The Native Sources and the History of the Valley of Mexico 9780860542612, 9781407335797

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Introduction
THE CHRONOLOGICAL DILEMMA
ASPECTS MYTHIQUES DES PEREGRINATIONS MEXICAS
THE EXTENT OF THE TEPANEC EMPIRE
ART AS HISTORY: THE ILLUSTRATED CHRONICLE OF THE CODEX TELLERIANO-REMENSIS AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE
SUR LES NEOLOGISMES DANS QUELQUES LIVRES DU CODEX DE FLORENCE
TURQUOISES ACCORDING TO THE FLORENTINE CODEX VIGNETTES
THE AZTEC CONCEPT OF HISTORY: TEOTIHUACAN AND TULA
De l'attribution du Manuscrit no 342 de la Bibliotheque Nationale de Paris
Interrelation des manuscrits mayas et non-mayas
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF SOME GLYPHS AND AZTEC-STYLE VESSELS

Citation preview

44

Proceedings International Congress of Americanists · Congreso Internacional de Americanistas Manchester 1982

General Editor: Norman Hammond

The Native Sources and the History of the Valley of Mexico edited by

· J. de Durand-Forest BAR International Series 204 · 1984

B.

•

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0ES, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.

I3.A.H.-S2011, 1984: 'The Nn.tive Sources and the History of the Valley of Mexico'.

©

The Individual Authors,

198L1:.

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542612 paperback ISBN 9781407335797 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542612 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

Contents Page Introduction Jacqueline de Durand-Forest 1.

The Chronological Dilemma Hanns Prem

2.

Aspects mythiques des peregrinations Mexicas Michael Grauli eh

25

3.

The Extent of the Tepanec Empire Pedro Carrasco

73

4.

Art as History: The Illustrated Chronicle of the Co dex Tel leriano-Remensis as a Histo ric al Source El oise Quinones Keber

5.

Sur les Neologirimes dans quelques livres du Codex de Florence Marc Ei singer

117

6.

Turquoises according to the Florentine Codex Vignettes Marc· Thouv enot

183

7.

The Aztec Concept of History: Teotihuac an and Tula Nigel Davies

.207

8.

De l· attribution du Ms. No. 342 de la Bibliotheque Nationale de Paris Jacqueline de Durand-Forest

215

9.

La parente entre les manuscrits mayas et non mayas Anto on V�l lemaere

229

10.

Analysis and Interpretation of some glyphs on Aztec-style vessels Constanza Vega Sosa

5

95

. 251

T he N ative S ources a nd t he H istory o f t he V alley o f M exico

I ntroduction

A lthough o ne s ession o f t he I .C.A . h eld i n P aris i n S eptember 1 976 w as a lready d edicated, o n o ur p roposal, t o " the E thnohistory o f t he V alley o f M exico f rom t he N ative S ources i n N ahuatl," i t w as e vident t hat t he s ubject w as f ar f rom e xhausted, b ut a ll t he i ndigen ous t ypes o f e xpression h ad t o b e c onsidered. T he S panish s ources i ndispensable t hough t hey m ay b e, a re w ell k nown e ither d irectly o r t hrough o ur f amous p redecessors' w orks. I n o rder t o a void r epetition a nd t o t urn a side f rom t he b eaten t rack, t he i nvestigator o f t he l ate t wentieth c entury h as n o o ther a lternative i n. a ttogyting t o t hrow a n ew l ight o n t he h istory o f t he V alley o f M exico t han t o r efer t o t he d ocuments c oming f rom t hose h e s eeks t o u nders tand, i .e. t exts w ritten i n N ahuatl, p ictorial m anuscripts t hat a re s till d ifficult t o d ecipher, a nd a lso s ome s culptures t hat s upply u s w ith h istorical a nd c hronological d etails. T hough i t o ffers c onsiderable i nformation o n e xpansionist w ars, m atrimonial a nd/or p olitical a lliances, a nd t he m ain c ity-states' s uccessive h egemonies, t he h istory o f t he B asin o f M exico p resents s erious p roblems t o t he e thnohistorian w ho i ntends t o s crutinize a nd t hen c larify t he c hronological s ystems a dopted a nd t he t ypes o f h ist ory i ntended

( lineal,

c yclical o r i ntermediary).

E ach p articipant i n o ur s ymposium c ontributed f rom t he p erspect ive o f h is o wn f ield t o t he p roposed t heme. P rof. H .B. N icholson , w ho a ttended t his s ymposium , h is s uggestion, c ommented o n t he p apers.

1

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I NTRODUCCION Aunque una d e

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L as f uentes en e spa i lol, cemos b ien,

1 976 fue d edicado,

a l a " Etnohistoria d el Valle de Mexico s egün l os

por

i ndispensable que s ean,

s ea por medio d e

P ara e vitar e l p lagio,

s iglo XX n o t iene mäs r emedio,

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s ean r epresentados. l as c ono-

l as obras de nuestros e l

i nvestigador d el f in

para s alir d e l os c aminos

l a H istoria d el Valle d e Mexico,

t rillados

que a cudir

t ambiän a l os documentos d ejados por aquellos a quienes t ratamos d e conocer,

e s d ecir

l os t extos e n nahuatl,

davia d ificiles d e d escfrar,

l os manuscritos p ictogäficos

y c iertas e sculturas que n os

to-

suministran

datos h istöricos y c ronolögicos. A pesar d e e xpansionistas,

s u r iqueza e n a contecimientos diversos:

g uerras

hegemonias s ucesivas d e l os g randes S ehorios,. la H isto-

ria d el A ltiplano d e Mexico p lantRa serios problemas a l e tnohistoriador, que q uiere poner en evidencia e l PO d e h istoria p racticado

s istema d e c ronologia a doptado,

( lineal,

Cada participante a n uestro S imposio t ratö, pecialidad,

e l

dentro d e s u e s

d e c ontribuir a l e studio d el t ema d e i nvestigaciön p rc ipues-

t o. E l P rof. Simposio,

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c iclico o i ntermediario).

H enry N icholson,

que honrö c on s u presencia a quel

o rganizado a peticiön s uya,

l as ponencias a lli presentadas.

2

c omentö a manera d e conclusiön

T he N ative S ources a nd t he H istory o f t he V alley o f M exico

I ntroduction

B ien q u 'une d es s essions d u C ongres I nternational d es A mericanistes t enu ä P aris e n S eptembre 1 976 a it, ä n otre i nitiative, p orte s ur l 'Ethnohistoire d e l a V allee d e M exico d 'apres l es c hroniques i ndigenes e n l angue n ahuatl, c e t heme d e r echerche n e s 'est p as t rouve e puise p our a utant, i l n ous a d onc p aru n ecessaire d e l e r eprendre e t d e l 'elargir p our q ue s oient r epresentes t ous l es t ypes d 'e xpressions a utochtones. L es s ources e n e spagnol, p our i ndispensables q u'elles s oient, n ous s ont, e n e ffet, b ien c onnues s oit d irectement, s oit a u t ravers d 'un c ertain n ombre d e t ravaux e crits p ar d 'illustres p redecesseurs. iècle n 'a p as P our n e p as t omber d ans l e p lagiat, l e c hercheur d e l a f in d u X X° s d 'autre a lternative, p our a pporter q uelque l umiere n ouvelle s ur l 'Histoire d e l a V allee d e M exico, e t p our s ortir d es s entiers b attus, q ue d e r ecourir a ussi a ux l c herche ä m ieux c onnaitre, ä s avoir d ocuments e manant d e d e c eux-lä m emes q u il l es t extes e n l angue n ahuatl e t l es m anuscrits p ictographiques d ont l e d echiffrement p ose e ncore p robleme, s ans o ublier c ertaines s culptures r iches e n i ndications h istoriques e t c hronologiques. S i l 'Histoire e venementielle d u H aut-Plateau d e M exico e st p articulierement r iche e n i ncidents d ivers : g uerres e xpansionnistes, a lliances m atrimoniales e t p olitiques, h egemonies s uccessives d es g randes s eigneuries, e ile n 'en p ose p as m om s d e s erieuses d ifficultes ä l 'ethnohistorien, q ui s e d oit d e m ettre e n e vidence l e s ysteme d e c hronologie a dopte e t l e t ype d 'histoire ( lineaire, c ycl ique o u i ntermediaire) r echerche. C haque p articipant a u S ymposium s 'est e fforce, d ans l e d omaine d e s a s pecialite, d 'apporter s a c ontribution a u t heme d e r echerche p ropose. M onsieur l e P rofesseur H enry B . N icholson, s ur l 'invitation d uquel n ous a vions o rganise c e S ymposium, n ous a f ait l 'amiZie d e l 'honorer d e s a p resence. I l a M en v oulu, e n g uise d e c onclusion, n ous f aire p art d es r emarques q ue l ui a vaient i nspirees l es d iverses c ommunications p resentees.

3

T HE C HRONOLOGICA L D ILEMMA H anns J . P rem P re-Colon ia l A ztec h istory i s f or t he m ost p art a c onfusing a nd o f ten q u ite p uzz ling m atter . Ia m q u ite c ertain t hat n obody f am iliar w ith M ex ican e nthno history i s t em pte d t o d isa gree . A nd t he p rob lem o f t he c hronology u sed i n t he m any h istor ica l s our ces i s c erta inly o ne o f t he m ost d iscomfort ing p oints . T he l ate P aul K irchhoff d ea lt f or d ecades w ith t h is m atter , a s d id A lfonso C aso a nd W igberto J imenez M oreno , a nd r ecent ly N ige l D avies . H owever , w ith t he e xception o f t he l ast m ent ioned, a t t he m oment n obody s eem s t o b e t roub led b y t he c hrono log ica l p rob lem o r a t l east i nterested i n i t. T here a re t wo p ossib le e xplanat ions f or t h is s ituat ion 1 .

M any s tudents o f P re-Colon ia l A ztec h istory w ho a re n ot d irect ly i nvo lved i n o r ig ina l r esearch i nto t he C entra l M ex ican h istor ica l s ources m ay f ee l p er fect ly c ontent w ith t he r esults p resented b y. A lfonso C aso a nd W igberto J imenez M oreno a nd p erhaps a lso P au l K irchhoff . T hey s ee e veryth ing, o r a t l east t he m ost i mportant i ssu es , n eatly o rdered a nd w e ll s ett led a nd w onder w hy s omebody i s t ry ing t o r ehash t hat o ld s tory . A nybody w ho r e lies o n t he a u thor ity o f s ch olars l ike t hose j ust m ent ioned i s a bso lute ly w rong. Ia m g o ing t o s how i n t h is p ap er t hat n oth ing i s s ett led a nd t hat t here h as b een o nly v ery l itt le r ea l p rogress i n t h is m atter d ur ing t he l ast 5 0 y ears . W e h ave t o r e-open t he d iscuss ion o nce a gain .

2 .

O n t he o ther h and, s ome s tudents , w h ile b e ing u nhappy w ith t he s tate o f r esearch i n t h is m atter , m ay b e c onv inced t hat t he C ent ra l M ex ican c hrono log ica l p ro blem i s ah igh ly c omp lex a nd e xt reme ly c om p licated o ne a nd t heref ore a c onv incing s o lut ion o f t his m atter w ill p erhaps n ever b e a ch ieved. Id o p ay r espect t o t h is v iew o f t h ings a nd s ometimes I a m n ot a t a l s ure t hat I l s hou ld n ot d o b etter t o j o in t hese p eop le.

M ost o f t he t ime , h ow ever , Is ' ubscr ibe t o a nother v iew t hat i s s hared o nly b y a n e xtreme ly s ma ll g roup o f s cholars w ho c onstant ly s truggle w ith t he p r imary s our ces . T hey a re c onfident t hat a t l east a p art ia l s olution c an b e f ound, p rov ided s op hist icated m ethods a re u sed t o i nterp ret t he c onf licting d ata a nd p rovided t he v ast m ass o f t hese i so lated a nd i ncons istent d ata c an b e s uccessfu lly h andled. I a m c onv inced t hat i n o rder t o g et s er ious r es ults o ne i s f orced t o d ive i nto t his o cean o f s ource d ata a nd a h appy r eturn i s b y n o m eans g uaranteed. W h ile t he c hrono logy o f t he s ources f or A ztec h istory i s h eav ily d isturbed, t here i s n o i rremed iab le c on fus ion i n t hese s ources . M any s cholars i n f act h ave m ore o r l ess s uccessfu lly r econstructed A ztec h istory a nd d raw n m pre o r l ess c ons istent p ictures . T hey h ave d one s o 5

d esp ite t he o ften c ontradi c tory a nd m islea ding a ccounts. B ut t hey h ad t o d epend o n t heir p ersona l v iew o f t h ings, o n c ommon s ense, w hen t hey u ndertook t o e mend t he h istor ica l d ata . Id o n ot c r it icize t his n ot v ery m ethod olog ica l p rocedure they h ad n o c ho ice . T here w as and s till i s no c onv incing m ethod a va il ab le t o a vo id s uch a rb it rary h and ling .o f d ated h istor ica l r ecords i n C entra l M ex ican s ources . T he a pproach t hat h as m ost s uccessfu lly b een u sed f or t he i mp rovement o f t he h istor ica l a ccount i s t o g ive m ore c redit t o t he s eq uence o f e vents t han t o t he o ften d iv erging d ates f or t hese e vents . T his a pproach h as b een e ncouraged b y t he f act t hat e spec ia lly t he m ore n arrative h istor ica l w orks, f or e xamp le D uran a nd T ezozomoc , s eem t o p resent a c onsistent r e lat ive c hronology. H owever , t he b road n arrat ive a ccount o f s uch s ources , w ith o nly v ery f ew a bso lute c hrono logic a l d ata, i s n ot s o r e liab le a s i t s eems i n c ontrast t o t he m ore l acon ic a nna l i stic s ources , t he c hrono log ica l d is crepanc ies o f w h ich c ann ot b e h idden . T here i s n o r eason t o c hoose t he n arrat i y e s ources a s ag u ide line f or t he r econstruct ion o f t he d is turbed h is tor i c a l a ccount . T here e x ists n o h istor ica l s ource f or p re-Co lo n i a l C entra l M exic an h is tory w hi c h o ffers a t rustworthy r e lat ive c hrono logy. I t c annot b e c la imed t hat t he d istance b etvken t wo e vents o r e ven t he ir r e lat i v e s equence a s r eported i n t he s ources i s b y a ny m eans c erta in . T he c ause o f t h is c hronolog ica l d istort ion i s t hat p robab ly e very h ist or ica l s ource f rom a nc ient C entra l M ex ico i s t he r esult o f a c omp lex p rocess o f m erging a nd m e lting t ogether d if ferent a nd o ften d iverging r eports a nd t radit ions . T here o ccurre d m any d if ferent k inds o f s ource m erg ing , r esulting i n v ar ious t ypes o f d istort ion w h ich a ffected t he t e mora l d is tance o f r eported e vents a nd e ven h appened t o r everse t he r e lat i v e s e quence o f e vents . T hat i s Mat I ca ll t he " chronolog ica l d il emma ": t he m ore a s ource o ffers d ates f or t he r ecorded e vents, t he m ore i ts i ntern a l d iscrepancies b ecome e vident and v ic e v ersa . M ost o f t he p re-Colon ia l h istor ica l r ecords s eem t o h ave s urvived i n a nna list ic f orm . I t i s h ard t o u nderstand w hy t he A ztecs a nd t he ir n e ighbours, w hose h istor ica l c onsc iousness p uts s o m uch e mphasis o n c hronolog ica l i nformat ion , o n t he e xact p lacement o f e veryth in g i n t ime , o bv iously n ever a chieved a p rec i s e a nd u namb iguous m ethod o f d ating . T he ir b as ic s ystem o f i dent ify i n g y ears b y n ames d er ived f rom t he n ames o f c ertain d ays o f t he y ear i s s u i t ed o nly t o d istingu ish y ears w ith in a n e xtreme ly s hort t ime-sca le b ecause t he s equence o f a va i l ab le y ear n ames r epeats i dent ica l l y e very 5 2 y ears . N o f urther m eans e x isted t o l abe l y ears w ith i dent ica l n ames w h ich p erta ined t o d if ferent r evo l u t ions o f t he c y cl e o f y ear n ames . O f n ecessity t he A ztec c hron icler w as t hus f orce d t o a ss ign a rb itrar ily t he e vents a ssociated w it h t he s ame n ame o f t he y ear t o ac ertain o ne o f t hese r evo lutions o r x iu hm olp i 11i. T he r esult o f t his p rocedure i s w e l I k nown : a h igh ly c omplex c hronolog ica l m ix-up, w h ich m ay e ven b e g reater t han w e a re i nc lined t o s uspect . I f w e a re g oing t o d isentangle t h is m ix-up i t i s n ecessary t o d is t ingu i s h b etween d if ferent t ypes o f d istort ion t hat m ay h ave o ccurred i n t he c omp ilat ion o f t he s urv iving s ources. T he m ost s imple t ype m ay b e c a l l ed: t em pora l t e lescop ing. T wo s ubtypes c an b e d is c erned w h ose r esults a re , h ow ever , a ntagonistic. Iu se t he t erm 6

p roportiona l t e lescop ing w hen t he e vents t he o r ig ina l t rad it ion r eport ed f or a t ime-span o f, s ay, 5 2 y ears, h ave b een e xpanded b y t he a uthor o f ad ependent s ource o ver t w ice t his t ime, f or e xamp le, b ut t he o r ig ina l o rder o r s equence o f e vents h as b een r eta ined. T he s econd s ubtype w hich c an b e c a lled d is integrat ing t e lescop ing, s plits u p t he s e quence o f e vents a nd p laces t hem i nto t wo o r m ore c ycles o f 5 2 y ears e ach, r eta in ing t he r e lat ive p os ition w ith in e ach c ycle . I n t h is c ase t he a rgument f or t he a rrangement o f e vents i n t he n ew s ource i s t he n ame o f t he y ear a ssoc iated w ith e very e vent . ( F ig. 1 ) . T he r esult o f t h is f orm o f t e lescoping i s m ore c onfusing t han t hat o f t he f irst s ubtype, f or i t b reaks u p t he o rder o f e vents , t he r eTat ive c hronology . S ometh ing t hat h appened, f or e xample , n ear t he e nd o f a c ycle m ay b e p laced i nto a n e ar lier c ycle w hile a nother e vent t hat r ea lly o ccurred e ar lier i n t he s ame c y cle h as b een p laced reta ining t his p os it ion - i nto a l ater c ycle. T hus t he r e lat ive s equence o f e vents b ec o mes r eversed: t he l ater e vent w ill b e r eported b efore t he e ar lier o ne . T he f irst s ubtype n ecessar ily h as t o d ism iss t he c hrono log ica l d ates a nd i s t herefore l ike ly t o b e f ound i n n arrat ive s ources . T exts w hic h d o n ot i nc lude o vert c hrono log ica l d ata a re s uspected t o b e s uffer ing f rom p roportiona l t e lescoping . O n t he o ther h and, s ources w ith a s tr ict c hrono log ica l f rame o n t he y ear b y y ear b as is e mp loy o nly t he s econd s ubtype . T hese s our ces t end t o i ncorporate f actua l d ata a ccord ing t o t he ir c hrono logica l l abe lling - e ven a t t he c ost o f s e quent iona l d isr upt ion . Av ery s pec ia l c ase i s t he r epet ition o f t he o r ig ina l s equence i n f act a c o mb inat ion o f b oth s ubtypes ( F ig . 1 A). B ut o n t he o ther h and t here a re s ome n arrat ive h istor ica l s ources t hat s eem t o p resent f actua l d ata w h ich e xc lude t he p ossib ility o f p roport iona l t e lescopi ng, f or e xample A lva I xt lilxochit l. B ut i t c an b e d emonstrated t hat t he d ates g iven b y h im o r b y t he a uthors o f t he C ron ica M ex icayot l a re r econstructed a nd n ot o rig ina l d ates a nd t hat e spec ia lly I xt lilxochit l d id a l ot o f t e lescoping W ien c omp iling h is w ork f rom p ictor ia l a nd o ra l s ources ( Prem n .d .a ). T hings a re n ot a lways t hat s imp le, a nd t e lescop ing i s n ot t he o nly t ype o f d istort ion i n C entra l M ex ican h istor ica l s ources . I t h as b een w ell k nown f or d ecades t hat t he o bv ious d iscrepancies i n a nna list ic s ources c annot o nly b e t he r esult o f s ome s ort o f t e lescoping . E spec ia lly d is integrating t e lescop ing c annot b e m ade r espons ib le f or t he p lacement o f t he s ame e vent u nder d ifferent y ear-names i n t he s ame h istor ica l a ccount . K irchhoff i n h is 1 950 p aper o n " The M ex ica c a lend ar a nd t he f oundat ion o f T enocht itlan-T late lo l c o" w ent i nto d etail o n t his m atter w ith a n e xtraord inary e xamp le, t he f oundation o f T enocht itlan i tse lf. H e , a nd m ore o r l ess a t t he s ame t ime J imenez M oreno, f ound a p oss ible s olution i n t he s upposed e x istence o f s ome 1 0 d iff erent y ear c ounts w h ich h ere u sed s im ultaneously . i n A ncient M ex ico ( F ig. 2 ). O ne o f t he b as ic e lements o f t his f undamenta l t heory w as t he M ixtec y ear c ount e stab lished b y J imenez M oreno i n 1 940 . H e d emonstrated t hat t he M ixtec y ear c ount d iffered f rom t he M ex ica b y 1 v a lue i n t he n umber c omponent o f t he y ear n ame . I t i s w orth n oting t hat b oth s cholars , J imenez M oreno a nd K irchhoff , w ere m ore c oncerned t o e xplain h ow t hese d ifferent y ear c ounts c ould h ave o r ig inated t han t o e va luate t he c onsequences f or p r imary r esearch o n p re-Colon ia l M ex ican h istory o f w h ich t hey d oubtlessly h ere f u lly a ware . •K irchhoff

7

a nd J imenez M oreno f ounded t he ir t heory o n t he o ld h ypothes is t hat t he M ex ican y ears h ad b een n amed a ccord ing t o t he n ame o f a c ertain , p rom inent d ay o f t he y ear ( F ig . 2 ). T hey r ejected S e ler 's i dea ( 1891) t hat t his h ad t o b e t he f irst d ay o f t he y ear a nd j o ined C aso w ho c onc luded ( 1939 ) t hat t he n ame-g iving d ay w as a lways t he 3 60th d ay o f t he y ear , t he l ast d ay o f t he l ast s oca lled m onth, a nd t he d ay b efore t he o nset o f t he n em ontem i. K irchhoff 's a nd J imenez M oreno 's t heory i s b ased f urther o n t he f o llow ing a ssumpt ions ( F ig . 3 ): 1 .

ear I n C entra l M ex ico t here e x isted a t l east 1 0 d ifferent • y c ounts .

2 .

F rom o ne y ear c ount t o a nother t he n ames o f i dent ica l y ears d iff ered o nly i n t he n umber c om ponent b ut n ot i n t he d ay s ign th is t ype o f d ifference w as f irst d emonstrated w ith t he M ixtec y ear c ount . Kirc hhoff a lso a ccepted o ther d ay s igns b ut m ay h ave a bandoned t h is v iew l ater .

3 .

T he n ame o f t he y ear a nd t he n ame o f i ts 3 60th d ay a re t he s ame .

4 .

T he y ear c ounts d iffer w ith r espect t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he y ear ( in a bso lute t erm s!). T he d istance f rom t he s tart o f t he y ear o f o ne c ount t o t hat o f t he n ext o ne i s e xact ly 2 0 d ays .

5 .

T he s o-ca lled m onths w ere s ynchronous o r o ver lapp ing i n a ll y ear c ounts w ith t he e xcep t ion o f t he n emontem i w h ich h ad a v ary ing r e lat ive p os it ion ( imme d iate ly b efore t he b eg inn ing o f t he y ear ). T hus t he , m ajor ity o f t he m onths i n ac ertain p lace w ere o ver lapp ing n em ontem i i n o ther p laces w here o ther y ear c ounts h ere o bserved .

6 .

T he s acre d a lmanach o r t ona lp ohua l 1i w as t ota l l y s ynchron ous i n e very y ear c ount ( K irc hhoff d id n ot s tick t o t h is c ond it ion i n e very c ase ).

T his t heory c onta ins s ome p oints w h ich a re h ard t o a ccept. F or e xam ple , i t i s as omew hat s trange a ssumpt ion t hat m ore t han 2 0% o f t he y ear c oinc ided w ith n em ontem i a t o ther p laces n ot t oo d istant . I f o ne i mag ines t he p eople o f T enocht it lan a cting d ur ing t he ir n emontem i a s d escribe d i n S aha gün 's S econd B ook h e w ill f ind i t i nconce ivab le t hat t he ir n e ig hbours i n n earby T late lo l c o r egarded e xact ly t he s ame d ays a s r egu lar . T he s ame c ou ld b e s aid o f t he N ew F ire a t t he e nd o f a x iuhmo lp illi. B ut I c oncede t hat t h is m ay b e n ot a v ery s trong a rgum ent for t here m ight b e s omeone w ho d oesn 't s ee a ny p roblem i n i mag ini n g t h is. T he m ost c rucia l p oint , h owever, i s t he C aso h ypothes is o f n am ing t he y ear a f ter i ts 3 60th d ay . T he c onsequences f or t he K irchh off a nd J imenez M oreno h ypothes is a re ( compare F ig . 3 ): 1 .

E very y ear c ount s tarted t he y ear w ith a d ifferent m onth a t ad ifferent t ime ( in a bso lute s ca le ).

2 .

f a d ay E very y ear c ount n amed t he y ear a f ter t he n ame •o w ith a d if ferent a bso lute p os it ion a nd, w hat i s e ssent ia l l y

8

t he s ame , a f ter f east o r m onth . 3 .

t he n am e o f t he l ast d ay o f a d ifferent

T he m onths o r f easts w ere g enera lly b ut n ot t ota lly s ync hronous i n d ifferent y ear c ounts . B eg inning f rom t he n em ontem i o f t he y ear c ount w ith t he l ater b eginn ing p oint t here w as a s h ift o f 5d ays b et en t he i dent ica l m onths .

O ne h as t o c onc lude t hat b etween t wo y ear c ounts n ear ly e veryt h ing v ar ied o r w as s h ifted m ore o r l ess with t he e xcept ion o f t he r e lat ive ( not a bso lute ) p os it ion o f t he n ame-g iving d ay. T he q uest ion a r ises : w hy s hould t h is b e t he o nly s tab le p o int i n t h is c a lendar ic s hunt ing s tat ion? W hy n ot t ake a nother f ixed p oint , f or e xamp le t he y ear b eg inning , a nd s h ift o nly t he n ame-g iving d ay? Ia lready h ear t he a nswer : C aso h as p roduced s ecure e vidence t hat t he b eg inn ing d ays ere v ar iab le a nd t hat t he y ears ere n amed a f ter t he 3 60th d ay . B efore w e g o a head i n t h is d iscuss ion w e c annot a vo id h av ing a 1ok a t C as o' s h y pothesi s . H e c la im s t ha t i n a nc i ent M esoamer i c a v ar ious c a lendars e x isted w ith d ifferent b eg inn ings o f t he y ear : T he c lassic M aya , t o n ame o nly t he m ost p rom inent e xample , s tarted t he ir y ear w ith a m onth c orrespond ing r ough ly t o t he 9 th m onth i n t he M ex ica s e qu ence ( beg inning w ith A t icahua lo ) ( Thompson 1 950 : 1 06). C a lendars r ecorded f rom r ecent M aya g roups h ave m any d ifferent b eg inn ings, w ith t he n emontem i-equ iva lent p laced i mmed iate ly b efore t he r espect ive b eg inn ing m onth; t he i nformat ion , h owever , i s n ot a lways s a tisfactory i n q ua lity . B ut , a nd t h is p o int m er its o ur a ttent ion , t he y ear b earer o f t hese M aya c a lendars i s i nvar iab ly d er ived f rom t he f irst d ay o f t he f irst m onth . T hom pson , w ho p resented a nd d iscussed t he e vidence ( 1950 : 1 24-127), s aid: " I w as a ttracted b y t he C aso t hes is , a nd t r ied t o a pply i t t o Y ucatan , b ut t he a rguments a ga inst i t a re t oo o verw he lm ing". T o s um u p , t he s ituat ion w ith t he M aya i s n ot a t a ll u namb igu ous : 1 .

U n ique a nd s ynchronous b eg inn ing o f t he y ear , c entur ies : C lassic M aya ; e xce l l ent e vidence .

f ollowed f or

2 .

D iff erent y ear c ounts w ith v ar ious b eg inn ing m onths a nd d ifferent r e lat ive p os it ion o f t he n emontem i-equ iva lent : r ecent M aya g roups , s omet imes o bv iously d isturbed t ra d it ion a nd p oor e vidence .

3 .

N ame-g iving d ay i s t he f irst o f t he f irst m onth .

ituat ion i s o nly a v ery s e lect ive s upport f or t he C aso T he M ay-a s t hes is . I t m akes c lear t hat d ifferent b eg inn ings o f t he y ear e x isted, b ut a t ac onsiderab le s pat ia l a nd i n p art a lso t empora l d istance f rom t he P ostc lass ic C entra l M ex ican h igh lands. T he M aya s ituat ion , h o ver, p resents e vidence a ga inst t he n am ing o f t he y ear a fter i ts 3 60th d ay. B ut w hat i s t he s ituat ion i n C entra l M ex ico , t he f ocus o f t h is d iscu ssion? C aso a ttr ibuted d ifferent b eg innings o f t he y ear t o v ar ious e thnic g roups i n t he V a lley o f M ex ico a nd i ts v ic in ity. H e f ee ls t hat t he w e ll k nown s p lit b et en t he C o lon ia l t rad it ions w h ich r eport d ifferent y ear b eg inn ings f or t he M ex ica c ou ld b e e xp la ined b y t h is s ituat ion . T he f irst t rad it ion, c a lled a f ter M oto linla , r eports 9

ab eg inn ing w ith t he m onth T lacax ipehua lizt li, t o b e f ound a lso a mong c ertain M aya h igh land g roups ; t he s econd t rad it ion , c a lled a fter S aha g t in, s tates t hat C uahuit lehua w as t he f irst m onth ( Kub ler & G ibson 1 95 1: 5 1). A lthough t he e vidence f or b oth o f t hese b eg innings i s i rrefutab le , C aso r efuses t o a ccept i t a nd c laims t hat t he M ex ica s tarted t he ir y ear w ith t he m onth I zca lli. H e h as t o d o s o i n o rder t o s usta in h is h ypothes is t hat t he n ame-g iv ing d ay w as t he 3 60th d ay a f ter t he b eg inning o f t he y ear . I n s p ite o f C aso 's o p in ion , a _y ear b eg inn ing w ith I zca lli i s n ot s ubstant iated u nequivoca lly b y a ny s our ce . A t t h is p oint a l engthy d igress ion i s i nev itab le . C aso a lleged t wo m ajor p ieces o f e vidence f or t he I zca lli b eg inning . O ne i s t he C odex A ubin ( f . 4 2 ). H is a rgument i s b ased o n t he f act t hat a n e numerat ion o f t he m onths a f ter t he f irst e ntrance o f t he S pan iards i nto T enocht it lan h as a h ierog lyph o f a cat l i nserted b efore t he n ame o f t he m onth I zca lli. C aso i nterprets t h is s ign a s a n i nd icat ion t hat a t t h is p oint t he n ext y ear b egan ( Caso 1 967: 4 0 ). B ut a ll s ources u nan im ou sly s tate t hat t he S pan iards e ntered T enochtit lan i n t he y ear 1a cat l a nd t herefore t he y ear t hat b egan a fter t h is e ntrance h as t o b e t he y ear 2 t ecpat l. Ic annot a ccept i t a s ac onv incing a rgument t hat t he h ierog lyph a cat l s hou ld m ark t he o nset o f ay ear t ecpatl. I t s eems m ore p lau sib le t hat t h is s ign d enotes t he n ame o f a m onth, i n t he s ame m anner a s i n t he l ine b efore t he h ierog lyph " pant li" s ignif ies P an quetza lizt li. T he s upposed " acat l" s ign m ight p erhaps b e i nterprete d a s ah ierog lyph f or " f lower", i .e . " xoch it l", a nd t hus g ive t he s y nonym f or t he m onth I zca lli, n ame ly X och ilhu it l. A s f ar a s t he p os it ion o f t he n em ontem i a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he y ear i s c on c erned , C aso o ver looked t hat i n t he s ame l ine t he R oman f igure 5 m ost p ro bab ly i nd icates t he n em ontem i i mme d iate ly b efore t he m onth C uahuit l ehua . A nd e ven a f ew p ages l ater t he C odex A ub in m ent ions t hat C uit lah uac b ecame t latoan i o n n em ontem i c uahu it lehua o n w h ich C aso c a nments i n a nother c ontext ( 1 967 : 3 8 ): " (no) s e s epa s i e stos n emont em i i ban a ntes o d espues d e l m es". H e d oes n ot s how h ow t h is c ou ld b e c onsistent w ith h is a ssumpt ion t hat t he n emontem i p receded t he m onth I zca lli, o ne m onth e ar lier . C aso 's s econd p iece o f e vidence i s t he 3 rd p art o f C odex B orb on icus . I n t h is m anu scr ipt s igns o f t he y ear a re a ssociated w ith t he m onths I zca lli a nd P anquetza lizt li. W ithou t e nter ing i nto a d eta iled d iscu ss ion o f t he s ign if icance o f t hese c oncordances i t s uff ices t o q uote C aso h imse lf ( 1967: 4 5 ): " Con l os d atos q ue n os p roporciona e l c od ice , q ueda l a d uda d e s i e l a no a zteca p r inc ip iaba p or I z ca lli o p or A t icahua lo ". A t icahua lo i s a nother n ame f or C uahuit lehua . C aso b ases h is c onc lu s ion n ot o n t he e vidence o f t he C odex b ut o n e xterna l a rguments w hen h e c ont inues ( 1967: 5 7 ) t hat h e p refers a b eginn ing w it h I zca lli b ec a use o therw i s e t he n ame-g iving d ay w ould h old a n i ns ignif icant p os it ion w ith in t he y ear . T o s um u p : C aso s wept a way l a l t he e vidence i n f avour o f ab eg inning w ith A t icahua lo a nd T lacax ip ehua lizt li a nd c lings t o h is p rejud ice t hat t he y ear h as t o b eg in a f ter t he m onth w hose l ast d ay - i n h is o p in ion - g ives i ts n ame t o t he a lrea dy e nd ing y ear . F or t he M ex ica y ear C aso 's t heory o ther t han c ades. B ut w hat a bou t w h ich a ccord ing t o C aso ,

c ount t here i s n o a rgument l eft i n f avour o f C aso 's o wn a u th or ity, u ncha llenged f or d e a ll t he o ther c a lendars f rom C entra l M ex ico b egan a t d ifferent p o ints o f t he y ear? F or 1 0

e xamp le t he M atlatz inca c a lendar, r econstructed b y C aso i n 1 946. A c a lendar i n t h is f orm n ever e x isted . C aso , l ike a ll h is f orerunners, s tumb led i nto t he p itfa ll o f as o-ca lled c a lendar-m ode l w hen h e b ased h is r econstruct ion e xc lus ive ly o n t he M s m ex 3 8 1. I ca ll a c a lendar m ode l as chematic , e ndless ly r evo lv ing c a lendar-tab le f or t he v ague y ear , v ery m uch l ike t he m edieva l " reportor ios". I n C o lon ia l C entra l M ex ico a c a lendar-m ode l o n o ne s ide c onta ins t he c onstant e lements o f t he E urop ean c alend ar, i .e . m onths, d ays o f t he m onths , d om inica l l etters a nd o ften a lso i nd ications o f t he n on-m ovab le f easts o f t he C hr ist i a n y ear . O n t he o ther s ide i t d isplays a m ode l v ers ion o f t he C entra l M ex ican c a lendar . I t h as t o b e c a lled a m ode l, n ot a . r ea l o ne , b ecause t here c an b e n o s tab le c orre lat ion, i .e . ac orre lat ion t hat w as v a lid m ore t han 1 t o 3y ears , b etween t he E uropean a nd t he M esoamer ican y ear , w h ich d id n ot i nter ca late l eap d ays . I n t he c ase o f t he M s 3 81, Ih ave d emonstrated e lsewhere ( Prem n .d.b .) t hat - n otw ithstand ing C aso 's i nterpretat ion - n o r ea lly e x ist ing c orre lat ion w as e ver m eant t o b e r ecorded. T he s o-ca lled M atlatz inca c alendar i s r ather a m ut ilated m ode l, i n w h ich m ost a ttent ion h as b een g iven t o t he c oncordance o f t he T arascan m onths w ith t he E uropean y ear. T h is i s af eature h ighly c ommon t o c a lendar-mode ls a nd c an b e s een , f or e xamp le, i n t he T ovar c a lendar, t oo . T his d ay f ur d ay c oncordance w as p ossib le b ecause E urop ean c a lendar t ab les o f t hat t ime d id n ot e xp lic it ly r ecord t he l eap d ay. T his d ay w as, w hen n ecessary, i nter ca lated b y s h if ting f rom o ne d om inica l l etter t o t he n ext a t t he e nd o f F ebruary. T he E uropean t ab le c onsequent ly h ad t he s ame l ength a s t he I nd ian y ear , 3 65 d ays, a nd t hus i t b ecame p ossib le t o r ecord a c oncordance . T he i mp licit c onsequence w as t hat a ccord ing t o t his m ode l t he I nd ian c a lendar a lso h ad t o i nterca late o ne d ay e very l eap y ear , w h ich m akes t h is c oncordance o nly a f ict ic ious o ne . T he M atlatz inca m anu scr ipt s hows, h ow ever , a n a dd itiona l c oncordance t oo , b etween t he y ear o f 3 65 d ays a nd t he t ona lpohua lli w ith 2 60 d ays. I t i s o bvious t hat t his l ast m ent ioned c oncordance c an o nly b e e stabl ished a t t he c ost o f t he c ont inu ity o f t he t ona lpohua lli-sequence a nd i ts e ver r evo lving n ature . T here d o e x ist s ome c a lendar-mode ls w h ich s tart t he t ona lpohua lli a new e very y ear , f or e xamp le o ne o f t he D urän c a lendars, a nd t he c a lendar u sed b y I xt lilxoch it l i n h is R e laciones. T he M atlatz inca c a lendar o f M s 3 81 d oes e xact ly t he s ame , b ut w ithout g iving t he n umber c omponents o f t he d ays, w h ich t he u ser w ould h ave h ad t o c a lcu late b y h imse lf a s h e h ad t o c a lcu late t he w eek-days f rom t he d om inica l l etters . T he c omposer o f t his c a lendar t ab le m ade a nother d istort ion o f t he p rinc ip les o f t he M esoamer ican c a lendar: i n o rder t o e stab lish a s tab le c oncordance b etw een t he y ear o f 3 65 d ays a nd t he s equence o f 2 0 d ay-signs h e l eft t he n em ontem i w ithout d ay s igns . T hus e very y ear b egan w ith t he d ay t hat w as e quiva lent t o A ztec c uetzpa lin a nd e nded w ith t he e quiva lent o f c a lli w hich p recedes c uetzpa lin i n t he s e quence o f d ay s igns . B ecause o f t he o m iss ion o f t he n em ontem i, e very m onth e nded w ith c a l l i e very y ear . I f o ne a ccepts w ith C aso t hat t his c a lendar r ea lly m irrors a M at latz inca c a lendar i t h as t o b e c onc luded e ither : 1 .

t he n ames o f t he y ear w ere n ot d er ived f rom t he 3 60th o r a ny o ther d ay o f t he y ear b ecause i n t h is c a lendar m ode l t he n ames o f t he d ays f or a c erta in m onth p osit ion n ever c hange ( and i n e very p roposed y ear c ount t he n ames o f t he y ear c hange r egular ly i n a4y ear c y cle ), o r

1

2.

Matlatzinca year-names derived from the 360th day invari­ a bly consisted of o ne a nd t he s ame day sign, i.e. c al li. In this case the year count of the Matlatzinca had differed radic al ly fom those of all other known Mesoamerican c alen­ dars, and does not correspond to any pr oposed year-count at all.

I prefer to reject the Ms 381 as evidence for a specific Matlat­ zinca ye ar count, a di f fere nt beginn ing poi nt of the year a nd a· dif­ ferent position of the nerrontemi. I co nsider the ma nuscript as another exafll)le of a cale ndar- model. Exac tly the same cou ld be de1ron­ strated fo r th e Codi ce de Hu ichapan, al so di scus sed by Ca so. · Her e, al so, he fai led to understa nd the f icticio us nature of t he calendar­ model which makes the Otomi year begin with the equ ivale nt of Cua hu it­ lehua exac tly at t he same time as t he European Cala ndar does, nam ely Caso comments correctly that this did not at the first of January. oc cur unt il t he e nd of t he 17th century. The reconstruction of the Tarascan calendar presented by Caso in 1943 is ba sed on equal ly s haky ev idenc e, but of quite a different ki�d. The Relacion de Michoacan records a few Europe an dates as correspo nding to Tarasc an feasts. Ca so (1967: 246) admits that these dates al low the placing of the nerrontemi at five di ffer ent locations, but he concludes (1967: 252): 11 • • • l os tarasc os ... principiaban (su an o), segun cr ee1ros, por el ... mes ... al que corresponde el mes azteca Huey tozotli or p or el de Tla caxi pehualiztli, s egun Seler 11 • In leaving this question open Caso was qu ite right and al l who quote him as hav ing esta blis hed� b eginn ing with Hueytozotli are wrong. After this digression I should like to return to the Kirchhof f a nd Jime nez More no thes is of dif ferent year coun ts in Central Mexico. One of the princi_ples of their thesis ca nnot be sustained any longer: that in Central Mexico t he existence of va rious dif fere nt beginn ings of the..,Year ca n be substantiated. Even the discr epancy between the Motol in ia traditi on of Tla caxi pehua liztl i as f ir st mon th and the Sahagun tradition wit h Cua huitlehua seems soluble in favour of the f ir st on e. Thus, if in various par ts of Central Mexico t he same year was denoted by di fferent names, these names could not be derived from t he same day. And if there was no f irm l ink bet�en t he b eginn ing of the year and its name, then year counts with year-names containing diverging day-signs became poss·ible, as advoca ted by K irchhoff a nd more recently by Nigel Dav ie s (1973: 193-210). Aft er t his exposition of t he pr oblem - how are we to resol ve the overt di screpancies in the historical sources regarding the chrono­ Fir st of all we logic al p laceme nt of many of t he recorded events? have completely to disentangle ourselves from the theory that di f­ fere nt ye ar coun ts c an be satisfacto ri ly exp lained by t he theory of di fferent year beginnings. The mechanics of the Mesoamerican calendar a re n ot suited to solv ing pr oblems of histo ric al traditions. The vari ous year counts, whose existence cannot be den ied, should rather be se en as t he ef fect of dif fere nt lines of traditions. I suppose that the vari ous year counts ar e the resu lt of more -or less . is olated attempts to make t he native year correspo nd to t he s li ghtly l onger so la r year. But I admit there is no ev idence for this. However this may b e, it is c lear that at di f fere nt times a nd places shifts of the sequence of year names must have oc curred which caused years not 12

t o h ave t he s ame n ame d espite t he ir b e ing 5 2 y ears a part . T hese y ear c ounts s urvived f or a v ary ing t ime a t d ifferent p laces . T hus e vents t hat o ccurred i n t hese t imes a nd p laces w ere n ecessar ily a ssociated w ith d ates t hat l ooked t he s ame b ut w hich p erta ined t o d iverging y ear c ounts . T he a uthors o f h istor ica l a ccounts h ad t o c ope w ith t his s ituat ion . I t i s o bvious t hat t hey w ere a w are o nly s e ldom o f t he e x istence o f t hese d ifferent t radit ions a nd f or t he m ost p art t r ied t o h armon ize t he a va i l ab le i nformat ion o n t he b asis o f t he o ne t hen c ompu lsory y ear c ount , t he M ex ica c ount . T he v ar ious d istort ions b y w hich t his g oa l c ould b e a chieved c an b est b e s tud ied i n as chematic w ay ( F ig. 4 ) : L et u s a ssume t here e x isted 4 y ear c ounts . T wo o f t hem , Aa nd B , s hared t he s ame d ay s ign i n t he ir y ear n ames a nd d iverged i n t he n umera l c omponent . T he p lacement o f t he s ame e vent i n t hese y ear c ounts n ecessar ily s eems t o b e 4y ears a part or a m ultiple t hereof. Ba nd C s hared t he s ame n umera l a nd d iffered i n t he d ay s ign c omponent o f t he y ear n ame . T he s ame e vents r ecorded i n b oth o f t hem s eem t o l ie 1 3 , 2 6, o r 3 9 y ears a part . Ca nd D d o n ot s hare e ither n umera l o r d ay s ign the f ictic ious d ifference m ay a m ount t o a ny n umber o f y ears e xcept t hose a lready m entioned. I f an at ive a uthor h ad t o m ake u se o f t rad itions w h ich c onta ined r eferences t o t he s ame e vent i n t wo o r m ore y ear c ounts , h ow c ou ld h e e ver f ind o ut t hat t hey d id n ot r ecord r ecurrences o f s im ilar m atters t hat h appened s o a nd s o m any y ears a part? L et u s a ssume t hat i n ac erta in t own i n C entra l M ex ico t hree y ear c ounts h ad b een i n u se s uccessive ly ( F ig. 5 ). I t s eems p lausib le t hat t he w hole c omm unity, a t t he s ame m oment , s w itched f rom o ne y ear c ount t o t he o ther . I n t his m oment t he y ear o f t he f icticious d ist ance b etween b oth c ounts , Aa nd B , o r Ba nd C , r espective ly, w ere s k ipped. I n o ur e xa rple f rom t he f irst o ccurrence o f t he y ear 4 a cat l r o f c ount A t o 6t ocht li o f c ount C i n r ea lity o nly 1 02 y ears e lapsed ( F ig . 6 ). I f o ne r egarded t hese y ear n ames a s p erta ining t o t he s ame c ount , t he d istance w ould b e 19 y ears , a nd t his i s w hat t he n at ive a u th ors d id. T hey f illed t he r esulting g aps b y p hrases l ike " in t hese y ears n oth ing h appened" which m ay b e t rue b ut a lso m ay n ot b e, o r t hey i nvented e xplanations, l ike t he i nter ca lat ion o f a n " interregn um", a s r ecent ly d iscovered b y N ige l D avies ( 1980 : 3 6, 4 0). T he f illing u p o f v acant s tretc hes i n t he t ime s ca le w as n ot t he o nly s olution ( F ig. 7 ). I nstead o f c oncatenat ing t he s equences o f y ear n ames, . a m erg ing t hrough c ontract ion c ould o ccur . T he s equence f rom c ount B c ou ld b e m ade t o f it i nto a n a lready e x ist ing p art o f c ount C . T he t ime s ca le w as t hus s hortened a nd e vents t hat h appened a t d ifferent p oints i n t ime o ver lapped o r c oinc ided. T his p rocess c ould a ls o m ake e ar lier e vents b e p laced l ater t han e vents t hat r ea lly o ccurred l ater . T he r ea l s equence o f e vents c ou ld t hus b ew r eversed. T h is s hort p resentat ion h as s hown t he m ajor t ypes o f d istort ion d ue t o t e lescop ing, c oncatenation a nd m erging o f d ifferent y ear c ounts . I t i s c lear t hat t he s ame e ffect m ay b e t he r esult o f d ifferent p rocesses a nd t hat i t i s n ot e asy t o d iscern w hich p rocess t ook p lace i n a c ertain c ase . T here i s n o s i rple p rescr ipt ion t o c orrect t he d istorr t ions . T he

a wareness t hat v ar i o us y ear c ounts e x isted d oes n ot h e lp a t

1 3

a l l t o d ecide w h i c h d ate b e l o nged t o w h i c h c ount; i t i s f undamenta l b ut d oes n ot s erve a s at oo l f or u nrave l l ing t he c hrono logica l c onfus io n i n t he h istor ica l s our ces . I n o rder t o d o t his t hree s teps a re n ecessary: 1 .

F irst o f a l 1i t h as t o b e e stab lished h ow m any y ear c ounts r ea l l y e x isted a nd w hat a c ertain y ear w as c a l l ed i n e very o ne o f t he o ther c ounts . T his q uest ion c annot b e a nswered o n t he b asis o f c a lendr ica l m echanics, a s Ih ave a lready e xp lained, a nd t he y ear n ames n ee d n ot c oincide i n t he d ays ig n . T he p rocedure h as t o b e as tatist ica l o ne : • f or e very m ention o f t he s ame e vent t he a ssoc iated d ates h ave t o b e e va luated.

2 .

T he s econd s tep i s t o f in d o ut i f t here a re a ny c orre lat ions b et en y ear c ounts a nd c ertain p laces, r eg ions a nd/ o r t ime p er i o ds. B y t h is p rocedure e very c ount s hou ld b e m ade t o f it i nto t empora l a nd s pat i a l l im its.

3 .

F ina l l y i t h as t o b e d is covered f or e ach s ource , w hich c ounts w ere u sed f or Mat c lass o f r eported e vents o r s er ies o f h istor ica l d ata i n o rder t o e stab l i sh s ub-tradit ions w ithin e ach s ource w h i c h p ertain e xc l u sive ly t o o ne s in g le y ear c ount . T hese s ub-trad itions c an b e a ssemb led i nto m acro-trad it ions, i .e . t he s um o f a ll h istor ica l d ata t ransm itted i n o ne y ear c ount .

I f t hese s teps c an b e s uccessfu l l y c om pleted, ac orpus o f h is t or ica l d ata w ill b e e stab lished t hat c an b e g rouped a ccord i n g t o c hronolog ica l l y d ef i n ed t rad itions . B ut t hese d ata a re n ot o rdered a long t he t ime-sca le, o r t o p ut i t a nother w ay, t hese s teps c annot r econstr uct t he o r ig ina l s equence o f e vents b ecause t hey a re y ear c ount o r iented. A nd t he y ear c ounts c annot d istingu ish d ates w hi c h a re m ore t han 5 2 y ears a part . T here a re t wo m Et h ods o f p utt ing t he t ime s equence i n o rder. 1 .

T he f irst o ne i s t he r econstruct i o n o f m on o d irect io na l s equences , f or e xamp le g enea logies o f r ul i ng f am ilies , o r, t o a l esser d egree , s pat i a l s e quences t hat c ontain t empora l e lements , f or e xamp le c onquests . T hese s equences p rovide a n a dd itiona l r elat i v e c hronology t hat c an b e a pp l i ed t o d if ferenc ia te b etween y ears o f t he s ame n ame w hi c h b el o ng t o s uccess i v e r epet itions o f t he 5 2 y ear c y cle .

2 .

T he s econd m ethod l ooks m ore c omp l i cated. Ia ssume t hat t he a u thors o r c om p i l ers o f h istor ica l w orks o r a nna ls c ared e spec ia l l y f or t hose m atters t hey r egarded a s m ost i m portant . T hese e vents a re a ls o l ike ly t o h ave b een r eported i n d ifferent s ources a nd t herefore t he ir s eem ing c hronolog ica l d ivergences b ecame e vident t o t he c omp i l er . T he a uthor , It h ink , w anted t o h arm on ize a nd, i f n ecessary , t o " correct" t he d ates a nd t he ir c hronolog ica l p lacement a ccordi n g t o h is o wn j udgement a nd, p erhaps, a n o ff ici a l h istor ica l g uide line . T hus, Is u spect, t he d ates r e lated t o r ulers o f t he p r inc ipa l t owns, i mportant c onquests a nd t he l ike , s uffered m ore , a nd m ore s evere , d istort ions t han

1 4

d ates o f m inor i mportance . E spec ia lly t he d ata o f m ore l oca l r e levance , w h i c h p erhaps h ave b een r eported o nly b y a s ingle s ource , e scaped " correction". R esearch t herefore h as t o c entre o n t hese d ata a p rocedure t hat i s c ontrary t o t hat e mployed b y K irchhoff a nd D avies w ho u sed t he m ost p rom inent d ata a s ab asis f or t he ir r econstruct i o n o f y ear c ounts . A s t he m ethod a dvocated a bove h as t o c oncentrate o n m inor e vents , t he l ess i m portant a nd l oca l h istor ica l d ata , a nd a s i t h as t o c ons ider t he w hole c orpus o f a bso lute ly a nd r e lat ive ly d ated i ntormat io n , t he a m ount o f d ata t o b e h andled i s e norm ous a nd s urpasses t he m em ory a nd t he c ard b oxes o f e very s in g le s cholar . C onsequent ly i n 1 98 1 I s tarted a t M un i c h U niversity a r esearch p rogramme , c a l l ed D ECODEZ, w hi c h a ims t o c reate a d ata b ank f or a l Ip ertinent h is tor ic a l i nformation c onta i n ed i n C entra l M ex ican s ources . T he h is tor i c a l l y a nd c hrono log ica l l y r e levant d ata m entioned i n t h is p aper w i1 a m ount t o s ome 5 0000 e ntr ies . I t g oes w ithout s ay ing t hat t hi s v ast m ass o f i nformation c annot b e a dequate ly s tored a nd h an dled w ithout m aking f ull u se o f t he f acilities p rovided b y a l arge e lectronic c omputer . T he r ap id a nd s op hi s t icated a ccess t o a l 1s tored i nformation , a ccom p lished b y a n e sp ec ia lly d es igned d ata b ank s ystem , w hose p hilosophy a nd a rch itecture w ill b e d escribed e ls ewhere , m akes m e h ope t hat i t w i1 h e lp t o r eso lve , a mong o ther p roblems o f C entra l M ex ican e thno hi s tory, t he c hrono logica l d il emma .

1 5

R EFERENCES C aso , A lfonso .

s A zteca y C r istiano . L a c orre lac ion d e l os a nio

1 939

R ev ista M ex icana d e E stud ios A ntropo löq icos 3 , p. R evised v ers ion i n C aso 1 967: 4 1-64 .

1 967

L os C a lendar ios P reh ispän icos . A utönoma d e M ex ico .

D yckerhoff , U rsula . 1 978

M ex ico :

. 1-46

U n iversidad

N ac iona l

" La e poca p reh ispän ica ," i n H anns J . P rem ,

M ilpa y H ac ienda ; T enenc ia d e l a t ierra i nd ic iena y e spar i o la e n l a C uenca d e l A lto A toyac, P ueb la, M ex ico . 1 8-23 . W iesp. b aden : S te iner .

D avies , N ige l.

L os M ex icas, p r imeros p asos h ac ia e l i mper io .

1 973

M ex ico :

U n iversidad N ac iona l A utönoma d e M ex ico .

1 980

T he T o ltec H er itage; f rom t he f a ll o f T u la t o t he r ise o f T enoc ht it lan . N orman : U n iversity o f O klahoma P ress.

K irchhoff , P aul. T he M ex ican c a lendar a nd t he f oundation o f 1 950 T enocht it lan-T late lo l c o . T ransact ions o f t he N ew Y ork A cadem y o f S ciences, S er . I, v ol. 1 2 , p p . 1 26132 . K ub ler , G eorge a nd C ar les E . G ibson . T he T ovar C a lendar . 1 95 1 M e ro irs o f t he C onnect icut A cademy o f A rts a nd S ciences, r v o l. 1 . P rem , H anns J . L as f echas c a lendr icas c omp letas e n l os t extos 1 983. n .d.a d e I xt lilxoch it l. E stud ios d e C u ltura N ahuat l, 1 6 , p. 1. 25-23 n .d .b

" Der J ahresst il d er M at latz inca - e in I nterpretations-problem ," i n G edenkschr ift f ur G erdt K utscher , B er lin ( in p r int).

S e ler , E duard. Z ur M ex ikanischen C hrono log ie m it b esonderer 1 89 1 B erucks i c ht igung d es Z apotek isc hen K a lenders . Z e itschr ift f ur E thno log ie, 2 3, p p . 8 9-133 ; a ls o i n h is G esemme lte A bhand lungen v o l. 1 , p. 5 07-544 ( B er l i n 1 902) . T hompson , J . E r ic S . M aya h ierog lyph ic w r it ing; a n i ntroduct ion 1 950 N orman : U n iversity o f O klahoma P ress .

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F IG . 7 : C ontract ion o f y ear s equences r everses t he r e lative o rder o f e vents

2 4

H anns J . P rem T he C hronolog ica l D il emma ( abstract ) B oth t he a nna l i st ic s ources a nd t he n arrat ives d ea l i ng w ith t he p re-Con quest h istory o f C entra l M ex i c o a nd t he p ictor i a l m anuscr i p ts a s w e l Ip resent a w ea lth o f c hrono log ica l d ata . I t h as b een r ea lized 1c ng a go t hat t h is m ost va lu ab le h istor ica l i nformat ion o ften h as •b een d is torted b y e xpans ion o r c ontract ion o f t he t ime s ca le . T hese a lterat ions c an b e i nterpreted a s t he r es ult o f a ttempts b y t he e ar ly c olon ia l c omp i l ators t o h arm on ize t he o ften d iv erging i nformat ions a t h and . T he p aper d eta ils t he v ar ious t ypes o f d istort ion a nd t he ir e ffects o n t he c hrono logy o f t he s ources . T he h ypothet ica l c a lendar s ty les d iverg ing f rom t he s tandard T enochca c ount a s a dvocated b y C aso , J imenez M creno a nd K irchhoff a re d is cussed a nd r ejected a s t he e xp lanat ions f or c hronolog ica l i ncongru ities i n t he s ources . T he e vidence p resented b y C aso f or t he e x istence o f d if ferent y ear c ounts o r b eg inn ings o f t he y ear i n C entra l M ex ic o d ur ing t he l ast d ecades b efore t he S pan ish c onquest i s c ha l l enged.

E l

d ilema

c ronolögico

( resümen)

Las f uentes e n f orma d e a nales y l as r elaciones q ue t ratan d e l a h istoria p recolonial d el Mexico c entral c omo l os manuscritos p ictöricos c ontienen u na cantidad d e datos c rönologicos. Hace mucho s e h a o bservado q ue e stä i nformaciön h istörica muy i mportante s ufrö d eformaciones c onsiderables a causa d e c ontracciones y e xpansiones e n s u e scala t emporal. E stas s e p ueden i nterpretar c omo l os r esultados d e l os i ntentospor parte d e l as a utores coloniales para a rmonizar l as i nformaciones h eterogeneas a s u a lcance. E l p resente a rticulo t rata d e l as d iferentes categorlas d e d istorciön p resentes e n l as f uentes y d e l os e fectos q ue e l modo d e compilaciön y l os i ntentos d e a rmonizarlas t uvieron p ara la c ronologia d e l as f uentes. A demäs s e r efutan l as e xplicaciones . dadas p or Caso, J imenez M oreno y K irchhoff p ara l as d iferencias crönologicas d e l as f uentes, q ue s e basan s obre l a h ipötesis d e varios estilos calendäricos a parte d el e stilo eständar T enochca. Tambien s e r echaza l a e videncia a ducida p or Caso para la e xistenc ia d e estos e stilos calendäricos o d iferentes p rincipios d el a l r 'o e n e l Mexico c entral d urante l as ü ltimas d ecadas a ntes d e l a c onquista.

A SPECTS M YTHIQUES D ES P EREGRINATIONS M EXICAS

M ichel

G raulich

L es f ouilles r gcentes d u G rand T emple d e

M exico p osent u ne

f ois d e p lus l a q uestion d e l a f iabilitg d es s ources h istoriques d u M exique a ncien .

E lles o nt e n e ffet a pparaitre q ue,

p oints p ourtant i mportants,

l a c oncordance

l es f aits e st p our l e m om s a ssez l äche. f ait m ention ,

s ur

e ntre l es t extes P ar e xemple,

d es e t

i n 'est i

d ans l es r gcits h istoriques,que d e t rois o u q uatre

p hases d e c onstruction o u d 'amplification d u G rand T emple a u m ax imum . 1 4),

O r,

l es f ouilles e n o nt d ggagg o nze p eu t -etre(Broda 1 979:

d ont o n a ttend a vec c uriositg l es

l es p hases l es p lus a nciennes.

d atations a bsolues

L es s ources,

s entent l e s ite d e M exico-Tenochtitlan

d 'autre p art,

p our p rg-

c omme u n i lot i nhabitg ä

l 'arrivge d es M exicas a u 1 4e s iècle. E n f ait, d es i nvestigations m enges n otamment ä l 'emplacement d e l a C athgdrale p rouvent l 'exis t ence d 'un g tablissement b ien p lus a ncien ( V ega S osa 1 978; P ina C han 1 950

:2 01, 2 24; N oguera 1 966).

L 'histoire, d e t oute e vidence,

g tahconstamment r emanige e t

d es g lgments m ythiques y f urent i ntroduits

j usqu'au

b out.

Q ue

l 'on s e r appelle p ar e xemple l es f ameux s ignes a vant-coureurs d e l a c hute d e l 'empire a zteque . M ais c 'est s urtout d ans l es r gcits d es p grggrinations, p lus g loignges d ans l e t emps,queles g lgments m ythiques s ont e xtremement n ombreux.

Q ue l 'histoire a g tg r emanige, L e f ameux a utodaf4 d 'Itzcoatl q ui, t eque, 6 9

o n l e s ait a vec

c ertitude.

ä l 'aube m gme d e l 'empire a z-

f it b rüler l es l ivres a nciens,est b ien c onnu ( Saha An 1 9 50 -

: 1 0:191;

1 927

:4 36; L eän-Portilla

2 5

1 956

:2 44-53;

Z antwijk

1 962

:1 10-3; L öpez A ustin 1 961

:2 1, 4 0;

1 973

: 1 73-5). O n s ait

m om s b ien c e q ue l e m onarque a v oulu c acher. U ne c hose e st c ert aine

:c e n 'gtait p as l es h umbles o rigines d es M exicas, p uisqu '

e lles s ont m anifestes d ans t ous l es t extes.

A u c ontraire, c 'est

mp lutöt l 'idge m ime d e c es o rigines m odestes q u 'on a c herchgä i p oser ( notamment p our c acher l a p reexistence d 'un

g tablissement

p lus a ncien?). L e r enversement d e s ituation q ui f ait q ue l e p auv re n ouveau v enu l 'emporte s ur l e r iche b ien a ssis

e st e n e ffet

u n t heme m ythique c onstant e n M gsoamgrique. A l 'gpoque p rgcolomb ienne,

i l a d es c onnotations b ien p rgcises: l e n ouveau v enu e st

u n p auvre m igrant o u u n n omade q ui d evient c onqugrant; b ien g tabli,

f utur c onquis,

e st u n s gdentaire;le p remier e st a us

s i s ouvent u n f rere p lus j eune, o u u n f rere a doptif, d u s econd.

A insi,

äT eotihuacan,

l e r iche

o u u n n eveu

d ans l e m ythe c élèbre d ela c reation d u s oleil

l 'opulent T ecciztecatl a urait d a

d evenir

s oleil

m ais i l e st d evancg p ar l 'humble N anahuatl, d ont u ne s ource f ait s on f rere a doptif.

L es J umeaux d u P opol V uh s ont

l eur d emi-freres a ings; a griculteurs,

p ar

c eux-ci s ont d es a rtisans p rosperes, d es

t andis q u'eux c hassent d ans l es b ois e t v ivent p ar

m i l es g pines. s gcuteurs.

o pprimgs

M ais l es J umeaux f inissent p ar v aincreleurs p er-

D ans l a p remiere g uerre a pres rapparition d u s oleil,

q uatre M iMixcoa, n gs o pulents.

d gmunis,

t riomphent d eleurs 4 00 d emi-freres a i-

L e d ieu n ational d es M exicas,

e nfin,

d gfait ä s a

n aissance s a d emi-soeur C oyolxauhqui e t s es d emi-freresles H uitz n ahua q ui v oulaient l e t uer

L es M exicas,

d onc,

( Graulich . 1 982).

s e p resentent c omme d e

2 6

p auvres m igrants

e n r oute v ers l a T erre P romise. ( -ngs)

us

s ont l es

d erniers

d u p ays m ythique d 'origine, A ztlan-Chicomortoc.

p artis L es p eu -

p ies f reres s ont c l gjä b ien g tablis e t p rosperes e t c 'est e ux q u' i i s 'agira d e v aincre e t d e s oumettre.

L e p rincipe m eme

d e c es

p grggrinations e st d onc d éjà s uspect p uisqu' iä g pouse g troitement u n m odele m ythique. l ait c acher

O n l 'a m is äla p lace d e c e q u 'Itzcoatl v ou-

:l a p reexistence d e M exico -et a ussi

d u d ieu Q uetzalcoatl, d ans l eur r ites

l 'importance

q ue l es M exicas r erguerentäl'arriere-plan

( Graulich 1 981).

D 'une m aniere g gngrale, l e s p grggrinations q u inous s ont s uff isamment c onnues p ar d es g crits d gtaillgs

s ont m odelges s ur l e

m ythe d u p aradis p erdu d e T amoanchan ( Graulich 1 983b). g ine, t eurs,

A l 'ori-

l es c reatures v ivent e n p arfaite h armonie a vec l eurs c rgal e c ouple s upreme l umineux, d ans

L a m ort l eur e st i nconnue.

l ep aradis d e T amoanchan .

A u n m oment d onng c ependant, c ertai-

n es d 'entre e lles c ommettent u ne f aute e n c ueillant l a f leur d 'un a rbre i nterdit -mgtaphore p our u ne s ouillure s exuelle. s e b rise, j ets.

L 'arbre

s ignifiant l a r upture e ntre l es c rgateurs e t l eurs s u-

C eux-ci s ont e xiles s ur t erre, d ans l es t gnebres,

d amngs ä m ourir.

e t c on-

P our s e r approcher ä n ouveau d u c ouple s upreme

e t r egagner u ne p ossibilitg d e s urvie h eureuse a pres l a m ort, f audra l e s acrifice,

äm inuit,

i i

d e d eux h gros q ui , g mergeant c omme

s oleil e t l une, r ameneront l a l umiere d ans l e m onde, a insi l 'alternance d u j our e t d e l a n uit e t

s uscitant

d es s aisons, e t q ui

g tabliront l es s gjours d e l 'au-delä . A joutons q ue d ans c ertaines v ariantes,

l a s ouillure o riginelle c onsiste e n l a m ise e n p ieces

2 7

d 'un m onstre c hthonien, T lalteotl,

l a d gesse T erre.

N ous v errons p lus l oin q ue d ans l es

r gcits

d e

p grggrina-

t ions,

c 'est l a t erre d 'origine q ui t ientlieu d e p aradis p rimor-

d ial.

L es p euples y v ivent e n p arfaite

i ls s 'en g loignent e t s e s gparent, l ure e ntrainant u n c onflit a vec l es p lus s ouvent,

s oit ä l a s uite

d 'une s ouil-

d ivinitgs c rgatrices,

ä l a s uite d 'un c onflit e ntre e ux,

l es M exica p lus p recisgment, e xemple,

h armonie j usqu'ä c e q u '

s oit,

s oit a usä4 c hez

l ors d e l a r upture d 'un a rbre.

P ar

c 'est p arce q u'un r oi i vre s 'est m ontrg n u d ans l a t er-

r e d 'origine d e T amoanchan ( Saha An 1 950-69

: 1 0:193);

q ue

l es p euples s e

s ont s gpargs

c 'est e n r aison d 'un c onflit ä H ue-

h uetlapallan q ue l es T olteques s e

m ettent e n r oute;

p lus t ard,

c 'est p arce q ue H uemac a vait d es d gsirs s exuelsimmodgrgs q ue l es N onoalcas e t l es T olteques s e s gparent e t q uittent T ollan , d even ue ä s on t our u ne t erre d 'origine;

s elon d 'autres v ersions,

c '

e st p arce q ue Q uetzalcoatl a f autg a vec s a s oeur q ue " l'arbre s ' e st b risg" e t q ue l es T olteques s 'exilent d e l eur c ite p aradisia q ue;

c 'est ä T ulan a ussi q ue l es M ayas Q uiches s e s ont

d es a utres p euples C uauhtitlan 1 938 1 976

( Ixtlilxochitl

:8 9;

1 945

:1 0;

:1 :23,

H istoria

6 5.

A nales d e

T olteca -Chichimeca

2). :f ol s.

L a s eparation , h abituellement, p art,

1 891-2

s gpargs

e st e n

d eux g roupes.

D 'une

o n a ura l e p euple g lu a uquel s on d ieu-patron p romeune t er

r e q ui e st l e r eflet d u p ays d 'origine, e t m igrant,

d u p aradis p erdu. P auvre'

i l s era d u c ötg d e l a l umiere ,

2 8

d u s olei l , c omme N ana -

h uatl.

D 'autre p art,

r e P romise, t arisgs,

i l y a ura l es p remiers a rrives d ans l a T er

l es a utochtones,

l es f uturs v aincus q ui, d éjà s gden-

s ont d u c ötg d es t gnebres.

L es e rrances p roprement d ites d u p euple g lu s ont a ssimilges äu n v oyage d ans l es t gnebres o u d ans

l 'inframonde.

r espondent ä c ette p griode s ans e spoir o ü l es

E lles c or-

c reatures e xilges

d e T amoanchan v ivaient d ans l 'attente d u l ever d u s oleil. r ivge e nfin d ans l a T erre P romise,

i mage d e m iroir d u

s era s emblable ä l a p remiere e mergence d e l '

L 'ar-

p aradis,

a stre d u j our.

C e

p arallglisme a pparait l e m ieux d ans l e P opoi V uh.

M ais v oyons ä p resent p lus e n d etail m ythiques d es p grggrinations m exicas.

c ertains d es

I i s 'agit d onc,

a spects p our l es

M exicas, d 'expliquer l 'avenement d e l eur S oleil, d ontils f ont l e d ebut d 'une e re n ouvelle, d e

( Graulich 1 982a ).

l a c inquieme d epuis l a c reation d u m on-

P our l 'essentiel, üs p araissent s 'etre i ns

p irgs d es r gcits d 'errances d es c ultures q ui l es o nt p recgdgs a u M exique C entra, p lus p rgcisgment c eux d es T olteques.

L es m ulti-

p les a ffinitgs d e l eurs p grggrinations a vec c elles d es M ayas Q ui c hgs e t C agkchiquels s 'expliquent p ar l e m eme h istoire v eritable,

i l n 'y e n a g uere,

f onds c ommun.

D '

s auf Apartir d u m oment o ü

l es M exicas p gnetrent e nfin a u c oeur d e l a V allge d e M exico.

A ztlan ,

l es S ept C avernes e t H uey C olhuacan

C omme d 'autres p euples m gsoamgricains,

2 9

l es M exicas

s e d i-

s aient i ssus d es S ept C avernes, C hicomortoc, d u c orps d e l a T erre-Mere, v a,

l es s ept o uvertures

l 'gquivalent d u V ucub P ec, V ucub Z uy-

" Sept C avernes , S ept R avins" d es Q uiches e t d es

C akchiquels.

C hicomortoc e st h abituellement a ssocigä Aztlan e t äH uey C olhuac an ,

" Le G rand L ieu

( ou l e L ieu O riginal) d e c eux q u iont d es A n-

c etres", a insi n ommg p our l e d istinguer d e l a c ite d e s ituge a u s ud d e l a V allge d e M exico.

C olhuacan

A ztlan C hicomortoc

( Tezo-

z omoc 1 949

:2 2) o u H uey C olhuacan C hicomortoc f ait a inS ipendant

a u " Tulan"

( Tollan) V ucub Z uyva d es M ayas,

a nciens M exicains l 'gquivalent d e c e q ue Y ucateques e t l es a iatgmalteques B alam d e M ani,

c ite p ar S eler

S elon l e C odex B oturini, c ommencements e t d es d eparts, s ituge a u m ilieu d 'un l ac, ( Huey)

C olhuacan .

L ä ,

l 'un g tant

p our l es

T ollan g tait

p our l es

( Popul V uh 1 971

1 902-23

:1 61;

C hilam

:4 :109).

e n 1S ilex, l 'annge h abituelle d es l es M exicas q uitterent A ztlan ,

e t p arvinrent s ur

l a t erre f erme,

i le ä

us t rouverent d ans u ne g rotte l 'image d e

l eur d ieu H uitzilopochtli e t f irent l eur j onction a vec h uit t rib us,

l es M atlatzincas,

l inalcas,

l es T gpaneques,

l es C uitlahuacas,

H uexotzincas.

l es C hichimeques,

l es X ochimilcas,

l es C halcas

D 'autres s ources m entionnent,

ä l a

t ribus, d 'autres p euples i ssus d es S ept C avernes A , p ar e xemple, T otonaques,

l es M ae t l es

p lace d e c es

: l e V aticanus

c ite l es O lmeques-Xicalancas,les H uaxteques,

l es C ohuixcas,

c himeques e t l es N onoalcas, d ex M exicanus 2 3-24

l es h abitants d u M ichoacan , s oit s ept a u t otal,

( Codex B oturini

:9 ;

l es C hi-

c omme d ansle C o-

C odex A zcatitlan : 3 ;

C odex V aticanus A : 1 97; C odex M exicanus 2 3-24

3 0

l es

:2 2-23; C odex A u

b in : 3 ; H istoria d e l os m exicanos... t elolco 1 948

:3 1-2; D un än 1 967

1 941

:2 19; A nales d e T la-

:2 :21.

A ztlan f igure c omme l ieu d 'origine d es M exicas d ans l a p lup art d es s ources s ur l es p grggrinations t itlan

:2 ; A nales d e C uauhtitlan 1 938

g üenza;

T ezozomoc 1 949

:1 4;

O rigen d e l os M exicanos :1 24;

T orquemada 1 969

C astillo :2 23) ( 1).

1 908

1 941

1 878

( Codex A ubin : 3 ; A zca: 11;

1 945 :1 5; M apa S i-

:2 23; C himalpahin 1 965: 6 3-5;

:2 64; D urän 1 967 : 2:26; T ovar 1 972

: 1 :77;

J osé d e A costa 1 962

:3 21; C . d el

:5 7). L e n om s ignifierait , d'apres T ezozomoc

e t D urän ( 1967

:2 :28),

( 1878

" Blancheur" o u " Lieu d es H erons"

S elon l a C r3nica M exicdyotZ , Aztlan s e s ituerait d u c ötg d u

N ouveau M exique.

L 'auteur d e l 'Histoyre d u M 4chique

c hercher l e l ieu " pres d e l a m ontagne d e T holman , F loride n omment Q uivire e t d 'autres T ucan". r emarquer J imenez M oreno

( 1972

M ais,

s uggere d e

q ue c eux d e l a c omme l e f ait

:1 69-170), c es l ocalisations a n-

c iennes s ont t ributaires d es d gcouvertes g gographiques d e l 'gpoq ue o i l f urent r gdigges l es s ources.

L ui-meme a insi q ue d 'autres

a uteurs m odernes c roient p ouvoir s ituer a vec e xactitude rantique A ztlan, m ais l eurs r gsultats s ont c ontradictoires

( 2).

P eu i m-

l s 'agit d e t oute e vidence d 'un l ieu m ythique. c ar. i

A zt-

l an g tait l e r eflet f ide-l e d e M exico-Tenochtitlan p uisque,

c omme

p orte,

M exico,

c 'gtait u ne t ie a u m ilieu d 'un l ac e t q ue,

V allée,

i l y a vait u n e ndroit a ppelg C olhuacan s ur l a r ive o ppo-

s ge.

E n o utre,

q uatre c alpulli

l e C odex A zcatitlan ( quartiers)

t ecpan e t C ihuatecpan.

c omme d ans l a

r epresente A ztlan d ivisg e n

: T lacochcalco, C halmecapan , T laca-

L a m eme s ubdivision s e r etrouve p our M e-

3 1

x ico-Tenochtitlan d ans l e C odex d ' I zhuatepec

( 3).

E nfin ,

C er-

v antes d e S alazar a ppelle l e l ieu d 'origine t out s implement M exi c o l a V ieja e t S aha An d it q ue l es M exicas r evinrent, n on p as d ' A ztlan , m ais d e C olhuacan M exico 1 :50;

S ahag t in 1 956

:3 :213;

( 4)(Cervantes d e S alazar 1 971

1 950-69

:

: 1 0:196).

A ztlan-Colhuacan-Chicomortoc n 'est p as s eulemen t une p roject ion d e M exico d ans l e l ointain e t l e p assé. C 'est a ussi T amoanc han,

l e l ieu d 'avant l a r upture,

( 1967

:2 :215-223)

l a s eparation,

r aconte q ue M oteczuma I

e s es a ieux. v antage s ur l e p ays .d

l a m ort.

D urän

v oulut e n s avoir d a-

U n v ieux c hroniqueur e xpliqua

a u r oi q u'ä A ztlan C olhuacan , M ecitin ( les f iturs M exicas) t eques v ivaient e n p arfaite h armonie d ans u n

e t A z-

c adre i dyllique o i l

a bondaient l a v erdure,

l es p oissons,

t ous l es c omestibles.

M ais l orsque ks M ecitin q uitterent c es p a

r ages d elicieux, m e,

l es o iseaux m ulticolores e t

t out s e r etourna c ontre e ux.

l es h erbes m ordaient,

l es p ierres b lessaient l es p ieds,

g pineux b arraient l a r oute,

i l y a vait d es v iperes,

v res, d es " lions" e t d es " tigres" m agiciens ä A ztlan.

S ur l a t erre f erd es

d es c ouleu-

( 5). M oteczuma e nvoya a lorsoks

A rrives ä C oatepec, p res d e T ula,

c eux-ci

f urent i ncapables d e t rouver l e c hemin m enant ä A ztlan.

us i n-

v oquerent u n d emon q ui l es t ransporta ä d estination, o ü i ls r enc ontrerent C oatlicue,

l a m ere d e H uitzilopochtli.

L es h abitants

d 'Aztlan -les A zteques -apprirent a vec s tupeur q ueles M exicahs q ui a utrefois l es a vaient q uittes e taient d gjä m orts;

c hez

e ux,

o n n e m ourait p as, p arce q u'on m enait u ne v ie s imple e t f rugale. A ztlan-Colhuacan e st b ien l e p aradis.

3 2

A C olhuacan d one, a pres c ertaines s ources 6 -8; C odex B oturini

l es M exicas s e j oignirent a ux t ribus. ( Chimalpahin 1 965

: 1),

:6 6-7;

C odex A ubin :

c es " habitants d e C olhuacan" v ouhrent

a ccompagner l es M exicas v ers l a T erre P romise. r ent,

D '

r edoutant q u 'on n e c herche ä p rofiter

C eux-ci s e m gfie-

d e

l eur

b ravoure.

• Les C olhuas l es r assurerent e n l eur p romettant d e s ervir H uitzil opochtli.

A l 'endroit o i l s 'gtaient p rovisoirement g tablis t ous

l es p grggrinants,

s oudain u n c ypres s e r ompit.

H uitzilopochtli

d it a lors a ux M exicas d e s e sparer d es h uit t ribus s uivre s euls l eur c hemin .

e t d e p our-

P eu a pres, d es " hommes-hiboux"churent

a ux p ieds d 'gchinocactus e t d 'acacias. d ont X iuhnel, M imich e t l eur s oeur

C 'gtaient s ept M imixcoa,

T eoxahual,

" Divine

H uitzilopochtli d it a ux M exicas d e s 'en e mparer, r aient " les p remiers ä p ayer t ribut".

P arge".

c ar c es s ept s e

L e C odex B oturini m ontre

X iuhnel, M imich e t u ne t roisieme p ersonne g isant s ur d es g chinoc actus e t u n a cacia, c ertain A acatl.

s acrifigs, o u s ur l e p oint d e retre, p ar u n

L a p einture n oire a utour d es y eux d e X iuhnel e t

M imich d gsigne c eux-ci c omme d es M imixcoa e t d es g uernkrs p romis a u s acrifice.

H uitzilopochtli d it ä s es g ens q ue d orgnavan4

n e s 'appelleraient p lus A zteques m ail M exicas o u M eckin . d onna l 'arc,

l a f leche e t l a g ibeciere

( chitatli)

us

I i l eur

e t l es c ouvrit

d e d uvet ä l a m aniere d es v ictimes g uerrieres d u s acrifice.

S e-

l on T ezozomoc

c al

( 1949

:2 3-24),

l e d ieu d it q ue c hacun d es

s e it

p ulli m exicas d evait s e f aire l e g ardien d 'un d es M imixcoa ,comme s 'il s 'agissait d 'un f ardeau s acrg

( tlaquimilolli), p uis i l p ro -

m it ä s on p euple q u'il p ossederait runivers t out e ntier a vec s es r ichesses e t d 'innombrables v assaux

3 3

( 6).

L 'arbre q ui s e b rise e st c lairement rgquivalent d e c elui d e T amoanchan ( Seler 1 902-23

:2 :33)

o u d e T ollan .

C elui-ci f ut l e

s igne d e l 'expulsion d u p aradis, d e l a r upture e ntre c iel e t t err e e t d u d ebut d e l a d iffgrenciation ;

c elui-lä, a u d epart d es p g

r ggrinations, m arque l a f in d e l a p griode p endant l aqudle l es M e x icas e t l es a utres p euples v gcurent u nis. s eront d u c ötg d e l a l umiere,

L es u ns, d orgnavant,

l es a utres d u c ötg d e l 'obscuritg.

I i e st r emarquable ä c et g gard q ue t oujours, d anstoutesles s ourc es,

l es M exicas s ont p resentgs c omme l es d erniers a rrives

l a T erre P romise.

L es t ribus d ont us s e s gparent i ci s ont d onc

c ensges s 'etre g tablies b ien a vant e ux. 2 6)

e t l e C odex R amirez

e n f ait,

d ans

( 1878

S elon D urän

( 1967

:2 :

:2 1), l es t ribus s eraient p arties,

3 02 a ns a vant l es M exicas,

c 'est-ä -dire p resque l a d urge

q u'assignent ä l a q uatrieme e re d u p assé l 'Historia d e l os M exic anos p ur s us p inturas e t l a L eyenda d e l os S oles a ).

( Graulich 1 982

E lles s ont a ssimilges a ux A zteques e taux C olhuas,

o nt d es A ncetres" -les h abitants d e C olhuacan,

" Ceux q ui

v ille t olteque,

d onc d 'une e re r gvolue -alors q ue l es M exicas s ont p lutöt, n ous l e v errons b ientöt, d u c ötg d es " freres c adets". t ionnges d ans l es d iffgrents d ocuments s ont

L es t ribus m en-

t oujours c elles q ue

l es M exicas s oumettront o u c ombattront s ans c esse . l es a utochtones, q ugrants s olaire.

B ref,

c e s ont

l es v aincus t errestres-nocturnes o pposes a ux m in O n c omprend p ourquoi l es M exicas

q u'on p rofite d e l eur a rdeur,

d e l eur f eu i ntgrieur,

p ourquoi l es t ribus s ont d ites s 'etre s oumises

A l 'origine d u m onde,

e t

a ussi

( 7).

l e c ontact e t l 'gquilibre

3 4

c raignaient

e ntre c iel

e t t erre n e f urent r gtablis q ue p ar l e s acrifice, l a n aissance d u S oleil e t l 'alternance;

c ette f ois,

l a s ymbiose d es M exicas a vec

l es t ribus n e r eprendra q u'avec l 'introduction d es s acrifices , l a n aissance d u S oleil m exica e t l 'interaction e ntre c onqugrants e t c onquis.

L es r öles q ui s ont i mpartis a ux f orces e n p rgsenceson tpromP t ement i ndiqugs.

A pres l a s eparation,

l es M exicas e ntrent d ans

u n p ays h ostile.

L es M imixcoa q u 'ils r encontrent d eviennent l es

p remieres v ictimes d u s acrifice h umain.

L 'gpisode s 'inspire d es

m ythes t olteques s uivants.

A utrefois, d ans u ne e re a ntgrieure,

a vant l a c reation d u s o-

l eil d e c ette e re,

l es T olteques s e m irent e n r oute,

l es 4 00 M imixcoa .

B ientöt, c eux-ci t omberent e ntre l es m ains d '

I tzpapalotl,

" Papillon d 'Obsidienne",

q ui l es d gvora.

g uides p ar

S eul l e

M ixcoatl b lanc, a ppelg " le c adet", p arvint äs'gchapper e n s e r g-

ueycomitl , u ne g rande m armite o u u n f ugiant d ans u n h t us.

L orsque I tzpapalotl l 'y a ttaqua, i s ortit,

g chinocac-

d gcocha s es f le

c hes e t a ppela l es 4 00 M imixcoa m orts. C eux-ci a pparurent e t e ns emble us v inrent ä b out d 'Itzpapalotl e n l a c rit iant d e t raits. I ls

l a b rülerent e t s e n oircirent l e v isage

I ls c onfectionnerent a ussi u n f ardeau s acrg d e l eur v ictime.

a vec

s es

c endres.

äp artir d es r estes

L 'affaire e ut l ieu ä M azatepec,la " Montagne d u

C erf".

D ans u ne v ariante, d eux c erfs b icgphales t omberent d u c iel,

3 5

s uivis d e d eux M imixcoa, X iuhnel, " Poisson".

" Vraie T urquoise"

e t M imich,

P endant u ne n uit e t u n j our, l es d eux h ommes p ourchas

srent les bt a es.

L enue, a ni ut v

cl e ta r nsformd e les-ci s rent e n

f emmes e t c onvid 'rent X iuhnel e t M imich ä boire e t ämanger. n el s e l aissa t enter, b ut d u s ang e t c oucha a vec u ne d es q ui l e r enversa e t l ui d gvora l e c oeur.

M imich,

l ui,

X iuhf emmes

r esista,

a lluma d u f eu e t y p engtra, p oursuivi p ar l 'autre f emme. A m idi, i i t omba s ur u n t eocomitl t us"?),

( "gtonnante m armite"

t oujours s uivi d e l a f emme. L a v oyant,

o u

" gchinocac -

s pectrale,

i i l ui

d gcocha s es j avelines o u s es fr dches t out e n p leurant s on d gfunt f r re.

L es d ieux d u f eu l 'entendirent.

I ls s 'empar rent a vec M i

m ich d e l a f emme q ui s 'appelait I tzpapalotl e t l a b rür drent. E ll e g clata a u c ontact d u f eu e n s ilex d e d iverses c oureurs.

O n e n

v eloppa u n s ilex b lanc d ans u ne c ouverture.

l e

p orta

p arvint ä f aire d es c onquetes

( l ir lakS

s ur l e d os e t,

g räce ä l ui,

d e C uauhtitlan 1 938

:4 9-53;

1 938

:1 23-4; v oir a ussi H MP 1 941

:3 58-62;

1 945

1 945

:3 -5;

M ixcoatl

D ans c es m ythes t olt ques d onc,

L eyenda

d e l os S oles

:2 17).

l es p grggrinants a vaient d a

a ffronter u n e tre c hthonien r epresentant l es a utochtones, p alotl

( Graulich 1 979

t ochtones,

:1 87199). M ais,

p our l es M exicas, l es a u

c e s ont l es M imixcoa q ui t riompherent d '

E n l es c apturant e t e n l es m ettant ä m ort, p rennent p ossession d e l eur t erritoire. f ardeaux s acrgs, p apalotl.

I tzpa-

l es

I tzpapalotl.

n ouveaux

v enus

us f ont d es v aincusdbs

e xactement c o me M ixcoatl l 'avait f ait a vec I tz

pisode r ecoupe a ussi u n a utre m ythe, Lig

t aille e ntre M ixcoatl e t s es f r res d 'une p art,

3 6

c elu ide

b a-

e t l es 4 00 M imix-

c oa d 'autre p art. l eil)

D ans c e m ythe, d éjà m entionng,

a rma l es q uatre f reres a fin q u 'ils

n ourrissent c iel e t t erre. t li,

I d,

T onatiuh

( So-

e xterminent l es 4 00 e t

c hez l es M exicas, H uitzilopoch-

r eprgsentg s ous l a f orme d 'un a igle d ans l e C odex B oturini,

a pprend l e s acrifice ä s es f ideles e t l eur d onne l es i nstruments d e l a

g uerre

a insi

q u'un

n om q ui l es

d istingue

p euples i ssus d 'Aztlan , d es a utres A zteques. M ixcoatl e t s es f reres,

l es M exicas s ont

d es

a utres

C omme l 'avaient g tg

o fficiellement c harges

d e l a m ission d e c onqugrir l e m onde e t r ev 3ivent e n g change t out es l es r ichesses.

E n c onclusion,

l es s ept M imixcoa q ue l es c al

p u//i r e9 Divent e n p artage,

c e s ont l es T olteques,

n es, m ais e n t ant q ue t els,

i ls s e c onfondent

a vec

d ont l es M exicas v enaient d e s e s gparer e t q ui, s ources,

g taient g galement a u n ombre d e s ept

D 'autres d ocuments n e p arlent

l es a utochtol es

s el6n c ertaines

( 8).

p as d 'une j onction

t ribus ä C olhuacan, m ais l 'opposition e ntre

t ribus

a vec d es

p remiers a rrives e t

n ouveaux v enus n 'en e st p as p our a utant a bsente.

C himalpahin ( 1958

:1 6-19)

r aconte q u'Aztlan g tait u ne c ite

p uissante,oü l e g rand r oi M oteczuma r ggnait s ur l es " les a utres h ommes" -dont l es M exicas. S entant s a f in p rochaine, M ais

l e c adet,

v oulait r ggner s eul s ur l es M exicas, H uaxteques e t l es a utres g roupes. d es

l ors A ztlan.

C e r oi a vait d eux f ils.

i i l eur t ransmit

C halchiuhtlatonac o u M exi,

l ep ouvoir ä tous d eux . d gtestait l 'aing.

l aissant

E n 1S ilex

L e p retre-devin H uitziltzin,

3 7

A zteques e t

ä s on f rere ( 1064),

I i l es

i l q uitta

" Vgngrable-Oiseau

m ouche",

i nterprete d u d ieu T etzauhteotl,

L 'Histoyre d u M gchique c adet.

( 1905

L a C rdnica M exicdyotl

g uida l es

e migrants.

:1 7) p recise q ue Paine b rimait l e ( Tezozomoc 1 949 :1 5-16)

r aconte l a

m eme c hose q ue C himalpahin e t p oursuit p ar l a n arration d e l a r upture d e l 'arbre -sans p arler, b ien s f lr,

d 'abord

d 'une s gpara-

t ion p uisque c elle-ci a vait d gjä e u l ieu ä A ztlan - p uis d e

l a

c hute d es M imixcoa.

S oulignons a u p assage q ue l e r oi d 'Aztlan s 'appelle

M otec-

z uma e t q ue C halchiuhtlatonac e st u n d es n oms d onngs ä M oteczuma I ,

c elui-lä m eme q ui f it r echercher A ztlan . L 'intgret q ue l e p er

s onnage h istorique e st d it a voir p ortg l ui v alut d 'etre p rojetg ä A ztlan . t erre d 'origine,

äl a t erre d e s es

a ieux

Q uant a ux d issensions d ans l a

I xtlilxochitl e n f it d éjà g tat p our e xpliquerle

d epart d es T olteques d e T lapallan, a u d gbut d e l eur " histoire".

L e t emps d e M oteczuma d 'Aztlan e st c elui d e rindiffgrencig. L 'esp ce d e r gvolte d e s on f ils r gsonne c omme u n e cho d e l 'insou m ission d es f ils a ings d u c ouple s upreme d ans l a m ythologie g uat gmalteque

( Las C asas

1 967

:2 :505-506).

M ais c 'est s urtout

o pposition . e ntre l e f ils a ing e t l e c adet q ui D ans u ne a utre v ersion, C himalpahin p lusieurs d etails.

( 1958

L es r ois a zt ques,

n ous e st

:3 1-35)

c onnue.

l 'enrichit d e

e xplique -ti l, o pprimaient,

e xploitaient e t c herchaient ä d gtruire l es M ecitin, p auvres r ive r ains c ontraints d e l ivrer c omme t ribut l es p roduits d ul ac. H uit z iltzin i mplora l a p rotection d u d ieu d ont i l g tait T etzauhteotl.

l e g ardien,

C elui-ci s 'engagea ä l ibgrer s on p euple e t ä le m e

3 8

n er v ers u ne t erre s emblable.

L es M exicas,

t lan.

C ristöbal d el C astillo

t ement

l a m eme c hose -C himalpahin Pa c opig- mais s on r gcit e st

p lus c omplet.

( 1908

a lors, q uitterent A z

:5 8-68, 8 1-90) r aconte e xac

T etzauhteotl q ui s e d it l a L une e t s emble g troite

m ent l ig ä T ezcatlipoca p romet d e m ener l es M ecitin v ers u ne t er r e s emblable ä A ztlan p ourvu q u il ls s 'engagent ä f aire l a g uerre p our n ourrir l e S oleil,

l a T erre e t l es d ieux .

E n p lus d e l 'opposition e ntre l 'aing o ppresseur e t l e c adet o pprimg,

o n a i di c elle,

c orrespondante,

e ntre n ant i s e t d gmunis.

L 'attitude d u r oi d es H uaxtäques v is-à-vis d e s on j eune f räre o u d es A zteques ä l 'egard d es M exicas e st e xactement p areille äcell e d ont f urent v ictimes l es J umeaux d u P opol V uh l eurs d emi-fräres.

d e l a

p art d e

P ourquoi C himalpahin f ait il d e l 'aing l e r oi

d es H uaxtäques p rgcisgment,

e n s us d es a utres t ribus?

S ans d ou-

t e p arce q ue l es H uaxtäques e taient l es p lus a utochtones d es a ut ochtones.

D ans u n c hapitre d e s on d ixieme l ivre o i l 1 1 b rosse ä

g rands t raits l 'histoire d u M exique a ncien, 1 0:192-194)

S aha dn

( 1950-69

:

r aconte q ue l es p remiers h ommes d gbarquärent a u M exi

q ue s ur l a c öte h uaxteque. v ivre ä T amoanchan .

T ous l es p euples,

e nsuite,

L ä e ut l ieu u ne s eparation

a llärent

e t l es p remiers

q ui p artirent s 'gtablir f urent l es H uaxtäques, h onteux p arce q ue l eur r oi sig tait m ontrg n u a pres a voir b u d u p ulque q u'on v enait d 'inventer. T oltäques. t ecatl

T out c ela s e s erait p asse b ien a vant ravenement d es S elon l e p äre R ios,

c e r oi,

q ue S aha An a ppelle C uex

( "Huaxtäque"), n e s erait a utre q uele p remier c oupable d es

m ythes d u p aradis o riginel p erdu

3 9

( Codex V aticanus A: 91, p 1.37).

R evenons-en ä C himalpahin q ui p recise

q ue l es

A zteques a -

v aient p lusieurs d ieux t andis q ue l es M exicas o u M ecitin n 'en a d oraient q u 'un s eul, T etzauhteotl.

C 'est q ue l es r iches

s gden-

t aires g taient p olythgistes,

a lors q ue l es n omades g taient r epu-

t gs n 'adorer q ue l e S oleil.

C ertes, T etzauhteotl e st L une; m ais

s on r eprgsentant, H uitzilopochtli, d eviendra S oleil.

A ztlan e st l e r eflet f idele d e M exico.

U ne s ituation

q ui,

äu n m oment d onng,prgvalut d ans l a V allge y s emble p rojetge.

E n

e ffet, p eu d e t emps a vant l a f ondation d e T enochtitlan,

l es M e-

x icas g taient, p arait-il, d e p auvres r iverains o pprimgs

p ar l es

p uissants T gpaneques e t l es h abitants d e C olhuacan q ti exigeaient c omme t ribut l e p roduit d e l eur c hasse e t d e l eur p eche. L es A zt eques d 'Aztlan s ont d one b ien a ssimilables a ux m aitres d eslieux d ans l a V allee d e M exico.

L a p resence d e d eux g roupes d istincts ä A ztlan, p lus t ard s 'affronteront,

g roupes q ui

c orrespond ä c elle d es T olteques d 'une

p art e t d es N onoalcas d 'autre p art d ans l e

p aradisiaque

d es d erniers t emps.

c es d eux p euples

s gparerent .

A l a c hute d e T ollan,

A lligs a ux C hichimeques,

l es

s urvivants

T ollan s e

t olteques

j ouerent i ncontestablement l e r öle d e c onqugrants s olaires : tout e l 'Historia T olteca-Chichimeca l e m ontre c lairement. s ource e st m alheureusement m uette q uant a u s ort T out c e q u'on s ait d 'eux,

d es

C ette N onoalcas.

c 'est q u'ils s ont f rgquemment a ssocigs

a ux O lmeques-Xicalancas -que l es

T olteques-Chichimeques s oumi-

r ent -ou ä d 'autres p euples a pparentgs a ux M ayas, d oncä d es c i-

4 0

v ilises d 'ancienne s ouche

( 9).

O n p eut d es l ors s upposer q u il ls

d evinrent p our l es T olteques-Chichimeques l es a utochtones

" ter-

r estres-nocturnes" ä c onquerir.

D ans l a p lupart d es m ythes, u ne f aute f ut ä l 'origine d e l a r upture e ntre c iel e t t erre.

S ans d oute l 'oppression e xercee p ar

Paine e n t ient-elle l ieu d ans l es m ythes d 'Aztlan . p as q uestion , p ar c ontre, d ans l es r ecits o f t l es g nent l es t ribus ä C olhuacan . ( 1971

:5 0)

C ependant,

d onne d u d epart d e l a t erre

I i n 'en e st

M exicas r ejoi-

C ervantes d e d 'origine

S alazar

u ne

v ersion

d ans l aquelle l a f aute r appelle l a m iseämort o riginelle d e T lal t eotl,

o u,

d ans l a g este d e M ixcoatl, c elle d 'Itzpapalotl. A lors

q u 'ils f aisaient u n s acrifice " au d emon",

l es h abitants d e l '"An

t igua M exico" v irent a pparaitre u n c erf i mmense. r ent,

l e m irent e n p ieces,

l e b ouillirent

o u l e

p lus d e s ix m u le " principaux" e n m angerent e t t öt.

T errorises,

l es s urvivants

I ls

l e c apture-

c uisirent,

e t

m oururent a ussi-

s e d iviserent e n d eux

g roupes

e t q uitterent l e p ays.

L es M aitres d es P oissons

L es s ources d erivant d e l 'hypothetique C r3nica X : l 'Histoir e d e D urän ( 1967 2 7-31),

:2 :30-33),

l e C odex R amirez

T ezozomoc

( 1878 : 22-24)

( 1878

e t

:2 24-226;

T ovar

( 1972

1 949

:

:1 3-15)

n e f ont e tat n i d 'une s eparation ä A ztlan o uä l 'endroit d e lia rb re b rise, n i d u s acrifice d es M imixcoa. l es t hemes d e l a r upture,

d e l a s eparation,

4 1

M ais n ous

r etrouvons

d e l a p rise d e p os -

s ession d e l a t erre e t d u s acrifice d es a utochtones s ous u ne a ut re f orme.

S elon c es s ources,

l es M exicas f ormaient ä l 'origine,

a vec

" ceux q ui m aintenant s ont l es T arasques d :habitentle M ichoacan", e t a vec l es g ens d e l a " province" d e M alinalco, h omogene.

A rrives a u l ac P atzcuaro,

g tait p as d éjà l a T erre P romise.

u n s eul

us s e d emanderent s i c e n '

T el n 'gtant p as l e c as,

l urent a u m om s q ue l a r egion f at p euplge .

S ur s on c onseil,

r oberent l es v etements d es b aigneurs, a llerent.

i ls v ou

H uitzilopochtli m ar-

q ua s on a ccord p ar l e t ruchement d e s es p retres e t n er a ux m igrants d e s e b aigner.

g roupe

d it d 'ordon-

l es M exicas d g-

l everent l e c amp e t

s 'en

L es a bandonngs s 'gtablirent s ur p lace e t d evinrentl es

M ichhuaque q ui a vaient l 'habitude d e v ivre n us.

P armi c eux q ui p oursuivirent l e v oyage,

i l y a vait l a s oeur

d e H uitzilopochtli, u ne t res b elle m agicienne a ppelge M alinalxoc hitl.

C ette f emme c ommandait a ux a nimaux

l eur d gvorant l e c oeur; r e a dorer.

e h e t errorisait l es M exicas p our s e f ai

C eux-ci s 'en p laignirent a upres d e l eur d ieu q ui r g-

p ondit q u'il g tait v enu, d e t ous l es t rgsors, z al,

e t t uait l es g ens e n

d 'emeraude,

e n e ffet,

p our c onqugrir e t

s 'emparer

l es m aisons d e j ade, d 'or, d e p hmes d e q uet

d e c orail e t d e c ristal, e t n on p our e nsorceler;

i f allait, a jouta-t-il, p rofiter d u s ommeil d e s a s oeur p our s ' i e n a ller.

M alinalxochitl f ut d onc a bandonnge

a vec c eux

d e s on

c alpulli; d gsempargs, us s 'en a llerent p eupler u n l ieu q ui a ppelg M alinalco

( 10).

f ut

V ient e nsuite, d ans c es s ources, l e r gcit

4 2

d es e venements d e C oatepec e t d e l a v ictoire d u n ouveau-ne H uitz ilopochtli s ur s es d emi-f f e 'res,

l es 4 00 H uitznahua.

C es e vene-

m ents f eront l 'objet d 'une e tude d istincte.

L 'auteur d e l ' H istoria d e l os ( 1941

:2 22)

n alxochitl

M exicanos p or s us

p inturas

f ait d es g ens d e M ichoacan l es d escendants d e M ali-

:l es d eux g roupes d 'abandonnes s e r ecoupent.

O n a d onc

:

S ources p arlant d 'Aztlan o u d e H uey C olhuacan

S ources d u g roupe C r3nica X ( + H MP + C odex A zcatitlan)

Separation ä A ztlan o u C olhua e ntre M exicas e t

Separation a u l ac P atzcuaro e t a pre 's e ntre M exicas e t -Michhuaque - g ens d e M alinalxochitl-

-T ribus -A zt6 'ques -H uaxt & tues e t T ribus Promesse d e c onquetes m ada)

-P romesse d e c onquetes

( Torque

Episode d es M imixcoa : a ppren t issage d es s acri fices h umans ': p romesse d e c onquetes L a s uite m anque l e p lus s ouv ent, l es t extes e tant f rag-

-E pisode d e C oatepec : n ecessi t e e t a pprentissage d es s acir f ices h umains

m entaires.

O n c omprendra q ue j e v ole d ans

l es

s eparations d es s ources

d u d euxid 'me g roupe l 'equivalent d es s eparations ä A ztlan o u ä e ndroit d e l 'arbre b rise.

L e l ac P atzcuaro q ue l es p eregrinants

p rennent p our l a T erre P romise e st u neimage d u l ac d e M exico e t,

4 3

d äs l ors, d 'Aztlan .

L es M ichhuaque e t l es M alinalcas d e M alinal

x ochitl s ont l es a utochtones, H uaxtäques o u l es t ribus.

a u m eme t itre q ueles A ztäques,

l es

S ur l e t häme d e l a r upture, s 'est g ref

f ge l 'explication d es o rigines d es T arasques d u M ichoacan e t d es M alinalcas,

e xplication a u d emeurant d gpourvue d e t out f ondement.

L es M ichhuaque,

" Maitres d es P oissons",

e tre m is e n r elation a vec M imich, c oa s acrifigs.

us s ont,

d oivent s ans d oute

" Poisson", run d es s ept M imix-

c omme l es H uaxtäques,

s gdentariser, e t c omme c hez l es H uaxtäques, e st l a c ause d e l a s eparation .

l es p remiers àse

c 'est l a n uditg q ui

I i y ap lus.

L e n om d onng

a ux

p euples d ont l es Q uiches s e s gparärent a ux S ep tCavernes " Tulan", l es " Tepeu O liman",

" Seigneurs J oueurs d e B alle",

l es O lmäques h istoriques, ( Popol V uh 1 971

:1 83).

g tait

a utrement d it

" Gardiens d u P oisson", C hah K ar

E t l es Q uiches q u iquittent l es O lmäques

ä " Tulan" n e s ont-ils p as l es e quivalents e xacts d es M exicas q u it t ant l es A ztäques ä A ztlan?

T ollan e t A ztlan s ont

D ans l 'hymne q u'on c hantait l ors d e l a f ete

T amoanchan.

d ' A tamalcualiztli,

T amoanchan e st a ppelg " Chalchiuhmichuacan","Prgcieux he i d es M at t res d u P oisson" r ini

( p1.7),

( Saha An 1 958b

: 1 50-153).

l e g lyphe d e T ollan c omporte

D ans l e C odex , B otuu n p oisson;

c elui d u

C olhuacan m ythique a ussi s ur u n v ase m ixtäque-Puebla t rouvg ä N oc histlan ( Seler 1 902-23 t lan,

l es O lmäques,

T laloc, t erre,

:3 :523-524).

l es a utochtones

T amoanchan , T lalocan , A z-

:l e d gnominateur c ommun e st

" capitaine" d es O lmäques-Xicalancas,l 'antique d ieu d e l a l e m aitre d es e aux e t d es p oissons. P uis,

l e c iel n octur-

n e g tant p our l es a nciens M exicains u ne g tendue d 'eau,

4 4

l es g toi-

l es d u c iel,

c 'est-ä-dire l es g uerriers m orts,

c omparges ä d es p oissons.

g taient p eut-etre

I l s e p eut q ue l e P oisson q u'on p eche

a it g tg c onsidgrg c omme l 'gquivalent d u c erf q u 'on c hasse l 'ennemi q u'on c apture. e n h erons

e t d e

S i l es g uerriers s e d gguisaient p arfois

( Lienzo d e T laxcala : 2 2),

c 'gtait

v raisemblablement

p arce q ue c omme c es o iseaux, m ais d ans u n a utre d omaine, t aient d e r edoutables p echeurs. l 'aztaxelli, B eyer

1 965

L es c hasseurs d e r enom p ortaient

l 'ornement d e p lumes d e h eron ( Saha An 1 956

:3 13-25).

us g -

L es A zteques q ui,

äA ztlan ,

:1 :54;

s e f aisaient

d onner p ar l es M exicas d u p oisson e n g uise d e t ribü tgta i ent p eute tre c omme c es t ribus d ont l es M exicas

c raignaient q u 'elles

n e

p rofitent d e l eurs c onquetes.

Q uant a ux M alinalcas,

q ue d 'autres s ources f ont f igurer p ar

m i l es t ribus q ue l es M exicas r ejoignirent ä H uey C olhuacan, r eprgsentent g videmment a ussi l es a utochtones.

L e f ait q ue M a-

l inalxochitl p arait e tre u n a vatar d 'Itzpapalotl, C ihuacoatl-Quilaztli,

l e d gmontre a mplement.

q ui d gvore l es c oeurs d es g ens r essemble, q ui e ngloutit l es 4 00 M imixcoa .

i ls

a ppelge a ussi

C ar M alinalxochitl

e n e ffet, äItzpapalotl

Z antwijk ( 1963

:2 03-204)

am on

t rg d epuis -longtemps q ue s on c alpulli g tait c elui d es C halmecas; o r,

d ans s on h ymne,

( Saha dn 1 958b

C ihuacoatl e st a ppelge

:1 34-137).

Z antwijk ( 1977

d gesse d es C halmecas :4 7)

f ait e ncore r e-

m arquer q ue c e g roupe c ompte p armi l es h abitants b s p lus a nciens d u M exique C entral.

L es C halmecas

j ouaient u n

d ans l es r ites p uisqu'ils f ournissaient q ui d evaient m aintenir l es

r ole

l es m inistres

v ictimes h umaines

i mportant d u c ulte

i mmobiles l ors d e

m ises ä m ort r ituelles.

L es a tours d ontils s e p araient a u c ours

d e c es c grgmonies l es d gsignent, p retres,

ä l 'instar

c omme d es r eprgsentants d es T laloque e t,

c ore p eut-etre, d es d ivinitgs n fernales 1 24-125)

d e l a p lupart

( 11).

d avantage e n-

( Saha An 1 927: 3 ;

1 958a:

C es r emarquables f onctions d evaient r emonteräune

é poque a ssez r eculge p uisque, m eme c hez l es Q uiches, m icat" - l isons " Chalmecatl" -sont m ains

d es

( Popol V uh 1 944

:1 28;

1 950

d es " chala-

a ssocigs a ux s acrifices h u-

:1 59).

M alinalxochitl e t C ihuacoatl-Quilaztli

T orquemada ( 1969

:1 :80-81)

c onfirme q ue

c onfond a vec C ihuacoatl e t I ztpapalotl. m iere,

M alinalxochitl s e

C arä l a p lace d e l a p re-

c 'est C ihuacoatl q u il l m et e n s cene d ans u ne v ariante q ui

i llustre c ombien l es M exicas s 'inspirerent d e m ythes " tolteques ' : A A panco,

" Lieu a u B ord d e l 'Eau", M ixcoatl e t X iuhnel,

p resen-

t gs c omme d eux c hefs d es M exicas m igrants, r encontrerent Q uilazt li,

u ne p uissante s orciere q ui a vait p ris rapparence d 'un a igle

e t s e d ressait s ur u n n opal.

I ls v oulurentlui t irer d es f laches,

m ais l 'aigle l eur d it q u 'il g tait l eur s oeur e t a ppartenaitä l eur p euple.

F Achgs d 'avoir g tg t rompgs,

l es d eux c hefs r epondirent

q u'elle m gritait l a m ort.

Q uilaztli j ura d e s e v enger.

e t M ixcoatl s 'en a llerent.

Q uatre a ns p lus t ard,

c lier

X iuhnel

a u L ieu d u B ou-

( la t erre?), Q uilaztli a pparut d e n ouveau a ux d eux h o mes,

m ais c ette f ois v etue c omme u ne g uerriere. E lle l eur d it q u 'elle n 'gtait p as u ne f emme o rdinaire " Femme S erpent",

C uauhcihuatl,

4 6

p uisque s es

n oms,

C oacihuatl,

" Femme A igle", Y aocihuatl, " Guer-

r iere" e t T zitzimicihuatl, v oirs.

" Femme S pectre",

a ttestaient ses p ou-

P uls e ile d gfia X iuhnel e t M ixcoatl, m ais us r efuserent

d 'affronter u ne f emme e t s 'en a llerent.

D ans l es p grggrinations t olteques,

X iuhnel a vait r epondu ä

Pappel d e l a f emme-cerf e t c elle-ci l ui a vait p lus t ard, M ixcoatl,

d gvorg l e c oeur;

s gduit l ui a ussi p ar u ne f emme,

a vait f ini p ar e n p erdre s on p ouvoir c onqugrant. v enus M exicas,

l es d eux h gros

e t p assent l eur c hemin,

r esistent ä

C himalman,

C ette f ois, d e-

C ihuacoatl-Quilaztli

a bandonnant l eur s oeur c omme

p ochtli l 'avait f ait d e l a s ienne, q ui e ile

a ussi,

H uitzilod 'ailleurs,

j ura d e s e v enger. Q uel r apport y a -t il e ntre l 'attitude d e C ih uacoatl e t c elle d e C himalman, " dgvoraient l es c oeurs"? i ntgrieur,

l e m ouvement,

M anger l e c oeur,

r iante,

c 'est p rglever l e f eu

Valiant q ui m ene a u b ut,

a ccomplir l a m ission a ssignee d ans l e m ythe t olteque,

I ztpapalotl e t M alinalxochitl q ui

( Graulich 1 979

q ui p ermet d '

:1 97).

s e f itdgvorer l e c oeur m ais d ans u ne v a-

i l s e s gdentarisa s ans a voir a tteint s ont b ut.

C ihuacoatl c herche p rgcisgment ä r etenir s es f reres p ie,

X iuhnel,

ä l es f aire s 'gtablir s ur p lace.

O r,

i ci,

e t s on p eu-

E lles l es t rompe e n a ppa-

r aisssant_au " Bord d e l 'Eau" c omme u n a igle s ur u n n opal,

c ar c '

e st l ä l e s igne d e l a T erre P romise

o ü l es

M exicas a uront c ette v ision q ue f ondg.

: c 'est ä l 'endroit

M exico-Tenochtitlan

S i s a s upercherie a vait r gussi,

g tablis s ur p lace,

d evra e tre

l es e rrants s e s eraient

l e S oleil n e s erait p as n e

o bscuritg a uraient s euls c ontinue ä r egner.

e t l a T erre e t l ' C ette v olontg d 'une

d ivinitg t ellurique d 'arreter l es p grggrinants,ce d gsir d es f or -

4 7

c es d e l a n uit d 'empecher l a n aissance d u

S oleil e t l a v ictoire

s ur l a m ort a pparait p lus n ettement e ncore d ans l e m ythe d e C oat epec o u d e l 'avenement d u S oleil m exica ( 12).

L es p orteurs d u d ieu

A u c ours d e l eurs p grggrinations, t res p euples d 'ailleurs,

g taient g uides p ar q uatre

a ppelgs " porteurs d u d ieu" p orter

C d t our d e r öle?)

t ant q ue t els,

l es M exicas,

p ersonnages

p arce q u'ils a vaient p our m ission d e

l 'effigie d u d ieu-patron d u g roupe.

c es p ersonnages g taient

E n

e n q uelque s orte a ssimi-

l gs a ux q uatre p orteurs d e l a v oüte c gleste, c oins d u m onde.

c omme d 'au-

p ostgs a ux

q uatre

us s 'appelaient l 'un C uauhcoatl, C uauhtliquet-

z qui o u M ixcoatl - l e n om v an e s uivant l es s ources - , l es

a u-

t res A panecatl, T ezcacoatl e t C himalman . L a p resence d e M ixcoatl e t d e C himalman p armi e ux i ndique d éjà q ue 1 eurs n oms p rov ie lnent e ux a ussi d e m ythes t olteques p lus a nciens.

L es

f reres e t

l a

s oeur d e M ixcoatl n e s 'appelaient-ils p as C uauhtli i cohuauh ( Cua uhcoat1), T lotepetl, A pantecuhtli(Apanecatl) ( autre n om d e C himalman 1 :127,

2 04-206,

e t C uetlachcihuatl

( Leyenda 1 938 : 325-328;

S aha An 1 956

:

2 37; G raulich 1 982b)? L 'aspect m ythique s 'accen-

t ue e ncore s i o n t ient c ompte d u f ait q ue c es p orteurs s ont t ouj ours t rois s emblables e t u n a berran t h ommes e t u ne f emme. c hgs,

O n r etrouve l e m eme

o i l t rois d es p orteurs o nt

m ais l e q uatrieme n on .

e n l 'occurrence, i ci,

s ysteme c hez l es Q ui-

d ans l eur n om l e m ot

D ans l e P opol V uh

t rois

" jaguar",

t oujours,

l es q uatre

g gants d u d ebut d e l 'ere a ctuelle g taient t rab h ommes

( Vucub C a-

4 8

q uix,

Z ipacna, C abracan )

l lo S elden,

e t u ne f emme,

D ans l e R o-

t rois d es M ixteques p orteurs d e d ieu o nt d es n oms d e

c alendrier s e r efgrant ä d es a nimaux t our),

" Chimalma".

( 13 L gzard, 4 S inge,

9V au-

t andis q ue l e q uatrieme s 'appelle 1 0 M aison .

I i s 'agit d onc b ien d 'un a gencement s ystgmatique, m ythique, e t i l s 'explique n otamment p ar r efgrence U ne s ource

( Historia d e l os m exicanos...

a ux p orteurs 1 941

:2 14-215)

q ue l a v or ite c gleste e st s upportge p ar C uauhtemoc, c uintli e t T enexochitl. l ies, 1 5e,

d u c iel. a ffirme

I tzcoatl,

I tz

T emps e t e space g tant i ndissolublement

o n r econnait s ans p eine d ans c es a ppellations l es n oms d es 5 e,

1 0e e t 2 0e j ours

( CuauhtL i , C oatl,

3a nimaux e t u ne f leur. A s a m art, r e d es a tours d e t rois

4 33-4,

4 55).

C 'est q ue,

l 'ordre d ans l 'univers,

l e s ouverain m exica g tait p a-

d ieux e t d 'une

Q uetzalcoatl e t T lazolteotl

I tzcuintli, X ochitl),

d gesse : T laloc,

( Durän 1 967 : 2:298; T ezozomoc 1 878

:

e n t ant q ue r esponsable d u m aintien d e i l g tait a ssimilg a ux d ivinitgs q ui s ou-

t enaient l a v oate c gleste e t q u 'on r etrouve, s outien, d ans l e C odex B orgia X ipe,

X ipe,

( p1.72).

f aisant c e g este d e

M acuilxochitl y r emplace

c 'est v rai, m ais i l g tait l ui a ussi u n X ipe, u n d ieu r eve-

t ant l a p gau d 'une v ictime g corchge

( Durän 1 967 : 1

p 1.32).

M en-

f t ionnons e nfin q ue l e s ysteme d es t rois s emblables e t d 'un d i fer ent e st a ttestg d es T eotihuacan e t q u 'on l e r etrouve d ans d 'aut res c ivilisations. a u d es

Q ue l 'on s e s ouvienne d es C hgrubins b ibl iques

s ymboles d es q uatre g vangglistes.

4 9

L 'aiele s ur l e n opal

A rrives a u t erme d e l eur v oyage,

l es M exicas v irent,

l a l agune d e M exico, " Parmi l es J oncs, P armi l es R oseaux" t zallan", s eaux,

" Acatzallan"), u n e ndroit o ü t out,

j oncs, g renouilles,

s erpents...

c ypres,

g tait b lanc.

d ans ( "Tol-

s aules, r oD es

e aux

j aunes e t b leues j aillissaient d e d eux c avernes.

U n f iguier d e

B arbarie a vait p oussg s ur u ne p ierre.

( tenochtl i ) n e

S ur c e n opal

d u c oeur p gtrifig d 'une v ictime s acrificielle, u n a igle d gvorant j oyeusement u n s erpent. r iches p lumes d 'oiseaux .

S elon D urän,

C opi l ,

s e d ressait

S on n id g tait f ait d e

i l o uvrait s es a iles p our

s e r gchauffer a u s oleil d ans l a f raicheur d u m atin d :se n ourriss ait d 'oiseaux m ulticolores 2 :45,

( Tezozomoc

1 949 : 62-66; D urän 1 967

:

4 8).

L e s ite t out b lanc d oit n ous r appeler q ue l a e st l 'image d 'Aztlan,

" Lieu d e l a B lancheur".

m i l es J oncs" g voque a ussi T ollan, b um d e D urän,

T erre P romise

M ais l e n om " Par-

" Lieu d es J oncs".

D ans Pal-

l e n opal s e d resse a u m ilieu d 'une m are e testflan-

q ug, d 'une p art, d e j oncs s ous l esquels e st

r eprgsentg u n p ois-

s on e t, d ' -autre p art, d e r oseaux e t d 'une g renouille.

L es j oncs

e t l e p oisson f iguraient d éjà d ans l e g lyphe d e T ollan d u B oturini. f ol.20),

P ar a illeurs,

d ans rAistoria T olteca-Chichimeca( 1976:

T ollan C holula e st a ussi q ualifig n otamment d e " lieu d u

s aule, d es j oncs, g le b lanc". b lanc.

C odex

d u s able b lanc" e t m eme d e " l ieu o ü m ange l 'ai-

L 'illustration a ccompagnant l e t exte m ontre u n a igle

D ans c ette m eme s ource

( fol.16

5 0

) ,l e p ays d 'origine C ol-

h uacan-Chicomortoc e st r epresentg p ar d es

j oncs s urmontant

p iece d 'eau d ont u ne m oitig e st b leue e t l 'autre r ouge. x icas n 'gtaient d gcidgment g uere o riginaux

u ne

L es M e-

( 13).

M ais a pprofondissons l a s cene d u n opal. L 'aigle e st b ien e n t endu l e s oleil H uitzilopochtli

( Caso

1 942); o iseau d e p roie,

d evore l es p etits o iseaux m ulticolores d e m eme q ue i d gvore l es g toiles i

:o iseaux a ux r iches

s ont l es ä mes d es g uerriers m orts d ont e xcellence

( Graulich 1 980).

c omme a stre,

p lumages e t

g toiles

t riomphe l e g uerrier p ar

L es p lumes p recieuses

s on " lit" s ont l es r ichesses d es s gdentaires a ppartiennent.

i i

q ui f orment

q ui d gsormais

l ui

C ar ä l 'opposition n omades-sgdentaires c onespond

c elle d e l 'aigle,

o iseau d es h autes t erres a n

s , e t d es o iseaux

f lamboyants d es f ertiles r egions t ropicales.

L 'aigle d evorant l e s erpent, t gnebres, n iennes,

c 'est l a l umiere q ui v ainc l es

l e S oleil q ui t riomphe d e l a n uit e t d es f orces c hthoe t,

t oujours,

l es g uerriers s oumettant l es s gdentaires.

L e s erpent e st s ans d oute a quatique, d ans

l a l agune.

p uisque l a s cene

O n s onge ä u n m ythe c ora o ü,

c haque m atin,

n us a bat l e s erpent d 'eau e t l e d onne e n p äture a u S olei l 1 912

s e p asse V g-

( Preuss

:L XV ).

A l 'opposition a igle-serpent r gpönd c elle d u f l euier d e B arob an e e t d e l 'eau d e l a l agune. L e t enochtli e st l '"arbre d u S l eil"

( Oviedo

1 959

:4 :245).

C 'est,

e n e ffet,

g ions a rides e t d esertiques d u S oleil,

5 1

eu n " arbre" d es r

ee t d onc d e l a s aison s

e he .

M algrg c ela, o n l e t rouve d ans l e m ythe a u m i l ieu d e l 'eau .

N e s ymbolise-t il p as, c r ds l ors,

he s aison s b-c

l a v ictoire d e l a

s ur l 'gtg? " Arbre S ec" d e l a f in d es p grggrinations, p as g galement p endant ä l 'arbre q ui s 'gtait b risg • errances,

n e f ait il

a u d ebut

d es

l 'arbre d 'abondance d e T amoanchan?

U n m onument b ien c onnu d es s pgcialistes d u M exique ,le " Teoc alli d e l a G uerre S acrge"

( Caso 1 927), m ontre l 'aigle a yant d e-

v ant s on b ee l e g lyphe " eau-incendie". D ans s es s erres, t ient d eux f igues d e B arbarie.

L e n opal j aillit d e l a p oitrine

o uverte d 'un p ersonnage s acrifig, C opil s ans d oute. d u n opal r emplacent i ci l e s erpent o u e n t ant q ue p roies d e l 'aigle. s ont,

c omme l es g uerriers,

l es o iseaux

L es f ruits m ulticolores

F ruits d e l a s aison s b sche,

l a m oisson d u S oleil.

L es c oeurs d es

v ictimes q ue l 'on s acrifiait l ors d e l a f ete d es r gcoltes l 'gmergence d u S oleil g taient a ppelgs B arbarie d e l 'aigle"

c uauhnochtli,

( Graulich 1 982b).

us

e t d e

" figues d e

Q uant a u l unaire C opil,

l es o rnements d e s es v etements, q ui s e c onfondent a vec l es o ndes q ui l e s ubmergent,

l e d gsignent c omme u ne d ivinitg d el 'eau a ppa-

r entge a ux T laloque e t a ppartenant d one ä l a E nfin,

s aison d es p luies.

l e g lyphe " eau-incendie" d evant l e b ee d e l 'aigle

f ie q u'il p rof dre l a p arole " guerre"

: c 'est-ä-dire,

s igni-

l a g uerre

s acrge q ui n ourrit l e S oleil e t a ssure s a m arche a insi q ue l 'alt ernance d u j our e t d e l a n uit,

l a s uccession d es s aisons -bref,

l 'gquilibre d u c iel e t d e l a t erre,

l 'union d es c ontraires.

L a v ision d es M exicas s e p roduisit l e m atin.

5 2

L eur a rrivge

ä l a T erre P romise e st e n e ffet l a f in d e l a n uit,l 'gmergence d u S oleil,

l a s aison s eche q ui s uccede ä l a s aison d es

n opal q ui s ort d e l 'eau . d onc l a g uerre

C 'est l a s aison

p luies,

s eche q ui

l e

c ommence,

( Graulich 1 982b).

D ans l e P opol V uh p our l a p remiere f ois,

( 1971

:1 79),

i d essecha l a t erre. i

l es a nimaux s e r gjouirent. l e b usard b lanc,

l orsque l e

S oleil s e l eva

" En v gritg,

us o uvrirent l eurs a iles,

l es p etits o iseaux ,

l 'aigle,

l es g rands o iseaux".

g le d es M exicas o uvrit l ui a ussi s es a iles

p our s e

t ous

L 'ai-

r gchauffer.

E t l a p remiere t äche d es a rrivants c onsista ä a ssecher e n p artie l a l agune a fin d e c rger d e l a t erre l ä o i l i i n 'y a vait q u 'un r oc her e ntourg d 'eau

( Tezozomoc

1 818 : 231; D urän 1 967 : 2:365)(14).

T oujours s elon l e P opol V uh

( 1971

:1 82),

l 'gmergence d e l '

a stre c oincida a vec l 'arrivge d es Q uiches d ans l a e t l e d ebut d e l a g uerre s acrge. l ieu d ans l 'obscuritg,

T erre P romise

L eurs e rrances a vaient d onc e u

c ependant q ue

l es J umeaux

e ffectuaient

l eur v oyage s ous l a t erre.

M ais, d e c es e rrances, o n n e s ä L t q ue

p eu d e c hoses; v isiblement,

l e v oyage d es h gros l es r emplace.

ad onc d ans c ette s ource 1 .

O n

:

s gjour d es J umeaux s ur t erre e t o ppression p ar kurs d emi-frer es

( cependant q u'a l ieu,

s ans d oute,

l a s eparation d es Q ui-

c hgs ä T ollan ); 2 .

v oyage s ous t erre d es J umeaux d es e nfers;

3 .

e t v ictoire s ur l es

S eigneurs

c reation d u S oleil e t d e l a L une;

e mergence d es J umeaux c omme S oleil e t L une, d ess chement d ela

5 3

t erre

( simultangment

:a rrivge d es Q uiches d ans l a T erre P ro-

m ise), c e q ui e st e xactement l e s chema d es p eregrinations m exicas : s ep aration ä A ztlan ( pour g chapper ä l 'oppression ); • c entre d e c e v oyage f in,

v oyage e t

a u

:t riomphe d e H uitzilopochtli äCoatepec;

e mergence d u S oleil,

e n-

d ebut d e l a s aison s eche ,gtablissement

d es M exicas.

C ertains g lgments p ermettent d e c onclure q ue l es p eregrinat ions s ont b ien u ne t ransposition s ur v oyage s outerrain . l ampa,

o n e N ord, M ict-

l es M exica a rriverent d ans u ne c ontrgeinfestge d '

e mprunterent g tait s emblable a u

L e c hemin

" chemin s ecret"

f groces, o ü l es g ens s ont t rartreusement " gueule d e l a b ete s auvage d u M ictlan"

q u 'ils

p lein d e b ates

t ugs e t s acrifigs,

l a

( "mictlan t ecuanilbamac")

q ue d gcrivent l es i nformateurs d e S ahag th 1 85).

d 'un

E nsuite, D urAn d isait q u 'en s or-

a nimaux d angereux e t d e p ierres t ranchantes.

1 80,

h orizontal

E lles o nt l ieu d ansle N ord;

e st l e p ays d u M ictlan .

t ant d 'Aztlan,

l e p lan

( V.

C astillo

S elon l 'Historia d e l os M exicanos...

( 1941

1 969

:

: 2 20),

l es M exica _ s p asserent p ar d es l ieux n ommgs " Entre D eux M onUgnes" e t " Dans l a G ueule d u S erpent" a uhtitlan ( 1945

:1 5)

( Coatl i camac).

c itent d e m eme " O i l l es M ontagnes s e r encon-

t rent",

" Oü l es M ontagnes s e s gparent" e t

N oir".

D gcrivant l e M ictlan,

E nfin,

t er A ztlan c orrespondent

l '"Endroit d u S erpent

S ahagAn ( 1927: 2 96,

d e s on c ötg, d 'infernales S ymplggades, p ar u n s erpent.

L es A nales d e C u=

l es f lots

3 03)

f a i t g tat,

p uls d 'un e ndroit

g arde

f aut t raverser p our q uit-

p eut-etre a u f leuve i nfernal a ux " neuf

5 4

b oucles".

C onclusion

L a c omparaison d es t raditions m exicas r elatives ä l eur h ist oire l a p lus a ncienne a vec c elles d 'autres p euples m ythes d 'origine m ontre q ue l eur h istoricitg C ela n esu iprendra d 'ailleurs p as q uiconque

e t a vec l es

e st t rd 's d outeuse. c onnait l es

t ravaux

d e G eorges D umgzil s ur l es o rigines d e R ome. E ncore n 'a-t-on e nv isage i ci q ue c ertains a spects d es p grggrinations.

L es g vgne-

m ents d e C oatepec, d e C hapultepec -oü i ntervient C op i l , d e M ex icatzinco s ont c ertainement b ien p lus m ythiques e ncore, e t m eme q uand i l y a p robablement h istoire,

c omme p our l e s gjour d es M e-

x icas ä C olhuacan o u p our l a f ondation d e

T latelolco,

e ile a ussi c oulge d ans l e m oule d u m ythe.

e ile

J e m e p ropose

e st d e l e

d gmontrer d ans u n a rticle u ltgrieur.

L es M exicas n 'ont p as s implement p illg l eurs p rgdgcesseurs. D es

s tructures s ymboliques t rd 's a nciennes s e s ont i mposges äeux,

d e m eme W aux Q uiches, a ux M ixtd 'ques d u R ollo S elden

-

s ource

q ui d evrait f aire l 'objet d 'une g tude c omparge t rs a ttentive o u a ux T olt ques a uparavant,

-

e t l es M exicas s e s ont b orngs ä l es

h abiller d e n arrations p rgexistantes q u 'ilstransformerent p eu o u p rou.

L a p rincipale d e c es s tructures p arait e tre

a i q ualifige a illeurs d e " mgtaphore d u j our"

( Graulich 1 98 1) . Une

a utre o pposition s ystgmatique i mportante e st c elle v enus n omades e t d es a utochtones s edentaires.

5 5

c elle q ue j '

d es n ouveaux

C ette c onstante,

p robablement t res a ncienne e n M gsoamgrique,

s 'integre

d ans

l e

" modele d u j our" d 'une m aniere q ui t gmoigne d 'un s ens p rofond d e l 'histoire c hez l es a nciens M exicains.

L es e rrances

s ont d onc

a ssimilges ä u n p griple n octurne o u s outerrain e t l 'arrivge d ans l a T erre P romise ä l 'gmergence d u S oleil. n ouveaux v enus, t ions v oisines a u z enith .

e ncore p leins d 'allant,

s oumettent l es

M ais ä p artir d e m idi,

t errestre-lunaire.

C e n e s ont p lus l es g uerriers

c ortege g lorieux d u s oleil,

L 'apres-midi

c omme ä

l 'origine

h groiques q ui

m ais l es f emmes m ortes

c 'est-ä-dire l es f emmes g uerrieres,

e n c ouches,

c elles q u isont e n m eme t emps

l eil a u d gclin e st a ssimilg a u d ieu d e l a t erre O r,

d es

f orment l e

h ommes e t r eprgsentent d es l ors l 'union d es o ppositions.

c onqugrant,

p opula-

c e s ole i l e st r emplacg p ar s on

e st u ne p griode d 'union d es c ontraires,

t eurs, T laloc.

l es

: us s ont a ssimilgs a u s oleil d u m atin q ui m onte

r eflet v u d ans u n m iroir n oir,

t emps.

U ne f ois g tablis,

q ue s e p asse-t il

C e s o-

e t d es a gricul-

l orsqu'un p euple

n omade,

a tteint s on z enith? i i a dopte l a c ivi l isation d e c eux

q u'il a s oumis,

i i p erd s a v igueur e t s es v ertus p rimitives,

a rdeur s 'englue d ans l a m atiere,

s on

i l d evient s emblable a u s oleil

l unaire, v oug ä d isparaitre, d e l 'apres-midi. d ressent l es h abitants d 'Aztlan a ux e nvoygs d e

L es p aroles q u'aM oteczuma I s ont

ä c et g gard t res r gvglatrices.

S i l es r gcits d es p grggrinations

n e s ont p as

h istoriques,

n ous n e d evons g uere n ous i nquigter d e l eurs d ivergences. l es-ci s ont e n r evanche t res u tiles p our q ui g tudie

l es m ythes,

c ar e lles n e f ont q u'en p rgciser e t e n e nrichir l e s ens.

5 6

C el-

N 'est-

i l p as d es p lus s ignificatifs q ue d ans t eile s ource,

X iuhnel s e

f ait d gvorer l e c oeur p ar u ne d gmone c hthonienne ,tandis q ue d ans d ans u ne v ariante,

1 1 n e f ait q ue s e s gdentariser?

U n d ernier p oint q ui m grite a ttention e st l a f rgquente c onc ordance d es d ional.

s ources m exicaines a vec c elles d u G uatemala

m gri

C ette c oncordance e st p lus g rande e ncore d ans l e d omai-

n e d u m ythe p ur.

E lle d evrait e tre p rise e n

t ous c eux q u'intgresse l 'gpineuse q uestion l es d eux r egions.

5 7

c onsideration d es r elations

p ar e ntre

No t e s

es e tymologies s ont d outeuses : c f. B arlow 1 949 : 104 e t G a1 . C r ibay 1 967 : 2 :584. " Lieu d es H erons" s erait A ztatlan - n om q ue l 'on t rouve d ans T ezozomoc 1 949 : 2 2 , p as A ztlan . C f. a ussi s ur c e p rob r dme P alacios 1 926 : 4 98-500; S eler 1 9 02-23: 2 :46 e t Z antwijk 1 977 : 2 8 a cceptent l es e tymologies d e D ur an . L e C odex A zcatitlan e st l a s eule s ource p rgsentant u n g lyphe d 'Aztlan . L e g lyphe s ignifie " Lieu d es F ourmis" : " Azcatitlan". 2 . P our u n c ertain J ames W ickersham , A ztlan s e t rouvait d u c ötg d e P uget S ound ( cite d ans S eler 1 902-23 : 2 :31). A lberto E sc alona R amos p enchait p our l a l agune d e M etztitlan ( cf. A c osta S aignes 1 946 : 1 77. K irchhoff 1 961a : 61 e t 1 961b : 254 t enait A ztlan p our u ne p rovince d e l 'empire t olt k lue ,provinc e d ont C olhuacan -actuellement S an I sidro C uliacan ( Guanaj uato) -aurait g tg l a c apitale. P our J imenez M oreno 1 972 : 1 71, A ztlan g tait Vile d e M etzcaltitlan, d ans l a g rande l ag une d u M ichoacan ( Nayarit). A ctuellement e n r :ore, o n t rouve, p arait-il, u n e ndroit a ppelg A ztatlan ä p roximitg. M argain 1 971 : 7 9 a bonde d ans l e m eme s ens. D avies 1 973a : 7 -9, q ue l es a rguments d e K irchhoff e t J imgnez M oreno r endent p erplex e, s e d emande s 'il n 'y e ut p as d eux A ztlan d iffgrents. E n f ait, l es i tingraires d 'Aztlan ä M exico d ifferent t rop d 'une s ource ä l 'autre p our q ue Pon p uisse r attacher A ztlan ä u n l ieu g gographiquement p recis. 3 .

S eler 1 902-23 : 3 1-48 a m ontrg q u'Aztlan g tah une p rojection d e M exico e t a i dentifig c orrectement d eux d es q uatre c alpul i i r eprgsentgs d ans l e C odex A zcatitlan . L a c omparaison a ve7 l e C odex d 'Izhuatepec ( publig d ans Z antwijk 1 977 : 63-4) p erm et l 'identification d es d eux a utres q uartiers. D ansles d eux es; u ne g lose c odex, o n v oit u ne m aison s urmontge d e b annib-r d e l 'Izhuatepec l 'appelle T lacatecpan . E nfin, d ans l 'Azcat itian, l a m aison s urmontge d e d eux c actus d u t ype h ueycomid -littgralement " grande m armite -correspond ä c elle s urmont ge d e d eux c ruches e t a ppelge C ihuatecpan d ans r/zhuatepec .

5 8

4 . D ans l 'Historia d e l os M exicanos ...1941 : 218, A ztlan e st d gc rit d ans l es m emes t ermes q ue C hapultepec, p res d e M exico. C . d el C astillo 1 908 : 6 7, 6 9, 7 0, 9 0-2 d gcrit A ztlan e t l a T erre P romise a vec l es m emes g pithetes d ont c ertaines d gsig nent a ussi T amoanchan . C f. a ussi Z antwijk 1 977 : 5 5. 5 .

C es l ieux r edoutables s ont r epresentes d ans ] eC odex A zcatitl an : 5 e t m entionngs d ans T ezozomoc 1 949 : 1 7-8 e t C himalp ahin 1 958 : 2 6, 2 8.

6 . T orquemada 1 969 : 1 :79 o met l es M imixcoa : l 'octroi d u n ouv eau n om e t d es a rmes v ient i mmgdiatement a presl a r upture d e l 'arbre; l 'Historia d e l os M exicanos... 1 941 : 220 n e m ention n e p as l a r upture d e l 'arbre, m ais f ait g tat d u p assage d es M exicas p ar C uahuitlicacan, " Lieu o i l l 'Arbre e st d ressg". A ussi T ezozomoc 1 949 : 2 3-4. ( Le s acrifiant a uquel o n a ppliq ue l e d uvet e st a insi a ssimilg ä s a v ictime). 7 . M me d ans l es s ources ä c hronologie c ourte c omme l 'HMP e t l a L eyenda, l es t ribus p arviennent d ans l a V allge b ien a vant l ' a rrivge d es M exicas. C himalpahin 1 958 : 3 f ait m eme d e X oc himilco, C uitlahuac, M izquic, C oyoacan, O cuillan e t M alinal c o d es c ites s oumises a ux C olhuas-Tolteques d es l a f in d u i j s iècle. Q uatre d e c es c ites s ont c elles d es t ribus d es p gr ggrinations c itges d ans l e C odex B oturini e t l 'Historia ... 8 . A ucune s ource, m alheureusement, n e p recise ä l a f ois l e n omb re d e t ribus e t l e n ombre d e M imixcoa s acrifigs. L e C odex A ubin p arle d e h uit t ribus m ais n e d it p as c ombien d e M imixc oa a pparurent s ur l es c actacges. A n oter q ue l orsque h uit t ribus s ont m entionnges, i i y e n a t oujours u ne q ueles M exic as n e s oumirent j amais. D ans l es A nales M exicanos 1 1 948 : 7 -8, X iuhnel e t M imich s emblent n ettement a ssocigs a ux t rib us. 9 . D avies 1 977 : 1 64-71 c ite l a p lupart d es d onnges c oncernant l es N onoalcas. I l e st c aractgristique q ue d ans l es p ogsies m exicaines, l e T gpaneque -c'est-ä-dire l e c ivilisg p uissant p ar r apport a ux M exicas -est a ppelg N onoalcatl : S chultze J ena 1 957

:2 24-5.

5 9

1 0. L 'Historia ... 1 941 : 2 22 o met l a s gparation ä P atzcuaro m ais p an e d e l 'enlevement d 'une f emme m exica d ont d escendraient l es M ichhuaque. L e f ils d e c ette f emme g tait C opil; o r, c ' e st M alinalxochitl q ui e st l a m ere d e C opil. L 'Historia .... e st a pparemment i di l e c ommentaire d 'un m anuscrit f iguratif p erdu d ont l e C odex A zcatitlan s emble u ne c opie . 1.

S ahagen 1 927 : 3 8; 1 958a : 1 24-5 : l es o rnements d es y eux e t l es c rocs s ont c aractgristiques d e T laloc; l es r osettes e n li p apier s ur l e f ront e t l a n uque ( ixcuatechimal , e t c uexcocht echimalli) s ont d es a ttributs d es d ivinitgs d u M ictlan : Sel er 1 890 : 6 32-3. C halli, d ont d grivent C halmecatl e t C halm an , s ignifie " gueule b gante" e t p eut d gsigner o uverture v ers l 'inframonde : G aribay 1 958 : 1 40. P eut-etre e st-ce n ot amment e n t ant q ue D ame d es C halmecas q ue C ihuacoatl e st l ' g pouse d e M ictlantecuhtli. L es C halmecas s acrificateurs p or t aient s elon D urän 1 967 : 1 :32 u n " manteau d e p apillon" q ui c onfirme l a r elation a vec P apiLbn d 'Obsidienne ( Itzpapabtl).

1 2.

l a dvient a ux U n e pisode d e l a f in d e T ollan i llustre c e q u il p euples q ui d eviennent l a p roie d 'une d gceptrice t eile q ue C ihuacoatl-Quilaztli. S elon l es A nales d e C uauhtitlan 1 938: 1 05-7, l a " diablesse Y aotl, " Ennemi" en f ait T ezcatlipoca s e d ressa s ur u n g chinocactus e t i nvita u ne p artie d es T olt eques q ui f uyaient T ollan ä l a s uivre. C es g ens a ccepterent e t f onderent l a v ille d e X altocan. E nsuite, Y aotl r ecommanda ä s es a mis, n on p as d e c onqugrir l e m onde - c omme l 'aurait f ait u n d ieu s olaire -m ais, a u c ontraire, d e n e p as s 'enorg ueillir n i d 'avoir d 'ambition, e t d 'agir c omme g taient e ncore -ä T ollan -c'est-ä-dire a u p aradis. O n s ait p ar a ill eurs q ue l es h abitants d e X altocan a doraient l a l une: S ahag en 1 956 : 2 :262.

1 3.

L e t heme d e l 'aigle d gvorant l e s erpent f igure d éjà d ans l ' u G olfe . C f. i conographie d u C lassique r ecent d e l a C öte ,d u ne " palme" p rovenant d e S an R afael ( Veracruz) c onservge a u m usge d e J alapa. L 'art o lmj 'que 1 972 : p .42.

1 4.

L e r gcit q ue f ait C himalpahin 1 958 9 0-9 d e l a c onquete d e C halco p ar l es T otolimpaneques c orrobore m on i nterpretation

6 0

d e l 'arrivge ä M exico c omme l e m oment d e l 'gmergence d u S ol eil e t l e d ebut d e l a s äison s eche. C halchiuhmomozco, " Aut el d e J ade", g tait h abitg p ar l es O lmeques-Xicalancas, d e nahualli d e p luie" ( comme C opil!)qui a vaient l e p oug rands " v oir d e s e c hanger e n b ites f groces. L e r oi d es T otolimpang" Tepetzintli" ( Copil, l ui, q ues d gcocha s es f leches s ur l e e st a ssocig a u T epetzinco) d 'oü p rovenait l a s ource s acrge d es O lmeques. A ussitöt, e ile s e t arit e tles O lmeques p erdir ent l eur p ouvoir. P uls l es a rrivants v irent l ä o ü us d ev aient s 'gtablir u n a igle b lanc d gvorant u n j aguar r ouge. A l ors us f onderent A maquemecan C halco ( ausä L Chimalpahin 1 965 : 1 55). L 'aigle b lanc e st p arfois a ussi a ppelg " dindon"mais d ans C himalpahin 1 958 : 4 2, l 'aigle-Huitzilopochtli q ui g uid e l es M exicas e st a ussi u n " dindon".

6 1

Bi b l i o g r a p h i e

A COSTA, 1 962

J .

d e-, H istoria n atural y m oral d e l as I ndias, t abli p ar E dmundo O 'Gorman, M exico.

A COSTA S AIGNES, M iguel, 1 946

L os T eopixque

t exte g -

:o rganizaciän s acerdotal

evista m exicana d e e studios a n e ntre l os M exica. R 47-205. t ropol3gicos 8 : 1

A LVA I XTLILXOCHITL, D on F ernando d e-, O bras h ist3ricas. T exte g 1 891-2 t abli e t a nnotg p ar A lfredo C havero, 2 v ol., M ex ico. F ernando, CHn ica m exicana p recedida d el C 3d ice R amirez . T exte g tabli e t a nnotg p ar M . O roz-

A LVARADO T EZOZOMOC, 1 878

c o y B erra, M exico. 1 949

CHnica m exicayotl . A drian L e n,

T exte g tabli e t t raduit U NAM, M exico.

p ar

A nales d e C uauhtitlan , v oir C odex C himalpopoca . A nales m exicanos n° 1 . A nbnimo e n l engua m exicana . . 1 948

p ar F austino G alicia C himalpopoca.

T exte t raduit

A nales

a nti-

g uos d e M gxico y s us c ontornos : 1 -27. A nales d e T latelolco . U nos a nales h ist3ricos d e l a n acidn m exica 1 948 n a yC ddice d e T latelolco . T exte t raduit e t a nnolt g p ar H .

x i co .

B erlin,

c ommentaire d e R .H .

B arlow,

M e -

A ntig i ledades d e M gxico b asadas e n / a r ecopilacibn d e L ord K ings1 964-7 b orough . E d. f acs. c ommentge p ar J . C orona N ugez, 4 v ol., M exico.

L 'art o lm 4ue . S ource d es a rts c lassiques d u M exique . 1 972

d 'exposition),

P aris.

6 2

( Catalogue

B ARLOW, 1 949 B EYER,

R obert H ., odex A zcatitlan . v oir C H ermann,

1 965

O bras c ompletas I . M ito y S imbologia d el M exico E l M gxico A ntiguo 1 0. M exico.

A ntiguo.

os M apas d e C uauhtinchan y l a H istoria B ITTMANN S IMONS, B ente, L 1 968 T olteca -C hichimeca . S erie I nvestigaciones 1 5, I NAH, M exico. B RODA,

J ohanna,

1 979

I deology o f t he A ztec s tate a nd h uman s acrifice. C ommunication p resentee a u S ymposium

P eriphery : T he T emplo M ayor a nd t he oulder, n ov.5-9, 1 979 ( ms.). r e, B B ROTHERSON, 1 974

C enter a nd A ztec e mpi-

G ordon , S acred S and i n M exican P icture -W riting a nd studios d e C ultura N dhuatl 1: L ater L iterature. E 3 03-9.

C ASO, A lfonso, E l T eocalli d e 1 927

M emorias A cad . M ex . H istoE l A guila y e l N opal. r ia , M exico 5 , n°2 : 9 3-104.

1 942

C ASTILLO, 1 908

l a G uerra S agrada, M exico.

C .

d el-, F ragmentos d e

l a o bra g eneral s obre H istoria d e l os M exicanos, e scrita e n l engua n duatl p or C rist3bal d el C astillo a f ines d el s iglo X VI . T ex t e e tabli e t

t raduit p ar F r.

d el P aso y T roncosö7

M exico. C ASTILLO, 1 969

V ictor M .,

C aminos d el m undo n ähuatl.

C ERVANTES D E S ALAZAR, F rancisco, 1 971

CHnica d e / a N ueva E spaAa .

2

v ol., M adrid.

C HIMALPAHIN Q UAUHTLEHUANITZIN, 1 958

E studios d e C ul-

t ura N dhuatl 8 : 1 75-87.

D on F r.

d e S . A nton M uf lon, D as M e

m orial B reve a cerca d e l a f undaci3n d e l a c iudaa d e O ulhuacan u nd w eitere a usgewählte Ti le a us d en

6 3

" Diferentes H istorias O riginales" ( M s . M ex n r 7 4, P aris). T exte g tabli, t raduit e t a nnotg p ar W alt er L ehmann e t G erdt K utscher,

Q AGA 7 ,

S tuttgart,

B erlin . 1 965

R elaciones o riginales d e C halco A maquemecan . T ext e t raduit p ar S ilvia R endän, M exico.

C odex A ubin ( ou d e 1 576) 1 893 H istoire d e / a N ation m exicaine d epuis l e d epart d 'Aztlan j usqu'd l 'arrivge d es C onqugrants e spaR eproduction d u c odex, g nols ( et a u d eld 1 607). t exte t raduit p ar J .M .A .

A ubin, P aris.

C odex A zcatitlan. g d. f acs. c ommentge p ar R obert H . B arlow . J our 1 949 n al S oc . A mgricanistes P aris 3 8 : 1 01-35 e t a nnex e.

A ntig i ledades d e M exico 1 : 8 -29.

C odex B oturini. 1 964-7

C odex B orgia , B iblioteca A postolica V aticana 1 976

2 8). E d. f acs. c ommentge C odices S electi 5 8, G raz.

( Messicano R iserva

p ar K arl. A .

N owotny,

C odex C himalpopoca 1 938 D ie G eschichte d er K önigreiche v on C olhuacan u nd M exico . T exte g tabli, t raduit e t c ommentg p ar W al t er L ehmann, 1 945

Q AGA

1 ,

S tuttgart-Berlin.

C 3dice C himalpopoca . A nales d e C uauhtitlan y L eexte t raduit p ar P rimo F eliy enda d e l os S oles . T c iano V eläzquez

( avec f asc.),

U NAM , M exico.

C odex d e F lorence 1 950-69

v oir S aha An

( 1950-69).

3-24 d e l a B ibliothd 'que N ationale C odex M exicanus n° 2 1 952 E d. f acs. c ommentge p ar E rnst M engin.

S oC . A mer . P aris 4 1

6 4

:3 87-498 e t a nnexe.

d e P aris.

J ournal

C odex R amirez . 1 878

C odex V aticanus

C 3dice R amirez. R elaci3n d el o rigen d e l os i nd ios q ue h abitan e sta N ueva E spana , a ?g l in s us h ist orias . V oir A lvarado T ezozomoc ( 1878). 1 ( 3738)

( Rios)

A ntigüedades d e M exico 3 : 7 -313.

1 964-7

C odex V aticanus 3 773 ( Codex V aticanus B ), B iblioteca A postolica 1 970 V aticana . E d. f acs. c ommentge p ar F erdinand A nd ers, C ORTES,

G raz.

'

H ernan,

C artas d e R elaci3n .

1 969 D AVIES,

C odices S electi 3 6,

M exico.

N igel,

1 973a

T he A ztecs .

A H istory .

1 977

T he T oltecs .

L ondon.

U ntil t he F all o f T ula . U niv. d Ok-

l ahoma P ress, N orman. D URAN,

istoria d e F ray D iego, H

l as I ndias d e N ueva E spana y I sexl as d e T ierra F irme e scrita e n e l s iglo X VI . T

t e e tabli p ar A .M . F ERNANDEZ D E O VIEDO Y V ALDES, 1 959

1 967 G RAULICH, 1 979

v oir D urän

M gxico.

4 v ol.,

M adrid.

( 1958b).

( 1967).

ythes e t r ites d es v ingtaines d u M exique C enM ichel, M t ral p rghispanique . T hese d e d octorat, U niv . L ib re d e B ruxelles

1 98 0 .a

2v ol.,

G onzalo, H istoria g eneral ynatural

d e l as I ndias .

G ARIBAY K ., A ngel M aria, 1 958 v oir S ahagen

G aribay K .,

( rongotypg).

L a A nt ropologia A mericanista e n l a A ctualidad . H omenaj e aR aphael G irard 1 : 2 53-69, M exico. L 'au-delä c yclique ds e ac n iens M exicains.

6 5

1 980b

O chpaniztli, l a f ete d es s emailles d es a ncüns M ex icains. Anales d e Antropologia ( sous p resse).

1 981

T he M etaphor o f t he D ay i n A ncient a nd R itual.

1 982

Q uecholli e t P anquetzalliztli t erpretation.

M yth

1 :4 5-60.

: u ne n ouvelle i n-

L ateinamerika S tudien 1 0

L es e res o u S oleils d es

1 982a

M exican

C urrent Antropology 2 2,

a nciens

: 1 59-173.

M gsoamgricains.

I ndiana 8 : 5 7-91. 1 982b

T lacaxipehualiztli o u l a f ete a zteque d e l a m oiss on e t d e l a g uerre. R evista e spagola d e A ntrop ologia a mericana 1 2

:2 15-254.

1 983a

L es m ythes a zteques d e l a c reation d u s oleil. p araitre).

1 983b

M yths o f P aradise L ost i nPre-Hispanic C entral M e. x ico.

C urrent Anthropology 2 4,

H istoria d e l os M exicanos p or s us p inturas. 1 941

d ocumentos...

p .

( A

5 . N ueva c olecciOn d e

2 07-240.

H istoria T olteca-Chichimeca . E d. f acs., t exte g tabli, t raduit e t 1 976 c ommentg p ar P . K irchhoff, 1 . O dena G üemes e t M . R eyes G arcia, H istoyre d u M gchique. 1 905

I NAH, M exico.

M anuscrit f ran ais i ngdit d u X VIe s iècle.

T exte g tabli e t a nnotg p ar E . S oc . Amer . P aris 2 : 1 -42.

I XTLILXOCHITL,

d e J onghe,

J ournal

v oir A lva I xtlilxochitl.

J IMENEZ M ORENO, W igberto, L a m igraciän m exica. 4 0e C ongr s I n1 972 t ern . A mericanistes ( Roma-Genova 1 972) 1 : 167-72. K IRCHHOFF, 1 961a

P aul,

i Se p uede l ocalizar A ztlan?

n a,

a üo

1 :5 9-73, M exico.

6 6

Anuario d e H isto-

1 961b

D as T oltekenreich u n s ein U ntergang. S aeculum 1 2 :2 48-65, M ünchen.

L AS C ASAS, 1 967

F ray B artolome d e-, A po i oggtica H istoria S umaria , t ext e e tabli p ar E dmundo O 'Gorman, I IH , S er ie d e h ist oriadores y c ronistas d e I ndias 1 , 2 v ol., U NAM, M exico.

a f ilosofia n dhuat estudiada e n s us f uen L EON-PORTILLA, M iguel, L t es .

1 956

I nstituto I ndigenista I nteramericano, P ubl.

2 6, M exico.

L ienzo d e T laxcala, 1 979

c ommente p ar A .

L OPEZ AUSTIN, A lfredo,

C havero, M exico

( 1892 1) .

L a c onstituci3n r eal d e M gxico T enochtit-

1 961

Z an

IH, I

1 973

H ombre -d ios. R eligi6n y p olitica e n e l m undo n c lh uati . IH, S erie d e C ultura n ähuatl, M onografia I 1 5, U NAM,

M ARGAIN,

U NAM, M exico.

M exico.

C arlos R ., P re-Columbian A rchitecture c fCentral M exico.

H andbook M iddle A mer . I ndians 1 0 :4 5-91.

1 971

M UNOZ C AMARGO, D iego,

H istoria d e T laxcala .

1 892 N OGUERA, 1 966

M exico.

E duardo, H istoria d e l as e xploraciones '

S umma a ntropoldgica ...

e n

T latelolco.

1 -8.

N ueva c olecci3n d e d ocumentos p ara l a h istoria d e M gxico . P omar , 1 941 Z urita , R elaciones A ntiguas . M exico. O rigen d e l os M exicanos. 1 941 2 56-80. O VIEDO,

N ueva c olecci3n d e d ocumentos ..

v oir F ernandez d e O viedo y V aldes.

6 7

P ADDEN, 1 967

R .C ., T he H ummingbird a nd t he H awk .

C onquest a nd S over eignty i n t he V alley o f M zxico , 1 503-41. C olumb us,

P ALACIOS, 1 926

O hio.

E nrique J uan, i De d onde v iene l a p alabra M exico? M gx ico, T enochtitlan, A ztlan . A nales M us . N ac . M ex . 4 :4 78-508.

P INA C HAN, 1 950

R amon, E stratigrafia e n l os t errenos a djacentes a l a T latelolco a t raves d e C atedral M etropolitana.

l os t iempos 1

7-92. :6

P opol V uh P opol . V uh . D as H eilige B uch d er Q uiche -I ndianer exte g tabli, t raduit e t c ommentg v on G uatemala , t

1 944

p ar L eonhard S chultze J ena,

Q AGA 2 ,

S tuttgart.

P opol V uh . T he S acred B ook o f t he A ncient Q uiche M aya , t exte t raduit e t a nnotg p ar A drian R ecinos,

1 950

U niv.

o f O klahoma P ress, N orman.

T he B ook o f C ounsel : T he P opol V uh o f t he Q uiche M aya o f G uatemala , t exte g tabli, t raduit e t a nno-

1 971

t g p ar M unro S .

E dmonson, M ARI,

P ubl.

3 5,

N ew O r-

l eans.

ie N ayaritExpedition . T extaufnahmen P REUSS, K onrad T heodor, D 1 912 u nd B eobachtungen u nter m exikanischen I ndianern . I :D ie R eligion d er C oraIndianer . L eipzig. R ollo S elden 1 964 S AHAG I N, 1 927

A ntigüedades d e M gxico 2 : 1 01-13. E inige K apitel a us d em G eschichtsw erk d es F ray B ernardino d e S ahag l in . T exte n ahuad

ernardino d e-, F ray B

g tabli e t t raduit p ar E duard S eler,

2 v ol . ,

S tutt-

g art. 1 950-69

F lorentine C odex , G eneral H istory o f t he T hings exte g tabli,traduit e t a nnotg p ar o f N ew S pain .. T

6 8

A rthur J .O. A nderson e t C harles E .D ibble, 1 2 v ol . , T he S chool o f A merican R esearch a nd T he U niv. o f U tah,

S anta F e, N ew M exico.

H istoria g eneral d e l as

1 956

c osas d e

T exte g tabli p ar A ngel M a. x ico. 1 958a

N ueva

G aribay K .,

E spana .

4 v ol . ,

M e-

R itos, S acerdotes y A tavios d e l os D ioses .

T exte g tabli, t raduit e t a nnotg p ar M iguel L ebn-Portila, F IT 1 , I nstituto d e H istoria : S eminario d e l

C ultura N ähuatl, U NAM, M exico.

V einte h imnos s acros d e l as n dhuas. T exte g tabli,

1 958b

S CHULTZE J ENA, 1 957

t raduit e t c ommentg p ar

A .M .

I nstituto d e H istoria h uatl, U NAM, M exico.

S eminario d e C ultura N a-

:

G aribay K .,

A lt -a ztekische G esänge . L eonhard, g art, B erlin.

Q AGA 6 ,

F II 2 ,

S tutt-

S ELER, E duard, D as T onalamatl d er A ubinschen S ammlung u nd ' d ie 7 e C IA ( Berlin 1 888) 1 890 v erwandten K alenderbücher. 5 21-735. 1 902-23

G esammelte A bhandlungen z ur A merikanischen S pra chu nd A ltertumskunde .

1 966

S umma a ntropol6gica e n h omenaje aRoberto J . l aner , I NAH, M exico.

W eit-

T EZOZOMOC, v oir A lvarado T ezozomoc. T ORQUEMADA, 1 969

F ray J uan d e-,

M onarquia I ndiana .

3 v ol.,

M exico.

anuscrit T ovar . O rigines e t c royances d es I nT OVAR, J uan d e-, M 1 972 d iens d u M exique . T exte g tabli e t t raduit p ar J acq ues L afaye,

G raz.

6 9

V EGA S OSA, C onstanza, D atos p ara u na c ronologia r elativa e n e l 1 978 a rea d el r ecinto s agrado d e M gxico-Tenochtitlan . Antrop . e H istoria , B ol . I NAH 2 4 :7 2-9. W IPF, K arl A ., 1 980

W anderer i n d er N acht .

Z ANTWIJK , R udolf v an-, L a p az a zteca. 1 962 p or l os m exicas. E st .

H allein . L a o rdenaciän d el m undo C ultura N ahuatl 3 :1 01-35.

1 963

P rincipios o rganizadores d e l os m exicas, u na i nt roducciän a l e studio d el s istema i nterno d el r gg imen a zteca. E st . C ultura N ahuatl 4 : 1 87-222.

1 977

H andel e n W andel v an d e A zteken . c hiedenis v an v oor-spaans M exico .

. 70

D e s ociale g esA msterdam .

M any a spects o f t he A ztec m igra tion s tories a re b ased o n m yt hical m odels.

S ome t hemes a re a nalized h ere.

T he t heme o f t he

h umble b eginnings o f t he n ewcome rs o pposed t o t he r ich s edentaries i s a c onstant i n C entra l M exican m ythology a nd i n s ome M aya g roups. S econd,

t he d eparture f rom A ztlan a nd t he t ravel t o t he p romised

c ountry s eems t o b e avariation o n t he t heme d Ethe e xpulsion f rom t he o riginal p aradise o f T amoanchan.

T he a rrival o f

i n M exico-Tenochtitlan, w ith t he s cene o f t he e agle

t he M exicas . o n t he c ac-

t us c orresponds

t o t he e mergence o f t he s un a nd t he b eginning o f

t he d ry s eason.

O ther m ythical a spects a re f ound i n t he e pisodes

o f M alinalxochitl a nd C ihuacoatl a nd i n t he g od-bearers.

L as m igraciones a ztecas m itos m s a ntiguos.

s e c onforman e n m uchos a spectos c on

S e a nalizan a qui a lgunos

t emas.

P rimero,

e l

d e l os o rigenes h umildes d e l os r ecien l legados c onfrontados c on s edentarios o pulentes e s u na c onstante e n l a m itologia d el M exic o C entral y d e c iertos g rupos m ayas. y e l v iaje h asta l a t ierra p rometida

L uego l a s alida d e A ztlan p arece u na v ariaciOn s obre

e l t ema d e l a e xpulsion d el p araiso o riginal d e T amoanchan . l legada d e l os M exicas e n M exico-Tenochtitlan, ä guila s obre e l n opal c orresponde a l a c omienzo d e l a e staciän s eca.

L a

c on l a e scena d el

e mergencia d el

s ol y e l

O tros a spectos m iticos s e e ncuen-

t ran e n l os e pisodios d e M alinalxochitly C ihuacoatl y e n l os p or t adores d el d ios.

•7 1

T HE E XTENT O F T HE T EPANEC E MPIRE P edro C arrasco T he T e panec e m pire o f T ezozomoc, r uler o f A zcapotza l c o, w as t h e i mme diate a ntecedent o f t he T r ip le A lliance o f T enocht it lan , T etzcoco a nd T lacopan , u sua lly c a lled t he A ztec e mpire , a nd t he M ex ica s tarted o n t he ir r oa d t o p ower a s a llies o f t he T epanec . T he d ata a va ilab le a b out t he o rgan izat ion a nd e xtent o f T ezozom oc 's e m pire a re m eager , b ut t hey a re i mportant i n t hat t hey g ive u s a n i dea o f t he m ajor p o lit ica l s tructure b ef ore t he T r iple A lliance a nd h ave t he a dded i nterest o f c ontr ibuting t o o ur u nderstand ing o f t he f ormat ion o f t he p o lit ica l s y stem e x isting a t t he t im e o f t he S pan ish C onquest . A g ood m any y ears a go I a ttempted t o m ap t he m ax imum e xtens ion t hat T ezozom pc 's e mpire m ight h ave r eached d ur ing t he l atter p art o f h is r e ign, b efore t he o verthrow o f h is s uccessor M axt la,and t he s ubs e qu ent f ormat ion o f t he T r iple A lliance ( Carrasco , O tom ies : , 16-19 2 68-72 ). L ater t h is s ame q uest ion w as d ea lt w ith b y J im " 6nez M oreno ( pp . 2 30-32 ), T rautman ( pp. 5 8-60 ) a nd D avies ( Mex icas : 8 9-16 1; T o ltec H er itage: 1 46-56, 2 40 -47 ). N ew d ocumentat ion h as l ed m e t o t ake a nother l ook a t t h is m atter . T here i s o ne p art icular ly i mportant s ou rce t hat I w as a b le t o s tudy a t t he A rch ivo G enera l d e I nd ias i n 1 964 ( AGI, M ex ico 1 842 ). I t i s al etter , w r itten i n L atin t o t he K ing o f S pa in i n 1 56 1 t o r equest c erta in p r iv ileges f or t he t own, i n w h ich s ome i nformat ion i s g iven a b out t he a ncient h istory o f A zcapotza l c o a nd T ezozomoc 's e mpire . I t i s a n i nterest ing d ocument t hat d eserves p ub licat ion i n f ull. Iw ill u se o nly t he d ata r e lating t o t he t opic o f t his p ap er . A not e i mportant s ource t hat I d id n ot u se p rev iously i s t he C odex G ar cia G ranados . T h is i s ap ictor ia l i n w h ich a r ing o f t owns w ith t he ir r ulers a re d epicted, w h ich a re p robab ly t he c omponents o f r T ezozo roc 's e mpire . A t t he t ime • o f t h is w r iting I h ave a va ilab le o nly ap art ia l r eproduct ion ( G lass , p late 5 0 ), w h ich i s n ot s uff ic ient f or ad eta iled s t udy ; Iw ill m ake o nly o ccas iona l r eference t o i t . A fter d escribing t he m ater ia l i n t he A zcapotza lco L etter o f 1 56 1, I w ill s u rvey t he a va ilab le d ata c oncerning t he g eograph ica l e xtent o f A zcap otza lco 's e mp ire a nd i ts t err itor ia l o rganization . A ccord ing t o t he L etter o f 1 56 1, A zcapo tza l c o h ad b een s ett led 1 ,525 y ears b efore , t hat i s, i n 3 5 A .D . a nd t he n ob ility o f m any t owns o r ig inated t here . T he d istr ict c ontro lled b y A zcapotza l c o i nc luded t he a rea w ith in t hree d ays t rave l i n a ll d irect ions , f rom w h ich t hey o bta ined w ood a nd s tone . I t w as l ater l ost t o t he " tyranny" o f T lacopan . K ing T ezozomoc i s e xa lted a s ag enerous a nd h ea lthy r uler w ho l ived 1 66 y ears . H e h ad m any s ons w hom h e m ade l ords o f c olon ies h e e stab lished: d om inus p rofecto g eneros iss imus d it iss imus e t ( quod m aius e st) v it a 1o ng issimus q u i s ecundum a ntiquorum m em or i a m

7 3

v ix isse f ertur c entum e t s exaginta s ex a nn is ; n ec p lures e sse a nnos p raeterquam c entum e t t r ig inta t res e x q uo e v iv is c oncess it . H ic i ta quae c oloh iis a s e f act is i n d om inos p raefecit s uos f ib s q uos p er p lures h abuit : n am m aiorem f ilium m or iens h ic s uo l oco s ubst ituit d om inum e t h eredem n om i n e Y lhu icam ina . T hese d ata o ff er p oints o f a greement w ith T orquemada 's C hap ter 6 o n t he c ity o f A zcapotza l c o i n B ook 3 o f h is h istory . T orquemada r eports t hat " accord ing t o t he r eckoning t hat t he p eop le o f A zcapotz a l c o h ave ( I , 2 52 ), t he ir c ity w as f ounded 1 56 1 y ears b efore . •T orq uema da s tarted w r it ing h is w ork a round 1 59 1 ( Le6n-Port illa , x iv). T he d ate o f t he L etter p laces h is s tatement i n 1 596 . T he A zcapotza lco L etter a lso a grees w ith T orquemada o n t he l ifespan o f T ezozomoc . T ak ing t he 1 33 y ears m ent ioned i n t he L etter a s t he i nterva l b etween T ezozomoc 's d eath a nd t he w r it ing o f t he L etter , h is d eath w as i n 1 427 . Al ife o f 1 66 y ears p laces h is b irthd ay i n 1 262 . T he d ate o f d eath c oinc ides w ith I xt lilxoch it l's 1 3 a cat l ( 1427 ) ( I , 3 50 ) a nd i s o ne y ear l ater t han t hat r eported i n o ther s ources ( Crön ica M ex icayot l N o 1 69 -70 ; A na les d e T late lo lco N o 2 54 ; C hima lpain , A nna les : 9 5). T orquemada ( I , 2 53) r eports t hat T ezozomoc w as b orn s hort ly b efore h is f ather d ied. H is m other t hen r e igned f our y ears b ef ore h e s ucceeded, t o r e ign d ur ing 1 60 y ears . T his a dds u p a lmost e xact ly t o t he 1 66 y ears o f h is l ife a ccord ing t o t he L etter . T orquemada f urther s tates t hat T etzcocan h istor ies s ay T ezozomoc r uled 1 80 y ears , t hat i s, t wenty m ore t han i n t he A zcapotz a l c o t rad it ion . I f w e p ush b ack T ezozom oc 's b irth d ate t o 1 242 , w e r each a year 1 0 t oc ht li. T he C od ice C h ima lpopoca ( No 1 07) g ives t his y ear n ame f or T ezozom oc 's b irth, a ccord ing t o t he p eople o f C uit lah uac , a lthough p lac ing i t i n t he f ollow ing y ear c ycle, i n 1 294 . T he n ame I lhu icam ina a ls o a ppears i n T orquemada 's s equence o f t he r u lers o f A zcapotza l c o ( I , 2 53 ) a s o ne o f T ezozomoc 's p redecess ors . T orquemada 's l ist i nc ludes o ther n ames k nown f rom T epanec h istory, b ut i t i s i mposs ib le t o r econc ile h is d ata o n t his p oint w ith t h ose o f o ther s our ces . T he n ames m ay b e r epeated b ecause t hey w ere a pp lied t o d ifferent i nd iv idua ls i n ag iven d ynasty, a s f requent ly h app ened i n a ncient M ex ico , o r e lse T orquemada m ay h ave b y m istake r eported a s as equence o f r u lers w hat w as i n e ffect a l ist o r ag roup o f n ames i n ap a inting , t he m eaning o f w h ich i s n ow i mpossib le t o a scerta in . A s e vidence o f t he f ormer g lory o f A zcapotza lco t he L etter g ives t wo l ists o f i ts d ependencies . T he f irst i s al ist o f p laces w ith t he o b ligation o f p ay ing y ear ly t r ibute t o A zcapotza lco . T he s econd i s a l ist o f c ities e stab lished a s c o lonies b y T ezozomoc i n w h ich h e p laced h is c h ildren a s r u lers . 1 .

T he t owns p ay ing t r ibute t o A zcapotza lco T he f irst l ist o f t r ibutar ies a ppears a s f ollows: . .quod c onstet l iquido s atis p opu los m ultos v ect i g a les h abuisse q uorum o pp ida h aec f erme f uere Q uauhnahuac , T ete l p a , X i lotepec , r M at latz inco , C ohuatepec, C e rpohua l l a , N anacapa q uae q uidem o m nia a nnua t r ibuta p endere t enebantur i d q uae a ntequam a M archi o ne

7 4

C ortes io p rov incia m ex icana e xpugnaretu r T he i dent if icat ion o f t hese p laces i s n ot d iff icu lt a lthough i n c ases t here a re a lternat ive p ossib ilities .

s ome

Q uauhnahuac i s c lear ly m odern C uernavaca . T ete lpan i s l isted a s as ujeto o f C uernavaca ( San E steban T ete lp a ) t hroughou t t he C olon ia l p er io d. T he e ar liest r eference I h ave i s f rom 1 55 1 ( AGN - H J 2 98-102 f . 4 98 ). T he C öd ice C h ima lpopoca ( No 1 33 ) r eports t hat i n 2t ocht li ( 1390 ) p eop le f rom C uauhnahuac , X iuhtepec , Y au htepec a nd T ete lpan c ame b r ing ing p resents t o M ex ico . T ete lpan s till e x ists i n s ou thern M ore los , t o t he n ortheast o f L ake T equesquit engo . X ilotepec o f t he B asin .

a nd M at latz inco a re w e l Ik nown l ocat ions t o t he

w est

C ohuatepec i s av ery c omm on n ame a nd i t i s i mposs ib le t o d ecide w h ich o ne i s m eant h ere . W ith in t he T epanec a rea i n t he B asin t here i s • S an B arto lome C oatepec n ear H uisquilucan . W est o f t he m ounta ins t here i s C oatepec B ateas ( T iangu istenco) a nd C oatepec H ar inas ( Tenanc in go ). A ny o f t hese c ou ld b e t he o ne l isted. A nother w e ll k nown C oatepe c i s i n t he s outhern A co lhuacan n ear C ha l c o . r C empohua l l a m ay b e t he t own o f C e rpoa la i n t he n ortheast p art o f I t he B asin t hat i s m ent ioned b y I xt lilxoch it l ( I, 5 3) a s b e ing p art o f t he d oma in o f T ezozomoc . I t c ou ld a lso r efer t o t he m ounta in a nd l ake s i n t he s ou thvkst c orner o f t he B asin . N anacapa w as t he n ame o f s ome l ands i n T lacopan b e long ing t o i ts c acique , D on A ntonio C ortes, i n t he s ixteenth c entury ( Z immermann , T ab le 3 4 ). N o c hrono log ica l p oint o f r eference i s g iven , b ut s ince t he s econd l ist o f c ities r uled b y k ings i s p laced i n t ime b y t he f act t hat t hey a re s aid t o b e r u led b y c hildren o f T ezozomoc , w e m ight a ssume t hat t he l ist o f t r ibutar ies r ef ers t o t he s ame t ime p er iod . C ou ld i t a pp ly t o al ater t ime? A zcapotza lco s hared i n t he r ed istr ib ut io n o f l and m ade b y A xayacat l i n t he T o luca a rea ( Hernandez 9 2). T he s oc ia l a nd p olit ica l s tatus o f t he t r ibutar ies i s a lso o pen t o s ome q uest ion . T he l ist i nc ludes i m portant p laces s uch a s M at latz inco , X ilotepec a nd C uauhnahuac , t o w h ich t he t erm o pp ida w ould b e a pp licab le a s i n t he s ett lements o f t he s econd l ist . O n t he o ther h an d, N anacapan a nd p erhaps o ther p laces d o n ot s eem t o c orrespond t o s ett lements o f m ajor i m portance b ut r ather t o l anded e states o r h am l ets o f t r ibute p ayers . T he t erm v ect ig _ a les m ost p robab ly c orresponds t o t he u sua l t errazgueros o f d ocuments w r itten i n S pan ish . I t h ink t hat t h is l ist r ef lects a n o rganization o f t r ibutary a rea s o f t he t ype d escr ibed f or T etzcoco a t t he t ime o f N ezahua lcoyot l I, 8 ( Ixt lilxochit l I , 3 80 ; 9). W e d o n ot h ave t o c onsider t hat t he e ntire p opulat ion o f p laces l ike C uauhnahuac o r X i lotepec p aid t r ibute t o A zcapotza lco , b ut t hat t hese n ames a pp ly t o t he t ownsh ips w ith in w h ich e states a nd t enants o f A zcapotza l c o ' h ere l ocated . T he t owns w ould b e p art o f t he T epanec e mp ire a lthough n ot c olon ies ' ru led b y

7 5

r T ezozo ruc 's c h ildren a s w ere t hose i n t he s econd l ist . T wo m ajor i nterpretat ions a re p oss ib le a s t o t he l ocat ion o f t he t r ibu tary p laces . O ne i s t o p refer t he = ire d istant i dent if icat ions . T hus C uauhnahuac a nd T ete l p an w ould b e t he c enters f or t r ibute c ollect ion i n t he M oreo los a rea , X i lotepec a nd M at latz inco t he c enters t o t he n orthwest a nd w est o uts ide t he B asin , C e rpoa la a nd C oatepec i n t he r e astern B asin . N anacapan t hen w ould b e t he c o llect ion c enter i n t he T epanec h ome d istr ict . Is e e i n f avour o f t h is i nterpretat ion t he f act t hat C empoa la a nd C oatepec i n t he e astern B asin a re b oth m ent ione d a s w ith in t he r oya l d oma in i n t imes o f N ezahua lcoyot l ( Ixt lilx och it l I , 3 80 ). T he o ther i nterpretat ion w ould b e t o i dent ify a s m any p laces a s p oss ib le a s b e ing w ith in t he T epanec c ore a rea , t hat i s, C oatepec, C em poa la a nd N anacapa , w h ile C uauhnahuac, T ete lpa , M atl atz inco a nd X i lotepec w ould b e t he d istant t r ibutary d istr icts . 2 .

T he c o lon ies o f A zcapotza lco r u led b y c h ildren o f T ezozomoc

T he s econd l ist i n t he L etter o f 1 56 1 c ons ists o f c it ies e stabl ished a s c o lonies b y T ezozomoc ( non p a uca o ppida q ue p r i u s n on e rant n is i c olon ie d ucte a d om ino n ostr i o pp id i q ui d icebatur T ezozomoct li). I t c onc ludes w ith a r eference t o ap icture d escr ib ing t he c o lonies a nd t he n ames o f t he s ons o f T ezozomoc w ho r uled e ach o ne ( p ictura q uadam u b i h ae c o lon iae d escr ibuntur s imu l e t n om ina f iliorum T ezozomoctli q ui d om in at i s unt s in gu l is c ol on i is ). H owever, t he l is t d oes n ot a lways d escr ibe t he d ep endent r uler o f e ach t own a s as on o r d aughter o f T ezozomoc . T he o m iss ions m ay b e s ign if icant s ince w e k now f rom o ther s our ces t hat s ome k ings o f t he T epanec r ea lm w ere s ons o f t he k ing o f T late lo lco . T he n ames o f s evera l t owns a nd r ulers c oinc ide r w ith d ata f rom o ther s our ces . Iw ill n ot g ive t he c o rplete r eferences h ere b ut w ill c omment o nly o n t he i dent if icat ion o f s ome t owns o r p ersona l n ames t hat d iffer f rom o ther w e ll k nown s our ces o r t hat h ave s pec ia l i nterest f or o ur t op ic . T he e xact p hras ing w ill b e q uoted i n f ull i n e ach c ase , e xcept i n t he f irst , i n w h ich a n a ccount o f t he h istor ica l o r ig ins o f t he M ex ica l ea ds i nto t he b eg inn ing o f t he l ist . l a .

T he f irst c o lony i s T late lo l c o . T he M ex ica h ad s erved A zcapotza l c o f or e ighty y ears ; t he T late lo lcans b roke a way a nd r ece ived o ne o f T ezozom oc 's s ons a s t he ir f irst k ing : . .quibus i am s egre gatis a m ex ican is d om inus T ezozomoct li d ed it i n p r imatem e t r ectorem f ilium a ppe latum Q uaquap itzahuac .

2 a .

c olon ia e st v ocata T lacuba c uius c olon is i dem d om inu s T ezozom oct li d uos f ilios c onsti t ui t u num n om in e A colnahuacat l a lterum v ero T zaqua lcat l q uibus m ortuis r e liqu i c o lon i i n n ostrum o ppidum p rod itores e xcitere u t p ote q ui d olo e t f raude d om inium a zcaputza lcanorum s ib i v end icar int u nde e st f actum u t n unc v ideatur p rov incia T lacuba c um p r i u s t amen f uer it c olon ia f acta a T ezozo iwct li .

T he e nm ity t owards T lacopan i s c lear ly s hown . I t i s i nterest ing t hat A co lnahuacat l a nd T zacua lcat l a re d escr ibed a s t wo d ifferent s ons. T he C ron ica M ex icayot l g ives A colnahuacat l T zacua lcat l a s t he n ame o f T ezozom pc 's f irst s on w ho w as k ing o f T lacopan . T here w as a d ifferent

7 6

n e o f k ings a t T il i uhcan T lacopan ( later t he b arr io o f S anctorum i n T acuba ), b eg inning w it h T lacacu i t lahuatz in , w hose d aughter m arr ied A colnahuacat l T zacua lcat l ( Crön ica M ex icayot l N o 1 36 , 1 70 ). A fter T lacacu i t lahuatzin 's d eath a s on o f T ezozom pc 's n amed T zihuact laya h ua lotz in w as p laced a s k ing o f T i 1i uhcan ( ib id. N o 1 73). A colnahuac at l T zacua lcat l i s s t i 1 m ent ioned a s k ing o f T lacopan a t t he, t ime o f I T enoc ht it l a n ' sw ar a ga i n st A zcapotza lc o ( ib id. N o 1 87) . D uran ( I, 70 ), % A l ien w r iting a bout t h is p er iod a ls o m ent ions t wo k ings : " 1o s res d e T acuba , A culnahuacat l ,y o tro , q ue s e 11a maba T zacua lcat l y s en-o T lacac i t la ua ." 3 a .

e st d ic ta C oyohuaca u b i f uit d om inus M axtato .

4 a .

e st A tlacuihuaya u b i f uit d om in u s Y e pcohuat l.

E pcoat l i s ac omm an n ame i n t he T epanec d ynasty ( See g enea log ica l c hart i n A na le s d e T la te lo lc o , i nsert f o l l ow ing p . x i ) . A s t he n ame o f t he r uler o f A t lacu ihuaya i t i s a ls o g iven i n t he C rö n ica M ex icayot l ( No 1 72) a nd i n al oca l V is ita o f C oyoac a n a nd T acubaya ( Epecuac i i n C arrasco a nd M onjaräs I , 6 9 ) . 5 a .

H ui tz i 1o pochco c u i u s d om i n us f ui t Y ztachecat l.

T he n ame o f t his r u ler i s e quiva lent t o E cat l i ztac , a s i t I a pp ear s i n ad ocument f rom C oyoac a n ( Carrasco a nd M onjarä s , 1 94 ). O bviou sly w e h ave h ere t wo r eadings o f t he s ame g lyph. 6 a .

C ohuat layauhca n unc M ex i c o s ubjecta c u i u s d om inus f uit T ecocohua .

A s o ur d ocument p oint o ut, C ohuat layauhca w as i n c olon ia l t imes a s ujeto o f M ex i c o C ity ( G ibson 3 74-5). A ccord ing t o a nother s ource ( C6d -TE eT h ima lpopoca N o 1 6 1), T ecoco hua w as a r u ler o f C uauhtit la n . 7 a .

e st T ul t i t la c u i u s d om in u s f uit T epanonoc.

8 a .

e st T epec hpa c ui s us p r imas f uit Q uahquauhtz i.

9 a .

A cu lma u b i d om in u s e st f actus T eyo lcocohua .

1 0a .

e st T u l q uauhyoca c uius d om inu s f uit T euht lehuac .

T his i s t he m odern T o l c ayuc a . D ur ing t he r e ig n o f I xt l i lxoch i t l o f T etzcoco i t i s m ent ioned a s o ne o f t he A colhua t owns f avour ing T ezozomoc ( Ixt l i lxoch it l I, 4 0) . . 1a

e st C uit la chtepec u b i f uit d om ina f il ia n om ine X ocotz i.

C u itlachtepec , a ls o d ep icted i n t he C odex G arcia G ranados, i s a n i mportant e ar ly s it e f or t he T epanec d ynasty, w hose f ounder M at la cc oa u at l m arr ied a d aughter o f T z i u act latonac , C h i c h imec t lahtoan i o f C uit la chtepec . L ater h istor ica l e vents l ocate t h is p lace b etween T ol t i t la n a nd A zcapotza l c o ( C6d ice C h ima lpopoca N o 1 66 , 1 94 ; I xt l x och it l I, 4 2 ) . F or e ar ly t imes , h owever , C uit lachtepec i s m ent ioned a s as tat i o n i n t he m igrat ion r oute t owards T ula o f t he T la cochc a lc a o f C ha l c o , i s as equence t hat w ould p la ce i t n ear X i 1o tepec ( Ch ima lp ain A nna le s, 3 9 : y e n iman q u izaco C u i t lachtepec a hnozo X i 11o tepec ) . T his l ocat ion i s w orth c ons ider i n g s in ce i t w ould p lace C uit lachtepec

7

n ear C h iapa , n ext i n t he l is t o f c o lonies e stab lished b y T ezozomoc. 1 2a .

e st C hi a ppa u bi f uit d om ina f ilia n om ine T om iyauh.

T h is I t ake t o b e m odern C hapa d e M ota , a lthough I k now o f aS 9n G erön imo C hi a pa , av illage s ubject t o T equic izt lan , a nd S anta M ar ia C h iapa , av illage s ubject t o A co lman ( Pape les d e N ueva E spai r a V I, 2 09 , 2 10 ). 1 3a .

e st A yotochco c uius d om inus f uit Y ohua llatohua .

T h is p lace i s a lso i n C odex G ar cia G ranados . I n t he M em or ia l d e T lacopan , A yotochco i s o ne o f t he s ujetos o f t he c abecera ( Z immermann , 5 , a nd T ab le 3 4 ), c orrespond ing t o t he p resent d ay v illages o f S anta C ruz a nd S an F ranc isco A yotochco i n t he H uitzquilocan a rea . I t i s p ro bab ly s ign if icant t hat t he l ist o f t owns i n t he " P intura d e M ex ico" i nc luded i n I xt lilxoch it l's w ork m ent ions A yotochco i n a s er ies o f t owns a long t he o utside w estern r im o f t he B asin o f M ex ico : " Tenanc in go , T lahuililpa , A yotochco , C hiapa " ( Ixt lilxochit l I , 3 82), t hus p la cing i t n ext t o t he p reced ing c o lony i n o ur l ist. 1 4a .

e st O ztot icpac d om inu s c uius f uit T lacacu it lahua .

T h is i s ar ather c cmmon t oponym . I n t he B asin o f M ex ico t here w as a p lace o f t h is n ame w ith in T etzcoco ( Ixt lilxochit l I, 2, 3 8), a nd t here i s a lso a v i llage o f t he s am e n ame n ear O tumba . Ip refer t o i dent ify i t a s t he o ld t own i n t he C uauhtinchan -Tepeaca a rea w here t he n ext t wo c o lonies a re l ocated . 1 5a .

e st Q uec hola u b i f ui t d om ina a l ia f ilia n om in e A zca lx och . Q u ech olac i s a lso d ep icted i n C odex G ar cia G ranados .

1 6a .

e st T otom ihuaca c uius d om ina f uit f ilia n om ine T lacochcue .

W e d o n ot k now w here t he t owns w ere p laced i n t he p a inting m ent ione d i n o ur d ocument , b ut t he l ist a s g iven s eems t o f ollow a g eograph ica l s e quence . T he f irst s even t owns a re i n t he c ore T epanec a rea . T he t wo c losest t o A zcapotza lco w ere r u led b y t hree k ings, o ne i n T late lo l c o a nd t wo i n T lacopan . T hen f o llow t hree t owns i n t he s ou th ( Coyoacan , A t lacu ihuayan , H uitz ilopochco ) a nd t wo t owards t he n orth ( Coat layauh can , T olt it lan). B ey ond t he c ore t here a re t hree t owns i n t he A colhuacan a rea ( Tepechpan , A colman , T o lcuauhyocan ), t hree o n t he w estern e dge o f t he B asin ( Cu it lachtepec, C h iapan, A yotoc hco ), a nd f ina lly t hree t owns i n t he P ueb la a rea . 3 .

T he e xtent o f t he T epanec e mp ire

T he l ist o f s ixteen c olon ies r u led b y c hildren o f T ezozomoc p ro bab ly ' d ef ines t he k ey p o lit ica l a nd t err itor ia l c ore o f t he e mpire . M any o ther s ources y ie ld a dd it iona l i nformat ion , b ut s pace d oes n ot l l a low c omplete q uotat ion o f a l t he l ists o f t he c h ildren o f T ezozomoc a nd t he t owns t hey r u led. ( The m ost i mportant a re i n C 6d ice C hima lpop oca N os 1 42 , 1 48 , 1 65 ; A na les d e T late lo lco N os 7 6-79 , 2 14 ; C odex G arcia G ranados G lass , [p l. 5 0]; C r6nica M ex icayotl N os 1 70-75; I xt lilxoch it l I, 3 7 ). I t w ill s imply s urvey t he v ar ious g eograph ica l a reas , a dd ing t o t he c omm unit ies l isted i n t he A zcapotza lco L etter

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s om e a dd itiona l 3 a .

d ata f rom o ther s ources .

T he s outhern B asin

T he p artic ipation o f t he M ex ic a , b oth T enochca a nd T late lo lca , w as f undamenta l i n t he f ormat i o n o f t he T epanec e npire . T late lo l c o b ecame o ne o f i ts m ain c onst ituent c it ies , r uled b y as on o f T ezozom oc . T enocht i t la n' sf irst k ing, A camap i c ht li , h ad p r imar i l y aC o lh ua c onnect ion ( See D avies , M ex icas, 5 9-65 f or t he d ifferent v ers ions o f h is a ncestry) , b ut h e a ls o b ecame p art o f t he T epanec r egime , a nd a d aughter o f T ezozomoc w as a w ife o f t he s econd k ing, H uitz i 1i hui t l, a nd m other o f t he n ext, C hima lpopoca . T he c on quests m ade b y t he e ar ly k ings o f t he t wo M ex ica c it ies d uri n g t he p er i o d o f T epanec p redom in ance t hus i nd icate t he p rogress i v e e xpans i o n o f T ezozom oc 's e m pire . K e l l y a nd P a le rm ( Appendi x B ) h ave c omp i l ed a l 1t he i nformat ion a bout t he c onquests o f t he T enochca k ings; I w i 1 m ent i o n h ere o nly t he m ost s ignif icant i n t rac ing t he e xtent o f t he T epanec e mp ire . T he o ld k in gdom o f C ol h uac a n h ad 1o ng s ince b egun t o d ec line; D avies ( Mex ic a 9 6 f f.) h as s ummar i z ed t his c omp lex s it uat ion . T he T enochca c on qu est o f C ol h uac a n a ppears i n C odex M endoza ( f .2 ) b efore t he r e ign o f A camap icht li. T enocht it l a n t hus e ar ly d is p laced C olhuaca n a s t he m ajor p ower i n t he a rea a nd a chieved a k ey p osit i o n i n t he T epanec r egime . I n t he s outhern B asin , t he L etter o f 1 56 1 l ists o nly H uitz il o pochco . O ther s our ces a dd a n umber o f t ow ns, c over ing t he e ntire C hi n a n-p aneca a rea . M ex icatz inco i s r eported a s b e ing r uled b y T ezozomoc 's s on Q uetza lc u ixin ( C5dice C h ima lpopoca N os 1 42 , 1 48) o r b y Y aocu ixt li T la catecat l , s on o f C uacuauhpitzahuac o f T late l o lc o ( Ana les d e T la t e lo lc o N os 8 2 , 2 53). A ls o , t wo s ons o f A co lnahuacat l T zacua lcatl o f T lacopan , C oahuoxt l ia nd O quetza l, w ent t o M ex icatz inco a nd t he l atter m arr ied t here, b ut i t i s n ot s pecif ica lly s tated w hether t hey b ecame r ulers ( Crönica M ex icayotl N o 1 70 ) . X ochim i l co a pp ears i n t he C odex G arcia G ranados w ith a w oman r uler n amed A totort li. A ccord ing t o C ö dice C h ima lpopoca ( Nos 1 42 , 1 48, 1 65 ) , i t w as r u led b y T epanqu izqui, s on o f T ezozomoc . A t t he t ime o f I tzcoat l 's w ar a ga inst t he T epanec a s w e ll a s a t t he t ime o f M ote uczoma I lhuicam in a ' sw ar w ith C ha l c o , X ochim i 1c o i s s aid t o h ave h ad t wo k in gs, o ne , T epanqu izqu i, a nd t he o ther, C uauhquecholtz in o r Q uequecholtz in ( Duran I, 1 06; T ezozomoc 2 87 ; A na les T epanecas 3 55 ). T e pan qu i z qu i m ig ht h ave b een t he r uler o f t he T epanec c abecera o f X och im i 1c o . C uit l a huac w as g iven a s at ributary b y T ezozomoc t o h is a ll ies i n 1 c a l 1i ( 1425). T he c abecera o f T ic ic w ent t o T late lo l c o , w h i l e t hose o f T eopanca l c o , A tenchi c a l c an a nd T ecpan w ent t o T enocht it lan ( Cöd ice C h ima lpopoca 1 4 1). I n 4t ecpat l (1 392 ) t he k ing o f C u i t lahuac T icic , P ichatz inteuct l, h ad b een k il l ed o n o rders f rom T ezozomoc , w ho i nsta l l ed an ew k ing n amed T epo l o tzmayt l t he f o l l ow ing y ear ( C6d ice C h ima lpopoca N o 1 34 ) . T hese a nd s ome o ther t owns i n t he s ame a rea a re l is ted a s c onq u ered b y e it her T enocht it lan o r T lat e lo lc o w h i l e t hey w ere a lies o f l

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T ezozomoc . T hus M izquic , C uit lahuac a nd X ochim ilco w ere c onquered b y A camap ic ht li, a ccord ing t o C odex M endoza , a nd b y C uacuauhpitzahuac, a ccording t o t he A na les d e T late lolco N os 4 , 5 2). A nother c onquest o f T enocht it lan d ur ing t he T epanec p er iod i s O cu i l a ( Chima lpain, A nna l e s , 8 ), o uts ide t he B asin , w hich o rig ina lly w as p robab ly p art o f t he C olhua d omain . I n t he s ou theastern a rea o f t he B asin , C ha l c o i s l isted a s a c on qu est o f H uitz ilihu it l ( Codex M endoza ) a nd a lso o f T lacateotzin o f T late lo lco ( Ana les d e T late lo lco N o 5 ). T he c ase o f C ha lco i s c omplic ated ( See D avies, M ex icas , 1 00 f., a nd t he r eference t o A ma quemecan i n s ect ion 4 , b e low ). 3 b .

T he s outhern T ierra C a liente

T he s ou thern B asin a lways h ad c lose r e lat ions w ith t he a reas f arther s ou th , t he T ierra C a l i ente ( Tonayant la lpan) o f t he T la lhu ica o f p resent d ay M ore los a nd t he C ohuixca o f n orthern G uerrero . A s w e h ave s een , C uauhnahuac a nd T ete lpan w ere a mong t he t r ibut ar ies o f A zcapotza lco . C uauhnahuac i s a lso s aid t o h ave b een r uled b y as on o f T ezozomoc n amed M oquihu ix ( Ana les d e T late lo lco N o 7 9) a nd a pp ears i n t he l ist m entioned a bove o f t he t owns c onquered b y A camap ic ht li a nd b y C uacuauhpitzahuac . A nother c on quest i n t his a rea i s Y acap icht la ( H istor ia d e l os M ex icanos 29 ; c f . a lso C c id ice C h imalpop oca N o 1 33 m ent ioned a b ove i n r eference t o T ete l p a i n s ect ion 1 ). T he a rea c a lled C ou ixco i s m entioned i n t he A na les d e T latelolco N o 2 67) a s ac on quest o f C uauhnahuac d ur ing t he r e igns o f T lacateotzin i n T late l o lco a nd o f C hima lpopoca i n T enocht it lan . I n m y 1 950 p ub licat ion I p o inted o ut t he p ossib ility t hat T lachco ( Taxco, G ro.) m ight a ls o h ave b een p art o f t he T epanec e mpire . A lthough s ome s ch olars h ave s trongly a rgued a ga inst i t ( Trautmann 5 96 0 ; D avies , T o ltec H er itage, 2 43-44 , Iw ish t o s tate a gain t he c ase . C hima lpain ( Re lat ionen 9 4 ) r eports t hat a fter h is d efeat M axtla f led t o T lachco : A nd M axt la ton , t hus s ay t he o ld m en , w ent t o d ie t o T lachco s o t hat h e w as s een n ow here , a lthough h is c h i l dren a nd g randchildren [ are t here] b ecause h e l eft t hem t he c ity a nd t he T epanec r ea lm . ( Auh i n M axt laton y uh q uihtohua y n h uehuetque o mpa m iqu ito i n T lachco y nic a occan n ez y mane l y pilhuan y xhuihuan y pam p a c a y ehuat l c oncahui 11i y n a lt epet l y n t epanecayot l ) T orqu emada a lso r eports t hat a fter h is d efeat M axtla f led t o " y n o s e d ic e q ue v olv iese m as a s u c iu dad" ( I , 1 45).

T lachco

O nly s lig htly d ifferent i s t he a ccount o f t he A na les T epanecas ( p . 3 50 ): .thus c r ied M axt laton . T hen h e w ent t o T lachco ; h e . d isappeared i n t he n ight . H e v ent w ith t he h eart-eaters [ w itches]. (..ye c hoca i n M axt la ton . N iman ic y a i n t la chco m oyohua lpo l l o q u i n huicac i n t eyo locuanime).

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I n v iew o f t h is i t i s w orth n ot ing t he r eport o f T orquemada ( I , 1 85) t hat T ech ot la la o f I tztapa lapa , b ecause o f s ome g rudge a ga inst T enocht it lan 's K ing T izoc, a sked t he k ing o f T lachco , M axt laton , t o s end h im w itc hes t o b r ing a bout t he d eath o f T izoc . A ll t hese r eferences t o T lac hco s eem t o i mp ly t hat i t w as p art o f M axt la 's d oma ins a nd f or t h is r eason h e w ithdrew t here a f ter h is d efeat ( See f urther d iscuss ion i n C arrasco , O tom ies, 2 72 ). I t i s n ot c lear h ow f ar s ou th t he p ower o f t he T epanec m ight h ave r eached . T he l is t o f t r ibu tary t owns i n t he A zcapotza lc o L etter o f 1 56 1 i nc ludes T ete l p an , w h ich I p lace i n s ou thern M ore los . T lachco i s n ot f ar b ey ond . J imgnez M oreno ( p . 2 32 ) p laces t he T epanec s ou thern f ront ier a t T ete l ad e l R io i n G uerrero b ut d oes n ot g ive h is s our ce . P erhaps h e i dent ified i t w ith t he T ete lpan m ent ioned i n C öd ice C h ima lpopoca ( No 1 33 m ent ioned a bove i n s ect ion 1 ) . 3 c .

A co lhuacan

I n t h is a rea , A colman i s t he t own m ost o ften g iven a s p art o f t he T e panec e r rpire . I t w as r uled b y T ezozo r roc 's s on T eyo lcocohua tz in , m ent ioned i n t he L etter o f 1 56 1 a s w e ll a s i n s evera l o ther s ources ( Codex G ar cia G ranad os; C öd ice C h ima lpopoca N os 1 42 , 1 48 , 1 65; A na les d e T late lo lco N o 7 9 ; I xt lilxochit l I, 3 9 ). I n t he l ate s ixteenth c entury p eople o f A co lman s t ill t a lked a bout t he t yranny i mposed o n t hem b y T enocht it lan a nd T etzcoco a fter t he d ownfa ll o f t he T epanec i ( Pape les d e N ueva E spa ia V I, 2 12-13 ). O ther A colhua t owns a lso b ecame p art o f T ezozomoc 's e mp ire . C oat lic han w as r uled b y Q uetza lma qu izt li o r Q uetza lmazat l ( Cöd ice C h im a lpopoca N os 1 42 , 1 48, 1 65 ) s on o f T ezozomoc , a nd a d aughter o f T ezozomoc i s a lso m ent ioned a s g iven i n m arr iage t o t he r uler o f C oat lichan (I xt l i1x oxh it l I, 3 7) . H uexot l ar ece i v ed a s k ing a nother o f T ezozom oc 's s ons , n amed C uappiyo ( Cöd ice C h ima lpopoca N os 1 42 , 1 48 , 1 65 ). T he p artic ipat ion o f t he t w in M ex ica c it ies w as a lso i mportant i n T ezozom oc 's a cqu is it ion o f t he A co lhuacan . C odex M endoza ( f . 3 v) i nc ludes a mong t he c onquests o f H uitz ilihu it l t he t owns o f A colman , r T etzcoco , O to rpan a nd T o llantz inco . T he A na les d e T late lo lco ( cf . N o . 5 , 5 4 ) a ttr ibute t o T lacateotz in t he c onquest o f A colman , O tompan , A co lhuacan a nd T o llantz inco . C öd ice C h ima lpopoca r eports t hat i n t he y ear 1 c a l l i ( 1425 ), w hen T ezozomoc a llotted t r ibute a nd v assa ls , h e k ept f or h im se lf T etzcoco a nd C oat lic han a nd d istr ibuted C u it lahuac b etween T late lo lco a nd T enocht it lan ( No 1 4 1). I n T etzcoco , K ing I xt lilxoch it l m arr ied a d aughter o f H uitz ilih uit l ( Ixt lilxoch it l I, 3 7 ), a nd d ur ing t he f ina l y ears o f T epanec r u le T ezozomoc p laced T etzcoco u nder t he d irect c ontro l o f T enocht itl an . T he w r it ings o f I xt lilxoch it l g ive t he b est a ccounts o f t he o rg an izat ion o f t he A co lhuacan a rea u nder l ate T epanec r ule : [ Despu6s d e c onqu istado , T etzcoco], a cordö e l t irano T ezozomoc e n e sta o cas iö n d e r epartir e l r e ino d e T etzcuco e n e ste m odo . E l p ueb lo d e C oat lichan c on t odo s u lamam iento ( qu e n a que l l a s azon e ran m uchos p ueb los y l ugares q ue t en ian e l n ombre y a pe l l idos d e a co lhuas , y c orr i a n d esde 1o s t erm inos d e l a p rov incia d e C ha lc o h asta

8 1

l os d e T o llantz inco , e n d onde e ntraban l as p r ;ovinc ias d e O tompan, T epepo lco , y C em poa lan), t omö p ara s i . H uexot la . . . q ue e ra l a o tra c abecera q ue a sim ismo c onten ia m uchos p u eb los i nterpolados c on 1o s d e l a c iudad d e T etzcuco y c on l os d e C oat lichan , l e d io a T lacateotz in, s ei T or d e T late lo lco ; y l a c iudad d e T etzcuco c on 1o s d emäs p ueb los d u s u lamam iento l e d io a C hima lpopoca , r ey d e M e x ico . r r A s ir ismo d io i nvestidura d e r eye s a s u n ieto T eyolcocoatz in, s eF f or d e A colman ,, y a Q uetza lmaquizt li, s ei ror , de C oat lichan , l as q ue c a i a n p or l a p arte d e l m ed io di a : y aA teyolcocoatz in [ s ic] d e A colman , l as d e l I s ep tentr iö n ...( I, 5 3 ). I n a nother v ers ion : • m andoles T ezozomoc , q ue e l r e ino d e l os a cu lhuas s e r e partiesen l as p rov inc i a s yc iudades e n o cho p artes , y q ue l as d os s e t omaba p ara s i c omo e l s enor / y m onarca d e t oda l a t ierra , y l a o tra p ara Q uetza lmaqu izt li, r ey i q ue a l a s azon e ra d e C ohuat lychan , yq ue s e ia laba a C ohuat lyc han p or c abecera , c om o l o e ra , y l ugar d onde s e r ecog iesen t odos s us t r ibutos d ändole e l c argo a e ste r ey p ara q ue t u viese c uidado d e m irar p or e ll o , t omando s ö lo l o q ue e ra s uy o, q ue e ra d e l as t res p artes l a u na y q ue e l s erv icio p ersona l f u ese p or l as m isma o rden , d e l as t res l a u na , y l os c r iados f uesen a A zcaputza lco y h acer e l s erv icio p ersona l, y a r eed if icar c iertos t emp los y p a lac ios e n s u c uidad y c orte ; yq ue d e l as c inco p artes q ue q uedaba , l a u na t omase T lacateotz in , s enor d e T latel ulco , d ändole p or c abecera a H uexut la y s us s ujetos ; ya C hima lpopoca , l a c uarta p arte , yp or c abecera l a c uidad d e o eyolcohuati l a t, e o r d e T ezcuc, y aT z n, a tria ec pr e s t.I O culma , or ey q ue a e sta s azö n e ra , n ieto d e l t irano y a T ocitz in, r ey d e C ha lco , l a s egunda p arte ; yaQ uetza lc u ixt li, s enor d e O tunpan, l a p rimera p arte . ( I , 34 6-47 ). 3 d .

T he n orthern B asin a nd b eyond

I n A zcapotza lco 's e xpans ion t owards t he n orth, t he m ost s ign if ic ant e vent w as t he c onqu est o f t he k ingdom o f X a ltocan i n 7 a cat l ( 1935 ) ( C6d ice C h ima lpopoca N o 1 34 ). X a ltocan a lso a ppears a mong t he c on quests o f H uitz ilihu it l o f T enocht it lan ( Codex M endoza f .3v) a nd i s o ne o f t he k ingdoms d epicted i n t he C odex G arcia G ranados . I xt lilxo c h it l, i n h is m uch s tretched o ut c hronology, p laces t he b eg inning o f T ezozomoc 's w ar a ga inst X a ltocan i n 5t ecpat l ( 1276 ). A ccord ing t o I xt lilxoch it l, t he K ing o f X a ltocan f led t o M etzt it lan, w h ich w as p art o f h is d oma in , b ut t he r est o f h is k ingdom f e ll t o T ezozomoc o f A zcapotza l c o , w ho g ave s ome a reas t o M ex ico a nd T etxcoco . I xt lilx och it l s pec if ica lly i nc ludes C uauht it lan , T epotzot lan , M azahuacan a nd X i lotepec a mong t he p rov inces a cquired b y T ezozomoc a long w ith X a ltoc an ( I , 3 22 ; I, 3 6 ). I n m y p rev ious d iscuss ion o f t he d oma in o f X a ltocan , Ir eferred t o t he l ist g iven b y D on P ab lo N azareo o f t he t owns t hat h ad b een u nder t he r ule o f h is a ncestors , t he k ings o f X a ltocan , a nd I c on s idered t hem t o h ave b ecome p art o f T ezozo m oc › e m pire , w ith t he e xception o f t he M etzt it l a n a rea ( Carrasco , O tom ies, 2 66 , 2 70 ). T raut -

8 2

m an h as d isputed t h is i nterpretat ion ; h e s ees t he d ocument a s al ist o f O tom i p rov inces i n t he s ixteenth c entury a nd t h inks h e c an d etect a s tr ucture s im ilar t o t hat o f t he n orthern t r ibutary p rov inces i n t he C odex M endoza ( Trautmann 4 4-47). If ind a ll t h is u nwarranted. D on P ab lo N azareo 's l ist g ives a v ery d ifferent p icture f rom t hat s hown i n t he C odex M endoza , a s w e ll a s t hat o f t he M em or ia l d e l os p ueb los d e T lacopan . F urtherm ore , i t d oes n ot c orrespond t o t he u nder ly ing t err itor ia l p olit ica l o rganization o f t he O tom i-speak ing a reas . T rautm ann d oes n ot s ee t he d ifference b et en t he t err itor ia l o rgan izat ion o f l oca l c ity-states a nd t hat o f t he g reater p olit ica l u nits . ( See l h is m ap 6 , p .78 , a nd t he r e lated d iscu ss ion i n w h ich h e c onsiders a l t he k ingdoms o f t he A colhuacan a s as ingle p rov ince , w hile s ome o f t he k ingdoms o f t he T lacopaneca a nd T enochca r ea lms a re c omb ined i nto s eparate p rov inces .) D on P ab lo N azareo c lear ly d ist ingu ishes b etween p atr imon ia l l ands i n t he n e ig hbourhood o f X a ltocan a nd t he c ities o f t he o ld X a ltocan r ea lm . T he p atr imon ia l l ands a re l isted u nder t he h ead ing : D e e stant i i s s eu v i I1i s ci rcum ia cent ib us p opulo X a ltocae q ui p ecu liar it er s erv iebant d om inis n atura l i bus s uprad ic t is t ot i u s p rov int i a e x a ltocanae q uae f uit o h m ( Z immerm ann 3 0 ). I n s ome p assa ges h e c omb ines h is o wn r ights t o t hese l ands a s a d escend ant o f t he k ings o f X a ltocan w ith t he r ig hts o f h is T enochca w ife , d er ived f rom t hose o f t he T enochca k ings s ince H uitz ilihu it l, t he T enochca k ing w ho p art ic ipated i n t he c on quest o f X a ltocan ( Z im m ermann , 2 4 , 3 0 ). T he l is t o f p laces i n t he o ld r ea lm i s g iven u nder t he h ead ing : D e p rov intii s , p opu li s , o ppi d i sq u i s ery i ebant n ostr is p redessor ib us, d om ini s n atura l i bus s upra d i c t is t ot iu s p rov int iae ,xa ltocanae q ue f uit q uondam ( Z immermann 3 0 ). I n o ther p assages N azareo c lear ly r efers t o t he p er iod b efore t he d ownfa ll o f X a ltocan a nd t he " usurpat ion" o f t he M ex ica ( Z immermann 1 9 , 2 1, 2 9 ). N azareo , a s s o m any l oca l h istor ians a nd p ersona l p et it ioners, m ay h ave e xa ggerated h is c la ims , b ut h is d ata c annot b e t aken a s i rre levant . I n a ny c ase , w e d o n ot h ave t o b ase o ur i dent if icat ion o f t he T e panec d omain i n t he a reas t o t he n orth a nd w est o f t he B asin o n t he e xtent o f t he X a ltocan k ingdom. O ther s ources m ent ion t owns o f t hese he T epan k e rpire b ef ore i ts d estruct ion b y T enor r eg ions a s w ith in -t c ht it lan a nd T etzcoco . I n 7t ecpat l ( 1408 ), K ing X a ltemoctz in o f C uau ht it lan w as k i lled b y o rder o f T ezozomoc ( C6 d ice C h ima lpopoca N o Ib id. N o 1 38) a nd 1 29 ). C uauhtit lan t hen c ame u nder m ilitary r u le .( e ventua l l y r ece ived a s k ing a T late lo l c o p r ince ( Ana les d e T late lo lco N o 8 2; C ö d ice C h ima lpopoca N o 1 55). J ust b efore t he d ownfa ll o f t he T e panec i n 3t oc ht li ( 1430 ), t hey h ad t horough ly s ubjected C uauht itl an , a fter t wenty t wo y ears o f e nm ity b etween t hem ( Cöd ice C h ima lpop oca N o 1 55). T he C öd ice C h ima lpopoca , v escr ib ing t h is f ina l ien d c a rpa ign, l ists a ll t he e nem ies o f C uauhtit lan : r T olt i t han c a lque ,

T eporteca ,

8 3

Q uau htlaapan t laca , Q uahua -

q ue , T epotzoteca , C oyotepeca , O t lazpaneca , C it la lte peca , l T zom panca . A nd t hen t h ose o f T o llan , A pazco , t hat i s , a l t he H ueytla lli, a nd X i lotepec , C hiyappan . A nd t hen t hose l t hus j o int ly c a lled T epaneca a l c onfronted t he t own o f C uauhtit lan . A nd K ing M axt laton g ave h onours t o a ll t he l t lacateca a nd t lacoch ca lca [ genera ls] o f a l t he t owns m ent ioned; h e g ave t hem s hie ld s a nd i ns ign ia s o t hat t hey f ought a nd m ade w ar a ga inst t he t own o f C uauht it lan ( N o 1 55; c f. G esch ichte N os 8 55-58 . M y t rans lat ion f rom t he N ahu at l, P C .). W ith in t he a rea o f A pazco a nd t he r eg ion c a lled H ueyt la lli o r T eot la lpan, a l oca l R e lac iö n r eports t he s ett lement o f T ecpatepec b y p eop le f rom A zcapotza lco a nd t he ir s ubord inat ion t o K ing C uacuauhp itzahuac o f T late lo l c o , o ne o f t he k ings i n t he T epanec e m pire . O ther t owns i n t he a rea w ere s ett led b y p eop le f rom C hi a pa o r A zcap otza l c o . A xocopan b ecame s ubject t o C hima lpopoca o f T enocht it lan , a lso a k ing i n t he T epanec s ystem . L ater Y etecomac a nd T o lnacocht la p laced t hem se lves u nder I tzcoat l o f T enocht it lan ( Pape les,de N ueva l E spa i T a V I: 3 5-36, 1 9-20 , 1 4 , 2 4 , 2 7 , 3 1-32 ). A l t h is s uggests t hat t hese a reas w ere f irst i nc luded i n t he T epanec p ower s ystem a nd w ere t ransferre d t o T enocht it lan w hen t he T r ip le A lliance w as e stab lished . 3 e .

W est o f t he B as in

A s w e s aw , C hi a pan i s o ne o f t he c it ies l isted i n t he A zcap otza l c o L etter o f 1 56 1 a nd w as a p art ic ipant i n t he l ast T epanec w ar a ga inst C uauhtit lan ( Cöd ice C h ima lpopoca N o 1 55, q uoted a bove i n 3 c). M axt la , t he s uccessor o f T ezozomoc, w hen p repar ing f or t he s truggle w ith T enocht it lan s ent a n e mbassy t o C hi a pan , C ha lco a nd H uexotz inco ( Ib id. N o 1 6 1), w h ich s uggests a l ast a ttempt t o h old o n t o h is m ost d is tant a ll ies . X i lotepec i s a lso a mong t he t r ibutary t owns l isted i n t he A zcap otza l c o L etter o f 1 56 1 . I t i s a lso g iven a s ac onquest o f A camap ic ht l ii n 4a cat l ( 1379 ) ( C hima l p a in , A nna les, 7 2-73) a nd i s l isted a mong t he p art ic ipants i n t he l ast T e panec w ar a ga inst C uauht it lan ( See a bove 3 c ). A ccord ing t o I xt lilxochit l, X i lotepec w as o n t he s ide o f X altocan w hen t he l atter w as d efeated b y t he T epanec, a lthough i t i s n ot i n N azareo 's l ist . P robab ly X i lotepec w as a n a lly o f X a ltocan b ut n ot a d irect d ep endent . M at latz inco , a lso a t r ibutary t own i n t he A zcapotza lco L etter o f 1 56 1, i s m ent ioned a s b e ing m ade a v assa l o f t he C ha lca i n 1 t ocht li ( 1386 ) ( C hima l p a in , A nna les, 7 4 ), d ur ing t he p er iod o f T epanec s uprem acy w hen t he C ha lca w ere w ith in t he o rb it o f t he T epanec . A ccord ing t o t he A na les T epanecas , T o llocan u sed t o p ay t r ibute t o A zcapotza lco ( See b e low , 3 g). M azahuacan i s i nc luded b y I xt lilxoch it l a mong t he p rov inces t hat I f e ll t o A zcapotza l c o a f ter t he c on qu est o f X a ltocan ( I, 3 6 ), a nd T orquema da ( I , 1 44 ) m ent ions i t a s ap rov ince t hat w ent t o T lacopan w hen t he T r iple A lliance w as e stab lished . T he e xact l oca lizat ion o f M azahuacan i s n ot c erta in . T he m ain M azahua a rea e xtends f rom X iqu ip il c o t o A t lacomu l c o . S evera l

t owns

w est o f t he B asin a re d epicted i n

8 4

C od ex

G arcia

G ranados , a nd H ernandez i nterprets t h is a s s how ing t he a rea o f T epanec d om inat ion . T h is i nc ludes Z unpahuacan a nd t hen m any p laces i n t he L erma b as in r eachin g w est t o T emazca lc ingo a nd T ax imaroa , t hus o verl a pping t he p resent b order b etw een t he s tates o f M ex ico a nd M ichoacan . I t i s t hen o f i nterest t o n ote t wo s ources t hat m ention M ichoa c a n i n c onnect ion w ith t he T epanec. Ap assage i n t he A na les T epanecas ( See 3 g) l ists t he Q uaochpa ( i .e ., M ichuaque, S aha gü n II, 1 34 ) a mong t he p eople f rom w hom A zcapotza l c o e xpected t r ibu te . A ccord ing t o I xt lilxochit l ( I , 4 37), T ezozomoc r ece ived h e lp f rom M ichoacan d ur ing h is w ar a ga inst T etzcoco . M y p rev ious u se o f t hese t wo r eferences h as b een c rit ic ized, i n s pite o f t he f act t hat I c lear ly s tated t hat I d id n ot c onsider i t d ef in it ive e vidence ( T rautmann 5 9 ; D avies , T o ltec H er itage, 2 44 ). Is imp ly c onc luded i n t his c ase , a s Id o a ga in , t hat s ome a rea i n M ichoacan m ight h ave h ad c lose r e lat ions w ith t he T epan ec . W e m ust r emember t hat t he T arascan e mp ire d id n ot e x ist a t t hat t ime . S ome a reas m ay w e ll h ave b een c onnected w ith t he p o lities o f t he T o luca a rea a ssoc iated w ith A zcapotza lco . 3 f .

T he C uauht inchan a rea i n P ueb la

A n a rea o f s pec ia l i nterest i nc luded i n t he A zcapotza lco L etter o f 1 56 1 i s t hat o f t he t hree t owns i n t he P u eb la a rea : O ztot icpac, Q uec hola a nd T otom ihuacan . Q uecholac i s a lso d epicted i n t he C odex G ar cia G ranados . P rev iously k nown r eports a b out t h is a rea i nc lude a ccounts o f t he m atr imon ia l a lliances b etween T late lo lco p r incesses a nd t he r ulers o f t hese t hree t owns ( Ana les d e T late lo lco N os 7 8 , 8 3, 8 4 , 8 6, 2 53 , 2 55 ) a s w e ll a s o f ap r incess o f C uauhtinchan a nd K ing C uau htlatoa o f T late lo lco ( H istor ia T o lteca-Ch ich imeca N o 3 56 ). T here i s a lso t he r eported d efeat o f C uauhtinchan b y T late lo lco i n 3t ocht li ( 1378 ) ( Ana les d e T late lo lco N o 2 48 ) o r i n 1 0 t ochtli ( 1398 ) ( Ana les d e T late lo lco N o 2 5 1; H istor ia T o lteca-Ch ich imeca N o 3 55 ). T he A zcal p o tza l c o L etter c lear ly p laces a l t hese e vents w ith in t he c ontext o f T ezozomoc 's T epanec e mp ire . 3 g .

An ote o n t he A na les T epanecas

T he A na les T epanecas i s al itt le k nown m anuscr ipt s ource t hat g ives a l ist o f p laces f rom w h ich t he T epanec c la imed t r ibute i n 1 3 a cat l ( 1427 ), w hen t he c onflict w ith t he T enochca w as d eve lop ing i mmed iate ly a f ter t he i nsta llat ion o f I tzcoat l • S ince I r efer t o o ne p assa ge s evera l t imes , Ig ive h ere t he f ull t ext : T hen c ame t he T epaneca a nd t hey s aid : W ill t hus c ome t he M ex icat l ? W ill t hey n ot p ay t r ibute? W ill t hey n ot t r ibute f ish , d ucks a nd r edheads [ a b ird]? A nd i f t hey l isten , Ia m w a it ing, I a m w a it ing f or t he H uexotz incat l, t he C uaochpan , t he A co lhua , t he C ha lcat l, t he X och im ilc at l , t he M izquicat l, t he C uit lah uacat l, t he C uauhnahual c at l, t he T o locat l, a l t hat l ook t owards t he e dge o f t he m ounta ins . Ia m w a it ing f or t hem t o b r ing t he ir t r ibute . ( N ima y e h uitze i n t epaneca q uito que , z an i uh y ez i n m ex icat l? c uix a mo t laca laquiz a mo q uica llaquiz i n m ich in i n c anau htli i huan c uach illi? A uh i n i nt la q u icaquican c a n it echi a n i chi a i n h uexotz incat l, i n c uaochpan , i n a co lh ua , i n c ha lcat l, i n x och im ilcat l, i n m izqu icat l, . i n

8 5

c uit la huacat l , i n c uauhnahuacat l, i n t olocat l i n y e i xqu i c h c uauhtent li q uitztoc c a n itechie m a h ua l 1a uh i n i t laca l l aqui 1) ( Ana les T epanecas 3 19-20 . M y t ranslat ion , P C) . 4 .

T he m ajor p owers o f t he B as in a t t he t ime o f T epanec s uprem acy

Ab road v iew o f A zcapotza l c o 's e rpi r e c an b e g athered f rom s ome s ources t hat l ist t he m ajor p owers o f t he B asin a t d if ferent p er i o ds o f i ts h istory, b efore t he f ormat i o n o f t he T r iple A lliance . T he C öd ice C h ima lpopoca ( No 21) l ists A zcapotza lc o , C olhuacan a nd C oat i il c ha n, a d escr ipt ion t hat f it s w e ll w it h a l t he m ater i a l p rev iously d is cusse d i nd i c at ing h ow A zcapotza lc o ' sm ajor e xpans ion r esulted i n t he d om inat i o n o f t he s outhern ( Co lh ua ) a nd e astern ( Aco lhua ) a reas o f t he B asin . C hima l p a in 's M em or ia l B reve ( p . 1 4 ) l ists t he s ame t hree b ut e xpla i n s t hat t his s ituat ion d eve loped f rom a n o lder p er i o d w hen t he d om inant c it ies w ere T o l l an , C olhuacan a nd O tompan . T he p ower o f T o l 1a n w as l ater t ransferred t o C oat i ic ha n a nd t hat o f O tom pan t o A zcapotza l c o . As li ght ly d if ferent v iew i s t hat o f t he C odex V a tican° 6v), w R ios ( f . h i c h l ists A zcapotza l c o , C oat i ic ha n a nd A co lman , t hat i s, i t a dds t wo A colhua c it ies t o t he T epanec c ap ita l. T wo o ther r elated d ocuments the R e l a c iön d e 1a G enea lo u ia ( p . 2 50) a nd t he O r ig in d e l os M ex icanos ( p . 2 69 ) give a l is t o f b roader s cope , a ccord ing t o w h i c h u nder t he s overe ignity o f T ezozomoc o f A zcapotza l c o t here w ere f our o ther k ings, n ame ly t hose o f C oat ii chan, A ma qu emec a n , H uexotz inco a nd C uauh nahuac : P erd ido C ulhuacan , e l s enor q ue m as c osa e ra d e l os c h i c himec a s a l a s äzon fu e e l d e A zcapotza l c o 1l amado T ezozomoc y c omenzö a s er i orear l a t ierra d esde , e ntonces s in r econocer a o tro s up er ior . J unto c on e l h ab ia o tros c uatro s e ' r iores p r i n c ip a le s q ue e ra n e l d e C oat i i ch a n ye l A ma qu emec a n ye l d e H uexotz inco y e l d e C uauhnauac. E stos c uatro c omenzaron e ntonces t amb ie n am andar y s er i orear j untamente c on e l s e i Tor d e A zcapotza lco ; n o e mpero e ra n i t an p r i n ci p a le s , s a l v o c omo e n E spa ia u no e s r ey y o tros 1o s s er i or e s, d e e stado y v as a ll os, p orque e stos c uatro s enores t en ia n o be d ie nc i ay r econoc im iento a l s e7 ior d e A zcapotza l c o ys egün l a m anera q ue t en i ä n y m andar , ms p areci a q ue e l d e A zcapotza l c o e ra c omo e mperador y l os o tros c uatro eores y a d ic hos c omo r eyes, p orque a ll ende d e e stos h ab i ao tros s e ares , al os c ua le s d ir emos q ue e ra n s e-K ores d e v ao l 1o s as i c omo d uques y c ondes ( Re l a c iö n d e l a G enea l e a2 50 ) . T h is s tatement s eem s t o r efer t o t he b eginn ings o f T ezozomoc 's p ower a nd m ay b e o nly a 1t st o f k ingdoms o n g ood t erms w it h A zcapotza l c o ( cf. C arrasco , O tom ie s , 16). C oat i i chan a nd t he A colhuacan e vent ua l l y f e ll u nder s trong T epanec c ontro l . C uauhnahuac a nd C ha l co a re a ls o r eported a s i nc luded i n T ezozomoc 's e mp ire , a lthough f ewer d eta i i s a re a va i l ab le . H uexotz inco h as a lready b een m entioned i n t he 1is t f rom t he A na le s T epanecas ( See q uotat ion i n 3 g) . M axt la a sked f or h e lp f rom t h is c ity b efore h is d ownfa ll ( Cö dice C h ima lpopoca N o 1 6 1), b ut i t i s n ever d escribed a s c onquered. I t m ay h ave e ntered l i nto a l oose a liance w it h A zcapotza l c o . T he p resence o f A maquemec a n a nd H uexotz inco w ith in A zcapotza l c o ' sp ower s ystem w ould m ake i t

8 6

e asier t o u nderstand t he i ntrus i o n o f A zcapotza l c o T late l o lc o i nto t he s ou thern P ueb l aa rea . 5 .

a nd

i ts

a ll y

T he T epanec e mp ire a nd t he 1a ter d om in ion o f T la cop a n

I n m y e ar l i er d iscu ss ion ( Carrasco , O tom ie s, 2 69 -79) o f t he e xtent o f A zcapotza l c o 's e m pire, I u sed t he M emor ia l d e T la copan l isti ng o f t he p laces c onstituting t he d oma in o f T lacopan , s in ce T lacopan k ept u nder i ts o wn r ule, a f ter t he T r iple A lliance w as e stab lished, t he w estern a reas t hat h ad b e l o nged t o A zcapotza lc o ( Ixt l i1x ochi t l I , 54 3 ; I, 8 4 , 8 8 . C f. T orquemada I , 1 44 ) . I xt l i lxoch it l s tates ( I I, 8 ) t hat s even k ings c ame u nder t he s overe ignity o f T otoqu ihuatz in o f 8 T lacopan , b ut d oes n ot 1is t t hese s even k ingdoms a nd i t i s n ot e asy t o d eterm ine w hi c h t hey w ere . T he T lacopan d oma in , o f c ourse , m ay h ave e xpanded a nd b een r eorgan iz ed d ur ing t he p er i o d o f t he T r iple A l 1ia nce , b ut t he m ater i a l d is cussed a bove s hows t hat t he T lacopan d oma in i n t he s ixteenth c entury w as i ndeed v ery s im ilar t o t hat o f t he w este rn a nd n orthern a reas o f A xcapotza l c o ' s e mp ire . I xt l i1x ochi t l' s s tatement a bout t he a locat ion o f t he T epanec d omain w hen t he T r iple l A l l i ance w as c onst itute d i s t hus c onfirmed. T he c on quests o f I tzcoat l a s g iven i n t he C odex M endoza a nd i nformation f rom o ther s ources r eport t he e stab lishment o f t he A liance 's p ower i n t he B as i n a rea a nd i nc lude s evera l T epanec t owns: l A zcapotza l c o , C oyoacan , T eoca lhueyacan , Q uahuacan , T lacopan , A t lacu ih uayan, M ixcoac , Q uauhxima lpan . P laces t hat a re b eyond t he B asin i n t he n orth a nd w est a re g iven a s l ater c onquests o f M oteuczoma I lhu ic au ln a o r o f A xayacat l. I t s eems t hat a reas l ik e C h ia ppan, X il otepec a nd M atl a tz inco d id n ot e nter t he T r i p le A ll i ance a t t he b eginn ing, a lthough T orquemada ( I , 1 44 ) d oes r eport t he i nc lus ion o f M azahuac a n a nd t he O tom i o f t he m ounta ins . O nce c onquered, t hese a reas b ecame p art o f t he T lacop a n r ea lm ( Z immermann 5 -6). 6 .

C onclus ion:

T he t err itor ia l

s tructure o f t he T epanec e mp ire

T he d ata f rom t he A zcapotza l c o L etter o f 1 56 1 t ha t h ave b een u se d a s a n a id i n d eterm ining t he e xtent o f t he T epanec e mp ire c an a ls o b e c onsidered i n t erms o f t he o rgan izat i o n o f t h is e m pire a nd t he f oun dation i t c reated f or t he d eve l o pment o f t he T r i p le A ll i ance u nder t he l eadership o f T enocht itlan . T he w ider p o litica l u n i t s o f a ncient C entra l M ex ico , u sua l l y l abe led e mp ires , w ere c onglomerates o f s evera l k ingdoms . A s a r ule o ne c annot t hink i n t erms o f s o l i d c ont iguous t err itor ies , s harp b oundar ies o r u niform s ystems o f i nterna l g overnm ent . E ach u nit h ad i mportant i nterna l s oc i a l a nd p o litica l d if ferent ia t ions , a nd t here w ere s h if ting a lliances a nd v ary i n g d egrees o f p o lit ica l a nd e conom ic d ependency a mong t hem . B oundar ies s uch a s t hose o f t he T ri p le A ll i ance w ith M ichoacan o r w ith T laxca la w ere t he r es ult o f p articular s ituat ions, n ot t he n orm . H istor ica l c hronicles o ften l ist n ames o f " conquered" t owns, b ut w hen m ore d eta i l ed s ources a re a va ilab le t he w ide ly v ary ing s ignif icance o f t hese " conquests" b ecomes c lear . N otice , f or e xamp le, h ow t he C odex M endoza l is t T lacopa n a nd A co lhuac a n a mong t he " con quests" o f I tzcoat l, a s w e ll a s A zcapotza l c o a nd C oyoacan . O ne h as t o d istingu ish s evera l w ays o f b e ing p art o f a n " em pire" a nd I w is h t o e mphas iz e t his p o i n t i n m y i nterpretat ion o f t he t err itor ia l s tr ucture o f t he T epanec e mp ire . D if ferent

l eve ls

o f o rgan izat i o n a re d iscernible i n

8 7

t he

d ata

c omp i l ed a bove a bou t t he e xtent o f t he T epanec e mp ire . F irst , t here i s t he r e port o f aw ide ly e xtended p o litica l s ystem i n w h i c h t he k ing o f A zcapotza l c o i s s overe ign o ver t he k ings o f C uauhnahuac , C oa t l i chan , A ma qu emec a n a nd H uexotz inco . T h is w as p robab ly a l ooser r e lat ionship t han t he l ater T ri p le A ll i ance o f T enocht it lan , T etzcoco a nd T lacopan , a s f ar a s A ma qu emec a n a nd e spec ia lly H uexotz inco a re c oncerned . ( See s ect ion 4 , a bove ) . T here i s b etter i nformation a bout a reas m ore d irect ly c ontrol l ed b y A zcapotza l c o . H ere w e f in d as ystem i n w h i c h u nder t he T epanec s overe ign a t t he c ap ita l t here a re a n umber o f d ependent k ingdoms r uled b y h is s ons o r s onsin-law . T h is h as c lear p ara lle ls w it h t he l ater s ituat ion i n T enocht it lan a nd T etzcoco , f or w hich d ifferent t ypes o f a liances a re w e ll d ocumented ( Carrasco , R oya l M arr iages). l T he p ractice o f p lac ing t he g reat k ing's s ons a s k ings o f d ependent c ities i s m ost o f ten m ent ioned f or T enocht itlan, w h i l e t he s ystem i n w hi c h d ependent k ings m arry t he ir o ver lord 's d aughter i s g iven a s t he n orm i n T etzcoco, a lthough b oth p atterns w ere p resent i n b oth t owns. T his i s a ls o t rue o f A zcapotza lc o , a lthough d eta i l ed g enea logica l i nformat ion i s v ery s car ce . W e a ls o k now t hat t he k ings o f T late l o lc o, d uri n g t he t ime w hen i t w as p art o f t he T epanec e mpire , p la ced t he ir o wn s ons i n d ependent c ities a nd g ave t he ir d aughters i n m arr ia ge t o n e ighbouri n g k ings. T he d urat ion o f t he T epanec e mp ire w as n ot 1o ng a nd t he i nformat ion i s p oor; i t i s d iff icult t o d etect 1o ngt erm p atterns o f m arr i a ge a ll iances a nd s uccess ion r u les . P robab ly m ost o f t he k ings s ubject t o A zcapotza l c o w are p r inces o f t he T epanec d ynasty, b ut n ot n ecessar i l y s ons o f T ezozomoc i n e very c ase . T he k ings s ubject t o A zcapotza l c o m ay h ave f ormed c ounc ils a nd h ad s pec if ic f unctions w ith in t he o rganization o f t he w hole r ea lm i n a w ay s im i 1a r t o t hat e x isti n g i n T etzcoco a t t he t ime o f t he T r iple A ll i ance , f or w hi c h t he s ystem i s f airly w e l 1 d escribed . T he r elationship o f A zcapotza l c o w it h T enocht itlan a nd T late lo lc o w as p robab ly c omparab le t o t hat o f T etzcoco w ith T eot ihuacan a nd C oat l c ha n . T he T r i p le A ll i ance a ls o o ffers o ther t erm s o f r eference f or t he i nterpretat i o n o f t he T epanec t err itor i a l s tructure . E ach o f t he p arts o f t he T ri p le A ll i ance i nc luded t wo m ajor t ypes o f t err itor ies : fi rst, t owns r uled b y t he ir o wn k ings, a l o f t hem i nterre lated b y l d escent a nd m arr i a ge , s econd, h am lets o f c omm oners u nder r oya l s tewards, p ay ing t r ibute t o t he k ings . I n at hird c ategory w ere t he t owns c onquer ed b y t he A ll i ance a nd p ay i n g t ribute t o a l 1t hree c ap it a ls ( Moto li ni a 3 94-96; M emor ia l d e T lacopan i n Z immerman 5 -8 ) . T he A zcapotza l c o L etter o f 1 56 1 m akes a d is t in cti o n b etween t r ibutary t owns ( See a bove , s ect i o n 1 ) a nd c o lonies r uled b y T ezozom oc 's c h i l dr en ( section 2 ) t hat l ooks s im ilar t o t hat o f t he f irst t wo c ategories o f d ep endencies i n t he T r iple A lliance . T he d ata o f I xt l i l xoch i t l ( quoted i n s ection 3 c) a bout t he d is tr ibution o f t r ibute f rom t he A colhuac a n a mong A zcapotza l c o , T enocht itlan a nd T late lo l c o i s s im i 1a r t o t he t hird c ategory i n t he T r i p le A ll i ance . E xact ly w hat m ight h ave b een t he m ore d istant r elations h inted a t i n t he r eferences t o M ichoac an a nd C ou ixco i s i mposs ible t o a scerta in . G iven t he l ocat ion o f t he T epanec i n t he s outh w est c orner o f t he B asin i t i s t o b e e xpected t hat t hey h ad a n a ct ive i nterest i n t he a reas b eyond t he B asin t owards t he w est a nd s ou th . I t s hould b e e mp has iz ed t hat t he b etter i nformat ion a va ilab le a bou t t he s outhern a nd e astern p arts o f t he V a l l ey i s a

8 8

f unct i o n o f t he p rovenience o f o ur s ources, r epresenting p r imar i l y t he t ra dit ions o f T enocht it lan a nd T etzcoco . I h ave n ot t r ied t o t race t he h istor ica l d eve lopment o f T epanec p ower; w hen d ates h ave b een g iven t hey a re t hose r eported b y t he s our ces b e ing u sed . I t i s i mportant t o k eep i n m in d, h owever , t hat t he T epanec e mpire u nder d iscuss ion c oinc ided w ith t he r eign o f o ne s ingle r ul er, T ezozomoc . ( See J imgnez M oreno 2 30-32). I ts g reatest e xpans ion t ook p lace d uri n g t he l ast y ears o f h is r e ign, n ot o nly i n t erm s o f g eograph ica l s pread b ut a ls o i n t he i ncrease i n t he d egree o f c ontro l e xercised b y t he e mp ire o ver i ts o wn a li es a n d ependents . T he e nm ities t hus c reated, t ogether w it h t he s uccess i o n d ispute a fter T ezozomoc 's d eath , l ed t o t he d ownfa l 1o f t he e mp ire . I n s p i t e o f t he s hort 1i fe o f A zcapotza l c o ' s r ule , i mportant p rece dents f or t he o rganization o f t he T r i p le A ll i enace a re o bserva b le . T he s im ilar ity o utl i ned a bove a s t o c ategor ies o f a ll ied a nd d ep end ent s ettlements i n b oth t he T epanec e mpire a nd t he T r iple A llia nce s hows t hat t he b as ic f orm s o f o rganization o f t he T r i p le A ll i ance v ere a lready i n e x istence . T he f irst s teps t aken b y t he T ri p le A ll i ance w ere t o s olid if y t he r u le o f t he t hree n ew c ap ita ls, e ach i n o ne o f t he s ame t hree a reas t hat h ad b een t he m ost i mportant o nes u nder t he p rev ious r egime : t he T epanec, t he C ol h ua-Mex i c a a nd t he A colhua . F urther e xpans i o n b y t he A liance a ls o f ollowed T epanec p recedent . I t i s e spec ia lly l r emarkab le h ow t he T epanec t hrust t owards t he Cu auhtinch a n a rea i n P ueb l a s et t he d irection o f t he f uture T enochca e xpansion b eyond t he e astern r im o f t he B asin . T he s pec ia l r e lat ionsh ip b etween T enocht it l a n a nd T etzcoco t hat w as a t t he b ase o f t he T r iple A lliance h ad b een e stab li shed d ur ing t he T epanec r eg ime . T enocht it l a n r ece i v ed f rom T ezozomoc t he c harge o f T etzcoco a s t he c entra l p o i n t f or t he c o l l ect i o n o f t r ibute f rom p art o f t he A colhuacan , a nd a d aughter o f t he T enochc a K ing H ui t z i 1i hu i t l b ecam e aw ife o f T etzcoco 's K ing I xtilxoch i t l a nd m other o f N ezahua lc oyot l . T he s upremacy o f T enocht it l a n o ver T etzcoco h ad t hus b een e stab lished b ef ore t he f ormat i o n o f t he A lliance . T he r is e o f T enocht it l a n m arks t he p eak o f i nterna l g rowth a nd t err itor ia l e xpans i o n a f ter t he T oltec p er i o d. T ezozom oc 's T epanec e mp ire , h owever, h ad a lready c ontro ll ed t he s ame k ey a rea o f t he B asin t ha t b ecame t he i nit i a l b ase o f t he T r iple A lliance , a nd h ad a lready i n p lace t he m ajor o rganizationa l p atterns t hat m ade p ossib le i ts e xpans i o n.

8 9

B IBLIOGRAPHY A G I: A rc h iv o G ener a l d e I nd ias . s ecciön a nd l egajo. A GN : r amo ,

S ev ille .

A rch i v o G enera l d e l a N aciö n . Ie ga jo , a nd e xpediente .

M ex ico .

M anuscr ipts

c it ed

b y

M anuscripts c ited b y

A na le s d e T late lo lco: U nos A nna le s H is tor icos d e l a N aciön M ex icana yC ödice d e T la te lo lc o . M ex i c o: R obredo , 1 948 . A na le s T epanecas . M anuscri p t i n A rch i v o H is tor i c o d e l C o l e cc i ö n A nt igua 2 73 : 3 09-390 .

I NAH,

M ex ico .

C arrasco P iz ana , P edro . L os O tom ie s : c u ltura e h is tori a p reh ispanic as d e 1o s p ueb los m esoamer icanos d e h ab ] ao tom i a na . M ex i c o : U NAM , 1 950 . C arrasco , P edro . " Roya l m arr i a ges i n a nc ient M ex ico ." I n E xp lorat ions i n E thnoh i s tory : In di a ns o f C entra l M ex ico i n t he S ixteenth C entury E d. H .R. H arvey a nd H anns J . P rem . A lbuquerque: U n iversity o f N ew M ex i c o P res s , 1 984 . C arrasco , P edro a nd J esus M onjaräs-Ru iz . C o lecc io n d e d ocumentos s obr e C oyoacan 2v ols . M ex i c o : I NAH, 1 976, 1 978 . C hima l p a in , D om ingo. A nna les. M a is onneuve e t C h. L eclerc, 1 889 .

T rans lated b y R gm i

S im on .

P ar i s :

D as " Mem 3r ia l B reve a cerca d e l a f undaciön d e l a c u idad d e C u] h uacan" u nd w e itere a usf t ew a h ]t e T e i 1e a us d en " D if erentes h is tor ia s o r ig ina les" ( Ms m ex ica in 7 4 , P ari s ). E d. ( Nahuat l t ext) a nd t rans . ( German) b y W alter L ehman a nd G erdt K utscher . S tuttgart: K oh lhammer , 1 958. D ie R e lationen C hima lpah in 's z ur G esch ichte M ex ico 's. 1 . D ie Z e it b is z ur C onqui s ta 1 52 1. E d . G ünter Z immermann . H amburg : G ram , D e G ruyter , 1 963 . C ö d ice C h ima lpopoca: A na le s d e C uauht it la n yL eyenda d e 1o s S o les. T rans. P r imo F e liciano V e lä squez . M ex i c o- U NAM , 1 945 . S ee a ls o G eschichte d e K on igre iche C odex G ar cia G ranados . C öd ice M endoza

I n G lass, C ata lo _ go

M ex ico : C osmos ,

,p .94-5 a nd p 1 .50 .

1 979 .

C od i c e V at ica n o R io s . II M anoscr itto M ess icano V at icano 3 738 d etto II C od ice R ios. R ome : S tab i 1i mento D anes i, 1 900 . C rö n ica M exx icayot l F ernando A l va rdo T ezozomoc. C rön ica T ranslated b y A dri a n L eon . M ex ico : U NAM , 1 949 . D avies, M ex ico :

C laude N ige l. U NAM , 1 973.

L os M ex icas :

9 0

M ex icayot l

P r imeros P asos H aci a e l I mper io

D avies , C laude N ige l. O klahoma P ress , 1 980 . D uran , M ex ic o :

D iego. P orr i la ,

T he T oltec H eritage

N orman :

U n ivers ity

H is tor iad e 1a s I nd ia s d e N ueva E spana. 1 967 .

D ie G eschichte d er K o—n ig re iche v on C o lh uacan u nd M ex ico. L ehman . S tu ttgart a nd B er l i n : K ohlhammer , 1 938 . G ibson , C har les . U n iversity P ress ,

T he A ztecs u nder S pani s h R ule. 1 964 .

G lass , 1 964 .

C atä logo d e l a C o le cciön d e C ö d ices.

J ohn

B .

o f

2 v ols .

T rans . W a lter

S tanford:

S tanford

M ex ico :

I NAH,

H ernandez R odriguez , R os a ura . " E l l e d e T o l u ca , s u h is tor i a , e poca iglo X VI". B o le t in d e 1a S oc ie dad M ex icana d e G eogp reb ispan i c a 4 s r af i ae E stad ist ica L XXIV ( 1952 ) :7 -124 . M ex ico . H istor i ad e 1o s m ex icanos p or s us p in turas . I n N ueva C o le cci ö n d e D ocumentos.... M ex ico : S a l v adcr C havez H ayhoe , 1 94 1, 2 09-40 . H is tor i aT o lteca-Ch ich imeca . L u is R eyes G arcia . M ex ico :

E d. P au l K irc hhoff, L in a O dena G uemes a nd I NAH, 1 976.

I xt l i lxoch i t l, F ernando d e A lva . U NAM , 1 975, 1 977 .

O bras H is tör icas.

2v ols .

M ex i c o :

J imenez M oreno , W igberto . " S in tesi s d e l a h is tor i ap reco lon ia l d e l V a l l e d e M g x i c o". R ev i s ta M ex icana d e E stud ios A ntropo l6 g ic os X IV, 1 ( 1954 -55) : 2 19-236 . K e l l y , I sabe l a nd A nge l P a lerm . T he T ajin T otonac S m ithson ian I nstit u t ion , I nst itute o f S oc ia l A nthropology, P ub licat ion 1 3 . W ashington , 1 952 . L eö n -Porti Il a , M igue l. 3v ols. M ex ico: P orrua ,

I ntroduction t o T orquemada, M onarqu iaI nd iana 1 969 .

M e r rar ia l d e T 1a copan I n Z immermann , G i inter, e d., B r iefe d er i nd ianisc hen N ob i 1it at ... H amburg : M u seum f ür V ö lk erkunde u nd V orgesch i c hte , 1 970 , 5 -8 . M oto lini a , F ray T or ib io d e B enavente .

M em or ia les

M ex ico : U NAM,

1 971.

N azareo , P ab lo . D okumente a us X a ltocan I n Z immermann , G unter, e d., B r iefe d er i nd ia n i s chen N ob i 1it at.... H amburg: M useum f ür V o lk erkunde a nd V orgesch ichte , 1 970 . N ueva C ol e cci o ' n d e D ocumentos p ara l a H is tor iad e M ex ico. P omar. Z uri ta . R e l a c io nes A nt ig uas ( S iq loX VI) M ex i c o : S a l v ador C hävez H ayhoe , 1 94 1. O r igen d e l os m ex icanos. I n N ueva C o le cc iö n d e D ocumentos... M exico : S a l v ador C havez H ayhoe , 1 94 1, 2 56-280 .

9 1

P ape 1e s d e N ueva E spana M ex i c o , 1 90 5-6 .

E d.

F ranc isco d e l

P aso y T roncoso .

7 v ols .

R e la ci o n d e l a g enea logi a y l inaje d e 1o s s e r i ores q ue h an s e nreado e sta t ierra d e l a N ueva E spana I n N ueva C o le cc iön d e D ocumentos .... M ex ico : S a lvador C havez H ayhoe , 1 94 1, 2 40 -256 . S ahagun , B ernard i n o d e . H is tor i ag enera l d e 1a s c osas d e N ueva E spa i r a 5v ols . M ex ico : R obredo, 1 938. T ezozomoc , H ernando A lvarado . C rö nica M ex icana M ex ico : S ee a ls o C rö n ica M ex icayot l T orquemada, 1 969 .

F ray J uan d e.

P orrua ,

1 975.

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T rautmann , W o l f gang. U ntersuchungen z ur i nd ia ni s chen S ie d lungs- und T err it or ia lg e sch ic hte i m B ecken v on M ex ico b isz ur f ruh e n K o lon i a lz e it H amburg: M use um f ür V ö lkerkunde u nd V orgeschichte , 1 968 . Z immermann , G ünter , e d. B r iefe d er i nd ian ischen N ob ilitä t a us N eus p ani e n a n K ar l Vu nd P h i 1 ip p I, u m d ie M itte d es 1 6 . J ahrhunderts H amburg : M u seum ff i r V t i lkerkunde u nd V orgech i c hte , 1 970 .

9 2

R esumen E l i mperio t epaneca d e A zcapotzalco b ajo T ezozomoc e s e l a ntecedente d el i mperio a zteca . P resento a qui u ne n ueva d ocumentacion s obre l a e xtension d e d icho i mperio , l a c ual c onfirma u na i nterpretacion q ue p ublique h ace a nos. E l i mperio d e A zcapotzalco c omprendia : 1 .

R einos g obernados p or l a f amilia :

h ijos o y ernos d e T ezozomoc.

2 .

Z onas d e t erratenientes t ributarios d irectos d e A zcapotzalco.

3 .

R einos a liados.

E l d ominio t epaneca p revalecia e n l a p arte o este d el v alle ,

e stando e n l a

p arte e ste l os m azahuas, a liados d e T ezozomoc . P ueden e xtraerse d ocumentos q ue a firman u na e xtension d el i mperio t epaneca h acia e l e stado d e P uebla. D icha e xtension e s

a nterior

a l a

c onquista

a zteca

d e

T epeaca.

A l

c onstituirse

e l

i mperio a zteca , l os a ztecas p ara e stablacerse e fectuan u na r eestructuracion d e l a s ituacion q ue e xistia b ajo e l i mperio t epaneca , p ero l a n ueva e structura s e b asa e n n ormas y a e xistentes e n e l i mperio t epaneca .

A bstract T he t epanec e mpire o f A zcapotzalco u nder T ezozomoc r ule i s t he f orerunner o f t he a ztec e mpire. I s ubmit h ere n ew d ocuments o n i ts c orroborate t he i nterpretation I p ublished s ome y ears a go.

e xtension t hat

T he e mpire o f A zcapotzalco i ncluded : 1 .

K ingdoms r uled b y T ezozomoc 's s ons o r s ons-in-law.

2 .

F arming p laces t ributary t o A zcapotzalco.

3 .

A llied k ingdoms.

T he t epanec p ower w as i nstalled i n t he W est p art o f t he V alley a nd t he m azahuacans, i ts a llies , i n t he E ast p art. D ocuments c an b e p roduced o n t he t epanec e xtension a s f ar a s P uebla b efore t he a ztec c onquest o f T epaca . T he a ztec e mpire, d uring i ts e stablishment, r econstructed t he f ormer s ituation i n a ccordance w ith f orms a lready e xisting i n t he t epanec e mpire.

9 3

A RT A S H ISTORY : T HE I LLUSTRATED C HRONICLE O F T HE C ODEX T ELLERIANO-REMENSIS A S AH ISTORICAL S OURCE E lo ise Q ui n ones K eber C olumb ia U niversity T he C odex T e ll er iano-Remensi s i s ar ic h b ut p roblematic m anus cr i p t t hat h as 1o ng b een r ecogn ized a s ak ey r esource i n M esoamer ican s tud ies . C omp i l ed f rom n at ive p ictor ia l s ources u nder S panish p atronage i n t he m id-s ixteenth c entury, i t c onta i n s c a lendr ic a l, d iv inatory, a nd h is tor i c a l s ect ions t hat i llustrate p re-H ispan ic t rad it ions a nd e vents i n t he V a l l ey o f M ex i c o . T he p art icular v a lue o f t h is A ztec d ocument l ies i n i ts r are c omb i n ation o f i mage a nd t ext . H ere g losses a nd e xtended c ommentaries p rovided i n S pan i s h b y s evera l a nnotators i dent ify a nd e xp la in t he n at ive s ty le f igures a nd g lyphs . B ut p roblems e x ist . T he v ary ing a rtistic s ty les a nd f ormats o f i ts s ect ions s uggest a d er ivat ion f rom d is parate s ources . T he a nnotat ions, a s w e l1 , d isclose t he d if f er ing c ompetencies a nd b ia ses o f t he ir s evera l c ommentators . L ike s o m any o ther d ocuments c omp i l ed d ur ing t his e ar ly C o lon i a l p er i o d, t he m anuscr ipt i s s ometimes i ncons is tent , a t o dd s w ith i tse lf a s w e l 1a s w ith o ther p ictor ia l a nd t extua l s ources . T he i dentif icat ion o f s ome i mages i s u ncertain, a nd t he i nterpretation o f s ome t exts s till d oubtful. A s y et, f in a l a nsv d ers t o q uestions o f p rovenience , d ating, a uthorship, a nd t he c ircu mstances o f c ompos ition r ema in e lusive . I n w hat w ay t hen c an t he d y nastic c hronic l e o f t his m anuscr ipt c ontr ibute t o a n u nderstand ing o f t he h is tory o f t he V a l l ey o f M ex ico? W hat k inds o f d ata d oes i t c ontain a nd h ow r e liab le a r ecord i s it ? T his s tudy w i1 a ttempt t o c lar i f y t he p otentia l i t ies a nd p itfa lls o f t he d ynastic s ection o f t he C odex T e ll e n ia no-Remens isa s ah istor ica l s ource . T he C odex T e l 1e r ia no-Remensi s, p resent ly i n t he B ib l i otheque N at ionale i n P aris ( Fonds m ex icain 3 85 ) ,1 c onsists o f 5 0 b ound f o lios o f E uropean p ap er , a pprox imate ly 3 2cm h igh b y 2cm w ide . A lthough i t h as l ost f o li o s i n i ts t hree m ajor s ections, t he m issing p ages c an b e r econ st ructed b y c ompar i n g i t t o t he C odex V at icanus A , a m anuscri p t n ow i n t he B ib lioteca A posto li c a V aticana i n R ome t hat i s c ognate w it h t he C odex T e l 1e r ia no-Re r n ensis i n t hose a reas . T he l engthy I ta lian t exts o f t he V atican c odex a re a ls o s im i l ar, b ut n ot i dent ica l , t o t hose o f t he P aris m anuscript, a lthough t he f ormer l acks a c ommentary f or t he a nna ls . Ac ompos ite o f t hree t ypes o f i nd ig enous p ictor ia l r ecords d rawn i n d ifferent s ty les, t he C odex T e l 1e r i a no-Remens is c onta i n s a ca lend r ic s ection d epict ing t he p atron d eit ies o f t he e ighteen n at ive " r n onths" ( ve in ten a s )o f t he s olar y ear, ad ivinatory m anua l o r t ona1a mat l i llustrating t he t wenty d iv is ions o f t hirteen d ays ( trecenas ) t hat f ormed t he t on a lpohua l 1i c y cle o f 2 60 d ays, a nd a n i l u strated l a nna l s . T his l ast s ection i s, itse l fc omposed o f p arts : a n a noma lous m igrat i o n a ccount f rom 198' t o 1 294 , ac hronicle o f t he M ex ica d ynasty o f T enocht it lan f rom 1 385 t o 1 5 18, a nd a r ecord o f c olon ia l

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e vents i n t he c on quered M ex ican c ap ita l f rom 1 529 t o 1 562 . T he a wkw ard ly d rawn m igrat ion s ect ion d iffers f rom t he s ty le o f t he r est o f t he a nna ls, a nd i ts f ormat d er ives f rom a n at ive s ty le t ira .i I ts y ear g lyphs , c omposed o f y e llow f igures a nd d ots w ith in r ed c ar t ouches, c ontrast w ith t he y ear g lyphs o f t he r est o f t he a nna ls , w h ich c onta in b lue s igns a nd d ots s et a ga inst a r ed b ackground a nd s urrounded b y ab lue f rame . T he d ynast ic s ect ion o f t he C odex T e ller iano-Remensis i s ap ict or ia l c hron icle o f s ign if icant e vents t hat o ccurred i n t he V a lley o f M ex ico u nder t he n ine r ulers o f T enocht it lan b eg inn ing w ith t he f irst o ff ic ia l M ex ica r uler , A camap ic ht li, a nd e nd ing w ith t he r e ign o f M otecuhzoma I. W ith in t his s ect ion o ne f olio c over ing t he y ears 1 497 t o 1 50 1 i s l ost . A t i ts e nd t wo f o lios r ecord ing t he y ears 1 5 19 t o 1 52 1, c r it ica l y ears b r idg ing t he p re-H ispan ic e ra w ith t he C onquest p er iod, a re a lso m issing . T hese a re p art o f al arger c hronologica l g ap o f f our f olios t hat i nc ludes t he y ears 1 5 19 t o 1 528. A r unn ing t ime l ine c om posed o f as e quence o f n at ive y ear g lyphs a nd g lossed w ith t wo s ets o f E uropean y ear e quiva lents d om inates t he o rgan ization o f t h is s ect ion . O n s evera l o f t he f irst f o lios t hat m ake u p t h is s ect ion ( fols . 2 9r , 3 0v , 3 1r ) t he g lyphs a re d isposed i n aU -shape w ith t he f igures p laced w ith in ( see F igure s 1a nd 2 ); f rom 1 440 o n ( fol. 3 1v ) t he y ear g lyphs a re a rranged i n ah or izonta l l ine a cross l t he t op o f t he p age ( see F igure 3 ). T he i lustrat ions o f c ertain m ajor e vents , p re dom inant ly r oya l d eaths a nd a ccess ions , c on quests , a nd n atura l d isasters a nd a stronom ica l p henomena , a ppear b e low t he y ear g lyphs , t ied b y b lack l ines t o t he y ears i n w h ich t hey o ccurred . T he f igures a re d rawn i n ad eter iorated b ut s t ill s trong ly n at ive s ty le t hat a dheres t o n at ive g raphic c onvent ions . T he p ictor ia l s ect ion o ccupies o nly t he u pper p ort ion o f t he f o lio, a n otab le d epart ure f rom t he f ormat o f t he w holly p ictor ia l n at ive p age . I n t he s pace c reated b e low b y t h is a rrangement t hree m ajor a nnotators p rovide c ommentar ies i n S pan ish t hat e xp licate t he e vents d rawn a bove . A n a nnotator I d es ignate a s H and 1 i s t he m ajor c ommentator o f t he a nna ls u p t o 1 487 ( fol. 3 9r ).' H e i s a lso t he f irst a nnotator o f t he t ona lamat l, b ut h e d oes n ot c omment o n t he " monthly" c a lendar . H and 2 r eplaces h im a s t he m ain c ommentator i n 1 488 ( fol. 3 9v) a nd c ont inues t o p rovide e xplanat ions u p t o 1 550 ( fo l. 4 7v), b ut h e d oes n ot a nnotate e ither t he " months" s ect ion o r t he t ona lamat l. H ands 1 a nd 2 p rovide a f air ly l itera l i nterpretat ion o f t he i mages, b u t o ccas iona lly t hey a dd t o t he i nformat ion c onta ined i n t he i mages t hems e lves . B oth a nnotators r efer t o " 1o s v iejos" ( fols . 3 8v , 3 9r, 4 1v , 4 3r ), i nd icat ing t hat t hey s ought d ata f rom e lder ly n at ive i nformants . N everthe less , o n s evera l f o lios t hey f ail t o i dent ify s ome p ersons , p laces o r e vents r epresented, a nd i n s ome c ases a ppear t o b e b aff led b y t he i mag es, a s t he ir o ccasiona lly i naccurate o r c onfusing s tatem ents t est ify . H and 3 a nnotates t hroughout t he d ynastic c hron ic le , a dd ing t o t he r emarks o f H ands 1 a nd 2 . H e a lso c om pletes t he c om m entary o f t he a nna ls a fter H and 2 s tops i n 1 550 , a nd d raws i n b oxes f or t he y ears 1 556 t o 1 562 t o a cco m pany t he a nnotat ions t hat h e c ont inues t o p rov ide e ven a fter t he i llustrat ions h ave e nded. A lthough h e co mments l ibera lly i n t he " m onths" s ect ion a nd t he t ona lamat l a nd g losses m any f igures i n t he a nna ls , h is r emarks i n t he c hron icle a re r elat ive ly b r ief . H e s ometimes s upp lies r e levant d ata , b ut f requent ly h is c omments i nject n on-h i s tor ic a l o r i nterpretat ive m ater ia l. A m inor c ontr ibutor , H and 4 , c omments o nly o nce i n t he d ynastic s ect ion

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I

( fol. 4 1v). F ina l l y , a nother h and t hat p rov ides t wo p ages o f s catt ered h istor ica l n otices f rom v ar ious N ew W or ld c enters a t t he e nd o f t he a nna ls s ection ( fol s . 4 9v a nd 5 0r ) m ay a ls o h ave i nserted a s tatem ent i n 1 555 . T he e xp licat ion o f t he i mages o f t he a nna ls t herefore e mer ges a s s ometh i n g o f at eam e ffort , w ith s evera l h ands s upp ly i n g t exts o f v ary ing l engths, a ccuracy, a nd r e levance . T he f irst f olios o f t he d ynast ic s ect ion a re a mong i ts m ost c onfu sing, p ictor ia lly a nd t extua l l y , a s ab r ief s urvey o f t he ir c ontents w ill d is close . T he o pen ing f olio o f t he s ection ( fol. 2 9r , F igure 1 ) s hows t wo w arr iors b ear ing s hie lds a nd o bsid ian-edged c lubs a ttack ing ap yram id t e rple w hose l ocation i s i dent if ied a s C olhuacan r b y a n at i v e p lace g lyph a t t he u pper l eft . Aw arr i o r o n t he l eft h old s a t orch t o t he r oof o f t he t em ple i n t he w el I k nown n at ive g esture o f c on quest . A bove t he s cent a d eceased r uler a nd h is s ucc essor s it u pon t he ir w oven r ee d s eats . I n h is c ommentary t o t his s cene H and 1 s tates t hat i n 1 399 , a f ter h aving e lected A camap ichtli r uler a nd b een s ubject t o t he r ule o f C olhuacan f or a lmost 1 00 y ears f rom t he t ime o f t he C hapultepec w ar , t he M ex icans d ecided t o s ettle d own . H e n otes t hat t he i llustrat ion s hows t hem s etting f ire t o a " church", w h i c h H and 3 i dentifies b y ag loss a nd i n t he c ommentary a s C olhuacan , a dd i n g e rroneously t hat t his s truggle m arked t he f irst t ime t hat t he M ex icans h ad w aged a w ar a ga inst o thers . S evera l p roblem s a re e vident h ere w ith t he i llustrat ion , t he t ext , a nd t he ir c orre lat i o n . A lthough t he c ommentary r efers t o t he e lect ion o f A camap icht l ii n 1 399 , h e d oes n ot a ppear o n t he p age . I n f act, a c om par ison w it h t he C odex V at icanus A s hows A camap ic ht li a lrea dy e lected a nd e nthroned o n t he f olio , n ow m iss ing i n t he C odex T e ll er ia no-Remens i s , t ha t w ould h ave i mmed ia te ly p receded f o l i o 2 9r a nd c overed t he y ears 1 366 t o 1 384 . E ar l i er d ates f or h is r e ign w ould, i n f act, c orre late w it h o ther p ictor i a l s ources t hat g iv e A camap icht l s a ccess ion d ate o ver t wo d ecades e ar l i er ( for e xamp le , t he C odex M endoza , C odex A ub in ( Codex o f 1 576 ), 5 C odex M ex icanus, a nd t he T ira d e T epechpan a l Ig ive 1 376). A ccord i n g t o H and 3 , t he c entra l s cene d epicts t he d estruct i o n o f C ol h uacan, a n e p isode t hat a pp ears p ictor ia lly o nly i n t he C odex M ex icanus i n 1 347 ( 1952 : p l. X LV I I ). S ome t extua l a ccounts o f t he e vent a ls o p lace i t 5 2 y ears o r o ne c ycle e ar l i er . 6 T he t wo r ulers , h owever, c annot b e l in ked w ith s uccess i v e r ulers i n e ither C olhuacan o r T enocht it lan i n e ither c ycle . I n a n u nusua l, t wo-page p ictor ia l l ayout t he n ext t wo f olios ( fols . 2 9v, 3 0r ) a ttempt t o e stab li s h t he g enea logy o f t he f irst t wo M ex ica r ulers , A camap icht l i a nd H uitz i 1i hu it l, a nd p resumab ly t he l eg itimacy o f t he d ynasty, b ut t he p erplexing p ictor i a l p resentat ion a nd c ommentary c onfuse r ather t han c lar ify t he s ituat ion . A lthough n at i v e n ame g lyphs a pp ear a bove m ost o f t he p ersonages, f ew o f t hem a re i dentif ied b y g loss o r i n t he c ommentary, a nd t he r elat ionsh i p s b et i neen t hem a re u nclear , e ven v i len f ootpr ints o r l ines e xpress c onn ect ions . I n f act , t he f ootpr i n ts , u sua l l y a n i nd ication o f h ow t o r ead t he p ictures, g iv e c onf licting d irections, s ometimes r ead ing f rom r ight t o l eft a nd a t o ther t imes f rom b ottom t o t op o r t op t o b ottom! T he t runcated L -shape a rrangement o f t he y ears g lyphs o n f o l i o 2 9v a nd t he l ack o f y ear g lyphs a ltogether o n f olio 3 0r r epresent a noma l o us p age f ormats i n t he d ynastic s ect i o n . I n t he c ommentary o n f o l i o 2 9v H and 1 i dent if ies t he f igure o f I lancueit l a s t he d aughter o f A camap i c ht li . A lthough d escr i p t ions o f Il ancue i t l a nd o f h er r e lationsh ip

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t o A camap icht li, t he r uler o f T enocht it lan , v ary c onsiderab ly i n t he s our ces, i t a ppears t hat s he m ay h ave b een h is s tep-mother a nd l ater h is w ife, b ut n ot h is d aughter . O ne o f t he s evera l A camap icht li f igu res o n t hese t wo p ages m ight a ctua lly r efer t o h er f irst h usband, a r uler o f C olhuacan a nd i n s ome a ccounts t he s tepfather o f t he y ounger A camap icht li w ho e ventua lly b ecame t he M ex ica l eader . O n f olio 2 9v H and 1a lso d escribes t he p rocess ion o n f olio 3 0r a s a H e t hen r e lates d e legat ion s ent t o A zcapotza l c o t o s eek a r uler .8 t hat t hese p et itioners d ecided i nstead t o r eturn h ome a nd e lected H uitz ilihu it l a s t he ir " first l ord", at itle t hat m ore c orrect ly a pp lies t o A camap icht li t han i t d oes t o h is s on a nd s uccessor , H uitz ilihuit l. W hat i s p articular ly p uzz ling a bout t he g arb led i nform at ion p resented o n t hese t wo f olios i s t hat t he c onfusion o ccurs o n p ages o bv iou sly i ntended a t t he o utset o f t he d ynastic c hron icle t o e stab lish t he c redent ia ls o f t he y oung M ex ica d ynasty. I t i s c urious t hat t hese t wo g enea log ica l p ages d o n ot e ven d ep ict t he t rad itiona l s uccession i mage s how ing t he n ew k ing l inked t o t he m ummy b undle o f h is p redecessor , a lthough b oth r ulers a pp ear o n f o lio 3 0r . F o lio 3 0v , s how ing t he d eath o f H uitz ilihu it l a nd s uccession o f C hima lpopoca i n 1 4 14 , m arks a r eturn t o t he U -shaped f ormat f or t he y ears 1 407 t o 1 423, b ut t he y ear g lyphs a re d rawn i n an ew s ty le a nd s evera l o f t hem a ppear u pside-down w ith in t he ir c artouches ( 1 407 t o 1 4 15). C ontinu ing w ith t he U -shaped f ormat f or t he y ears 1 424 t o 1 439 , f o lio 3 1r s hown o n t he l eft t he d eath o f C hima lpopoca a nd s ucc ession o f I tzcoat l i n 1 426, r ea ding p ictor ia lly f rom t op t o b ottom i nstead o f b ottom t o t op a s o n t he p reced ing p age ( F igure 2 ) . P aired w ith t his e vent i s a nother s cene , w hich r eads h or izonta lly, s how ing t wo w arr iors w ith u pra ised w eapons a ttacking a l arge, u nidentified p yram id t em ple. T he r uler o n t he l eft i s i dent if ied b y an at ive n ame g lyph a nd g lossed b y H and 3 a s M axt la , t he T epanec r uler w ho u surped t he t hrone o f A zcapotza lco u pon t he d eath o f h is f ather, T ezozomoc . T he f igure t o h is r ight i s i dent ified b y h is n at ive n ame g lyph a s T lacateot l, t he s econd o ff icia l r uler o f T late lo lco . H and 3 i ncorr ect ly i nterprets t his r uler 's n ame s ign a s a n e clipse a nd t ran slates h is n ame a s " eclipse o f t he s un". 1° H e f urther m isident if ies t he T late lo l c o p lace g lyph a s t he " eclipsed e arth". T he s evera l e rrors a nd i nconsistenc ies e vident f rom t h is b rief s urvey o f t he o pening f o lios o f t he d ynastic s ect ion i nd icate t hat t he p ictor ia l a nd t extua l i nformation c onta ined h ere s hou ld b e i nterpreted a nd u t ilized c autiously . T he c hanging a rrangements o f t he p ictor ia l e lements o n t hese i nitia l f olios i mp ly t hat a n e ffic ient f ormat f or t h is s ect ion w as b e ing w orked o ut e ven a s t he m anuscr ipt w as b e ing c op ied. T he e ar lier U -shape f ormat a nd t he l ater h or izonta l r ow f ormat t hat b ecame s tandard ized f rom 1 440 o n m ight e ven h ave d er ived f rom d ifferent s ources . C erta in ly t he a rrangement o f t he y ear g lyphs i n a h or izonta l l ine a cross t he t op o f t he p age r ather t han i n t he m ore r estr icted U -shape p rov ides a m ore e ffect ive u se o f s pace f or t he d isplay • o f ac hronolog ica l s uccess ion o f e vents . I ts a dvantages m ay h ave b ecome a pparent t o t he a rt ist d uring t he d raw ing o f t he i llustra t ions , w h ich t end t o i ncrease a s t he y ears p rogress . I n c omp iling t he m anuscrip t p ictor ia l i nformation f rom d iff erent s ources m ay h ave b een c o l l ated o n t hese f o lios i n am anner a na logous t o t he l ater a ssemb ling o f t he w r itten c omments , o r p erhaps e vents o f l oca l i mport w ere f used w ith t h ose r elating t o t he c ap ita l c ity . A d iversified i nput o f s ources m ight e xp lain s uch f eatures a s t he c onjunct ion o f i mages o n

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f o l i o 3 1r ( F igure 2 ), w here t he t wo r uler f igures r ead v ertica l l y b ut t he T epanec w ar s cene r eads h or izonta lly. I t i s c haracter i s t ic o f t he m ode o f r epresentat i o n i n t his m anuscr ipt t hat n o a ttempt i s m ade t o r e late t he t wo s ets o f i mages e ven t hough C hima l p opoca 's d eath h ad r es ulted f rom M axt l a' sa bort i v e b id f or p ow er . I n f act , t he d iscrete c haracter o f t he f igura l g roups i n t h is s ect ion m ight b e s een a s t he v is ua l e quivalent o f an on-narrationa l a pproach t o t he r ecord ing o f e vents , a f eature t hat p ara llels t he p resentat ion o f i nformat ion i n t he C o lon ia l c hron icles . T hat is , t he e mblematic i lustrations o f l t h is m anuscri p t a re a na l o gous t o t he d is cont inuous s tatements o f a c hronic l e, w h ose p r imary p urpose i s t o r ecord e vents i n s equence w ith ou t d escribi n g t he c ausa l n exus t hat c onstitutes a uthent ic h istory . A s i s a pparent h ere, am ore s tr ict ly d ef i n ed h istor ica l a pp roach, t hat i s, o ne s eeking c auses a nd e ffects , r elat ionsh i p s, a nd t he i nf luence o f c haracter o n e vents, d id n ot c oncern t he n at i v e a rt ist o r a nna list . A n i nventory o f t he o vera l 1c ontents o f t he d ynastic c hron ic le o f t he C odex T e l 1e r ia no-Remens is r evea ls a b road b ut s e lect i v e p ictor ia l r ecordi n g n ot o nly o f p ersons a nd p laces b ut a ls o o f av ar iety o f e vents, s uch a s r uler s uccess ion a nd d eath, a stronom ica l p henomena , n atura l d is asters , r e l i g ious c eremon ies , a nd c onquests t hat o ccurred d ur ing t he r e igns o f t he M ex i c a r ul ers o f T enocht itlan . A lthough t he r epresentat ion o f s uch i nc idents i f n ot e xc l u sive t o t he C odex T e ll er ia no-Remens is , t h is m anuscr ipt o ffers t he s ingle m ost c omprehens i v e p ictor ia l r ender i n g o f t hese e vents f rom a M ex ica p oint o f v iew . R e lated p ictor i a l i nformat ion e x ists i n t he d ynastic s ections o f t he f ollow ing m anuscri p ts : t he C odex M endoza, P art 1 ( 1979 ) ;t he C odex A zcat it l a n ( 1949 : p ls . X IV t o XII); t he C odex A ub in ( Codex o f 1 576) ( 18 93 :52-80) ; t he C odex M ex icanus ( 1952 : p ls . L II I t o L XXVI ) ; t he T ira d e T epechpan ( 1978, v o l. 2 :6-15), a nd t he C odex e n C ruz ( 198 1, v ol. 2 ) .I T T he C odex M endoza, P art 1 , i s n ot a ctua l l y ac hron icle l ike t he C odex T e l 1e r i a no-Remens is b ut r ather a c onquest l is t t hat o ff ers t he s in g le m ost e xtens ive p ictor ia l c ata l o gue o f M ex ica m ilit ary v ictories . O rgan ized a ccord ing t o t he r e igns o f t he s uccess i v e r ulers , t he s pan o f r u le i s e xpressed b y av ert ica l r ow o f y ear g lyphs p laced t o t he l eft o f t he f igure o f t he r uler . L ike t he C odex T e ll e r ia no-Rem ens i st he C odex A zcat itl a n c onta ins m igrat ion , d ynastic , a nd c o lon ia l u n its . L ike t he C odex M endoza , P art 1 , h owever , i ts d ynastic s ect ion i s p r imar i l y ap ictor ia l c onquest l is t , s im ilar ly d iv ided a ccord in g t o t he r e igns o f t he s uccess i v e r ulers, a lthough t he y ears o f r ule a re n ot d e l i m ited b y t he a ppropri a te n umber o f y ear g lyphs . T he C odex A ub in a nd t he C odex M ex icanus a re a ls o i l u strated a nna ls l t hat d i s p lay a v ar iety o f e vents l in ked t o t he c orrespond i n g y ears o f ar unning t ime l ine . T he T ira d e T epechpan, a ls o ac hronicle , p res ents a s imu ltaneous p ictor ia l a ccount o f t wo s ets o f e vents . A h or izonta l t ime l ine c om posed o f n at i v e y ear g lyphs b isects t he p age . E vents p erta in ing t o T epechpan a ppear a bove i t; t hose r e lated t o T enocht itlan o ccur b e low it . T he C odex e n C ruz, a p ictor ia l c hronicle d is posed i n ac ross-shaped f ormat , i nc ludes h istor ica l d ata r e levant t o T enocht itlan , b ut i ts m a in f ocus i s o n e vents i n t he T etzcoco a rea . S ince n o p re-H i s pan ic p ictor ia l c hron ic les s urvive f rom t he V a l l ey o f M ex ico , t hese e ar ly C o lon ia l d ocuments b ased o n n ow l ost n at i v e r ecords a re e spec ia l l y v a l u ab les ources . Ac ompar i s on o f t he d ynastic s ect ions o f t he s e m anuscr ipts w it h t ha t o f t he C odex T e l 1e r i a noR em ens i sw ill r evea l i ts s hared a nd d is t inct ive f eatures .

9

A mong t he a stronom ica l p henomena r ecorded i n t he C odex T e lle r iano-Remens is ( F igure 4 , at o e ) a re f our s olar e clipses i n 1 476 ( fo l. 3 7r), 1 496 ( fo l. 4 0v), 1 507 ( fo l. 4 2r), a nd 1 5 10 ( fo l. 4 2v); a c omet i n 1 489 ( fol. 3 9v ); a m yster ious l ight i n t he s ky i n 1 509 ( fol. 4 2r); a nd s moking s tones w hose v apors r eached i nto t he s ky i n 1 5 12 ( fol. 4 2v ). T he C odex M endoza, t he C odex A zcat itlan, a nd t he T ira d e T epechpan r ecord n o a stronom ica l p henomena . T he C odex A ub in ( 18 93 :72 ) p ictures o ne e clipse i n 1 479 . T he C odex M ex icanus ( 1952 ) s hows e clipses i n 1 479 ( p l. L XX) a nd 1 492 ( p l. L XXII) a nd a l ight i n t he s ky i n 1 5 10 ( p l. L XXV). T he C odex e n C ruz ( 198 1, v ol. 2 : n .p .) m ay a lso i l lustrate a l ight t hat i llum inated t he s ky i n 1 5 10 . T h is s hort s urvey r evea ls t hat m ore t han a ny o f t hese c omparab le m anus cr ipts t he C odex T e ller iano-Remens is i s a ttuned t o t he r ecord ing o f u nusua l c e lest ia l o ccurrences . W h ile s ome o f t hese a ppear i n t he C odex A ub in, t he C odex M ex icanus, a nd p ossib ly t he C odex e n C ruz, t he C odex T e ller iano-Rem ens is o ffers t he m ost v ar ied a nd e xtens ive l isti ng . T he n atura l d isasters p ictured i n t he C odex T elleriano-Remensis ( F igure 4 , ft o j ) a re t en e arthquakes i n 1 460 ( fo l. 3r), 1 462 ( fo l. ), 1 468 ( fol. 3 4v ), 1 480 ( fol. 3 8r ), 1 495 ( fol. 4 0v), 1 507 ( fol. 3v 4 2r), 1 5 12 ( fo l. 4 2v , t hree t imes), a nd 1 5 13 ( fo l. 4 3r); p ossib ly t hree s now-storm s i n 1 447 ( fol. 3 2r), 1 503 ( fol. 4 1r ), a nd 1 5 11 ( fol. 4 2v), a lthough t he l ast t wo m ay b e t he c ommentator 's m isinterpretat ion o f t he r ainfa ll o f t he T lachquiyauhco p lace g lyph; t wo f am ines i n 1 454 ( fo l. 3 2r) a nd 1 505 ( fo l. 4 1v); a nd o ne p lague o f r ats i n 1 506 ( fo l. 4 1v ). T he C odex M endoza, C odex A zcatit lan, a nd t he T ira d e T epechpan l d o n ot i lustrate a ny o f t hese c atastop hes . T he C odex A ub in ( 1893 ) s hows t hree e arthquakes i n 1 475 ( p . 7 1), 1 489 ( p . 7 4), a nd 1 496 ( p . 7 6); t hree p lagues o f l ocusts i n 1 403 ( p . 5 7), 1 446 ( p . 6 6), a nd 1 49 1 ( p . 7 5); f am ine i n t he y ears 1 453 ( p . 6 7), 1 454 ( p . 6 7), 1 455 ( p . 6 7), a nd 1 5 14 ( p . 7 9 ); a nd h ail i n 1 490 ( p . 7 4 ). T he C odex M ex icanus ( 1952 ) p ictures t hree e arthquakes i n 1 475 ( p l. L XIX), 1 489 ( p l. L XXII), a nd 1 496 ( p l. L XX I I); t wo p lagues o f l ocusts i n 1 446 ( p l. L XIV) a nd 1 49 1 ( p l. L XXII); f am ine i n 1 504 ( p l. L XXIV) a nd 1 5 14 ( p l. L XXVI); a nd h ail i n 1 490 ( p l. L XXII). T he C odex e n C ruz ( 1 98 1, v o l. 2 : n .p .) r ecords f am ines i n 1 453 , 1 454 , 1 455 , 1 505, a nd 1 5 14 . T he i ncreased r epresentat ion o f n atura l c a lam ities i n t he C odex A ub in a nd t he C odex M ex icanus m ore n ear ly a pprox imates t he n umber o f e ntr ies i n t he C odex T e ller iano-Remens is , i nd icating t he m ore a ssiduous r egistry o f s uch d isasters . F rom t h is t a lly i t a ppears t hat e arthquakes a nd f am ines v ere t he m isfortunes t hat m ost a ff licted t he n at ive p opulat ion o f t he V a lley o f M ex ico . I n t he C odex T e ller iano-Rem ensis a f ire b oard a nd d r ill s ign ir f ies t he N ew F ire c eremony h e ld t o m ark t he c o rplet i o n o f o ne 5 2 y ear c ycle a nd t he i na ugurat ion o f a nother i n 1 403 ( fol. 2 9v), 1 455 ( fol. 3 2v), a nd 1 507 ( fo l. 4 2r ) ( F igure 5 a). I n t he f irst t wo o f t hese y ears a w arr ior f igure p ainted w h ite a nd h old ing a s h ield, a rrows, a nd a b anner s ymbolizes t he h uman s acr if ice o ffered d ur ing t he c eremony . T he d epiction f or 1 507 a lso s hows a h ill w ith a s uper imposed t emp le, i dent ified b y ap lace g lyph a s H u ixachtep et l, t he C erro d e l a E str e lla, s ite o f t he N ew F ire c eremony. I n t he C odex M endoza ( 1979 : n .p.) a k notted c ord a cross t he 2 A cat l y ear g lyph d es ignates t he N ew F ire y ears . I n a dd ition , af ire b oard a nd d r ill a ppears i n 1 403 a nd 1 50 7 . I n t he C odex A zcat it lan ( 1949) a f ire b oard a nd d r ill a lso i nd icates t he t hree N ew F ire y ears t hat o ccurred i n t he r e igns o f

1 00

A camap ichtli ( p l. X IV), M otecuhzoma I ( p l. X V III), a nd M otecuhzoma I ( p l. XII). Ak notted c ord b eneath t he A cat l y ear g lyph s ign if ies N ew F ire y ears i n t he C odex A ub in ( 1893 :57 , 6 7 , 7 8 ) a nd t he T ira d e T epechpan ( 1978 :7, 1 4 ). At ied b undled o f r eeds r epre1, s enting t he e lapsed y ears o f t he 5 2 y ear c y cle a lso a ppears n ext t o t he 2 A cat l y ear g lyph o f t he y ear 1 507 i n t he C odex A ub in. T he C odex M exicanus ( 1952 : p ls . L VII, L XVI, L XXV) d isplays a l arge k not a bove t he 2 A cat l y ear g lyph f or t he N ew F ire y ears . I n t he C odex e n C ruz t he y ear 1 507 i s d istinguished b y af ire b oard a nd d r ill n ext t o a T la loc t emple o n ah ill a nd b y ac oup le s eated o n a h ousetop a nd l ooking u p t o t he s ky, p resumab ly t o s ight t he s te llar s igna l o f t he s uccessful p assage f rom o ne c ycle t o a nother . T he u nfailing r ecord ing o f t he n ew F ire y ears i n t hese p ictor ia l d ocuments u nderscores t he s ign if icance o f t his o ccas ion . A ga in t he C odex T e ller iano-Remens is o ff ers t he m ost e xpans ive r ender ing o f t he e vent , w ith t he f ire b oard a nd d r ill a nd t he s acrif icia l f igures a llud ing t o t he c eremony a nd t he H u ixachtepetl g lyph a nd t emple s pecify ing i ts l ocat ion. U nusua lly d eta iled i n t he C odex T e ller iano-Remensis i s t he s equent ia l r ender ing o f t he t hree s tages o f t he T em plo M ayor r enovat ion a nd t he a ttendant c erem on ies ( F igure 5 , bt o g ). T he i llustrat ion f or 1 483 ( fo l. 3 8v) s hows t he f irst t wo p latform s tages, w h ile a w h ite w arr ior f igure a top t he p latform s ymbolizes t he s acrif ice m ade o n t h is o ccasion . I n 1 484 ( fo l. 3 8v) t he c omplet ion o f t wo m ore s ta ges o f t he p latform i s c ommem orated w ith f urther s acrif ices , r epres ented b y a nother w h ite w arr ior f igure t o t he l eft o f t he s tructure a nd b y a s acrif iced f ema le f igure t o t he r ight o f i t . T he c ulm inat ion o f t he b uild ing p roject i n 1 487 ( fo l. 3 9r ) i s i lustrated b y a dd it ion l o f t he t wo t em ples , h ere c ur iously r eversed, t hat c rowned t he p yram id p latform ( F igure 3 ) . T he s cene a lso s hows t he M ex ica r uler A huitzot l p res iding o ver t he d ed icat ion c erem ony, w hich w as m arked b y n umerous s acr if ices s ymbolized b y t he t hree w h ite w arr ior f igures w ith p lace g lyphs . I n a dd it ion , n umber g lyphs t ota ling 2 0 ,000 p rov ide a n e st im ate o f t he t ota l n umber o f h uman o ffer ings m ade a t t he d ed icat ion o f t he m ost i mportant r e lig ious s tructure i n t he i mper ia l c ap ita l. I n t he c cmmentary, h ow ever , H and 1c ounts o nly t he " l itt le b ranches" ( ram ito ), a rr iv ing a t ar educed t ota l o f 4 ,000 . N o i lustrat ion o f t he T emplo M ayor r enovat ion a ppears i n t he l C odex M endoza o r i n t he T ira d e T epechpan. I n t he C odex A zcatitlan ( 1949 : p l. ar eference t o t he r ebu ild ing u ndertaken d ur ing t he X) r e ign o f T izoc m ay b e i nd icated b y t he l arge t em ple d ed icated t o H uitz ilopocht li, w h ich i s s hown w ith a s acr if iced f igure l y ing a t i ts b ase . D uring t he r e ign o f A hu itzotl t he s ame t em ple a ppears, t his t ime w ith m arkings o n t he s ides o f t he t em ple s ignify ing a d ua l d ed ic at ion t o t he g ods H uitz ilopocht li a nd T la loc ( p l. T o t he l eft XI). a nd r ight o f t his t em ple a re t wo h eads w ear ing t he w arr ior 's f orked h eron f eather o rnament , s ymboliz ing s acrif ices m ade a t t hat t ime . F or 1 484 t he C odex A ub in ( 1893 :73) s hows a m odest p yram id p latform a nd t em ple, a nd t he a nnotat ion l inks i t t o t he e nlargement o f t he t em p le o f H u itz ilopocht li. T he d raw ing f or t he y ear 1 487 p resents a g rander e dif ice j o ined t o t he g lyphs o f f our t owns, w hich t he a nnotator s tates p rovided w orkers f or t he c onstruct ion ( p . 7 4). T he i lustrat ion f or l t he y ear 1 483 i n t he C odex M ex icanus ( 1952 :p l. L XXI) s hows a p yram id p latf orm w ith a n u nf inished t emple o n t op . T he c om pleted s tructure a pp ears i n 1 487 w ith a m ore e laborate t em ple, t he d ua l d ed icat ion s ugg ested b y t he t wo d es igns o f t he r oof c rests ( p l. S evera l XI). 1 0 1

f igures i n t he c olumn a ssociated w ith t he y ear 1 483 i n t he C odex e n C ruz ( 198 1, v o l. 2 : n .p. ) r efer t o t he r econstruct i o n o f t he T emplo M ayor: t he p lace g lyph o f T enocht it lan ; t he f igure o f T izoc, w ho b egan t he p roject; a nd t he h eads o f t wo w arr iors f rom H uexotz inco , s ymboliz ing s acri f ices . A ll t he f igures o f t he c olumn a ccompanyi n g t he y ear 1 487 r elate t o t he c oup l et i o n o f t he r ebuild ing : t he p lace g lyph o f T enocht it lan ; t he t enple o f H uitz i 1o pocht l iw ith t he f ire b oard a nd d r i 1; a nd t he h eads o f t hree s acr if iced w arr iors w ith t he ir r espective p lace g lyphs . T he s evera l d epictions i n t hese m anuscripts o f t he T e r rplo M ayor r enovat i o n p roject a ttest t o i ts i mportance s ince n o o ther s ingle b uild ing p rogram m er i t s t his a ttention . A ga in t he s er ies o f i l l u strations i n t he C odex T e l 1e r i a no-Remens is o ffers t he m ost e xtended p ictor ia l c overage , p art icu lar ly t he u nusua l l y e la bor ated d ed icat i o n s cene o f 1 487 . T he C odex T el 1e r ia no-Rem ens is r epresents c onquests i n av ar iety o f w ays ( F igure 6 ). T he f irst s uch i l lustrat ion ( fo l. 2 9r), t hat o f C ol huacan d ate d h ere i n 1 399 ( actua l l y aT epanec v ic tory), i s d rawn i n a t rad itiona l w ay b y s how ing t he d estruct i o n o f t he t emple o f t he d efeate d c it y. Ar e lated p resentation p ortrays a s im ilar a rmed a ttack o n at e rp l e , p resumab ly t hat o f A zcapotza l c o ( fo l. 3 1r ) . F igures r b ear i n g t r ibute , e xpressed b y o ffer i n gs f rom T z iccoac i n 1 458 ( 33 r ecto ) a nd a nother f rom Cu etlaxtl a n i n 1 46 1 ( fo l. ls o s ign i f y 3v) a c onquests . C onquests a ls o t ake t he f orm o f al arge p lace g lyph o f t he d efeated t own w it h t wo b att l i ng w arr iors, a s s een i n 1 462 ( fo l. 3v ) 3 a nd 1 465 ( fol. 3 4r ) ; o r m ore s pec if ica l l y , w ith a M ex ica w arr i o r, s cmetimes i dentif i ed b y t he T enocht itlan p lace g lyph, a ssa il i ng a d efender p osed n ear t he p lace g lyph o f h is b ese iged t own, a s o ccurs i n 1 473 ( fo l. 3 6v), 1 475 ( fo l. 3 7r), 1 476 ( fo l. 3 7r), 1 478 ( fo l. 3 7v), 1 488 ( fol. 3 9v ), 1 509 ( fol. 4 2r), 1 5 11 ( fol. 4 21v), 1 5 12 ( f ol. 4 2v), 1 5 13 ( fo l. 4 3r). S acr if ic i a l w arr iors w it h p lace g lyphs a ls o s ymbol ize w arfare i n 1 487 ( fol. 3 9r , t hree t imes ), 1 49 1 ( fol. 4 0r ), 1 493 ( fo l. 4 0r), 1 494 ( fo l. 4 0v), 1 495 ( fo l. 4 0v), 1 496 ( fo l. 4 0v), 1 502 ( fol. 4 1r ), 1 5 11 ( fol. 4 2v), a nd 1 5 12 ( fol. 4 2v ). I n 1 474 ( f ol. 3 6v ) a nd 1 479 ( fo l. 3 7v) a w ar s ymbo l c omposed o f as hie ld, a rrows , a nd a b anner c omb i n ed w ith a p lace g lyph i nd ic ates c onquest . A n u nusua l c onjunct ion o f g lyphs o ccurs i n 1 5 18 ( fo l. 4 3v), a ll uding t o t he k i ll i ng o f H uexotz inca w arr i o rs d uri n g t he ir a ttempted e x it f rom T enocht itlan : aw ar s hie ld a nd a rrows c omb i n ed w it h t he H uexotz inco p lace g lyph, a d ead H uetxotz inca w arr i o r , a nd a nother w ar s hie ld Ii nked t o t he T enocht itlan p lace g lyph . S ince t he d ynast ic s ection o f t he C odex M endoza i s a ctua l l y a c onquest l ist o f i nd ividua l M ex i c a r ulers, c onquest i mages p redom inate i n t his s ect ion . E ach r uler s it s u pon h is r oya l, w oven r eed s eat w ith a l arge w ar s ymb ol f ormed b y as hie ld a nd b undle o f a rrows i n f ront o f h im . H or i z onta l r ows o f p lace g lyphs c omb i n ed w ith t opp led t em p les i n f lame s pec ify h is m ilitary v ictor ies . J udging f rom i ts f ormat a nd c ontent , t he d ynast ic s ection o f t he C odex A zcat it la n a ls o a ppears t o h ave b een a c on quest l ist t o w h i c h o ther , n on-m ilitary e vents w ere l ater a dded. A ga in t he r uler s it s o n h is t hrone w ith h is v ictor ies , r epresented b y ah or izonta l r ow o f p lace g lyphs o f d efeated t owns , a rrayed b efore h im . I n t his m anuscri p t c on quest a ls o a ssumes s evera l f orms, r ef l ecting i ts c ompos i t e n ature : as hie ld w it h a c lub o r a rrows c omb i n ed w ith a p la ce g lyph; at opp led, s ometimes b urning, t em ple w it h ap lace g lyph; o r ap lace g lyph a lone . T he C odex A ub in a nd t he C odex M ex icanus r ecord m any b att le s , u niform ly r epresented i n 1 02

b oth m anuscr ipts b y aw ar s h ie ld a nd c lub p aired w it h ap lace g lyph . O n ly t wo w ars a ppear i n t he T ira d e T epechpan: t he T epanec w ar i llus trated i n 1 428 b y aw ar s h ie ld a nd c lub , t he A zcapotza l c o p lace g lyph, a nd t he f igure o f t he r uler M axt la ; a nd a s econd c onflict w ith A zcapotza l c o , r epresented b y i ts p lace g lyph a nd a t oppled t em ple i n f lames . T he C odex e n C ruz a ls o d epicts s evera l T enocht it lan r e lated b attles, s hown b y v ar ious f igura l co mb inat ions: t he w ar s h ie ld, c lub , b anner , a nd p lace g lyph; t he w ar s h ie ld , c lu b, b anner, a nd w arr ior i dent if i ed b y an ame g lyph o r p lace g lyph; aw arr i o r w ith a p lace g lyph; o r aw arr i o r l in ked t o t he r uler a t w hose h ands h e m et d efeat . I n e numerating t he k in ds o f e vents r ecorded i n t he d ynastic s ect ions o f t hese p ictor ia l h is tor ies , c onquests e merge a s t he m ost f re qu ently i l l u strated e p isodes . I n f act , t he C odex M endoza , P art 1 , i s p r imar i l y a p ictor ia l c onquest l is t r ather t han a c hron icle a s s uch . E mphasis i n t he C odex A zcat it l a n i s l ikew ise o n c ata loguing t he r uler 's v ictor ies , a lthough o ther i nc idents d o a ppear . I n t he C odex T e l 1e r ia no-Re r nens i s , t he C odex A ub in , a nd t he C odex M ex icanus, w h i c h p ortra y av ar iety o f n atura l a nd h istor ica l e vents , c onquest i mages a ga in p revail. E ven t he T ira d e T epechpan, w h i c h i l u strates n oth ing l e l s e i n i ts T enochtit la n r e lated s ection e xcept r uler d eaths a nd a ccess ions, d oes i nclude t wo b attles . T he d ynastic c hron icle o f t he C odex T e ll er ia no-Remensis i s t hus s im ilar t o t hese m anuscr ipts i n t hat i t r epresents h istory f rom a r oya l p oint o f v iew . I t h as a s i ts p roper o bject t he d eeds o f r oya lty n ot p eoples, f or h ere k ings a re t he r ea l a gents o f h istory . C ons equent ly t he a ccess ion a nd d eath o f t he M ex ica r uler i s t he d om inant e vent i n t hese h istor ica l m anu scr ip ts, p rovid ing t he o rgan izat iona l f ramework e xp l i cit ly o r i mp l i c it ly, a nd t he k ings ' c onquests a re t he m ost r epresented i ncidents . C om par ison w it h t hese o ther p ictor i a l d ocu ments r evea ls t hat t he C odex T e l 1e r i a no-Remens is r ecords a b roader s pectrum o f e vents, a nd w ith in e ach c ategory p rovides t he m ost n umer ou s e xamples o f t hem , e xc lud ing c onquests . I t a ls o o ffers u nusua l l y d eta i l ed r epresentations o f c ertain s e quent i a l e vents, s uch a s e p is odes f rom t he l ives o f t he f irst t wo M ex ica r ulers f ound o n t he t wo g enea log ica l p ages a nd t he d e lineat ion o f t he t hree b uil d ing s tages o f t he T empl o M ayor r enovat ion w ith t he a ccompany i n g c eremon ies . T he r f L Il t iple s ymbo l i c u se o f t he s acr if iced w arr ior , a ssoc iated i n t his m anuscr i p t w ith N ew F ire c erem on ies , t em ple s acrif ices , a nd c onquests, i s a ls o u nique . P ictor ia lly, t he m anuscr ipt a ls o o ffers s ingular r epresentations o f h istor ica lly m em orab le e vents , p resented i n t he f orm o f d eta i l ed a nd i nformat ive s cenes, s uch a s t he s tr iking d ed icat ion s cene o f t he T emp l oM ayor i n 1 487 . W it h i ts a bundant i l u strations a nd a nnotations, t he C odex T e ll 1e r ia no-Rem ens i sc onta ins m uch v a l u ab le d ata ; n everthe less, c erta in c aut ions m ust b e k ept i n m in d w hen u t ilizing i t a s a h istor ica l s ource . F or e xamp le , d iv erse r esources , p ictor ia l a nd v erba l, w ere u sed t o c omp i l e t he m an u scr i p t, a nd g enera li z ations c annot a lways b e m ade f rom o ne s ect ion t o t he o ther o r f rom o ne s ection t o t he w hole m an u scr i p t . S ince d ifferent a nnotators p rovided i nformat ion i n i ts s ect ions , t he m anuscri p t h as i n e ffect s evera l a uthors . R emarks c annot c orrect ly b e a ttr ibuted t o t he m anuscr ipt i n g enera l o r t o " the c ommentator", o f w hich t here a re s evera l, b ut o nly t o as pec if ic h and. F urthermore, o ne m ust a scertain h ow r e liab le e ach c ommentator i s : W hat a re h is a reas o f e xpert ise? W hat a re h is w eak p oints o r b ia ses?

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W here d id h e o btain h is i nformation? T he d if ferences i n t he v ar ious h ands w as o ver looked b y K ingsborough, f or e xamp le, w ho i n t he f irst c om plete p ub licat ion o f t he m anuscr i p t i n t he A nt iquit ies o f M ex ico ( 1831-48; a lso 1 964) r an t he a nnotations t ogether t o f orm a u nif ied b ut i ncoherent t ext . R ad in ( 1922:22-50 ) c om pounded t his e rror w hen h e t ranslated K ingsborough's c ollated t exts. I n a n u npublished s tudy J . F . R am irez , w ho r ecogn iz ed K in g sb orough ' s e rror, a ttempted t o d ist ingu ish t he v ar i o us c ommentators b y u sing a c olour c oded s ystem . F ina l l y , i n h is c ommentary t o t he L oubat e d it i o n o f 1 899 , E . T . H amy e mployed d if ferent t ype f aces t o s ort o ut t he v ar i o us a nnotators, b ut h is d istinctions a re o ften o ver l oked w hen t he m anuscr ipt i s c it ed . I n a dd it ion t o t hese p roblem s, o ne m ust r ecogn iz e t hat e rrors a ls o o ccur i n t he m anuscr ipt . A t t imes t he c onfusing s tatements o f t he c ommentators r ef lect t he ir i nab ility t o d ecipher c erta in i mages ; i n o ther i nstances, o m issions, s uch a s t he f a i l ure t o i dent if y s ome p ersons , r evea l t he ir l ack o f k now ledge . T hen a ga in , t he c ommentators so metimes c ontrad i c t o ne a nother . F or e xa m l e , o n f o l i o 3 4r H and 3 s tates t hat t he s acri f ice o f p r i s oners t aken d uri n g t he C ha lc o w ar o f 1 466 r esulted i n t he f irst h uman s acr if ices . L ater o n f o l i o 3 8v H and 1r eports t hat t he Z inacantepec p r i s oners s acrif iced i n 1 483 d uri n g a c eremony c onnected w it h t he T e rplo M ayor r enovat io n w ere t he f irst r h uman s acrif ices o ffered, a nd h e e ven a sserts t hat t his i nformat ion c ame f rom " todos 1o s v iejos". I n t his c ase o ne n eed n ot e ven d ebate a bou t w hich a nnotator i s c orrect , s in ce n e ither i s. A side f rom t he w ea lth o f p ictor i a l a nd t extua l d ata c onta i n ed i n t he C odex T e l l er ia no-Rem ens i s, t his m anuscri p t i s a s ign if icant h istor ica l d ocument f or y et a nother r eason : i t o ffers a u nique v iew a t a h is tory i n t he m aking. I t p rov ides e vidence , i n f act i t i s e vidence , f or t he k in d o f s electing, c onso l i dating, a nd a ltering o f n at ive r ecords t hat w ent o n i n t he e ar ly C olon ia l p er i o d a s n at ive a rtistic a nd h istor ica l t rad itions c a ll i ded w it h E uropean o nes . I n t he C odex T e l 1e r ia no-Remens is w e w itness t he n at ive p ictor ia l m anus cr i p t b e ing t rans l ated i nto a h ybr id t ext a nd i mage d ocument . I n a nother t ransformationa l s tep, t his t ype o f a ma lgamated m anuscript w ould e vo l v e i nto a p redom inant ly t extua l d ocument, i n t he c ase o f t he d ynast ic s ection o f t his m anuscript, a c hron ic le m ore c lo se ly a pprox im ating a E urop ean h istor ica l d ocument . I n t his m anuscr i p t w e c an o bserve a n a spect o f t his p rocess o f c onso lidation a nd a ccomm odation o n a p ictor i a l l eve l a s d ifferent s ty les a nd f ormats, m ost l ike ly d er i v ed f rom v ar i o us n at ive m anuscri p ts , a re f used i nto o ne p ictor ia l s e quence . W e s ee t he p rocess a t w ork a s w e ll i n t he c ommentar ies a s v ar i o us a nnotators a ttempt t o i nterpret t he p ictor ia l i nformat ion , i n e ff ect c reating a n e xtended t ext w it h ac ompos i t e c haracter o f i ts o wn. T hus t he i llustrated c hron icle o f t he C odex T e l 1e ri a no-Remensis o ff ers u s d ata t hat n ot o nly c ontr ibu tes t o af u l l er u nderstanding o f t he l ate p re-H i s pan ic h is tory o f t he V a l l ey o f M ex ico b ut p rov ides a n i ns ight a s w e ll i nto t he v ery m aking o f t hat h istory.

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N OTES I w ould l ike t o t hank P rofessor H . B . N icholson a nd P rofessor J ohn K eber f or t he ir v a luab le s uggestions f or t h is s tudy, a nd M ic he l B esson f or h is m et icu lous i llustrations . 1 .

T he m anu scr ipt w as d onated t o t he K ing 's L ibrary, a f orerunner o f t he p resent-day B ib l i otheque N ationa le, i n 1 700 b y C har lesM aur ice L e T e ll i er, A rc hb ishop o f R e ims, f rom w hom t he d ocument d er i v es i ts n ame . I ts h is tory b efore t his d ate i s u nknown.

2 .

S ince o ne y ear i s o m itted i n t he c ount o n t h is p age , t he y ear g losse d s hou ld b e 198. C ompar i s on w ith t he C odex V ati197 c anus A s hows m issing y ear g lyphs t hat w ould g iv e a n i n it i a l s tarting d ate o f 195 f or t his s ection . T he f irst y ear o f t his s ect i o n i n t he C odex V at icanus A i s g lossed 194 .

3 .

T his d erivat ion h as b een p ointed o ut b y B ar l o w ( in A bram s 1 976 :70 ) a nd R obertson ( 1959 :109 ), w ho p rovides a r econstruct ion o f t he o r ig ina l t ira .

4 .

T he d esignat ion o f t he v ar i o us a nnotators ' h ands i n t his s ect ion i s b ased o n a n a na ly sis o f a l t he h andwr itings o f t he m anul s cri p t, w hich i s i nc luded i n m y d issertat ion ( Columb i a U n i v ersit y, D epartment o f A rt , H istory a nd A rchaeology). S ince n ot a l l a nnotators w rote i n e very s ection o f t he m anuscript, t he d esignat ions u sed h ere a pply o nly t o t he d ynastic s ect i o n .

5 .

T wo p art ia l l y u npublished p ictor ia l c hron ic les i n t he B ib l i ot he que N ationa le ( Fonds m ex icain 4 0 a nd 8 5) a ls o s upport t his e ar l i er d ate . F or a u seful c omparative l is t ing o f t he r e igns o f t he M ex i c a r ulers d er i v ed f rom v ar ious p ictor i a l a nd t extua l s ources , s ee V an Z antw ijk ( 1979 :28-32) .

6 .

C ompare , f or e xample , t he A na le s d e T la te lo lc o V ( 1980:46), ( s ic ) A cat l a nd t he A na le s d e C uauht it la n ( 1975 :29 ) , 1 A cat l 1 347 .

7 .

T he s cattered p ictor ia l p resentat ion o f t hese t wo f olios r es emb les t he l ess c hronolog ica lly o rdered p ages t hat m ark t he t ransit ion f rom t he m igrat ion s ection t o t he d ynastic p art o f t he C odex A zcat it l a n ( 1949 : p ls . X I, X II, X I I) o r , t o al esser e xtent , s ome f olios o f t he c orrespond i n g s ection o f t he C odex V at icanus A . T hese t wo f o li o s m ay p ossib ly h ave b een i ncorpo rated f rom a m anuscri p t u sing a d if ferent f ormat f rom t he r est o f t he c hronicle .

8 .

C ompare , h owever , g roups o f a ncestra l l eaders , s uch a s r epresented o n t he f irst p age o f t he C odex M endoza ( 1979 : o r i n t he C odex A zcatitlan ( 1949 : p ls . X II, X III).

9 .

B ar low ( 1 945:473 ) p rovides T lacateot l ' s n ame g lyph.

1 0 .

V a i 1l ant ( 194 1: p l. 6 3 ) a nd W e i t ze l ( 1950:7 ) s im ilar ly m isinterpret t he n ame g lyph o f T lacateot l a s a n e clipse .

ac omparat i v e

1 05

p ictor ia l

1 2 o r

t hose n .p.)

c hart

o f

1.

G lass ( 1975) a nd G lass a nd R obertson ( 1975) p rovide t he m ost e xtensi v e d escr ipt ive c ata logue o f p ictor i a l m anuscr i p ts. N icholson ( 1978 : 2 90 -210 , T ab le 1 0 .1) s upp lies a c onc ise l isting o f s ign if icant p ictor i a l a nd t extua l a nna ls i n h is d escr ipt ion o f n at ive h is tor i c a l s ources f or W estern M esoamer ic a .

1 06

R EFERENCES C ITED A brams, H . L eon , J r . 1 976 . n ar N otes o n M exican C odi c es .

B ar low 's R ough, I nco r rplete G enera l S em iK atunob 9 (2) : 6 5-72.

A na les d e C uauhti t la n . / 1 975. C odice C h ima lpopoca, 2 nd e d. U n iv ersidad N aciona l A utonoma d e M exico , M exico . T ranslation a nd c omm entary b y P rimo F e liciano V elazquez . I.

A na le s d e T late l o lco . 1 980 . U nos A nna le s H is tor i c os d e l a N aci o n M ex icana y C öd ic e d e T lat e lo lc o , 2 nd e d. E d ici o nes R afae l P orn la , M exico . C ommentar ie s b y H e inr ich B erl i n a nd R obert H . B arl o w . B ar low , R obert H . 1 945. L os C ac i ques P recortesi a nos d e T late lo l c o e n e l C od i c e G arci a G ranados ( Techi a lo yan Q). M emor i a s d e l a A cadem ia M exicana d e 1a H is tor ia4 (4 ) : 467-483 . C odex A ubi n ( Codex o f 1 576) . 1 893. H is to ire d e l a n at ion m exica ine d epu i s 1e d epart d 'A ztl a n j usqu ' a 1' a rr iv ee d es c onquerants e spagnols ( et a u d el a d e 1 607 ) . E rnest L eroux, P ari s . T ranslation b y J .M .A . A ub in . C odex ) 5 zcatit l a n . 1 949 . E l C od ice A zcatit l a n . J ourna l d es P mer icanistes N .S. 3 8 :10 1-135 a nd p ls . I -XXIX. m entary b y R obert H . B arl o w .

d e l a S ociet‘ P aris . C om-

o ex Mn 1 . C Cd e doza . 979 olecci o n d e M endoza o C o /d ic e M endoc ino . D ocum ento M exicano d e l s iglo X VI q ue s e c onserve e n l a B ib lioteca B odl e i a na d e O xford, I ngl a terra , 2 nd e d. E d itor i a l C osmos , M exico . Co mmentary b y J es us G a lindo y V illa . I .

C odex M exic a nus . 1 952 . C ommenta ire d u C odex M ex icanus n os . 2 3-24 d e l a B ib l iotheque N ationa le d e P ar is . J ourna l d e 1a S ociete d es Mer l c ani s tes N .S. 4 1:387-498 a nd p ls . I -CI I . P ari s . C ommentary b y E rnest M engin . C odex T el l er i a no-Remensi s . 1 899 . M anuscOt m ex ica in d u c ab i n et d e C h. M . L e T e ll i er, a rcheve ` que d e R e ims a l a B ib liotheque N ationa le ( MS. m exica in n o . 3 85). P ari s . T ranscription a nd c ommentary b y E .T. H amy . C odex V at ic anus A . d et t o i1 C od i c e R io s. E hr le .

1 900 . E l m anoscritto m essicano V aticano R ome . T ranscr ipt ion a nd c ommentary b y

3 738, F ranz

C odex X o l o t l. 1 980. C od ice X olotl, 2v ols . U n i v ersidad N aciona l A utonö ma d e M ex ico, M ex ico . C ommentary b y C harles E . D ibble . C odex e n C ruz . 1 981. 2v ols . U n i v ersity o f U tah P ress, C ity. C ommentary b y C harles E . D ibb le .

S a lt L ake

F ragment d e 1'h is to ire d es a nc iens M ex ica ins ( 1196-1405) . P ari s , B ib li oth que N ationale F onds M ex ica i n 4 0 . P art ia lly u npub l i shed m anus cri p t .

1 07

G lass , J ohn B . 1 975. AS urvey o f N ative M idd le A mer i c an P ictor i a l M anu scr ipts . I n H andbook o f M idd le A mer ican I ndi a ns, V o l. 1 4 , e d. H oward F . C line , p p. 3 -80. U n iversity o f T exas P ress, A ust in. G lass, J ohn B . i n c o llaborat ion w it h D ona ld R obertson . 1 975. A C ensus o f N ative M idd le A mer ican P ictor i a l M anuscripts . I n H andbook o f M iddle A mer ican I ndians, V o l. 1 4 , e d. H oward F . C line, p. 8 1-252 . U n iversity o f T exas P ress, A ust in . H is to ire m ex ica ine d upu is 1 221 j usqu'en. 1 594 . P ari s , B ib liotheque N ationa le F onds m exicain 8 5 . P art ia lly u npub lished m anuscr ipt . K ingsborough, L ord. 1 831-48. A ntiqu ities o f M ex ico. C ompr is ing f acs im iles o f a nc i ent M ex ican p a intings a nd h ieroglyph ics . L ondon. I n p articular V o l s . 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 . i 1 964 . A nti g iedades d e M ex ico, V o l. 3 . S ecretar i a d e H acienda y C rgd i t o P ub li c o, M ex ic o . C ommentary b y J os g C oro i r a N ün " gz. N icholson , H . B . 1 978. W estern M esoamer ica : A .D. 9 00-1520 . I n C hrono log ies i n N ew W or ld A rchaeo logy, e d. C lement W . M e ig ha n a nd R .E. T ay1 o r , p p . 2 85-329 . A cadem ic P ress , N ew Y ork. R ad in , P au l. 1 920 . T he S ources a nd A uthent ic ity o f t he H is tory o f t he A nci e nt M ex icans. U n i v ersity o f C a lifornia P ubl i cations i n A mer ic an A rchaeology a nd E thnology 1 7 ( 1 ): 1-150 . B erke ley. R am irez , J .F. E xp l i c ci o n d el C od ice T el l er i a no . M exico , B ib l i oteca N acion a l d e A ntropol o gi a e H is tor i aA rch i v o H is tör i c o, C o l . G omez d e O rozfo 1 4 1. U npublished m anuscript. R obertson , D ona ld. 1 959 . M ex ican M anuscr ipt P a int ing C olonia l P er iod . Y a le U n iversity P ress , N ew H aven .

o f t he

T ira d e T epechpan . 1 978 . 2v ols . B ib lioteca E ncicloped i c a E stado d e M gxico . M ex ico . C ommentary b y X avier N oguez . V ail l ant, d en C it y.

G eorge C .

1 94 1.

V an Z antwijk, R udolf A .M . u nd V er lagsansta lt, G raz .

A ztecs o f M ex ico .

1 979 .

E ar ly

d e l

D oub leday, D oran, G ar -

A na le s d e T ula.

A kadem ische D ruck-

W e itze l, R . B o land. 1 950 . M exican M anuscri p ts a nd S olar E cl i pses , R ev i s ta M exicana d e E studios A ntropo lö g ic os 1:5-22 .

1 08

I LLUSTRATIONS F igure 1 . C odex T e l 1e r i a no-Remens is , C olhuacan ( 1399 ) .

f o l.

2 9r ,

t he

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F igure 2 . C odex T e l 1e r ia no-Rem ens i s, f ol. 3 1r , t he d eath o f C hima lp opoca a nd a ccess i o n o f I tzcoat l ( 1426), a nd t wo w arr i o rs a ttackp ie . i ng a p yram id t enF igure 3 . C odex T e l 1e r ia no-Rem ensi s, fol. 3 9r , t he d eath o f T izoc a nd a ccess i o n o f A huitzot l ( 1486), a nd A huitzot l p resid ing o ver t he d ed i c at ion c erem ony o f t he T emp l oM ayor ( 1487) . F igure 4 . R epresentations o f a stronom ica l p henomena a nd n atura l d is asters i n t he C odex T e l 1e r ia no-Remensi s: a . e cli p se ( 1476) b . e clipse ( 1496) c . c omet ( 1490 ) d . l ight i n t he s ky ( 1509 ) e . s mok ing s tones ( 15 12 ) f . e arthquake ( 1460 ) g . e arthquake ( 1462) h . p lague o f r ats ( 1506) i . s nowfa ll ( 1447 ) j . f am ine ( 1454 ) . F igure 5 . R epresentations o f r el i g ious c erem on ies i n t he C odex T el 1e r ia no-Remens is : a . N ew F ire c eremony a nd s acr if i c ed w arr i o r ( 1455 ) b . d eta i 1o f f ir st b uild ing s ta ge o f t he T emp lo M ayor ( 1483 ) c . d etai 1 o f t he s econd b u ild ing s tage o f t he T emp l o M ayor ( 1484) d . d eta il o f t he c ompleted r enovation o f t he T e rplo M ayor ( 1487) e . s acr if i c ed w arr ior ( 1483 ) f . s acr if i c ed r w arn io r ( 1484) g . s acri f iced w arn io r ( 1487) . F igure 6 . R epresentations o f c on quest i n t he C odex T e l 1e r i a no-Remenp le ( 1399 ) b . w arr ior a ttack ing a s is: a . w arr i o r b urning a t ent e rp l e c . p lace g lyph w it h t wo w arr iors f ighting ( 1 476 ) d . r c omb i n at ion s ign o f ad ead w arr ior , w ar s ymbol a nd p lace g lyph w ith aw ar s ymbo l a nd p lace g lyph o f T enocht it lan ( 1518 ) ( refer ence t o t he k i lling o f H uexotz inca w arr i o rs d ur i n g t he ir e scape f rom T enocht itlan) e . t r ibute ( 146 1) f . p lace g lyph w it h a s acrif iced w arr ior ( 1493 ) g . p lace g lyph a nd w ar s ymbol ( 14749 .

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A bstract T his s tudy a ssesses t he u tility a nd v a lue o f t he C odex T e ller iano-Remensis a s ad ocumentary s ource f or t he p re-H ispanic h ist ory o f t he V a lley o f M ex ico . T he c ompos ite m anuscr ipt, n ow i n t he B ib liothe que N at iona le i n P ar is, w as c ofp iled i n t he m id-s ixteenth c entury i n M ex ico f rom i nd igenous p ictora l d ocuments a nd t hen s upplied w ith c op ious e xplanatory g losses i n N ahuat l a nd S pan ish a nd e xtended a nnotat ions i n S pan ish b y s evera l c ommentators . T he a na lysis i s t wof old . I t f irst e xam ines s ome o f t he d ist inct ive f eatures o f t he i llu strat ions a nd t exts o f t he d ynast ic s ect ion , w h ich d ea ls p r inc ip a lly w ith t he h istory o f t he A ztecs o f M ex ico T enoch it lan f rom 1 385 t o 1 5 18 . I t t hen c ompares t he c ontent a nd o rganization o f t hese f o lios t o r e lated p ictor ia l h istor ies f rom t he V a lley o f M ex ico .

RESUMEN

E ste e studio aprecia

l a utilidad y e l valor del C ödice

T elleriano-Remensis c oma f uente documental para l a h istoria p rehispänic a d el Valle d e Mexico.

E ste manuscrito,

B iblioteca N aiconal d e Paris,

que hay s e encuentra en la

f ue e laborado e n e l media del s iglo XVI

e n M exico e n base a d ocumentos pictöricos i ndigenas.

Luego s e a hadie-

ron numerosas n otas a claratorias e n n ahuatl y en e spahol, mentarios e scritos e n e spaf lol par varios a utores. dos d irecciones. d e

l as

a si c oma c o-

E l anälisis s igue

Primero c onsidera a lgunos d e l os rasgos d istintivos

i lustraciones,

a si c oma d e l os t extos d e l a s ecciön d inästica

que t rata p rincipalmente d e l os Aztecas d e M exico d esde

1 385 h asta

1 518.

S igue una c omparaciön e ntre e l c ontenido y l a o rganizaciön d e e stas h oj as y l as h istorias pictöricas d el Valle de Mexico r elacionadas e sta s ecciön.

16

con

SUR L ES NEOLOGISMES DANS QUELQUES L I VRES DU CODEX DE F LORENCE M arc E isinger

L E CADRE

•

L es N eologismes. I i s 'agit d es t exte n ahuatl n atifs.

•

m ots e spagnols ( ou d e m ots n ahua-espagnols) i nclus d ans l e e t n on p as d 'eventuels m ots n ahua f orges p ar d es l ocuteurs

L es l ivres d u C odex d e F lorence. F our d es r aisons q ui a pparaltront L ivres 1 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8e t 9d u C odex .

c i-dessous,

n ous

a vons

c onsider6

l es

L ES PREM ICES

E tudiant d epuis d n n ombreuses a nnees l e l exique d u C odex d e F lorence, g lobalem ent o our l 'instant, e n d etail p ar l a s uite, n ous a vons p ense u tile d e p resenter q uelqies r emarques s ur l 'utilisation e t l a r 6partition d es m oLs d 'origine e spagn ole. U tilisant u n o rdinateur, l es n 6ologismes o nt e te r eperes d e d eux f a ons d ifferentes: m anuellement a u m oment d e l 'introduction ' d u t exte d ans l es f ichiers i nformatiques, p ar p rogramme p our l es m ots q ui c omportent d es , l ettres i nusitees , d , f , g , k , n , r , s , v / . N e d isposant, e n . m achine, q ue d es l ivres e n n ahuatl : b m eutionnes, n otre p reseltation e st l imitee ä c eux-ci.

L ES NEOLOG I SMES

S ur d es l istes d 'ordinateur s ont p roposees d eux f ormes d e r esultats : U ne l iste d e t ous ( voir l iste 1 ),

l es n eologismes r encontres d ans

l es

7 l ivres e n q uestion

U ne l iste p ar l ivre a vec i ndication d e l a l ocalisation d e c haque o ccurence d es n eologismes r enc -ontres ( voir l iste 2 c orrespondent a u L ivre 1 ), V ans l es d eux c as, l e d 'autre d e l 'occurence.

c ontexte

d e

c haque

17

o ccurence

e st

i mprime

d e

p art

e t

L ES I NTERPRETAT IONS

L 'Amploi d es n eologismes e t e mprunts p ourrait f aire l 'objet d 'une e tude a pprof ondle d es l ots q ue s erait d isponible " en m achine" l a t otalite d u C odex d e F lor ence. E n a ttendant, q u 'il n ous s oft p ermis d e f aire q uelques r emarques s ur l es l istes e n n otre p ossession . O n p eut r i oter q ua l a p lupart d es m ots e spagncls u tilises d ans a ppartiennent ä u n n ombre r estreint d 'ensembles s emantiques : 1 .

L es n oms p ropres,

2 .

L a r eligion c atholique,

3 .

L es t itres c !vils,

4 .

L a r ethorique,

5 ;

L es m esures.

l e t exte n ahuatl

C ette c lassification n 'est s ans d oute p as i deale, c ertains m ots p ouvant f igurer d ans p lusieurs r ubriques, d 'autres n 'y f igurant p as, m ais e ile p resente l 'avantage, p ensons-nous, d e f ixer ä g rands t raits l es d omaines o i l l es N ahua o nt e u r ecours ä l 'espagnol. 1 .

L es n oms p ropres O n t rouve i ci d es t oponymes ( Espana , R oma ..), d es p renoms e t n oms d e p erA lonso , C ort4s . .). s onnes ( C eci n 'a r ien d 'inattendu c ar n ombre d 'emprunts d e t outes l angues s ont d e c a t ype . 1 1 y a urait p ar c ontre b eaucoup ä d ire s ur l 'hispanisation d es t opon ymes A zteques m ais c eci e st h ors d e p ropos.

2 .

L a r eligion c atholique

sacrao n p eut c omprendre q u 'avec l e c oncept s oit i mporte l e n om ( t outefois c ertains e mprunts l aissent s ongeur. P ourquoi l es a zteques n 'ont-ils p as u tilise d es m ots s e r eferant a l eur p rop re r eligion p ourtant r iche, v oire p rolixe e n c oncepts d e t ous o rdres ? F aut-il v oir l a u ne i ncapacite i ndig i !me ä r elier u n c onnu ä u n i nconnu ? U ne v olonte d e n e p as l e f aire ? U r ic v igilence d e S ahagun a n e p as m elanger d es c hoses q u'il j ugeait i ncompatibles ? L ä e ncore,

d o , s acramento , d iab lo ..)

3 .

L es t itres c ivils

l cades, L 'organisation c ivile d es E spagnols a a pporte a vec e ile s es a a lgua 0s , g ouernadores e t a utres m ayordomos, s es c ap itan, r ey , v osorre j, s on Aud ienc ia

18

4.s La Rethor ique.

a

Les termes inclus dans cette classe se rapportent plus la forme du textes qu' son fond : Prologo, Capitulo, Parr.apho, apendiz, adagios, etc ...s

a

11 est certains quc les livres curopeens presentaient (et presentent encore) une structure sans c.omparaison possible avec les amoxtli pictographiquess azteques.s

au passage. qu' i 1 n' existe pEls, a not re connaissance, de textes indigene qui temoign(' d 'une rcflexion linguistique des Azteques sur leur

Notons

propre langue .s . S.

Les Mesures. On trouve ici !'ensemble des mots refl�tant des unit�s de temps horas ; de di8tance. : legua ; des nombres ordiniiux : prirna, quarto, peso et un curieux agregat : macuilpeso. des unites monetaires

Mais t0ute classification a sa "boite" intitulees :

D.ivers.

anos, decimo ;

Qu'y· trouve-·t-on ici

Des mots reellement divers c.omme Antica ou Manipulo mais dont la presence sur­ pr�nd un peu puisqu' il ex:iste pou1� lei plupart un equiv11lent nahuatl. C 'est par t�xemple le cas pour perfomador (copalacaltc,ntli) ou pour anillo (matzatzaztli).

En guise do conclusion provisoire, il apparait que les emprunt� espagnols corre­ sponde.nt en t.res grande mcljorite des notions qui ctaient inconnues des Azti�ques et: dont le norn s' est impose avec l' usage.

a

119

O

• 4

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0

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▪ >

d 'occurences

macuilpoalxiuitl

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t lätlatolli,

a citiuh

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• • 4 0 0

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d 'occurences

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i n

i nic

i zca

4 + •

d 'occurences

d 'occurences

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j zquitlamantli

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Nombra d'oeeurenees

Appendiee, p. 66

2

ea oeotl. jn dios tetatzin, in tepiltzin, in aspiritu saneto� qujmomaqujli, qujmopialtili, yn tonantzin diose, in motat1a,otlalitzin, ea iahoatzin in espiritu saneto, ea muehi ueli : auh ea topan quivalmjoalia,

Appendice, p. 63

Espiritu

1

momanaia, ie mjeooaia. auh inic tapaoaeo inin aspan�l••• jnje miaqujnti ispoliuhqua in maceoalti, ea muehi

espana : in anmaxica, in antlaxealtaea, in aneholulteea, in aspana ray, in ameehvalmjvalili : no iehoatzin in espana, netautiloia, ia vaeauh, njman aiae teutl : ea aspana, yn oe ipan tlatautoqujliztli.: mieepa, maianaloia, aspaha ia uaeauh, onateutiloe in tazeatlipuea : yoan aspana tlaea ea amo ,an eentzonxiujtl, ea amo ,an aspana tlaea : tleiea, yn amo tiqujnmoeujtitzino ? ea eenea

ea vai tlatlaeulli, vay yiolitlaeuloea yn dios, vay aregia, ea tatzauhtlatlaeulli.

1

tleiei

tieenquizea qualli, auh ea eenca iamanquj in motetla,otlalitzin, ea iehoatzin in espiritu jquae niqujtztimotlalia, in motlatlaliltzin, yn jsqujeh eavitl,. in oie in ea moeacaiauhtini, in

in moiollotzin, ea eenquizea qualli, eenqujzea

ea tehoatzin, val moneioeultzin, momaehitzin, yn ea ,an mozeltzin titeutl, titlatoanj, aiae oe ee

Nombre d'oeeurenees

Appendiea, p. 65

Espanolas

Appandiee, p. 55 Appandiea, p. 55 Appendiea, p. 64

diose, diose, diose, diose, diose, diose, diose,

melaoae, njman aiae vai tlatoanj, in ano,o vei emperador, mitzmotl�tlanjliz, mitzmolhuiliz

7

eapitulo. 12. 001 jioiave, totaeujoe eapitulo. 16. 001 toteeujoa it1,eh neztiea, izeatquj. MMMMMMM toteeujoe, qujtoznequj. yioiaue, toteeujoa jnie vel momalaoa, q•toznequj. jio totecujoa yn iuh qujehiuhtinemj. 004 jioiaue, toteeujoe, ea eenea ninomauhtia, eenea njni,avia : toteeujoe,

in amehoantin, in njean antlaca, in nuaua ieujliuhtiea : in val iehoatl in amotlatoeatzin in amo tautl. auh yn ia muehintin, yn nican nuaua Appendiee, p. 65 ea mjae tlamantli iauiotl, njean manea, in nuaua Appandiea, p. 67 f. no yoan tiemati, ea njean noujan nueua Appendiea, p. 76 iztlaeatlatolli, ynjc iztlaeaviloque, in niean nuaua Appendiea, p. 76 in oie in ea moeacaiauhtini, in sat•nas, in nuaua 7 Nombre d'oe�ureneas

Espa'na

Nombra d'oeeureneas

Appendiea, p. 74

Eregia

Nombra d'oeeureneas

Appendi�•• p. 61

Emperador

Nombre d'oeeurenees

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0 C

c

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f a U 1 5 4, 0 E C 0

C 1 5 C 0

C

maxitlaztli

4 1

0 c r i a l a t .

d 'occurences

d 'occurences

d 'occurences 4 1 C n O f e t .

1 79

r 4 1 . 1

N

r . r i r- . 4 I n r 4 U l C h C h P i C. MI N I h l A l r e m l T I n I n u l 4 3 4 3 r -r- 0 3 0 3 C r c r

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C n C n c r i 1 7 1 0 1 c r . c n c r i c n c n 1 7 1 1 7 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 7 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 f a 0 f 1 5 r e a l r e r e r e r e f a r e r e a l r e r e ( 1 5 ( 8 I

n ombre

C l

a

nombre

C


V ölkerkunde

i n H amburg,

1 950.

VII A nales

d e

D omingo

Q uauhtlehuaniztin. P aris

:

R eprint -

l os

M exico y d e o tras p rovincias.

XII, K ommissionsverlag, H amburg, X -

c it., t . 3 .

F rancisco 6 °

e t

M aisonneuve,

7 °

d e

S an

A nton

M unon

C himalpahin

R elations t raduites p ar R emi

L eclerc,

1 889.

:N adeln ( Liechtenstein),

N ouvelle

e dition

S imeon. :1 Kraus

1 968.

VIII H uitieme R uben

R elation.

R OMERO

P aleographie

G AL V AN,

s ous

a t

p resse

t raduction :

M exico

e n :

e spagnol

d e

I nstituto

d e

I nvestigaciones H istoricas, U .N.A.M. a t Z IMMERMANN, M exico's. T ext

G . T eil

R elationen v on

G ünter

U niversitat H amburg

A uslandskunde. u nd S prachen.

C himalpahin's

z ur

1 :d ie Z eit b is z ur C onquista 1 521.

h erausgegeben

G ruyter C °.

-

D ie

B and

6 8.

R eihe

Z immermann.

G eschichte A ztekischer

H amburg

:

C ram,

d e

( Abhandlungen a us d em G ebiet d er B .

VAkerkunde,

K ulturgeschichte

B and 3 8).

D i ari o e dite

p ar

M exico's.

Z IMMERMANN.

D ie

T eil

J ahrhundert

2 ,

C ram, d e G ruyter,

d as

C himalpahin z ur G eschichte

n ach d er C onquista.

H amburg

:

1 965.

•

C ronica M exicayotl, c f.

•

d e D URAND-FOREST,

T EZOZOMOC.

J acqueline.

C himalpahin Q uauhtlehuanitzin t orat d 'Etat.

R elationen

L 'Histoire d e l a •Vallee d e M exico s alon ( du X I°

P aris-V S orbonne,

24

a u X VI° s iäcle).

1 981. 3 t omes,

9 61 p ages.

T hese d e D oc-

•

D URAN, F ray D iego. H istorie d e l as I ndias d e N ueva E spana y I Slas d e T ierra F irme. 2 v ol. N ouvelle e dition. M exico : E ditor& N acional, 1 951.

•

G LASS,

J ohn B .

H istoria m exicana.

A S hort H istory o f A ncient M exico.

T he k esser w ritings o f D omingo C himalpahin. E nglish

t ranslation

E thnohistory C enter, M ass.,

o f

e dited

M exico,

0 1773,

M anuscrit 3 42. C f. G LASS.

•

T EZOZOMOC,

H aus

J ohn

N °2.

B .

C onemex

P art 5 . S panish t ext a nd

G lass.

C ontributions

A ssociates.

B ox

F ernando A lvarado. C ronica M exicayotl. M exico

7 2

1 00,

r emercions

2 2,

t o

t he

L incoln

1 978.

•

1 975, p . 3 00-301.

b y

P .

7 8

R uben

1 08,

R OMERO

P .

7 9

G ALVAN

1 09,

d 'avoir

p .

1 39

a ttire

: U .N.A.M.,

2 71, n otre

p .

1 46

a ttention

s ur c ertains p assages d e c ette m uvre s ur l aquelle i i s 'est p enche d ens s a t hese d e D octorat d e 3 °

c ycle,

i ntitulee

: L a C ronica M exicana d e

H ernando A lvarado T ezozomoc. M anifestation d 'une c onscience d e p euple c onquis

c hez

u n

a uteur

i ndigene

d u

X VI°

s iècle.

P aris

E .H.E.S.S.,

1 982. •

T EZOZOMOC, L eyenda,

H ernando A lavarado.

C ronica M exicana.

1 944.

.N L

25

M exico

:

E ditorial

S ummary I n

h is r ecent e dition o f M anuscript M exicain 3 42

p reserved

i n

t he B ibliotheque N ationale o f P aris, J ohn G lass a scribes t he d ocum ent's a uthorship t o t he C halca c hronicler C himalpahin. A mong o ther a rgumets t he m ain o nes w ere t he s imilarities o f c ertain d ates a nd i nformation a bout t he C ihuacoatl T lacaelel i n M anuscript M exicain 3 42 a nd t he C ronica M exicayotl, p reviously a ttributed b y G lass t o C himalp ahin. O ur a cquaintance w ith t he C halca h istorian h as l ed d oubtful c oncerning t his d ouble a ttribution. T o

b e s ure,

u s

C himalpahin w as a cquainted w ith t he C ronica

t o

b e

M exi-

c ayotl s ince h e m ade t wo c orrections t o t he t ext, a nd l eft h is p ersonal n ame a s aw arrant. B esides, i n t he s econd p art o f t he C ronica M exicayotl t here a re f ive p assages v ery s imilar t o t his 7 th R elation. B ut a t horough a nalysis o f b oth d ocuments s hows s ome d iff erences i n t he n ame o f s everal p ersonages, t heir t itles, t heir a ffil iation, a nd t he d ates o f t heir r eigns. N otwithstanding t he f act t hat b oth d ocuments a re w ritten i n N ahuatl, t he s tyle i tself i s d istinct. T herefore, i n s pite o f t he p oints t hey h ave i n c ommon, t he C ronica M exicayotl a nd t he 7 th R elation o ffer d ifferences i mportant e nough f or u s t o d isagree w ith J ohn G lass. N ow , i f w e e xamine M anuscript M exicain 3 42, w e h ave t o a dmit t hat i t s hows m any s imilarities w ith C himalpahin, b ut w ith o ther s ources t oo, s uch a s t he A nales d e C uauhtitlan , D uran a nd o thers. O n t he o ther h and, w e n ote d ifferences i n h istorical f acts, a s w ell a s i n t he c hronology c oncerning t he A ztec d ynasty, e specially f or t he p eriod f ollowing t he S panish C onquest. M oreover , t here a re d etails t o b e f ound o nly i n M anuscript M exicain 3 42, n amely c oncerning A huitz otl's d eath a nd T lacaelel's g lorious d eeds. F inally, t he d escription o f M exico-Tenochtitlan i n M anuscript M exicain 3 42 r esembles a p oem ( written i n N ahuatl), w hich i s a lmost w ord f or w ord l ike t he o ne i n t he C ronica M exicayotl. I n c ontrast, C himalpahin i s m ore l aconic. H e i s t he a uthor o f a n a nnalistic h ist ory n ot o f a n " histoire r omancee." T o c onclude, M anuscript M exicain 3 42 p resents t he s ame r elations hip w ith C himalpahin's 7 th R elation a s w ith t he C ronica M exicayotl, b ut t he d isparities a mong t he t hree d ocuments s uggest d ifferent a uthors.

26

RESUMEN

En s u r eciente edicidn d el Manuscrito No. l a B iblioteca Nacional d e Paris, d ocument° a Chimalpahin. c has y de

E l

s e apoya e n l as s emejanzas d e c iertas

l os datos t ocantes a l Virrey T lacaelel,

n uscrito No.

3 42 c onservado e n

J ohn G lass a tribuye l a paternidad del

3 42 y l a C rönica Mexicayotl

f e-

que presentan e l Ma-

( que previamente habla a tribui-

d o a Chimalpahin). Nuestras i nvestigaciones relativas a l a utor chalca y s u obra n os

i nducen a a ceptar c on c ierta d uda aquella N o

doble i dentificaciön.

s e puede n egar que Chimalpahin haya c onocido l a C rönica ,

Mexicayotl puesto que h izo dos c omo g arantia.

Ademäs,

c orrecciones a l t exto dando s u n ombre

l a s egunda parte d e l a C rönica o frece c inco pa-

s ajes muy parecidos a l a 7ma R elaciön d e Chimalpahin. z ar l os documentos, p ersonajes, r einado.

e n s us t itulos,

Ademäs,

Pero,

a l anali-

unas d iferencias a parecen e n e l n ombre d e c iertos e n s u f iliaciön,

c omo e n l as f echas d e

a unque l os d os t extos s ean e scritos e n n ahuatl,

s u e l

e stilo d e cada uno e s tambign d iferente. Por e so,

a p esar de s us analogias,

l a C rönica Mexicayotl y

l a 7 ma Relaciön presentan d iferencias que n o n os permiten e star d e a cue rdo c on John G lass. Ahora,

s i e xaminamos

e l Manuscrito No.

3 42,

c omprobamos que

p resenta muchas

s emejanzas c on Chimalpahin pero t ambi f t con otras .fuen-

t es,

l os Anales d e Cuauhtitlan, Duran...

t ales

c omo

D e o tra parte,

p0-

d emos n otar

c iertas d iferencias

t anto e n l os d atos h istöricos c omo e n l a

c ronologia,

particularmente t ocante a l a d inastia a zteca a partir de

l a

c onquista e spahola. Ademäs,

e l Manuscrito No.

d etalles relativos, z ahas d e Tlacaelel. M anuscrito N o.

3 42

p or e jemplo, E n f in,

v elada,

a l a muerte de Ahuitzotl o a l as ha-

l a d escripciön d e Mexico-Tenochtitlän d el

s e parece a un poema

l iteralmente i gual a l d e pahin e s mucho mäs

3 42 e s e l ünico que n os da c iertos

( escrito e n n ahuatl),

l a C rönica Mexicayotl.

l acönico.

que e s

E n c omparaciön,

C himal-

No e s e l p rotagonista d e una H istoria n o-

s ino d e una h istoria analistica. En conclusiön,

e l Manuscrito N o.

3 42 p resenta t anto parentesco

c on l a 7a. Relaciön d e C himalpahin c omo c on l a C rönica Mexicayotl. l as d iferencias q ue r evelan

l os

P ero

t res documentos dan p rueba d e una pa-

t ernidad diferente.

27

i nterrelation des manuscrits mayas e t non- mayas A ntoon V OLLEMAERE D epui3 q u aqu a a nne u, j e p ou uuit t i ne e tude c ompaAative , a natytique e t p aZeogkaphique w t . Vintet i teiation du m anu 3cAit i s m ayaz e t n on m aya. D e i 'e tude da m anu i scAitz p necoiombien3 e t p o3tc aombiew s ( mai4 d an4 Z e 4 tyie i ndigene ) , L e u mt u ne p a nte 3 pinituette , c u . etuF ' L et & e t g luphique l o to 3 eAnee q u 'on p en3ait j u4qu 'e t n tenant . t L e Z ien i s e nt J te Zu d i44 f tent u enitun u 3 ont auez i mp mtant . s. D am £ e . c adte d e c et e xpos , j e 3 ui biige d e m e i imiten ä Z senume-, is o J ution d e q u aquu z ujetz e tudie4 d an3 ea e cAituA u m aya za t n onm aye a n d onnant z eu tement q u aquu i t ema i tque4 e t ohenvation3. CA L E N D R I E R S L es s tructures d es c alendr iers d e 2 60 ( le c yc le d e b ase) , d e 3 65 ( an= n ée s o la ire) e t d e 5 84 ( annäe v änusienne ) j ours s ont m athämat iquement l es m ömes p our l a m a jor itä d es p eup les m äsoamär ica ins . N ous c onna is7 s ons a ctue llement d éjà 1 2 e qu ivalences p our l es 2 0 j ours d u m o is m aya e t n ahuat l : J our

s ujet

m ayathan

n ahuat l

2 3 4 5 6 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 4 1 8 1 9

l e v ent l a m a ison l 'iguane l e s erpent l a m ort l 'eau l e c h ien l e s inge l 'herbe j aguar/oce lot l c outeau d e s ilex l a p lu ie

I K A KBAL = N A K AN = H UH C HICCHAN C IM I M ULUC = H AA O C =C HI? C HUEN = B AADZ E B I X =B ALAM E DZ .NAB C AUAC = K AXAL H AA

E HECATL C ALLI C UETZPALLIN C OATL M IQUIZTLI A TL I TZQUINTLI O ZOMATLI M ALINALLI O CELOTL T ECPATL Q UIAHUITL

I i f aut s 'attendre ä q u 'on r etrouve b ientöt l es a utres e qu ivalences. L a c roix d u c alendr ier d e 2 60 j ours d ans l e c odex F ejärväry-Mayer, p age 1 e t l e c odex T ro-Cortesianus 7 5-76 n ous d onnent r espect ivement l es c oncept ions a ztäque e t m aya s ur l eur c osmos, s ous f orme d 'une c ro ix p att e . L e c a lendr ier d e 2 60 j ours s u it l a f orme d e l a c ro ix . N ous v oyäns 4 x 2 d ivinitäs q u i " gardent" l es d irect ions m ond ia les. P our r egarder c es f igures, i l f aut c haque f o is t ourner l a p age d 'un q uart d e c erc le . D e f ait, c ette c ro ix n 'est p as r äe llement u ne

2 29

c ro ix m a is l a r epresentat ion m aya e n d eux d imensions d 'une p yram ide s ens d essus-dessous, s elon l eur c onvent ion g raphique . E n e ffet, i f aut d äcouper u ne p hotocop ie d es p ages 7 5-76 d u c odex T ro-Cortesia= n us e t r ep lier l es p attes d e l a c ro ix v ers l e h aut p our d äcouvr ir c ette v är itä s imp le . O n o bt ient u ne p yram ide a ux c o ins a rrond ies c omme l a p yram ide d u D ev in ä U xma l ( Yucatan ). C ette f orme c orres= p ond a ussi ä c e lle d 'une c oupe d e l 'arbre d e l a c ro ix Z INAAN .CHE ( arbre-scorp ion). SC O R P I O N Ac et ä gard, l 'histo ire d u d äch iffrement d e l a c onste llat ion d u S corpion e st a ssez i nstruct ive . L e 1 6 m ars 1 973, a präs l a c onfä= r ence q ue j 'avais d onnä ä l 'Universitä d e S an C ar los ä G uatema la C iudad, p lusieurs p ersonnes v inrent m e p ar ler . P arm i e lles, l e p rofesseur C ANTORAL m 'offr it,en g u ise d e s ympathie e t d e s ouven ir d 'un g uatäma ltäque q u i a ppräcia it b eaucoup m es r echerches, u ne t ranche c oupäe d 'un a rbre t rös p art icu lier e n m e d isant " Vo ilä u n d es s ecrets m ayas". C e g este s pontanä m e t oucha d 'autant p lus q ue j e m e r end is i m ed iatement c ompte d e l a v a leur s c ient if ique d e l ' o bjet . L a c oupe d 'un a rbre ä t ronc c arre, f orme d éjà r are, p rä= s entait u ne p art icu lar itä s urprenante : l a m oU lle, q u i o ccupe p as m om s q ue l es 3 /4 d e l a s urface, p räsente l a f orme d 'une c ro ix p attäe . L ongtemps o n ac herchä e n v ain " e l a rbo l d e l a c ruz", a rbre d e l a c ro ix, u n a rbre q u i p oussera it e n c ro ix, t el q u 'il e st r epräsentä s ur c erta ins b as-re liefs ä P a lenque . L a p iöce q ue C an= t oral m 'avait o ffert r epräsenta it e n e ffet u n s ecret m aya : l a c roix n 'avait r ien ä f aire a vec l a f orme e xtär ieure d e l 'arbre, m ais s on d essin p art icu lier ä tait f ormä p ar l a m oU lle ! I l m e d onnait l e n om m aya Z INAAN .CHE p our l 'arbre, d ont i l n e c onna is= s ait p as l a s ignif icat ion . J e l u i e xp liquait q ue Z INAAN s ign if ie. " scorp ion" e t C HE = a rbre; d onc l ittäralement " scorp ion .arbre" . J e d us a ttendre m on r etour e n B e lg ique p our c onsu lter m a d ocumen= t at ion. S e lon l e l ivre d e R oys 1 931, p .309, Z INAAN.CHE s era it a rbre Z anthoxy lum c ar ibeum L am . ( Stand ley ), d 'une t aille d e 5ä 2 0 m . a vec u n t ronc ä pineux, d e la • le n om s pec if ique . D ans l e n ord d u Y ucatan, i l yau ne v ille q u i s 'appe lle a ussi Z INAAN .CHE, p robablement p arce q ue d ans l e t emps i l ye n a vait b eaucoup d e c es a rbres. L es M ayas l 'ut ilisa ient c omme a rbre m gd ic inal c ontre l a d iarrhäe e t l a d ysenter ie, l e c rachement d e s ang e t l es m aux d e t äte . A ux p ages 2 2 ä2 4 d u c odex P eresianüs, n ous t rouvons l e d ärou lement d 'une e spöce d e z od iaque m aya, d es a nimaux a ssoc iäs a ux c onste lla= t ions e t p lanätes. A insi o n r emarque p ar e xemp le l a t ortue a sso= c iäe ä V enus e t l e s corpion a ssoc iä a u s igne d e l a c ro ix . P ourquo i? L e p et it v ocabu laire d e B rasseur d e B ourbourg n ous a pprend q ue Z I= N AAN s ignif ie a ussi l e v erbe " attacher e n c ro ix" ! T out d ev ient a insi c omprehensib le; l e s igne A S .10 = Z INAAN, a vec l a d oub le s ig= n if ication d e " scorp ion" e t " attacher e n c ro ix". D ans l e f ond c '

2 30

e st u ne a pp licat ion c ourante d es h omonymes. M a is l e s ujet n 'est p as e ncore ä pu isä: L es M ayas ä ta ient, d éjà d ans l es t emps t räs r ecu läs, d e t räs b ons a stronomes. I ls c onnaissaient l 'erreur d es a nnäes s o la ires e t l una ires, us p ouva ient p räd ire l es e c lipses s o laires e t l unaires e t us c a lcu la ient t räs b ien l a m oyen= n e d es c yc les v änusiens. P our c onnaitre l 'heure d urant l a n u it, us s e r äg laient s ur l a p lanäte V enus e t s ur l es c onstellat ions d es G ä= m eaux e t d es P läiades. D ans l a j ournäe, i ls s e b asa ient s ur l e s o= l e il d e m id i. D u l evant j usqu 'au c ouchant, us a vaient i mpose d es n oms a ux d iffärentes p art ies d u j our, a vec l esque ls us s e c ompre= n a ient e t r äg laient l eurs t ravaux . M ais q ue l e st l 'out il q u i p er.' m etta it a ux a stronomes M ayas d es o bservat ions p räc ises ? O n n 'a j a= m a is t rouvä u n i nstrument a stronom ique, n i d ans l a p är iode d e l a c onquAte, n i l ors d es f ou illes a rchäo logiques . U ne h ypothäse f ort i nteressante a ä tä p räsentäe p ar A dr ian D igby a u 4 0 iäme C ongräs i nternat iona l d es A mär icanistes ä R ome . E n p artant d es g lyphes d e l 'an s ur l es m onuments m esoamär icains, i l af ait d es r econstruct ions h ypothät iques d 'un o ut il a stronom ique c onst ituä d e • d eux c adres p erpend icu laires. S i o n d in ge l es c adres t rapäzoidaux s e lon l es p o ints c ard inaux, l 'ombre p rojetäe p ar l e t rapäze n ords ud b ougera t ous l es j ours d e l 'ouest ä l 'est, r ef lätant l e c hange= m ent d e l 'ang le h oraire d u s o leil p our u ne g rande p art ie d e l a j our= n ée . L e t rapeze e st-ouest, d äpendant d e l a c omb ina ison d e l 'az imut e t d e l 'ang le d 'älävat ion d u s o le il, p rojette u ne o mbre d ont l e m ou= v ement e st p lus c omp liquü . D igby a f a it u ne s är ie d 'expär iences a vec u n m odä le e t i l o bt int l es m e illeurs r äsu ltats a vec u n t rapeze d e 2 0 c m . d e h auteur . I l n ota l es o mbres p rojetäes e t c onstata a präs 4 9 m esurat ions q u 'un m ouve= m ent d e 0 ,5 m m . d onnait d éjà s uff isamment d e p rec ision p our d ist in= g uer l es p osit ions d e d eux j ours c onsäcut ifs p endant t oute l 'annäe, s auf p our u ne p är iode d e 2 0 j ours d e p art e t d 'autre d e c haque s o l= s t ice . D ans l e f ond, c et i nstrument a stronom ique e st t rös s imp le e t i ngänieux ä l a f o is. I l e st e n f ait u n d oub le c adran s o laire . D igby s uppose q ue l e s ymbo le s o la ire d ans l a r egion d u M ex ique c en= t ra l e st u ne r epresentat ion d es o mbres d es s o lst ices e t i l ap roba= b lement r aison. I l s emb le q ue l es a stronomes p ortent c e d oub le c a= d ran s o laire c o me c ouronne . D ans c ertains m anuscr its c omme l e c odex B od ley, o n ar etrouvü d es r epresentat ions d e t emp les u t ilisäs c omme o bservato ires. L ä o n r e= t rouve u n o bjet e n c ro ix e t s oit u n o eil d essinä e ntre l es j ambes d e l a c roix, s oit u ne t Ate q ui o bserve ä t ravers l 'objet . L 'out il e n c ro ix s ervait m an ifestement d 'instrument d 'observat ion. N ous e n a vons d éjà d iscutä d e l a p ossib ilitä d e l 'emp lo i d e l 'instrument r e= c onstruit ,hypothät iquement p ar D igby p endant l a j ournäe, m a is q u id d e l a n u it ? P u isque l es c roix s ont m onträes d ebout e t n on h or izontalement t e l= l es q u 'e lles s ont e mp loyäes p endant l a j ournäe p our o btenir d es o m=

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b res p rojetäes p ar l e s o le il, i l m e s emble q ue n ous d evr ions e nv isager u n d oub le e mp lo i p our c et i nstrument a stronom ique . E n e ffet, i l e st t räs b ien ' p ossib le d 'ut iliser c et o ut il h or izonta lement p endant l a j ournäe e t v ert ica lement p endant l a n u it . O n p ourra it p rocäder ä d es o bservat ions d e l a p osit ion " en c arrä" d e c erta ines ä to iles d e c onste l= l at ions b ien d äterm inäes c omme l es P lä iades e t l es G ämeaux, p ar e xemp le . C e la e n f era it p robab lement u n o ut il a stronom ique u niverse l. L a c ro ix, r epräsentant l 'out il d es a stronomes, d ev ient a uss i l e s ymbo le d e l eur f onct ion; i l e p ortent s ur l eur c e inture c omme n ous p ouvons l e v o ir s ur l es b as-re liefs. E n v är if iant l es 3 c odex m ayas, n ous t rouvons d ans p lusieur s t ab leaux i conograph iques ( Cx D .36c, C x T .58-59b) d es c adres o u ä chafaudages a s= s emb läs p ar d es c ordages. L es c ro isements d e c ordes f orment l e d ess in d 'une c ro ix . D ans l e t emps, n ous a vons d äch iffrä c e s igne q u i r eprä= s ente d 'une f a pn g änära le l a v a leur p honät ique d e K AX o u K AAX, c e q u i s ignif ie " l ier o u a ttacher e n g änära l" . D ans l es t ab leaux i conographi= q ues o n r encontre a ussi d es p ersonnages q u i p ortent s ur l e f ront u ne c ro ix, e n g änäral s ur u n f ond n o ir . C 'est l 'attr ibut d e l a d iv inité. d u m ais A H K AAX o u Y UM K AAX, l e S e igneur d es C hamps, f onct ion q u i e st a ssumäe p ar u ne s är ie d e d iv initäs ä t our d e r ö le . P ar l 'ätude d e l 'arbre d e l a c ro ix, q u i s 'appe lle Z INAAN .CHE o u " Scor= p ion .Arbre", n ous s avons q ue Z INAAN s ign if ie " attacher e n c ro ix" e t e n m öme t emps " Scorp ion" ( l 'an ima l e t l a c onste llat ion). N ous p ouvons d onc c onc lure q ue l a c ro ix r epräsente : A S .10 = K A (A )X = her o u a ttacher e n g enera l =Z INAAN = a ttacher e n c ro ix =s corp ion ( an ima l e t c onste llat ion ). OR I O N S e lon B ernard ino d e S ahagun 1 880, p .482, l es A ztäques c onna issa ient e . a . l a c onste llat ion s u ivante : C e i ndi One4 x i Ata izmt g nandement t h on maient d e 3 actigice 3 Z e3 G emeaux d u c ia , q ui 3 e t eouvent p ee 3 d e 4neiadez, a u z igne d u T aueeau ...On a pp ate c e4 e toite3 M AMALHUAZTLI . S i o n a ppiique c e m gme m ot a ux b aton4 d ont o n 3 e 3 e /a p oue p eoduite d u 4 eu , c ' e t p aece q ue c e3 i ndig Me3 t eouvent ä c e 3 m oeceaux d e b oi3 q ua q ua e e uembt .ance a vec Z e4 t eoi3 e toite3 e t q u 'i£3 v oient Voei= g ine d e c e p eocede . L 'instrument d e f orage d u f eu p orte c hez l es A Ztäques l e n om d e T LECA= Q UAIL, a u m o ms s e lon F ray B arto lomä . d e l as C asas, 1 971, p p .82-84 : . .acaban n ueva Z umbee d e c ietto4 p aio3 q ue o n m okata o m oeede d e q ue a eeiba h ecimo3 m encibn , ye iZo3 L eaman T LECAQ UATL , q ue q ui= e ecie p aio d e L e go ... ee .d L e n om p ropre s era it d ans c e c as p lus e xactement T LEQUAUITL s e lon R em i S imäon, 1 885, p .640 . P ourtant, i d o lt y a vo ir u n a utre n om p u isque

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n ous t rouvons ä l a p age 7 d u c odex M endoza l e t opog lyphe p our l a l oca li= t e M AMALHUAZTEPEC . N ous p ouvons f ac ilement s äparer l es g lyphes T EPEC s ur o u p räs d e l a m ont icu le et M AMALHUAZTLI = i nstrument d e f orage d u f eu . L e g lyphe d e l 'instrument d e f orage m ontre d es c arräs n o irs d ans l a p lan= c he ; c e s ont d es t rous d e f orage d e f eu . E n e ffet, s e lon l a c onvent ion g raph ique d es I nd iens, o n d onne l a c oupe d e l a p lanche p our m ontrer l 'in= t är ieur . D e m öme, p ar e xemp le, l es r ec ip ients s ont d essinäs e n c oupe p our m ontrer l e c ontenu . D e S ahagun d onne d ans s on m anuscr it d e T epepu lco l e d essin d e l a c onste l= l at ion M AMALHUAZTLI. I l e st a ssez b izarre q u 'on d o it r etourner l e d essin p our r econnaitre l ' instrument d e f orage d e f eu a vec l e b äton ( f läche o u f oret ) e t l a p lanche . B ernard ino d e S ahagun 1 880, p.835-6 e t c odex F lo= r ent ino, b ook 1 , p .67 d onne e ncore u ne s ignif icat ion l im itat ive p our M A= M ALHUAZTLI : M exicainz 4 ondent Z eun 6 once z un U ITZILOPOCHTLI, q ui Z an4 .ait a ux e nnemiz 3 a geche n omme X IUH C OAT e t M AMALHUAZTLI . • I c i, l e b äton,et n on t out l ' instrument, r eo it l a s ignif icat ion d u v erbe " frotter o u f orer" = M AMALI. D e l ä a ussi l a c omposit ion a vec T ETL ( feu ): T LEMATL, N I, f a ire d u f eu a vec u n c ertain i nstrument e t u n b äton, o u l it= t ära lement " forer l e f eu" (vo ir l es d ict ionnaires d e M o lina e t S imäon). I i e st v ra i q ue l es G ämeaux p ossädent t ro is ä to iles i mportantes, m a iS p lus p räs d es P lä iades ( Taureau ) s e t rouvent l es " 3 R ois", - l es 3 ä to iles d e l a c e inture d e l a c onste llat ion O r ion. P our c ette r a ison, O rozco y B erra 1 880, t omo I , p .499 d onne l e n om d e M AMALHUAZTLI ä c es 3 ä to iles, s u iv i e n c ela p ar d 'autres a uteurs . N ous s ommes c onva incus d e l 'exact i= t ude d e c ette a ssoc iat ion, e .a . p our l es r a isons s u ivantes : S e lon l e d ict ionna ire d e M o lina 1 966, p .384, M AMALIUAZTLI s ign if ie " ast= i lejos o c onste lac iön". D ans l es t emps m odernes, " ast illejos" d üs ignent l C astor e t P o llux, l es d eux ä to iles p r inc ipa les d e l a c onste llat ion d es G ämeaux . D onc, p ar c onsequent, l es t raducteurs m odernes o nt t radu it l e t exte d ans c e s ens . M a is o n o ub lie p arfo is t räs m a lheureusement q u 'il f aut t radu ire l es t extes d u 1 6 iöme e t 1 7 iöme s ièc le a vec l es s ignif ica= t ions d e c es p är iodes . E n e ffet, b eaucoup d e m ots c hangent d e s ignif ica= t ion a u c ourant d es a nnäes; c 'est u ne e vo lut ion l ingu ist ique n ormale d ont o n d o it t oujours t enir c ompte . M ichae l D . C OE 1 975, p .26 n ous r enseigne p räc isäment a u s u jet d u t erme " ast illejos" : .Howeve i t , t he D iccionanio d e Z a R eat A cademia , 1 970, d etivez a ztii. Z eij oz p Lom t he L atin a zten o n 3 tan , a nd 6 ottowing e aetiek e ditionz, g0 33e3 t he w o' i d a z C a ton a nd P ot e ta . S uzpecting t hiz i denti6ica= t ion , IL ooked i n t he N e lv tija D ictiona m , p ubtizhed i n 1 493 c m . 1 495 , a nd pubabty a vaitabte t o S ahagun ; t hete w e 6 ind a ztiteejo3 d e6inied a z t he c on zteiZation 0 on . Ia m c onvinced t hat t he F ine D nitt i z i n 4 a ct , t he B elt a nd t he S wokd o 6 O i Lion , w hich 6 oAm a 6 igune c toze= c on4inming t o t he p ictune , a nd w hich c extainty d o " ma i tch n ew t t he P teiade z" , t he i attet o d c oun ze , me p ant o . 6 T aanu z.

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J e c ro is q ue v ra iment c ette e xp licat ion e st s uff isante e t c onc luante : M AMALHUAZTLI s ont l es 3 ä to iles d e l a c e inture e t l 'äpäe d 'Or ion . M a is, q u 'en e st-il d e l a c onstellat ion m aya ? P ar u ne ä tude c omparat ive d e l a c iv ilisat ion m aya e t c e lle d es A ztäques r essortent c lairement d es f a its p arallä les. C e la a pparalt d e p lusieur s e tudes, e .a . c e lle d es c alendr iers e t d e l 'äcr iture d es m anuscr its p ic= t ographiques. D ans l e d omaine d e l 'astronom ie n ous a vons u n d ächiffre= m ent i nteressant ä p räsenter a u s ujet d 'Or ion . N otre r aisonnement ä tait l e s u ivant . C hez l es A ztäques o n n ommait l e s t ro is ä to iles d e c e inture e t l 'äpäe d 'Or ion M AMALHUAZTLI, p our s a r e s= s emb lance a vec l 'instrument d e f orage d u f eu . D ans l e c as o ü i l e x iste u n p arallälisme e ntre l a c oncept ion a ztäque d es c onste llat ions e t c e lle d es M ayas, n ous d evr ions r etrouver l e s igne d e l ' instrument d e f eu p arm i l es a strogrammes m ayas p our l a c onste llat ion O r ion. Q u 'en e st-il ? D ans l es m anuscr its p ictographiques m ayas n ous t rouvons a ux p ages 3 8bc e t 5 1a d u c odex T ro-Cortesianus e t p . 5 -6b d u c odex D resdensis d es t a= b leaux i conographiques d e p ersonnages q u i f orent l e f eu . P our l es p ages C x D .5-6b, n ous d evons f a ire u ne r emarque i mportante . L e c a lendr ier d 'accompagnement c ommence p ar l e j our 1 M anik e t l es p erson= n ages f iguräes d ans l es t ableaux i conograph iques f orent l e f eu, n on d ans u ne p lanchette d e b o is s imp le, m a is d ans u n b loc f orme p ar l e g lyphe d e j our M ANIK ! P ar c ontre, n ous s avons q ue l e j our e qu iva lent d u c a len= d r ier a ztäque e st l e s igne M AZATL o u " cerf". Ac et ä gard e n ous d evons s ignaler q ue c hez l es p eup les d 'Afr ique, p our a llumer l es f eux d e b rous= s e v o lontaires, d es c om es d 'animaux s ont u t ilisäes p our e ngendrer l e f eu p ar f rottement d 'un b äton d ans l es c om es. U ne c om e d e c erf p eut f ac ilement c onvenir ä c et u sage . P eut ö tre d evons n ous c hercher l e l ien e ntre l e j our M ANIK e t l e j our a ztäque M AZATL j ustement d ans l e " forage d u f eu". D ans l es 3 m anuscr its p ictographiques m ayas n ous n e t rouvons p as l e s ig= n e M ANIK, u ne m a in s erräe, c omme a strogramme d ans l es b andes c ä lestes . M a is p ar c ontre, n ous l e t rouvons s ur u n v ase p o lychrome d 'une c o llec= t ion p r iväe ( Mont i, 1 969, p .54, f ig . 2). S e lon l a l ägende, c e v ase p rov iendra it d e C ho lu la d ans l 'Etat d e P ueb la ( Mex ique) e t i l s e t rouve d ans u ne c o llect ion p r iväe d e L os A nge les. U ne q uest ion i mportante e st d e s avo ir s i l e v ase p ourra it n ous d onner d es r enseignements n ouveaux s ur l a r e lat ion C ho lu la-Maya . D e t oute f agon, l a b ande c ä leste e st M a ya d e c oncept ion . S ur c e v ase s e t rouve d essinäsens d essus d essous l e g lyphe d e j our M AN IK c omme l e s igne M AMALHUAZTLI d u M anuscr ito d e T epepu lco . I l e st d onc i n= d iscutable q ue l es d eux s ignes i nd iquent l a m öme c onste llat ion . C oncrä= t ement c e la s ignif ie q ue l 'astrogramme 1 9 r epräsente l es " 3 ä to iles d e c e inture e t l 'äpäe d 'Or ion". C ec i p rouve e ncore u ne f o is l 'ut ilitä d ' u ne ä tude c omparat ive e ntre l 'astronom ie a ztäque e t m aya p our l e d äch if= f rement d es a strogrammes. N ous n e c onna issons p as e ncore l e n om d e l a c onste llat ion m aya p our c et=

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t e p art ie d 'Or ion. T outefo is n ous p ouvons d onner l es r ense ignements d es d ict ionna ires a u s ujet d e l ' instrument ä f orer l e f eu : H AX t rou, f orer u n t rou a vec u n f oret e t l a p art ie f orde; H AX .AB f oret o u t rou; H AX .KAK a llumer l e f eu p ar u n b äton e n l e f rottant c ontre u n a utre; H AX .AB .KAK i nstrument a vec l eque l l es I nd iens a llument l e f eu; - U.NA .HAX .KAK l e b o is d 'o ll s ort l e f eu; ( NA = m ere ) - Y .AL .HAX .AB .KAK l e b o is ( bäton) q u i e ngendre l e f eu ; ( AL = f i ls a u l ieu d e p äre). N ous p ouvons d onc s upposer p rov iso irement q ue c ette p art ie d 'Or ion p our= r a it s 'appe ler H AX .AB .KAK . PE T I T E

OU R S E

D ans l e M anuscr ito d e T epepu lco ( cod ice M atr itensis), s e t rouve a ussi l a c onste llat ion a ztäque X ONECUILLI. Ac e s ujet, d e S ahagun ( 1880,p .483 ) n ous d it : L eo i ndige 'ne4 a ppetlent C ITLAL X ONECU ILLI L a c on ztettation d e L a P etite O un4e . O n L a g igune p an 3 ept e t oite4 p iacee3 e n 4 onme d e S , 4 epaneeS d e4 a utne e t tea b i tittantez. O n &w t ad onne L e h am d e C ITLAL X ONECUILLI a c a toe d e L a n e uembLance q u 'ette3 o nt a vec L a 4 onme d 'un p ain c ontaunne e n S , a ppeie X ONECUILLI, q ue Von t r i an= g eait d anz t oute4 L e z m aiAon4, u ne d oi3 t 'an , L e j out .de X OCHILHU ITL . E t e n e ffet, q uand o n r egarde l a P et ite O urse, o n p eut f ormer a vec s es ä to iles u ne n ouve lle c onste llat ion e n S , a u l ieu d 'une " charette" . E n d 'autres e ndro its, d e S ahagun ( 1880 e t c odex F lorent ino, b ook I , p .19 ) a joute : O n 4 ai zait c haque a nnee e n L 'honneun d u d ieu M ACUIL .XOCHITL ( 5 X 0= C HITL o u 5F teun3 ) u ne g nande gte a ppetee X OCHILHUITL q ui e tait i n3cAite p anmi L e i s gte4 m obite4 d ont L et q uution d anz L e q ua = t n ame i ivne q ui p ante d e L ' at d ivinatoine ...; c eux -ci o 6puient d u p ain t kavai . tie d e m an ilne ä 4 igunen L c 4n ayon4 d e L adoudte a p= p et ee X ONECUILLI ( v ain 1 4 6 . d e T epepuLco )... . C ITLALI e stre lla; X ONECUILLI p a lo c on m uescas q ue o frec ian a l os i nd ios; X ONECUILLI b äton a vec d es e ntailles o f ert d ans l es s acr if ices; f - p a in t rava illä e n f orme d e Sp our f igurer l es r ayons d e l a f oudre e t q ue l 'on p räsenta it a u d ieu M ACUILXOCHITL, l e j our d e l a f ête d es f leurs; M aintenant n ous p osons l a q uest ion. S i c hez l es A ztäques l a c onste lla= t ion d e l a P et ite O urse e st f ormäe p ar u ne f igure S , n e p ourra it-il p as l tre l e c as c hez l es M ayas ? N ous n 'avons p as t rouvä d e f orme S p arm i i l es a strogrammes d es 3 m anuscr its m ayas. P ar c ontre, e n c onsu ltant n o= t r9 d ocumentat ion d es i nscr iptions s ur p ierre, n ous a vons t rouvä d es f i= g ures S ! P ar e xemp le s ur l a s tä le 3 2 d e N aranja ( Guatema la) s e t rouve i nd iscutab lement u n a strogramme a vec l a f orme S . N ous p ouvons d onc a c=

2 35

c epter f ac ilement l e d äch iffrement d e l 'astrogramme A S .21 c o me l a c on= s te llat ion d e l a P et ite O urse c omprenant l 'äto ile p o la ire . D ans l es d ic= t ionna ires n ous t rouvons l e n om m aya p our c ette c onste llat ion : M . C HIMAL E K l as g uardas d e l n orte ( O sa m enor ); ( näo log isme? ) P. C HIMAL E K e strella d e l n orte; V . C HIMAL E K ) n orte, e stre lla d e n orte c on s us g uardas; X AMAN E K )l 'äto ile p o la ire a vec s es g ardes; P io P erez s e t rompe, c ar C HIMAL E K ( Bouc lier-Eto ile ) e st l e n om p our l a P et ite O ur se, c omprenant a ussi l 'äto ile p o la ire ( Po lar is). L 'äto ile p o= l a ire s 'appe lle X AMAN E K =l 'äto ile X AMAN, q u i s erva it d e g u ide p our l e s m archands q u i m archa ient l a n u it . C HIMAL v eut d ire " bouc lier", c e q u i e st u n o ut il d e g ard ien. O n p eut c onsidärer l a P et ite O urse c omme l a " roue d u n ord", p uisque l a r evo lut ion a nnue lle d e c ette c onste llat ion d äcr it u n " d isque" o u " bouc lier" d ans l e c ie l. L a Sp ourra it s ymbo li= s er f ac ilement l 'annäe s o la ire o u u ne r evo lut ion c omp lete d es a stres e n g enera l. N ous r encontrons u n g lyphe a vec l a f orme S ( Z i 1 309 ) d ans l es c odex meas. L e p lus i nteressant e st c e lu i d e l a p age C x D .68a o ü o n t rouve d eux g ly= p hes S a u-dessus d e d eux p ersonnages a ssis d os ä d os, q ui p euvent ä ventu= e llement r epräsenter l 'union d es d eux a nnäes. D ans l e t ab leau i conogra= p hique d e l a p age C x T .35 n ous r emarquons l a Se n b as d 'une p yram ide . D 'ailleurs, l e g lyphe Z i 1 309 s e t rouve d ans l es t extes d 'accompagnement d e l a s equence C x T .34-37 : Z i 1 309 A -B -C -D

:C x :C x :C x :C x

T .11b, 3 6, 3 7 T .37 D .38a D .41b

E :C x D .52b - F :C x D .68a G :C x T .35

L e g lyphe Z i 1 309 s e t rouve a uss i s ur l es m onuments, e .a . äN aranjo ( G ua= t äma la), s tä les 1 3 e t 2 1. L e b ord d u m anteau d u p ersonnage d u c ötä d ro it d u l inteau 1 d e Y axchilan ( Graham & v on E uw, 1 977, v o l. 3 , p art I , p .13 ) r epräsente u ne b ande c ä leste . P arm i t ous l es s ignes o n r emarque 2 f o is l 'astrogramme A S .21 . S ur l es l inteaux 1 4, 2 4 e t 2 6 d e Y axchilan e t s ur l es f resques d e B onampak, i y a a ussi d es p ersonnes p ortant u n m ant eau a vec u n b ord d 'astrogrammes. LE

SO L E IL

ET

LA

LU N E

E n v är if iant n otre d ocumentat ion m odeste s ur l es c odex a ztäques, n ous c onstatons a vec s urpr ise u n a utre l ien e ntre l es ä cr itures a ztäque e t m aya : l e s o le il = A ZT .09 e t A S .01 . E n e ffet, l a p lanche 1 2 d u c odex C osp i d onne u ne r epresentat ions d e T ONATIUH, l e d ieu s o la ire, q u i p or= t e äl a p art ie p ostär ieure d e s a t öte l e d essin A ZT .09 . C ette f igure c omprend l 'äläment g raphique E G .79 q u i, c omme n ous l e s avons, p ossäde l a v a leur p honät ique T E o u C HE . I i y ad onc i nd iscutablement u n l ien g raphique e ntre l es r epräsentat ions a ztäque e t m aya d u s o le il. D e m öme, l es r epräsentat ions d e l a l une s e r essemb lent d ans l es r egions m ex ica ines e t m aya . N ous n e p ouvons p as d onner i c i l es d eta ils d e n o= t re ä tude p a läographique d e c es g lyphes.

2 36

LE

SE R P E N T

ET

LE

CI E L

I l e st a dm is d epu is l ongtemps q ue l es c adres d u t ype 2 0 r enferment u n o u p lusieurs a strogrammes, r epräsentant l es a stres c onnus p ar l es M ayas. C es b andes s ont d e f a it d es r epräsentat ions d 'une p art ie d u c ie l ä to ilä. U n b on e xemp le e st l e t ype 2 0-E . O n r econnalt a isäment a u c entre l a d i= v initä X AMAN, l 'äto ile p o la ire, q u i ä ta it l e g u ide d es m archands q u i s e d äp l 4aient l a n u it p our c acher l eur f ortune . L e c ie l s e d it e n m aya= t han C AAN : C AAN = c ielo = c ie l;

C AN .OB = c ieux ( -06 = p lur ie l)

C AN = s erpent . Al a p age 2 2 d u c odex P eresianus n ous r emarquons q ue l e f irmament e st r epräsentä s ous f orme d 'un s erpent . O r, c omme n ous v enons d e l e v o ir , s erpent s e d it C AN e t l e c ie l C AAN e n m ayathan; c e s ont d es q uasi homo= n ymes. C ette a ssoc iation d e s erpents a vec l e c ie l e st e ncore a ujourd ' h u i t räs p rononcäe c hez l es C hort is ( Guatema la-Honduras). us p ar lent d ans l eur c oncept ion d e l 'univers d e s erpents g igantesques s e t rouvant d ans l e c iel : l es C HIN C HAN . G irard ( 1966,p .79 ) n ous d it : i i L agaAto y p ece z t ienen & t , s e quivatente e n e t 4 imamento . hte c oncept° c oncuenda c on d e d e 6d obtamiento d e t . c ) d io3e4 e n e t c i ao e n d io3e3 t ekke 4t / Le4, d e m aneta q ue p uede c on 3ideta ue a t . . N OH C HIH C HAN ( se g i Land C HIH C HAN , N .d . t .R .) c omo d i 34 , La z d el d io4 d el c ent u de l c i ao, e n 4 unc an d e d ioz de l c entAo d e L a t ietta . G irard ( 1966,p .205) n ous s ignale e ncore q ue l a V o ie l actäe s e d it e n C hort i S AC .CHAN ( serpent b lanc ) e t l 'arc-en-c ie l M AK .CHAN ( serpent c o= l orä). C HAN e st l e m ot c horti e qu iva lent d u m ayathn C AN = serpent . L e Cd ur e n m ayathan e st t räs s ouvent r emp lacä p ar C H e n C hort i. I i f aut t out d e m eme s igna ler q u 'ä l a p age 7 4 d u c odex D resdensis, l e c iel e st r epräsentä p ar u n m onstre ä p attes, g enre c rocod ile o u d ragon . L e c omble e st q ue s a g ueu le c orrespond a ux t etes d es s erpents e mp lumäs e n p ierre s e t rouvant ä C hichän-Itza, e .a . s ur l a p lateforme d u " Tem= p le d es G uerr iers" e t d u " Temp le d u t errain d u j eu d e b a lles". D ans l e m anuscr it l e m onstre n 'est p as d onc u n s erpent, ä c ause d e s es p at= t es. D ans l e c odex L aud ( mex ica in), l es s erpents s ont r epräsentäs a vec l eur c orps d iv isä e n c ompart iments c omme l es c adres c ä lestes m ayas d u t ype 2 0 . O n n e p eut p as i gnorer c ette i nterre lat ion g raphique . VE N U S I l e st i nteressant d e c onstater q ue l es M aya sut ilisa ient l e g lyphe A S . 2 8 p our d esigner l a p lanäte i ntär ieure V enus. C e g lyphe m aya s ignif ie d ans l es m anuscr its a ztäques " meta l, o r , a rgent". C e s igne s e t rouve a ussi e ntre a utres d ans l es c odex M endoza e t M ag liabecchiano e t s ur l es j oues d e l a s tatue e n p ierre d e C OYOLXAUHQUI, l a s oeur e nnem ie d e H UITZILOPOCHTLI. S ur l es j oues e n q uest ion, l e s igne d ans s on e nsem=

2 37

b le s ignif ie " ce lle q u i p orte d es c lochettes e n m eta l s ignif ie t out c e la ?

( or )".

M a is q ue

E n n ahuat l, l angue d es A ztäques, l 'or s e d it C UZTIC T EO .CUICATL. D ans l e d ict ionnaire N ahuat l-Frangais d e R äm i S imeon ( 1885 ), n ous t rouvons l es r ense ignements s u ivants : C UZ .TIC = c hose j aune

T EO (TL) = d ieu, d äesse, d iv initä

C UITLATL = e xcrement, f iente, o rdure, r äsidu, p la ie, t umeur, a bcäs. C UZTIC T EOCUITLATL s ign if ie d onc l ittära lement " f iente j aune d u d ieu' P u isque l e g lyphe T EOTL e st l e s ymbo le d u d ieu s o laire T ONATIUH ( Va l= l äe d u M ex ique ), n ous p ouvons d ire q ue T EOCUITLATL e xpr ime l ' idäe d e " f iente d u s o le il". D ans l es d ict ionnaires m ayathan n ous t rouvons q ue : K AN T A .KIN = o r ;

K AN = j aune,...

K IN = s o le il,...

T A =l anceta d e s angrar , n aveja d e a fe itar = u n c outeau a igu isä ( s ilex ). P our c ette r aison o n t radu isa it j usqu 'ä p räsent K AN T AK IN p ar " p ierre s o laire j aune" = o r . L a d ifference d e c oncept a u s ujet d e l 'or c hez l es A ztäques e t c hez l es M ayas m 'ätonnait b eaucoup . J e c ont inua l m es r e= c herches d ans l es d ictionna ires e t j e v oyais a vec s urpr ise q ue j usqu 'ä p resent o n a va it m al ä cr it l e m ot m aya p our l 'or . C ar s i T A .K IN s ign i= f ie b ien " p ierre s o laire", c 'est T AA .K IN q u i v eut d ire " f iente d u s o= l e il", c e q u i n ous r amäne ä l a m öme s ign if icat ion c hez l es d eux p eup les. T AA s ign if ie " f iente, m ierde, e xcrement,...". R äsumons c omme s u it : 1 ) l e g lyphe a ztäque M E.699 s ign if ie " f iente d u s oleil", " metal"; 2 ) l e g lyphe m aya A S .28 s ign if ie " f iente d u s o leil" e t a uss i " Venus"; 3 ) M E.699 = A S .28 = f iente d u s o le il = V änus; d 'oü p rov ient c ette c ompara ison ? P ourquo i l es M ayas p rena ient-ils V ä= n us p our u n e xcrement s o laire ? " Excrement" n e v eut p as d ire s eu lement " se ile, e xcrement, f iente, m erde,.." m ais a ussi, p ar e xtension, s ueur, s a live, v om issure, g laire,..., t out s e q u i e st ä vacuä d u c orps. D ans c e s ens i y a d onc l 'exp licat ion p lausible q ue " Venus e st u n e xcrement d u s o le il s i e ile e st d e l a m at iäre s o la ire ä jectäe",

E n r esume, n ous p ouvons d ire q u 'il e x iste c ertainement u ne p arentä p lus ä tro ite q u 'on l e p ense e ntre l es m anuscr its m ayas e t n on-mayas . D ans m es p ublications s e t rouvent p lus d 'exemp les e t p lus d e d eta ils.

2 38

BI B L I O G R A P H I E

B OURBOURG, B rasseur d e 1 869-70 " Manuscr it T roano", V ocabu la ire g enera l, M aya-Franga is e t E s= p agno l, p .123-462, P ar is C ASAS, B arto lomä d e l as 1 971 " Los I nd ios d e M ex ico y N ueva E sp A a", A nto log ia, M ex ico C odex " Codex B od ley", d iaposit ieves 1 968 " Codex C osp i", G raz 1 962 " Codex D resdensis", B er lin 1 901 " Codex F e järväry-Mayer", E duard S ELER, B er lin 1 966 " Codex L aud", G raz 1 938 " Codex M endoza", L ondon 1 970 " Codex M ag liabechiano", G raz 1 965 " Codex P eresianus", G raz 1 965 " Codex T ro-Cortesianus", G raz C OE, M ichae l D . 1 975 " Nat ive A stronomy i n M esoamer ica", p .3-31 d ans " Archeoastronomy i n P reco lombian A mer ica"; A ust in D ict ionnaires 1 966 " Vocabu lar io n ahuat l-caste llano ; c aste llano-nahuat l", 6 42 p . M OLINO, F ray A lonso d e 1 929 " D icc ionar io d e M otu l, m aya-espä i lo l", ä d . J . M art inez H ernandez, M är ida 1 866-77 " D icc ionar io d e l a l engua M aya", P EREZ P io, M är ida, 3 78 p . 1 976 " D icc ionar io d e S an F ranc isco", ä d . O scar M ICHELON, G raz, 70 p . 1 885 " D ict ionna ire d e l a l angue n ahuat l o u m ex ica ine", S IMEON R äm i, P ar is 1 972 " Bocabu lar io d e M ayathan, D icc ionar io d e V ienna", G raz, 3 98 p . D IGBY, A dr ian 1 972 " Ev idence i n M ex ican g lyphs a nd s cu lpture f or a h itherto u nrecogni= s ed a stronom ica l i nstrument" d ans " Att i d el X L C ongreso I nternaz io= n a le d eg li A mer icanist i", v o lume I , p .433-442, G enova G RAHAM, I an & V ON E UW, E r ic 1 977 " Corpus o f M aya H ierog lyph ic i nscr ipt ions : Y axch ilan", v o lume 3 , p art 1 , C ambr idge U SA

2 39

G IRARD, R afae l 1 966 " Los M ayas. S u c iv ilizac i6n, s u h istor ia, s us v incu lac iones c on= t inenta les", M ex ico, 5 06 p ., 2 04 p hotos M ONT I, F ranco 1 968 " Preco lumb ian t erracottas", L ondon R OYS, R a lph 1 931 " The E thnobotany o f t he M aya", M idd le A m . R es. O r leans, 5 39 p .

I nst . P ub l. 2 , N ew

S AHAGUN, B ernard ino d e 1 880 " H isto ire g änära le d es c hoses d e l a N ouve lle-Espagne", ä d . J OUR= D ARET & S IMEON, P ar is 1 969 " H istor ia g enera l d e l as c osas d e N ueva E spana", 4 t omos, M ex ico, llustrat a vec i ions e .a . d u M anuscr ito d e T epepu lco 1 970 " F lorent ino C odex : B ook 1 The G ods", U niversity o f U tah, A NDER= S ON & D IBBLE, 8 4 p . V OLLEMAERE A ntoon 1 971 " Nouve lles i nterprätat ions d e l 'äcr iture d es c odex m ayas", 2 67 p .+ 3 6 t ab leaux, P ar is 1 980 " Pa lüographie m aya -glyphes d e j our", 1 51 p ., M alines 1 981 " Gramma ire, c alendr iers e t a stronom ie m aya", 3 v o l. + s ynthäse, 9 68 p ., P ar is Z IMMERMAN, G unther 1 956 " D ie H ierog lyphen d er M aya Handschr iften", U niversität H amburg, 1 74 p . +8t ab l.

2 40

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au ne

( A

S t Me 3 2 d e N ou Lanjo z eion u ne p ubiicatizn d u P eabody M u zeum ; t ema J t uez i 'a . 6tAognamme e n g okme d e S .

2 46

T ableau 7 L e d ieu 3 o .tai , Le m exicain pmte o n g Lyphe e n ominaL d ettiä-k 3 a t ete , c odex C o p.

A S . 01

o7

AW

L e g iyphe m aya p ow L e s o eL P ( K IN ), 3 eLon La c odex e t L anda .

4T EOTL = T ONAT IUH .

e ' a se ( ) 8C MA Y A

L a L une d am L e c odex S oAgia m anu 3cAit m exicain .

C OVOLXAUHOUI a vec Z e g iyphe " meta i" 3UA £ e4 j ou u. T LALOC , L e d ieu a zte sque d e i a c ombine a vec L e g iyphe d e V enu. C a 3tit eo d e T eayo .

A S .2 8

2 47

P aienque

T ableau 8

c o i tp s d u , s e i tp ent t e m eme d e24in q ue t e . 6 e /went aya . e . a l te m

L_

0 -+ -4

1 1 1.e.

s im

e

tS e

> z t e -I L « m

,

•

•

•

F A OM a L ong p aLe ogtaphic 4 tudy e oneetning t he i ntetteiation o , 6 t he m ayan a nd n on-mayan m an cockiptz a ppeau a 4 tkong A piAituat , c uttutat a nd g Aa= p hic t etation4hip b etween t he d ig t i etent w Aiting A y4tem 4. z hip

i 4

T hat e eLation-

4 tt onget t han w e t hought b e4 me .

T hi4 p apet p te sent 4 a Om e xampie4 o

e tation4hip i n t he & ietd t 9 6 e aten=

d at 4, a 3tA onomy a nd t eLigion a 4 : the d ay n ame 4, t he c onzteLiation4 S con = p ion w ith t he e to44-Aign , O l tion a nd t he & ixe-dkii , t , L ittte B eat a nd t he S -shaped bead , t he S un a nd t he M oon , t he & Lake a nd t he „ s ky , a nd

i natty

t he p ianet V enu A.

D e u n e 6tudio p ateogt o liico L a i t go c oneekniente t o t i ntenteta c i ,ibn d e £ 04 a yn m anucAita s m aya o-maya4 a pateee u n 9 / tan p atentaco upikituat , c ut = t utat y ge t4ico e ntte i 43 d i 4tinta4 4 i4temaz d e uctitutah m e t-4 c ekeano q ua & cpuut o . E zte p ap a . d a a tguno4 e jempto3 d e p atente 4co e n e t c ampo r fahinA,

L a ,

d e . e r t ( 1 6t i lowo .4 6 _ yd e g n k ek _i2ibr c omo

c onztetacione 4 hcoApio

t Aument . o p ata ) s acat

Pm . q . owh

i o4 e aten= ,

d e

c on a ' s ign° d e L a e tuz , O f tibn c on e t i n=

u ego , y0 4a M enot c on e t p an e n 4 okma d e S , e i

S ot _ yL a L una , L a 4 etpiente y e t c i ao , y& inatmente e t p ianeta V anua.

2 49

A NALYSIS A ND I NTERPRETATION O F S OME G LYPHS A ND A ZTEC-STYLE V ESSELS C onstanza V ega S osa I .

w ork

B ackground A s eriational s tudy o f g lyphs h as b een o utlined p reviously i n m y F orma y D ecoracion e n l as V asijas d e T radicion A zteca ( Vega S .

1 975). T he m aterial f or t hat r esearch i s o wned b y t he N ational M useum o f A nthropology i n M exico C ity a nd d ates t o b oth t he E arly A ztec a nd L ate A ztec p eriods, t hat i s f rom A .D. o 1 400, a nd f rom 1 400 t o 150 t t he t ime o f t he C onquest ( Tolstoy 1 958). T he p resent s tudy , h owever, i s c oncerned e xclusively w ith t hose v essels d ating f rom t he L ate A ztec p eriod , t he a im b eing t o o btain m ore e xplicit i nformation c oncerning a p eriod a lready w ell d efined i n s ocial, p olitical, a nd r eligious t erms: t hat o f t he f ormation a nd d evelopment o f t he M exica E mpire. I. I

S eriation o f G lyphs T he s eriation o f g lyphs w as c arried o ut b y:

F irst S tage a )

C ataloging

g lyphs

f ound

o n c eramics i n e ach

o f

t hree

g roups:

P olished B ichrone B lack-on-Orange, B urnished B ichrone B lack o r W hite-on-Dark R ed, o r R ed B rown, a nd P olychrome o f v arious t ypes ( Vega o p. b )

c it.:

4 9-101).

C ataloging v ariants o f e ach g lyph a ppearing i n a ll c eramic g roups: e .g., f lowers, G reek f rets, t he g lyph f or t he d ay, i ntertwined u ndulating b ands, u nfolded s pirals, s tar e yes, t he o llin s ign. A t t his s tage i t b ecame c lear t hat f or e ach c eramic g roup

t here

c orresponds a d efinite g roup o f g lyphs a nd t hat t here e xist n umerous v ariants o f e ach o f t hese. T he e xistence o f s econdary o r a ccompanying g lyphs w as a lso n oted; t hat i s, g lyphs s uch a s f eather d own, t onallo, s pirals, c ircles e tc., t hat a ppear a ssociated w ith v arious g lyphs o f t he f irst g roup. S econd S tage: T his w as c arried o ut i n t he f ollowing w ay: a )

B y s e 'riating t he g lyphs i n e ach c eramic g roup.

b )

B y

m aking a d rawing o f t he d ecoration o n t he r epresentative

v es-

s els t hat s howed t he a ssociations o f t hose g lyphs. T his s econd s tage r evealed t he c lear e xistence o f a s eriation among t he g lyphs, r unning t hrough t he v arious c eramic g roups.

2 5 1

I II. A nalysis a nd I nterpretation o f t he G lyphs F or

t he t hirty-two p ieces o f P olished B ichrome

range B lack-on -O

p ottery, t he f ollowing s eriation o f g lyphs w as r ecorded ( Tables 1 a nd 2 ): f lower w ith c oncentric c ircles i n t he c enter; f lower w ith s piral i n t he c enter; f lower w ith u nfolded s piral i n t he s piral; G reek f ret; g lyph f or t he d ay; a nd q uincunx. T he

a ccompanying g lyphs w ere f eather

t wine m ade o f f lowers a nd f eathers.

( xochimecatl),

d own,

r attlesnakes

c enter;

u nfolded

c ircles,

t onallo,

( oyohualli),

s pirals

F or t he t hirty p ieces o f B urnished B ichrome B lack o r White-onR ed B rown o r D ark R ed p ottery, t he f ollowing s eriation o f g lyphs w as r ecorded ( Tables 3a nd 4 ): f lower w ith c oncentric c ircles i n t he c enter; f lower w ith s piral i n t he c enter; f lower w ith u nfolded s piral i n t he c enter; u nfolded s piral; G reek f ret d rawn w ith c urved l ine; G reek f ret d rawn w ith s traight l ine;

q uincunx;

a nd i ntertwined u ndu-

l ating b ands. T he

B urnished

r egistration

B ichrome B lack-on-Dark R ed v essel N o.

7 98

n umber) c learly i llustrates t he a ssociation b etween

( MNA t he

f lower w ith c oncentric c ircles i n t he c enter, t he f lower w ith s piral i n t he c enter, t he f lower w ith u nfolded s piral i n t he c enter, a nd t he u nfolded s piral ( figure 1 ). O n t he P olished B ichrome B lack o n O range v essel N o. 2 51 ( figure 2 ), o ne c an s ee t he f lower w ith u nfolded s piral i n t he c enter a nd t he u nfolded s piral, a nd i n v essel N o. 2 70 3 ) t he G reek f ret, t he g lyph f or t he d ay a nd t he q uincunx. V essel N o.

5 3 i s

d ecorated w ith a g lyph f or

t he d ay.

I t

( figure

c orres-

p onds t o t he E arly A ztec P eriod, b ut I a m p resenting i t h ere b ecause i ts s implicity h elps u s t o u nderstand t he o rigin a nd d evelopment o f i ts m ore e volved f orms

c hrome

( figure 4 ).

T he o bservation o f a s eriation o f g lyphs i n t he P olished B iB lack-on-Orange P ottery a nd i n t he B urnished B ichrome B lack-or

W hite-on-Dark R ed o r R ed B rown s uggests a s eriation b etween t he f lower w ith c oncentric c ircles i n t he c enter, t he f lower w ith s piral i n t he c enter, t he f lower w ith u nfolded s piral i n t he c enter, t he u nfolded s piral, I d ay,

a nd t he g lyph f or t he d ay a m b eginning t his

s ince

i t

i s

( figure 5 ).

s tudy o f

t he g lyphs w ith t he g lyph f or

t he b est k nown a nd t here a re r eferences

i ts m eaning; m oreover, f rom t his a dduced g lyphs c an b e i nterpreted.

t he

c oncerning

g lyph t he m eaning o f t he p reviously

S eler ( 1960), i n h is c ommentaries o n s ixteen f ragments f rom a ncient M exican c odices c ompiled i n t he A tlas o f P rinted R eproductions a nd

p ublished b y t he R oyal B erlin L ibrary i n 1 892,

g ives u s

t he f ol-

l owing i nformation a bout t he g lyph f or t he d ay ( fugure 6 ): I n t he f ourth l ine o f f ragment N o. 8 ( Seler o p. c it. 2 67-268, f igure 2 12), t here a ppears t he h ead o f a m an, t he g lyph f or t he d ay, a nd a y ellow lhuj. p arrot f eather w ith t he a ccompanying g loss t hat r eads p edro , y S eler c onsiders i t p ossible t hat t he n ame o f t he m an i s P edro I lhuitoz s ince t ortli r efers t o t he y ellow p arrot f eather. T hus t he g lyph f or t he d ay - i lhuitl -a nd t he y ellow f eather - t ortli -have, i n t his c ase, a p honetic f unction. I n t his w ay t he g lyph f or t he d ay c an b e

2F 2

i dentified.

I n t hese s ame p ages,

T he g lyph i s

S eler i ndicates

c omposed o f t wo a reas,

t hat:

e ach o f

t hem c ontain-

i ng s mall t ongues i n t he f orm o f s wastikas w hich u ndoubt edly r epresent t he w ord i lhui-tl, t hat i s, ' the b all o f t he s un', ' day', ' festival', i n a s imilar w ay t o t he f igs. 2 39 a nd 2 40. T his s ign a lso a ppears o n M exican s culptures i n t he R oyal E thnology M useum ( figure 2 22) a nd l ikewise i n t he M aya r epresentations o f t he s ky, w here t his s imple w hirl s ymbol m ay b e s een ( figure 2 24) .. I n f act, t he d rawing i n t he f orm o f a w hirl o r a s wastika i s a lso a n o nly s lightly m odified f orm o f t he s ign w hich r epresented f or t he M exicans t he w ord i lhuitl, m eaning ' day' i n a p articular s ense,

s uch a s

' festival d ay'

S eler a scribes a c onnotation o f m ovement u p t he

g lyph f or

o r

' festival'.

t o t he e lements

m aking

t he d ay.

A lthough m ethodologically i t h as b een c onvenient t o i nterpret t he g lyphs i n a M exica c ontext, i t i s h ighly s ignificant, t hat m ost o f t he g lyphs s hown i n t his s equence a re a lso r egistered b y T hompson ( 1962) i n h is A C atalog o f M aya h ieroglyphs. I n t his b ook t he g lyph 5 44 c orresponds i s

t o t he M aya g lyph K in t hat m eans

r epresented

a s a f lower w ith f our p etals.

s ame f lower h alf

o bscured.

I t

S un,

D ay,

T ime,

T he g lyph 5 45 i s

a nd t he

s hows D ay a nd N ight.

G lyph 6 32 c orresponds t o t he u nfolded s piral w hich i s n amed ' S d esign'. I t i s a lso r egistered a s a n a ffix u nder t he g lyphs 5 44, 5 61 a nd 7 47.

T hompson d oes n ot a ttempt a ny i nterpretation o f

G lyph 7 27 c orresponds t o t he q uincunx. i t c ould b e a v ariant o f g lyph 5 45, K in t hat t his p oint o f v iew, I t hink t hat t he f ive w orld d irections. T he g lyphs

g lyph f or

t his

s ign.

T hompson c onsiders t hat r epresents t he S un. F rom

t he q uincunx c ould w ell c orrespond t o

t he d ay a nd t he w orld d irections

t hat m ay f orm t he s o-called

' celestial b and'

a re a mong

t hose

i n t he D resden C o-

d ex ( figure 7 ). I n h is s ection o n t he ' Lunar T ables' o f p. 5 1-58, p T hompson ( 1972: 7 2) s tates t he f ollowing: " Nine o f t he p ictures h ang f rom s tylized c elestial b ands; o ne ( 53a) l acks t his r epresentation o f t he h eavens u nderworld".

p erhaps b ecause o f t he d eath g od w hose h ome i s i n t he P ictures 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 a nd 9 ( Dresden: 5 2b, 5 4b, 5 6b, 5 7a

a nd b ) s how t he K in S un, g lyph a gainst a h alf b lack a nd h alf w hite b ackground, a d esign t hat, I s uggest, m eans d ark d ays. I n p icture 3 ( Dresden: 5 6a) t he h ead o f t he s un g od i s w ithin a c artouche, h alf w hite a nd h alf a s t o

b lack;

a K in g lyph i mmediately a bove r emoves a ny d oubt

t he g od's

i ntention.

F rom t his

c oncept

o f m ovement

i n t he g lyph f or t he d ay,

a nd t hat

o f t he f lower a s a s ymbol o f t he S un, a s w ell a s t heir p ictographic r epresentations, I w ould d raw t he f ollowing i nferences a bout t he b asic k nowledge o f C osmography p ossessed b y M esoamericans, g lyph t hat r ecorded i t: 1 .

T he

c oncept

o f

d ay i mplies w ithin i t

a nd h eat) a nd n ight

t he s equence o f

( cold a nd d arkness).

2 53

a nd a bout

d ay

t he

( light

2 .

D ay a nd n ight a re t he r esult o f a r otating m ovement.

3 .

T his r otation i mplies w ithin i t a r elationship b etween t he e arth a nd t he s un, i n b oth a g eocentric s ystem a nd a h eliocentric o ne. G allo a nd A nfossi ( 1966: 2 2-23) e xplain i t a s f ollows: .. t he f act t hat i n t he c ourse o f t he y ear t he p osit ions o f t he c onstellations c hange w ith r espect t o t he p oint o f o bservation i s n ot s ufficient t o i nfer t hat t he E arth m oves a round t he s un , b ecause f or u s t he a ppearance w ould b e i dentical w hether i t i s s upposed t hat t he E arth s tands s till a nd t he S un r evolves a round h er, o r v ice v ersa; h owever, a s t he p lanets r evolve a round t he S un , i t w ould b e l ogical t o a ssume a n i dentical m ovement f or o ur p lanet a nd t o s ay i t t oo m oves a round t he S un.

t hat

T he p ictographic p resentations o f t his k nowledge c ould, i n o pinion , b e a s f ollows, i n a ccordance w ith t he m aterial p resented: r epresents

m y

1 .

T he f lower w ith c oncentric c ircles i n t he c enter S un w hen i t i s s tationary.

2 .

T he f lower m otion.

3 .

T he f lower w ith t he u nfolded s piral i n t he c enter s hows t he r elat ionship b etween t he S un a nd t he E arth w ith r egard t o t he p rin-

w ith t he s piral i n t he c enter r epresents t he

S un

t he

i n

c iple o f r otation. 4 .

T he u nfolded s piral r epresents i n t he a bstract t he m ovement e stablishes t he r elationship b etween t he S un a nd t he E arth, g enerating d ay a nd n ight.

t hat t hus

5 .

T he g lyph f or d ay u nites t he p receding c oncepts, d ividing t he u nfolded s piral i nto t he a reas c orresponding t o d ay a nd n ight.

6 .

T he q uincunx r epresents t he f ive w orld d irections. I

c onsider, f or t he p resent, t hat t he G reek f ret a nd t he h alf f lower w ith t he s piral i n t he c enter r epresent s tellar p henomena r elated t o d ay a nd n ight. F uture s tudy o f t heir r epresentations i n o ther c eramic g roups s hould d emonstrate t his c onclusively. A lthough Ih ave d ealt w ith o nly f ive g lyphs i n t his f ollowing c an b e s uggested:

w ork ,

t he

1 .

T he s eriation o f t he g lyphs i n t he A ztec v essels f rom t he L ate A ztec p eriod d emonstrates a s ingle t heme r elated t o a b asic k nowle dge o f C osmography p ossessed b y M esoamericans.

2 .

T he m eaning o f t hese g lyphs c ould w ell b e p an-Mesoamerican a s t hey s eem t o s how c onsiderable t ime d epth.

3 .

T he f unction o f t hese d ecorated v essels c ould w ell b e r eligious a nd r elated t o s ome c osmological a spects, a s s ome o f t hem w ere f ound i n a n o ffering e xcavated i n t he g arden o f M octezuma's p alace

2 54

( Vega S . o p. c it.: 8 ). 4 .

G iven

t he

s ize a nd f orms o f t he v essels,

s pecific themes

w ere

r epresented i n p ottery d ecoration t hat w ere n ot u sed in s culpture o r i n c odices.

2 55

B IBLIOGRAPHY G allo,

J oaquin ,

1 966

C urso d e C osmograffa.

a nd A gustin A nfossi

S eler, 1 960

E duard " Die M exikaNischen B ilderhandschriften A lexander v on H umboldt's

E ditorial P rogreso,

M exico.

i n d er K oniglichen B ibliothek z u B erlin." i n G esammelte A bhandl ungen z ur A merikanischen S prach-und A ltertumskunde. 1 62-300. A kademische D ruck U . V erlangsanstalt. G laz, T hompson, 1 962 1 972

J .

V ol I : A ustria.

E ric

A C atalog o f M aya H ieroglyphs. N orman k lahoma. T he D resden C odex.

U niversity o f O klahoma

T he A merican P hilosophical S ociety,

P ress, P hila-

d elphia. T olstoy, P aul 1 958 S urface S urvey o f t he N orthern V alley o f M exico: a nd P ostclassic P eriods. T ransactions 4 8, p art 5 .

T he C lassic

T he A merican P hilosophical S ociety. P hiladelphia.

V ega S osa, C onstanza 1 975 F orma y D ecoracion e n l as V asijas d e T radicion A zteca. C olecc ion C ientifica N o. 2 3,Instituto N acional d e A ntropologia e H istoria, M exico.

2 56

RESUMEN

La c lasificaciön d e

l os glifos de un conjunto d e vasijas

correspondientes a l periodo Azteca Tardlo,

provenientes d el Museo Nacio-

nal d e Antropologia e H istoria d e l a c iudad d e Mexico, f ormaciön de una s eriaciön d e glifos.

ha permitido l a

Un anälisis e i nterpretaciön de

l os g lifos d e e sta s eriaciön ha mostrado s u relaciön con a lgunos c onocimientos a strondmicos

f undamentales,

c omo l o s on l as d iferentes f ases

del C urso d el S ol. La f lor,

l a e spiral,

l a e spiral d esdoblada y e l glifo d el d ia,

que s e presentan e n e ste t rabajo,

s on e l i nicio d e e sta s eriaciön d e

glifos representativos d el Curso d el S ol.

A na lysis a nd I nterpretat ion o f S ome G lyphs O n A ztec-Sty le V essels A c lassif icat ion o f as et o f v esse ls o f t he L ate A ztec P er iod, h as l ed t o t he f ormat ion o f as er iat ion o f g lyphs . T he a na lys is a nd i nterpretat ion o f t hese g lyphs h as s hown t hat t hey a re r e lated t o s ome f un damenta l a stronom ica l k now ledge : t he C ourse o f t he S un . T he f low er, t he s pira l, t he u nf olded s pira l a nd t he g lyph f or t he d ay a re he b eg inn ing o f t h is i mportant s er iat ion . a tt t T his s et o f v esse ls b e longs t o t he n at iona l M u seum p olo gy o f M ex ico C ity.

2 57

o f

A nthro -

F IG I

BURNI S HED

B I CH RO ME

BLACK

ON

DARK

R ED

VESSEL

- L ATE

REG

2 58

AZTEC

I -7 98

-

F IG . 2

POLISHED

B ICHROME

B LACK

O N

ORANGE

VESSEL

- LATE

AZTEC

7 . 1 1 . 12 1. 3 6 : 4 6 . 1 ce n t i m e t r o s

REG .

2 59

1 -2 5 1

0 ,

F IG .

3

POL ISHED

B ICHROME

0 1 2 3 4 5 ce

ntIrn t

B LACK

O N

O RANGE

—

VESSEL

LATE

AZTEC

—

1 0 tr o t

REG

2 60

I -2 70

F IG .

4

POL I SHED

B I CHROME

B LACK

ON

ORANGE

VESSEL

- E ARLY

0

1 2 3 4 5

ce n t

REG

2 6 1

AZTEC

im e t r

1 -5 3

I O os

-

F IG . 5

SEQUENCE

OF G LYPHS

FLO WER C IRCLES

FLOWER I N

THE

FLOWER SP IRAL

W ITH

W ITH

S P IRAL

W ITH

U NFOLDED

I N THE

C ENTER

S P IRAL

FOR THE

QUI N CUNX

2 62

CENTER

C ENTER

UNFOLDED

G LYPH

CONCENTR IC

I N THE

D AY

f i g.

6

T R ' ?

A be 2 12 .

D ie l i nke H ä l f te d es B ruchs tücks V II I, a uf V 9verk le iner t

A bb . 2 22 .

H ierog lyphe i l hu i t l „ Tag , F es t"

A bb . 2 24

H ierog lyphe

v on H imme ls -

s ch i ldern d er M ayoHandsch r if ten .

A bb . 2 39 H iero_ g l yphe i l hu i t l „ Tag" , „ F es t"

A bb 2 40 H iero g l yphe I h u i t i „ Tag" C odex

C odex M endoza 1 9 .

O suna f 1 6 ( 478 ) .

F IGURE

CELESTIAL

7

BANDS

er

DRESDEN P .P .

2 64

CODEX

54 b , 5 5b, 5 6 o ,b .

C ENTER

CONCENTR IC

P ETALS

C IRCLES

FLOWER

CENTER

CONCENTR IC

I N THE

W ITH

F LOWER W ITH CONCENTR IC C IRCLES I N THE C ENTER SOURROUNDED S Y F EATHER DOWNS

W ITH

I N THE

C IRCLES

FOUR

F LOWER

F LOWER W ITH

FLOWER

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