The Prediction of Achievement in Advanced Reserve Officers Training Corps

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THE PREDICTION OP ACHIETODPT IN ADVANCED RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING CORPS

by P a til V ernon B is s e l l

A d i s s e r t a t i o n s u b m itte d I n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r t h e d e g re e o f D o o to r o f P h ilo s o p h y , i n t h e C o lle g e o f Commerce, i n t h e G ra d u a te C o lle g e o f t h e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f lovm J u n e 1950

ProQuest Number: 10902144

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is d e p e n d e n t upon the quality of the copy subm itted. In the unlikely e v e n t that the a u thor did not send a c o m p le te m anuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if m aterial had to be rem oved, a n o te will ind ica te the deletion.

uest ProQuest 10902144 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). C opyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C o d e M icroform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS T he w r i t e r w is h e s t o e x p r e s s a p p r e c i a t i o n t o P r o f e s s o r H a ro ld P* B e c h t o ld t u n d e r w hose d i r e c ­ t i o n a n d g u id a n c e t h i s w ork was u n d e rta k e n *

He

a l s o w is h e s t o th a n k Dean Dewey B* S t u i t f o r t h e i n i t i a l Im p e tu s t o u n d e rta k e t h i s s t u d y , and P r o f e s ­ s o r W a lte r L* D ay k in f o r h i s c o n tin u e d i n t e r e s t an d e n c o u ra g e m e n t th r o u g h o u t t h e stu d y * He g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w le d g e s h i s in d e b t e d ­ n e s s t o C o lo n e l W* W* J e n n a , C o lo n e l H* A* B u c k le y an d L ie u te n a n t C o lo n e l Jo h n W* A l f r e y , t h e i r s t a f f s an d t h e i r ROTC s t u d e n ts *

T h is s tu d y w as made p o s ­

s i b l e o n ly th r o u g h t h e w h o le h e a rte d c o o p e r a t i o n o f t h e s e o f f i c e r s and t h e M i l i t a r y S c ie n c e I I I s t u d e n t s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Io w a , The U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s an d t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f K ansas*

TABLE OF CONTENTS C h a p te r

page

I

INTRODUCTION................................................... , . . .

I

A F o r m u la tio n o f P e r s o n n e l P s y c h o lo g y , The C o n cep t o f T r a i t A n a l y s i s , • , ♦ . S p e c i a l A s p e c ts o f T r a i t A n a ly s is i n M ilita ry S itu a tio n s . • , T r a i t s o f P r e d i c t i o n o f Complex C r i t e r i a ............................ S ta te m e n t o f t h e P ro b le m , . » » , « « « T e c h n iq u e s and P r o c e d u r a l P ro b le m s o f t h e C u r r e n t S tu d y , « . , , » • » *

1 2

II

THE PRIXIMIMARr INFiSSTIGATICW. In tro d u c tio n , , , , , , 6 , , , S am p les o f t h e P r e l i m i n a r y S tu d y # • « ................... * The C r i t e r i o n P ro b le m , * M e a s u re s o f A cadem ic S u c c e s s • ® , » , M e a su re s o f O v e r a ll C om petence • •, , R a tin g by F e llo w S tu d e n ts ( P e e r s ) , • , S e l e c t i o n o f P r e d i c t i o n M e asu res ,, • D evelopm ent o f E m p ir ic a l S c o r in g Keys f o r t h e P r e d i c t i o n M e asu res « , • • » P r e d i c t i o n o f t h e C r i t e r i o n M e a s u re s ••

III

THE MAIN UmiSTIGATION

4 7 13 13 19 19 19 21 24 25 29 33 43 46 51

In tro d u c tio n • • • • • » » » » » • « « 51 C hanges In t h e P r e d i c t i o n B a t t e r y , , » 51 The A d m i n is tr a t io n o f t h e P r e d i c t i o n B a tte ry * • » » , , • • • • » , * « • » 54 R e s u l t s o f t h e A d m i n is tr a t io n o f t h e R e v is e d B a t t e r y • • • • • • • • • • • 55 R e li a b i l i ty o f th e P re d ic tio n M e asu res » » » » • « • « • » * ♦ * » • 62 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f C r i t e r i o n M easu res i n t h e F i n a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n .........................65 V a l i d i t y o f t h e P r e d i c t i o n M e a s u re s , • 70 D i s c u s s io n o f t h e R e s u l t s , « , , , « » 75 iii

C h a p te r IV

pag e

SUMMARY AM) CONCLUSIONS, , . ....................... . 8 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY .

..........................................

APPENDIX A .................................. . . . . . . . APP0SDIX B . .

.......................

APPENDIX C . . . . . APPENDIX D

87 94 .1 0 6

................................ . .1 1 4

..........................................

iv

.1 2 ?

TABLE Off TABLES T a b le

peg©

X M eans, V a r ia n c e s , a n d C o r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n ROTC and Non-RQTO g r a d e s f o r t h e Iowa S am ple (6 6 C a se s) and t h e I l l i n o i s Sam ple (59 C a s e s ) * * * . . 25 XI

III

IV

V

VI

V II

Summary S t a t i s t i c s f o r f f a c u lty R a tin g s on S tu d e n t C om petence f o r ffo u r S am p les o f MS I I I S t u d e n ts i n T h re e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t i e s . « • • • • « » • • • • • .

29

Summary S t a t i s t i c s S t u d e n t C om petence P o p u l a r i t y R a tin g s p l e (6 6 C ase3) and Sam ple (59 C a

f o r C o r r e c te d R a tin g s and f o r f o r t h e Iowa Sam­ fo r th e I l li n o i s s e s

33

I n t e r e o r r e l a t i o n s Among F iv e C r i ­ t e r i o n M e asu res f o r t h e Iowa Sam ple (6 6 C a s e s ) i n t h e P r e l im i n a r y I n v e s ­ t i g a t i o n . ...........

34

I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s Among C r i t e r i o n M e a su re s f o r F o u r S am ples o f MS I I I S t u d e n ts i n T h re e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t i e s * .

33

Mean C r i t e r i o n S c o r e s and T e s ts o f S i g n i f i c a n c e o f D i f f e r e n c e s o f Mean S c o r e s f o r t h e Iowa Sam ple (66 C a s e s ) , D ic h o to m iz e d a s t o A ge, M i l i t a r y E x p e r ie n c e an d B ra n c h o f S e r v i c e . . . . . .

37

Mean S c o r e s , V a r ia n c e s , a n d V a l i d i t y C o e ffic ie n ts o f Four P re d ic t!o n D e v ic e s U sed i n t h e P r e lim in a r y I n ­ v e s t i g a t i o n a t I l l i n o i s (59 C a s e s ) . . . .

46

v

T a b le V III

IX

X

XI

X II

X III

XIV

page I n t e r o c o r r e l a t i o n s o f JSight P r e d i c t i o n M e a su re s U sed i n t h e P r e l i m i n a r y I n ­ v e s t i g a t i o n f o r t h e I l l i n o i s Sam ple ***.* , . (59 C a s e s ) * .............................

IS

M eans, V a r ia n c e s and I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s B etw een t h e P r e d i c t i o n M e a su re s f o r t h e Iowa S am ple (1 3 6 C a se s) a n d t h e K ansas Sam ple (119 C a se s) ................... ..

57

M eans and V a ria n o e s f o r t h e AGCT and t h e ROTC Q u a l if y i n g E x a m in a tio n S c o r e s f o r t h e I l l i n o i s Sam ple (59 C a s e s ) , Iowa S am ple I (6 6 C a s e s ) , Iowa Sam ple I I (1 3 6 C a s e s ) , an d t h e K ansas Sam ple (119 C a s e s .................

59

The Means and Standard D e v ia tio n s o f t h e Upper and Lo*ver O n e -th ir d s o f t h e H igh and Low Groups D is t r ib u t io n on th e Three C r it e r io n M easures f o r N ine S c a le s o f th e M u ltip h a s ic P e r s o n a lit y In ven ­ tor:/- (/.nay S h o r t Form) f o r Two Sam ples in th e Main I n v e s t ig a t i o n * * • * * • * » .» ..........

61

C o e f f i c i e n t s o f E q u iv a le n c e f o r t h e P r e d ic t io n M easures f o r t h e Iowa Sample (1 3 6 C ases) and t h e Kansas Sample (119 Ca s e s « . « » » . « » * • • « * ............... * • * » « » » » . » ..........

63

Means an d V a ria n c e s f o r Two S u c c e s s iv e R a tin g s O b ta in e d S i x M onths A p a rt on t h e F a c u l t y R a tin g S c a le s f o r t h e Iowa Sam ple (1 3 6 C a se s) and t h e K ansas S am ple (119 C a s e s ) • • • « ................... ..

65

Means and V a r ia n c e s o f C o rrected S tu ­ d en t Competence R a tin g s and o f S tu d en t ft P o p u la r ity R ating.; f o r t h e Iowa Sample ( I 36 C ases)., and th e K ansas Sample (119 C a s e s ) . .......................... ....................................

67

vl

T a b le

p ace

XV M eans, V a r ia n c e s a n d I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r ROTO G ra d es and Non-ROTC G ra d es f o r t h e Iowa Sam ple (1 3 6 C a s e s ) a n d t h e K an sas Sam ple (119 Ca s 88 XVI

H o m o g en eity o f V a l i d i t y C o e f f i c i e n t s B etw een F o u r P r e d i c t i o n S c o r e s and T h re e C r i t e r i o n M easu res f o r T h re e S am p les ..................* ..........................

T±i

68

71

1

C hapter I INTRODUCTION

A

F o rm u la tio n o f P e r so n n e l P sy c h o lo g y

HTsU

F lan agan has r e c e n t l y d e s c r ib e d p e r so n n e l p s y c h o l­ o g y In i t s b r o a d e st sens© a s t h e a p p l ic a t io n o f p s y c h o lo g i­ c a l p r i n c i p l e s t o p e r s o n n e l problem s*

T h is f o r m u la tio n ,

s u g g e s t iv e o f a body o f g e n e r a l p r i n c ip l e s and la w s , probably i s more a sta te m e n t o f a v /ish th an o f an e x i s t i n g s t a t e o f a ffa ir s *

A more l im i t e d e m p ir ic a l fo r m u la tio n , p a r t i c u la r ly

a p p lic a b le t o t h e c u r r e n t s t u d y , i s th a t p e r so n n e l p s y c h o l­ ogy i s co n cern ed w ith d e v e lo p in g te c h n iq u e s and d e ter m in in g r e l a t i o n s le a d in g t o l im i t e d g e n e r a liz a t io n s u s e f u l i n d e s ­ c r ib in g human b e h a v io r and p r e d ic t in g human perform ance* The g e n e r a liz a t io n s o f p e r so n n e l p sy c h o lo g y have u s u a l l y been e x p r e ss e d i n d e s o r ip t iv e r e s p o n s e -in f e r r e d t r a i t c o n c e p ts r a th e r th a n in th e more e x p la n a to r y p r o c e s s v a r ia b le s o f e x p e r im e n ta l p sych ology*

W hile t h i s ten d e n c y

t o u t i l i z e t h e e m p ir ic a l t r a i t c o n c e p ts may n o t p e r s i s t v/hen more p r e c i s e and e x t e n s iv e data a r e a v a i l a b l e , t h e r e s u l t s o f c u r r e n t p e r so n n e l s e l e c t i o n s t u d i e s do s u g g e s t th a t u s e ­ f u l d i f f e r e n t i a l d e s c r i p t io n s and p r e d ic t io n s can be a t t a in e d a t th e p r e s e n t tim e th rou gh th e u se o f t r a i t con oep ts*

The

e x p r e s s io n o f t h e g e n e r a l is a t io n s o f p e r so n n e l s t u d i e s in t r a i t terras has been c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e m en ta l t e s t

z movement a s w e l l a s o f th e e a r ly e x p e r im e n ta l p s y c h o lo g ic a l in v e s tig a tio n s .

E x te n s iv e l i s t s o f t r a i t s encom passing

n e a r ly e v e r y a s p e c t o f human b e h a v io r and te c h n iq u e s p u rij o r t in g t o m easure th e many d iv e r s e t r a i t s have been reported* H ow ever, t h e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d froia t h e u s e o f t h e s e tco h ~ n iq u e s o f t e n h ave n o t been c o n s i s t e n t w ith t h e p u b lish e d s ta te m e n ts *

T h ese i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s p o in t t o th e d i f f i c u l t

p roblem s a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e d e f i n i t i o n o f a t r a i t and w ith e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e s t a b i l i t y and u n iq u e n e ss o f t h e c o n s tr u c t so d e f in e d * ' S in c e th e a n a l y s is o f th e com plex a r e a s o f human perform ance in t r a i t term s p r o v id e s a p ro m isin g current; a p p ro a ch , f u r t h e r c o n s id e r a t io n o f t h i s p r o c e s s o f a n a l y s is and i t s r e l a t i o n t o t h e problem o f s e l e o t i o n i s w arranted* The C oncent o f T r a it A n a ly s is The d i f f e r e n t i a l d e s c r ip t io n and p r e d ic t io n o f human b e h a v io r i n a g iv e n perform ance area in t r a i t term s can be c o n s id e r e d a s in v o lv in g th r e e b a s ic assu m p tion s*

The

f i r s t o f t h e s e a ssu m p tio n s i s t h a t t h e perform ances o f i n ­ d iv id u a ls can be d e s c r ib e d by means o f a lim it e d number o f d e fin e d v a r ia b le s r e p r e s e n t in g r e sp o n s e sy stem s or mechanisms o f c o n s id e r a b le g e n e r a l it y and s t a b i l i t y ; t h e se c o n d , t h a t t h e d e f in e d v a r ia b le s r e p r e s e n t un iqu e s o u r c e s o f v a r ia n c e , u n iq u e i n t h e s e n s e t h a t each one u sed can n ot be e x p r e sse d a s a co m b in a tio n o r tr a n s fo r m a tio n o f t h e o th e r v a r ia b le s o f

3 tii o s s i ; a n d t h i r d , t h a t c o n s p ic u o u s i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n sa m p le d e x i s t f o r e a o h o f t h e v a r i a b l e s c o n s id e re d « The r e s p o n s e m echanism s r e f e r r e d t o a b o v e h av e b e e n te rm e d by d i f f e r e n t w r i t e r s a s a b i l i t i e s , i n t e r e s t s * a t t i t u d e s , s k i l l s , o r m ore g e n e r a l l y , a s t r a i t s #

T he term *

t r a i t , a s h e r e i n u s o d , r e f e r s t o t h e r e s p o n s e - i n f e r r e d co n ­ s t r u c t s d e f i n e d by a s e t o f o p e r a t i o n s u t i l i z i n g c o n s i s t ­ e n c i e s i n t h e r e s p o n s e s o f a g ro u p o f i n d i v i d u a l s t o s p e c i ­ f i e d c la s s e s o f s tim u li#

The c o n s i s t e n c i e s b e in g c o n s id e r e d

may r e f l e c t r e l a t i o n s among t h e i n i t i a l o r d e r i v e d s c o r e s o f t h e I n d i v i d u a l s i n a sam p le o r among m ean s, v a r i a n c e s and c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r tw o o r m ore sam p les# Two c o n f l i c t i n g p o i n t s o f v ie w e x i s t r e g a r d i n g t h e t y p e o f t r a i t a n a l y s i s c o n s id e r e d m o st u s e f u l f o r p r e d i c t i o n , s tu d ie s #

One p o i n t o f v ie w i s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e s u g g e s t i o n

t h a t t h e jo b m u st be a n a ly z e d i n t o v e r y s p e c i f i c , ev en un iq u e, s k i l l s o r t r a l t l ^ ^ h i l e t h e se c o n d i s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e h y p o th e s is t h a t su c c e s s in a v a r ie ty o f a c t i v i t i e s can be e x p r e s s e d i n te r m s o f a s m a ll num ber o f t r a i t v a r i a b l e s The I m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e tw o p o i n t s o f v iew a r e im­ p o r t a n t ; t h e d e v ic e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s d e v e lo p e d i n a c c o rd a n c e w ith on© o f t h e s e d i v e r g e n t v ie w p o in ts w i l l d i f f e r a s w i l l t h e g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s t h a t c a n b e made#

The s p e c i f i c t r a i t

v ie w p o in t when c a r r i e d t o a n e x tre m e , p r e s e n t s l i t t l e hope

4 t h a t t h e r e s u l t s o f an I n v e s t i g a t i o n can be a p p lie d in a n o th e r s i t u a t i o n *

The g e n e r a l t r a i t ap p roach , i n a s i m i la r

l i m i t i n g i n s t a n c e , le a d s t o th e im m ediate g e n e r a l iz a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s o f on e stu d y t o o th e r a c t i v i t i e s , w ith t h e r e ­ s u l t i n g f a l l a c y o f v a l i d i t y by assunipt i o n ! e i t h e r p o s it io n , in t h e l i m i t i n g c a s e , i s te n a b le } l i k e w i s e , b oth v ie w p o in ts i n some p a r t i c u la r s a r c d e f e n s ib le *

The s o l u t i o n t o t h e

problem in v o lv e s s e c u r in g a b a la n o e betw een t h e s p e c i f i c and t h e g e n e r a l v ie w p o in t s , w h erein g e n e r a l is a t io n s a r e made, b u t a r e a l s o t e s t e d a s so o n a s p o s s i b l e . I t sh o u ld a l s o be n o ted t h a t , in any s e r i e s o f i n ­ v e s t i g a t i o n s , d i f f e r e n c e s in t h e t r a i t e v a lu a tio n s may a r i s e from d i f f e r e n c e s among th e o p e r a tio n s u sed i n t h e d e f in it io n s o f t h e t r a i t s } g e n e r a l t r a i t s a r e , in term s o f t h e o p era tio n s, d e f in e d by v a r i e t y o f d i f f e r e n t o p e r a t io n s .

S in c e r e s u l t s o f

v /id er a p p l i c a b i l i t y w ould be e x p e c te d from th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f broad g o n o r a l t r a i t s , i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t r a i t c o n c e p ts a re u s u a l l y d e sig n e d w it h th e e x p r e ss e d h y p o th e s is t h a t perform ­ a n c e s i n a g iv e n area w i l l be a cco u n ted fo r in t o m s o f broad g e n e r a l t r a i t s and t h a t t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e s e g e n e r a l t r a i t s in a s i n g l e a rea c o u ld be g e n e r a liz e d f o r p r e d ic t io n o f s u c c e s s in o th e r a r e a s o f en d eavor. S n e c i a l A sp e c ts o f T r a it A n a ly s is in M ilit a r y S itu a tio n s .,. Employing th e r e s t r i c t e d t r a i t c o n c e p ts d e v e lo p ed

5 p r i o r t o an d d u r i n g W orld War X a s a p o i n t o f d e p a r t u r e , th© m i l i t a r y f o r c e s , d u r i n g W orld War 1 1 , e s t a b l i s h e d e x t e n s i v e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e an d r e s e a r c h u n i t s f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f deter** jo in in g an d u t i l i s i n g r e l e v a n t i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h i n t h e m i l i t a r y p o p u l a t i o n , t h e em p h a sis b e in g p la c e d upon c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and a s s ig n m e n t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s I n t h e Aw ay, Navy an d t h e A i r F o rc e s #

The r e s e a r c h i n t e r e s t s I n

t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s w e re d i r e c t e d l a r g e l y to w a rd t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f s p e c i a l m e n ta l a b i l i t i e s o f e n l i s t e d p e rs o n n e l#

Even

th o u g h t h e w a r c r e a t e d a demand f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p ro s p e c tiv e le a d e r s , l i t t l e

r e s e a r c h on t h e p ro b le m w as a t ­

te m p te d u n t i l l a t e i n t h e war*

I n 1 9 4 5 , a s tu d y was u n d e r*

ta k e n t o d e v e lo p m e a su re s and p ro c e d u re s f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f w a rtim e o f f i c e r s f o r c o ra m issio n in g i n t o t h e R e g u la r Army; t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s a c t i v i t y a r e r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e Array o f f i c e r i n t e g r a t i o n p ro g ram # (4 6 ) The t r a i t s

a s s o c ia te d w ith s p e c ia l v e rb a l s k i l l s

an d s c h o l a s t i c a c h ie v e m e n t h a v e b e e n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p o i n t o f e m p h a s is o f Army m eth o d s f o r o f f i c e r s e l e c t i o n #

For

e x a m p le , a n Army s t a n d a r d s c o r e o f 110 on t h e A m y G e n e ra l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T e s t (AGCT) w as r e q u i r e d f o r a d m is s io n t o Array O f f i c e r C a n d id a te S c h o o ls ; C a d e ts a t t h e M i l i t a r y Academy e t W est P o i n t w e re s e l e c t e d fro m o u t s t a n d i n g h ig h s c h o o l g ra d u ­ a t e s i n t e r n s o f t h e i r a c h ie v e m e n t i n acad em ic w ork and i n s c h o l a s t i c a p t i t u d e t e s t s ; and th e h o n o r a ca d em ic g r a d u a te s

6

o f s e n i o r ROTC c o u r s e s a t r e c o g n i s e d u n i v e r s i t i e s w e re offered a o o m i s s i o n o s a se c o n d l i e u t e n a n t i n t h e O n ite d S t a t e s Army* R e c o g n iz in g t h a t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s e l e c t i v e p r o c e d u r e s o f t h e Array w e re a c c o u n tin g f o r o n ly a p o r t i o n o f th© s i g n i f i c a n t a n d r e l e v a n t t r a i t s d e s i r e d i n t h e o f f i c e r g ro u p , t h e War D e p a rtm e n t w i t h t h e a d v io e o f c i v i l i a n p s y c h o l o g i s t s , e x p an d e d t h e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s e s f o r t h e o f f i c e r s *

in te g ra ­

t i o n p ro g ra m t o i n c l u d e s e v e r a l a d d i t i o n a l t r a i t a r e a ^ ^ V s e l e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e was d e v e lo p e d w hioh u t i l i z e d , i n a d d itio n t o o minimum i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s c o r e f o r m e n ta l t r a i t a r e a s , e v a lu a tio n s i n th e f i e l d s o f " p e rs o n a lity " t r a i t s , a tt i tu d e s , p r e f e r e n c e s and p r e v io u s e x p e r ie n c e *

The s u c c e s s o f t h e s e

s e l e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s and m e th o d s , o f o o u r s e , w i l l n o t b e known f o r some tim e*

The p o i n t c a n be m ade, h o w ev er, t h a t

t h e p ro g ram u s e d r e p r e s e n t s a n e x te n s i v e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s g e n e r a l t r a i t a p p ro a c h t o p e r s o n n e l s e l e c t i o n i n t h e Armed F o r c e s , a n a p p l i c a t i o n s t r i k i n g l y s i m i l a r i n many r e s p e c t s t o t h a t u s e d i n th e m ore e x t e n s i v e i n d u s t r i a l s e l e c t i o n p ro g ram s * The f o o a l p o i n t o f th© Array*o p ro g ra m i s now th© R e s e rv e O f f i c e r s * T r a i n in g C orps (ROTC)*

S in c e J a n u a r y 194$,

t r a i t v a r i a b l e s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e a s s o c i a t e d w ith s c h o l a s t i c a c h ie v e m e n t h a v e b e e n c o n s id e r e d i n d is c u s s io n s o f t h e s e l e c ­ t i o n o f s e n i o r ROTC g r a d u a t e s f o r co m m issio n s i n th e Army*

7 A t p r e s e n t th e a d d itio n a l v a r i a b l e s , an d in s tru m e n ts f o r m e a s u r in g th em ( c o r r e c t e d f o r a g e an d e x p e r i e n c e ) a r e s im ila r t o t h o s e u s e d i n t h e o f f i c e r i n t e g r a t i o n p ro g ra m .

I t s h o u ld

b© n o t e d , h o w e v e r, t h a t e v id e n c e a s t o t h e a d e q u a c y o f t h e s e p r o c e d u r e s h a s n o t y e t b e en o b t a i n e d ,

f l ie r e a r e tw o s e l e c ­

t i o n a c t i v i t i e s I n t h e ROTO p ro g ram f o r w h ic h r e l e v a n t d a ta a r e l a c k i n g , t h e f i r s t o f t h e s e i s th e s e l e c t i o n o f s t u d e n t s f o r a d v a n c e d t r a i n i n g d u r in g t h e j u n i o r and s e n i o r y e a r s , w h ile t h e se c o n d i s t h e s e l e c t i o n , fro m t h e a d v a n c e d s t u ­ d e n t s , o f t h o s e t o b e g iv e n d i r e c t com m issions*

The s e l e c ­

t i o n o f t h e s t u d e n t s f o r a d v a n c e d t r a i n i n g i s o f h ig h p r i o r i t y s in c e th e g e n e ra l la c k o f advanced t r a i n in g f a c i l ­ i t i e s , a n d t h e e x p e n s e in v o lv e d i n s u c h a p ro g ram m eans t h a t o n ly t h e moro p r o m is in g s t u d e n t s s h o u ld b© e n c o u ra g e d t o ta k e such t r a i n i n g .

The p ro b le m o f t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e s e

m ore c a p a b le s t u d e n t s i s o f d e f i n i t e im m e d ia te i n t e r e s t * The r e s u l t s o f a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h i s p ro b lem s h o u ld a l s o b e o f v a lu e i n n o n - m i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l s e l e c t i o n s t u d i e s * T r a i t s o f P r e d i c t i o n o f Com plex C r i t e r i a P a r r e s u l t s o f t h e w id e s t a p p l i c a t i o n , t h e m ost g e n e r a l f o r m u la ti o n o f t h e t r a i t v a r i a b l e s c o n s i s t e n t w ith t h e e m p i r i c a l r e s u l t s r o p r ©3a n te a c u r r e n t o b j e c t i v e .

It

w as t h e r e f o r e c o n s id e r e d a p p r o p r i a t e t o re v ie w t h e l i t e r a t u r e o n p r e d i c t i o n s t u d i e s u n d e r tw o g e n e r a l h e a d i n g s : f i r s t ,

a t h o s e s t u d i e s e m p h a s is in g i n t e l l e c t u a l t r a i t m e a s u re s f o r p r e d i c t i o n o f s u c c e s s , and s e c o n d , t h o s e c o n c e rn e d w i t h n o n in te lle c tu a l tra its * T he p r e d i c t i o n o f a c a d e m ic s u c c e s s fro m th© s c o r e s o f i n t e l l i g e n c e , m e n ta l a b i l i t y a n d a c h ie v e m e n t m e a su re s i s t h e p r o c e d u r e m ost f r e q u e n t l y u t i l i z e d .

C o n s is te n tly s i g ­

n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h a c a d e m ic s u c c e s s and w ith p e r ­ fo rm a n c e i n a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e c l e r i c a l ty p e m e n ta l a b i l i t y t e s t s #

re p o rte d f o r

C o r r e l a t i o n s f o r l a r g e sa m p le s o f

c a s e s b e tw e e n m e n ta l a b i l i t i e s , a s m e a su re d by a v a r i e t y o f (1 7 ) t e s t s , and some fo rm o f c o l l e g e g r a d e s ra n g e fro m #38 t o * 6 4 * ^ 1 © g e l’ s summary o f 100 s tu d ie s ^ c a r r i e d o u t p r i o r t o 1 934 i n d i c a t e s m ed ian c o r r e l a t i o n s betw een g e n e r a l c o l l e g e s c h o l a r s h i p an d g e n e r a l m e n ta l a b i l i t y t e s t s o f a p p ro x im ate 3 y *45 a n d b etw een s c h o l a r s h i p a n d g e n e r a l a c h ie v e m e n t t e s t s a s (1 8 ) #55* A l a t e r re v ie w o f f o r t y - s e v e n s t u d i e s made betw een 1 9 3 4 -4 3 show s c o r r e l a t i o n s o f i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s an d s c h o o l g r a d e s r a n g in g fro m .3 0 t o *72 w ith a m ed ian c o r r e l a t i o n o f #52# (2 7 ) I n 1948 G h i s e l l i and Brovm p u b lis h e d a summary o f 185 s t u d i e s u t i l i z i n g i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s f o r th© s e l e c t i o n o f w o rk e rs i n o c c u p a ti o n a l g r o u p s , n a m e ly , c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s , s u p e r v i s o r s , s a le s m e n , s a l e s c le r ic s , s k i l l e d w o r k e r s , se m i­ s k i l l e d w o rk e rs an d u n s k i l l e d w o rk e rs a n d p r o t e c t i v e s e rv ic e w o rk e rs#

T hey c o n c lu d e d t h a t i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s

(1 ) w ere

9 u s e f u l f o r t h e s e l e c t i o n o f c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s , {2) h e ld some p ro m is e f o r th© s e l e c t i o n o f s u p e r v i s o r s , s a le s m e n an d s k i l l e d w o r k e r s , b u t ( 3 ) , w e re o f l i t t l e v a lu e i n p r e d i c t i n g s u c c e s s i n t h e r e m a in in g f o u r g ro u p s* The C o n c lu s io n s fro m (4 5 ) (1 4 ) s t u d i e s by P o n d , C lark and G i s t , an d o t h e r s a r e com parable t o t h o s e r e p o r t e d by G h i s e l l i an d Brown* I n t h e m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e , e x p e r ie n c e w i t h i n t e l l i ­ g e n c e t e s t s o s s e l e c t i o n in s t r u m e n t s h a s b een v a r ie d * J e n s e n ^ (3 1 ) an d R o t t e r r e p o r t e d t h a t m e n ta l a b i l i t y t e s t s s c o r e s c o u ld b e u s e d t o p r e d i c t a c a d e m ic a c h ie v e m e n t i n A rm ored O f f i c e r ( 61 )

C a n d id a te S c h o o l} s t u i t r e p o r t s c o r r e l a t i o n s b etw een s c o r e s on t h e O f f i c e r s C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T e s t an d f i n a l acad em ic m arks i n t h e M idshipm ans S c h o o l r a n g in g fro m *27 t o *54; w h ile B a i e l R e p o r t s t h a t i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s c o r e s a n d acad em ic a c h ie v e m e n t a t t h e M i l i t a r y Academy c o r r e l a t e *54 d u r in g th© f i r s t y e a r a t t h e academ y an d *49 f o r t h e a c h ie v e m e n t d u r in g t h e g r a d u a t i o n y e a r*

R e p o r ts fro m t h e S i g n a l C orps O f f i c e r ’s

C a n d id a te S c h o o l i n d i c a t e a c o r r e l a t i o n o f *68 betw een s c o r e s on g e n e r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s a n d aca d em ic a c h ie v e ­ m ent i n t h e s c h o o l*

L e a d e r s h ip r a t i n g s , h o w e v e r, c o u ld n o t

b e p r e d i c t e d fro m i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s c o r e s i n t h e sam e S ig n a l C o rp s s c h o o l ; l i k e w i s e , i n t h e O f f ic e r s * I n t e g r a t i o n S e l e c ­ t i o n P r o g r a m ^ l o o r e s m ade on t h e O f f i c e r s 1* C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T e s t and t h e G e n e ra l S u rv e y T e s t , ( b o t h t e s t s o f g e n e r a ! - ,in ­ t e l l i g e n c e ) w ore n o t r e l a t e d t o t h e c r i t e r i o n r a t i n g o f

10 " p r e se n t com petence"* T here has been a grow ing r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t t r a i t s o t h e r th a n t h o s e l a b e l l e d s p e c i a l m en ta l a b i l i t i e s must be a s s e s s e d i f a c c u r a te p r e d ic t io n s a r e t o bo made*

H o n - in t o l-

l e c t u a l t r a i t s d e fin e d by m easures i n th e g e n e r a l a r e a s o f i n t e r e s t s , p r e f e r e n c e s , and px*evious e x p e r ie n c e s have been e x p lo r e d in an a ttem p t t o red u ce th e e r r o r s o f p r e d ic t io n o f t h e com plex c r i t e r i a o f s u c c e s s u sed i n p e r so n n e l a c t i v i t i e s w ith i n c o n s i s t e n t r e s u lt s * That i n t e r e s t s may be r e l a t e d t o s u c c e s s in c e r ­ t a i n b e h a v io r a r e a s i s s u g g e s te d by s t u d i e s on s c h o l a s t i c a ch iev em en t r e p o r te d b y M o sie r ^ Young and E atabroo^, Berdke^ ( 11)

( 60)

and by B i l l s and S tr o n g f o r v o c a t io n a l e i'it o r io n m easures# (2 4 ) H owever, E l l i s and G er b e rich , a f t e r a com p rehensive r e v ie w o f i n t e r e s t s t u d i e s made p r io r t o 1947* co n clu d ed t h a t popu­ l a r i n t e r e s t in v e n t o r ie s th e n in u se d id n o t have "high" p r e d i c t i v e v a lu e # There i s some e v id e n c e t h a t d i f f e r e n t i a l r esp o n ses t o v e r b a lly s t a t e d en v iro n m en ta l f a c t o r s (p r e fe r e n c e s ) may be u s e f u l i n th e p r e d ic t io n o f s u c c e s s in s i t u a t i o n s in v o lv ­ in g in t e r - p e r s o n a l r e la t io n s h ip s *

J u r g e n s^ r imd

re­

p o r te d s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s betw een r e sp o n se s to p r e fe r ­ en ce ite m s and s u c c e s s in c e r t a i n v o c a t io n a l perform ance a r e a s*

(6)

H owever, B e o h to ld t u s in g th e same in v e n to r y found

no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een r e sp o n s e s o f freshm an

11 m e d ic a l s t u d e n t s t o t h e p r e f e r e n c e Ite m s and f i r s t y e a r a v e r a g e g r a d e s i n s e v e n m e d ic a l s c h o o ls * Xu t h e m ore s p e c i f i c ’'p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t " a r e a , s c o r e s on ”p e r s o n a l i t y " i n v e n t o r i e s o f t h e s e l f - r a t i n g t y p e h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d t o be r e l a t e d t o r a t i n g s o f c o l l e g e ( 1 9 ,5 2 ) (1 ) l e a d e r s h i p , v o c a t i o n a l s u c o e s s , and t o m e a su re s o f acad em ic a c h ie v e o ie r ^ i^ *-^I?terne fro m t h e M in n e so ta K u l t i p h a s i c P e r s o n ­ a l i t y I n v e n t o r y w e re fo u n d t o be s i g n i f i c a n t ! y r e l a t e d t o t h e " o f f i c e r c o m p e te n ce " c r i t e r i o n m e a su re s o f t h e O ffic e rs? I n t e g r a t i o n S tu d ^ /^ H o w e v o r , S l l i s and CoaWcP,^in. sum m ariz­ i n g s e v e n t y s t u d i e s t h a t had u s e d p e r s o n a l i t y i n v e n t o r i e s w ith in th e m ilita r y s e r v ic e , in d ic a te d th a t in g e n e ra l, th e i n v e n t o r i e s made some d e f i n i t e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o p s y c h i a t r i c s c r e e n in g *

The e x p e r im e n ta l o r s t a t i s t i c a l s h o rtc o m in g s o f

many o f th© m i l i t a r y s t u d i e s s u rv e y e d by U l l i s and C onrad(2^ j u s t i f y a c a u t i o u s a t t i t u d e to w a rd r e s u l t s o b ta in e d * R e sp o n se s t o ite m s r e l a t e d t o p r e v io u s e x p e r ie n c e an d f a m i ly b a ck g ro u n d h av e b e en r e p o r t e d a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h su c c e ss in c e r t a i n v o c a tio n a l f i e l d s ; th e a d m is s io n o f ( 12) s t u d e n t s t o some e d u c a ti o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , an d i n t h e m i l i ­ t a r y s e r v i o e i n c e r t o i n s p e c i f i c a s s ig n m e n ts *

Such ite m s

a r e now b e in g u s e d i n lo n g r a n g e s t u d i e s a t t h e U n ite d S t a t e s M i l i t a r y AoadenJ^?

C o r r e l a t i o n s r a n g in g fro m *30 t o

C^NOn

Iowa Illin o is

N

3 .8 9 * 1

2 .5 1 *

7 5 .1 7 2 3 4 .7 0

2 .2 1 1

3 .1 7 *

* S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 1$ l e v e l o f c o n f id e n c e . 1 . T e s t o f s i g n i f i c a n c e mad© by C ochran-C ox (3 4 » p .7 4 ) t e s t f o r d i f f e r e n c o s b e tw ee n m eans when v a r i a n c e s a r e n o t h om ogeneous• B a t i n a by F e llo w S t u d e n t 3 ( P e e r s ) The d e c i s i o n t o u s e r a t i n g s by p e e r s was b a s e d

«

upon t h e s u c c e s s r e p o r t e d by th© .Army w ith r a t i n g s by p e e r s i n t h e O f f i c e r ’ s I n t e g r a t i o n P rogram (4 6 ) a s w e l l a s r e p e a t e d commentc i n f a c u l t y and s t u d e n t d i s c u s s i o n s on t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y o f -using f e l l o w s t u d e n t s a s ju d g e s o f a

30

s tu d e n t’s su c c e ss.

Two d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f r a t i n g s w e re ob­

t a i n e d f o r e a c h s t u d e n t fro m t h e ju d g m e n ts o f h i s f e l l o w s t u ­ d e n ts ;; on e o f t h e r a t i n g s was a n " o v e r a l l c o m p e te n ce " e v a lu a ­ t i o n w h ic h was t o b e com bined w i t h t h e f a c u l t y e v a l u a t i o n s , d i s c u s s e d a b o v e , w h i l e t h e s e c o n d r a t i n g was a " p o p u l a r i t y " s c o r e b a s e d on t h e num ber o f n o m in a tio n s a s b e in g e s p e c i a l l y " lik e d " o r " d is lik e d " *

The i n s t r u c t i o n s an d fo rm s u s e d t o

o b t a i n t h e s e r a t i n g s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n A ppendix B*

The S e l e c ­

t i o n B la n k A was p r e p a r e d f o r t h e c o m p eten ce r a t i n g s and S e l e c t i o n B la n k B w as u s e d f o r t h e p o p u l a r i t y r a t i n g *

A ll

r a t i n g s w e re o b t a i n e d d u r i n g r e g u l a r c l a s s p e r i o d s a f t e r t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s w e re p r e s e n t e d an d t h e r a t i n g p ro c e d u r e s d i s ­ c u sse d *

T h ese i n s t r u c t i o n s em p h a size th e c o n f i d e n t i a l

n a t u r e o f t h e r a t i n g s and th e r e s e a r c h o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e s tu d y . The i n s t r u c t i o n s u s e d f o r t h e o v e r a l l com petence e v a l u a t i o n s o r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e a s s o c i a t e d w ith t h e "nom ina­ t i o n t e c h n i q u e s " * (3 3 )

E ach s t u d e n t was a s k e d t o c a r r y o u t

tw o o p e r a t i o n s ; t h e f i r s t o f t h e s e c o n s i s t e d o f w r i t i n g a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n , u s in g s p e c i f i c b e h a v io r exam ples o f t h e p e rfo rm a n c e o f th e "m ost c o m p e te n t" s t u d e n t o f f i c e r i n t h e c la s s ,

( w ith o u t d e s i g n a t i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l ) , a s w e l l a s a

b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n i n s i m i l a r te rm s o f t h e " l e a s t c o m p e te n t" s tu d e n t o ffic e r*

T h is p ro o e d u re was u s e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e

p o s s i b i l i t y o f c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e "c o m p e te n c e " e v a l u a t i o n

31 I n b e h a v i o r a l te rm s*

The s e c o n d o p e r a t i o n r e q u i r e d e ac h

s t u d e n t t o assu m e t h a t h© w as t h e b a t t a l i o n commander* u n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s h e w as t o w r i t e down on t h e fo rm p r o v id e d t h e nam es o f f i v e s t u d e n t o f f i c e r s h e c o n s id e r e d a s "m ost c o m p e te n t" t o s e r v e a s b a t t a l i o n o f f i c e r s w i t h him*

E ach

s t u d e n t t h e n l i s t e d t h e f i v e s t u d e n t s he c o n s id e r e d " l e a s t c o m p e te n t" t o s e r v e a s h i s b a t t a l i o n o f f i c e r s *

A c la s s

r o s t e r w as a t t a c h e d t o e a c h fo rm t o a i d i n t h e i d e n t i f i c a ­ t i o n o f t h e s t u d e n t s n o m in ated *

T h e se r a t i n g s w e re o b ta in e d

i n t h e l a s t h a l f o f t h e s e m e s te r i n o r d e r t o p r o v id e g r e a t e r o p p o r t u n i t y f o r th© s t u d e n t s becom ing a c q u a in te d w i t h t h e o t h e r merobers o f t h e c la s s * Th© p o p u l a r i t y r a t i n g o b t a i n e d a p p ro x im a te ly tw o w eeks a f t e r t h e c o m p eten ce e v a l u a t i o n s e r v e d t h e d u a l p u r ­ p o s e o f p r o v i d i n g a n i n d i c a t i o n o f e a c h s t u d e n t* s s o c i a l s t a n d i n g and o f e n a b lin g t h e e x p e r im e n te r t o e l i m i n a t e t o a d e m o n s tr a b le e x t e n t t h e i n f l u e n c e o f f r i e n d s h i p fro m t h e c o m p e te n c e r a t i n g s *

The s t u d e n t s w ere ask ed * when m aking

th e p o p u la r ity r a t i n g s , to l i s t th e f iv e o f h i s fe llo w s t u ­ d e n ts h e " l i k e d m o st" and t h a n t o l i s t t h e f i v e h© " l i k e d le a s t" * The p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d b elow f o r e l i m i n a t i n g t h e e f f e c t o f s t r o n g l i k e s o r d i s l i k e s assum ed t h a t e v a l u a t i o n s o f c o m p e te n c e , a s shown by p e rfo rm a n c e i n t h e c l a s s s i t u a ­ t i o n s , c o u ld b e ju d g e d by f e l l o w s t u d e n t s w ith o u t s e r i o u s

32 b i a s e x c e p t by t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s e v in c in g d e f i n i t e p r e f e r ­ e n c e s o r a v e r s i o n s to w a rd t h e p e rs o n r a te d *

A sc o re f o r

e a c h s t u d e n t w as o b t a i n e d f o r e a c h o f t h e tw o r a t i n g s fro m t h e f r e q u e n c y o f f a v o r a b l e and u n f a v o r a b le n o m in a tio n s h e r e c e iv e d *

The s c o r i n g f o r m u la , i d e n t i c a l w i t h th© one u se d

i n t h e Army I n t e g r a t i o n 8 t u d y ,( 4 6 ) w as t h e r a t i o o f t h e s q u a r e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw ee n t h e two f r e q u e n c i e s t o th© sum o f t h e tw o f r e q u e n c i e s *

A p o s itiv e o r n e g a tiv e s ig n

was a s s i g n e d t o th© r a t i o , t h e p o s i t i v e s i g n i n d i c a t i n g a p o s i t i v e d i f f e r e n c e f o r t h e f r e q u e n c y o f f a v o r a b l e m e n tio n s m in u s t h e num ber o f u n f a v o r a b l e l i s t i n g s *

A c o rre c te d

" o v e r a l l c o m p e te n c e " r a t i n g was a l s o d e te rm in e d f o r e a c h s t u d e n t by e l i m i n a t i n g fro m t h e s c o r i n g fo rm u la t h e nom ina­ t i o n s o f an;£ r a t e r who a l s o r a t e d t h e same s t u d e n t among t h e f i v e who w e re "m ost l i k e d " o r " l e a s t l i k e d " * (3 5 ) The e f f e c t o f c o r r e c t i n g t h e c o m p e te n ce r a t i n g s b y e l i m i n a t i o n o f t h e " ju d g e s " a s p r o b a b ly " b ia s e d " to w a rd t h e s t u d e n t was t o r e d u c e t h o v a r i a n c e o f t h i s r a t i n g t o a p o i n t c o m p a ra b le t o t h e v a r i a n c e o f t h e " p o p u l a r i t y " r a t i n g s ; a n d t o r e d u c e t h e c o r r e l a t i o n b etw een th© two s t u d e n t ra tin g s * The c o e f f i c i e n t o f c o r r e l a t i o n between, th o " p o p u l a r i t y " and " u n c o r r e c t e d c o m p e te n c e " r a t i n g s f o r s i x t y —s i x Iowa o a s e s w as *835 t h i s v a l u e i s re d u c e d t o *36 when, t h e " c o r r e c t e d c o m p e te n c e ” v a l u e s o r e used*

The c o r r e l a t i o n between, t h e

c o r r e c t e d c o m p eten ce r a t i n g s and t h e p o p u l a r i t y r a t i n g s ,

33 h o w e v e r| re m a in s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e o n e p e r c e n t l e v e l o f c o n fid e n c e *

A lth o u g h t h i s r e s u l t i s c o n s i s t e n t w ith t h e

r e p o r t s by m i l i t a r y o f f i c e r s o f th© im p o rta n c e o f i n t e r - p e r ­ s o n a l r e l a t i o n s i n th© e v a l u a t i o n s o f co m p e te n ce on t h e j o b , t h e m ethod i s s u c h t h a t t h e r e i s no g u a r a n t e e t h a t t h e f i n a l r a t i n g s a r e n o t i n f l u e n c e d by t h e stu d e n t* ® p o p u l a r i t y , F u r th e r r e d u c tio n s o f th e e f f e c t o f th e p o p u la r ity f a c t o r w as n o t deem ed d e s i r a b l e , s i n c e s u c h r e l a t i o n s h i p s may con­ t r i b u t e i n some d e g r e e t o e f f i c i e n t o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e com­ mand a n d s t a f f s i t u a t i o n s i n d i c a t e d by t h e s i m u la t e d c o n d i­ t i o n s u n d e r w h ic h t h e r a t i n g s w e re m ade.

The m ethod o f

c o rre c tin g f o r th e e ff e c t o f d e f in ite lik e s o r d is lik e s in ­ d i c a t e d ab o v e was a p p l i e d t o s t u d e n t co m p eten ce r a t i n g s th r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e s t u d y .

A l l s t u d e n t co m p eten ce r a t i n g s

h e r e a f t e r r e f e r r e d t o v d .ll be t h e c o r r e c t e d v a l u e s . T a b le I I I , b elo w p r e s e n t s t h e d a ta on s t u d e n t r a t i n g s o b ta in e d in th e p re lim in a ry s tu d y ,

T a b le I I I Summary S t a t i s t i c s f o r C o r r e c te d S tu d e n t Com petence R a tin g s a n d f o r P o p u l a r i t y R a tin g s f o r t h e Iowa Sam ple (66 C a se s) a n d f o r t h e I l l i n o i s Sam ple (59 C e se s)

Sam ple

C om petence ( c ) Mean V arian ce

Iowa 1 0 ,0 I l l i n o i s 1 0 .2 i

1 1 .3 6 5 .3 6 ^ i. Jul. "t rt?

P o p u l a r i t y (p ) Mean V ariance

t0

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tp

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34 Th© f i v e c r i t e r i o n m e a su re s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e wor© e x p r e s s e d a s s t a n d a r d s c o r e s e n d f o u r w e re com bined t o form, tw o c o m p o s ite c r i t e r i o n m e a s u r e s ; th© t h r e e c r i t e r i o n m e a s u re s u s e d wer© a c a d e m ic a c h ie v e m e n t. C l; o v e r a l l compe­ t e n c e , 0 2 9 a n d p o p u l a r i t y , 03*

The c o m b in a tio n o f tw o p a i r s

o f m e a s u re s was j u s t i f i e d b o th by t h e r a t i o n a l e u s e d t o d e ­ v e lo p e a c h m e a s u re and by th© d i s t r i b u t i o n o f h ig h an d low c o r r e l a t i o n s a s shown i n T a b le IT b e lo w ,

The c o n s p ic u o u s

c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e t h o s e b etw een t h e two acad em ic g r a d e s ( r * *60) and b e tw ee n t h e c o m p eten ce r a t i n g s o b t a i n e d fro m th e f a c u lty and th e s tu d e n ts ( r * .5 0 ) .

S in c e t h e p o p u la r ­

i t y r a t i n g s show ed o n ly low o r m o d e ra te c o r r e l a t i o n s w ith t h e o t h e r c r i t e r i o n m e a su re s a f t e r t h e c o r r e c t i o n s w ere made t o t h e s t u d e n t co m p e te n ce r a t i n g s , t h e p o p u l a r i t y r a t i n g s w e re r e t a i n e d a s t h e t h i r d f i n a l c r i t e r i o n m easure*

T a b le I ? I n t e r c o r r e l a t l o n s Among F iv e C r i t e r i o n M e asu res f o r th© Iowa S am ple (6 6 C a se s) i n t h o P r e l im i n a r y I n v e s t i g a t i o n ,

V a r ia b l e

A1 A2 F

a P

In te rc o rre la tio n s A1 S F A2 .5 0

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MS I I I e r o d e s Non-BOTC G rad es F a c u l t y B a ti n g S tu d e n t B a tin g ( C oiapetence) S t u d e n t R a tin g (P o p u la rity )

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P -.0 4 .0 6 .1 7 *36 mm mm

35 The r e l a t i v e in d e p e n d e n c e a M s t a b i l i t y o f t h e c o m p o s ite c r i t e r i o n m e a s u re s c a n b e e v a l u a t e d i n te rm s o f t h e i n t e r e o r r e l a t i o n s among t h e m e a su re s an d i n te r m s o f th e t e s t - r e t e e t r e l i a b i l i t i e s o f th e ra tin g s *

T a b le V below

su m m arize s t h e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s among t h e c r i t e r i o n m e a s u re s f o r t h e f o u r s a m p le s u s e d i n t h e p r e l i m i n a r y an d f i n a l in v e s tig a tio n s *

T h ese c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r t h e f o u r sam­

p l e s w e re hom ogeneous* ( e v a l u a t e d i n te r m s o f t h e d i s t r i b u ­ t i o n s o f £ v a lu e s ) * a n d c a n be a c c u r a t e l y sum m arized by t h e a v e ra g e c o r r e la tio n c o e f f ic ie n ts in d ic a te d in th e l a s t l i n e o f th e ta b le *

T a b le V I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s Among C r i t e r i o n M easu res f o r F o u r S am ples o f MS I I I S t u d e n ts i n T h re e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t i e s 3BBSSS3S5ESSSSSX3ESBSSSSS£SS5E2SSSSSS52SS28SX2SE5f t t

Y ear

N

I owe Illin o is Iowa K an sas

1947 1947 1948 1948

66 59 136 119

♦ 50 .5 7 .5 3 .4 5

*60 .5 9 .5 0 .2 9

*44 .4 5 .3 2 .4 1

*01 *13 .3 7 .0 4

*29 .3 7 .1 0 - .0 2

380

.4 7

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.4 4

t'r-t*

C r i t e r i o n I n t e r c o r r e la t io n s 1 01502 F :S C2SC3 C itC 3

U n iv e rs ity

.1 5

A v e rag e r*

A1:A2

* A v e ra g e b a se d on w e ig h te d z v a lu e s * (5 0 ,p * 1 0 8 ) 1* Code d e s i g n a t i o n s a r e t h e same a s th o s e u s e d i n T a b le IV*

36 T he i n t e r e o r r e l a t i o n s o f t h e tw o p a r t s o f t h e com bined c r i t e r i o n m e a su re s a r e c o n s i s t e n t *

A lth o u g h t h e 01

an d 02 c r i t e r i o n c o r r e l a t e n e a r l y a s h i g h ly a s t h e tw o se p a r* a t e e v a l u a t i o n s f o r m in g e a c h o f t h e s e two c o m p o s ite m e a su re s; t h e tw o s e p a r a t e c o m p o s ite m e a su re s w e re r e t a i n e d f o r w h a t­ e v e r s p e c i f i c v a r i a n c e t h e y a iig h t r e p r e s e n t* S in c e u n b ia s e d e s t i m a t e s o f t h e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f ­ f i c i e n t s c o u ld n o t b e o b t a i n e d fro m t h e d a ta i n t h e p r e lim ­ in a r y in v e s tig a tio n ; th e r e s u l t s o f th e f i n a l in v e s tig a tio n w e re u s e d f o r t h i s p u rp o se *

The t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t i e s

o f t h e r a t i n g s o b t a i n e d fro m tw o r a t i n g s s i x m onths a p a r t a r e g e n e r a l l y low*

The c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t h e tw o f a c u l t y

r a t i n g s o b t a i n e d fro m 119 c a s e s a t K ansas was *71, w h ile t h e Iowa d a t a 136 c a s e s l e a d t o a c o e f f i c i e n t o f *56*

T h ese low

v a l u e s may r e f l e c t i n p a r t c h a n g e s i n th© r e l a t i v e p e rfo rm ­ an ce o f s tu d e n ts d u rin g t h i s I n t e r v a l s in c e , f o r each r a t i n g , t h e am ount o f d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i n d i c a t e d by t h e ra n g e o f s c o r e s w as a p p r e c ia b le * The c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t h e tw o s t u d e n t co m p eten ce r a t i n g s o b t a i n e d fro m 119 c a s e s e t K an sas was *75» w h ile t h e c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t o o s t u d e n t p o p u l a r i t y r a t i n g s fro m th e same sa m p le w as *54.

Sine© t h o i n t e r v a l b etw een s t u d e n t r a t i n g s

a p p ro x im a te d t h a t o f t h e f a c u l t y r a t i n g s , t h e lov/ v a lu e s may a l s o r e f l e c t i n p a r t c h a n g e s i n t h e r e l a t i v e p e rfo rm a n c e o f s t u d e n t s d u r in g t h i s i n t e r v a l a s was I n d i c a t e d a b o v e .

37 An a n a l y s i s o f th© r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e t h r e e f a c t o r s o f a g e , m i l i t a r y e x p e r i e n c e , an d b ra n c h o f s e r v i c e an d t h e t h r e e c r i t e r i o n m e a s u re s was made f o r t h e low© sam ple. The r e s u l t s f o r t h e s e t h r e e f a c t o r s i n d ich o to i& ize d fo rm a r o p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le VI b e lo w .

Ho s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n

t h e m eans o f t h e c r i t e r i o n m e a su re s w e re found*

The g ro u p s

w e re t h e r e f o r e c o n s id e r e d a s hom ogeneous w i t h r e s p e c t t o th e t h r e e f a c t o r s in th e l a t e r a n a ly s is *

T a b le VI Mean C r i t e r i o n S c o r e s and T e s ts o f S i g n i f i c a n c e o f D i f f e r ­ e n c e s o f Mean S c o r e s f o r t h e Iowa Sam ple (6 6 C a s e s ) , D ic h o to m iz e d a s t o A ge, M i l i t a r y E x p e rie n c e an d B ra n ch o f S e rv ic e .

C r i t e r i o n G roups 01 02 03 Mean Mean Mean

t Cl

t C2

t 03

10*9 1 0 .6

1 0 .2 1 0 .4

9 .9 1 0 .4

1 .0 2

.5 4

1*52

M i l i t a r y E x p e r ie n c e 1 1 .6 K o n - M ilita r y E x p e rie n c e 1 1 .2

1 2 .1 1 1 .9

1 1 .0 1 0 .7

.9 5

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N

Age - Y o u n g er1 Age - O ld e r 1

1 1 .0 1 1 .0

*1* The y o u n g e r a g e g ro u p - 22 y e a r s o r l e s s * The o l d e r a g e g ro u p - o v e r 22 y e a r s * T h e se r e s u l t s d id n o t s u p p o r t t h e p r e d i c t i o n s o f th e ROTC s t a f f t h a t m i l i t a r y e x p e r i e n c e , a g e an d b ra n c h

38 a s s ig n m e n t w o u ld i n f l u e n c e t h e e v a l u a t i o n s o f MB 111 p e r ­ fo rm an ce* From e v id e n c e p r e s e n t e d a b o v e , t h e t h r e e c r i t e r i o n m e a s u re s w e re c o n s id e r e d a c c e p t a b l e f o r us© i n t h i s i n v e s t i ­ g a tio n .

T he t h r e e c r i t e r i o n v a lu e s d i s c u s s e d w e re , th e r e f o re ^

u s e d f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e e m p i r i c a l s c o r i n g k e y s when r e q u i r e d , i n t h e p r e l i m i n a r y s tu d y and f o r t h e m e a su re s o f s u c c e s s i n th© f i n a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n *

The o v e r a l l c o m p eten ce

c r i t e r i o n , C2 w as a c o e p te d a s th© m ore c r u c i a l o f t h e t h r e e s e t up*

T h is a c c e p ta n c e was b a s e d on t h e n e e d , i n t h e m i l i ­

t a r y s e r v ic e , f o r v a lid p r e d ic tio n In th e a re a o f o v e r a ll c o m p e te n c e .

F u r th e r m o r e , t h e c o r r e l a t i o n b etw een t h e C l an d

C2 m e a s u re s was su c h t h a t th© us© o f C2 a s t h e c r i t e r i o n w ould t e n d t o o o v e r t h e acad em ic p e rfo rm a n c e . C l, m e a su re s a ls o * S e l e c t i o n o f P r e d i c t i o n M easu res P r e v io u s s t u d i e s h a v e c o n s i s t e n t l y I n d i c a t e d p o s i ­ t i v e r e l a t i o n s b etw een a c h ie v e m e n t i n c o l l e g e an d p erfo rm an ce o n c o n v e n t i o n a l l y d e s ig n e d t e s t s o f g e n e r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e and m e n ta l a l e r t n e s s , w h i l e a f aw s t u d i e s have i n d i c a t e d some r e l a t i o n s b e tw een s u c c e s s a n d n o n - i n t e l l i g e n c e m easu re s* The p ro b le m i n t h e f i r s t a r e a was t h a t o f s e l e c t i n g one o r m ore t e s t s s u i t a b l e a s m e a su re s o f g e n e r a l a c a d e m ic a b i l i t y and in te r e s t*

39 A m ore d i f f i c u l t p ro b le m a r i s e s i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f d e v ic e s s a m p lin g t r a i t s i n th e a r e a r e p r e s e n t e d by b i o ­ g r a p h i c a l d a t a , a t t i t u d e s , i n t e r e s t s , l i k e s and d i s l i k e s , an d p r e f e r e n c e s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l .

The t r a i t s

fo u n d i n th e s e

a r e a s a r e g e n e r a l l y assu m ed t o d e v e lo p o v e r a p e r i o d o f y e a r s , and t o be re a s o n a b ly s ta b le *

S in c e th e m ore d i s c r im ­

i n a t i n g i n s t r u m e n t s i n t h e s e a r e a s h a v e b een d e v e lo p e d th ro u g h th© u s e o f s p e c i a l c r i t e r i o n g r o u p s , e m p i r i c a l s c o r i n g k e y s w e re c o n s t r u c t e d by u s i n g c o n t r a s t e d g ro u p s d e f i n e d by h ig h and lo w c o m p o s ite c r i t e r i o n s c o r e s .

T h ese e m p i r ic a l s c o r i n g

k e y s t e n d t o r e d u c e t h e e f f e c t o f a s e t o r b i a s to w a rd s e c u r i n g MgoodM s c o r e s *

The k ey s w e re c o n s t r u c t e d on t h e

a s s u m p tio n t h a t s t u d e n t s w i t h h i g h s c o r e s w o u ld re s p o n d d i f ­ f e r e n t l y t o a n i te m , th a n w ould t h e s t u d e n t s w i t h low s c o r e s , i f t h e ite m r e s p o n s e s w e re r e l a t e d t o t h e h ig h - lo w c r i t e r i o n d ich o tom y* I n t h e a r e a o f i n t e l l e c t u a l t r a i t s many t e s t s w ere a v a ila b le f o r c o n s id e ra tio n .

On t h e b a s i s o f i t s w id e u s a g e

i n th© m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e , t h e A m y G e n e ra l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T e s t (AGCT) (6 5 ) was s e l e c t e d a s o n e o f t h e t e s t s o f th e b a tte ry .

T h is t e s t was a d m i n i s t r a t i v e l y w e l l a d a p te d f o r

u s e i n BOTO an d was a v a i l a b l e i n s e v e r a l fo rm s *

The BOTC

Q u a l i f i c a t i o n E x a m in a tio n , w h ich w as d e v e lo p e d by th© A m eri­ c a n C o u n c il on E d u c a tio n f o r t h e Army t o be u s e d i n c l a s s i ­ f i c a t i o n a n d s e l e c t i o n o f BOTC s t u d e n t s , was a l s o in c lu d e d

40 in th e b a tt e r y . Tfte AGCT i s & 150 ite m t e s t u se u by th e M i l i t a r y S e r v ic e d u r in g «Vorla

a r I I to c l a s s i f y o v e r t e n m i l l i o n

s e le c t© :s f o r m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e .

I t i s d e s ig n e d to p r o v id e

a le v e l o f g e n e ra l a p titu d e o r g e n e ra l le a rn in g a o i l i t y . The t e s t 1$ s c o r e d a s th e num ber o f c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s m inus t h e num ber o f w ro n g s.

A lth o u g h h ig h c o e f f i c i e n t s o f i n t e r n a l

c o n s i s t e n c y an a o f t e s t s t a b i l i t y h a v e b een r e p o r t e d f o r t h i s in s tr u m e n ts t h e d a ta o b ta in e d from tn e f i n a l a p p l i c a t i o n of t l s

t e s t e t K a n sa s l e a d t o an i n t e r n a l c o n s is te n c y c o e f ­

f i c i e n t o f . 8 0 , a s e s tim a te d by m ecns o f th e ivuder-M i c h a rd son fo rm u la ^ £ 1 ), («:5), a v a lu e t h a t i s lo w e r tn a n th o s e u s u a l l y c o n s id e r e d a c c e p t a b l e . The EQTC Q u a lif y in g E x a m in a tio n i s a c l a s s i f i e d (R e s tric te d )

s i x p a r t t e s t d e v e lo p e d f o r tn e Army by th e

A m erican C o u n c il on E d u c a tio n , w ith t h r e e p a r t s a e& lin g w ith s p a t i a l a n a n u m e ric a l c o n c e p ts and w ith tn e o t h e r t h r e e in v w iv in g v e r b a l o r l i n g u i s t i c m a t e r i a l s * te s t,

S in c e t h i s

s c o r e d on tn e Army s c o r in g k e y , was s t a n d a r d iz e d on

a n huTC p o p u l a t i o n , t h e r e l i a b i l i t y was a c c e p te d a s s a t i s ­ fa c to r y f o r tn e p re lim in a ry a p .lic a tx o n .

Tne i n t e r n a l con­

s i s t e n c y c o e f f i c i e n t , e s tim a te d by means o f tn e AUuerd i c h a rd son fo rm u la U b , , was a r e l a t i v e l y low v a lu e o f .6 1 i n th e f i n a l a p p l i c a t i o n a t Iow a.

41 The S tr o n g V o c a t i o n a l I n t e r e s t I n v e n to r y lias b e e n r e p o r t e d (*>, 60) a s p o s s e s s i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e v a lu e i n p r e d i c t ­ in g p e rfo rm a n c e th r o u g h r e s p o n s e s t o i n t e r e s t and p r e f e r e n c e ite m s #

T h is t e s t i s a 400 ite m i n v e n t o r y com posed o f e i g h t

se c tio n s :

1) O c c u p a tio n s , 2) S c h o o l s u b j e c t s , 3) Amusements,

4) A c t i v i t i e s , 5) P e o u l a r i t i e s o f P e o p le , 6) O rd e r o f P r e ­ f e r e n c e s o f A c t i v i t i e s , .7 ) C o m p ariso n s o f I n t e r e s t betw een tw o I t e m s , and 6 ) R a tin g s o f p r e s e n t A b i l i t i e s an d C h a r a c te r ­ is tic s #

I n g e n e r a l , e a c h ite m i s m arked on t h e b a s i s o f

" l ik e " , " i n d i f f e r e n t " , o r " d is lik e " #

The c o m p re h e n siv e

c o v e r a g e o f s u c h ite m s p r o v id e d by t h i s i n v e n t o r y , an d i t s w id e u s a g e i n t h e f i e l d w e re f a c t o r s c o n s id e r e d i n s e l e c t i n g t h i s p r e d i c t i o n in s tru m e n t#

T h re e e m p i r i c a l l y d e v e lo p e d

s c o r i n g k e y s , one f o r e a c h o f t h e t h r e e c o m p o s ite c r i t e r i o n m e a s u r e s , w e re d e v e lo p e d a s d i s c u s s e d below#

The s c o r i n g

w e ig h ts an d a copy o f t h e t e s t a r e p r e s e n t e d i n A ppendix C# The r e s p o n s e s t o t h i s in s tr u m e n t h a v e b e en r e p o r t e d by S tr o n g (6 0 ) a s r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e ; t h e t e s t - r e t e s t c o r r e l a ­ t i o n s a r e r e p o r t e d a s r a n g in g fro m #62 t o #75#

The a v e r a g e

num ber o f i d e n t i c a l r e s p o n s e s (no ch an g e ) t o t h e I n v e n to r y ite m s was a p p r o x im a te ly s i x t y - f i v e p e r c e n t f o r a sam p le o f c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s o v e r a o n e - y e a r i n t e r v a l b e tw ee n a d m in is ­ tra tio n s *

The i n t e r n a l c o n s i s t e n c y r e l i a b i l i t y e s tim a te d

fro m th e o d d -e v e n s c o r e d a ta was r e p o r t e d a s *68*

42 The J u r g e n s e n C l a s s i f i c a t i o n I n v e n t o r y (3 5 ) I s a n o t h e r i n v e n t o r y o f a t t i t u d e s , i n t e r e s t s , l i k e s and d i s ­ l i k e s , f o r w hioh t h e s c o r i n g k e y s w o re t o be d e te rm in e d fro m t h e r e s p o n s e s o f t h e h ig h - lo w c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s#

The

i n v e n t o r y e o n a i& ts o f 288 ite m s i n t r i a d s o r p a i r e d form p r e s e n t e d by t h e " f o r c e d c h o ic e " te c h n iq u e #

For each t r i a d

( t h r e e a l t e r n a t i v e s ) t h e t e s t e e i s r e q u i r e d t o m ark h i s f i r s t a n d t h i r d c h o i c e , o r p r e f e r e n c e , w h ile f o r e a c h p a i r he in d ic a te s h is p re fe re n c e .

A copy o f t h e t e s t an d t h e

s c o r i n g w e ig h ts u s e d a r e p r e s e n t e d i n A ppendix 0# A lth o u g h t i l l s i n v e n to r y i s s t i l l i n t h e e x p e r i ­ m e n ta l s t a g e s t h e s t a b i l i t y a n d i n t e r n a l c o n s i s t e n c y o f t h e r e s p o n s e s w e re c o n s id e r e d s a t i s f a c t o r y #

B o s w e ll(1 3 ) i n a

s t u d y o f t h e c o n s i s t e n c y o f r e s p o n s e s on t h i s t e s t fo u n d t h a t t h e r e s p o n s e s o f c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s w ere r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e o v e r a n i n e t o s i x t e e n w eek i n t e r v a l # i n d i v i d u a l ite m s t a b i l i t y

He r e p o r t e d

i n d i c e s o f fro m #40 t o #89#

The I n d e x o f B a ck g ro u n d , A c t i v i t i e s and P r e f e r ­ e n c e s , a b i o g r a p h i c a l fo rm p r e p a r e d f o r t h e U n ite d S t a t e s C o a s t G uard Academy, was i n c lu d e d i n t h e b a t t e r y on t h e h y p o t h e s is t h a t c e r t a i n ite m s o f p e r s o n n e l e x p e r i e n c e , h i s ­ t o r y and f a m ily b a c k g ro u n d w ould be s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d t o s u c c e s s i n MS I I I .

Such ite m s h av e b e en fo u n d t o b© r e ­

l a t e d t o s u c c e s s i n c e r t a i n p e rfo rm a n c e a r e a s i n i n d u s t r y ( 2 8 ,6 7 ) an d o f f i c e r s e l e c t i o n # ( 4 ,4 6 ,4 7 )

T h is p a r t i c u l a r

43 i n v e n t o r y v/b b i n c l u d e d b e c a u s e o f t h e e x t e n s i v e c o v e ra g e o f t h e ite m s w i t h i n t h e i n v e n t o r y I t s e l f * d i v id e d i n t o s i x s e c t i o n s 5

The l i s t o f ite m s i s

I ) G e n e ra l B a ck g ro u n d , 2} E duca­

t i o n a l B a c k g ro u n d , 3) A t h l e t i c B a c k g ro u n d , 4) E x t r a - c u r r i c u l a r A c t i v i t i e s , 5) R e c r e a t i o n a l A c t i v i t i e s and H o b b ie s , a n d 6} P r e f e r e n c e and O h a r a c t e r l s t i c s *

No d a ta a s t o c o n s i s ­

te n c y and s t a b i l i t y o f r e s p o n s e s on t h i s s e t o f ite m s w e re a v a ila b le *

A copy o f t h e fo rm an d t h e s c o r i n g w e ig h ts d e ­

te r m in e d fro m t h e h ig h - lo w c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n A p p e n d ix D* D ev elopm ent o f E m p ir ic a l S c o r in g Keys f o r t h e P r e d i c t i o n M e a su re s The t h r e e d e v i c e s , t h e S tr o n g I n v e n t o r y , t h e J u r ­ g e n s en I n v e n t o r y an d t h e C o a s t G uard In d e x w e re a d m i n i s t e r e d t o t h e p r e l i m i n a r y sam p le o f s i x t y - s i x Iowa s t u d e n t s d u r in g t h e r e g u l a r l y s c h e d u le d c l a s s p e r i o d s o f t h e s c h o o l y e a r o f 1 9 47-48#

A h ig h g ro u p , d e f i n e d a s th e u p p e r o n e - t h i r d o f

t h e s a m p le , and a low g ro u p , d e f i n e d a s t h e lo w e s t o n e t h i r d , w ere s e l e c t e d fro m t h e s c o r e s o f e a c h o f t h e t h r e e c r i t e r i o n m ea su re s*

The r e s p o n s e s t o e a c h ite m i n e a c h o f

t h e t h r e e d e v ic e s w ere r e c o i’ded f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l i n e a c h o f t h e " h ig h * an d "lo w ” g r o u p s , and th e num ber o f i n d i v i d u ­ a l s I n t h e h ig h - lo v / g ro u p s m ak in g e a c h p o s s i b l e r e s p o n s e t o e a c h t e s t ite m was d e te rm in e d *

D i f f e r e n t i a l u n i t ( + 1 ,0 ,- 1 )

s c o r i n g w e ig h ts w e re a s s i g n e d t o r e s p o n s e s f o r w h ich t h e

44 f r e q u e n c i e s w e re s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t a t t h e f i f t e e n p e r c e n t l e v e l ; t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l was e s t a b l i s h e d by means o f t h e C hi S q u a re t e s t o f h o m o g en eity #

T h re e s c o r i n g k e y s

w e re d e te r m in e d f o r e a c h o f t h e t h r o e d e v i c e s , t h e S tro n g a n d Ju rg e n s© n I n v e n t o r i e s an d t h e C o a st G uard Index# J u r g e n s e n (3 5 ) h a s s u g g e s te d i n c r e a s i n g t h e s c o r ­ i n g w e i g h ts by a f a c t o r o f one f o r e a c h i n c r e a s e o f #10 i n t h e p h i c o e f f i c i e n t when i t i s d e te rm in e d f o r tw o c o n tr a s t e d g ro u p s#

I n t h e p r e s e n t i n s t a n c e i t w as deemed s a t i s f a c t o r y

t o s im p ly w e ig h t t h e ite m s p lu s one and m inus one s i n c e t h e l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e u s e d and t h e r e g r e s s i o n e f f e c t t o b e e x p e c te d d id n o t j u s t i f y g r e a t e r d i f f o r e n t i a t i o n betw een t h e ite m w e ig h ts #

P o s i t i v e v a lu e s w e re a s s ig n e d t o t h o s e

r e s p o n s e s f o r w h ich t h e f r e q u e n c y o f t h e " h i g h ” g ro u p was t h e g r e a t e r , and n e g a t i v e v a lu e s t o th o s e r e s p o n s e s f o r wh&ti t h e "lo w ” g ro u p f r e q u e n c i e s w e re l a r g e r * The r a t i o o f s c o r e d ite m s t o t o t a l ite m s o f t h e t e s t s c o n s id e r e d was s m a l l .

Frofa a t o t a l o f 108 ite m s o f

t h e J u r g e n s e n , t w e n t y - f i v e r e s p o n s e s on s i x t e e n ite m s w ere s c o r e d f o r 0 1 ; t h i r t y - s i x r e s p o n s e s on t w e n ty - t li r e e ite m s f o r C2; and t h i r t y r e s p o n s e s on tw e n ty -tw o ite m s w e re scored on C3#

From

r e s p o n s e s on

t h e t o t a l o f 400 ite m s 109 ite m s w e re s c o r e d

o f t h e S t r o n g , 156 f o r C l; s i x t y - e i g h t

r e s p o n s e s on f i f t y - f i v e ite m s w ere s c o re d f o r 0 2 , w h i l e 146 r e s p o n s e s on 104 ite m s w e re s c o r e d

f o r 03*

The s m a ll

num ber o f ite m s s c o r e d I n e a c h s e t s u g g e s ts t h a t t h e s c o r i n g k e y s may r e p r e s e n t c h i e f l y random sa m p lin g e r r o r s ; a t e s t o f t h i s h y p o t h e s i s w i l l bo x u w tid e d by th e s p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s c o r i n g k e y s t o a new s a m p le , 1* e * , by t h e c r o s s - v a l i d a t i o n proee&ux^e# Some ite m s w e re common t o more t h a n one k e y f o r b o th t h e S t r o n g and J u r g e n s e n I n v e n t o r i e s #

S uch ite m s a r e

i n d i c a t e d on t h e l i s t o f s c o r e d ite m s f o r b o th t e s t s p r e ­ s e n t e d I n A p p e n d ix C.

T h ese common Ite m s c o n s t i t u t e d one o f

th e so u rc e s o f m a te r ia l u t i l i z e d in c o n s tru c tin g th e P r e f e r ­ e n c e T e s t u s e d i n t h e m ain i n v e s t i g a t i o n * An a tte m p t was made t o d e v e lo p e m p i r ic a l s c o r i n g k e y s a s i n d i c a t e d a b o v e , f o r t h e C o a st G uard In d e x o f Back­ g ro u n d , A c t i v i t i e s and P r e f e r e n c e s ; o f t h o 300 ite m s con­ t a i n e d i n t h e s i x s e c t i o n s o f t h e t e x t o n ly t h i r t e e n ite m s w e re f o u n d t o h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t r e s p o n s e fre -r q u e n c ie s i n t h e " h i g h ” and "lo w ” c r i t e r i o n g ro u p s*

S in c e

t h e l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e was f i f t e e n p e r c e n t , a p p ro x im a te ­ l y f o r t y - f i v e ite m s w ould be e x p e c te d on t h e b a s i s o f r a n ­ dom s a m p lin g , t o m oot t i l l s l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e I f t h e Ite m s w e re in d e p e n d e n t*

S in c e th o num ber o f Ite m s s e l e c t e d

was so s m a l l , a n d s i n c e t h o s e ite m s v/ero i n a f i e l d w hich was a l r e a d y c o v e re d i n b o th t h e J u r g e n s e n and S tr o n g In v e n ­ t o r i e s , no s c o r i n g k e y s w ore d e v e lo p e d , and th e t e s t was s u b s e q u e n t ly d ro p p e d fro m t h e b a t t e r y *

The t h i r t e e n

46 s i g n i f i c a n t ite m s w e re , h o w e v e r, u t i l i s e d i n a r e v i s e d fo rm on t h e P r e f e r e n c e T e s t . o f t h e C r i t e r i o n M e a su re s T he p r e l i m i n a r y p r e d i c t i o n b a t t e r y w as com posed o f t h e f o l lo w in g f o u r d e v io e s *

The Army G enera 1 C la s s if ie s - *

t i o n T e s t , The ROTO Q u a l if y i n g E x a m in a tio n , The J u rg e n s e n C l a s s i f i c a t i o n I n v e n t o r y and t h e S tr o n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t I n v e n to r y * S i n c e s c o r i n g k e y s f o r t h e J tirg e n s e n a n d t h e S tr o n g w e re d e v e lo p e d on t h e Iowa sam p le no v a l i d i t y c o e f f i ­ c i e n t s f o r t h e s e t e s t s a t Iowa w e re d e te rm in e d *

The r e s u l t s

o f t h e I l l i n o i s s a m p le , ho w ev er w e re u s e d t o s e c u r e an i n d i ­ c a t i o n o f t h e r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e s e f o u r d e v ic e s a n d t h e t h r e e c r i t e r i o n m e a su re s*

T a b le V I I , belo w shows t h e d a ta

o b t a i n e d on t h e I l l i n o i s sam ple*

T a b le V II Mean S c o r e s , V a r ia n c e s , a n d V a l i d i t y C o e f f i c i e n t s o f F o u r P r e d i c t i o n D e v ic e s U sed i n t h e P r e l im i n a r y I n v e s t i g a t i o n a t I l l i n o i s (59 C a se s) D e v ice

Means

V a r ia n c e s

AGOT ROTO Q u e l.

1 3 3 .9 1 3 6 .3 1 3 .7 1 3 .0 6 .8

1 3 2 .2 5 3 6 4 .0 5 1 0 2 .8 2 39 *96 61*47

S tr o n g

Cl

02

C3

V a l i d i t y C o e f fic ie n ts Cl 02 03 •44** .5 1 * * -.1 3

.1 8 - .2 0 .3 3 * * - . 0 5 ****20 «24

Ju rg e n se n

02

ci

1 2 .4

8 .9

24.50

C3

1 2 .0

16.32

* S ig n ific a n t a t ** S i g n i f i c a n t a t

9 .0 6

- .1 9

- ,0 4

.2 4

t h e % l e v e l o f c o n f id e n c e . t h e 1% l e v e l o f c o n fid e n c e *

The r e s u l t s

o f th e c ro ss v a lid a tio n s te p

p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y i n d i c a t e t h a t tw o o f t h e p r e d i c t i o n

in th e in s tru ­

m e n ts . t h e AGCT an d th e ROTO Q u a lif y in g i& a ia in a tio n , h a v e p ro m is e a s p r e d i c t o r s o f t h e a ca d em ic a c h ie v e m e n t c r i t e r i o n . C l.

A lth o u g h t h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e o t h e r p r e d i c t i o n i n s t r u ­

m e n ts and t h e t h r e e c r i t e r i o n m easure© w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ­ l y d i f f e r e n t fro m z e r o a t t h e f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l , t h e c o r ­ r e l a t i o n s b e tw ee n t h e S tr o n g an d t h e J u rg e n s e n k e y s an d t h e p o p u l a r i t y c r i t e r i o n m e a s u re . 03 a r e c o n s id e r e d h ig h enough t o w a r r a n t r e t a i n i n g t h e s e d e v ic e s i n t h e xaain i n v e s t i g a t i o n . The i n t e r c o r r e l a t ion© o f t h e p r e d i c t i o n i n s t r u ­ m en ts shown i n T a b le V I I I . below i n d i c a t e t h a t , i n g e n e r a l t h e m e a s u re s c a n bo c o n s id e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y in d e p e n d e n t; t h e c h i e f e x c e p tio n i s i n d i c a t e d by th e c o r r e l a t i o n o f .7 6 b e tw ee n t h e AGCT and ROTC t e s t s .

T h is r e s u l t was e x p e c te d

s i n c e t h e two t e s t s w e re s e l e c t e d a s m ea su re s o f t h e same g e n e ra l t r a i t .

S in c e some i t eras w e re a s s ig n e d common s c o r ­

in g w e ig h ts i n t h e S tr o n g a n d Jurgens© n I n v e n to r y k e y s , s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s among t h e t h r e e s c o r e s ob­ t a i n e d fro m e a c h o f t h o S tr o n g and t h e J u r g e n s on I n v e n to rie s

w o re n o t unex p ected .#

H ow ever, t h e num ber o f d u p l i c a t e d

ite m s i s r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l , so t h a t t h e low c o r r e l a t i o n s c a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s e i t h e r e v id e n c e o f t h e r e l a t i v e in d e p e n ­ d e n c e o f t h e t r a i t s m e a su re d by t h e s e v e r a l k ey s o r a s e v i ­ d e n c e o f t h e low r e l i a b i l i t y o f p r e f e r e n c e r e s p o n s e s #

T a b le T i l l I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s o f B ig h t P r e d i c t i o n M e asu res U sed I n t h e P r e l i m i n a r y I n v e s t i g a t i o n f o r t h e I l l i n o i s Sam ple (59 Oases)

AGCT ROTO

Q*

B tro n g

01 02 03

Cl Ju rg e n se n C2

C3

#76*

ROTO S tr o n g S c o r e s Q u a l. Cl 02 03 , 76** - . 1 4 - .2 7 * #06 .1 2 - . 0 3 —#11

.1 2 -* 1 4 - .2 7 * - . 0 3 #06 —#11 - .0 7 .0 6 .0 1

-#02 *07 .04

* S ig n if ic a n t a t th e ** S i g n i f i c a n t a t tlx© 1 $ The p r e d i c t i v e

— - I 16

lu r g e n s e n S c o re s Cl 02 • 03 -.0 7 —.0 2

.3 3 * * -*16 #03 .3 9 * * *05 •29** — ~ #.i3

*03 .0 5 *15 .2 3 —#16 —• lb

-* 1 3 .27* *20

.00 .0 3

.0 6 ♦07

. # oo ■£“M

AGCT

.1 5 - . 1 0 .2 3 -# 1 6 #27* .2 0 .00 p#— • 30*

•°L *3 R3 L

17.5 19.0 17.2 9.5 7.7 9.8 13.5 3.9 3.2

4.21 4.32 4.62 6.25 2.33 6.29 4.80 3.94 2.46

19.0 18.6 16 a 9a 8.5 9.6 15a 4.0 2.7

MA HT D FT PA SC PD BS L

19.2 18.3 18.2 10.2 8.3 9.7 14.1 3.6 3.5

4.70 5.58 4.26 6.71 3.56 6.74 3.48 3 .U 2.52

17.1 17.7 15.9 10.8 7.3 9.3 14.4 3.0 3.3

t ~

Upper Mean S.D.

Kansas Mean

Loser S.D.

t ”

C riterion Measure Cl

3.61 3.76 9.13 6.67 2.76 6.20 4.12 2.82 2.59

4.67* •31_ .351 .09 2.56 .08 2.8L. .131 1.93

17.0 19.1 15.6 8.7 7.7 7.5 13.2 3.2 3.4

C riterion Measure C2 4.41 3.78* 17a

4.96 3.86 6.36 2.94 6.14 4.04 2.82 2.40

.64 •43 .83 2.72* .48 .47 1.55 .80

18.7 15.3 8.7 7.8 7a 13.8 2.8 3a

C riterion Measure C3

17.6 18.2 15.6 10,3 8.7 9.1 14.6 3.8 Is_______ ____2Lt2—

MA HT D PT PA SC fD BS

4.38 5.21 3.66 6.39 3.26 6.87 3.37 3.16 2.37 _

18.4 18.6 16.0 9.1 7.9 8a 14.8 3.1

4.09 5.12 4.83 6.73 2.87 6.25 4.43 2.66 2.78

1.53 .68 .871 1.46 2.24 •90 .501 2.01* 1.00

18.1 17.8 14.6 9.5 7.3 8a 12.5 4a

3.68 3.69 4.34 6.34 3.12 5.03 3.31 3.56

17.1 18.5 16.1 8.1 8.0 8.00 14.5 3.2 3a

4.02 •02 3.18 1.48, 5.57 •801 6.39 •70_ 2.36 1.111 4.97 .75 3.56 2.74* 3.94 08 2.25 .12

3.81 2.96 3.85 6.51 3.50 4.02 3.51 107 1.85

16 a

3.83 2.95 4.39 506 2.74 4.88 3.40 2.U 2.03

16.7

5.22 2.16 4.85 • s i 5.75 5.95 2.73*1 2.69 1.281 4.86 .87 5.21 .04 6.44 1.13 2.14 —

2.03

4.84 3.77 407 6.28 2.15 4.96 4.98 5.47

2.26 _

18.8 16.3 7.6 7.9 7.7 14.8 3.2 3.1 18.3 14.0 70 7.7 7 .8

12.6 5.3

2.02 03 1.80 1.47, .321 .801 2.00 1.531 .31

2*2_ * S ig n ifican t a t the l£ lev el of confidence. 1 The Cochran-Ccoc te s t fo r differences betseen means was used w hen variances are nob homogeneous. 2 The synfcols fo r the t r a i t scales are those used in the manual fo r the Inventory* th e in te rp re ta tio n s are presented in Appendix

62 I t s h o u ld be n o te d t h a t o n ly f i v e d i f f e r e n c e s b e ­ tw e e n mean c r i t e r i o n s c o r e s f o r t h e Iowa e x tre m e group® w e re s i g n i f i c a n t (o n e p e r c o a t l e v e l ) and o n ly two o f th© d i f f e r ­ e n c e s i n t h e K a n sa s g ro u p w e re s i g n i f i c a n t *

S in c e t h e PD

s c a l e was t h e o n ly one f o r w h ic h c o n s i s t e n t d i f f e r e n c e s w ere o b s e r v e d , t h e c o r r e l a t i o n b etw een t h e PD s c o r e s and C l c r i ­ t e r i o n v a l u e s w as com puted f o r b o th sa m p le s a s a ch eck on t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e e x tre m e -g ro u p s a n a l y s i s *

The c o r r e l a t i o n

-* 0 5 f o r t h e la v a sa m p le an d -* 0 3 f o r t h e K ansas sa m p le , w ere d e a r ly not s ig n ific a n t.

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s c h ec k i n d i c a t ­

ed t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s c o u ld n o t bo e x p e c te d b e ­ tw e en t h e r e m a in in g s c a l e v a lu e s and t h e c r i t e r i o n m ea su re s; t h e r e f o r e , no f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s was made o f t h i s form o f t h e M u l t ip h a s i c I n v e n to ry * R e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e P r e d i c t i o n M easu res R e l i a b i l i t y d a ta was o b ta in e d from t h e t e s t r e ­ s u l t s o f t h e two sa m p le s u se d I n t h e m ain i n v e s t i g a t i o n . S in c e c l a s s tim e was n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r a se c o n d a d m i n i s t r a ­ t i o n o f t h e p r e d i c t i o n m e a s u re s , and r e p o r t e d s t a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s f o r t h e m e a su re s u s e d w e re a c c e p t a b l e , r e l i a b i l ­ i t y e s t i m a t e s r e p o r t e d f o r t h e p r e d i c t i o n m e a su re s a r e e s tim a te s o f i n te r n a l c o n s is te n c y o r c o e f f ic ie n ts o f e q u iv a le n c e * (1 6 )

63 The K u d e r-H ic h a rd s o n fo rm u la $ 2 1 ( f o o t - r u l e m e th o d ) (3 8 ) w as u s e d t o d e te r m in e t h e .i n te r n a l c o n s i s t e n c y e s t i m a t e s f o r t h e AGOT and th© HOTC Q u a lif y in g E x a m in a tio n s f o r t h e r e m a in d e r o f th© m e a su re s t h e s p l i t - h a l f ,

{o d d-even)

s c o r e s f o r th© ite m s a tte m p te d by n i n e t j '- e i g h t p e r c e n t o r m ore o f t h e s t u d e n t s w e re c o r r e l a t e d a n d t h i s c o r r e l a t i o n u s e d i n th© Spearm an-B row n fo rm u la (3 8 ) t o e s t im a t e t h e o v e r a l l c o e f f i c i e n t s o f e q u iv a le n c e *

The J u r g e n s e n , S tr o n g

an d t h e P r e f e r e n c e I n v e n t o r i e s w e re s c o re d on a l t e r n a t e t r i a d s o r p a i r s on b o th t h e p o s i t i v e and n e g a t iv e k e y s ( u s i n g s c o r e s fro m p o s i t i v e and n e g a t iv e k e y s f o r e a c h h a l f sc o re)*

T h ese c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le X II below*

Xc3mjLv? AjLJu C o e f f i c i e n t s o f K q u iv a le n o e f o r t h e P r e d i c t i o n M easu res f o r t h e Iowa Sam ple (1 3 6 C a se s) and t h e K ansas Sam ple (119 C ases)

Iowa Sam ple S ta n d a r d S p e c i a l Key Key Cl 02 03 S tr o n g J u r g e n s en P re fe re n c e G o tts c h a ld t E s t im a ti n g ROTC Qual* AGCT

— — — *55 .1 0 *81 —

*70 *44 *54

K ansas Sam ple S ta n d a r d S p e c i a l Key Key Cl 02 03

—

*38 *54 *42 — —

*71 *07 * 5$ —— —

— —* •**75 *08

—

—

—

*80

.5 3 *55 #47 — —

#75 *5S *43 *54 *57 *46 — — — —

A l l o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f e q u iv a le n c e , e x c e p t t h o s e f o r th© E s t im a ti n g T e s t , a n d t h e 03 k e y o f th© S tr o n g I n v e n t o r y a r e s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e one p e r c e n t l e v e l ; t h e co ­ e f f i c i e n t s a r e lo w e r , h o w e v e r, th a n th© m in im a l v a lu e s u s u a l l y a c c e p te d f o r t e s t s c o r e s t h a t a r e t o be u se d f o r i n d i v i d u a l s e l e c t i o n a n d p la c e m e n t*

Such low c o e f f i c i e n t s

may be u s e f u l fox' r e s e a r c h a n d g ro u p p r e d i c t i o n p u r p o s e s , h o w e v e r, e s p e c i a l l y when t h e t o s t i s t o be u s e d o s a p a r t o f a b a tte ry * ( 3 0 )

A lth o u g h th e c o n s p ic u o u s ly low e s t im a t e s

f o r t h e .E s tim a tin g T e s t r a i s e s a s e r i o u s q u e s t io n a s t o th© p o s s i b l e v a lu e o f th© i n s t r u m e n t , th© t e s t a p p a r e n t l y was n o t t a k e n s e r i o u s l y by t h e s tu d e n ts *

Comments from s t u d e n t s

i n b o th sa m p le s i n d i c a t e d t h a t , a s a r e s u l t o f t h e i r l a c k o f e x p e r i e n c e , t h e s h o r t tim e l i m i t o f th© t e s t , an d t h e h ig h d i f f i c u l t y v a lu e o f th© i t e m s , t h e y had r e s o r t e d t o g u e s s in g r a t h e r t h a n m aking a c a l c u l a t e d e s t im a t e a s d i r e c t ­ ed*

T h is r e s u l t was n o t a n t i c i p a t e d s i n c e th e t e s t h a s

b e e n u s e d w i t h m ore s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s by T h u rs to n e (6 4 ) w i t h b o t h h ig h s c h o o l and c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s a s w e l l a s w i t h t h e a d u l t s i n h ie C i v i l S e r v i c e stu d y * (4 0 )

W ith t h e one

e x c e p tio n o f t h e E s tim a tin g T e s t s c o r e s , th e r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s o f t h e m e a s u re s u s e d i n th© s tu d y a r e h ig h enough t o p r e c l u d e t h e e x p la n a t i o n o f i n s i g n i f i c a n t v a l i d ­ i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s a s due t o t h e u n r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e p r e d i c ­ t o r m e a su re s*

65 C f r q r a o t e r i s t i c s o £ C r i t e r i o n M e a su re s I n t h e F i n a l A & m ln lstra t Io n In. C h a p te r I I , t h e r e l a t i v e in d e p e n d e n c e and s t a b i l i t y o f t h e c o m p o s ite c r i t e r i o n m e a su re s v/ere e v a lu a t e d i n te r m s o f t h e i n t e r c o r r s l a t i o n s among t h e m e a su re s an d i n te rm s o f t h e t e s t - r e t e s t r e l i a b i l i t i e s o f t h e r a t i n g # T he d a ta f o r f a c u l t y r a t i n g s o b t a i n e d i n t h e m ain i n v e s t i g a ­ t i o n a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le I I I I below *

T a b le XTII Means and V a r ia n c e s f o r Two S u c c e s s iv e R a tin g s O b ta in e d S i x M onths A p a rt on th© F a c u lt y R a tin g S c a le s f o r t h e Iowa S am ple (1 3 6 C a se s) and t h e K an sas Sam ple (119 C a se s)#

S am ple

A d ra in is t r a t io n

Mean

V a ria n c e

Iowa

1st 2nd

1 1 .3 1 1 .6

75*17 142*32

K an sas

1 st 2nd

7*7 8*3

234*70 2 7 9 .8 9

A lth o u g h t h e mean d i f f e r e n c e s betw een t h e tw o a d ­ m i n i s t r a t i o n s o f t h e f a c u l t y r a t i n g s c a l e w ero n o t s i g n i f i ­ c a n t e t e i t h e r o f t h e tw o s c h o o l s , t h e r e was a n o t i c e a b l e in c re a s e in th e in g s #

v a r ia b ility

o f th o s c o r e s f o r t h e tw o r a t ­

T h e se s l i g h t c h an g o s i n mean r a t i n g s a r e i n t h e ex­

p e c t e d d i r e c t i o n o f im provem ent w i t h t r a i n i n g b u t t h e

66 m agn itu d e o f th e ch an ge io d is a p p o in t in g ly s m a ll.

T hese

r e s u l t s p o in t up a s e r io u s w eak n ess In c r i t e r i o n m easures d e v e lo p e d by r a t in g m ethods; th e d is c r im in a t io n s r e q u ir e d a r e b a s i c a l l y r e 3 .a tiv e o n o s f so no a b s o lu t e l e v e l s can be in fe r r e d *

In a d d it io n t h e v a r ia n c e s o f th e r a tin g s a t

K ansas w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y la r g e r th a n t h e co rr esp o n d in g v a r ­ ia n c e s fo r th e Iowa sample*

The in c r e a s e in v a r ia n c e s may

be a t t r i b u t e b io t o an in c r e a se d know ledge o f t h e s tu d e n ts w ith an I n c r e a s e d u s e o f more extrem e r a t in g s by th e Kansas r a t e r s $ assum ing t h a t th e groups do show d if f e r e n c e s be­ tw een i n d iv i d u a l s in perform ances* I t may be r e c a l l e d t h a t t h e s t a b i l i t y e s tim a te s f o r f a c u l t y r a t in g s r e p o r te d In C hapter I I w ere .56 and *71 f o r t h e Iowa and Kansas sam p les r e s p e c t iv e ly *

C o e f f ic i e n t s

so lo w may r e f l e c t th© d i f f e r e n t i a l e f f e c t s o f t r a in in g a s w e l l a s ch an ges i n th e b ia s e s o f th e r a t e r s .

The f a c t t h a t

th e y a r e a s h ig h a s *50 and *70 however* i n d ic a t e accep tab le l e v e l s o f s t a b i l i t y f o r item s w hich a r e elem en ts o f a com­ p o s i t e m easu rin g in str u m e n t* ( 30 ) Two s tu d e n t r a t in g s w ere o b ta in e d a t Kansas*

The

data f o r t h e s tu d e n t r a t in g s o f th e f i n a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e p r e s e n te d In T ab le XIV below*

67

T a b le XLV M eans a n d V a r ia n c e s o f C o r r e c te d S tu d e n t Corapeten.ce R a tin g s a n d o f S tu d e n t P o p u l a r i t y R a tin g s f o r t h e Iowa Sam ple (136 C a s e s ) , a n d t h e K an sas Sam ple ( i l 9 C a se s)

Mean°

«

^

oe

1 0178

1st 2ndl

10 *2

K an sas

1 st 2nd

9 .6 10*2

6 ,0 5 1 1 ,5 6

jJ r^ V ^ L n o e 1 0 .5

5 .9 0

1 1 .2 1 0 .8

1 4 .8 0 1 6 .0 8

I I l i

A d m i n is tr a t io n

O *r\ « ri

S am p le

1* A se c o n d r a t i n g was n o t o b ta in e d f o r t h e lavra sam ple* Kor n e i t h e r o f th e two r a t i n g s , a r e t h e d i f f e r ­ e n c e s b e tw ee n mean s c o r e s o f th e f i r s t r a t i n g s o f t h e tw o sa m p le s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e one p e r c e n t l e v e l o f c o n fid e n c e (The C o ch ran -C o x T e s t ) , n o r a r e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n mean s c o r e s o f t h e two r a t i n g s a t K ansas s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e sam e le v e l*

T h e re i s how ever s l i g h t , b u t I n s i g n i f i c a n t , i n c r e a s e

i n t h e v a r i a b i l i t y o f b o th t h e co m petence a n d p o p u l a r i t y r a t i n g s on t h e s e c o n d r a t i n g a t K a n sa s; t h i s i n c r e a s e m y b© a t t r i b u t e d t o i n c r e a s e d a c q u a in ta n c e o f t h e r a t e r an d rate© * The e f f e c t o f t h e know ledge o f t h e r a te © , b e in g t o i n c r e a s e t h e num ber o f common h i g h a n d lew r a t i n g s o b t a i n e d by a g iv e n s tu d e n t*

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The p r o p e r e s tim a te s w ould

b e b a s e d upon tw o o r m ore g ra d e s i n t h e same a r e a o f a c t i v i t y 9 t h e g r a d e s b e in g a s s i g n e d by tw o o r m ore known r a t e r s * The d a ta r e q u i r e d c o u ld n o t b e o b ta in e d f o r t h i s s t u d y , so a l e s s p r e c i s e b u t m ore i n c l u s i v e e s t i m a t e was o b ta in e d by m eans o f t h e a v e r a g e g r a d e s a s s i g n e d t o t h e s t u d e n t i n h i s ROTC c o u r s e s and i n h i s non-ROTC w o rk .

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t h e " t r u e s c o r e s " i n e a c h a v e r a g e grad© a s v /e ll a s d i f f e r e n o e s b e tw ee n g r a d e r s t h e r e f o r e te n d to a t t e n u a t e t h e c o r ­ r e la tio n c o e ffic ie n t.

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g r a d e s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e on© p e r c e n t l e v e l o f c o n f i ­ dence* The S pearm an-B row n fo rm u la (3 8 ) w i l l p r o v id e e s t i ­ m a te s o f r e l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r th© oom bined a c a d e m ic g r a d e s o f *69 an d #43 tiv e ly *

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T he low r e l i a b i l i t y e s t i m a t e s t o ­

g e t h e r v ;ith t h e l a r g e v a r i a n c e o f th© K ansas sam p le may r e ­ f l e c t i n p a r t a h i g h e r i n t e r o o r r e l a t i o n among t h e s e p a r a t e s t u d i e s co m p o sin g t h e ROTC c o u r s e , t o g e t h e r w ith a sy s te m a ­ tic

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g r a d in g system # The d i f f e r e n c e s betw een th e mean ROTC grad es as w e l l a s t h e mean non-ROTC g r a d e s , f o r th e two sam p les a r e s i g n i f l e a n t ; t h e v a r ia n c e s f o r th e co rr esp o n d in g compari­ so n s a r e a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t #

L ik e w ise w it h in ea ch s o h o o l,

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70 c o u rse s*

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h e l d b e l i e f t h a t g r a d e s i n t h e m i l i t a r y c o u r s e s a r e n o t com­ p a ra b le to th o s e in o th e r a re a s* y a l i d i t y o f t h e P r e d i c t i o n M easu res The v a l i d i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e sum m arized i n T a b le XVI b elo w f o r f o u r o f t h e p r e d i c t o r m e a su re s f o r e a c h o f t h e f o u r sa m p le s u s e d i n t h e stu d y *

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s o o r e s w e re c o r r e l a t e d w i t h e a c h o f t h e t h r e e c r i t e r i o n m e a su re s*

The c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r t h e S tr o n g and J u rg e n s e n

i n v e n t o r i e s , h o w e v e r, w e re com puted o n ly f o r t h e " a p p r o p r i ­ a t e i n v e n t o r y s c o r e s ” , i * e * , th© s c o r e s o b ta in e d from. th e C l k e y o f t h e S tr o n g I n v e n to r y w e re c o r r e l a t e d w ith t h e C l c r i t e r i o n m e a s u re , t h e 02 S tr o n g s c o r e w ith t h e 02 c r i t e r i o n m e a s u r e , e tc *

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90 33* J e n k i n s , Wm. G*, "A R eview o f L e a d e r s h ip S t u d i e s w i t h P a r t i c u l a r R e f e r e n c e t o M i l i t a r y P ro b le m s * . P s y c h o lo g ­ i c a l B u l l e t i n , V o l. 4 4 , J a n . 1 9 4 7 , p p . 5 4 . 34* Jo h n so n * P a lm e r 0 . . S t a t i s t i c a l M ethods i n R e s e a r c h . P r e t t t i c e - H t i l l , I n c . / T T w Y o r k , N . T . , T 9 ^ 9 . --------35* J u r g e n s e n , C» 32. * M anual f o r t h e C l a s s i f i c a t i o n In v e n ­ to r y . P riv a te ly p rin te d , 1557. 36* J u r g e n s e n , C. E *, " R e p o rt on t h e C l a s s i f i c a t i o n In v e n ­ t o r y , a P e r s o n a l i t y T e s t f o r I n d u s t r i a l U se” , J o u r n a l Q t A p p lie d P sy c h o lo g y ;, V o l. 2 8 , 1 9 4 4 , p p . 4 4 5 - W T 3 7 . K n a u f t, B. R . , An E x p e r im e n ta l S tu d y o f t h e M easurem ent o f M a n a g e r ia l A p t i t u d e . U n p u b lish e d Ph D . T h e s i s , ..... G ra d u a te C o l le g e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Io w a , Iowa C i t y , Io w a , J u n e 1948* 3 8 . R u d e r, G. F . , an d R ic h a r d s o n , M. W*, "The C a l c u l a t i o n o f T e s t R e l i a b i l i t y C o e f f i c i e n t s B ased on t h e M ethod o f R a t i o n a l E q u a l iv a n c e ," J o u r n a l o f E d u c a tio n a l P s y c h o lo g y . V o l. 3 0 , 1 9 3 9 , p p T t ! i ^ 7 . 3 9 . Lay c o c k , S . R* a n d H u tc h e o n , K. B*, "A P r e l im i n a r y I n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h e P ro b le m o f M e a su rin g E n g in e e r in g A p t i t u d e s ” , J o u r n a l o f E d u c a tio n a l P s y c h o lo g y . V o l. 3 0 , 1 9 3 9 , p p . 2S6~d$. 40* M fin d e ll, M* and A d k in s , D» 0 * , "The V a l i d i t y o f W r itte n T e s t s i n t h e S e l e c t i o n o f A d m i n is tr a t iv e P e r s o n n e l " , E d u c a ti o n a l an d P s y c h o l o g i c a l M easu rem en t. V o l. 6 , 1 9 4 6 , p p . 2 9 3 -3 1 2 • 41* MclJemar, Q ., " G p i n i o n - A t ti t u d e M ethodology1; P s y c h o lo g i­ c a l B u l l e t i n , V o l. 43* 19 4 6 , p p i 289-374* 4 2 . H o s i e r , C. I * , " F a c t o r s I n f l u e n c i n g t h e V a l i d i t y o f a S c h o la s tic I n t e r e s t S c a le " , Jo u rn a l o f M u c a tio n a l P s y c h o lo g y . V o l. 2 8 , 1 9 3 3 , p p . 1 8 8 -9 6 7 43* H o s i e r , C* X ., "A C r i t i c a l E x a m in a tio n o f t h e C o n c ep ts o f F a c e V a l i d i t y " , E d u c a tio n a l an d P s y c h o lo g ic a l M e a su re m e n t. V o l. 5 , 1 9 4 5 , p p . 261-271* 4 4 . P e t e r s o n . S . C ., The M easurem ent an d P r e d i c t i o n o f S c h o l a s t i c A ch iev em en t on t h e G ra d u a te L e v e l , Ph D. T h e s i s , t l n i v e r s i t y o f Io w a, D ecem ber, 1943*

91 45# P o n d , M« | " O c c u p a tio n s , I n t e l l i g e n c e , Age and S c h o o l***£"» g flr s o m ie l J o u r n a l s V o l. 1 1 , 1 9 3 3 , p p . 373-B3* P r o j e c t JJo* PR .,, 40.61,. O f f i c e r S e l e c t i o n P r o c e d u r e s . T he A d j u t a n t G e n e ra l *s S f H o e , C l a s s i f i c a t i o n an d R e p la c e m e n t B ra n c h , P e r s o n n e l R e s e a rc h S e c t i o n . 15 J u ly , 1945. 47# P r o j e c t N o, P R ., 4 0 7 1 b . P r e d i c t i o n o f l e a d e r s h i p Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f Of f i e e x C a n d id a te s i n t h e S i g n a l C o rp -s j R e p o r t ©51 and Heco R ecoram enS atfbns, A d ju‘ta n ^t ^G e n-----e ra l -----------O f f i c e , 1‘ M “ arch , 1-----946. 4 8 . p r o j e c t Ho. P R .. 4 0 7 1 . O f f i c e r s E f f i c i e n c y R e p o r tin g P r o c e d u r e s . R e p o rt and R e c o m riie n d a tic n s T h e A d ju ta n t G e n e ra l O f f i c e , D ecem ber 1945* 49* P r e s t o n , H . 0 . , The D evelopm ent o f §, P r o c e d u r e f o r ^ v a lu s tin g : O f f i c e r s i n £he uhY ted S t a t e s A i r F o r c e . A m erican I n s t i t u t © f o r R e s e a rc h , P i t t s b u r g s ~ P e n n sy Iv a n i a , 7 J u l y , 1948# 5 0 . R i d e r , P a u l R , , I n t r o d u c t i o n t o M odem S t a t i s t i c a l M e th o d s, Jo h n W ile y a n d B o u s, Nev/ Y o rk , N* Y , , 1939# 5 1 . R ic h a r d s o n , M* W ., " S e l e c t i o n o f Ariay O f f i c e r s ^ i n New M ethods i n A p p lie d P s y c h o lo g y . U n i v e r s i t y o f M a ry la n d , C o lle g e P a r k , M a ry la n d , 1947* 52* R ic h a r d s o n , H. IU ond H a n d w a lt, N. G ., " L e a d e r s h ip a s B e la te d t o t h e B e m r e u t e r P e r s o n a l i t y M e a s u re s ; C o lle g e L e a d e r s h ip i n D x t r a - e u r r i c u l e r A c t i v i t i e s " , The J o u r n a l o f S o c i a l P s y c h o lo g y , V o l. 1 7 , 1 9 4 3 , PP* T 5 7 -W . 5 3 . S e a s h o r e , R . H. a n d K e v n e r, K ., "A T im e -s a v in g D e v ice f o r t h e C o n s t r u c ti o n o f A t t i t u d e S c a l e s ” , J o u r n a l o f S o o i a l P s y c h o lo g y , V o l. 4 , 1 9 4 3 , PP* 366-3724 5 4 . B e g e l, D*, " P r e d i c t i o n o f S u c c e s s i n C o lle g e ” , U« S*. O f f i c e o f E d u c a tio n B u l l e t i n , No, 1 5 , 1934* 55* S h e n , S . , " I n f l u e n c e o f F r i e n d s h i p Upon P e r s o n n e l R a t i n g s " . J o u r n a l o f A p p lie d P s y c h o lo g y * V o l. 9 , 1 9 2 5 : p p . 6 6 -6 8 . 5 6 . S m ith , 2* R, e n d T y l e r . R. W*, A p p r a i s i n g EfiC.ag.dataflfflt, £iaiasa£* Aairerreure ir. _A m erica o e r v l c e , V o l. 3 , H a rp e r & B r o s ., New Y o rk , N. Y ., 194-2*

92 57# G te a d , VU H# and S h a r t l e , C* L * , O c c u p a tio n a l C o u n s e lM S o$ e ^ m la u © 6 , A m erio an Book Company, New T o rk , Y ., 58* S t r o n g , E . K*, J r . , ”An I n t e r e s t f o r P e r s o n n e l M a n a g e rs,” J o u r n a l o f P e r s o n n e l B e s e a r o h , V o l. 5, 1 9 2 6 -2 7 , p p . 1 9 4 59* S t r o n g , E . K . , J r . , " I n t e r e s t s o f P u b lic A d m i n i s t r a t o r s ”, ru_bli_o P e r s o n n e l R ev iew . V o l. 6 , 19 4 5 , p p . 1 6 6 -1 7 3 . 6 0 . S t r o n g , 3 . K . , J r . , Vo o a t io n s o f Men and Women. S ta n ­ f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 'S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y , C a l i f o r n i a , 1S43. 61* S t u i t , D. B* (e d ) Pex^sonnel R e s e a rc h and T e s t D ev elo p ­ m en t i n t h e B u re a u o f N a v a l R e s e a r c h . P r i n c e t o n U n iv e r­ s i t y P r e s s , P r i n c e t o n , Hew J e r s e y , 1947.* 6 2 . T h o r n d ik e , R. L *, P e r s o n n e l S e l e c t i o n . Jo h n W iley & S o n , New Y o rk , IT. Y . , 1$49V 63* T h u r s t o n e , L . I , . , " A t t i t u d e s Can B e’M e asu red ” , A m erican J o u r n a l o f S p c lo lO i^ . V o l. 3 3 , 1 9 2 8 , p p . 529-554* 6 4 . T h u r s to n e , L . L . , A F a c t o r i a l S tu d y o f P e r c e p t i o n . U n i v e r s i t y o f C hico g e n r e s s , C h ic a g o , I l l i n o i s , 1 9 4 4 . 6 5 . TN 1 2 -2 6 0 , P e r s o n n e l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n T e s t s , W D T e c h n ic a l Me n u e l , 19 4 6 . 66* T o o p s, E . A . , "The C r i t e r i o n ” , E d u c a tio n a l a n d P s y c h o lo ­ g i c a l M easu rem en t, V o l. 4 9 1944# PP* 271-97* 6 7 . U h rb ro c k , R. S . a n d R ic lie rd s o n , M* W ., " Ite m A n a l y s i s ; The B a s i s f o r C o n s t r u c ti n g a T e s t o f S u p e r v is o r y A b il5 .ty ” , P e r s o n n e l J o u r n a l . V o l. 1 2 , 1 9 3 3 -3 4 , p p . 1 4 1 145. 6 8 . V e rn o n , P . 12*, "The A sse ssm e n t o f P s y c h o l o g i c a l Q u a li­ t i e s by V e r b a l M e th o d s,” I n d u s t r i a l H e a lth R e s e a rc h B o a rd R e p o r t a ( G r e a t B r i t I a n ) , V o l. 8 3 , 1 9 3 8 , PP• 80-84* 6 9 . W h erry , R. J . and T a y l o r , E. K. "The R e l a t i o n o f M u l t i ­ s e r i a l e ta t o o t h e r M ethods o f C o r r e l a t i o n ” , P sy c h o ­ m et r i k a « V o l. I I , 1946., p p . 155-161*

Young* C* Yf*, a n d E a ta b ro o k , Cr« H*, nR©£x>rt o f t h e Y oung*-K stabrook S tu d io u s Seal© f o r U se w i t h t h e S t r o n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B lan k f o r Men"* jro u rn a l E d u c a ti o n a l PsyoholQ & y» V o l0 2 8 , 1937* pp* 1Y5-& 77

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He i s s t u b b o r n and must nave h i s own way, 1 2

5 4

9

He i s

12

5 4

9

12

5 4

9

12

3 4

9

He works b e s t u n d er p r e s s u r e ,

12

3 4

9

Eo f r e q u e n t l y a c c e p t s s p e c i a l p r i v i l e g e s f r o m h i s men.

12

3 4

9

He i s

12

3 4

9

12

3 4

9

.1 2

5 4

9

He f r e q u e n t l y d o e s n ’ t keep h i s word.

12

5 4

9

He i s

12

3 4

9

He i s a l w a y s an " e a g e r b e a v e r " .

12

3 4

9

He f r e q u e n t l y demands s p e c i a l p i v i l e g e s .

1 2

3 4

9

He i s n o t bound by t r a d i t i o n .

12

3 4

9

He i s u s u a l l y t h e " l i f e

12

3 4

9

He i s f r e q u e n t l y u n f a i r and u n j u s t t o h i s 1 2 subordinates.

3 4

9

He f r e q u e n t l y a p p e a r s b e f o r e h i s u n i t under the i n f l u e n c e o f l i q u o r .

12

3 4

9

He u s u a l l y a c t s b e f o r e he t h i n k s .

12

3 4

9

He r e c o g n i z e s m e r i t and g i v e s c r e d i t f o r it.

1 2

3 4

9

He i s c o u r t e o u s t o e v e r y o n e ,

12

3 4

9

He i s

12

3 4

12

3 4

9

12

3 4

9

1 2

3 4

9

H is endurance i s g r e a t e r than t h a t o f h i s 1 2 mon.

3 4

9.

He i s l o y a l

3 4

9

He can be d ep en d ed on t o c a r r y o u t o r d e r s . 1 2 3 4

9

is

jittery ,

c o m ; sc : tie- down,

attitu d e

so cia l

.c tiv itic s.

always r o o p t i / o

He n e a r l y

toward h i s

t o new i d e a s ,

\lw ays has a p ie .sant s m i l e .

H is a c t i o n s i n d i c a t e

strictly

in d ecision .

"G. I. ".

He i s h o n e s t w i t h h i s men. He i s

atten tive

to h i s d u t i e s ,

discourteous

to alm ost everyon e,

of the p arty".

s lo v e n ly in h is dross.

He h a s a f a l s e

sense of prid e.

He l a c k s p o i s e . He f r e q u e n t l y r i d i c u l e s h i s

subordinates.

to h i s s u p e r io r o f f i c e r s .

12

9

His b e h a v io r i n s p i r e s c o n f id e n c e in h i s men.

12

3 4

9

He i s w e l l t r a i n e d f o r h i s

12

3 4

9

18

3 4

9

job.

He d o e s n o t f r a t e r n i z e w i t h h i s men.

Ho d o e s n ’ t e x p e c t toe mui h f r o m h i s m en.

1 2 5 4 5 6?

•'S.

He f r e q u e n t l y m aker ^ . r e a s o n a b l e dem ands on h i s m en.

l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

.^rO$m

He h a s a d i s a g r e e a b l e p e r s o n a l i t y ,

1 2 3

He i s a p o o r d r i l l m a s te r ,

l 2 e 4 o

142..

He l a c k s i n i t i a t i v e .

l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

143

H is b e h a v i o r i s u s u a l l y e r r a t i c .

1 2 3

144..

He r a r e l y d e l e g a t e s a u t h o r i t y .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

145.

He i s a m a l - a d j u s t e d i n d i v i d u a l .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

" +■5**• M

He i s a lw a y s p u n c t u a l ,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

He l i v e s up t o t h e t i t l e g e n tle m a n ” .

" a n o f f i c e r an d

8 9

4 3 6 7 8 9 d

7 8 9

4 5 6 7 89

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

148..

He i s r a r e l y on tim e f o r a f o r m a t i o n .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

149..

He f r e q u e n t l y f a i l s m en.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

150..

He i s a slo w t h i n k e r .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I dI..

He r a r e l y t a k e s a d v a n ta g e o f h i s r a n k .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

152..

He i s c o n s i d e r e d d e p e n d a b le b y h i s men,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

He i s known f o r h i s ” c o c k y ” a t t i t u d e .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

:54#.

He a lw a y s g e t s t h e jo b d o n e .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

x55#

S

x\

He i s a " s h o w - o f f " b e f c w , h i s u n i r-

12

3 4

56

7 8^9

He i s e n e r g e t i c i n pen 1 ^rniance of h i s d u ties.

l 2 3 4

56

78 9

He w i l l i n g l y a c c e p t s h i s s h a r e of w ork and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y *

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

175

H0 e n c o u r a g e s h i s f o l l o w e r s .

12

176,

He shows p a r t i a l i t y , u n it.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3, "K.___ . ..4

.

h as f a v o r i t e s i n h i s

3 4

'77,

He i s a. l e a d e r o f h i s u n i t .

1 2 3 4

ro

He i s

12

180., 181,__

78 9 8' 9

5 6 7 8 9

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

He i s i n c o h e r e n t when e x p r e s s i n g h i m s e l f verb ally.

1 2 3

He f r e q u e n t l y s h i r k s a s s i g n m e n t s and resp o n sib ilities.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

__ He

b l u f f s h i s way t h r o u g h most s i t u a t i o n s .

182.________He 183.__

t o o i n t i m a t e w i t h h i s men.

36

te lls

how,

*

but. f a i l s

9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

t o d e m o n s t r a t e how. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

He a p p e a r s m e n t a l l y a l e r t a t a l l

is d iffic u lt I84*—.______I t f o r work.

4 5 6 7 8

tin es.

to s a t i s f y h i s standards

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

186,___ ___ H i s a p p e a r a n c e i s awkward and u n g a i n l y .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

e'­ rer) — !

___ He mumbles h i s words and commands*

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

188.___ ___ He i s u s u a l l y b l u n t i n h i s manner*

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

189.___

He i s

immature i n h i s b e h a v i o r *

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1°0.____

lie i s

c o n s i d e r e d v e r b o s e by a l l *

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

J

185.___ ____He i s p e r s i s t e n t i n h i s work.

H i . ___ ___ Ke shows l i t t l e '•i.G *O (sjf

o r i g i n a l i t y i n h i s work.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

___ He f s " t o o b i g f o r h i s b r i t c h e s " .

193*.___ ___ He i s g e n e r a l l y l o u d and b o i s t r o u s b e f o r e h i s men*

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9.

H’h ________ Ke

has an a u t h o r i t a t i v e manner,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 c-

195.________ He

is

1 2 3 4 5 6* 7 8 9

t o o " b o s s y " w i t h h i s men,

_________ He i s u s u a l l y s l o w a t making d e c i s i o n s

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

197,___ _____ Men e n j o y s e r v i n g u n d e r him. He i s t o o d e p e n d e n t on h i s s u p e r i o r o fficers. ______ He s u p e r v i s e s h i s clo se ly .

junior o f f i c e r s

too

p ) 0 , ______ ___He e n c o u r a g e s h i s men t o show i n i t i a t i v e , 00-v

H i s men do n o t r e s p e c t him. _______ no t a k e s t o o much i n i t i a t i v e i n m a t t e r s t h a t s h o u l d be d e c i d e d b y o t h e r s .

003.

He s e l d o m g i v e s au th ority.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

j u n i o r o f f i c e r s enough

1 2 3. 4 5 6 7 8 9 .

.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 89

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

^64.___ _____ He s e ld o m f o r g e t s what he h as once b e e n told .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

•805.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Hfi n l n n s h i s wor k w e l l i n a d v a n c e .

He p l a n s

Ms

vorH c a r e f u l l y ,

1 2 5 4 5 6

I rj

He knows the s u b j e c t ' n a t t e r and I s on th e t e c h n i c a l s i d e o f h i s j o b .

"up1-

1 2 2 4 5 5. n 8 9,

He i s u n p r e j u d i c e d i n h i s d e a l i n g s h i s men*

w ith

1 2 3 4 rb

7

89

He l i b e r a l l y i n t e r p r e t s r e g u l a t i o n s t o . f i t the s i t u a t i o n t h a t a r i s e s .

-1 e 3 4 b 6 r? 8 9

He i s u s u a l l y c o n s i d e r a t e o f h i s men.

1 2 3 4 r 6 7 8 9

He d o e s n o t t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f h i s rank .

r* 6 1 2 3 4 •j

He a p p e a r s e m o t i o n a l l y s t a b l e .

1 2 3 4 5 5 Y1 8 S

6 9

He d o e s n ' t c a r e a b o u t t h e men i n h i s u n i t . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 He o v e r r a t e s h i s own i n t e l l i g e n c e .

1 2 3 4 5 6 ■40 He is an ex ce lle n t instructor.

*12— •

useful ideas

for others,

about the problems

He appears to be cool and calm under pressure.

He tends to be impatient and ex cita b le when in command. • 45 He is very p ersisten t in his work.

-2-

S c o r in g ^ e i g h t s f o r Ite m s o f t h e R e v is e d ^ 'a c u ity R a tin g S c a le

LOS

STUDENT OFFICER RATING SCALE Name of student

(_____________________________

U niversity

Date

.

Name o f th e r a te r

Rank

.

Note:.

I f you would make the statem ent about the in d iv id u a l, p lace a check (V ) mark under the word IBS. I f you would not make the statem ent about him, place a check ( {/ ) mark under the word NO, I f you have no b a sis fo r making a judgment about the in d iv id u a l, lea v e both spaces before the item blank.

TBS

NO

>1

1

.

He fr e q u e n tly i s s a r c a s tic towards h is subordinates#

1

He goes ahead on h is own hook in the absence o f ord ers,

1

He always takes a g g ressiv e a c tio n in performance o f h is d u tie s , He has one or more fa v o r ite s in h is u n its .

-1

1

1

-1

He i s a lead er of h is u n it.

1

>1

He im presses others as being a c le a r p r a c tic a l th in k er.

-I

1

He tends to overrate h is own in t e llig e n c e .

-1

He has l o t s of i n i t i a t i v e .

1

-1

He i s firm w ithout being overbearing#

-1

1

He knows h is work but c a n 't teach i t .

1

-1

>1

1

-1

1

1

-1

He g iv e s commands in a fo r c e fu l manner. He i s e a s il y in flu en ced in h is a c tio n s and h is d e c is io n s . He has a tendency to never qu ite make up h is mind on a plan of a c tio n . He i s resp ected fo r h is a b i l i t y and o r ig in a lit y by the men in h is u n i t ,

-1

1

He i s u su a lly slow a t making d e c is io n s .

He i s a poor d r ill master. The men object to his lack of ta c t and consideration for others, He lacks in it ia t iv e . He is generally w ell liked by a l l of h is men. He has often taken the in itia tiv e in matters that should have been decided by others. He secures e x cellen t team work in h is u n it. He usually has an a lib i for his mistakes. His orders and instructions can be e a s ily understood. He is inclined to be "bossy” with h is men. He acts in a self-con fid en t manner. He is always offering new and useful ideas about the problems and procedures of ROTC. He appears to be cool and calm under pressure. He i s an ex ce lle n t instructor. He tends to be impatient and ex cita b le when in command. He is very p ersisten t in his work.

SELECTION BLANK - A INTRODUCTION DO THIS EXERCISE ( l and 2) BEFORE TURNING TO THE NEXT PAGE.

(1)

(2)

Think o f th e most competent (b e st) student o f f ic e r you know* * Do not w r ite h is name. D escribe him by in d ic a tin g th e c h a r a c te r is tic s th a t you b e lie v e make him the most .competent (b e st)-stu d e n t o ff ic e ? you know* Be s p e c i f i c , g iv e examples o f h is performance-and a c tio n s . T e ll what lie does and how he does it*

Think o f the le a s t competent (worst) student o ff ic e r you know* Do not w r ite h is name. Describe him by in d ic a tin g th e c h a r a c te r is tic s th a t you b e lie v e make him th e le a s t competent (worst) student o f f ic e r you know. Be s p e c if ic , g iv e examples o f h is performances and a c tio n s . T e ll what he does-, or does not do, and how he does i t .

TURN TO THE NEXT PAGE AND F0LL0I/7 DIRECTIONS - 1*

0 1 2 3

I |O a

DIRECTIONS . . •......_:i;...... .................................................... This is a problem of individual se le c tio n , your markings w ill have no bearing on your standing or the standing of your classmates in' MS I I I or future m ilitary service* ££ NOT; SIGN THIS'BLANK. Read a l l the directions carefu lly before starting to f i l l out the blanks# .

1*

Assuming you have been designated student b a tta lio n commander, choose th e T iv e (S) students- from MS I II that you would consider the most competent to serve under you in your battalion# Under the heading, Representative Student O fficers, Most Competent, belowj l i s t the students in order of competence as you choose them* A being the most competent on your l i s t .

2.

Next, l i s t the fiv e (£) students that you would consider the le a st competent to serve under you in your b a tta lio n . Under the heading, Representative Student O fficers, Least Competent, belowj l i s t these students in descending order; V being the le a st competent on your lis t #

3.

In making your selection s keep in mind those ch a ra cteristics you b elieve make an o ffic e r competent or incompetent, (good or bad). Base your selection s on ty p ica l performances o f these men, not on isolated striking performances. Do not base your sele c tio n s on personal friendship# Be careful that you do not overrate your friends or underrate those you d is lik e , i&ke your decisions on the q u alification s which you b elieve are e sse n tia l for duty as an o ffic e r in your battalion#

U» Cross out a l l the names ‘on the c la ss ro ster (attached) of the students you do not know w ell enough to rate for assignment in your battalion# REPRESENTATIVE STUDENT -OFFICERS MOST COMPETENT

LEAST COMPETENT

A. ___________________________ _

V. ____________

B. ______________________ ___

W. ___________

c . ___________________________

X . ____________

D* ___________________________

Y. ___________ _

E* ___________________________

Z.

-2 -

CLASS ROSTER BOTE*

Consider th e e n tir e l i s t o f names when making your s e le c tio n s

Adam, E .B . Beach, R.C. Bribach, E.C. Brown, R«H» B ru n elle, R.M. B o lith o , R.N. C hristy, J .D . Dewolf, Wm. Ford, A# Hathaway, Robt Henre, D.E. Hoyt, J .C . Lee, F . Lord, S.D . Malone, C» McCall, K. M orris, A*E» Newcomb, E. Ny strom, A.N. F a in te r , R.H. F ie r c e , J . R iggs, A.R. Scrivner, J .B . J r. Smith, L.F. Thimesch, J .E . Thomson, R*B. T w ist, R. Wilbur, S.M. W illey, H.V. Wray, M.S. A rthurs, D*S. B a ile y , John P . Boyd, J.W. B radley, C e c il B ra n sfield , R*C. Chambers, W.E. Crane, T.H. Finkemeir, T. Gillum, J* Hutcheson, L.C.

Jones, R.K. Kroesch, R. Maul, David, Mulkey, O.C. Ochs, H.L. F a ch l, M.F* R oberts, J.G . Robson, B. Simpson, H, Skinner, G.B* S te lz n e r , F.C. Stephens, R.E. Thomason, M*M. T ro tter, C. White T. Anderson, J .F . B ale J , Baska, J.L . B iggs, J.O . Bingham, R.H* B lake, L. Broderson, D.E. Clevenger, A*A* Cooper, E.L. E llsw orth , L.A. E n d icott, R.H, F isch er, H.A* F letch er, B.C. G i l l i s , J.R . Hamilton, Wm H i l l . O .J. Johes, C.S. Loman, Lee Love, Wm J , Jr McBride, J.D . McClure, L* J r . Mendenhall, J.H. M orris, J .S . O’Kans, F.R. Oleson, R .J.

0123

Pemberton, G.T. P eterson , E.M. R oters, C.R. Sharpe, W.E. Smith, T.H. J r . Snider, J.W. Sp eith , C.W. Stearns, P.H. Stover, W.G. J r . W eigel, E# Winn, E .F . Younts, J . Adams, Win. E. Atherton, J.G . B a ile y , J . Beecher, W.E. B ee le r, C.R. Gorden, C.W. G raff, H. Hathhorn, W.R. Hay, K.G. Henderson, C.E. Henley, R.G. Howard, R.D. Johnston, A.R. K ite , R.L* McMichael, E. Morgan, 0 . M oricle, J .J . N eidhart, H.A. P orter, J.R . Bidder, T .F . Skaggs, Wm. Stang, J .J . Sweet, T.G* Ward, J.G . Webb, H.E. W ells, J .R . Wright, R.P* V erm illion, F.H.

SELECTION B LANK - B

T his i s a m atter o f p erson al opinion* Your markings •w ill have no b earing on your stan d in g, or the standing o f your classm ates in IB I I I , or fu tu re m ilita r y service* DO NOT SIGN THIS BLANK* Read a l l th e in str u c tio n s c a r e fu lly b efore s ta r tin g t o f i l l in th e blanks* In the spaces below l i s t th e names o f th e students in IB I I I w ith whom you most lik e t o a sso c ia te * (your b est fr ie n d s)* L ist not more than f iv e (5 ); riunb'er 1 being th e most liked* MOST LIKED 1 * ____________________________________ h . m

2. ________________________

S. .

3. ________________________

Now l i s t th e stud en ts in MS I I I w ith whom you le a s t lik e to a s so c ia te s (th ose you d is lik e ) * L ist not more than f iv e (j?)j number T b e in g th e le a s t lik e d or most d is lik e d * LEAST LIKED

0 0 4 7

113 DIRECTIONS FOR AMINISTERING SELECTION BLANKS A AND B 1.

G iv e o n e s e l e c t i o n B la n k A w i t h a t t a c h e d r o s t e r t o e a c h s tu d e n t* Have t E e s t u d e n t f o l lo w d i r e c t i o n s a s g iv e n on t h e b la n k * Upon c o m p le tio n o f t h e b l a n k , h a v e s t u d e n t d e ta c h B la n k A fro m t h e r o s t e r * Hand i n B la n k A and r e t a i n t h e num bered r o s t e r * (B la n k A a n d t h e R o s t e r h a v e l i k e n um bers)

2*

Two w eeks a f t e r c o m p le tio n o f B la n k A, g iv e s t u d e n t c o p y o f B la n k B , w i t h num ber c o r r e s p o n d in g t o t h e num ber on t h e r e t a i n e d r o s t e r * I t i s im p e r a tiv e t h a t t h e s e num bers c o r r e s p o n d * i* e . The sam e s t u d e n i m u st f i l l o u t No* 1 B la n k A a n a go* 1 B la n k B, a n d tK e some f o r iB lanks No* 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , e tc *

3*

S t u d e n ts w i l l I n s i s t t h a t t h e y do n o t know t h e s t u d e n t s w e l l enough t o make s e l e c t i o n s * Have them make a s e l e c t i o n r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i r i n s i s t e n c e * I t h a s b e e n fo u n d t h a t t h e y c a n make a s e l e c t i o n *

4*

C o l l e c t a l l p a p e r s and R o s te r s an d r e t u r n t o Lt* C o l. P . V* B is s e l l , C&GSC, F t . L e a v e n w o rth , K ansas*

114

APPENDIX 0 Ite m s a n d S c o r in g W e ig h ts f o r t h e B a p i r i o a l l y D ev elo p ed S c o r in g Keys 1* S t r o n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t I n v e n to r y 2* The J u r g e n s e n C l a s s i f i c a t i o n I n v e n to r y 3* The P r e f e r e n c e T e s t 4* The In d e x o f B ackground,, A c t i v i t i e s a n d P re fe ro n o e s•

115

TJhit Scoring Weight® for the Strong Interest Inventory as Determined From the High-Low Academic Achievement Criterion (Cl) Group. Ite m H o. fj* * *9 *10 ♦ 11 17 24 27 28 29 30 31 ♦32 41 ♦47 49 !5 2 *55 ♦57 ♦60 62 ♦63 ♦68 ♦72 81 82 ♦83 ♦85 91 95 97 10 4 ♦109 111 112 ♦114 117 ♦121 ♦123 ♦126 129 131

S co red D L I 1 •1 1 -1 -1 1 —1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 —1 —1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1

Ite m H o. ♦132 ♦133 142 143 144 ♦145 153 ♦158 ♦159 ♦ l 6l 162 168 *170 ♦191 194 197 ♦199 ♦200 203 204 205 209 ♦219 221 ♦226 ♦232 233 241 ♦243 244 245 248 262 266 267 ♦275 276 ♦277 ♦281 284 288 ♦289

S co red L I -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 «*1 -1 -1 1 -1 -•1 -1 1

-1 —1

D

1 1 1 1 1

•1

-1

1 1 -1 -1 1

1 -1

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 —1 -1

1

-1 -1 -1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

-1 1 1

-1

116

Strong Interest Inventory (Continued) Item No# 296 .304 *305 *307 309 310 314 319 *321 *324 328 331 338 *347 357 *364 365 367 375 *379 386 390 *396 399 *400

S c o red l i p 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 —1 1

T o ta l Ite m s S c o re d

—* 109

T o t a l R e sp o n se s S c o re d — 158 T o t a l Ite m s C o n sid e red -* - 400 * I te m s common t o nor© th a n one s c o r i n g key#

117 Unit Scoring Weights for the Strong Interest Inventory as Determined from the High*-Low Overall Competence Criterion (02) Group* I te m N o.

sc o re d

1 *9

*10 15 45 *50 *52 * 59 *68 69 *72 *83

88

*108 .1 ^ 3 *114

*121 *123 124 *128

138

-1 1

1 1 1 1

-1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1

1 1 1

-1 1 ‘1 -1 -1

*145 147 *161

1

*170

•1

1 74 175 179

I te m No

1 1 1

•1 •1

T o t a l Ite m s S o o re d

1

180 182 18$ 186 187 *219 * 22 $ 227 *232

S c o re d ‘1 •1

-1

— 55

T o t a l R e sp o n se s S c o re d — 68 T o t a l Ite m s C o n s id e r e d — 400 * Ite m s common t o m ore t h a n one s c o r i n g key#

l i l i

l a l -l

*238

*243 2$1 2$$ 2$6 257 *277 *279 280 *282 *289 *307 311 *324 350 362 *392 *400

-l

l i

i •l

a a

l i

l i

-l a

i

i i

i i i

a •i

1X8 U n it S c o r in g W eigh ts f o r t h e S tr o n g I n t e r e s t In v e n to r y a s D eterm in ed from t h e H igh-Low P o p u la r ity C r ite r io n (C3) Group*

Item Ho*

Scored L I D

Item Ho, 1

*1

1

*5

-1

1

*133 I?®

6 *1° *11

“1 1 - 1 1 -1 1 1 -1

1^5 *152 156 *159

13 16

18 19 22

25 *32 39 *47 *50 51 54 *55 *57 *59 *60

-1

-1

1

-1

1

-I

-1

105 106 107 *108 -1 ^- - *109 HO *1 2 1 *1 2 6 *1 2 8

*132

1

-1 ”1 1 -1

-1

-1 1 1 1

*63

65 66 *72 73 77 80 *83 *85 86 98

1

-1 -1 -1 1 1 1

-1 -1 1 "4 -1 n -1 -1 -1 -1

-1

”1 1 1

x 1 1

1

165 166 .169 *170 173 174 185 186 188 190 *191 195 *199

*2 0 0 201 211

214 217 *225 *226 234 *238 243 246 249

572 *27*5 27a 11279 *281 *282 283

Scored I P

1

-X

X X

-x

X

- I -X -X -X -1 1 1 —X

-X -X -X

X X X

-X X X - I -X —X X

-X X X -X -X X X X

-X -X X -X -X

X -X X

X X X X X -X X X

290

291 294

-X -X - I

X

-X -1 -X

X

119 S tr o n g I n t e r e s t I n v e n to r y (C on tin u ed ) Item . Ho* S co red I P - -_____________

*305 .3 0 6

*307

*321 322

332 334 337 339 *347 348 349 358 *364 370 *379 *392 393

-1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

• a

T o t a l Item s S c o red

-1 1

1

-1 «H»I -1 -1

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

1 1 1

*»*«,

T o t a l R esp o n ses S cored — 146 T o ta l Item s C on sid ered — 400 ♦ ite m s common t o more th an one s c o r in g k e y .

120

M MUndJM rraa tk*

Rifr-hm Criterion Om^pt 01, QXZ,mCn3.to r r 02

ItiJI

FttWn

6 * 7 ax 19 19 14 19 19 19 91 35 50 10 50 » 53 54 54 oa 47 47 47 43 100

0 /4 1 /2 1 /2 0 /4 3 /5 0 /4 3 /5 0 /1 4 /5 3 /5 4 /5 1 /2 0 /1 4 /5 1 /t 3 /5 4 /5 3 /5 0 /4 1 /2 0 /1 4 /5 1 /2 6 /7 6 /7

Swed 1 -1 •1 *1 1 1 1 «*X - 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 •1 1 «* 1 «*1 1 -1 1 1

Item

Pattern

2 a 5 4 10 10 13 21 a 21 25 24 24 31 31 33 39 37 43 43 43 43

1 /2 4 /5 l/2 0 /1 4 /5 3 /5 3 /5 2 /3 3 /5 1 /2 1/2 2 /3 4 /5 4 /5 3 /5

7' 57

0 /1

4 /5 4 /5 1 /2 3 /5 0 /1 2 /3 3 /5 4 /5 0 /4

iteeyyoee

dOdMMilMlO Xt»A Pattern 1

•* 1 *1

~x -1 1

«* 1 «a

57 58

m m

71 77 78 78 93 302 106

1 /2 4 /5 4 /5 X /2 2 /3 0 /7 6 /7 « /7 8 /7 6 /7 6 /7

X X *1

-X 1 1 -1 X ~X X X X X

Ufcd. t*m m m n < — 14

*«*■* l t *“ > » « * •« — 23

Y lU l ktqpoMM Sewvd — a?

*«U i 2wp«»»* »«**0 — 30

Seat -X -1 X -1 X -1 X -1 X X X

121

IWO— a 01— Mla ttla i Iranantory (Ccntinaad) ' 2m m — lis a

. VdMMPA

S

1 /2

3 4 5 6

3 4 1 0

6

15 16 14 19 19 25 97 27 22 34 34 39 39 39 39 44 51 54 40 41 75 74 92 106

/5 /5 /2 /4

1/2

1 /2 3 /5 1 /2 3 /5 1 /2 4 /5 3 /5 0 /4 0 /4 3 /5 1 /2 0 /1 4/ 5 3/ 5 0 /4 3 /5 3 /5 4 /5 2/ 3 0 /4 4 /7 4 /7 4/ 7 6 /7

Sm m O 1

-1 1 -1 *1 1

-1 *1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 >1 >1 1 1 *1 1 1 *1 e "Just so”

END OF Turner OF BACKGROUND, ACTIVITIES, AND PREFERENCES