
that
h ammer
were f inished u sing a s oft p ercussor. u sed
t o
make
g rinding T own
i n
t he
t races,
e longate T he o f
Museum
s ize,
a nd
f unctional e dge o f c onsisting
o f
f unctional a xe e dge.
T he T h/W
i n
t here
b road
p artially
2 73). and
axes
P ossibly
were a f ew
o nly a h ard h ammer
N one of
o ne
( see p .
method .
H owever,
a xes.
i s
P redynastic
was
t he axes d isplay any g round
a xe
f rom
S outh
T he axe r etouch i s c hiefly
expansive
i n
f orm
with
a f ew
s cars.
c ases,
t he
t hough
t he P etrie
medium-large
( 67 .3%)
experimental
the
p ercussion
a verage
a xe
t he a xes
s hows a s pecial p reparation i n
t ranchet
s cars
F ive a xes
d imensions
a re:
o r
o ther
c areful
s how e vidence o f 6 5 .1
x 4 6 .0
x 2 0 .4
3 3
s haping
r eworking. mm
( L/W
1 .42;
0 .46). A
more
e lsewhere
detailed
( Holmes,
t reatment
of
t he
n .d.).
240
N agada
axes
i s
p resented
T able BREAK,
TOOL B LANK,
7 .27
RNS AND S HAPE DATA F OR A XES FROM
PREDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE
NAGADA REGION
S ite K H3
KH4
n=34
n=12
S outh
3 4
1 2
T own
n=1
N orth
T own
Total
n=2
n=49
B reaks: none b roken T ool
1
2
0
0
0
0
4 9 0
1 00.0 0 .0
b lank:
t hin nodular
8
1
1
1
t hin p atinated
f lint p iece
1
0
0
0
1
2 .0
l arge
f lake
3
0
0
0
3
6 .1
0
1
3 4
6 9.4
5 5.1
( pr/sec)
i ndeterminate P resence
of
a spect
A :
2 2
1 1
1 1
2 2.4
RNS,
n o RNS
6
0
2
2 7
c ortex
1 9 8
5
0
0
1 3
a ncient p atina
6
1
0
0
p atina
1
0
0
0
1
2 .0
s urface
0
0
1
0
1
2 .0
c ortex
& a nc.
n atural
f lint
P resence
o f
a spect
B :
7
2 6.5 1 4.3
RNS,
no RNS
9
0
0
2 8
c ortex
1 9 7
2
1
1
1 1
a ncient patina
7
0
0
0
p atina
1
1
0
1
3
6 .1
s urface
0
0
0
0
0
0 .0
square
2
0
0
0
2
4 .1
r ectangular
2
0
0
0
2
4 .1
o val
9
0
0
0
9
1 8.4
c ortex
& anc.
n atural A xe
f lint
7
5 7.1 2 2.4 1 4.3
s hape:
e xpanding
8
2
0
1
l ong
1
0
1
0
2
4 .1
4
4
0
0
8
1 6.3
0
2
0
1
3
6 .1
1
1
0
0
7
3
0
0
expanding
U -shaped p arallel-sided, i ng
upper
1 1
2 2.4
converg-
m argins
d iverging m argins, c onverging a t
t op
O ther/irregular Note:
For
3 p ieces
' Presence of RNS, a spect B ', f rom
KH3
s howing
t he
v entral
the
4 .1 2 0.4
' no RNS' c ategory i ncludes
a spects
241
2 1 0
o f
f lakes.
T able R ETOUCH AND GRINDING D ATA I N T HE
7 .28
F OR A XES
F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES
NAGADA REGION
S ite
E xtent of
p artly b ifacial
o f
3 1
1 1
S outh
T own
n=1
N orth
T own
T otal
n=2
n=49
1
1
3
1
0
1
4 4 5
8 9.8 1 0.2
1
3
0
0
4
8 .2
r etouch:
l arge,
i rregular
l arge,
d eep
s cars
8
5
0
1
1 4
2 8.6
m edium & l arge,
d eep
8
2
1
_ , 1
1 2
2 4.5
small
d eep
7
1
0
0
8
1 6.3
f lat
5
1
0
0
6
1 2.2
1
0
0
0
1
2 .0
4
0
0
0
4
8 .2
& medium,
m edium small
& l arge, & m edium,
r elatively
f lat,
e longate
o ther
P reparation t ranchet o ther
o f a xe
b it:
s cars
p reparation
no obvious p reparation t otal no. s howing
N o.
KH4 n=12
f laking:
b ifacial
T ype
K H3 n =34
o f a xes
1 5
9
1
0
0
0
0
1 1
3
0
2
1 6
3 2.7
2 3
9
1
0
3 3
6 7.3
2
0
0
8
2 5 8
5 1.0 1 6.3
o f a xes p reparation
s howing
evidence o f r ejuvenation:
G rinding
3
5
2 0.2
t races:
none p resent
3 4 0
1 2 0
2 42
1
2
0
0
4 9 0
1 00.0 0 .0
a
9
1
b
F ig .
7 .14
Axes
f rom
2 43
S ite
KH3
A rea
X/XI.
2 cm
T able
7 .29
F UNCTIONAL ATTRIBUTES O F A XES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES I N T HE N AGADA REGION
S ite K H3
K H4
n =34
n=12
S outh
n =1
T own N orth n =2
n
n
n
n
T own
T otal n=49 n
%
S hape o f a xe e dge: s traight i rreg.
1 1
s traight
s lightly
2
c urved
1 0
4
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
2
1 5 3 1 5
3 2.6 6 .5 3 2.6
c urved
4
1
1
0
6
o blique s traight
2
0
0
0
2
4 .3
o ther/irregular
3
2
0
0
5
1 0.9
f unctional e dge
i ndeterminate
i n
1 3.0
3 c ases
E dge-on p rofile o f a xe
e dge:
r uler
s traight
v irtual s traight i rreg.
1 2
4
1
0
1 7
3 7.0
1 2
2
0
0
1 4
3 0.4
s traight
3
1
0
0
4
8 .7
s lightly c urved
1
1
0
0
2
4 .3
s inuous
1
2
0
1
4
8 .7
o ther
3
1
0
1
5
1 0.9
f unctional e dge
i ndeterminate
i n
3 c ases
E dge a ngle o f a xe e dge: n
3 2
1 0
1
2
4 5
m ean
6 4.09
6 8.70
-
-
6 5.40
s .d.
6 .70
5 .46
-
-
4 7-75
6 1-78
6 6
6 5,74
r ange
2 44
6 .62 4 7-78
2 cm
F ig .
7 .15
A xe
f rom
S outh
2 45
Town
( aspect
A ).
0
F ig.
7 .16
A xe
f rom
S outh
2 46
T own
( aspect
1
E ).
2 cm
T able D IMENSIONAL D ATA F OR A XES F ROM
7 .30
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H4
K H3 L ength n
S outh T own
N orth
T own
T otal
3 4
1 2
1
2
4 9
m ean
6 1.82
6 6.17
-
-
6 5.10
s .d.
1 0.31
1 8.44
-
-
1 8.10
r ange
5 0-95
5 0-119
1 54
n
3 4
1 2
1
2
m ean
4 3.76
4 7.83
-
-
4 6.00
s .d.
7 .91
9 .80
-
-
1 1.06
2 8-64
3 6-75
9 6
4 7,49
2 8-96
n
3 4
1 2
1
2
4 9
m ean
1 9.35
2 1.75
-
-
2 0.41
s .d.
4 .85
4 .36
-
-
1 1-29
1 5-32
4 1
1 7,23
3 4
1 2
6 6,74
5 0-154
W idth
r ange
4 9
T hickness
r ange
'
5 .59 1 1-41
L ength/Width n
1
2
m ean
1 .43
1 .37
-
-
s .d.
0 .20
0 .14
-
-
1 .60
1 .40,1.51
r ange
1 .02-1.85
1 .23-1.59
4 9 1 .42 0 .18 1 .02-1.85
T hickness/Width n
1
2
m ean
3 4 0 .45
0 .46
-
-
s .d.
0 . 10
0 .05
-
-
0 .79
0 .36,0.47
r ange
N ote:
1 2
0 .22-0.69
m easurements a re
0 .36-0.54
F ig .
C oncave-base a rrowheads a re a r are examples being recovered
T own.
F ive were s tudied b y t he writer,
p oint
T own.
T hree
o f
f rom S outh T own a ppear
i rregular
s hapes
s tandard
of
w ith
s hort
f laking.
T he
s traight-sided T he a rrowhead I t h as t hat i t
t he
o f
t ool
f rom s ites KH1,
t o b e S outh
p oints
u nfinished a s b arbs,
T own
b ody
r elatively t hick
i s
a nd
a nd h as
o ne
K H4,
m ade
o n a t hin p iece o f
r aw
m aterial.
2 47
a nd
1
t he
s uggested b y t heir r elatively
( Fig.
7 .17d)
b arb
r ough h as
a
r emaining .
c ouvrante
a minor amount o f cortex r emaining o n both s ides i s
N agada
4 f rom K H4 a nd
s hort
b road,
t he
KH4 and S outh
f rom
t he
speci men
w ith
f rom
KH3,
comprising
c oncave-base
i rregular
t riangular-shaped s eems
0 .10 0 .22-0.79
7 .17)
c lass
s ites,
S outh
0 .46
i n m m.
Concave-base arrowheads ( Table 7 .31;
f rom
4 9
r etouch .
i ndicating
T able
7 .31
D ATA FOR C ONCAVE-BASE ARROWHEADS F ROM I N T HE
PREDYNASTIC S ITES
NAGADA REGION
B reaks
S ite
T ool b lank p rimary f lake
K H4
point
t ip
K H4
point
t ip a nd
K H4
point
t ip a nd m inor
K H4
t op h alf o f body
i nde crminate
o ne b arb
t hin nodular
S outh
T own
D imension
p art o f
i ndeterminate
b arb
i n
b arb b reak
T ha
T hb
3 4
7
9
2 8
7
8
3 3
6
7
m v
2 9
mv
7
2 1
mv
9
9
L ength
W a
K H4
( 50)
2 6
K H4
( 36)
2 1
K H4
( 44)
3 0
K H4
( 26) 4 0
W b
S outh
T own
Note:
measurements a re i n mm.
L ength v alues i n parentheses a re f or
a rrowheads .
Of the three apparently unfinished arrowheads f rom KH4, made
f lint
v alues:
S ite
b roken
o ne
on a p ri mary
f lake
( Fig.
7 .17b).
So
f ar
i t
has
been
one i s
shaped by
m arginal
r etouch
i nto a n approximately s traight-sided t riangular s hape
with
concave
b ase
y et
t he
r eally
d istinct.
s tarted T he
b y
b ifacial
a rrowhead
i s
r etouch .
o riented
o n
T he
b arbs
a re
t he
f lake
so
n ot t hat
t he concave base i s at t he p roxi mal end and the t ip i s at t he d istal end.
T he other
a dvanced
s tage
c ouvrante e longate c oncave
b ases
h as
manufacture
( Fig .
with
b road,
s cars. and
f ourth
l arge,
H owever,
s hort
t heir
i rregular
c oncave-base
7 .17a).
T hey
c entral
s hapes a re
to be at a more
b oth
scars
r etouched
i rregular
a t riangular
a c lear
body .
O ne
b ifacial,
smaller
more
with s hallow
b arbs.
a rrowhead
i nto
h ave
a nd
f rom
KH4
i s
a f inished
( point t ip and part of one barb) speci men ( Fig.
c arefully I t
r etouch e dge
T he b roken
two unfinished KH4 speci mens appear o f
n eat
b arb
s hape
s eems
b reaking.
248
with
t hough
7 .17c).
I t i s
well-defined
b arbs.
t o h ave b een
r eworked
after
a
-
-
b
0
1
2 cm
-
d
C
F ig.
7 .17
C oncave-base a rrowheads
f rom
u nfinished c oncave-base
arrowheads
a rrowhead
f rom
KH4;
d ,
S ite
KH4
unfinished
T own.
2 49
and
f rom
S outh KH4;
a rrowhead
T own . c ,
a -b,
f inished
f rom
South
B ifacial d rill T here i s one speci men of a b ifacial d rill f rom t he N agada a rea f rom KH3B .
I t i s a f ragment 2 2 x 8 x 4 mm
converge
s lightly
c ouvrante
r etouch
d o n ot
Other
appear
to
meet
at
c onsisting
t o
h ave
f ine bifacial
o f
tool
tools
f ragments.
o vate tool. m ade
o n
small
small,
0 .50).
t ip.
b road,
T he
I ts
d rill
c ollateral
margins
h as
f lat,
s cars
w hich
( Table
7 .32; F ig .
i n
t his
T he u nbroken
7 .18)
c ategory a re b roken,
s pecimen
( from
s ome b eing
KH4)
i s
a small
I t h as some cortex o n both s ides i ndicating t hat i t was
a t hin
t o
( Th/W
ogival
b een a chieved b y p ressure-flaking .
A ll b ut o ne o f t he p ieces j ust
an
t abular
medium,
p iece
o f
r aw
m aterial.
b road t o s lightly e longate
T he
s cars
r etouch
c omprises
t hat a re r elatively
f lat. Fe w
of
the
broken
speci mens
p articularly r egular s hapes. w hich
i s
f rom
a n eatly
appear
O ne e xception
to
be
f rom
tools
i s 'a f ragment
s haped p ressure-flaked t ool.
Two b roken t ools
f rom KH3 h ave l ateral e dges t hat c onverge to a n o gival e nd. t hese
has
mediu m-large,
b road
retouch.
T he
somewhat more c arefully r etouched with f lat, b road
scars.
A nother
b roken
tool
o ther
c onsists
f rom K H3 h as a round
s uggesting a k nife-like
o f
medium : l arge,
b road
tool.
s cars.
f rom KH3 i s a f ragment with l arge, f rom
a b ifacial T hree
o f
( Fig.
T he T he
i s
b road
t he
f our
b roken
f or m.
r etouch
e dge
e nd b ut
more
t he
j agged t han
r etouch o f t his p iece
f ifth
f ine
b ifacial
t ool
f lat, b road r etouch which may be
T he
t ools f ourth
f rom i s
K H4
a re
o f
a f ragment
non-distinctive,
t he
i s not s uggestive of t he f or m of t he o riginal t ool. smaller
i s
k nife .
g enerally p ointed h ave
O ne o f
7 .18b)
mostly small-medium,
l ateral e dges c onverge a symmetrically a nd o ne e dge t he o ther
of
f rom K H3
c onsisting
g enerally
o f
l arger,
s hape
o f
w hich
A ll f our p ieces c entral
s cars
a nd
r etouch .
T he b roken b ifacial
t ool
f rom K H7 i s a s quare-ended f ragment w ith
b road r etouch. T here b ifacial p ressure
a re
two
k nives,
r etouch.
e ssentially
l amellar
l amellar
r etouch
f ragment
S outh
O ne
s i milar
oblique, small
r ectangular-shaped
f rom
f rom
t ool
b lanks Most
soft
were
o f
d escriptions s tages
o f
h as
f ragments,
h ave
( Fig.
l arger,
possibly
c areful,
f lat,
7 .18a).
b road
T he
c entral
f rom
c ouvrante other, scars
a n a nd
r etouch o n both s ides o f one e dge, a nd small nona long
t he
o ther
e dge.
A lso
f rom
S outh
Town
i s
a
f rom a n apparently p ressure-flaked t ool.
K H4 a nd
ha m mer
which
i llustrated
p iece,
I n a ddition t o t he ( one
i s
T own
t he
o ne
u nbroken
f rom
K H7)
t hin n odular b ifacial
p ieces
t ools
percussion.
t ool
f rom
w ith t races o f
KH4
two tools
f lint .
were p robably
Others,
t here a re
o f R NS i ndicating t hat t he
as
were p robably p ressure-flaked,
p roduction .
250
m anufactured b y
indicated a t
in
l east
i n
h ard o r
the t he
above f inal
T able
7 .32
D ATA F OR OTHER F INE B IFACIAL T OOLS F ROM I N
T HE
N AGADA R EGION
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
( n=14)
S ite
B reaks
L ength
K H3
b roken
( 80)
3 6
b roken
( 67)
3 0
9
K H4
T h/W
1 0
0 .28 0 .30
( frg)
( 49)
( 41)
7
-
b roken
( frg)
( 44)
2 8
9
0 .32
b roken
( frg)
( 43)
4 1
1 0
0 .24
b roken
( 36)
2 8
b roken
( 45)
( 27)
1 3
-
3 9
3 1
1 2
0 .39
6
0 .21
b roken
( 33)
3 3
9
0 .27
b roken
( 49)
2 5
9
0 .36
( 36)
3 2
7
0 .22
( 51)
2 7
7
0 .26
( 19)
( 14)
5
( 56)
2 5
5
K H7
b roken
S outh T own
b roken b roken
.
( frg)
b roken
a nd
T hickness
b roken
w hole
T hickness
W idth
0 .20
t hickness/width s tatistics: n
m ean
s .d.
T hickness
1 4
8 .43
2 .32
T hickness/Width
1 1
0 .28
0 .06
N ote: measurements a re i n mm.
r ange 5 -13 0 .20-0.39
Values i n parentheses a re for b roken
t ools.
M iscellaneous T he t hick
b ifacial
( Table
miscellaneous
7 .33)
b ifacial
tools
( overall average T h/W r atio i s
f or m.
T he
r etouch
i s
mostly
consist o f v arious r elatively
0 .50)
medium
to
implements l arge,
o f
deep,
i rregular b road
and
c ouvrante.
Retouched
p ieces
R etouched f or ming
( Table
p ieces
a re
7 .34; well
F ig .
7 .19)
r epresented
i n
5 .1% to 2 7.1% o f t he t ool a sse mblages.
a re made o n s econdary f lakes; f ew a re on p ri mary b lanks; r etouch which
2 9.3% a re
t he
N agada
a ssemblages
T he majority ( 60.7%)
made on s econdary b lades; a
2a re o n c hunks and one b urin spall shows
i s d efinitely l ater
t han t he detachment o f t he spall
251
0
1
2 cm
-
b
F ig.
7 .18
O ther f rom
f ine S outh
b ifacial
t ools
Town;
f rom
b ,
2 52
f rom K H3
S outh
A rea
T own
X/XI).
and
S ite
K H3
( a,
T able D ATA F OR M ISCELLANEAOUS
7 .33
B IFACIAL T OOLS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE
N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B
K H3X/XI
n=15
n =22
1 4
2 0
K H4
K H7
n =7
n =2
S outh T own
T otal
n =4
n =50
B reaks: n one
6
1
3
m inor
1
1
0
0
1
3
6 .0
b roken
0
1
1
1
0
3
6 .0
2
6
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
6
2
3
3 7
4
4 7
T ool
4 4
8 8.0
b lank:
t hin nodular f lint
1 0
2 0.0
n odule/nodule f rag. i ndet.
2
4 .0
f lake/
b lade
0
i ndet.
1 2
1 4
1
2 .0 7 4.0
L ength n
1 5
2 1
m ean
5 1.40
4 6.05
4 8.00
6
-
1
4 6.75
s .d.
1 8.82
8 .99
1 2.85
-
5 .54
1 3.47
r ange
2 2-82
3 0-60
3 8-71
3 6
3 8-52
2 2-82
n
1 5
2 2
m ean
3 9.27
3 8.86
3 0.00
3 6.00
s .d.
9 .83
9 .54
7 .89
3 . 74
9 .66
1 6-54
2 3-59
1 9-47
3 2-42
1 6-59
4 7.85
W idth
r ange
7
2
2 3,42
4
5 0 3 7.26
T hickness n
1 5
2 2
m ean
2 0.47
1 9.59
1 2.86
-
1 6.75
s .d.
6 .66
5 .33
3 .76
-
2 .38
5 .94
1 2-38
1 1-28
7 -18
1 3,18
1 4-20
7 -38
1 5
2 2
r ange
7
2
4
5 0 1 8.52
T hickness/Width n
7
2
4
m ean
0 .54
0 .51
0 .43
-
0 .47
0 .50
s .d.
0 .15
0 .12
0 .08
-
0 .05
0 .12
r ange
N ote:
0 .32-0.81
m easurements a re
0 .31-0.74
0 .33-0.55
i n m m.
2 53
0 .43,0.57
0 .43-0.56
5 0
0 .31-0.81
T able
7 .34
D ATA F OR R ETOUCHED P IECES F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B n =25
K H3X/XI n =57
B reaks:
K H4
K H7
S outh T own
T otal
n =17
n =7
n =34
n =140
2 5
8
3
m inor
5
1 3
7
1
b roken
9
1 9
2
3
n one
T ool
1 1
1 4 4 1 6
6 1
4 3.6
3 0
2 1.4
4 9
3 5.0
b lank:
p rim.
f k
1
5
0
0
2
8
5 .7
p rim.
b l
0
2
0
0
1
3
2 .1
s ec.
f k
s ec.
b l
1 8 6
2 9 2 0
1 5 1
4
1 9
8 5
6 0.7
3
1 1
4 1
2 9.3
b urin s palls c hunks
0
1
0
0
0
1
0 .7
0
0
1
0
1
2
1 .4
L ength n
1 7
4 0
1 5
m ean
4 2.29
4 3.55
4 5.80
s .d.
1 8
9 4
4 1.50
4
4 4.56
4 3.79
7 .65
1 2.72
5 .53
1 1.41
1 7.79
1 2.32
3 3-59
2 3-86
3 6-58
2 8-59
2 4-93
2 3-93
n m ean
2 4 2 7.58
5 2 2 5.85
1 7 3 3.12
7 2 5.29
3 2 2 5.19
1 32 2 6.91
s .d.
1 0.19
8 .57
6 .36
9 .82
9 .51
9 .30
r ange
1 1-45
1 0-50
2 2-44
1 5-40
1 2-46
1 0-50
2 5
5 7
r ange W idth
T hickness n
1 7
7
m ean
7 .12
7 .47
1 0.29
6 .57
3 4 7 .32
1 40
s .d.
3 .55
4 .18
2 .89
3 .85
3 .19
3 .82
r ange
3 -16
2 -23
5 -15
3 -13
3 -15
2 -23
7 .67
L ength/Width n
1 6
3 8
1 5
4
1 8
9 1
m ean
1 .73
1 .85
1 .43
1 .97
1 .67
1 .73
s .d.
0 .78
0 .72
0 . 31
1 .21
0 .65
0 .71
r ange
0 .90-3.75
0 .82-3.67
1 .05-2.00
0 .85-3.93
0 .52-3.04
0 .52-3.93
T hickness/Width n
2 4
5 2
1 7
7
3 2
m ean
0 .27
0 .31
0 .32
0 .24
0 .30
s .d.
0 .08
0 .13
0 .08
0 .07
0 .10
r ange N ote:
0 .11-0.40
m easurements a re
0 .14-0.67
0 .13-0.46
i n m m.
2 54
0 .17-0.39
0 .13-0.65
1 32 0 .30 0 .11 0 .11-0.67
a
0 1
F ig.
7 .19
Retouched pieces S outh
T own;
b -c,
f rom e ,
S ite KH3 and South Town
f rom
2 55
K H3
A rea
X /XI).
1 .
( a,
2 cm
d ,
f rom
f rom the burin. 9 3
mm,
r elatively b lades.
Worked
T he lengths of the retouched pieces vary f rom 2 3 to
averaging h igh
H owever,
t abular
Worked
4 3.8 at
mm.
1 .73
most
slabs
tabular
o f
tools.
t he
( Table slabs
n ine being noted by the N agada
T he
overall
reflecting b lades
mean
the
l ength/width
f airly
nu merous
a re not p articularly
r atio i s r etouched
r egular.
7 .35) are
r are
writer
at
the
N agada
s ites,
a total
o f
d uring t he course of analysis of t he
T hey are very i rregularly worked or have only minor
r etouch.
T able
7 .35
DATA FOR WORKED TABULAR S LABS FROM I N THE
PREDYNASTIC S ITES
NAGADA REGION
S ite K H3X/XI
K H4
KH7
n=2
KH3B
n=3
n=1
n=1
S outh
n=2
T own
T otal
none
1
3
1
1
2
m inor
0
0
0
0
0
0
b roken
1
0
0
0
0
1
n=9
B reaks:
T ool
8
b lank:
nodule
1
2
1
0
1
5
t hin p atinated p iece
f ragment
1
0
0
1
0
2
n atural
0
1
0
0
1
2
spall
D imensional
s tatistics: m ean
s .d.
r ange
L ength
9
4 5.78
1 4.59
2 3-65
W idth
9
3 0.22
9 .27
1 6-45
T hickness
9
1 5.67
4 .83
L ength/Width
9
1 .56
0 .44
0 .95-2.31
T hickness/width
9
0 .52
0 .11
0 .38-0.71
N ote:
m easurements
a re
i n mm.
256
6 -22
T able
7 .36
D ATA F OR M ISCELLANEOUS T OOLS F ROM
P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B n =3
K H3X/XI
K H4
K H7
n =7
n =1
n =1
S outh
T own
n=1
T otal n=13
B reaks: none
2
7
1
1
1
m inor
1
0
0
0
0
1 2 1
b roken
0
0
0
0
0
0
T ool b lank: f lakes
1
5
1
1
0
8
s econdary b lades
s econdary
1
0
0
0
0
1
i ndeterminate
1
2
0
0
1
4
L ength n
1
1
1
1 3
m ean
4 6.00
3
4 5.29
-
-
-
4 4.54
s .d.
1 .63
8 .81
-
-
-
4 4-48
3 7-59
3 5
5 5
3 4
3 4-59
r ange
7
8 .20
W idth n
1
1
1
1 3
m ean
2 9.33
3
3 2.29
-
-
-
3 1.54
s .d.
6 .24
4 .20
-
-
-
2 1-36
2 6-37
2 5
4 2
2 9
2 1-42
r ange
7
5 .67
T hickness n
1
1
1
1 3
m ean
1 5.33
3
1 4.57
7
-
-
-
1 3.54
s .d.
5 .44
2 .26
-
-
-
3 .95
r ange
8 -21
1 2-18
7
1 0
1 1
7 -21
L ength/Width n
3
7
1
1
1
m ean
1 .65
1 .42
-
-
-
1 .45
s .d.
0 .40
0 .31
-
-
-
0 .33
1 .40
1 .31
1 .17
r ange
1 .22-2.19
1 .00-2.03
1 3
1 .00-2.19
T hickness/Width n
3
7
1
1
1
m ean
0 .50
0 .46
-
-
-
0 .43
s .d.
0 .09
0 .11
-
-
-
0 .12
0 .28
0 .24
0 .38
r ange N ote:
0 .38-0.58
0 .34-0.64
m easurements a re i n m m.
257
1 3
0 .24-0.64
Miscellaneous ( Table 7 .36) M iscellaneous a nd
c onsist
u nifacially
of
t ools
f orm
v arious
2 .5%
o f
t he
e xtensively
N agada
a ssemblages
worked
p ieces.
o verall,
T hree
a re
worked .
U nidentifiable
b roken
t ools
( Table
7 .37)
Most o f t he u nidentifiable b roken t ools a re made o n f lakes.
A
f ew a re o n blades and t here a re a n u mber for which the exact k ind o f b lank
i s
p rimary
i ndeterminate, o r
t hough i t
s econdary f lakes o r
i s c lear
T able T OOL B LANK
t hat t he b lanks
were e ither
b lades.
7 .37
F REQUENCIES F OR U NIDENTIFIABLE BROKEN T OOLS F ROM P REDYNASTIC S ITES
I N T HE N AGADA R EGION
S ite K H3B
K H3X/XI
n =1
P rimary
K H4
K H7
n =14
n =1
n =4
S outh T own n =8
T otal n =28
f lakes
0
3
0
0
0
3
P rimary b lades
0
0
0
0
1
1 9
S econdary
f lakes
0
6
1
0
2
S econdary b lades
0
0
0
0
2
I ndet.
1
5
0
4
3
p r/sec b lanks
2 1 3
PETRIE'S SOUTH TOWN COLLECTION T he
c ollection
o f
l ithic
a rtifacts
S outh Town housed i n t he P etrie p ieces
o f
which
1 17 a re
was e xamined at e xcavations. what
e arly
s ite,
i t
e xcavators,
r epresented
p rovides i n
t he
i ncludes
modern e xcavated T he o f
s ix
c ontrasts
w ith
P etrie's
m ay b e i s
wondered
good
e xcavations
a t
c onsisting of 1 24 w hy t he c ollection
material
f rom
t he
modern
not only does t he collection g ive a n i dea of P etrie
i n
p articular,
a dditional
r ecent
s amples o f
c hose
i nformation f rom
c lasses
f or
S outh
n ot
t o
c ollect
t ool
Town.
c lasses
f rom
Moreover,
r epresented
a t
a ll
a
p oorly i n
t he t he
m aterial. i s
b lades.
b ifacial
non-bifacial
I t
t here
e xamples
c ollection
r egular
a nd o ther
t ools.
s ince
However,
a lso
c ollection
a ll
f rom
Museum i s small,
o bviously
b iased .
T he
T he
c omprise
mainly
t ools,
t ools
a re
t ools
a nd a part o n
o nly
f rom t he p lanes,
r egular
b lades.
d ebitage
s ickle
T hus
c onsists
b lades,
n early a ll o f t he
a xes t he
c ollection
t he u nbiased r ecently e xcavated l ithic a ssemblage which
258
T able
7 .38
MAJOR L ITHIC ARTIFACT C ATEGORIES F OR S OUTH ( PETRIE
MUSEUM
C OLLECTION)
S econdary b lades
6
1
C ores T ools
1 17
T OTAL
1 24
c onsists
o f
( mainly S outh
8 4 .7%
d ebitage
e ndscrapers,
T own
notches, H owever,
T OWN
c ollection nor
i t
does
does
( mostly
b urins, o nly i t
c ontains
c ontain
c ontain
f lakes),
n otches
a n
a nd
1 .8%
c ores
r etouched
3 e ndscrapers
any
e xample
a nd
denticulates o f a b lade
a nd
1 3 .6%
p ieces) .
t ools
P etrie 's
2 b urins a nd n o
o r
p erforators.
k nife .
T here a re a lso
1 0 p lanes which a re not r epresented i n t he material f rom t he r ecent e xcavations
a t
o f
t ools
b ifacial
a xe,
S outh
T own .
f rom
a concave-base
b ifacial
t ools.
k nives,
a b ifacial
T he
P etrie's
t he
s ite .
arrowhead, P etrie
c ollection
T he
modern
and
o ther
m aterial,
s ickle,
i n
a lso
e xpands
c ollection f ine
and
a ddition,
t he
a n
miscellaneous
c ontains
a t riangular-shaped
l ist
c omprises
b ifacial
a rrowhead,
and
a
b ifacial t riangle. H owever, c ollection a xes,
p robably
i s
t he
c lasses
o f
t he
d ata
which
most
u seful
p rovided t here
b y
a re
a spect
t he
n o
o f
s ickle
( planes),
o r
f rom t he r ecent i nvestigations at S outh Town.
P etrie's b lades,
S outh
T own
planes,
o nly a f ew
and
s pecimens
A lthough t he o verall
collection of P etrie's i s unrepresentative, t he members of a t l east some tool c lasses a re t hought to b e f airly r epresentative c lass.
s tandardized a nd r ecognizable " large
n umbers
of
f lints
o f
s aw-flints —.from s ickles" T own.
T hus
' within-tool
e ssentially t endency
t o
o f b ut
C omparing t he P etrie v ariability
t he
a t c an
a re o n average
( Petrie g roup'
t ool
s erious r esults
t hat b lades
S outh b e
l arger
t he
f or
t he
a s
o pposed
t o
i n
p robable
t hat
s hortest
smallest
P etrie
and
s ickle o ther
s ickle i n
a re t he
t ended n ot
f ragment
f ragment
i n t he
t hese
p icked
t he
axes)
1 896:
d ata
b lades,
t he more
r ecent t o up
N agada
accurate s ample
w hich
f ragments,
259
i s
a nd
2 1 mm i n
a xes
a re
c onsists
minor
i t
i t
i s
f or
4 6
o f
o nly
i s a lso
f ragments.
whereas
l ength.
i n
c ollection
H owever, t hey
mm
a
modern
some
a lthough 2 8
be
h ad
expected.
f rom t he
a ny small s ickle
P etrie
r ecent s ample i s
a re
P etrie
as
S outh
m anufactured
s ites, t he
" many
at
have
p lanes
r ecent s ample .
r ecover b y
i n
and
should
may
r oughly
t ool
b lades
5 0)
classes
P etrie
f or t hese t ool c lasses
t hose
d ata
for
v alidity.
f ragments a nd v ery
T he
t han
P etrie
( i.e.
Q uibell,
data
b iases
Town
s een.
types"
a nd
1 1 s pecimens s everal o f which a re small T he
t heir
P etrie noted t hat t here were
ovoid
s tatistical
small
no
f orms.
t he
M useum w ith t he d ata
e xcavations
s ickle
good
i gnore
speci mens,
l ikely
o f
Tools s uch a s s ickle blades, axes and planes are r easonably
t he
TOOL CLASS F REQUENCIES
T able
7 .39
F OR S OUTH
TOWN
E ndscrapers
3
C ircular
0
scrapers
B urins
2
N otches
0
D enticulates
0
P erforators
0
T runcations
1
B acked p ieces
2
S ickle b lades O ther
b lade
4 6
k nives
1
S idescrapers
0
P lanes
1 0
B ifacial
k nives
8
F ishtails B ifacial
0 s ickles
1
A xes
3 0
C oncave-base O ther
a rrowheads
2
a rrowheads
B ifacial O ther
1
t riangles
1
f ine b ifacial
1
M iscellaneous b ifacial
5
TOTAL B IFACIAL
4 9
R etouched p ieces
2
Worked
0
t abular
s labs
M iscellaneous
0
U nidentifiable b roken
t ools
1
TOTAL
T he a re
average
x 49.5
( L/W
1 .42)
S outh
KH4
x 2 2.2 f or
and
Town x 4 5.5
t he
i n
t he
t o
t he
i n
t he
modern
T he d ata
t he
x 4 5 .7
P etrie f or
S outh
T own
s amples
t he
o f
for
mm t he
c ollection
a xes,
b eing
6 5.1 x 4 6.0 x 2 0.4 mm c ollection p lanes
p lane
d ata
r ecovered
f rom
average di mensions
x 1 4 .3
1 .37)
N agada
s ections
t he
Thus
( L/W
P etrie 's
axes
of
s amples.
6 4 .6
mm
t he
1 .56) compared with
Town.
a re
x 1 2.0
f or
( L/W
r ecent
North
o f
t hose
c omparable
f ollowing
c ategories
t han
mm
p lanes
i nvestigations T he
d i mensions
g reater
e ssentially
KH3, 6 1.2
1 17
s lightly
7 6.7 a re
( PETRIE MUSEUM COLLECTION)
( L/W
1 .42),
planes
for
P etrie's
c ompared
f rom
t he
with
r ecent
a rea. d escribe
S outh
T own
t he
d ata
c ollection .
260
f or
i ndividual
a rtifact
C ores T he
one
p latform
core
b lade
p repared a nd
i n
core
i t h as
P etrie's ( 98
x 3 0
S outh
x 4 7
f lake s cars
Town
mm).
collection
T he
r esulting
f rom
r emaining o n e ither s ide o f t he c ore f ace. a lso
r emains.
T he
S econdary blades T here r egular.
b lade s cars
l ength/width
o f t he c ore
was
i s
a s ingle
e xtensively
t he s haping o f t he c ore P art of a c rested r idge
f ace a re
f airly
r egular.
( Table 7 .40)
a re s ix T hey
c ore
s econdary b lades
h ave
r atio
a n o f
average
i n t he c ollection .
l ength
o f
7 0.8
A ll a re
mm
a nd
an
f airly
average
3 .07 .
T able D ATA F OR S ECONDARY B LADES FROM
7 .40
S OUTH
T OWN
( PETRIE
C OLLECTION)
( n=6)
B reaks: n one
2
m inor
3
b roken
1
R NS: p resent
5
a bsent
1
D imensional
s tatistics: n
m ean
s .d.
r ange
L ength
5
7 0.80
1 5.60
5 1-90
W idth
6
2 1.50
4 .46
1 4-27
T hickness
6
6 .17
2 .41
L ength/Width
5
3 .07
0 .51
2 .59-3.95
T hickness/Width
6
0 .28
0 .07
0 .18-0.37
N ote:
i n mm.
m easurements a re
E ndscrapers
( Table
3 -10
7 .41)
T his class i s c learly underrepresented i n P etrie's collection, c onsisting
o f
o nly
t hree
specimens
comprising
b lades and o ne endscraper on a f lake. o n b lades t hese
a re
r ather
endscrapers
l arge
a re
6 4
t hough and
8 9
two
e ndscrapers
o n
T he blades of t he endscrapers
b roken. mm.
2 61
T he
T he
p resent
endscraper
l engths on
f lake
o f i s
T able
7 .41
S OUTH
T OWN
D ATA F OR E NDSCRAPERS F ROM
( PETRIE
C OLLECTION )
( n=3)
B reaks: none
1
m inor
0
b roken
2
T ool b lank: s econdary
f lakes
1
s econdary b lades
2
N o.
o f e ndscrapers w ith a dditional
D imensional
r etouch:
d ata:
L ength v alues
6 1
m v
m v
W idth v alues
3 7
3 7
3 6
T hickness v alues ,
6
2 2
L ength/Width
1 .65
m v
r atios
T hickness/Width
N ote:
r atios
m easurements a re
somewhat
e longate
a dditional i nverse
small,
t he
0 .59
f an-shaped.
T he
r ight
b acking
n ormal
0 .16
8 m v 0 .22
i n mm.
and
r etouch.
r etouch a long h as
2
Two
e ndscraper
l ateral e dge,
r etouch
a long
o n
of
t he
f lake
endscrapers
h as
d irect
have
b acking
a nd o ne o f t he b lade e ndscrapers
t he
r ight
r etouch a long t he o ther
l ateral
e dge
a nd
d irect,
l ateral e dge .
B urins T here on
a re o nly
a b reak.
t runcation .
T he B oth
d imensions a re
2 b urins o ther
b urins
i s
t he
c ollection .
a s ingle
a re
5 5 x 1 8 x 1 0
i n
m ade
mm a nd
b urin
O ne
o n
o n
r egular
8 5
x 1 9 x 8 mm .
i s
a d ouble b urin
a b acked
s econdary
i rregular
b lades .
T heir
T runcations T he b lade.
o ne
t runcation
i n
t he
c ollection
i s
a d ouble
t runcation
o n a
T he d istal t runcation i s oblique s traight, a nd t he p roximal
t runcation i rregular
i s
s lightly
d irect
r etouch.
concave.
T he
l eft
T he d imensions o f
mm.
262
l ateral
edge
t he p iece a re
4 5
h as
some
x 2 4
x 5
B acked p ieces T he
c ollection
c ontains
o n g ood s econdary b lades. l arge,
i nvasive,
i nverse, t he
l arge,
o ther.
b lade
h as
n on-invasive
I ts
S ickle
d ouble
a re
o f
b lades
a re
well
Most
of
t he
h ave
s ickle a re
T he
p iece
s pecimen
w ith
t runcation .
wider
o ne
o n
s traight i s
h as
b een
b lanks
' rotated'
o f
s ickle
More
t han
r ectangular
t han i t
s traight e nd
half
o f
s ickles
t runcations
b acked
r etouch
s cars .
i s b roken b ut
a nd
f lake
o gival
a nd
most o f
w hich a re
o n
t he
w ith
one
o ther
6 3 .0
a verage
s econdary
i s
made
u nusual:
f lake
i s
a n
r egular
and i s
t he
s napped)
6 .58
i t
o n i s
r etouched
b lank
i s
a a
i nto
o riented
l ong with t he backing r etouch at t he t he d istal
with
e nd,
i .e"
t he
b lank
t he nor mal o rientation of t he
and
s ickle
b lades
straight
2 a ppear
i s
a t
( 58%) o ne
a re
e nd.
t runcations,
o f
generally
E leven 3 have
o f
t he
oblique
t o h ave t he e nds o pposite t he o gival
mostly d irect
scalar
l arge,
both a spects,
t he
3 7% a re o gival
have
Twelve
o ne h as
P etrie collection,
s napped .
i rregular
d iscontinuous.
made
H owever,
i s
t o
blades,
r etouch a t
t he
while
T he s ickle r etouch
t hese,
o ther
and
a long
b lades .
i ntentionally
small,
e nd
9 0 ° compared
f orm,
o gival-ended
t he
1 .81
a re
p ri mary
a n
i t
i n
d eliberately
f rom
b lades
on
p roximal e nd a nd t he s ickle
b een
v aries
c onverging so t hat
T he
n ormal
T he p roxi mal end
r epresented
t o
r atio
( n=5)
f lake.
o blique
mm.
o f
r etouch
T he average l ength of t he s ickle b lades
c onsidered
A f ew
s econdary
v ery
b acking
M any h ave b roken e xtremities,
l ength/width
3 .44.
m ade
( Table 7 .42)
( including t hose
b lades.
c onsisting
1 37 x 3 1 x 9 mm.
4 6 p ieces.
T he
1 28 x 2 3 x 1 1
b acking
t hought to b e i ntentional. mm .
which a re
w ith d irect,
a m anufactural a ccident.
S ickle blades
n umbering
n ormal subparallel
d i mensions
a d irect
m ay b e
b acked p ieces b oth o f
i s a lternately b acked
nor mal-scalar b acking r etouch along one edge,
I ts d i mensions a re t his
two
O ne
retouch
s pecimens i nvasive,
the
h ave
f lat,
i nverse
( n=31)
which
a nd
may
b ifacial
m ainly c onsists o f be
s ickle
s ubparallel,
s ides of
continuous
or
r etouch,
o f
e longate
a nd
r etouch o n
3 h ave slightly i nvasive o r
i nvasive r etouch. Most
o f
t he e nds
of
t he
s ickles a re
h ave b een d eliberately s napped, h ave
o blique
a re o f o ther b acking
s traight o r
r etouch.
b ifacial,
t runcations.
i rregular
f orm .
Twenty
a re
1 i s alternating,
t runcated.
1 0% appear
4 1% h ave s traight t runcations, 1 9%
o f
T hirty d irect
s ix
t he o f
b acks,
e nds t he
9 are
2 a re d irect p artial
i nverse p artial b ack.
263
a re
o gival
s ickle
a nd
t o 2 2%
a nd
b lades
i nverse,
b acks
a nd
8 %
h ave 3 a re
1 i s
a n
D ATA
F OR S ICKLE B LADES F ROM
T able
7 .42
S OUTH
T OWN
( PETRIE
C OLLECTION )
( n=46)
B reaks: n one
2 9
m inor
6 3.0
2
b roken
4 .3
1 5
3 2.6
T ool b lank: p rimary b lades
5
s econdary
1
f lakes
s econdary b lades
1 0.9 2 .2
4 0
8 7.0
1 0
2 3.3
S ickle s hape: r ectangular a pprox.
r ectangular
9
2 0.9
6
1 4.0
r ectangular w ith o ne o r b oth e nds b roken o ne e nd
o gival
o ne e nd o gival
1 4
3 2.6
o ther
e nd b roken o ther
2
4 .7
2
4 .7
u nintentionally b roken, s hape
D imensional
i ndeterminate
3
s tatistics: m ean
L ength
( excluding b reaks)
L ength
( including s pecimens
i ntentionally b roken) W idth T hickness L ength/Width
( excluding b reaks)
L ength/Width
( including s pecimens
i ntentionally b roken) T hickness/Width
N ote:
m easurements a re
s .d.
r ange
3 1
6 2.87
2 0.31
4 3
6 3.00
1 9.24
4 5
1 9.44
4 .53
4 6
5 .65
1 .20
3 -8
3 1
3 . 35
1 .21
1 .81-6.58
4 3
3 .44
1 .19
1 .81-6.58
4 5
0 .30
0 .06
0 .15-0.42
i n mm.
264
4 3-127 3 7-127 1 1-33
O ther b lade k nives T he
one
o ther
blade
k nife
i n
t he
collection
i s
normal b lade k nives a nd h as a more o gival h aft e nd. r egular secondary b lade and 3 .37). i s
i ts d i mensions a re
T he k nife e nd i s a t t he p roximal e nd.
b acked .
which
T he
i s
l ength
k nife
i nverse
o f
t he
4 0,
edge.
Planes
f ig.
( Table
( left
i s
1 18 x 3 5 x 8 mm ( L/W
T he r ight l ateral e dge
l ateral e dge) h as a lternating r etouch
T he
r etouch
( distal);
becomes
d irect
f or t he l ast t hird
t his p iece i s i llustrated by B aumgartel
1 2).
7 .43)
T here a re 1 0 planes i n t he S outh Town collection. l ength
f rom
4 2
to
8 9
mm,
with
l ength/width r atio i s 1 .42. l arge t he
f lakes.
' plane'
t he
Two a re
made
f lake
a nd
I n
a re
so
of
t hat
wide t he
a mean
t he
o f
the
r ipples
t he
T he
o n
T he
p lane
narrow
6 4.6
t he
i s at
of
t hin
n atural
b ut
t he plane.
j udging
O f
s labs. f rom
t he
T he
3 h ave f lake
f unctional)
average
i s
i s
a s
r ipples
d etermined . end of
a t
t he
c lear
9 0 ° to t he
r emaining planes, b lank
b e
i s
with
( used
v isible
t o
end
t hird speci men
t ool
t he R NS i t
T he
t he p roxi mal
o riented with t he p roxi mal-distal axis at axis
T hey v ary i n
mm.
t he v entral a spect
o ther
o n
end
( presumably
f lake.
of
F ive planes appear to h ave been made on
i ndiscernible .
o rientation
t he
e xtremity
two c ases
s ide)
a llowing
t han
made o n a
f rom t he p roximal e nd f or about two-thirds of t he
near t he h aft e nd ( 1960:
e dge
b roader
I t
t he
d istal
r ipples
l ong
i s
( length)
two h ave been made o n
i ndeterminate
i n
t hree
c ases,
l ikely t hat t hey were a lso made o n t hin
f lint n odules. T he ( n=3) . ( on
main
T he
plane
r etouch
a f lake)
h as
h ave
s cars
B ifacial T he
by
knives P etrie
o utlines
t his f racture. tabular
s ides.
i nvasive
and
( n=8),
edge
5 s pecimens
o r
medium
7 .44;
( 1960:
F igs.
museum contains a re
expanding
r etouch o f
o ne
and
i s
medium-large,
T he o ther
l arge
p lane
one
r etouch
s pecimens c omprising
O ne of these South Town planes i s s hown i n
B aumgartel
( Table
long t hough
c onsists
a nd
( Petrie a nd Q uibell,
5 514 i s patinated, t hin
by
medium,
expansive scars.
i llustrated
T heir
shaped
( n=5)
u nifacial
h aving a t endency t o b e e longate .
N aqada and B allas i s
expanding
T he r etouch o f
m ainly small a nd
b road,
a re
p redominantly
been
p artly b ifacial. c ouvrante
s hapes
i s
s hown
i n
1 896: pl. L XXI
2 9,
f ig .
[ 371), a nd o ne
2 ) .
7 .20-7 .22)
8 b ifacial k nives
f igures
7 .20
to
f rom S outh T own.
7 .22.
T he
b reak
of
UC
and i t i s possible that t his p iece was made with
I n t his c ase i t i s c lear
nodule
o r
nodule
t hat t he t ool was
f ragment
a s
t here
i s
made on a
cortex
o n both
U C 5 338 a lso appears to h ave been made on a t abular p iece o f
r aw material a s t here i s cortex and ancient patina o n one s ide and a n atural
f racture
i llustrated
i n
s urface
' standardized Gerzean' T wo,
U C
i ndented
5 517 a nd f rom
o n
B aumgartel U C
o ne
t o
o ther.
1 960:
k nife
5 338,
e dge
t he
3 3,
s hape.
h ave f orm
O nly f ig. T he
U C 6 )
r est
5 512 c an a re
c learly s haped h aft a ' handle' .
265
( Fig .
b e
s aid
7 .21; to
i rregular
e nds
a lso h ave
a
f orms.
t hat h ave b een
T able
7 .43
D ATA F OR P LANES F ROM S OUTH T OWN
B reaks:
( PETRIE C OLLECTION)
( n=10)
T ool b lank:
none
1 0
l arge
( pr/sec)
m inor
0
t hin n odular
b roken
0
i ndeterminate
P resence o f RNS o n
' dorsal'
f lakes
5
f lint
2 3
S urface o f p lane a spect:
a spect: no RNS
5
c ortex
0
c ortex
3
a ncient p atina
1
a ncient p atina
2
n atural
c ortex
0
v entral a spect o f
& a ncient p atina
f lint s urface
3
f lake
5
i ndeterminate P lane s hape:
E xtent o f
1
r etouch:
s quare
1
p redominantly
e xpanding
5
p artly b ifacial
1
l ong e xpanding
3
m arginally r etouched
1
U -shaped
1
T ype
u nifacial
8
o f r etouch:
m edium & l arge, s mall
b road,
& m edium d eep,
s maller m arginal,
s cars a t i nvasive,
m edium & l arge s cars
S hape o f
f unctional
e xpansive,
d eep
2
m ainly e xpanding, e dges
2
r elatively f lat,large s calar
1
t ending
t o b e e longate
e dge:
E dge a ngle o f
5
f unctional e dge:
s traight
3
n
1 0
i rreg.
s traight
0
m ean
5 2.90
s lightly c urved
4
s .d.
c urved
1
r ange
o ther/irregular
2
5 .97 4 6-62
D imensional s tatistics: m ean
s .d.
r ange
L ength
1 0
6 4.60
1 5.21
4 2-89
W idth
1 0
4 5.70
9 .11
3 3-60
T hickness
1 0
1 4.30
3 .77
L ength/Width
1 0
1 .42
0 .25
1 .05-2.00
T hickness/Width
1 0
0 .31
0 .06
0 .24-0.41
N ote:
measurements a re i n mm .
266
8 -21
T able D ATA F OR B IFACIAL K NIVES F ROM
7 .44
S OUTH
T OWN
( PETRIE
C OLLECTION)
( n=8)
B reaks: n one
5
m inor
0
b roken
3
D imensional s tatistics: m ean
s .d.
r ange 8 8-195
L ength
6
1 40.40
3 4.52
W idth
8
3 7.50
8 .96
T hickness
8
9 .88
3 .59
L ength/Width
6
3 .69
1 .14
2 .17-5.78
T hickness/Width
8
0 .26
0 .07
0 .17-0.38
N ote:
2 3-50 5 -15
m easurements a re i n mm.
T he
r etouch
c ollateral
of
t hese
w ith s ome
k nives
smaller
worked d ifferently.
I t
e dge
i s
mostly
r etouch .
i s t he most
l arge,
H owever,
f lat,
e vidence o f g rinding .
S ome
l arge,
s cars a re p artly modified by t he g rinding and a re e arlier of
s tage o f
l arge,
m anufacture .
c entral,
smaller,
and
r etouch a long t he e dges. b y
r ejuvenation
which
m ake
r etouch
t he e dge
T he r etouch after
couvrante
s ubparallel
scars
parallel,
t hat
and b een
i ndicative
to to
be
i s t he of a n
elongate,
l a mellar
t o h ave b een
r elatively
I t
b road c entral
t he g rinding c onsists
tend
e longate
O ne e dge a ppears c omprising
h as
f inely r etouched of t he k nives
even t hough i ts o utline i s not p articularly d istinctive. o nly s pecimen t o s how
b road
U C 5 331
d eep,
and
pressure
modified a gain
n ormal e dge
s cars
j agged .
B ifacial s ickles T here a b roken
i s o ne b ifacial s ickle i n t he
s pecimen
r epresenting
c urrently 7 6 mm i n l ength. mm, a t
r espectively . t he
w idest
e nd
I t a nd
i s
p robably
S outh a t
t he
s ides
r etouch
s cars a nd smaller
T he s ickle t eeth scalar,
a t ool .
s ickle
I t
i s
I t
i s
e dge s cars
f lat, t hat
w ith
b road,
t end
t he
b reak
o gival e nd.
I t
couvrante
t o b e e longate .
( along o ne e dge o nly) a re s haped by r egular,
p ressure r etouch.
well d eveloped
f ragment
c onverging t o a n
h as b een c arefully s haped h aving very l arge, c entral
c ollection .
h alf
I ts width and t hickness a re 2 9 mm and 7
a c onverging-shaped
w ith
T own
l east
l arge,
T he s ickle edge d isplays some e xtremely
g loss.
267
a
F ig.
7 .20
O utlines
of
0
b ifacial
Collection; a ,
k nives
UC 5 338;
b ,
2 68
f rom
UC 5 514).
S outh
1
2 cm
Town
( Petrie
9 1 ?c m
a
F ig.
7 .21
Outlines
of
b ifacial
Collection; a ,
k nives
UC 5 512; b ,
2 69
f rom
UC 5 516; c ,
S outh
Town
UC 5 515).
( Petrie
0
F ig.
7 .22
Outlines
of
b ifacial
Collection; a ,
k nives
UC 5 331; b ,
2 70
f rom
UC 5 517; c ,
South
1
Town
UC 5 556).
2 cm
( Petrie
T able B REAK,
T OOL B LANK , S OUTH
7 .45
R NS A ND S HAPE D ATA F OR A XES F ROM
T OWN
( PETRIE C OLLECTION)
B reaks: n one
3 0
1 00.0
m inor
0
0 .0
b roken
0
0 .0
5
1 6.7
T ool b lank: t hin nodular
f lint
t hin p atinated p iece
2
6 .7
l arge
0
0 .0
( pr/sec)
f lakes
i ndeterminate P resence
o f R NS,
2 3
7 6.7
1 6
5 3.3
A spect A :
n o RNS c ortex
8
2 6.7
a ncient p atina
5
1 6.7
c ortex
& a nc.
n atural P resence
f lint
o f
R NS,
p atina
1
3 .3
s urface
0
0 .0
A spect
B :
n o RNS
1 8
6 0.0
c ortex
6
2 0.0
a ncient p atina
5
1 6.7
p atina
0
0 .0
s urface
1
3 .3
s quare
0
0 .0
r ectangular
1
3 .3
o val
7
2 3.3
e xpanding
2
6 .7
l ong e xpanding
3
1 0.0
9
3 0.0
3
1 0.0
c ortex
& a nc.
n atural
f lint
A xe s hape:
U -shaped p arallel-sided, u pper
c onverging
m argins
d iverging m argins, a t
c onverging
t op
0
0 .0
O ther/irregular
5
1 6.7
Axes
( Tables T he
7 .45-7 .47)
P etrie
M useu m contains
f requent a xe s hapes a re oval a re
b ifacially
v aries
f rom
worked
e xpansive
with
t o
3 0 a xes
f rom S outh Town.
( 23.3%) a nd U -shaped mainly
mediu m-large,
( 30.0%).
n
( PETRIE C OLLECTION)
%
E xtent o f f laking: 2 9
b ifacial
1
p artly b ifacial
9 6.7 3 .3
T ype o f r etouch: i rregular
s cars
d eep
0
0 .0
5
1 6.7
m edium & l arge,
d eep
6
2 0.0
s mall
d eep
2
6 .7
& m edium,
m edium-large,
r elatively
b road t ending
f lat
s mall
f lat,
& m edium,
f lat
t o e longate
m edium & l arge,
1 4
4 6.7
2
6 .7
0
0 .0
1
3 .3
r elatively
e longate o ther
P reparation o f a xe b it: t ranchet s cars o ther
1 2
p reparation
6
no o bvious p reparation t otal no.
o f a xes
o f a xes
2 0.0
1 2
4 0.0
1 8
6 0.0
s howing e vidence 1
o f r ejuvenation:
G rinding
4 0.0
s howing
p reparation
N o.
3 .3
t races:
n one
a xes
7 .46
R ETOUCH AND GRINDING D ATA F OR A XES F ROM S OUTH T OWN
l arge
T he
b road r etouch t hat
e longate .
T able
l arge,
T he most
2 9
p resent
1
272
9 6.7 3 .3
T able
7 .47
F UNCTIONAL AND D IMENSIONAL D ATA F OR A XES F ROM
S OUTH T OWN
( PETRIE C OLLECTION)
n
%
S hape o f a xe e dge: s traight
6
i rreg.
0
s traight
s lightly c urved
2 0.7 0 .0
1 0
3 4.5
c urved
7
o blique s traight
0
2 4.1 0 .0
o ther/irregular
6
2 0.7
u nfinished
1
-
E dge a ngle o f a xe e dge: n
2 7
m ean
6 6.89
s .d.
1 0.13
r ange
4 7-92
D imensional s tatistics: n
m ean
s .d.
r ange
L ength
3 0
7 6.67
1 8.73
4 7-131
W idth
3 0
4 9.50
1 1.28
3 0-85
T hickness
3 0
2 2.20
6 .91
9 -40
L ength/Width
3 0
1 .56
0 .22
1 .20-2.16
T hickness/Width
3 0
0 .45
0 .11
0 .26-0.84
N ote:
m easurements a re
O ne
axe
f laking.
I t
( UC i s
5 351)
i s
exceptional
a l ong e xpanding a xe
r ather t han f lint. e radicating
i n mm.
any
e dges
h ave
E xcept b een
O ne a xe u nfinished.
i t
has
on
been
g round
s ilicified
scars.
f or
t he
B road
f lake
r emain over
scars,
t hough
( Petrie a nd Q uibell,
b road
e nd
t he
o ther
s o
axe
( 120 x 8 5 x 3 7 mm).
t hat
c ortex i t
i s
e xtending
n ot
t he
r ound . 1 896:
pl.
L XXI
[ 31]) appears t o be
I t i s a U -shaped speci men with a round b ase.
t he
mostly
t he s urface o f t he r est o f
r elatively s harp-angled g round a xe b it,
g round smooth a nd
h as
after
l imestone
T he axe b it has been g round smooth on both s ides
f lake
p artially smoothed b y g rinding, t he p iece .
as
made
r ound
f unctional.
t he I t
e dge
f rom
o ne
H owever, a spect
i s a lso a r elatively
t o
l arge
T hus i t s eems t hat t he f inal p reparation of
273
t he
a xe
b it
a nd
C ortex o r
f inal s haping
o ther
R NS o ccurs
i ndicating
t hat
s elected a s
t he a xe b lanks.
sort
of
( 40.0%)
r elatively
obvious have
Q uibell,
p late
two
o f
o f t he a xes nodule
o f
t he
f unctional
o ne
[ 401),
n eatly
o r
( 60 .0%)
t he
( e.g.,
L XXI
h ave
nodules
E ighteen
t ranchet scars
c arried o ut .
o n both a spects
t hin
p reparation
1 896:
p reparation:
were not y et
i s
and
f inished
a xes axe
a xe
e dges
7 c ases were
d isplay
edge.
i llustrated 6 h ave
i n
f ragments
i n
s ome
Twelve
P etrie
some
o ther
w ith
c areful
a nd
for m
o f
r etouch
o n one s ide which t runcates neat f lat r etouch on t he o ther s ide, one h as l arge b road scars r oughly perpendicular s ides, ( e.g.,
o ne'
i s
and one i s p atina h as
to t he axe edge o n both
o ne has e longate scars roughly perpendicular to t he axe edge s hown
s urface
a c lear
w hile
b it
S purrell g eneral
i n
P etrie a nd Q uibell,
1 896:
p late
L XXI
t he
o ther
s ide
i s
n eatly
r etouched,
a nd
U C
5 351
t hat
" The
g round smooth o n both s ides .
d escribed
o utline
i s
t he
s lightly
axes more
as
mainly
c urved
o n
oval,
o ne
noting
s ide
t han
t he
a nd t hat " some a re l onger t han o thers" ( Spurrell, 1 896: 5 5). noted
the
[ 361),
made so t hat o ne s ide of t he axe b it h as a smooth ancient
t ranchet
preparation
on
some
axes
stating
o ther", H e a lso
" Many
of
l onger o vals a re c hipped t o a s harp edge a t o ne e nd b y f laking s ide
to
s ide",
( approximately l engths
and 3 8
axe
mm)
l ength,
t o
he
7 i nches
o f t he a xes i n t he P etrie
mean o f
7 6 .7
observed,
v aries
( approximately
1 78
f rom mm)
1 1
the f rom
i nches
( idem) .
T he
M useum v ary f rom 4 7 t o 1 31 mm w ith a
mm.
C oncave-base a rrowheads T here T heir
a re
two
c oncave-base
a rrowheads
i n
t he
U C no.
L ength
W a
W b
T ha
T hb
5 343
6 5
2 0
2 4
8
8
5 352
5 8
1 7
2 3
4
5
B oth L XXII
a re
whole
[ 55])
specimens.
UC
t hin p atinated p iece of f lint and
p roduced
smaller,
b y
t ips.
b road
T he nature of
s uggest
t hat
1A lthough
i t
i s
g rouped
a nd d iscussed a nd T own,
( Spurrell,
5 343
( Petrie
and
Q uibell,
1 896:
pl.
( there i s minor ancient p atina i n t he I t has l arge, broad, couvrante c entral
edge
p ressure-flaking .
h as a n e longate b ody w ith
S outh
c ollection .
i s a s omewhat i rregularly made c oncave-base a rrowhead o n a
c entre a reas of both s ides). scars
P etrie
d imensions a re:
t his
retouch.
T he
s hort,
t he
None
a rrowhead
s lightly
working of
i s
o f
t he
i ncurving b arbs
this
r etouch
r elatively
t hick,
w ith
was a nd
r ounded
p iece and i ts proportions
u nfinished .
w ith
t he
S outh
i llustrated a xe
was
i n
f ound
T own
c ollection
N aqada
a nd
i n a pot
i n
B allas
t he
w ith
P etrie t he
m useum
a xes
f rom
i n a P redynastic N agada g rave
1 896: 5 6), apparently t he o nly axe f ound i n a g rave i n t he
N agada a rea.
274
UC
5 352
c arefully
( Petrie a nd Q uibell,
worked s pecimen
w ith
a r elatively e longate body. l amellar,
c ollateral,
1 896:
plate L XXII
i ncurving,
t apering,
[ 57]) i s a v ery
p ointed
b arbs
a nd
I t h as very r egular oblique, parallel,
c ouvrante
p ressure
r etouch.
O ther p rojectile points T he p oint i s
P etrie
n eatly
a nd
collection
( UC 5 344;
6 6
b ifacially
smaller,
r etouched
s lightly
( pressure-flaked). c orner
of
m argin .
contains
x 2 3 x 6 mm)
w ith
o blique,
T here
i s
a lso
when t he a rrowhead
T hese
w as
l arge,
t riangular-shaped
b road,
p arallel,
f or
a small
p oint o f t he a rrowhead .
e longate
f lat,
c entral
l amellar
e dge
I t
s cars
r etouch
i s a b urin-like f acet o riginating f rom a
t he b ase e xtending
T here
an
t hat h as a s lightly c oncave b ase .
u sed
about
h alf-way
b urin-like
f acets a re
f acet
a long
t he
o riginating
l ikely t o r esult
( Bergman a nd N ewcomer,
l ateral f rom
f rom
t he
impact
1 983).
B ifacial t riangles T here i s
i s
a whole
b road,
o ne
b ifacial
specimen
f lat,
t riangle
with
central
t he
scars
i n
t he
S outh
d imensions:
and
smaller
5 7
T own x 3 2
c ollection .
x 9 mm.
I t
I t
elongate subparallel
has edge
r etouch.
O ther f ine b ifacial t ools T here s hort, t ip .
i s
one
b road,
a rtifact
i n
t his
c ategory.
I t
i s
a r elatively
l eaf-shaped specimen with a round b ase a nd a pointed
I ts d i mensions a re:
6 0 x 3 6 x 1 0 mm.
T he r etouch consists of
l arge c entral scars a nd smaller b road-scalar edge s cars. c ortex
a nd
a ncient
p atina
o n
b oth
i t was m ade o n a t hin n odule o r
s ides
n odule
o f
t he
p iece
T here
i ndicating
i s
t hat
f ragment .
M iscellaneous b ifacial T hree o f t he
f ive
m iscellaneous b ifacial p ieces i n t he S outh T own
c ollection a re not o f a ny p articularly r ecognizable o r
l ess
c ircular
r ectangular
i n
s hape
( 84
( 95 x 4 3 x 1 7 mm),
x 6 8
x 2 5
mm),
f orm .
one
a nd t he t hird i s
i s
sort
O ne
i s
more
approxi mately o f
l eaf-shaped
( 69 x 4 6 x 1 1 mm). O f
t he
e longate to an
o ther
( L/W
o gival
3 .47) end.
d imensions a re: t ool 1 960:
t hat 3 1,
two I t
a r elatively
h as
v ery
1 70 x 4 9 x 3 5
B aumgartel f ig.
miscellaneous
w ith
4 ).
d escribed
b ifacial w ide
l arge, mm. a s
b ase
b road,
I t
i s
an
a " dibble"
tools, a nd
deep
i s and
of t he
" ri mer"
v ery
t apering
r etouch,
e xample o r
one
margins
k ind
i ts o f
( Baumgartel,
F unctionally i t may h ave s erved a s some s ort of
p ick. T he
r emaining
m ining p icks p hotographs X II],
a nd
m iscellaneous
f rom t he D ynastic o f
s uch
p icks
Weisgerber,
1 982
i n
b ifacial
tool
i s
m ines a t
W adi
S heikh .
f lint F orbes,
[ p .202]) .
1 900 I t
275
i s
s i milar
[ p .93],
C urrelly,
a t hick
e longate
to
t he
( There a re 1 913
[ pl.
implement
with a s light r etouch.
' waisting'
at one end.
I ts d i mensions a re:
i llustrated
by
B au mgartel
I t h as e xtremely l arge,
1 25 x 5 8 x 2 3 mm. ( 1960:
3 0,
b road
T his h eavy t ool i s
f ig.
3 b)
who
c alls
i t
a n
" endscraper"!
R etouched p ieces T here
a re
two
r etouched
p ieces
i n
t he
S outh
Town
collection.
B oth a re r etouched b lades which a re not particularly r egular. t ool
h as
a m inor
o f t hese
p ieces
b reak.
T he o ther
specimen
i s
whole .
O ne
T he d imensions
a re:
8 4 x 2 1 x 5 mm
( L/W
4 .00,
T h/W
0 .24)
5 4 x 2 3 x 6 mm
( L/W
2 .35,
T h/W
0 .26)
U nidentifiable b roken tools T here i s only one b roken tool t hat c annot be i dentified. o n a r elatively b road s econdary b lade 3 1
mm,
t hickness
= 1 0
( current
l ength
= 6 4
mm,
I t i s width
=
ma).
L ITHIC ARTIFACTS FROM THE NAGADA C EMETERIES T he
P etrie
M useum
c ontains
3 05
l ithic
a rtifacts
f rom
t he
N agada
c emeteries, p redominantly f rom t he " Great C emetery", d ug by P etrie. T hese
3 05 l ithic artifacts come f rom 1 30 g raves
( grave n u mbers a re
l isted i n Appendix E ) which h ave s equence d ates r anging f rom S .D . to 7 1,
i .e. v irtually all of t he P redynastic period,
o f t he material O n
r epresented
a verage,
considering
e ach
o nly
i n
g rave
t hose
t he
c ontains
g raves
contained no l ithics at all). f lint
a rtifacts .
unretouched
O ne
P alaeolithic a rtifacts 1 secondary
f lake,
2 .3
l ithic
c ontaining 1 9
s pecimens
blade,
12
( see b elow);
1 4
M useum
i s o f G erzean a ge . a rtifacts
( range
l ithics.
Many
1 -32;
g raves
O nly 3 burials contained more t han 1 0
c ontained
secondary
P etrie
3 1
t hough t he b ulk
c onsisting
secondary
o ne c ontained
secondary bladelets
and
o f
2 t ools,
bladelets, 2 5 p ieces 1 0 t ools
and
1 4
c omprising consisting
mostly of g lossy b ladelet tools; t he t hird b urial with more t han 1 0 l ithic f lakes,
i tems
contained
3 2
p ieces,
5 a re s econdary b lades,
a p rimary
b lade
a nd
t he
1 7 o f
t hese a re b iface thinning
3 a re g lossy s econdary b ladelets,
r emainder
( 6 p ieces) a re
T he l ithic c ollection f rom t he c emeteries c omprises d ebitage, 7 .48).
1 03
T he
b ladelets, s uggesting
t ools,
1 c ore
d ebitage and t hat
consists
some t hey
of
were
t he
c ore
which
o f t he b lades a re s pecialized
i s
4 3
a s ingle
P alaeolithic
p ri marily b ladelets
d etached
t here a re no b ladelet cores b lade
a nd
f rom
of a re
1 i s
t ools. 1 58 p ieces o f
a rtifacts
( see
t able
s econdary
b lades
glossy
appearance
h eat-treated
i n
c ores.
a nd
H owever,
i n t he collection and t here i s only one p latform
c ore
f or
r egular a nd a re o bviously t he
m anufacture .
276
r egular p roduct
b lades. o f
Most
i ntentional
T able
7 .48
M AJOR L ITHIC ARTIFACT C ATEGORY F REQUENCIES
F OR N AGADA T OMB GROUPS
( PETRIE C OLLECTION)
P rimary b lades S econdary
2
f lakes
1 0
S econdary b lades
8 6
O bsidian s econdary b lade
1
S econdary b ladelets
( non-glossy)
2 5
S econdary b ladelets
( glossy)
1 6
D ebris
( chunks)
1
B iface t hinning
f lakes
1 7
B urin spalls
0
A xe p reparation
f lakes
0
C ores
1
T ools
1 03
T otal
2 62
P alaeolithic a rtifacts
4 3
T OTAL
3 05
T here
i s
one
o bsidian
P redynastic g rave, a rtifacts o bsidian o f
T urkey
and
i n
made
o f
E gyptian
u ncertain .
a nd
t he
e vidence d uring
a re
i s
t he
T he
f or
i slands
o f
E thiopia, evidence
more
way
f lint.
o utcrops
i s
A egean
T he
a re
i n
( notably
to t he south.
f rom
E gypt and both
t hough
e stablished
s ince t he
t han
e xchange
source
t he
L ake
Melos) t he
t o
I t
i s p ossible t hat o bsidian
E gypt
t hrough
t rade
with
would h ave b een o bsidian o btained
f rom
r egions
s ources along
i n
t he
mountainous
l and-routes
t hroughout
f rom
t he
t he a rea
n orth,
a nd
N ubia
i n t he
b etween
N ear
N ubia
T here
a nd
i s
no
Melos d uring t he
Melos
L evant,
c ould h ave but
L ake V an a rea s urrounding
t he
t he
L evant
t rade n etworks n etworks
t he
o f V an
the obsidian could
f or any d irect contact between E gypt and i nto
a l ate
Considering t here i s
e specially t he Gerzean,
o ther t raded
which
t he f ormer source i s perhaps more p robable.
P redynastic . i ts
t he
e xchange b etween
t he P redynastic,
were
b lade
b eige
n earest
E thiopian h ighlands
d erive f rom e ither r egion, E ast
s econdary
and apart f rom one obsidian tool all t he l ithic
L evant,
s ince
f ound t here
( and p ossibly
L ake
V an)
Melos
b eing
s eems
a n
u nlikely s ource . T he P alaeolithic a rtifacts f rom t he g raves a re mainly h eavily p atinated u nretouched b lades
( quite d ifferent
i n
t heir
morphology
any o f t he b lades o f P redynastic manufacture) and f lakes. t he
p ieces
L evallois
a re
c ore .
v arious A f ew
b een r eused i n t he
o f
f lake t hese
a nd
b lade
tools,
P alaeolithic
P redynastic a s
t hey h ave
277
and
a rtifacts
t here appear
f resh-looking
f rom
A f ew of i s
o ne
t o h ave r etouch.
T able
7 .49
MAIN T OOL C LASS F REQUENCIES F OR N AGADA T OMB G ROUPS ( PETRIE C OLLECTION)
E ndscrapers
1
B urins
2
D enticulates
3
P erforators
2
B acked p ieces
1
T runcations
1 3
S ickle b lades B lade
9
k nives
V ery
2 0
l arge b lade
G lossy b ladelet O bsidian
t ool
B ifacial
k nives
k nives
1
t ools
4 1 8
F ishtails
1 4
R homboidal B ifacial
k nives
2
s ickles
2
A xes
0
O ther
f ine b ifacial
M iscellaneous
3
b ifacial
2
T otal b ifacial
3 1
R etouched p ieces W orked
t abular
1 4
s labs
0
M iscellaneous
0
U nidentifiable
b roken t ools
1
T OTAL
1 03
H owever,
most
o n t he d esert
t he
P alaeolithic
b lade
k nives,
b urins, t here
a re
o bsidian
also t ool
k nife-shaped s haped
r etouch. p ersonal t ools a re T he
a nd
O ne
b ladelet
f rom a g rave of a nd
i s
a combination end
i s
m ade o n
a nd
T here
o n
a re
b acked
tools S .D .
6 0.
and
an
l ying
e ndscrapers, I nterestingly,
i t
a ll
t ool. b lade
i nvasive was
T he
to b e a small
o bsidian
and
t hat
N early
s ickle b lades,
o bsidian
I t appears
a p rimary
s uggesting
r are
p ieces .
non-invasive
a s a n ecklace.
r egular
c ollection
made of
p ierced
a dornment s uch
a re t runcations,
p ieces.
p erforators,
o rnament,
by
r epresented
r etouched
4 g lossy i s
g raves
P redynastic t imes.
t ools
d enticulates,
t he
j ust
T he
non-bifacial
i nto
p robably
T he tools f rom t he c emeteries a re i ndicated i n t able 7 .49. main
i n
a ccidentally
were
t hey
i nitially d ug
f alling
a rtifacts
w hen
were
i s
o f
s urface,
p art
which
b ifacial of
some
o f t he n on-bifacial
b lades.
c ontains
3 1
b ifacial
278
t ools
c onsisting
c hiefly
o f
b ifacial
k nives
a nd a f ew
r homboidal
a nd
( including
m iscellaneous
' comma-shaped ' s pecimens),
k nives,
b ifacial
b ifacial
s ickles,
a nd
a nd f ishtails,
o ther
f ine b ifacial
p ieces.
C omparing t his c emetery material with t he v arious collections f rom
S outh
t here
T own a nd
a re
a bundance
some o f
o ther
s ettlement
obvious
r egular
l ocalities
d ifferences,
b lades
a nd
b lade
i n
t he
e specially t ools
f rom
N agada
t he
t he
r egion,
comparative
g raves .
O n
t he
b asis of t he f lint i ndustry, P etrie ( 1915: 7 1) even went so f ar a s t o s uggest b ut
t hat
t he
r ather
s ettlement
P alaeolithic
a t
S outh
" perhaps
T own
was
n ot
P redynastic
contemporary
with
t he
a t
a ll
E uropean
A urignacian". O f b e
c ourse
q ueried .
there
t he
r epresentativeness
H owever,
are
so me
i n
o nly
more
t o r ecover
t han
h e
a s
t he
hour
a ll
a ttempted
heavily
most
f inds
f rom
f rom
S outh
S purrell o bserved s o
T own .
f requently
s uggest
t hat
" the a bsence o f s uitable
c haracteristic
a nd
a bundant
c ores a nd m asses s ufficiently l arge i n
l ength d erived d irectly
t he
working
where
t hey
of
were
Petrie
f ine
f ound"
briefly
i llustrated L XXVI).
t hese
( Petrie
H is
l ithic
a s
t o
f rom t he
s ome o f t he f inest implements",
T he
r ather
P etrie
r ock,
described
the
Q uibell,
i x),
which
i s
p resence
o f
c arrying
f laking, b e,
o ver
o f
a nd
H e
mentions
a rrowheads,
o bsidian
a rtifacts
a nd
a rrowhead, t hese
t anged,
a rrowheads
Q uibell,
1 896:
v arious
" evidence t hat
c arried o n at
tools
f rom
5 0-51,
d iscussed
" flake"
comprise
pl.
L XXIII
o nly
s pecimens h e c alls
s houldered a nd l east
S outh
and
Town
P etrie
( and
and
S purrell
a t
were
accompanies
i t
1 896: may
( idem:
p ointed a rrowheads h e L XXIII
[ 65])
S purrell " a
c lass
o f
e laborate b lock, f or
a re
t he
a nd
i n
most
o f
b e p l.
pl.
t he place
g raves
pls. t he
l ithic
e xplains
t he
t he
t he p art
k nives,
H e
l ists
specimen i n
not which
writer
t he
a re
Town
L XXII
[ 58]);
and
( idem:
c ategory
r etained"
o f
f rom o f
p l.
the
the
a rtifacts
no
meaning a r egular
f rom
P etrie
Museum;
t hird
exa mple
g rave
n umber double-
( idem:
p l .
c alls
a s
1 896:
5 6),
to
" flakes"
a s
t heir
s truck
e xamples
o f
( Petrie and Q uibell,
1 896: p l. L XXII
a nd v arious b lade k nives
( Petrie a nd Q uibell,
1 896:
p l.
most
f rom
a " crude
t ools he g ives a re b orers
279
a nd
[ 70]).
h e
T he
to a re
f ishtail
f lake,
b lade.
( Petrie
so-called
s i mplest
( Spurrell,
o f
H owever,
c oncave-
t he
L XXIII
t heir
a c rude
k inds
a ctually
i n a s
5 6-
f ishtails,
Museum;
r efers
c onsist o f a small
b lade
a rtifacts
P etrie
he
[ 55,57]),
S outh
a re
1 896:
f our
i s
L XXII
c haracters
m ain
of
t anged
e xa mples
t he
t hat
L XXII-LXXIV,
d ouble-pointed.
f rom
mentions,
a n otched
a nd
b arbed, t he
implements...that
f orms,
o ne
e xamined by
Q uibell,
mentions
two
t ools.
which
b ase
types
k inds
b arbed,
[ 69])
g reat i nches
5 7).
various
s houldered,
w aste
o f
s ixteen
f rom t he c emeteries i n s lightly g reater d etail ( Spurrell, 5 8).
o ut
I n addition,
was c learly t he o rigin o f
not
1 896:
S purrell,
f or
i nterpreted a s
was
1 896:
a nalyst,
e ach
1 896:
edge-damaged
was
would
f lakes
a s
which h e
objects
t ools t hey
f orm
( Spurrell,
a nd
were
b urials
a r easonably good r ecovery p rogramme f or t he b urials. c hips,
P etrie's
g raves
t he
m ay
c ollection,
b roken b iface t hinning f lakes a s
and
r ather
c ollection
T own
J udging
t hough
d o a t
t hin,
S outh
( Petrie and Q uibell,
t he
t o
p atinated
P alaeolithic a rtifacts ' d o
c emetery
differences.
about half a n
b roken b ladelets and small, well
t he
P etrie 's
c emetery e xcavations,
P etrie d id a ttempt c learly
o f
c omparing
important
d escription o f h is c leared
e ven
t he
f lake" b lade [ 54]),
L XXIII
[ 64,
6 8,
7 11)
which
r egular
i nclude
l ate
r ipple-flaking T he ( 1896:
( idem:
o bsidian
5 7) a s
t ool
b y
d rawing
whole o r
the
L XXIII
[ 61-63,
C ompared noticeably
f rom
only
t hat
occur
i n
d escribed
v arious
1 896: pl.
b y
S purrell
f orms
t he
5 7).
w ith
T he
r ipple-
L XXIV
[ 861),
a nd
i t
i s a
A c ouple o f g rave n umbers a re s hown s uch
t he
f ishtails a s
k nives
were
f ound
i n
t he
N agada
P etrie
" spear
museum
o r
c ollection.
j avelin-heads"
S purrell
( idem:
5 8,
p l.
6 5-66]) . w ith
t he
N agada
b lades,
p articularly
i s
no e xamples of G erzean r ipple-flaked k nives,
l ithic a ssemblages
r egion,
d ifferent.
o n
M useum
i nclude
i n A bydos!
t he
i nteresting
slightly
t he
f lakes,
b ladelets glossy
to
s uggests t hat t hey were s truck
P redynastic s ettlement
f rom
t he
b lade
t he
t ools
p resence
v ery f rom
c emeteries
glossy
t here
f rom o f
i n
t he
i s
a major
g raves .
b ladelets
I t
which
appearance
a nd
which S ome
were
c ompletely u nknown
r etouched i nto g lossy b ladelet t ools w hich a re
f rom t he N agada s ettlement s ites .
B lade
k nives a re
t he most com monly r epresented tool class f rom t he c emeteries. S outh
T own
f rom a n
c ollection .
o ccupation
t ools,
f ound
t he
i n
f lake
e specially
s ettlement
tools,
t he
most
( see
p .
2 74)
was
c ommon b ifacial t ool
f ishtails
i s
a s pecimen
n oticeable
n umerous, o f
which
a nd a xe p reparation i n
a g rave,
P etrie 's
t he
c emetery
well-executed
e xamples
abundant
absent
h ave
f lakes.
b een
f lakes
a rtifacts
whereas
T he
f rom
f or
v ery
n o
B esides
conspicuously
found i n
f airly
o ccurrences.
c emeteries a re b urin s palls axe
s ite
A lso p articularly
c ollection i s t he o ccurrence o f b ifacial
i s
v ary
h eat-treated b ladelet c ores.
o f t hese b ladelets
o nly e xample s een
i s
s ettlements a re c haracterized b y
a nd f lake tools,
a nd
t o note
f rom
c ollection
Whereas
abundant f laking d ebris, emphasis
P etrie
d iscusses
i ndicating
b roken,
to
t he
p ressure
o nly o ne typical G erzean r ipple-flaked k nife i s
However,
r efers
i n
worked s pecimen o f
well-executed
" symmetrically-ended k nives" ( idem:
P etrie b ought
t his
t he
f inely
with
[ 81]).
( Petrie and Q uibell,
c emeteries.
s ites
i n
S purrell
However,
i llustrated s pecimen
L XXIV
f or m
" the t ip of a l eaf-shaped h äche", a nd h e d escribes
k nives
f laking.
a v ery l arge
k nife
p l.
r homboidal k nives a s b ifacial
U C 4 408,
P redynastic
a nd
f rom
t he
A lso o nly o ne
axes
a re
t he
most
t he s ettlements.
D ISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS T he t he
l ithic
N agada
analyzed
a ssemblages
r egion, i n
detail by
i ndustry w ith s ome T his
e xamined
N agadan
t he
f rom b y
t he
t he
writer,
t emporal
P redynastic
P redynastic
h abitation
o f
N agada
s ites
P roject
i n a nd
e ssentially constitute a s ingle
v ariation .
i ndustry
i s
v irtually
entirely
made
o n
locally
obtained f lint nodules, p robably p rocured f rom t he upper r eaches o f nearby
wadis.
l i mestone. p roduce w ith a re
T he
a was
p redominantly
mostly mostly
u nfaceted s ingle
4 3.4 x 3 1.4 mm. e longate
However, material
p ieces
f laked
f lakes,
s triking
p latform
However,
f lakes
t echnology.
small
f ew
w ith
p urposeful b lade
of
t he
local
h ammer a bout
T he
3 5
r esulting
a verage
s ilicified
p ercussion mm
i n
f lake
d imensions,
t o
l ength c ores 3 7 .1
x
t here was also a t endency to p roduce a f ew
a ddition, c ores
a re h ard
a verage
p latforms .
c ores
o f b lade p roportions I n
o n
b y
a
h ave b een
f ew
a s b y-products r egular
f ound a t t he
2 80
o f t he b asic
b lades
detached
l ate N agada
s ites,
f lake f rom S outh
T own
a nd
N orth
T own .
I t
i s
possible
t hat t he
method o f p roduction
t hese b lades was s imilar t o t hat u sed to d etach t he blades t he i n
B adari t he
w hich
d istrict .
P etrie i s
T he b lade c ore
m useum
v ery
i s
i n
t he
s imilar
i n
morphology
most
predominant
tool
c emetery c ollection
c ore a bout
a nd
t he B adari c ore s hown i n f igure 5 .4 ( p. T he
N agada
a s ingle p latform
o f
f ound i n
p latform
1 10
mm
i n
l ength
c haracteristics
t o
1 12).
c lass
i n
the
N agada
a sse mblages
consists of b urins, and t he most common b urin s ubclasses a re s ingle b urin o n b reak,
s ingle burin on r etouched edge and d ihedral burins.
T he o ther
main tool c lasses a re e ndscrapers,
pieces.
Also
present
perforators,
b ifacial
s idescrapers,
s caled
b ifacial d rills,
a re
a t
on
blanks.
g rand
a re
a lso
p ersoirs,
f ine b ifacial
p robably
being
are
pieces,
r are
T own a nd
f lakes.
Some
of
N orth
T own .
A f ew
t he
a re
tools
T he
o n
( some
m ajority
f rom
a rrowheads,
k nives),
o f
f ine
worked
S ickle blades t he
N agada
t ools
blades and o ther
S outh
and
s crapers,
o f t he o ther
b ifacial
i rregular
analyzed
axes
c ircular
c oncave-base
t ools
f rom
denticulates,
planes,
as well a s some miscellaneous tools.
S outh
made
T here
p ieces,
notches a nd r etouched
asse mblages
backed
t ools .
a nd o ther
f ragments
t abular slabs, o ccur
the
truncations,
m iscellaneous
b ifacial
in
T own
a re
tool
made
on
l ist
o f
r egular b lades. T he
s tudy
o f
P etrie 's
k nown tool t ypes b lade
k nives,
P etrie's
b ifacial
c ollection
i s
d oes
p rovide
u seful
t he
f lake-dominated
e ndscrapers, a t
S outh
a nd
even
a nd
a side
H owever, o f
f rom
p lanes
g ives f rom
f or
t he
t he
o f
t ools
of the
b lades
t he
s ickle
t he
N agada c emeteries h as a lso p roved
A lthough
9 4 .4%
t ools,
mainly
i t
with
b urins,
modern e xcavations
mostly
made
d ata,
e xcavations a nd
i nclude
s ickle
b lades,
o f t he n on-bifacial
s ickle blades,
a nd
An
a re
s upplementary
r ecent
f rom
most
t o
C ontrasting
comprising
c omprises
a nd
o f
c lasses.
p ieces
t ools,
s ickle
u seful
t ool
t he
t riangles.
c onsisting
a ssemblage
s et
e xpanded
l ocalities
and bifacial
b iased,
r etouched
b ifacial
c ollection
s ettlement
c ertain
tool a nd
t he analysis
c ollection
s ickles,
P etrie 's
o ther
T own
N agada
e vidently
d ata
n otches
T own,
a xes
S outh
f rom t he
o n
r egular
t ools
b lades.
planes and axes i n t he
a s
t here
a re
n o
e xamples
o nly a f ew e xamples
o f a xes
b lades.
e xamination
o f
t he
l ithic
a rtifacts t o b e
r ecovered
b y
i nformative .
P etrie
f rom
A lthough
o ne
h as to be wary of t he s tatistics obtained f rom P etrie's collection, t hey
a re
apparently
f requencies to
h ave
made
i ncluding T he
o btained an
more f or
effort
t he smallest c emetery
d ependable
P etrie's to
r ecover
b eads a nd a t
c ollection
i s
t han
S outh
T own
t he
v irtually
l east
c learly
o bviously
c ollection,
s ome
a ll
a s
b iased
h e
g rave
s eems
objects
f lint c hips .
d ifferent
f rom
t he
m aterial
r etrieved f rom t he h abitation s ites, even i f we s uppose t hat P etrie d id
' forget' to p ick up a f ew
f lakes
and
f lake
t ools.
T he
f unerary
a ssemblage i s dominated by r egular blades and b ladelets, and tools m ade o n a nd for
t hese b lanks .
s econdary one
f lakes,
chunk),
p reparation
f lakes,
a ssemblages. p roduction
T here a re a nd
core o r
t here
o nly a re
rejuvenation f lake
c ores
T here i s o nly o ne
o f r egular
c emetery c ollection,
m inor
n o
b lades.
b urin
c haracterize
which
i s
t he b ladelets do appear
p rimary
b lades
d ebris
( except
spalls, t he
axe
s ettlement
a b lade core
A lthough no b ladelet
281
o f
f lakes,
pieces,
which
core
n umbers
p rimary
f or
c ores o ccur
i n
t he t he
to b e t he p roduct of a
s eparate
specialized
manufacture. o bviously
p roduced
a rtifact
technology,
and a re not by-products
f rom
f rom
a ny
h eat-treated
N agada
b een h eat-treated .
l ocality
A lso o f
m aterial.
d isplayed
i nterest
i n
N o
a ny
o ther
d istance e xchange p robably t he
i ndirectly
w ith
t he
b lades,
f orm
3 9%
b lade
o f
k nives,
T he n on-bifacial
t he
N agada
c emetery
i s
s uggesting
t he l ong
L ake V an a rea o f T urkey
t ools
v arious
s haped
k nives,
a nd
f ragments
i n
t he
b ifacial
a re p redominantly
i nclude
f inely
t hough
P etrie
worked
t here
a re
m useum
r etouch
t echnique
r ipple-flaked k nives T he v ery
l arge b lade
n o
k nife s hown
glossy
s ickles.
b ladelet
S ome
f ishtails a nd
O ther
r are
of t he
tool
r homboidal
k nives,
i n
k nife k nives
n amely
o nly o ccur
t he mselves
t ypical
1 896: pl. L XXIV [ 82]). [ 81]
t he
r homboidal
c lasses,
c omma-
o r
r ipple-flaked
not
L XXIV
p resent
tools,
two
k nives
S ome k nives s how t he r ipple-
t hey a re
i n p late
t ools
( idem) a lso s hows
c emetery
k nives, g lossy
c ollection
and
b ifacial
b ladelet
t ools,
i n t he c emetery c ollection
a nd a re not k nown f rom a ny o ccupation s ite i n t he N agada a rea. a lso t he
n umerous
and
d istinctive
o f
exceptionally
t he
c emetery
t he
s ickle
T he b ifacial
i ncluding
r ipple-flaked
( e.g. P etrie a nd Q uibell .
r ipple-flaking .
i nclude
m ade o n b lades.
c ollection,
though
( excluding
k nives a nd f ishtails .
s pecimens
f ound i n t he N agada c emeteries.
f laking
c ollection
m ainly o f t runcations,
r etouched p ieces,
k nives
f airly
o f
h aving
L evant.
T ools
s uch
o f
t he c emetery c ollection
P alaeolithic a rtifacts), a nd consist
were
c ategory
i ndication
p resence o f an o bsidian blade a nd a n o bsidian t ool v ia
o f b lade
S ixteen o ut o f a total of 4 1 s econdary b ladelets were
T he
f inely c rafted b ifacial t ools a re
a rtifacts .
H owever,
a xes,
g enerally
most common b ifacial tool a t t he s ettlement s ites a re scarcely
r epresented a t a ll b eing
f rom
t he c emeteries
T he
c emetery
collection
also
i ncludes
p atinated P alaeolithic a rtifacts. d uring
t he
m ajority f ell
o nly o ne s pecimen
f rom
a g rave
o f
h eavily
k nown .
P redynastic a s
o riginally
t hey h ave
l ying
o n
t he
a n u mber
Some appear t o h ave b een r eused f resh r etouch s cars .
d esert
s urface
H owever,
p robably
t he
a ccidentally
i nto t he g raves a s t hey were b eing d ug by P redynastic mourners
b urying
t heir
d ead .
Additional
tool
classes
k nown
f rom
P redynastic
s ites
i n
t he
N agada a rea which, however, d id not occur i n a ny of t he a ssemblages a nd
c ollections
1 976:
2 3,
a rrowheads d rills
( a
S purrell
a nalyzed
f ig.
6
( Petrie c rescent
a s
a re
[ a,b]; a nd
Q uibell,
d rill
a " hollow
was
2 80)
f ound
5 0,
a t
f ig.
5 6,
S outh
S purrell,
p l . T own
1 896:
( Hays 5
L XXI a nd
a nd
H assan,
[ a,b1), [ 69]), i s
t anged c rescent
d escribed
5 6,
pl.
L XXI
p l.
L XXIV [ 86];
[ 341),
I n a ddition i t
f laked a xes a re t he p redominant
k ind
r are g round axes have b een found a t some N agada s ites.
L XXII
[ 59]),
f ragments
d e
( de
axes h ave b een K H4 a nd i n D e
Morgan Morgan,
M organ
1 896:
9 8
[ fig.
8 3];
f rom
1 926:
o f
P etrie
1 896:
5 0,
T oukh
a nd s everal
8 0),
a nd
5 6,
p l.
two g round
f ound by t he P redynastic o f N agada P roject ( one f rom
t he o ther P etrie's
( Petrie a nd Q uibell,
i llustrates a g round a xe
b y
1 896:
which h ave already been mentioned.
f ound a g round a xe i n a b urial
a xe
1 896:
7 1,
( Petrie a nd Q uibell,
may be noted t hat although a xe,
a rrowheads
1 984a:
scraper";
and r ipple-flaked k nives s ee a lso p .
t ransverse
H ays,
f rom
S outh
S outh T own
i llustrates
T own).
T here
i s a lso a g round a nd
f laked
c ollection . m any
t ools
f rom
282
v arious
P redynastic
s ites
i n
t he
N agada
[ figs.
6 4-67],
9 4
[ figs.
f lakes
( which
d e
Morgan
c ourbges"; s truck
r egion:
i dem:
a xes
( de
Morgan,
6 8-71],
1 17-118
9 5
i nitially
[ figs .
1 896:
[ figs.
9 2
d escribed
1 48-150];
[ figs.
7 2-75]), a s
a xe
5 9-63],
" curieuses
b ut s oon r ecognized
l ames
a s
b eing
f rom a xes r eferring t o t hem a s " gclats d e s ilex e nlevg 's pour
f ormer l e t ranchant d 'une h achette"; d e Morgan, 1 897: 1 13-115; 8 2,
8 4
[ fig .
8 6],
[ figs.
1 13,
1 14],
8 5
[ figs .
2 01]),
1 97,
[ fig .
1 08
c emetery a t T oukh; 1 27
9 3
p reparation
8 8]),
[ fig.
i dem:
1 98]),
b ifacial
1 171),
1 14
[ fig .
( de
M organ,
a r ipple-flaked
1 33]),
c oncave-base
a c ircular s craper
k nives
k nife
( idem:
1 27
1 07
( from
t riangular a rrowheads
a rrowheads
1 926:
1 896:
a
( idem:
[ figs .
1 99,
( idem: 1 19 [ fig. 1 53]), e ndscrapers ( idem:
1 19 [ figs. 1 54-160]), n otches ( idem: 1 20 [ figs. 1 66, 1 671), a nd g rand p erioirs
b lade
( "pointes"
o f d e
M organ;
i dem:
1 37
[ figs .
2 75-278]) .
H owever, i nterestingly, d e M organ a lso s hows a n umber o f r egular c ores a nd b lade t ools, e specially f rom t he s ettlement l ocality
o f T oukh.
V ery
c ores
( idem:
1 05],
1 05
9 0
well s haped c onical s ingle p latform [ figs.
[ figs.
5 2,
1 06,
[ figs.
1 45,
1 47]),
[ figs.
2 49,
2 50],
5 3]),
1 07]),
s ickle 1 34
b lade k nives
r egular
b lades
[ figs.
1 32
r egular
b lade
1 04
[ figs.
1 04,
b lades
( idem:
1 17
[ figs.
2 39-245],
1 33
a nd
p erforators
s econdary
( idem:
2 55,
( idem:
2 57-260]),
o n
r egular b lades ( idem: 1 40 [ figs. 2 91-295]) a re a ll s hown f rom T oukh. Y et
T oukh
h as
v irtually s ickle
b een
n o
t ools
b lades,
f lakes .
D e
s ite.
a s
b lades,
a nd
r egular i ts
m organ 's
K H4
( Hassan, a nd
p erforators
T oukh,
i n
t ended
t herefore,
p rep .)
w hich
c ertainly n o b lade
d oes
t o
n ot
b e
o n
y ielded c ores
small,
a ppear
t o
b e
T own,
l arge
c emetery
M organ,
a nd d e
1 896:
S outh
s eems
t he
s ame
M organ n oted t hat t he c emetery a t
w hich 8 8).
T own
a nd
h ad
b een
H ence
t he
t he
T oukh
n early
t otally
i dentification c emetery
w ith
T oukh
e xcavated o f
t he
b y
T oukh
P etrie 's
w as a v ery P etrie
( de
s ettlement
" Great
C emetery"
more p robable . I n s ummary,
t he a ssemblages f rom t he P redynastic h abitation s ites
o f t he N agada r egion c onstitute a s ingle i ndustry c haracterized, t he
main,
b y h ard h ammer
e ndscrapers, t he
c lass.
p roduction S outh
t ool
r egular
a nd
percussion
N orth
f lake t echnology with
r etouched p ieces
c lasses,
T emporal o f
T own
c onverted a s
n otches a nd
p redominant
t ool
o r
b road
W ith t he p resence o f s uch b lade t ools i t i s more l ikely t o b e
S outh
w ith
i dentified o n
a nd
a xes
v ariation
i s
o ccurring
T own.
T he
w ell a s t ools a ppearing
f or
a s s ickle b lades a nd b lade
a t
b lades
b urins,
t he
p rimarily
t he
most
e vident
b lades
i nto a f ew e ndscrapers,
m ade
a s
f irst
k nives.
with
t he
a t
t he
l ater
S outh i n
f lakes
t he
a s
b ifacial
i ntentional
N agada s ites,
T own
p erforators, t ime
o n
a bundant
i n
b urins,
h ave
b een
a nd t runcations N agada
a rea
s uch
T he s tudy o f t he c ollection o f
l ithic a rtifacts f rom t he N agada c emeteries h as r evealed important d ifferences b eing a nd
f rom
d ominated
b lade
t ools.
t he
b y
t ools,
C ertain
t ool
s ites.
r homboidal
k nives.
w ith t he
i s
b lade
c lasses
T hese
a re
a ssemblages,
s econdary
p articularly
o ccupation p resence
s ettlement
u nmodified
t he f unerary m aterial
b lades,
s econdary
k nives a s
o ccur
t hat
a re
g lossy b ladelet
b ladelets,
well a s b y b ifacial u nknown
t ools,
T here a re a lso two o bsidian
f rom
t he
f ishtails a nd
a rtifacts.
T heir
i nterpreted t o s uggest i ndirect contact v ia t he L evant
L ake V an a rea
o f
T urkey .
2 83
C hapter
8
A L ITHIC ASSEMBLAGE FROM LOCALITY H K-29 AT H IERAKONFOLIS
I NTRODUCTION H ierakonpolis
l ies
o n
t he
o f t he modern town o f E dfu " Hierakonpolis" r efers
t o
west
( Fig.
t he
b ank o f t he
1 .1).
D ynastic
k nown t o t he a ncient E gyptians a s c ultivation a s a l ow mound ( Fig. i s
k nown
l ocally a s
T he
a rea
of
t he
" Kor n
B .P .)
to
t he
end
of
" Nekhen",
which now s tands i n t he
t he
of
edge
t he
t he G reat S uffian)
Wadi
e ncompasses
h istory
( 31
a rchaeological Acheulian
B .C .).
o f
Q uibell
G reen,
f loodplain
1 982:
Q uibell
t emple
i ncluded
for
e xploration G reen
1 902).
T hey
s tructures.
i n
of
excavated, D eposit"
o bjects,
m aceheads, 3 3).
and
was
g lazed
a nd
c oncentrated t heir
1 898-9
t heir
stone
a rtifacts
U nifi cation
of
s andstone
( idem:
3 -5)
mudbrick
t hey
E arly
f ound
1 973;
I n
o f
s everal
and
1 905-06,
t he
a nd
o bjects
Ada ms,
i n
t he
w as
l arge
t he G reat
F ort.
P redynastic
K or n N ew
a t
a nd
N ekhen
a lso
s tructures.
potsherds lowest
a nd
a
f ew
a rchaeological
A dams,
G arstang
a n
which as
2 8the
c ircular a nd
t ombs
" Fort"
which
i s
a rea
o f
t he edge o f t he l ow
e dge
o f
i ncluding
t he
C ase
P ayne,
a nd
G reen
a l arge
a nd noted a l arge
s outheast
a nd
symbolizing Q uibell
t he
i vory
1 902:
approxi mately
k nown Wadi,
t he
t his
c emetery
" Decorated 1 962;
T omb" P ayne,
8 6-87).
( 1907)
a rea
Fort
small
p alettes
T hey a lso i nvestigated
L XXV-LXXIX;
1 974:
contained
spreading across A t
G erzean
L XVII,
the
a t
1 900;
O ld K ingdom and
P alette
u ncovered
structure
o f
i nterior
1987),
Abul
( Quibell,
( Quibell a nd G reen,
v isited
H ierakonpolis
A rchaic town r emains a t t he K or n e l-Ahmar, g raves
o r Wadi
c ommemorative
N ar mer
P rotodynastic .
t he
p ls.
1 973;
and
t he
objects
D eposit
a ddition,
c emetery r emains
2 0-22, K emp,
I n
D ynastic
s outheast
( idem:
Main v ases,
f amous
b locks
r egarded a s
P redynastic
t he
E gypt.
s ituated a t t he mouth d esert
T he
s tone
f ound
r evetment
o f
km,
a c ache o f P rotodynastic objects k nown a s t he
f ound.
f igures,
was
1 .5
e fforts
d iscoveries
P rotodynastic
a s well a s m any o ther
N earby
most
H ierakonpolis b egan w ith t he
1 897-8
H owever,
and
P redynastic
" Main
t he
l ow d esert a t
approxi mately
P redynastic b urials were e ncountered i n l evel
s ites
2 50,000
2 -3).
a nd
P redynastic
N umerous
H owever,
T hese e xtend a long t he
e l-Ahmar p rimarily u ncovering E arly Dynastic, K ingdom
( ca.
3 .5 km i nto t he e dge of t he Western D esert along
a rchaeological
e xcavations a nd
f rom t he
( someti mes a lso k nown a s t he F ort Wadi
( Hoffman,
T he
D ynastic
modern
T oday, t his a rtificial mound
e l-Ahmar" .
P redynastic .
continue f or about
t he n ame
t own a nd t emple c omplex,
8 .1).
H ierakonpolis
s ites a re
1 7 km n orth
w alled
r epresenting v irtually a ll p eriods p revalent
N ile a bout
S trictly s peaking,
of
the
h aving
E arly
been,
i n
and
e xcavating
1 88 l ate P redynastic
Dynastic part,
Fort
built
( see over
also the
c emetery .
I n 1 906-07 and 1 907-08, t he b rother o f J acques de Morgan, H enri d e
M organ,
u nder
t he s ponsorship o f
t he
284
B rooklyn
m useum,
c onducted
a n
;
!
NE KHEN
2 3
1
*; * * *• ,
. 2 8
•:
1 " ;
4
„ 4 .1: j . : . 4 2 . 4 . :
*2 )
' • • • '
•
• ' .
DU NE
•
. 4
•
W ADI
. 56 GRE AT W ADI
E l
E ar ly P redynast ic
»
6 0
Late
P redynast ic
P rotodynast ic
u s
C• m•ter i•s K ilns
6 7
TO P O G R A PHI C
MA P L OOS
M
O F
I ON
a— .
isT ION 0 1
I S IF VF3 M O W S U a rt, . S U . ViD C r issu•sv. .90.9 .
F ig.
8 .1
T opographic ( copyright
map M .A .
o f
t he
H offman)
2 85
na l l . 1 •9 . o sri v . 9,9 a rmo rs s r Sur
H ierakonpolis
r egion.
a rchaeological about
1 00
s urvey b etween
km
( de
P redynastic
and
H ierakonpolis r emains
o n
i n
M organ
i n
south i n
B runton
s ites,
s ide
1 908
r ecovered
N eedler,
1 927-28,
N eedler,
where
1 984:
( 1932)
of
e xtensive
t he
h e
n umerous
e s-Silsila,
1 984).
H e
and excavated
1 907 a nd o bserved
t he
a nd
E sna a nd G ebel
1 912;
A rchaic
s ettlement a rea s ieves"
Morgan,
G reat
s et
h is
f lints,
a d istance o f
c oncentrated
s everal.
P redynastic
Wadi,
" men
t o
s tone
s ettlement
r eturning work
with
o bjects
a nd
t o r akes
a nd ( de
5 3) .
briefly v isited
town-site"
" prehistoric
t his
pottery
H ierakonpolis
i n
t he winter o f
collecting n umerous l ithic a rtifacts a nd potsherds
" Pr edynastic
o n
H e v isited
c emetery"
which
o n
t he
i s
map
i n
o f
part
of
Q uibell
the
a nd
area
G reen
f rom a marked
( 1902:
P l.
L XXIIIA). I n
1 934-35,
e xpedition
t o
and p robing
L ansing
( 1935)
H ierakonpolis,
t he
a rea
l ed
a Metropolitan
e xcavating
B runton
a bout
1 00
Museum
of
P redynastic
A rt
g raves
r eferred t o a s t he " Predynastic t own-
s ite". I n
1958,
B utzer
a rchaeological
s urvey
and
o f
K aiser
t he
conducted
H ierakonpolis
a
r egion,
geological p roviding
f irst t i me a v aluable. geoarchaeological perspective K aiser,
1 958;
when
for
( Butzer,
p rogramme o f i nvestigations a t H ierakonpolis b egan i n
W alter
F airservis
archaeological
h eaded
sites
of
a n
all
e xpedition
periods
s urveying
and
I n
a second
e xcavations K ingdom 1 970;
at
t he
s ecular
1 972b;
K or n
a nd
i n
1969,
e l-Ahmar
syste matic,
r evealed
r eligious a rchitecture
1 974;
p rehistoric s ites
season
1 976;
Weeks,
1 972).
a rea
E arly
( Fairservis,
D ynastic
a nd
1 972;
a ddition,
i n t he l ow d esert was c ontinued w ith
test
l arge-scale
( Fairservis, I n
t he
conducting
e xcavations at t he ' Archaic-Old K ingdom t own of N ekhen 1 972).
t he
1 960;
1 961) .
T he c urrent 1 967
and
f or
t he
O ld
H offman,
s urvey
o f
M ichael H offman
i nitiating t he f irst modern s cientific e xcavation of a P redynastic s ite
( HK-14)
at
H ierakonpolis w ith
H ierakonpolis
was
F airservis
i nterrupted
c ontinuing
( Hoffman,
f or
t o
e ight
1 970;
e xcavate
a t
Hoff man
H ierakonpolis 1 982,
1 983,
1 982;
1 987, A s
which
i n
P redynastic
of
f ield-work
e concmy a nd
b een
a nd
H K-54
T he
s ites
d esert
a nd
c emetery
h ave
d escribed
a re
t o
p umps e t
t o
b een
i n
t he
a long
a l,
i n a ge
t o
1 986;
f rom
t he
l evels
were
d eposits
i n
1 979,
1 980;
of
1 980,
Hoffman,
1 987).
T he
Amratian
t o
However, t he
t he
i n
w ater
P redynastic
a nd
H K-11,
t he
P redynastic a nd
H K-29, a nd
i n
m any
H K-30A ,
[ Hoffman,
Wadi
1 982]). t he
l ow
i n 1 984 a s equence o f t he
modern
t able
f loodplain
( Hoffman,
H ierakonpolis
P rotodynastic .
286
of
s ettlement
m apped,
r eport
G reat
u ndertaken
t he
N umerous
H K-6,
i nterim t he
been
a spects
i ncluding
r ecorded
b elow
have
v arious
l ocated
l ocalities
l ocated
A rchaic g et
P redynastic
( Harlan,
p alaeoenvironment. s ites
w hich
mainly
f or
r egion
adjacent to t he c ultivation.
H offman r ange
d ata
H ierakonpolis
( including
P redynastic u sing
e ssential
e xcavated a re
1 988
multidisciplinary s tudies
t he
s ettlement
1 987 a nd
the
c omm .)
much
p atterns, h ave
o f t he
d irecting
N agada,
p rovide
P redynastic s ites
s ubsequent y ears, 1 986,
1 978
1 983),
on
1 985,
i n
( Fairservis,
research
p ers.
R esearch a t
r esumed
continued
1 984, a nd
a t
has
b eing
N ekhen
a nd H offman r esuming t he i nvestigation o f t he area.
1 972a).
y ears,
1 986;
l ocalities
T he
s ample
l evel 1 , l ow o f
o f
l ithic
a rtifacts
d esert s ites
Q uibell
b etween which
a nd
t he G reat a nd
c onstitute
G reen's
S ince
i t
i s
8 .2).
D une
E xcavations of
6 00
s tructures
l ocalities.
a t
t he i n .
s ite
c onstitute of
structures
( Structure
b uildings
s ubterranean b uilding, cm
i nto
p lastered
t he
mudbricks. d aub,
c ontained s itu
mud
a nd
depression
s torage
j ar.
adjacent
o n
which
S tructure
p ottery k iln .
T his
5 .0
I t
k iln
i s
of
k iln
i s
b asins.
now
destroyed,
g ot o ut
I a nd
I I
T here a re
s et
b oth
o f
i n
of
b uilding a nd
I ,
a n
i n
cm
17L13.
I n
6 .1
t he
i n l ong o r
P art
a f urther
R ough-ware
b y
b asins
i n d epth .
i ncluded
when doubtless
a
a l arge
i nterpreted a s a
depressions 1 5
were
wattle and
contained
b eing a bout
5 t o
4 5 to
r ectangular
o ven,
square
shallow
t he
se mi-
t he b uilding was
S tructure
s tructures
o f
pit
T he
a n
probably
i t probably
were a bandoned
o f c ontrol a nd
o f
posts.
T he k iln was apparently u sed to f ire
S tructures
O ne
which was c ut
i ncluding
a nd
T hese
a d ispersed
8 .2).
debris
wooden
was
e ight
but
b y
rectangular
o ne corner
v arying f rom 5 0 t o 8 0 cm i n d iameter t he
t he
located
7 -
1 979 u ncovering a n
a rectangular,
this
f eatures
was
a nd b oth
1 982:
s tructures.
( Fig.
i s
r oughly c ircular
consists
1 980c;
p robably consisting
10L10,
o f t he s eries
h ere .
1 978 a nd
of
o riginally
I I
f rom
c omprising
c haracterized
a nd
a t
i s
town-site"
s ites
s everal
e ight
o utside,
1 0x10 m square,
m wide.
c lods,
o ne
( Hoffman,
f ences
walls
o ccupational
s torage pot,
i n
a rea
r eed
T he
s upported
s everal
c ircular
t he
g iven
excavated
s uperstructure,
b een
i s
4 .0 m l ong by 3 .5 m wide,
mud,
T he
h ad
and I I)
g round.
with
i s
r evealed
a h abitation
c hapter
HK- 29 i tself i s a n o ccupation
t ook p lace
which
a rrangement
8 0
a nd
f ully d escribed e lsewhere
sq.
t his
" Predynastic
c emetery",
1 4) o nly a s hort s ummary o f t he s ite
a rea
i n
H K-29 i s s ituated o n t he
Wadis,
B runton's
" prehistoric
s ettlement a nd cemetery s ite.
d escribed
s quare 10L10 a t H K-29 ( Fig.
o f
two
c eramics.
a f iring a t t he k iln
a light.
f our r adiocarbon dates f or HK-29 ( Hoffman,
1 982:
1 0).
T hese a re: 4 760 + 8 0 b p
( -10L10,
S tructure
I ,
l evel
4 670
b p
( -10L10,
S tructure
I ,
F eature
b p
( -17L13,
S tructure
I I,
L evel
3 ,
b p
( -17L13,
S tructure
I I,
l evel
1 B,
T 80 T 75 T 80
4 800 4 680 H assan
( 1984c)
c orrected s ite
a t
h as
d ate
t he
averaged
o f
3 500
o f
t he
e nd
p resence o f a f ew
i s
( Rough
ware).
( Polished
R ed;
i ncluding
W hite
f rom
B erger
i n
T he
T he a nimals:
D ecorated
f aunal c attle
r ich
i n
r emainder a nd
a t iny
C ross-lined ware o r
H offman,
dates
and
( Hassan,
Amratian,
T he majority
4 .29%)
D ecorated
B .C .
C ross-lined
e xtremely
6 00/sq. i n .
t hese
1 ) F eature
obtained an
1 984c).
T his
a d esignation
ware s herds,
5 )
F eature
5 )
e sti mated p laces
t he
s upported b y t he
a b roken
d isc-shaped
a f ishtail and c ertain o ther a rtifacts,
p aucity o f s herds of H K-29
1 5c al
w hite
porphyry macehead,
about
+ 6 0
2 )
and the
ware v essels . potsherds
which o ccur
a t a d ensity o f
( 95.69%) a re of S traw T empered wares comprise r esidue
s herds
a nd
wavy-handled
U ntempered ( 0.03%)
s herds
o f
P lu m
o ther
Red
wares
s herd
t ypes,
o f O range w are
v essels)
( M.A .
( deriving
Hoffman
a nd
N .
1 982).
r emains ( 53%),
r ecovered s heep/goat
consist p redominantly o f d omestic ( 37%) and p ig
287
( 9%)
( J.
McArdle
i n
0
4
T rench S truc ture C ompac t C lay Mudbr ick n7
r
A r t if ic ia l D epress ion A sh
E I PT
P o s t Ho le
r i
P oss ib le P o s t H o le
H offman,
1 982).
T he b otanical r emains c onsist mainly o f g rains and
s pikelets o f wheat, a nd c harcoal o f A cacia a nd T amarix ( N . E l H adidi i n
H offman, R are
1 982) .
a rtifacts
a t
H K-29
i nclude
a s tone
p endant,
r homboidal s late p alette a nd s everal d iorite v ase L arge H K-29 .
n umbers
M cHugh
S tructure t hough
not
p ublished, d rills,
s quare
t he
B efore
d escribing
McHugh
t he
w riter,
i t
u ndertaken
a rtifacts
t he
f rom
1 984c]),
f rom w ith
a lso
f rom
b y
( late
H K-14
b een
s quare
( 1982:
f lakes,
material
i s
f ollowing
H K-11C
h ave
material
9 0)
( Amratian,
5 3 .6% o f
s quare
H K-29
3 550 3 625
i s
s crapers, t he
10L10
t ools 3 5% .
a t
a nd
o ther
H K-29
l ocalities
and h is a ssociates .
l ocalities
Amratian,
f or
which
t hat
t o c onsider o ther s tudies t hat
f rom
H offman
10L10
n otes
b lades a nd b ladelets,
f rom
i mportant
m ade o f l ithic a rtifacts
c lassified:
r ecovered
l ithic a rtifacts a ssociated
while H offman h as a lready analyzed,
a nd r etouched
H ierakonpolis
1 28,
t he
g ravers a nd b urins a ccount
17L13,
a nalyzed b y t he
H assan,
a rtifacts
i n t his c hapter.
p erforators,
h ave b een
l ithic
I I i n square 17L13,
d escribed f rom
o f
( 1982) h as a nalyzed
a b roken
f ragments .
h ave
a lready
+ 7 0
B .C .
+1 .50
b een
[ Harlan,
B .C .
a t
T he l ithic s orted 1 980;
[ Hoffman,
a nd
1 982;
1 970:
1 20-
1 40-141, 1 53-155; 1 972a; H assan, 7984c]), H K-29 ( late Amratian,
3 500 + 6 0 H assan, 2 6-33)
B .C .
[ McHugh,
1 984c]), a nd
( Hoffman,
A rchaic
1 970:
a ssemblage a nalyzing
1 982;
H K-54
p eriod
8 5,
s tone
1 97-200) .
d escribed t he
H offman,
( transitional
1 0;
a rtifacts
I n
h ere,
1 982:
a ddition,
t he
a uthor
G erzean a ssemblage
a nd
u npublished
Amratian-Gerzean f rom s ince
h as
f rom
t he
K am
t he
1 982:
e l-Ahmar
a nalyzing
h ad
d ata;
[ Hoffman, t he
H K-29
o pportunity
o f
t he t emple-complex a t H K-29A
( Holmes, 1 987a; c f. p . 1 8), a nd t he a nalysis o f material r ecovered i n m ore
r ecent
f ield s easons
i s s till c ontinuing .
A lthough H offman h ad a lready s orted a nd c lassified t he a ssemblage p ublished
f rom h is
t hemselves a vailable
h is
h e
HK-29,
available
i nformation
o n
made
t o
me
i nsights
c o-workers
making
h ave
a nd
i n
E gypt,
n o
t ypology) .
w ith
( although H offman 's
t he
l ithic
l ithic h aving
a rtifacts
s tudy.
g leaned
While
t he
a rtifacts
t ools",
c lasses
s uch a s g ravers, w hich
[ 1982]
d ivides
and
f rom
f rom made
t ools
other s ome
i nto
s pokeshaves,
c an
a f irst-hand H offman a nd
c lassification
" multifunctional
u nfortunately,
f rom
I n a ddition,
American
a ssemblages
s cheme
" pointed
p oints
a N orth
M cHugh
t ools", f lake
b oth
not
m ethod o f d ocumentation
u nderstanding
employed
c omparisons
e fficacious
t hough
f or
P redynastic
e xamination o f a c ollection o f a rtifacts. h is
a nd
m ay h ave b een a dequate f or a c omparison w ith P redynastic
f rom o ther a reas
t he
a t
g enerously
r esults
p ublished
H ierakonpolis
10L10
r esults,
a nd
a ssemblages r eplace
s quare
s cheme
r egions
u se
g roups
o f s uch
t ools",
l ess
T ixier's a s
" edge
a nd i ncludes t ools,
a nd
a re n ot a lways c learly d efined,
g eneralized e dge
a nd
which a re n ot u sed i n s tandard t ypological s chemes s uch a s t hose o f T ixier
( 1963),
d e
S onneville-Bordes a nd
1 956b), a nd d e H einzelin matter
what
t ypology, l anguage
i t
d espite
u sing more o r T hus
i t
a n i s
i s
c ategories
( 1962).
a rchaeologist's important i ts
f or
p hilosophy
as
t o
r etain
t o
P rehistorians
l ess t he s ame s et o f s tone such
( 1954;
1 955;
c oncerning
a rchaeologists
i nadequacies .
c onvenient
P errot
1 956a;
I t i s t he writer's opinion t hat n o
a t
endscrapers,
i n
w orldwide
t ool c lasses
l east
f or
a rtifact t he
s ame
h ave
b een
a l ong t ime .
t he c onventional b roader
burins,
2 89
t alk
notches,
e tc.,
only
i ntroducing
n ew
c lasses
a g iven r egion a nd/or t hough
i n
p art
F inally,
t o u se
appear
a s
t he a rtifact a ssemblages
t o r equire.
f or
i nter-regional
Hoffman's
o f
s cheme,
o f c omplications
w hich
c omparisons.
t he e xa mination of t he a ssemblage f rom HK-29 g ave t he
a n o pportunity
a rtifacts,
s ubclasses
' conventional' a lso h as a n umber
m ake i t u nwieldy
w riter
a nd
period
a nd
t o
t o r ecord t he
note
d imensions
o f
t he
t ools
a nd
o ther
c ertain o ther a ttributes.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE L ITHIC ARTIFACTS F ROM S QUARE 10L10 AT H K-29 T here i s a total of 3 557 l ithic a rtifacts f rom square -10L10 a t HK-29.
T he majority a re made of b eige c oloured
l east
i n
p art,
available
a s
nodules
s lopes i n t he H ierakonpolis a rea a re
no
l i mestone
n odules
o utcrops
a vailable
was b rought
i s
f rom
i n
l imited .
i n
the
( McHugh,
t he I t
a rea
i s
1 982:
and
l ikely
sources o utside of
f lint
wadis
9 1),
t he
t hat
a t
1 p erforator,
4 c ores of
a nd
q uartz
1 5
2 c ores)
p ieces
which
i s
o f
a re
a t
t alus
although t here
l east
t he H ierakonpolis
of
f lint
s ome
f lint
r egion,
for
A f ew a rtifacts
m ade o f s ilicified
d ebitage
i s,
t he
quantity
e xample f rom l imestone o utcrops north o f E sna. b urin,
which
and o n
l imestone,
10L10
( 1
w hile
( 0 .6%
o f
t he
focally available
i n
g reat abundance a s q uartz
a ssemblage)
a re
n odules. T he square
main
l ithic
10L10
assemblage
a re
a rtifact
g iven
consists
s econdary b lades
T here
a re
n o
T hree
i dentified s tudy
t he
d ata
f or
t he
T he f lakes. 25)
f lakes .
f lakes.
t he
evidently 3 .93,
w as
a t
t he
a nd
more
8 1 .6%
d uring
t hey
a re
o f
t he
i nsufficient
H owever,
HK-29,
m anufacture
t hey a re
b lades
b lades
a re
l ength o btained, the
t hicker,
a t
s imilar
H K-29
blades a s
i .e.,
i t
t he
small, 3 5 .3
a re
a nd
mm,
which
i n
i n
a re
v isit
t o
t o r ecord a ny
g enerally
morphology
small
a nd
to
t he
f lakes
f airly
r egular
a nd
f rom t hat
u sed t o
m anufacture t he
t he
m ajority
i s b ased
are
a ppears more
more p rone t o being b roken. mm
c ores
b rief
t ime
f lake g lossy
p redominant t he
t hat
robust
o n
regarded i t
i s
b lades,
a re
o nly as
o nly t hat
a re
b roken .
a small being
t he
H owever,
t here
T hus
t he
n umber
( n-
s lightly
s horter
u nbroken.
t herefore,
I t i s a lso possible t hat t hey t ended t o
M any o f t he b lades a re o f b ladelet p roportions
w idth).
c learly
some what
s urvived
T he r emainder t end t o b e t hinner a nd n arrower a nd were, be l onger.
a o f
to have been produced by a hard h ammer p ercussion
s econdary
u nrepresentative, and
a nd
f lakes.
N agada.
T he
of
T he
r epresented
t he p roduct o f a t echnology s eparate a verage
( 55.9%) f ollowed by c ore
b eing
t here
f or T he
and cores are also p resent.
U nfortunately,
a ssemblage,
Overall,
f rom
f requencies
r espectively.
P rimary d ebitage,
a re was
r atio
c ores .
s econdary
t echnique.
c lass
8 .2,
( 14.5%).
t echnology
p roduction
f lake
b road and appear s tudied
b lade
f lake:blade
H K-29
a nd
b lades o r a xe p reparation
t echnologies
F lake a s
t ools
b urin spalls
a s eparate
t he
8 .1
mainly of secondary f lakes
c rested
b ladelets. a ctivity,
main tool
c ategory comprises mainly b iface t hinning
b lank
t echnology,
and
t ables
( 14.2%) a nd
r ejuvenation p ieces, ' other d ebitage'
i n
i s
n o c lear
d ivision,
t he
( i.e.
< 1 2
m anufacturing
p rocess p roducing a c ontinuous r ange o f small b lades a nd b ladelets. T hese p roducts h ave mainly small,
u nfaceted,
2 90
l enticular p latforms w ith
T able 8 .1 MAJOR L ITHIC ARTIFACT F REQUENCIES
F OR H K-29,
P rimary f lakes
2 20
6 .8
P rimary b lades
2 2
0 .7
S econdary f lakes
1 802
5 5.9
S econdary b lades
4 59
1 4.2
D ebris
3 32
C ore
r ejuvenation p ieces
-
1 1
C rested b lades
0 .3
0
B urin s palls
0 .0
9 9
A xe p reparation
f lakes
3 .1
0
0 .0
Q uartz d ebitage
1 5
0 .5
O ther d ebitage
9 1
2 .8
T otal d ebitage
3 051
C ores
3 8
1 .2
T ools
4 68
1 4.5
T OTAL
H IERAKONPOLIS
3 557
T OTAL
( excluding d ebris)
3 225
1 00.0
N ote:
p ercentages a re c alculated e xcluding d ebris.
small p ronounced b ulbs o f p ercussion s uggesting a t echnique o ther d irect h ard h ammer A lthough
t han
p ercussion w as u sed .
t here
a re
f ive
b lade
c ores
i n
t he
a ssemblage,
t hey
a re
e xtremely i rregular and exhausted with s teep platfor m angles.
O ne
core s hows c rushing of t he p latform and s everal i ncipient cones
of
percussion s uggesting t hat despite a v ery s teep platform angle the k napper
t ried d esperately
e ither
v ery
b lades
could
c ompletely t he
l ast
L /W
be
t o r educe
blade
d etached
r emoved,
f ew
o r
r emovals
cores with
t hey
were
t he c ore f rom
t he
a re
p attern
v ery
e longate
f urther.
which
of
r educed
f lakes
o nly
o f
T hese
c ores
b road,
r egular
a re
i rregular
blade
scars
f rom
which
f lake
c ores
b lade
p roportions
( i .e .,
> , 2 .00). S ome
a re
r educed
o f
g lossy
f rom
b lades,
s lightly
heat-treated
contain o ne t hird
t he
o r
b lank
cores.
most
f rom
t hose
o f
a ppearance
assemblage
h eat-treated t ool
t o
b e
b ladelet
s uggesting f rom
s ingle p latform
a ppears
p redominant
i n
T he
f airly r egular t echnology
o f b ladelets T he
p articularly
g lossy
square
b ladelet
r epresented,
v iz,
p roportions,
t hat
t hey
-10L10
c ore. t he
a re does
T hus
a
p roduction
c ores. s quare
101 , 70,
t able 8 .2) a re b urins ( 35.1%) a nd r etouched p ieces
c lasses
f rom
( 28.6%).
291
H K-29
( see
B ifacial
T able 8 .2 MAIN T OOL C LASS F REQUENCIES
E ndscrapers B urins
F OR H K-29,
2 3
5 .6
1 45
3 5.1 4 .8
N otches
2 0
D enticulates
1 3
3 .1
P erforators
1 0
2 .4
M icrodrills
8
T runcations
1 .9
1 9
4 .6
B acked p ieces
6
S ickle b lades
0
0 .0
S idescrapers
5
1 .2
P lanes
0
0 .0
T ransverse a rrowheads
4
1 .0
W inged d rills O ther
1 .5
1 4
A xes f ine b ifacial
3 .4
0
0 .0
3
0 .7
M iscellaneous b ifacial
1 8
4 .4
T OTAL B IFACIAL
3 5
8 .5
1 18
2 8.6
R etouched p ieces W orked t abular
s labs
M iscellaneous U nidentifiable b roken t ools
percentages
a re
f orm
t he
0
0 .0
7
1 .7
5 5
4 68
1 00.0
calculated
excluding
T OTAL Note:
H IERAKONPOLIS
unidentifiable
b roken
t ools.
t ools a nd
o ther
also
8 .5% f ine
include
o f
b ifacial
t ool a nd
a ssemblage
endscrapers,
m icrodrills,
t runcations,
a rrowheads.
T he t ools a re
a nd
m iscellaneous notches,
b acked
292
o f
s idescrapers
f lakes
w inged
t ools.
denticulates,
p ieces,
m ade o n both
consist b ifacial
d rills,
T he
t ools
perforators, a nd
a nd b lades.
t ransverse
D ata f or
C ores
I ndividual L ithic A rtifact C ategories
( Tables
8 .3 and
T here a re
8 .4)
3 8 cores
( 1.2% of t he assemblage) f rom square 10L10
consisting p redominantly of cores
b ladelet cores. mm .
f lake cores
T hey a re T he
cores. i n
T here a re a lso
f lake
5
2 s ingle platform
T he a verage core d imensions a re:
t hus
3 7.6 x 3 7.0 x 2 8.1
r elatively small .
c ores
c omprise
mostly
with a f ew double platfor m, d eep,
( 81.6%).
c lassed as s ingle platfor m b lade cores and
s ingle
p latform speci mens
multiple platfor m and
( n=18)
i rregular
f lake
T he f lake cores h ave broad f lake scars v arying f rom f lat to a nd
f orm,
mostly
o f
medium
s ize .
a nd t here a re o nly
F requently
r are e longate
t he
f lake
s cars
s cars .
a re
i rregular
T he c ores
were
e vidently worked by h ard h ammer p ercussion and f our s how i ncipient c ones
o f
p ercussion .
1 i rregular
f lake
F our
c ore)
o f
t he
a re
f lakes
made
of
c ores
( 3
q uartz.
s ingle
One
p latform
f lake
c ore
a nd
( of
a
p inkish-beige f lint) i s glossy i n appearance suggesting i t h as been h eat-treated. A s v ery
mentioned
r educed
e longate t heir
and
f lake
a bove,
s cars
o f
e xhausted s tate
o f blades
t hat
T he
two
c ores
could
b lade
s how
n o
a nd
c ores
a l ess
c lassed
b e
a s
b lade
e xhausted
p roportions. i ndication
C ertainly
o f
h aving
i ndicative o f
c omprise r egular,
a g lossy
n on-glossy
c ores,
f lake
b eing
cores
t hese
p roduced
HK-29 asse mblage.
d isplay a g lossiness
b ladelet
s cars,
f ive
characterize t he
f ive b lade c ores
b ladelet
t he
i rregular,
with
c ores t he
i n
k inds
F our o ut of t he h eat
s pecimen
t reatment . w ith
s pecimen .
T he
r egular f ormer
i s s uggestive of t he i ntentional manufacture of heat-treated small b lades and b ladelets. b lade c ore
t he
f inal
T he s econd core
r emovals
f rom
T hese t wo b ladelet c ores c learly
may
r epresent
a n
r epresent
a s eparate
manufacturing
T able 8 .3 C ORE C LASSES R EPRESENTED AT H K-29,
S ingle p latform f lake c ores
1 8
H IERAKONPOLIS
4 7.4
D ouble p latform f lake c ores
3
M ultiple p latform f lake
1
2 .6
9
2 3.7
S ingle p latform b lade c ores
5
1 3.2
S ingle p latform b ladelet
2
5 .3
I rregular
T otal
c ores
f lake c ores c ores
e xhausted
which were o f b ladelet p roportions.
3 8
293
7 .9
1 00.1
T able D ATA F OR C ORES F ROM
N o.
8 .4
H K-29,
H IERAKONPOLIS
o f s triking p latforms: 1
2 5
( n=38)
6 5.8
2
3
7 .9
3
1
2 .6
4
0
0 .0
o ther/irregular
9
2 3.7
7
1 8.4
P latform p reparation: n o e dge s trengthening r emovals t iny e dge s trengthening r emovals
3
7 .9
c ontinuous e dge s trengthening r emovals
0
0 .0
2 7 1
7 1.1 2 .6
i rregular, o ther
l arge a nd s mall c hip s cars
P latform s urface: l arge f lake s car
1 4
s cars o f p revious
f lake
r emovals
3 6.8
6
1 5.8 1 0.5
s cars o f p latform s urface p reparation r emovals
4
a ncient p atina
1
2 .6
c ortex
3
7 .9
u npatinated n atural
f lint s urface
0
o ther/irregular
0 .0
1 0
2 6.3
E xtent o f w orking o f c ore: o ne a rea w orked o ne f ace
1 6
2 .6 1 5.8
h alf o f p eriphery
8
2 1.1
m ost
9
2 3.7
o f p eriphery
e ntire p eriphery
1 3
3 4.2
t wo f aces
0
0 .0
o ther
1
2 .6
D imensional s tatistics: m ean L ength
r ange
3 8
3 7.55
1 1.49
1 3-59
3 8
3 6.97
1 1.06
2 1-61
( max)
3 8
2 8.08
9 .41
1 5-56
W idth/Thickness
3 8
1 .37
0 .34
0 .58-2.40
W idth
( max)
s .d.
( max)
T hickness
N ote:
m easurements a re
p rocedure p ressure
f rom t hat
i n m m.
r epresented b y t he
t echnique.
Both
f lake c ores,
b ladelet
s trengthening r emovals a t t he p latform .
2 94
cores
s uch a s a p unch o r
d isplay
t iny
edge
T able 8 .5 D ATA F OR S ECONDARY B LADES F ROM
H K-29,
H IERAKONPOLIS
B reaks: n one
2 5
m inor
0
b roken
1 87
D imensional s tatistics
f or
u nbroken b lades: mean
s .d.
r ange
L ength
2 5
3 5.28
8 .03
1 8-53
W idth
2 5
1 1.94
3 .75
7 -24
T hickness
2 5
3 .18
1 .61
1 -7
L ength/Width
2 5
3 .12
0 .87
2 .06-4.82
T hickness/Width
2 5
0 .27
0 .13
0 .09-0.57
m ean
s .d.
r ange
D imensional
s tatistics f or
b roken b lades:
W idth
1 84
1 1.98
4 .09
5 -24
T hickness
1 87
2 .70
1 .39
0 .5-11
T hickness/Width
1 84
0 .23
0 .09
0 .05-0.52
m ean
s .d.
r ange
D imensional s tatistics
f or
a ll b lades:
W idth
2 09
1 1.98
4 .05
5 -24
T hickness
2 12
2 .76
1 .42
0 .5-11
T hickness/Width
2 09
0 .23
0 .09
N ote:
m easurements a re i n mm.
Secondary
blades
S econdary a ssemblage . f or
0 .05-0.57
( Tables
blades
8 .6)
constitute
A l ittle
a nalysis
8 .5 a nd
u nder
h alf
1 4.2% o f
t he
( n=459) of b lades
b y a r andom s ampling p rocedure,
8 8% a re b roken,
b lade
a re
l ength o f t hese t he
whole
s lightly
i s
O nly 3 5 .3
speci mens
more
r obust
2 5 mm.
( 12%)
H owever,
appear t han
t he
to be
c ompared b lades
295
l ithic
s elected
many b eing
whole specimens. w ith
t he
r elatively t hick.
b roken
HK-29 were
a s t here was i nsufficient
t ime to s tudy t he e ntire g roup. f ragments.
t he
( n=212)
which,
T he
merely average
b roken
b lades
T hey a re
t herefore,
t hus
may
b e
T able 8 .6 S TRIKING P LATFORM D ATA F OR S ECONDARY B LADES F ROM H K-29,
H IERAKONPOLIS
m ean
s .d.
r ange
P latform a ngle
1 8
1 06.83
8 .31
P latform t hickness
7 6
1 .49
1 .13
0 .5-6
P latform w idth
7 6
5 .28
3 .16
0 .5-13
P latform p reparation:
R NS
P latform s hape:
0
u nfaceted
9 4-124
6 4
0 .0
r ectangular
6 6.0
0
0 .0
l enticular
2 9
2 9.9
2 2
2 2.7
d ihedral
4
4 .1
i rreg.
l entic.
m ultifaceted
2
2 .1
i rreg.
w ide
8
1 9.6
i rreg.
t riang.
3
3 .1
2
2 .1
t hinned
1 9
8 .2
c rushed
2
2 .1
g ull-winged
o ther/irregular
6
6 .2
o ther/irregular
3 3
3 4.0
t otal
9 7
1 00.0
t otal
9 7
1 00.1
B ulb o f p ercussion: d iffuse s mall,
2 1
2 1.6
s lightly
p ronounced s mall,
f raillure:
p ronounced
5 1
5 2.6
1 0
1 0.3
o ther/irregular
1 5
1 5.5
t otal
9 7
1 00.0
8 8
9 0.7
p resent
1 8
1 8.6
a bsent
7 9
8 1.4
t otal
9 7
1 00.0
P reparation s cars: p resent a bsent
9
t otal
9 7
why t hey d id not b reak.
9 .3 1 00.0
T hey a lso s eem t o b e c omparatively s hort.
H ence t he a verage l ength o btained H K-29 b lades b efore O verall,
t he
m ay n ot b e r epresentative o f a ll t he
m any o f t hem b roke .
b lades
h ave
a n
a verage
2 96
w idth o f 1 2 .0
mm,
a n a verage
1
t hickness T hus a re
o f 2 .8 mm, a nd a n a verage t hickness/width r atio o f 0 .23.
L
g enerally,
t he
b lades
a re
o f b ladelet p roportions .
r elatively
H owever,
a s eparate g roup f rom t he b lades.
T he
g eared t o p roducing b lanks v arying t he
w hole, T he
o r
s ample
o f
p latforms
i rregularly
t able
8 .6).
b lades
a re
b asic
i n
b lades
s hape,
h ave
p ronounced
s how small,
f requently
d ata
a nd
t he
t hey
a re
t he
f rom
t he
t echnique
r esult
small,
o r
o f
mainly ( 53%) .
p .
was
t hose
o f
p roximal
u nfaceted
b ladelet
e nds.
a nd
A f ew
s hape
t runcated,
b ulbs
( 10%)
T he
l enticular
' other/irregular'
small,
O n
m argins .
( see
s lightly
a re
small
M ost o f t he b lades
a nd
( 91%)
i rregular p latform p reparation s cars.
r egularity
o f
o f
t he
a s pecialized
u sed
t o
b lades
b lade
m anufacture
o r p ressure t echnique w as u sed b lades,
4 2% f orm
t echnology
w ith p arallel
s urviving
w ith a c lear p oint o f p ercussion .
p latform
A bout
t hey d o n ot
b lank
( including
with
p redominantly
l enticular T he
n arrow .
f rom small b lades t o b ladelets .
s tudied
p ronounced b ulbs o f p ercussion
B adari
a nd
t he b lades a nd b ladelets a re r egular
p roportions) c ontained 9 7 p ieces s triking
t hin
s tatistically,
t echnology
t he
t o d etach
c learly
f lakes.
t he
b lades
T he
i ndicate q uite
t hat
s eparate
P ossibly a p unch ( cf .
c omments
f or
1 17-118) .
2 2.2% o f t he blades h ave a g lossy o r s lightly glossy appearance s uggestive o f h eat t reatment. p roportions.
I t
t echnology
a t
s eems
l ikely
H K-29,
Most o f t hese t hat
t hese
c onsisting
( predominantly)
f rom
r epresented i n t he
a ssemblage
o f
t he
heat-treated
( 60%) a re o f b ladelet
s pecimens
r epresent
p roduction
c ores,
o ne
o f
such
a t hird
b ladelets core
being
s tudied .
E ndscrapers ( Table 8 .7; F ig. 8 .3h) A fter b urins a nd r etouched p ieces, i mportant f lakes f lake
t ool
c lass
p redominate b lanks
f lakes.
( 44%)
c onsist
i n
t he
f ollowed
o f
e ndscrapers f orm t he n ext most
10L10 b y
a ssemblage .
( Table
8 .8;
r elatively b road,
s hort
( 30%) .
p rimary a nd
o n T he
s econdary
T hirteen e ndscrapers h ave
o ne o f w hich h as b acking
F ig.
E ndscrapers
e ndscrapers o n b lades
T he b lades a re mainly r egular.
a dditional r etouch,
B urins
( 5 .6%)
r etouch .
8 .4a-b)
B urins c onstitute t he most d ominant t ool c lass f rom H K-29 f orming 3 5% o f t he t ool a ll
t he
b urins
a complete s elected
o n
o f
t he
f orm
many
t hicknesses t hickness)
o f
b urins
i n
s quare
a ll
o f a nd were
would
a re
f orm .
t he
r ecording t hese p ractised,
A lthough
f rom
b urin
10L10,
t he
b urins,
s ubclass t ime a nd
w as
r ecorded
c onstraints a t hird
f or
p revented
was
r andomly
( 56%),
which a re
s tudy .
r egular
b reaks
' Since
a nalysis
f or
M ost m ainly
a ssemblage . ( n=145)
t he
m ain
b lades t o
o n
a re
s ubclass
p latform made
m ade
2 9%
a re
o n
s econdary
( 39%) .
v ery
widths, t he
s econdary b lades
t hin 0 .5
with
b ias .
2 97
v ery
small
measurements mm.
measurements t o t he n earest i ntroduce g reater
S ingle
b urins
2 2% a re d ouble b urins.
t hese
n earest
f lakes.
I t 1 mm,
was a s
( as
p latform well
t hought
a s
t hat
w as n ormally
T able 8 .7 D ATA F OR E NDSCRAPERS F ROM
H K-29,
H IERAKONPOLIS
( n=23)
B reaks: n one
1 6
m inor
1
b roken
6
i ntentional(?)
b reak
0
S ubclass: s ingle e ndscraper
o n
s ingle e ndscraper
o n b lade
o ther
f lake
1 0 7
s ingle e ndscraper
2
d ouble e ndscraper o n b lade
1
d enticulated e ndscraper
3
T ool b lank: P rimary
f lake
5
P rimary b lade
3
S econdary
f lake
6
S econdary b lade
5
c ore
r ejuvenation p iece
( side-blow)
1
c ore t ablet i ndeterminate
N o.
1 f lake/blade
2
o f s crapers w ith a dditional
r etouch:
1 3
D imensional s tatistics: m ean
s .d.
r ange
L ength
1 7
4 8.00
1 2.37
2 9-74
W idth
2 2
2 8.77
5 .38
2 2-43
T hickness
2 3
1 1.39
4 .03
L ength/Width
1 7
1 .74
0 .60
0 .84-3.13
T hickness/Width
2 2
0 .42
0 .15
0 .19-0.81
N ote:
m easurements a re
4 2%
o f
t he
b urins
w ith b acking r etouch. a m ean
o f
3 8 .3
mm .
6 -22
i n mm.
s tudied
h ave
a dditional
r etouch,
T he b urins v ary i n l ength f rom T he a verage
l ength/width
2 98
i ncluding
2 3 t o
r atio i s
1 .94 .
7 2
mm
two w ith
a
0
F ig.
8 .3
T ools
f rom
b acking d -f,
1
.2
cm
H K-29,
r etouch;
s quare b ,
microdrills;
b lade;
i ,
10L10 .
b acked g ,
p iece;
b roken
p erforator.
2 99
a ,
c onvex
c ,
b lade
t runcation
t ransverse
t ool;
h ,
w ith
a rrowhead;
endscraper
o n
T able
8 .8
D ATA F OR B URINS F ROM H K-29,
B reaks: n one
3 2
H IERAKONPOLIS *
6 6.7
m inor
9
1 8.8
b roken
7
1 4.6
T ool
s ubclass:
s ingle b urins o n b reak o n
5 6
o blique s traight
o n s traight o n o ther o n
t runc.
t runcation
t runcation
4 .1
2
1 .4
9
r etouched e dge
3 8.6
6
1 0
6 .2 6 .9
o n u nretouched e dge
7
4 .8
o n b acked b lade
0
0 .0
o ther
9
6 .2
t otal
( 99)
( 68.3)
d ouble b urins o n
1 b reak
o n
2 b reaks
1 b urin b urins
1 3
o n b reak n ot o n b reaks
b roken,
p latforms
2 .8
2
1 .4
1 1
i ndet.
7 .6 0 .7
t otal
( 31)
d ihedral
9 .0
4
( 21.4)
b urins
d ihedral
5
3 .4
a ngle
1
0 .7
0
0 .0
( 6)
( 4.1)
3
2 .1
d ihedral
m ultiple
d ihedral
t otal
m ultiple b urins o n
1 b reak, o n b reak
b urin(s) o ther
n ot
e nd
o n b reaks b oth e nds
1
b urins n ot
5
3 .4
( 9)
( 6.2)
o n b reaks
t otal
1 45
T OTAL B URINS
T ool
b lank: p rimary
5 1
f lakes
p rimary b lades s econdary
1 00.0
1 0.4 2 .1
f lakes
1 4
2 9.2
s econdary b lades
2 7
5 6.3
c ore
r ejuvenation p ieces
1
( side-blow) N o.
0 .7
2 .1
o f b urins w ith a dditional r etouch
( excl.
r etouch
s upporting b urin
D imensional
f acets):
2 0
4 1.7
s tatistics: m ean
s .d.
r ange 2 3-72
L ength
4 1
3 8.27
1 1.24
W idth T hickness
4 8 4 8
2 1.00 7 .90
6 .73 3 .80
1 3-43 3 -22
L ength/Width
4 1
1 .94
0 .73
0 .72-3.86
T hickness/Width
4 8
0 .38
0 .14
0 .16-0.73
• T ool s ubclass r ecorded f or a ll b urins ( n.145) f rom H K-29 S quare 10L10 . R emaining a ttributes r ecorded f or a t hird ( n.48) o f t he b urins. N ote:
m easurements a re
i n mm"
3 00
-
-
a
0 I
1
2 cm
b
C
F ig.
8 .4
B urins
and
notch
f rom
HK-29,
square
b reak; b , double burin; c , notch.
3 01
10L10.
a ,
b urin
on
T able
8 .9
D ATA F OR N OTCHES F ROM H K-29,
B reaks:
H IERAKONPOLIS
( n=20)
T ool b lank:
n one
1 2
m inor
5
b roken
3
p rimary f lakes
5
p rimary b lades
1
f lakes
8
s econdary b lades
s econdary
4
t hin n odular
1
f lint
c hunks
N otch t ype:
N o.
1
o f n otches w ith a dditional r etouch:
c lactonian
1 3
9
r etouched
( normal)
5
r etouched
( irregular)
6
D imensional s tatistics: m ean
s .d.
r ange
N otch w idth
2 0
1 3.70
4 .08
7 -22
N otch d epth
2 0
2 .90
0 .94
2 -5
L ength
1 7
4 2.82
1 3.90
2 6-83
W idth
1 9
3 2.63
1 1.77
1 6-69
T hickness
2 0
1 2.55
3 .93
L ength/Width
1 6
1 .41
0 .57
0 .67-2.78
T hickness/Width
1 9
0 .43
0 .16
0 .19-0.88
N ote:
m easurements a re
Notches
6 -21
i n m m.
( Table 8 .9; F ig. 8 .4c)
N otches f orm 4 .8% ( n=20) o f t he square 10L10 a ssemblage. a re m ainly m ade o n f lakes . r etouch,
5 b y n ormal
n otches h ave
m inor o r
D enticulates
a re
N ine o f t he n otches a re
r etouch
s ize a nd
f orm,
6 b y i rregular
a dditional
r etouch .
M ost o f t he
r etouch .
( Table 8 .10)
D enticulates a ccount f or m ade o n s econdary f lakes .
a dditional
a nd
i rregular
T hey
m ade b y c lactonian
a nd
r etouch
f requently ( mostly
3 .1% o f t he H K-29 t ool a ssemblage . M ost T he d enticulate r etouch i s v ariable i n i t
i s
m inor
o r
i rregular. i rregular).
302
F our
d enticulates h ave
T able
8 .10
D ATA F OR D FNTICULATES F ROM H K-29,
B reaks:
H IERAKONPOLIS
( n=13)
T ool b lank:
n one
6
p rimary f lakes
0
m inor
2
p rimary b lades
0
b roken
5
s econdary
f lakes
8
s econdary b lades
5
N o.
o f d enticulates w ith a dditional 4
r etouch:
D imensional s tatistics: m ean
s .d.
r ange
'9
4 6.11
7 .71
3 6-58
W idth
1 2
2 7.00
7 .16
1 5-43
T hickness
1 3
1 1.77
5 .49
1 .80
0 .48
1 .27-2.45
0 .44
0 .18
0 .17-0.80
L ength
L ength/Width
8
T hickness/Width
N ote:
1 2
5 -23
m easurements a re i n m m.
P erforators ( Table 8 .11; F ig. 8 .3i) P erforators
f orm
2 .4%
s hort, b road f lakes. a re
m ainly a chieved
e nd o f t he b lank. b e s hort,
o f
t he
H K-29
t ool
a ssemblage .
T hree a re made o n b lades. b y
T he
d irect t ips
o f
r etouch t he
a long
b oth
p erforators
M ost
a re
T he p erforator
o n
t ips
l ateral e dges o f o ne
m ade
o n
f lakes
t end
t o
3 s howing a r elatively c lear d egagement.
T he p erforators v ary f rom 1 8 t o 5 8 mm i n l ength w ith a mean o f 3 9 .3
mm .
T he
a verage o f
l ength/width
1 .12,
e nough t o g ive a l ength f or t he l ength/width
M icrodrills
( Table
M icrodrills ( n=8;
1 .9%).
r atios
v ary
f rom
0 .70
t o
1 .29 a nd
y ield a n
t hough none o f t he p erforators o n b lades a re whole m easurement,
r atio
8 .12; f orm
T hey a re
h ence t he
l ow
(
8 m m
R etouch
t o a s
d escription
( Fig .
C .6):
T here
i s
v irtually a n
i nfinite
v ariety
o f r etouch f orms, a nd t he f ollowing d escriptions r epresent n o more t han a n a ttempt t o d ivide t his continuum o f c ategories
with
which
t o
c onvey
some
i dea
f orms of
i nto convenient
t he
r etouch
s tyles
e ncountered. g rignotage:
continuous, r etouch
n ormal:
a s
small,
d efined
non-invasive
retouch
equidi mensional approxi mately
non-invasive,
b y T ixier
( 1963:
consisting
p roporti ons
parallel
4 50
s ides
' nibbling'
3 3) . o f
s cars
o f
with
mostly
and
r ounded
a
F ig.
C .3
Retouch
position.
a lternating;
e ,
a ,
d irect;
a lternate .
4 5 1 1
b ,
i nverse;
c ,
b ifacial;
d ,
n on-invasive;
C O
4 52
i nvasive .
0
a
b
C
d
e
F ig.
C .5
R etouch s ize. a , very small; b , small; e ,
very l arge.
4 53
c ,
mediu m; d ,
large;
t erminations. r etouch
n ormal-scalar:
s calar
consisting
b road- scars
s calar:
( "retouche n ormal subparallel:
a
t hat
e n
mixture
a mixture
s ided
and
r etouch
t owards
o f
nor mal
s cars
t end
[ cf. B ordes,
e xpand
" caille"
of
( subparallel
s quare subparallel:
o f
of
normal
and
s cars.
and
a re
to
b e
t ermination
[ 1961:
s ubparallel
l onger
t han
o f a m ixture
s quare s cars
a nd
l ess
o r
scars
p arallel-
t hey a re
1 961: 8 -10; T ixier et a l,
c onsisting
8 ]).
approximately
s quare s cars, more
t heir
B ordes
wide
1 980:
9 2]).
o f s ubparallel a nd
b eing
equidimensional
parallel-sided
with
s traight
t erminations. b road e longate r etouch
s ubparallel:
c omprising
b road
s ubparallel
s cars .
e longate s ubparallel:
s ubparallel o r
e longate p arallel:
l amellar
p arallel:
r etouch
more t imes
l ike
e longate
more
r egular.
l onger
t han
s cars
t ending
t hey a re
s ubparallel
' retouch c onsisting which h ave
w ith
t o
b e
two
s cars
a re
w ide.
e xcept
t he
o f r egular p arallel-sided
l ength/width
r atios
o f
scars
well o ver
2 :1.
C OUVRANTE R ETOUCH R etouch
s ize:
T he
r elative
s ize
t o
c ouvrante
t erms
u sed a re:
s mall m edium l arge ' Small' i n
more i .e .
r efers
l ength, i n
' large' s cars
l ength,
and
a pproximately
i s
d escribed
t hose
' medium' scars
1 0-20
F latness o f r etouch: s cars
r etouch
a re
s cars a re
mm
o r
l ess
mm
o r
t hose o f i nter mediate s ize,
T he r elative depth o r concavity o f t he r etouch
a s:
d eep,
1 0
mm.
f lat, r elatively
a pproximately
t hat a re approxi mately 2 0
o r
d eep.
454
a
F ig.
C .6
R etouch d escription c ,
s calar;
b road
d ,
e longate
e longate
c ategories,
a ,
n ormal subparallel; s ubparallel;
p arallel;
i ,
l amellar
4 55
g ,
n ormal; e ,
b ,
n ormal-scalar;
s quare subparallel;
e longate
p arallel.
s ubparallel;
f , h ,
D istribution
o f r etouch:
c entral
- c ouvrante
e dge
- e ssentially n on-invasive a fter
R etouch
r etouch
t he
e xtends
o ver o r
c entral p art o f a t ool .
i nvasive
r etouch
a pplied
main c ouvrante r etouch .
d escription:
b road
- r etouch consisting o f s cars t hat t end to b e a s w ide o r
w ider t han t hey
e xpansive - r etouch
a re
comprising
l ong .
s cars
which w iden t owards t heir
t ermination. e longate
- r etouch c omprising s cars t hat a re longer t han t hey a re
w ide .
e longate s ubparallel
( see
F ig.
C .6g)
e longate p arallel
( see
F ig.
C .6h)
l amellar p arallel
( see
F ig.
C .6i)
R ight lateral edge: T he r ight edge o f a b lank ( or tool o n a b lank) when t he b lank i s o riented with t he dorsal a spect upper most a nd t he p roximal e nd d ownwards.
Secondary blade: s till
c overed
b y
A blade
S econdary f lake: s till
c overed
with
l ess
t han
h alf
o f t he dorsal a spect
with
l ess
t han
h alf
o f t he dorsal a spect
R NS .
b y
A f lake R NS .
Thin nodular f lint: R elatively t hin n atural s lab o f f lint w ith c ortex, o r c ortex a nd a ncient p atina o n i ts s urface .
Thin
patinated
f ragment o f r aw
Tool blank: f lake,
T he
b lade,
Tranchet p reparation
piece:
A c omparatively
f lat,
b road n atural
p atinated
m aterial .
s upport
t hin
scar: f lake
o r
n odular
T he ( see
s car
s ubstrate o n which a t ool
f lint,
i s
made,
e .g.
e tc .
r esulting
f rom
b elow) .
456
t he
d etachment
o f a n
axe
4 57
p reparation
a xe
p repara t ion
T ranchet
technique:
T he
t ransversal d etachment o f a n a xe p reparation
f lake f rom o ne e dge o f a n a xe t o obtain a s uitable working a xe e dge ( Fig .
C .7) .
S ometimes
t he
f lake e xtending e ntirely i s a p artial t ranchet. r elated
t o b urin
a daptation
f rom
f orce a pplied
f rom o ne
i s n ot t o t he
F or
t echnology,
B aumgartel
w hile
S hafer
a s a v ariation o f b urin o r b lade t echnology. t echnique
i s
u nrelated
a s pecial r eduction
s ufficient t o r emove a o ther,
a nd
t he
r esult
T o V ignard ( 1921: 1 1) t he t echnique appeared
t echnology.
b lade
m argin
t o b oth
mode
i n
i ts
t echnologies own r ight .
4 58
a nd
( 1960:
3 5)
( 1983:
5 9)
H owever, m ust
i t
w as
an
r egards
i t
t he t ranchet
b e c onsidered a s
A ppendix
D
A N OTE ON S OME PRELIMINARY H EAT TREATMENT E XPERIMENTS
I NTRODUCTION E xperience
( by t he writer)
N ile V alley s hows t hat s tructure,
i t
i n
f lakes
working f lint f rom t he E gyptian
well.
I t
h as
a f ine
h omogeneous
a nd i t s eems d ifficult to see how s uch a n a lready good,
w orkable k ind o f r aw m aterial c ould b e s ignificantly i mproved b y t reatment .
H owever,
while s tudying t he
v illage s ites i n t he B adari d istrict, b ladelets
appeared
t o
be
g lossy
i n
material
h eat
f rom t he P redynastic
Ib egan to notice t hat a ll t he appearance
and
o f
a s omewhat
d ifferent c olour f rom t he majority o f t he o ther l ithic a rtifacts i n t he
collection.
Was
a specific
m anufacture o f t hese b ladelets, d etached b een h eat-treated?
variety
o r
o f
f lint
h ad t he c ores
sought
f or
f rom w hich t hey
T he p ossibility o f t he
t he were
l atter e xplanation
l ed m e t o c onduct a f ew p reliminary h eat t reatment e xperiments . T he
t hermal
a lteration
o f
s iliceous
i mprove t he f laking q ualities o f t he f or
e xample,
w ould
b e
1 964;
i nizan
m uch
p roperties
e t
m aterial
i s
i n
a l,
a re
s ubsequently 1 971;
l onger
p ossible
I nizan
1 976) .
colour
h eated e t a l,
o r
t o
m aterials i s
i n
m any c ases,
k nown
t o
e nabling,
f lakes t o b e r emoved i n p ressure-flaking t han
s imilar
f laked
l ithic
m aterial
u nheated
O ften
c hanges
1 976;
a nd
f ractured.
b etween
m aterial
a ccompanying
C happell,
B utler,
i n
f laking
appearance
c hanges
3 00 0 a nd
a nd
c hange
l ustrous
T hese
a bout
R ick a nd
a
( Crabtree t his
o ccur
4 00 0 C ( Purdy a nd 1 983)
when
when
t he
B rooks,
w ith s ome v ariation
d epending o n t he r aw material .
T HE E XPERIMENTS N ine T hese
f lakes
f lakes
a re
were u sed a ll
f rom
t he V alley o f t he K ings
i n
f our
s labs
o f
i n U pper
s eparate heat t reatment t rials. f lint
o btained
E gypt.
weathered o ut of t he l ocal E ocene l imestone. t he
f lint
v aries
p ink b anding. c olours
f rom
a d ull
g reyish
b eige
t he
e ntrance
o f
T he n atural colour o f
t o
a y ellowish
A M unsell S oil C olor C hart was
more s ystematically,
a t
T he nodules h ave r ecently b eige
w ith
u sed t o d ocument t he
t he c olour d ata b eing s ummarized i n t able
D .1. I n
all
t he
e xperiments,
t he
s and a nd p ut i nto a n e lectric h eat u p w ith t he s lowly
i nside
b elow a re
f or
f urnace when
t he
f urnace
f lakes
f urnace. i t
w hen
s tart
b uried
f lakes
w as switched o n,
i t
w as
s witched
i n b eakers o f
were a llowed t o
a nd a llowed t o c ool
o ff .
T he
t imes
g iven
t he p eriod t he f urnace w as m aintained a t t he t emperature
r equired a nd e xclude t he t ime i t t ook t he
were T he
f or t he f urnace t o h eat u p a t
o f a n e xperiment a nd t o c ool a t t he e nd .
E xperiment 1 : Two f lakes ( nos. 1 a nd 2 ) d etached f rom t he s ame b lock o f
f lint
3 00 ° C .
( block T his
n o .
1 )
w ere
t emperature
p laced
w as
i n
t he
m aintained
459
f urnace
f or
a bout
w hich 6 1
w as h eated t o
h ours .
T he
t wo
T able MUNSELL
COLOR
CHART
HEAT
D .1
READINGS
TREATMENT
F OR
FLAKES
E xperiment conditions
1
6 1 /2
2
h rs
3 50 ° C
4
1 /2
h rs
4 00 ° C 5 1 /2
N ote: ' Block d etached.
n o.'
1
7 .5YR 8 /4 5 YR 7 /3
5 YR 6 /4
2
1
7 .5YR 8 /4 5 YR 7 /3
5 YR 6 /4
1
1
5 YR
5 YR 6 /2
3
2
1 0YR
4
3
5 YR
5
2
1 0YR
6
3
5 YR
7
4
1 0YR
7 /3
1 0YR
5 /2
8
5
1 0YR
7 /3
1 0YR
5 /2
9
6
1 0YR
7 /2
1 0YR
6 /2
1
*
h rs
5 1 /2
1 5
r eading
After h eat t reatment
B lock n o.
3 50 ° C
3
C hart
C olor
B efore h eat t reatment
F lake n o.
3 00 ° C
I N
E XPERIMENTS
M unsell E xperiment n o.
USED
h rs
r efers
t o
t he
b lock
o f
6 /4
7 .5YR 6 /2
7 /3 7 /3
5 YR
7 .5YR 6 /2
7 /3 7 /3
f lint
6 /2
5 YR
f rom w hich
6 /2
t he
f lake
w as
f lakes u sed i n t his experi ment were l ight beige i n colour w ith p ink b anding.
H ence
t reatment' r eading o f
two
column t he
r eading
f lake
p er
Experi ment
5 1
readings a re
t able
D .1.
T he
2 :
f lakes i s
appeared
g iven
i n
more
t he
I n t his e xperiment,
hours.
f lakes
b locks c olour.
o f
F lake
( nos .
f lint .
T he
c olour
o f t he f lake. i n
i n t he
b eige
no.1
3 a nd F lake
4 )
t he
( from
n o .4
r eading
However,
u sed
h eat
' before heat
colour
1 )
t o a ny
colour
n o .3
D .1
was
heated
f urther s hows
r efers
s o o nly
t o
again
c hanges . a re
f rom
460
o ne
main
3 50 ° C
t o
s ee
T he
t wo
d ifferent
d ifferent t he
the c olours o f t he o ther b ands a re
f igure D .1.
a
t reatment' c olumn .
t his e xperiment
b lock
t able
i n
g ives
A fter heat
f urnace was maintained a t
block
i n
f rom
i n
u nifor m
' after
w hether a dditional h eating would l ead o ther
g iven
l ight
7 .5YR 8 /4, and t he p ink, a r eading of 5 YR 7 /3.
t reatment,
f or
Munsell
i n
b ands
b eige
o f
a rea
i ndicated
7 -5YR 7 /6
y e l low-orange
1 0YR 8 /2
l i ght b e ige
5YR 7 /3
b e ige
a
2 -5YR 6 /4 p ink-orange 5YR 8 /2
5YR
6 /2
2 -5YR 6 /4 7 -5YR 5YR
F ig.
D .1
C olour
8 /4 6 /2
c hanges d ue t o h eat
u nheated
f lake;
f lake
no .6
b lock
no .3 .
b ,
h eated
f lake i n
p ink-be ige
p ink-orange l i gh t b e ige
p ink-be ige
t reatment
no .4
heated
E xperiment
4 61
l i ght b e ige
3 .
i n
b anded
i n
E xperiment
A ll
f lakes
f lint, a re
2 ;
a , c ,
f rom
Experi ment s ignificant a nd
6 )
3 :
f rom
l ike
f lint .
s ee o n
i f
t he
t he
o f
o f
( nos.
t i me
t he
2 a nd
3 50 ° c f or 1 51 hours.
f lake n o .4 A gain,
l ength
a ppearance
d ifferent b locks
t emperature o f a nd
T o
e ffect
3 )
M unsell
heating
t wo
h ad
f lakes
any
( nos.
5
were heat-treated at a
F lake no .6 i s f rom b lock no .3,
i n t he p revious e xperiment,
t he
o f
f lint,
s hows a b anding o f
r eading g iven i n t able
D .1
i s
f or
t he
t he b eige
a rea equivalent t o b eige band o f f lake n o .4 f or which a r eading was l isted i n t able D .1.
F or t he r eadings o f t he o ther b ands s ee f igure
D .1.
E xperiment 4 : I n t his e xperiment, a s omewhat h igher t emperature ( 400 ° C ) was maintained ( for approximately 5 1 hours). T hree f lakes f rom
t hree d ifferent b locks o f
f lint
were u sed i n t his e xperiment .
THE RESULTS I n
a ll
t hese
e xperiments,
t here
were
o bservable
c olour
c hanges,
a nd t he f lint appeared t o b e s lightly l ustrous when s ubsequently r etouched. V arying t he t emperature i n t he r ange between 3 00 ° C and 4 00 ° C d oes not s eem h eating a fter
t ime .
b eing
c olour a fter T he
t o h ave had a ny e ffect;
H owever,
o ne f lake
h eat-treated
f or
w ith p ink b anding, t he
f irst
c olour
h eating
c hanges
t able D .1.
i mpressive 4 a nd 6 ,
i ron
c hanges
i n
t ime .
a d arker f or
t he
o f
which
was
f lint,
b rown
i ndicated
i n
a fter
t he
s econd
f lakes
a re
h eating . s hown
t he f lint h as b ecome s lightly d arker,
i n a nd
T his r eddening o f colour i s p robably d ue t o t he
f lint
( Purdy a nd
B rooks,
1 971) .
T he
most
among t he e xperimental f lakes a re s een w ith f lakes
a nd
i n
f act
r efit.
k ept a s a control,
c hanges
t he
i n c olour
O riginally a l ight b eige
e xperimental
which a re o f a b anded f lint.
b lock c olour
o f
a s econd
a nd
r ecorded
mostly more r ed i n h ue.
nor d oes e xtending
1 ) b ecame e ven d arker
i t b ecame a more u niform l ight b rown c olour
I n a ll c ases,
t he p resence
( no .
o f
t he
f igure
a lso
b anding
T he f lakes a re f rom t he A t hird,
r efits
o f
t he
s ame
u nheat-treated
o n
t o
f lint
t hese
o f
flake
f lakes.
t hese
T he
f lakes
are
D .1 .
EVIDENCE OF H EAT TREATMENT I N THE PREDYNASTIC T he r esults o f a ppear
t o
s upport
t hese p reliminary
t he
n otion
o f
t he
e xperiments B adari
a re
b ladelets
e ncouraging ( and
t ools
a nd made
o n t hese b ladelets) h aving b een s truck f rom h eat-treated c ores, t hese
b ladelets
a re
s how a r eddening
d efinitely
o f
' glossy '
o r
l ustrous
b eige
which
f lint
( almost
i s
b lack)
i s n ot
l ikely
t o
c olour.
M unsell B adari f lint,
A rea v ary
h ave C olor
3 000/6 f rom
a s a nd
i s b eige i n colour, and o nly a r elatively small
s ome v ariation o f b eige,
a d efinite
matt i n appearance. a re
a ppearance
c olour.
Most o f t he f lint f rom U pper E gypt s ometimes i t h as p ink b anding. T here i s p roportion
i n
' chocolate
M oreover,
most
b rown' U pper
a nd most o f t his nono r
a v ery
E gyptian
d ark
f lint
i s
b rown f airly
S o a ny r eddened a nd l ustrous l ooking a rtifacts
b een h eat-treated . C hart
r eadings
which appear
1 0YR 6 /2 t o
o btained
t o b e o n
6 /4 a nd
f rom
4 62
f or
2 1
u nheated, 7 .5YR 6 /2
t o
a rtifacts
f rom
b eige-coloured 6 /4 .
T here a re
s ingle values o f 1 0YR 5 /3,
1 0YR 7 /3,
7 .5YR 5 /2 and 7 .5YR 7 /2.
o f t he a rtifacts g ave r eadings o f 7 .5YR 6 /2. b ladelets
a nd
1 0
g lossy
b ladelet
t ools
f rom
a pparently h eat-treated b ladelet c ores o ther
f rom
A rea
5 YR 6 /2-4 5 YR
3 000/3)
g ave
t o 2 .5YR 5 /2 a nd
4 /2,
5 YR
5 /1,
5 YR
r eadings 5 YR
6 /1,
A rea
Twelve 9 g lossy
3 000/6,
a nd
two
( one f rom A rea 1 900 a nd t he
v arying
2 .5YR 6 /2.
5 /4,
I n c ontrast,
m ainly
f rom
5 YR 5 /2 a nd
T here a re s ingle r eadings o f 7 .5YR
5 /2,
7 .5YR
6 /2,
and
1 0YR
5 /2. T he most f requent v alue i s 2 .5YR 5 /2 ( for 6 s pecimens). T hus n ot o nly a re t hese p ieces l ustrous i n appearance, b ut t hey a re a lso m ostly q uite c onsiderably r eddened .
T hese t hermally-altered a rtifacts
a re f rom cores which were p robably beige i n colour ( in t he r ange o f 1 0YR
6 /2-4
t o
S ince
i n t he B adari
e asily
7 .5YR
d etached
n o
o bvious
i s
possible
6 /2-4)
f rom
r eason t hat
( whereas p erhaps
b efore
b eing
h eat-treated .
d istrict
l arge
r egular b lades w ere a pparently
u nheat-treated
f or
h eat-treating
t he
b ladelets
t he b lades
( 1983)
s uggest
were
m ay h ave
t hat
t han u nheated a rtifacts .
t he
c ores,
t here
b ladelet
d etached
a ppears
c ores . by
t o
b e
H owever,
i t
p ressure-flaking
w ere r emoved b y a p unch t echnique) a nd t he
h eat t reatment o f t he c ores C happell
b lade
f acilitated t his .
A lso,
R ick a nd
h eat-treated a rtifacts h ave s harper
T hus,
h eat t reatment
m ay h ave
b een
e dges
a way
o f
i mproving t he c utting a bility o f t he e dges o f t he g lossy b ladelets a nd g lossy
b ladelet
t ools .'
T he b ladelet c ores, t he
g lossy b ladelets a nd g lossy b ladelet t ools o f
M ostagedda i ndustry a re n ot
e vidence
o f h eat
t reatment .
t he o nly a rtifacts t o d isplay p robable
T he v ery l arge b lade k nife,
r ipple-flaking o n t he v entral a spect a rea,
i s
d efinitely h eat-treated .
w hereas
t he
u nretouched
f rom
C emetery
U C 9 799,
3 800
i n
t he
w ith
B adari
T he r etouch s cars a re v ery l ustrous
a reas
o f
t he
b lade
a re
q uite
matt
i n
a ppearance i ndicating t hat t he blade i tself was h eated and not t he c ore
f rom
mottled
w hich
i t w as s truck.
i s s omewhat u nusual b eing
B adarian v illage a nd c emetery a reas
i n t he
c oloration
o f
f lint f lake
a nd
A n umber
T he t he
l ustre
b rown.
a nd
i n
t he
c ollection,
a ppear
f rom
a s
a nd s ome
w ell a s
f lake
t he o ne b lade
t o h ave b een h eat-treated .
S ome o f t he b ladelets f rom t he N agada c emeteries appear f rom h eat-altered c ores, a nd t here a re a lso t he
c ollection .
f ifth t hat
o f
t he
t hey
l ooking
t he
H ierakonpolis
a ssemblage
b lades
a nd
b ladelets
g lossy
a re
f rom h eat-treated i n
t he
a ssemblage .
s quare 10L10 a ssemblage,
t he
w riter
f rom
c ore
H ierakonpolis
p resent o r
b ladelet
c ores,
a nd
n oted
i n a ll o f t hem .
b ladelet
cores
t hat
( Although
i n t he small
i n
a nd
T his
h eat-treated
s tandardized i n t he G erzean a s ( Holmes,
i s
f urther
b ladelet H K-14,
b ladelet
l ustrous t he
H K-29,
a ssemblages
t echnology
t here a re n o h eat-treated f rom
i n
o ne-
s uggesting
o ne
a nalyzing
h eat-treated p ieces t hat a re p robably b y-products t echnology .)
a bout
a ppearance
h as e xamined
h eat-treated
s tudied,
t here
S ince
s ample
t o b e
4 g lossy b ladelet t ools
I n
a re
a
t he
B adari d istrict a lso h ave a
s uggestive o f t hermal t reatment,
c ores f rom n early a ll t he l evels a t H emamieh, c ore
blade , cores
i s
b ladelets
t here a re a f ew o f
t he
b ladelet
t echnology s eems p articularly
r epresented b y t he
m aterial
f rom
H K-29A
1 987a) .
T hus,
t he h eat t reatment o f b ladelet c ores i n p articular s eems t o
h ave b een q uite a c ommon p ractice U sing
u ltra-violet
l ight,
i n t he P oplin
463
P redynastic . ( 1981)
h as
i ndicated
t hat
r ipple-flaked k nives writer
s eem
c hanges.
a t
were h eat-treated,
most
H owever,
o nly
a lthough s pecimens s een b y t he
s lightly g lossy with
n o
apparent
c olour
i t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat K elterborn ( 1984)
h as u sed h eat-treated F rench a nd D anish f lints t o r eplicate r ipplef laked k nives . P ossible
heat
t reatment
r eported f or t he D elta t he h eat t reating o f
p ractised i n
( Van D en B rink,
f lint
w as a n a spect o f
b een p ractised f or a l ong t ime . i n
t he
P PNB
( Bar-Yosef,
a s
t he
U ruk
s ite,
B .C.
( Miller,
i n
C ertainly,
T ell
1 981b)
R ubeidheh
a n
a spect
d ocumented i n
o f
e xample,
i n
l ater
d ating
a nd
i n
t he
N ear
E ast,
l ithic t echnology t hat h ad h eat t reatment
e arly
f rom
t he
u rban l ate
i s
k nown
c ontexts
4 th
s uch
M illennium
p ress) . o n
t he
basis
t reatment a ppears t o h ave b een i s
F or a nd
D ynastic t i mes h as been
1 987),
P redynastic
f uture
o f
t his
p reliminary
s urvey,
heat
w idely u sed d uring t he P redynastic, l ithic
t echnology
s tudies .
464
which
s hould
a nd b e
Appendix
E
L IST OF UC NUMBERS AND NAGADA GRAVE NUMBERS OF L ITHIC ARTIFACTS STUDIED I N THE PETRIE MUSEUM OF EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY
L IST OF U C N UMBERS OF L ITHIC ARTIFACTS F ROM 9 893-9895
1 0405-10491
9 923
1 0520
9 925-9937
1 0523-10527
9 958-9966
1 0529
9 992-10005
1 0531-10553
1 0025-10036
1 0578
H EMAMIEH
1 0063-10085 1 0109-10120
1 9677
1 0124-10125
1 9682-19688
1 0174-10186
1 9690
1 0188-10210
1 9693 1 9712-19713
1 0232-10250
1 9720-19721
1 0284-10301
1 9724
1 0303-10305
1 9728
1 0308-10319
1 9730-19731
1 0334-10352
L IST OF
UC
N UMBERS OF
C EMETERY AREAS
L ITHIC ARTIFACTS
I N THE B ADARI
FROM
BADARIAN V ILLAGE AND
D ISTRICT
9 025-9027
9 348-9350
1 0627
9 037-9042
9 366
1 0630-10642
9 048- 9 05 1
9 368-9370
1 0651-10670
9 098
9 389
9 111-9113
9 398
9 115-9117
9 439-9441
1 9642-19648
9 132
9 444-9449
1 9651-19655
9 149
9 451-9462
1 9662-19670
9 159-9162
9 464-9479
1 9672-19676
9 164-9169
9 481
9 178-9188
9 484-9494
2 7340-27356
9 808-9809
2 7360A
2 7358-27360
9 196-9222 9 255
1 9639
9 260
9 811-9828
9 266
9 831-9834
9 275-9277
9 836-9857
9 287-9288
9 859-9875
9 295-9320
9 877
L IST OF AREAS
U C NUMBERS OF
I N T HE
B ADARI
L ITHIC
ARTIFACTS
F ROM T HE
P REDYNASTIC V ILLAGE
D ISTRICT
9 433-9434
2 6807A
9 436-9438
2 6808-26865
9 442
2 6881
9 506A
2 6882-26887
9 606-9612
2 6887A
9 616-9632
2 6888
9 634-9642
2 6888A
9 650-9696
2 6889-26934
9 698-9754
2 6938-26954
9 758-9772
2 6956-26995
9 774-9778
2 6997-27128
9 780
2 7130
9 783-9793
2 7132-27141 2 7143-27227
1 0577
2 7229-27254
1 0590-10625
2 7256-27282
2 6142
2 7314A
2 6444
2 7315
2 6531-26555
2 7315A
2 6557-26567
2 7316
2 6569-26615
2 7324-27325
2 7286-27314
2 6618-26623 2 6625-26643 2 6645-26654 2 6656-26676 2 6676A 2 6677-26684 2 6686-26729 2 6745-26763 2 6765-26807
L IST OF I N THE
U C NUMBERS OF BADARI
9 372
L ITHIC ARTIFACTS
F ROM P REDYNASTIC C EMETERY AREAS
D ISTRICT 1 0626
9 435 9 443
2 7283-27285
9 444A
2 7318-27323
9 548
2 7335-27339
9 604
2 7362
9 797-9805 9 807 9 876 9 879 9 879A
466
L IST O F U C N UMBERS O F
L ITHIC A RTIFACTS
F ROM
S OUTH T OWN,
N AGADA
5 324-5358 5 510-5552 5 554-5589 5 591-5598 5 605
L IST OF U C N UMBERS O F L ITHIC A RTIFACTS 4 130
4 832
4 133
4 837-4861
F ROM N AGADA C EMETERIES
4 133A 4 134 4 164
4 870-4871 4 873-4905 4 911-4954
4 235-4236
4 956-4972
4 268 4 273 4 278-4280
5 280 5 369 5 403-5405
4 322-4323
5 426-5427
4 334
5 468-5469
4 340 4 376
5 918-5920
4 385 4 389-4390
6 234-6235 6 237
4 406
6 239
4 408 4 418-4423
3 5980
4 427 4 429
3 6075
4 434-4436 4 439 4 468 4 473-4478 4 527-4528 4 534-4543 4 553-4554 4 564 4 576 4 589-4591 4 609-4636 4 778-4779 4 779A 4 780-4820 4 820A 4 821 4 821A 4 822-4828 4 830
467
L IST O F N AGADA G RAVE N UMBERS 5 1
5 98
7 4
6 26
1 376 1 385
1 00
6 53
1 412
1 24
6 55
1 417
1 44
6 58
1 434
1 62
6 60
1 437
1 77
6 61
1 443
1 78
6 63
1 529
1 83
6 65
1 543
2 11
6 67
1 569
2 18
6 75
1 578
2 19
6 80
1 600
2 60
6 83
1 660
2 90
6 84
1 663
2 94
6 94
1 676
2 95
6 98
1 683
3 07
7 43
1 692
3 25
7 79
1 713
3 26
8 07
1 786
3 32
8 16
1 791
3 35
8 67
1 796
3 46
1 039
1 846
3 70
1 041
1 849
3 79
1 048
1 856
3 83
1 187
1 866
3 94
1 203
1 868
4 30
1 205
1 893
4 34
1 208
1 898
4 36
1 215
1 906
4 43
1 229
B 19
4 44
1 233
B 99
4 50
1 234
T 11
4 56
1 237
4 58
1 241
4 61
1 242
4 71
1 259
4 72
1 260
4 73
1 262
4 80
1 263
4 82
1 270
4 85
1 298
4 89
1 302
4 92
1 303
4 94
1 309
5 00
1 310
5 12
1 316
5 45
1 332
5 75
1 345
5 88
1 370
468
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P hillips .
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I nternational T he
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A rchaeology
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488
4 :
made
i n t he N ear
1 -69 . i n
U pper
E gypt
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i s a ctually a misprint and
s hould DE MORGAN, J .
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1 8:
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l a
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i n
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M an
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1 928.
M .H . I n
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H .
J oint O HNUMA,
K .
i n
2 31-242 . t he R ed
1 29-131 . E xcavations a t
A r mant,
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M useum,
E gypt
i n
N ew
Y ork.
B rooklyn,
T he
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1 975 .
R .
" Punch
C .
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UNGER-HAMILTON .
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t o
B lind
T ests .
A -Group
S udanese
B ERGMAN .
D etermination A rchaeology
R .
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Making
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T echnique"
T echnology:
GRACE a nd
M icrowear N ORDSTRÖM,
a F actor
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Rock-pictures and A rchaeology i n t he L ibyan D esert.
L ithic
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as
JAS
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Swanson J r., e d., N EWCOMER,
D amage
A D esert Odyssey of a T housand M iles. S udan Notes
R ecords
A ntiquity N EWCOMER ,
E dge
A rtifacts .
A P re-Dynastic B urial on
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1 931.
T he B rooklyn
1 924.
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M useum . N EWBOLD,
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S tone
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F laking
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JAS
1 3:
S ites.
1 61-170 .
489
T he
S candinavian
U ppsala .
E xperimental
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B ulletin
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i n
I nstitute
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OLSSON,
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G roup
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Age
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1 00:
5 9:
W .M .F .
S ites
T he
D ecorated
Tomb
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F und,
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i n
N ortheastern
a t
H ierakonpolis
K .M.
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i n
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I n
T .A .
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I I. 1 911-1912. E gypt
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T .E . and W .L .S. LOAT .
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3 1-35 .
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pp .
T he C emeteries of Abydos. P art
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I n
S candinavian
U ppsala,
C halcolithic
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S inai. T el Aviv 8 : PAYNE,
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E xploration
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F und,
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P rehistoric
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JRAI
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2 95-
3 01. 1 901 .
D iospolis
P arva .
1 902 .
A bydos
E gypt
1 915 .
T he
I .
, S tone
A ge
E gypt
E xploration
E xploration i n
E gypt.
F und,
A ncient
F und,
L ondon .
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p p .59-76,
1 22-
1 35. 1 917 .
E gypt
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P OPLIN ,
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QUIBELL .
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D gtection
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R .
s ilex .
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H .K .
M inerals: J .E .
2 6-36 .
1 900.
ä l a
A n
MACKAY .
1 973.
6 :
BROOKS.
1 971.
A rchaeological H ierakonpolis
1 912.
T he
u ltra violette
1 79:
B ritish
L abyrinth,
d u
c hauffage
R adiocarbon
T hermal
A lteration S cience
E gyptian
L ondon.
490
D ates
f or
2 35-239 .
A pproach . I .
B allas.
1 02-103 .
E arliest
S cience
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L ondon .
L ondon .
l umiere
A nimals.
P ress,
L ondon .
Q uaritch,
S taringia
BERGER .
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i n
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L ondon .
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QUIBELL,
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D omesticated PURDY,
o f
i n
W .M.F .,
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E gypt,
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A ncient
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E gypt,
PETRIE,
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1 73:
R esearch
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3 22-325 . A ccount
4 ,
QUIBELL,
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F .W .
RANDALL-MACIVER,
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5 ,
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A ccount
A .C . MACE.
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N A
2 8:
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F ranco-Sudanese
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E l
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A rchaeological
N ational E ine
F ranco-Sudanese
6 1.
S urvey of
P rinting
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D epartment,
R eport
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HAYNES .
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S edi ment and pollen
mid-Holocene humid period
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i n
t he
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C entres of S ettlement i n P rehistoric E gypt i n t he
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N ew L ight on the R elation of
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MDAIK
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C hipped
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Am
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L e
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M ainz
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2 49:
E conomie
N eolithique
R echerche Z .Y .
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I ts
I ,
T he
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S ettlement .
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T he
L ong-Distance
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S AAD,
1 17-130 .
of
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2 :
P reliminary R eassessment
R IZKANA,
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S upplement,
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d e
l a
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a t
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491
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ASAE
SAID,
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N orthern SANDFORD,
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K .S .
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1 8,
U niversity
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t he 3 ,
P rehistoric
U niversity
o f
P ubl.
1 0,
U niversity of
P alaeolithic Man and t he N ile
E gypt.
E gypt
1 939. w ith
O riental
I nstitute
P ubl .
1 7,
C hicago . P alaeolithic
s ome n otes
I nstitute
Man and t he N ile
u pon a p art o f t he R ed
P ubl.
4 6,
U niversity
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C hicago .
D ie A ltertümer d er
V or- u nd
F rühzeit
Ä gyptens,
K arl
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H .
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Methodist
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Remarks t o t he L ithic I ndustry of the B uto-Maadi
C ulture.
P aper
E nvironmental
p resented
C hange
a nd
at
t he
H uman
i nternational
C ulture
i n
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ARKELL .
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U niversity
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I nstitute
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W .J. ARKELL.
i n
KOBUSIEWICZ.
C hicago .
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Man a nd t he N ile Valley i n U pper
O riental
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S haw
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I n
symposium,
N ile
B asin and
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BAR
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Y armukian
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by
B iometrika T IGANI EL MAHI,
by
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e xcavated
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