The Origins of Artificial Cranial Formation in Eurasia from theSixth Millennium B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D. 9780860540298, 9781407348018
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Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Introduction
Chapter One: A Short Review of the History of the Discovery of Intentionally Formed Skulls in Eurasia up to 1878
Chapter Two: Intentionally Formed Skulls in South and South-East Europe (Romania, Bugaria, Greece, Jugoslavia, and Italy)
Chapter Three: Intentionally Formed Skulls Found in the Carpathian Basin Region
Chapter Four: Intentionally Formed Skulls from the Territory of the Rugii (Lower Austria and Moravia), and the Vicinity of Vienna
Chapter Five: The Final Areas of Expansion of the Custom
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Bibliography
Figures 1-41
Citation preview
The Origins of Artificial Cranial Formation in Eurasia from the Sixth Millennium B.C. to the Seventh Century A. D.
Istvan Kiszely Translated from the Hungarian by Catherine Siman
BAR International Series (Supplementary) 5"0 1978
B.A.R. 122, Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7BP, England GE �'ERA L EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D .Phil. D. R. Walker, M .A.
B. A. R. International Series (Supplementary) 50, 1978: nThe Origins of Artificial Cranial Formation in Eurasia from the Sixth Millenium B. C. to the Seventh Century A. D." © Istvan Kiszely, 1978
The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540298 paperback ISBN 9781407348018 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540298 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
CONTENTS Page List of Illustrations List of Tables Introduction A short review of the history of the discovery of intentionally
1
formed skulls in Eurasia up to 1878
3
Eridu
7
The custom of intentional head formation in the present-day territory of the U.S.S.R.
13
Intentionally formed skulls in South and South-east Europe
21
Romania Bulgaria Greece Jugoslavia Italy
21 21 21 21 22
Intentionally formed skulls found in th� Carpathian Basin region
23
Intentionally formed skulls from the territory of the Rugii (Lower Austria and Moravia), and the vicinity of Vienna
32
The final areas of expansion of the custom Bohemia Central Germany, Thuringia South Germany, Rhine Valley Tables 1-5
35 35 36 37
43f.
Bibliography
52
Figures 1-41
77f.
L IST OF I LLUSTRAT IONS
F igure
P age
1
Art if ic ial or med s kul ro m Byb los , L ebanon ly f ls f
2
Art if ic ial or med s kul rom Er idu ( Tel ly f ls f l Abu
3
4
S hahra in ), I raq
78
Art if ic ial or med s kul rom Er idu ( Tel ly f ls f l Abu S hahra in ), I raq
79
Art if ic ial or med s kul ro m Er idu ( Tel ly f ls f l Abu S hahra in ) , I raq
5
82
S ites where a rt if ic ial or med s kul ave b een f ound i n ly f ls h t he N ear East a nd t he S ov iet Un ion
8
81
Art if ic ial or med s kul n s itu , f rom t he Ce metery a t ly f l i K h iro ld .t ia , Cyprus
7
80
Art if ic ial or med s kul rom Er idu ( Tel ly f ls f l Abu S hahra in ) , I raq
6
7 7
83
Art if ic ial or meds kul ro m O rdzon ik idze ( Dzaudzh i lmu \, ly f ls f Caucasus
9 1 0
Art if ic ial or med s kul rom t he U .S .S.R. ly f ls f S ites where a rt if ic ial or med s kul ave b een f ound i n ly f ls h S ou thern a nd S ou th-Eastern Europe
1 1
8 7
Art if ic ial or meds kul ro m Ro man ia , Hungary a nd ly f ls f G reece
1 3
8 6
D if e tween s o meart if ic ial or med s kul ound ferences b ly f ls f i n I t a ly ( Nor ma l a teral is )
1 2
8 5
8 8
S ites w here a rt if ic ial or med s kul ave b een f ound i nt he ly f ls h Carpa th ian Bas in
89
1 4
Art if ic ial or med s kul er iv ing f ro m S ou th Hungary ly f ls d
9 0
1 5
Art if ic ial or med s kul rom S outhern Hungary ly f ls f
9 1
1 6
Art if ic ial or med s kul rom Hungary ly f ls f
9 2
1 7
Art if ic ial or med s kul ro m Hungary ly f ls f
9 3
1 8
Art if ic ial or med s kul iewed a long 4 a xes , f ro m ly f l v Ferf oszen tm ik lös , Hungary
1 9
Art if ic ial or med s kul n s i tu ly f ls i
94 9 5
Page
Figure
20
Artificially formed skull from Soponya (Hungary)
21
Artificially formed skull from Soponya (Hungary)
22
Artificially formed skulls from Hungary
23
98
Artificially formed skulls from Central and Southern Europe
99
24
Artificially formed skulls from Austria
100
25
Sites in the territory of the Rugii and in the Vienna region where artificially formed skulls have been found
101
26
Artificially formed skulls from Austria
102
27
Artificially formed skulls from Moravia
103
28
Artificially formed skulls from Mora via.
96
97
104
29
Artificially formed skulls from Novy Saldorf, Moravia
105
30
Artificially formed skulls from Velatice, Mora via
106
31
Artificially formed skulls from Czechoslovakia
107
32
Sites in Central and Wesrern Europe where artificially formed skulls have been found
108
33
Artificially formed skulls from Germany
109
34
Artificially formed skulls from Germany
110
35
Methods of artificially forming the skulls of the newborn children used in Eurasia
111
36
Skull changes arising from artificial cranial formation (after H. Hellmuth)
37
Measurements taken to determine the ext.ent of cranial formation
11?
38
Artificially formed skull from Hacs-Bendekpuszta (Hungary)
114
39
The reconstruction of the face of the artificially formed skull from Hacs-B�ndekpuszta (Hungary)
115
40
X-ray photograph of the artificially formed skull from Tamasi-Adorjanpuszta, Hungary
116
41
A Mangbetu woman with artificially formed head (H. Bernatzik)
117
113
L IST OF TABLES
Tab le
P age
1 .
Art if ic ial ly d efor med s kul ls f ro m E r idu ( Tel l Abu S hahra in )
2 .
Measure men ts o f a rt if ic ial ly d efor med s kul ls f ro m
3 .
4 .
4 3
S zentes-Bökeny , Hungary
4 5
Measure men ts o f a rt if ic ial ly d efor med s kul ls f ro m t he Roman c e metery a t I n terc isa ( Dunau jvaros ) , Hungary
4 6
Measure men ts o f a rt if ic ial ly d e for med s kul ls f ro m t he c e meter ies a t Burgstal l ( Aus tr ia ) , Rgca l m4s a nd Fertd szen tm ik le s ( Hungary )
5 .
4 8
Measure men ts o f a rt if ic ial ly d efor med s kul ls f ro m N ik itsch a nd S te inbrunn
5 0
I NTRODUCT ION
T he c us tom o f h ead " defor ma t ion" h as b een p ract iced i n a l l p arts o f t he w orld ( Europe , As ia , A fr ica , O cean ia a nd Amer ica ) a nd a t d i f feren t h istor ical p er iods i ndependen t ly o r t hrough m igrat ion o r c u l tura l e xchange , b y means o f b andages, p i l lows o r f asten ing t he h ead t o t he c rad le w ith a c ap. The method o f f or mat ion w as d ifferen t i n d i f f eren t c ases. The n ew f or m o f t he h ead c orr esponded t o t he c onte mporary i dea l o f b eau ty , a nd t he d irect ion o f t he f or mat i on c o inc ided w ith t hat o f t he o r ig ina l f or m. Thus t he c usto m o f h ead f or mat i on i n Euras ia c a me i n to e x istence among t he l ong-headed p eop le , s o t he n ew ly f or med h ead w as l ong , wh ile i n P eru t he o r ig inal ly s hort h ead was made e ven s hor ter, t he l ong o ne e ven l onger.
U sual ly t he n atura l c haracter ist ics w ere
emphas ized s ince t hey w ere c on s idered b eau t ifu l .
The a im w as t herefore t o
make t he h ead more b eau t ifu l a nd n ob ler , a nd s o t he word " de for ma t ion" i s m islead ing a nd t he e xpress ion " for mat ion" s hou ld b e u sed i nstead. The f irst " abnor ma l" s kul l t ob e f ound i n Europe c a me f rom G rafenegg ( Austr ia ) i n 1 820 , t he n ext o ne w as f rom A tzgersdorf ( Aus tr ia ) i n 1 846. The s c ien t if ic d escr ipt ion o f t he A tzgersdorf s kul l w as p ubl ished b y J . F itz inger i n 1 853.
I n 1 877 a nd i n 1 878 J . L enhossek , a n a nato m ist f rom Budapest ,
s ummed u p t he f inds u nearthed s o f ar i n a n e ssay .
The f i rs t f i nds w ere
a scr ibed t o t he C i m mer ians b y P . Broca , t o t he Av ars b y J . F itz inger , t o t he A lans b y M. Sm irnov , a nd s o o n . The s im i lar f inds f ro m o ther p arts o f t he w or ld w ere s um med u p b yA . G rosse i n Par is u nder t he t i t le " Essa is s ur l es d efor mat ions a rt if iciel u c rane". K . Baer w rote a m onograph a bou t t he l es d f i nds d iscovered i n t he Cr i mea :
" D ie Ma lu •okepha len im Boden d er K rym u nd
Ö sterre ichs" ( 1 860 ). The n umber o f f inds was i ncreas ing r ap id ly , w h i le t he ir p roper e thn ic p lace b eca me more a nd more u ncer ta in .
Carl E rnst v on Baer , af ter t he d is-
c overy o f t he C songrdd a nd S zdkelyudvarhely ( Hungary ) " defor med" s kul ls w rote t he f ol ing t o J . L enhossek : " i f a ny f urther macrocepha l ic s kul l ow l s hou ld b e d iscovered i n Hungary , i ts hou ld b e men t ioned i n t he h istory o f t he c oun try".
I n t he f i rst d ecades o f t h is c en tury L . Bartucz w ro te t ha t " the
c us to m o f i n ten t iona l h ead f or mat ion c an b e r elated t o t he w ho le o f t he e thn ic a n thropo logy o f Euras ia". Most o ft he s ke leton s w i th i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul ls b e longed t o t he O s trogoths , t he A lans , t he S armat ions a nd t he Quad i o f t he M igra t ion P er iod. T he s udden i nvasion o f t hese p eop les i n to Cen tra l a nd S ou thern Europe may h ave b een s trong ly c onnected w ith t hat o f t he Huns , wh ich g ave r ise t o t he t heory t ha t t he i n ten t ional h ead f or mat ion h ad b een i n troduced b y t he Huns. l T he e x istence o f t h is t heory u p t i l n ow i s d ue t o t he l ack o f as ummary o f r ecen t f inds. Many o ft hese f i nds i n Europe a nd S ou th- West As ia a re o lder ly f l h t han t he Huns. On t he o ther h and n o i n ten t ional or med s kul as b een f ound i nt he " best" Hun c e meter ies.
These f acts h ave l ed t o t he w eaken ing o f t h is
t heory , u n t i l i th as l ost i t s v a l id ity . 1
l t ly f ls t Al he i n ten t ional or med s kul hat h ave b een f ound c annot b e d escr ibed i n t h is p aper a s t he ir n umber i s i ncreas ing r ap id ly f ro m y ear t o y ear, n ow r each ing a t housand.
l ows The a i ms o f t h is p aper a re a s f ol :
1 .
ly i d escr ip t ion o f t he e spec ial mportan t f i nds;
2 .
a scr ib ing t he f inds t o p eop les ;
3 .
t he d ef in i t ion o f t he p oss ib le o r ig in a nd mode o f d iffus ion o f t he S ou thWest As ian a nd European c usto m o f i n ten t iona l h ead f or mat ion i n t he l i gh t o f n ew d iscover ies.
2
AS HORT REVIE W OF THE H ISTORY OF THE D ISC OVERY OF I NTENT IONALLY FOR MED SKULLS I N EURAS IA UP TO 1 878
Many o f t he a nc ien t a u thors men t ion t he "makrokepha lo i" l iv ing i n As ia. An thropo log ists i n t he l ast c en tury d id n o t a scr ibe t he c usto m o f h ead f or mat i on t o t he Huns, b e ing aware o f t he a nc ien t r eferences t o h ead-for m ing p eop les o f S ou th- West As ia a nd t he Caucasus w r it ong b efore t he t ime o f t he Huns. t en l Herodotos i n a bou t 4 50 B .C., c al he h ead-for m ing p eop les "makrones". ls t The c usto m i s a lso ment ioned b y Heracle itos ( 534-475 B •C .) , a nd b y H ippoc rates ( 460-377 B .C.) , c al he m "makrokepha lo i". ling t t he m i n L iber Aer ibus Aqu is e t L oc is,
H ippocrates men t ions
1 4
x at n p E LTov n ept T ( 1V M aXpOXE COAWV.TOÜTWV g CTLV 5 AX0 g eVOg
, C cp
ox
c o tag T e cg m c p 0Ag g xov o l 'Agv'T v µ Iv y bp
6µog a f .TL6 )TaTog b (gvETo T o i ) µ Axcog T f ig x c ( paA g,vüv A pxbv 5 v d cp µ axpoTäTnv g xov5 1 x at f ic AcLg c 5 14 1P6XXETaL T 5 ) v 6µw.Tobg . 1 ygovTaL.gxEL 5 1 7p ct v 6µou T ag ' Cy o x e c paX 7 v yv c vaLov iToug f i
nc'Tb l i aLbtov b x6Tav y gvnTaL T äxLcTa,Tbv x E c paXbv akou g TL & T r cX !
o av µ a MaxoD
ä vayxögovaLv
6 vTog A vanX c iacoucL T f iCL X EpC1 x at
çT b µ f ixog a i 5F ,Eceau bu yµ6 . T E n poa : pgpovTcg x at
T exv iaTa
T b µ Iv c patpocL51g T f ig x c ( paX i jg x ax-
o DTaL,Tb 5 1 µ f ixog O d 5 ETO CL.
Apol l on ius Rhod ios ( 2 . 2 95-215 B .C.) c al ls t he m "mak rones" , "makrok epha lo i" , t he ir h eads b e ing most ly a bnor mal ly l ong.
S trabo ( 6 3-c. 7B .C.)
c al ls t he m "makrokepha lo i" a nd c haracter ises t he Caucas ian p eop les a s f ol l ows :
T L\A cg 5 '
. T r LTT IE DEi )ct ,v
c p actv,önwg 1 g 4 2XOOXE C pa UT C Y .TOL
c p avo i 3vTa t ,,xat n ponEnTwx6Tcg T O
4 ET ( 1 )70 1 ,g,ike'ÜIEpXÜ T ITELV TV
y EVEtWV. L ater s everal o ther a u thors men t ion t hese As ian p eop le , f or e xa mp le P l iny ls t t he Younger i n c . 2 5 A .D ., who c al he m "mak rones" . l f The f i rst macrocepha l ic s kul ro m Aust r ia was d iscovered a t F euersbrunn , n ear G rafenegg , i n 1 820 , i n ar ow o f g raves.
I t w as d escr ibed b y A . Retz ius,
l was u I n 1 846 a nother s kul nearthed n ear V ienna a t A tzgersdorf ( near L ies ing ) f rom u nder a t umulus. i nger.
l w T h is macrocepha l ic s kul as d escr ibed b y J . F itz-
A f urther f ind f rom Aust r ia c a me f rom a l imestone c ave o n Ca lvary
3
l a H il t Baden , n ear V ienna , b etween 1 823 a nd 1 829.
Th is f ind w as d escr ibed
b y G . Rasoumovsky , b u t J . F itz inger c ou ld n o t f ind i ts o me s c ien t if ic p ubl icat ion w as i mposs ible.
years
l a ter, s o i t s
G . R a .sou movsky wro te a bou t t he s kul l:
" Le f ron t e st p lus c ourt , l e d essu _ s o i l l e s o mmet e st p lus e crase .
L e
c rane e n t iere e st p lus r envers‘ e n a rr iere ..La l igne f ac ia le e st t res i ncl ine t e .. L a f ete p ara it p lus c ou rte... l es s utures d u c rane s on t s ouven t d ecoupp6es t res e lega m men t — Les o s d u s o mmet s on t S i m in6es...." E lsewhere i n Cen tra l a nd Western Europe t he f i rst s keleton w ith a n i n tent i onal or med s kul as f ound i n 1 853 a t Harnha m H il n ag rave ly f l w l, i n ear S a l isbury b y J . Aker man , J . Dav is a nd F . Barnard. I n t he s a me y ear a nother s ke leton w ith a n i n ten t ional or med s kul ound i nV il Savoy , ly f l was f ly ( n ear Regn ier ) i n a grave o f t he O ld Frank ish p er iod , t hat i s t o s ay o f Charlemagne 's t ime.
I tw as d escr ibed b y H . Grosse i n 1 853.
A macrocepha l ic
s kul as a lso d iscovered i n Sw i tzerland a t Chesaux n ear L ausanne i n Bell w A ire i n t he 1 850s.
F . T ro jon w r ites a bou t i t :
"More t han 3 00 g raves, l y ing i n t hree l ayers o ne a bove t he o ther, h ad b een o pened , t he l owest o f wh ich , c on ta in ing t h is macrocepha l ic s kul roved t o d a te f ro m t he 5 th c en tury". l, p A macrocepha l ic s kul as b een u nearthed i n a n O ld Frank ish c e metery l h i n N iederho lm ( Ger many ) b etween Ma inz a nd A lzey o n t he R iver Rh ine i n 1 862, d escr ibed b y A . E cker.
One f ound i n t he U rsu la Church i n Kö ln i n 1 866 w as
p ub l ished b y A . S chaf . Accord ing t o h im , i t ' be longed t o a H un , a f hausen p ersecu tor o f S a in t U rsu la who w as l a ter mar tyred" . The f i rst i n ten t ional or med s kul o c ome f rom Hungary , t he 1th f ro m ly f l t Europe , w as u nearthed a t C songräd i n 1 867. S zeke lyudvarhe ly i n 1 875.
The s econd o ne w as f ound a t
The f or mer was d escr ibed b y J . L enhossdk a nd
t he l at ter b y M. S teinburg a nd l ater b y J . L enhossek .
Accord ing t o t he l a ter , t
b oth s kul ate f ro m t he 5 th c en tury a nd s hou ld b e g rouped w ith t he A tzgersls d d orf s kul l.
H e d escr ibed t he method o f f or ma t ion o f t he C songräd s kul s l a
f ol op.c it . p . 6 4 ) : l ows ( " A h ard p late w as p ushed o n t he o cc ip i ta l b one , a nd r ibbons w ere d rawn f ro m t he f orehead t o t he p late o n b oth s ides t hrough t he b ack Casser f on tanels , p ul i gh t a nd f astened". l ed t The e arl iest f inds o f t he Eastern h ead-for m ing p eop les w ere d iscovered a t t he e nd o f t he 1 8th c en tury i n t he Cr i mea a nd t he Caucasus. C . S e id l itz i n t he Caucasus a nd G . Radde a nd S h . S iepura a t T b il is i u nearthed 1 0 i n tent i onal or med s kul h ile F . Bayer f ound s k eletons w ith s im i lar s kul t ly f l s, w ls a S a mtkharov i n C r i mea , a n a rea men t ioned b y H ippocrates ( 200 ( IV... " qu i v ero a d d ex tram h ybern i o rtus s o l is u sque a d Maet ide m p a lude m h ab itan t" ). The f i rst "macrocepha l ic" s kul ro m t he C r i mea was g iven t o J . B lu menl f b ach b y G . Asch , who r eferred t o i t s p ossib le " Tartar ic" o r ig in . menbach d escr ibed i ti n 1 790 u nder t he t i t le " Cran ium
J . B lu-
a s iatae makrocephal i".
The n ex t f inds w ere p ub l ished b y Dubo is d e Mon tpe reux i n 1 832 a nd Rathke i n 1 833, f o lowed b y J . B lumenbach ( 1833 ), A . Asch ik ( i n Baer 's e ssay ) a nd K . l
4
Baer ( 1860 ).
T he s kul ere s en t f rom t he K ertch P en insu la t o S t . P etersburg , ls w
t hen t o Berl in ( K . Meyer , 1 850 ) , t o Bonn ( H. S chaf , 1 976 ) a nd t o P ar is f hausen ( G. G rosse ). Regard ing t he Cri mean f inds J . L enhossek a scr ibed t he c ustom o f i n tent iona l h ead f ormat ion a s f ol p . 8 2 ) : l ows ( t
. Such a g rea t n umber o f i n ten t ional ly f or med macrocepha l ic s kul ls
f ound i nt he C r i mea m igh t s how , a ccord ing t o K . Baer , t hat a group o f p eop le must h ave e x ist ed , wh ich , a s H ippocrates men t ions , c onsi dered i te nnobl ing t o d efor m t he h ead o f t he n ew-born c h i ldren w i th b andages a nd b y o ther means.
N ow i fw e c ons ider t ha t t he s keletons
w ere f ound i n l arge n umbers a nd i n g roups i n t he C r imea wh ile i n Europe t here a re o n ly a few s cat t ered e xa mp les , w e c an c onclude t ha t i ti s v ery p robab le t hat t hey must h ave b elonged t o ap eop le l iv ing i nt he C r i mea" . J . F itz inger e xcludes t he p oss ib il ity o f a scr ib ing t he c usto m t o t he Huns , a nd d oubts i f At tila 's h ead h ad e ver b een i n ten t ional ly f or med : t tila " ...There i s l i t le f orce i n J ordanes d escr ip t ion o f At , t he f or mer ti h av ing , a ccord ing t o P r iscus , s pen t al ong t ime i n At la 's c a mp w ith t he G reek l eg isla tors. J ordanes, w ho k new At tila p ersonal ly , wro te o f h im : ' f or ma b rev is, l at h p ectore , c ap ite g rand ior i , m inu t is o cu l is, r arus b arba , c an is a spersus , s i mo n aso t eter c o lore o r ig in is s uae s igna r est ituens '.
F ro m t h is d escr ipt ion i ti s c lear t ha t At tila h ad
al arge h ead , b u t i td oes n ot l ead t o t he c onclus ion t hat i t must h ave b een macrocepha l ic". P . Broca a scr ibed t he c usto m o f i n ten t iona l h ead f or mat ion t o t he " Ci mmer ians" l i v ing i nt he n e ighbourhood o f t he S cy th ians i n t he C r i mea i n 1 14 B .C.
P . B roca w ro te a l et ter t o J . L enhoss6k o n Apr il 2 7th , 1 877 , men t ion-
i ng Herodo tos 's "makrono i" i n i t : " ...Herodotos men t ions t he makrono i t w ice s ay ing t ha t t hey c onst it u ted a p art o f t he P ers ian Emp ire , a nd i n Book I , 1 04 , h e s ays t hat t hey a nd t he S yr ians l earn t t he c ustom o f c ircumc is ion f ro m t he ir n e ighbours l i v ing i n Co lch is o n t he b ank s o f t he Thermodon a nd Part hen ios ..Herodotus
C i m mer ians r etreated t o As ia M inor t hrough
t he Caucasus...." J . L enhossek h ad B . L engyel , a un ivers ity c he m ist , e xa m ine t he p roport i ons o f t he o rgan ic a nd i norgan ic c onst ituen ts i n t he Csongrdd a nd S z6kelyudv arhely macrocepha l ic s kul ls , a nd t hen c o mpared t he d a ta w ith t ha t o f o ther, w el l d ated , s kul l s. With t he h elp o f t he e xa m ina t ions , c arr ied o ut b y c o mb ust ion , t he t heory o f wh ich w as s im ilar t o t hat o f t he p resen t a bso lu te d a t ing ls method o f d er ivatography , h e s tated t hat t he s kul , d iscovered i n g raves w ith n o g rave g oods, c ame f rom t he 6 th c en tury A .D. " from p eop les a bou t wh ich h istor ians k now n ex t t o n o th ing" ( p . 1 22 ). J . L enhossek w ith t hese s tud ies s et tled t he mat ter a nd i tt ook a nother h undred y ears f or t he q uest ion t ob e r eopened.
The t hes is o f h is monograph ic
s um mary , b ased o n r e lat ive ly f ew a nd a rchaeo log ical ly i l l-deter m ined f inds , was a s f o l lows : 5
1 .
P eop lewith i n ten t ional ly f or med h eads c anno t b e i den t if ied w ith t he Huns.
2 .
They a rr ived i n C ent ra l a nd Western Europefro m t he C ri mea a l i t t le e arl ier t han t he 6 th c en tury B .C.
3 .
The c ustom a rr ived i n t he C r i mea f rom S ou th- Western As ia ( Near East ) p art ly t hrough t he Caucasus a nd p art ly t hrough A s ia M inor.
4 .
The p roper e thn ic r e lat ions o f t h is c ustom a re s t il l u nknown .
A f ter a hundred y ears , i nt he l i gh t o f n ew f inds, w e c an v er ify J . L enhos, s ek 's s ta te men ts a nd c an l ocate t he o r ig ins o f t he c usto m i nA s ia. More a nd more i n ten t ional ly " de for med" s kul ls a re d iscovered t oday i n S ou th- West As ia.
They a re d ated t o t he 6 th c en tury B .C. b y a rchaeo log ica l ,
s trat igraph ica l a nd r ad iocarbon d at ing methods. Poss ibly t he p ract ice o f h ead f or mat ion c a me i n to e x istence o r a rrived i n S ou th- West A s ia a t t h is t ime. I fG . BrNuer 's o ra l i n for mat ion t hat a n i n tent ional ly f or med s ku l l o f t he 8 th6 th m il l enn ia h as b een f ound i n Mumba c ave ( Eth iop ia ) i s s upported b y d a t ing methods a nd i ti s s c ien t if ical ly p ubl ished , i tc an b e p resumed t hat t h is s trange c usto m a rr ived i nS ou th- West As ia f rom A f r ica. Th is wou ld e xpla in t he c usto m o f l ater h ead f or mat ion i nA fr ica , i t s a ppearance i n Egyp t , a nd w ou ld g ive u s t he
o r ig ins o f t he a ppearance o f i n ten t ional or med s kul n S ou th- West ly f ls i
As ia.
I ft h is d at ing e xa m inat ion d oes n ot t ake p lace , a nd i fn o more r ecen t
f inds a re r evea led f rom e arl ier t imes t han t hose i nS ou th- West As ia , w e must p resume t ha t t he c usto m h ad i t s o r ig in s o mewhere i nt he N ear E ast . I n t h is c ase t he d ate o f t he a ppearance o ft h is c ustom i s u ncerta in , b u t i t must b e p laced b efore t he N eol i th ic , a s i ti s a lready d etec table i n t he e ar ly N eo l ith ic c e me tery a t K h irok it ia ( Cyprus ). The f i rst f inds f rom S ou th- West As ia w ere d iscovered o n t he e as tern Med iterran ian c oast o f As ia , a nd t he c usto m p ene tra ted i n to Mesopo ta m ia a nd P ers ia.
I nt he l at ter t err itory i ts urv ived u n t i l t he i nvas ion o f t he Huns; t he
f i rst " Hun" i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul ls b elong t o t he I ran ian r ac ia l t ype.
A t
t he s a me t ime t he c usto m b eca me w idespread i n As ia M inor a nd i n t he Caucas us, b e ing p ract ised i nt he l a tter t err itory u p t o t he p resen t d at .
An e arly
i n f iltra t ion ( abou t 2 ,300 B .C.) i n to S ou th-Eas t Europe i s d etec tab le f ro m t he B lack S ea o r s tra igh t f rom t he Caucasus.
I tb ecame c usto mary i n t he C r i mea
b efore o ur e ra among p eop le w ho , i nvaded b yt he Huns , f l ed t o C en tra l Europe i n t he f i rst c en tur ies o f o ur e ra. S ou th- West As ia i s t herefore t o b e c onsidered t he f i rst c en tre o f i n ten t iona l h ead f or mat ion i n Euras ia i np reh istor ic a nd i nh istor ic t imes. l e Tel s-Su l tan ( Jer icho ) ( Jordan ). F ragmen ts o f s ke letons h ave b een =l enn e arthed d at ing f ro m t he8 th-4th m il ia . The b ones w ere b ad ly p reserved i n ly f ls w t he s o il , b u t s ome l ong itud inal or med s kul ere f ound i n t he u pper p rec era m ic l ayer. Accord ing t o K urth 's p aper ( 1 973 ) a nd o ra l i n for mat ion t here w ere a pprox i mately 1 0 s keletons w ith f or med h eads , t he ir d ate b e ing a s y et u ncerta in .
l enn Poss ibly t hey d ate f ro m t he 7 th-6 th m il ia B .C.
ly f l F ro m K h irok it ia , i n s ou thern Cyprus, s evera l i n ten t ional or med s ku ls l enn d at ing b ack t o t he 6 th m il ium h ave b een r eported ( Kh irok it ia p er iod 1 , 5 ,800-4,950 B .C.).
ten S ome o f t he m a re f l at ed o n t he o cc ip ita l b one, t he 6
o thers h ave b een l eng thened b y e n c ircl ing b andages. b y J . Angel ( 1953 ) a nd G . K urth ( 1 958 ).
The f inds w ere p ubl ished
A f ter t he r estorat ion o f t he b ad ly
l p reserved s ku ls t hey s ee m t o h ave b elonged t o 1 1 p ersons ( or 4 3, a ccord ing t o G . K ur th ) .
ls h A r e-exa m ina t ion o f t hese s kul as b een made b y t he a u thor .
ls w F ro m Enko mb i , Me l ia a nd B a mbuo la 2 7 s kul ith o Cc ip i ta l a nd c ircu lar " defor mat ion" h ave b een r eported .
They d ate f ro m p reh istor ic t imes t o t he
I ron Age. ly f l T he i n ten t ional or med s ku l f ro m Byblos ( Lebanon ) d ated f ro m t he f i rst l enn h a l f o f t he 4 th m il ium B .C. ( H. Con tenson , 1 965 ).
I n t he 2 05 g raves i n
l y measurable s ls w t he c e metery , 4 2 a n thropo log ical kul ere r ecovered , 2 1 o f ly f wh ich w ere i n ten t ional or med. i n 1 937.
ls w lo S even s kul ere p ubl ished b y H . Val is
Most o f t he m b elonged t o wo men a nd g irls , s o me o f t he m t o men .
The a n thropo log ical e xa m inat ion w as c arr ied o u tb y M. O zbek ( 1974 ).
The
me thod o f f or ma t ion w as f ron ta l-occ ip ita l , u s ing , p resumably , t wo b andages i n t wo d irect ions.
ly f As o n ly a few b ur ia ls h ad i n ten t ional or med h eads, i t
lo i s p oss ib le t ha t t wo g roups o f p eop les l ived a nd w ere b ur ied h ere ( H. Val is nd M. S au ter , 1 945 ). a nd D . Fere mbach , 1 962 fa A t S eyh Höy t ik ( Tel s-She ik ) i n S yr ia o n as ite w ith d epos its f ro m t he l e Eneo l ith ic t o t he I ron Age, b ad ly p reserved i n ten t ional or med s kul ave ly f ls h b een f ound .
T hey w ere p ubl ished b y M. S eny t irek a nd S . D i / la i ca l i n 1 951.
M. C app ier i a scribed t he m t o t he Med iterran ian t ype , r ese mb l ing t he p opu lat i on o f J e mde t N asr, T epd Gawra , Assur , A l-Uba id a nd U r.
The n umber o f
t he S yr ian f i nds ( Seyh Höy t ik o r T el s-She ik ) i s t hree, a l o f t he m w o men . l e l The ir a ge i s a pprox i mately t he s a me a s t hat o f t he Byb los f ind ( Eneo l ith ic ). A t Erenk iö i
S ou th- West o fB igha ( Dardanel ) , Turkey , a n e x tre me ly l es
" defor med" s kul as b een f ound. l h n or i t s d a te a re k nown .
N e ither t he c ircumstances o f i t s f ind ing
I t w as d escr ibed b yA . We isbach i n 1 882 a nd men-
t ioned b y E . D ingwal n 1 931. l i ER IDU ( Tel hahra in ) l Abu S Er idu ( p resen t-day Tel hahra in ) i s i n t he S ou th- West o f I raq, w est l Abu S o f Basra , s ou th-west o f An N as iriya , i n t he S ha m iya d eser t.
I tu sed t o b e a
w ea l thy t rad ing c ity o n t he c oas t o f t he Pers ian Gu l f b u t n ow i ti s a n i ns ign i f ic an t s et t 2 0 k i lo met res f ro m t he s ea. tle men The Baby lon ian G enes is s ays o f Er idu : " Al he L ands w ere S ea , l t t hen Eridu w as made" . The h istory o f E r idu g oes b ack t o t he A l 'Uba id p er iod . l i ved b y f i sh ing;
I t s i nhab itan ts
t he ir h arbou r w as t he " New Moon" i n t he s ou th-western
p art o f t he c i ty , b e ing r a ther at ida l l ake d ra ined b y t he r ecess ion o f t he P ers ian Gu l f l eav ing a fert i le marsh , whose w a ter m igh t , p erhaps , h ave b een r ep len ished b y a n o u t ly ing c hannel o f t he Euphrates. w as s t il len t ifu l e v idence o f E r idu 's impor tance. l p
I n t he U ruk p er iod t here Fro m t he b eg inn ing o f
t he h istor ica l p er iod. , Er idu n o l onger a ppears t o h ave b een a popu lous s et tlemen t.
Due t o t he c on t inued r ecess ion o f t he Gu l f a nd t he c onsequen t d es icca t ion
o f t he s urround ing c oun try o r t o s o me o ther c ause , s uch a s ac hange i n t he 7
c ourse o f t he Euphra tes, a g rea t p art o f t he s i te s ee ms t o h ave b een a bandoned f or l ong p er iods a nd i t s r u ined b u ild ings w ere b ur ied b eneath d r if t ing s and. Fro m t he t h ird d ynasty o f U r , Er idu was n o t ac i ty b u t ac o mp lex o f r el ig ious b u i ld ings r a ised h igh a bove t he s urround ing p la in o n a n a rt if ic ia l p lat for m. The S umer ians a nd t he Baby lon ians worsh ipped E a h ere , t he g od o f w isdom a nd p a tron o f c raf ts men a nd a rt isans. He w as t he f ather o f Marduk a nd t he p r incipa l d e ity o f t he S ea-Peop le, a nd i tw as a lso h e , a f ter whom a city , Dur Ea , a nd a k ing , Ea-ga m il , t ook t he ir n a mes. ten s The f i rst w r it ource wh ich men t ions E r idu i s f ro m t he t ime o f U r-Nansh i , w ho was t he f ounder o f t he L agash Dynasty ( 2 ,500 B .C.).
I n t he t ime o f t he
Th ird U r Dynasty , Er idu h ad a lready b een d es icca ted a nd was u n inhab ited .
U r-
N a m mu , t he f ounder o f t he Th ird Dynasty , c u t an ew c hannel t o t he Euphrates t o b r ing w a ter i n o rder t ha t t he a rea c ou ld b e r epeop led . b u ilt Enk i 's T e mp le.
I t w as a lso h e w ho
l ed h N abuchadnezzar Ic al i msel f t he " Governor o f
l enn E r idu" a t t he e nd o f t he 2 nd mil ium.
l enn A t t he b eg inn ing o f t he i st m il iu m
E r idu w as a lready a n i nhab ited c ity o r a ho ly p lace.
The Assyr ian k ing
S argon r egarded Er idu 's o ccupa t ion a s at r iumph i n 7 10 B . C . Archaeo log ica l e xcava t ions a t E r idu w ere s tarted i n Dece mber 1 946 u nder S ay id Moha mmed A l i Mustafa 's l eadersh ip. Dece mber 1 946 t o 2 4th March 1 947.
T he f i rst s eason l asted f ro m 2 4th
F irst t he s i te was l ocated a nd t hen t he
e astern p art o ft he z iggura t w as e xcavated a nd ab u i ld ing o f t he Th ird Dynasty tery was =covered , c onta in ing r ich o rna men tat ion , v ot ive p ot , a nd a dist incti ve t ype o f s pou ted j ar c on ta in ing t he b ones o f a n i mals ( F u nd S afar ).
Not a
s ing le b ur ia l w as f ound d ur ing t he f i rst s eason o f t he e xcavat ions. The s econd s eason r an f ro m t he l ast w eek o f N ove mber 1 947 t o March 1 948 u nder t he l eadersh ip o f S ay id F u nd S afar , who w ro te t hat b es ide t he z iggura t t l " our a ten t ion was n ex t d irected t o t he a rea o u ts ide t he r eta in ing-wal w h ich s upported t he Th ird Dynasty a cropo l is;
a nd h ere o n t he n orth-
w estern s ide o f t he mound , w e made a m ost importan t d iscovery . l T h is w as a c e metery o f t he l ate APUba id p er iod , c on te mporary i n a l I f p robab il ity w ith Te mp les V I a nd VI ound i n t he p rev ious s eason .
I n
t h is p art o f t he s i te t here w as a d epos i t o f APUba id o ccupa t iona l d ebr is , a bou t o ne metre d eep , b u t w ith a c onsp icuous a bsence o f b u ild ing a s t hough w e w ere d ea l ing w i th t he o u tsk irts o f t he a ctua l tle men s et t .
.
Under t h is d ebr is , w h ich d e monstrably a n tedated t he m ,
t he g raves w ere s unk i n to t he c lean , w ind-dr if ted s and b eneath.
T hey
l c on ta ined l i ben " boxes" , f i led w ith e ar th a f ter t he i n ter men t , a nd s ea led w ith a plat for m o f t he s a me b r icks wh ich s o met i mes c ons idera bly o verlapped t he l eng th a nd b read th o ft he a ctua l g rave.
L ike t he
p r inc ipa l b u ild ings i n t he ma in mound t hey w ere o r ien ted t owards t he n orth w est .... An i n terest ing a nd u nusua l p ract ice w as t ha t o f b ury ing more t han o ne me mber o f t he f am ily i n t he s a me g rave.
The b ones o f t he e ar l ier
b ur ia ls w ere o f ten d isturbed i n t he p rocess , a nd s o met i mes q u ite c arel essly p ushed a s ide...It s hou ld b e d a ted t o t he c u lm inat ion p hase o f t he APUba id p er iod ( t h is p er iod d ates f rom 4 ,500-3,800 B .C.). Dur ing t he c ourse o f t he s eason more t han t wo h undred g raves w ere e xcavated , wh ile s ound ings made i n o rder t o d eter m ine t he l im its o f 8
t he c emetery s uggested t ha t i t must a ltogether c on ta in a t l east a t housand g raves...It i s n o tp robab le , h owever , t hat i tw as i n u se f or a ny l eng th o f t ime , s ince a l l t he g raves a ppeared t o h ave b een s unk f ro m a pprox i mately t he s ame o ccupat iona l l evel... T he o n ly s l igh t ly u nusua l f eature i n t he c e metery w as t he t endency t o u se r ich r edd ish-brown p a in t i nstead o f t he c onven t iona l b lack" ( F u nd S afar, 1 948 ). Ag reat n umber o fg raves w ere u ncovered b u t t he b ones w ere f ew a nd l p ls s On ly a f ew more o r l ess w el reserved s kul urv ived wh ich
d amaged.
w ere s atura ted w ith w ax o n t he s po t.
te O t A l though Charlot ten , a n a n thro-
p o log ist f ro m t he Un ivers ity o f Ch icago , emphas ised t he importance o f t he s ke letons d ur in g h er t hree d ays ' v is it o n t he s i te , n e ither f urther e xcava t ions n or d e ta iled a n thropo log ica l e xa m ina t ion h ave t aken p lace.
Miss O tten w ro te
( 1948 ) : l ls a "w i th o ne p oss ible e xcep t ion , a l o f t he n ine s kul ppear t o h ave fered d s uf istort ion d ue t o t he e arth a bove t he b ur ia ls" . And l a ter : l d " there i s a pparen t ly n o i n ten t iona l s kul e for ma t ion , b u t t h is p o in t l b l s...Even u w il eco me more c er ta in a f ter r estorat ion o f t he s kul pon s uch c ursory e xa m ina t ion , i ti s p oss ible t o make a s uperf ic ia l c o mls p ar ison w ith S ir Arthur K e ith 's s evera l l ater Early Dynast ic s kul f rom A l 'Uba id" . led h t When Fuad S a far c al er a tent ion t o t he f act t ha t more t han a t housand l u t g raves w ere s t il nexcava ted , M iss O ten wro te : " th is means , t hat mater ia l i s a va ilab le f or a d ef in it ive s tudy o f a l ed. Th p as t p opu lat ion s uch h as s eldom i fe ver b een e qual is s tudy c ou ld n ot o n ly i den t ify t he r ange o f p hys ica l c haracter ist ics o f t he c arr iers o f U ba id c u lture, b u t c ou ld p rov ide a c lean p o in t o f r efere nce u pon w h ich f ur ther s tud ies o f r elated g roups m igh t h inge. I t w ou ld c erta in ly s upp le men t , a nd m igh t c on f ir m o r d isprove t heor ies r ela t ing t o t he e arly m igra t ions o f p eop les i n t he Crad le o f C iv il isat i on"... " A t hrough s tudy o f t h is e x tre mely impor tan t ma ter ia l c ou ld n o tb e o ther t han a mi lestone i n t he p rogress o f r ac ial a nd a n thropome tr ic k now ledge" ( p . 1 27 ). I n S umer t he f inds.
C . Coon ( Un ivers ity o f P ennsy lvan ia ) p ub l ished h is v iews o n
H e d id n o t n ot ice t he i mportance o f t he f inds o r t he ir b e ing i n ten-
ly f t i onal or med : l t " Al he c ran ia h ad b een d efor med i n o ne f ash ion o r a no ther , p res umably a f ter b ur ia l , b y e arth p ressure...Th is h as made t he m l ook ly l ly s uperf ic ial ike c erta in Maya I nd ian c ran ia , d efor med i n ten t ional i n i n fancy". ls ( L ater G . K urth e xam ined t he s kul 1973 ) r ea l ising t he i n tent iona l f or mat ion o f t he m . ' D ie me isten S chNdel s ind mehr o der w en iger e rddefor m iert , d azu k o m mt t e i lwe ise k ünst l iche D efor mat ion d urch B inden , d ie e benso , 9
n Byb los u nd J er icho d ie S c ede l e her v erl t inger t h aben d ürf ten . w ie i D ie v iel fach u ngewöhn l ich s chrYge S t irn s pr ich t f ür i n trav ita le E inf lüsse" ( p . 9 5.) I n 1 977 , work ing o n t he b one mater ia l d iscovered i n I raq , Donn ie G eorg a nd Ir estored a nd e xa m ined , a s f ar a s c ircumstances made i tp ossib le , t he b ones o f t he s keletons f ound a t E r idu a nd p reserved i n t he I raq Museum i n Baghdad.
The e xcavat ions a t Er idu w il l p robably b e c ont inued w ith t he c o l-
l abora t ion o f e xperts , w ith t he a im o f i den t ify ing t he l argest k nown a nc ien t p opu lat ion o f Mesopota m ia. i st s kul l( label l ed N o. 1 ) . A 5 5 y ear-o ld w o man 's s kul l w ith t he l e f t t e mpora l a rea m iss ing. T he f orehead i s l ow , t he n ose s omewhat p ro jec t ing , t he max il l ary p art p ro ject ing t o t he s ides.
I ti s c lose t o t he I ran ian H igh land t ype.
med ium " defor med" w ith e nc ircl ing b andages. i st ics :
The s ku l h as b een l
I t s a n thropo log ical c haracter-
d o l ichocran ia l , c ha mae-orthocran ial , metr iocran ia l , med ium w ide
f orehead , e urymetop ic , o rthogna thous , mesoprosop ic , mesene , c ha maec ran ic , mesorrh ine , b rachystaphy l ine , mesuran ic, f unda men ta l f ron ta l p rocess s ym metr ical l y med ium w ide n asa l c av ity , r ounded r ectangu lar o rb its , med ium d eep f ossa c an ina , t ubercled g en ia l p rocess , h igh , V-for m p a la te, s t ra igh t s utura p a lat ina , o s i ncae b ipart itum , s everal s u tura l b ones o nb o th s ides. O cc lus ion : l ab idon t . Abras ion o f t he t eeth : 4 . P ast s igns o f r ad icu l i t is o n t he u pper t oo th o n t he r igh t s ide. Mesodon tes. 2 nd s kul l abel o . 2 ). l ( l ed N The w ho le s kul f a2 5 y ear o ld man. T he s kul uf econdary l o l s f ered s p ressure i n t he e arth , b u t i tl ef t t he f or m o f t he c ran ium u nchanged. T he s kul s o f n egro id c haracter a nd b ears t he t races o f r a ther c ons iderable f orl i mat ion.
An thropo log ica l c haracter ist ics :
d o l ichocran ia l , c hamaecran ia l ,
t ape inocran ia l , n arrow f orehead , e urymetop ic , a lveo lar p rogna th ia , e uryp rosop ic , e uryen , c ha maeconch ic , c hamaerrh ine , l eptostaphy l ine , d o l ichuran ic. The l owness o f t he o rb its i s d ue t o t he s econdary p ressure. l i s kul s s phaeno ides.
T he f or m o f t he
Phaenoprosop ia , p haenozyg ia , med iu m l arge t ubera
p ar ieta l ia , c urvo-occ ip ita l , t h ick o rb ita l marg ins , r ounded r ectangu lar o rb its , l a smal nd s tra igh t n asa l b one , t he n asal c av i ty i s w ide b e low , f ossa p raenasa l is, t he z ygo ma t ic p rocesses s tand o u t s l igh t ly o nt he s ides , t he g en ia l p rocess i s l ow p yra m id , U -for med p a late, many o ssa s u turarum. Megadon tes. The u pper 3 rd mo lars a re e rup t ing. 3 rd s kul l ( l abel l ed
O cclus ion :
s tegodon t.
16 ).
l o l ary p N early t he who le s kul f a3 5 y ear-o ld man , t he l e f t max il art i s a b it f ractured. I tb elongs t o t he I rano-Afghan t ype w i th s ome r obust- Med iterr an ian i n f luence. i n t he e arth. f orehead.
The s kul l i s s l igh t ly p lag iocran ic d ue t o s econdary p ressure
I tw as s l igh t ly f or med i n l i fet i me , t h is b e ing c learest o n t he
An thropo log ica l c haracter ist ics :
d o l iocran ia l , c hamaecran ia l ,
t ape inocran ia l , n arrow f orehead , metr iometop ic , o rthogna thous , a lveo lar p rogna th ia , l eptoprosop ic , l eptorene , mesoconch ic , l eptorrh ine , l eptostaphy l ine, d o l ichuran ic.
The f or m o f t he s kul l:
b irdso ides.
Phaenoprosop ia , p haeno-
z yg ia , smal l t ubera p ar ien ta l ia , w ide s u tura s phaenopar ieta les, t h ick o rb ita l
1 0
ly marg ins , med ium h igh o rb i ts , med ium l arge n asa l b one , s ymme tr ical n arrow a per tura p ir ifor m is , s l igh t f ossa p raenasa l is , z ygoma t ic p rocesses s l igh t ly s tand o u t , U -for med a nd h igh p a late , o s i ncae monopart itum, many o ssa s u turarum . O cclus ion : l ab idon t . S igns o f r ad icu l i t is o n t he l ower 7 th t oo th o n t he r igh t s ide.
S ca le o n t h e t eeth.
l ( led 1 4 th s kul l abel 81). l o l ary p T he c omp le te s kul f a4 0 y ear o ld man . T he r igh t max il art i s s omewha tf rac tured , a nd a p art o f t he b ase i s m iss ing. I tb elongs t o t he S ou thl w I raq ian t ype , w h ich i nhab its t he t err itory e ven t oday . T he s kul as f ormed w ith c i rcu lar b andages i n l i fe t i me. A s l igh t d eformat ion i s d ue t o t he e arth p ressure. An thropo log ica l c harac ter ist ics : h yperdo l ichocran ia l , c hamaec ran ia l , t ape ino- metr iocran ia l , n arrow f orehead , e urymetop ic , o rthogna thous , e uryprosop ic , e uryen-mesorene , meso-hyps ichonch ic , mesorrh ine , b rachyl: b u ran ic. The f orm o f t he s kul irdso ides. P haenoprosop ia , p haenozyg ia , l t v ery smal ubera p ar ieta l ia , r ounded r ec tangu lar o rb its o f s lan t ing o va l f or m , l a pertura p ir iform is i s w ide b elow , t he l ower p art i s a n throp ine. Med ium f i led f ossa c an ina , t h e z ygoma t ic p rocesses s tand o u t s l igh t ly o n t he s ides , t he g en ia l p rocess i s l ow p yra m id , t he p a lat e i s v ery h igh . O cclus ion : l ab idon t . Mesod on tes. l ( led I 5 th s kul l abel I ). l o 5y T he f ragmen tary s kul f a5 ear-o ld man .
T he r igh t f ron ta l a nd s ome
l s o f t he p ar ieta l p arts a nd a lso t he l e f t mand ibu la a re m iss ing. T he s kul u fly i f ered s l igh t p ressure i n t he e arth . Typo log ical tb elongs t o t he I ran ian H igh land t ype c haracter ised w i th s trong a lveo lar p rogna th ia. T he h ead w as c on s iderab ly f or med w ith c ircu lar b andages. An thropo log ica l c haracter ist ics : d o l icho- mesocran ia l , c ha maecran ia l , t ape inocran ia l , med ium w ide f orehead , e urymetop ic , o rthogna thous , s l igh t a lveo lar p rogna th ia , mesoprosop ic , mesor en e , , mesoconch ic , c ha maerrh ine , mesostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic. T he f or m l: s l o ft he s kul phaeno ides-b irdso ides. P haenoprosop ia , p haenozyg ia , smal t ubera p ar ie ta l ia , n o p rotuberan t ia o cc ip i ta l is e x terna , t h ick o rb ita l marg ins , s lan t ing o rb it s , a pertura p ir i for m is w ide b e low , t he l ower p art i s a n throp in , med ium d eep f ossa c an ina , z ygo mat ic p rocesses s l igh t ly s tand ing o u t o n t he s ides , U -formed p a late , s tra ight s u tura p a lat ina . O cclus ion : l ab idon t . Rad icu l it is o n t he l ower 7 th t oo th o n t he r igh t s ide. T he u pper 3 rd t ooth ( c an ine ) h as b een r e moved i n l i fet i me. l ( l ed N o . 6 th s kul l abel r X1) l o P robab ly t he s kul f a6 0 y ear o ld man , w i th ab roken l ower j aw . T he p ressure o ft he e arth h as d e for med t he l i ne o f t he o rb its , a nd t he f ace h as l c b ecome l ow . D isregard ing t h is d e for mat ion t he s kul an b e g rouped i n t he l h I rano-Afghan r ace t ype. T he s kul as i n l i fet i me b een f or med . The meal s ure men ts t aken o f t he s ku l a re o f d ub ious v a lue b ecause o f t he s econdary d efor ma t ion . An thropo log ica l c haracter ist ics : d o l ico- mesocran ia l , c ha maec ran ia l , t ape inocran ia l , med ium w ide f orehead , e uryme top ic , o rthogna thous , l: e uryen , h yps iconch ic , mesos taphy l ine , b rachyuran ic. The f or m o f t he s kul odes. Wide s tur .a sphaenopai retls ai , cr u vooci c ptl i a, t h ick obtl ri a s phaeni u l y med marg ins , h igh o rb i ts , s ymme tr ical ium w ide a pertura p ir iform is , s l igh t s u lcus p raenasa l is , n arrow z ygomat ics , t he z ygomat ic p rocesses a re s l igh t ly 1
s tand ing o u t o n t he s ides, t he g en ia l p rocess i s t ubercled a nd p yram ida l , s u tura p a lat ina c urv ing b ackwards , o s e p ipter icum o n s utura s ag itta l is , s pare b ones o n s utura l a mbdo idea o nb oth s ides.
Mesodon tes.
T he u pper t hree
mo lars i n t he l e ft s ide h ave f al l en o u t i n l i fet i me , t he r idge i s c losed . 7 th s kul l ( l abel led I V). te a l b Ca lot nd l ower j aw o f a2 5 y ear o ld man . The s kul e longs t o t he " class ica l Med iterran ian" t ype.
The i n tent iona l h ead f or ma t ion i s c ons ider-
low f a b le , a nd p erhaps was made w ith a pil astened o n t he f orehead. p o log ica l c haracter ist ics :
An thro-
mesocran ia l , c hamaecran ial , t ape inocran ia l ,
med ium w ide f orehead , e ury metop ic. The c ran ial b ones a re med ium t h ick , l i l t he f or m o f t he s kul s s phaeno ides. Sma l t ubera p ar ieta l ia , n arrow s u tura s phaenopar ieta l is , c urvo-occ ip ita l , v ery t h in o rb ita l marg ins. The g en ia l p rocess i s med ium h igh p yra m id. The f oramen o cc ip i ta le magnum i s a ss ym metr ica l . O cclus ion :
ta Many o ssa a long s u tura s ag it l is a nd s utura l ambdo idea.
l ab idon t .
Car ies s uperf ic ia l is o n t hree t eeth.
Mesodon tes.
l ( led X2 ) 8 th s kul no l abel o r l abel . te o The h igh ly f ractured b u t n early t o ta l c a lot f a5 5 y ear o ld man . b elongs t o ar ather r obust t ype.
The i n tent iona l h ead f or mat ion i s v ery c on-
tened i s iderab le , t he n ose h as f lat n t he c ourse o f i t . f or med w ith d ouble b andage.
I t
The f orehead h as b een
An thropo log ical c haracter ist ics :
d o l ichocran ia l
o rthocran ia l , metr iocran ia l , med ium n arrow f orehead , e urymetop ic , mesoc onch ic , t he g na th ions s tand o u t f ar o nb o th s ides , t he g en ial p rocess i s l i The c ran ia l b ones a re t h ick , t he f or m o f t he s kul s s phaeno ides-
f em in ine.
l t r hombo ides. Smal ubera p ar ieta l ia , n arrow s u tura s phaenopar ieta l ia. T he o cc ip ita lb one i s f lat d ue t o t he f or mat ion . T here i s a torusl ike t ubercle o n t ubera n uchae.
Med ium t h ick o rb ita l marg ins , t he o rb its a re r ounded r ec-
t angu lar , t he n asa l b one i s s tra igh t , t he e nd o f i ts l igh t ly c urved , t he n asa l ly w c av ity i s s y m metr ical ide o r med ium w ide , f ossa c an ina med ium d eep , t he z ygo mat ic p rocesses s l igh t ly s tand o u t o n t he s ides.
There a re many o ssa
o n t he s u tura l a mbdo idea. O cclus ion : l ab idon t. The a bbras ion o f t he t eeth l i s g rea t , t he m idd le t eeth a re w orn t i l t he s tump. The s econd l ower i nc is ive o n t he r igh t s ide h as f al len o u t i n l i fet i me. ls f Two f urther s kul ound a t E r idu s howed n o s igns o f i n ten t iona l f or mat ion . l ed I b The o ne l abel elonged t o a2 5 y ear o ld w oman o f t he " grac i l-Med iterran ian" t ype , t he o ther l abel l ed X3 i s t he l ower j aw o f a5 0 y ear o ld man , w ho i s l i kely t o h ave b e longed t o t he I rano-Afghan t ype . We d o n o t k now who i nhab ited E r idu a s y e t . The ir p roper e thn ic g roupl as i ng i s s t il ub ject f or d eba te. Accord ing t o S eaton L loyd l t " Abu S hahra in i s t oo smal o r epresen t t he c ap ita l o f a ci ty-sta te , a nd i ndeed n o d ynasty o f k ings i s k nown t o h ave r u led t here...we s uggest t hat a n o r ig ina l p reh istor ic s h rine h ad b een p erpetua ted b y i t s r epea ted r econstruct ion". Accord ing t o C ra mer ( 1944 ) " at t he t ime o f t he S umer ian i nvas ion much o f t he l and b etween t he T igr is a nd t he Euphra tes R iver w as n o d oubt i nhab ited b y t he S em ites •
•
•
1 2
E . S pe iser w r i tes : " the S umer ians c anno t b e t he f i rst i nhab itan ts o f Mesopo ta m ia b ecause t he o ldest c it ies h ave n on -Sumer ian n a mes..." S ea ton L loyd r e marks a ga in t ha t l er c "we s hou ld n ow p erhaps g ive f ul ons idera t ion t o t he s ign if icance o f o ur n ew a rchaeo log ica l d iscover ies a t Er idu , i n r ela t ion t o t he p erenn ia l i nvest iga t ion o f S u mer ian o r ig in ..." Accord ing t o F rank for t ( 1932 ) " the e arl iest mater ia l c u lture o f S ou thern Mesopo ta m ia must a lready b y c al umer ian" . l ed S The b ones , t hough f ew i n n umber , p rove t he f o low ing : l 1 .
Er idu 's p opu la t ion w as h eterogeneous i n a bou t 4 ,000-3,500 B .C.
2 .
A p opu la t ion , l ater c al typ ica l S umer ian" , was a lready p resen t led " a t E r idu.
3 .
A p opu lat ion w ith n egro id c haracter ist ics was a lready l i v ing i n t he s ou thern p art o f Mesopo ta m ia i n a bou t 4 ,000 B .0 C.
4 .
I n ten t iona l h ead f or ma t ion o f n ew-born c h ildren w as a general c usto m among t he e arly i nhab itan ts o f E r idu , d isregard ing s ex a nd r ace;
i t
h in ts a t e arl ier o r ig in s. 5 .
Though n o i n ten t ional h ead f or ma t ion i s d etec table l ater among t he n egro id p eop le i nt he N ear East , i ti s p oss ible t ha t t he o r ig in o f t he c usto m i s c onnected w ith t he a ppearance o f n egro id
p eop le i n t h is
a rea. G .
F urther e xcava t ions a t Er idu may s hed l i gh t o n t he o r ig in o f t he c usto m o f h ead f or ma t ion a nd a lso t ha t o f t he f i rst i nhab itan ts o f Mesopo ta m ia.
THE CUSTOM OF I NTENT IONAL HEAD FOR MAT ION I N THE PRESENT-DAY TERRITORY OF THE USSR Most o f t he i n ten t ional or med s kul ave b een d iscovered e ast o f t he ly f ls h Carpa th ian Bas in i n t he a rea b etween t he P am ir-Ala i , t he T ienshan a nd w estern S iberia.
N o s uch f i nds h ave b een f ound e ast o f t h is a rea o r n orth o r
w est o f al i ne d rawn b etween t he u pper p art o f t he I s im R iver a nd t he u pper p art o f t he Don R iver.
Three " cen tres" c an b e d ist ingu ished :
t he C aucas ian
o ne , a no ther n orth o f t he B lack S ea a nd t he Casp ian S ea , a nd l ast ly t he C r i mea a nd a reas n orth o f i t .
T he a ge o f t he i n ten t ional or med s kul n a ly f l s moves o
l arger a nd l arger t ime-scale s o t he p roper e thn ica l g roup ing b eco mes more a nd more h ypo thet ica l. The c a ta logue o f p ub l ished s ites f o lows J . Werner 's l i s t ( 1956 ); s o me l more r ecen t d ata f ro m l a ter p ubl icat ions a re a dded. Un fortunately , J . Werner 's t ranscr ip t ions a nd r e ferences a re n o t c orrect a nd h is maps a re s uperf ic ia l a nd o f l i t le u se. t
Many o ft he s ites ment ioned a re marked o n t he map , f i g. 7 .
1 3
1 .
ly f ls f S keletons w ith i n ten t ional or med s kul ro m t he t err i tory o f P am irA la i , T ienshan , w estern S iber ia a nd C ent ra l As ia 1 .
K irch in ( on t he n orthern s hore o ft he I s ik-kö l ). wo men a nd 6 8 men .
2 .
S ke letons o f 6 5
Pub l ished b yA . Bernsta m , 1 952.
l ey l üzart ( Kochkovsky Val , D ju rnga l , T ienshan ).
6g raves.
P ub-
1 2 g raves.
P ub-
l i shed b yA . Bernsta m , 1 952. 3 .
A la m ish ik ( on Mar im R iver, Cent ra l T ienshan ). l i shed b yA . Bernsta m , 1 952.
4 .
l ey Bur machap ( Arpa Val , Cen tral T ienshan ).
Numerous g raves.
P ubl ished b yA . Bernsta m , 1 952. 5 .
l ey Maasha ( Ala i Val , N orth- West o f K ara-kö l , Pa m ir ). l l s. g raves , a l c on ta in ing i n ten t iona lly f or med s kul
Numerous
P ubl ished b y
A . Bernsta m , 1 952. 6 .
l ey l üs il-Tuu ( Ala i Val , N orth- West o f K ara-kö l , P am ir ). l ly f l s. g raves , a l c on ta in ing i n ten t ional or med s kul
N umerous
P ubl ished b y
A . Bernsta m , 1 952. 7 .
l ey K enko l ( i n t he Ta las Val ).
ly f ls w 2 3 i n ten t ional or med s kul ere
e xcava ted d ur ing t he e xcavat ions i n 1 938 a nd 1 939. l onged t o men , 8 to wo men a nd 2 t o c h ildren .
1 3 o f t he m b e-
Publ ished b y V . G inz-
b urg a nd E . Z h irov , 1 949 a nd b y A. Bernsta m , 1 952. 8 .
l ey Tsh iung-Tipe ( Tsh iung-Tepe ) ( i n t he T a las Val ) . ls f or med s kul .
9 .
Bo lsherechenskoe Gorod ishche ( near Barnau l , West-S iber ia ). l i shed b y E
K a insk ( To msk d ist r ict ).
1 1.
Chuvash ( near Tobo lsk , o n t he R iver I rt is ). l. s kul
P ub-
Z h irov , 1 940.
1 0.
1 2.
ly T en i n ten t ional
P ub l ished b y H . H e ike l , 1 918 .
P ub l ished b y E . Zh irov , 1 940. ly f One i n tent ional or med
Pub l ished b y H . He ikel , 1 894.
U st-Tartash ( Barab insk s teppe ).
ly f l. One i n tent ional or med s kul
P ubl ished b y G . Debetz, 1 948. 1 3.
ly f ls V . G inzburg ( 1954 ) p ub l ished s everal i n ten t ional or med s kul f rom A t-Bash i a nd K zy l- Kysh tak f rom t he f i rst c entur ies B .0 C .a nd A .D., a nd f ro m K zy l-Tura a nd Kurgak f ro m t he 2 nd-4th c en tur ies A .D.
1 4.
l o Al f t he s i tes a re i n S ou th I Grgh izstan .
B l izhnye E lbany ( sou th o f Barnau l a t Bo lshaya Rechka , o n t he r igh t b ank o f t he R iver O b , i n t he n orthern p art o fA lta i ).
F ive i n ten t ion-
l ls d a ly f or med s kul at ing f ro m b etween t he 2 nd c entury B .0 .a nd i st c en tury A .D. h ave b een e xcavated b y t he N orth-Alta i e xped it ion l ed b y M. Gr iaznov i n 1 946-1949. 1 5.
P ubl ished b y V . A lekseyev , 1 956.
ly f ls h N u merous i n ten t ional or med s kul ave b een =earthed i n t he l ey o Kurgans s ou th o f I s ik-kö l , i n t he Z a la i Val n t he r igh t b ank o f t he l üz ik-Su R iver a nd i n t he M inus insk Bas in . G inzburg , 1 950 ;
men t ioned b y G . Debetz , 1 948.
1 4
Publ ished b y V .
ly f ls h 1 6. I n s evera l o ther p arts o f Cen tra l As ia i n ten t ional or med s kul ave l; Vrevskaya b een r eported , e .g. Gur- M iron (Kazakh Repub l ic ) o ne s kul l) V r a ilway s tat ion ( one s kul . G inzburg , 1 956 ); a t K hores m ( L . O shan in , 1 953 ), K uba -Tau ( on t he l ef tb ank o f t he R iver K hores m ) e tc.
P ub-
l i shed b y T . T rof i mova , 1 959. T he c usto m o f h ead f or ma t ion s urv ived u p t o r ecen t t imes i n t he C en tra l I, d i s ian t err itor ies ( f or d eta ils s ee : S ov iet skaya E tn .ograf ia , Moskva , V I-VI ti a nd R . Basut , 1 967 ). ly f ls h I n ten t ional or med s kul ave a lso b een f ound a t Fergana f ro m t he 5 th3 rd c en tur ies B .C. , in Turkmen istan f ro m t he 5 th-4th c en tur ies B .C. a nd i n Cen t ra l-K azakhs tan f ro m t he 3 rdIst c en tur ies B .C. 2 .
F inds f rom t he Casp ian S ea a nd a long t he R iver Dn ieper 1 .
Brod i ( Per m p rov ince , n ear K ungur ).
l. One s kul
P ub l ished b y E .
Zh irov , 1 940. l. One s kul
2 .
S hard insk .
Publ ished b y E . Z h irov , 1 940 ( af ter Chugunov ).
3 .
Mias.
4 .
P ersh ino ( Chel iab insk , o n t he b ank o f t he R iver M ias ).
Publ ished b yA . H e ikel , 1 894. Pub l ished b y
K . S ha ln ikov , 1 950. 5 .
K a lm itzky Brod ( Sverd lovsk ).
P ubl ished b y K . S ha ln ikov , 1 950.
6 .
Agapovsk ( 12 k i lo metres s ou th o f Magn itogorsk ).
P ub l ished b y K .
S ha ln ikov , 1 950. 7 .
D 'anatan ( Orsk ).
P ub l ished b y K . S ha ln ikov , 1 940 ;
8 .
i s-Oba ( Bi on t he R iver Berd iank t , n ear B lagoslovensk a t Chka lovO renburg ). P ubl ished b y B . Grakov , 1 929 ;
9 .
E . Z h irov , 1 940.
K . Sm irnov , 1 948.
N izhny Bashkunchak ( L ake Bashkunchak , Astrakan d istr ict ). l i shed b y P . Rykov , 1 928.
1 0.
Boaro ( Ka l my tzkaya G ora ).
1 1.
E l ista ( Ka l myk s teppe ).
1 2.
Abganer ( Au tono mous, Ka lmuk T err itory ).
P ub-
P ubl ished b y I . S in it zyn , 1 946.
P ub l ished b y P . Rykov , 1 936. P ub l ished b y P . Rykov ,
1 929. 1 3.
Ma ly U sen i R iver d istr ict .
P ub l ished b y P . Rao , 1 926.
1 4.
S em ig lavy Mar ( Derku l , e ast o f t he R iazan-Uralsk r a i lway , a t S h ipov ). P ubl ished b y P . Rykov , 1 926 a nd T . M inaeva , 1 927.
1 5.
Berezhn iky ( Buguruslan d istr ict , b etween K u ib ishev a nd S a mara ). S everal S kul l s.
1 6.
K r. Ya i ( Ku ib ishev-Sa mara d istr ict ). s kul l.
1 7.
P ub l ished b y A . S ch m id t , 1 926 a nd E . Z h irov , 1 940. An e xt re mely "defor med"
Pub l ished b yD . Anuch in , 1 887 a nd E . D ingwal l, 1 931.
S usl i ( River Vo lga ). N ine i n tent ional ly f or med s kul ls f ro m 5 3 k urg ans. P ub l ished b y P .Rykov , 1 925.
1 5
1 8.
K l iu tor S hu lz ( Torgan ).
S kul ro m 4 k urgans. ls f
Publ ished b y P . Rao ,
1 927. 1 9.
Enge lsk-Petrovsk-Astrakhan ( between t he t wo s et ts ). tle men f rom k urgans.
2 0. 2 1.
Torgun .
S kul ls
Pub l ished b y P . Rao , 1 926.
S kul ro m ' t hree k urgans. ls f
P ubl ished b y P . Rao , 1 926.
Bangert ( on t he R iver Vo lga , s ou th o f Enge lsk-Petrovsk ).
Pub l ished
b y P . Rao , 1 926. 2. 2
Gme l inskaya.
2 3.
K harkovka ( i n t he K öppen Val ). l ey
2 4.
K ano ( i n t he K uppen Val ). l ey
2 5.
Pub l ished b y P . Rao , 1 926.
" Alt We i mar" ( i n :
P ub l ished b y P . Rao , 1 926.
P ubl ished b y P . Rao , 1 926.
Werner , 1 956 ).
S kul ro m t hree k urgans. ls f
I t s p resen t n a me i s u nknown .
Pub l ished b y P . Rao , 1 927.
2 6.
K ara man .
S kul ro m t wo k urgans. ls f
2 7.
A tkarsk ( north-west o f S ara tov ).
,
Pub l ished b y P . Rao , 1 927.
S kul ro m t wo k urgans. ls f
Pub l ished
b y N . Artz iutov. 2 8.
N orka ( sou th-west o f S ara tov ).
2 9.
Chernok leevsk ( 2 k i lo metres e ast o f K arpovka , a long t he Vo lgogradK a lach r a ilway ).
3 0.
P ubl ished b y P . Rao , 1 926.
F ro m t wo k urgans.
I l inka ( on t he R iver S a l , Don d istr ic t ).
Pub l ished b y K . Sm irnov , 1 950. Ex tre mely " deformed" s kul l,
p ub l ished b y K . Z ha iu ta , 1 925. 3 1.
Rostov-on-Don .
One s kul l.
Pub l ished b y E . D ingwal 931. l, 1
3 2.
Vesel i ( on t he Man ich Channel , Rostov d istr ict ).
Men t ioned i n
Arkheo log ichesk ie I sledovan ia vRSFSR , 1 934-1936 ( 1941) , p . 2 04. 3. 3
S tan itza Melekhovskaya ( Rostov d istr ict ).
P ubl ished b y E . Z h irov ,
1 940. 3 4.
K ob iakovo Gorod ishche ( Aba isk , Rostov d istr ict ).
P ubl ished b y E .
Z h irov , 1 940. 3 5.
Taganrog.
3 6.
N ieshcheretovo-N ieshcherove ( Vorosh ilovgrad d istr ict , Be lokurak in sk p rov ince.
Pub l ished b y E . Z h irov , 1 940.
F inds f rom t wo k urgans.
Publ ished b y I . Lu tzkev ich ,
1 952. 3 7.
Voron tzovka ( Kup iansk d istr ict , o n t he R iver S en ikha ).
P ub l ished
b y E . Meln ik , 1 902. 3 8.
N ovo-Fil ipovka ( Mo lochnaya , n orth-east o f Mel itopo l ).
P ub l ished b y
M. V ias m it ina , 1 953 , a nd P . E f i menko a nd I . S hovkop l ias , 1 954. 3 9.
Bogodar ( Aleksandrovsk d istr ict , e arl ier Ekater inoslav p rov ince ). P ub l ished b y P . Rao , 1 926 a nd E . Z h irov , 1 940.
4 0.
Emch ikha ( Kan iev d istr ict ).
P ubl ished b y N . Brandenburg , 1 889.
1 6
4 1.
ly f l f One i n ten t ional or med s kul ro m a
Chern iakhov ( K iev d istr ict ).
l arge c e metery w ith 2 51 g raves.
Publ ished b y B . l evo iko , 1 901 a nd
J . Kukharenko , 1 954. 4 2.
K rasnogorka ( T irapo l d istr ict ).
P ub l ished b y E . Z h irov , 1 940.
4 3.
Belbek ( Cr i mea , n orth o f S evastopo l ).
P ubl ished b y G . Mo iberg ,
1 946. 4 4.
Berezhnovka a nd K a l inovka ( near Vo lgagrad ).
ly f 4 3 i n ten t ional or med
ls h s kul ave b een f ound , 2 8 o f men , 1 5 o f women.
Pub l ished b y B .
F irste in , 19 70. 3 .
F inds f rom t he Caucasus 1 .
ls h S o me s kul ave b een f ound a t Gurzu f a nd G ugush f ro m t he 1 0th c enls h t ury B .C. ( A. K haruz in ) , a nd 1 9 s kul ave b een f ound a t N a lch ik , n ear O rdzhon ik idze , f rom t he 1 2th-lith c en tur ies B .C. b y G . Vertepov . They w ere p ub l ished p ar t ly b y H . F ie ld ( 1953 ) a nd p art ly b y R . Mart in . ls w The s kul ere c ons iderably f or med b y c ircu lar b andages.
ls 1 6 s kul
b elonged t o men , 3t o w ou ten. 2 .
Phanagor ia ( on t he Taman P en insu la ).
Ou t o f t he 1 8 g raves o f t he
ly f l s. c e metery c on ta ined i n ten t ional or med s kul
Publ ished b y V .
B lava tzky , 1 951. 3 .
i sk Bor ishovo ( Novorossi ).
F ro m t he p art o f t he c e metery u sed i n i t s
ly f ls h f irst p er iod , t wo i nten t ional or med s kul ave b een r eported. Pub l ished b y E . Z h irov , 1 940 , i n I zvest ia Imperatorskoy Arkheo loi, LV g icheskoy K om issi I , ( 1914 ) , p . 8 4. 4 .
P ashkova S tan itza ( 18 k i lo metres f ro m K rasnodar ).
Two i n ten t ion-
l ls h a ly f or med s kul ave b een e xcava ted i n c e meter ies n os. Ia nd I I. Pub l ished b y K . Sm irnov , 1 951. 5 .
G il iach ( on t he u pper R iver K uban ).
l s. 1 7 s kul
Pub l ished b y T .
M inaeva , 1 951. 6 .
O shokurova ( Urushbevo ) ( Upper Bakshan , P iat igorska d istr ict ). l s. s kul
Pub l ished b y E . Chan tre , 1 887;
V irchow , 1 888 ; 7 .
l er V . Mil , 1 888;
R .
l, 1 E . D ingwal 931 a nd E . Z h irov , 1 940.
O t luk- Ka la ( on t he R iver Grundelen , Upper-Bakshan ). l. s kul
1 2
Pub l ished b y E . Chan tre , 1 887 ;
A t l east o ne
l, 1 E . D ingwal 931 ( ? ) a nd
E . Zh irov , 1 940. 8 .
i G ig it ( on t he l ef tb ank o f t he u pper R iver Bak shan ).
Numerous i n-
ly f ls t en t ional or med s kul , p ubl ished b y T . M inaeva , 19 51. 9 .
K urkushan ( Na lch ik d is tr ict ).
ly f l s. S evera l i n ten t ional or med s kul
P ub l ished b y E . Z h irov , 1 94 0a nd men t ioned i n Euras ia S ep ten tr iona l is Ant igua , Hels ink i , V ( 1930 ), p . 2 16. l s. 'Publ S evera l s kul ished b y
1 0.
Ba ita l-Chapkan ( sou th o f S tavropo l ). T . Minaeva , 1 951.
1 1.
O n t he R iver Mara ( t r ibu tary o f t he K ukan ). l i shed b y T . Minaeva , 1 951. 17
l s. Nu merous s kul
Pub-
1 2.
Z ada l isk ( Urus ).
8 in ten t ional or med s kul ly f l s.
P ub l ished b y E .
Z h irov , men t ioned i n Ma ter ia l i p o Arkheo logi , V I ( 1900 ), i Kavkaza I I p. 1 91 a nd 1 95. p 1 3.
Chege m ( P iat igorsk d istr ict ). 1 926;
S evera l s kul l s.
Pub l ished b y P . Rao ,
Eberts Real ikon d . Vorgesch ich te X I ( 1929 ) , l ex I I
P .
1 09 ;
i n
Mater ia l i p o Arkheo logi avkaza I( 1888 ). i K 1 4.
K a mun ta ( on t he R iver S ugun ta , a t U rush ).
S everal f i nds, p ubl ished
b y P . Rao , 1 926 ; Eberts Real ikon d . Vorgesch ich te X II 1929 ), l ex I ( p . 1 09 ; 1 5.
Mater ia l i p o Arkheo logi avkaza V I ( 1900 ) , p . 2 93 f . i K I I
Georg ievsk ( on t he l ef tb ank o f t he U pper K uban R iver ). A d oub le g rave o f a man a nd a wo man . Men t ioned i n Ma ter ia l i p o Arkheo logi i K avkaza I X ( 1904 ) , p . 1 45f f.
1 6.
V lad ikavkaz.
S everal f inds.
Pub l ished b y P . Rao , 1 926 p . 1 07 a nd
a lso i n Eberts Real ikon d . Vorgesch icht e X I ( 1929 ) , p . 10 9. l ex I I 1 7.
Mozdok ( near V lad ikavkaz ).
One i n ten t ional or med s kul ly f l.
P ub-
l i shed b y E . Z hr ivov , 1 940 ;
men t ioned i n Ae kheo log iches l c ie I ssledo-
v an ia vRSFSR 1 934-1936 ( 1941), p . 2 40. 1 8.
Mishatzkaya S tan itza ( on t he R iver T erek ). l. s kul
19. P ro ld i ladnaya S tan itza ( on t he R iver T erek ). l s. s kul 2 0.
One i n ten t iona lly f or med
Pub l ished b y P .U varova , 1 902. ly f Two i n ten t ional or med
Publ ished b y P . Uvarova , 1 902.
A lkhan-Ka la ( Chechen-Ingush Au tono mous S SR ).
Pub l ished b y E .
Z h irov , 1 940. 2 1.
T ie m ir-Khan-Shura ( Dagestan ).
ly f l s. S evera l i n ten t ional or meds kul
P ubl ished b y A .Z akharov , 1 930 a nd B . P osta , 1 905. 2 2. 2 3.
D je m i- Ken t ( Dagestan ). S am ta .vro ( a t Tb il is i ). E
Chan tre , 1 886 ;
l. One s kul
P ubl ished b y E . Z h irov , 1 940.
ly f l s. 2 6 i n ten t ional or med s kul
l, 1 E .D ingwal 931;
P ubl ishedb y
E . Zh irov , 1 940 a nd men-
t i oned i n Z e itschr if t f ür Et hno log ie W ( 1872 ), p . 1 2. 2 4.
Mtzkhet ( Tb i l is i ).
l s. Three s kul
P ub l ished b y E .Z h irov , 1 940 ,
a nd V . G inzburg a nd E . Z h irov , 1 949. 2 5.
Chere m i ( 50 k ilo metres f ro m S ignakh ).
2 6.
S artacha l i.
P ubl ished b y E . Z h irov , 1 940.
l, 1 Pub l ished b y E . D ingwal 931 a nd E . Zh irov , 1 940.
The c usto m o f i n ten t iona l h ead f or mat ion h as s urv ived f or a l ong t i me a nd l c i s s t il usto mary among t he O sets a nd t he K a tve l ies, s o t h is c usto m c anno t b e a scr ibed t o p eop les a rr iv ing f ro m o u ts ide , b u t i s a n a nc ien t t rad it ion among l t he a bor ig ina ls o f t he Caucasus who a cqu ired t h is c usto m , i n a l p robab il ity , f ro m p eop les l iv ing i nI ran .
I n more r ecen t t imes c o mparat ive e xa m ina t ions
h ave b een c arr ied o u t among p eop les i n t h is r eg ion p ract is ing t he c usto m o f h ead f or mat ion a nd t hose l eav ing t he h eads o f t he i n fan ts i n t he o r ig ina l f or m. V . M il 's ( 1881-1887 ), A . I vanovsk i ts ( 1891) , N . G ilchenko 's ( 1890 ) a nd l er l ater M. L ev in 's ( 1947 ) e xa m inat ions l ed t o i n terest ing r esu l ts. T he h ead18
. ndex ( Mart in 8 :1 measure men t ) i n c ases o f s l igh t f or mat ion was 7 6.3 , i n c ases D f med ium s trong f or mat ion w as 7 5.4 , a nd i n c ases o f e xtre me f or ma t ion w as 7 4.4 i nstead o f t he s tandard o f 7 8.9 .
The f ind ings i nd icate t he c on t inu ity o f t he
p ract ice. 4 .
F inds f ro m S ou th Russ ia , t he U kra ine a nd t he Cr i mea 1 .
S h ipovo ( on t he R iver Derku l , a long t he R iazan-Ura lsk r a ilway ).
Two
ly f ls i n tent ional or med s kul , p ubl ished b y T . M ianeva -V. Mash lovsky , 1 929 a nd E
Zh irov , 1 940.
2 .
U fa ( U l it za Karl Marx ).
P ubl ished b yR . Akh merov , 1 951.
3 .
U fa ( U l it za S ot z ia l ista ).
P ubl ished b yR . Akh merov , 1 951.
4 .
Engels-Petrovsk ( Voskhod ).
l. One f rag men tary s kul
Pub l ished b y
I . S in i tz in , 1 936. 5 .
Engels-Petrovsk ( 3-4 k i lometres s ou th-east o f t he t own ).
P ubl ished
by I . S in itzin , 1 936. 6 .
I lovatk i ( Volgograd d istr ict ).
P ubl ished b y K . Sm irnov , 1 953.
7 .
Morsker Chu lek ( a t N edv igorsky Gorod ishche ).
P ub l ished b y E .
Zh irov , 1 940. 8 .
Cherenk i ( Dn iepropetrovsk ).
9 .
O lb ia.
P ub l ished b y E . Z h irov , 1 940.
l s. Two e x tre mely f or med s kul
Pub l ished b y E . Z h irov ,
19 40 . 1 0.
Khersonessos ( Cr i mea ).
ly f l s. 3 9 i n ten t ional or med s kul
Men t ioned
i I( i n O tchet Imperatorskoy Arkheo log icheskoy K om issi 1893 ) , p . 7 3; i XXV ( I zvest ia Imper torskoy A rkheo log icheskoy K om issi 1907 ), p p. 7 4, 1 26 ; p . 2 53; 1.
i S Ma ter ia l i iI ss ledovan ia p o Arkheo logi SSR 2 00 ( IV ( 1953 ), l, 1 E. D ingwal 931; V . G inzburg a nd E . Z h irov , 1 949.
K erch ( Cr i mea ).
l was s One s kul en t t o Prof . Bauer me ister t o K ö ln
l. i n 1 953 , a no ther o ne w as f ound i n t he c a taco mbs o n M ithr iades H il The l a tter i s men t ioned i n I zvest ia Imperatorskoy Arkheo log icheskoy i XXX Ko m issi , p . 3 0 ;
V . G inzburg a nd E
Z h irov , 1 949.
Apart
ls, 3 ly f ls a f rom t hese t wo s kul 4 i n ten t ional or med s kul re men t ioned f rom K ertch . 1 2.
S uuk-Su ( Ya l ta ).
I n t he 9 3 g raves o f a G oth ic c e metery 1 1 i n ten t ion-
l ls w a ly f or med s kul ere f ound. 1 3.
A lush ta ( Cr i mea ).
P ub l ished b y N . Repn ikov , 1 906.
1 ly f l s. 1 i n ten t ional or med s kul
Publ ished b y
V. G inzburg a nd E . Z h irov , 1 949. 1 4.
Gurzuf ( near Ya l ta ).
ly f l s. S evera l i n ten t ional or med s kul
Men t ioned
i X i nI zvest ia Imperatorskoy Arkheo log icheskoy K om issi IX ( 1906 ), p . 3 3. 1 5.
Eshk i Ker men ( Cr i mea ).
1 6.
I nker man ( Cr i mea ).
l s. 3s kul
P ub l ished b y N . Repn ikov , 1 932.
Men t ioned i n I zvest ia Impera torskoy Arkheo lo-
i XX ( g icheskoy K omm issi 1906 ) , p . 3 3; 1 9
l, 1 E . D ingwal 931.
i7 .
B ia-Sa l ie ( Cr i mea ).
Men t ioned i nI zvest ia Imperatorskoy Arkheo lo-
g icheskoy K om issi i XD ( ( 1906 ) , p . 3 3;
E . D ingwal l, 1 931.
ly f ls o The i n ten t ional or med s kul f o ur e ra ( t he S ar mat ian p eriod , t he f ime o f A tt ila , e tc.) c an b e t raced b ack t o e arl ier p er iods a nd o r ig ina te i n r eg ions t o t he s ou th o r s ou th-east.
The g rea test c omp lex o f s uch f inds i s t he K enko l
g roup , r em in iscen t o f w estern A lan a nd w es tern Hun f i nds, w h ich a llow u s t o d raw t he c onclus ion t ha t t he c ustom o f h ead f or ma t ion w as f i rst u sed b y t he Huns l i v ing i n K angk t i u nder s ome d egree o f I ran ian i n f luence. The o r ig in i s t herefore t ob e s ough t among t he I ran ians. I n ten t iona l h ead f ormat ion w as n ot p ract ised i n s ou th S iber ia ( M inus isnk Bas in ) u n t i l t he f i rst c en tur ies A .D., l ey w hen s ome g roups i nt he T ienshan ( Ta las Val ), a t I s ik-kö l a nd i n t he P am ir ( Ala i Val l ey ) s udden ly t ook o ver t he c ustom. The " Huns" o f t he K enko l g roup h ave n o th ing t o d o e thn ical ly w ith t he Cen tral Asian , s outh S iber ian , Tunguz- Mandzhu , n or th Ch inese o r T ibet ian mongo lo ids a ccord ing t oV . G inzburg a nd E . Z h irov .
They t ry t o a scr ibe t he
g roup a nd a lso t he c ustom t o t he S ou th Turkestan ian U igurs.
K . Sm irnov
( 1950 ) a t tr ibu tes t he c usto m t o t he U l c ran ian K ushnans , o ccupy ing Bak t ir ia a nd N orth I nd ia a t t he b eg inn ing o f o ur e ra. l o i s f ul f c on trad ict ions , w r ites ( p . 1);
J . Werner ( 1956 ), i n h is p aper w h ich
telas " d ie S chNdel for m i n M it ien a u f d ie mongo l ische K enko l-Gruppe im T iensan u nd Pa m ir b eschrNnk t i s t u nd e s e ine Zukun f tsau fgabe d er Forschung s e in w ird , m it d er Herkun f t d er K enko l-Gruppe a uch d ie H erkun f t d er m it i hr s o e ng v erkn t ip f ten S chNde lb ildung z u k 1Nren ...." L a ter i n t he s a me p aper , d ea l ing w ith t he h ead f or ma t ion o f t he S ar mat ions h e wr ites : " d ie S it te d er S chNdel for mat ion k am a us d em O sten z u d en S ar ma ten". l ed t L ater h e c al h is e astern p eop le ' Huns '. S uch f inds i n S ou th Russia c an b e a scr ibed t o t he S ar ma t ians , t o t he Go ths l iv ing i n t he C r i mea o n t he B lack S ea , a nd o ther G er man ic p eop les. The Hun i nvas ion d rove many p eop les i n to led " Europe , s ome o f t he m b e ing a bsorbed i n t he mass o f p eop le c al Huns" , s ome o f t he m g o ing o n w estwards. S uch w ere t he A lans o f I ran ian o rig in , t he G er man ic Go ths , t he Gep ids a nd t he S ar mat ians l i v ing i n g rea t n umbers i n t he S ou th Russ ian s teppe r eg ion . l The s cope o f t h is p aper d oes n o t a low u s t o d iscuss t he b io log ical c hanges o f t he c ran ia i nt he c ourse o f f or ma t ion , as tudy o f wh ich was c arr ied o u t b y H . H elmu th i n 1 970. However , i t must b e men t ioned. When i den t ify ing t he p eop les a rr iv ing f ro m t he e ast i n c en tra l Europe i n o ur e ra , most o f t he m isi n terpretat ions a re d ue t o al ack o f u nderstand ing o f t hese c hanges. The s trong ter e nc ircl ing b andages p ress ing o nt he f orehead makes t he r oot o f t he n ose f l at a nd w ider , t he f ace more p rogna thous , t he z ygoma t ic p rocesses a re made more o u tstand ing a t t he s ides , a nd t he who le h ead g ives "mongo lo id" i mpress ion . ls p A f ter a r ea l ist ic r e-exam inat ion o f t he f inds , many mongo lo id s kul roved t o b elong t o p eop les u s ing a nd s pread ing t he c ustom o f h ead f or mat ion i n Euras ia.
Maybe t h is m is in terpretat ion w as p art ly r espons ible f or t he f act
t ha t t he Huns w ere c ons idered f or a l ong t ime t ob e mongo lo id.
Mongo lo id
c haracter ist ics a re h ard ly i fe ver d etectable among t he S ou th Russ ian f inds.
2 0
INTENTIONALLYFORMED SKULLS IN SOUTH AND SOUTH-EAST EUROPE �OMANIA, BULGARIA, GREECE, JUGOSLAVIA AND ITA_LY)· iOMANIA
1. Constanta. 4 intentionally formed skulls have been discovered to gether with 60 skulls of normal form. Published by E • Pittard, 19001901.
2. Trusesti (near Jijia). Mentioned in Studi si cercetari ist. veche, Bucha;est, III (1952), pp. 83, 117. 3. Vadului-Voda (Bessarabia). Published by A. Donici, 1931. 4. Pogorasti (Botosani district, Suceava). 4 skeletons have been exca vated, the second of which (archaeologically defined as Sarmatian dat'..ng back to the 3rd century A.D.) had an intentionally formed skull. The skull of a man was medium formed. Published by M. Critescu, 1964.
5. Tirgsor. Diaconu (1965) published both archaeological and anthro pological finds from cemeteries from the 3rd-4th century A.D. In the first cemetery, archaeologically dating from the..3rd century A.D., 10 skulls out of 20 (possibly Sarmatians) were intentionally formed. Detailed anthropological evaluation is still awaited. As well as Dia conu (196 5), S. Nicolaescu-Plopsor has worked on the finds. 6. Tatina (near Spantov). The skull of a 60 year old man. Published by 0. Necrasov and S. Antoniu, 1962. BULGARIA 1.
Novi Pasar. The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences carried out archae ological excavations on the site in 1948-1949. Among the skeletons excavated (Protobulgarians from the 8th-9th century A.D.) two had intentionally formed skulls. One of them belonged to an old man (grave 19) the other to a younger woman (grave 28). Published by P • Boev, 1 95 7 •
GREECE No skulls with intentional head formation dating from historical times have been found in Greece. Those excavated in Cyprus have already been mentioned in the chapter dealing with the custom of head formation. An extremely "de formed" skull was found about a hundred years ago at Trikeri (V olos-Thessaly) but ileither its origin nor its ethnic place are lmown. The find is not yet pub lished, but can be found in the Athens Anthropological Museum under inventory number Tv 7 (information from N. Xirotiris). JUG03IAVIA 1.
Jakovo (Surcin, in Slavonia). Intentionally formed skulls were found in the 19 graves of a cemetery dating from the 6th century A. D. Anthropological examinations have not yet been carried out. Men tioned byV. Lebzelter inForschung undForschritte XI (1935), p.319. 21
2 .
S . K anzian ( on t he I str ian Pen insu la ).
I n Tom inz c ave a s keleton
w as u ncovered 5 0 c en t i metres b elow aRoman g rave i n 1 894.
t ag Publ ished b y R . Bat l ia , 1 942.
s keleton h ad n o g rave g oods. 3 .
T he
K ran j ( i n S loven ia , o n t he S ava R iver ). Th. P ayslar , J . S zo mba thy , J . Zmauc a nd W. S ch m id e xcavated 6 50 g raves f ro m t he 5 th-6th c ent ur ies i n 1 898 a nd 1 905.
One p art o f t he c e metery w as u sed b y t he
O strogoths , a no ther b y t he L angobards , wh ile t he p eop le b ur ied h ere w ere ma in ly l ocal i nhab itan ts.
7 3 o f t he s keletons w ere t ransferred
t o t he An thropo log ische Abte ilung o ft he V ienna N aturh istor isches l ed " Museum , l abel Grabung S zomba thy , 1 901, 1 902". T he b on e mat er ia l f rom t he c e metery was i den t i f ied a nd p ubl ished a f ter t he S econd ls o T he s kul f t hree o ld wo men
World War b y I . K isze ly i n 1 970.
ly f w ere i n ten t ional or med ; v ery p robab ly t hey were f ound i n t he O strogo th ic p art o f t he c e metery . 4 .
Rakovcan i ( Pr i jedora , Bosn ia ).
N . M i let ic e xcavated a c e metery
d at ing f rom t he 5 th-6 th c en tur ies i n 1 960-1964.
Ou t o f t he 6 6 g raves
ly f l i n t he c e metery , 3 m en a nd a w oman h ad i n ten t ional or med s ku ls. The a n thropo log ica l e xam inat ion w as c arr ied o u t b y G . P i lar ic i n 1 970. 5 .
D ravre (m ica Go tska , L jubl jana , S loven ia ).
M. S laba e xcavated i n
1 968 5 9 g raves f rom a c e metery b elong ing p art ly t o t he G o ths.
T he
ly f ls w e xa m inat ion o f t he i n tent ional or med s kul as b egun b y T . P oga cn ik , b u t h is s udden d eath d elayed i t s c omplet ion . Ap rel im inary p ubl icat ion o f t he f inds w as made b y M. S labe.
He a lso p ub l ished i n
l f 1 970-1971 a no ther e x tre mely f or med s kul rom g rave 1 9. 6 .
R ifn ik ( 12 k i lometres e ast o fC el je ).
l On a h i l a t Cel je a ce metery
w ith 9 3 g raves f ro m t he 2 nd-4th c en tur ies w as e xcava ted i n t he v ic inl i t y o f a nI lyr ian u rn g rave.
The d irector o f t he e xcava t ions was
L . Bo lta ( 1968 ). He w ro te d ur ing t he a na lys is o f t he mater ial : " Be i te ( e inen S kelet grave n o . 5 6 ) k onn te man u nverkennbare z e ichnen e inen a bs ich t l ichen Defor mat ion d es S chNdels b e merken" . He a lso l. p ub l ished a photograph o f t he s kul T . P ognacn ik l ater t ook o ver t he s tudy o f t he ma ter ia l , a nd a f ter h is d ea th o ther e xpert s c ont inued l i t he work , wh ich i s s t il nh and. 7 .
P tu j ( c . 2 5 k i lometres s ou th-east o f Mar ibor ). The e x tre mely f ormed l o s kul f a man w as u nearthed f rom b enea th t he P rost ipska Church i n P tu j i n 1 973. The f ind h as b een d epos ited i n t he Museum w i th t he i nv en tory n umber 1 3539. The f inds a re b e ing a na lysed b y J . Hadzs i.
8 .
B led.
ly f l B . S kerl j men t ioned a n i n ten t ional or med s ku l f rom g rave
2 26 o f t he c e metery e xcava ted a tB led . l og ica l d ata i n 1 953.
He p ub l ished i t s a n thropo-
I TALY 1 .
P adova ( P iazza Cap itan iato ).
l The s ku l o f a woman was f ound i n t h e
l ast c en tury ( p erhaps i nt he 1 870s ).
P robab ly i tc an b e a scr ibed t o
t he Goths. P ubl ished b y G . Ganestr in i a nd L . Moschen , 1 878, a nd l as l ater i n d eta il b y P . Bel i , 1 962.
2 .
Casa lech io ( 6 k i lo met res f ro m Bo logna ).
The i n ten t ional or med ly f
s kul f a n o ld man was f ir st p ubl ished b y G . S erg i ( 1890 ) .and l ater l o i n d eta il b y E. D ingwal 1931) a nd P . Belass i ( 1962 ). l ( 3 .
Fusco ( S iracusa ). s evera l t imes.
4 .
The s kul ound b y O rs i i n 1 893 h as b een men t ioned l f
I tw as p ub l ished a t l ast b y P . Bel i i n 1 962. l as
I snel near Pa ler mo ). lo (
T he s l igh t ly o r med ium f or med h ead o f a
woman w as f ound i n ac ave i n 1 906.
I t was f irst p ub l ished b y V .
G iu ffr ida-Rugg ier i i n 1 906 a nd l ater i n d eta il b y P . Be lL as i i n 1 962. 5 .
F ieso le ( Firenze ).
F irst t wo ( 1873 ), a nd l ater ( 1909-1910 ) s evera l
more s keletons d at ing f rom t he Ear ly M igra t ion P er iod h ave b een =e ar thed i n P iazza Umberto I (now P iazza M ino ). Archaeo log ical ly t he f inds were a scr ibed t o t he " Langobards" wh i le a n thropo log ical ly t hey b e longed t o t he " Goths" .
The 2 nd g rave c on ta ined t he s keleton
o f a3 0 y ear o ld wo man , w hose h ead h ad u ndergone r a ther c ons idera ble i n ten t iona l f or ma t ion i n i n fancy .
The f inds w ere p ubl ished b y
I . K iszely i n 1 970. 6 .
Gaudo .
S evera l i n ten t ional or med s kul ave b een f ound i n I t a ly ly f ls h
f rom t he Preh istor ic t imes. a nd d a te f ro m 2 ,000 B .C.
The g rea test n u mber c a me f ro m Gaudo The p ubl icat ion a nd t he a na lys is o f t he
f inds i n 1 970 a re s t il o ing o n . l g An tropo log ia a t P isa.
The mater ia l i s i n t he I nst itu to d i
T he e xa m ina t ion i s b e ing c arr ied o u t b y F .
Mal i. legn I NTENTIONALLY FOR MED SKULLS FOUND I N THE CARPATH IA N BAS IN REG ION 1 .
S zdke lyudvarhely ( Transy lvan ia ).
The i n ten t ional or med s kul ly f l
f ound i n 1 874 w as t he s econd f ind i n i t s k ind i n Hungary.
I tw as
f i rst d escribed b y M. S te iburg i n 1 875 , a nd was p ubl ished b y J . L enh ossek i n 1 878. 2 .
S zäszbonyha ( Transy lvan ia ). i n 1 899.
3 .
An i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul l w as f ound
Pub l ished b y L . Bartucz , 1 938.
a * ( Transy lvan ia ). Arad-G.
5 in ten t ional or med s kul ere f ound ly f ls w
i n al arge c e me tery a scr ibed t o t he Gep ids i n 1 897 a nd 1 903.
L .
Bartucz d escr ibed t he m f i rst i n S zeged i Do lgozatok XI 1936 ) , p . 2 8 , I ( a nd l a ter i n 1 938. 4 .
E lek ( near Arad ).
ly f ls w Two i n ten t ional or med s kul ere f ound i n a
c e metery a scr ibed t o t he Gep ids i n 1 927 a nd 1 929.
Publ ished b y L .
Bartucz, 1 938. 5 .
Pancsevo ( Pancevo ) ( Banat , n ow i n J ugoslav ia ). ls w f ormed s kul ere e xcavated i n 1 879 a nd 1 883.
ly Three i n ten t ional Pub l ished b y J .
L enhossdk , 1 886 , a nd L . Bartucz, 1 938. 6 .
ly f ls w V inkovc i ( Bana t ). Two i n tent ional or med s kul ere e xcava ted i n 1 908. Pub l ished b y L . Bartucz, 1 938.
2 3
7 .
S ubo t ica ( Szabadka S ändor Co-operat ive , Bäna t ). l o s kul f a wo man was f ound i n 1 950 .
8 .
S ubo t ica ( Szabadka ) -Huszd rkaszärnya ( Bäcsk a . ). l o s kul f ac h ild was f ound i n 1 963.
9 .
Ada ( Bäcska ).
The b ad ly p reserved
Pub l ished b y Gy. Farkas , 1 973.
l o An e x tre mely f or med s kul f a man w as f ound , a nd i s
n ow i n t he N ov i S ad Museum. 1 0.
An e xtre mely f or med
Publ ished b y Gy . Farkas , 1 973.
Täpe-Lebdsz iget ( Szeged ).
P ub l ished b y Gy . Farkas , 1 973.
ly f l o The i n t en t ional or med s kul f a wo man
was f ound i n t he p art o f t he c e me tery a scr ibed t o t he G ep ids b y t he a rchaeo log ists. 1 1.
S zekszgrd ( To lna ). man .
1 2.
Publ ished b y Gy . F arkas a nd P . L iptäk , 1 971. ly f l o The i n ten t ional or med s kul f a4 0-50 y ear o ld
Publ ished b y L . Bartucz , 1 938.
ly f l was f Do mbovär ( To lna ). An i n tent ional or med s kul ound i n 1 883. ly i Archaeo log ical ti s d a ted t o t he 5 th c en tury .
Publ ished b y L . Bar-
t ucz , 1 938. 1 3.
ly f l C songräd-T iszapart ( c . C songräd ). Th is i n ten t ional or med s kul w as t he f i rst o f i t s k ind f ound i n Hungary. I tw as p ubl ished b y J . ly Ano ther i n tent ional
L enhossek i n 1 878 a nd L . Bartucz i n 1 938.
l w l ed " f or med s kul as f ound i n 1 935 ( Bar tucz, 1 938 ) a t as ite c al Csong rä t i-väroshäza" s hou ld b e men t ioned. 1 4.
Bätaszek ( To lna ).
ly f l was f An i n ten t ional or med s kul ound i n 1 890.
P ubl ished b y L . Bartucz, 1 938. 1 5.
S zeged.
ly f l s. Two i n ten t ional or med s kul
P ub l ished b y L . Bartucz ,
1 938. 1 6.
Vele mszen tv id ( c . Vas ). a nd a c h i ld w ere f ound .
ly f ls o The i n tent ional or med s kul f a woman Men t ioned b y R . V irchow , 1 890 ;
t. d I I M it es An throp. Ges. i n Wien XXX I ( 1903 ) , p . 3 3;
l ater i n
t hen p ubl ished
b y A . Török ( 1904 ) , A . S ch itz ( 1905 ) a nd L . Bartucz, 1 938. 1 7.
ly f l o L engyel ( To lna ). An i n ten t ional or med s kul f a woman d at ing f ro m t he Bronze Age. V irchow f ound i t worthy o f d eta i led c ons idera t ion .
H e n ot iced t ha t t he s keleton w as b ur ied i n ac on tracted p os i-
f t ion , t hus d i fer ing f ro m b ur ia ls o f t he M igra t ion Per iod. b y R . V irchow , 1 890 ; 1 8.
A . S ch l itz, 1 905 , a nd L . Bartucz , 1 938.
6 szäny ( t he Ro man Br iget io ;
c . K omäro m ).
ly f T he i nten t ional or med
l o s kul f a man w as f ound i n t he Ro man c astru m. L enhoss6k , 1 884 , 1 886 ; 1 9.
Publ ished
A . S ch l iz, 1 905;
Publ ished b y J .
L . Bartucz, 1 938.
Gyöngyösapät i-I dpo lnado mb ( now Gencsapät i; c . Vas ). The i n tenly f l o t i onal or med s kul f a2 0 y ear o ld man was f ound i n 1 941. Publ i shed b y J . N e mesker i , 1 944-1945.
2 0. S z ir mabesenyb-Sz ir mateseny ( c . Borsod-Abau j-Ze mpldn ).
The s kul l
o f a man w as f ound i n 1 950 , a nd i s n ow i n t he M isko lc Museum. Publ ished b y G . Megay , 1 952 a nd J . N e mesker i , 1 952. 2 1.
Györ ( The l i brary o f t he Bened ict ine A bbey ).
2 4
l o T he s kul f a2 0-24
y ear o ld man w as e xcavated i n t he v icin i ty o f Györ d ur ing E . L ovas 's e xcava t ions i n 1 950. 2 2.
Pub l ished b y J . N e mesker i , 1 952.
Györ-Szdcheny i S quare.
l o The s kul f ac h ild ( I n fan t I ) was f ound i n
1 959 d ur ing A . U zsok i 's e xcavat ion i n t he L ate Ro man c e metery . Pub l ished b y J . N e meskbr i , 1 952. 2 3.
Mohäcs ( c. Baranya ).
l o T he s kul f a3 0-35 y ear o ld man was d iscov-
e red d ur ing t he e xcavat ions a t Moh 'acs i n 1 949 f inanced b y t he Hungar ian N a t iona l Museum. 2 4.
Publ ished b y J . N e meskdr i , 1 952.
K esz thely-Fene tkpuszta ( The n orthern s hore o f L ake Ba laton , C . Veszp rdm ).
l o A f ragmen tary s kul f a n 8 -9 y ear o ld c h ild was f ound i n
g rave 3 5 , a scr ibed t o t he Huns.
Pub l ished b y J . N e meskdr i , 1 952.
L ater , d ur ing t he S ov iet-Hungar ian j o in t e xcava t ions i n 1 976-1977 t en g raves were u nearthed i n t he Go th ic p art o f t he c e me tery , 9o f wh iüh c on ta ined ly f l s. s ke letons w i th i n ten t ional or med s kul
l b The f inds w il e e xa m ined b y I . P
P app , o f t he H ungar ian Museum o f N a tura l S cience .
The e xcava t ion i s t o b e
c on t inued i n 1 978 . 2 5.
Adony ( C. Fe jdr ).
ly f l o The i n ten t ional or med s kul f ac. 2 year o ld
c h i ld was f ound d ur ing t he e xcavat ions c arr ied o u tb y t he Hungar ian N a t iona l Museum i n 1 949 . The s keleton was l y ing i n t he L ate Ro man p ar t o f t he c e me tery . Publ ished b y J . N e meskdr i, 1 952. 2 6.
Domo lospuszta . ( Zs ibd t ) ( S z igetvdr , C . Baranya ).
An i n ten t ional ly
f ormed s kul ound i n t he 1 950s b y J . Do mbay , D irec tor o f t he l was f J anus Pannon ius Museum a t Pdcs.
The f ind w as p ubl ished b y Gy .
Regö ly- Mere i ( 1962 ) f rom t he med ica l h istor ica l a nd p a tho log ica l p o in t o f v iew . 2 7.
G yu la ( C. Bdkds ).
F our i n ten t ional or med s kul ere f ound i n ly f ls w
ac e metery a scr ibed b y t he a rchaeo log ists t o .the Gep ids.
Three
i n ten t ional or med s kul ere f ound a t G yu la-I d lvär ia d f i ld i n 1 901ly f ls w 1 902 a nd o ne a t Gyu la-K ét egyháza Road i n 1 928.
Publ ished b y L .
Bartucz, 1 938. 2 8.
S zen tes ( C. Csongräd ). Two i n ten t ional or med s kul ere f ound ly f ls w i n 1 895 i n ac e metery a scr ibed b y t he a rchaeo log ists t o t he G ep ids. P ub l ished b y L . Bartucz, 1 938.
The a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ions a nd
f inds were p ub l ished a nd d escr ibed b y D . Csal nA S zeged i l äny i VI a ros i Muzeum K iadvänya i ( Publ ica t ions o f t he S zeged Mun ic ipa l Museu m ) I , 4( 1943 ) , p . 3 5. 2 9.
H6dmez6vd särhely ( Gorzsa t anya ) ( C. CsongrAd ).
The g rave n o. 9 3
i n t he Gep id c e metery c on ta ined t he i n ten t ional or med s kul f a ly f l o woman.
The f inds w ere p ub l ished b y G . a sphr i n 1 931 a nd 1 933.
T he a rchaeo log ica l f inds w ere p ubl ished b y J . Banner i n 1 931 i n S zeged i Do lgoza tok . 3 0.
l üszo mbor ( near S zeged , C . C songräd ). F . Möra h as e xcavated 4 26 g raves f ro m a G ep id c e metery. 6 3 g raves c on ta ined a n thropol og ical eter m inab le s kul , 2 1 o f wh ich w ere i n ten t ional or med. ly d ls ly f 1 9 b elonged t o men , t wo t o wo men . a nd 1 966.
Publ ished b y L . Bartucz, 1 938
3 1.
S zd reg-Tdg lagyAr ( Br ick fabr ic ) ( a p art o f S zeged f rom 1 973).
L . Bartucz ( 1966 ) d escr ibed 9 intent ional ly f or med s kul ls f rom t he G ep id c e metery e xcavated i n 1 927-1929. w o men .
5o f t he m b elonged t o men , 4t o
ly The n umbers o f t he g raves c on ta in ing t he i n ten t ional
f or med s kul ls w ere : 1 0 , 1, 4 7 , 7 5 , 8 5 , 8 9 , 9 1b, 1 24 a nd 1 26. d eta iled p ubl icat ion i s a va i lab le. 3 2.
N o
'Mktg ( near Budapest , o n C sepel I s land , C . P est ). A f i nd wh ich p res en ts many p rob le ms. An i n tent ional ly f or med s kul l t ogether w ith t he s keleton w as f ound i n a B ronze Age c e me tery . o f i t ( 1938 ) :
L . B artucz w rote
" grave N o. 2 3 c on ta ined t he s ke leton o f a 35-40 y ear o ld
man . N o d oub t i tw as b ur ied i n a con tracted p os it ion . Ab ronze h a ir-r ing w as l y ing b y t he l e f t t e mp le." I ti s a lso n o tab le t ha t t he l w l ed "macrocepha s kul as c al l ic" ( p . 1 2 ).
From t he
a u then t ic d raw-
i ng a nd p ho tograph o f t he g rave , L . Bartucz s ta tes t ha t " as t he c e met ery u ndoubted ly d ates f rom t he b eg inn ing o f t he Bronze Age a nd a s t he s keleton w as l y ing i n a n u nd isturbed g rave i n t he c emetery , t he c usto m o f i n ten t iona l h ead f or ma t ion w as a lready p ract ised a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he Bronze Age i n o ur c oun try , n o t a s g enera l c usto m b u t a s a pr iv ilege o f c erta in f am il ies ( p . 1 6 ). The e xcava t ion o f t he c e metery w as c arr ied o u t i n 1 913. l, men Ano ther e x tre me ly f or med s kul t ioned b y L . Bar tucz i n 1 938 , was f ound i n g rave N o . 1 13 o f t he c eme tery . 3. 3
Idcs-Bendekpuszta . ( C. S omogy ). I . P uszta i d ur ing r escur e xcava t ions i n 1 954 e xcavated 2 5 g raves f rom t he G er man ic P er iod. T he g rave N o. 2 3 c on ta ined t he e x tre mely f or med s kul l o f a w o man .
Publ ished
b y P . L ip tAk , 1 961, a nd I . K isze ly , 1 973. 3 4.
i S t ivbnyh t lza ( C. C songrAd ).
l w A s kul as f ound i n 1 903.
P ubl ished
b y L . Bartucz, 1 938. 3 5.
K esztö lc ( near Esztergom , C . K omdrom ).
The e x tre mely f or med
l o s kul f a1 6-17 y ear o ld man h as b een f ound a t h ouse N o. 1, P et6f i . S treet , i n 1 963. 3 6.
P ubl ished b y I . K isze ly , 1 972.
e jd r ). A Marosi e xcava ted a grave w ith r ich g raveS oponya ( C. F g oods i n 1 936 a nd l a ter I . B6na d ur ing v er ify ing e xcava t ions i n 1 959 f ound t he l ast t hree g raves o f t he c eme tery .
T he s kul l f ound i n 1 936
l h as b een l ost , b ut a l t he t hree g raves u nearthed b y I . B &a c on ta ined ly f l s ke letons w ith i n ten t ional or med s ku ls. I n g rave N o. 2 w as a 1 7 y ear o ld woman , i n t he N o. 3 a40 y ear o ld woman a nd i n N o. 4 a n 1 8-20 y ear o ld man . 3 7.
Publ ished b y I . K iszely , 1 976.
T a mds i-Ador jhnpuszta ( C. To lna ). Dur ing t he e xcavat ion o f t he f oun d at ions o f ab u ild ing i nt he U j E let Co-operat ive t he e xtreme ly f or med s kul l a nd t he s keleton o f a 30-35 y ear o ld man d at ing f rom t he Early M igra t ion Per iod w as f ound.
Pub l ished b y I . Hank6 a nd I . l üsze ly ,
1 971-1972. 3 8.
L etkes ( C. N ögrdd ).
L . P app e xcava ted 3 graves f ro m t he Early
M igra t ion P er iod i n 1 965. They a re l i kely t o b e long t o t he Quad i p opu lat ion . A woman , ac h ild a nd a man w ere l y ing i n t he g raves, a nd a l l h ad i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul l s. P ubl ished b y I . K iszely , 1 971.
3 9.
Regö ly ( C. Tolna ). A r ich g rave f ro m t he Early Migra t ion Per iod w as f ound i n 1 967 i n as andp i t. T he g rave c on ta ined t he i n tent ional or med ly f s kul l o f a c. 3 5 y ear o ld w oman .
Pub l ished b y I . Hank6, 1 968.
I n t he l ast f ew y ears more a nd more i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul ls h ave b een d iscovered i nt he Carpa th ian Basin , t he a n thropo log ica l a na lyses o f wh ich h ave n o t y et b een c arr ied o u t. 4 0.
They a re a s f o l lows :
Mosonszen t jAnos —Hansäg i t any6k ( Hansäg s et tle men t ) ( C. Györ-Sopron ). Excava t ions b y Gy . Puszta i , 1 961.
4 1.
T atabänya ( C. K omd .rom )
4 2.
Györ-K älväriadomb.
4 3.
T iszavasvär i-Pap telekhät ( C. S zabo lcs-Szatmär )
4 4.
Four i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul l s.
T iszadob-Szige t ( C. S zabo lcs-Sza t mär ).
lä D . Csal .ny d irected e xcava-
t i ons i n 1 957 i n a Sar mat ian c e me tery f rom t he Hun p er iod.
Two i n ten-
t i onal ly f or med s kul ls w ere f ound. 4 5.
S zabo lcs-Ca lv in ist v icarage ( C. S zabo lcs-Szatmär ).
I n ar obbed g rave
ly f l o ( No . 1 8 ) o f t he c e metery t he i n ten t ional or med s kul f ay oung p erson l b was f ound i n 1 977. The f ind w il e e xa m ined a nd p ubl ished b y L . S zathmäry . 4 6.
S zony-Teg lagydr ( Br ick f actory ) ( C. K omd .rom ).
ly f 6i n ten t ional or med
ls h s kul ave b een d iscovered. 4 7.
S zo lnok -Szanda , r ep t i löter ( a irpor t ) .
Gy . K aposvär i d irected t he e xca-
v at ions o f a Gep id c e metery . 4 8.
ly f ls w MGzs ( C. To lna ). S everal i n ten t ional or medskul ere f ound i n 1 961 d ur ing t he e xcava t ions d irected b yÄ . S ala mon .
4 9.
S zekszärd-Palänk ( C. T olna ).
Three i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul ls w ere
d iscovered d ur ing t he e xcavat ions d irected b y Ä . S a la mon i n 1 959. 5 0.
Väc ( C. P est ).
A l ong i tud inal ly f or med s kul l was f ound i n t he s and-p it.
5 1.
Kunao lacs-Als6adacs ( C . B 6cs-K iskun ) . P etbf i S treet .
5 2.
Ba ja ( C. Bäcs-K iskun ).
5 3.
P i l is mar6 t ( C. K o märom )
5 4.
H ird ( C. Baranya ). An i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul l w as e xcavated i n a g rea t c e metery f rom t he M igrat ion P er iod i n 1 967. The e xcavat ions w ere d irected b yV . K ovä ts.
5 5.
S zanda-Sz l ö löka l japuszta ( C
5 6.
ly f ls h S zen tes ( C. Csongräd ). I n ten t ional or med s kul ave b een f ound a t t N agyhegy , N agy t ike , B ere ld iät a nd K ö Hnyzug i n G ep id c e me ter ies e x-
N igräd )
l Any c avated b y G . C sal . 5 7.
Madaras-Ha l mok ( C. Bäcs-K iskun ).
ly f l w An i n tent ional or med s kul as
f ound i n a grea t c e metery f rom t he S ar ma t ian-Hun p er iod , d ur ing M. Kl ö hegy i 's e xcavat ions i n 1 968.
5 8.
Duna l jvdros ( t he Ro man I n terc isa ). T he c e metery o f t he Ro man s et l tlemen t d at ing f ro m t he 2 nd-3rd c en tur ies A .D. h as b een e xcava ted o ver many y ears.
The n umber o f g raves e xcavated h as i ncreased b etween
1 964 a nd 1 976 f ro m 8 6 t o 2 217 , a nd t he e xcavat ions a re s t i ll g o ing o n . The a n thropo log ica l a nd a rchaeo log ical e xam ina t ions a re a lso c on t inu ing. The a na lyses o f t he h uman b ones i s c arr ied o u t b y I . K isze ly . T he i nh ab i tan ts o f t he t rad ing c en tre a nd l eg ionary f ort e xcava ted b y E . Väg6 a nd Z s. V isy c ons isted o f t he l oca l p opu lat ion , I t al ian Romans a nd t he s ou th-eastern As ian c ohort o f a rchers. A f ter t he Romans w ere d r iven f rom Pannon ia t he t err itory w as p eop led b y G erman ic t r ibes. I n t he p art o f t he c e metery s tud ied i n d eta il s o f ar 9 skeletons h ave b een f ound w ith i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul ls : g raves 3 1 ( 5 0 y ear o ld man ), 4 0 ( adu lt t o s en i le man ) , 7 9 ( adu lt woman ), 2 10 ( adu lt man ) , 4 02 ( p roba bly a woman ), 6 00 ( probably a man ) , 1 481 ( 30 y ear o ld w oman ) , 1 485 ( 50-55 y ear o ld man ), 1 492 ( 35 y ear o ld w oman ). As o n ly a ha l f o f t he c e metery h as b een s tud ied i n d e ta i l i ti s h igh ly p robable t ha t more i n ten t ional or med s kul il e f ound l ater. T he ly f ls w l b s keletons w ith f or med h eads make u p a coheren tp art o f t he c e metery p rov ing t hat t he l ocal p opu lat ion r e ma ined i n I n terc isa a f ter t he Romans' d eparture , a nd w ere a bsorbed i n to t he g roups o f n ew-comers. 5 9.
laca l mäs-Rözsa ma jor ( C. Fe jdr ).
1 57 Avar g raves d at ing f ro m t he 7 th
c en tury h ave b een e xcava ted b y I . Bön a . a nd Z s. V isy i n 1 971. I ng rave n o. 1 13 t he s kul f a5 0 y ear-o ld woman was i n ten t ional or med. l o ly f N e ither t he a rchaeo log ica l f inds n or t he h uman b ones h ave b een p ub l ished. The s kul s med ium f or med. l i
I t s a n thropo log ica l c haracter ist ics :
b rachycran ia l , h yps icran ic , metr iocran ic, med ium n arrow f orehead , metr io-eurymetop ic, o rthogna thous , mesorene , mesoconch ic , l eptostap hy l ine.
The f or m o ft he s kul l i s s phaeno ides.
Phaenoprosop ic ,
p haenozyg ia , med ium l arge t ubera p ar ieta l ia , med ium l arge g label la , l arge p rocessus masto ideus ( espec ial ly f or a woman ), med ium w ide a per tura p ir ifor m is, med ium d eep f ossa c an ina , n arrow p orus a cust icus s lan t ing f orwards , t he z ygo ma t ic p rocesses s tand o ut o n t he s ides , t he z ygo mat ics a re n arrow , t he p a late i s s hoe-for med a nd l ow , f ora men o cc ip i ta le magnum i s o va l n arrow ing b ackwards , o ne o s s u turarum o n t he l e f t s ide. Mesodon tes.
Car ies med ia o nt he u pper 7 th t oo th o n t he l e f t s ide.
The f or mat ion o f t he h ead w as c arr ied o u t w ith c ircu lar b andages. 6 0.
Fert tiszen t im ik l6s-Szeret i Mid ( C. Gy c ir-Sopron ). S evera l i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul ls h ave b een u nearthed i n 1 971 i n ac e metery w ith a rchaeol og ica l f inds f rom t he Ger man ic P er iod . One o f t he s kul ls w as s en t t o C sorna L oca l H istory Museu m w here i tc an b e f ound t oday . The a rchaeo loz ica l e xcavat ions w ere d irected b y P . Tomka , a n a rchaeo log ist f rom . 7 ; Gyor , b u t n o more i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul ls w ere f ound . T he s ku l l, w ithou t t he j aw , b elonged t o a2 5 y ear o ld man .
I t s a n thropo log ica l
c haracter ist ics : mesocran ia l , o rtho-hyps icran ia l , metr iocran ic, n arr ow f orehead , s teno metop ic , mesogna thous, mesorene, mesoconch ic , l eptorrh ine , l eptostaphy l ine, d o l ichuran ic.
2 8
The c ran ia l b ones a re t h ick ,
t he f or m o f t he s kul s o vo ida l. l i
Phaenoprosop ic, p haenozyg ia , l arge
t ubera f ron ta l ia , smal ubera p ar ietal ia , f unda men ta l pAcessus o ss is , l t med ium l arge p rocessus masto ideus. The o rb its a re h igh a nd o f r ounded r ectangu lar f or m , t he n asal b one i s med ium l arge.
The a pertur a epi r i-
f or m is i s s ym metr ical l y med ium w ide , t he z ygo mat ic p rocesses s tand o u t o n t he s ides The p alate i s U -for med a nd med ium h igh , f ora men o cc ip ita le magnum i s r ounded.
Mesodon tes.
S u tura metop ica i s p resen t
a s i n most c ases o f i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul l s. The h ead f or ma t ion i s c ons iderable a nd was p robab ly c arr ied o u t w ith c ircu lar b andages. 6 1.
C songräd-Bök6ny ( f or mer ly BökAny- M indszen t , C . C songrAd ). Ger man ic a rchaeo log ical f inds w ere r eported a nd w ere d epos i ted i n t he S zen tes Museum a s e arly a s 1 885.
K . N agy a nd M. N agy h ave e xcavated , among
o thers , 1 4 g raves i n 1 971 ( graves n os. 1-24 ) , 3o f wh ich c on ta ined i n tent ional ly f or med s kul l s. The b ones a re b ad ly p reserved a nd t he f ac ia l p arts a re u sual l y miss ing . Grave N o. 1 1.
The c a lot , j aw a nd s keletal b ones o f a3 0-40 y ear o ld te
man ( ? ) . An thropo log ica l c haracter ist ics :
b rachycran ia l , h yps icran ia l ,
metr iocran ic , t he f or m o ft he s kul s r ho mbo ida l. l i
L arge t ubera p ar ie-
t a l ia , t he o cc ip ital , d ue t o t he s l igh t f or mat ion w ith b andages , i s p lanocc ip ita l. The marg ins o f t he o rb its a re med ium t h ick , t he p rocessus masto ideus i s med ium l arge. G rave N o. 1 5. The c a lot , j aw a nd s keleta l b ones o f a5 0 y ear o ld te wo man ( ? ). An thropo log ical c haracter ist ics o f t he s kul o l icho mesol: d c ran ia l , i t s f or m i s o vo idal , t he p orus a cust icus i s n arrow , s lan t ing f orwards. Protuberan t ia o cc ip ita l is e x terna , a ga inst t he i n ten t iona l h ead f or mat ion , i s l arge, t he f or ma t ion i s o f smal x ten t. l e G rave N o. 1 7. Ca lot nd s keleta l b ones o f a5 0-60 y ear o ld man . The te a s kul uf l igh t i n ten t iona l f or mat ion . Anthropo log ica l c haracterl s fered s i s t ics :
mesocran ial , h ypsicran ia l , metr io- macrocran ic, metr io metop ic ,
o rthogna thous, mesoprosop ic , l eptorene , mesoconch ic. t he s kul l i s b irso ides.
The f or m o f
K ryp toprosop ic, p haenozyg ia , smal l t ubera
p ar ieta l ia , p lanocc ip i ta l , h igh r ectangu lar o rb its. The f ossa c an ina i s med ium d eep , t he z ygo ma t ic p rocesses s tand o u t s l igh t ly o n t he s ides, t he g en ia l p rocess i s l ow p yra m id , o ssa i n s u tura s ag it ta l is. 6 3.
H6dmez l ö väsArhely-Gorzsa ( f or merly l üshomok , C . C songräd ). F . Mdra h as e xcavated s evera l g raves f rom a l arge G ep id c e metery a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he c en tury .
Excava t ions w ere a lso c arr ied o u t b y I . B6na
i n 1 966-1968, who e xcava ted g raves n os. 2 4-105.
The a n thropo log ica l
f inds w ere s en t t o t he An thropo log ica l I nst itu te o f t he J öz s e f A t t i la . Un ivers ity o f S c iences a tS zeged.
ls I n g raves n os. 9 6 a nd 1 04 t he s kul
ly f w ere i n ten t ional or med . The f i rst o ne b e longed t o a5 0 y ear o ld man , t he o ther t o a3 5 y ear o ld man . Bo th w ere f or med w ith e nc ircl ing b and ages. 6 4.
The a n thropo log ica l s tudy h as b een c arr ied o u t b y I . K iszely .
S trafe ( near P iestan ).
J . N eüstupn i r a nd J . Ma l .r r eported a bou t 3
g raves u nearthed b etween 1 930 a nd 1 935.
l ed I i That l abel s n ow i n
P ies tan Museum. I tb e longed t o a7 -8 y ear o ld c h ild w hose h ead h ad b een i n ten t ional ly f or med . i n 1 957.
Publ ished b y J . Ma li i n 1 936 a nd E . V 1Cek
c l A
6 5.
K apusany (P resov d istr ict ).
V . Bud inskY-Kricka h as e xcava ted g raves
f ro m t he M igrat ion P eriod i n 1 939 . T he s kul f ac h i ld f ound i ng rave l o 4 /39 was i n ten t ional or med. ly f
Pub l ished b y E . V lcek , 1 956.
6. 6
S arovce ( East o f N itra ). An i n tent ional or med s kul as f ound i n a ly f l w g rave d at ing f ro m t he Migra t ion P er iod. Pub l ished b y E . V lcek , 1 957.
6 7.
S te inbrunn ( f or merly S t inkenbrunn ; Burgen land , E isens tad t d is tr ic t ) . S evera l g raves d a t ing f ro m t he M igrat ion Per iod were d iscovered d ur ing e arth- mov ing work i n 1 949.
T he a rchaeo log ica l e xa m ina t ion o f t he ma-
t er ia l f ound i n 2 3 g raves was c arr ied o u t b y H . M itscha-MNrhe im i n 1 953 a nd 1 966 , wh ile a n thropo log ica l e xa m inat ions w ere c arr ied o u t b y I . K isze ly i n t he An thropo log ische A bte i lung o f t he V ienna N a turh istori sches Museum i n 1 976.
T he s ku lls f rom g raves n os. 3 a , 1 6 a nd 1 7
w ere i n ten t ional or med a nd s im ilar c haracterist ics c an p erhaps b e ly f s een o n s kul rom g raves n os. 5 , 1 4 a nd 2 3. ls f
Unfortunately , t he b ones
a re b ad ly p reserved a nd t he ir e va luat ion i s o f r ather d ub ious v a lue. A l l t he f or med s kul elonged t o w o men. ls b G rave N o. 3 a.
The s keleton o f a3 5 y ear o ld wo man .
f or med w ith d ouble b andages.
H er h ead w as
An thropo log ica l c harac ter ist ics o f t he
s kul ia l , h yps icran ia l , metr iocran ic, s teno-eurymetop ic , l: mesocran mesoreneleptorene, mesoconch ic, p latyrrh ine , l eptostaphy l ine , b rachyu ran ic , mesogna thous. The f or m o f t he s kul s o vo ida l . K ryp toprosop ic , l i k ryptozyg ia , p lanoocc ip ita l is, n arrow s u tura s phaenopar ieta l is, smal l t ubera p ar ieta l ia , 5o ssa s u turarum o n t he r igh t s ide a nd 4 o n t he l e f t . S ubrectnagu lar o rb i ts, a pertura p ir ifor m is i s w ide b e low , s l igh t s u lcus p raenasa l is, f i led f ossa c an ina. O cc lus ion : l ab idon t. The j aw i s l m issing. G rave No. 1 6. The s keleton o f a5 0 y ear o ld woman . The s ke leta l b ones a re w el reserved b u t t he s kul s r epresen ted o n ly b y t he f ron ta l p art l p l i o f t he c a lot nd s ome f rag men ts. te a
I tb ears s igns o f i n ten t iona l f or ma-
t i on w ith d ouble b andages. An thropo log ica l c haracter ist ics : mesoc ran ia l , h yps icran ia l , metr iocran ic. The f or m o f t he s kul s o vo ida ll i r ho mbo ida l.
P lanoocc ip ita l , smal ubera p ar ietal ia , a lso smal rol t l p
c essus masto ideus. G rave N o. 1 7. Wel reserved c a lot , f rag men tary f ac ia l p art a nd l p te a lso f rag men tary l ower j aw o f a5 0 y ear o ld w oman . T he s igns o f o steop oros is g enerans a re c learly v isible.
An thropo log ica l c haracter ist ics :
b rachycran ial , h yps icran ic , metr io cran ic , s teno metop ic , mestostaphyl ine , d o l ichuran ic.
The j aw i s a troph ied d ue t o a ge.
K ryptoprosop ia ,
k ryp tozyg ia , p lano-occ ip ita l b ecause o f t he i n ten t iona l f or mat ion . Smal l p rocessus masto ideus , med ium l arge t ubera p ar ieta l ia , 4o ssa s uturarum o nt he l e f t s ide , 3o n t he r igh t s ide o f s utura l a mbo idea. f or m is i s d eep , t he l ower p art i s a n throp ine.
Apertura p ir i-
Bo th s ides o f t he a lveo lar
r idge a re c losed , a l l t he t eeth h ave f a l len o u t i n l i fet i me.
T he p alate i s
l ow . G rave N o. 5 .
The s kul l w ithou t t he r igh t p ar ietal a nd t he b asa l p art ,
a nd t he f rag men tary s keleta l b ones o f a 35 y ear o ld w oman . An thropol og ica l c haracter ist ics o f t he s kul l: 3 0
d o l ichocran ial , metr iocran ic ,
e urymetop ic , h yps iconch ic , mesorrh ine , b rachyuran ic , o rthogna thous, k ryptoprosop ic , k ryptozyg ia , n arrow s u tura s phaenopar ie tal is, smal l t ubera p ar ieta l ia . The f ossa c an ina i s f i l led , t he a lveo lar r idge i s o f p arabo l ic , t he p a late i s med ium h igh. Two c ar ies med ia o n t he t eeth. Grave N o . 1 4. The c omp l ete s kul f a5 5 y ear o ld woman. The l e f t l o t e mpora l p art i s f ractured. The s ku l w as f or med w ith d oub le b andages. l An thropo log ica l c haracter is t ics : mesocran ia l , o rthocran ia l , t ape inoc ran ic , metriocran ic, e uryprosop ic , mesorene , l eptorene, mesoconch ic , p latyrrh ine, b rachystaphy l ine, d o l ichuran ic , mesognathous. The f or m o f t he s kul s r ho mbo ida l-ovo ida l. l i
K ryp toprosop ic , p lano-occ ip i ta l ,
n arrow s u tura s phaenopar ie ta l is , med ium l arge t ubera p ar ieta l ia , o s i ncae monopart itum , v ery w ide a pertura p ir ifor m is , t he l ower p art i s a n throp ine , d eep f ossa c an ina , 7 cm l ong o steoma o n t he t abu la e x terna o f t he l e f t p ar t o f t he f orehead.
1 t eeth h ave f a i led o u t i n l i fet i me,
c ar ies o nt he f i rst p rae mo lar o n t he l e f t s ide.
Mesoden tes.
Grave N o . 2 3. The c a lot nd t wo f e mura o f ac . 4 0 y ear o ld wo man . te a cran ia l , metr ioAn thropo log ica l c haracterist ics o f t he s kul l: mes—o e urymetop ic, s phaeno ida l , n arrow f orehead f l at y t he i n ten t iona l tened b f or ma t ion . P lano-occ ip ita l , l arge t ubera p ar ieta l ia , smal ubera l t f ron ta l ia . 6 8.
N ik itsch ( Ft t les ) ( Burgen land , Deutschenkreus d istr ict ). G raves o f t he Migra t ion Per iod w ere f ound i n 1 925. L a ter J . Bayer a nd V . L enzelter ( 1930 ) t r ied t o l oca te t he c e metery .
V . L ebzelter e xcavated 2 3 g raves
t hat y ear , a nd l ater 2 9 more i n c o llaborat ion w ith A . O hrenberger. The s kul ound i n g rave N o. 2 a was i n ten t ional or med. Archaeo log ists l f ly f a scr ibed t he c e metery t o t he L angobards , b u t a n thropo log ica l e xa m inat ion i nd icates t he Frank ish-Th t ir ing ian e thn ic g roup ( I . K iszely , 1 976 ). The f ind w as d escr ibed b y G . Wil n 1 945 a nd 1 936 , who c ons idered l er i t he s ke leton t o t hat o f a man. The l ater e xam inat ion p roved i tt o b e t he s ke leton o f a4 0 y ear o ld woman . An thropo log ical c haract erist ics o f t he s kul rachycran ial , c ha mael: b c ran ia l , t ape inocran ic , s teno metop ic , e ury- mesoprosop ic , c ha maec onch ic , l eptorrh ine , d o l ichuran ic , o rthogna thous. For m o f t he s kul l: s phaeno ides . Phaenoprosop ic , p haenozyg ia , p iano-occ ip i tal , n arrow s utura s phaenopar ieta l is , smal label , r ounded g en ia l p rocess , o ssa l g la s u turarum o nt he r igh t s ide o f s u turala mbdo idea , o s i ncae b ipart itum , small t ubera f ron ta l ia d ue t o t he f or mat ion , r ectangu lar o rb its, t he r oot o f t he n asa l b one i s s l igh t ly f l at , s ymmetr ical arrow a pertened ly n t ura p ir i for m is , f i led f ossa c an ina , t orus s ag it l is o n t he p a late , l ta r ounded f ora men o cc ip itale magnum.
Two t eeth h ave f a len o u t i n l i fel
t i me, c ar ies o n t hree t eeth . 6 9.
Burgs tal Ru ine K ro msegg" ( Burgen land , S ch i l tern d is tr ic t ). The l " g rave o f a5 -6 y ear o ld c h i ld was d iscovered b y c hance d ur ing E . Ben ing er 's e xcavat ions a t L o isbach ta l i n 1 939. I ti s n ot k nown what a rchaeo log ica l f inds c a me f rom t he g rave , o n ly a n ote w as t o b e f ound w ith t he b ones i n t he N aturh istorisches Museum : i nneren Vorwal e i d er Wasserre ibe". l b
3 1
" K inderskelet efunden i n t g
The who le s keleton was r ecovered .
The morpho log ica l c harac ter is-
t i cs i nd ica te t hat i tb elonged t o ag irl .
An thropo log ica l c haracter is t ics
l: o f t he s kul
b rachy- mesocran ia l , h yps icran ia l , macrocran ia l , med ium
n arrow f orehead , e urymetop ic , o rthogna thous , h ypere auryprosop ic , h ypereuryen , h yper-cha maerrh ine , mesostaphy l ine , b rachyuran ic. l: Form o f t he s kul
c ran ia l b ones a re r a ther t h ick .
The
r hombo idal-b irso ida l.
K ryp toprosop ic , k ryp tozyg ia , n arrow f orehead d ue t o t he i nten t iona l f orma t ion , med ium l arge t ubera f ron ta l ia, l arge t ubera p ar ieta l ia. e p ipter icum.
Med iu m w ide a pertura p ir i for m is,
O s
t he l ower p art i s v au l t-
i ng , s p ina n asa l is a n ter ior i s 2( Brca 's s i ze ) , med iu m d eep f ossa c an ina , med ium w ide p orus a cust icus , i t s f or m i s s lan t ing o va l . Rounded men tum , med ium l arge f ora men o cc ip itale magnu m , o pen s u tura metop ica , o ssa Wor m iana , 2o n t he r igh t s ide.
O cclusion :
l ab idon t .
l s fered e ly w The s kul uf x tre me f or ma t ion c arr ied o u t l ong i tud inal ith c ircu lar b andages. Z h irov i ndex :
t ek 1 46 m m, O et ing-G inzburg-
Bas ion-an t ibasion l ine :
1 04.11-hyper macrocran ic.
tek O et ing a ng le:
7 2.5° .
l i The s kul s l ikely t o h ave b elonged t o a Goth . I I NTENT IONALLY FOR MED SKULLS FROM THE TERRITORY OF THE RUGI ( LOWER AUSTRIA AND MORAVIA), AND THE V ICINITY OF V IE NNA 1 .
A tzgersdorf ( a t L ies ing n ear V ienna ) . The s econd i n ten t iona lly f or med l f s kul ound i n Austr ia , i n 1 846.
Pub l ished b y A . Retz ius a nd L . F itz-
i nger i n 1 853. 2 .
Grafenwörth ( Tu l in d istr ict , L ower Aust r ia ). p art o f Rug iland.
The s ite i s o n t he s ou thern
The p eop le b ur ied h ere p receded t he L angobards , a nd
i t p erhaps t hey w ere t he Rugi he mselves o r t he Heru l i.
T he c e metery was
d iscovered i n 1 921 a nd was e xcavated b y E . K lo iber who d iscovered 1 8 g raves.
The f i rst a rchaeo log ica l d escr ip t ion was p ubl ished b y E . B en inger
i n 1 948 ( Fundber ich te a us O sterre ich I I , p . 1 67 ).
L a ter A. L ippert r e-
p ubl ished i t ( 1968 ) u s ing E . I ( Lo ibert 's a n thropo log ica l d a ta.
ls Two s kul
ly f f ound i n t he c e metery w ere i n ten t ional or med. 3 .
L aa a .d. Thaya ( Lower Austr ia ).
l o Ab ad ly p reserved s kul f aw oman .
I ti s i n t he N aturh istor isches Museum , b u t i ti s n o t r es tored y et a nd n o a n thropo log ica l e xa m inat ion c an b e c arr ied o u t o n i t . p ub l icat ion b y E . Ben inger , 1 929. 4 .
Hobersdorf ( Lower Austr ia , M istelbach d istr ict ).
A rchaeo log ica l
The s keleton o f a man
h as b een p ubl ished b y W. Ehgartner i n M itscha- MNrhe im 's p aper ( 1 953). I tw as d a maged a nd was l y ing 4 00 metres f ro m t he Wien-Poysdorf r oad. A t f i rst t he s keleton w as c ons idered t o b e t ha t o f aL angobard , l a ter i t l was a scr ibed t o e arl ier p eop les ( H. M itscha- MNrhe im , 1 969 ). The s kul i s f rag men tary , a nd i s med ium f or med .
The a rchaeo log ist men t ioned
ly f l u a no ther i n ten t ional or med s kul n earthed l ater i n ag rave o n t he s a me a rea , b u t i th as n ot b een s en t t o t he museu m o r b een e xa m ined b y e xperts. 5 .
Deu tsch-Al tenburg ( Carnun tu m ). To ld t 's p ossess ion .
A s tray f ind o f u nknown d ate i nD r
P ubl ished b yA . S ch l iz, 1 905.
3 2
6 .
Feuersbrunn b . Grafenegg ( Lower Austr ia ). s kul as p loughed u p i n 1 820. l w 1 853.
The i n ten t ional or med ly f
J . F itz inger p ubl ished i ti n d eta il i n
The s kul as b een l ost b u t J . F itz inger 's a u then t ic s ketches l h
a re o fg reat v a lue ( A. S ch l iz, 1 905 ). 7 .
Wien-Salvatorgasse.
A . N eumann , a rchaeo log ist o f t he S tad t museu m
Wien , d irected e xcava t ion s i n 1 951 o f t he Ro man r e ma ins, a nd f ound l s. t hree s keletons w ith e x tre mely f or med s kul
They w ere p ubl ished
by H . M. Pacher i n 1 965. The s kul ls , c on trary t o t he p ub l ished a na lys is, b e longed t o wo men , a nd c an b e a scr ibed t o t he Go ths , n ot t o t he L angobards ( I . K isze ly , 1 976 ). 8 .
Wien - Mar iah il ferstrasse ( a lternat ive n a me Mar iah i l fergurte l ). 2 0 g raves a scr ibed t o t he L angobards w ere d iscovered a t t he e nd o f t he l ast c en tury . An thropo log ica l e xa m inat ion i nd icated t hat t hey w ere Go th ic.
One o f t he
ls w ly f skul as i n ten t ional or med , a nd i s n ow o ne xh ib it ion i n t he S tadtmuseum Wien .
Publ ished b y J . F i tzinger, 1 853;
M. Much , 1 898;
A. S ch l iz, 1 905 a nd E . B en inger , 1 938. 9 .
l w Wien-S i m mer ing. An e x tre mely f or med s kul as f ound i n ac e metery a scr ibed t o t he Goths a nd t he A lans. A d raw ing a nd a d escr ip t ion were p ubl ished by H . M itscha-MNrhe im , 1 963.
l w The s kul as l ost d ur ing t he
S econd World War , a nd o n ly t he d a ta a nd p ho tographs h ave s urv ived. 1 0.
ly f l w An i n ten t ional or med s kul as f ound i n ac ave o n Ca l-
Wien-Baden .
l b v ary H il etween 1 823 a nd 1 829. movsky . 1.
The f inds were d escr ibed b y G . Rasou-
J . F itzinger c ou ld n ot f ind i ti n 1 853.
Wien-M l id l ing.
ly f ls o I n ten t ional or med s kul f a wo man a nd a c h i ld were
d iscovered i n r ecen t y ears a ccord ing t o o ra l i n for mat ion f ro m H . MitschaMErhe im.
The f inds h ave n o t b een s en t t o t he N aturh istor isches Museum ,
a nd t he ir whereabou ts a re u nknown . 1 2.
Novy S a ldorf ( Zno i mo d ist r ict , Morav ia ). 1 923-1924.
7 5 g raves w ere e xcava ted i n
They w ere d a ted t o t he 6 th c en tury b y E . Ben inger i n 1 933,
and t o t he e nd o f t he 5 th c en tury A .D. b y J . Cerv inka i n 1 936-1937. The ly f ls w f inds i nc lud ing t he 7 i n ten t ional or med s kul ere p ubl ished b y A . Lorenzova i n 1 963.
The b ones a re i n C lovek Museu m i n P rague.
ly f l s were f l ow i n ten t ional or med s kul ound i n t he f ol ing g raves : 0 , X5 . X2, X 3 , X4 ,3 1 3.
Velat ice , Zadn i Pu lany u l . ( Morav ia , Brno
d istr ict ).
b egan i n 1 936 ( I . Cerv ink a , 1 939 , J . P au l ik , 1 950 ).
The e xcavat ions 2 0 g raves h ave
b een f ound , 3o f wh ich c on ta ined i n ten t ional or med s kul ly f l s. by J . J el inek , 1 960,
The
8 , X 1,
Publ ished
L at er A . L orenzova r e-pub l ished i tt ogether w ith
t hree n ew s kul 1960-1962). ls (
Three i n ten t ional or med s kul elonged ly f ls b
t o women , t wo t o men , a nd o ne t o ac h i ld. 1 4.
Brnen ske I vanov ice ( Brno d istr ict ). The f inds c a me f ro m P . R ich ter. They w ere f i rst men t ioned b y J . Cerv inka . ( 1936 , 1 939 ) a nd E . Ben inger and H . F reis ing ( 1933 ).
T he c a lot f t he a du lt wo man w as e xa m ined te o
b y A . L orencova i n 1 963.
3 3
1 5.
Zno i mo.
The e xcava t ion o f al arge c e metery w as b egun i n 1 870 ( M.
Trapp , 1 872;
J . C erv inka , 1 902;
H . F re is ing , 1 939 ). h as s urv ived.
J . P al i , 1 888; liard
E . Ben inger a nd
On ly o ne i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul l o f a n a du l t man
I t was d epos ited i n C lovek Museum i n Prague, a nd l a ter
p ubl ished b yA . L orenzova i n 1 963. 1 6.
Vice m i l ice ( Bucov ice d istr ict ).
Workers i n t he c lay-p i t f ound 4 g raves
f rom t he Early M igra t ion P er iod i n 19 12 , a nd o ne o f t he m t hey p reserved. ( M. Ch leborad , 1 941; 1 933.)
A . Rzehäl , 1 918 ;
E . B en inger a nd H . Fre is ing ,
The i n ten t ional or med s ku l o f a2 0 y ear o ld w oman was e xa mly f l
i ned b y A . L orenzova i n 1 959 a nd i n 1 963.
The f ind i s i n Moraysk 6
Museum i n Brno . 1 7.
Raks ice ( Kru m lov d istr ict ). An i so la ted g rave o f a woman was f ound i n 1 924 ( E. Ben inger a nd H . F re is ing , 1 933; J . C erv inka , 1 939 ). T he i n ten t ional or med s kul as p ub l ished b y J . J el inek i n 1 960 , A . L orenly f l w z ova i n 1 963 a nd I . K isze ly i n 1 976.
1 8.
S ed lesov ice ( Zno i mo d istr ict ).
The med ium f or med s kul f a ma ture l o
man w as f ound i n 1 963 a nd was s en t t o t he An throp. U stav i n Brno .
I t
was p ubl ished b y A . L orenzova i n 1 963 a nd b y I . K iszely i n 1 976. 1 9.
Po lkov ice ( Ko jet in d istr ict ). C erv inka , 1 933;
An i so la ted g rave w as f ound i n 1 929 ( J .
J . S ku t il , 1 931;
E . B en inger a nd H . F re ising , 1 933 ).
The c ons iderab ly f or med s kul f a2 0-30 y ear o ld wo man i s n ow i n l o C lovek Museum i n P rague. 2 0.
Pub l ished b y A . L orenzova , 1 958, 1 963.
Vacenov ice ( Ky jova d istr ict ).
An i so la ted g rave was f ound i n 1 954 ( A.
L orenzova , M. Posp is i l a nd L . K alu s, 1 957 ).
The med ium f or med
s kul f ay oung a du l t wo man was f i rst e xa m ined b y L . K a lus a nd t hen l o b yA . L orenzova i n 1 963.
The f ind i s i n t he c oun ty mu seum o f G ot t-
wa ldov . 2 1.
Vyskov ( Brno d istr ic t ).
5 0 g raves h ave b een e xcavated f ro m t he Eneo-
l i th ic, Bronze Age a nd t he M igra t ion P er iods.
The e xcavat ions w ere
c arr ied o u t i n 1 938 u nder G . K r ivanek 's d irect ion . t he Migra t ion P er iod ( J . S kut il , 1 946 ).
1 8 g raves d a te f ro m
The s kul ound i n t he 1 8 th a nd l f
4 2nd g raves , b o th b elong ing t o wo men , w ere i n ten t ional ly f or med.
Pub-
l i shed b y M. S t louk a . 1 i n 1 965. 2 2.
N ova Ves ( Pohorel ic d istr ict ).
The i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul l ( ca lva
o n ly ) o f a n 1 1-13 y ear o ld g irl was f ound i n 1 956.
The a n thropo log ical
e xa m ina t ion o f t he f ind w as c arr ied o u t b y J . J e l inek i n 1 958 a nd A . L orenzova i n 1 963. 2 3.
The f ind i s n ow i nt he Morayske Museu m i n B rno.
S lapan ice ( Brno d istr ict ).
An i so la ted g rave f ro m t he E arly Migra t ion
P er iod was f ound i n 1 934 ( J . Pou l ik , 1 937, 1 941;
J . C erv inka, 1 936 ).
The c a lva o f ac h i ld ( i n fan t I ) was e xam ined b yA . Loren zova i n 1 963. 2 4.
S tare Mesto ( Uherskb-Hrad iste d ist r ic t ).
I n g rave n o. 4 3 o f ag rea t
c e metery f rom t he M igra t ion P er iod c on ta in ing 8 9 g raves , t he s k e leton o f a3 0-40 y ear o ld woman w as u nearthed i n 1 948. ly f t i onal or med .
The c e me tery b e longed ,
o r t he Merov ing ians ( J .
P ave lc ik , 1 949 ).
3 4
l w The s kul as i n ten-
p robably , t o t he H eru l i An thropo log ica l p ub l ica-
t ion w as b y A. L orenzova i n 1 963 , 1 964.
The s keleton o f t he a du lt
wo man w as a lso men t ioned l a ter b y J . Cerv inka ( 1939 ). 2 6.
Drslav ice ( Uhersk i Brod d istr ict ).
An i so lated s keleton o f a w o man w ith
l w af or med s kul as f ound i n 1 933 ( J . C erv inka , 1 936 ).
I t was a n thro-
ly e p o log ical xa m ined b yA . L orenzova i n 1 963. 2 7.
S arat ice ( S lavkov d istr ict ).
The s i te h as b een k nown s ince 1 928.
Two
g raves w ere p ub l ished i n 1 928 , e igh t i n 1 948-1949 b y J . P ou l ik , a nd 2 6 L angobard g raves w ere men t ioned b y C . S tana i n 1 954. A t o ta l o f 3 6 g raves w as e xcava ted ( J . C erv inka , 1 936 , 1 937 ). The s keleton l y ing i n ly f l. g rave N o . 2 1b h ad i n ten t ional or med s kul
I tw as p ubl ished b y A
L orenzova i n 1 963. THE F INA L AREAS OF EXPANS ION OF THE CUSTOM BOHE MIA 1 .
Praha-Podbaba ( Bohe m ia ).
For t he f i rst f ew y ears t he f inds made a t
t he Podbaba b r ick f actory w ere d estroyed , u n t i l a t l ast i n 1 891 f ive g raves were d iscovered a nd t he mater ia l was s en t t o J . P ic, who e xa m ined a nd p ubl ished t he m ( 1891-1892 ).
L a ter e xcava t ions y ielded 4 1 more g raves.
L . N ieder le p ub l ished 8 sk eletons i n 1 891 u nder t he t i t le : ' D ie n euen td eck te G räber v on Podbaba u nd d er e rste K f inst l iche d efor m ierte p ryh istor ische S chädel a us Böh men".
Accord ing t o h im t he g raves b elonged l o The s kul f t he 7 th
t o " the Marco mann ic p opulat ion r es iden t t here".
ly f g rave w as i n ten t ional or med , a nd b elonged t o a n 1 8 y ear o ld wo man . 2 .
Z aluz i ( Praha-vychod ) ( f rom 1 940 :
Celakov ice ).
L . Ha jek d iscovered
5 g raves i n 1 930-1931, a nd l ater J . S chran i l u ncovered 5 2 g raves ( 1932 ). The a rchaeo log ica l a na lys is o f t he c e metery was made b y L . F ranz i n ly f ls f 1 935, w h i le t he i n ten t ional or med s kul ound i ng raves 2 8 a nd 4 6 l t Al he h uman b ones e x-
( wo men ) w ere p ub l ished b y J . Maly i n 1 935.
ly f ls w c ep t t he t wo i n ten t ional or med s kul ere d es troyed d ur ing t he S econd World War. 3 .
l eucov ( Cesky Brod d istr ic t , e ast o f P rague ). Migra t ion Period w ere f ound i n 1 951.
a nd l ater t he n u mber o f g raves r eached 2 3. n ac , 1 952 , 1 953.)
S evera l g raves f ro m t he
J . K abä t r escued 5g raves i n 1 952 ( S . S voboda , 1 965;
l, a l ed g f or med s kul nd was l abel rave n o . 1 la ter. b y E . V lcek i n 1 952. 4 .
J . Kudr-
ly One o f t he f i rst f ive g raves c on ta ined a n i n ten t ional The f ind w as p ubl ished
T he h ead o f t he y oung wo man was med iu m f or med.
L uzec n ad V l tavou ( Meln ik d istr ict ).
The Archaeo log ica l I nst itu te i n
P rague f i nanced e xcavat ions i n 1 955 o nt he s i te.
0 . Ky t l ikovä u ncovered
s evera l g raves d a t ing f ro m t he 5 th-6 th c en tur ies B .0 C .a ccord ing t o t he a rchaeo log ists. was 5 .
l o I n g rave n o. 1 8 , ad oub le g rave , t he s kul f ac h i ld
ly f i n ten t ional or med.
I t was p ub l ished b y J . Chocho l i n 1 969.
Budyna-Bud in ( on t he R iver Eger , Raudn i tz d istr ict ). l was p f or med s kul ub l ished b y H . Mat iekga i n 1 894.
ly An i n ten t ional l h The s kul as b een
l ost ( Rozpravy Cesk6 Akad . C is. Fran t. J os. P raha. X I , p . 2 6 ).
3 5
CENTRAL GER MANY , THUR ING IA 6 .
G rossörner- Mo l meck ( Kre is Het tsted t ). was f ound i n 1 936.
An i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul l
I th as n ever b een p ubl ished , o n ly s o me p hotographs
h ave b een t aken o f i t .
The f ind w as l ost d ur ing t he S econd World War
l, 1 ( L . S chol 961). 7 .
ly f l o The i n ten t ional or med s kul f a n
Hedersleben ( Kr. Qued l inburg ).
1 8-20 y ear o ld wo man i s n ow i n t he Qued l inburg Museum. c a l p ub l icat ion b y K . Z e igel , 1 939 ;
Archaeo log i-
t, a n thropo log ica l a na lys is b y L . S chot
1 961. 8 .
L U tzen ( K r. We issen fels, f or merly Merseburg ).
ly f The i n tent ional or med
l o s kul f a3 5-40 y ear o ld wo man w as f ound i n g rave n o . 2 .
Archaeo-
l og ica l p ubl icat ion w as made b y K . Z e igel , 1 939 , a nd N . N ik losson , 1 929 ; t, 1 a n thropo log ica l e xa m ina t ion w as c arr ied o u t b y L . S chot 961. 9 .
l ern ( ly f l o O ber möl Kr. N aumburg ). The i n ten t ional or med s kul f a n o ld wo man . The c e metery w as e xcavated b y F . Ho l ter i n 1 925. I n h is p ubl f l i ca t ion h e p resen ts t he d escr ip t ion a nd p hotograph o f t he s kul ound i n g rave V.
L ater t he f ind was p ubl ished b y L . S cho tt ( 1961 ).
l The s kul
f ro m g rave V I w as b ad ly p reserved ( probably a n o ld woman ). F . Ho lter l p ub l ished i t s p hotograph , b u t t he s ku l h as n ot b een r estored a nd d escribed. t ( The d e ta i led p ub l icat ion was a lso made b y L . S chot 1961 ). 1 0.
ly f l o T he i n t en t ional or med s kul f am idd le-
Rathew itz ( Kr. N aumburg ).
a ged wo man w as p ub l ished b y R . S chm id t i n 1 955 a nd 1 956;
l t he f ul
t i a n thropo log ica l a na lys is w as c arr ied o u t b y L . S chot n 1 961. 1 1.
S tössen ( now K re is Wiessen fels , f ormerly K re is Hochenmö lsen ).
The
s keleton o f a3 5-40 y ear o ld woman , l y ing i n t he g rave n o. 3 6 o f a ly f l ( Th e ing ian c e metery h ad a n i n tent ional or med s kul K . Z iege l , 1 939 ). t i The a n thropo log ica l a nalys is was c arried o u t b y L . S chot n 1 961. 1 2.
Dossenhe im ( near H e idelberg ). a nd W. K ind ler , 1 956.
Pub l ished b y B . Heuke mes, H . Hoepke
The a n thropo log ica l a na lys is w as c arr ied o u t b y
H . Hoepke i n 1 959. 1 3.
N aumburg-Schönburgerstrasse.
l f The s kul ound i n g rave I V o f t he g rea t
ly N agel N aumburg c e me tery a scr ibed t o t he ThUr ing ian s w as i n ten t ional f or med.
The f ind w as d estroyed i n t he S econd World War , a nd n o a n thro-
p o log ical e xa m inat ion was c arr ied o u t o n i t .
Men t ioned b y G . M i lden-
b erger a nd J . Werner , 1 956. 1 4.
I ngersleben ( Kr. Erfurt ),
l f The s kul ound i n g rave n o . 2o f t he c e me-
ly f t ery , p robab ly b elong ing t o a wo man , w as i n ten t ional or med.
The
a rchaeo log ica l f inds w ere p ubl ished b y H . K au fmann i n 1 953-1954 a nd D . Drost i n 1 955. p ub l ished. 1 5.
N o d e ta iled a n th ropo log ica l d escr ip t ion h as b een
l i The s kul s i n t he Gotha Museu m.
Grossfahner ( Kr. E rfur t ).
ly f l o An i n ten t ional or med s kul f aw o man
w as f ound i n ac e metery d at ing f ro m t he 6 th c en tury A .D. b y G . F lorschü tz, 1 934 a nd K . G erhard t , 1 939. t he S econd Wor ld War.
3 6
Pub l ished
The f i nd was l ost i n
1 6.
We i mar-Cranachstrasse ( Kr. Z auch-Belz ig ). Two i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul ls o f wo men w ere f ound . Publ ished b y R . Hofm f an , 1 939. Bo th f inds w ere l ost d ur ing t he S econd World War.
1 7.
Ph t lben ( Kr. Z auch-Beiz ig , Brandenburg ). The i n tent ional or med ly f s kul f a n o ld w o man w as p ub l ished b yR . Hofm n 1 939. The f ind l o f ann i was d es troyed i n t he Po tzda m Museum d ur ing t he S econd Wor ld War .
1 8.
S chön ingen-Sa lzstrasse ( Braumschwe ig ). The i n ten t ional ly f or med l o s kul f a w o man was p ubl ished b y G . Ther inger i n 1 939. L ater J . N e meskery r epubl ished i ti n M it t. d . N a turh istor ische Museum ( 1977 ).
1 9.
S it t ichenbach ( Kr. Querfur t ). The i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul l o f a wo man w as f ound i n 1 958 o r 1 959. I th as n ot y et b een p roperly e xa m ined . l h The p ho tograph a nd t he most importan t d a ta o n t he s kul ave b een p ubl i shed b y L . S chot t i n 1 961.
SOUTH GERMANY : 2 0.
Kö ln ( S t . U rsu la Church ). v ived.
2 1.
l ey Rh ine Val The c a lvar ium o f a wo man 's s kul l h as s ur-
P ubl ished b y H . S chaf f hausen i n 1 866 , 1 876 , 1 879.
Meckenhe im ( Kr. Bonn ).
T he i n ten t ional or med s kul f a woman ly f l o
was p ub l ished b y H . S chaf 1879 ), A . S ch l iz ( 1905 ) a nd K . Gerfhausen ( h ard t ( 1 965 ). 2. 2
N iederho lm ( Sou th o f Mainz, i n Rhe inhessen ) . The s kul f a n o ld l o wo man w as f ound i n 1 862. The a n thropo log ica l c haracter ist ics w ere p ubl ished b yA . S ch l iz ( 1 905 ) a nd A . Ecker ( 1866 ).
The s kul as s ince l h
b een l ost . 2 3.
Dar mstad t.
H . S chaf fhau sen men t ioned a nd d escr ibed t he f ind i n 1 879
b u tA . S ch l iz d oes n ot e ven men t ion i ti n 1 905 ( K . G erhard t , 1 965 ). 2 4.
Heilbronn ( on t he R iver N eckar ).
The i n ten t ional or med s kul f a n ly f l o
a du l t w oman w as f ound i n a nA la mann ic c e metery e xcavated i n Rosenb erg s t rasse ( Cluss ische B rauere i ).
An thropo log ical a na lys is w as
c arr ied o u t b yA . S ch l iz , 1 905. 2 5.
S trassburg. Three i n tent ional or med s kul ave b een f ound . ly f ls h were l abel isstor tum". l ed "We i .
Ca lvar iu m f rom g rave n o. 6 5 i n aRoman c e metery .
They
Accord ing t o
H . Ulr ich ( 1957 ) i tb elonged t o a4 5-50 y ear o ld woman . I tw as p ubl i shed b y W. Wa ldeyer i n 1 881 i nA . S taub 's p aper. . An i n ten t ional or med s kul as f ound i n a no ther g rave i n t he i ly f l w s a me c e metery . i. An i n ten t ional or m ed s kul abel Strassenbahndepo t K roi ly f l, l l ed " n enburg" was f ound i n 1 931. I ts ee ms t o h ave b een a n i so lated g rave o f a n a du lt wo man b elong ing t o t he Frank ish e thn ic g roup. The a n throp olog ica l a na lys is o f t he f i nd w as c arr ied o u tb y H . U lr ich i n 1 957. l 2 6.
Dachs te in ( Dep . S trassburg ).
A Merov ing ian c e metery w as f ound i n
T he f irst g rave c on ta ined t he i n ten t ional or med s kul f a ly f l o wo man . Publ ished b yH . U llr ich i n 1 957 ( K . G erhard t , 1 965 ). 1 955.
3 7
2 7.
S traub ing ( N iederbayern ). f i nds h as b een e xcava ted. ly f i n ten t ional or med.
Ag rave w i th Merov ing ian a rchaeo log ica l l o The b ad ly p reserved s kul f awo man w as
Publ ished b y J . K e im i n 1 928 a nd b y K . Gerhard t
i n 1 965. 2 8.
I rlmauth ( Ge me inde Barb ing , e ast o f R egensburg ). The g rave n o. 3 3 i n t he K iesgrube-Hö lzl c e metery , a scr ibed t o t he Merov ing ians , c on ta ined ly f l o t he s keleta lb ones a nd t he i n ten t ional or med s kul f a m an .
The
f inds w ere p ub l ished b y K . G erhard t i n 1 965. T he s ke leton f ound i n 1 939 i s n ow i n t he R egensburg Museum w i th t he i nven tory n umber 1 939/441 2 53. 2 9.
E lthe i m-Ge me indek iesgrube ( east o f R egensburg ). l i n umber o f t he s kul s S k 1 72.
The i nven tory
There w ere n o a ssoc ia ted g rave g oods.
The f inds w ere d iscovered e arl ier t han t he I rl mau th o ne. The f ron ta l a nd t he f ac ia l p arts a re who le b u t t he c a lvar ia i s r epresen ted o n ly b y a p ar t o f t he p ar ieta l . I n ten t iona l f or mat ion i s o f g rea t e x ten t . I t s ee ms t o h ave b elonged t o a m an . 1 965.
The f ind w as p ubl ished b y K . G erhard t i n
As f or t he p roper e thn ica l g roup ing , G . K urth w rote :
" dass d er
E lthe i mer e in i ran ische A lane s e in k önn te"... " D ieses Vo lk b rach te d ie Defor mat ion s chon a us s e inen Wo lgare iche mit u nd f ach s i cher mehrfach d ie Ge legenheit , i nb otmass igen K r iegerhau fen o der S ö ldnerscharen d en Donauweg z ub enu tzen ...." ( p . 2 3 ). 3 0.
A l tenerd ing ( M t inchen ). A g rea t c e metery w as u ncovered i n t he l at e ls ( 1 960s. Three s kul graves 5 13, 1 25 a nd o ne u ncerta in ) w ere i n ten t ionl a ly f or med.
The o ne i n g rave 5 13 w as f or med t o a g rea t e x ten t , t he
fered med o ther t wo ( a lso women ) h ad s uf ium f or mat ion .
P ubl ished b y
H . He lmu th i n 1 973. BURGUNDY ( Sw itzerland a nd France ) 3 1.
B el-Air-Chesaux ( Lausanne ).
T he f i nd w as d iscovered b y T ro jon a t
t he b eg inn ing o ft he l ast c en tury . The f i rst d escr ipt ion o ft he i n ten t ionl l o t en b a ly f or med s kul f t he c . 4 0 y ear o ld man was w r it y W. H is a nd t L . R i t i meyer i n 1 864, t hough t hey d id n o t n ot ice t he i n ten t ional h ead l i f or ma t ion . I n t he s a me t ime t hey c ons idered t he s kul ng rave 6 8 t ob e l h f or med , b u t t h is s kul as s ubsequen t ly b een l ost .
The p ubl ica t ion o f t he
f inds was l a ter made b y M. S au ter , 1 939. 3 2.
G enthod ( Geneva ).
l was f Ab ad ly p reserved s kul ound w ithou t g rave-
g oods o n t he b anks o f L ake L e man i n 1 927. I t must h ave b elonged t o a5 0 y ear o ld man . Publ ished b y M. S au ter , 1 939. 3 3.
l ard ( Ga il Geneva ).
ly f l w An i n ten t ional ormed s kul as f ound b y E . P it-
l t ard i n a B urgund ian g rave. T he s ku l , t hat o f a mature man , was p ub l ished b y M. S au ter i n 1 939. 3 4.
V il ly ( a t Re ign ier , Hau te-Savo ie ).
T he f i nds w ere p ub l ished b y L .
Gosse i n 1 955 , A . S ch l iz a nd M. S aut er ( 1 939 ) a nd a lso b y E . S al in i n 1 952. 3 5.
Annecy ( Hau te-Savoye ). T he f ind w as d escr ibed b y Marteaux a nd L e Roux i n 1 902, a nd l a ter b y M. S au ter i n 1 939.
3 8
3 6.
Vo iteur ( i n J ura , 1 0 km n or th-west o f L ons-le-Saunn ier ).
The i n ten-
t i onal ly f or med s kul l w as f i rs t d escr ibed b y P . Broca i n 1 864 ( Bul l. S oc. d 'An thropo log ie d e Par is , V , p . 3 85 ) a nd E . Chan tre ( 1880 ). was p ubl ished b yA . S ch l iz ( 1905 ) a nd M. S au ter ( 1939 ). 3 7.
Corve iss iat ( c . A in , 1 7 km s ou th-east o f Tref f ort ).
L ater i t
Two i ntent ional ly
f or med s kul ls w ere f ound i n Burgund ian g raves. They w ere d escr ibed b y E . C han tre i n 1 881 ( Revue d 'An thropo log ie I , S er. 4 ) a nd M. S auter ( 1939 ). 3 8.
Mesocco-Benabb ia ( Graubunden K an ton ) . The f ind w as made b y R . Bo ld in i i n 1 843 among g raves f rom t he Migrat ion Per iod . The i n tenly f l o t ional or med s kul f a m ature , man , f ound i n g rave 2 , w as p ubl ished b y 0 . S ch lag inhau fen i n 1 944.
OTHER AREAS OF EUROPE 3 9.
Marse il le-Rue d e l a Repub l ique.
Two i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul ls w ere
f ound , d at ing f ro m p os t-Roman t imes.
They w ere men t ioned b y J .
Fal l ot i n 1 881 ( Bul l. S oc. d 'An thropo log ie d e Par is I I , S er. 4 , p p . 8 078 11 ) a nd E . Chant re i n 1 886. 4 0.
Z ro ta ( Po land ). B . M iszk iew icz p ubl ished a s kul l i n 1 885. e thn ica l g roup ing c anno tb e d eter m ined.
I t s p roper
4 1.
The l a test a nd most n ortherly i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul ls i n Europe w ere f ound i n Sweden. The f inds w ere p ub l ished b y I . K iszelY a nd I . Hank6 i n 1 974.
S kul l N o. 1 is l abel led S t I hre , Hel lv i p ar ish , a nd w as f ound i n
Got land ; Got land ;
s kul l N o . 2w i th t he l abel K y le, Eksta p ar ish was a lso f ound i n s kul l N o. 3 w ith t he l abel Havor, Habl ingbo p ar ish w as f ound i n
Got land a s wel l. A .D.
The f i nd s d ate f ro m t he " Vik ing Age" i .e. 8 00-1050
A l l t he t hree s ku l ls b elonged t o women who w ere p erhaps t hree o f
t hose H eru l i, men t ioned b y Procop ius o f Caesarea i n h is H istory o f t he Wars ( V I.15 ), w ho r eturned t o S cand inav ia. S cho lars h ave i nt he p ast b een u nable t o a rr ive a t a n a greed s tandpo in t c oncern ing t he p roble m o f C ent ral a nd Western European i nten t iona l h ead f orma t ion .
The d iff icu l ty l ay i n t he a pparen t ly mongo lo id c haracter ist ics wh ich
w ere a scr ibed t o t he Huns, a popu lat ion p ract ical ly u nknown t o t he European s c ien t ists. J . Werner men t ion s i ta ga in a nd a ga in ( p . 1 4 ): " ...dabe i m i t e iner mongo l ischen K o mponen te u nd m it e chte m h unn ischen E insch lag r echnen k ann...d ie Hunnen i n d iesen G eb iete . i hre S puren h in ter lassen h aben". I tw as s upposed t hat a l l t he European i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul ls b elonged t o t he d escendan ts o f t he p eop le marr ied i n to Hun f am il ies. " In L ichte d ieser Funde g ew inn t e in v on d en An thropo logen d es 1 9. linar J h . im mer w ieder a ngeführter Passus b e i S idon ius Apol is a n G ew ich t , d er g ern f ür d as Vorhandensein v on S ch eeldefor mat ion b e i d en e uropäIschen Hunnen h erangezogen wurde. Der S enator a us d er Auvergne s ch re ibt i n s e iner S ch ilderung d er Hunnen v om 3 9
66 : J ahre 4
' consurg i t i n a rctur n massa r o tunda c apu t , g em in is s ub
f ron te c avernus v isus a dest o cu l is a bsen t ibus '...." ( p . 1 6 ). Accord ing t o t he e arl ier d efect ive t heor ies ( p . 1 7 ) : " the Thur ing ians f ro m Cent ra l G ermany , t he L angobards f rom Mora v ia , t he ' Pre-Bavar ians ' f rom B ohe m ia , a nd t he G ep idae a nd t he O strogo ths f ro m t he C r i mea a l l i ved i nA t i la 's Emp ire a nd t he c usl t t om o f h ead f or mat ion w as t aken o ver f rom t he r ul ing n o mad ic g roups" ( J . Werner , 1 956 ). He e xp la ined t he f act t ha t t he c usto m i s n o tp ract ised b y t he A lamann i a nd t he Franks b y s uggest ing t ha t t hey h ad h ad n o d irect c on tact w ith t he Huns. The d ecl ine o f t he c usto m i s c onnected w ith t ha t o f t he Hun Emp ire , i t s d issem inat ion w ith t he g rea test a rea c onquered b y t he Huns.
Werner f i n ishes h is
e ssay b y s ay ing ( p . 1 8 ) : " In e iner a ndergearteten Umwel t wurde d ieses im w ahrsten S inne d es Wortes e xo t ische K ulturele men t i n d e m Augenb l ick w ieder a bgestossen a ls d as h unn ische G rossre ich n ach d em T ode At las ti z usa m menstürtzte". Any s c ience w h ich l acks a b as is o f p len t ifu l a nd u na mb iguou s d a ta t ends t o l ead i t s e xponen ts i n to d raw ing b road a nd s eem ing ly s o l id g enera l c onclus ions; t h is i s t he H egel ian s tage o f t hes is.
As more d a ta a ccumu la tes a nd o r ig ina l
t heor ies l ose t he ir v a l id ity a nd e ven " certa in" d ata b eco mes amb iguous—the s tage o f a n t ithes is. Al hese d oubts y ield i nt urn t he s yn thes is , p rov id ing l t s o l id a nd r el iable f acts , s i f ted t hrough c r i t ic is m a nd s upported b y t he e v idence o f t he f inds. The r ecen t p er iod , i nclud ing J . Werner ( 1956 ), h as b een t ha t o f t hes is. The f inds a re n ow a ccumu la t ing f ro m d ay t o d ay : a l t he r ecen t f inds a l o ver t he world. l l
w e c annot k eep p ace w ith
Abou t 1 ,000 i n ten t ional or med ly f
s kul ro m 2 60 s ites a re l i sted i n t h is p ap er b u t t he t o ta l n umber o f f inds ls f d at ing f ro m h istor ica l t imes i s much g reat er a nd i s s t il l g row ing i n Euras ia . Th is a ccu mu lat ion h as n o t o n ly c aused q uan t itat ive c hanges, b u t h as a lso b roadened t he t ime s cale a nd t he g eograph ica l e x tens ion o f t he c usto m.
T he
f i rst i n ten t ional ly f or med s kul ls d iscovered i nt he N ear East d a te f ro m t he 6 th m il ium B .C., o r p erhaps e ven e ar l ier i n t he 8 th mil ium , a nd l enn lenn a re c onnected w ith s im ilar c usto ms i nA fr ica ( Eth iop ia ). The b ur ials wh ich h ave b een b est p reserved f rom p reh istor ic t imes a re t hose f rom t owns, s o t he ir d iscovery i s l argely a cc iden ta l a nd d oes n ot r ef l ect t he r ea l t err itor ia l e x tens ion o f t he c ustom.
The o n ly r el iab le a nd
p os it ive d a ta i s t hat t he c usto m d oes n ot g of urther t han t he I ran ian H igh lands , i s u nknown i n S iber ia a nd a lso , i n t he e arl ier p er iods , o n t he n orthern c oast o f t he B lack S ea. The t races o f a n e arly i n f il tra t ion i n to E urope b etween 2 ,300-2 ,200 a nd 1 ,900 B .C. a re b ecom ing more a nd more d i st inct. The c ustom may h ave b een c arr ied b y merchan ts b u t i ti s a lso p oss ible t ha t i t was c arr ied b y t he s a me p eop le who b rough t t he I ndo-European l anguage i n to Europe. The f i nds a re t oo f ew t o p rove t h is t heory , b u t t he e xpans ion o f t he c ustom c o inc ides
4 0
w ith t he t err i tory i nhab i ted b y t h e f i rst p eop les who s poke t he I ndo-European l anguage i n Europe. Th is t heory c an b e i ncluded among t he u nnumerable h ypot heses t ry ing , s o f ar i n v a in , t o g ive a true p icture o f t he I ndo-European p eop les. The c ustom o f i n ten t ional h ead f or ma t ion s oon a rr ived i n t he Caucasus ( Bronze Age , O rdzhok in idze ) , w here i ts urv ived f or a l ong t ime u p t o t he p res en t c l ay , a nd s pread t o t he s urround ing a reas. Imyself h ave s een p eop le w ith ly f i n ten t ional or med h eads a t J ez ids n ear D jebel S in jar i nI raq a nd i n t he s url l ed r ound ing v i lages s uch a s Bahsany a nd Bash iqa. The f or m ing c rad le i s c al b y t he Ar men ians "mehed" , a nd b y t he Assur ians " dar jush ta" , a nd i ti s a lso u sed b y o ther p eop les , e .g. t he O sets. The Goths , A lans a nd S ar ma t ians p eop l ing t he n orthern c oast o f t he B lack S ea t ook o ver t he c usto m s oon a f terwards.
The H ir ns o n t he ir w ay f ro m t he
w est c oast o f L ake Ba ika l t oward s Europe met h ead-for m ing p eop les o f I ran ian r ac ia l t ype ( t he K enko l g roup ).
T he Huns a bsorbed t he m a nd w en t o n t owards
Europe, c arry ing t he m a long. T he i nvas ion o f t he Huns d rove t he p eop les l i v ing o n t he n orthern s hores o f t he B lack S ea ( t he Goths , A lans a nd G ep ids ) i n to Cent ral Europe, a nd t hus f or med t he f i rst c en tre i n C en tra l Europe, i n t he C arpa th ian Basin .
H ere b o th men a nd wo men p ract ised t he c ustom , s ome-
t imes d raw ing t he ir h eads o u t t o e x tre me l engths. i, w The s econd European c en tre w as i nt he t err itory o f t he Rugi here t hey ly i l a nd t he Heru l i , t wo a rchaeo log ical l-def ined p eop les , p ract ised t he c usto m. The ir t err itory c o inc ided w ith t he a rea i n wh ich t he c usto m o f h ead f or ma t ion w as p ract ised . s upposed ;
The L angobards d id n o t f or m t he ir h eads , a s h as l ong b een
l i ( a l s uch f i nds b elonged i nf act t o t he Rugi S te inbrunn , N ik itsch ,
Wien , e tc.). i, S ome f inds a re a lso e ncoun tered n orth-west o f t he t err itory o f t he Rugi i among t he Th i r ing ians , Merov ing ians a nd s omet i mes among t he Burgund ians a nd r arely a lso t he A la mann i a nd F ranks.
ls w The n orthernmost s kul ere
u nearthed i nG ot land , b elong ing , p erhaps , t o H eru l i who h ad r eturned t o t he ir i. n a t ive l and f rom t he t err itory o ft he Rugi The c ustom s urv ived i n s ome a reas i n a mod if ied f or m , e .g. i n t he D inar ian A lps among t he A lban ians , i n t he C aucasus , i n t he S ou th o f France , i n N orth Mesopo tam ia a nd s o o n . b e s ough t , b etween t he m .
N o c onnect ions c an b e f ound , a nd p erhaps n one s hou ld Head f or mat ion w as a fash ion , i n tended t o make
p eop le more e legan t a nd n ob ler , a s w e c an s ee o nt he ir d escenden ts l i v ing t oday . We d o n o t d iscuss i nt h is w ork t he morpho log ica l c hanges c aused b y e x tre me l, o " defor mat ion" o f t he s kul r t he men ta l i n jur ies. l ( d eta il b y E . D ingwal 1931 ) a nd H . H elmu th ( 1970 ).
The t op ics d iscussed i n However i ti s a n thropo l-
ly n o g ical ot iceable t ha t i n ten t iona l h ead f or ma t ion c aused c o mpensat iona l l: t g row th , l ead ing t o p seudo- mongo lo id c haracter ist ics i nt he s kul he z ygo matened t i c p rocesses w ere made more o u tstand ing , t he r oot o f t he mose w as f l at , ter a t he f ace t oo w as f lat nd s o o n .
These c hanges h ave m isled e xperts i n to
ling t f a lse t heories a bou t t he Huns , c al he m mongo lo id o r a t l east " Tartar ians".
4 1
The c usto m i s p urely a q uest ion o f f ash ion , t he h istorica l-an thropo log ical importance o f wh ich i s t hat i tc an b e a scr ibed t o e thn ic g roups a nd s o c an h e lp i n t he d etect ion o f c on tacts b etween p eop les.
I tc an a lso s erve a s ap roo f o f
t he u n ity a nd u nd iv is ib il ity o f mank ind a nd o ft he f ac t t hat s im i lar t hough ts ( and a lso f ash ions ) c an d evelop i ndependen t ly o f t err itory , r ace a nd n at iona l ity o r e thn ic g roup. The c onstan t ly g row ing q uan t i ty o f i n for mat ion p rov ided b y n ew f inds emphas ises o ur e rror when w e t ry t o g ive f i rm a nd f ar-reach ing s o lu t ions t o p rob le ms when o ur i n for mat ion i s i n f ac t t oo l im ited f or t he p urpose. Our a im h as b een a nd w il l b e i n t he n ear f u ture t o p ubl ish r e l iable a nd t rue f acts i n t h is f i e ld , s o t hat t hey may s erve a s e le ments f or t hose w ho w il l make f u ture s yn theses.
4 2
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0. c n— c . ). N c n4 C 1 ) . C D . 2 . 4 _ , . 4z e ,. ° -4 ° E b — T s°—°. -. L z " . -' . c 2 0 . • . c d c e , 2 L ac d .c f ); ,; 4c 2u r n c i ) C L , N "C C D C / ) s 2 , . 0 5 C f ) x2 0 . . M c d 0 ; 1 rs c d c d c d 0 C D 4 • , - ' ^ c d c d 9 c e C D C . D < c l ip a p a < Z Eirn ZE 1 p c 1 1 4 r : I Z Z Z O O Z
-
-
.4
; . 4
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1
. .4
0
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tl d
> 4
Z
e .
.I
0
( 1 )
g 4
Mart in
n u mbers af ter
-
Measure men t
Measure men ts o f a rt if ic ial ly d efor med s kul ls f ro m N ik itsch a nd S teinbrunn
Cn
i1
CC )
00
(M
C)
,1 - C C ) ,i
N
0
CC )
7 1.1
,1
C. q
Cq
C\ I
i n c q c q 0 C C ) C I e
N
c \ I 0Z e e
I n
e
Z Z
L --
e e i
0 0 , 1 N 7 h1 i n i n
e
1" D
,
1
1
1
C C I • I . • I
1
1
I
I
1
1
1
‘ Z r i
C i n
N
o0 !
1
I
1 . 0 C I O
l
1
1
1
C > 0 • 0 y z c o
•L -•
I n i n
. 1 4
c o
I
C \ 1 i n
C I co
C O . C ) C
0 0 0
0 C > N 0 • • • C O 1 0 I n N C SJ C0
• e l C O
I
cq
C O 0 C I c n c : ,e ••••
c r ,
c c ) N
L C Z c o
I S Z o o
C I
0
C \I C n
• ; : t i
0 0
3 1
N
L eng th-he igh t i ndex
1 1
I
C ran ia l i ndex ( Garson )
0 c,
> c q I 0.
N asa l i ndex
Grave 1 7 Grave 1 6 G rave 3 /1
S te inbrunn
I
e ic . )c qe t .•••
o
C O c o
c o C
Grave 2 /a
N ik itsch
, 1 . 0 0
C > 4 4 C C . I
C O C D
O C,1 C i •
L C
• 0
C 0 • •t • •Cl•in•ee •• oc nc ec ee z. . .c qu z "'" 0 0 C D 0 i n
0
i n
r f 1 .
c o . 4
c e
c D
0 0 c n
C
4
C ) C
C I . .1 • 00
In
1 . 1 . i n L C D i n co
c o o c
m c. i ce . c o t - t -
m rco
e
c o ' ,e l
1 2
L i Z L C D
N i n
e oo i n
.i
9 4
r f
T ransversa l i ndex
Bread th-heigh t i ndex
O rb ita l i ndex
U pper-face i ndex
Morpho log ica l f ace i ndex
Med ium f ac ia l a ng le An gu lus mand ibu lae
To ta l f ace a ng le
Men tu m h e igh t ( i d-gn )
Mand ibu lar l eng th
N asa l h e igh t ( n-ns )
Condy lar b read th ( kd l-kd l )
IC
Mart in
n u mbers af ter
Measure men t
Tab le 5 ( con td.)
Characterist ics
CO
C O
C O
d