The Old Wrecks of the Baltic Sea: Archaeological recording of the wrecks of carvel-built ships 9780860542292, 9781407333762

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Foreword
Preface
Abbreviations
Contents
I. The big ships
II. Wrecks and investigations in the Baltic Sea
III. The Swedish investigations historical and culturalbackground
VI. A standard for the investigations
VII. The problems of identification
VIII. Design or architect's plans of ships
IX. Surveying old, surviving ships for the purposes ofdrawing construction plans
X. The documentary material for recording and for pictorialreproduction
XI. Three investigation alternatives - as a modelapplication
XII. The protection and upkeep of well-preserved wrecksunder the water
XIII. Preservation or archaeological reproduction
XIV. Investigations as a basis for research
Bibliography (A); and Reference List of Literature published onthe Wrecks of Old Carvel-built Ships in the Baltic Sea, theirrecovery, investigation etc. (B).
CATALOGUEOF THE WRECKS OF CARVEL-BUILT SHIPS ALONGTHE CENTRAL SWEDISH BALTIC COAST
Register of catalogue
CATEGORY 1
CATEGORY 2A
CATEGORY 2B
CATEGORY 3
UNDETERMINABLE WRECKS

Citation preview

The Old Wrecks of the Baltic Sea Archaeological recording of the wrecks of carvel-built ships

Carl Olof Cederlund

BAR International Series 186 1983

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS AR. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR Sl86, 1983: The Old Wrecks of the Baltic Sea © 1983 Carl Olof Cederlund Translator: Rodger Kelly Doctoral Dissertation Department of Archaeology University of Stockholm S-106 91 Stockholm The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542292 paperback ISBN 9781407333762 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542292 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

T o a l lt h o se S wed i sh S k in d i ve r sw ho c on t inua l ly b r ing i nv a l u ab l e a nd i mpor tan t h i s tor i ca l a nd s h ip a r chaeo log i ca l i n f or ma t ion c o l l e c t ed b y s ear ch -and sur vey s a nd w ho r e cord a nd p ho tog raph w r e ck s i te s a l ong t h eS wed i sh c oa s t .

F o rewo rd

S cand inav ia i s ap ar to ft he w or ld where t he i mpor tance o ft he s ea t oa l la rchaeo log ica la nd h i s tor ica ls t ud ie si sp ar t icu lar ly e asy t od emon s t ra te . T he c oas t l ine o ft h e S cand inav ian ma in land i s mo re t han 2 5 0 00 kms l ong . S ince Me so l i th ic t ime s a lmo s ta l lt r ader st r ave l led b ys ea .F or t hou sand so fy ear s mar ine f ood r e source sw ere o fu tmo s ti mpor tance t ot he i nhab i t an t so fS cand inav ia ,a nd s i nce Med ieva lt ime st he e xpor to ff i sh h a sb een ag rea ts ource o fi ncome .F rom t he V ik ing p er iod a nd o nwards mo s tm i l i ta ry e xpans ion w a sa cro s st he s ea ,a nd a t tack sw e re f e nded o f fa ts ea o ro nt he s hore .S cand inav ian mer chan t s h ip s h ave s a i led u pon t he o cean s f o r c en tur ie s , a nd t h e c ap i ta l s o fa l l f i ve Nor the rn s t a te s a r e s i tua ted o n t he c oa s t . T he f i e ld o fa c t ion o fS cand inav ian Ma r ine A rchaeo logy i s ,h oweve r ,n o tr e s tr ic ted t ot he c oa s ta la rea s . Due t ot he h o bo c ene s hor el e ve ld i sp lacemen t s mo s to ft h el and i nhab i ted b ye ar ly Meso l i th ic man i sn ow s ubmerged b yt he Nor th S ea . On t he o ther h and ,i nc en t ra l S weden t he h ighe s tt r an sg r e s s ion o ft he s ea r e ached more t han 5 0 me t re sa bove t he p re sen ts ea l e ve l .T h i s means t ha t many V ik ing A ge a nd Med ieva lh arbour sa nd n av igab le c hanne ls a r en ow t ob es t ud ied i nt he i n land p ar t s o ft he c oun try . Obv iou s ly ,t hen , Mar ine A rchaeo logy h a st he s ame i mpor tance a sL and A rchaeo logy f o rt he k now ledge o fc u l tura lh i s t o ry a nd p roce sse s .T he t heory o fb o th b ranches o fA r chaeo logy i st he s a me .S oi ti sp uzz l ing t ha t Ma r ine A rchaeo logy h a s d eve loped s or e la t ive ly l a te .I nf a c t , modern S wed i sh Mar ine A rchaeo logy may b es a id t oh ave h ad i t ss t ar t ing p o in ti nt he s a lvag ing i nt he y ear 1 96 1 o ft he w ar sh ip Wa sa .T he r e a son f o rt h i sl a te d eve lopmen to f Mar ine A rchaeo logy i sc er ta in ly t o b e f ound i nt he f i e ld o fm e thodo logy . On ly a f ter t e chn ica l i nnova t ion s r e gard ing d eep sea d i v ing h a s i tb een p o s s ib le t o d eve lop u nderwa ter a rchaeo logy .A f ter t h ep a s s ing o ft h i sc ruc ia lp o in tt he t ime h ad c ome t ow ork o u t aw ide r ange o fd ocu men ta t ion a nd e xcava t ion t e chn ique s .T he p re sen tw ork b yC ar l O lof C ede r lund i s ac on t r ibu t ion t ot he k now ledge a nd d eve lopmen t o ft he se v i ta l n ew me thod s . T he e xpans ion o f Mar ine A rchaeo logy ,a nd A rchaeo logy u nder w a ter i np ar t icu lar ,o bv iou s ly mu s th ave c onsequence s a l so f o ru n ive r s i ty e duca t ion .S ince 1 9 75 ,t he A rchaeo log ica lI n s t i tu te o fS tockho lm Un iver s i ty h as g i ven c our se si n Mar ine a nd U nderwa ter A rchaeo logy ,a t tended b ya l toge ther mo re t han ah undred s t uden t s .C ar lO lof C ede r lund h a sa c ted a s ma in t e ache ro ft he se c our se s , a nd e xpe r ience s f r om t hem h ave c on tr ibu ted t ot he c r ea t ion o ft he p re sen tw o rk .

Ma t sP . Ma lme r P rof e s so r

5

P re f ace

T h i s w o rk h a s t h ree p r imary o b jec t ive s : -t op r e sen ti mpor tan th i s tor ica la nd s h ip a r chaeo log i c a l m a te r ia l , s uch a st h e r ema in so fo ld c ar ve l -bu i l t s h ip s f r om t h e B a l t ic S ea , f o r a n i n t e rna t iona l a u d i ence . -t oi n t roduce a nd j u s t if y t h e u se o fv a r iou s t y pe s o f d ocumen ta ry ma te r ia l a nd a i d s f o r r e cord ing a nd i lu s t ra t ing t he se r ema in sb o th f o rg ene ra la r chaeo l o g ica l a nd s h ip a r chaeo log ica l p urpo se s . -t op ropo se s c ien t if ic mode l s o rs t andard s f o rs e t t ing u p i n v e s t iga t ion s a nd a na ly s ing r e su l t s . A l though t h i s t r ea t i se d ea l s s pec if i ca l ly w i th t h e r e m a in s o fo ld c arve l -bu i l t s h ip s , i tc an a l so b e h oped t ha ti ti ns ome r e spec t s may b er e levan tt oa nd c an c on t r ibu t e t o ma r ine a rchaeo logy a nd a r chaeo logy i ng e n e ra l . T h i s b ook i st he r e su l t o f mor e t h an 2 0y ear s o fr e s e a r ch a nd s t udy i nw h ich Ih ave b een i nvo lved i nt h e f i e ld s o fb o th mar ine a r chaeo logy a nd s h ip a r chaeo l o gy a tt h e S wed i sh N a t iona l Ma r i t ime Mu seum i n S tockho lm .S ince t he b eg inn ing o ft h i sc en tury t h e mu s eum ,a nd i t sp redece s so r ,t h e Nava l Mu seum i nS tock h o lm , h a s b een c onduc t ing o r h a s t a k en p a r t i n s h ip a r chaeo log ica l i nve s t iga t ion s ,t h e mo s to u t s tand ing o f c our se b e ing t h e Wa sa p ro jec t .I nf a c t ,t h e mu seum h a s h ad o ve ra l lr e spon s ib i l i ty f o rp r e ser v ing ,r e s tor ing a nd e xh ib i t ing t h e Wa sa s i nce 1 964 . T h rough t h ey ear s ,t h e museum h a sc on s tan t ly b een d eve lop ing m e thod s a nd t e chn ique s f o r mode rn ma r i ne a nd s h ip a rchaeo log ica l i nv e s t iga t ion s a nd r e s e a r ch . One o ft he mo s ti mpor tan tt o o l sf o rt h i sw ork i s t h e S wed i sh Mar ine A r chaeo log ica l R eg i s t er ( S MR ) w h ich c on ta in s d e ta i l s o n t hou sand s o fs i nk ing s a nd h und r ed s o fl o ca ted w r eck s , a l ong w i th o the rk ind so f u nde rwa te r r ema in s . I tw a s t h e e f for t s o ft h r ee p eop le i np ar t icu la r t ha t made p o s s ib le t he w r i t ing o ft h i st h e s i sa nd i ndeed t h e d eve lopmen t o f ma r ine a r chaeo logy i nS w eden i nr e c en ty ea r s . A nd e r s F ranzim ' s t e nac i ty a nd a ccomp l i shmen t s w i th in t h e f i e ld o fu nderwa te r a nd ma r ine a r chaeo l o gy a r ew e l ld ocumen ted ,h i s mo s tv i s ib le s ucce s sb e ing h i si n vo lvemen ti nt h ep repara t ion sf o ra nd t h er a i s ing o ft h e Wa sa . T hank s t oh im , Ia l ong w i th o the r S we d i sh m ar ine a r chaeo log i s t s h ave b e en s upp l ied w i th a s our c e o f i n forma t ion o f s i gn if i can t i mpo r tance f o r s c ien t if ic r e sea rch . I n f a c t ,w i thou tt h ee x i s tence o ft h e Wa sa , i tw ou ld n o t h ave b een p o s s ib le t o a t ta in t h e i n s igh t s o n wh ich a c on s ide rab le p o r t ion o f t h i s t h e s i s r e s t s . A t t h e t ime t h i s t h e s i s i sb e ing p r e sen ted , e xpec ta t i on s a r e h igh c once rn ing t h e i mpo r tance o f an ew Wa sa mu seum f o rt he c on t inued d eve lopmen to f ma r i ne a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch .

P e rL und s t r öm , a sh ead o ft h e mu seum o pe ra t ion so f t h e Wa sa s i nce t h e e ar ly 1 960 ' s a nd a sd i rec tor o ft h e Na t iona l Ma r i t ime Mu seum s i nce 1 9 64 , h a s b een a p owe r fu l a nd d e t e rm ined p roponen t o f t h e d eve lop men to fS wed i sh ma r ine a r chaeo logy .T hu s ,h i se f f or t s h ave f o ry ea r s p aved t h ew ay t ob e t te rw ork ing c ond i t i on sf o rt h e ma r ine a r chaeo log i s ta sw e l la ss upp ly ing amor e s t imu la t ing a tmo sphe r e . P rof e s so r Ma t sP .Ma lme r ,p rof e s so ro fa r chaeo logy a t S tockho lm Un ive r s i ty ,h a sa c t iv e ly p romo ted t he w o rk o f ma r ine a r chaeo log ica l r e sea r ch b yg i v ing i ti t s o wn p l a t form i nt h e r e gu la r u n iv e r s i ty c u r r icu lum a nd r e s e ar ch t r a in ing . H i s i n te r e s t i n t h e s ub jec t o f ma r ine a r chaeo logy h a s m ean t v a luab le s uppo r t f o r t h i s t h e s i s . S eve ra l p eop le h av e b een a c t iv e ly i nvo lved n t h e c omp i la t ion o ft h i s manu scr ip t . Ih ave h ad i nva luab le a s s i s tance , i n w r i t ing t h e p re sen ta t ion s f r om t h e v a r iou s c oun t r ie s b o rde r ing t he B a l t ic S ea a nd i n a s semb l ing t h e r e f e r ence l i s t o f l i t e ra ture o n c arve l b u i l t s h ip s , f r om t h e f o l low ing p eop le : H a r r yA lopaeu s , C u ra tor a tt h e Ma r i t ime Mu seum o f F in land i nH e l s ink i , F in land . D r D e t l e v E l lme r s , D i r ec to r o f t h e D eu t sche s S ch if f ah r t smu seum , B remerhav en , BRD . D r Wo l f gang R ud o lph , Akadem ie d e rW i s sen schaf ten , B e r l in , DDR . D rP r zemy s lav Smo la r ek , D i rec to ro ft h eC en t ra lne Mu z eum Mo r sk ie , Gdan sk , P o land . M i chae lT e i s en , C ura tor a tt h eV ik inga sk ib sha l len ,R o s k i lde , D enma rk . An umbe r o fp eop le h av e p rov ided v a luab le a s s i s t a nce b y c omp le t ing , r e ad ing a nd c ommen t ing o n t h e w ork i ng ene ra l a nd Iam d eep ly i ndeb ted t ot h em . T he manu sc r ip t h a s b een k now ledgeab ly a nd e ne r g e t ica l ly t r an s la ted i n to E ng l i sh b y R og e r K e l l y . Mr s W i ebke K amm h a s p rov ided v a luab le a s s i s tance i n r e ad ing t h e p roof . T hrough h i se xpe r tc oun se l l ing a nd e ncouragemen t , P rof e s so rG unnar K a rne l lh a sc on t r ibu ted g r ea t ly t ot h i s w ork . Iam g ra t efu l t ot wo f und s f o r mak ing t h e p roduc t i on o ft h i st h e s i sp o s s ib le :D rB er i t Wa l lenbe rg ' sf oun d a t ion , S tockho lm , a nd t h e f und f o r p o s t -g radua te r e sear che r s a tS tockho lm Un ive r s i ty . D r B a s i l G r e enh i l l , D i rec to r o f t h e Na t iona l Mar i t ime Mu seum i nL ondon ,h a sp layed av a luab le r o le b y a c t ive ly w ork ing t oe n su re t ha tt he t h e s i sb ep ub l i shed i n a n i n te rna t iona l ly a ccep ted f o rum , t h e B r i t i sh A r c haeo log ica l R epor t s . S a l t s jö B oo May 1 9 83 C a r l O lof C ed e r lund

7

A bb rev ia t ion s

BRD c . DDR d nr . d up l . E d . E ng l . f . FRP J NA km

=B unde srepub l ik Deu t sch land =c i rca =D eu t sche Demok ra t i sche R epub l ik =d iary n umber ( t he n umber i n c hrono log ica l r e cord ) =d up l ica ted =E d i tor =E ng l i sh =f oundered = Na t iona l P hy s ica l P lann ing ( Fy s isk R ik sp lane r ing ) =J ourna l o f Nau t ica l A rchaeo logy a nd Underwa ter E xp lora t ion =k i lome t re s = me t re s NM M = Na t iona l Mar i t ime Museum , L ondon n o =n umbe r n o s =n umber s =page p f =page s p l =p la te r ev . =r e v iew S ec . =S ec t ion ( i n l aw t e x t ) S FS =S wed i sh Code o fS ta tu te s ( Sven sk F ör f a t tn ing s sam l ing ) SMR =S wed i sh Mar ine A rchaeo log ica l R eg i s ter , a tt he SN M M SN M M = Swed i sh Na t iona l Mar i t ime Museum , S tockho lm s q . km = s quare k i lome t re s s q . m =s quare me tre s SR =R eg i s ter o fU rban A rchaeo logy , a tt he S SM ( S tadsarkeo log isk t R eg i s ter ) S SDF =S wed i sh S k ind iver s ' O rgan iza t ion ( Sven ska S por tdykar fö rbunde t ) S SM =C i ty Museum o fS tockho lm ( S tockho lm s S tad smuseum ) S w . =S wed i sh V o l . =V o lume

E xp lana t ions o ft e rm ino logy

I th a sb een d eemed n ece ssary t od ef ine af ew a rchaeo log ica lt e rms , wh ich a re n o td ef ined i nt he t e x t : Ma r ine a rchaeo logy : A rchaeo logy d i rec ted t oward s t he r ema ins o f mar i t ime a c t iv i t ie s , e s tab l i shmen t s , o b jec t s e t c . i ng enera l , i nc lud ing i . e . w reck s , o ld h arbour s , d ef ence s y s t em s a long ac oa s t l ine . S h ip a rchaeo log y :A rchaeo logy d i rec ted t oward st he i nve s t iga t ion ,r e cord ing a nd s c ien t i f i c t r ea tmen t o ft he r ema in s o fb oa t s a nd s h ip s . U nderwa te ra rchaeo logy : A rchaeo logy d i rec ted t oward s r ema ins s i tua ted u nder t he s u r f a ce o ft he s ea , o r i n l ake s , r i ver s e t c . C a rgo -ca r ry ing s h ip :v e sse lb u i l ta nd u sed f o rt he c ar ry ing o fc argo f o rc ommerc ia l , m i l i t a ry o r o ther p urpo se s . Me rchan t s h ip : v e s se l u sed f o r c ar ry ing t r ade g ood s a nd p assenge r s .

8

C on ten t s p age F orewo rd b y p rof e s so r Ma t s P . Ma lme r

5

P ref ace

7

Abb rev ia t ions

8

E xp lana t ions o ft e rm ino logy

8

Con ten t s

9

I .

T he b ig s h ips

1 3

I .

Wreck s a nd i nves t iga t ions i nt he B a l t ic S ea T he w reck s D enma rk We s t Ge rmany E a s t Ge rmany P o land S ov ie t Un ion F in land

1 9 2 0 2 1 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 5 2 7

I I .

T he Swed ish i nves t iga t ions -h i s tor ica l a nd c u l tura l b ackground Wreck s a lvag ing i na n h i s to r ica l p e r spec t ive S a lvag ing o fb l ack o ak o r s ea -d renched o ak T he l a rge s h ipw reck s a s n a t iona l monumen t s Nava l i n te r e s t i nt h e w r eck s o fo l d w a r sh ip s T he s ea rch f o r a nd r e c r ea t ion o fh i s to r ica l r e a l i ty T he 1 9 th c en tu ry F rom t h e t u rn o ft h e c en tu ry t o a bou t 1 930 F rom 1 930 t o 1 960 F rom 1 960 t ot h e p r e sen t S umma ry F u tu re p e r spec t ive s

3 5 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 7 3 8 3 8 4 1 4 2 4 8 5 3 5 3

I V .

Wreck s a long t he c en t ra l Swed ish B a l t ic Coas t - as urvey T he ma in c ha rac te r i s t ic s c once rn ing t h e l o ca t ion a nd s i ze o ft h e w reck s C a tego ry 1 C a tego ry 2 A C a tego ry 2 B C a tego ry 3 T he o r ig ina l f u nc t ion s a nd a ge o ft h e w recked s h ip s

5 7 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9

V .

T he a rchaeo log ica l a nd h i s to r ica l s i gn if icance o fs h ipw reck s H is to r ica l a nd a r cha eo log ica l r e sea rch a nd s oc ie ty S h ipw reck s a s t r ea t ed i nt h e Swed ish An t iqu i t ie s Ac t Gene ra l c u l tu ra l h i s to r ica l i n t e res t i no ld w reck s T he a n t iqua r ian t r ad i t ion F ou r c r i te r ia f o r e va lua t ing t h e a r chaeo log ica l a nd h i s to r ica l i mpor tance o f aw reck C ond i t ion Age I nc idence Gene ra l c u l tu ra l a nd s c ien t if ic i mpo r tance

6 1 6 1 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 4

A s t anda rd f o r t he i n ves t iga t ions T he g ene ra l c ond i t ion s T he w reck s i te a nd i t s c ha rac te r i s t ic s T he s t a te o fp r e se rva t ion o ft h e w r eck A l te rna t ive 1 .T he Wa sa p ro jec t a nd o the r s a lvage p ro jec t s

6 5 6 5 6 5 6 6 6 6

V I .

9

p age A l te rna t ive 2 . We l l -p reserved s h ipw reck st h a th ave r ema ined o nt h ew reck s i t e A l te rna t ive 3 .D i s in teg ra ted w reck s C ho ice o fd ocumen ta ry m a t e r ia l Af ew c r i t ica l q ue s t ion s P r io r i t ie s a nd s e lec t ion T he u se o ft h e mode l o fa na ly s is p r esen ted h e re

6 6 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7

V II .

T he p rob lems o fi d en t if ica t ion I den t ify ing aw reck b y e xam in ing a r ch iva l d ocumen t s

6 9 6 9

V III .

Des ign o r a rch i tec t 's p lans o fs h ips

7 1

I X .

S urvey ing o ld , s urv iv ing s h ips f o r t he p urposes o fd raw ing c ons t ruc t ion p lans S u rvey s u nde r s t a t iona ry c ond i t ion s S urvey ing i nf i e ld c ond i t ion s

7 7 7 8

X .

T he d ocumen ta ry ma ter ia l f o r r e co rd ing a nd f o r p i c to r ia l r eproduc t ion A . Gene ra l d ocumen ta ry ma te r ia l A l . D raw ing s a nd p l an s , g ene ra l A I I . P ho tog raph ica l d ocumen ta ry ma t er ia l A I I I . R esu l t s o fa na ly se s , a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch e t c . A IV . A rchaeo log ica l p l an s o f aw reck s i te AV . Wr i t ten a r chaeo log ica l d e sc r ip t ion B . S h ip a r chaeo log ica l d ocumen ta ry m a te r ia l B I . T he c on s t ruc t ion p l an s B I I . P lan s o ft h e r i g B I I I . T he g ene ra l a r rangemen t p l an 4 B IV . T he l i nes p l an BY . S h ip mode l s BV I . Wr i t ten d e sc r ip t ion s o ft h e h u l l , t h e r i gg ing e t c

8 3 8 3 8 4 8 5 8 7 9 2 9 6 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

X I .

T h ree i nves t iga t ion a l terna t ives -a s amode l a pp l ica t ion

1 0 1

1 . We l l -p r ese rved w reck s C ho i se o fp l an s I nve s t iga t ion o f aw e l l -p re se rved w reck o f ac a rve l -bu i l t s h ip I n spec t ion Mapp ing t h e w reck s i te T he i n ve s t iga t ion Add i t iona l a r chaeo log ica l o pe ra t ion s P e r sonne l a nd e qu ipmen tr equ i remen t s 2 .P a r t ia l ly p r e se rved w reck s S a lvag ing o r u nde rwa t e r d ocumen ta t ion Documen ta t ion o fd i sconnec ted s h ip 's t imbe r s T he c ho ice o fp l an s I nve s t iga t ion o ft h e p a r t ia l ly p r ese rved w reck o f ac a rve l -bu i l t s h ip Mapp ing t h e w reck s i te E xcava t ion T he i n ve s t iga t ion Documen ta t ion o fi n d iv idua l s h ip 's t imbe r s A s e cond a l te rna t ive t oi n ve s t iga t ion o fp a r t ia l ly p r e served w reck s T he i d en t i ty o ft h e s h ip a nd i t s r o le i nt h e a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion.. P e r sonne l a nd e qu ipmen t r e qu i r emen t s 3 .F ragmen ta ry r ema in s o fw r eck s S e lec t ion o fp l an s

1 0 1 1 0 1 1 02 1 02 1 02 1 02 1 03 1 03 1 03 1 03 1 04 1 04 1 05 1 05 1 05 1 05 1 05 1 06 1 06 1 06 1 06 1 06

1 0

p age I nves t iga t ion o ft h e f r agmen ta r i ly p r e se rved w reck o f ac arve l -bu i l t s h ip Mapp ing t h e w reck s i t e T he i n ve s t iga t ion P er sonne l a nd e qu ipmen t r equ i remen t s S ummary a nd i n t roduc t ion t ot a b le A a nd B A . G ene ra l d ocumen ta ry m a te r ia l B . S h ip a r chaeo log ica l d ocumen ta ry m a te r ia l

1 06 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 08 1 09

X II .

T he p ro tec t ion a nd u pkeep o fw e l l -prese rved w reck s u nde r t h e w a ter

11

X III .

P reserva t ion o r a rcha eo log ica l r ep roduc t ion 1 .P reserva t ion t h rough t h e a pp l ica t ion o fp o lye thy leneg lyco l 2 .P rese rva t ion t h rough c on t ro l led d ry ing 3 .C on se rva t ion o r d ry ing o fs e lec ted p ar t s o f aw reck S h ip a r chaeo log ica l s p ec imen s R eco rd ing b efo re c on se rva t ion 4 .A rchaeo log ica l r e co rd ing a s a n a l te rna t ive t op r ese rva t ion L ong te rm s t o rage o rd epo s i t

13 13 14 14 15 15 15 16

X IV .

I n ves t iga t ions a s ab a s is f o r r e search I .I conograph ic s ources o r p ic tor ia l ma ter ia l 2 . V erba l a nd manua l t r ad i t ions a s s ources o fh i s tor ica l i nforma t ion 3 . Wr i t ten d ocumen t s a s s ources o fh i s tor ica l i nforma t ion 4 . Ma ter ia l h i s tor ica l s ource s C onc lus ions

17 17 18 18 19 19

B ib l iog raphy ( A ) ; a nd R ef er ence L is t o fL i tera ture p ub l ished o n t h e Wreck s o fO ld C a rve l -bu i l t S h ips i nt h e B a l t ic S ea , t h e ir r e covery , i nves t iga t ion e t c . ( B ) . A . B ib l iog raphy B . R ef erence L i s t . ... .

1 21 1 21 1 23

C a ta logue o ft he w reck s o fc a rve l -bu i l t s h ips a l ong t h e c en tra l Swed ish B a l t ic c oa s t E xp lana t ion t o c a ta logue R eg is ter o fc a ta logue C a tegory 1 C a tegory 2 A C a tegory 2 B C a tegory 3 Under term inab le w recks

1 33 1 34 1 36 1 39 1 65 2 09 2 21 2 31

I ndex

2 35

1

I .T he b i g s h ip s

T owa rd st h ee nd o ft h eM idd le A ge s , an ew ,l a rge s a i l i ng s h ip w a s d eve loped i nE urope , w i th t h r ee o r f ou r ma s t s ,c apab le o fc a r ry ing h uge c a rgo s a nd t r an spor t i ng t h em o ve rl ong d i s tance sw i thou th av ing t op u ti n to h a rbour ( G reenh i l l 1 9 76 , p2 86 f ) .T h i sw a s at e chn ica l d eve lopmen t , w h ich w a s a n i mpo r tan t l i nk i n t h e e f f o r t so ft h e ma jor E uropean p owe r st or e ach ,c onque r a nd e xp lo i ta r ea so ft h eg l obe r i ch i nn a tura lr e sour ce s w h ich h ad o n ly r e cen t ly b een d i scove r ed o nt h e Ame r i c an c on t inen t a nd i nt h e O r ien t . Many m e rchan t s h ip s w e r e b u i l t t o ma in ta in c om mun i ca t ion sb e tween E urope a nd h e rc o lon ie sa l lo ve r t h ew o r ld a nd t oc a r ry h ome t h ev a luab le t r ade g ood s o b ta ined t h e r e( f ig . 1a nd 2 ) . Many w ar sh ip sw e re b u i l t w h ich c ou ld g ua rd a nd d ef end t h em e r chan ts h ipp ing r ou te sa l ong w h ich t h e se v a luab le c a rgo sw e r ec ar r ied ( f ig . 3a nd 4 ) . T he se b ig s a i l ing s h ip s a l so o pened t h e d oor s t oa n e xpan s ion o f mer chan t s h ipp ing a nd c omme r ce i n E u rope . Dur ing t he p e r iod s t r e tch ing f r om t h e 1 6 th c en tu ry t h rough t ot h e l a t t e r h a lf o ft h e 1 9 th c en tury , t h e se s h ip sw ere t he k ey t o ma r i t ime t r an spo r ta nd t o E u ropean m e rchan t s h ipp ing . Many d i ve r se t y pe s o f

s a i l ing s h ip w e r e d eve loped f o r d i f f e r en t t r ade s a nd p urpo se s , v ary ing i n s i ze , c a rgo c apac i ty a nd e ff i c i ency . L a rge s a i l ing s h ip s h ad e x i s ted i ne ven e ar l ie rd ay s , d ur ing a nc ien tt ime sa nd t h eM idd le A ge s ,b u ti nt e rm s o f n umbe r s t h ey w e r e v e ry f ew c ompared w i th t h e a rmada t ha t s a i led t h e o cean s i n t h e c o lon ia l p er iod ( s ee i . e . Ung e r 1 9 71 , 1 9 78 , 1 9 80 ) .T he e conom ic i mpo r t ance o ft h ec a rve l -bu i l ts h ip h a sb een d e sc r ibed a sf o l l ow s( G reenh i l l 1 9 76 , p2 89 ) :" S ot he t o o lo fE uropean e xpan s ion , t h e t h r ee -ma s ted n on -edg ed j o ined , s ke le t on -bu i l ts a i l ing s h ip w a sb orn . S he w a st h ev eh ic le o f a ch ievemen t a ta n a lmo s t e xp lo s ive r a t e . " T he c orne r s tone w a st h ed eve lopmen to f an ew c on s t ruc t ion t e chn ique w h ich p e rm i t ted t h e b u i ld ing o f s h ip s w i th c apac i t ie s g r ea te rt han b efo re . A l so , an ew a nd mor e e f f ic ien t r i gg ing e vo lved . T he o r ig in a nd d eve lopmen t o f t h i s n ew b u i ld ing t e chn ique i sj u s t s upe r f ic ia l ly k nown a nd h a s n o t b een t h ro rough ly F ig 1 . Du t ch f l u te ss e t t ing s a i l i n al i gh t b r e e ze . Wa sh d raw ing b y W v an d e V e ld et h e Y oung e rf rom t h e1 7 th c e n tur y ( Rob in son 1 958 , p l2 19 ) .

1 3

F ig 2 .C ar ve l -bu i l ts h ip sa t" Skepp sbron" i nS tockho lm , t h ec h ief h arbour f or b i gge rc argo s h ip s i nt h eS wed i sh c ap i ta lf rom t h e med i e va lp e r iod u pt ot h e1 9 th c en tur y .

T he p i c tur ei sad e ta i lo fa ne ng rav ing o fS t ockho lm s e en t h ee a s ta tt h ee nd o ft h e 1 7 th c en tu ry ( Dah lbe rgh 1 7 17 ) . P ho to S tockho lms S tad smu seum .

. f r om

s t ud ied .S eve ra lc ruc ia lq ue s t ion sr ema in u nan swer ed . A n umbe r o f r e sea r che r s h ave d i scu s sed t h e s ub jec t ( s ee E .G . Ho rne l l 1 946 , p1 94 f ,Ha s s löf 1 9 72* , p5 6f and G r eenh i l l 1 9 76 , p2 86 f ) . T ha t w h ich c h ie f ly d i s t in g u i she sc a rve lb u i ld ing f r om c l ink e rb u i ld ing i st ha tt h e h u l l p l ank s a r e n o t j o ined t o ge the r a s t h ey a r e i n c l inke r -bu i l ts h ip s .T hey a r el a id e dg e to -edge a nd h e ld t o ge the rb y as t rong f r ame o fi nne rt imbe r s .T he s e am s b e tween t h e p lank s a r e s e a led w i th c au lk ing w h ich i s d r iven i na l ong t h ep l ank ing ( G r eenh i l l 1 9 76 , p2 86 f ) .A c ar ve l la id h u l lc ou ld b eb u i l ti ns e ve ra ld i f f e ren tw ay s ,

e i the r b y m eans o f s he l l c on s t ruc t ion o r s ke le ton c on s t ruc t ion . S he l lc ons t ruc t ion r e f e r st o at e chn ique w he reby t h e s he l l o ft h e h u l l ( e .g . t h e k ee l , s t em a nd s t e rnpo s t a nd

F ig 3 . D e ta i l o f o i l p a in t ing b y a n u nknown a r t i s t , p robab ly f rom t h e 1 6 th c en tur y , s how ing a D u tch

g a l leon u nd e rs a i l . P ho to SNMM .

1 4

*R ef er ence s t o l i t e ra ture ma rked b y a n a s te r isk a r e f ound i nt h eR ef e r ence l i s to fl i t e ra tur ec oncern ing t h e w reck s o fc ar ve l -bu i l ts h ip s i nt h e B a l t i c( s ee p 1 2 3 f ) ; o the r r e f e r ence s t ol i t e ra tur e a r e f ound i nt h e B ib l io g raphy ( s ee p 1 2 1 0 .

t h es t rake s )a r ea s semb led f i r s t ,e i the rp ar t ia l ly o rc om p l e t e ly , a f te rw h ich t h e f r ame s a nd o the r i n te r io rt im b e r s a r e f i t ted . S ke le ton c on s truc t ion i s at e chn ique i nvo lv ing af r ame b u i l tu p o ft h e k ee l ,s t em a nd s t ern p o s ta nd f r ame sw h ich a r ee r ec ted f i r s te i the rp ar t ia l ly o rc omp le te ly a f ter w h ich t h i ss ke le ton i sc l ad w i th t h e h u l l p l ank ing . C a r v e l b u i ld ing , i n i t s l a te r , mo r e d eve loped f o rm , w a s e x ecu ted a s s ke le ton c on s t ruc t ion . Ha s s lö fh ypo t he s ize s t ha t t h i s f o rm o f c on s t ruc t ion u nderwen t a s t age b ys t age d eve lopmen t .S h ipbu i ld ing d eve lopmen t h a st r av e l led f r om s he l lc on s t ruc t ion t o ac omb ina t ion o f b o th s he l l a nd s ke le ton c on s truc t ion t o t h e f i na l s t age w h ich w a s s t r ic t ly s ke le ton c on s truc t ion . H e h a s d emon s t ra ted e xamp le so fs h ip c ons t ruc t ion w h ich a r e e v idence t ha t s he l l c on s t ruc t ion w a s u sed t o b u i ld a c ar ve l la id h u l l , o r t ha t c omb ina t ion s o f t he se t wo c on s t ruc t ion t e chn ique sw e re u sed t h ee nd r e su l tb e ing t he s o -ca l led h a lf -carve ! . T he se m e thod s h ave b een i n u se r i gh t i n to t h e 2 0 th c en tury a nd c an b e t r aced t h rough a r ch iva l s our ce s a l l t h e w ay b ack t ot h e 1 6 th c en tu r y ( Ha s s löf 1 9 72* , p5 9 ) . I th a ss ub sequen t ly b een d i scove r ed t ha tt h i sc omb i n a t ion o fs he l la nd s ke le ton c ons t ruc t ion t e chn ique si n c onne c t ion w i th c arve l -bu i ld ing c an i nf a c t b e t r aced b ack e v en f a r ther . Two w r eck s e mana t ing f r om t h ef i r s t c en tu r y a f ter t h e b i r th o f Chr i s t h ave b een d i scove r ed a nd e x cava ted i nt h e Med i ter ranean . One o ft h em i sa t Y a s s iA da Ia l ong t h e c oa s to fT urk ey wh i le t h e o the r w a sf o und a tP an tano L ongar in ii ns ou the rn I t a ly ( v an Doo rn inck 1 9 74 , p1 3 9 a nd 1 4 3 ) . B o th t h e se f i nd s a r e p roof o ft h ee x i s tence o ft h e mar r iage o fs he l lc on s t ruc t i on a nd s ke le ton c on s t ruc t ion t e chn ique s i n c arve ! h u l l s ( t ha t s h ip b u i ld ing t e chn ique w h ich make s i t s g r ea t e s ti mpac to n E uropean s oc ie ty a f te rt h e R ena i s s ance ) a lmo s t o ne t hou sand y ea r s e ar l ie r . H i s to r ica l i n ter e s ti nt h el a rge c ar ve l -bu i l ts h ip sh a s

b een i n ten se a nd h a s a s sumed many d i f f eren t f o rm s . T he mo s tr emarkab le i st h ep re serva t ion o fc arve ! -bu i l t s h ip s a s mu seum p i ece s .A lmo s t e ve ry c oun t ry i nE u r ope ,a l ong w i th t he Un i t ed S t a te s ,h a sp re serv ed t h e se t y pe s o fs h ip s . T hey r ep re sen t t h e n ava l o r m e r chan t s h ipp ing h i s to ry o ft h e se c oun t r ie s .T hey c an b e l a rg e w ar sh ip s l i ke t he f o rme r f l ag sh ip o ft h e B r i t i sh Navy , t h eV ic tor y ,o nd i sp lay i nP o r t smou th ,E ng land ( f ig .5 ) . O rt h e se c ou ld b em e r chan ts h ip ss uch a st h es choone r S i gyn i n Abo ( f ig .6 ) . I t ' sn o tu ncommon f o ri mpor tan t p ar t s o f as h ip , s uch a s as e c t ion o ft h e h u l l o f al a rge s h ip , t o b e r e cov e red a nd p r e ser v ed i n a mu seum ( f ig . 7 ) . T he se s h ip so rp ar t so fs h ip s ,a sv i ta ls our ce so fi n f or ma t ion f o rr e sear ch i n to s h ipbu i ld ing t e chn ique s ,a nd a s mu seum p i ece s ,a r ec l o se ly r e la ted t ot h es h ipw r eck s w h ich a r et h es ub jec to ft h i st r ea t i se . I ndeed ,t h el a t t er w e re a l so o r ig ina l ly c arv e l -bu i l ts h ip s ,o f ten j u s to lde r a nd i n amo r ed i lap ida ted s t a te .B yt h e i ra ge ,w r eck so f c a rv e l -bu i l ts h ip sp rov ide a ni n -dep th p e r spec t ive i n to t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e s h ip a nd s h ipbu i ld ing t e ch n ique s . Ow ing t ot h e i rp oo rc ond i t ion a sw e l la s an um b e r o f o the r c i r cum s tance s , t h ey r equ i re s pec ia l t e chn ique s a nd m e thod s f o rp rope r s h ip a r chaeo log i c a l s t udy . T he c a rve l -bu i l t s h ip h a s b een t h e s ub jec t o f a n e x ten s ive amoun to fh i s to r ica ll i t e ra tu r ea nd t h es c ien t i f ic l i t e ra tur e i n t h i s f i e ld s pan s aw ide r ange o fd i f f e r en tf i e ld s .O f as pec ia lc ha rac t er a r et h eo lde rw o rk s i n w h ich w e re a l ready b e ing p r e sen t ed s h ipbu i ld ing t e chn ique s a nd s h ipbu i ld ing h i s to ry i n t h e 1 7 th a nd 1 8 th c en tur ie s . T he se w ork s a r e i n va luab le s ou r ce s o f i n f o rma t ion f o rt he p r e sen t -day s h ipbu i ld ing h i s to r ian a nd o the r s . S im i lar ly , o lde r p ub l ica t ion s c on ta in ing i lu s t ra t ion sa nd d raw ing so fs h ip sa r ei mpor tan tt ot h e r e sea r cher a s w e l l a s o lde r ma r ine a nd s h ipbu i ld ing e ncyc loped ia s . Modern -day l i t e ra tu r eo nt he h i s to ry o f

F ig 4 .T he b a t t le o ft h e S ound , 8N ovembe r 1 658 , b e t we en t h eS wed i sh a nd D u tch f l ee t s . G r i sa i l l eo n c anva s

b y W i l l em v an d e V e ld et h ee l d e r( T he A r to ft h ev an d e V e ld e s , N AI 1 1 / 1 , L ondon 1 982 , p l 1 2 ) .

1 5

F ig 5 .T he B r i t i sh i s t r a t es h ip o ft h e l i ne , t h e V i c tor y , b u i l ti n1 759 a nd s t i l lr e s t ing i nh e rd ock i nP or t smou th . P ho to N a t iona l Mar i t ime Mu seum , L ondon . F ig 6 .T he s choone rS i gyn r e s tor ed a nd e xh ib i t ed b yt h e Mar i t ime Mu seum i nA bo , F in land . P ho to J ohn Hack man , T he Mar i t ime Mu seum , /Mo .

1 1 I Ii

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r l it . .» III L g

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mar i t ime a r t a s w e l l a s c on tempora r y m ar i t ime a r t , t o ge the rw i th o ld s h ip mode l s , a r e a no the r i mpo r tan t s our ce o fm a te r ia l i nt h i s f i e ld . H i s tor ica l s t ud ie s i n t h i s f i e ld c an b e d i spo sed a s f o l low s : - h i s to r ica l l i t era tur e o n s h ipbu i ld ing w h ich d ea l s w i th t h e g enera l c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e s h ip a nd t h e a r rang emen t o ft h e r i gg ing . - h i s to r ica l l i t e ra ture o n s h ipbu i ld ing w h ich , f r e q uen t ly i n monog raph ic f o rm ,c oncen t ra te so ns h ip t y pe s , t h e ir c ons t ruc t ion , c harac ter i s t ic s , d eve lop m en t e t c . - h i s to r ica l l i t e ra tur eo n s h ipbu i ld ing f r om ag ene ra l v i ewpo in t .T h i sc ou ld i nvo lve i . e .t h ec onnec t ion b e t ween t h e d eve lopmen to ft h e n a tu ra l s c ience s a nd n ava l a r ch i tec tur e . - e conom ic /h i s tor ic l i t e ra tur e c oncen t ra ted o n s h ip s a nd t h e i ru se i nt h e e conom ie s o fs t a te s e t c . - l i t e ra tur eo ns eaf ar ing h i s to ry w h ich d e sc r ibe ss h ip s a nd t h e ir u sage f r om s e vera l s t andpo in t s , e . g . e co n om ic , o rgan iza t iona l , s oc ia l a nd c u l tura l . - h i s to r i ca ll i t e ra tur eo nw ar sh ip sw i th t h e ma in e m p ha s i s o n t h e s h ip s a nd t h e i r u sage . T h i sl i t era tu re ,a nd t h er e search w h ich l i e sb eh ind i t ,i s b a sed p r ima r i ly o n ma te r ia lf ound i na r ch ive s ,c on tem p o rary i lus t ra t ion s ,o lde rp l an so fs h ip se t c .I np a ra l le l w i th t h e t r ad i t iona l h i s to r ica l r e sear ch c onduc ted i n t h i s a r ea d ur ing t he 2 0 th c en tury ,e t hno log ica l i n ve s t i g a t ive a nd r e search a c t iv i t ie s h ave a l so d eve loped .T he t oo l s o ft h e r e sea rche ra r e made u p o fi n terv iew sw i th t h e s h ipw r igh to n t h e s i t e -t h e s h ipyard ; d ep ic t ion o f t h es h ip o nt h el a unch ing w ay so rw hen i th a sb een p u t

1 6

i n to s e rv ice ; t h rough s ur vey ing a nd d raw ing p l an s , p ho tog raphs e t c ; t h rough c o l lec t ing f o r museum s t h e s h ipw r igh t ' st oo l sa nd w o rka id si nt h e f o rm o f mode l s f o r t h e p ro jec t ion o ft h e s h ip s e t c . ( See a l so c hap t e r V I I I , I X a nd X IV ) . Wreck so fc arve l -bu i l ts h ip sh ave b een a s s igned c on s i de rab le s i gn if icance a so b jec t sf o ra r chaeo log ica la nd s h ip a r chaeo log ica l s t udy t h e w o r ld o ve r . S ub s tan t ia l r e sour ce sh ave b een e ngaged f o rc onduc t ing e x t en s ive a r chaeo log ica l e xam ina t ion s o ft h em , s a lvag ing w o rk e t c .T he ma jo r i ty o ft h e se w r eck sa r ef ound u nde rw a t er w he r e t h ey h ave l a in f o r ac on s ide rab le t ime mo r e o r l e s s i nacce s s ib le .B u tt h ep a s tf ew d ecade s h ave s e en a c hange i nt h i s s i tua t ion a s mode rn d i v ing t e chn ique s a nd d ocumen ta t ion t e chn ique sh ave p laced t h em w i th i na cce s s o ft h e r e sea rche r .

F ig 7 .T he s t e rn o ft h e R oya l s choone r Amph ion , e x h ib i ted a tt h e Swed i sh N a t iona l Mar i t ime Mu seum . T he s h ip w a s c ons t ruc ted b y F r ed r ik H enr ik a fC hapman a nd w a sl aunched i n1 778 i nK ar l skrona . When t h es h ip w a ss c rapped i nt he 1 880 s t h es t e rn a nd i t s c ab in w a s s aved ( Lenk 1 938 ) . P ho to SNMM .

Gene ra l ly t ho se o b jec t s wh ich h ave r e ce ived t h e g r ea te s t amoun to fa t ten t ion i nc on junc t ion w i th i nve s t i ga t ion s o ft h ew reck so fc ar ve l -bu i l t s h ip s h ave b een t ho se b e long ing t ot h ec r ew ' se f f ec t so rt h es h ip ' se qu ip m en t .T h i si n c lude se ve ry th ing f r om t h es h ip 's g un st o c e ram ic b ow l s , p ew te rs poon s a nd c l ay p ipe s ( s ee e . g . t h ea r t ic le so nt h i ss ub jec ti nt h eI n te rna t iona lJ ou rna l o f Nau t ica lA rchaeo logy 1 9 72-1982 ) .I n af ew c a se s ,t h e d ocumen ta t ion a nd r e search w o rk h a s a l so b een c on c en t ra ted o n t he r ema in s o f t h e s h ip i t se lf . T h i s i s p ar t icu lar ly t r ue o fw r eck sw h ich a r ee xcep t iona l ly w e l l p r e served . H e r ea r e af ew e xamp le so fs ome o ft h e mo r ei mpor -

F ig 8 .T he Ma ry R o se l y ing i nd r ydo ck i nP or t smou th a f t e rt h e r a i s ing i n 1 982 . P ho to T he Mar y R o se T ru s t .

I 7

t an t i n ve s t iga t ion s c onduc t ed t h roughou t t h e w o r ld : t h e r a i s ing i n 1 9 82 o ft h e Mary R o se , a n E ng l i sh w a r sh ip w h ich f ounde r ed o f f P or t smou th i n 1 545 ( f ig . 8 ) , ( Ru le 1 9 82 ) . t h e i nve s t iga t ion s o f s e ve ra l s h ip s o f t h e S pan i sh A rmada l o s t a l ong t h e c oa s t s o fE ng land a nd I r e l and i n 1 5 88 ( Mucke l roy 1 9 78* , p9 8 ) . t h e r a i s ing , c on ser va t ion a nd r e s to ra t ion o f t h e Wa sa , aS w ed i sh s h ip o fw ar t ha tc ap s ized a nd s ank i nS tockho lm i n 1 6 28 ( s ee c a ta logue 7 12 :33 , S tock h o lm ) . ( Cede r lund 1 9 80 e * , p8 2 f ) . i nve s t iga t ion a nd s a lvage o fp ar t s o ft h e B a tav ia , a Du tch E a s t ind iaman w h ich w en td own o f ft h ec oa s t o f w e s te rn Au s t ra l ia i n 1 6 29 ( f ig . 9 ) , ( Bake r & G r een 1 9 76 ) . i nve s t iga t ion o ft wo m e r chan tmen , p o s s ib ly af l u te a nd ag a l l io t ,w h ich s ank a round 1 700 a nd 1 7 30 r e s pec t ive ly , a t J u tho lmen a nd Ä lv snabben i n t h e S tockho lm a r ch ipe lago ( s ee c a ta logue 7 14 :14 a nd 7 15 :4 ) , ( Cede r lund 1 9 8 1 b * , K a i se r 1 9 81 a * , C ede r l und 1 9 82 a * , K a i se r 1 9 83* ) . t h ei nve s t iga t ion o ft h e Du tch E a s t ind iaman , Am s t e rdam , w h ich s ank a t Ha s t ing s i n 1 749 ( f ig . 1 0 ) , ( Mar sden 1 9 74 ) . I ns p i te o ft h ec on s ide rab le r e sour ce si nve s ted ,t h em e t hod sa nd t e chno logy n ece s sa ry f o rp rope rr e sear ch i n t h i sa r ea h ave s t i l ln o tb een f u l ly d eve loped .A rchaeo lo g i s t s a r ea dvanc ing s t ep b ys t ep .T hroughou tt h e 1 960 s a nd 7 0 st h ep r inc ipa lg oa lw a st oa ch ieve p rac t ica la nd p urpo se -def ined i nve s t iga t ive t e chn ique s . Howeve r , s c ien t i f ic s t andard so r mode l s f o rs e t t ing u p i nve s t iga t i on s a nd a na ly s ing r e su l t s s t i l l r ema in r a re ; a tl e a s t t ho se o fs uf f ic ien t s cope . I ti si mpo r tan t t ob u i ld u p a g ene ra ls y s tem f o rt h es c ien t if ic i n ve s t iga t ion a nd a na l y s i so ft h ew r eck so fo ld c a rve l -bu i l ts h ip s .T he se s h ip s r e pre sen t t h e k ey t os o lv ing i mpo r tan t q ue s t ion s c on c e rn ing t h ee conom ic a nd p o l i t ica ls i tua t ion i nE urope a f te rt h e R ena i s sance , i n c lud ing w o r ldw ide t r ade a nd s h ipp ing a sw e l l a s n ava l w a r f a r e .

1 8

F ig 9 .T he r ema in so ft h e Du t ch E a s t ind iaman B a tav ia u nd e r r e con s t ruc t ion i n F r eeman t l e , A u s t ra l ia . P ho to We s te rn A u s t ra l ian Mu seum . F ig 1 0 . T he w r e ck o ft h e Du tch E a s t ind iaman Am s t e r d am w h i ch w a ss t rand ed a t Ha s t ing s , E ng land , i n1 749 ( Mar sd en 1 974 ) .

I . Wreck s a nd i n ve s t iga t ion s i nt h e B a l t ic S ea

T h i s c hap te r c omp r i se s ad e sc r ip t ion o ft h e s h ip a r c haeo log ica l d eve lopmen t c once rn ing t h e w reck s o f c ar ve l -bu i l ts h ip si nD enma rk , We s ta nd E a s t Ge rma n y , P o land a nd F in land . T he s ame d eve lopmen t i n S weden ,w h ich h a s as omewha tw ide rs cope t han i nt h e o the r c oun t r ie s , p robab ly b ecau se S weden h a s l onge r c oa s t s a nd a r ea s i n w h ich w r eck s a r e p r e served i n a g ood s t a t e , i sd e sc r ibed i nc hap t e r I I . T he B a l t ic S ea w h ich i st h el a rge s tb rack i sh b ody o f w a ter i nt h ew or ld , m ea sur ing 3 66000 s q .km . i so ne o f t h es ma l li n t racon t inen ta ls ea s .I ti sf a i r ly s ha l low w i th a n a ve rag ed ep th o fa bou t6 0m ,w h ich c an b ec ompa r ed w i th t h e Med i te r ranean w h ich h a s a n a ve rage d ep th o fa bou t2 000 m ( f ig . 1 ) .T he e n t rance t ot h eB a l t i ci sm ade u pb yO re sund ( The S ound ) ,t h eS tora B a i t ( Gr ea tB e l t )a nd t he L i l la B a i t( L i t t le B e l t )a sw e l la st h e B e l tS ea .T he d ep th o ft h es i l lb e tw een O re sund a nd t h e B a l t ic i sn o mor et han 8m .T he d eepe s tc hanne lt ot h e B a l t ic r un st h rough t h eb e l t sa nd t h eB e l tS ea w i th as i l l d ep th o f 1 7 m . T he B a l t ic c on s i s t s o ft h r ee ma in s e c t i on s : T he B a l t ic p rope r , t h e Gu lf o fB o thn ia a nd t h e Gu lf o fF in land .I nt h eB a l t ic p rope r ,t h e Gu lf o fR iga i s d i s t ingu i shed a s as epa ra te p ar t .T he Gu lf o fB o thn ia i s d i v ided i n to t h r ee a r ea s : T he S ea o fA land , t he s ou th e rn p ar to ft h e Gu lf o fB o thn ia a nd t h en o r the rn p a r to f t h e Gu lf o fB o thn ia .T he a r ea b e tween A land a nd F in l and i su sua l ly c a l led t h e Ä land s h ay ( A r ch ipe lago S ea ) .T he B a l t ic r e ache si t sg r ea te s td ep th o f fL and sor t i nt h eS t ockho lm a r ch ipe lago ,a tw h ich p o in ti ti s4 59 m d eep . T ot h ee a s tt h es ea b ed i s made o fs e d imen ta ted r ock w h ich s t r e tche sa l lt h ew ay t ot h eF enno scand ia s h ie ld i nt h ew e s t . T o t h e n o r th a nd n or thea s t t h e b o t tom i s made u p mo s t ly o fp r imary r o ck .I nt h ev i c in i ty o f Go t l and a ccumu la t ion s o f g rave l a nd s and h ave b een f ound . Ma s s ive s ubma r ine b ou lde r r i dge s a r e l o ca ted i nt h eB ay o f Gäv le a nd s l igh t ly n o r th o ft h i s .T h inne r l a ye r s o fs and a nd g rave l a r e f ound a l ong t h e s ho r e l i ne so fs ou the rn S weden .A long t h ec oa s t sq ua terna ry s ed imen t i s mo r e c ommon . I n t h e n o r the rn a nd m idd le p ar t s o ft h e B a l t ic t h e s hor e l ine s a r e c on s tan t ly u nde rgo ing g radua l u p l if t . T he se u p l if t s amoun t ,a tt h e i rg r ea te s tr a te ,t oa bou t 1m p er h und r ed y ear s .T he max imum u p l i f tt ake sp lace u p a round Ä nge rman land o n t h e S w ed i sh s i de . F ar the r

n or th a nd s ou th t h e se u p l if t sg radua l ly d im in i sh .I nt h e s ou th i td im in i she s u n t i l K a lma r S ound i sr e ached s ou th o fw h ich t h el and i ss i nk ing .T he se p roce sse sa r e t h er e su l to ft h ep r e s su re e xe r ted b yg l ac ie r sd ur ing I c e A ge o n t h e l and ma s s a nd p lay a n i mpor tan t r o le f o r t h e a r chaeo log ica l a nd h i s tor ica l i n t e rp re ta t ion o ft he s hor e l ine o ft h e B a l t ic . S eve ra ll a ke s y s tem sa nd r i ve r se mp ty i n to t h eB a l t ic i mpar t ing t ot h e w a te r t h er e p ar t icu la r q ua l i t ie s . T he f r e sh w a te ro ft h e se l ake sa nd r i ve r s ma in ta in t h es a l in i t ya t al ow l e ve l , al e ve l wh ich c on t inue st od rop t ot h e n or th a nd w h ich ,i nt h e n or the rnmo s tp a r to ft he Gu lf o fB o thn ia ,i sa lmo s tn onex i s ten t .T e r edo Nava l i s( t he s h ipwo rm )w h ich s u rv ive s o n ly i ns a l tw a te r , d oe s n o t e x i s ti nt h eB a l t ic S ea , af a c t wh ich h a sb een b enef i c ia l

F ig I . Map o fd ep ths i n t h e B a l t i c ( Fon se l iu s 1 974 , f i g 8 4 ) .

1 9

f o rw ooden -hu l led s h ipw r eck s . T he e a s te rn b ounda ry f o r t h e T e r edo Nava l i s i sO r e sund . V i s ib i l i ty i n c e r ta in p ar t s o ft he B a l t ic i sr e la t ive ly l ow d ue t ot h eh eavy s ed imen ta t ion .T h i si sp ar t icu lar ly t r ue i nt h en or thern p ar to ft he Gu lf o fB o thn ia ,t h ec en t r a lp a r to ft h eS w ed i sh B a l t ic c oa s t l ine a nd t h e Gu lf o f F in land . I n c oa s ta l w a te r s v i s ib i l i ty o f ten v ar ie s b e t ween 2a nd 5m e t r e s . T he B a l t ic r a re ly f r eeze s c om p l e te ly ,b u th eavy f l oe so fi c ec an b ef o rmed .T he se r un t o g r ea t d ep th s u nde r t h e w a te r l ine p ar t icu lar ly i n p ack i c e . L a rge s e c t ion s o f t h e S w ed i sh B a l t ic c oa s t l ine a r e made u po fl a rge ro rs ma l ler a r ch ipe lago s ,o rg roup so f i s land s .A ti t s mo s tn or the r ly s e c t ion c an b ef ound t h e b road a nd f a i r ly f l a t Haparanda a r ch ipe lago i nw h ich t h e i s land s a r e o f ten b u i l tu p o fs and . I n t h e s o -ca l led H igh C oa s t ( Höga k u s ten ) r e g ion i n Änge rman land , t h e a r ch ipe lago i sc harac ter ized b y h igh a nd f a i r ly s t eep i s land s .T he U pp land a nd S öde rman land a r ch i p e lago s f o rm S weden ' s l a rge s tc on t iguou s a r ch ipe lago r e g ion w i th o ve r2 4000 i s land s . T he Ö s te rgö t land a nd n or thern Smä land a r ch ipe lago s a r eo fs im i la r n a tu re . T he s ou the rn Smä land c oa s ta l a r ch ipe lago i s mo re o pen a nd l ow l y ing . T he c oa s t l ine o fS käne i sc harac t e r ized b y o pen , s andy b eache s . T h i s t y pe o f c oa s ta l g eog raphy i sa l so f ound i nt h en or thern p a r to ft he Gu lf o fB o thn ia . R ocky a nd s t ony s hor e l ine sp lay as i gn if i c an tr o le i nt h eB a l t ic S ea a nd t h e Gu lf o fB o thn ia ,i . e . a t Go t land .

S ea , s e e F on se l ius 1 9 74 ; Have t FRP . 7 . 78 ; a nd Yme r 1 9 73 ) .

T he w r e ck s Al a rge n umbe ro fw r eck s h ave b een f o und a l ong t h e v ar iou sc oa s t l ine so ft h eB a l t ic S ea . Howeve r ,t oo l i t t le i sk nown a sy e ta bou tt h es h ip a r chaeo log ica l ma ter ia l i nvo lved t op e rm i t ag ene ra l d e scr ip t ion o ft he i n c i d ence o fs h ipw reck s i nt h e v ar iou s r e g ion s , h ow t h ey s ank ,h ow t h ey h ave b een p re served ,t h e i rp re sen tc on d i t ion e t c .N eve r the le s s , af ew o ft h e f a c to r s wh ich a r e p ivo ta lt ot h ep r e serva t ion o fo ld s h ip so nt h eb o t tom o f

An a r ch ipe lago type l and scape i sa l so t h ed om inan t f e a tur eo ft h eF inn i sh c oa s t l ine .A long t h ee a s te rn a nd s ou thea s te rn B a l t ic S ea s hor e st h e mo s tc ommon f o rm i ss andy b o t tom a nd s andy b eache s .T he mo s tc ha rac t e r i s t ic f e a tur e s a r e t h e l a goon o r "h af f ' f o rma t ion s , a l ong t h e P o l i sh a nd G e rman c oa s t l ine s . E ven t h e Dan i sh B a l t ic c oa s t l ine i sd om ina ted b yo pen a nd l ow s hor e s w i th s andy b o t tom s . ( Fo r i n forma t ion o n t h e g eo log ica la nd h yd rog raph ica lc ond i t ion si nt he B a l t ic F ig 1 3 . P ho to f rom 1 938 o fo ne s i d eo f aw r e ck l o ca ted i n t h ee s tua ry o fr i ve rL agan , o n t h ec oa s to f Ha l land . T he h u l l h a s d i s in teg ra ted J u s t t h e b o t tom a nd t h e l owe r p ar t s o ft h ef rame s r ema in i n tac t . Mo s to ft h e h u l lh a s b een c o ve r ed b ys and F rom SMR . t h e B a l t ic c an b e g i v en ( Cede r lund 1 9 80 d * , p1 0 2 ) :

1 . The g eog raph ica lo u t l ine o ft h ec oa s t ,e . g .a r ch ipe la -

g o , o pen c oa s t l ine . 2 . T he p o s i t ion o ft h ew reck i nr e la t ion t ot h es ur f ace o f t h e w a te r , e . g . i nd eep w a t er s o r i ns ha l low . 3 . T he t o pog raphy o ft h es e ab o t tom ,e . g . h ard b o t tom l i t te r ed w i th l a rge r o ck s o r as andy b o t tom . 4 . T he g eo log ica l makeup o ft h e s e ab o t tom ,e . g . s ed i m en ta t ion o r e ro s iona l b o t tom . 5 . T he d i f f e r ence si nh e igh to nt h eb o t tom ,e . g .c au sed b y movemen t s i nt h e s and o n t h e s e abed . 6 . T he e x i s t ence o fi c e d own t o ag r ea t d ep th . 7 . T he e x i s t ence o fc ur r en t s . 8 . T he e x i s t ence o fh eavy w ave movemen t . 9 . T he e x i s tence o fs pec ia l b io log ica l c ond i t ion s , f o r i n s tance t h e e x i s tence o fs h ipwo rm . F ig 1 2 . P ar to ft h es i d eo ft h eh u l lo f as h ip f ound a tt h e c oa s to fG o t land i nt h e 1 960 s . T he f ragmen to ft h es h ip h a s b e en c ar r ied b y t h e w ave s o n to t h e s hor e . F rom SMR .

2 0

A s ar u le ,a no pen c oa s t l ine p rov ide sl e s sp ro tec t ion f o r s h ipw reck s t han ac oa s t l ine d o t ted w i th i s land s . S h ip w reck s l y ing o f fa n o pen c oa s t a r e o f ten s ub jec ted t o a nd d e s t royed b y h eavy w ave f o rma t ion .T he d ep th o f t h ew r eck s i te i so fs i gn if icance a si tp ro tec t s t he s h ip .

Wreck si ns ha l low w a t e r s a r e mor ee a s i ly s ub jec ted t o v ar iou s f o rm s o fd amag ing a genc ie s . T he c ha rac te r o ft h e b o t tom i sa l so o fs i gn if icance . R ocky s e ab o t tom sa nd s hor e l ine sw i th l a rge s t one sc an -d ue t ow ave movemen t -h ave ad i sa s t rou se f f ec to na s unk en s h ip , p a r t icu lar ly o n a n o pen c oa s t ( f ig 1 2 ) . S h ip st h a ts i nk o n to s andy s e ab o t tom s ,h ow ever , may b ep ro t ec ted b yt h ev e ry f a c tt ha tt h ey b ecome b ur ied i n t h e s and ( f ig 1 3 a nd 1 4 ) . Underw a te r s ed imen ta t ion s uch a si nt h ec a se o fs i l ta l so p rov ide s af o rm o fp ro tec t i on . I c e , c ur ren t s a nd w ave mov emen t a l l a c t n ega t i ve ly o ns unken s h ip s( f ig 1 5 ) .T he i s land si nt h ei nne r a r ch ipe lago sc an ,o nt h eo the rh and ,o f f er g ood p ro tec t i on a nd t h a t i sw he r e mo s t o f t h e w e l l -p re serv ed

MA P

f I 5 Ci r cu ., fetere& ; -3 1 0 22 , 5

F ig 1 4 . Aw r e ck l o ca t ed o n t h e b o t tom a t S andham mar en , S käne . T he r e la t i ve ly w e l l -pr e se r ved h u l li sp ar t l yc ove r ed b ys and . F r om SMR . Mea sur emen t s i nc e n i ime t r e s . w r eck s a r e f ound ( s ee i lu s t ra t ion s i nc a ta logue , c a te g o ry I ) . T he re a r ev e ry f ew w r eck sd i scove r ed i nt h eo pen s e a . One e xamp le o ft h i ss o r to fw r eck ,h oweve r ,i st h eS we d i sh w ar sh ip K ronan , w h ich w en t d own 6km o f ft h e e a s tc oa s to fO land i n1 6 76 i n2 7 mo fw a te r . T he s h ip b l ew u p a nd p ar t s o fi tw e re t h rown o ve r al a rge a r ea . T he se h ave p ar t ia l ly b een embedded i nt h e mud o nt h e b o t tom a nd p ar t ly b een c ove red b y s and ( F ranzen 1 9 8 1* , p8 ) .O therw i se i ti sp o s s ib le t h a ts h ip ss unk a ta g r ea t e rd ep th i nt he o pen s ea i nt h eB a l t ic ,w h ich h ave n o tb een d e s t royed a st h i so ne o ri n as im i lar w ay ,w i l l p rove t ob e v e ry w e l l p re se rved a st h e c ond i t ion s a r e f a vourab le a ts uch ad eep s i te . A t l a s t w r eck s o fc a rve l -bu i l t s h ip s h ave a l so b een f o und b u r ied i nt h eg round n ear as ho r e l ine o ri nv e ry s ha l low w a te r .S uch w r eck sg ene ra l ly h ave b een h eav i l yd amag ed d ue t ot h e ir l o ca t ion ( s ee c hap te r I V ) . D enma rk* T he V ik inga sk ib sha l len a nd S k ib sh i s tor i sk L abora to r i um i nR o sk i lde a r e r e spon s ib le f o r mar ine a r chaeo l o g ica lr e sea r ch i nt h ea r ea o fo ld s h ipw r eck s .T he l a t te r i n s t i tu te i s a t tached t o D enmark ' s Na t iona l Mu s e um . T hroughou t t he c en tur ie s , D enma rk h a s a lway s p l ayed ad om inan t r o le i ns e af ar ing i nt h e B a l t ic S ea a nd t h e N o r th S ea . Ma r i t ime t r a f f ic t h rough O r e s und *T he r e v iew o ft he l i t e ra ture o n w r ecks o fc arve l -bu i l t s h ip s i nt he B a l t ic e x tend s a l so t ot he Dan i sh N or th S ea c oa s t l ine ( s ee p age 1 2 3 0 .

a nd t h e Dan i sh S ound s h a s b een h i gh ly i n ten s ive i n mo re r e cen tt ime st h e se b e ing t h eo n ly p a s sage st oa nd f r om t h eB a l t ic S ea .T he i n c idence o fs i nk ing s i nO re s und w a s a l so e x t reme ly h igh ( Cede r lund 1 9 80 d * , p . 100 ) . E v idence o ft h i s a r e t h e e s t ima ted 5 00 w reck s t ha t l i e o n t h e s ea b ed o f ft he i s land o f Anho l t i nt he K a t tega t t ( Crum l in -Pede r sen a nd o the r s ; u nda ted* , p .1 3 ) . I nve s t iga t ions o fw r eck s o f c arve l -bu i l t s h ip s h ave p r imar i ly b een c onduc ted i nt h ew a te r so fa nd i nc on n ec t ion t oO r e sund . I n 1 909 s a lvage o pe ra t ion s w e re c a r r ied o u to nt h ew r eck o ft he Du tch w ar sh ip B r ede ro d e , w h ich s ank i n t h e v i c in i ty o fH e l s ingor d u r ing a b a t t le b e tween t h e S wed i sh a nd Dan i sh -Du tch n av ie s o n Novembe r8 ,1 6 58 .T he w r eck ,w h ich l i e sa t ad ep th o fa bou t8 . 5 mm ea sur e s5 4ml ong .T he b o t tom o ft he s h ip h a s s urv ived . E n su ing s a lvage o pe ra t ion s man a ged t or a i se a ni r on g un ,p ar t so f ag un c ar r iage ,d e ta i l s o ft h er i g ,b i t so fc h ina e t c . S ince 1 9 10 t h e se f i nd sh ave b e longed t o t h e H i s to r i sch S cheepvaar t Mu seum i n Am s te rdam . Af ew o ft h ef i nd sb ecame t he p rope r ty o f t h eT ö jhu s Museum i nC openhagen . T he w r eck o fY e ta no ther s h ip t ha tw en td own i nt h e s ame y ea r a s t h e B r ede rode h a s b een l o ca ted o f ft h e i s land o f Y en . I tw a s p lunde red i n 1 9 52 ( Crum l in P ede r sen 1 966* ) . F ind s f r om t h ew r eck a r eo n d i sp lay t oday a t Hande l s -o gS öf a r t smu see ta tK ronbo rg a nd a t t h eO r log smu see ti nC openhagen ( Lu i t ing 1 9 58* , p5 1 f ) .A t h i rd w r eck f r om t h i s s ame p er iod h a sb een l o ca t e dn ea rH e l s ingo r .T h i sw reck ,h ow ev e r , h a sn o tb een i d en t if i ed ( Lu i t ing 1 9 58 , p5 2 ) .S a lvage o pe ra t ion so ni t h ave y i e lded f i ve b ronze g un sa nd 1 2i r on g un s ,a sw e l l a s ammun i t ion e t c . I n 1 9 53 , ap rof e s s iona lw r eck s a lvage rd i scove red t he w reck o f am e r chan t s h ip f r om t h e 1 7 th c en tury a ta d ep th o f4 0mo f fo fL ae sö i s land i nt h eK a t tega t t .I tw a s f ound t ha tt h i ss h ip h ad b een c ar ry ing ac argo o fb ra s s a nd c oppe ra sw e l la ss e ve ra lo the re xamp le so ft y p ica l 1 7 th c en tury S wed i sh e xpo r tg ood s . T he c a rgo , w h ich c ame f r om Ho lmen ' s m i l l i nÖ s t e rgö t land , w a s made u po fb ronze g un s ,b a ra nd f l a ti r on ,b ra s sw ir e ,c opper

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F ig 1 5 . Wr e ck o f ac argo s h ip l o ca t ed o n t h e s ea b o t tom n ear L and sor t i n t h e S tockho lm a r ch ipe lago . T he h u l lh a sb roken d own . T he c argo o fh ewn l ime s tone i sv i s ib l e i n t h e o r ig ina l h o ld o ft h e s h ip . Many d i s c onne c t ed p ie ce so ft h eh u l la nd r i gg ing l i el o o se o n t h e s i t e o ft h e w r e ck . F rom SMR .

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p la te s a nd t imber ( f ig . 1 6 a nd 1 7 ) . A ccord ing t o t he d a te s o ft he f i nd s t he s h ip s ank i nt he 1 6 30 s o r 1 640 s . T he s h ip c ou ld n o t b e i d en t if ied . Ho lmen ' sm i l l Company , wh ich i ss t i l li no pe ra t ion , p ar t ic ipa ted a c t ive ly i n t he s a lvage o pera t ion s . More t han 3 00 t onne s o f me ta l w ere r a i sed . Unfor tuna te ly h oweve r ,t he e x t reme d ep th o ft he w reck s i te p reven ted i n spec t ion o ft he w reck i t se lf . Ob jec t s f r om t he c argo w ere p urcha sed b yt he Mar i t ime Mu seum i n Go then b urg a nd t he SN M M i nS tockho lm ( He lmf r id 1 959* ,p 4 9 , 5-56 ,7 , 1 33 a nd 1 963 ,p 3 16 , 32 ,3 52 ,3 60 ,3 81-382 , 4 04 ,485 ; Gö teborg spo s ten S ep tember 3 0 ,1 953 a nd May 7 ,1 955* ) . Dur ing t he 1 960 s a nd 1 970 s e x ten s ive r e search w a s c onduc ted o n t he s h ip s wh ich make u p t he f ounda t i on so ft he p ermanen ts ea b a t ter ie so u t s ide o fC open h agen f r om t he 1 8 th c en tury . T he w ork c on s i s ted o f a rch ive s t ud ie s , s earche s a nd r e cord ing w i th modern s e i sm ic i n s trumen t si nt he s ea a sw e l la sd iv ing . A map f r om 1 735 s how s t he t en w ar sh ip s wh ich w ere u sed t o f o rm t he f ounda t ions o ft he T re K roner b a t tery ( f ig . 1 8 ) , ( Schou -Han sen 1 980 b * , p7 8 ) .Y e ta no ther p ermanen t b a t tery ,b u i l to na no ther o ld w ar sh ip ,t he P röve s tenen , h as a l so b een t he o b jec t o f i nves t iga t ion s ( Crum l in P eder sen 1 966* , p 7f ) . E x ten s ive r e search c ar r ied o u t i nc omb ina t ion w i th d iv ing w ork h a sb een c oncen t ra ted o nt he w reck so ft he w ar sh ips wh ich s ank d ur ing t he b a t t le a t C openha g en ' s r oad s tead i n 1 80 1 b e tween t he E ng l i sh a nd t he Dan ish n av ie s . Mo s to ft he t wen tyf ive s h ip s t ha t w en t d own a tt ha tt ime a nd d ur ing t he i mmed ia te ly e nsu ing y ear s h ave b een l o ca ted ( f ig . 1 9 ) , ( Schou -Han sen & B erg 1 974* ) .T he w reck o ft he Dan i sh s h ip -of the l ine ,

F ig 1 7 . R o l l so fb ra s sw i re i nt he h arbour o ft he Swed i sh t own o fV arbe rg s a l vaged i n1 952 f rom t he 1 7 th c en tury

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S jä l land , w h ich s ank d ur ing t he b a t t le , u nderwen t a r c haeo log ica l mapp ing i nt he m idd le o ft he 1 960 s . T he b o t tom o ft h e s h ip a ppear s t ob e i n tac t . T he d e ta i ls o f t he b ow s e c t ion h ave b een mea sur ed ( Crum l in -Peder s en 1 966* ) . I n 1 969 al a rge n umber o fc oppe rb lank s a l ong w i th n a i ls a nd r i ng s o fc oppe r ,l e ad b a l l s , l e ad s ea ls a sw e l l a s s i lver a nd c opper c o in s , w ere f ound o n t he s ea b ed o f fT e jn o n t h e n or thern c oa s t o fB ornho lm . T he se , i t

F ig 1 6 . Ah eap o fw rough ti r on a nd ab ronze g un i nt he h arbour o ft h e Swed i sh t own o f V arbe rg s a l vaged i n 1 952 f rom t he s i te o f aw re ck n ear L ae sä i n Ka t tega t t . T he s h ip p robab ly s ank i nt he 1 630 so r1 640 s( ' Ho lmen ' S Mi l l . A r ch i ve s a nd R e cord ) .

w r eck a tL ae s e i ( Ho lmen ' s M i l l . A r ch i ve s a nd R ecord ) .

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F ig 1 8 . Map f r om 1 735 o ft he s ea b a t t e r yT r eK rone ro u t s i de C openhagen . T he b a t tery w a s b u i l to n t he h u l l s o f

o ld w ar sh ips w h ich h ad b een s cu t t led ( Schou -Hansen 1 980 b * ) .

w a s d i scovered , emana ted f r om t he w r eck o ft he S we d i sh s h ip , D en f ö rgy l lda S o len , w h ich c ap s ized a nd s ank a tB ornho lm i n 1 6 73 e n r ou te f r om S tockho lm t o E ng land . T he s h ip who se owne r s w e re f r om S tock h o lm , w a s 1 5 1 .5 f tl ong a nd a rmed w i th 5 4 g un s . S he w a s c ar ry ing ac argo o fi r on , c oppe rp la t ing a nd b ra s s w ire a sw e l la sa bou t 1 0t onne so fc opper b lank s wh ich w e re t ob e u sed f o rm in t ing E ng l i sh f a r th ing s ( J ensen 1 9 70* ) . Abou t 1 0y ear sl a ter t he w reck so f1 9s h ip sw e re d i scover ed a tS o sev ig o nt he c oas to fB ornho lm .T he se s h ip ss ank i n 1 678 c ar ry ing c argo sa nd p ayro l li n tend e d f o r t he Swed i sh a rmy . F ind s h ave b een r e covered f r om t he w reck s i te , i nc lud ing g o ld c o ins ( Crum l in -

P eder sen 1 981 b * , p8 ) . I n t he 1 970 s ama teur d iver s e xam ined t he w reck so f t wo merchan t s h ips t ha t s ank o f fo ft he i s land o fV en . One o ft he se w a s t he w reck o ft he s h ip L iv l ig , b u i l t i n K a lmar i n 1 864 a nd s unk i n 1 898 . S he w as c ar ry ing a c a rgo o fc harcoa lb r ique t te sa nd w a sb ound f r om E ng l and t o Copenhagen .T he d iver sh ave r e cove red an um b er o fi t ems i nc lud ing as eaman 's mode lo f as h ip ,t oo l s , n av iga t iona li n s t rumen t s ,t he med ic ine c he s ti nc lud ing f u l l b o t t le s o f med ic ine , p o rce la in , g l a s s e t c . ( Te i sen 1 980 a * , p1 020 .T he s econd s h ip h a sn o ty e tb een i den t i f ied b u t i td oub t le s s s ank d ur ing t he 1 830 s o r 1 840 s . T he w reck i s2 4ml ong a nd h a s ab r ead th o f7 . 3 m .S he

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w as ac arve l -bu i l ts h ip w i th s i ng le o ak f r ame ss paced a t i n terva l so f5 0 cm .T he p lank ing w as o fo ak ,c e i l ing a nd d eck p lank so fp ine . Woven h ay ma t sh ad b een i n ser ted b e tween t he c e i l ing p lank ing a nd t he c argo o fg ra in i n o rder t op ro tec tt he c argo a ga ins td ampne s se t c( Te i sen 1 980 a * , p1 09 D . S evera ld i f f eren ts h ipw reck i nve s t iga t ion sw er ec on d uc ted t oge ther w i th ama teur s cuba d iver sa tt he e nd o f t he 1 970 sa nd t he b eg inn ing o ft he 1 980 s :T he w reck o fa

1 7 th c en tury s h ip l oaded w i th b r ick s , a tL undeborg a t F yn ; a n 1 8 th c en tury w reck a tL yng sä o nt he e a s tc oas t o f V end sy sse l ; t he E ng l ish w ar sh ip C r e scen t w h ich w en td own 1 808 i nJ ammerbuk ten o nt h ew e s tc oas to f J u t land ( f ig . 2 0 ) ; a nd t he E ng l i sh w ar sh ip s S tG eorge a nd D ef ence wh ich s ank o f fo fB öv l ing K l in t o n t he w e s tc oa s to fJ u t land w h i le g uard ing ac onvoy o f mer c han t s h ip s e n r ou te f r om t he B a l t ic S ea i n 1 8 11 ( Crum l in -Peder sen 1 981 b * ) . I n 1 980 t h e b o t tom o f ac arve l -bu i l t s h ip w as u n c overed d ur ing e xcava t ion w ork i n t he t own o fV e j le . P re l im ina ry e s t ima t ions d a te t h i s s h ip t ot he 1 6 th c en t u ry . I tu nderwen t s h ip a rchaeo log ica l d ocumen ta t ion a nd p ar t so fi tw ere r e covered f o rt he p urpo se s o fc on s e rva t ion ( f ig . 2 1 a -e ) , ( Verba l i n forma t ion f r om O le C rum l in -Peder sen , R o sk i lde ) . W e s t G e rmany T he w reck o ft he Swed ish s chooner Anne S oph ie ,b u i l t i n K a lma r i n 1 84 1 a nd wh ich f ounde red i n 1 8 72 a t S u te l , O ldenburg , Ho l s te in , w as l o ca ted o f f t h e We s t G erman B a l t ic c oa s t l ine . I n 1 977 , p ar t o f t he c argo , l ime s tone s l abs f r om Go t land , w ere r a i sed a l ong w i th p i ece s o ft h e h u l l ( K ieck see 1 972* ) . E a s t G e rmany T he w reck s o f an umber o f c arve l -bu i l t s h ip s h ave r e ce ived a t ten t ion i n E as t Germany i n r e cen t y ear s . T he se i nc lude as a i l ing s h ip b eached i nt he 1 9 th c en t u ry n ear Warnow . T he w ind la s s b i t t s a nd p a r t o ft he h u l lp lank ing h ave b een r e covered ( Pose idon , 1 9 79 :6* , p5 2 ) . Ama teu r d iver s h ave e xp lored t he s i te s o f s evera l w reck s -s ome o ft hem e xcep t iona l ly o ld - a l ong t he c oa s t ,e . g . i n c lud ing o ne o ld w reck a tH idden see ( Raus cher t 1 967* ) . More r e cen tw reck so fc arve l -bu i l ts h ip s h ave a l so b een e xam ined ( s ee e . g . L an i t sk i 1 968* a nd T imm 1 9 76* , p9 4 ) . I n 1 936 t he w reck o f aw ar sh ip w a s l o ca ted o n t he A rcona r e ef . I tc ou ld p o ss ib ly b e o f S wed i sh o r ig in . Two g uns a nd p iece so ft he h u l lw ere s a lvaged ( M i l l ieB erneck 1 9 37* ) . P o land

F ig 1 9 . Nau t ica lc har tw i th mark ing sf or t he p o s i t ions o f t he w r eck so fDan i sh a nd B r i t i sh w ar sh ips w h ich s ank o f t he r oad s tead o fC openhagen i n1 801 a nd 1 807 ( Schou Hansen & B je rg 1 974* ) . IJ y l land X I I Mar s ( Eng l . ) I P röve s tenen X I I I Hayen I I Wag r ien XV I S t T homa s ( Eng l . ) I V R end sborg XV I I N ep tunus VC ron b org XV I I I Ha ien V I I nf öd sr e t ten XX S vae rdf i sken/Söhe s ten V I I I Dannebrog XX I I I Nyborg I X S jae l land XXV C har lo t te Ama l ie X I T r i ton ( Eng l . )

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S h ip a rchaeo log ica lo pera t ion so nt he w r eck so fc arve l b u i l ts h ip sa r ec onduc ted i nP o land b yt he P o l i sh Mar i t ime Mu seum i n Gdansk . Al a rge n umber o fs h ips h ave s unk a l ong t h e P o l i sh c oa s t l ine , p ar t icu lar ly j us t o u t s ide o f r i ver mou ths , w h ich f o rc en tur ie s h ave b een i mpor tan te xpor tr ou te s f o r me rchan t s h ipp ing ( f ig . 2 2 ) . I n 1 968 a nd 1 9 69 t he w reck o ft h eH e lena ( no . W 3i nt he l i s to fw reck so ft he P o l i sh Ma r i t ime Museum i n Gdansk )w a si nve s t iga ted . T he v e s se lw a sb u i l ta tR ewa o nP uck B ay i n1 8 72 ,o r ig i n a l ly a s as ma l l c l inker -bu i l t c argo -car ry ing v e sse l , o pera t ing i n Gdansk B ay .L a ter o ns he w a sr ebu i l ta nd c arve l -p lanked .T he ma in d imens ion so ft he s h ip w ere l e ng th 1 3 .6 m ,b read th 4 . 7 m a nd mou lded d raugh t 1 . 9 m . T he H e lena s ank i n March 1 945 o f ft he v i l lage o f O s lon ino i nP uck B ay a t ad ep th o f3 4 me t r e s . I n 1 969 t he w reck o ft he Swed i sh w ar sh ip S o len w a s l o ca ted a t ad ep th o fa bou t 1 8mi n Gdan sk B ay ( no .W 6 ) .T he S o len b lew u p a nd s ank i n ab a t t le b e tw een t he P o l i sh a nd S wed ish f l ee t s o n t he 2 8 th o f Novembe r 1 627 .A l lt h a tw as l e f to ft he s h ip w a st h eb o t tom o ft he h u l l w i th al e ng th o f3 0 m a nd aw id th o f 8m . I tw a s f i l led w i th b a l la s ts t one s( f ig .2 3-25 ) .T he s i te w a si nve s t i ga ted a tp e r iod ic i n terva l s b e tween 1 969 a nd 1 980 . Twen ty b ronze g un s ,g un c arr iage s ,p owderho rn s ,n ay -

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F ig 2 0 .A bove : T he p lan o ft he w re ck o ft h eE ng l i sh f r i g a te HMS C r e sen tf ound er ed a tL ön s trup o n t he w e s t c oa s t o fJ u t land i n 1 808 . B e low : P lan o ft he o r lopdeck o ft h e E ng l i sh .f r iga te H MS F lora , w h ich w a sb u i l ta ccord ing t ot he s ame c on -

s t ruc t ion p lans a s t he C re sen t , i n 1 784 . T he w r eck o ft he C r e sen th a sb een b roken d own t ot he o r lopdeck ( The Adm i ra l i ty C o l lec t ion , Wh i teha l l , L on d on ; a nd w r i t ten i nf orma t ion o fc ura tor M . T e i sen , V i k inga sk ib sha l len , R o sk i lde ) .

i g a t iona l i n s trumen t s , t oo ls , wooden c arv ing s a nd mo re t han a t housand c o ins a re among t he s evera l t housand so fa r tef ac t ss a lvaged f r om t h ew reck ( f ig 2 6 ) . Many b ronze g un s h ave b een s a lvaged f r om t he s i te ( S mo la rek 1 969* ,M iko la jczyk a nd S t ep ien 1 975* a nd Kope rk iew icz 1 981* , a s w e l l a s o ther t i t le s i n t he r e f e rence l i s t o fP o l i sh l i t e ra ture i n p age 1 24 0 .

a nd 6 . 4 mw ide a nd wh ich i sf i l led w i th b a l las ts t one s , r ema ins ( f ig .2 7 ) . Among t he o b jec t sf ound i nt he w reck w e re Swed i sh c oppe r c o in s m in ted i n 1 624-1626 . T he w reck o f t he " Lore ley " ( no . W 2 3 ) w a s d i s c over ed i n 1 9 77 b ys k in d iver sa t ad ep th o f4 . 5m .L ore l e y w a s a merchan t s h ip b u i l t i n 1 863 a s ab ark , h er h ome p or t b e ing R o s tock . I n November 1 887 t he s h ip r an a g round j us t o u t s ide t he e n t rance t o t he p or t o f Gdansk i n ah eavy s t orm .T he w reck i sb ad ly d amaged a nd p ieces o fi tl i e s ca t tered a nd p ar t ly b ur ied i n t he b o t tom s and . The P o l ish Mar i t ime Museum i nves t i g a ted t he w reck i n 1 978 (M iko la jczyk & S tep ien 1 9 78* ) . I n 1 982 t he w reck o f ac argo -car ry ing s h ip w as l oca l i z ed a t ad ep th o f3 . 5 m( w reck n o .W 2 5 ) . An i nve s t iga t i on w as s t ar ted i nS ep tember 1 982 .T he h u l lo ft he s h ip s e ems t ob ew e l lp re served ,w i th al eng th o f2 8ma nd a w id th o f8 . 2m .T he s h ip 's s i de sr i se a bou t 3m a bove t he s ur round ing b o t tom . A Swed i sh c opper c o in ( 1 ö re ) m in ted i n1 7 31 w as f ound i n amas ts t ep .T h is i nd ica te s t ha t t he s h ip m igh t h ave b een b u i l t i n t he s ame y ear , p robab ly i nS weden ( w r i t ten i n forma t ion f r om P . Smo l a rek ) , ( s ee c hap te r X , A I I I :2 ) .

When t he e xcava t ion o ft he w r eck o ft he S o len w a s c omp le ted a nd a l lt he f i nd sh ad b een r emoved f r om t he w reck i tw a s moved t o an ew p lace o n t he b o t tom ,p r i mar i ly t oe n sure i t s s urv iva l . I fi th ad b een l e f t o n t he o r ig ina ls i te i tc ou ld h ave b een d amag ed b y modern s ea t r af f ic a f ter t he o pen ing o ft he Nor th P o r t i n Gdansk B ay . Wreck n o .W 2 0i nt he w reck l i s to ft he P o l i sh Mar i t ime Museu m ,p resumab ly ac a rgo -car ry ing s h ip f r om t he e nd o ft he 1 8 th c en tury ,w as l o ca ted a t ad ep th o f55 m . T he s h ip s e ems t ob e v ery w e l l p r e served , t he h u l l b e ing u ndamaged a nd t h e mas t s s t i l ll y ing o nt he s i te . P lans h ave b een made t o move t he w reck u nder w a ter t o as ha l lower s po ti no rde rt oc onduc t as y s tema t ic i n v es t iga t ion . F or s uch a n o pera t ion t o b e s ucce ssfu l h owev e r t he h u l l mus t b e s t rong e nough t o b e moved . Aw r eck ( no .W 2 1) w a sf ound i n1 9 74 a t ad ep th o f3 . 5 m . I nve s t iga t ions w er e c onduc ted i n 1 9 78-1981 . T he b o t tom p ar t o ft he h u l l , w h ich m ea sure s 1 6 .5 m l ong

S ov ie t U n ion Mar ine a rchaeo logy a tt he R us s ian B a l t ic c oa s ti sv ery y oung . I tw as s t ar ted o n ly 5o r 6y ear s a go , when T he E s ton ian Mar i t ime Museum i nT a l l inn w a s f ounded .

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F ig 2 1a .E xcava t ion p lan o ft h eb o t tom o f ac ar ve l -bu i l t s h ip u ncove r ed a nd r e cord ed i nt h ec e n t r eo ft h eD an i sh t own V e j l ei n1 980 . T he w r e ck h a sb een d a ted t ot h e1 6 th c e n tu ry . T he p lans o ft h ew r e ck i nf i g2 1a 21e h ave b een

d rawn b yA .W igge r sa nd b e long t ot h eT own Mu seum o f V e j l e .

F ig 2 1 b .P lan o ft h ew r e ck i n V e j l e c on s i s t ing o f1 : 10 s c a l ep r o je c t ion p lans o ft h ep ar t s o ft h e w r e ck . O ft h e s h ip t h eb o t tom p lank ing s ome o ft h ef rame so nt h eb o t-

t om a nd p ar to ft h e i n ne rp lank ing r ema ins .

F ig 2 1c .F ram ing p lan o ft h ep r e ser ved p ar t so ft h ew r e ck i n V e j le .

2 6

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F ig 2 1 d .P lan o ft h ep r e se r ved p a r t so ft h ep lank ing i n t h e b o t tom o ft h e w r e ck i n V e j l e . O ft h ei n ve s t iga t ion s w h ich h ave b een p e r fo rmed h i t h er to af ew c oncern t h ew reck so fc a rve l -bu i l ts h ip s .A s l a te a si nt h es umme ro f1 9 83 s eve ra lg un sw e re f ound a t t he T a l l inn ( f orme r R eva l ) r oad s tead a nd r a i sed . T he g un s o r ig ina l ly c ame f r om t wo S wed i sh f i r s t r a te w ar s h ip s ,t h e R ik sen s S tände ra nd t h eT appe rhe t en . B o th t ook p a r t i nt h e b a t t le b e tween t h e S wed i sh a nd R u s s i an f l ee t st h e r ei n Ma i 1 7 90 . One o ft h es h ip s ,t h eR ik s en sS t ände rs t randed a nd w a ss e to nf i r eb yt he S w ede s ( w r i t ten i n forma t ion t ot h e SN M M f r om D r I .A r en s , S tockho lm , a nd Unge r 1 9 23* , p1 9 8 f ) . F in land Ma r ine a r chaeo log ica l o pe ra t ion s a r e c ha rged t ot h e Mar i t ime Mu seum o fF in land i nH e l s ink i . A tp r e sen t t he r e a r e a round 4 00 s h ipw r eck s r e g i s te r ed t h e re . O f t h e se , as ma l l n umbe r b e long t o t h e c a tegory w e l l p re se rv ed , w h i le t he m a jor i ty a r e i nv a ry ing s t a t e s o f d i s in teg ra t ion . I nv e s t iga t ion s o n w reck s o f c arv e l -bu i l t s h ip s g o t u nde rw ay i nt he 1 940 s . I n 1 948 t h ew r eck o ft h e R u s s i an s k e r ry f r iga te N iko lao s w a s d i scover ed . T he s h ip h ad b e en s unk i nt he s e cond b a t t le o fS ven sk sund o n J u ly 9 ,1 7 90 i nt h e 1 7 881790 w a rb e tw een S weden a nd R us s ia .T he b a t t le w a s ama jor v i c to r yf o rt h eS wed i sh n avy a s many R u ss ian v e s se l sw er es unk .T he N iko lao s w a st h eo n ly s h ip t ha tw en td own i nd eep w a ter -1 8m . T he N iko lao sw a so ne o ft h el a rge s tv e s se l si nt h eR u s s i an s k eny f l ee t . S he w a s p robab ly o ne o ft h e f r iga te s b u i l tb yS i rC ha r le s Know le s , aB r i t i sh a dm i ra ls e rv ing i n t h e R u s s ian Navy i n 1 7 70-1774 ( s ee i . e . E r ic s son 1 9 72 * a nd H a lme 1 9 77* ) . Du r ing t h e y ea r s f o l low ing t h e d i scover y o f t h e w reck , s e vera l s a lvage o pe ra t ion s w e r e u nder taken , c au s ing c on s ide rab le d amage . T he h u l lw a s d oub t le s s a l so d amaged b yt h et u rbu lence g ene ra ted b y mode rn d ay s h ipp ing p a s s ing o ve rhead . T he N iko lao s e ven t ua l ly b ecame t h er e f e r ence s h ip f o rt h ed eve lopmen to f mar ine a r chaeo logy i nF in land .E xcava t ion a nd s ur vey w ork h a s b een p e r formed d ur ing t h e 1 960 s a nd 1 9 70 s w i th e x t en s iv e a nd i n te r e s t ing r e su l t s . O r ig ina l ly t h e s h ip m ea sured 4 1 m l ong , w i th a b read th o f1 0 .5 m e t re s , ad i sp lacemen to fa bou t8 00 t on n e s a nd a no rdnance o f3 2g un s . S he c a r r ied ac r ew o f 3 00 m en . H er h u l l h a sb een mea su red a nd t h ed imen s i on st hu so b ta ined h ave f o rmed t h eb a s i sf o r amode l a nd f o rp l ans o ft h e w r eck ( f ig . 2 8 a nd 2 9 ) . T he s h ip ' s g a l ley s u r v ived i n g ood s hape p e rm i t t ing a d e ta i led d ocumen ta t ion o fi tt ob e made ( f ig .3 0 ) .B e s ide st h eg a l l e y , o t he r r e la t ive ly u ndamaged c ompar tmen t s w e re

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F ig 2 1 e .T wo s e c t ion s o ft h ew r e ck i n V e j le . F or t h el o c a t ion o ft h es e c t ion s i nt h e w r e ck s e ep lan _ f i g2 1 b . t h ep owde r magaz ine a nd t h el ow e ro ff ice r s 'q ua r te r si n t h e s t e rn o ft h e s h ip . T he f i gur ehead o ft h e s h ip h a s b een s a lvaged ( f ig . 3 1 ) . As ub s tan t ia l n umbe ro fr e l ic s h ave b een r e cove red i n c lud ing c e ram ic s , g l a s s , f i r e a rm s , c l o th ing , s hoe s , c o in s e t c . I n 1 9 54 a no the r v a luab le f i nd w a s d i scover ed o f f B o r s tö i s land i nt h eF inn i sh a r ch ipe lago .T hi s -wa st h e w r eck o f as h ip wh ich h a sf ounder ed a nd s unk i n4 3m o fw a t e r . T he w reck i sr e la t ive ly i n ta c t . I n t h e y ear s i mmed ia te ly s ubsequen tt oi t sd i scove ry S w ed i sh ama t e ur d i ve r sb rough tu p al a rge n umbe ro fl uxury i t em s i n c lud ing s nuf fb oxe s ,c l ock s ,g o ld j ewe l le ry a nd s i lve r . J udg ing b y t h e s t amp o f manuf ac tu re , mo s t o ft h e se i t em sw e r e made i nP a r i sb e tween 1 745 a nd 1 747 ( Er ic s s on & Ha lme 1 9 7 1 c * a nd 1 9 73 b * ) . T he s h ip , ame r c han tman , p robab ly a g a l l io t , w a s s urv eyed a nd p ho tog raphed d ur ing t h e 1 960 s . S he r ema ined i n tac tw i th t h ree ma s t s s t and ing ( f ig . 3 2-34 ) .A . sea r ch t h rough t h ea r ch ive sh a sr e vea led t ha tt h ew r e ck ,w h ich m ea sur e s2 5 ml ong a nd 7m w ide ,s t ar ted o u tl i f ea st h e g a l l io t SM iche l o r S ank t M ikae l . S he s ank i n t h e a u tumn o f 1 74 7 o n av oyage f r om Am s t e rdam t o S t . P e t e r sburg ( Ah l s t röm 1 9 72* ) . T he ma s te r o ft h e s h ip w a s aDu tchman ,C a r lP . Am ie l ,b u ts he w a sp robab ly o wned b y R us s ian s . S he w a s c a r ry ing t obacco , s ugar , w ine , o ak t imbe r e t c . T he c argo a l so i n c luded at wo w hee led c a r t -ac ar r io l .T he c o s t ly a r t ic le s m en t ioned a bove w e r e l i s ted i nt h e man if e s t a s t r ad ing g ood s . Ano the rs h ipw r eck ,f ound i nt h eE kena so u te ra r ch i p e lago t oward st h e e nd o ft h e 1 9 60 s( t he s oc a l led J u s s a rö I ) , h a s u nde rgone f a i r ly e x ten s ive e xcava t ion w o rk . Dur ing t h e 1 9 70 s i tw a s u sed a s at e s t ing s i te f o r u nderwa te r a r chaeo log ica l d eve lopmen t w o rk ( Er ic s s on 1 9 70 b * ,G rönhagen 1 9 801 .T he w reck h a s al e ng th o f2 8m ,a nd ab r ead th o f 7m .S he w a so nce p robab ly a m e rchan ts h ip a nd j udg ing b yt h ed a t ing c ar r ied o u to n t h ea r t ic le sf ound o nb oard s he s ank i nt h e1 7 80 s( f ig .3 5 a nd 3 6 ) .I na na na ly s i so ft he i d en t i ty o ft h ew reck Ah ! s t röm s ugge s t s t wo p o s s ib le i d en t i t ie s :

2 7

T he E ng l i sh t h ree -mas ted b ark C on s tan tT rader e n r ou te f r om B o rdeaux t oS t .P e te r sburg i n1 785 c ar ry i ng w ine , s ugar a nd s undr ie s o r T he R u s s ian b r ig G raf N ik i ta s a i l ing f r om L übeck t o S t . P e ter sburg i n b a l la s t i n 1 784 ( Ah l s t röm 1 981* ) . T he d i s in teg ra ted w reck o f as h ip , n ow mea sur ing a bou t 1 5ml ong ,h as b een f ound i nt he s a me a rea .A l l t ha t c an b e s e en o ft he h u l l a re t he f r ame s s t ick ing u p o u to ft he b a l la s ts t one s( Er ics son 1 969 b * ) . F our g un s , o ne o fi r on a nd t hree o fb ronze , wh ich c an b ed a ted t o t he e nd o f t he 1 6 th c en tury , h ave b een f ound n ear t he w reck . I n t he 1 960 s ag ra in c ar r ier w as f ound o f fo fT u l lud d en n ear Hangö a nd s evera l e xcava t ions w ere c ar r ied o u t o n h er ( A lopaeu s 1 976* a nd E r ic sson & Ha lme 1 9 75* ) .T he f i nd sr e covered r evea lt ha tt he s h ip s ank i n 1 647 o r 1 648 .T he h u l l i s1 8ml ong a nd 5m i nb r ead th . S he w a s f i t ted w i th l e eboard s ( f ig . 3 7 ) . P ar t s o ft he r i g h ave b een r e covered a sw e l la st i le sf r om t he g a l ley ,c l ay p ipe s e t c . T oward s t he e nd o ft he 1 960 s t he w reck o f ac argo c ar ry ing s h ip w as f ound a t Me t skär , H i t i s , D rag f järd . T r ia le xcava t ions h ave y i e lded t i l e s ,c eram ic i t em s e t c . T he s h ip w en td own i nt he l a t ter h a lf o ft he 1 9 th c en tury ( Edg ren 1 978* ) . I n 1 977 r epor t s w e re r e ce ived o f t he f i nd o f aw reck a tE s se lho lm ,E kenä sa rch ipe lago w i th a nu nusua l ly s haped b ow .T he s t em p o s se s se s as pear s haped b eak ( f ig .3 8 ) .T he w reck h as b een d amaged p re s u mab ly a s t he r e su l t o f s a lvag ing a t temp t s d i rec t ly a f ter t he s i nk ing . S he i s1 7ml ong , 5m i nb read th a nd s he i sl y ing i n 1-16 me t re s o f w a ter . "B e l larm ine " f l a sk sf ound h ave e nab led r e searcher st od a te t he s h ip t ot he e a r ly p ar t o ft he 1 7 th c en tury . F or ty o r s o t i l e s f r om t he g a l ley h ave b een r e covered ( Edg ren 1 978* a nd Ha lme 1 978 b * ) . T he Nor thern O s t robo thn ia Mu seum h a sc onduc ted a ni nve s t iga t ion o f av e s se lo f Du tch o r ig in i nt he a rch i p e lago No r th o f Ou lu . T he s h ip , wh ich w a s t he s chooner -kof f" Sof ia Mar ia " ,a nd h ad ac ar ry ing c apa c i ty o f 1 46 t onne s , c a l led h er h ome p o r t Har l ingen i n Ho l land .S he w a se nr ou te f r om Hu l lt o Ou lu i nb a l las t i nt he s u mmer o f1 859 .T he s chooner -kof fr an a g round a nd s ank a lmo s t i mmed ia te ly , t o ad ep th o f o ver 2 0

F ig 2 3 . T he w r e ck o ft he Swed i sh w ar sh ip S o len a tt he b eg inn ing o ft he u nderwa ter e xcava t ion . A mea sur ing g r id h a sb een p u to n t o po ft he w re ck w h ich i sf i l led w i th

2 8

me t re s , w h i le s he w a s s eek ing s he l t e r f r om r ough w ea the rn or th o f Ha i luo to o nt he 1 9 th o fJu ly .S ince t h e w reck w a sl o ca ted i n1 9 73 t he mu seum h as ,i nc oope ra t i on w i th s k in d iver s , mapped a nd d rawn p lans o ft h e f a ir ly w e l l p re served S of ia Mar ia ( f ig . 3 9 ) . S ome 2 00 a r t ic le s , mo s t ly p o t tery o f d i f f eren t s o r t s , h ave b een r e covered ( Kehusmaa 1 981* a nd 1 982* ) . B

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F ig 2 2 . Map o ft he n or the rn p ar to fP o land a nd t he B ay o f Gdansk . S e ve ra l o ft he w r eck s i nd i ca ted i n t he b ay o u t s id e o f Gdansk a nd e l sewhe r e a r e t h e r ema ins o f c ar ve l -bu i l ts h ips : W 6i st h e w r eck o ft h e Swed i sh w ar sh ip S o len w h i ch e xp lod ed a nd s ank d ur ing b a t t le w i th t h eP o l i sh F lee ti n 1 627 . T he w r eck h a s b een e x tens i ve ly e xcava ted a nd i n ve s t iga ted b y t he P o l i sh Mar i t ime Museum i n Gdansk . W 2 0 i s av e r y w e l lp re ser ved w r e ck . O n ly t he ma s t s h ave b een d amaged . I th a s b een d a ted t ot he e nd o ft h e 1 8 th c en tur y a nd i ss i tua ted o n ad ep th o f5 5 m . W21 i sp robab ly t h er ema ins o f ame r chan ts h ip s unk i nt he b eg inn ing o ft h e 1 7 th c en tury . I th a sb een i n ve s t i g a ted b yt h eP o l i sh Mar i t ime Mu seum ( T he P o l i sh Mar i t ime Mu seum i n Gdan sk . A r ch ive s a nd R ecord ) .

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F ig 2 4 .P ar to ft h eb o t tom o ft h eh u l lo ft h eS o l en a f te rt h e r emo va lo ft h eb a l la s t . P ho to T he P o l i sh Mar i t ime Mu s e um i nG dansk .

F ig 2 5 . P ar to ft h ek ee l son o ft h eS o l en w i th ama s t s tep . B eh ind t h e ma s t s tep o ne c an s e eo ne o ft h e many b ronze g un sf ound i nt h e w r e ck . P ho to T he P o l i sh Mar i t ime Mu seum i nG dan sk .

r i g2 6 . K n igh th ead s a l vagedf rom t h eS o l en . P ho to T he P o l i sh Mar i t ime Mu seum i n Gdan sk .

F ig 2 7 .P ar to ft h eh u l lo f am e r chan ts h ip u nd e re xcava t i on . T he s h ip s ank i nt h eb eg inn ing o ft h e1 7 th c e n tur y (W 2 1 ) . P ho to T he P o l i sh Mar i t ime Mu seum i n G dan sk .

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F ig 3 0 . P e r spe c t i ve d raw ing o ft h eg a l ley o ft h eN iko lao s ( Ha lme 1 977 * , p1 8 ) . F ig 3 1 . T hef i gur ehead o ft h eN iko lao s .P ho to T he Mar i t i me Mu seum o fF in land .

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F ig 3 2 . P e r spe c t i ve d raw ing o ft h e w r e ck o ft h e t h r ee ma s t ed g a l l io tS tM ikae l , s unk a tB o r s tä i nt h eF inn i sh a r ch ipe lago i n1 747 , b yH . F or se l l .F rom T he Mar i t ime Mu seum o fF in land .

F ig 3 .D e ck p lan o ft h eS tM ikae l , b yH . F or se l l . F rom T he Mar i t ime Museum o fF in land .

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F ig 3 4 .S ca l ed raw ing si np ro je c t ion o ft h ed e ckhou se o f t h eS tM ikae lb yH .F or se l l . T op l e f t :v e r t i ca lp r o je c t ion o f o ne s i d eo ft h ew a l lo no ne s i d eo ft h ed e ckhou se .B o t tom l e f t :h o r i zon ta lp ro j e c t ion . T op r i gh t : v e r t i ca lp ro je c t ion

o fo ne e nd o ft h ed e ckhou se w i th ad oor . B o t tom r i gh t : s e c t ion o ft h ew a l l .I nt h em idd le ad raw ing o fo ne o ft h e c ar ved s t anch ions a tt h ec o rne r so ft h ed e ckhou se .F rom T he Mar i t ime Museum o fF in land .

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F ig 3 5 . P lan a nd s i d ee l e va t ion , b yH .A lopaeu s , o ft h e w r e ck c a l l ed J u s sarö I , p robab l y t h e E ng l i sh b arque C ons tan tT rad e r ,s unk i n1 785 ,o rt h eR us s ian b r ig G raf N ik i ta , s unk i n1 784 , i nE kenä sa r ch ipe lago a tt h eF in F inn i sh c oa s t . F rom T he Mar i t ime Mu seum o fF in l a nd .

F ig 3 6 . S e c t ion o ft h ew r e ck J u s sarö I ,b yH .A lopaeus . F rom t h e Mar i t ime Mu seum o fF in land .

F ig 3 7 . P e r spe c t i ve d raw ing , b yH .A lopaeu s , o ft h e1 8m l o ng w r e ck o f ag ra in c a r r ie rs unk i n1 647 o r 1 648 a t

3 2

Hangö i nt h eF inn i sh a r ch ipe lago . F rom T he Mar i t ime Mu seum o fF in land .

F ig 3 8 . F r eehand p ro je c t ion d raw ing , b yH .A lopaeu s , o f t he 1 7i nl o ng w r eck o f as h ip s unk a tE s se / ho lm i nt h e F inn i sh a r ch ipe lago ( Ha lme 1 978 b * , p1 2 ) .

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F ig 3 9 . P lan s e c t ion a nd s i de v i ew o ft h e T re ck ( y.t h e Du tch s choone r -kof fSof ia Mar ia s unk N or th o fOu lu i n 1 859 ( Kehu smaa 1 981* , p9 ) .

3

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F o ry ea r s ,l a rge w reck so fo ld s h ip sh ave b een a cco rded as pec ia ls i gn if i cance i no ur c u l tur ei ns e ve ra lr e spec t s . T hey h ave , mor e t han many o the r r e l ic s o ft h e p a s t , c ap tur ed t h e i mag ina t ion a nd i n te r e s t o ft h e g ene ra l p ub l ic . I n o rde rt ob e a b le t oc ompr ehend t h ed eve lopmen t o ft h e s h ip a r chaeo log ica l o pera t ion s r e la ted t ot h e se s h ipw r eck si ti se s sen t ia lt ob eg in b yo u t l in ing t h et r ad i t i on s a nd t h e c u l tura l ly -de f ined e va lua t ion s t ow h ich t h ey a r e l i nk ed .

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a ss e ve ra lt y pe so ft oo l s wh ich e nab led s a lvager st op er f o rm f a ir ly e x ten s ive o pe ra t ion s ( f ig . 4 0b a nd 4 0c ) . C ar ve l -bu i l t me r chan tmen o r w a r sh ips t ha t w en t d own i nt ho se d ay sw e r ev e ry v a luab le .I ft h es h ip c ou ld n o t b e b rough tt ot h e s u r f ace , t h e p r ima ry c once rn o f t h eo wne r so rs a lvage r sw a st or e cove rr ope ,s pa r s ,s a i l s

S uch a n a na ly s i sw h ich w ou ld p ar t ly h ave t h ec har a c te r o f as t udy o f s oc ia l a n thropo logy w i l l h oweve r h av e t ob e p o s tponed -t h e s pace i tw ou ld r equ ir e i s b eyond t h e b ound s o ft h i s t r ea t i se . J u s tt og i ve ah in to fw ha t Im ean Iw i l l b eg in b yd e s c r ib ing af ew c u l tura l p henomena w h ich h ave h ad a ma jor i mpac to n t he d ev e lopmen to fm a r ine a nd s h ip a r chaeo logy i nS weden .

W r e ck s a l vag ing i na n h i s tor i ca lp e r sp e c t i ve A long S w eden ' s" e xpan s ive s ho r e s ,t h rough s t o rm sa nd i l w ea the r , a nd o the r u n lucky h appen ing s , many b each ing s a nd s ea d amage h ave h appened " . S ow r i te s e ng inee r a nd i nven to r Mor ten T r iewa ld i n t h e e a r ly 1 8 th c en tur y . Hec on t inued : Wha ti sn eeded i sa ni n s t i t u t ion w h ich "b ym ean so fd i v ing a nd f i sh ing -up ,c ou ld s a lvage a nd r a i se s unken v e s se l s ,c a rgo s a nd g ood s i n k eep ing w i th al aw p ur suan tt os a lvag e r eward s "( Ca s s e l 1 9 67* , p4 2 0 . At e chn ique h ad b een d eve loped f o rt h es a lvag ing o f s unken s h ip s . B u t t he r e sour ce s a va i lab le a tt ha tt ime l im i ted t h e se o pe ra t ion s t o t h e r e cove ry o f s ma l ler h u l l s .T he s i ze a nd t h ew e igh to f ,s a y , aw a r sh ip ,o f ten e xceeded t ha t w h ich t h e s a lvage e qu ipmen t c ou ld h and le ( f ig .4 0a ) ,( Ca s se l 1 9 67* , p3 6a nd 4 4 ) .N eve r the l e s s , s a lvag e r s f r om t h e se d ay sw e r e s k i l led a nd many t ime s s ucce s sf u l i nr e cove r ing e qu ipmen t a nd c a rgoe s f r om s unk en s h ip s , e ven f r om t ho se l o ca ted i n f a ir ly d eep w a te r s .T he d iv ing b e l le x i s ted a tt ha tt ime a sw e l l

F ig 4 0a . I lu s t ra t ions f rom t h ef i r s th a lf o ft h e1 8 th c en t u r y o ft h e e qu ipmen t a nd t e chn ique s u sed t os a l vag e s h ip s ( T r iewa ld 1 741 , p l

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T he s e ek ing o ff i nanc ia lg a in o fi t ems o fv a lue a sr ep r e sen ted b y t he c argo a nd e qu ipmen t o f t he se o ld w reck sh a ss urv ived t ol a ter d ay s .S evera le xamp le sc an b eg i ven . One o ft he se i st he s a lvag ing f r om t he w r eck o f t he E a s t I nd iaman Gö teborg i n t he 1 860 s . T he s h ip f ounder ed i n1 745 i ni t sh ome h arbour o f Go thenburg a s i tw a s r e turn ing f r om aj ourney t o Ch ina . When r e covery o pera t ions w ere u nder taken 15 y ear s l a ter , among t h e i t ems r e covered w ere 7 d ozen E as t I nd ia p or ce la in p i ece s , wh ich w ere s o ld a nd c ame i n to t he h and so f many p r iva te i nd iv idua ls .T hey w ere a l so s o ld t o mu seum s ( K je l lbe rg 1 974* , p6 8 ) . T he a dven t o fl i gh t -we igh t s cuba d iv ing g ear h a s i n o ur d ay se nhanced t he p o s s ib i l i t ie so ff i nd ing v a luab le r e l ic s o n t h e se o ld w reck s . S ince 1 967 i n S weden t he r i gh tt or e cover a nd r e ta in p o sse ss ion o ft he se f i nd sh a s b een r egu la ted i nt he S wed ish An t iqu i t ie sA c t ( Lagen om f o rnm innen 1 942 :350 , 1 976 :442 ) . Up t ot h i s t ime i t w a s n o t u ncommon f o r i nd iv idua ls t or e cover o b jec t s h igh i n a n t ique v a lue , s uch a s f a ience p o t te ry a nd c eram ic s , f r om o ld w reck s . T h i s w a s t he c a se , f o r i n s tance , w i th e ar l ie r s a lvag ing s o n t he w reck s o ft he me rchan t s h ip s a tJ u tho lmen a nd Huvudskar ( c a ta l o gue 7 14 :14 a nd 7 14 :26 ) .

S a l vag ing o fb l ack o ak o rs ea -d r enched o ak T he w ood i no ld w ooden h u l ls wh ich h ave s unk i nt he B a l t ic S ea h a s a cqu i red ama ter ia l v a lue . I to f ten a s s ume s ad ark s hade a f ter s pend ing e x tended p er iod s F ig 4 0b . D iv ing b e l lf rom t he f i r s t h a lf o ft he 1 8 th c en t u ry ,f or t h es a l vag ing o fg ood s e t c f rom s unken s h ip s ( T r iewa ld 1 741 , p lI ) . e t c . i nt he r i gg ing a nd t he c argo a nd s h ip ' se qu ipmen t . T he s i gn so ft h is s or to fs a lvage o pera t ions a re a pparen t i ns evera lo ft he o ld w reck si nt he B a l t ic S ea .T he u pper d eck o ft he Wasa w a s p robab ly b roken u p i nc onnec t i on w i th t he s a lvag ing o fi t s g un s i n t he 1 7 th c en tu ry ( Haf s tröm 1 9 59* , p6 4 1 ) .T he merchan tman a tJ u tho l men , wh ich w en t d own a round t he y ear 1 700 , c ar r ie s u nm i s takab le mark so fa n e x tens ive s a lvage o pera t ion a t ad ep th o f 1 0-15 m . Mos t o ft he mas t s a nd t he r i g h ave b een r emoved . T he s i de s o ft he s h ip h ave b een t o rn d own a bou t 1m . D eck b eams h ave b een s awn o f f a nd t he d eck i t se lf h as b een t o rn o u t a nd r a ised . T h i s w as p robab ly d one t oe nab le t he c argo wh ich c ons is ted o fb ar re l so ft a ra nd o fi r on b ar s ,t ob er e cove red ( ca ta l ogue 7 14 :14 ) , ( Ceder lund 1 982a* , p1 8 ) . T he w reck o fa no ther merchan ts h ip i lus t ra te s ad i f f e ren t s i tua t ion . T h is s h ip w en t d own a tÄ lv snabben a round 1 7 30 a nd i sl o ca ted a t ad ep th o f1 014 m . I th a s b een a nd s t i l li sl oaded w i th g ra in wh ich e v iden t ly w a s s t owed i nb u lk i nt he h o ld .T h is c argo w as h ard ly w or th t he b o ther o f r e cover ing a f ter t he s h ip 's f ounder ing . A lso ,t ha tp ar to ft he h u l l i n wh ich t he h o ld i sl o ca ted r ema ins v i r tua l ly u n touched . However , s o meone h a s b roken i n to t he c ab in a s w e l l a s t he s t orage s pace u ndernea th t h i s i nt he s t ern ( ca ta logue 7 15 :4 ) ,( Ceder l und 1 98 1 b * , p1 ) . C lo ser e xam ina t ion so fo ld w reck sf r equen t ly r e vea l d ef in i te t r ace so fd amage i n to t he h u l l , wh ich c an h ave b een made i nc onnec t ion w i th s a lvage o pera t ions a f te r t he f ounder ing ( s ee e . g . t he c a ta logue 7 11 :13 ,714 :7 a nd 7 15 :24 ) .T he d eck h as b een b roken u pa nd t he h u l l h a s b een d e s t royed , p r imar i ly a round t he h o ld .

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F ig 4 0 c . D if f er en tk ind so ft oo l s u sed f or c u t t ing , g rabb i ng , b or ing e t c . i nc onne c t ion w i th t he s a l vag ing o fgood s . f r om s unken s h ip s i n t h e 1 8 th c en tu ry . T he t o o l s w e r e moun ted o n l ong s par sa nd c ou ld b eu sedf rom t h es ur f ace o r «f r om a d i v ing b e l l ( T r iewa ld 1 741 , p l

u nde rwa te r . F or t h i s r e ason i th a s b een d eno ted b lack o ak o r "sea -drenched o ak " a nd f o r y ear s h a s b een p r ized a sf u rn i ture -mak ing w ood . I n 1 8 67 b lack o ak f r om t he S wed ish w ar sh ip N ya R iga w h ich f ounde red i n K ar lsk rona i n t he 1 8 th c en t u ry ,w a sr e covered .T h i sw ood w a su sed t o make f u rn i t u re ,c oun ter b oxe s ,l e t te ro pener se t c .K ing Char le s XV o fS w eden r e ce ived a ne n t ire s u i te o ff u rn i ture made o f b lack o ak f r om t h is w reck . I n t he 1 8 70 s b lack o ak w a s r e cov e r ed f r om t he E a s t ind iaman Gö teborg i nt he h ar b our i n Go thenburg . F rom t h is w as "manuf ac tured c harm ing f u rn i ture o ve r wh ich b uye r s l i t era l ly f ough t a nd w h ich t hus c ommanded h igh p r ice s . . . " ( Barome t e rn J u ly 1 ,1 909* ) . L arge amoun t s o fb lack o ak w ere r e cov e red f r om t he Dan ish w ar sh ip E n ighed , f ound e red i nK a lmar sund 1 6 79 ,i nt he y ea r s 1 908-1909 .T h i s w a s a l so s o ld f o rt he manuf ac ture o ff u rn i ture ( Baro me tern J u ly 1 ,1 909* ) . I n 1 92 1 , as a lvag ing c ompany b lew u pt he w reck o ft he Swed i sh w ar sh ip R ik säpp le t , wh ich s ank n ear Da larö i nt he S tockho lm a r ch ipe lago i n1 6 76 ( f ig .4 1) . One o ft he r ea son sf o rd o ing t h i sw as t o o b ta in t h e b lack o ak . Over 7 0 s q .m . o fb lack o ak w a s b rough t u p a nd s o ld ( s evera l a r t ic le s i n S tockho lm s T idn ing en Augus t-Oc tober 1 92 1* ) .I nf a c t ,e ven a sl a te a s t he 1 9 60 s -a f ter t he r a is ing o ft h e Wasa -ap r iva te c ompany d id t he s a me w i th t he S wed ish w ar sh ip t oday men t ioned a sR ik swasa w h ich s ank i n1 623 . Mo s to ft he w reck w a s s a lvaged i n 1 966 t o b e u sed f o r f u rn i ture mak ing ,i n ter ior d ecora t ions ,t he p roduc t ion o fs ouve n i r s e t c . ( f ig . 4 2 ) , ( ca ta logue 7 12 :20 ) . T he s a lvag ing o f b lack o ak f r om t he o ld w reck s a l ready i nt he b eg inn ing o ft he p er iod d e scr ibed h ere w a s c omb ined w i th t he s a lvag ing o f i n tere s t ing o r v a luab le o b jec t s f r om t he e qu ipmen t o ft he s h ips . A l l t h i sw a sd one w i th in t he l im i t so ft he l aw si nf o rce a tt he t ime . I tw ou ld b e mean ing less f o r amar ine a rchaeo lo g i s to ft oday t oc r i t ic ize t he e ven t sd e scr ibed a bove .T he f a c t mu s t s imp ly b e a ccep ted t ha t w reck s o fw ooden s h ip s , af ew h undred y ear s o ld , s t i l l l a cked l e ga l a n t i q uar ian p ro tec t ion r i gh tu pa nd i n to t he 1 960 s .T o ac e r t a in e x ten t t hey r epre sen ted r eward s f o r t hose e co n om ic i n tere s t s t ha t c ou ld e xp lo i t t hem a nd t he mar k e tab le g ood sw i th in . And e ven t hough b lack o ak s a l v ag ing a nd o ther f o rms o fs a lvag ing o fo ld w r eck s h as b een p roh ib i ted b y t he S wed i sh An t iqu i t ie s A c t s i nce 1 967 ,t h ep rac t ice s t i l lc on t inue s .T he C en t ra lO ff ice o f Na t iona l An t iqu i t ie s a nd t he SN M M h ave d ea l t w i th t he se m a t ter so ns evera lo ccas ion sd ur ing t he 1 960 sa nd 1 970 s c oncern ing e nc roachmen t o f t he An t iqu i t ie s A c t .

t he l and t ou s , i tb ecome s ama t ter o fh onour f o r t he n a t ion t ha t e nough o f t he se r ema in s a s p o ss ib le b e r e covered f r om t he b o t tom s ot ha tw e ,u s ing t he se a sa mode l , c an p roduce ar e con s t ruc t ion o ft he s h ip . No n a t ion c an r e jec t s uch a t r ea sur e . I t wou ld b e u nforg ivab le , c on s ider ing t he a fore sa id a nd c on s id e r ing t he r everence wh ich E ng land h a sd i sp layed c on c ern ing Ne lson 's f l ag sh ip , t he V ic tory , i fo ne w ere t o i ndu lge i nd reams .O ft he r e covery o ft he E lef an ten i n i t s e n t ire ty , i t s c on serva t ion a nd r e con s t ruc t ion , If o r my p ar t f e e l t ha t s uch a n u nder tak ing i sb y n o mean s i mpo s s ib le t or ea l ize a nd i sw or thy o fa so ld an a t ion a s t he S wed i sh "( Car lE kman ,l e c ture e n t i t led" E lef an ten , t he l a rge c arve l -bu i l ts h ip " , wh ich w as d e l ivered t ot he A s soc ia t ion o f E ng ineer s a nd o ther g roup s i n t he m idd le o ft he 1 9 30 s . SN M M . A rch ive s a nd R ecord ) . S im i lar t hough t so re xpre ss ions c an b ef ound i nc on n ec t ion w i th s evera l o ther w reck s o fc arve l -bu i l t w ar s h ip sn o to n ly i nS weden b u ta l so i no the rc oun tr ie s .I n S weden t hey c an b e f ound i n c onnec t ion w i th f o r e xamp le t he s a lvag ing s f r om t he E n ighed i n 1 908 a nd 1 909 ,f r om t he R ik säpp le ti n1 921 a nd t he r a i s ing o ft he Wa sa i n 1 96 1 ( i . e . SMR : l e t ter s f r om A . B ackman c on c ern ing t he E n ighed ; S tockho lm s -T idn ingen Augus t 2 2 1 921* ; F ranzen 1 96 1* , p7 ) , ( f ig 4 3-45 ) .

N ava l i n t e r e s t i nt h e w r e ck s o fo ld w ar sh ip s T he S wed i sh Navy e s tab l i shed n ava l museum c o l lec t i ons b o th i n S tockho lm a nd K ar lsk rona many y ear s a go . One o ft he se s t i l lr ema in sa st he Nava l Museum i n K ar lsk rona . T he o the r h as b een merged i n to t he S we d i sh Na t iona l Mar i t ime Museum i n S tockho lm i n 1 9 38 . E ven i n to t he 1 960 s t he Nava l T echn ica l a nd E conom ica lB oard s t i l lf o rma l ly r e ta ined o wner sh ip o f t he S wed i sh s t a te o f t he w reck s o f i t s o wn w ar sh ip s , e ven i ft hey w ere t wo o r t hree h undred y ear s o ld . F o r i n s tance , when t he r e covery o ft he w reck o ft he R ik s -

T he l a rg es h ipw r e ck s a s n a t iona l m onumen t s T he n a t iona l i mpor tance o fw reck s o ft he l a rge s tw ar s h ip s w a s e l oquen t ly e xpre s sed b y C ar l E kman i n a s e r ie so fl e c tur es h e h e ld i nt he 1 9 30 so n h i s i nve s t iga t i on so ft h es h ip E lef an ten , wh ich s ank i n 1 564 . When h ep e t i t ions f o ra ni nve s t iga t ion a nd s a lvage o ft he s h ip h e s ay s : " Na tura l ly , many p eop le r e gard t h is ma t ter ( t he i n ve s t iga t ion o ft he s h ipw reck ) i n ad i f f eren t l i gh t t han t h eu nder s igned ,b u tw ec an a l la g r ee t ha t when w e h ave t h er ema ins o f aw ar sh ip a lmo s tw i th in o ur g ra sp , a no b jec tw h ich w i thou tt he s l igh t e s td oub ti s aw o rk o f t he o ne a nd o n ly Gus taf V asa ( k ing o f Sweden 1 5231560 ; a u thor 's r emark ) who w a s i n s t rumen ta l o n a ch iev ing o ur n a t iona l i ndependence , who r e turned

F ig 4 1 . T imbe r sa nd p lank ing s a l vaged f rom t he w r e ck o ft h e R ik säpp le t i n 1 921 l a id o u tf or s t orage o n t h e s ke r r y App /e tn ear t he w r eck . T he b lack o ak i nt he t im b e r s w a s t ob e u sed f or t he manuf ac tur ing o ff urn i tur e e t c . ( S tacke l l 1 921 b * ) .

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a spec t s may n o t y e t h ave b een c ove r ed . N ever the le s s , t h i s h i s to ry -form ing p roce ss a l so i n c lude s a t i t s n u c l eus , t he s t r iv ing t or e c rea te a nd i lu s t ra te man ' s p as t a s h uman b e ing s , t h rough s c ien t if i c i nves t iga t ion s , r epor t s , b ook s , a nd museum e xh ib i t s . T he f o l low ing d e sc r ip t ion i sc h ie f ly b a sed o nd a ta i n t he Swed i sh mar ine a rchaeo log ica l r e g i s ter ( S MR ) . I t d oe sn o tc l a im t ob ec omp le te . I td oe s ,h owever , r e f lec t t he i mpor tan t t endenc ie s i n t he d eve lopmen t o fs h ip a rchaeo logy o nt he w reck so fc arve l -bu i l ts h ips i nS we d en . T he d e scr ip t ion c ompr i se s t he w ho le o f Swed i sh c oas ta l w a ter s , t ha t i sa l so a tt he w e s t c oas t .

T he 1 9 th c e n tur y

F ig 4 2 . Ah eap o fs h ip ' s t imbe r s s a l vaged b y ap r i va te c ompany i nt he 1 960 sf rom t he s i te o ft h ew ar sh ip R ik s w a sa ,s unk i n1 623 ( c a ta logue 7 12 :20 ) . T he t imbe r sw e r e u sed f or t he manuf ac tur ing o ff urn i tur e e t c . SMR . P ho to SN MM . w a sa w a s p ropo sed i n 1 964 , t he Nava l T echn ica l a nd E conom ica lB oard f o rma l ly p re sen ted t he w reck t ot he C en t ra lO ff i ce o f Na t iona l An t iqu i t ie sf o ri nve s t iga t ion ( s ee l e t te r s i n SMR : 7 12 :20 , R ik swa sa ) . Nava lp er sonne l h ave l ong s hown a n i n tere s ti nt he w reck s o fo ld w ar sh ips . A s e ar ly a s i nt he 1 860 s n avy d iver se xam ined t he w reck o ft he w ar sh ip Nya R iga i n K ar lsk rona a nd s a lvaged o b jec t sf r om i t( s ee a bove ) .I n l a ter t ime s u n i t s o f n avy d iver s h ave o f ten u sed o ld s h ipw reck s , e spec ia l ly o f w ar sh ip s , a s l o ca t ion s f o r e xerc i se . S ince t he b eg inn ing o ft he 2 0 th c en tury an umber o f n ava l o f f icer s h ave i nv ar ious w ay s b een i n tere s ted i n t he se w reck s . Here i t may s uff ice t o men t ion af ew o f t he se o f f icer se ngaged i nd i f f e ren tp ro jec t s :J acob Hägg i n t he E n ighed -pro jec t i n 1 908-1909 ; L ar s S tacke l l i n t he R ik säpp le t -pro jec t i n 1 921 ; C a r l E kman i n t he E lef an tenp ro jec t i n t he 1 930 s ; a nd B o C a s se l a nd E dward C la s son i nt he Wa sa -pro jec t i nt he 1 950 sa nd 1 960 s ( s ee SMR , a nd t he d e scr ip t ions o ft he p ro jec t s a nd i nt he r e f erence l i s t i n p age 1 2 3 ) . T he n avy h as v o lun tar i ly s upp l ied b o th b ase s h ip s a nd ma ter ia l f o r u se i n an umber o f u nderwa ter a r c haeo log ica l i nve s t iga t ion s s uch a s o n t he R ik säpp le t i nt he b eg inn ing o ft he 1 950 s ,o nt he Wa sa af ew y ear s l a ter a nd f o r t he i nve s t iga t ion a t J u tho lmen i n t he 1 970 s . T he e ngagemen to ft he S wed i sh Navy i ni t so wn h i s t o ry ,i nt he f o rm o fw reck so fo ld men o fw ar ,h a sh ad a g rea t i mpor tance f o r t he d eve lopmen t o f Swed ish mar ine a rchaeo logy .

Nava l o f f ice r An ton L udv ig F ahneh je lm , who i n t he 1 8 30 s a nd 1 840 sd e s igned a nd t e s ted an ew d iv ing s u i t , u nder took ,i n1 84 1 ,d ive so nt he s i te o ft h ew reck o ft h e N ycke ln i n K a lmar S ound . T oge ther w i th a f ew o ther p eop le h e h ad f o rmed ac ompany " u s ing t he l a te s ti n n ova t ions i nt he f i e ld o fd iv ing " . T he d i ve sw ere made t o "b r ing u pf r om t he s h ip i t si nven tor ya nd o ther e x i s t i ng g ood s w h ich c ou ld b e b rough t u p " ( Haf s t röm 1 96 1* , p4 65 ) . I n 1 844 F ahneh je lm a pp l ied f o rp e rm i s s i on t ou nder take s a lvage o pera t ion s i nS tockho lm o n " aw ar sh ip w h ich s ank 2 00 y ear sa go i nt h es ea b e tween T järhove ta nd T ege lv iken " .T h i ss h ip w a sw i th a l lp rob a b i l i ty t he Wa sa . I ti sn o t k nown whe the rF ahneh je lm c arr ied o u t t he se o pera t ion s . I ti s , h ow eve r , v ery d ef i n i te ly c l ear t ha th ek new where t he s h ip w as a nd t ha th e h ad t aken as ound ing a tt he s i te .T h i s i so bv ious f r om i n forma t ion w h ich h e w ro te i n ar epor t f r om 1 850 o n d iv ing t e chn ique s :" The w reck h a s n ow c o l lapsed a nd c an o n ly b es e en a t ad ep th o f1 4f a thoms . "I n 1 842 F ah n eh je lm h ad" p ar t ly f r om t he b o t tom o ft he s ea a nd p ar t ly f r om t he b o t tom o ft he h arbour o f S tockho lm p u l led u p a nd r e cove red a n umbe r o f o b jec t s f r om s unken s h ip s wh ich a re l y ing a t ad ep th o f s e ve ra l f a thom s . " ( Haf s tröm 1 96 1* , p4 51 , 4 66 a nd 4 75 ) . I n 1 868 d iver s b egan i nve s t iga t ing S tockho lm h ar b our a nd d i scovered t ha t an umbe r o f w reck s w ere l y ing o nt he b o t tom . One o ft he se w a s" an a ge -o ld s un-

T he s e ar ch f or a nd r e cr ea t ion o fh i s tor i ca l r e a l i ty T he t r ad i t ions a nd i n te re s t d e scr ibed i n t he p rev ious s e c t ion sa re p ar t so ft he c u l tura lp roce s so ff o rm ing h i s t o ry . T hey h ave b een d e scr ibed i n av e ry p re l im inary a nd c oncen t ra ted f o rm h er ea s ar e su l to f wh ich s evera l

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F ig 4 3 . T he l i f t ing o f ag un s t i l l i ni t sc ar r iage f rom t he s i te o ft he E n ighed i n 1 908 o r 1 909 . SMR .

F ig 4 4 ." Karo l ine rna sl age r " -t he c amp o ft he s o ld ier so f Kar lX I I( 1682-1718 ) -ar e cons t ruc t ed h i s tor ica ls cene a t t h e o pen a i r museum o fS kansen i n S tockho lm i n

1 908 . T he t h ree b ig i r on g uns w e r e s a l vaged f rom t he w r eck o ft he w ar sh ip R ik säpp le ti n1 868 . P ho to A . Huh g ren ( T he N ord i ska Musee t . A r ch ive s a nd R e cord ) .

k en s h ip o ft he l i ne " .T he s i te g i ven f o rt h i s" sh ip o ft he l i ne "w a st he v ery s a me s i te a t wh ich t he Wa sa w a s l o c a ted i n 1 9 56 ( Haf s t röm 1 96 1* , p4 62 f ) . I n 1 863 a s a lvag ing c ompany p u l led u p a n a nchor f r om t he w reck o ft he S wed i sh w ar sh ip R ik säpp l e t a t Da larö ( Oska r shamn spo s ten O c t .2 6 1 863* ) .T he w reck a l so w as s ub jec ted t o b las t ing b y t he s a lvager s . T he a ncho rw a st r anspor ted t oS tockho lm where i tw a sp u t o n e xh ib i t . I n 1 867-1868 a no ther a nchor w a s s a lvaged f r om t h e w reck ( Gef lepo s ten J une 2 8 1 868* ) . A t t h i s t ime a l so t h ree c as ti r on g un sw ere b rough tu pf r om t he w reck . T hey w ere f i r s t t aken t o mo r e s ha l low w a ter whe re t h ey w ere s t ored u n t i l 1 8 70 , when t hey w ere t r an spor ted t oS tockho lm .E v iden t ly t hey w e re f i r s tp u t o n e xh ib i t ion o u t s ide o f t he S cand inav ian -E thno g raph ica l c o l lec t ions a t D ro t tn ingga tan . I n Augus t 1 881 t h ey w ere t r an sm i t ted t ot he Nord i ska Musee ta nd i n 1 8 90 t ot he o pen a i r mu seum S kansen . T here t hey w ere e xh ib i ted t oge the rw i th o ther o ld g uns u n t i lr e cen t t ime s ( f ig 4 4 ) , ( The Nord i ska Mu see t , S tockho lm , A r c h ive s a nd R ecord ) . I nt h e 1 860 sn ava ld iver sf r om K ar l sk rona u nder took p rac t ice d ive s o n t he w reck o f t he S wed i sh w a r sh ip R iga , w h ich s ank i nt ha t h arbour i n 1 7 17 . P ar t s o ft h e h u l l w er e p u l led u p , o ne o f t he p urpo se s b e ing t he manuf ac ture o f f u rn i ture ( Nya s te B lek ingepo s ten Augus t 2 3 1 867* ) . T oday , t he r udde r , ag un p or t a nd o the rp i ece sf r om t h is s h ip a re o n d i sp lay a tt he Nava l Mu seum i n Kar l sk rona ( S MR : N ya R iga ) . An e x tens ive a rchaeo log ica li nv e s t iga t ion wh ich w a s c ar r ied o u t i nY s tad i n 1 868 a nd 1 869 a l so e ven tua l ly i nvo lved s e vera lo ld s h ipw reck s . Dur ing t he se y ear st he h arbou ri nY s tad w as d redged .T h i se nab led r e search e r s o nce t h eo verburden w as r emoved ,t oc ar ry o u t a n a rchaeo log ica le xam ina t ion .N i ls Gu s taf B ruze l ius ,a n a rchaeo log is t ,w ro te t h is a bou tt he w r eck sf ound i nt he h arbou r :" I nt he v ery h arbour b a s in i t se lf t he f o l low ing o b jec t sw e re d i scovered .2 2 mor eo rl e s sd amaged s h ip s ' h u l l s o r , more a ccura te ly s h ipw reck s o f wh ich 1 3 a re marked o nt he map ( f ig .4 7 ) .T he l a rge s to ft he se s h ips w as f i l led w i th s t one s , i n a l l p robab i l i ty t he b a l la s t ,

wh i le a no ther s h ip h ad b een l oaded w i th r oof ing t i l e s o f as or tt ha tw ere c ommon d ur ing t he m idd le a ge sa nd o f wh ich t wo w ere 1 7½ "l ong .I no ne o ft he s h ipw reck s , p ar t s o f aGerman p rayer b ook f r om t he 1 7 th c en tury w ere f ound a sw e l l a so a t s e t c . ; i n a no ther w reck w ere f ound t wo b ar re l so ft a r ,a nd al a rge g r ind s tone among o the rt h ing s .A ccord ing t ot he i nforma t ion s upp l ied b y L ieu tenan tA lmqv i s t( who w as i nc ha rge o ft he c l ear ing w ork )t he w reck sw ere n o tb u i l ti na nu nusua lf a sh ion . B u t , h owever , t he c au lk ing i n t he s eams o f many o f

F ig 4 5 . T he r a i s ing o fo ne o ft he g uns f rom t he Wa sa b ef ore t he s h ip w a s s a l vaged i n 1 961 . P ho to SN M M .

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F ig 4 6 .S ec t ion o ft he h arbour i nt he t own o fY s tad i nt he s ou the rn p ar t o f Swed en , d ur ing e xcava t ion w ork i n

1 868-1869 . S e ve ra lo ld w r ecks u ncove r ed i nc onne c t ion w i th t he e xcava t ion a r e i nd ica ted ( Bru ze l iu s 1 870 , p lI ) .

t hem w as a n ima lh a i ri n s tead o fo akum ,w h ich i su sed n owadays " ( Bruze l ius 1 870 , p1 0 ) .

h i s tor ica l e xh ib i t ion i n S tockho lm - t h e s o c a l led "S tockho lm s -u t s tä l ln ingen "i n 1 897 -i nt h ew a te r2 0m f r om t he q uay i nt he a rea e ar l ier u sed b y t he Navy . A S tockho lm d a i ly d e sc r ibed i ta s ab ig w ar sh ip o r ig ina l ly w i th t h ree d eck s . I tw a sb u i l to fo ak a nd t h er ema in ing p ar t sw er ew e l lp re served .A ccord ing t ot h ed e scr ip t ion i tc anno th ave b een a ny th ing e l se b u tt h ew r eck o f ab ig c arve l -bu i l t s h ip , a l though i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t oday t o a scer ta in i nd e ta i l i t s s t a te o fp re serva t ion w hen i tw a s f ound . Ab ig a nchor , a2 . 5 ml ong g un ,p i ece so fb lown u pb ronze g un s ,a sw e l la s8 00 c annon b a l ls ,p acked i n b oxes , w e re f ound i n t he w reck ( c a ta logue 7 12 :43 N y b rov iken ; S tockho lms -T idn ingen O c t . 1 9 , 1 896* ) .

S evera lo ft he w reck sw ere a cco rd ing t ot he d e scr ip t i on o f t he ir s i ze e t c . p robab ly c arve l -bu i l t s h ips a l t hough t h i sc anno tb ed ef in i te ly e s tab l i shed . B ruze l ius c l a im st ha tt hey w eren ' tb u i l ti n" a nu nusua lf a sh ion ". . H el i ved a nd w orked i n at ime when w ooden s h ip sw ere t he mo s tc ommon v e sse l si nu se . Wreck so ft he se s h ip s h ad n o t y e t a cqu ired a ny mea sure o f a rchaeo log ica l v a lue . T he i t ems wh ich w er e d i scove red i nt he w reck s i nc lud ing ac annon a nd ac opper p o tw ere b rough tt o L und Un iver s i ty H is tor ica l Museum . A f ew y ear s l a ter , i n 1 8 76 , y e t a no ther w reck w a s f ound i nY s tad 's h arbour .T hree i r on g uns d a t ing f r om t he 1 7 th c en tury w ere b rough t u p . I n 1 879 t he se w ere d ona ted t ot he A rmy Museum i n S tockho lm ( S MR ) .

1 .

I n 1 874 i nc onnec t ion w i th t he b u i ld ing o fS ven ska T ea te rn ( The S wed i sh T hea t re ) i n t he K äpp l ingeho l men b lock o nB las ieho lmen i nS tockho lm ,t he r ema in s o f al a rge c arve l -bu i l ts h ip w ere f ound .T he r ema ins o f t he s h ip , wh ich h ad b urn td own s ot ha tl i t t le mo re t han t he b o t tom o f t he h u l l h ad s urv ived , w ere c arefu l ly r e corded a nd p re sen ted b y C .A . L indva l l i n N y I lu s t rerad T idn ing 1 874 ( c a ta logue 7 12 :36 ; L indva l l 1 874* ) . T he E as t ind iaman , G ö teborg , wh ich s ank i n 1 745 i n t he h arbour f r om whence i tg o t i t s n ame ,w a s t he s ub j e c t o fs a lvage o pera t ions o n s evera lo cca s ion s d ur ing t he 1 9 th c en tury . E a s t ind ia p orce la in , s i lk , f l a sk s c on t a in ing s oya e t c . w ere b rough t u p a nd s o ld . A f ew o f t he se f i nd sh ave b een k ep ta tt he Go thenburg H i s tor ic a l Mu seum ( O län 1 920* , p 13 ) . An e n t ire f l ee t o ft r an spor tv e sse l s b e long ing t ot he S wed i sh m i l i tary f o rce sw ere s cu t t led i n1 7 19 i nS t röm s t ad h arbour d ur ing f i gh t ing w i th D enmark /Norway . B e tween t he y ear s 1 880 a nd 1 883 al a rge n umber o fi r on g uns , ammun i t ion e t c . w a s r e covered f r om t he se w reck s . S eve ra l o ft he f i nd s w ere d e scr ibed i n s evera l a r t ic le s i n S t röms tad s T idn ing i nJ une Ju ly 1 880* . I n 1 896 a no ther b ig , b urn t -ou tw reck w as l o ca ted i n S tockho lm h arbour . T h i s w reck w as l o ca ted w he re p r epara t ion sw ere u nderway f o r ama jo ri ndus tr ia la nd

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F ig 4 7 . P lan o ft he h arbour i nt he t own o fY s tad , d ur ing e xcava t ion w ork i n1 868-1869 .A s many a st h i r teen o ld w r eck s l o ca ted i nt he l a yer s o fs i l to n t h e b o t tom o ft h e h arbour a r e i nd ica ted i n t he p lan ( Bruze l ius 1 870 , p l I ) .

F r om t h et u rn o ft h ec e n tur y t oa bou t 1 930

f r om t h e E n ighed a s w i l l b e c omparab le w i th t ha t w h ich w i l lb eb rough tu pf r om o the rs h ip s " . Nava lo ff i c e ra nd ma r ine p a in te r ,J acob F l agg ,w ho a tt h i s t ime w a s c ura to r f o rt he se mu seum c o l lec t ion s , d ona ted t o t h e s a lvage f i rm as ke tch o f aw a r sh ip f r om t h e 1 7 th c en tury . I tw a sp robab ly i n tended t o make i te a s ie rf o r t h em t o i d en t if y t h e s h ip ' s t imbe r s e t c . wh ich w e re r e cov ered ( f ig . 5 1 ) . T he K a lma r n ew spape r , t he B a ro m e t ern ,c ar r ied h igh ly d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion so fs ome o f t h ef i nd s ,t oge the rw i th e n thu s ia s t ic a ccoun t so ft h et r e m endou si n te re s td i sp layed i nt he f i nd s( s eve ra la r t ic le s i nB arome te rn J u ly-Augu s t 1 909* ) . A l i t t le mo re t han t e n y ear s l a te r i n te r e s t i n o ld s h ipw r eck si nS t ockho lm ' sa r ch ipe lago w a sr e awak ened .

The i n te r e s t i n o ld w r eck s d ur ing t h e 1 9 th c en tury wh ich h a s b een d e scr ibed o n t h e p r ev iou s p age s i n v o lved i n mo s t c a se s t h e r e cov e ry o fg un s , c a rgo , t im b er s e t c . Af ew o ft he f i nd s w e r e d e sc r ibed i np r in to r e nded u p i n mu seum s . I n 1 9 05 p ar to ft he s t ern a nd s t ernpo s t ,p robab ly f r om t he s h ip o fw ar H ed v ig S of ia , l a ter n amed C a r l sk rona , b u i l ti nK a lmar i n1 6 86 ,w e r er a i sed f r om t h ew a te rj u s t o u t s id e t h e Nava l s h ipya rd i n K a r l sk rona . T he s h ip , wh ich t o ok p ar ti ns eve ra ls e ab a t t le si nt h eb eg inn ing o ft h e 1 8 th c en tury ,w a s s cu t t led i nt h e h a rbou ro ft h e s h ipya rd i n 1 7 30 . T he s t ern h a s b een s t o r ed i no ne o f t he s hed s a tt h e s h ipyard a nd as pec ia l ly c a s t b ronze p la t ew i th a ni n scr ip t ion h a sb een a f f ined i tt oi d en t if y ' t he r emnan t s( f ig .48 ) ,( w r i t ten i n fo rma t ion a nd p ho to g raph i ca l e v idence s ubm i t ted b y S . Hvar f inge , T he Nava l Mu seum i n K a r l sk rona ) . I n 1 9 08 a nd 1 909 t h e s a lvage c ompany R ex c on d uc t ed e x ten s ive o pe ra t ion s o n t h e D an i sh w a r sh ip E n ighed a nd t h e S wed i sh w ar sh ip N y cke ln , b o th o f wh ich s ank o f fK a lma r i n 1 6 79 ( f ig . 4 9 ) .The E n ighed w a s b u i l t i n Norway i n 1 6 50 u nde rt h e n ame o fP r in s Chr i s t ian .I t ' sn ame w a sl a te rc hanged t ot h eP r in se s se Cha r lo t te Ama l ie a nd i n 1 6 73 t ot h e E n ighed ( Ba r f od 1 963* , p1 5 a nd 3 7 . S ee a l so SMR : t h e E n ighed a nd Nycke ln ) . T he R ex s a lvage c ompany s e em st oh ave b een o pe r a t ed b y h a rbour c ap ta in A . P ar row a nd h a rbour ma r s ha l T h . Sm i th i n K a lma r . T he r e g imen ta l p hy s ic ian , A lf r ed B äckman ,w a sa l so i n vo lved i nt h ew o rk .D iv ing w as p e r f o rmed b yC lae sA nder s son .T he ma te r ia lt ha t w as r e cove red w a ss o ld t o mu seum sa nd p r iva te i nd iv i d ua l s .B e s ide st h es a le o fb l ack o ak t ov a r iou sc a rpen t ry f i rm s ,g un sa nd o the rf i nd sw er es o ld t o mu seums a nd g un c o l lec tor s i n v a r iou s p ar t s o f t h e c oun t ry . T he o b jec t s r e cove r ed i n c luded d eck b eam s , d eck p lank s , k ee l son s ,b ronze s heave s f o rh a l l ia rd b lock s , d i f f e ren t k ind so fs ho t ,i r on g un s , af ew o fw h ich w e r es t i l ll o aded ( f ig . 4 3 a nd 5 0 ) . T he N ava l Mu seum i n S t ockho lm p l anned t o u se s ome o ft h ef i nd st o" a s semb le a sc omp le te ac o l lec t ion e ue i 3 Q eO f

F ig 4 8 . T he s t e rn w i th p ar t o ft h e s t e rnpo s tf rom t h e w r e ck o f ac ar ve l -bu i l ts h ip ,p robab ly t h e Hed v ig S of ia , s a l vag ed o u to f the w a te ri n Kar l skrona i n1 905 .P ho to S . J ohan s son ( T he N ava l Mu seum i n Kar l skrona . A r c h i ve s a nd R e cord ) .

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