The Middle Palaeolithic Geography of Southern France: Resources and site location 9780860549581, 9781407350400

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables
List of Figures
Preface and Acknowledgements
Chapter One. Introduction
Chapter Two. The Database
Chapter Three. The Middle Palaeolithic Environment of Southern France
Chapter Four. Faunal Assemblage Patterning:Species Frequencies andEnvironmental Interpretation
Chapter Five. Middle Palaeolithic Site Location
Chapter Six. Middle Palaeolithic Subsistence Strategies in Southern France
Chapter Seven. Conclusions
Appendices
Bibliography

Citation preview

The Middle Palaeolithic Geography of Southern France Resources and site location

Katie Boyle

BAR International Series 723 1998

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 723 The Middle Palaeolithic Geography of Southern France © Katie Boyle and the Publisher 1998 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860549581 paperback ISBN 9781407350400 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860549581 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1998. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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C on ten t s

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L i s to fT ab les

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L i s to fF igu res P ref ace

i v v i

I n troduc t ion 1 . 1 T he R eg ion 1 . 2 E a r l ier R esea rch i nS ou thern F rance

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1 . 3 T he C ur ren t R e sea rch

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The D a tabase 2 . 1 T he s e t t lemen t /S i te D a taba se 2 . 1 .1 D a taba se S t ruc tu re a nd t h e S e lec t ion o fF i e ld s

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2 . 1 .2 D a taba se R epor t sa nd A na ly s is 2 .2 T he F auna l D a taba se

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The M idd le P a laeo l i th ic E nv ironmen t o fS ou thern F rance 3 . 1 P hys ica l B ackg round 3 . 2 E nv ironmen ta l C ond i t ions d u r ing t h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic 3 . 3 F auna l H is tory

8 8 8 1 2

3 . 3 .1 C ar n ivo res 3 . 3 .2 H e rb ivo re s

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F auna l A s semb lage P a t tern ing : S pec ie s F requenc ie s a nd E nv ironmen ta l I n terpre tat ion 4 . 1 F auna l d a ta

1 4 1 4

4 . 2 P a t ter n ing i nf a una l a s semb lages 4 . 3 R esu l t so fA na lys is

1 5 1 8

4 . 3 .1 R iss - Würm 4 . 3 .2 Wür rn I

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4 . 3 .3 Würm I-I 4 . 3 .4 Würm I 4 . 3 .5 E nv ironmen ta l c onc lus ions : as umma ry

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M idd le P a laeo l i th ic S i te L oca t ion 5 . 1 S i te D is t r ibu t ion 5 . 1 .1 Med i ter ranean c oa s t l ine a nd c oa s ta l p l a in 5 . 1 .2 T he A rdeche

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5 . 1 .3 T he G a rdon

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5 . 1 .4 T he L ib ron

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5 . 1 .5 T he D u rance 5 . 1 .6 T he L a rgue

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5 . 1 .7 T he V e rdon 5 . 1 .8 T he A rgen sa nd I s so le 5 . 1 .9 T he N e sque

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5 . 2 R eg iona l P a t tern ing 5 . 2 .1 R eg iona l P a t tern ing i nS i te A l t i tude

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5 . 2 .2 R eg iona l P a t tern ing i nS i te O r ien ta t ion 5 . 2 .3 R eg iona l P a t te rn ing i nV a l ley /Spec ie s -Numbe r R e la t ion sh ip s

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5 . 3 R aw Ma te r ia l P rocu remen t 5 . 4 C onc lus ion

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M idd le P a laeo l i th ic S ub s is tence S tra teg ie s i nS ou thern F rance 6 . 1 C u t -Ma rk sa nd MN I 6 . 2 C u t -ma rk sa nd o t he rs u rf ace mod if ica t ions

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6 . 3 P a t ter n ing i ne l emen tr ep resen ta t ion d a ta

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6 . 4 I n te r -s i te c ompa r ison s

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Conc lus ion s

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7 . 1 7 . 2 7 . 3 7 . 4 7 . 5 7 . 6

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F auna lP a t tern ing S i te L oca t iona l P a t tern ing S ubs is tence P rac t ices Non -Human ' M idd le P a laeo l i th ic ' A c t iv i ty S i te -Occupa t ion , F auna la nd S tone T oo lA s semb lages C onc lu s ion s

Append ice s I S e t t lemen td a taba se

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I Quan t i ta t ive F auna

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I I P resence /ab sence F auna lD a ta

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I V E lemen tR ep resen ta t ion D a ta

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B ib l iography

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L i s to fT ab le s T ab le 1 . 1

L i s to f ma jo rp ub l ica t ion l a ndma rk s i ns ou th -ea s tern F rench m idd le p a laeo l i th ic p r eh is to ry .

3

T ab le 1 . 2

L i s to fm a jo rf i e ldwo rk l a ndma rk s i ns ou th -ea s te rn F rench m idd le p a laeo l i th ic p r eh is to ry .

3

T ab le 4 . 1

Q uan t i ta t ive f a una la s semb lag ed a ta ( N ISP , MN I ,%f r equen cy o fh e rb ivo r e s ,n on -hya ena c a rn ivo re sa nd o t he rc a rn ivo r e s ) . S pec ie sr e la t ion sh ip sa tt wo s i t e so ri nt wo l e ve l sa tt h es ame s i t e . R e su l t so fP r inc ipa l C omponen tA na ly s i so fm idd le p a laeo l i th ic q uan t i ta t ive f a una l d a ta f r om s i t e s i ns ou the rn F rance . T ab le s how ing s umma ry e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ions a s soc ia ted w i th t h e m a jo rs pec ie s e ncoun te red a tm idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i te s i ns ou ther nF rance .

T ab le 4 . 2 T ab le 4 . 3 T ab le 4 . 4

T ab le 5 . 1 T ab le 5 . 2 T ab le 5 . 3 T ab le 5 . 4 T ab le 5 . 5

T ab le 6 . 1 T ab le 6 . 2 T ab le 6 . 3 T ab le 6 . 4 T ab le 6 . 5 T ab le 7 . 1 T ab le 7 . 2 T ab le 7 . 3 T ab le 7 . 4 T ab le 7 . 5 T ab le 7 . 6 T ab le 7 . 7

1 5 1 5 1 6 1 7

T opog raph ic c ha rac te r is t ic s o fm idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i te s i nt h e V e rdon v a l ley . T ab le o fs umma ry f a una ld a ta f o rm idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e si nt h ev a l ley o ft h eI s so le . S i te c ha r a c t e r i s t ic so fN e sque v a l ley l o ca t ion s . T ab le s how ing h e rb ivo r ea nd c a rn ivo r es p ec ie sn umbe r s( r ang e sa nd m ean v a lue s )i ns e lec ted v a l ley si nt h es ou th o fF r ance d u r ing t h eM idd le P a la eo l i th ic . T ab le l i s t ing k nown s ou r ce so fr aw m a te r ia l u sed a tm idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i te s i ns ou ther n F rance .

2 8 2 8 2 8

S i te f u nc t ion a nd s e a son o fo ccupa t ion a tt h es i t eo fH o r tu s . Q uan t i ta t ive f a una ld a ta ( N ISP )f r om G ro t t eT ou rna l . T ab le o fc o r r e la t ion sb e tw een f a una la s semb lag e sf r om s e a sona lk i l l -bu t che ry l o ca t ion sd e sc r ibed b y B inf o rd ( 1 978 )a nd e l em en tr e p r e sen ta t ion a tm idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i t e si ns ou ther nF r ance . P ea r son P r oduc t Momen tC o r r e la t ion C oef f i c ien tv a lue sf o rf a una la s semb lage sa tm idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i t e si ns ou t he rn F r ance . P ea r son P r oduc t Momen tC o r r e la t ion C oef f i c ien tv a lu e sf o rc .2a nd 3a tL e sC ana le t t e s( Avey ron ) .

3 7 3 8

C ar n ivo r e r e la t ive f r equenc ie sa tm idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i te s i ns ou ther nF rance . Mea su r e so fa na tom ica lc on ten t( H+H ) 7 1 ,a c co rd ing t op r eda to r ,a r ea a nd p e r iod . I s o top ic c ompo s i t ion o fN eande r ta l ,w o lf a nd f o xb one sf r om t h e Mou s te r ian s i t eo f Ma r i l la c ( Cha r en t e ) C r i te r ia a dop t ed b yF o s s e i nt h ed e te rm ina t ion o ft h er o le o ft h eh ya ena a sa na g en to fa s semb lag ef o rma t ion . C a r n ivo r ea c t iv i ty -de r ived a s semb lag e sa tm idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e si ns ou the r nF r ance . Mou s t e r ian s t one t o o la s semb lag ef r equenc ie si ns ou ther nF r ance g r ouped a c co rd ing t o b road ly d ef ined e nv i ronmen ta lc ond i t ion s . T ab le s how ing t h ep r opo r t ion o fC ha r en t ian , D en t icu la te a nd T yp ica l Mou s te r ian a s semb lag e s w i th v a ry ing d eg r ee so ft a xonom ic r i chne s s .

1 1

3 1 3 5

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L i s to fF igure s F i gure 3 . 1

E co log ica lG roup sa tt h eG ro t t ed e sC ed r e sb a sed o nf r equenc ie so fr o den t sa nd t h e i r e co log ica lr e qu i r emen t s .

F igure 3 . 2

E co log ica lG roup sa tl e sC ana le t te sb a sed o nf r equenc ie so fr o den t sa nd t h e i re co log ica l r e qu i r emen t s . C l ima t ic c u rv eb a sed o nl i s t ed c o ld p e lag ic f o r am in if e ra f r equ enc ie s( t o ta la nd G lob ige r ina p achyd e rma ) i nc o r e 8 022 i nt h eT y r rhen ian S ea

F igur e3 . 3

F igur e4 . 1 F i gur e4 . 2 F i gur e4 . 3 F i gur e4 . 4 F i gur e4 . 5 F i gur e4 . 6

G raph s how ing t h er e la t ion sh ip sb e tween MN Ia nd N ISP v a lu e sf o rc omb ined f a una l a s semb lage sa nd i n d iv idua ls p e c ie sa tm idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e si ns o u ther nF r ance . C ha r ts how ing v a r ia t ion i nm ean o ve ra l ls p ec ie sn umbe rd u r ing t h eM idd le P a la eo l i th ic i ns ou ther nF r ance . F i gu r es how ing c hang eo b se r ved i nh e rb ivo r ea nd c a rn ivo r es p e c ie sn umbe ro v e rt h e c ou r se o ft h eM idd le P a la eo l i th ic i ns ou ther nF r ance . D end rog ram o fr e su l t so fC lu s te rA na ly s i so fR i s s - Wü rm f a una ld a ta . D end rog ram o fr e su l t so fC lu s t e rA na ly s i so f Wü rm If a una ld a t a . D end rog r am o fr e su l t so fC lu s t e rA na ly s i so f Wü rm I f a una ld a t a .

F igur e5 . 1

C h rono log ica lg r oup ing o fm idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e si nt h ec oa s ta lr e g ion o fs ou the rn F r ance ,s how ing t h eo ve r r ep r e sen ta t ion o fe a r l ie s tw ü rm s i t e si nt h er e g ion .

F i gur e5 . 2 F igur e5 . 3 F igure 5 . 4

F r equency d i s t r ibu t ion o fs i t ea l t i tude s( m )a bove s e al e ve l i nc oa s t a ls ou ther nF r ance . C ha r ts how ing f r equenc ie so fm idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i t et y pe si nt h ev a l ley o ft h eA rdeche .

F i gur e5 . 5 F i gur e5 . 6 F i gur e5 . 7 F i gur e5 . 8 F igure 5 . 9 F i gur e5 . 10 F igure 5 . 11 F igure 5 . 12 F igure F igure F igure F igure F igure

5 . 13 5 . 14 5 . 15 5 . 16 5 . 17

F i gur e6 . 1 F i gur e6 . 2( a f ) F i gur e6 . 3( a f ) F i gur e6 . 4 F i gure 6 . 5 F i gur e6 . 6 F i gur e6 . 7 F igur e 6 . 8

F igu re s how ing t h es ou th -a nd w e s t -f ac ing t r end i ns i te o r ien ta t ion d u r ing t h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic i nt h eA rdeche v a l ley . Map o ft h eA rdeche v a l ley s how ing t h em a jo rm idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i t e s Map s how ing t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fm idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e so nt h ew e s ts i de o ft h eR höne , i nt h ev a l ley so ft h eG a rd a nd H e rau l t D iag ram s how ing t h ed ev ia t ion so fm ean s p ec ie sn umbe ra ts i t e si nt h ev a l ley o ft h eG a rdon . F i gu r es how ing m idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t ea l t i tude sa bov et h er i ve rL i b ron Map s how ing t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fs i t e s i nt h ev a l ley o ft h e I s so le F r equenc ie so fs i t ea l t i tud e s( me t r e sa bove s e al e ve l )o fm idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e si ns ou ther nF r anc e F r equency o fv a l ley type o ccupa t ion d u r ing t h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic i ns ou the rn F rance D iag ram s how ing o r ien ta t ion o fm idd le p a laeo l i th ic i nB r i t tany ,w i th as im i la rb u t more d i ve r se t r end t ot h a ts e en i ns ou the rn F rance . M idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i te o r ien ta t ions i nt h eA gena i s C h rono log ica l v a r ia t ion i ns i te o r ien ta t ion d a ta Map o fm ean s pec ie sn umbe rp e rv a l ley S chema t ic m ap o fr aw m a te r ia l s ou r ce s i nt h ea r ea b e tween t h e V a ra nd t h e D u rance S chema t ic r e p r e sen ta t ion o fr aw m a te r ia l s ou rce s a tt h e m idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i te o fL es C ana le t te s R ed d ee re l emen tr e p r e sen ta t ion p r of i le a tt h eG ro t t ed uL an r e t R e la t ion sh ip sb e tw een MGU Iv a lu e sa nd r e dd ee re l emen tf r equency ( %MN I )a tG ro t t e d uL aza r e t R e la t ion sh ip sb e tw een Max imum S t ruc t u ra lD en s i ty v a lue sa nd r e dd e e re l emen tf r equency %MN I )a tG ro t te d uL az a r e t . C ha r ts how ing t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween s h eep MGU I v a lue sa nd i b ex %MN I f r equenc ie sa t t h eG ro t te d u L aza r e t . C ha r ts how ing t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween s h eep Max imum U t i l i ty I n dex a nd i b ex %MN Ia tt h e gone d uL aza r e t . C ha r ts how ing t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween %MN I i b ex a nd % c u ti b ex a tt h eG ro t t ed uL az a r e t E l emen tr e p re sen ta t ion p r of i le sf o ri b ex ,b ea r ,b ov id sa nd h o r se a tt h es i t eo fT our na l T he r e la t ion s h ip b e tween Max imum U t i l i ty I n dex a nd % MN I v a lue sa tt h eG ro t te d u T ou rna l ( r =0 .609 ,b ov id s r0 . 730 ,i b ex r0 .563 )

F igure 6 . 9 F igure 6 . 10

C ha r ts how ing t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween %MN I a nd Max imum S t ruc tu ra l D en s i ty f o r h o r se , i b ex a nd b ov id sa tT ou rna l . F i gu re s how ing t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween MGU I v a lue sa nd h o r se f r equency ( %MN I ) a tT ourna l 1B.

i v

8 9 1 0

1 4 2 0 2 0 2 1 2 1 2

2 3 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 7 2 9 3 0 3 0 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 6

F igure 6 . 11

F igu re s how ing t h er e la t ionsh ip b e tween MGU I v a lue s a nd b ov id s f r equency ( %MN I ) a t

T ourna l "B. F ou re l emen t sa r e d i s t ingu i shed : 3 . =d i s ta l r ad io -cub i tu s , =p rox ima l r ad io -cub i tu s , o= d i s ta lt i b ia , x= p rox ima lt i b ia . F igu re s how ing t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween MGU I v a lue sa nd %MN I f r equenc ie s o fh o r se a t F igure 6 . 12 Adaou s te F igu r e s how ing t h er e la t ionsh ip b e tween MGU I v a lue sa nd %MN I f r equenc ie s o fi b ex F igure 6 . 13 a nd r e dd ee r a tA daou s te . E lemen tr e p re sen ta t ion p rof i le f o rt h em a jo rh e rb ivo r e s pec ie s a tt h e s i te o fA daou s te . F igure 6 . 14 C ha r ts how ing t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween m a r row i n dex v a lue sa nd i b ex % MN I a tA daou s te . F igure 6 . 15 P lo ts how ing t h ed eg r e eo fs im i la r i ty b e tw een e l emen tr e p r e sen ta t ion a tt h em idd le p a la eo l i th ic F i gure 6 . 16 s i te o f Mau ran a nd t h eM a sk S i te . R e la t ion sh ip b e tween MGU I a nd b i son %MN I a tt h es i te o f Mau ran . F igure 6 . 17 H o r se a na tom ica le l em en tr e p r e sen t a t ion p r o f i le a tt h es i t eo f Mau ran . F i gure 6 . 18 C ha r ts how ing t h er e la t ionsh ip b e tween m a r row i n dex v a lue sa nd h o r se %MN I a t F igure 6 . 19 Mau ran ( r =0 .628 ) . E lemen tr e p r e sen ta t ion p r of i le sf o rr e dd ee ra tL e sC ana le t t e s ,c ompa r ed w i th t h eK o l lu tuk F i gure 6 . 20 ha r t s s how ing t h er e la t ion sh ip sb e tween %MN I f r equenc ie s a tL e s C ana le t te s a nd F igure 6 . 2 1 a -d C a s semb lage s t ruc tu r ea ts e lec ted a u tumn s i te sd e sc r ibed b y B inf o rd : ( a ) B ig H appy N ew Y ea rf a l lh un t ing s t and ( B inf o rd 1 978 : 3 51) , ( b ) a nd ( c ) D is tu rbed S i te ( B inf o rd 1 978 : 4 02 ,( d )A nak t iq tauk A ( B inf o rd 1 978 : 1 76 ) E lemen tr e p re sen ta t ion p r of i le f o rt h et a h ra tt h es i t eo fC ed r e sa nd t h e' t o ta lw o lf k i l l ' F igur e6 . 22 a s semb lage d e sc r ibed b yB inf o rd ( 1 98 1 :2 13 ,c o .2 6 ) . R e la t ionsh ip b e tween f r equenc ie s o fp rox ima l a nd d i s ta l h umeru s( % MN I ) a t F igure 6 . 23 m idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i t e si ns ou ther nF rance a nd ' e thnog raph ic ' r a vaged a s semb lage s l i s ted i nB inf o rd ( 198 1 : 2 20 , 2 14 ) . F igur e6 . 24 F igu r es how ing t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween r e dd ee re l emen tf r equenc ie si nc ouche 2a nd 3 a tl e sC ana le t te s( r =0 .983 ,r 2= 0 .966 : CAN3 =1 .386 + 1 . 033CAN2 ) . D end rog ram o fe l em en tf r equency d a ta ( %MN I )a tm idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e s i ns ou ther nF r ance : F igur e6 . 25 s i te c l u s t e r s .

4 6 4 6 4 6 4 7 4 7 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 9 5 0

5 1 5 3

5 3 5 4 5

P ref ace a nd A cknow ledgemen t s

I n t h e UK C l ive G amb le ( Sou thamp ton ) a nd P au l M e l la r s ( Camb r idg e ) i np a r t icu la r t r i ed t o a n sw e r q ue s t ion s p o s ed a nd o cca s iona l ly s wapped r e f e r ence sw i th m e .

T os omeone w ho h a st a ken t h e i rf a i rs h a r eo fg eog r aphy ( h uman a nd p hy s ica l ) o p t ion s a tu nde rg radua t e a nd p o s t g r adua te l e v e l m any o f t h e p a la eo l i th ic s u rvey s a va i lab le t o day a r e o f t en d i sappo in t ing . S t udy o fs e t t lemen ti n vo lve sm o r et h an l o ok ing a t d o t m ap s , a l though t h a t o fc ou r se i s ap a r t o fi t .E ven w hen t h e t e rm ' s e t t lemen t ' i si n c luded i nt h e t i t le ( c f . G amb le 1 986 ) a nd r e f e rence s c on s ide rv a r iou s t y pe s o fs i t e a nd s e t t lemen t , t h e r e i s l i t le a temp t t o c on s ide r t h e o rgan i sa t ion o f s i t e s w i th in t h e l a nd scape -l a nd u s ei nt h es e n se u s ed b y Wh i t e( 1980 , 1 985 )f o r t h eU ppe rP a la eo l i th ic o ft h eP e r igo rd ,i nr e la t ion t or e sou r ce s .

Is hou ld a l so l i k e t ot h ank t h e s t af fo f t h e H addon a nd E a r th S c ience s L i b r a r ie s i n C amb r idge , e spe c ia l ly t h e l a t t e r d u r ing t h e i rm ammo th s t ock tak ing d u r ing t h es umme ro f1 998 . T he r e sea r ch a nd a t t endance a tc onf e r en ce s w he re i n i t ia l s t ag e s o f t h e r e sea r ch w e r e p r e sen t ed w a s f u nded , i n p a r t , b y t h e L eve rhu lme T r u s t , t h e B r i t i sh A cademy , t h e R oya l S o c ie ty a nd t h eR e sea r ch C en t r e ,K ing 's C o l lege C amb r idge .

T he t e rm ' s e t t lemen t ' o fc ou r se h a s s e ve ra l m ean ing s . A n a r ea , l a rg e o rs ma l l , m ay b e s e t t led i nt h e s e n se o fb e ing o ccup ied , p o s s ib ly e ven f o r t h e f i r s t t i me . T hu s ' s e t t lemen t ' r e f e r s t ot h e p r o ce s s o fm ov ing i n to a nd o ccupy ing ar e g ion . A l te rna t ive ly , ' s e t t lemen t ' i sm o r et a ng ib le ,t h ep l a cemen to fp opu la t ion s , t h e i r d we l l ing s a nd ' p a raphe rna l ia ' . I ti si nt h i s l a t te r s e n se t h a t t h e t e rm i su s ed h e r e . T he w o rk f o r w h ich t h e d a taba se p r e sen t ed h e r e w a s i n i t ia l ly c omp i led a imed t oc oncen t ra te o n c hang e s i nf a una l p a t ter n ing a c ro s s t h e m idd le /uppe r p a la eo l i th ic d i v ide i ns ou ther n F rance b o rde r ing t h e M ed i t e r ranean . I ts oon b ecame a ppa ren t h oweve r t h a t i r e spec t ive o fw he the r a ten t ion i sf o cu sed o n t h e d e ta i led a na ly s is o f a va i lab le s t one t o o l a s semb lage s , f a una l d a ta o r p a la eoan th ropo log ica lm a te r ia l ,t h e r ei sag r ea td ea li nt h ew ay o f i n f o rma t ion o nt h e a r ea o fw h ich m uch o ft h e E ng l i sh speak ing a r cha eo log ica l c ommun i ty i s l a rg e ly u nawa r e . T h i s v o lume t h e r ef o r e d e s c r ib e s t h e e nv i ronmen ta l a nd s e t t lemen t d a ta f r om t h er e g ion ,u na shamed ly c on s ide r ing p a t ter n s i ns i t e l o ca t ion a sa f u nc t ion o f u s e o f a va i lab le r e sou r ce s ; s i t e s w e r e c ho sen a nd o c cup ied f o r ar e a son w h ich w e m ay e ven tua l ly b e a b le t o d i sce r n . I tt a k e s a s i t s s t a r t ing p o in t t h e t wo s em ina l v o lume s c omp i led b y P r of e s so r H en ry d e L um ley L e P a l eo l i th ique I n f e r ieu r e t Moyen d u M id i Med i te r raneen d an s s on C ad re G eo log ique ( 1 969 , 1 97 1) a nd a dd s t o t h e m ou s t e r ian s i t e s r e po r t ed i nt h e s ev o lume s . T he d a taba se w h ich i sp r e sen t ed i n A ppend ix Ii sf a r f r om c omp le t e a nd i ti sh oped t h a t a tl e a s t o ne o ft h e r e su l t s o ft h i s r e sea r ch w i l l b e a n i n c r ea se i na wa r ene s s o ft h e p o ten t ia l o ft h e m idd le p a la eo l i th ic r e co rd o f t h e a r ea a nd , a s ar e su l t , a n i n c r ea se i nt h e d a ta a va i lab le . T he g ap s i nt h e d a taba se r ema in f o ro t he r st of i l . S eve ra l p eop le h ave p r ov ided a s s i s tance d u r ing t h i s r e sea r ch . I n p a r t icu la r Iw i sh t ot h ank P rof e s so r Hd eL um ley f o ri n v i t ing m e t oP a r is , Ma r se i l le a nd N ice w he r e Il o oked a tf a una l m a t e r ia l f r om t h e G ro t te d u L aza r e t . T he s t af fa nd s t uden t s ( e spec ia l ly Ma ry se T ava so , H e r ve Moncho t a nd D r i s s B e l la i ) m ad e m e p a r t icu la r ly w e lcome i n Ma r se i l le . I nN ice Iw a s w e lcomed b y A nn ie E cha s saux a nd P a t r ic ia V a len s i , t h e l a t te r a n swe r ing n ume rou sq ue s t ion sa bou tt h e L an r e tf a una . S t af fa tt h eN a tu r a l H i s to ry Mu seum i n Ma r se i l le w i l l ing ly a lowed m e f r ee r e in i n t h e l i b ra ry a nd c o l lec t ion s f o rw h ich Ia m v e ry g r a tef u l . E v e lyne C r egu t -Bonnou r e , F r ede r ic B az i le , J e an -Ph i l ippe B ruga l , P h i l ippe F er n andez , S e rge L ebe l a nd P rof e s so r L . G . S t rau s p r ov ided u s ef u l i n f o rma t ion , c on ta c t s a nd a dd r e s se s f o r m e a nd f o rt h e se Ia ma l so v e ry g r a tef u l . v i

C hap t er One

c on s t r uc tw h ich i sc onven ien t i nm ode l b u i ld ing b u tw h ich b ea r s l i t le r e semb lance t or e a l i ty .

I n troduc t ion

G iven t h e f a c t t h a t r eg iona l b ounda r ie s a r e i mpo sed b y e x ter na l f o r ce s ( t he a na ly s t ) t h ey a r e u sua l ly a r t if ic ia l a s f a r a st h e l a nd scape a nd s oc ia l o re conom ic u se o ft h i s l a nd scape i sc oncer ned . When r eg ion s a r e c on s ide r ed i nt e rm s o fs oc ia l r e la t ion s b e tween g roup s o f i n d iv idua l s a nd t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd w h ich t h ey l ef t b eh ind i tb ecome s a ppa r en tt h a t w e a r e d ea l ing , i n s tead , w i th u nbounded ( i th a s n o t y e t p roved p o ss ib le t o i d en t if y t r ue e t hn ic g roup s a nd p o l i t ica l e n t i t ie s d u r ing t h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic ) c omp lexe s o f i n te r -g roup r e la t ion s . Whe the r n eander ta l c ommun i t ie s r e gu la r ly a nd p u rpose ly m e t c an o n ly b e as ub jec t f o r s pecu la t ion a tt h e momen t . I ti su n l ike ly h oweve rt h a t g roups ( l a rge o rs ma l l ) l i ved i nt o ta l i s o la t ion f r om o t he r s .

T h is b ook r e p r e sen t s t h e r e su l t o f a bou t e i gh teen m on th s p a r t t ime d a t a c o l lec t ion c a r r ied o u t i n b o th t h e UK a nd F rance a nd s ub sequen t a na ly s i s . I t c once rn s t h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic o fs ou thern a s o ppo sed t os ou thwe s te rn F rance . T h is i s a n a r ea w h ich , a s f a r a s t h e E ng l i sh speak ing c ommun i ty i sc oncerned , i so f ten o ve r looked . I tr ema in s i n t h e s hadow o ft h e P er igo rd a nd c on t iguou s r e g ion s o fF rance ( c f . Me l la r s 1 996 ) a nd , m o re r e cen t ly , I t a ly ( S t ine r 1 995 , K uhn 1 996 ) . T he a im o f t h is s t udy h a s b een t o h i gh l igh t r e gu la r i t ie s i n t h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic s e t t lemen t p a t tern o b se rvab le i n s ou the rn F rance b o rde r ing o n t h e Med i ter ranean a nd s ou ther nR höne v a l ley .

E ven a low ing f o rt h e d if e rence s , w he re t h e se e x is t , b e tween n eander ta l a nd moder n h un te r -ga the re r s , e t hnog raph ic r e sea r ch s uch a s t h a t r epo r ted b y K e l ly ( 1995 ) s how s t h a t h un te r -ga the re r t e r r i to ry s i ze s ( t he r eg ion ? ) c an v a ry c on s ide rab ly , f r om c .2 5km 2 f o r t h e c oa s ta l A ndamane se t o 6 1880 I cm 2 f o r t h e C row , w i th a m ean v a lue o f c .2 400km 2 d e r ived f r om f i gu re s p re sen ted b y K e l ly ( 1995 : 12 15) . S ou ther n F rance , w i th a n a r ea l c ove rage o f 8 5738km 2 ( Mun ro 1 988 ) , c ou ld p o ten t ia l ly p rov ide t e rr i to ry f o r3 5 s uch a ve rage g roup o fh un te r s .

T he M idd le P a laeo l i th ic h a s t r ad i t iona l ly b een v i ewed a s a p e r iod c ha r a c te r ised b y s ub s tan t ia l l i t h ic a s semb lag e d i ve r s i ty . T h i s d ive r s i ty i st h e f ounda t ion o f much o f t h e d i scus s ion c oncern ing t h e p e r iod . T he d i scu s s ion h oweve r o f t en a pp ea r sa lmo s tt oi g no r e o t he r , n on l i th ic , v a r iab le s a nd i ti st h ese w h ich , b y a nd l a rge , f o rm t h e b a s i s o ft h e p r e sen t s t udy . T h e v a r iab les t h is r e sea rch h a s b een c oncer ned w i th a r e t h e t o pog raph ic n a tu re o f t h e c on tex t s o f t h e l i t h ic a s semb lage s ( t he s i te s t h em se lve s ) a nd t h e f a una l d a ta o f t en , b u tn o ta lway s , f ound a l ong s ide t h es t one t oo l s .

I f , o n t h e o t he r h and , w e d ef ine a ' t e r r i to ry ' i nt h e s en se o f t h e s i t e c a tchmen ts en su H igg s ( 1972 , 1 975 ) t h en i t ss i ze c an b e a pp rox ima ted o n t h e b a s i s o f v a r iou s a r chaeo log ica l ly r e cogn i sab le v a r iab le s . F o r e xamp le , h ow f a r i st h e f u r the s t k nown r aw m a te r ia l s ou r ce f r om t h e s i te ?I fr aw m a te r ia l c an b e s hown t o h ave b een o b ta ined 1 5km a way t h en w e c an a s sume t h a t t h e s oc io -econom ic t e r r i to ry o f t h e g roup i n q ue s t ion s t re tched a t l e a s t t h a t f a r i f n o t f u r the r . T he t emp ta t ion t ot r ea tt h i sd i s tance a s ar ad iu s i ss t rong b u t i sn o t o ne t o w h ich w e s hou ld s uccumb . S i te t e r r i to r ie s a r e n o t a lway s c i r cu la r . L oca l t opog raph ic f e a tu re s d e te rm ine , a t l e a s t t o s ome e x ten t , t h e s hape a nd s i ze o f t h e t e r r i to ry . Whe the rt h e r aw m a te r ia l w a s o b ta ined v i a e xchange o rt r ade w i th a no the r g roup o r w a s o b ta ined a tt h e s ou r ce s i t e d i rec t b y t h e g roup i n q ue s t ion i s l a rge ly i re levan t . T he f a c t r ema in s t h a t t h e s oc ia l t e r r i to ry o ft h e h un te r -ga the re r g roup e x tend s a tl e a s t a s f a r a s t h e s ou r ce o f r aw m a te r ia l . T he se t e r r i to r ie s s hou ld p e rhaps b e t e rmed ' m ic ro ' , ` me so ' o r ' s ub ' r e g ion s , t h e c omb ina t ion o fs eve ra l o r m any o ft h em f o rm ing t h e w ide r r eg iona l c on tex t o f t h e s i t e s a nd a s semb lage s s t ud ied . S uch ' s ub reg ion s ' a r e c ha rac te r i sed n o t o n ly b y t h e i r r e spec t ive c ha rac te r i s t ic s ( e nv i ronmen ta l a nd o t he r ) b u t a l so b y t h e i r r e la t ion sh ip s w i th e ach o t he r , i . e . b y t h e i rm a c ro reg iona l r e la t ion s .

1 . 1 T he R eg ion D ef in ing t h e ' r eg ion ' a low s u s t o i d en t if y o u r ' s t udy sp ec if i c f r amewo rk '( A l len e ta l1 998 : 3 2 ) . A cco rd ing t oB in t l if f( 1988 : 9 3) a r e g ion , w h ich i su sua l ly r e ga rded a s b e ing a b ounded a r ea o n am ap , c an b e d ef ined a s ' au n i t o f c oun t ry l a rge r t h an t h a t a s soc ia ted w i th o ne p a r t icu la r s e t t lemen t a nd s ma l le r t h an t h a t c ommon ly f ound t ob e o ccup ied b y moder n n a t ion s t a te s . ' I nt h e s ame v o lume S l ap gak ( 1988 : 9 6 ) d ef ine s t h e r eg ion a s a' c u l tu re -and -env i ronmen t d e term ined s pa t ia l s y s tem w i th al i m i ted c ho ice o fa dap t ive s o lu t ion s . ' T h i s h e c ons ide r s t o b e a' b a s ic d i s t inc t ive u n i t o f a r chaeo log ica l o b serva t ion ' ( S lap gak o p . c i t . ) . D ef ined b y S ma l l a nd W i the r ick ( 1989 : 1 89 ) a sa r ea s ' o ft h e e ar th 's s u rf ace d i f f e r en t ia ted a nd g i ven u n i ty b y as pec if ic c ha rac te r i s t ic o rs e to fc r i te r ia ' , r e g ion s e ncompa s sb o th a r ea s a nd p l a ce sa nd t h ey c an b e l a rge o rs ma l l ,h o r izon ta lo rv e r t ica l . Wh i le t h ey c a n b e a r ea s o fe i the r u n if o rm i ty o r c on t ra s t , t h ey w i l l a lw ay s b e a r ea s o fm u l t ip le c ha r a c t e r i s t ic s . S im i la r ly , t h ey n eed n o tb es p a t ia l ly c on t inuou s ( A l len e ta l . 1 998 : 5) . I n s tead t h e r e m ay b e s i g n if ican t i n t ra -a r ea v a r ia t ion i n c ha ra c t e r i s ing v a r iab le s . T he r e m ay b e ' h o le s ' o r g ap s i nt h e r e g iona l m ap . T hey a r en o tn a tu ra lp henomena b u ta r em an m ad ea nd e x i s t ,a nd a r e i d en t if i ed , i nr e la t ion t oe a ch o t he r . T he c oncep t i su s ed a sa c onv en ien t t o o l o f a na ly s i s a nd c l a s s if i ca t ion , b e t h a t c l a s s if i ca t ion d e te rm ined b yt h e ' modem a na ly s t ' o r , p e rhap s i n t h e p r e s en t c a se , t h e h i s to r ic o r p r eh i s to r ic o ccupan t o f t h a t r e g ion . T h e i s omo rph ic r e g ion ' i s at h eo r e t ica l g eog r aph ica l

H ow t h en s hou ld t h er e g ion o rr e g iona lc on t ex tb ed ef ined ? R eg ion sa r e d ef ined o nt h e b a s i s o fs e t s o fe co log ica l , e conom ic a nd s o c ia ld ef inab le v a r iab le s . T hey a r eo f t en t h er aw m a t e r ia l o f t h e' g eog raphy ' o fa na r ea a nd t h i sg eog raphy i st h er e su l to f as e t

A g r icu l tu ra l L oca t ion T heo ry a nd C en t ra l P l a ce T heo r em v on T hunen a nd C h r i s ta l le rr e spec t ive ly ( Gooda l l 1 987 ) i sa' r eg ion ' o f e qua l c ond i t ion s . A l l r e sou r ce s a r e e qua l ly a va i lab le , t h e l a nd scap ei su n if o rm .T he r e i sl i t le i nt h ew ay o fc on t ra s t .

'A n i s omo rph ic r e g ion o rs u r f ace a sd ef ined a nd e mp loyed f o r e xamp le b yh uman g eog raphe r s i nl o ca t iona l mode l ss u ch a st h e 1

o f d ynam ic s o r m e chan i sm s ( b ehav iou ra l , e co log ica l , s o c ia l , i d eo log ica l e t c . )w h ich o pe ra ted i nt h ep a s ta nd c an b e i d en t if i ed a nd s t ud ied t o day .

R e sea rch i n to t h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic o fs ou the rn F rance c an b e d iv ided i n to t h ree h i s to r ica l p ha se s : ( 1 ) P re - 1 9 30 , ( 2 ) 1 930 t o 1 974 , a nd ( 3 ) 1 974 t o p re sen t , a nd t h e re a r e , a s a r e su l t , an umbe r o fm a jo r r e f e rence s t ow h ich o ne c an t u rn w hen c on s ide r ing t h ep a la eo l i th ic o fs ou ther nF rance .

A l len e ta l . ( 1 998 : 5 ) c on s ide r r e g ion s t o b e ' s e r ie s o f o pen d i s con t inuou s s pa ce s c on s t i tu t ed b y s o c ia l r e la t ion sh ip s w h ich s t r e t ch a c ro s s t h em i n av a r ie ty o fw ay s ' . T he r e la t ion sh ip s a r e ' s o c ia l ' i nt h a t t h ey a r e m an r e la t ed . A n a tu r a l o r e co log ica l r e g ion i sd ef ined i nt e rm s o ft h e e nv i ronmen t o ccu r r ing a tt h e t i me i n q ue s t ion . T he c u l tu ra l o r h uman r e g ion ( i . e . n on n a tu r a l /e co log ica l ) i sd ef ined o n t h e b a s i s o fs e t s o fn on -na tu ra l

D u r ing t h e f i r s t o ft h e se p e r iod s t h ej ob o ft h e a r chaeo log is t i n s ou the rn F rance w a s s e en t o b e o ne o f d e sc r ib ing a nd e xcava t ing s i t e s , a nd t h en d escr ib ing a s e lec t ion o f t h e a r tef ac t sr e cove red . S ome o ft h ee a r l ie s tp ub l ica t ion s a r et ob ef o und i nt h es e r ie s : Ma tj r iaux p ou rl 'H i s to i re P r im i t ive e tN a tu re l le d el 'Homme e t l ' E tud e d u S o l , d e l a F aune e t d e l a F lore q u i s ' y r a t tachen t , i n i t ia l ly e d i ted b y G ab r ie l d e Mo r t i l le t a nd c on t inued b y E ugene T ru ta t a nd Em i le C a r ta i lhac . I n t h e 1 872 v o lume a l one w e f i nd a r t ic le s o n t h e s i tes o ft h e B a s V iva ra i s ( A rdeche ) ( Lep ic a nd L uba c 1 872 ) , o n t h e B a s L anguedoc r e g ion ( Caza l i s d e F ondouce 1 872 ) a nd t h e C evenne s ( J ean jean 1 872 ) . A l l o f t h em a r e d e sc r ip t ive a ccoun t s o fs i t e s k nown a tt h e t ime a nd t h e i r a r chaeo log ica l c on ten t s .

c r i te r ia . T h e n a tu ra l r e g ion o fs ou the rn F r ance ( s ee f o re xamp le t h e m ap o n p age 3) i nt h i s s t udy c ove r s t h e f l a t l a nd so ft h e c oa s ta l b e l t ( Med i te r r anean z one o f P rovence a nd L anguedo c ) e x tend ing n o r thwa rd s u p t h e R höne v a l ley , p l u s t h e m a jo r r i ve r v a l ley s w h ich o p en o u t o n to t h i s f l a t ( c oa s ta l o r c o r r ido r ) l a nd scape . D iv ided i n to s e ve ra lz one si tc omp r i se s : 1 .

2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 .

T he c oa s t l ine , r u nn ing f r om t h e I t a l ian b o rde r t ot h e S pan i sh f r on t ie r s , ar e g ion w h ich i ns om e p l a ce s i nt h e e a s to ft h er e g ion i sl e s st h an 1 cm i nw id th L ow e rP rov ence ,n o r th o ft h ec oa s ta lz one ,s ou th o ft h e D u rance a nd V e rdon r i ve r sa nd e a s to ft h eR höne U pp e rP rov ence ,n o r th o ft h eD u rance -Ve rdon l i ne ,e a s t o ft h eR höne i n c lud ing t h eV au c lu se L anguedo c , w e s t o f t h e R höne , e x tend ing f r om A v ignon i nt h ee a s tt ot h eA ude c a t chmen ti nt h ew e s t P y ren ean f o o th i l l s a nd t h e s ou the rn e x t r eme o f t h e A qu i ta ine b a s in ( s ou th o ft h eT ou lou se a r ea ) ,

T he f i r s t h a lf o ft h e t wen t ie th c en tu ry s e e st h e p ub l ica t ion o f s uch a ccoun t s a s t h a t o f V . C o t te : D ocumen t s s u r l a P räh i s to i re d e P rovence ( 1 920 ) w h ich , a l though n ow d a ted t os ay t h e l e a s t , c on t inue s t op rov ide au s ef u l i n t roduc t ion t o t h ea r ea . B e tween 1 930 a nd 1 969 w e s e e a n i n c r ea se i na wa r ene s s o f t h e i mpo r tance o f t h e a l terna t ive d a ta t ype s w h ich e xcava t ion sp roduce s . T he w o rk o f MM P au lu s a nd G agn ie re h i gh l igh t t h e g row ing i mpo r tance o f f a una l s t ud ie s , at r end w h ich m ir ro r s o r i s m ir ro red b y t ha t i n SW F rance a nd e l sewhe r e , c u lm ina t ing i n B ouchud 's 1 966 E s sa i s u r l e R enne . T he i r p ub l ica t ion s , f r om t h e e a r ly 1 9 30 s t h rough t h e 1 960s , c on t inue t h e p u r e ly d escr ip t ive t r ad i t ion w h ich c on t inue s w i th , a mong o t he r s , B on if ay 's C a rn i vo re s q ua terna i re s d uS udE s td e l aF rance ( 1 97 1) . T h is , a l though b eg inn ing t o s how i t s a ge , r ema ins a n i n va luab le l a nd -ma rk p ub l ica t ion c oncer n ing o ne o ft h e mo re d e ta i led a spec t s o f t h ea r chaeo log ica l r e co rd o ft h ea r ea .

T he C evenne s a nd t h e i n land a r ea w e s t o ft h e R höne i n c lud ing t h eG a rd ,A rd eche a nd A vey ron c a t chmen t s .

O u r c u l tu ra l r e g ion o f s ou the rn F r ance i so ne w he r e m idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e s e x i s t i n s ome q uan t i ty , y i e ld ing s t one t o o l a s s emb lage s o f v a r iou s t y pe , e sp ec ia l ly t h e T yp ica l a nd C ha r en t ian g roup s ( p r imar i ly Q u ina ) o ft h e Mou s t e r ian w h ich d om ina t et h er e g ion .

1 . 2 E ar l ier R e search i nS ou thern F rance .

1 969 a nd 1 97 1 s e e t h e p ub l ica t ion o ft h e t wo s em ina l w o rk s o n t h e L owe r a nd M idd le P a laeo l i th ic o ft h e r eg ion . T he se t wo v o lume s b y d e L um ley a r e p e rhap s t h e u l t ima te s i t e g aze t tee r s a nd s t i l l f o rm t h e e s sen t ia l s t a r t ing p o in t f o r a ny w o rk o n t h e p e r iod i nt h i s r e g ion . 1 972 s e e s t h e p ub l ica t ion o ft h e H o r tu s C ave e xcava t ion r e su l t s ( d e L um ley 1 972 ) . A s a n e d i ted v o lume t h is b ook p rov ides b o th as p ec if ic s i te c a se s t udy a nd s ome r eg iona l c ompa r isons . I t d e sc r ibe s t h e e nv ironmen t s p r eva len t a tt h e t ime o f s i t e s o ccupa t ion a nd l o ok s a ta l l a spec t s o ft h e a r chaeo log ica l a nd a n th ropo log ica l m a te r ia l f r om t h es i te .

A s ag l ance a t A ppend ix Iw i l l s how a bundan t d a ta a r e a va i lab le f r om S ou ther n F rance , a l though i n ev i tab ly t h e q ua l i ty o ft h e se d a ta i sv a r iab le . A s i na ny r e g iona l s t udy w e a r e c onf ron ted b y a tl e a s t s ome d a ta w h ich w e r e o r ig ina l ly r e co rded ac en tu ry o r mo re a go a nd o t he r d a ta w h ich d e r ive f r om s i te s s t i l l b e ing i n ve s t iga ted a nd p ub l ished ( e .g . L aza re t , B au d e l ' Aube s ie r )( Va len s i 1 996 , L ebe l p e r s . c omm . ) . T he se m ixed d a ta r ema in v a luab le i fw e u se t h em w i th c au t ion . T hey w i l l n o t , p e rhap s , a nswe r a l l t h e s o r t s o f q ue s t ion s w h ich a r chaeo log i s t sa sk o rw ou ld l i ke t oa sk t oday b u tw hen t h e o l de r d a ta a r e n o t i g no red t h ey p rove t o b e r ema rkab ly f r u i tf u l . M ix ing o l d a nd n ew d a ta w i th c a r e a l low s u s t o g o f u r the rt h an i ss ome t ime st hough tp o s s ib le .

I n 1 973 w e s e e G e rbe r 's t h e s i s c once rn ing t h e M idd le P a la eo l i th ic f a una o f s ou ther n F rance , t wo y ea r s b ef o re D e lpech 's s em ina l c ompan ion v o lume o n t h e f a una s o fS ou th We s t F rance ( De lpech 1 975 ) . T he 1 974 p ub l ica t ion b y J . -C . M i skov sky ,L e Q ua te rna i re d u M id i Mj .d i t e r ranjen p rov ided a n i n va luab le a ccoun t o f t h e s t ra t ig raphy a nd p a laeoc l ima to logy a s r e vea led b y s ed imen to log ica l a na ly se s

T he r e a r e an umbe ro fm a jo rr e f e rence st ow h ich o ne c an t u rn w hen c ons ide r ing t h e p a laeo l i th ic o f s ou ther n F rance ( s ee t a b le 1 . 1) .

2

o fs i te s i nt h e r e g ion b e tween L igu r ia ( I ta ly ) a nd C a ta lon ia ( Spa in ) .

t ot h e E ng l i sh language s peak ing c ommun i ty . T h i s w o rk g oe s s ome w ay t owa rd sd o ing t h is .

T he 1 980s a nd 1 990s s e e r epor t s r e su l t ing f r om e xcava t ion s a tL aza r e t ( Da r la s 1 986 , P a tou 1 984 , S e r r e 1 992 , V a len s i 1 994 , v an d en B r ink -Long 1 994 ) . T he r e su l t o f i n c rea sed f i e ldwo rk a nd e xcava t ion s i s as e r ie s p ub l ica t ion s a nd t h e se s o n s ub jec t s r a ng ing f r om l i t h ic t y po logy , t e chno logy , r aw m a te r ia l s t ud ie s , s ed imen to logy a nd e nv i ronmen t s , f auna a nd r e cen t ly d a t ing . T h is t r end c on t inue st od om ina te .

I nt h e r epo r t t h a t f o l low s t wo r e la ted d a taba se s f o rm ing t h e b ackbone o f t h e r e sea r ch a r e i n t roduced ( c hap te r 2 ) , p r e sen ted a nd t h e i r c omp i la t ion /p re sen ta t ion d e sc r ibed a nd e xp la ined . T h i s i sf o l lowed b y a n a ccoun t o ft h e p reva i l ing e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s a t t h e t ime o f t h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic a nd ad i scu s s ion o ft h e a va i lab le f a una l d a ta a sa r e f lec t ion o f t h e se e nv i ronmen t s ( c hap te r 4 ) . I t q u ick ly b ecome s a ppa ren t t h a t , a l though s ome e nv i ronmen ta l r ef lec t ion c an b e o b served ,t h e f auna l m a te r ia l w h ich w eh ave a va i lab le i s ag r ea te r r ef lec t ion o f l o ca l t a phonom ic e v en t s t h an o f p r eva i l ing r eg iona l e co log ica l c ond i t ion s , b e t h e se e ven t sn a tu re -o rm an re la ted .

D a te

A u thor (s )

P ub l ica t ion

L a te 1 9t h c e n tu ry

v a r iou s

Ma te r iaux p ou rl ' H is to i r ep r im i t ive e t n a tu r e l le d el ' Homme

1 906

V i l leneuve " L .d e L e sg r o t te sd eG r ima ld i ( Baou s se a nd B ou le ,M . R ou s se ) ,t ome 1 ,f a sc . 2 .G eo log ie e t P a leon to log ie .

1 920

C o t te , V .

1 948

L ou is , M .

1 962

B on if ay , E .

L e sT e r ra in sQ ua tema i r e sd an s l e S udE s td el aF r ance .

1 969

d e L um ley , H .

U ne C abane A cheu le enne d an s l a G ro t te d u L aza r e t( N ice ) .

1 969 -71

d e L um ley , H .

L e P a leo l i th ique I n f e r ieu re t Moyen d uM id i M ed i te r raneen d an ss on C ad r eG eo log ique .

1 97 1

B on if ay , M . -F .

C a rn ivo r e sq ua tema i r e sd uS udE s td e l aF rance .

1 97 1

G e rbe r , J . -P .

L aF aune d eG rand s Mamm if e r e sd u Wü rm A nc ien d an s l eS udE s td e l a F rance .

D ocumen t ss u rl aP r eh i s to ir ed e P rovence , I :L aP rovence P l e i s tocene . P r eh i s to i r ed u L anguedoc Med i te r raneen e td uR ou s s i l lon .

D a te

S i te a nd e xcavat ion l e ader

1 826

P .T ou rna l 's e xcava t ion o fG ro t t ed eB iz e

1 870

F i r s ty ea ro fe xcava t ion a tB aou s se R ou s se ,G ro t t ed e Men ton , b yE .R iv ie re

1 878

L .C h i ron e xcava te s a tF igu ie r

1 884 1897

L .J u l ien w o rk sa tB a rma G rande

1 895 1902

E xcava t ion s a tB aou s se R ou s se , l e db yP r ince A lbe r to f Mona co

1 896

D r . P .R aymond e xcava te sa tB aume d 'Ou l l in s

1 900

G ro t te d e sE nf an t s ( G r ima ld i )e xcava ted b yL .d e V i l leneuve

1 937 1954

M . Ma r t in l e ad se xcava t ion a tB aume d 'Ou l l ins

1 938 1959

R ipa ro Moch i e xcava t ion s b yA .C . B lanc a nd L . C a rd in i

1 972

d e L um ley , H .

L aG ro t te d e l ' Ho r tu s( Va l f laune s , H e rau l t )

1 946

B . B o t te t i n ve s t iga te s B aume B onne

1 976

v a r iou s

R eg iona l p ub l ica t ion so ft h e U ISPP C ong r e s s ,N ice

1 947 1953

P .H ucha rd , M . V eyn ie ra nd A .O ber n ich a tF igu ie r

1 985

G iraud , Y

O r ig ine d el am a t ie r ep r em ie r eu t i l isee a u p a leo l i th ique i n f e r ieu re tm oyen .

1 950 1967

G ro t te d u L az a r e te xcava ted b y L eC ommandan t O c tobon

1 992

P a tou -Ma th is , M .

L as ub s i s tance c hez l e s N eande r ta ll e n s d eB ize ( Aude ) .

1 951

A bbe B ayo l b eg in sw o rk a tL aL aouza

1 994

C ons tan t in i , G .

L e s G rand sC au se sa ux T emp s P r eh i s to r ique s .

1 954 1955

J .C omb ie re xcava te s B aume d 'Ou l l in s

1 957 o ngo ing

1 995

R oud i l ,J . -L .

P r eh i s to i r e d el ' A rdeche . L eT emp s d e sC ha s seu r se tl e u rA r t .

E xcava t ion s l e db yP rof . H . d e L um ley b eg in a tB aume B onne

1 958

E xcava t ion a t Madonna d e l l 'A rma ( F . F r ed ian i a nd G . B a la rd in i )

1 960 1964

H . d e L um ley e xcava te s a tH or tu s

T ab le 1 . 1 L i s to f ma jo rp ub l ica t ion l a ndma rk s i ns ou th e a s te rn F rench m idd le p a laeo l i th ic p reh i s to ry E ven ab r ief g l ance a ts eve ra l o ft h e r e f e rence s i nt a b le 1 . 1 w i l l s how t h a t t h e v a s t m a jo r i ty a r e d e sc r ip t ive i nn a tu r e , b e t h ey s i t e s p ec if ic o r mo re g ene ra l . O n ly r e la t ive ly r e cen t ly h ave m o r e p rob lem -o r ien ted v o lume s a ppea red , ar e su l t l a rge ly o ft h e r o le o ft h e s t af f a nd s t uden t s o f t h e r e levan t d epa r tmen t s o f t h e u n ive r s i t ie s o f P rovence ( i n Ma r se i l le ) a nd Mon tpe l l ie r p lu s t h e I n s t i tu t d e P a leon to log ie H uma ine i nP a r i s . L and ma rk s i ne xcava t ion h i s to ry i nt h e r e g ion a r e l i s ted i nt a b le 1 . 2 .

1 . 3 T he C urren t R e search T he c u r r en t r e sea rch t h u s b egan a ga ins t ab ackg round o f o ngo ing s i t e - a nd s ub jec t spec if i c r e sea rch , t h e l a t te r u sua l ly c ompa r ing r e su l t s u s ing a c e r ta in t e chn ique a ts eve ra l s i te s . T he re h a s b een l i t t le a t temp t h oweve r t oc on s ide r t h e w ho le r eg ion , a nd n o a t temp t t oi lu s t ra te t h e r i chne s s o ft h e r eg ion

1 960 1974

E sca le e xcava t ion s l e d b y E .B on if ay

1 962 -o ngo ing

E xcava t ion s l e d b yP rof . H . d eL um ley b eg in a tt h e G ro t te d u L aza re t

1 964 -o ngo ing

Wo rk , l e db yH . d eL um ley , b eg in sa tT au tave l

1 964

J .C omb ie rb eg in sw o rk a tO rgna c

1 970 1985

A . T ava so e xcava te s a tT ou r na l

1 9731974

F .B az i le e xcava te s a tL aL aouza

1 978 1982

F .B a z i le e xcava te s a tB aume d 'Ou l l in s

1 979

E xcava t ion sb eg in a tL e sC ana le t te s

1 984

A . D ef leu re ta l .b eg in w o rk a tG ro t te d e sC ed r e s

1 986

E xcava t ions l e db yA . T ava so b e ing a tL aC ombe t te

1 987 -o ngo ing

E xcava t ion s a tB au d e l ' Aube s ie rb egun b y S .L ebe l

1 988 199 1

I n ve s t iga t ion s a tB e r igou le ( J .Ph . B ruga l )

T ab le 1 . 2 . L i s t o f ma jor f i e ldwork l a ndmark s i n s ou th e a s tern F rench m idd le p a laeo l i th ic p reh i s to ty .

3

T he s i t ed a t aba se i sd i scu s sed i nc hap te r5 .H e r ep a t te rn ing i ns i t e d i s tr ibu t ion i sd e sc r ibed , f o rm ing t h e b a s i s o f ad i scu s s ion o f s e t t lemen tp a t te rn ing . T he r o le o fi n d iv idua l s i t e s ( s i t e f u nc t ion ) i sd i scu s sed ,c oncen t ra t ing o nt h et a phonom ic d a ta t oh and . C hap te r 6p r e sen t s a mo r e d e ta i led d i scu s s ion o f f a una a t i n d iv idua l s i t e s , c on s ide r ed i nt e rm s o fe v id ence f o r s ub s i s t en ce s t ra t egy r e con s t ruc t ion . T he f i na l c hap t e rs umma r i se s w ha th a s b een l e a rned ; I tp r e sen t s r e su l t s u pon w h ich a n i n i t ia l m ode l o ft h e s e t t lemen t g eog raphy o ft h er e g ion m ig h tb eb a sed .

4

C hap ter Two

2 . 1 .1 D a taba se S truc ture a nd t he S e lec t ion o fF ie lds

T he D a taba se

E igh t g roup s o fv a r iab le s w e re i n c luded i nt h e d a taba se . O f t h e se s eve ra l w e r e r e co rded a s' t ex t ' a nd s ub sequen t ly c oded i n o rde r t o e a se a na ly s is . Whe re d a ta w e re u nava i lab le e n t r ie sw e re a lway sc oded a s0 . T he f i e ld /va r iab le g roup s a nd t h e ir c omponen t s w e r e a s f o l low :

Much o ft h ed a ta c omp i led d u r ing t h e c ou r se o ft h i s r e sea r ch w a s o b ta ined f r om p ub l i shed s ou r ce s i n b o th t h e UK a nd F r ance . T he q ua l i ty o ft h ese p ub l ica t ion s v a r ie s c on s ide rab ly i np a r t , b u t n o t o n ly , w i th a ge . A s ag ene ra l r u le t h e mo re r e cen t t h e p ub l ica t ion t h e mo re q uan t i ta t ive t h e d a ta , a l though t h i s i sn o t a lway s t h e c a se . F auna l d a ta i np a r t icu la r i mp rov e . T he r ea r e i n d ica t ions o fb u tche ry d a ta , a ge sex d a ta a nd s ome t ime s e ven s e a sona l i ty , a l though t h e l a t te rh ave n o t y e t b een a pp roached u s ing mode r n t oo th t h in sec t ion ing t e chn ique s .

S i te n ame 2

Two m a in d a taba ses w e r e c omp i led . T he s e t t lemen t d a taba se c omp r i sed d a ta o n s i te l o ca t ion a nd t opog raph ic c ha rac te r i s t ic s . A s w e l l a s ab r ief n o te o f t h e f a una l d a ta a va i lab le . T he f auna l d a taba se c on s i s ted o f i n d ica t ion s o f p r e sence /ab sence o fs pec ie s a nd t h e i rf r equency w he re t h e se d a ta a r e a va i lab le . F r equency d a ta w e re n o ted a s %N ISP o r d e sc r ip t ive ly a nd i nt e rms o fr ank v a lues . O n af ew o cca s ion s s p ec ie s a r e l i s ted i no rde r o fi mpor tance i np ub l ica t ion s a nd t h is i n f o rma t ion w a s c on s ide red t ob e w or thy o fn o te . T he f a una l d a ta a r e l i s ted h e re i n s e pa r a te a ppend ices : 1 -% N ISP f r equenc ie s , I -s pec ie s p r e sence /ab sence , I V %MN I e l emen t f r equenc ies .

2 . 1 T he S e t t lemen t /S i te D a taba se W i th t h e a bundance o f d a ta a ppa r en t ly r e ad i ly a va i lab le s ome d e c i s ions h ad t o b e m ade a s t o w h ich i n f o rma t ion s hou ld b ec o l lec ted a nd r e co rded a nd h ow t os t o r e i t . G one a r et h ed ay so fc a rd index f i l ing s y s tem s f o rt h is s o r to f w o rk . I n s t ead a d ec i s ion h ad t o b e m ade c oncern ing w h ich c ompu t e r d a taba se s of twa re s hou ld b e u sed . O f t h o se c on s ide r ed M s A cce s s 7 f o r W indow s 9 5 w a s c ho sen , f o rm ing p a r t o f t h e M s O ff i ce P rof e s s iona l s u i te . T he m u l t i ta sk ing c apab i l i t ie s o f t h e v a r iou s c omponen t s o f t h is s u i te m ean t t h a t t h e d ec is ion t o u s e A cce s s w a s r e la t ive ly s t ra igh t f o rwa rd . C ho ice o f f i e ld s t o b e i n c luded i n t h e d a taba s e r e qu ired r a the r mo re a t ten t ion , a l though t h e p o ten t ia l o f t h e s y s tem u sed ( h a rdwa re a nd s of twa re ) w a s s uch t h a t m any v a r iab le s c ou ld b e r e co rded a nd o n ly t ho se w h ich p r oved t o b e o f v a lue o r r e levance i n c luded i nt h e r epor tf o rma t . O the rf i e ld s c ou ld l a t e rb e c omb ined .

S i te l o ca t ion ( i ) S t anda rd xa nd yc o -o rd ina tes w h ich c ou ld b e u sed f o rm app ing p u rpo ses . ( i ) C ommune o rn ea re s tv i l lage ( i i ) D epa r temen t ( i v ) R eg ion , e g . P rovence , L anguedoc , B a s R ou ss i l lon , B a sV iva ra is . T he se e n t r ie s w e re l a te rc oded . ( v ) ' Squa re o nt h em ap ' . Am ap o fs ou ther n F rance w a sd i v ided i n to ag r id a nd s i te s w e re r e co rded a cco rd ing t ot h e i rg r id l o ca t ion . T h i sp roved t ob eo fv a lue w hen t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o ff a una l d a ta w a s c on s ide r ed . ( v i ) S i te a l t i tude ( m ) ( v i i ) H e igh t o fs i te a bove p r e sen t d ay r i ve r l e ve l m ) ( v i i i ) V a l ley ( i x ) T ype o fv a l ley , c oded a s : 1-R höne 2-O the rm a jo rr i ve r , e g . G a rd o rG a rdon , A rdeche , D u rance ( p r ima ry t r ibu ta r ie s o f t h e R höne ) 3 -T r ibu ta r ie s o f m a jo r t r ibu ta ry r i ve r s 4-O the rr i ve r /s t r eam 5-D ry v a l ley 6-D ry p l a teau s u rf ace 7-O the r

3

S i te o r ien ta t ion . T he se w e re c oded a sf o l low :

1-N or th 2-N or th E a s t 3-E a s t 4-S ou th E a s t 5-S ou th 6-S ou th Wes t 7-We s t 8-N o r th We s t When m o re d e ta i led o r ien ta t ion d a ta a r e p rov ided i n r e por t s , s i te s a r e r e co rded a s f a c ing o ne o ft h e f ou r m a jo r

O nce t h e d a taba se h ad b een c omp i led t o i n c lude a s m uch i n f o rma t ion a s w a s a va i lab le i tw a s c onver ted t o a n E xce l s p read shee t a nd m any o f t h e t e x t v a r iab le s w e re d e le ted , l e av ing t h e c oded f o rms ( s ee b e low ) f o r s imp le a na ly s i s , t h e reby r e duc ing al a rge a moun to fd a ta ( >450 r e co rd sb y 5 9 f i e ld s , c . 1 . 3 MB ) t o as ma l le r , m o r e m anageab le d a ta se t ( 150Kb ) .

c ompa s sp o in t s . T he ref o re NNE b ecome N or th . 4

S i te t y pe . T h is f i e ld i sa l so r e pea ted i nc oded f o rm : 1-C ave 2-R ock s he l te r 3-O pen 4-S u rf ace o ccur rence s

5

5-A ven o ro the r n a tu ra l s i te s , s ome w i th h uman i n pu t . 6-O the r

7 S tone t oo l a s semb lage d a ta . Two f o rm s o f s t one t oo l a s semb lag ed a ta w e re c o l lec ted f r om w r i t ten s ou r ce s . ( i ) I ndu s t ry t ype , c oded a c co rd ing ly : 1-Mou s te r ian o f A cheu l ian T rad i t ion 2-Q u ina Mou s te r ian 3-C ha r en t ian ( t ype n o t

5 A ge o fd epo s i t . B o th g eo log ica l a ge a nd a b so lu te a ge ing d a ta w e re c o l lec ted . C 14 , T L a nd o t he r d a te s w e re r e co rded w he re a va i lab le . T he se a r e s t i l l r e la t ive ly r a r e , b u t t h e n umbe r o fa va i lab le a nd r e l iab le d a te s i sg row ing . T he g eo log ica la ge o fs i te d epo s i t sw a s r e co rded a nd c oded a s : 1-E a r l ie rt h an R is s Wü rm 2-R i s s - Würm , s t age 5 e 3-Wü rm I( 5d -a ) 4-Wü rm I I I 5-Wü rm ( 4 -3 ) 6-Wü rm I I I I 7-P o s t - Würm I I I I

( i )

6 E nv i ronmen ta l d a ta w e re c o l lec ted a nd r e co rded . T he se i n c luded p o l len , s ed imen t s , m a laco log ica l , r oden t a nd b i rd d a ta . L a rge m amma l ian f a una s w e r e n o t i n c luded a s t h ese a r e c on s ide r ed s epa ra te ly a s p o ten t ia l p rey s pec ie s r a the r t h an a s as ou r ce o f d a ta f o r d i r ec t e nv i ronmen ta l r e cons t ruc t ion a nd c ou ld b e c on s ide r ed l a te r i n o rde r t o d e term ine h ow f a una l a s semb lage s r ef lec t ' k nown ' e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s . T he m a jo r d a ta u sed w e re p a lyno log ica l a nd m ic ro -f auna l . O n ar e g iona l s c a le l a rge

s p ec if ied ) 4-F e r ra s s ie Mou s te r ian 5-T yp ica l Mou s te r ian 6-D en t icu la te Mou s t e r ian 7-O the r L i th ic r aw m a te r ia l . T he m a jo rt y pe so f r aw m a te r ia l u sed w e re r e co rded a nd c oded a sf o l low : 1-F l in t 2-Q ua r tz i te 3-J a spe r 4-B a sa l t 5-C hen 6-L ime s tone 7-O the r( i nc l . Q ua r tz )

8 F auna l D a ta . B o th h e rb ivo r e a nd c a rn ivo r e s p ec ie s w e re r e co rded . ( i ) Ma jo rs pec ie s , whe r ek nown , w e r e r e co rded , b a sed e i the ro nq uan t i ta t ive d a ta

f a una s d o , t o s ome e x ten t , r e f lec t e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s i nt h a t s pec ie sw h ich a r e n o t a dap ted t op r eva i l ing c ond i t ion s a nd w h ich d o n o te x is t i nt h e w ide ra r ea w i l l n o t b e f ound a t t h e s i te u n le s st r anspor ted a sp r ey b y h un te r s . I nt h is c a se t h e q uan t i ty i sl i ke ly t ob e s ma l l . E nv i ronmen t t y pe s w e re p l a ced i n to f i ve b road ly

o rr e co rded d om inance o rr a nk d a ta . S pec ie sw e re c oded a s : 1-R e indee r 2-R ed d ee r 3-B ov id s 4-H o r se

d ef ined c a tego r ie sa nd c oded a pp rop r ia te ly : 1-O pen 2-M ixed w ood land 3-F o r e s t( ma tu re w ood land ) 4-Med i ter ranean 5-Mon tane T he t e rm ' o pen ' i s a pp l ied t o t h o se e nv i ronmen t s w i th l i m i ted t r ee c ove r ( A rbo rea l P o l len , AP< 15 % ) . T he se m ay i n c lude ( c o ld ) s t eppe , m eadow o r g ra s s land c ommun i t ie s . ' M ixed Wood land ' c ommun i t ie s i n c lude t ho se w i th c ons is ten tA Pf r equenc ie s b u tw i th am ixed o rd i ve r se n a tu re . T hey a r e o f ten d ec iduou s w i th a n i mpo r tan t g round f l o ra c omponen t . ' F o re s t ' g roup s a r e t h o se w i th h igh AP v a lue s , l ow g ra s se s /he rbaceou s f r equenc ie s w h ich a r e d om ina ted b y j u s t o ne o f t wo t r ee s pec ie s . T he m o s t c ommon i sp i ne . ' Med i ter ranean ' e nv ironmen t s a r e c ha rac te r ised b y ar a nge o f t h ermoph i lou s s pec ie s ' . T oday t h e se e nv i ronmen t s a r e u sua l ly l o ca ted a l ong t h e w e s ter n m a rg in s o f t h e w o r ld 's t empe ra te z one c on t inen t s (Wh i t tow 1 984 : 3 32 ) . H o t d ry

5-I b ex 6-B oa r 7-R oe d ee r 8-H yaena 9-B ea r 1 0 -G ian td ee r 1 -Mammo th 1 2 -R h inoce ro s( t ype ) 1 3 -C av eb ea r 1 4 -H ya ena 1 5 -L ynx 1 6 -B rown b ea r 1 7 -F a l low d ee r 1 8 -A s s 1 9 -T ha r 2 0 -O the rc a rn ivo r e s 2 1 -F ox 2 2 -L agomorphs ( t ype ) T he s pe c ie s w e re c oded a cco rd ing t o i n i t ia l i mp r e s s ion s o fi mpor tance t h roughou tt h e r eg ion . I n

s umme r s a nd w a rm m o is t w in te r s p r eva i l . ' Mon tane ' e nv ironmen t s i n c lude t ho se w he re t h e t o pog raphy i sh i gh , r o cky o r a s soc ia ted w i th t h e f oo th i l l s o f t h e A lp s o r P y renee s . H igh r i ve rv a l ley c l if f -f ace sa r ea l so i n c luded , s u ch a st hose o ft h eA rdeche a nd V e rdon .

t h e c a se o f l a gomorph s a nd r h inoce ro s t h e t y pe ( e .g . r a bb i t v . h a r e ) i s n o t ed a s i t a l ic i sed a bb rev ia t ion s( s ee A ppend ix I ) . ( i )O the rs p ec ie sw e re l i s ted ( i i )N umbe ro fl a rge h e rb ivo re s s p ec ie s( >2kg ) ( i v )N umbe ro fc ar n ivo r e s pec ies ( v ) T o ta ln umbe ro fs pec ie s ( i i +i v )

A n o r gan ism ( p lan to ra n ima l )a d ap t ed t ow a rm o rh o t e n v i ronmen ta lc o nd i t ion s 6

9 M i sce l laneou s . T h is f i e ld p rov ided a l o ca t ion f o r s upp lemen ta ry d a ta s uch a s a l te rna t ive n ame s , r e co rded b u tche ry d a ta e t c . 1 0 R ef e rence s . T he se r e f e rences p rov ide a r e co rd o f t h e m a jo rs o u r ce s o fi n f o rma t ion . F u l l d e ta i ls a r e p rov ided i n t h e b i b l iog raphy . T he r e f e r ence sa r en o te xhau s t ive .

2 . 1 .2 D a tabase R epor t s a nd Ana ly s is U s ing t h e r e po r t f a c i l i ty i n M ic ro sof t A cce s s v . 7v a r iou s d a ta se t s w e re e x t rac ted f r om t h e m a in d a taba se . T he se i n c luded a l t h e n ume r ica l ly c oded d a ta w h ich c ou ld t h en b e c onver ted t o M ic ro sof t E xce l f i l e s f o r a na ly s i s . F u r the r a na ly s i s w a s u nde r taken u s ing a v a r ie ty o f s t a t is t ica l p ackag e s i n c lud ing S PSS P C+ , MVSP a nd XLSTAT .

2 . 2 T he F auna l D a tabase T he f a una l d a taba se w a s c on s t ruc ted i n as im i la rw ay . F i e ld s r e co rded t h ef o l low ing i n f orma t ion : 1 . S i te n ame 2 . S i te a l t i tude

3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 .

S i te o r ien ta t ion N umbe ro fs pec ie s N umbe ro fc ar n ivo re s pec ie s N umbe ro fh e rb ivo re s p ec ie s F r equenc ie s o fe ach s pec ie s P r e sence o ra b sence o fe a ch s pec ie s , r e co rded a s 1o r 0r e spec t ive ly .

A s epa r a te , s ma l le r s e t o f i n d iv idua l a na tom ica l e l emen t f r equenc ie s w a s a l so r e co rded w i th a n a s soc ia ted r e co rd o f t h e r e la t ive i mpo r tance o f t h e r e levan t s pec ie s i n t h e a s semb lage .

7

C hap ter T hree

t h e r e g ion c a n b e p rov ided f o r b o th g l a c ia l a nd i n te rg la c ia l p e r iod s .

T he M idd le P a laeo l i th ic E nv ironmen to fS ou thern

A t t i me s d u r ing t h e m i lde r , m o r e t empe r a te e a r ly p a r t o f t h e p e r iod ( i so top es t ag e5 ,R i s s - Wü rm a nd Wü rm I ) ,r e la t ive ly l a rg e a r ea s o fw ood land e x i s ted , r a ng ing f r om s ma l l v a l ley p o ck e t s i n t e r spe r sed w i th m on tane o r p l a teau s u r f a ce c ommun i t ie s t o l a rge rp l a in w ood land a r e a s .

F rance

D u r ing t h e l a s t i n te rg la c ia l ( Eem ian , R i s s -Wü rm , I s o top e s t ag e 5 e ) t h e se m i ld c ond i t ion s p r eva i led w i th e nv i ronmen t s i nt h e r e g ion o f t en c l a s s if ied a s w a rm t empe ra te w ood land ( R enau l t M i skov sky 1 9 85 ) ,w i th a n i mpo r tan tb u t l o ca l i s ed m ed i t e r r anean c omponen t . C ond i t ion s i nm uch o ft h e r e g ion , e s pec ia l ly c oa s ta l L anguedoc , w e r e o cean ic a nd r e la t ive ly w a rm , n o t u n l ik e t h e c l ima t e t o day ( F ab r e 1 984 ) . S u ch c ond i t ion s a r e a l so s e en a t Mey ra rgue s( Bou che s -du -Rhöne )w he r eP hy l l i r ea m ed ia , U lmu s c ampe s tr i s , Q ue rc u s t .i l ex , Q ue rcu s t .p ed uncu la ta , Q ue rcu s p ube scen s , A c e r c ampe s t r i s , P opu lu s a l ba , H ed e ra h e l i x , l ug /an s r eg ia , C e l t i s a u s t ra l i s a nd V i t i s v i n if e ra h av e b een i d en t if ied ( N ico l -P icha rd 1 982 : 5 9 -60 ; Wr igh t a nd Wan s ta l l 1 977 : 2 0 ) . H e r e t empe ra t e s p ec ie s a r e r a r e a nd s ome , w h ich o ccu re l sewhe r e i nt h e r e g ion s u ch a sb eech , a r ea b sen t . N o t f a r f r om Mey ra rgu e s , a tS t -Pau l le s -Du rance m ed i t e r ranean s p ec ie s a r e l e s s a bund an t a nd p i ne w ood land m o r e d eve loped . H e r e Q ue rcu st .i l ex i sp r a c t ica l ly a b sen t( N ico l -P icha rd 1 982 :7 5 ) .

G amb le ( 1 995 ) d i v ide s t h e m ap o fE u rope i n to s e ven r e g ion s . T he Med i t e r ranean r e g ion h e s ubd iv ide s i n to t h e We s t , C en t ra l a nd E a s t Med i te r ranean . T h i s m ap i so fp a r t icu la r r e levance i n t h e p r e sen ts t udy a st h e i mp l ied b ounda ry b e tween t h e We s ta nd C en t r a lZ one sf a l l sw i th in t h ea r ea w i th w h ich w ea r ec oncer ned . H e c on s ide r st h e b o rde rb e tw een t h et wo t ob e i nt h e ' Gr ima ld i a r ea ' ( Gamb le p e r s . c omm . ) w h ich i sl o ca ted i nt h e e a s t o fo u r r e g ion . I f , a s G amb le s a y s , ' The d i v is ion s m a rk i mpo r tan t d if e r ence s i nt h e s t ruc tu r e o ff o od r e sou r ce s a nd t h e i mpa c t o f e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s o n s u rv iva l ' ( Gamb le 1 994 : 1 5 ) t h en s o u the rn F r a nce i s ah i gh ly s i gn if i ca n t r e g ion f o r t h e s t udy o f p a la eo l i th ic c ommun i t ie s .

3 . 1 P hys ica lB ackground T he g eo logy o f s ou ther n F r ance i s c omp lex , c on s i s t ing o f n ume rou s s t r uc tu ra l a nd s e d imen ta ry u n i t s . L ime s tone p l a t eaux a nd c l if s f o rm a n i mpo r tan t p a r t o f t h e t o pog raphy a s d o c r y s ta l l ine m a s s if s , a luv ia l p l a in s a nd r i ve r v a l ley d epo s i t s , a l thoug h t h e l a t t e r a r e , i ns ome c a se s , o f l a t e g l a c ia l a g e a nd r e f lec tc on t inu ing r i ve rc ou r se c hang e s( N ico l -P icha rd 1 982 : 2 2 ) s u ch a st h o se o ft h e D u rance . T he p ebb ly p l a in o ft h e C rau f o r e xamp le ,o nt h ee a s t er ns i de o ft h eR höne , i sf o rmed b yt h ef l ood p l a in o f t h e D u rance w h ich , d u r ing t h e P l e i s tocene , f l owed d i r ec t ly i n to t h e Med i t e r ranean S ea ( Co lomb a nd R oux 1 978 ) . T he M i r ama s p ebb ly f o rma t ion c an b e d i r ec t ly d a t ed t oo xyg en i s o tope s t ag e5 ea nd s l ig h t ly l a t e r .

T he s i t e s o fC oup e G o rg e a t Mon tmau r in ( Hau t e G a ronne ) a nd t h e G ro t te d e s C ed r e s ( Va r ) y i e ld s ome o ft h e e a r l ie s t r e levan t i n f o rma t ion ,d epo s i t sb e ing o fR i s s - Wü rm ( Eem ia n )a ge . I nl ow e rl e v e l sa t Mon tmau r in a r bo r ea l p o l len m ake s u p9 5% o f t h e p o l len s amp le . H az e l f i gu r e s r e ach 5 4% , l i me 1 .7% , h o rnbeam a nd f i r 8% e a ch . I n u ppe r l e v e l s o ak r e a che s f r equenc ie s i nt h e r a nge o f 2 5% , p o in t ing t om i ld , t empe ra te c ond i t ion s .

F o rd e ta i l so ft h e l o ca l g eo log yt h e r e ade r i sr e f e r red t or e levan t v o lume s i n t h e G u id e s G go log ique s R gg ionaux s e r ie s ( Camp r edon a nd B ouca r u t 1 975 , G ez e 1 979 , G ouver n e t e ta l . 1 9 79 , R ou i r ea nd R ou s se t 1 973 ) .

R ive rbank

G ra s s land

3 . 2 E nv ironmen ta lC ond i t ion sd ur ing t he M idd le P a laeo l i th ic . G eog r aph ica l a nd e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s i n We s t er n E u rope w e r e m o r ev a r iab le a tt h et i me o ft h e M idd le P a la eo l i th ic t h an i s t h e c a se t o day , w i th ag r ad ien to fc ond i t ion s f r om n o r th w e s tt o s o u th e a s t o b se r ved ( O t te 1 996 : 4 4 ) . S ou the rn F r ance i sa l so a r e g ion o fe nv i ronmen ta ld i ve r s i ty , a l though t h es c a le o fv a r ia t ion i ss ma l le r , i n t ra r eg iona lr a the rt h an i n te r r eg iona l .

Wood land

1 0

B a sed o n a va i lab le p o l len , s e d imen to log ica l a nd m ic rof auna l d a ta , i n a dd i t ion t o r e su l t s o f a na ly s i s o f c o r e 8 022 i n t h e T y r rhen ian S ea ( B lanc -Ve r ne te ta l . 1 983 ) i nw h ich t h e E em ian ( R i s s - Wü rm o r i s o top e s t ag e 5 e ) i sc l ea r ly d i s t ingu ished , s ome i n d ica t ion s r e ga rd ing t h e p r eva i l ing e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s i n

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 00

° Af r equency o fr oden tt y pe s F igure 3 . 1 : E co log ica lG roup s a tt h eG ro t t e d e s Ck i re s b a sed o nf r equenc ie so fr od en t sa nd t h e i re co log ica lr e qu i r emen t s .

8

A t C& I r e s t h e m ic rof auna l a s semb lag e s ugg e s t s t h a t t h e l o ca l e nv i ronmen t w a s s em i -open g r a s s land ( Radu le s cu 1 995 : 1 5 1) w i th as ma l l ,b u ts i gn if ican t , r i ve rbank c ommun i ty ( s ee f i g . 3 . 1) . Meanwh i le ,t h eb i rd f a una i sv e ry r a r eb u ti n d ica t e st h ee x i s tence o fl i m i t ed f o r e s tc ove ri nt h ew ide rr e g ion .

' A t lan t ic D ec iduou s Wood land ' c a t ego ry . A t l e a s t t h r ee g r oup s o ft a xa m ay b e i d en t if i ed . G roup 1d om ina t e s a nd c omp r i se s m a in ly t h e p i ne a nd j un ipe r o ft h e ` s ub -med i t e r ranean -mon tane c on if e rou s f o r e s t ' ( c f . P o lun in a nd Wa l te r 1 985 : 15 ) . G roup 2 c on s i s t so fb eech ,b ox ,P runu ss p .a nd e l de r ,t h ed ec iduou sf o r e s t c ommun i t ie s f u r the r a f ie ld , a nd g r oup 3 ( o ak , P yr u s c f . Amygda l if o rm i s a nd r owan ) r e p r e sen t s t h e ' Med i te r r anean d ec iduou so ak w ood s '( Po lun in a nd Wa l t e r s 1 985 : 1 08 ) .

M i ld , t emp e ra t e e nv i ronmen t s a r e a l so o b se rv ed i nt h eA rdche a tt h es i t e so fS t Ma r ce l( G i l le s 1 994 )a nd B aume F l and in d u r ing t h ee a r ly p a r to fo u rp er iod .

T he p r e sence o fw a lnu tp r e s en t sp r ob lem s i nt h e E a r ly Wü rm a t L e s C ana le t te s a s i td oe s a s L a C a lme t te , w he r e a l te rna t ing b road ly c on tempo r aneou s m e somed i t e r ranean a nd c o lde r c ond i t ion sa r ee ncoun te r ed . I tm ay b e i n t ru s iv e f r om l a te ru pp e r p a laeo l i th ic d a te o r p e rhap se ven H o locene l e ve l s .

D u r ing t h e e a r ly Wü rm a tS o s t ( Hau t e -Ga ronne ) ( G i r a rd 1 994 : 6 2 ) a r bo r ea l p o l len i sr a r e b u t s ome r e la t ive ly t empe ra t e o r m ed i te r ranean c l ima te s p ec ie s s u ch a sh aze l , o ak , l i me , b eech , h o r nb eam a nd b uck tho r n c on t inue t oe x i s t a f te rt h e e nd o ft h e i n t e r -g lac ia l . A l though c ond i t ion s r ema in m i ld t h e r e a r e a l r eady s ip so ft h es t eppe c ond i t ion sw h ich w i l lp r eva i ll a t e ro n .

T he c o ld h um id l e v e l s a t L a C a lme t t e d u r ing Wü rm Ia r e a s soc ia ted w i th c on if e rou sw ood land c ond i t ion s , e spec ia l ly p i ne . A c ro s s t h i s a r ea d ec iduou s t r ee c ov e r d e c r ea se s c on s id e rab ly , b ecom ing l i m i t ed t os ma l l p ocke t s a nd r e s t r ic ted t or i ve r ine o r v a l ley a r ea s s u ch a s w e l l she l te r ed s po t s w he r e t h e rmoph i lou s s p ec ie sc on t inued t od ow e l ld e sp i t el o ca lc oo lc ond i t ion s .

D u r ing Wü rm Ia t B aume d e P ey ra rd s ( Vau c lu se ) a r bo r ea l p o l len f o rm s l e s st h an 5 0% o ft h et o ta lp o l len i nt h em a jo r i ty o f l e ve l s( 8 ) a nd r e p re sen t s i ne xce s so f7 0% i no n ly o ne l e v e l . I n e a ch c a s e p i ne d om ina t e s a nd b i r ch f o rm s a n i mpo r t an t , b u t r a r e r , e l emen t ( A rgan 1 994 : 18 -9 ) . S ome m e so the rmoph i lou si s p ec ie sa r ea l so p r e sen t .

Whe r e r oden t f a una s a r e c once rned s e v e r a l e nv i ronmen t t y pe s a r e i d en t if ied a tL e sC ana le t t e s( Ma rque t 1 993 : 7 3 , s e e f i g . 3 . 2 ) . T he se i n c lude 1 )m a r shy b o rea l v eg e ta t ion , 2 )t empe ra t e f o r e s t , 3 )c on t inen ta l s t eppe a nd 4 )w a t e r c ou r se c ommun i t ie s . S uch a m ix tu r e i n d ica te s ad i ve r se e nv i ronmen t , a l though i ns om e c a se s t h e e co log ica l g r oup s i d en t if i ed a r e r e p r e sen ted b y o n ly o ne i n d iv idua l a nd t h e i r v a l id i ty a s e co log ica l i n d ica to r s m igh t b e q ue s t ioned .

T he d i ve r se Wü rm I f l o ra a t G ro t t e d u P r ince c omp r i s e s c on if e rou s f o r e s t f l o ra ( t hough t t o h ave d one w e l l o n t h e m oun t a inou s t e r ra in b eh ind t h e s i t e ) o ak , e lm , e l de r a nd h o r nb eam ( R enau l t -M i skov sky 1 9 85 : 1 27 ) . T he l o ca l m ed i t e r r anean c omponen t i ss i g na l led b y t h e o l iv e , g r een o ak a nd p i s ta ch io , s u ch t h e rmoph i lou s s p ec ie s f o rm ing u p t o 5% o f t h et o ta lp o l len .O s tr ya s p . ,f o re xamp le ,w h ich c a ns t i l lb ef o und i nL i gu r ia ( Renau l t -M i skov s l cy 1 972 : 1 6 5 ) i sf o und i ns amp le s f r om t h e s i t e a nd s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s i t e / a r ea w a s o f ten b a thed i n s u n sh ine .

T empe ra te f o re s t

A na ly s i so ft h ec ha r coa lr a the rt h an p o l len a t Wü rm Is i t eo fL e s C ana l e t t e s ( Avey ron ) p r e sen t s ap i c tu r e o f w ood land o rf o r e s t v eg e ta t ion . Whe the rt h ec ha r coa lr e a ched t h eh ea r th a c c iden ta l ly o rw a s b r ough tt ot h e f i r e i n ten t iona l ly ( a s w ood , f r u i t e t c . ) c an n o t b e p r oved b u t t h e l a t t e r i su sua l ly a s sumed t ob e t h e c a se ( Vem e t 1 9 93 : 6 6 ) a nd , a l though p r e s en t ing ab i a sed p i c tu r e , t h e s p ec ie s p r e sen t a r e a s sumed t ob e t h o s e w h ich o ccu r r ed i nt h e ' l oca l 'e nv i ronmen t .

R ock -wa l l c ommun i t ies Wa te rcou r ses / r ive r b ank Meadow / g r a ss land

O pen d ry

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I n c ouche 2 o ve r 5 0% o f t h e m a te r ia l i d en t if i ed i sp i ne ; i n c ouche 3t h e f i gu r e i s8 9% . T hu sp i ne d om ina t e s i nb o th l e ve l s , b u t p a r t icu la r ly i nc ouche 3 .T he o t h e r m a jo r s p ec ie s a r e t h e m o r e t empe r a te b ox ( 1 8 .2% a nd 4 . 6% r e spec t ive ly ) a nd o ak ( 1 2 .6% a nd 2 . 4% ) . A l so p r e sen t , b u tr a r e , a r eb i r ch i nc ouche 3 , j u n ip e ra nd b eech i nc ouche 2 ,s p ec ie sw h ich p o in tt o ar e g iona l m ix t u r e o f e nv i ronmen t s s ome d i s ta nce f r om t h e s i t e . T he p r e s enc e o f a s h a nd e l de r p o in t s t o l o ca l ly d amp h um id c ond i t ion s .

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2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 % f r equency o fr oden tt ype s

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F igure 3 . 2 : E co log ica l G roup s a t l e s C ana l e t te s b a sed o n f r equenc i e so fr od en t sa nd t h e i re co log i ca lr e qu i remen t s .

S ome o ft h er a r e rp o l len i nC ana le t t e s 2b e long t os p e c ie sw h ich f o rm p a r t o ft h e A t lan t ic b eechwood c ommun i t ie s d e scr ibed b y P o lu n in a nd Wa l te r s ( 1 983 : 5 1 -3 ) , ac omponen t o ft h e l a rg e r

I nt h e l a te rp a r to fo u rp e r iod c ond i t ion sa r eg ene ra l ly h e ld t ob e c o lde ra nd t h y , ah e ra ld p e rhap s o ft h e ' t r u ly g l a c ia l ' c ond i t ion s t o c ome d u r ing t h e L a s t G la c ia l Max imum o f t h e U ppe r P a la eo l i th ic . I ng ene ra l c ond i t ion s d o d e t e r io r a te i nt h a t t h ey b ecome c o lde r a nd d r ie r . Wood land b ecame m o r e o pen a nd i n s ome a r ea sw a sr e p la ced b yo pen g r a s s la nd ( p ra i r ie -s t eppe ) .

W a rm t empe r a te p l a n t s p e c ie s r e qu i r ing a n a v e r ag e t empe r a tu r e o fa b ov e 2C f o rt h ew a rme s t m on th a n d 6 C f o rt h ec o lde s tm on th ( Wh i t tow 1 9 84 : 37 ) . 9

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G lobo ro ta l ia s c i tu la

G lobo ro ta l ia t r unca tu l ino id e s

G lob ige r ina p achyd e rma

G lob iger ina c a l ida

G lob iger ina q u inque loba

G lob iger ina d ig i ta ta

G lob ige r in i ta g lu t ina ta

G lob iger ina r ube scen s

G lob ig er in i ta u vu la

G lob iger ino id e sr uber G lob iger ino id e ss accu l if er G lob ige r ino id e st e ne l lu s G lob ige r ino id e st r ibo lu s G lob iger ino id e s c ong loba tu s O rbu l ina u n iver sa

F i gure 3 . 3 . C l ima t ic c ur ve b a sed o nl i s ted c o ld p e lag icf o ram in if e raf r equenc i e s( t o ta la nd G lob ige r ina p achyderma ) i nc o re 8 022 i nt h e T y r rhen ian S ea ( ba sed o nd a ta f rom B lanc -V erne te ta l . 1 983 :96 )

1 0

T he t u nd ra c ommun i t ie s a s soc ia t ed w i th m o r e n o r the r ly l a t i tude s , e s p e c ia l ly d u r ing t h e U ppe r P a la eo l i th ic a nd l a t e r M idd le P a laeo l i th ic a r en o t , h ow eve r , t h ough tt oh ave e x tend ed t h i sf a rs ou th . ;a l though f a una ls p ec ie sa s soc ia t ed w i th s u ch c o ld c ond i t ion s ( e .g . r e indee r , m ammo th a nd w oo l ly r h inoce ro s ) a r e s e en o no c ca s ion ,t h e s i t e sa r e i n c l ined t ob e o nt h e e dge o ft h e r e g ion , c l o se r t o t h e s em i -pe r ig la c ia l c ond i t ion s e ncoun t e r ed e l sewh e r e . H ow eve r , r e g iona l d if e r ence s a r e a ppa r en t a nd t h e c hang e i nc l ima t e i s mo r e g r adua l t h an i ss ome t ime s e nv i sag ed . N ev e r the le s s , b y t h e s e cond h a lf o f Wü rm I ( i so top e s t age 4 , i n to 3 ) w es e ec o ld c ond i t ion s a c ro s sm uch o fo u rr e g ion , w i th p ocke t s o fw ood land c ond i t ion s a c t ing a s s ma l l sca le r e f ug ia . T he d eg r ee o fd r yne s sv e r su sh um id i ty v a r ie st h rough t h i sp e r iod t o ag r ea t e re x t en tt h an d oe st empe ra tu r e .

S ed imen to log ica l a na ly s i s a l so i d en t if i e s m o r e c o ld /d ry o r c o ld /hum id c ond i t ion s a t Mau ran , t h e m i ld / t empe r a t e e nv i ronmen t s o b serv ed p robab ly b e ing a t t r ibu tab le t o s ub s tan t ia l ly e a r l ie r l e ve l s t h an t h e l a t e m ou s t e r ian o ccupa t ion i t s e lf ( G i ra rd 1 994 : 5 9 ) . P i ne a l so d om ina te s a t T ou rna l a nd R amand i l s ( Aude ) . A t T ou rna l i th a sb een s ugge s t ed t h a tt h ep i ne r e p r e sen t s as h e l t e r ed a nd w ooded l o ca l v a l ley m ic ro c l ima t e w i th in t h e c o ld d ry o p en p l a in o fL anguedoc ( Bou t ie 1 984 ; P a tou -Ma th i s 1 992 ; R enau l t M i skov s l cy 1 972 , 1 976 ) . A t R amand i l s t h e p r e sence o fk enne s o ak ( 2 .9% ) , o l ive ( 5 .7% ) a nd p eduncu la te o ak ( 7 .5% ) p o in t s t o t h ee x i s t ence o fm ed i t e r ranean c ond i t ion s i nc oa s ta l L anguedoc : m ed i te r r anean e ve rg r een o ak w ood s o f t h e t y pe d e sc r ib ed i n s ome d e ta i l b y P o lun in a nd Wa l t e r s ( 1 985 : 1 0 1-5 ) . P i n e h owev e r r e p r e sen t s 2 9 .3% o ft h e t o ta l p o l len , i na n a r ea w he r e t h e w a rm th o ft h e s umme r s e a son w a s e v iden t ly m a rk ed d u r ing t h ef i r s th a lf o f Wü rm I .N eve r the le s s ,t h er e g ion a s aw ho le c an o f t en b e c ha ra c te r i sed a s c o ld o r c oo l a nd w e t ( w i th m ed i te r r anean - o rs ub -med i t e rr anean m on tane c on if e rou sf o r e s t s

I nt h eH e rau l t , a tH o r tu s , f i ve c o ld o rc oo l p ha se s , s e pa ra t ed b y m o r e t empe r a t e e p i sod e s a r e i d en t if i ed ( Ver n e t 1 997 : 7 5 ) . I n o u t l in e , v eg e ta t ion c ond i t ion s d u r ing t h ee a r l ie rp a r to f Wü rm I a r e o fp i n e f o r e s t a nd d e c iduou s o ak w ood land , r em in i scen t o f t h e e a r l ie r p e r iod i nt h e r e g ion . Me so the rm s s u ch a sp i s tach io a nd o l iv e h ave b een i d en t if i ed p o in t ing t o a d i s t inc t ly m ed i t e r r anean e l emen t m ixed w i th t h e mo r e m on t ane g r oup s a l so s e en . L a t e ro nt emp e ra tu r e sf a l l a nd mo r e o pen h e rba ceou s g r a s s land a nd d r y s t eppe c ond i t ion s p r eva i l . A rbo r ea l p o l len t o ta l s f a l l f r om i ne xce s s o f7 5% t ol e s st h an 2 5% (W r igh t a nd Wan s ta l l 1 977 : 2 0 ) . T h i s g ene ra l s e qu ence i sm i r ro r ed b y t h e r o den td a ta , a st h e l a nd scape c hang e s f r om o ne o ff o r e s t m ixed w i th o p en g r a s s land ( a nd g a r r igue ) t o o p en s t epp e l ike c ond i t ion s w i th o n ly l i gh t t r ee c ov e r ( Cha l ine 1 972 : 2 33 ) . M eanwh i le t h e a va i lab le c ha r coa l d a t a a l so s how t h a t d u r ing t h e se s t eppe p ha se s t r ee s w e r e g r ow ing i n t h e a r ea . T he se i n c luded g r een o ak ,b ox ,d ec iduou so ak ,a s h , m ap le a nd s p ind le , s p e c ie s w h ich g r ow a l ong w a t e r c ou r se s a nd /o r a r e s u i t ed t o s ou th -f a c ing s l ope s . T he b i rd f a una , t o ta l l ing 3 0 t a xa , a r e p r ima r i ly r o cky o rm on tane s p ec ie s , t h e t r ee e l emen t b e ing r a r e ( Mou r e r -Chauv i r e 1 972 : 2 7 1) a nd t h e r e i s an o t iceab le l a ck o f a qua t ic s p e c ie si nt h ea s semb lage .

w h e r et o pog raphy i ss u i tab le , b i r ch a nd s ome M ixed O ak F o r e s t c ommun i t ie s ) o rc o ld a nd d ry , e spec ia l ly i nt h e l a te r h a lf o ft h e p e r iod w hen w ide e xpan se s o fs t eppe c ond i t ion s a r e t h ough t t o h av e e x i s t ed ( Renau l t -M i skov sky 1 972 ) . N eve r the le s s , t y p ica l m ed i t e r r anean s pec ie s c on t inued t os u rv iv e i ns h e l te r ed p ock e t s ( r ef ug ia ) ,o n ly t or e appea rl a t e ro n . S im i la rc ond i t ion sh ave b een i d en t if ied a tt h e s i t e o f Mand r in i n t h en o r th o fo u rr e g ion . H e r e s ed imen to log ica l a na ly s i s p o in t st o c o ld c ond i t ion s i n d ica ted b yt h e a bundance o fa eo l ian s a nd a nd s ome c r yoc la s t ic m a te r ia l ( G i raud e t a l . 1 998 ) . T he r o den t a s semb lag e i s a t t r ibu ted t o p r a i r ie a nd o pen g r a s s la nd e nv i ronmen t s . C o ld c on t inen ta l s p ec ie s d om ina t e b u t a r e f o und i na s so c ia t ion w i th a dd i t iona lt empe ra te g r oup s . T owa rd s t h e e nd o f t h e M idd le P a la eo l i th ic , a t A ube s ie r ( Vauc lu se ) p i ne f r equenc ie s r e a ch o n ly 2 9% a l though a r bo r ea l p o l len f i gu r e s m ak e u p 6 6% o f t h e t o ta l . T he e nv i ronmen t c omp r i se s b o th a t empe ra te , s em i -op en a nd a c o ld , h um id c omponen t . I n l a te r l e ve l s AP f r equen c ie s f a l l a nd t h e e nv i ronmen t b ecome s c o lde r a nd m o r e o pen , a l though t h e N e sque v a l ley i sb e l ieved t oh ave r ema ined ah aven o fm i ld e r c ond i t ion si n ar e g ion o fc o ld d ry e nv i ronmen t s( A rgan 1 994 ) .

C ond i t ion sa tt h es i te o fS a lpe s t r ed eP omp ignan ,o n ly 1 0km f r om H o r t u s a nd a t as im i la ra l t i tude , a r e n o tt h e s ame a sa tt h e l a t t e r s i t e . H e r e a r bo r ea l p o l len i sl ow e r ( 2 2% ) a nd f e rn f r equenc ie s a r e h i ghe r ( 2 1% ) , s ugg e s t ing am o r e h um id e nv i ronmen t i nt h e r e g ion o ft h i sn o r th -f a c ing s i t e( R enau l t -M i skov sky 1 972 ) . C o r e s amp le s f r om t h e G o lf e d e F r e ju s y i e ld c on t empo r a ry d epo s i t s i nw h ich p i ne ( P inu ss y l ve s t r i s ) f i gu r e s e x ceed 6 0% o f t h e a r bo r ea l p o l len t o ta l , a l ong w i th b i r ch , h az e l , w i l low a nd a l de r ,a l i n d ica t ing p r eva i l ing c oo lm o i s tc ond i t ion s (W r igh ta nd Wan s ta l l 1 977 : 2 0 -23 ) . T he g r ea te rt r e e c ove rs ugg e s ted b yt h i s s amp le i sar e su l to fl o ca lv ege ta t ion d if e r ence ss u ch a sa r e s e en i nt h er e g ion t o day .

I nt h e G a rd a tt h i s t i me a r bo r ea l p o l len t o ta l s a r e l ow . A t I o ton p i ne r e ache s o n ly 6 . 9% a nd f i ve o t he r s p e c ie s a ccoun t f o r o n ly a no th e r 2% . N on -a rbo r ea l p o l len ( p r ima r i ly C icho r ia e , 6 9% ) m ake u p9 0 .6% o ft h et o ta lp o l len c oun t . I nt h i sa r ea o pen s t eppe c ond i t ion sp r eva i lw i th p i ne w ood land l i m i t ed t ot h en ea rby h i l l s

P a ly no log ica l r e su l t s s how t h a t a tt h e t i me o f o ccupa t ion t h e e nv i ronmen ta t Mau r an ( Hau te -Ga ronne ) w a sc o ld a nd d r y ,w i th p i ne t h e d om inan t s p ec ie s . A s p i ne f i gu r e s f a l l f r om a n i n i t ia l v a lu e o f c .5 0% t o 3 0% , j un ipe r a nd b i r ch f r equen c ie s a l so d e c l ine , w h i le g r a s se s g r adua l ly g i ve w ay t o C ompo s i ta e . T h roughou t m o s t o ft h e p er iod , NAP f r equenc ie s s ub s tan t ia l ly e x ce ed A P t o ta l s i mp ly ing t h a t t h e e nv i ronmen t w a s b ecom ing i n c r ea s ing ly o pen . T he o ak a nd h az e l p o l len a r e i n t e rp r e t ed a s n on lo ca li n t r u s ion s .

O ne o ft h em o s td i r ec ti n d ica t ion so fr e g iona lc l ima t ic c ond i t ion s d u r ing o u rp e r iod i sp rov ided b yd eep s e ac o r e8 022 t a k en i nt h e

a nd t h e r a r e d ec iduou s t r ee s t ot h e l o ca l r i v e r ine c ommun i t ie s ( Me ignan 1 976 ) .

T y r rhen ian S ea h a lf w ay b e tween S a rd in ia a nd t h e I t a l ian c oa s t ( B lanc -Ve rne t e ta l . 1 983 ) , a t4 0 °35 'N , 1 °42 'E a nd ad ep th o f 2 430m . T he a na ly s i s c a r r ied o u t i n c lude s t h o se o fb o th b en th ic a nd p e lag ic f o ram in if e r a . T he p e lag ic f o ram in if e ra p rov ide t h e c l ea r e s t p a t ter n ing t h roughou t t h e c o r e w h ich c ove r s t h e p e r iod f r om t h e l a t e R i s s , d u r ing w h ich s ome o f t h e e a r ly M idd le P a la eo l i th ic i n du s tr ie s a ppea r , t o t h e p o s t la s t -g la c ia l . T he 1

E em ian ( i so tope s t ag e 5 e ) a nd t h e e a r ly Wü r rn g l a c ia t ion a r e w e l l m a rked a si st h e L a s t G la c ia l Max imum o fi s o top e s t ag e 2 ( B lanc -Ver n e te ta l . 1 983 :93 ) .

( C r egu t -Bonnou r e 1 996 : 1 66 )b e tween t h eR i s sa nd Wü r rn I ,a t t h e g ro t t e s d e l ' Ob serva to i r e a nd Ma r s w e f i nd c omp le t e o r a lmo s t c omp le t e s k e le ton s o f t h e s pec ie s a r e f o und ( C r egu t B onnou r e 1 992 : 2 5 ) . I ti sl i s ted a to n ly af ew s i t e s i no u rr e g ion ( s e eA ppend ix I I ) ,o ccu r r ing p r ima r i ly a tO b se r va to i r e .

T he p e lag i c f o r am in if e ra a r e d i v ided i n to t wo c a t ego r ie s : w a rm a nd c o ld .T he r ea r ee l even w a rm a nd f i ve c o ld s p ec ie sl i s ted ( s ee f i g . 3 . 3 ) . T he a u tho r sp o in to u tt h ef a c tt h a tt h ec o ld f o r am in if e ra a r eg en e ra l ly s ma l le rt h an t h e i rw a rme re qu iva len t sa nd t h a tt h i s m ay m ean t h a t s ome ( o the r s ) o ft h e s ma l le r f o ram in if e ra w e r e

T he f ox (V u lpe sv u lpe s ) m eanwh i le i sa n e v e r -p re sen t c a rn ivo r e o ccu r r ing s i n ce t h e R i s s ( C r dgu t -Bonnou r e 1 996 : 1 62 ) t a k ing r od en t s , l a gomo rph sa nd b i rd s a nd p rov id ing l i t le i nt h ew ay o f c ompe t i t ion o rd ang e rf o rm an .

n o t r e co rded g i ven t h e . 160 m ic ron s i ze l i m i ta t ion i mpo sed d u r ing a na ly s i s . A s ar e su l t , t h e c o ld p e r iod s may i nf a c t b e s t ronge r t h an t h ey a ppea r t o b e ( B lanc -Ve rne t e ta l . 1 983 : 9 5 ) . N eve r the le s s , t h e s equence o f r e su l t s o b ta ined s how s t h a t t h e r e w a s c on s ide rab le v a r ia t ion i nc ond i t ions o ve r t h e 1 00 0 00 y ea rp e r iod o fs t udy .

Mo s to ft h em u s t e lk i s , s u ch a s Mu s t e la p u to r iu s( p o leca t } a r eo f l i t le i mpo r tan ce ,c oncen t ra t ing a st h ey d oo ns ma l lp r ey ( C r egu t B onnou r e 1 992 : 3 2 -4 ) . T he w o lve r ine , t h e l a rg e s to ft h i sg r oup , o ccu r s o n ly r a r e ly a nd i sr e s t r ic ted t ot h e c o ld e p i sode s o ft h e p e r iod . A s ap o t en t ia l ly c av e inhab i t ing s p e c ie s ( Gu lo g u lo s pe laeu s ) i tr e p r e sen t s ac ompe t i to rf o rs h e l t e ra sw e l l a sf o rt h e s ma l l m amma l s a nd t h e s ma l le r o ft h e l a rge h e rb ivo r e s , s u ch a s r e indee r .

T he e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s w h ich p r eva i led d u r ing t h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic i ns ou the rn F r ance v a r ied s pa t ia l ly . Whe the r l a rg e -f auna l a s semb lage s r e f lec t t h i s e nv i ronmen ta l v a r ia t ion o r p r ov ide ap i c t u r e o fh om in id a nd c a rn ivo r e b ehav iou r , i . e . t h e r e su l t s o f p r eda t ion / scav eng ing , r ema in s t o b e s e en . N eve r the le s s , t h e s u i te o f f a una l r e sou r ce s a va i lab le f o r e xp lo i ta t ion v a r ie ss omewha t a sw e p r og r e s st h rough t h ee a r l ie r p ha se s o ft h e U ppe r P l e i s tocene , t h e se r e g iona l f a una l s p ec t ra b e ing t h e r e su l t o fc hang ing e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s a nd t h e f a una ls p ec ie sr e spon se st ot h em .

H ya ena s o n t h e o t he rh and r e p r e sen t c ompe t i to r s a nd p r eda to r s . T hey a r e k nown t o h ave e x i s t ed i n E u rop e s i nc e t h e L owe r P l e i s tocene ( C r egu t -Bonnou r e 1 992 : 3 5 ) a nd h av e s h a r ed t h e a va i lab le r e sou r ce b a se w i th h om in id ss i nce t h e l a t t e r 's a r r iva l i n E u rope . C rocu ta c rocu ta s pe laea i sb e l ieved t oh av e a r r iv ed i nF r ance d u r ing t h eR i s ss t ag ea nd t oh av et h r ived d u r ing t h eE a r ly Wü rm . T he o ccu r r ence o fp o t en t ia l n a tu ra l t r ap s i t e s s u ch a s B aume L ongue p o in t s t o t h e o ngo ing a c t iv i ty o f t h i s c a rn ivo r e c on tempo r a ry w i th n eande r ta l a c t iv i ty a sb o th a c t iv e h un t e r a nd s c avenge r i nt h e r e g ion , a sc ompe t i to r a nd p e rhap s p r eda to r o f m an .

3 . 3 F auna l H i s tory T he h i s to ry o ft h ef a una o fs ou the rn F r ance i sal o ng o ne . S eve ra l o ft h e s p ec ie s w h ich w e e ncoun t e r a tm idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e s h ave b een i nt h er e g ion f o rm i l l ion so fy ea r sa nd i nr e cogn i sab le f o rm sf o rh und r ed so ft h ou sand so fy ea r s .

F e l id s , b o th l a rg e a nd s ma l l , e x i s t i na bund ance i ns ou ther n F r ance ,t h em o r ec ommon v a r ie t ie s b e ing t h e l e opa rd ( Pan the ra p a rdu s ) a nd c av e l i on ( Pan the ra l e o s pe la ea ) . T he s ou ther n p a r t so fE u rope a pp ea rt oh ave b een p a r t icu la r ly f a vou r ed b yt h e s o l i ta ry l e opa rd ,P rov ence b e ing n oe xcep t ion ( C r egu t -Bonnou r e 1 992 : 3 9 ) . T he s p ec ie s r e gu la r ly o ccu r s a ts i t e s b e tw een t h e M inde la nd Wü r rn I I( c . 8 00 0 00 -3 00 00BP ) ,a tw h ich p o in ti t d i sappea r s . I t s e a r l ie s t e u ropean o ccu r r ence i sa tL e V a l lone t ( Tu rne r 1 996 : 7 4 ) .

3 . 3 . 1 C arn ivore s T he c a rn ivo r e s w h ich w e f i nd i nf a una l a s semb lage s a tm idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e s r e p r e sen t b o th c ompe t i to r s f o r r e sou r ce s a nd p o ten t ia lp r ey -i fn o tp r eda to r sa sw e l l . T he c ave b ea r ( U r su s s pe laeu s ) a ppea r ed i nt h e r e g ion d u r ing t h e R i s s g l a c ia t ion ( C r egu t -Bonnou r e 1 992 : 2 7 ) ( s tag e 2 4 ) a nd c on t inued t o t h r ive t h roughou t t h e M idd le a nd U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic . A t t h e s ame t i me w e f i nd b r own b ea r ( U r su s a rc to s ) , as p ec ie sw h ich h a sb een p r e sen ti nE u rope f o ro ve r7 00 0 00 y ea r sa nd w h ich s u rv ive st o day a s ap r o tec t ed s p ec ie s i nt h e

T h ec ave l i on d ev e loped f r om t h eP an the ra m o sbachen s i sa nd i t t o o f i r s t o ccu r s i nE u rope d u r ing t h e M indeVR i s s ( L e V a l lone t 0 . 9 MYA )( Tu rne r 1 996 : 7 2 )a nd i sf ound a ts i t e ss u ch a sL une l V ie l ( Hd rau l t ) . I ts u rv ive sw e l l i n to t h e U ppe rP a la eo l i th ic ,t ob e

P y r enee s . Meanwh i le , U r su ss pe laeu s d en ing e ro id e s , w h ich h a s i t so r ig in s i nt h e V i l laf ranch ian a s U r su s d en inge r i( A rgan t a nd

f e a tu r ed a tC hauve tC ave ( A rde che ) i np a r ie t a la r t( Tu rne r 1 996 : 7 9 ) .

C r egu t -Bonnou r e 1 996 :17 1) , s u r v ived i nt h e P y r enee s a nd P ay s B a sque ( N . S pa in ) u n t i l c .8 0 0 00 B P C r egu t -Bonnou r e 1 992 : 2 7 ) .

T he s ma l le r f e l id s , l y nx a nd w i ld c a t , a r e a l so e a r ly a r r iva l s , t h e w i ld c a tb e ing w e l l e s tab l i shed a tt h eC aune d e l ' A r ago ,t h e l y nx

T he w o lf a sw e k now i ti sp r ima r i ly a l a t e p l e i s tocene s p ec ie s a l though i ti sf i r s t s e en a ts i t e s s u ch a sL e V a l lone t , E sca le a nd A rago ( C r egu t -Bonnou re 1 996 : 1 58 ) . C an i s l u pu s l u pu s w a s a bundan t b e tween c . 1 30 0 00 a nd 1 0 0 00 B P , i t s p o s t -g la c ia l h i s to ry h av ing b ecome mo r ep r eca r iou sa si tb ecame p r ey r a the r t h an p r eda to r o r c ompe t i to r . T he d ho le ( Cuon a l p inu s e u ropaeu s ) a r r ived i nt h e a r ea c . 1 00 0 00 B P . A l though t h e

c ompe t ing w i th b o th H omo h e id e lbe rg en s i s a nd H omo s ap i en s n eand e r tha l e r z s i sf o rr e sou r ce s .

3 . 3 .2 H erb ivor e s T he h e rb ivo r e s p ec ie s e ncoun t e r ed r e p r e sen t t h e p r ey o r e xp lo i tab le r e sou r ce b a se a va i lab le a t t h e t i me . S ome

s p ec ie s i sf o und a t o n ly a bou t 3 0 s i t e s i n We s te r n E u rope 1 2

c ompe t i t ion f o r v ege ta t ion r e sou r ce s m ay h ave e x i s ted b u t t h e s t a t e o ft h ep a la eobo tan ica l r e co rd f o rt h eM idd le P a la eo l i th ic i s s u ch t h a tt h i sr ema in ss pecu la t ive .

Two s p ec ie so fE l ephan t id a r er e gu la r ly s e en i nt h er e g ion d u r ing v a r iou s p ha se s o f t h e M idd le P a la eo l i th ic . P a laeo loxod on a n t iquu s( o rE l epha sa n t iquu s )a ppea r ed c . 1MYA a nd s u rv ived i ns ou ther nE u rope u n t i l t h e l a t e /f ina l P l e i s tocene ( c . 3 4 0 00 B P a tt h es i t eo fF oz d oE nxa r r ique , P o r tuga l( An tune sa nd C a rdozo 1 992 ) ) . T he w oo l ly m ammo th (M ammu thu s p r im ig en iu s ) i sa l a t e a dd i t ion t o o u r f a una , a ppea r ing d u r ing t h e p enu l t ima t e g l a c ia t ion b e tween 2 50 0 00 a nd 2 00 0 00 B P ( C r egu t -Bonnou r e 1 992 : 6 9 ) a nd s u rv iv ing u n t i l t h e e nd o ft h e l a s t g l a c ia t ion i n s ou the rn F rance ( c . 1 0 0 00 BC a tG a r e d e C ouz e , D o rdogne ( De lpech 1 983 :2 27 ) . A n i n d ica to ro fc o ld c ond i t ion s , i ti sn o ta s a bundan ti ns ou ther na r ea sa si ti sf u r the rt ot h en o r th .

T he m a jo r c e r v id s p ec ie s e ncoun t e r ed t h roughou t t h e m idd le P a la eo l i th ic i ns o u the rn F r ance i st h er e dd ee r( C er vu se l aphu s ) , o c cu r r ing i n We s t e rn E u rope i n i t s p r e sen t o r c l o se ly r e la t ed f o rm s i nce c . 50000 B P( C r dgu t -Bonnou r e 1 992 : 4 9 ) , a l though t h es ma l le rf o rm C er vu se l aphu ss imp l ic id en sh a sb een i d en t if i ed a s e x is t ing b e tw een 8 0000 a nd 6 0000 B P ( C r egu t -Bonnou r e 1 9 92 ; D e lp e ch a nd P ra t 1 995 ;G uade l l i 1 997 ) . O the r c e rv id s o c cu r i nf r equenc ie s v a ry ing i np a r t a c co rd ing t o t h e f l uc tua t ing e nv i ronmen t . R e indee r ( Rang if e rt a rand u s ) f i r s t a pp ea r s t ob e o fi mpo r tance a tA rago ( C regu t -Bonnou r e 1 992 : 4 7 ; P e rnaud 1 990 , 1 993 ) w he re i tm ak e s u p m o r e t h an 8 0% o f t h e p r ey t a k en a bou t0 . 5 MYA . I ti sh ow eve r as p e c ie so fm ino r i mpo r tance d u r ing o u r p e r iod , f i gu r ing o n ly d u r ing t h e c o lde r e p i sode s o f Wü rm I . R oe d ee r ( Cap reo lu s c ap r eo lu s ) a nd f a l low d ee r ( Dama d ama ) o ccu r m o r e f r equen t ly i n M idd le P l e i s tocene d epo s i t si nt h er e g ion .

A l though f o u ro rp e rhap sf i v es p ec ie so fr h inoce ro sa r ek nown t o h av e l i ved d u r ing t h e M idd le a nd U ppe r P l e i s to cene , o n ly t h r ee a r e o fs i gn if i cance h e r e . T he Me r ck R h inoce ro s ( D ice ro rh inu s m e rk ! ) a ppea r ed d u r ing t h e M idd le P l e i s tocen e ( Gue r in 1 996a : 19 ) , c . 1 MYA , a dap t ed t o o p en f o re s t a nd s c rub land , a nd s u rv ived u n t i l t h e e nd o fo u rp e r iod ( c . 5 0 0 00 B P ) . T he p r a i r ie r h inoce ro s ( D i ce ro rh inu s h em i toechu s ) a ppea r ed 0 . 5 MYA a nd b ecame e x t inc ta tt h e e nd o ft h e P l e i s tocene . Woo l ly r h inoce ro s ( Coe lodon ta a n t iqu i ta t i s ) r e a ched E u rope f r om A s ia c .2 00 0 00 t o2 50 0 00 y ea r sa go a nd , l i k et h em ammo th , d i ed o u ta tt h ee nd o ft h e P l e i s tocene . A ga in , l i k et h em ammo th i ti sas p ec ie sm o r e o f t en a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e c o lde r c ond i t ion s o f t h e U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic t h an t h eM idd le P a laeo l i th ic .

A u roch s , b i son , i b ex , c hamo i s , t a h r a nd a n te lope m ake u p t h e ` b ov id s ' c a t ego ry ,a l though t h e t e rm i so f t en a pp l ied t o t h e B ov idae s u ch a sa u roch sa nd b i son i nt h i sa r ea . T he a u ro ch s i sk nown i ns ou ther nF r an ce f r om t h e e a r ly M idd le P l e i s tocene ( c . 0 . 9 MYA ) a tL e V a l lon e t a nd l a t e r f r om L une l V ie l d u r ing t h e M inde l -R i s s . I np r e -Wü rm i ti sg ene ra l ly r a r e a l t houg h i ti sk nown a tt h e h ya ena d en s i t e o fP ey r e ( C r egu t B onnou r e 1 9 92 : 5) a nd a t t h e M idd le P a la eo l i th ic s i t e o f R e scoundudou ( c . 1 00 0 00 - 8 0 0 00 B P ) . I to ccu r s m o r e f r equen t ly d u r ing t h e ' E a r ly Wü rm ' a ts i t e ss u ch a sL aC a lme t t e , P r ince a nd A ub e s ie r .

T he h o r se h a sb een r e co rded f r om s i t e s i ns ou the rn F rance w h ich d a t e b a ck t o 5 00 0 00 B P a nd i so f c on s id e rab le i mpo r tance t h roughou t t h e r ema inde r o ft h e P l e i s tocene ( C r egu t -Bonnou r e 1 992 : 7 4 -7 ) . T he a s s ( Equu s h yd run t inu s ) f i r s t a ppea r s i nt h e H e rau l ta tL une l -V ie lb e tw een 3 00 0 00 a nd 4 00 0 00 y ea r sa go . B oa r ( Su s s c rof a ) a ppea r ed a t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e M idd le P l e i s to cene a nd i ss e en f i r s t a t L e V a l lone t . L une l -V ie l a nd C aune d e l ' A rago ( Gue r in 1 996b : 4 3 ) . B y t h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic i ti saw e l l -e s tab l i shed m embe ro ft h er e g iona lf a una , o ccu r r ing r e gu la r ly i fn o ta bundan t ly .

T he b i son a l so o ccu r s i nt h e r e g ion a l though t h i s l a rge h e rd a n ima l n ev e ra ppea r st ob eo ve r ly a bundan t . I b ex ( Cap ra i b ex ) o n t h e o t he r h and i sa n i mpo r tan t c omponen t o ft h e r e g iona l f a una . I tf i r s t a ppea r s i nt h e a r ea d u r ing t h e R i s s g l a c ia t ion c .2 50 0 00 y ea r s a go ( e .g . a tG ro t t e d u L az a r e t a nd P r ince , ( C r eg u t -Bonnou r ea nd G ue r in 1 996 : 8 0 ) )a nd s u r v ive st o t h i sd ay i ns ma l la r ea so fs u i tab le m oun ta inou st e r ra in . T he t a h r ( H em i t ragu s b ona l i , H em i t ragu s c ed r en s i s ) r e a ched F r ance f r om A s ia m o r et h an 7 00 0 00 y ea r sa go : i ti sf o und a tL e V a l lonn e t( C r igu t -Bonnou r ea nd G ue r in 1 996 : 8 4 ) . B y 1 00 0 00 B Po n ly s ma l lp ocke t sr ema in o f as p e c ie sw h ich h a sd im in i shed i ns i ze ( C r egu t -Bonnou r e 1 992 : 6 5 )a nd w h ich f a ce sc ompe t i t ion f o rr e sou r ce sf r om t h ei n c rea s ing ly i mpo r tan ti b ex p opu la t ion . C hamo i s i st h oug h t t oh ave b een i ns ou ther n F r ance t w ice a s l o ng a s t h e i b ex ( s ince c . 500 00 B P ) a s e v idenced b y i t s o ccu r r en ce a tt h e C aune d e l ' A r ago , a l though i td i sappea r s f o r a bou t 3 00 0 00 y ea r s t or e appea r c .1 8 0 0 00 y ea r s a go ( C r egu t B onnou r e 1 9 92 : 6 5 ) w hen , t owa rd s t h e e nd o f t h e R i s s , p opu la t ion s e xpand p r io rt ot a k ing r e f uge d u r ing t h e E em ian i n t h e A lp s . I ti sn o t a sa bundan t a st h e i b ex b u t f o rm s ac on s tan t c ompon en t o f t h e f a una , o ccu r r ing i n l o ca l i sed p o ck e t s o f s u i tab le c ond i t ion s .

1 3

d a ta se t s a r e p l o t t ed . F i r s t ly t h e se a r e t h e s e pa ra t e s p ec ie s f r om i n d iv idua l s i t e s . T h i s p rodu ce s al i n ea r t r end o f c o r r e la t ion r =0 .930 :

C hap ter F our

F auna lA s semb lage P a t tern ing :

MN I=3 .674+0 .02 1N ISP

S pec ie sF requenc ie sa nd E nv ironmen ta lI n terpre ta t ion

T he s e cond ( l abe l led ) , b a sed o n t h e d a ta l i s t ed i nt a b le 4 . 1 , i sa s ma l le r s amp le c omb in ing t h e d a ta f r om l e ve l s a t t h e s i t e s p l o t t ed . F o re xamp le ,a lN ISP a nd MN Iv a lue sf r om c ouche 2a t L e s C ana le t te s a r e p l o t ted a s as i ng le s amp le . T h i s t r end a l so i s l i nea r( r =0 .997 ) :

S ou t he rn F r ance i sal a rg ea r ea b u tt h er e g iona lv e r teb ra t ef a una s o fs ou ther n F r ance s how as u rp r i s ing d eg r ee o fu n if o rm i ty w hen c on s ide r ed o n t h e w id e r s c a le a dvo ca t ed h e r e d e sp i t e l o ca l d if e r enc e s w h ich a ppea r t o b e l a rg e ly t o pog raph ic o r p edo log ica l i n n a tu r e . T he d eg ree o f s im i la r i ty w a r ran t s t h e c on s ide r a t ion o ft h e r e g ion a s aw ho le a sw e l l a si nu n i t p a r t s . A l though t h e r ea r e al a rg en umbe ro fm idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i t e s i n t h e r e g ion , m any o f t h em h ave r e ce iv ed l i t t le o r n o d e ta i led a ten t ion s i nce t h e l a s tc en tu ry . Wh i le s ome h ave b een d e s t royed

MN I=38 .838+0 .025N ISP

3 00 L a zar c i •

2 50 C omb ined A ssemb lages

a nd n ow r ema in a sl i t le m o r et h an a n i s o la t ed m en t ion i nd i a r ie s o r r e co rd s , o t he r s , f o r tuna t e ly , h ave b een c on s ide r ed i ns ome d e ta i l b y s p ec ia l i s t s i nt h e r e g ion . A l though o n ly a v e ry s ma l l n umbe r h ave b een d a ted a nd m u ch o ft h e l i t e r a tu r e c on t inue st o a s s ign t h em t o Wü rm Ia nd I , a l t h o se c on s ide red h e r e h av e y i e lded f a una l m a te r ia l w h ich c an b e a s s ig ned t o , o r i ns ome c a s e sh ave b een d a t ed t o ,t h e Mou s te r ian .

2 00

1 50

M a li n11 1 2•

.• I nd iv idua l S pec ies

• ' . 1 00 C& r es

m ak t ic s 3

,

• P 5 0

4 . 1 T he F auna lD a ta

. .i Y .: nal e t t es 2

F auna l m a t e r ia l d e r ive s f r om c ave s , r o ck s h e l t e r a nd o pen -a i r s i t e s , b u tp r ima r i ly f r om t h e f i r s tt wo c a t ego r ie s . T ot h e se c an b e a dded t h e a ven s , i . e . a ppa r en t ly n a tu ra l d epo s i t s , t h e r e su l t o f g r av i ty , w a te r , a c c iden t a nd , s ome t ime s , c a rn ivo r e a c t iv i ty . C a rn ivo r e a c t iv i ty i sn o t , h ow eve r , r e s tr ic ted t o t h i s c a t ego ry . E v idence o f t h e r o le o f n on -human p r eda to r s a nd s c aveng e r s a bound sa ts e ve ra ls i t e sa sl i m i t ed e xam ina t ion o ft h eb one sf r om j u s t af ew s i t e s h a s s hown . T he h uman i n pu t i n to t h e a ven s i s u s ua l ly m in ima l -af ew s t one t o o l s , i t em s w h ich m ay h ave b een w a shed i n to t h e s i t e b u t p l ay ed n o d i r e c t r o le i n a s semb lag e f o rma t ion . U nf o r tuna te ly , t h e l a ck o fh uman a r t ef a c tua l e v idence h a sm ea n tt h a t( a )t h ed epo s i t sh ave r e ce ived l i t le a ten t ion f r om a r chaeozoo log i s t s a nd ( b ) d a t ing a s semb lag e s i s e ven m o r e p r ob lema t ic t h an u sua l f o r , d e sp i t e a dvance s m ade i n' a b so lu t e ' d a t ing t e chn ique s ,a g e i ss t i l la t t r ibu t ed t om any s i t e so nt h eb a s i s o ft h es t one a r t ef a c t sp r e sen t .

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

1 0000

N ISP

F igure 4 . 1 G raph s how ing t h e r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween MN ! a nd N ISP v a lue sf o r c omb ined f auna l a s semb lag e s a nd i n d i v id ua l s pec ie sa tm idd l ep a laeo l i th ic s i t e si ns ou the rn F ranc e .

A cco rd ing t oG r ay son ( 1984 )t h e c hance o f ar e la t ion sh ip b e ing l i nea r i s g r ea te r w hen t h e d a ta a r e s u b s e t s o f f a una s . A l t e rna t ive ly ,h es a y st h a ti tc an b el i nea rf o rc omp le t ef a un a sb u t t h a tt h e se a r e mo r es p ec ia l i s tc a se ss uch a sg a s t ropod c o l le c t ion s o rs ma l lm amma l s . I nt h e l a t t e rc a s et h ea s s emb lage MN I i so f t en o n ly c a lcu lab le f r om m and ib le s a nd /o r c omp le t e s ku l l s ( 1 984 : 6 2 ) .

Whe r e p o s s ib le q uan t i ta t ive d a ta a r e u s ed . Mu ch o fi tt a k e s t h e f o rm o f b one c oun t ( N ISP ) t o ta l s , a l thoug h s ome M in imum N umbe ro fI n d iv idua l s ( MN I ) c oun t s a r e p ub l i shed . S ub sequen t

G iv en t h a tb one f r agment a t ion c au se s ar e duc t ion i n MN I v a lue s ( Lyman 1 994 : 2 8 1) , i re spec t ive o f t h e n a tu r e o f t h e f r agmen ta t ion ( i n c a r c a se p roce s s ing b y h om in id s , i ns c av eng ing

a na ly s i so fh uman a nd c a rn ivo r ea s semb lag ef o rma t ion p r oce s se s h oweve r w i l l d epend u pon MNE c oun t s a nd b ody p a r t f r equenc ie s .

a nd /o rd u r ing i n i t ia l c on sump t ion b y c a rn ivo r e s , i nt r amp l ing o r p o s t -bu r ia l d e s t ru c t ion ) , h i gh N ISP : MN I r a t io sw i l l i n d ica t et h a t t h ea s semb lage h a sb een s ub jec t ed t oc ons id e r ab le f r agmen ta t ion .

T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween MN ! a nd N ISP c oun t si so ne w h ich h a s b een i n ve s t iga t ed b y s e ve ra l a na ly s t s ( Fo s s e 1 995b , 1 997 ; G r ay son 1 984 ) .

F o s se ( 1 995a ) , a r gu ing t h a tt h er a t io b e tw e en N ISP a nd MN I a t s i t e s ,o ri ns e pa ra t el e v e l sa ts i t e s ,w i l l v a ry a c co rd ing t oa g en t so f a c cumu la t ion a nd p r e s e rva t ion ,c l a im st h a tt h eN ISP : MN Ir a t io i s h i ghe r f o r c a rn ivo r e r e la ted a s semb lage s t h a n i ti sf o r t h o se r e su l t ing f r om h uman a c t iv i ty a nd q uo te s s i t e s s u ch a s P ey r e ( Avey ron ) a nd G e rde ( Hau te s -Py r& lie s ) a se xamp le s . L ow r a t io v a lue s s ugge s t t h a t t h e r e h a s b een l e s s i n t h e w ay o f f r agment a t ion .

G ray son ( 1 984 ) , i nh i s d i s cu s s ion o f t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tw een MN I a nd N ISP f i gu r e s , c onc lude st h a tt h i sr e la t ion sh ip i su s ua l ly ac u rv i l inea r o ne b u t t h a t l i nea r t r end s a r e a l so s e en . I ti st h e l i n ea r t r end w h ich i so b se r ved h e r e . I n f i g . 4 . 1 , t wo r e la ted 1 4

A t t h e e a r ly s i t e o f C& I r e s f o r e xamp le , t h e N ISP : MN I r a t io i s l ow ( 7 .34 :1) ,w h i le i ti se ven l ow e ra tt h e l a t em idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e o f Mou la ( 4 .6 :1) . H ow eve r , t h e f r equency o fc a rn ivo r e s a t t h e se t wo s i t e s ( s ee t a b le 4 . 1) i sh i ghe r t h an e l s ewhe r e i nt h e r e g ion ( w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f t h e s i t e s w i th o n ly c a rn ivo r e r ema in s )a nd , i nt e rm s o ft o ta l p e r cen tage c a rn ivo r e s , p rov ide s a s im i la rp i c tu r et ot h a ta tP ey r ew he r ec a rn ivo r e sm ak eu p3 9% o f t h et o ta lN ISP c oun t . A tt h i s s i t e h ow ev e ri ti st h eh ya ena w h ich d om ina t e s( F o s se 1 995a :3 1 ) .

N ISP C am ia c G e rde P ee C ed r e s M au ra n L e sC ana le t t e s3 L e sC ana le t t e s2 L a z a r e t Mou la

1 035 2 358 145 4 04 4 236 176 3 48 8 732 2 39

MN 1

h e rb ivo r e

c a rn ivo r e

5 1 4 2 7 0 3 6 2 63 5 2

9 1 2 0 6 1 6 7 .82 9 9 .98 9 7 .28 9 9 .43 8 .16 7 1 .13

2 6 4 1 0 3 2 . 18 0 . 02 2 . 55 0 . 57 1 .84 2 2 .59

m a t er ia l w a s o f t en n o t r e ta ined a f t e r e xcava t ion s ub sequen ta na ly s i si si mpo s s ib le .

s o t h a t

Q uan t i ta t ive d a ta a su s ed i nt h i sc hap te ra r el i s t ed i nA ppend ix I . F o r e a ch s i t e , a nd w he r e p o s s ib le f o r e a ch i n d iv idua l l a y e r o r f e a tu r e , a l l a rg e h e rb ivo r e s a nd c a rn ivo r e s a r e r e co rded . A l so r e co rded a r e l a gomo rph s w h ich a r e f r equen t ly c on s ide r ed t o r e p r e sen t h om in id p r ey s p ec ie s a sw e l l a sn a tu ra l a g en t s . T he m a jo r e xcep t ion i st h e m u l t i lay e r ed s i t e o f H o r tu s . H e r e i b ex o ve rwhe lm ing ly d om ina te s t h e f a una l a s s emb lage s f r om m o s t l e ve l s . O ft h e 3 0 q uan t if i ed l e ve l s l i s t ed b y P i l la rd ( 1 972 : 1 98 ) i b ex f o rm s w e l l o ve r 5 0% o ft h e f a una i n1 9 . I no t he r l e ve l s i t r e p r e sen t s i ne xce s s o f at h i rd o ft h e f a una . O n ly t h e c av e b ea r a nd r e d d ee rb eg in t oc ompe te , c ave b ea r i n9 A 10A2 a nd 2 5A a nd r e dd ee ri n2 6C a nd 2 2A . I no rde rt oa vo id as i tua t ion w he r e t h e s i t e o fH o r tu s ( w i th i t s3 0 l e ve l s ) a nd t h e i b ex d om ina t e t h e a na ly s i st os u ch a ne x t en tt h a to t he rd a ta a r e s wamped , H o r tu s i s i n c luded a st h eN ISP s umma ry d a ta l i s ted b yP i l la rd ( o p . c i t ) a nd i nt e rm so f' r ep r e sen ta t ive s amp le s ' f r om c ou che s 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 9 , 2 2 , 2 3B 1-3 a nd 2 8A .

h ya ena 7 1 6 2 9 0 0 0 . 17 0 0 6 . 28

T ab le 4 . 1 Q uan t i ta t ive f auna la s semb lag ed a ta ( N ISP , MN 1 , % f r equen cy o f h e rb i vo re s , n on -hyaena c a rn i vo r e s a nd o t he r c a rn ivo r e s ) . A f t e r C reu t -Bonnou r e 1 995 ; Da v id 1 994 ; E i senmann a nd D av id 1 994 ; F o s se ( 1 995a : 3 1 ) ; P a tou -M a th i s 1 993 .

4 . 2P a t tern ing i nF auna lA s semb lage s . P r in c ipa l C omponen t s A na ly s i s ( PCA ) i s t h e m u l t iva r ia t e s t a t i s t ica l a na ly s i s t e chn iqu e m o s t c ommon ly e mp loy ed b y a r cha eo log i s t s , a nd t h e c u r r en t r e sea r ch h a s f o l low ed i n t h e a na ly s i s o ft h e a va i lab le q uan t i ta t ive d a ta . R e su l t s a r e p r e sen ted i nt a b le 4 . 3 . C lu s t e rA na ly s i sa nd P r inc ipa l C o -o rd ina t eA na ly s i s ( PCO ) h ow ev e r w e r e a l so e mp loyed a nd p r oved t ob e u s ef u l m ean s o fp rov id ing s umma r ie s o f a s semb lag e d a ta , e s p ec ia l ly w hen c on s ide r ing t h e l a rg e r a moun t s o fp r e sence /ab sence d a ta a va i lab le . C lu s t e r A na ly s i s i s ac l a s s if ica t ion t e chn ique w h ich g r oup s m embe r s o f a p opu la t ion a c co rd ing t o s ome p r ede te rm ined m e a su r eo fs im i la r i ty o rd i s s im i la r i ty . T he r e su l ti s as e r ie s o f ' h omog eneou s ' g r oup s o r c l u s t e r s s ha r ing c e r ta in c ha r ac t e r i s t ic s ( Eve r i t t a nd D unn 1 983 ) : s p ec ie s o ccu r r ing a t c e r ta in s i t e s o rg r oup s o fs i t e s w i th t h e s ame r a nge o fs p ec ie s . A l thoug h g r oup s a r e u sua l ly m u tua l ly e x c lu s ive , t h i s d oe s n o t h av e t ob e t h e c a se ( Dunn a nd E v e r i t t 1 982 ; E ve r i t t a nd D unn 1 983 : 8 7 ; R ob in son 1 998 : 1 4 1) . I fn o th ing e l se t h e t e chn ique r e duce s a l a rg e d a ta se t t o m o r e m anageab le c a t ego r ie s , s umma r i s ing t h e m u l t iva r ia t e d a ta w h ich h ave b een c o l la ted . R e su l t so fa na ly s i sa r er e co rded i nf i gu r e s4 . 4 -4 . 6

A t t h e o t h e r s i t e s , w he r e N ISP : MN I r a t io s a r e h i ghe r , w e s e e o n ly s ma l lq uan t i t ie so fc a rn ivo r em a t e r ia l .A ts ome s i t e s , s u ch a s Mau r an , t h e r e i sl i t t le q ue s t ion a st ot h e n a tu r e o ft h e a g en t o f a c cumu la t ion -m an . H e r e , f o r e xamp le , c a rn ivo r e s ( b ea r ) m ak e u po n ly 0 . 02% ( N ISP= 1) o ft h ea s semb lag e . T h roughou tt h er e g ion a nd p e r iod t h ei mpo r tance o fc a rn ivo r e si n t h e f a una l a s s emb lage s v a r ie s c on s i s t en t ly . I ft h e f a una l d a ta a r e d i v ided i n to t h r ee d a t a se t s a c co rd ing t o b road ly d ef i ned c h rono log ica l r a nge , R i s s - Wü rm , Wü rm I a nd Wü rm I ,a tn o p o in td ow ef i nd c a rn ivo r e sp r e sen ta te v e ry s i t e . T he i rd eg r ee o f i mpo r tan c e i nf a c ti sr ema rkab ly c on s tan t . D u r ing t h ef i r s tp e r iod 1 7 .24% o fs i t e s y i e ld m o r e c a rn ivo r e s p ec ie s t h an h e rb ivo r e s ( l a rg e r t h an l a gomo rph s ) . T h i s i sn o t t os a y t h a t t h e c a rn ivo r e s d om ina t e a s s emb lage s ; t h ey r a r e ly d o , b u t t h e i r i mpo r t ance i s a ppa r en t . D u r ing Wü rm I1 7 .64% o fs i t e s y i e ld m o r e c a rn ivo r e t h an h e r b ivo r e t a xa . D u r ing t h e l a t e p ha se 1 0 .7 1% o fs i t e s a l so c on s i s to fm o r ec a rn ivo r es p ec ie s . I fw eo m i tt h o se s i t e sa tw h ich o n ly o ne s p e c ie s , e i the r h e rb ivo r e o rc a rn ivo r e , i so b se rved , t h e f i gu r er i s e st o1 6 .67% .T h i ss how s as u rp r i s ing d eg ree o fs t ab i l i ty o ve r al o ng p er iod o ft i me , s t ab i l i ty w h ich , t os ome e x ten t , i s m ir ro red i nt h e o ccu r r ence , i fn o t t h e f r equenc ie s o f m embe r s p ec ie s o ft h en on -ca rn ivo r ef a una ls p e c t rum .

When d ea l ing w i th t h e l a rg e c o l lec t ion o fb i na ry d a ta ( p r e sence a nd a b sen ce i n d ica t ion s )w eh ave t ob ea b le t od ec ide w he the ro r n o t a b s ence so b se rved a r e s uf i c ien t ly s i g n if i can tt ob e i n c luded i ns im i la r i ty /d i s s im i la r i t y c oef f i c ien t c a lcu la t ion s ( Bax te r 1 994 : 1 40 ) . I st h e l a ck o fs pe c ie s Aa s s i gn if ic an t a st h e p r e sence o f s p ec ie s B( s ee t a b le 4 . 2 ) ?I st h e m u tua l l a ck o f as p ec ie s i nt wo l e ve l so ra tt wo s i t e s( d )a ni n d ica t ion o fa s s emb lage s im i la r i ty o r i si t ,i n s t ead ,a n' a cc iden t ' o ra ni n s ign if i can te ven t?

I n a dd i t ion t oc on s ide r ing t h e n ume r ica l p e r cen tage f r equency d a ta r e co rded a sp a r to ft h ed a taba s e ,t h eq uan t i ta t ive d a ta u s ed i n t h i s s t udy w e r ec onve r t ed t or a nk v a lue s , w h ich a low s u st oa dd d a ta f r om r e po r t s i n w h ich s p e c ie s a r e l i s ted i n o rde r o f a bunda n ce b u ti nw h ich n ob one , MN In o rp e r cen tag ef i gu r e sa r e p rov ided . F i na l ly a l d a t a w e r e l i s t ed a sp r e sence /ab sence d a ta ( s ee A pp end ix I) , t h e r eby p rov id ing a s l a rg e a nd c omp le te a d a taba s ea sp o s s ib le .T ot h i sw a sa dd ed ar e co rd o ft h en umbe ro f l a rg e , s ma l l a nd t o ta l c a rn ivo r e a nd h e rb ivo r e s p ec ie s . A l so n o ted , w he r e p o s s ib le , i st h e n umb e r o fr oden t , f i sh a nd b i rd s pe c ie s . T he se v a r iab le s c an n o t , h ow eve r , a lway s b e o b ta ined : t h e d a t a a r e o f ten n o t p r ov ided i nt h e l i t e ra tu r e a nd t h e o r ig ina l

SP EC IE SB SP EC IE SA a

T ab le 4 . 2 S pec ies r e la t ion sh ip sa tt wo s i tes o ri nt wo l e ve l sa tt h es ame s i te

1 5

R iss - Würm A x i s

% o ft o ta lv ar ia t ion

C umu lat ive (V ov ar ia t ion

S pec ie s

E nv ironment

R ed d ee re ve h o r se , 1

3 9 .57

3 9 .57

b ov id s )

Wood land

C ave b ea re ve r ed 2

2 4 .96

6 4 .53

d ee r )

3

1 2 .12

7 6 .65

B ea r

4

8 . 71

8 5 .36

i b ex )

5

6 . 81

9 2 .17

e ve i b ex )

6

3 . 58

9 5 .75

I b ex ,t a h r

H ibe rna t ion

B ov id s e ve a s s , Open w ood land C l if f -f ace , mon tane

Würm I Ax i s

% o ft o ta lv ar iat ion Cumu lat ive % v ar iat ion

E nv iron men t

S pec ie s

1

3 7 .95

3 8 .95

R ed d ee r

D ec iduou s w ood land

2

2 4 .49

6 2 .44

B ea r

?

3

1 2 .45

7 4 .89

C ave b ea r

Open . c l if f -f ace

4

9 . 74

8 4 .63

H o r se , b ov ids

5

4 . 43

8 9 .05

F a l low d ee r , a u roch s Ma tu r e w ood land

H ive rna t ion , w ood land

Open w i th s ome d ec iduou st r ee c ove r

Würm I I I Ax i s 1

° A o ft o ta lv ar ia t ion Cumu la t ive % v ar iat ion 4 4 .27

4 4 .27

S pec ie s

E nv ironmen t

R ed d eer

D ec iduou s w ood land H ibe rna t ion , wooded

2

1 7 .52

6 1 .80

C ave b ea r

v a l ley , c aves

3

1 3 .98

7 5 .78

H o r se

Open , f l a t( s teppe? )

4

1 0 .12

8 5 .90

B ea r

5 6

8 . 66

9 4 .56

T ah r

V a l ley . c l if f s , mon tane

5 . 43

9 9 .99

I b ex , c ave b ea r

Mon tane ,c l if f -f ace

A x is

` ) / 0o ft o ta lv ar iat ion

C umu la t ive ° A v ar iat ion

1

4 2 .72

4 2 .72

I bex

Mon tane , c l if f -f aces

2

1 8 .06

6 0 .78

H o r se

S t eppe , o pen g ra ss land

3

1 4 .60

7 5 .38

B ov id s , r o e d ee r

Wood land p ocke t s

4

8 . 82

8 4 .20

B ison , b ov id s , h o r se O pen g ra s s land

5

7 . 87

9 2 .07

R ed d ee r

Würm I S pec ie s

E nv ironmen t

D ec iduou s w ood land

T ab le 4 . 3R e su l t so fP r inc ipa lC omponen tA na l y s i so fm idd l ep a la eo l i th ic q uan t i ta t i ve f auna ld a ta f r om s i t e si ns o u the rn F rance . E nv i ronmen tt y pe i sb a sed p r ima r i l yo ns p ec i e s -a s soc ia t ed c ond i t ion sa sl i s t ed i nt a b l e4 . 4 .

1 6

O pen

O pen Wood land

Wood land o rF o r e s t

S t eppe

Ma r sh o rR ive r b ank

T empe ra te

C o ld ( A rc t ic )

D ry ( A r id )

H um id

R ocky / Mon tane

M ig ra t ion

m

R ed d ee r H o r se I b ex C hamo i s B i son A u roch s

p

A s s

p

g

G ian td ee r R oe d ee r B oa r T ha r R e indee r Woo l ly r h inoce ro s Mammo th R h inoc e ro s t i chorh inu s R .m erk i S a iga

Wo lf H ya ena F ox C ave b ea r B rown b ea r L ynx t

Wo lve r ine P an thera l e os ,e laea W i ld c a t A rc t ic f ox

B adge r Ma rmo t R abb i t H a r e

K ey : m =m oo r land , g=g ra s s land , t=t u nd ra , p=p l a in s T ab le 4 . 4 T ab le s how ing s umma ry e nv i ronmen ta lc ond i t ion sa s soc ia ted w i th t h e ma jor s pec ie s e ncoun te red a tm idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i t e si ns ou the rn F rance .

1 7

a l so p o s i t ive ly r e la t ed b u tt h e i rv a lue sa r e l ow . Wood land s p ec ie s s u ch a sr e d d e e r , a u ro ch s a nd r o e d ee ra r e n ega t ive ly c o r r e la ted , s ome s i gn if i can t ly s o ( r ed d ee r =0 .606 ) a l though t h e b oa r ( u sua l ly c on s ide r ed a s af o r e s t s p ec ie s ) i sp o s i t iv e ( 0 .002 ) . I t s v a lue i sl ow e nough t ob ed i scoun t ed .

I ft a phonom ic f a c to r sa r ea c t ive ,p o s s ib ly a c coun t ing f o rt h e l a ck o f as ma l le rs p ec ie ss u ch a sm a rmo t ,t h en p e rhap st h ea b sence o f t h i s i sn o t a ss i gn if ican t a st h e p r e sence o fo t he r s . O n t h e o t he r h and , t h e a b sence o f s p ec ie s s u ch a s b oa r a nd r o e d ee r o r m ammo th a nd r e indee rm ay w e l l h av ei mp l ica t ion sw h ich c an b e r e la t ed t oc h ronoc l ima t ic s e quence s i nt h e r e g ion . I ns u ch c a se s t h ea b sen ce o f as p ec ie sb ecome s ap o in to fi n t e r e s ta nd m u s tb e a c coun ted f o r . When m u tua l a b sence c an b e i g no r ed , a si ti si n t h e p r e sen t s t udy i nw h ich a b sence o f as p ec ie s m ay r e su l tf r om f a i lu r e o f a na ly s t s i n t h e p a s t t o r e cogn i se i t , t h e J a cca rd c oef f i c ien t ,w h ich i g no r e st h i si ni t sc a lcu la t ion ,i su s ed :

T he f o u r th a x i s ( 4 ) r e p r e s en t s a n o pen w ood land g r oup w he r e a r e d d ee r v a lue o f0 . 532 i so b ta ined . T he r e i sa l so a n a s soc ia t ion w i th r o cky o r f o o th i l l c ond i t ion s , t h e i mpo r tan ce o f l y nx a nd c hamo i s p o in t ing t ot h i s af i l ia t ion . T h e o ccu r r ence o fm on tane s p e c ie s i nt h i s g r oup m ay b e e xp la ined b y t h e i r e xp lo i ta t ion o f w ood land i na r ea s d e sc r ibed b y Ma s in i ( 1 985 : 3) a s' moun ta in r a nge s a nd . .l o ca t ion s o fm ino r i s o la ted r e l ief , a tl e a s t d u r ing h a r sh w in t e r w ea the r ( Pe r le a nd H am r 1 985 ) . T he h o r se v a lue , m eanwh i le , a l though n o t h i gh , i sn o t i n s ign if i can t a nd p o in t s t o r e la t iv e ly d ry g r ound c ond i t ion s . B ea r i ss i gn if ican t ly n ega t iv e ly c o r r e la t ed ( 0 .68 1) s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e s p ec ie s i sn o t o ne w h ich o ccup ied w ood ed c ond i t ion s -p e rhap st h eh i b e rna t ing b ea r?

S=a/(a+b+c )

P r inc ipa l C o -o rd ina te sA na ly s i sw a s e mp loyed i nt h e a na ly s i s o f t h e l a rg e , n on -nume r ica l ( s pec ie s p r e sence /ab sence ) d a ta se t . Emp loy ing b o th P CA f o r t h e n ume r ica l d a ta a nd P CO f o r t h e b i na ry d a ta , t h e r e su l t s o b ta ined w e r e b road ly s im i la r , a l though t h et r end so ft h el a rge rq ua l i ta t ive d a ta se t sw e re l e s sp ronounced .

Af i f t h f a c to r( a x i s 5 )c an b e i d en t if ied a sb e ing a s soc ia ted w i th t h e b i son . T h i s i s ar e su l t o ft h e i n c lu s ion o ft h e s i t e o f Mau ran w he r e t h e s p ec ie s m ake s u p 9 8 .97% o ft h e f a una ( Dav id 1 994 : 4 6 ) a tt h i s s p ec ia l i s t h un t ing s i t e ( Fa r izy e ta l . 1 994 ) . T he c ave b ea r i sp o s i t ive ly c o r r e la ted ( 0 .333 ) , b ea r s i ng ene r a l n ega t ive ly s o ( 0 .586 ) . C omb ined w i th f a c to r 6 ,a l so b i son -ba sed ( 0 .550 ) f r om Mau ran w i th n ega t ive c ave b ea r ( 0 .773 ) , t h i s g r oup i si n

H ow eve r , t h e b r oad s im i la r i ty i np a t t er n ing l e nd s s uppo r t t ot h e r e su l t s a nd i n t e rp r e ta t ion . T he l a rge r d a t a se t m ean s t h a t w e a r e d ea l ing w i th m o r e ' n o i se ' a nd g r ea t e r v a r iab i l i ty a s w e l l a s s e conda ry d a ta : t h e d a ta m a t r ix f o r t h e P CO t o ok t h e f o rm o f J a c ca rd c oef ic ien t so fs im i la r i ty . I ng ene r a l , ab r oad ly d ef ined e nv i ronmen ta l i n te rp r e ta t ion o f b o th t h e q uan t i ta t ive a nd q ua l i ta t iv e d a ta s e t s i sp o s s ib le f o r t h e p a t ter n ing o b se rved , e ven w hen a l t h e q uan t i ta t ive d a ta a r e c on s ide r ed , i r e sp ec t ive o ft h e i r a g e . F u r the rmo r e , d i v i s ion o f

c on t ra s tt ot h e l a s t( f a c to r7 )i d en t if i ed u s ing K a i s e r 's r u le ' . T h i s l a t t e r h a s ag ene ra l b ov id s v a lue o f0 .799 . I t s h i ghe s t p o s i t ive v a lue i sf o rh o r s e( 0 .347 ) .

d a ta a c co rd ing t ot y pe o fs i t e ( c ave v e r su s r o ck s h e l t e r v e r su s o pen -a i rs i t e s )a l so r e su l t si ns im i la rp a t t er n ing ,i n d ica t ing t h a tt h e s i t e type v a r iab le a s s u ch h a s l i t t le b ea r ing o n f a una l s p ec ie s o ccu r r ence d a ta .

B a sed o n t h e s p ec ie s a s soc ia t ion s w h ich h ave b een i d en t if i ed s ome t empo ra l p a t t e rn ing m ay b e s e en i nt h e f a una l d a taba se . A na ly s i s o f t h e d a ta s e t s s p ec if i c t o e a ch p e r iod i d en t if i ed t h e s am eg r oup sb u tt od if e r ing d eg r ee so fi mpo r tance . 4 . 2 . 1 R i s s - Wü r m . P r in c ipa l C omponen t s A na ly s i s o f d a ta f r om t h e s t age E em ian l e ve l s i nt h e r e g ion i s o la t e s 6f a c to r s e xp la in ing 9 5 .75% o ft h e t o ta lv a r ia t ion ( s ee t a b le 4 . 3 )

4 . 3 R e su l t so fA na ly s i s P r inc ipa l C omponen t s A na ly s i s o f t h e c omp le te q uan t i ta t iv e d a ta se t r e su l t s i nt h e i d en t if ica t ion o fs e ven a xe s w h ich a c coun t f o r at o ta lo fo ve r9 0% o ft h ev a r ia t ion i nt h ed a ta .

D u r ing t h i s p er iod ( c . 1 2 5 0 00 -15 0 00 B P , R i s s - Wü rm ) , i n c on t r a s tt ot h em uch d r ie rl a t e M idd le P l e i s to cene ( R i s s I Io rt h e f i na l p a r t o fi s o tope s t age 6 ) , f a una l a s semb lag e s a r e c ommon ly c ha r a c t er i sed b y a bundan t t empe ra te s p ec ie s , e . g . r e d d ee r ( a x i s 1 )w h ich o ccu r s a ta l b u t o ne s i t e , r o e d ee r a nd b oa r . A l thoug h t h e r e i s ,i nt h ea r ea u nde rc on s id e ra t ion , a n i mpo r tan tm on tane o r r o ck -f a ce c omponen t( a x i s6 ) , n ame ly i b ex ( who se d i s t r ibu t ion i s g over n ed a lmo s t s o le ly b y t o pog r aphy , e v en i n t h e c o lde r p e r iod s ) a nd t a h r , i ti sd ec l in ing i n i mpo r tance , t h e i n c r ea sed h um id i ty w h ich t h e i b ex d oe s n o t f a vou r b e ing i n d ica t ed b y t h e r e gu la r o ccu r r ence o f a( of t en ) r e d ' a rg i le p l a s t ique ' ( R enau l t M i skov sky 1 985 ) . Whe r e t h i s c l ay i so b se rv ed , s u ch a sa t Ma r s a nd L aza r e t , r e d d ee r , i n a s soc ia t ion w i th o t he r ' t empe r a t e ' s p ec ie s , b o th h e rb ivo r ea nd c a rn ivo r e , i sp a r t icu la r ly a bundan t( > 6 0% ) . A t t h o se s i t e s w h ich h av e n o t y e t p r ov ided q uan t i ta t ive d a ta ,t h en umbe ro f' t empe ra t e /wood land ' s p ec ie so u tnumbe r st h e o t he r ss i g n if ican t ly . A l so a n i n d ica t ion o ft empe r a t ec ond i t ion s i s t h e r a r i ty o fr e indee r , a b sen t a ta l b u t o ne s i t e ( Chä teaudoub le ) d u r ing t h e e a r l ie s t p ha se . T he d i sappea rance o f t h e t a h r

I nt h i sc a se a x i s 1r e p r e sen t s at o pog raph ic e l emen ti nw h ich i b ex a nd t h o s ec a rn ivo r e sw h ich a r er e gu la r ly o b ser ved i nm on tane o r r o cky e nv i ronmen t s e . g . w i ld c a t , l e opa rd ( s ee V e r e shchag in 1 9 59 ) a nd c ave b ea r . C hamo i s i sa l so p o s i t ive b u t i t s' l o ad ing ' i s l ow ( 0 .0 19 ) . T h i s t o o i s am on tane / rock f a ce s p ec ie s . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o fr o e d ee r( 0 .0 12 ) a l o t he rh e rb ivo r e s y i e ld n ega t iv e c omponen tl o ad ing s . A x i s 2i sr e p r e s en ted b yt h e l a gomo rph s . T he se r e gu la r ly o c cupy a r ea s o fo pen g r ound a nd a r e u sua l ly m o s t a c t ive a td awn a nd d u sk . B o th r a bb i ta nd h a r ec an b eo b se r ved a ta l t i tude s i ne xce s s o f 1 000m ( Co rbe t a nd O v enden 1 980 : 1 4 3 ) , t h e r a bb i t u p t o 2 000m h i g h i n t h e P y r enee s . T he p o s i t ive v a lue o f r o ck f a ce /moun ta in i n hab i t ing i b ex f o r t h i s f a c to r ( 0 . 122 ) m ay t h e r ef o r e b e s i gn if ican t , t h e n ega t ive v a lue s f o r h o r se a nd o t he r ' f l a t l a nd ' s p ec ie ss im i la r ly s o . T he t h i rd c omponen t o ft h e f a una ( Ax i s 3 ) r e p r e sen t s c oo l o r c o ld , f l a to ro pen ,c ond i t ion sa si n d ica ted b yt h eh i gh h o r se v a lue ( 0 .725 ) . A s s , r e indee r , i b ex , c hamo i s a nd s e v e ra l c ar n ivo r e s a r e

t h em in imum e i genva lue s hou ld b et h ea ve rage o fa l e i genva lue s ( o r 1i ft h ec or r e la t ion m a t r ix i su sed ) ' ( Kovach 1 990 :20 ) 1 8

( H em i t ragu s s p . ) f r om t h e r e g ion a l so m a rk s t h e e nd o f t h e M idd le P l e i s to cene ,w h i le H ippopo tamu si n cogn i tu so c cu r so n ly r a r e ly i nt h e M ed i t e r ranean r e g ion -a nd o n ly d u r ing t h i s e a r l ie s t p ha s eo ft h eL a te P l e is tocene ( Fau r e 1 985 : 5 6 ) . T he w o lve r ine i s n o t , s t r ic t ly s p eak ing , f ound i nt h e r e g ion a ta l a tt h i s t i me , a l though i td o e s o ccu r a tt h e n ea rby I t a l ian s i t e o f Madonna d e l l 'A rma , w he r e i ti sn o t s imp ly a q u e s t ion o f a n i s o la ted o c cu r r ence .

B P ) , c o lde r a nd d r y c ond i t ion s a r e b ecom ing e s tab l i shed . O n i n i t ia l i n spec t ion o ft h e d a ta , m o s t f a una l a s semb lage s f r om t h e r e g ion r e p r e sen t' c o ld ' ,o rm on tane o rc r aggy c ond i t ion s ,w i th t h e i b ex b y f a ra nd a way t h e m o s t i mpo r tan t s p ec ie s . A bundance o f i b ex a nd h o r se ( t he l a t te re spec ia l ly a tt h e mo re l ow ly ing s i t e s )i s c omp lemen ted b y o cca s iona l r e po r t s o fw o lve r ine , m a rmo t a nd r e indee r ,a lc o ld -adap ted t a xa . H oweve r ,t h et e rm ' u n s tab le ' i so f t en a pp l ied t ot h i sp ha se f o r , a s a va i lab le p o l len d a ta s ugge s t ( R enau l t -M i skov s l cy 1 985 ) , i ti sa p e r iod d u r ing w h ich c o ld , d ry a nd m o r e t empe r a t e c ond i t ion s o ccu r , a l ter na t ing o ve r t h e c ou r se o f a bou t 3 0 0 00 y ea r s . A t H o r tu sa l one c o ld a nd h um id , l e s sc o ld a nd h um id ,a nd c o ld a nd d r y p ha se s a l t er na te , e xp la in ing t h e p r e sence o fm on tane ( i bex , l y nx ) , s t eppe ( h o r se ) a nd w ood land ( r ed d ee r , r o e d ee r , l y nx ) s p e c ie s .

4 . 3 .2 Würm I : F i ve a xe s a r e i d en t if ied d u r ing Wü rm I( e qua t ing w i th i s o tope s t ag e s5 dt o5 a , 15 0 00 -7 50 00 B P ) ,a sl i s ted i nt a b le 4 . 3 . A tt h i st i me r e dd ee rc on t inue st op r edom ina te ,o ccu r r ing a tm o r e t h an 9 0% o fs i t e s e a s t o ft h e R höne . H ow eve r , d e sp i t e t h e f a c t t h a tt h e p e r iod i so ne w h ich i su sua l ly c ha ra c t e r i sed a c ro s s m o s t o f We s t e rn E u rope a s h um id a nd t empe ra t e , t h e i b ex f o rm s a m o r e i mpo r tan t e l emen t o ft h e r e g iona l f a una t h an i td i d e a r l ie r o n . T h i s i sl a rg e ly ar e su l t o ft h e l o ca l t o pog raphy , f o rm any o f t h es i t e sa r e l o ca t ed i nr o cky a r ea s ( i nc lud ing s t eep s i ded v a l ley s a nd g o rge s ) o fr e la t ive ly h i gh a l t i tude . H ow eve r , a bundance o f r e d d ee r , e s p ec ia l ly a t s i t e s l o ca ted a way f r om n a r row r o cky g o rg e s , i sm i r ro r ed b y r e gu la r o b se r va t ion s o f o t he r t y p ica l ly w ood land s p e c ie s , n ame ly b oa r ( a t a lmo s t h a lf t h e s i t e s ) , f a l low d e e r , l y nx e t c . F u r the rmo r e , t h e r o e d ee r ( a t at h i rd o fs i t e s ) , a s p e c ie s w h ich i sk nown t o b e v e ry a dap tab le t o av a r ie ty o f w ood land c ond i t ion s i n c lud ing l owe r s l ope s o fh i l l o rm oun ta in r a ng e s , i sr e gu la r ly r e po r t ed . T hey a r e a l so f o und i n v a l ley c ommun i t ie so n l owe rs l ope sa nd a tt h ev a l ley b o t tom w he r et r ee c ove rm ay h av eb een t h ick e r . T he p r e sence o ft o r to i se ( T e s tud o s p . )r e inf o r c e st h ep i c tu r eo fw a rm t emp e r a t ec l ima t ic c ond i t ion s ( a ts ome p o in t sw anne re ven t h an t o day ) ,a l thoug hi t sd i s tr ibu t ion i sr e s t r ic t ed -l a rg e ly t o @ r e sen t d ay ) c oa s ta l z one s i t e s . T he e c o log ica l g r oup o r b i o tope w h ich i s l e a s t i mpo r t an t , a nd s ome t ime s c omp le t e ly a b sen t , i st h e o pen g r a s s land c ommun i ty . H o r se a nd b ov id s o ccu r d ur ing t h i s p e r iod , b u t i na r ea s o fl i gh t t r ee c ove r .

P r inc ipa l C omponen t A na ly s i s o f Wü rm I d a ta , i n c lud ing t h e r e p r e sen ta t iv e a s semb lage s f r om t h e s i t e o f H o r tu s , y i e ld s f i ve a xe se xp la in ing at o ta lo f9 2 .07% o fv a r ia t ion ( s ee t a b le 4 . 3 ) . A s e xpec ted , i ti st h e n on -wood land s p ec ie s w h ich g a in i n i mpo r tance , t h e f i r s t t wo a x e s e xp la in ing at o ta l o fc .6 1% o f v a r ia t ion .T he m a jo rg r oup sa r et h o se a s soc ia t ed w i th m on tane o r c l if -f a ce s p e c ie s ( a x i s 1 ,i b ex a nd c ave b ea r ) a nd o pen s t epp e l i k ec ond i t ion s( a x i s2 ,h o r se ) . T he p o s i t ive v a lue o ft h e i b ex f o r a x i s 2( 0 .179 ) , a l thoug h l ow , i mp l ie s t h a t c ond i t ion s w e r e b ecom ing d r ie r . A t B a lauz ie r e , f o r e xamp le , h um id t empe ra t e p ha se s a l t er na t e w i th d r ie rt empe ra t e p ha se s ( w i th a s s ) a nd c o ld p ha se s w i th r e indee r , w o lf a nd f o x i n a dd i t ion t o t h e m a jo r s p ec ie s . O ve ra l l , i ta ppea r s t o b e ap e r iod o f m ixed a n ima l e co logy . A l thoug h c o ld c l ima te ' i nd ice s ' a r e a bundan t , c ond i t ion s i nt h e s ou th d o n o t r i va l t h o se f u r the r w e s t i nt h e A qu i ta ine r e g ion , i n c lud ing b o th G i ronde a nd D o rdog ne s i t e s , w he r ee nv i ronmen t s a r e b ecom ing m uch h a r she r ( Boy le 1 990 ) . I ns ou ther n F r an ce w ood land g r oup s c an b e i s o la t ed , b a sed p r ima r i ly o n r e d d ee r ( a x i s5 )a nd r o ed ee r( a x i s3 )o ccu r r ence st h ey a r eo fs u b s tan t ia l ly l e s s e r i mpo r tance ( t o ta l 2 2 .47% ) t h an e a r l ie r o n , t h e d eg r ee o f c o ld a nd a r id i ty a ppea r ing t oi n c r ea se f r om e a s tt ow e s ta c ro s st h e w ho le o ft h er e g ion .

4 . 3 .3 Würm I-H : O n ly t wo a x e s a r e r e qu i red i no rde rt oe xp la in o ve r h a lf o ft h e v a r ia t ion s e en i n t h e d a ta a tr ibu tab le t o t h e Wü rm I - I i n t e r s tad ia l ( s e e t a b le 4 . 3 ) . A x i s 1( 4 4 .27% o f v a r ia t ion ) r e p r e sen t s ad e c iduou sw ood land c omponen t . T he r e dd ee rv a lu e i s0 . 84 1 , d om ina t ing a l t h e o t he r s pec ie s o b se r ved . T he s e cond c omponen t ( 1 7 .52% ) i s a s soc ia ted w i th p o s i t ive c av e b ea r ( 0 .678 ) a nd n ega t ive h o r se ( 0 .6 10 ) . T h i s s ugg e s t s t h a t t h e a x i s r e p r e s en t st h o se s i t e sw h ich a r ea way f r om t h e f l a to pen t e r r i to ry t ow h ich t h eh o r se a dap t sa nd c on s i s t so fc ave s i t e so ro t he ra r ea s s u i t ed t ot h e l o ca l ( h ibe r na t ing ? )b ea rp opu la t ion . T he n ega t ive

I n s umma ry , t h e p e r iod i so ne d u r ing w h ich t h e a l p ine o r m on tane c omponen t i so fp a r amoun t i mpo r tance a way f r om t h e w ide r o pen p l a in s w he r e c o ld s t eppe s p e c ie s ( e .g . h o r se , b i son ) a r ea bundan t . Meanwh i le ( sma l l )p ocke t so fw ood land c ond i t ion s e x i s t a l ong v a l ley b o t tom s , c l o se t or i ve r c ou r se s . H e r e w e s e e r e dd ee r ,r o ed ee r ,a u ro ch sa nd b oa r .

h o r se v a lue r e f lec t s t h e m i ld , h um id c ond i t ion s w h ich t h e d ev e lopmen to fs t a lagm i t ic f l oo r s s e en a tv a r iou s s i t e s i n d ica t e s . I fw e c omb ine f a c to r s 5a nd 6 ,b o th a s so c ia t ed w i th m on tane o r c l if -f a ce s p ec ie s , w e c an i d en t if y t h e ' m i s s ing ' t y p ica l e nv i ronmen t a lc omponen t .

4 . 3 .5 E nv ironmen ta lC onc lu s ion s: A S ummary A l though Wü rm I i sc ommon ly c on s ide red a s ap e r iod o f t empe ra t e , m i ld c ond i t ion s , i ti s , i nf a c t , r e a l ly a s e quence o f a l t er na t ing t empe ra t ea nd c o ld e r( d r ie r )c ond i t ion s . Wü rm I a l so c omp r i se s a l t er na t ing p ha se s o f d if e r ing d eg r ee s o f c o ld , d r y v e r su s t empe ra te , h um id c ond i t ion s . T he o ve ra l l a ppea rance o f

I ti sap e r iod o fm i ld b u tc o lde r ,w e tc ond i t ion sw h ich i sm a rk ed , a tl e a s t i np a r t , b y t h e d e c l ine o f t h e w ood land c omponen t . U nf o r tuna t e ly f a una l d a ta i sm uch r a r e rt h an d u r ing e a r l ie r a nd l a t e rp e r iod sa nd l i t t le o f as p ec if ic n a tu r ec an ,a sy e t ,b ea dded .

t h e s t ad ia l s , a tl e a s t t ot h e a r chaeo log ica l e ye , i sd e t e rm ined b y t h e l e ng th o ft h ed if e r ing p ha se sa nd t h ee x t r eme sa ta ined . T hu s d u r ing Wü rm It empe r a t e p ha se s o u tnumb e r a nd o u t la s t t h e c o lde re p i sode s . D u r ing Wü rm I t h ec o lde r , d r ie rp ha se s a ppea r t ob e m o r e s i g n if i can t . T he f a una l a s semb lag e s , a l though m ixed i nc ompo s i t ion , b road ly r e f le c tt h i s p a t te rn . S i te a nd l o ca l r eg ion v a r ia t ion c an b e a t t r ibu t ed t o t h e a c t iv i t ie s o f p r eda to r s ,

4 . 3 .4 Würm H : B y t h e t i me w e r e ach t h e l a t e r Mou s te r ian , n ame ly Wü rm I o r t h e l a t e r p a r t o fs t age 4 ( c . 7 0 0 00 B P ) a nd s t age 3( c . 6 5 0 00 1 9

i n c lud ing m an , a nd t h e n a tu r e o f a s semb lag e f o rma t ion p r oc e s se s , b o th o f w h ich m ay b e i n dependen t o f c l ima t ic v a r ia t ion . O ne o b serva t ion o f p a r t icu la r i n t e r e s t i st h e p a t ter n ing i nt h e a ve r ag e n umb e r o f s p ec ie s f o und a t s i t e s a t t r ibu ted t o t h e se p e r iod s o f v a ry ing d u ra t ion a nd c l ima t ic c ond i t ion s . A l l t h e p e r iod s ( d iv ided i n to t wo s e c t ion s a c co rd ing t o w he the r s i t e s o ccu r o n t h e e a s t o f w e s t s i de o f t h e R höne , t h e m a jo r t o pog raph ic f e a tu r e i nt h e r e g ion a s aw ho le ) y i e ld ar e la t ive ly l a rg e n umb e r o f l a rg e v e r teb ra te s p ec ie s . R oden t s , a s w e l l a s b i rd s , a mph ib ian s , f i sh a nd o t he r s ma l l ' r e sou r ce s ' a r e o m i t ted f o rs e ve ra lr e a son s .

d u r ing Wü rm I-I . B o th h e rb ivo re s a nd c a r n ivo r e s a r e m o r e n ume rou s a nd , i na l p robab i l i ty ( a l thoug h i tc an n o t b e r e l iab ly p r oven ) , e nv i ronmen ta l d i ve r s i ty i n c r ea s ed a tt h e se t i me s . T he r i se i nt h e n umbe r o fh e rb ivo re s pec ie s , m a tched b y t h e r i se i n c a rn ivo r e s , r e f l ec t s t h e i n c rea se i n a va i lab le a nd e xp lo i ted e co log ica l n i che s , n i che s w h ich w e r e o ccup ied b y c a rn ivo r e s a s w e l l a sm an , f o r g r ea te r r i chne s s /va r iab i l i ty i nt h e h e rb ivo r e ( o r p r ey ) c ommun i ty u sua l ly c o r re la t e s w e l l w i th s i gn if i can t i n c r ea se s i nt h e n umbe r o fc a rn ivo r e s ( o r p r eda to r s ) . I nf i gu r e 4 . 3 t h e d eg r ee o f c hang e ( i nc r ea se o r d e c r ea se ) i nh e rb ivo r e s p ec ie s n umbe r i sm i r ro r ed b yt h a t i nt h e n umb e r o fc a rn ivo r e s , a l though t h e c a rn ivo r e p opu la t ion d e c l ine s t o ag r ea t e r e x t en t t h an m igh t b ee xpec ted d u r ing t h e l a s t i n t e r s tad ia l o ft h e M idd le P a la eo l i th ic .

Much o ft h er e levan tm a te r ia l i su nava i lab le , e i the r b ecau se i ti s n ow i nt h ec ou r se o fa na ly s i se l sewhe r eb yo t he r s o rb e cau se t h e o r ig ina l m a t er ia lw a sn o tk ep ta tt h et i me o fe xcava t ion s( a nd h a s n o t b een p ub l i shed ) . T he i mpo r tance o ft h e se r e sou r ce s i sn o t p r ov en , a nd i ns e ve ra lc a se s , e sp ec ia l ly w he r eb u r row ing r oden t s a r e c once rned , c on tam ina t ion f r om o t he r l e ve l s i se v iden t s ome t ime se v en f r om p r e sen t -day ( t op )l a ye r s . S pec ie s n umb e r( N -Taxa )i sg r ea te s td u r ing t h ei n t e r s tad ia l s . T he e a r l ie s t p er iod c on s ide r ed h e r e ( i so tope s t ag e 5 e , R i s s - Wü rm I n t e r s tad ia l )y i e ld s am ean v a lue o f8 . 8 1 .A sf i gu r e4 . 2s how st h i s f i gu r e f a l l s s i g n if i can t ly d u r ing Wü rm I .D u r ing t h e Wü rm I-I I n t e r s tad ia l t h e m ean v a lu e o fN -Taxa r e a che s 1 .75 , f o l low ed o nce a ga in b y am a rked d ec l ine d u r ing t h e l a te r p er iod ( Wü rm I ) . D u r ing t h e Wü rm I -I I I n te r s tad ia l ( Co t t e s o rH eng e lo I S ) s p ec ie s n umbe r o nce a ga in r i se s , f a l l ing e ven f u r the r d u r ing s u b sequen t' l a t eg l a c ia l 'e p i sode s . F i gur e 4 3 F igu re s how ing c hange o b se r ved i nh e rb i vo r e a nd c a rn ivo re s pec ie s n umbe r o ve r t h e c ou r se o f t h e M idd l e P a laeo l i th i ci ns ou the rn F ranc e .

D u r ing Wü rm I -I I s i g n s o fc hang e a r e n o t ed , t h e c a rn ivo r e p opu la t ion f a i l ing t o r e ga in t h e h i ghe r l e v e l a s soc ia t ed w i th e a r l ie r i n t e r s tad ia l s . T h i s p e r iod i s ,b road ly s p eak ing , a s so c ia t ed w i th t h e t r an s i t ion b e tween t h e a r chaeo log ica l ly d ef i ned M idd le a nd U ppe r P a la eo l i th ic , t h e f a una s o f t h e l a t t e r b e ing c ha rac t e r i sed b y e ven h i ghe r h e rb ivo r e f r equ enc ie s a nd f ew e r c a rn ivo r e s ,t h er o le o fm an a sc h ief p r eda to r( a nd t h u st h em a jo r g ene ra to r o f m any o f t h e f a una l a s semb lage s ) i n c r ea s ing e no rmou s ly . I ti s ap a t ter nw h ich , a cco rd ing t oS t rau s ( 1 982 ) , i s s e en i nn o r ther n S pa in l a t e r d u r ing t h e U pp e r P a laeo l i th ic . T he c on t ra s tb e tw een M idd le a nd U ppe r P a la eo l i th i c s i t e s a ppea r s t o b e c ha ra c t e r i s t ic o fs ou the rn F rance a s aw ho le a nd m ak e s t h e a r ea a nd p e r iod o ne w o r th s t udy ing . F i gure 4 . 2 C ha r t s how ing v a r ia t ion i n m ean o ve ra l l s pec ie s n umbe rd u r ing t h eM idd l eP a laeo l i th ic i ns ou the rn F ranc e .

W i th t h e e xcep t ion o f t h e Wü rm I I I i n te r s tad ia l , d u r ing t h e p e r iod u nde r c on s ide ra t ion t h e n umbe r o f h e rb ivo r e s p ec ie s e xc eed s t h a t o fc a rn ivo r e s ( f ig . 4 . 3 ) , a l though t h e re a r e s ome e xc ep t iona l s i t e s w he r e t h i s i sn o t t h e c a se . T he s e i n c lude , f o r e xamp le , Ma la rnaud , w he r e w e f i nd 1 c a rn ivo r e s a nd 4 h e rb ivo r e s p e c ie s , a nd P echeu r s w he r e 1 0 c a rn ivo r e s a nd 5 h e rb ivo r e s a r e r e co rded . D u r ing t h e i n t e r s tad ia l s , w hen c l ima t ic c ond i t ion s w e r e m o r e f a vou rab le ( M i skov sky 1 974 ) , t h e d if e r enc e i n s p ec ie s n umbe r i sl e s s p ronounced , p a r t icu la r ly 2 0

I ns umma ry ,t h es ou th o fF r ance w a s , t h roug hou tt h e R i s s - Wü rm a nd e a r ly Wü rm ( s tage s 5 et o3 ) , ar e g ion o fs p a t ia l ly s ma l l s ca le e co log ica l c on t r a s t s . A r ea s i nw h ich i b ex d om ina ted -p a t che s i n w h ich t o pog r aphy w a s r ugg ed a nd d r y , i f n o t a c tua l ly m oun ta inou s -a l t er na ted w i th a r ea s w he r e v eg e ta t ion w a s m o r e l u sh a nd m o r e d i ve r se , c l ima t e m i lde r ( mo r e t empe ra t e ) a nd t o pog r aphy l e s s e x t r eme . H e r e w e f i nd t emp e r a t e w ood land a nd o pen e nv i ronmen t f a una s , t h e f o rme r e v en a tt i me s o f' t y p ica l c o ld ' c ond i t ion s w hen , t r ad i t iona l ly , t h e e nv ironmen t i s t h ough t t o b e b ecom ing m o re s t eppe l ike , h e ra ld ing t h e a r r iva l o ft h e r e indee r -dom ina ted t und ra c ond i t ions s o o f t en a s soc ia ted w i th t h e U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic .

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F i gur e 4 . 4 D end rog ram o fr e su l t s o fC lu s te r A na ly s i s o fR i s s W ü rm f auna ld a ta .

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F igure 4 . 5D end rog ram o fr e su l t so fC lu s ter A na ly s i so fW i irm I f auna ld a ta .

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H o r se I b ex B i son R ed d ee r B ov id s L agomo rphs F ox B ea r H yaena Wo lf B rown b ea r B oa r L eopa rd Ma rmo t R h inoce ro s E lk Megaceros Me r ck r h ino ' C ave l i on Woo l ly r h ino ' Mammo th A rc t ic f ox D . h em i toechu s A u rochs A ss C hamo is L ynx C ave b ea r R o e d eer R e indee r

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l o ng e re x i s to rh ave b een ' l o s t ' s ot h a te ven i fe ve ry s i t ec ou ld b e l o ca t ed , v i s i ted , m ea su r ed a nd p l o t ted t h e r e w ou ld b e s ome w h ich w ou ld b el a ck ing .

C hap ter F ive

Midd le P a laeo l i th ic S i te

S i nce m uch o ft h ed a ta h a sb een c o l lec ted f r om l i t e ra tu r es ou r ce s i t i s i n ev i tab le t h a t t h e s i t e t o pog raph ic d a t a se t w i l l b e i n comp le t e . T he r e a r e h ow eve r n ume rou s s i t e s f o r w h ich e ve ry

L oca t ion

v a r iab le c an b e r e co rded a nd t h e se a l on e t e l l u s t h a t d a ta r e co rded f o ro t he rs i t e sa r ev a l id a nd r e p r e sen ta t ive . Ag l ance a tt h eI GN map s( 1 / 100 0 00 )o fo u rr e g ion o fs ou the rn F r ance s how s t h a t i ti sa n a r ea l i t t e r ed w i th c ave s a nd r o ck s h e l te r se t c .( g ro t t e s , a br i s , a ven s , b aume so nt h em ap s ) ,s ome o f w h ich h ave y i e ld ed m idd le p a la eo l i th ic m a t er ia l , s ome o fw h ich h av e n o t . Many h ave b een i n ve s t iga t ed a nd t h e r e a r e p robab ly o t he r s w h ich h av e n o t . T he r e a r e c e r ta in ly m any w h ich a r e n o t m a rked b u t w h ich may b e o f c on s id e ra b le i mpo r tance t o t h e u nde r s t and ing o f m idd le p a la eo l i th ic o c cupa t ion o f s ou ther n F r ance . I na dd i t ion t ot h e a bundan t ' c av e ' s i t e st h e re a r e ag r ea t m any o pen -a i r a nd s u r f a ce l o ca t ion s w h i ch h ave b een a nd a r e c u r r en t ly b e ing i n ve s t iga t ed , e a ch o fw h i ch r e p re sen t s am idd le p a la eo l i th ic l a nd m a rk i nb o th t h en a tu ra la nd c u l tu ra ll a nd scape .

A s ar e su l to ft h e i n comp le tene s s o ft h e d a ta i th a sp roved t ob e i mpo s s ib le t or u nu s ef u l mu l t iva r ia te a na ly s i s .A na ly s i si n s tead i s ' s imp le r ' b u th a s , i nf a c t , h i gh l igh ted p a t t e rn ing w h ich w ou ld , i n a l p robab i l i ty , n o t h av e e me rg ed f r om c ompu t e r -g ene ra t ed r e su l t so fa na ly s i so ft h ec omp le te d a taba se .

5 . 1 S i te D i s tr ibu t ion 5 . 1 . 1 Med i terranean c oa s t l ine a nd c oa s ta lp l a in

I ti si mpo s s ib le t os t udy t h en a tu ra l l a nd s cape s e pa ra te f r om t h e c u l t u r a l l a nd s cape ( Ho l t Jen sen 1 980 : 2 7 ) a nd t h e r ef o r e , h av ing c on s ide r ed t h e o ne ( e nv i ronmen t a nd f a una , a l though t h e l a t t e r i s ,a tl e a s ti np a r t , ar e f lec t ion o fh uman a nd n a tu ra l v a r iab le s ) i t n ow r ema in st oc on s ide rt h el a t te r . D e sp i te t h eu s eo ft h et e rm ' c u l tu ra l 'w h ich i st o day u sua l ly u s ed t or e f e rt os t one t o o l a s semb lage s w hen d ea l ing w i th t h e M idd le P a la eo l i th ic ,a ten t ion h e r ew i l ln o tf o cu so nt h el i t h ic d a ta p e rs e b u t r a the rt h e m a in ly s pa t ia l o rg an i sa t ion o ft h e c u l tu ra l r e co rd a c ro s s t h e r e g ion a s aw ho le a nd a ts ma l le r , m ic ro - o r m e so r e g iona l l e v e l s . A s H o l t Jen sen g oe s o n t o s a y , a l though i ti s w o r th r emembe r ing t h a t h e i sn o t t a lk ing a bou t t h e P a la eo l i th ic a ss u ch b u tm o r eg ene ra l ly : " e a ch c ommun i ty a d ju s t st op r eva i l ing n a tu ra lc ond i t ion s i ni t s o wn w ay , a nd t h e r e su l t o ft h e a d ju s tmen t m ay r e f l e c t c e n tu r ie s o f d eve lopmen t . E ach s i ng le s ma l l c ommu n i ty t h e r ef o r eh a sc ha ra c t e r i s t ic sw h ich w i l ln o tb e f o und i no t he r p l a ce s , e ven i np l a ce s w he r e t h e n a tu r a l c ond i t ion s a r e p r a c t ica l ly t h e s ame" ( Ho l t Jen s en 1 980 : 2 7 )

M idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e s , i nt h i s a r ea p r ima r i ly c ave s o r r o ck s h e l te r s , a r e d i s t r ibu t ed a l ong t h e p r e sen t -day c oa s t l ine o ft h e Med i t e r r anean ,a l thoug h mo s tl i et ot h ee a s to ft h e R höne v a l ley . S ome , a tp r e sen t b e low s e a l e ve l , e . g . T r em is , T r ipe r ie a nd V ey ron , p rov id e am in ima l i n d ica t ion o fc oa s t l ine f l u c tua t ion i n t h a t t h o se w h ich y i e ld l a nd r e levan t m amma l f a una a nd /o r mou s te r ian a r t ef a c t s m u s th ave b een a bove s e a l e ve l d u r ing o u r p e r iod . A lmo s th a lf o ft h e ' c oa s ta l ' s i t e s c an b e a tr ibu t ed t ot h e e a r l ie s t Wü rm ( s tag e5 d -a )( s ee f i g .5 . 1) .

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• Wü rm I I l l

F igure 5 . 1 C h rono log ica lg roup ing o fm idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i t e s

A s ar e su l tw e s hou ld n o t e xp ec tt of i nd a ny t wo s i t e s a nd t h e i r ' c on t en t s ' i d en t ica l , b u t g ene r a l t e ndenc ie s m ay e me rg e w h ich w i l l t e l l u s s ome th ing a bou t m idd le p a la eo l i th ic s e t t lem en t o r gan i sa t ion .

i n t h e c oa s ta l r eg ion o fs ou the rn F rance , s how ing t h e o ve r r ep r e sen ta t ion o fe a r l i e s tw i i rm s i te si nt h er eg ion . . S i t e s a l ong t h e Med i te r ranean c oa s t l ine i ng ene ra l f a ce d i r ec t ly s ou th ,w i th af ew a dd i t iona ll o ca t ion so r ien t ed t owa rd st h es ou th e a s t o r s ou th -we s t . O n ly o ne f a ce s d i r ec t ly w e s t ( G ro s so ) a nd o ne f a ce s e a s t ( Ramand i l s ) . A l l b u t f o u ro ft h e s i t e s r e co rded i n t h e d a taba se a r e ' c ave s ' . T h r ee o f t h e se a r e r o ck s h e l t e r s , i n c lud ing B a rma d iB aou s se d a T o r r e a nd Moch i , w h ich b o th o ccu r i nL igu r ia ( NW I t a ly ) . O fa l t h e Med i t e r ranean z one s i t e s a lmo s t h a lf a r e l o ca t ed a ta l t i tude s o f b e tw een 1 a nd 2 0 m a bove s e a l e ve l . Af ew l i e f u r the r i n land , i nc oa s ta l v a l ley s , a t h e ig h t so fb e tween 1 00 a nd 2 50m a bove s e al e ve l( s ee f i g . 5 . 2 ) .

T h i s c hap t e r p r e sen t s ad e sc r ip t ion a nd d i scu s s ion o f r e su l t s o b ta ined f r om i n i t ia lc on s ide ra t ion o ft h es i t ed a tab a se p r e sen ted i nA ppend ix Ia nd o u t l ined i ns t ru c tu r e i nc hap te r2 . Mo s to ft h e i n f o rma t ion c once r n s s i t e l o ca t ion d a ta w h ich c an b e c on s ide r ed i nr e la t ion t ot h e s umma ry f a una l a nd o t he r d a ta i n c luded . S i t e l o ca t ion i sc on s ide r ed i nt h em a in v a l ley so ft h e a r ea w he r e s i t e s a r e n o t i s o la t ed o ccu r r ence s , i . e . i nv a l ley s w he r e a tl e a s t t wo o c cu ri nr e a sonab ly c l o se p rox im i ty a nd a r ea s s igned t ot h es ame c l ima t ic p ha se . A s sump t ion s o fc on tempo rane i ty o fa c t ua l s i t e o c cupa t ion a r en o tm ade h ow eve r . T h e r e a r e s eve r e l i m i t s t ot h e d a ta c o l lec t ed w h ich c once rn s i t e l o ca t ion ,t h em a jo ro ne b e ing a v a i lab i l i ty . I ns ome c a se s s i t e sn o 2 3

t h e se ( S t Ma r ce l ) , w a s r e pea ted ly o ccup ied d u r ing t h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic . At h i rd f a ce ss ou th -w e s t .

F igure 5 . 4F igure s how ing t h es ou th -a nd w e s t -f ac ing t r end i ns i te o r ien ta t ion d u r ing t h eM idd le P a laeo l i th ic i nt h e A r ckche v a l l ey . F igur e5 . 2F requen cy d i s t r ibu t ion o f si t ea l t i tud e s( m )a bove s ea l e ve li nc oa s ta ls ou the rn F rance . 5 . 1 .3 T he Gardon ( f ig . 5 . 6 ) 5 . 1 .2 T he A rdeche ( f ig .5 . 5 ) A bou t h a lf t h e s i t e s f o rw h ich d a ta a r e a va i lab le i nt h e A rd eche v a l ley ( a n a r ea o ccup ied t h roughou t o u rp e r iod b u t p a r t icu la r ly d u r ing Wü rm I )a r ec ave s i t e s( s ee f i g . 5 . 3 ) , a l though t h e r e i sa g r ow ing o pen -a i r a nd s u r f a ce s i t e c omponen t . Among s t t h e c av e s a r e s ome o ft h e b e s t k nown i nt h e r e g ion -S t Ma r ce l , F i gu ie r , R an c P o in tu . W i th o ne e xcep t ion ( Baume d 'Ou l l in s ) t h ey a r e l o ca t ed a t l e s s t h an 5 0m a bov e p r e sen t r i ve r l e v e l a l though t h e i ra b so lu t e a l t i tud ev a r ie sm o r es ub s tan t ia l ly ( c . 5 03 00m ) . Mo s t o ft h e o pen -a i r s i t e s a r e l ow l y ing ( < 100m ) a nd o ccu r o n t h e b ank s o f t h e R höne o r A rdeche . T he m a jo r e x cep t ion i st h e s i t e o f C ha rn ie r w h ich , a t3 20m a l t i tud e i sa ' p la teau s i t e '

T he s i t e s i nt h e G a rdon v a l ley a r e , l i k e t h o s e o ft h e A rde che , p r ima r i ly c ave s i t e s w i th as ma l l b u t s i g n if i can t o pen -a i rg r oup , a nd a r e mo r eo f t en o ccup ied d u r ing t h el a t e rM idd le P a la eo l i th ic . O ft h o se w h ich c a nb ea tr ibu ted t op e r iod ( 1 2 ) ,n i ne a r eb e l ieved t ob eo f Wü rm Ia g e , ap e r iod d u r ing w h ich t h es i t e sa r el a rg e ly l o ca ted i na r ea s o f o pen o r v a l ley a nd r o ck f a ce c ond i t ion s . S eve ra l o ft h e s i t e s i nt h i s a r ea h ave b een d a t ed ; i n c luded a r e l o ton f o r w h ich d a t e s o fb e tween 5 3 5 00 a nd 4 3 0 00 B P h ave b een o b ta ined ( Va l lad a s e ta l . 1 987 , 1 988 ) , R oque t te I d a t ed t o b e tween 6 1 4 00 a nd 5 40 00 B P( Va l lada se ta l . 1 987 , 1 988 )a nd B ruga s , 6 9 0 00 - 5 8 2 00 B P ( Va l lad a s e t a l . 1 987 ) . T he D en t icu la te a nd C ha r en t ian Mou s t e r ian e a ch a c coun tf o r 5o ft h e 1 2 r e co rded s t on e t o o l a s semb lage s f r om s i t e s i nt h e G a rdon v a l ley . P e rhap so fg r ea t e s ti n t e r e s ta r et h et wo Wü rm Is i t e sw h ich y i e ld as u rp r i s ing ly h i g h n umbe r o f s p ec ie s ; B aum e L ongue w he r e c a rn ivo r e s o u tnumbe r h e rb ivo r e s s ub s tan t ia l ly a nd B a lauz ie r e , w i th at o ta lo f1 9s p ec ie s .A tB a lauz ie re h ow eve r ,h e rb ivo r e so u t n umbe r c a rn ivo r e s . T he r e g iona l , p e r iod m ean , b a sed o n d a ta f r om 1 3s i t e s , i s9 . 14 , af i gu r er e f lec t ing t h en umbe ro fs p e c ie sa t t h e se t wo t a xonom i ca l ly r i ch s i t e s . I nf i gu r e 5 . 7 d ev ia t ion s f r om t h e m ean s p ec ie s n umbe r a r e r e co rded , t h e h i gh f r equenc ie s a t B a lauz ie r e a nd B aume L ongue i mmed ia t e ly b ecom ing a ppa r en t . T he s i t e o f C ha r io t s a l so s t and s o u t , w i th r e co rded l ow t a xonom ic a bundan ce . I f B a lauz ie re , B aum e L ongue a nd C ha r lo t sa r eo m i t ted a sp o ten t ia l r e g iona l ' o dd i t ie s ' ,t h er e g iona l m ean c hange s t o7 . 56 , af i gu r e w h ich i ss t i l l h i g h e r t h an t h a t o b served i nm any v a l l ey si ns ou ther nF r ance ( s e eb e low ,p . 3) .

F igure 5 . 3C ha r ts how ingf requenc ie so fm idd l ep a laeo l i th ic s i te t y pe si nt h ev a l le yo ft h eA r ckche

S i t ea l t i tude i nt h eG a rdon v a l ley v a r ie ss ub s tan t ia l ly ,f r om 1 30m ( Laouza ) t o 1 000m ( L e s C ha r io t s ) . T he h i gh a l t i t ude o f L e s C ha r iot sm ay g o s om e w ay t owa rd s e xp la in ing t h e l ow s p ec ie s n umbe r . A l t i tude a bov er i ve rl e ve l h oweve rs how s l e s sv a r ia t ion . S i t e a l t i t ude r a nge s f r om 4 . 27m a tt h e s i t e o fP äque s t o 1 00m a bove p r e sen t -day r i v e r l e ve l a t t h e s ou th -w e s t f a c ing r o ck s h e l te rs i t eo fL aouz a( Baz i le e ta l . 1 98 1) .

S i te o r ien ta t ion i nt h e v a l ley a pp ea r s t o b e l a rg e ly r a ndom , a l though t h e r ei sas ou th -f a c ing t e ndency ( f ig . 5 . 4 ) . O ft h e s e ven s i t e s w i th o r ien ta t ion d a ta t wo a r e d i r e c t ly s ou th f a c ing . O ne o f

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F igur e 5 . 7 D iag ram s how ing t h e d e v ia t ion s o fm ean s pec i e s n umbe ra ts i t e si nt h ev a l ley o ft h eG a rd on .

F igur e 5 . 8 F igu r e s how ing m idd l e p a la eo l i th ic s i te a l t i tud e s a bove t h er i ve rL ib ron

5 . 1 .4 T he L ibron

o ccu r r ence s . T he s u r f a ce s i t e o fF e rme B aud in l i e s a to n ly 3 0m a bov e r i ve r l e v e l . T r ibu ta r ie s o ft h e D u ranc e , w he r e mo r e s i t e s a r e o f t en o b ser ved , i n c lude t h e V e rdon , L a rgue , B lione , e t c . E a ch o ft h e se y i e ld se v idence o fm idd le p a la eo l i th ic o ccupa t ion .

A l l t h e s i t e s l o ca ted i nt h e L ib ron v a l ley a r e o pen a i ro rs u r f a ce o ccu r r en ce s ( n=5 a nd 6 r e spec t ive ly ) . T he s i t e s a r e a tl ow e r a b so lu t ea l t i tude t h an a r em any i nt h er e g ion a s aw ho le , r a ng ing f r om 4 5 t o1 05m a bov e s e a l e ve l , w i th o n ly o ne o ft h e s u r f a ce s i t e so c cu r r ing a bov e 1 00m a bov es e al e ve l . S i te sa r ea l so a tl ow l e ve l sa bov et h ec ou r se o ft h er i ve r( 5t o6 5m ) ,o n ly o ne ( P la t eau d e R ou ch ) l y ing a t > 4 0m a bove r i ve r l e ve l ( f ig . 5 . 8 ) . U nf o r tu na t e ly t h e r e i sn o f a una l d a t a a va i lab le a t t h e s i t e s r e co rded i n t h i s v a l ley a nd a s ar e su l t l i t t le c an b e s a id c on ce r n ing r e sou r ce s i t e d i s t r ibu t ion r e la t ion sh ip s . T he o n ly s i t e i nt h ea r ea f o rw h ich b i o tope t y pe c a nb ee s t ima ted i sMone s t ie r w he r eo pen c ond i t ion sa r eb e l ieved t oh ave p r eva i led .

5 . 1 .6 T he L argue S i t e s i nt h e L a rgu e v a l ley a r e , w i th t h e e x cep t ion o fL e R o che r d e G ue r in w h ich i sl o ca t ed i n at r i bu ta ry d r y v a l ley a nd t h e s i t e o fL a rgu e i t s e lf , a l o pen o rs u r f a ce s i t e s . T he n i ne s i t e s l i s t ed a l l i ea th i g ha l t i tude ( 5 50 -6 70m a bov es e al e ve l )a nd f o rm aw e l l d ef ined p l a t eau c l u s t e r . T he v a l ley i sas ma l l o ne w h ich y i e ld s a n umbe ro fs i t e s i nt h ea r ea a r ound R eve s t -de s -B rou s se s , s ome o f w h ich m ay b e i n t e rp r e ted a sw o rk s h op l o ca t ion s . T he l a ck o f f a una l d a ta f r om t h e se s i t e s m ean s t h a t l i t t le c an b e s a id o f r e la ted s ub s i s t ence a c t iv i t ie s .

5 . 1 .5 T he D urance T he r e a r e n o t m any s i t e s r e co rd ed i nt h e D u rance v a l ley , a s o ppo s ed t o i t s t r i bu ta r ie s . H ow eve r , o ne o ft h o se w h ich d oe s o c cu ri nt h ev a l ley i so ne o ft h em o s ti mpo r tan t i nt h er e g ion a nd p r ov ide s u s w i th m uch o fo u r d a ta . A daou s te l i e s a tc .4 00m a bove s e al e ve la nd , l i k et h e s ou t h -f a c ing s i t eo fF a la i se w h ich i s a l so i nt h e D u r ance v a l ley , i ti s ah ig h s i t e a t1 90m a bov e r i v e r l e ve l . B o th A daou s t e a nd F a la i se a r e c l a s s if ied a s c ave s i t e s , w h i le t h e o t he r s i nt h e v a l ley a r e m a in ly o pen -a i r a nd s u r f a ce

5 . 1 .7 T he V erdon T he r e g ion a r ound t h e L owe r G o rg e a nd t h e G rand C anyon o f t h eV e rdon i so ne o fs t a rk t o pog r aphy . I np l a ce si ti ss e cond o n ly t o t h e G r and C anyon ( USA ) i n t e rm s o f s h ee r m ag n i tud e ( Goepf e r t 1985 ) . 2 7

S i te t ype P l a ine d e S i r ene L eC ade B aume B onne ( a b r i ) B aume B onne ( g ro t te ) C hdne B ou le S auz ade L ac L a B aume D eux P o rche s S a in te Max ime B reu i l

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E l even s i t e s a r e r e co rded h e r e i nt h e V e rdon r i ve r c anyon . O f t h e se 5a r e r o ck s h e l te r s a nd f i ve c ave s . A t l e a s t s i x a r e o fl a t e m ou s te r ian a g e( s ee t a b le 5 . 1) . S i te s i nt h eV e rdon , a st h e l o ca lt o pog r aphy o fr i ve rc anyon a nd p l a t eau s u r f a ce s w ou ld l e ad o ne t o e xpec t , a r e a l l o ca t ed a t m ed iumt o -h igh a l t i tude . R eco rded h e igh t sa bov e s e al e ve lr a nge f r om 3 57m t o 5 65m . H e igh t a bove r i ve r l e ve l v a r ie s c on s ide rab ly .T he ' l owe s t ' s i t e( Chene B ou ld ) i sar i ve rb ank s i t e o n ly 2 m a bove p r e sen t -day r i ve r l e ve l . T he h i ghe s t( La B aume ) i sp e r ched 1 70m a bove t h er i v e r .B o th a r er o ck s h e l t e rs i t e s .

P uce s H P uces F P uces D P uces B T rou d e R ena rd M iche l le s

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T he v a l ley a nd c a t chmen to ft h eA rg en sr i ve r , w h ich r e a che st h e Med i t e r ranean S ea n ea r F r e ju s , c omp r i se s s e ve ra l t r ibu ta ry v a l ley ss u ch a st h eI s so le ,t h e B r e squ ea nd R ompon . Mo s to ft h e s i t e sr e co rd ed a r eo p en -a i rs i t e so rs u r f a ce o ccu r r ence s ,t h em a jo r e x cep t ion sb e ing t h e G ro t t e a ux P u ce s a nd t h e T rou d u R ena rd . H oweve r , t h e s e s i t e s a r e m o r e s p ec if i ca l ly , t wo o f ac l u s te r o f s i t e sl o ca ted n ea rC aba s se i nt h ev a l ley o ft h eI s so le .

5 . 1 .9 T he N e sque T he c ou r se o ft h e r i v e r N e sque ( Vauc lu se ) r u n s t h rough d e ep g o rge s w h ich h av e y i e lded s ome i mpo r tan t m idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e s i n c lud ing t h o s eo fB au d e l ' Aube s ie ra nd B aume T rou cade . A ube s ie r y i e ld s aw id e r a ng e o fs p ec ie s ( 1 5 , o fw h ich 1 a r e

D e sp i te t h ef a c tt h a ts i t e s i nt h e I s so le v a l ley a r ep r ima r i ly o pen a i ro rs u r f a ce l o ca t ion s ,a l f o u r s i t et y p e s a r e r e co rded . T he f a c t t h a t mo s t a r e o pen -a i r s i t e s o r s u r f a ce o ccu r r ence s o f c ou r se

h e rb ivo r e sd om ina t ed b yt h ea u roch s ) . A t b o th A ube s ie ra nd t h e o pen -a i r s i t e o fP i ed d e S au l t ( t ab le 5 . 3 ) d en t icu la te m ou s t e r ian a s semb lag e s a r e f o und . O f p a r t icu la r i n t e r e s t i st h e a ppa r en t t e ndency f o r s i t e s i nt h i s v a l ley t of a ce a way f r om t h e s ou th : A ube s ie r f a ce s n o r th ea s t , B aume T roucade w e s t -no r th -w e s t . B o th a r e s h e l te r ed s i t e s . R eco rd ed s i t e a l t i tude s v a ry f r om 3 70m t o7 00m ,t h el a t t e ra tt h eo pen -a i rs i t eo fL aL oge .

m ean s t h a tt h e r e i sl i t t le i nt h ew ay o ff a una l d a ta a va i lab le a nd t h u s l i t t le c an b es a id o ft h er e sou r ce se xp lo i ted . T he m a jo rs i t e s i nt h e a r ea y i e ld ing f a una a r e t h e G ro t t e a ux P uce s , o ccup ied d u r ing b o th Wü rm Ia nd I ( s e ef i g . 5 . 9 )a nd t h eT rou d u R ena rd , a n e a r l ie r s i t e , i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e v a l ley w a s o ccup ied a tl e a s t o nce d u r ing e a ch o f t h e m a jo r c l ima t ic p ha se s i d en t if i ed . H oweve r ,g i ven t h ef a una ld a ta w ed oh av ew ec an c onc lud et h a t t h er e sou r ce b a se w a sr e la t ive ly d i v e r s ea nd r i che i nt h ea r ea ( s ee t a b le 5 . 2 ) .

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5 . 2 R eg iona l P a t tern ing 5 . 2 .2 R eg iona lp at tern ing i ns i te o r ien ta t ion 5 . 2 . 1 R eg iona lp a t tern ing i ns i te a l t i tude B ia s t owa rd s s pec if i ca l ly s ou th -f ac ing a nd a way f r om n o r th f a c ing s i te s i so b se rved t h roughou tt h e M idd le P a la eo l i th ic i n s ou ther nF rance . T h i sb i a s i st hough tt ob eg enu ine s i nce i ti s s e en i no pen -a i r s i te s a sw e l l a s c ave s a nd r ock s he l te r s a nd i s n o t t h ough t t o b e af unc t ion o f s i t e p re serva t ion o r v i s ib i l i ty . F ur the rmo r e , t h e re a r e p o ten t ia l s i te s ( c ave s , r o ck s he l te r s ) i n t h e a r ea w h ich d o n o t a ppea r t o h ave b een o ccup ied ( a s f a r a sw e a r e a wa re ) a nd o ft h e se ap ropor t ion a r en o r th , n or th -ea s ta nd n o r th -we s tf a c ing .

V a r ia t ion i ns i t eh e igh ta bov e s e al e ve l i sf a i r ly w ide i ns ou ther n F r ance a nd c on s i s t en tb e tween p e r iod s ( s ee f i g . 5 . 10 ) . H owev e r , d u r ing Wü rm I t h e r e i s at e ndency f o r s i t e s t o b e l o ca t ed a t l ow e ra l t i tude s : > 90% a r e l o ca t ed a th e igh t s b e low 5 00m a bove s e a l e ve l i nc on t ra s tt oR i s s - Wü rm a nd Wü rm Is i t e s w hen t h e e qu iva len t f i gu r e s a r e 7 6% a nd 6 0% r e spec t ive ly . Mo s t c l u s t e r a tb e tw een 4 00 a nd 5 00m a bove s e al e v e l .

A s f i gu r e 5 . 12 s how s , t h e re i s ac on s tan t b i a s t owa rd s t h e s ou th t h roughou t t h e r e g ion a nd p e r iod w h ich h a s b een h i n ted a ta bove . O n ly d u r ing t h e l a te r p ha se s d o w e s e e a n o r th o rn o r th -ea s t f a c ing c l u s ter b u t e v en t h en t h i s g roup i s s ma l l a nd i n s ign if ican t i nc ompa r ison t oo t he ro r ien ta t ion s . At o ta l o fs even s i te s a r e r e co rded a s f a c ing n or th : T ou rve s , Mazaugue s , C ed re s , Mand r in , C ampef ie l , B aume L ongue a nd Mau ran . O f t h e se t h e c ave s , w h ich i n c lude C ed r e s , B aume L ongue a nd C ampef ie l , y i e ld f a una l a s semb lage s w h ich c an b e a t t r ibu ted , a t l e a s t i n p a r t , t o s i gn if ican t c a rn ivo r e a c t iv i ty . T he C ampef ie l a s semb lage f o r e xamp le c omp r i se s at o ta l o f e i gh t s pec ie s o f w h ich o n ly t wo a r e h e rb ivo r es . I na dd i t ion , t h e a s semb lage i sd om ina ted b y l y nx . T he t a h r a s semb lage f r om t h e s i te o fC ed r e s s how s e v idence o fb o th c a rn ivo re a nd h om in id a c t iv i ty ( s ee p .4 4 ) . D u r ing i s o tope s t age 5 et h e r e co rded s i te s i ns ou ther nF rance f a ce s ou th , s ou th -we s t a nd s ou th -ea s t a s ar u le . Mo re t h an o ne h a lf f a ce d i rec t ly s ou th , w i th a n a dd i t iona l g roup ( n=6 ) f a c ing t owa rd s t h e s ou th -ea s t o r s ou th -we s t . D u r ing Würm I t h e r e i sg r ea te r v a r ie ty i ns i te o r ien ta t ion . O nce a ga in mo s t f a ce s s ou th , s ou th -ea s t o r s ou th -we s t ( 1 8 o u t o f 2 7 ) . H oweve r , a tl e a s t o ne f a ce s n o r th a nd a no the r t owa rd s t h e n or th -ea s t .

ea F i gure 5 . 10 F r equenc ie s o fs i te a l t i tud e s ( me t re s a bove s l e ve l )o fm idd l ep a la eo l i th ic s i te si ns ou the rn F rance I n t e r e s t ing ly , i ti sd u r ing Wü rm I t h a t am o r e e ven d i s t r ibu t ion o f v a l ley t y p e l o ca t ion s i ss e en , i n t h a t a l v a l ley t y pe s a r e r e p r e sen t ed . T he r e i sh oweve r at e nd ency f o r s i t e s t ob e l o ca ted a way f r om t h ec oa s ta nd i nb o th m a jo ra nd t r i bu ta ry v a l ley s( f ig . 5 . 11) . S i te h e igh t sa bove r i ve rl e ve l c l u s te r , d u r ing i s o tope s t ag e 5 e , a t< 30m , < 50m d u r ing s t age s 5 d t o5 aa nd a r e mo r e w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted d u r ing t h el a te r Wü rm I .

D u r ing Wü rm I s i te o r ien ta t ion i s mo re g ene ra l : a l c ompa s s p o in t s a r e r e p re sen ted , a l though o nce a ga in s ou th -f ac ing l o ca l i t ie s d om ina te ( 38% ) . I ft ho se f a c ing s ou th -ea s t a nd s ou th -we s t a r e i n c luded t h e p ropo r t ion r i se s t oj u s t s hor t o f 5% . M idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i te s i nN or thwe s ter n F rance a l so s how a s ou th -f ac ing t e ndency , a s d a ta r e co rded b y Monn ie r ( 1982 ) a nd d i sp layed i n f i gu re 5 . 13 s how . S im i la r ly , m idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i te s i n t h e A gena i s ( Le T en so r e r 1 981) ( f ig .

R i s s - Wü rm

D ry v a l ley s a lM ino rt r ibu ta r ie s

5 . 14 ) , ar eg ion w h ich l i e sj u s t t ot h e n or th -we s t o fo u r a r ea , s how as t rong s ou th -f a c ing t e ndency .

I D Ma jo rt r ibu tar ie s

Wü rm I

F t höne Med i te r ranean

1

Wü rm I

0%

2 0%

4 0%

6 0%

8 0%

U ppe r p a laeo l i th ic s i te s h ave l o ng b een e xpe c t ed t o b e l a rge ly s ou th -f ac ing (Wh i te 1 985 :110 ) a nd t h e s ame c an b e s a id o f m idd le p a laeo l i th ic l o ca l i t ie s i n s ou ther n F rance , i re spec t ive o fw he the rt ho se s i te s a r e c ave s , r o ck s h e l te r s o r o pen -a i r s i te s . Wh i te l i s t s 7 9 m agda len ian s i t e s i n t h e P e r igo rd o f w h ich 5 4 a r e a t l e a s t p ar t ia l ly s ou th -f ac ing (Wh i te 1 985 :111) . T h is i s ap a t te rn w h ich h e f i nd s r e pea ted o ve r t h e c ou r se o ft h e U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic . F ur the rmo re , h e r e co rd s t h e e x i s tence o fn or th -f a c ing s i tes i nt h e a r ea w h ich w e r e , a ppa ren t ly , n eve ro ccup ied .

1 00%

F i gure 5 . 11 F requency o fv a l ley type o ccupa t ion d u r ing t h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic i ns ou thern F rance

3 0

1 0 NW

8

8

7

NE

NW

6

6 4

4

3 2

2

SW

SW

NE

5

S E

S E

S E

Würm I-I

R is s -Wü rm

6 0 5 0 NW

4 0

NE

3 0 2 0

SW

S E

Würm I

Wü rm I

F i gur e5 . 12 C h rono log ica l V a r ia t ion i ns i te o r ien ta t ion d a ta

3 1

5 . 2 .3

R eg iona l p a t tern ing i nv a l ley /s pec ie s -number r e la t ion sh ip s

T ab le 5 . 4 s how s t h e r a ng e s a nd m ean v a lue s o b se rv ed i n h e rb ivo r e a nd c a rn ivo r e s p ec ie s n umb e r i n t h e v a r iou s r i ve r v a l ley st h roughou tt h er e g ion . V a l ley sw i th o n ly o ne s i t ey i e ld ing s uch d a ta a r en o ti n c luded .

F igure

5 . 13

D iag ram

s how ing

o r ien ta t ion

o f m idd l e

p a laeo l i th ic i n B r i t tany , w i th a s im i la r b u t m o re d i ve r se t r end t o t ha t s een i n s ou the rn F rance ( Da ta t a ken f rom

V a l ley

R ang e

Mean

N o .o f h e rb ivo r e s

N o .o f c a rn ivo r e s

A igueb run A rdeche D u r anc e G a rdon I s so le Med i te r ra ne an N e squ e O uvez e R höne V e rdon V idou r le L oup

3 -7 1 12 7 12 1 19 4 14 2 16 8 15 3 10 1 7 19 1 5 1 5 1 2 13

5 . 5 6 . 64 1 2 9 . 14 9 8 . 93 1 5 . 33 1 8 2 . 57 3 1 2 .67

3 5 1 8 0 7 1 1I 3 10 2 10 4 11 3 6 1 13 1 4 0 3 5 7

0 2 0 4 0 5 0 9 1 7 0 9 3 6 0 4 6 6 0 1 1 2 5 9

T ab le 5 . 4 T ab l e s how ing h e rb ivo re a nd c a rn i vo re s pec i e s n umbe r s ( r ang e s a nd m ean v a lue s ) i ns e l ec t ed v a l le y s i nt h e s ou th o fF rance d u r ing t h eM idd l eP a laeo l i th i c .

Monn ier 1 982 ) .

T he re i s a s ub s tan t ia l d eg r ee o f d i v e r s i ty i n t h e f a una l a s semb lag e s a tt h e se s i t e s . F o r e xamp le , i nt h e A rdeche v a l ley s pec ie s n umbe r r a ng e s f r om 1t o 1 9 a t s i t e s w he r e f a una i s p r e se rved a nd r e co rded . A l thoug h l a ck ing t h e e x t r eme h i gh v a lue s , i nt h e L oup v a l ley , a s semb lage s a r e g ene ra l ly r i che ra nd mo r e s t ab le , t h e r a ng e b e ing b e tween a t o ta l o f 1 2 a nd 1 3 s pec ie s .A long t h eR höne v a l ley ,w he r eo n ly t wo s i t e sw i th f a una a r er e co rded ,a s semb lage sa r er i ch ,t o ta l s p ec ie sn umbe rr a ng ing f r om 1 7t o1 9 . I nt h e A igueb run v a l ley , o nt h e o t he rh and , t h e r e a r e c on s i s t en t ly f ew e r s p ec ie s ( n=3 -7 ) . T he h e rb ivo r e :ca rn ivo r e s p ec ie s r a t io i sh i g he r i nt h e m a jo r v a l ley s t h an i nt h e s ma l le r t r ibu ta r ie s . I nv a l ley ss u ch a st h e L oup a nd V idou r le t h en umbe r o fh e rb ivo r ea nd c a rn ivo r es p ec ie si sa pp rox ima t e ly e qua l . I nt h e L oup s i t ea s s emb lag e sc omp r i se b e tw een 5a nd 7h e rb ivo r e sa nd 5t o 9c a rn ivo r e s . I nt h eV idou r le v a l ley t h ee qu iva len tv a lue sa r e l owe rb u ta l so s i gn if i can t : 0 3 :1-2 . E xam ina t ion o ft h em ap s hown i nf i gu r e 5 . 15 s how st h a tt h e r e i s at e ndency f o rs p ec ie sn umbe r st oi n c r ea se t h ec l o s e ro ne m ov e s t owa rd s t h e R höne v a l ley . Away f r om t h e m a jo r r i v e r v a l ley m ean s p ec ie sn umb e ri sl ow , c l o se t ot h e R höne v a lu e sa r eo f t en h i ghe r . Mean r e g iona ls p e c ie sn umbe ri sa l so g ene r a l ly h i ghe ri n c oa s ta lr e g ion st h an i ti si n land .

F igure 5 . 14 M idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i te o r ien ta t ion s i n t h e A gena i s ( ba sed o nd a ta i nL e T en sore r 1 981 ) .

3 2

3

5 . 3 R aw m a ter ia lp ro curemen t

C ed r e s h a sb een t r a ced t ob o th l o ca l a nd ' d is tan t ' s ou r ce s , u p t o4 0km t ot h e n o r th -we s t o ft h e s i t e ( G i raud 1 995 ) . Ma te r ia l f r om p o s s ib ly t h e s ame s ou rce i sf ound a t R igabe a nd L e T onneau ( s ee f i gu r e 5 . 16 ) , a l though t h e p o ten t ia l s ou rce r eg ion i s w ide . T he s i te o f L a G a rdu re i s g ene ra l ly c on s ide r ed t o b e aw o rk shop s i te a nd m a te r ia l w h ich m ay d e r ive f r om t h is l o ca t ion h a s b een f o und a tR igabe .

T he s t udy o f l i t h ic r aw m a te r ia l o r ig in a nd p rocu r emen t a t m idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e s i ns ou the rn F r ance o we s m uch t ot h e r e cen t r e sea r ch o fY . G i raud ( 1 985 , 1 986 , 1 995 ) . T hank s t ot h e w o rk r e po r ted b yG i raud i th a s b een p o s s ib le t oi d en t if yv a r iou s w o rk shop s i t e s a c ro s s t h e r e g ion s u ch a s L a G a rdu r e a nd L e s P ey ra rd s .T h i sw o rk i so ngo ing a nd t h ea pp roa ch h a sb een t a k en

T he s i te o fB e r igou le ( Mu r s ) , t ot h e n o r th o ft h is i mmed ia te a r ea , i si t s e lf a s ou r ce o fg ood q ua l i ty ( l oca l ) r aw m a te r ia l , s ome f o und a ta s l i t t le a s2 0m f r om t h e s i te , a l though s ome ' e xo t ic s ' , w h ich h ave n o t y e t b een s ou rced (W i lson 1 996 ) , a l so o ccu r . A t t h e B au d e l 'Aube s ie r W i l son ( op . c i t . ) a l so r epor t s am a jo r i ty o f l o ca l r aw m a te r ia l w i th s ome e xo t ic s . C ombe t te , s he c l a im s , y i e ld s a r tef a c t s o f m a in ly n on loca l m a te r ia l ; t h e s i t e i s l o ca ted i n a n a r ea o f p oo r q ua l i ty p o ten t ia l r aw m a te r ia l a nd t h e a r tef ac t s w e re b rough t t ot h e

u pb yo t he r s( c f .W i l son 1 996 ) . A s ar u le r aw m a te r ia l s ou r ce s a r e u sua l ly r e la t ive ly ' l oca l ' . I n s ome c a se s , e s pe c ia l ly t h e a t e l i e r s d e t a i l l e o rw o rk shop s i t e s , r aw m a te r ia l c a n b e f ound a lmo s t i ns i tu . E l sewhe r e t h e b u lk o f t h em a t e r ia lm ay d e r ive f r om a na r ea l e s st h an l km a c ro s s . S ome s i t e s h ow eve r y i e ld a r tef a c t s o f ' e xo t ic ' r aw m a t e r ia l . T he se s i t e s i n c lude t h a t o f A daou s t e w h e r e ap rocu r emen t t e r r i to ry o f 1 000 1 =2 h a s b een s ugg e s ted ( De f leu r e ta l . 1 994 :

s i te r e ady -p r epa red w hen h un ter s v i s i ted t h e s i te f o r as ho r t p e r iod .

1 5 ) ; s ome i mpo r t ed r aw m a te r ia l i st h ough tt oh ave c ome f r om u pt o6 5 o r7 0km t ot h en o r th -w e s ta nd 2 0t o2 5km t ot h en o r th e a s t . O the r r aw m a t e r ia l i so f l o ca l o r ig in , d e r iv ing f r om t h e D u r anc er i v e rb ed , o n ly af ew h und r ed m e t r e sf r om t h ec ave . A t t h e gon e d u T onneau m a te r ia l f r om o ve r 2 0 1 cm a way i sa l so f o und ;a tR igabe d i s tance sv a ry f r om ' l oca l 't o2 0a nd 3 0 1 cm .

F l in t a t t h e s i te o f Mand r in i so f l o ca l o r ig in . Mo s t r aw m a te r ia l h e r e c ome s f r om l e s s t han 1 5km a way , l i ke m any m idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i te s i nt h e R höne a nd A rdeche r e g ion ( G i raud e t a l . 1 998 : 9 ) . G i raud e t a l . ( 1998 ) r epor t f i ve p o s s ib le s ou r ce s o f m a te r ia l , o ne o n t h e w e s t s i de o f t h e R höne , f ou r o n t h e e a s t . O ft h e se , t h ree a r e l e s s t han 4 I cm f r om Mand r in a nd o ne l i e s a bou t 6 1= f r om t h e s i te . G iven t h e g r ea te r f a una l a s semb lage r i chne s s g ene ra l ly s e en a ts i te s i no r n ea r t h e R höne v a l ley at e ndency t o o b ta in l i t h ic r aw m a te r ia l i n a n a r ea w h ich i sl i ke ly t o h ave b een r i che r i n o t he r ( s ub s i s tence ) r e sou rce s w ou ld n o t b e s u rp r i s ing . C ro s s ing a n a r ea w i th a d ive r se p r ey s pec t rum w h i le t r ave l l ing t o o b ta in r aw m a te r ia l p rov ide s a n a dvan tage w h ich i su n l ike ly t oh ave b een i g no red .

R igabe

A t o t he r s i te s l i s ted i nt a b le 5 . 5 , at y p ica l m ix tu re o f l o ca l a nd e xo t ic r aw m a te r ia l i ss e en . I n t h e A vey ron t h e s i te o f R e scoundudou y i e ld s p r ima r i ly l o ca l m a te r ia l ( f l in t a nd q ua r tz ) o b ta ined f r om t h e n ea rby p l a teau ( J aube r t 1 993) . A t t h eA b r i d u P on td e l aC ombe t te , as i te b e l ieved t oh ave b een f r equen t ly o ccup ied b u t o n ly b r ie f ly o n e ach o cca s ion , l i t h ic s ou rce s h ave b een i d en t if ied a t t h e C lu se d e L auma r in ( l oca l ) , t h e C ou lon v a l ley ( 5 -6km ) , Mu r s a nd e ven t h e F o rca lqu ie r b a s in a t s ub s tan t ia l ly g rea te r d i s tance ( Tex ie r 1 997 ) . A t Mou la , i nt h e A rdeche , r aw m a te r ia l i ss ou r ced t o t h e R höne r i ve rb ed ,o n ly af ew h und red m e t r e s a way .

L es C ed res

S t eA nne d Eveno s

/

C ommun i t ie s o fh un te r s u s ing s t one t oo l s a t ad i s tance o fu p t oo re ven e xceed ing 7 0km a way f r om t h e s ou r ce o ft h a t r aw m a te r ia l c an e i the r b e a s sumed t oh ave o pe ra ted e xchange o r t r ade n e two rk s o rt oh ave t r ave l led a tl e a s tt h a t f a rd u r ing t h e c ou r se o ft h e i r s ub s i s tence re la ted c yc le . T he l a t t e r o p t ion i s p ref e r red h e re . T he se d i s tan t r aw m a te r ia l s ou r ce s a r e l o ca ted w i th in t h e ' e x tended r a nge ' o re ven ' v i s i t ing r a nge ' , t e rms c o ined b y B inf o rd ( 1982a ) .

R aw m a te r ia l s o u rce a r ea s

M idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i t e s

F igure 5 . 16 S chema t ic m ap o fr aw m a te r ia l s ource s i nt h e a rea b e tween t h e V a ra nd t h eD urance ( af te rG i raud 1 985 )

A s sum ing amob i le s ub s is tence s t ra tegy w h ich e x tend s o ve r s eve ra l o r m any k i lome t re s , s eve ra l b i o tope a nd p o ten t ia l r e sou r ce range s w i l l b e e ncoun te red a nd c r o s sed . A t l e s C ana le t te s f o r e xamp le ( s ee f i g . 5 . 17 ) t h e l o ca l e nv i ronmen t ( < 1 1 (m ) w a s o ne i n w h ich w ood land a nd c l if f -f a ce p rey s pec ie s c ou ld b e o b ta ined . F ur the r a f ie ld ( >2 1 cm a way ) , f o r e xamp le o n t h e w ay t oj u s t o ne o ft h e p o ten t ia l s ou r ce s o f

T he re a r e s e ve ra l s i te s i nt h e s ou th o fF rance f o rw h ich s ome i n d ica t ion o fr aw m a te r ia l s ou rce h a s b een r e co rded . S ou th o ft h e D u rance , f o r e xamp le , r aw m a te r ia l a tt h e s i te o f L e s 3 4

f l i n t p lo t ted b y Me ignen ( 1993b , 1 993c ) , mo re o pen e nv i ronmen t sa nd t h e i rp o ten t ia l r e sou r ce sw e re e ncoun te red . W i th in a r a d iu s o f2 -3km a t l e a s t t h ree b i o tope s c ou ld b e e xp lo i ted a tt h e s ame t ime a so b ta in ing f l in t ,q ua r tz a nd e ven t h ef o s s i le sw h ich h ave b een f ound a tt h es i t e . S i te L aG a rdu re L e s P ey ra rd s C ed re s T onneau S t eA nne d 'Eveno s R igabe A ubes ie r C ombe t te B e r igou le Mand r in R anc P o in tu B aume d 'Ou l l in s R oque t t e1 A daous t e L e sC ana le t te s R e scoundudou Mau ran

A l t i tude ( m ) 2 70 2 80 8 20 3 50 1 40 4 70 6 50 3 27 7 20 2 45 1 70 4 00 6 80 5 70 2 75

5 0m f r om t h e s i te . O the r s ou rce s a r e l o ca ted w i th in a 5 1 0km r a d iu s . T he a bundance , i fn o t t h e q ua l i ty , o ft h e l o ca l f l i n t i n t h e a r ea i s r e f lec ted b y t h e l a rge n umbe r o f a r chaeo log ica l s i te s , i n c lud ing c amp s i te s a nd w o rk shops , m apped b yG i raud ( 1994 : 1 02 ) .

R aw m a ter ia l S ource

5 . 4C onc lus ion

5 00m a way l o ca l l o ca l 1 2 1 (m ,> 20 1 cm , l o ca l l o ca l 2 0km ,> 30 1 (m , l o ca l l o ca l e xo t ic > l o ca l l o ca l >e xo t ic < 10 15 1 cm , mo s t ly < 4 1 cm l o ca l -A rdeche , R höne R höne R . , O rgna cp la teau l o ca l a nd ? l o ca l &< 70 1 cm < 1 1 (m , 6 10km , > 13 1 (m l o ca l&p l a teau < 500m , < 10 1 cm

T h i s c hap te r h a s b een l a rge ly d esc r ip t ive , h igh l igh t ing p a t te rn ing w h ich c an b e s e en i n m idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i te p o s i t ion ing i n r e la t ion t o o the r s i te s , v a l ley spec if ic t a xonom ic r i chne s s a nd r aw m a te r ia l s ou r ce s . I no rde r t ob e a b le t o s hed f u r the r l i gh t o n t h e r o le p l ayed b y s i te s i nt h e s oc ia l l a nd scape s ome a t temp t h a s t o b e m ade t od e te rm ine t h e n a tu re o ft h e s ub s i s tence s t ra tegy a dop ted b y t h e m idd le p a laeo l i th ic h un te r -ga the r e r . I ti st ot h is w h ich w en ow t u rn .

T ab le 5 . 5 T ab le l i s t ing k nown s ou rce s o fr aw ma te r ia l u sed a t m idd l e p a laeo l i th ic s i te s i n s ou the rn F rance . ( Source : D ef l eu re ta l . 1 994 , G i raud 1 985 , 1 986 , 1 993 , 1 995 , G i raud e t a l . 1 998 , J auber t 1 993 , S imone t 1 994 , T ex ie r 1 997 , W i l son 1 996 )

F i gure 5 . 17 S chema t ic r epre sen ta t ion o f r aw m a te r ia l s ou rce s a t t h e m idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i te o f L e s C ana le t te s ( S ou rce : a f ter Me ignen 1 993 ) .

A t Mau ran o n t h e o t he r h and o n ly o ne a n ima l r e sou r ce type w a s e xp lo i ted w i th a ny r e gu la r i ty -t h e b i son . Mo s t o f t h e l i t h ic r aw ma te r ia l a tt h is s i te c ome s d i rec t f r om t h e b ed o f t h e G a ronne r i ve r l e s s t h an 5 00 m e t re s a way . A t ten t ion f o cu sed o n t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h e b i son r a the r t h an t h e p r ocu remen t o f e xo t ic r aw m a te r ia ls . S ome , h oweve r , i s t h ough t t o h ave b een o b ta ined u p t o 1 0km a way ( S imone t 1 994 ) , b rough t t ot h e s i te r e ady p r epa red . Aw ide v a r ie ty o f r aw m a te r ia l t y pe s i so b serv ed a tt h e s i te , c om ing f r om a v a r ie ty o f c ou r se s . S ome t y pe s o f f l in t c an b e f ound o n ly 3 5

C hap ter S i x

6 . 1 C u t -mark sa nd MN I

Midd le P a laeo l i th ic S ub s i s tence S tra teg ie si nS ou thern F rance . '

T he d eg r ee t ow h ich f a una l d a ta r e f lec t c l ima te o re nv i ronmen t v e r su s h uman b ehav iou r i s as ub jec tw h ich r a i se s i t sh ead i na l f a una r e la t ed s ub s i s tence o r e co logy s t ud ie s . T he p rob lem i s p a r t icu la r ly r e levan t d u r ing t h e M idd le P a la eo l i th ic a st h i s i sa p e r iod w h ich s ome b e l iev e t o b e c ha ra c t e r i sed b y h uman s c aveng ing a sw e l la sh un t ing ( B inf o rd 1 982b ) . I ti sa l so ap e r iod o fg r ea t e rc a rn ivo r ea c t iv i ty i nm uch o fE u rop e( S t rau s 1 982 ) .

D a ta d i s cu s sed i n t h i s c hap te r c on s i s t o f r e co rded b u t che ry m a rk s a nd i d en t if iab l e e l emen t c oun t s . T he l a t t e r a r e l i s ted i n t e rm s o ft h e n umb e ro fi d en t if iab le s p ec imen s p e rt a xon ( N ISP ) a nd , w h e r e p o s s ib le , m in imum n umbe r o f e l emen t s ( MNE ) . I n d iv idua l e l em en t f r equenc ie s w e r e r e co rded a s MN I v a lu e s , a dop t ing B inf o rd 's ( 1 978 ) ' f ra c t iona l V IM ' f o rmu la , a nd p e r cen tag e s o ft h em ax imum v a lue w e r e c a l cu la ted a c co rd ing ly . G iv en t h el i ke l ihood t h a ta n ima l sw e r ek i l led a nd f i e ld -bu t che r ed ( i . e . r e duc ed t o m o r e m anageab le u n i t s i nt h e c a se o f l a rge c a r ca se s , p r obab ly l e av ing s ome o f t h e c a r ca se b eh ind ) a way f r om m any o ft h es i t e sf o rw h ich f a una ld a t aa nd n on -f auna l d a ta a r e a va i lab l e , i ts e em s r e a sonab le t o f o l low B inf o rd 's l e ad i n u s ing f r a c t iona l MN I v a lue s ( % MN I ) . P a tou -Ma th i s ( 1993 ) , i n h e r d i scu s s ion o ft h e f a una l a s semb lage s f r om t h e s i t e o f L e s C ana le t te s , s u gg e s t s t h a t t h e l a rge r s pec ie s ( h o r se a nd a u roch s ) w e r e k i l led a nd b u t che red e l sewhe r e a nd t h a t o n ly t h e s ma l le r a n ima l s m ay h ave b een b r ough t t o t h e s i t e i n o ne p i ece . A s sum ing t h i s t ob e t h e c a s e i ti sq u i t e l i k e ly t h a t t h e p a r t s o f c a r ca se s r e tu rned t o t h e s i t e m igh t a dd u p t o f r a c t iona l o r i n comp le t e MN I t o ta l s . T h i s i sn o t , h owev e r , m ean t t oi mp ly a n a s sump t ion t h a ta l m a t e r ia l t a k en t ot h e s i t eh a sb een p r e se rv ed , e xcava t ed , i d en t if i ed a nd r e co rded . A s ar e su l t t h e MN I t o t a l s u s ed h e r ea r ej u s tt h a t -m in imum v a lue s .

A u tho r s h ave b een a wa r e o ft h e i mpo r tance o fb u t che ry s t ud ie s s i nce t h e m id t o l a t e n i ne t e en th c en tu ry w hen , f o r e xamp le , L a r t e ta nd C h r i s ty ( 1 877 )d i scu s sed t h ei mpo r tanc eo ff a una la nd l i t h ic a s semb lage s : ' I ti sn o ts om uch t h ee x i s t ence o ft h em u l t i tud inou s i mp lemen t s . . w h ich i n ve s t s t h e s e d epo s i t s w i th t h e i rc h ief i n te r e s t , b u tt h e e v en m o r e m u l t i tud inou s e xamp le s o fb one s , b roken u p b y m an ' ( La r t e t a nd C h r i s ty 1 877 :2 1) [ i t a l ic sa dded b ya u tho r ] .

Mand ib le f r equ enc ie sa r e d e t e rm ined b yt h en umbe ro ft h e m o s t c ommon p a r t o ft h e b one a nd n o tb y t h e f r equ ency o fm and ib le f r agmen t s i ng ene ra l , i r e spec t iv e o ft h e i rs i z e . F o re xamp le , f o r t h e i b ex a tL az a r e t , i no rde rt ob e i n c luded t h e b one f r agmen t s h ad t o i n c lude al owe r a du l t s e cond mo la r ( N I) i ni t s s o ck e t . L oo se t e e th w i th n o b one a ta ched w e r e n o t i n c luded . T he d ec i s ion t o a dop t t h i s a pp roa ch w a s m ad e b ecau se o f t h e f r agmen ta ry s t a t e o fm uch o ft h e m and ibu la r m a t e r ia l a tt h e se s i t e s . Mand ib le f r agmen t s a r e o f t en s imp ly t o o s ma l l f o r c on s ide ra t ion a nd a l so t o o s ma l l f o r u s t o h op e t ob e a b le t o r e con s t ruc tc omp l e te h a lf -mand ib le sf r om t h em .

S i nce t h en , m any a r t ic le s a nd r e po r t s d evo ted t o d i s cu s s ing m a t e r ia l f r om p a laeo l i th ic s i t e si nE u rop em en t ioned e v idence o f c a rca se b u tche ry b y h uman s a nd s c av eng ing b y c a rn ivo r e s . D i scu s s ion o ft h e M idd le P a laeo l i th ic o fs ou the rn F rance i sn o e xcep t ion , a l though u n t i l t h e e a r ly 1 980 s m o s t i n f o rma t ion w a s q ua l i ta t ive i nn a tu r e , i . e . d e sc r ip t ive s umma r ie s o ft h e m a t e r ia l o b se rved f r om e a ch s i t e . N eve r the le s s t h e s e d a ta a r e v a luab le w hen c on s ide r ed t o g e the r w i th q uan t i ta t iv e a nd c ompa ra t ive m a ter ia l .

B u t che ry m a rk s a nd o t he r s u r f a ce mod if i ca t ion s h ave b een r e co rd ed , b o th f o r p ub l i shed a nd u npub l i shed p r ima ry s ou r ce s ( t h e m a t er ia l i t s e l f ) . Whe r e p o s s ib le a nd f o r t h e s ake o f s t anda rd i sa t ion o fr e su l t s , m a rk sw e r ec oded f o l low ing B inf o rd 's ( 1 98 1) s y s tem .

E ven c u r so ry e xam ina t ion o f b one s m ak ing u p t h e f a una l a s semb lage s f r om m idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e s i nt h e r e g ion s how s t h a t t h e h uman i n pu t w a s a tl e a s t a ss i g n if i can t i fn o t m o r e s o t h an t h e i n pu t o f l o ca l c a rn ivo r e p opu la t ion s . C u t -ma rk s a nd e v idence o f b u rn ing a r e s e en , f o r e xamp le a t L e s P echeu r s , B er igou le a nd C ombe t t e . C u t -ma rk s r a r e ly o ccu r o n t h e s ame b one sa st o o th -ma rk s l e f tb yc a rn ivo r e s ,a l though t h i si sf o und a t A daou s te , B a lauz ie r e a nd B aume F l and in . T oo th -ma rk s o ccu r b u ta r eg ene ra l ly l e s sc ommon t h an c u t -ma rk sw i th t h ee xcep t ion o f c a rn ivo r e s i te s s u ch a s t h e p o s s ib le h ya ena d en s i t e o f B onnaud . H e r et h e r e i sn o e v idence f o rt h e i n f luence o fh uman a c t iv i ty a l though t h e se s i t e s a r e m o r e c ommon t h an d u r ing t h e L a te U ppe rP a la eo l i th ic ( af a c t w h ich r e f lec t s , a tl e a s t i np a r t , a l a ck o fi n te r e s to nt h ep a r to ft h ea r cha eo log i s ti ne xp lo ra t ion a nd s t udy o fs u ch s i t e s ) , t h ey r ema in r a r e . I ns ou the rn F r ance , a st h e f o l low ing d i s cu s s ion s how s , t h e m a jo r p r eda to r a c coun t ing f o r

6 . 2C u t -mark sa nd o t her s ur f ace m od if ica t ion s Mon tmaur in A tt h es t ag e 5 es i t eo f Mon tmau r in g ood p r e se rva t ion c ond i t ion s r e su l ti n ar e la t ive ly r i ch f a una la s semb lage : a nN ISP t o t a l o f4 31 o r MN Io f5 0 i n c lud ing 8j uven i le s . T he s e c an b ea s s igned t o1 0 s p ec ie s , b ea ra nd r e dd e e rd om ina t ing . T he f a una l a s s emb lage i s a t t r ibu ted t o b o th h uman a nd c a rn ivo r e a c t iv i ty ( Tava so e ta l . 1 990 : 1 00 ) , b o th s t on e t o o l i n f l ic ted c u t -ma rk s a nd c a rn ivo r e

t h e f a una l a s semb lage s w h ich w e h ave t o d a t e i sN eand e r t a l Man , a l thoug h c ompe t i to r s f o r r e sou r ce s , n ame ly t h e h ya ena , w o lf a nd b ea ra r ea ne ve r -p r e sen tp henomenon .

t o o th m a rk s b e ing o b s e rved . H e r e w e h ave a n a s semb lage o f m ix ed o r ig in , ap a t t e rn w h ich i si na lp robab i l i ty r e pea t ed a c ro s s m uch o ft h er e g ion .

P a r to ft h i sc h ap t e ri sb a s ed o n ap ape re n t i t led ' I bex e x p lo i ta t ion a t t h e G ro t t e d u L aza r e t ' , p r e sen t ed a t am ee t ing o f t h e O s teoa r cha eo log ica l R e s ea r ch G roup , a tt h e U n ive r s i t yo fL e ic e s t e r ( 1 995 )

A br id e sP echeur s T h i s r o ck s h e l t e r r e p r e sen t s al a t e m ou s te r ian c a r n ivo r e s i t e . S pe c ie s e ncoun te r ed i n c lude i b ex a nd c hamo i s , w o lf , h yaena , b ea ra nd c ave l i on ( Lhomme 1 979 ) . T he b one s o ft h e s e a n ima l s 3 6

w e r e o f t en f o und i n a r t icu la t ion s ugge s t ing t h a t p o s t -mo r t em a c t iv i ty w a s m in ima l . O the r p a r t s , a l though n o t s t i l l a r t icu la ted , w e r ef o und i ng r oup sw h ich a r ea s soc ia ted a na tom ica l ly .A ga in s t t h e e a s t w a l l o f t h e s i te a n ea r comp le te w o lf s k e le ton w a s r e cov e r ed c l o s et ot h er ema in so fa n i b ex ( Lho rnme 1 979 : 7 0 ) . I t i st emp t ing t os e et h e se a sp r eda to ra nd p r ey r e sp ec t iv e ly . B aume F land in G ag n ie r e e ta l .( 1 956 ) d e s c r ib e f a una l m a t e r ia l f r om t h e s i t e o f B aume F l and in w he re t h e n o r th w ind i st h oug h tt oh ave c au sed t h e a c cumu la t ion o f a r cha eo log ica l m a t e r ia l , i n c lud ing b on e , a g a in s t t h e n o r th w a l l . T he p o s s ib i l i ty o fh om in id a c t iv i ty a sa c au sa lf a c to ri sn o tr a i sed . B one m a t e r ia lf r om t h i ss i t ei sr e co rded a sb ea r ing t r a ce so fb o th h uman a nd c a rn ivo re a c t iv i ty . T oo th m a rk s o ccu r o n b on e s a l though w i th t h e r a ng e o fc a rn ivo r e s p e c ie s p r e sen t a tt h e s i t e ( c av eb ea r ,w o lf ,f o x ,h ya ena ( d om inan t ) ,l y nx )i ti si mpo s s ib le t o s p ecu la t ea st ot h es pec ie s i n vo lved . T he h ya ena i sa' b e s tg u e s s ' b a sed s o le ly o nt h eq uan t i ta t ive i n d ica t ion sp rov ided .

m ay b ea s sumed . B a sed o n H ug ue sa nd G ag n ie r e 's d e sc r ip t ion s , a s e quence o f k i l l -d i sa r t icu la t ion sk inn ing -f i l le t ing -ma r row r e nde r ing c an b es ugg e s ted a tt h i ss i t e . H or tu s T he G ro t te d e l ' Ho r tu s( He rau l t ) i st h ough tt oh ave b een as ho r t t e rm o rt empo r a ry h un t ing c amp , ak i l l s i t e o r ab u t che ry s i t e o ccup ied b y n eande r ta l h un t e r s p robab ly o n as e a sona l b a s i s , b e l iev ed t ob e d ur ing s p r ing o rs umme r( d e L um ley e ta l . 1 972 : 5 62 )( s ee t a b le 6 . 1) . COUCHES

P HASE O F

S I TE F UNCT ION /

OCCUPAT ION

ACT IV ITY

3 8 -3 2

I& I

s ho r t s tay c amp

3 1 -2 6A

I I

f i e ld s i t e

2 5B -2 1B

I Va I Vb -V c

2 1A -7

s t a t ion :

S EASON

n / a b u t che ry

s p r ing

H un t ing c amp

l a t es p r ing

T empo r a ry /s ho r t t e rm c amp

s umm e r

T ab le 6 . 1 S i t ef unc t ion a nd s ea son o fo cc upa t ion a tt h es i t e o f H o r tu s( af t e rd eL um l ey e ta l . 1 972 : 5 62 ) .

E squ icho G rapaou A t t h e s i t e o fE squ icho G rapaou ( Ga rd ) , o ne w h ich d om ina t e s t h e r i ve r a nd f r om w h ich t h e r e i s av i ew o ft h e s u r round ing l a nd scape ( Hugue sa nd G agn ie r e 1 926 -7 ) , ar a ng eo fs p ec ie sw a s e xp lo i t ed b y n eande r ta l h un te r s : r e ind ee r ( d om inan t ) , h o r se ( d e sc r ib ed a s' a bunda n t ' ) , a u roch s , r e d d ee ra nd i b ex ( a l l l i s t ed a s ' v e ry r a r e ' ) . T o t h e se m ay b e a dded t h e w o lf . Much o ft h e r e indee rs k e le ton i sr e p r e sen ted a tt h es i t e , t h ea u t ho r s l i s t ing t h e f o l low ing a sp r e sen t :

A l though t h e r ea r es e ve ra l l e ve l s i nw h ich r e dd ee r ,h o r se , a s so r c ave b ea r a r e d om inan t o r t h e o n ly s p ec ie s p r e sen t , t h i s p a t t e rn ing m ay r e su l t f r om s ma l l s amp le s i z e ( c f . P i l la rd 1 972 : 1 98 ) . Mo s t o f t en i b ex d om ina t e s , ap a t t e rn w h ich i s ar e su l t o f e xp lo i ta t ion o fh i gh m on tane / c l if f -f a ce c ommun i t ie s . O n s ome o cca s ion s e v idence o fh uman a c t iv i ty i sn o t a bundan t a nd o n ly b r ief s t ay s c an b e s ugg e s t ed ( d e L um ley e t a l . 1 972 : 5 37 ) . A l t e rna t ive ly t h e i b ex m ay w e l l h av e s ough tr e f uge f r om w in t e r s t o rm s f o r t h i s s pec ie s i su nab le t oc ope w i th s now a nd f r oz en s u r f ace s ( Ld son 1 978 : 9 1 ) . T h i s i ss ugg e s t ed b y t h e f a c t t h a t i n c ouche 2 6B a r t icu la t ed b one s h av e b e en r e cove r ed f r om a n a lmo s t c omp le t e i b ex ( d e L um ley e ta l . 1 972 : 5 29 ) . H ow eve r , t h e d eg r ee o fb one f r agmen ta t ion c an b e i n vok ed t o a t r ibu t e mo s to ft h ef a una t oh uman h un t ing a c t iv i ty , a l though s ome m ay a l so b e ar e su l t o fb ea r a c t iv i ty ( p r io r t oo r i mmed ia t e ly a f t e r h i be rna t ion ? )a nd t h i sm u s tb eb o rn i nm ind .

• al a rge n umbe ro fl o o se t e e th • m and ib le f r agm en t s • a n t le rf r agmen t s • d i s ta lh ume ru s • p rox ima lr a d iu s • c ub i tu s • d i s ta lf emu r • p rox im a la nd d i s ta lt i b ia • ' many 'a s t r aga l i ,c ubo id s ,s c apho id sa nd p ha lang e s • ' s ome ' c a rpa l s • ' many ' f r agmen t so fb one b r oken i n ten t iona l ly

T he i n f o rma t ion w h ich c an b er e t r iev ed f r om d e sc r ip t iv e r e po r t s

B a sed o nt h e se d a ta t h ea u tho r s c on c lude t h a t , i na l p r obab i l i ty , m ou s t e r ian h un te r st r an spo r ted c omp le t er e inde e rc a r ca se st ot h e

o f f a una l a s semb lage s s u ch a st h o se a bove c an b e u s ef u l b u t r ema in s l i m i t ed i nm any w ay s . I nr e cen ty ea r st h e r e h a s b een a n i n c r ea se i nt h en umbe ro fs t ud ie sw h ich p r ov ide q uan t i ta t iv e l i s t s

s i t e ( Hugue s a nd G ag n ie re 1 9 26 -7 : 9 ) . D i r ec t e v idence o f c a r ca s e b u t cher ing i sd e scr ibed a sl e s t r a ce s d e c oup s d e s i l ex , s u rl e sa s t raga le se np a r t icu l ie r s ' 2( Hugue sa nd G ag n ie r e 1 926 -7 : 1 0 ) . T h e se c u t -ma rk s a r e a bundan t a nd o ccu r n o t o n ly o n t h e a s t r ag a l i b u t a l so o n t h e ' f l a t b one s ' , p r e sumab ly t h e s c apu la e , p e lv i s a nd r i b s . T hey a r e d e sc r ibed a sl o ng c u t s w h ich H ugu e s a nd G ag n ie re a t t r ibu t et om ea tp r o ce s s ing a c t iv i t ie s . S uch m a r k s m ig h tb es im i la rt of i l le t ing m a rk s( PS -3 a nd P S -6 ) d e s c r ibed b y B i nf o rd ( 1 98 1 : 1 30 , f i g . 4 . 36a ) . F i l le t ing m a rk s h ave a l so b een d e sc r ibed b y B inf o rd ( 198 1) o n t h e ( f l a t ) s p ine o ft h e t h o ra c ic v e r t eb ra e( TV -2 )a nd t h eb l ade o ft h es c apu la ( S -3 ) . B o th s e t so f m a r k sa r e r egu la r ly o b se rved o n p a la eo l i th ic m a t e r ia l e l sewhe r e ( Boy le 1 993 , 1 994 , 1 997 ) . I nt h ea b sence o fm a rk sw h ich c an b e a t t r ibu ted t o d i sa r t icu la t ion i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t o ' p rove ' t h a t c a r c a s e s w e r e i nf a c t d i sa r t icu la t ed . H owev e r , t h i s i sl a rge ly a p r e r equ i s i te o fa l c a r ca se p r oce s s ing s t ra teg ie s a nd a s ar e su l t 2

o fa na tom ica le l emen t sa s s igned t os e pa ra t es p ec ie sa nd , i ns ome c a se s , ac l ea r r e co rd o ft h e o ccu r r ence o fs u r f a ce m od if i ca t ion s ( De f leu r a nd C regu t -Bonnou r e 1 995 ; F a r izy 1 994 ; Me ignen 1 993 ; P a tou -Ma th i s 1 992 , 1 994 ; V a len s i 1 99 1 , 1 994 , 1 996 ) . F rom t h e se i ti sp o s s ib le t o d e r iv e ag r ea te r a moun t o f d a ta c once rn ing t h es ub s i s t ence p r a c t ice so ft h en eande r ta lp opu la t ion o fs ou the rn F r ance . T ourna l F auna l m a t e r ia l f r om t h e l a t e m ou s t e r ian ( s tage 3 ) l e v e l s a t G ro t te T ou rna l ( Aud e ) , r e cen t ly d e sc r ibed i n s ome d e ta i l b y P a tou -Ma th i s ( 1 992 , 1 994 ) , c a n b e a tr ibu ted t ob o th c a rn ivo r e a nd h uman b ehav iou r . T he s i t e , s h e m a in ta in s , w a s o ccup ied a t d if e r en tt i me sb yn eande r ta lh un te r s , h i ber na t ing c av eb ea r s a nd d enn ing h ya ena s . T he re a r e s e ve ra l m ou s t e r ian ( h uman ) o re qu iva len t ( c a rn ivo r e ) f a una l a s semb lage s f r om t h i s s i t e , t h e r e levan t l e ve l s b e ing I A,

S t one t o o l i nf l ic ted c u t -ma rk ss e en e spec ia l ly o nt h ea s t raga l i

3 7

HB,"DI a nd HD 2 . T he u ppe rp a r to f I( En semb le I S up e r ieu r ) i s a u r ig na c ian ( Pa tou -Ma th i s 1 994 : 2 0 ) . T he m a jo r s p ec ie s i nt h e m idd le p a la eo l i th ic l e v e l s a r e l i s t ed i nt a b le 6 . 2 , h o r se a nd i b ex d om ina t ing t h e h uman p r ey s p ec t rum . O n t h e b a s i s o fa va i lab le a ge ing d a ta a nd b road p a t t e rn s o f b ody -pa r t r e p r e sen ta t ion P a tou -Ma th i s ( 1 992 : 16 ) c onc lud e s t h a t N eande r ta l s c oncen t r a t ed t h e i r a t ten t ion o n f ema le s a nd j uven i le s o fh o r se a nd i b ex , a c t ive h un t ing o ccu r r ing p r ima r i ly d u r ing t h e w in te r a nd s p r ing ( Pa tou -Ma th i s 1 994 : 1 7 ) . A t t h i s t ime o fy ea r t h e h un t e r se xp lo i t ed t h er o ck f a ce ,t h ep l a t eau a bove t h es i t ea nd t h e v a l ley b e low t h e s i t e ( i bex , h o r se /bov id s a nd c e rv id s r e sp ec t iv e ly ) .T he i rh un t ing s t ra t egy w a sg ea r ed t owa rd sh i gh -f a t m ea t p r o cu r emen t ( Pa tou -Ma th i s 1 992 : 18 ) , a c coun t ing p e rhap s f o r t h e d i ve r se f a una l a s semb lag e s w h ich w ou ld h ave

I n ad e ta i led d i scu s s ion o ft h e r e d d e e r m a t e r ia l f r om t h e s i t e P a t r ic ia V a len s i( 199 1) d e sc r ibe s t h ec u t -ma rk so b se rv ed o nr e d d ee r b one s ; t h ey i n c lude s k inn ing , d i s a r t icu la t ion , d i smemb e rmen t ( r educ ing c a r ca se s t o ' mea t p a r ce l s ' ) a nd f i l le t ing m a rk s . C u t sf ound o nt h ec r an ia l s k e le ton , i n c lud ing t h e m and ib le , r e su l t l a rge ly f r om d i sa r t icu la t ion , a l though e v idence o fs k inn ing c an a l so b e s e en . V a len s i i d en t if ie s a nd r e co rd s c u t s u s ing B in f o rd ' s ( 198 1) c ode s , af a c t w h ich a low s f o r i n te r s p e c ie s , l eve l a nd s i te c ompa r i son s . T hu s , f o r e xamp le , s h e r e co rd s t h e o ccu r rence o f m a rk s s u ch a s CV 1 ( a t la s : d i smembe rm en t ) , S 1 a nd S 2 ( s capu la : d i smemb e rmen t ) , H d -2 ( d i s ta l h um e ru s : d i smembe rmen t ) , MCd -3 , MCd 1 a nd MTd -4 ( me tapod ia :d i smembe rmen t ,s k inn ing a nd f i l le t ing r e sp ec t iv e ly ) , P S -6 a nd P S -7 ( p e lv i s : f i l le t ing a nd d i smembe rmen t ) , F d -2 ( d i s ta l f emu r : d i smembe rmen t ) a nd T p 1 ( p rox ima l t i b ia : d i smembe rm en t )( Va len s i 1 99 1 , 1 994 ) . T ot h e se w ec an a dd C 1 ( c a rpa l s : d i smembe rmen t ) , TA 1 ( a s t raga lu s : d i smembe rmen t ) , MTd 1 ( d i s ta l m e ta ta r sa l : d i smembe rmen tm a rk s r e su l t ing f r om d i sa r t icu la t ion f r om t h ep ha lang e s )a nd T C -3 ( c a lcaneum : m a rk s d u e s t o f i l le t ing o r , a cco rd ing t oB inf o rd ( 1 98 1 : 1 39 ) h ang ing c a r ca se p roc e s s ing . O n t h e b a s i s o f ad e ta i led s t udy o f m e tapod ia , V a len s i c onc lude s t h a t r ed d ee r ( a nd i b ex ) b one s w e r e f r e sh w h en p r oce s sed ( i . e . b roken ) . I nt h e c a se o ft h e i b ex m u ch o ft h e f r agmen ta t ion w a s , s h e c l a im s , c au sed b y ( d i r e c t ) p e r cu s s ion ( Va l en s i 1 994 : 1 87 ) .

p r ov ided s e ve r a la l ter na t ive si nt h ed i e t . A t o t he rt i me st h e c ave b ea rh i ber na t ed a tT ou rna l a nd h ya en a s u s ed t h es i t ea s ad en ,m uch o ft h eb one m a te r ia lh av ing t r a ce so f h ya ena ( n o t b ea r ) g naw ing , c hew ing a nd r e gu rg i ta t ion ( Pa tou Ma th i s 1 994 : 1 7 ) .

H o r s e

n i v .I A

n i v . HB

n i v . IC

AM I+D I+D2

7 4

4 99

1 0

1 49

9

4 1

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2

2 7

2 6

4 7

7

1 59 6

1

1

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1 3

2

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B oa r B ov id s E lk R ed d e e r

1 6

1 23

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W .r h ino

3

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1 3 1

B rown b ea r F ox

9

C avel ion

1 -

H ya ena C ave b ea r

1

2 22

1 8 7 4

0

1 2 5

6 0 1 3

Wo lf L eop a rd

T he m o s t c ommon ly o ccu r r ing c u t -ma rk s o b se rved o n i b ex b one s a r e t h o s e a t t r ibu tab le t op r ima ry b u t che ry i mmed ia t e ly o r v e ry s ho r t ly a f t e rt h ek i l l ( i . e . d i smembe r ing o fc a r ca se s i no r de r t o f a c i l i ta te t r an spo r t o f b ody p a r t s f r om t h e k i l l a s w e l l a s s ub sequen t p roce s s ing ) . T he s e m a rk s i n c lude t h e s ho r t c u t s a nd n o t che ss e en o nt h ed i s ta lm e tapod ia ( MTd 1 , MTd -3 ) ,p rox ima l r a d io cub i tu s( RCp -2 , RCp -3 ) a nd p rox ima l f emu r( Fp -2 , F p -5 ) . T hey r e su l t f r om s e pa ra t ion o f t h e f e e t f r om t h e l owe r l i mb b on e s , t h e u ppe r f r om t h e l ow e r f o r e l imb a nd t h e s eve r ing o f t i s sue b e tween t h e p e lv i s a nd u ppe r h i nd l imb ( B inf o rd 1 98 1 : 16 ) . I ng ene ra lt h ey s ugge s tt h a ta n ima l s w e r e n o t k i l led a tt h e s i t e b u t w e r e b r ough t f r om k i l l s i t e s e l sewhe r e , a l though t h e l o ca t ion o ft h e k i l l sr ema in s u nk nown . T he r ea r e , h oweve r , v e ry f ew m a rk s i n d ica t iv e o fw ha t B inf o rd ( 198 1) d e sc r ib e s a ss t if c a r ca s e p roce s s ing , af a c t w h ich n o t o n ly p o in t s t oh uman k i l l s a nd p roce s s ing r a the r t h an c a rn ivo r e k i l l s o r n a t u ra l d ea th s f o l lowed b y ( h uman ? ) s c av eng ing , b u t a l so s ugge s t s t h a t w ha t eve rt h ed i s tanc eb e tween t h ek i l la nd c av et h et i me t a k en t o t r an spo r t c a r ca se s w a s n o t l o ng . T he f a c t t h a t p r oce s s ing t o ok p l a ce r e la t ive ly s oon a f t e r t h e k i l l i mp l ie s t h a t t h e r e w a s n o t e noug h t a k en t or e su l t i nt h e s t if en ing o fc a r ca s e s w h i le o t he r s w e r e b e ing p roce s sed -ap henomenon w h ich h a sb een o b se rv ed a ts e ve ra ll a t e rs i t e si ns ou th w e s tF r ance ( Boy le 1 9 94 ) .

1 4

A s s R abb i t

T he i b ex m a te r ia l f r om L an r e t3 i ss i gn if i can t i nt h a t , u n l ike m a t er ia l f r om s e ve ra l o ft h e o t he r s i t e s c on s ide r ed h e r e , i tl a ck s m uch o ft h eo bv iou se v idence o fc a rn ivo r ea c t iv i ty w h ich w es e e e l sewhe r e .

3

7 7 5

2

T ab le 6 . 2 Q uan t i ta t i ve f auna ld a ta ( N ISP )f rom G ro t te T ou rna l ( a f te rP a tou -Ma th i s 1 994 :2 9 , 3 3 , 5 5 ) . C u t -ma rk s o nt h e b one s a r e r e la t ive ly r a r e . O f 19 i n HB w h ich s how m an r e la t ed s u r f a ce m od if ica t ion s 3 6 h ave s t one too l i n f l ic t ed c u t s a nd 3 2 o t he r s p e r cu s s ion m a rk s . T he c u t s a r e , a c co rd ing t ot h ea u tho r ,t h er e su l to fd i sa r t icu la t ion , f i l le t ing a nd s k inn ing a c t iv i t ie s . Ma rk s o f s k inn ing a c t iv i ty w e r e e ven r e co rded o n h ya ena b one s . G iven t h e a bundance o f f a una l m a ter ia l i nl e ve l HB a s aw ho le ( N ISP =6 286 o fw h ich 1 2 39 a r e i d en t if ied t os p ec ie s ) at o ta l o f 19 i s as ma l l p ropo r t ion . O ft h e h o r se m a t er ia la l one o n ly 2 . 8 1% b ea rs i gn so fh uman a c t iv i ty . L azare t R ed d ee rd om ina t e sa tt h eG ro t te d uL aza r e t ,w i th i b ex f o rm ing a s t rong s e cond c omponen t .T he r e dd ee rm ake su pa lmo s t8 0% o f t h e l a rge h e rb ivo r e s a nd 7 0% o f t h e t o ta l ' l a rg e ' f a una ( h e rb ivo r e s +c a rn ivo r e s ) ( Va len s i 1 996 ) , a l though o n ly 9% o f i d en t if iab le r e dd ee rb one sh ave c u tm a rk s .

S k inn ing a nd f i l le t ing m a rk s a r e a l so r a re , o ccu r r ing o n ly o nt h e m e tapod ia a nd d i s ta l f emu r ( MTd -2 , MCd 1 a nd F d -4 r e spec t ive ly ) . I n t e r e s t ing ly , d i s ta l m e tapod ia a nd f emo ra ( b o th p r ox ima l a nd d i s ta l ) y i e ld t h e h i ghe s t M in imum N umbe r o f 3

E xam ined b yt h ea u tho r( 1995 ) , c ou r te sy o fP rof e s so rH . d e

L um ley a nd s t af fo ft h e L abo ra to i re d eP rih is to i re d eL an re t ( N ice )

3 8

I n d iv idua l s( > 10 ) . T he f a c tt h a t s k in a nd m ea tw e r e r emoved o r s t r ipp ed f r om t h e se e l emen t s ( s k in f r om t h e p oo r m ea t -y ie ld ing m e tapod ia ,m ea tf r om t h eh ig hm ea t -y ie ld ing f emo ra ? )s ugg e s t s t h a t t h ey m ay w e l l h ave b een d i s ca rded i n i t ia l ly w i th l i t t le b r eakag e o r s u r f a ce d amage , a nd w e r e s ub s equen t ly b rok en e i the r i n t en t iona l ly w i th t h e e xp r e s s p u rpo se o f e x t r a c t ing m a r row a nd g r ease o r ' t a phonom ica l ly ' ( i . e . p o s t d epo s i t ion /bu r ia l ) . Mo s t o t he r e l emen t s a r e r e p r e sen t ed b y s ma l le r ,e p iphy sea la nd s haf tf r agmen t s .

T he f a una l m a t e r ia l f r om A daou s t e i s ,i nt e rm s o fb u t che ry a nd o t he r s u r f a ce m od if ica t ion s , m uch l i k e t h e o t he r a s semb lag e s c on s ide r ed h e r e , a l though t h e p ropo r t ion o f n on -den ta l h o r se m a te r ia lw i th c u t s i sg r ea t e rt h an e l sewhe r e . O nce a ga in w eh ave as i t e o ccup ied b y s e ve ra l a c t iv e o rp a s s ive ( po ten t ia l ) h un t e r s , o ccupa t ion p r obab ly a l ter na t ing o ve r m any y ea r s . Man , b ea r , w o lf a nd l e opa rd a ppea rt of o rm t h ec a rn ivo r eg u i ld a c ro s sm u ch o ft h er e g ion .

Mo s to ft h ec u t so b se rved o nt h ei b ex m a t e r ia l ,l i k et h o se s e en o n t h e r e d d e e r b y V a len s i ( 199 1) a r e f i ne , s t ra ig h t a nd s h a l low m a rk s , a l though o f v a r iab le l e ng th ( u p t o 8 mm ) . A s B inf o rd d e sc r ibe s i nt h e n ow s em ina l B one s : A nc i en t Men a nd Mod e rn M y th s( 1 98 1 : 1 05 ) , s t one too li n f l ic t ed m a rk so ccu r' i ng r oup so f p a ra l le l m a rk s , a nd . .h ave a m o re o p en c r o s s s e c t ion ' . T he l o ng e s t m a rk s o ccu r o n t h e m e tapod ia ( s k inn ing m a rk s ) a nd p r ox ima l c ub i tu s , a l though t h e m a rk s o f 1 0 15mm i nl e ng th , a s o b ser ved b y P a t r ic ia V a len s i o n r e d d e e r h ume ru s a nd r a d io -

6 3P a t tern ing i ne l emen tr epre sen ta t ion d a ta H av ing c on s ide r ed i n f o rma t ion d e r ived f r om p r ima ry b u t che r y d a t a , t h e c u tm a rk sw h ich p rove t h a tc a r ca se s w e r e e xp lo i t ed b y t o o l -u s ing i n d iv idua l s , i tr ema in s t oc on s ide rt h e i n f o rma t ion t o b e d e r iv ed f r om a na ly s i s o fa na tom ica l e l emen t r e p r e sen ta t ion d a ta . S ome o f t h e d a t a h ave b een o b ta ined f r om p ub l i shed s ou r ce s( r eco rded a st h es e cond f a una ld a taba se )a nd ,a s ar e su l t , w eo f t en h ave t om ake d ow i th i n f o rma t ion w h ich i sn o tr e co rded i na n i d ea l w ay . F o r e xamp le , v e r t eb ra e m ay n o t b e s ubd iv id ed a c co rd ing t ot y pe , l o ng b one sa r en o ta lway sr e co rded a c co rd ing t oe p iphy s i s .N eve r the le s si n t e r e s t ing p a t t er n sc an b ed i sce rned .

c ub i tu s( 1 99 1 :8 14 -5 ) ,d on o to ccu r . O the rs p e c ie sa tt h es i te a l so b ea rl i m i t ed c u t -ma rk s ; s ome o ft h e c a rn ivo r e s ( wo lf , l y nx , l e opa rd ) e v en h av e s k inn ing m a rk s i mp ly ing u s e b y m an o f c omp e t i to r s , w he the r k i l led o r s c aveng ed .

A na tom ica l e l emen t f r equency d a ta , l i s ted i nA ppend ix I V a s %MN I f i gu r e s , a r e c ompa r ed w i th v a r iou s r e levan t u t i l i ty i n dex v a lue s a s c on s tru c ted b y B inf o rd ( 1 978 ) . I n mo s t c a se s t h e c a r ibou o r r e indee r i n dex v a lue s a r e e mp loyed o n g r ound s o f a na tom ica l s im i la r i ty b e tween s p ec ie s : r e indee ra nd r e d d ee ra r e b o th c e r v id s . T he a l ter na t ive i n dex p r e sen t ed b y B inf o rd i st h a t f o r t h e s h eep . T h i s i su s ed i nt h e c on s id e r a t ion o f i b ex , o nce a ga in o n g r ound s o f a na tom ica l s im i la r i ty , t h i s t i me a mon s t a mong s t o v icap r id s . F o r t h e l a rg e r g ame s p ec ie s t h e r e indee r / ca r ibou i n dex i su s ed s i nce t h i s i st h e l a rg e r o ft h e t wo o r ig ina l t a xa . S i nce e a ch i n dex i s as e r ie s o f r a t io v a lu e s ( max imum 1 00 .00 ) t h e i n d ice s s hou ld b e o f s ome r e levan ce w hen c on s id e r ing t h e se o t he rs p e c ie s . I d ea l ly h oweve r as e pa ra te i n dex w ou ld b ea va i lab le f o re a ch p r ey s p ec ie se ncoun t e r ed .

A daou s te S ome , b u t n o t a l , o ft h e f a una l m a t e r ia l f r om A daou s t e i so f h uma n o r ig in . C a rn ivo r e t o o th m a rk s a r e s e en o n m u ch o ft h e m a t er ia l , e s pec ia l ly h o r se ( Def l eu r e ta l . 1 994 : 3 1 ) . H ow ev e r , w hen t o o th m a rk s a nd c u t s a r e s e en t o g e the r t h e f o rme r a r e a lway s s u p e r impo sed o n t h e c u t s , s ugg e s t ing t h a t c a rn ivo r e a c t iv i ty t o ok p l ace a f t e rh uman u s eo ft h e s i t e a nd t h a tm an w a s t h ep r ima ry a g en to fa c cumu la t ion . T he s t a t eo fs u r f a ce p r e se rva t ion m ean st h a tD e f leu re ta l .( 1 994 ) a r e a b le t oi d en t if yc u tm a rk sw h ich a r e a tr ibu tab le t os k inn ing , e v i s ce ra t ion , f i l le t ing a nd d i sa r t icu la t ion . Mo s t o ft h e se m a rk s o ccu ro nt h e h o r se , f o l lowed b yr e dd ee r , i b ex , c hamo i s a nd r o e d ee r . T h e m a jo r i ty a r e a t t r ibu ted t of i l le t ing a nd d i sa r t icu la t ion ( Def l eu r e ta l . 1 994 : 3 0 ) ; 4 6% o fh o r s e , 8 . 7% o fr e d d ee r a nd 1 5 .8% o fi b ex b one s a r e r e co rd ed a s b ea r ing f i l le t ing m a rk s . T he r e a r e n o c u t s a ta l r e co rded o n b ea r o r l a gomo rph b one s . T h eb e a ri sp e rhap s ah i ber na t ing s p ec ie s ,n o te v en s c aveng ed b y m an , t h e l a gomo rph s t h e p r ey o fs ma l le rc a rn ivo r e s ( l ynx , w i ld c a ta nd f o x )a nd /o r al a t e ri n t ru s ion a s ab u r row ing a n ima l .

P l o t t ing i n dex v a lu e s ( Mod if i ed G ene ra l U t i l i ty I n d ex , Ma r row I n d ex e t c . ) a ga in s t %MN I as e r ie s o fr e la t ion sh ip s i so b ta ined . I n t e rp r e ta t ion o f t h e s e a nd t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween e l emen t f r equency a nd v a r iou s d en s i ty v a lue s s h ed s s ome l i gh t o n a s semb lag e s t ru c tu r e a nd c au sa l f a c to r s , b o th h uman ( b u t che ry ) a nd n a tu ra l( c a rn ivo r e ,t a phonom ic e t c . ) .

L aza r e t C u t -ma rk s o n h o r se o ccu r o n h ead p a r t s , e s pec ia l ly t h e m and ibu la r c ondy le , o n t h e a x ia l s k e le ton ( a t la s , c e rv ica l a nd t h o r a c ic v e r teb ra e ) , t h e s c apu la a nd p e lv i s , t h e u ppe ra nd l ow e r f o r e - a n d h i nd l imb s . V i r tua l ly a l p a r t s o f t h e s k e le ton a r e p r e s en t a nd a lmo s t a l c a r ca se s egmen t s s how s u r f a c e e v idence o fp r o ce s s ing .

( a ) R ed d ee r( f ig .6 . 1) T he r e dd ee ra tL an r e t( c ouche s 1t o4o fu n i t : V a len s i ( 1 994 ) , 1 996 )a nd C ana l s IS a lomo ( 1 993 ) i sr e p r e sen ted b y av a r ie ty o f m ixed , g ou rme t a nd b u lk c ur ve s . P a r t s o fh i gh MGU I v a lu e a r e

R ed d e e rb one sb ea rc u t -ma rk sw h ich c an b ea s s ig ned t of i l le t ing

v a lue sa r ec ompa r ed w i th Max imum S t ruc tu ra l D en s i ty ,o m i t t ing t h e c r an ium f o r w h ich n o MSD v a lu e i sa va i lab le , t h e t r end i s

p r e sen t , e l emen t f r equenc ie s c ommon ly i n c rea s ing a t au t i l i ty v a lu e o fb e tween 3 0 .00 a nd 4 0 .00 ( s ee f i g 6 . 2 ) . When %MN I

a nd d i sa r t icu la t ion . T hey o ccu r p r ima r i ly o n t h e l i mb b one s ( m e t a ca rpa l , f emu r ,t i b ia )b u ta l so o nt h eu ppe rv e r t eb ra lc o lumn

l a rg e ly ap o s i t ive o ne ( s ee f i g . 6 . 3 ) . T he r o le o fb one d en s i ty i n a s semb lag e f o rma t ion h oweve r i sn o t c l ea rc u t . T he a s semb lage s t ruc tu r e i st h er e su l to fh uman a c t iv i ty , a se v idenced b yt h ec u t m a rk s d e sc r ibed b yV a len s i ( 1 99 1) ( s ee a bove , p .3 8 ) , m od if ied b y n a tu ra l p r e se rva t ion f a c to r s a nd , i n a l p robab i l i ty , s ome c a rn ivo r e a c t iv i ty . T he r o le o f h uman a c t iv i ty h ow ev e r i s d om inan t .

( t ho r a c ic v e r teb ra ea nd r i b s )( Def l eu re ta l . 1 994 : 3 5 ) . T he i b ex , ar a r es p ec ie s , i s ,r e la t ive ly s peak ing ,m o r e i n ten s ive ly p roce s sed t h an t h e r e d d ee r , > 15% o fb one s b ea r ing c u t -ma rk s : m and ib le , t h o r a c ic v e r teb r a e , r i b s , t i b ia , h ume ru s a nd m e t a ta r sa l s . Ma rk s r e su l tf r om d i sa r t icu la t ion ,s k inn ing a nd f i l le t ing . 3 9

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I f MN I f r equenc ie s a r e c ompa r ed w i th u t i l i ty i n d ice s ( B inf o rd 1 978 )m o r e d e ta i led p a t te rn ing i ss e en . T h e f a c tt h a t ag ene ra l ly p o s i t ive t r end i so b se rved w hen f r equ enc ie s a r e c ompa r ed w i th s h eep Mod if i ed G ene ra l U t i l i ty I n dex v a lue s ( B inf o rd 1 978 : 7 4 , t a b le 2 . 7 , c o l 2 ) , m igh t s ugg e s t t h a t t h e b one s r e cove r ed w e r e t h o se w h ich w e r eu s ed b yt h es i t e ' so ccupan t sb ecau se t h ey w e r e d eemed t ob e o fg r ea t e s t o ve ra l l v a lue ( f ig . 6 . 4 ) . T h i s a pp l ie s p a r t icu la r ly t o t h e m a r row w h ich c o r r e la te s p o s i t iv e ly w i th e l emen t f r equenc ie s , MN I v a lu e s r i s ing f r om 0% w i th m a r row v a le s o f1 ,t o1 00% a tm a r row v a lue so fa pp rox ima t e ly 7 0 . T he m ea ta nd g r ea se v a lue sp roduce b road ly s im i la rb u t l e s s' p r ec i se ' t r end s .

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b u tche ry ' .

I f , a s a n a l te rna t iv e m ea su r e o f ' g ene ra l u t i l i ty ' , t h e s h eep Max imum U t i l i ty I n dex ( d ef ined a s t h e h i ghe s t o f t h e m ea t , m a r row o r g r ea se v a lue s f o r e a ch e l emen t ) i st h en p l o t t ed a ga in s tp e r cen tag ee l emen tf r equency ap o s i t iv et r end i so b ta ined ( f ig .6 . 5 ) .T h i si n dex r e spond st ot h ed ec i s ion t or e ta in o rp r oce s s d if e r en t e l emen t s o n t h e b a s i s o f d if e r en t y i e ld s ( mea t v s . m a r row v s .g r ea se p o t en t ia l ) , e mpha s i s ing t h a tt h e a s semb lag e i s t h er e su l t( a tl e a s ti np a r t )o f ac omp lex s e to fd ec i s ion s m ade b y h un t e r s a nd t h a t mo r et h an o ne t h ing w a s s ough t w hen c a r ca se s w e r e p ro ce s sed . T he l a ck o f ar aw m a t e r ia l p o t en t ia l i n dex i s u nf o r tuna t e , b u t i ti s ap rob lem w h ich h a s b een e ncoun te r ed b ef o r e( Boy le 1 993 , 1 994 ) .

( b )I b ex L i ke t h er e dd ee rp r e s en ted b yV a len s i ( 1994 ) ,t h e i b ex m a t e r ia l f r om t h e g r o t te d u L a za r e t p r ima r i ly c omp r i se s b one f r agmen t s w h ich a r e l a rg e e nough t oh av e b een r e ad i ly s po t ted a nd e a s i ly r e t r ieved b y t h e e x cava to r . N eve r the le s s , w e t s i ev ing w a s p r a c t i sed w i th am e sh d i ame te r o f 1 mm . M ic rof auna l r ema in s ( i nc lud ing f i sh ) , a s w e l l a s s ma l l f r agmen t s o f l a rg e r s p ec ie s , w e r e r e co rded t o l e ve l a nd z one . L a rg e r m a t e r ia l h a s b een p l o t t ed a nd d e ta i led s u r f aced d i s t r ibu t ion m ap so ft h e 5m . I nt e rm so fi n d iv idua l e l emen tr e p r e sen ta t ion , t h e i b ex i st y p ica l o fm a ny , i fn o tm o s t ,a r cha eo log ica la s semb lage s i nt h er a r i ty o f t h e a x ia l s k e le ton , ap a r t o f t h e c a r ca se w h ich i sp rone t o d e s t r u c t ion r e su l t ing f r om b o th b u tche ry p r a c t ice s a nd p o s t b u r ia l t a phonom ic p r oce s se s . T he b e s t r e p r e s en t ed p a r t s o ft h e s k e le ton a r e t h e b on e s o ft h e f o r e l imb , c l o se ly f o l lowed b y t h e h i nd l i mb a l though s ome i n d iv idua l e l emen t s o f t h e l a t t e r o u tnumbe r t ho se o f t h e f o rme r , i . e . t h e d om inan t h i nd l i mb

I ns umma ry , t h e f a c t t h a t h i g he r v a lue p a r t s ( s eve ra l w i th c u t m a rk s )a r eg ene ra l ly m o s ta bundan ts ugg e s t st h a tw ea r ed ea l ing w i th as i t ea tw h ich m u l t ip le a c t iv i t ie st o ok p l a ce ( no tt h es p ec ia l p u rpo se s i t e w h ich c an b e i d en t if i ed e l sewhe r e f o r t h e U ppe r P a la eo l i th ic ) , b e i to n as ho r t - o r l o ng t e rm , s e a sona l o ry ea r r ound b a s i s . U nf o r tuna t e ly , h ow eve r , s e a sona l i ty o fo ccupa t ion d u r ing t h e M idd le P a la eo l i th ic h a s n o t b e en g i ven t h e a ten t ion t h a t h a s b een a cco rded t ol a t e r p e r iod s . A s ar e su l t , a tL a7 a r e t , d e t e rm ina t ion o fs e a son o fo ccupa t ion i sb a sed o n t h e p r e sence o f j uven i le m and ib le s a nd s e a son ind ica t ing s p ec ie s : t h e o ccu r r ence o fa n i b ex m and ib le o fa bou t 5m on th s o l d , p r obab ly

e l em en t s l i s ted i nt a b le 1a r e m o r e a bundan t t h an t h o se o ft h e m a jo rf o r e l imb p a r t s .

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k i l led i nm id -Novembe r , a nd t h ep r e s ence o fm a rmo t -as p ec ie s w h ich e me rg e s f r om h i b e rna t ion e a r ly i nt h e s p r ing ( u sua l ly Ma r ch ) . T he se i n d ica t ion s o fs e a sona l i ty , s p ec i f ic t ot h e c abane d e sc r ib ed b y d e L um ley ( 1 967 ) , a s sume t h a t t h i s s t ruc tu r e w a s u s ed o n ly o nce -a n a r gumen t w h ich c an , t o s ome e x ten t , b e s uppo r t ed b y t h e d eg r ee t ow h ich b one p i ece s f r om d if e r en t a r ea sa nd l e v e l sm ay b er ef i t ted a sw e l la st h er e gu la r i t ie ss e en i n t h e b u t che ry d a ta . H oweve r , a f t e r d e ta i led a na ly s i s o fm a t e r ia l , e s pec ia l ly t h er e dd ee r ,V a len s ic onc lude st h a tt h es i t ea s aw ho le i s al o ng t e rm o ccupa t ion s i t e ( 1 994 , 1 996 : 2 6 ) w h ich , o n o cca s ion , w a s a l so o ccup ied b y h yaen a s u s ing i ta s ad en s i t e . S he m a in ta in s t h a t t h e c a rn ivo r e -popu la t ion u s e o f t h e s i t e b enef i t ed f r om t h e s e conda ry u s e o fc a r c a se s l e f tb eh ind b yt h e h om in id o ccupan t s .

L a rge rp r ey s p ec ie ss u ch a sa u roch s ,h o r se a nd b i son w e r et a ken o n ly o cca s iona l ly a tL aza r e t a nd t h e se w e r e s ub jec ted t oi n i t ia l p roce s s ing i nt h ef i e ld ; o n ly s e lec ted p a r t so ft h ec a r ca s e sa ppea r t oh ave b e en b r ough t b a ck t ot h e s i t e . O ve ra l l t h e i mp r e s s ion g a ined f r om t h e s t udy o f i b ex m a te r ia l f r om t h e G ro t t e d u L aza r e t i so ne o fs ha rp , p r e c i se mov emen t s , w i th m in ima l c u t m a rk s b e ing i n f l ic ted . P ro ce s s ing o fi b ex c a r ca se s ( f rom k i l l t o c on sump t ion ) a ppea r s t o h ave b een a n ef i c ien t a nd w e l l m anaged j ob , w i th b o th m ea t a nd m a r row b e ing o b ta ined f r om c a r ca se s .A l lt h eb one sw h ich c an b ea t t r ibu t ed t oh uman a c t iv i ty a r e t h e r e su l t o fh un t ing r a the r t h an s c aveng ing o f n a t u r a l o r c a rn ivo r ed ea th s .

T ourna l A t T ou rna l , t h e f ou r s pec ie s f o r w h ich w e h ave s uf i c ien t q u an t i ta t ive d a ta s how c on s id e rab le s im i la r i ty i nt e rm so fg ene ra l p a t t e rn s o fe l emen t r e p re sen ta t ion ( s ee f i g . 6 . 7 ) , e spec ia l ly t h e h o r se a nd b ov id s . T he se a r e s p e c ie s w h ich a r e o f t en c on s id e r ed a s' l a rge ' p r ey s p ec ie s ' -l a rg ee nough t ow a r r an t f i e ld b u t che ry a nd t ob et r an s f e r r ed t ot h es i t ei np a r ce l s( c f .P a tou -Ma th i s 1 993 f o r t h e s i t e o f L e s C ana le t t e s ) P lo t ted a ga in s t t h e c a r ibou Max imum U t i l i ty I n dex ( s ee f i g . 6 . 8 ) b o th b ov id s a nd h o r se

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y i e ld . T he se s p ec ie s a nd t h e i b ex , h oweve r , a l so s how p o s i t iv e r e la t ion sh ip s w i th Max imum S t ruc tu ra l D en s i ty ( s ee f i g . 6 . 9 ) . T hey a r e s im i l a r ly r e la ted t om a r row i n dex v a lue s , s ugg e s t ing s e le c t ion o f m a r row p a r t s a nd i n ten s iv e p r oce s s ing . T he e xcep t ion i nb o th c a se s i st h e b ea r w h ich P a tou -Ma th i s ( 1 994 ) s e e s a s ah i ber n a t ing o ccupan t o f t h e s i t e u s ing t h e c av e a l t er n a te ly w i th m an a nd h ya en a s( s ee a bov e ,p .3 7 -8 ) .

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I nf i gu r e s6 . 10 a nd 6 . 11 t h er e la t ion sh ip s b e tw e en MGU I v a lu e s a nd %MN If o rh o r s ea nd b ov id sa r es hown . B o th s how ag ene ra l n ega t ive c u r v i l in ea rt r end ;t h ed eg r ee o fs im i la r i ty i se mpha s i s ed b y ai n te r sp ec ie sc o r r e la t ion o f r0 . 82 1 . B o th h o r se a nd b ov id s p r e sen t g ou rm e t c u rve s w i th %MN I v a lu e s i n c r ea s ing w i th m ed ium a sw e l la sl ow MGU I b ody p a r t s . Af ew l ow v a lu ep a r t s h oweve r a r e r e p r e sen t ed i n l ow e r f r equenc ie s t h an t h e c u r v e s s ugge s t s hou ld b e t h e c a se . T h e se a r e t h e p ha lange s , c e rv ica l v e r t eb rae , a x i s a nd a t la s , c a rpa l s a nd , i nt h e c a s e o fb ov id s , t h e s k u l l ,p a r t sw h ich a r eo fp a r t icu la r ly l ow m a r row v a lue s , .

F igur e6 . 6C ha r ts how ing t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween % AIM i b e x a nd % c u ti b ex b one sa tt h eG ro t t ed uL a za re t

T he h uman o ccupan t s o f t h e c av e e xp lo i ted t wo s p ec ie s i n p r ef e r ence t oo t he r s( r ed d ee ra nd i b ex ) ,a l though w he the rt h i s i s ar e f lec t ion o f c ho ice o r n e ce s s i ty r ema in s u nc lea r : Who le c a r ca se sw e r eb r oug h tt ot h es i t ea nd p ro ce s sed t h e r e .A cco rd ing t oV a len s i ( 1 994 ) t h ey w e r e n o t d i smembe r ed e l sewhe r e . N o r w e r et h ey p r oce s sed a tt h ek i l l s i t e .

A daou s te T he h o r s e a tA daou s t e f o rm s ab r oad ly d ef i ned p o s i t iv e t r end w hen %MN I f r equ en c ie s a r e c ompa r ed w i th MGU I v a lue s ( s e e f i g . 6 . 12 ) . I nt h i s i ti su n l ik e b o th t h e i b ex a nd r e d d ee r , a c on tr a s t w h ich i sv i s ib le i nf i gu r e 6 . 13 . R ed d e e r f o rm s ab u lk c u r ve w i th f r equen c ie si n c rea s ing s t ead i ly a t aMGU Iv a lue o f3 0 -3 5 ; t h e i b ex i sb e t te r r e p r e sen t ed b y m ed ium v a lue p a r t s a nd f o rm s ag ou rme t c u r ve . N eve r the le s s , t h e r e i s ad eg r ee o f s im i la r i ty w h ich c an b es e en i nf i gu r e6 . 14 .

A na ly s i s o ft h e i b ex m a te r ia l w h ich h a s b een s t ud ied i nd e ta i l ( Boy le 1 995 ) s ugge s t st h a t a l t h e m a te r ia l t a ken t ot h e s i t e w a s i n t ended f o r f u l l p roce s s ing . I tw a s e xpec ted t h a t e ve ry p a r t o f t h e c a r ca se w ou ld b e u s ed . T h i s c onc lu s ion i sb a sed o nt h e f a c t t h a tt h e r ei ss i gn if ican ts im i la r i ty i nt h ep e r cen tage f r equenc ie so f e l emen t s a nd p e r cen tag e s o ft h e se b one s w h ich b ea r c u t -ma rk s d e r ived f r om b u tche ry . P l o t t ed a ga in s t e a ch o t he r ( s ee f i g . 6 . 6 ) t h ey p rodu ce , i fw e i g no r e t h e o u t l ie r s , ap o s i t ive r e la t ion sh ip : e l emen t f r equ ency a nd c u t -ma rk f r equency i n c r ea se c oncom i tan t ly . T ho se p a r t s w h ich a r e m o s t a bundan t d i sp lay m o s t c u t -ma rk s ( r e la t ive ly s peak ing ) . I ti sn o t ap henomenon o b se r ved l a te ro nd u r ing t h eU ppe rP a la eo l i th ic w hen t h er e v e r se

C ompa r i son b e tw e en i b ex %MN I a nd m a r row i n dex v a lue s s ugge s t s t h a t t h i s ' s econda ry s p ec ie s ' w a s p r o ce s sed f o r m ea t a nd m a r row . A v a lue o f r -0 .49 i so b ta ined w hen t h e o u t l ie r

i st h e c a se ( Boy le 1 993 )a nd w es e er e gu la rd i sca rd o fp a r t s n o t u s ed .

( m and ib le ) i so m i t t ed . I n c lu s ion o ft h e o u t l ie rr e du ce st h e v a lu e o f rt o0 . 315 . T h i st r end i ss e en i nf i gu re 6 . 15 . A l l t h r ee s p ec ie s i nf a c t a r e p o s i t iv e ly c o r r e la ted w i th m a r row i n d ex v a lue s , b u t t h ei b ex m o r es i g n if i can t ly t h an t h eo t he r s . 4 4

F igure 6 . 7 E l emen tr ep re sen ta t ion p ro f i l e sf o ri b ex , b ea r , b ov id sa nd h o r se a tt h es i te o fT ou rna l . ( Fo rk ey s ee A ppend i x I V )

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F igur e 6 . 9 C ha r ts how ing t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween % MN Ia nd Max imum S t ruc tu ra l D en s i ty f o r h o r se , i b ex a nd b ov id s a t T ou rna l

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F i gur e 6 . 10 F igu r e s how ing t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tw e en MGU I v a lue sa nd h o r se f r equen cy ( AMN I )a tT ou rna l 18.

F i gur e 6 . 12 F igu r e s how ing t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween MGU I v a lue sa nd %MN If re quenc i e so fh o r se a tA d aou s te .

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F i gur e 6 . 11 F igu r e s how ing t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tw een MGU I v a lu e s a nd b o v id s f r equency ( AMN I ) a t T ou rna l IB.F ou r e l emen t s a r e d i s t ingu i shed : A = d i s ta l r ad io -cub i tu s , E = p rox ima lr ad io -c ub i tu s , o=d i s ta lt i b ia , x=p rox ima lt i b ia .

F i gur e 6 . 13 F igu r e s how ing t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tw een MGU I v a lue sa nd %MN If r equenc i e so fi b e xa nd r ed d e e r a tA d aou s t e .

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F igur e6 . 14 E l emen tr ep re sen ta t ion p rof i l ef o rt h em a jo r h e rb i vo r es p ec ie sa tt h es i te o fA d aou s t e . ( Fo rk ey s e eA ppend i x I V )

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4 7

Mauran Mau ran i s al a rg eo pen a i rs i t e ( > 1000m 2)c l o se t ot h e G a ronne ( Fa r izy e ta t . 1 994 ) . D av id a nd F a r izy ( 1 994 : 177 -234 )p r e sen t a d e ta i led t a phonom ic s t udy o ft h eb i son m a t e r ia l ,p o in t ing o u tt h a t e l emen t f r equenc ie s a ppea r t o b e h i g h ly c o r r e la ted w i th B u lk D en s i ty ( 1994 : 1 8 0 ) . T hey a l so c on s ide r p a t te rn s o f e l emen t r e p r e sen ta t ion i nr e la t ion t ot h o se a tN o r th Ame r ican /Pa leo ind ian b i son j ump s e t c . S im i la r i t ie s w i th o t he r , i nt h i s c a se N unam iu t , s i t e s c an a l so b e s e en ; i ns ome c a se s t h e s im i la r i t ie s a r e e ven c l o se r .

A t Mau ran w es e e ag ou rme tc u r ve f o rb i son . L ow f r equenc ie so f h i gh MGU I v a lue p a r t s a r e s e en , f r equenc ie s o fe l emen t s r i s ing s i gn if ican t ly a t a n MGU I v a lue o f c .5 0 .00 ( s ee f i g . 6 . 17 ) . Ma r row b one s a r e a l so w e l l r e p r e sen t ed , a l though t h ey d o n o t d om ina t et h ea s semb lage .

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T he Ma sk S i t e i sal a te s p r ing h un t ing s t and , p a r t o f w ha t B inf o rd r e f e r st oa s a' d i spe r sed i n te r cep t h un t ing ' ( 1 978 : 1 78 ) c omp lex . Sma l lg r oup so fh un te r s( a t l e a s t 2i n d iv idua l s )e xp lo i t d i spe r sed c a r ibou a f t e rt h e m a in s e asona l m ig ra t ion . Whe the r a s im i la rs i tua t ion m ay b ep r opo sed f o rh un t e r s o fb i son ( h e rd s ) a t t h e s i t e o f Mau ran d ep end s , a tl e a s t i np a r t , o n w he the r o ne i s p r epa red t o a s sume t h e e x i s tence o f p a ra l le l s b e tw een e t hnog raph ic /e thnoh i s to r ic c ommun i t ie s o fN o r th Ame r ica a nd h un te r s o ft h e M idd le P a la eo l i th ic b e tween 3 00 00 a nd 1 30 0 00 y ea r s a go . N eve r the le s s t h e p a t t er n ing o b se rved i so fi n te r e s t i f o n ly b e cau se o ft h e ' i n sp i ra t ion ' w h ich t h ep a ra l le l p rov ide s . A s f i gu r e6 . 16 s how st h es im i la r i ty b e tw een t h ef a una la s s emb lag e s a tt h et wo s i t e si ss t r ik ing .

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F i gure 6 . 17 R e la t ion sh ip b e tween MGU Ia nd b i son %MN Ia t t h es i t eo fMau ran .

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%MN ! B i son f r om Mau ran

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I n c on tra s t t o t h e b i son , h o r se i s r e p r e s en ted b y o n ly 3 i n d iv idua l s . I t s e l emen t r e p r e sen ta t ion p r of i le ( f ig . 6 . 18 ) i s d om ina ted b y t h e m e ta ca rpa l s , t h e o t he r m a jo r b ody p a r t s r e p r e sen t ed b yt h em e ta ta r sa l s ,t i b ia a nd s c apu la . U n l ike m o s to f t h e o t he r t a xa a nd s i t e s c on s ide r ed i n t h i s s t udy t h e h o r s e i s r ema rkab le o n g r ound s o f t h e a b sence o f h ead p a r t s ( e x cep t l o o s e t e e th w h ich a r e o m i t ted f r om t h i s s t udy ) a nd t h e r e la t ive a bundance o ft h ep e lv i sa nd s c apu la .G iven t h es ma l ls amp l es i z e h oweve ra ta in ing a n MN I v a lue o f2 5% o r5 0% r e qu i r e so n ly a f ew i d en t if iab le b one s( MNE ) .

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F igur e 6 . 16 . P lo t s how ing t h e d eg ree o fs im i la r i ty b e tween e l emen tr ep re sen ta t ion a tt h em idd l ep a laeo l i th ic s i t eo f Mau ran a nd t h e Ma sk S i t e .

A t t h e Ma sk S i t e ' a c t iv i t ie s ' i n c lud ing p r ey m on i to r ing , m ea t t r an sf e r , m a r row b one a nd t o ngue p r oce s s ing ( B inf o rd 1 978 : 1 80 ) o ccu r . T he r e i sn o c a rn ivo r e ( d og ) i n pu t a t t h e s i t e h ow eve r . Non -hun t r e la ted a c t iv i ty i sl i m i ted b u t e x i s t s a tt h e M a sk S i t e ; B inf o rd n o te st h em anuf a c tu r ing o fc r af ti t em s . I nt h e a b sence o fr e cogn i sab le p a laeo l i th ic a r ta r tef ac t so ft h es o r to f t en f o und a te qu iva len t u ppe r p a la eo l i th ic s i t e s w e c an s a y l i t t le r e ga rd ing c r af ta c t iv i t ie s a t Mau ran . N ev e r the le s s , t h e e x i s t ence o fs t one t oo l sa nd db i tage w h ich c an b e r e f i t ted ( J aube r t 1 994 ) s h ow st h a to t he r ,n on -hun t ing ,a c t iv i ty a l so o c cu r r ed .

F igure 6 . 18 H o r se a na tom ica le l emen tr epre sen ta t ion p rof i l ea t t h es i te o f Mau ran .

4 8

When h o r se f r equenc ie sa r ec ompa r ed w i th t h e MGU I at y p ica l c u r v i l inea r r e la t ion sh ip i so b ta ined . L ow a nd m ed ium v a lue p a r t s , o fg r ea t e r s i gn if icance w hen %MN I v a lue s a r e p l o t t ed a ga in s t t h e m a r row i n d ex ( f ig . 6 . 19 ) , a r e r e la t ive ly w e l l r e p r e sen t ed . H igh m a r row y i e ld ing b one s a r e w e l l r e p r e s en t ed , m ed ium v a lu e p a r t s s i g n if i can t a nd l ow v a lue p a r t s , w i th o ne e xcep t ion ,r e la t iv e ly r a r eo ra b sen t . H o r se b one s a t Mau r an m ay h av e b een r e ta ined a tt h es i t e( o rb rough tt ot h e s i t e ) f o rm a r row p r o ce s s ing .

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s t and s a nd D i s tu rbed S i t e d e sc r ibed b y B inf o rd ( 1978 ) ( s ee f i g . 6 . 2 1a -c ) . T he B ig H appy N ew Y ea r h un t ing s t and ( B inf o rd 1 978 : 3 51) f o r e xamp le i s ah i g h s i t e u s ed a s al o ok o u t b y h un te r s d u r ing h e rd m ig ra t ion . F rom L e s C ana le t t e s , a t a n a l t i tude > 6 50m , t h e r e i s av i ew o fp a r t o ft h e D u rzon v a l ley s ome 1 00m b e low ( Me ignen 1 993 : 2 0 ) a nd a cce s s t ot h e v a l ley v i a ac .1 00m w ide c o r r ido rw he r et h es i t ei sl o ca ted . T he D i s tu rbed S i t e i sa n a u tumn r e s id en t ia l s i t e c l o se t o ak i l l b u t che ry l o ca t ion . T he s im i la r i ty b e tw een t h e a s semb lag e f r om t h i ss i t ea nd t h a to fh o r se a tL e sC ana le t t e sc . 3 i sn o t iceab le ( f ig . 6 . 2 1b ) s ugge s t ing t h a th o r se ( a nd a u roch s , o n t h e b a s i s o ff i gu r e 6 . 2 1c ) w e r e k i l led e l sewhe r e b u t b r oug h t b a ck t o t h e s i t e f o r p roce s s ing . A cco rd ing t o B inf o rd ( 1 978 : 4 02 ) t h e a b sence ( o r r a r i ty ) o r p ha lange s , ap a t t e rn s e en f o r s e ve ra l s p ec ie s a tL e s C ana le t t e s , " t e l l s u s i mmed ia t e ly t h a t t h e r e w a s ak i l l s i t e i n dependen t o f t h e m a r row -and g r ea s e -p roce s s ing l o ca t ion" . ' I ndependen t ' d oe sn o tn ece s sa r i ly m ean f a ra way .

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A s n o ted a bove , P a tou -Ma th i s ( 1 993 : 2 02 -3 ) c onc lud e s t h a tt h e l a rg e rg ame s pec ie s( h o r se a nd a u ro ch s )w e r e b rough tt ot h e s i t e a l r eady d i smemb e r ed ( f i e ld -bu t ch e r ed ) b u t t h a t s ma l le r g ame i n c lud ing r e dd ee r , w e r et r an spo r ted c omp le te . T h i s a r gumen t i s b a sed , a tl e a s t i np a r t , o n s i t e t o pog raphy a nd p o t en t ia l c a r ca se s i z e . I ft h e e l emen t f r equency d a ta a r e c on s ide r ed a nd p a ra l le l s w i th t h e D i s tu rbed S i t e , a u tumn s t and s a nd K o l lu tuk b u t che ry l o ca t ion sa c cep ted ,t h en w ec an c on c lude t h a th un t ing d i di nf a c t t a k e p l a ce i nt h e p rox im i ty o ft h e s i t e a nd p roce s s ing a tt h e s i t e o rn ea ra th and .

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F i na l ly , t h e s i g n if ican t r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween c e rv id ( c a r ibou ) m a r row i n d ice sa nd e l emen tf r equenc ie sa tL e s C ana le t t e s a r e o f i n te r e s t , e s pec ia l ly i nt h e c a se o fr e d d ee r ( c .2 r =0 .725 , c . 3 r =0 .686 ) .N on -cer v id m a r row c o r r e la t ion sa r el owe rb u ta mong s t t h eh ig he ro ne s f o rt h e s i t e . T h i s m ay i np a r tr e f lec td if e r ence s , e ven o n ar a t io s c a le , i na na tomy b e tw een c e rv id s , h o r se a nd b ov id s .

Ma r row i ndex

F i gure 6 . 19 C ha r ts how ing t h er e la t ion sh ip b e tween Ma r row i n d e xv a lue sa nd h o r se %MN Ia t Mau ran ( r =0 .628 ) .

L e sC ana le t te s T he r e d d e e r a s semb lag e a tL e s C ana le t te s , i nb o th c ouche s 2 a nd 3 ,c an b es e en t ob es im i la rt ot h es h eep m a te r ia lr e co rded b y B inf o rd a tt h e a u tumn b u t che ry l o ca t ion o fK o l lu tuk ( B inf o rd 1 978 : 4 07 -9 ) ( s ee f i g . 6 . 20 ) . T h i s s i t e i sc ha ra c t e r i sed b y h i g h f r equen c ie s o f a r t icu la t ed e l emen t s , h i gh ly s c a t t e r ed b one d i s t r ibu t ion a c ro s s t h e s i t e a nd t h e a bundance o fm e tapod ia , i n c on t ra s tt ot h e i mpo r tance o fh ead p a r t s a tc a r ibou s i t e s . A t L e s C ana le t te s r e d d ee r m e tapod ia d om ina t e t h e f a una l a s semb lag e s i gn if i can t ly .G iven t h en a t u r a lr e s t ra in t sp l a ced o nt h eh o r izon ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fm a t e r ia l b y t h e f a c t t h a t L e s C ana le t te s i s ar o ck s h e l t e rs i t e r a the rt h an a n o p en s i t e s u ch a sK o l lu tuk , t h e s c a t t e r o fb one m a te r ia l a ss hown b y P a tou -Ma th i s i nc ou che 2( 1 993 : 2 07 ) a nd 3 ( 1 993 : 2 17 ) f r om t h e a r ea e xcava ted i s q u i t e w ide sp r ead .7 4% o fm a t e r ia li nc ou che 2o ccu r si n 6s qua r e sa nd 7 0% o fc ou che 3i n1 0s qua r e s . I nb o th c a se sm a t er ia l d en s i ty i s g r ea t e r f u r the ri n to t h e s i t e a nd c l o se rt ot h ew a l l s . T he q ue s t ion r e ga rd ing t h e f r equency o f a r t icu la t ed e l emen t s c an n o t b e

L e sc e dr e s T he c ond i t ion o ff a una l m a t e r ia l f r om t h e s i t e o fC ed r e s i ss u ch t h a t af u l l t a phonom ic s t udy w a s d e emed i mpo s s ib le ( Def leu r a nd C r eg u t -Bonnou r e 1 995 : 1 62 ) . H ow eve r , t h e r o le o fh uman s a nd c a rn ivo r e s i na s semb lag e f o rma t ion c an b e e s t ima t ed : i n c ou che I V t h e r e i sn o e v idence f o r h uman a c t iv i ty . C u t -ma rk s a nd s t on e t o o l s a r e a b sen t . C a rn ivo r e s f o rm > 48% o f t h e a s semb lage ; a lmo s t 5 8% o fm a t e r ia l s how s d i r ec t e v idence o f c a rn ivo r e a c t iv i ty ( g naw ing e t c . ) . D e f leu r a nd C regu t -Bonnou r e a tr ibu t e t h e e x i s t ence o f al a rge n umbe r ( 24% ) o f c omp le t e b one s t o c a rn ivo r e a c t iv i ty a l one ( 1 995 : 1 63 ) , a n o b se r va t ion w h ich i sd ependen t o n t h e t y pe o fa c t ive c a rn ivo r e ( c f . B inf o rd 1 98 1 , B r a in 1 98 1 , H ayne s 1 983 , L yman 1 994 a nd r e f e r ence s t h e r e in ) . I n I a nd I I c a rn ivo r e a c t iv i ty r ema in s i mpo r tan t a l though e v idence o f h om in id a c t iv i ty i n c r ea se s . S u r f a ce m od if i ca t ion a t t r ibu tab le t oc a rn ivo r e si ss t i l l e v iden t( 1 6% i nI , 2 4% i nI ) .C omp le t ec a rn ivo r es k e le ton sa r ea l so f o und ( De f leu r a nd C r egu t -Bonnou r e 1 995 : 1 6 3 ) .

a n swe r ed o ne w ay o ra no the rg i ven t h ed a ta p r ov ided b y P a tou Ma th i s ( 1 993 ) . S he d oe s h ow ev e r l i s t p o s s ib le b one c on jo in s ( 1 993 : 2 0 1 , 2 1113 ) , w h ich a pp ea r t o b e m o r e a bundan t i n c ouche 3 .

T he e l emen t r e p r e sen ta t ion p rof i le f o rt a h r a tC ed r e s ( f ig . 6 . 22 ) i su n l ik ea ny o ft h eo t he r sd i s cu s sed h e r e . I ti sd om ina t ed b y t h e d i s ta l h ume ru s , f o l low ed b y t h e s c apu la , p e lv i s a nd p rox ima l f emu r ;t h e se a r eh i gh o rr e la t iv e ly h i g hm ea t -y ie ld ing p a r t s .

A na tom ica le l emen tf r equenc ie so fn on ce r v id sa tL e sC ana le t te s s h ow s im i la r i t ie s w i th a s semb lag e s f r om t h e a u tumn h un t ing 4 9

F i gure 6 . 20 E l emen tr ep re sen ta t ion p rof i l e sf o rr ed d ee ra tL e s C ana l e t t e s , c ompa red w i th t h eK o l lu tuk ( B inf o rd 1 978 :4 09 , c o l . 2 ) . ( Fo rk ey s ee A ppend ix I V )

T h i s i s as u rp r i s ing ly l a rge n umbe ro fs i gn if ican tc o r re la t ion s a mong s t t h e d a ta , a l though t h e re a r e s ome a s semb lage s w h ich a r en o tc o r re la ted w i th a ny o rm any o t he r s . Mo s t n o tab ly t h e h ig he s t c o r re la t ion c oe f i c ien t b e tween t h e t a h r a s semb lage f r om t h e e a r ly s i te o f C ed r e s a nd a ny o t he r a s semb lage i sw i th b ea r f r om T ou rna l NB r =0 .293 ) . N o to n ly t h a t b u t i ti sa tC ed r e s t h a t w e s e e t h e g r ea te s t n umb e r o f n ega t ive c o r r e la t ion s . T h i s i mp l ie s t h a t t h e a s semb lag e i s d if e r en t f r om t h e o t he r s i ns ome w ay . I si tt h e e a r ly d a t e o ft h e s i t e w h ich p r ov ide s t h e k ey t ot h e p a t t er n ?T h e o t he re a r ly s i t e ( Laza r e t )y i e ld sn o v a lue s o f rg r ea te rt h an 0 . 500 w hen r e dd ee r i sc on s ide r ed . T he h i ghe s t i b ex c o r r e la t ion w i th o t he r s i t e s i s 0 . 579 . T he se ' e a r ly ' a s semb lag e s a r e p e rhap s s t r uc tu r ed i na d if e r en tw ay .

T he c on t ra s t ing f r equency o f d i s ta l v e r su s p rox ima l h ume r u s p u t st h ea s semb lag ef i rm ly i nt h e ' z one o fd e s t ruc t ion 'a sd e f ined b y B inf o rd ( 198 1 :2 19 ) , a mong t h e ' r avag ed a s semb lag e s ' ( s ee f i g . 6 . 23 ) . T he n a tu r e o f d e s t ru c t ion a tL e s C ed r e s i s , i na l p r obab i l i ty , am ix tu r e o f t h e c a rn ivo r e r a vag ing a nd h uman c a rca se p roce s s ing p r opo sed b y D ef l eu r a nd C r egu t -Bonnou r e ( 1 995 ) , a l though w h e the r , a st h ey s ugg e s t ( 1995 : 1 64 ) , o ne c an a s sume t h a t mo s t o ft h e b one s i n t roduced i n to t h e s i t e b y m an h ave n o tb e en p r e s e r ved i sq ue s t ionab le . T he w o lf a s semb lag e d e sc r ibed b y B inf o rd ( 198 1 : 2 10 -4 ) a nd i n c luded i nf i gu r e6 . 22 i sas u i tab le a s semb lag e f o rc ompa ra t ive p u rpo se s r e p r e sen t ing , a s i t d o e s , b one s f r om w o lf k i l l s a c cumu la ted o ve r a n u nk nown p e r iod o f t i me a nd , B inf o rd b e l iev e s , a dd i t iona l" E sk imo -k i l led a n ima l s" . T he a s semb lage i s t h e r ef o r e p robab ly o fm ixed o r ig in s im i la r t ot h e m a t e r ia l f r om t h eG ro t t ed e sC ed r e s .T he m idd le p a la eo l i th ic m a t e r ia l i sk nown t ob ea tl e a s ti np a r tt h er e su l to fh uman a c t iv i ty h ow eve r .

Among s tt h e l a t e rs i t e sw e f i nd ag r ea te rd eg r ee o fs im i la r i ty . I n g ene ra l t h e s e pa r a t e s p ec ie s a tt h e s i t e o f L e s C ana le t t e s a r e p o s i t iv e ly c o r r e la t ed b e tween l e v e l s 2a nd 3 .T h i s i sp a r t icu la r ly t r u eo fr e dd ee r( r) .983 )( s ee f i g6 . 24 ) , i n d ica t ing ah i gh d eg r ee o fs im i la r i ty i na s semb lag es t ruc tu r e( a nd f o rma t ion p r oce s se s? ) . T he h i gh v a lue o f rs ugge s t s t h a t t h e se a r e t wo a s semb lag e s w h ich r e su l t f r om s im i la r , i fn o t t h e s ame , c a r ca se p r oce s s ing s t r a t eg ie s , ap o s s ib i l i ty a luded t ob ef o r e . G iv en t h ef a c tt h a ti ti s aq ue s t ion o ft wo l e ve l sa to ne s i t e w e a r e d ea l ing w i th m a te r ia l o fs im i la r ' n a tu r a l ' o r ' g eo log ic ' t a phonom ic h i s to ry . S im i la r i ty i na s semb lag e s p ec ie s s t r uc tu r e i mp l ie s t h a t o t he r v a r iab le s c a n a l so b eh e ld c on s tan t . T he d eg r ee o fs t a t i s t ica l s im i la r i ty b e tw een r e dd ee ra nd o t h e rs p e c ie s( v a r iab le b e tween l e v e l s )s ugg e s t st h a t

6 . 4I n ter s i te c ompar i son s H av ing c on s ide r ed t h e d e ta i l s o fs e pa r a t e s pe c ie s a ti n d iv idua l s i t e s i nt e rm s o fe l emen t f r equency , c u t -ma rk s a nd c ompa r i son s w i th v a r iou s u t i l i ty i n d ice s , i tr ema in s t o b r ief ly c on s ide r t h e s im i la r i t ie s a nd /o r d if e r ence s b e tw een t h e s amp le s . T he mo s t i mmed ia te w ay o fd o ing t h i s i st oc a lcu la te r e levan t c o r r e la t ion c o ef f i c ien t s a nd t ol o ok f o rs t a t i s t ica l ly s i gn if ican t v a lue s . T ab le 6 . 4 p r e s en t sj u s t s u ch r e su l t s . V a lue s o f ri ne xce s s o f0 . 500 a r e h i g h l igh ted , w i th t h o se o f r

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F igure 6 . 22 E lemen t r ep r e sen ta t ion p rof i l ef o r t h e t a h r a tt h e s i t e o fC iV re s a nd t h e ' t o ta lw o lf k i l l 'a s semb lag e d e sc r ibed b y B inf o rd ( 1 98 1 :2 13 , c o . 2 6 ) . ( Fo rk e ys e eA ppend i xB O

F igur e 6 . 23 R e la t ion sh ip b e tween f requenc ie s o fp rox ima l a nd d i s ta l h umeru s ( % MN 1 ) a tm idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i te s i n s ou the rn F rance a nd ' e thnog raph ic ' r a vaged a s semb lage s l i s ted i nB inf ord ( 1981 : 2 20 , 2 14 ) .

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t h i s s e conda ry s pec ie s w e r e s e lec ted a nd p roce s sed f o r m a r row e x t r a c t ion - a dd i t iona l v ar ie ty i n t h e b i son d om ina ted a s semb lag e . A s im i la r c onc lu s ion m ay b e r e a ched f o r i b ex a t L a m e ta nd t h eb ov id sa tT ou rna l . A s a n a dd i t iona l a pp roa ch t o c on s id e r ing i n te r s i t e o rr e g iona l p a t t er n s o fe l emen t r e p r e sen ta t ion C lu s t e rA na ly s i s w a s a pp l ied t ot h e a va i lab le %MN I d a t a , e mp loy ing t h e E uc l idean d i s tance c oef f i c ien t a nd Wa rd 's h i e ra r ch ica l a gg lome ra t iv e c l u s t e r ing t e chn iqu e .T h i st e chn ique i se xp la ined i ns ome d e ta i lb yS h ennan ( 1 988 :2 17 -20 ) .

1 . 000

I nf i g . 6 . 25 t h e r e su l t s o fC lu s te r A na ly s i s a r e s hown , d i v id ing s i t e s i n to t wo g roup s ( A a nd B ) . I n g roup A w e h ave a s semb lage s w h ich a r e , a s ar u le , p o s i t ive ly a nd s i gn if i can t ly c o r r e la t ed w i th r e levan t m a r row i n dex v a lue s ( Le s C ana le t t e s 2 r =0 .725 , L e s C ana le t te s 3 r =0 .686 , L aza re t i b ex r0 .6 13 , r =0 .6 17 ) . E v en t h e r e d d ee r a t A daou s t e y i e ld s ap o s i t ive c o r r e la t ion ( r =0 .372 ) w h ich , i fn o t h i g h , i st h e h ighe s t u t i l i ty i n d ex /%MN Ic o r r e la t ion f o rt h i sa s semb lag e .

T ab le 6 . 5 P ea r son P rod uc t Momen t C o r re la t ion C oef f i c i en t v a lue sf o rc .2a nd 3a tL e sC ana l e t t e s( Avey ron ) .

T h e s i t e s i nt h i s g r oup ( A ) t h e r ef o r e a pp ea rt of o rm am a r row b one c l u s t e r .T he r e dd e e ra s semb lage sa tL e sC ana le t t e sa nd t h e h o r se a t Mau r an s ugg e s tt h a tt h e s i t e sw e r e ' b u t che ry l o ca t ion s ' . E v idence f o r m a r row p roce s s ing a nd t h e c o r r e la t ion s o b s e rv ed b e tween %MN I a nd m ax imum u t i l i ty a t L aza re t ( i bex ) a nd T ou rna l ( h o r se a nd b ov id s ) s ugg e s tt h a tt h e s et o ow e r e b u t che ry r a the r t h an h un t ing / sk i l l s i t e s a tl e a s t w he r e t h e se s p ec ie s a r e c oncer n ed . G roup B , c omp r i s ing t h e r ema in ing a s semb lage s , c on s i s t s o f t h o se w h ich a r e m o r e d i ve r se a nd w h ich t h e i r h i ghe s t c o r r e la t ion s w i th o t he r i n d ice s , o f t en m ax imum s t ruc tu ra l d en s i ty ; t h i s i s p a r t icu la r ly t r ue o f L az a r e t O f t h e 1 9 a s semb lage s i ng r oup B 1 2 y i e ld t h e i r h i ghe s t c o r r e la t ion w i th m ax imum s t ru c tu ra l d en s i ty a l though o n ly Ie xceed s r =0 .500 ( Tou rna l i b ex ) . O ft h e r ema in ing 7 , 3c o r r e la t e b e s t w i th g r ea s e i n dex v a lue s( i nc lud ing h o r se a tA daou s te ,r =0 .528 ) , 2w i th m ea t v a lue sa nd 1w i th m a r row . Mo s tv a lue so f rh ow eve ra r el ow . F i gur e 6 . 24 F igu r es how ing t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween r ed d ee r e l emen t f requenc i e s i n c ouche 2 a nd 3 a t l e s C ana l e t t e s ( r =0 .983 , r 2= 0 .966 :C AN 3 =1 .386 + 1 . 033CAN 2 ) .

T he m a in f e a t u r e o fg r oup B i st h e o ccu r r ence o fa l t h e L az n r e t r e d d ee r m a te r ia l ( 1 t o 8i nf i g . 6 . 25 ) . A l so i n c luded a r e b ea r f r om T ou rna la nd t h et a h ra tC ed r e s . T he p a t t er nw h ich e me rg e s h e r e i st h e o ccu r r ence o f ' c omp le t e ' c a r ca se s . T he h i be rna t ing b ea ra tT ou rna lw a sn e i the rh un ted n o rs c avenged ( Pa tou -Ma th i s 1 992 , 1 994 ) ; t h e t a h r a tC ed r e s w a s p r ey t o b o th m an a nd c a rn ivo r e s ( Bez 1 995 ) . ' Comp le t e ' c a r ca se s a r e a l so f ound a t Mau ran w hen b i son i sc on s ide r ed ( i n c on t r a s t t oh o r se ) . B o th L aza r e t ( r ed d ee r ) a nd Mau ran ( b i son ) s how s im i la r i t ie s w i th ' d i spe r sed l o ca t ion s ' d e sc r ibed b y B inf o rd ( 1978 ) , L a m e t a sa ' d i spe r sed k i l l -bu t che r ing l o ca t ion ' c omb in ing b o th p rocu r emen t a nd p roce s s ing , Mau r an a s a' d i spe r sed i n t e r cep t h un t ing ' l o ca t ion . A t b o th t y pe s w e w ou ld e xpec t t os e e s ome c omp le t e c a r ca s e s .

C on t r a s t ing s t ra t eg ie s o f p rocu r emen t a nd p r oce s s ing a r e a l so s e en a t Mau r an w he r e b i son d om ina te s . A n MN I o f 3h o r se s a t t h i s s i t e( E i senmann a nd D av id 1 994 : 4 1) i nc on t r a s tt o af i gu r e o f 1 37 f o rb i son ( Dav id a nd F a r izy 1 994 :177 ) t e l l s u st h a t t h e f o rme r w a s a lmo s t a n ' i nc iden ta l ' -a l though n o t t o t h e s ame e x t en ta st h er e dd ee ra nd b ea r . T he se t wo a s semb lag e s( h o r s ea nd b i son )a r en o tc o r r e la ted w i th e a ch o t he r ; i nf a c tt h e r e la t ion sh ip i sa lmo s t s t a t is t ica l ly r a ndom ( r =0 .099 ) . T he o n ly s i gn if i can t c o r r e la t ion b e tween t h e Mau ran b i son a nd a ny o t he r a s semb lag e i st h a t w i th c hamo i s a t L e s

T he s i te s c ons ide red h e re c an t h e ref o re b e d i v ided i n to t wo g roup s , a l though t h e i r d ef in i t ion i sn o t a lway s c l ea r c u t . T he r e a r e k i l l o rh un t ing s i te s , a ts e ve ra l o fw h ich p roce s s ing a l so o ccu r r ed . T he re a r e a l so p roce s s ing a nd b u tche ry l o ca t ion s .

C ana le t te s . B o th h oweve r a r e r e la t ed t o d en s i ty v a lue s , M ax imum S t r u c tu ra l D en s i ty i n t h e c a s e o f t h e C ana le t t e s c hamo i s a nd d en s i ty , a s m ea su r ed b y B inf o rd a nd B e r t r am ( 1 977 ) ,f o rt h e Mau r an b i son . H o r se a t Mau ra ni ss i gn if ican t ly c o r r e la t ed w i th b ov id sa nd h o r se

S ig n if ican t ly e a ch g r oup i n c lude s a s semb lage s f r om e a ch o ft h e s i t e s c on s ide r ed ( e xcep t C ed r e s w h ich y i e ld s o n ly o ne

a tT ou rna l , w i th r e dd ee ra tL e s C ana le t te s , w i t h i b ex a tL a za r e t a nd ,m o s ti n te r e s t ing ly p e rhap s ,w i th t h em a r row i n dex . B one so f 5 4

s uf i c ien t ly l a rg e a s semb lage ) s ugg e s t ing p e rhap s t h a t s i t e f u nc t ion v a r ied a cco rd ing t o s pec ie s . F o r e xamp le , w h i le r e d d ee r w e r e p r oce s sed a t L e s C ana le t t e s h o r se , c hamo i s a nd a u roch s w e r e k i l led i n s ma l l n umb e r s s uf i c ien t ly n ea rby t o r e g i s t e r a s ' k i l l a s semb lage s ' . A t Mau r an , w he r e t h e p r ima ry a c t iv i ty w a s b i son h un t ing , h o r se c a r ca s e s w e r e b u t che r ed a nd p r oce s sed p e rhap s a dd ing a n e l emen t o fv a r ie ty t ot h e d i e t . We d o n o t , h ow eve r , s e e s p ec ia l i s t s i t e s d u r ing t h e M idd le P a la eo l i th i c b u t s i te s a tw h ich a s e r ie s o fb o th s p ec ia l i sed a nd m o r eg ene r a l i s ed a c t iv i t ie so ccu r r ed -t r u ep a l imp se s tl o ca t ion s .

K ey : L azare t 1r ed d eer L azare t 2r ed d eer L azare t2 a r ed d eer L azare t2 br ed d eer L azare t3 a r ed d eer L azare t3 br ed d eer L azare t3 cr ed d eer L azare t 4r ed d eer Mauran h or se C ana le t t e s 2h or se C ana le t t e s 3h or se C ana le t t e s 2a urochs C ana le t t e s 3a urochs C ana le t t e s 3c hamo is C edre st ahr T ourna l IB I bex T ourna l IB b ear T ourna l I 1B b ov ids T ourna l IB h or se Mauran b i son C ana le t t e s 2r ed d eer C ana le t t e s 3r ed d eer Adaou s t ei b ex Adaous t er ed d eer Adaous t eh or se L azar e ti b ex

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 I1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6

2 4 2 2 2 1 1 9 1 8 2 6 9 2 5 2 0 2 3 1 6 1 3 1 5 1 0 1 4 1 2 1 1 7 6 8 5 7 3 4

F igure 6 . 25 D end rog ram o fe l emen tf r equen cy d a ta ( % MN I ) a t m idd l ep a laeo l i th ic s i t e si ns ou the rn F rance :s i te c l u s te r s .

2 1

5

A s ar u le , d u r ing t h e m i lde r i n te r s tad ia l p e r iod s t a xonom ic a bundance , m ea su r ed i nt e rm s o fs pe c ie sn umbe r , i sh i g h e rt h an d u r ing t h e m i ld Wünn Io r c o lde r Wü rm I p e r iod s . A t s i t e s a tr ibu tab le t ot h e se i n te r s tad ia l p er iod st h e r e i se v idence f o rt h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f ag r ea te rr a ng e o fp r ey s p e c ie s . G r ea te rd i ve r s i ty i nt h el o ca lc a rn ivo r ep opu la t ion si sa l so r e co rded .

C hap ter S even

C onc lu s ion s T he m idd le p a la eo l i th ic a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd o f s ou ther n F r ance h a s p r ov id e au s ef u l d a ta se t w i th w h ich t oc on s ide r t h e p r e -Homo s ap i en s s ap ien s p opu la t ion o ft h e r e g ion a nd t h e i r s ub s i s tence a nd s e t t lemen ta dap ta t ion s .

Wo lf , h ya ena ,c ave b ea ra nd f o xa r ea mong s tt h e mo s ti mpo r t an t o ft h e l a rg e a nd s ma l l c a rn ivo re s o b se rv ed a c ro s s t h e r e g ion . E a ch a ppea r s a s t h e s o le c a rn ivo r e a t o ne o r m o r e s i t e s . C a rn ivo r e s w h ich o ccu r l e s s o f t en i n c lud e b adge r , a r c t ic f ox , l e opa rd , l y nx ,c av el i on ,b rown b ea ra nd w i ld c a t . Among s tt h e se

N eande r ta l m an l i ved i ne nv i ronmen t s w he r e c ond i t ion s v a r ied w i th b o th t i me a nd s pace .A va i lab le n on la rg ef a una ld a t a ,p o l len

a r et h es ma l le rc a rn ivo r e sw h ich m ay a c coun t ,a tl e a s ti np a r t ,f o r af a i r p ropo r t ion o ft h e l a gomo rph r ema in s r e cove r ed f r om t h e

a nd d eep sea c o r ed a ta y i e ld ap i c tu r eo ff l u c tua t ing t empe r anc e s a nd h um id i ty l e ve l s . D u r ing t h e E em ian ( i so tope s t ag e 5 e ) p e r iod m i ld t ow a rm t empe ra t e c ond i t ion s a r e a s so c ia t ed w i th w a rm tempe ra t e w ood land p l u s a l o ca l m ed i t e r rane m c omponen t .T empe ra tu r e sb eg in t of a l la tt h ee nd o fs t ag e5 ea nd e nv i ronmen t sg r adua l ly b ecome c oo le ra nd m o r eo p en w i th o n ly s ma l le r sca le l o ca l w ood land p ocke t s . T o r e a ch t h i s p i c t u r e c ond i t ion s p a s s t h rough a p e r iod o f g r adua l ly f a l l ing a r bo r ea l p o l len , h um id i ty a nd t empe ra tu r e s , a l though s ma l l sca le f l u c tua t ion s a r e o b se rv ed . We s e e s ho r t c o ld e p i sod e s d u r ing w a rm p e r iod s . S im i la r ly ' wa rm ' o r t empe ra t e p ha se s a r e r e co rded d u r ing t h el a te ' c o ld 'p e r iod .

s i t e s a l though t h e r e i sn o r e a son a ta l t oa s sume t h a t t h ey a r e s o le ly r e spon s ib le . T he m a jo rt h r e ec a rn ivo re sa r ea l k nown t ob e , o ra r et h oug h tt o b e , p o ten t ia l c av e d we l le r s a nd t h e i r r o le i n a s semb lage f o rma t ion , b o th m oder na nd a r cha eo log ica l , h a s b een d i s cu s sed e l sewhe r et ov a ry ing d eg r ee s( B inf o rd 1 9 8 1 , B ra in 1 98 1 , K u r ten 1 976 ) .A l though p ub l i shed r e po r t sd on o tg i v es p ec ie sd e ta i l sf o r t h e b ea r a tt h e s i t e o fL a R oque t te I ,i ti st h ough t r e a sonab le t o a s sume t h a tt h et y pe o fb ea rr e p r e sen t ed i s af o rm o fc av e b ea r ( U r su s s pe laeu s ) a s i to ccu r s o n i t s o wn . T he c ave m ay b e a h i ber na t ion s i t e ;p e rhap st h ew in t e r so ra g et o ok t h e i rt o l la nd t h e a n ima l d i ed i n s i tu . T he r e a r e n e i the r o t he r c ar n ivo r e s n o r h e rb ivo r e s p r e s en t a c co rd ing t o G e rbe r ( 1 973 ) af a c t w h ich s ugge s t s t h a tt h e r e w a s l i t t le " a c t iv i ty " a tt h e s i t e . A t o t h e r s i t e s w he r e b ea r i st h e o n ly l a rg e c a rn ivo re ( t ab le 7 . 1) w e m ay b e l o ok ing a te v idence o fc a rn ivo r e o rh uman a c t iv i ty , p a r t icu la r ly a t L e s C ana le t t e s w he r e , e v en i n c ou che 3 w i th s i x o t he r c a rn ivo r e sp r e sen t , U r su ss pe laeu sm ake s u po n ly 0 . 3 -0 . 6% o f

7 . 1 F auna lP a t tern ing U s ing b o th t h e n ume r ica l f a una l d a ta a va i lab le , p r ef e r en t ia l ly N ISP a nd %N ISP , a nd q ua l i ta t ive f a una l d a ta ( p r e s ence a nd a b sence ) f r om m idd le p a la eo l i th ic c on t ex t s i th a s b een p o s s ib le t o i d en t if y t h r ee b road t y pe s o fe nv i ronmen t ( wood land , o pen a nd mon tane ) . T he f i r s t t wo i np a r t icu la r a r e t y pe s w h ich h av e b een i d en t if ied a si mpo r tan tc omponen t sb yo t he r s i no t he ra r ea s a nd d u r ing o t he r p e r iod s ( Augu s t e 1 988 , B oy le 1 990 , D e lpech 1 983 , D e lpech e ta l . 1 983 , G audz in sk i 1 997 ,G au t ie re ta l . 1 997 , P a tou -Ma th i s 1 997 ) . I ti st h er e la t ive f r equenc ie so ft h e se g r oup s a nd s ome o ft h e c omponen t s p ec ie s w h ich v a ry f r om r e g ion t o r e g ion a nd w h ich a r e o f i n t e r e s t i n p a laeoeco log ica l i n te rp re ta t ion s . F o re xamp le ,i ti st h er e la t ive ly h i g hf r equen cy o f t h e m on tane o rc l if -f ace g roup w h ich d i s t ingu i she s a r ea s o ft h e s ou th o fF rance f r om o t he rr e g ion s ; t h e i b ex ,t h ek ey c omponen t o f t h i s g roup , i sa bundan t b o th e a s t a nd w e s t o f t h e R hone ,

t h e t o ta l f a una . A s w e a pp roa ch t h e U ppe r P a la eo l i th ic p e r iod h owev e r t h e p a t t er n c hange s a nd c a rn ivo r e n umbe r s d ec l ine a s H omo s ap ien s s ap i en s a ppea r s , t a k ing o v e r a s t h e p r ima ry p r eda to ri nt h er e g ion .

7 . 2S i t eL o ca t iona lP a t tern ing P a t te rn s o f s i t e l o ca t ion c an b e s umma r i sed i nt e rm s o f f o u r p r inc ip le v a r iab le s :s i t et y pe ,v a l ley t y pe ,o r ien ta t ion a nd a l t i tud e . Mo s t s i t e s f o r w h ich w e h ave d a ta a r e c ave s . T he se ( a nd s ome r o ck s h e l te r s ) p r ov ide n a tu ra l s h e l te r f r om t h e r a in , h a i l e t c . , e ven i fo n ly f o r as ho r t p e r iod ( m inu te s t oh ou r s ) . T hey r e ta in h ea tw hen o r ien t ed i ns u ch aw ay a st oc a t ch t h e s un i nt h e f i r s t p l ace ; t h ey o f e r p ro tec t ion f r om t h e w ind . T hey d o n o t ,

a l though i ti sm o r e c ommon o n t h e w e s t s i de a nd p eak s i nt h e H e rau l t c a t chmen t a t s i t e s s u ch a s H o r tu s a nd S a lp e ' t r e d e P omp igna n d ur ing Wü r rn I . D u r ing e a r l ie r p er iod s t h e r e a r e p ock e t s o f i b ex a nd t a h r , am oun ta in g oa t w h ich t o day i s f r equen t ly f o und i nf o r e s ted p r ec ip ice si nt h eH ima laya s .

h owev e r , o f e rp r o tec t ion f r om c a rn ivo re s -i n d eed t h ey m ay b e u sed b yt h e se v e ry c a rn ivo r e s a ss h e l t e ro rm o r ep e rmanen t ly a s d enn ing s i t e s . S om ec ave sw i l lb ew e l lp o s i t ioned f o re a sy a c ce s s b ef o r e o ra f t e rt h e h un t , o t he r w i l l n o t a nd f o r t h i s r e a son m ay r ema in u nu sed ; ac av e o rr o ck s h e l te r h a lf w ay u p ac l if -f a ce r e qu i r e s s ome e f o r t t o r e a ch i t ,e spec ia l ly i ft r an spo r t ing a c a r ca se f r om a k i l l . S uch s i t e s m igh t h oweve r p rov ide u s ef u l l o ok -ou tp o s t s .

Wood land c ond i t ion s v a ry f r om o pen a r ea s w i th s c a t t e r ed p ocke t s o ft r e e c ove rt h rough o pen w ood land t od ec iduou s a nd ' ma tu re ' w ood land . E a r ly d u r ing t h i s p er iod w ood land c ov e r i s m o r ew ide sp r ead b u te ven t h en n o tc on t inuou s ,a st empe ra t ea nd c o lde r d r ie r c ond i t ion s a l t e rna t e a nd l o ca l v ege ta t ion r e f lec t s l o ca ld if e r ence si nt o pog raphy ,g eo logy a nd s o i lt y p ea sm u ch a s w ea the r . L a te r , w hen c ond i t ion s a r e g ene r a l ly c o lde r a nd d r ie r , t h e r e i sa n i n c r ea se i n o pen g r a s s land a nd e v en f l a t s t epp e c ond i t ion s w he r e h o r se a bound s , p a t ter n ing w h ich i sa l so n ow b e ing t r a ced t h roug h t h e u s e o f c enog ram s ( c f . Mon t iu r e a nd D e sc laux 1 997 ) .

T he n umbe ro fk nown o pen a nd s u r f a ce s i t e si s ,i na l p robab i l i ty s ub s tan t ia l ly s ma l le r t h an t h e t r ue f i gu re , a l thoug h t h e n umb e r s r e co rded h e r e m ay b e c on s id e r ed r e p r e sen ta t ive o f t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fr e co rded s u r f ace s i t e sa nd o p en -a i rl o ca t ion s . 5 6

h yaena b rown b ear

c ave b ear

wo lf

Madonna d e l l 'A r rna

1 00 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

Madonna d e l l 'A rma

1 00 .00

0 . 00

R oque t te I

1 00 _00

L e s C ana le t te s , c . 2

b ear

l ynx

w i ld c a t

c ave l i on

f ox

a rct ic f ox

l e opard

b adger

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

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1 00 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 .00

0 . 00

0 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

P ay re C

1 00 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

N iche CCl

8 1 .78

1 4 .7 1

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 .00

0 . 60

2 . 35

0 . 00

0 . 60

0 . 00

P ay re E

7 5 .00

1 2 .50

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 2 .50

0 . 00

0 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

P ay re D

7 2 .99

6 . 58

0 . 55

1 .35

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 . 09

0 . 55

3 . 77

0 . 00

1 . 61

0 . 00

T ourna l

7 1 .38

4 _ 0 1

1 8 .45

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 .00

3 .40

2 . 76

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

P ay re F

6 8 .71

3 .02

1 . 00

1 .11

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 .1 1

0 . 00

1 . 00

0 . 00

N iche C111

6 1 .16

1 6 .52

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

2 2 .32

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

H or tu s ( s umma ry )

5 4 .13

1 .64

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 5 .19

0 , 00

0 .64

0 . 29

0 . 00

1 8 .04

0 . 00

A igueze

5 0 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

5 0 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

Ma la rnaud

4 8 .16

2 1 .57

2 . 99

1 . 03

0 . 00

2 . 27

0 . 00

1 0 .24

1 2 .8 1

0 . 11

0 . 83

0 . 00

P ay r eG

4 4 .44

1 .12

0 . 00

3 3 .32

1 .12

0 . 00

0 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

P ay re AB

3 7 .75

1 . 90

1 3 .22

9 . 43

1 . 89

0 . 00

1 . 89

0 .00

2 6 .42

0 . 00

1 . 89

1 . 89

S a lpe t r e d e P omp ignan 6

3 3 .33

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00 '3 3 .33

0 . 00

0 . 00

3 3 .33

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

C a lme t te 4+ 5

3 3 .33

0 . 00

3 3 .33

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

3 3 .33

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

R amand i ls

3 3 .33

3 3 .33

0 . 00

3 3 .33

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

S a lpa r e d e P omp ignan 9

2 7 .9 1

0 . 00

0 . 00

3 1 .92

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

4 0 .17

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

C a lme t-t e4

2 5 .00

0 . 00

5 0 .00

1 2 .50

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 2 .50

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

L e s C ana le t te s , c . 3

2 5 .00

4 0 .48

6 , 35

9 . 52

0 . 00

3 . 18

0 . 00

3 . 17

1 2 .30

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

S a lpe t r e d e P omp ignan 7

2 0 .95

7 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

5 1 .19

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 8 .52

0 . 00

2 . 33

0 . 00

C a lme t te 6

1 6 .67

1 6 .67

6 6 .65

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 .00

Mou la

1 5 .0 1

2 0 .00

2 5 .00

1 0 .02

5 . 00

5 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 5 .0 1

5 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

C ed re s c . 1

4 . 49

4 . 49

0 . 00

2 3 .88

1 0 .44

1 4 .87

3 5 .80

0 . 00

1 9 .42

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

R igabe G

4 . 49

6 . 74

1 .23

2 . 25

1 0 .24

6 2 .80

2 . 25

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

R igabe C

4 . 17

3 3 .27

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

5 8 .39

0 . 00

0 . 00

4 . 17

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

A daou s te

0 _ 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

6 8 .5

0 . 00

8 . 2 1

1 5 .75

0 . 00

3 . 44

0 . 00

4 . 10

0 . 00

A n tonegue

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

C u is in ie r e

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 .00

Mand r in A

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 .00

Mand r in E

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00 - 0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 00 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

Mau ran

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 00 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

O rgnac I

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

R igabe D -E

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 00 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

R igabe F

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

R igabe H

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 00 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

S an F rance sco

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

S a lpe t r e d e P omp ignan 5

0 . 00

0 . 00

00 0

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 .00

0 . 00

1 00 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

S a lpe t r ed e P omp ignan 8

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 0 .22

0 . 00

3 9 .94

0 . 00

0 . 00

4 9 .84

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

L aouza

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 00 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

B a lauz ie r e

0 . 00

1 6 .98

1 5 .09

0 . 00

3 5 .86

1 . 88

0 .00

1 . 88

3 0 .19

0 . 00

0 .00

000

0 . 00

4 0 .03

0 . 00

0 . 00

Mand r in B

0 . 00

1 9 .94

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

4 0 .03

C oupe G o rge

0 . 00

2 2 .22

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 .11

5 .56

0 . 00

1 .11

0 . 00

Mand r in E

0 . 00

3 0 .43

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

- 6 9 .98 -

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

I , aza r e t

0 .00

5 .55

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 8 .53

0 . 00

7 . 40

1 8 .53

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

Mand r in F

0 . 00

1 00 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

C ombe t te

0 . 00

1 00 .00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

T ab le 7 . 1 C a rn i vore r e la t i ve f requenc ie s a tm idd l ep a laeo l i th ic s i te s i ns ou thern F rance , r e ca lcu la ted t ot a ke a ccoun t o n ly o ft h e c a rn ivo r ea s semb lag ea nd l i s ted i nd e scend ing o rd e ro fc a ve b ea ra bundance . 5 7

T h i s d i s t r ibu t ion m ay b eg enu ine w i th s u r f a ce s i t e s o ccu r r ing i n s ome o f t h e m o r e o pen v a l ley l a nd scape s a nd o n p l a t eau s u r f ace s . A l t e r na t ive ly , t h e b i a s t owa rd s c ave a nd r o ck s h e l t e r s i t e si nt h eG a rdon a nd A rddche r e g ion st ot h ew e s to ft h eR höne m ay s imp ly m ean t h a t a r cha eo log ica l a ten t ion h a s f o cu sed o n t h e se a nd h a sb een d i ve r ted a way f r om t h ep o ten t ia lo pen s i t e so f t h e r eg ion . T he r i ch o pen -a i r / su r f ace s i t e d a ta se tr e co rded i nt h e H d rau l t a nd H au te -Ga ronne s ugge s t s t h a t w he r e a ten t ion i s g i ven t ot h e q ue s t ion o fs u r f a ce s i t e s l o ca l i t ie s a r e f ound . T he p r e sence o fs i gn if i can tn umbe r s ( a lmo s t3 7% ) o fl a rge ro pen -a i r s i t e s w e s to ft h e R höne , e s pec ia l ly i nt h e G a rdon , l e nd s s uppo r t t ot h ea r gumen tt h a ts u r f a ce s i t e sa r e' t he r e 't ob ef ound .

7 . 3S ub s i s tence P rac t ice s F auna l a s s emb lag e sf r om m idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e sc an b es hown t o r e su l t f r om c a rn ivo r e a s w e l l a s b o th h uman a c t iv i ty , s ome t ime s ad emon s t r ab le c omb ina t ion o ft h e t wo s u ch a s a t Mon tmau r in a nd t h eG ro t t ed e sC ed r e s . S t ine r ( 1 99 1 , 1 994 ) l i k en s t h e n e and e r ta l h un t e r o f t h e Mou s t e r ian t ot h e s po t t ed h yaena i nt e rm s o fd eg r ee o fh un t ing v s . s c av eng ing . I nc on t r a s t t os t r iped a nd b rown h ya ena wh ich a r e p r ima r i ly s c avenge r s , a nd w o lve s o r u ppe r p a la eo l i th ic c ommun i t ie s w h ich a r e h un te r s , t h e s po t t ed h ya ena a nd N eand e r ta l Man a r e b o th h un te r s a nd s c aveng e r s , i . e . t h ey o ccupy b o th h un t ing a nd s c aveng ing b ehav iou ra ln i che s .

T he e a s t -we s t d i v i s ion a mong s t r o ck s h e l t e r s i s m uch l e s s p r onounced ,w i th a5 3 :47 d i v i s ion . H ow eve r , t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o n e a ch s i de o ft h e r i ve r d i sp lay s as omewha t d if e r en t d eg r ee o f c l u s te r ing . H a lf t h es i t e so nt h ew e s te rn s i de o ft h e R höne c l u s t e r i nt h e A rde che ,w i th af u r the rf i f th i nt h eG a rdon .A lmo s t at h i rd o fe a s ter ns i t e so ccu r i n as ma l l a r ea o fL igu r ia ( N .W . I t a ly ) , t h e o t he r sb e ing m o r ew ide ly s c a t t e r ed a c ro s st h er e g ion a s aw ho le .

S t ine r ( 1994 ) c oncen t ra ted h e r a t ten t ion o n m idd le p a la eo l i th ic h un te r s a nd s c avenge r s o fC en t ra l I t a ly , c ompa r ing h e r r e su l t s w i th t h e c a rn ivo r e s l i s ted i nt a b le 7 . 2 . I n t h i s a r e l i s t ed h e r l ow e s t , m ed ium a nd h i ghe s tv a lue s o f( H+H ) /L , ac o ef f i c ien t o f a na tom ica l c on t en t d eno t ing t h e h ead p a r t s ( i nc lud ing h o rn /an t le r ) t ol i mb b one s r a t io w h ich s h e u s e s t o d i s t ingu i sh b e twe en a c cumu la t ion a g enc ie s ' . A l so i n c luded a r e t h e e qu iva len t v a lu e s f r om m idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i t e s i n s ou the rn F r ance . T he se f i gu r e s d o n o t c ompa r e w e l l w i th t h e I t a l ian m idd le p a laeo l i th ic f i gu r e s d e r ived b y S t ine r . I n s tead t h ey a r e m o r e c l o se ly r e la t ed t o v a lue s f o r t h e w o lf a nd I t a l ian U ppe r P a la eo l i th ic h un t e r s , b o th o f w h ich s h e d e sc r ib e s a s ' o b l iga t e h un te r s ' ( 1 99 1 : 1 7 1) , s ugge s t ing t h a t m o s t a s semb lag e s r e su l t f r om s t ra teg ie si nw h ich h un t ing p l ay st h em a jo rr o le .

T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fc ave s i t e si na pp rox ima te ly e ven b e tw een e a s t a nd w e s t , b ea r ing as t rong e r r e semb lance t ot h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f r o ck s h e l te r s , af a c tw h ich r e f l ec t st h eo ccu r r ence o fs u i tab le b ed r o ck r a the rt h an s u r f ace g eo log y . A s i nt h ec a se o fr o ck s h e l t e r s , s i t e s o n t h e w e s te rn s i de o ft h e R höne c o r r ido r c l u s te r i nt h e v a l ley s o f t h e A rdeche a nd G a rdon . T he se t wo v a l ley s t o ta l a lmo s t7 0% o fs i t e s .T ot h ee a s ts i t e sa r em o re e ven ly d i s tr ibu t ed a l though o nc e a ga in t h o se i nL igur ia f o rm t h e l a rge s t i n d iv idua l g r oup ( 24% ) . T he V a rc a t chmen th oweve rf o l low s c l o se b eh ind w i th m o r et h an 2 2% o fc av es i t e s .

( H+H ) /L P r eda to r B rown / s t r ip ed h ya ena S po t t ed h ya ena Wo lf I t a l ian Mou s t e r ian I t a l ian U ppe rp a la eo l i th ic SF r ench Mous t e r ian

S i te so fa lt y pe sa r el o ca ted i nb o th m a jo ra nd m ino rv a l ley sa nd a l ong t h e Med i t e r ranean c oa s t . T he c oa s ta l s i t e s h ow eve r a r e u s ua l ly c ave s i t e s , i n c lud ing t h o se w h ich a r e n ow b e low s e a l e ve l .T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e se c oa s ta lr e g ion s i t e sf a ce s ou th a nd l i e a th e igh t so fb e tw een 1 0 -20m a bove s e al e v e l . S i te so ccu r r ing i n t h e m a jo r v a l ley s t r ibu ta ry t ot h e R höne , s u ch a st h e A rde che , G a rdon a nd D u r ance , a r e a l so p r ima r i ly s ou th f a c ing . Many a r e c ave s , o ccu r r ing a tl ow t om ed ium a l t i tude , a l though t h e r e a r e e x cep t ion s . I nt h e m ino rt r ibu ta ry v a l ley s a l t i tude s a r e g ene ra l ly h i ghe r . I nt h e L a rgu e , f o r e xamp le , a l t i tude s r a ng e f r om 50 t o 6 70m a . s . 1 . . I na r ea s s u ch a st h i s w e e ncoun te r p l a t eau c lu s t e r s i t e s . E l sewhe r e , s u ch a s i nt h e V e rdon v a l ley , c ave s a nd r o ck s h e l te r s i t e s o c cu r a l ong v a l ley c l if -f ace s a t v a ry ing h e igh t s a bove r i ve rl e v e l .

L owe s t 0 . 82 0 . 23 0 . 05 0 . 19 0 . 12 0 . 0 19

H ighe s t 8 . 00 4 . 3 1 0 . 18 2 9 .00 1 . 25 1 . 66

Med ian 4 . 64 0 . 8 1 0 . 13 0 . 57 0 . 43 0 . 67

T ab le 7 . 2 M ea su re s o fa na tom ica l c on ten t ( H+H ) /L a cco rd ing t op reda to r , a rea a nd p e r iod ( af t e rS t ine r1 99 1 : 1 74 )w i th a dd ed F r ench d a ta h i gh l igh t ed A s s emb lag e sw h ich r e su l t f r om s c aveng ing d e r ive , a c co rd ing t o S t ine r( 1 99 1 : 1 80 1) , f r om t h ee a r l ie rm ou s te r ian a s semb lag e so f I t a ly , p r io rt oc . 50 0 00 B P . T he d eg ree t ow h ich h un t ing p l ay sa r o le i n a s semb lag e f o rma t ion i n c rea s e s w i th t i me . L a t e Mou s t e r ian a s semb lag e s c an , s h e s a y s , t o ag r ea t e r e x t en t b e a tr ibu t ed t o h un t ing . T h i s d i v i s ion b e tw een e a r l ie r a nd l a t e r m ou s t e r ian s t ra t eg ie si sn o ta sc l ea r cu ti ns ou the r nF rance .

T he d eg r ee o fv a r iab i l i ty i ns i t el o ca t ion i sm i r ro r ed b yt h ef a una l d a ta a va i lab le . A g ene ra l t r end o f d ec r ea s ing s p ec ie s o r t a xonom ic r i chne s sh a sb een s ugg e s ted ( s ee p .3 1) t h ef u r the rt h e s i t e o r v a l ley i sf r om t h e R höne ( o r c oa s t ) . T h i s i sp a r t icu la r ly t r ue i n a r e a s w he r e b ea r o r o t he r c a rn ivo r e a c t iv i ty c an b e s ugge s t ed a s ac au sa l f a c to r i nf a una l a s semb lage f o rma t ion . I n t h e s ma l l t r ibu ta ry a r ea s a way f r om t h e m a in v a l ley s , s i t e s a r e l o ca ted i na r ea sw he r eo n ly af ew b i o tope s w e r e e a s i ly a va i lab le

A t s e v e ra l s i t e s i th a s b een s ugg e s ted t h a t c omp le t e c a r c a se s w e r e b r ough tb a ck t ot h e s i t e f r om t h e k i l l w h ich o ccu r r ed a ta n u n iden t if i ed l o ca t ion . S pec ie s s ma l le rt h an h o r s e a nd b ov id s a r e o f t en t h ough tt oh ave b een t r an spo r ted i nt h i s w ay , f o r e xamp le c e rv id s a tE squ icho G r apaou , T ouma l a nd L e s C ana le t te s . T he o n ly r e l iab le e v id ence f o rt r an spo r to fc omp le t e c a r ca se st os i t e s i st h e d i scove ry o fs k e le ton s i na r t icu la t ion w h ich c a n b ep rov en n o t t o h ave r e su l t ed f r om n a tu ra l d ea th o r c a rn ivo r e k i l l . F u r the rmo r e , i ti su n l ik e ly t h a t a9 a r ca se w ou ld b et r an spo r t ed t o

f o r e xp lo i ta t ion . I nt h e l a rg e r c a tchmen t s , i nt h e A rdd che f o r e xamp le w he r e m o s t s i t e s a r e l o ca ted a t t h e l owe r o r u pp e r e x t r eme s o ft h e v a l ley , a cce s s w a s p rov ided t ob o th l o ca l v a l ley b i o tope s a nd r e sou r ce s i n o t he r a r ea s . A g r ea te r v a r ie ty o f r e sou r ce sw a st h u sa va i lab le f o re xp lo i ta t ion .

( H+H ) /L , w he re ( H+H ) =h ead a nd h orn o ra n t le rp a r t s , L= l i mb b one s( S t ine r 1 99 1 : 1 70 ) . 5 8

as i t e a nd t h en c omp le t e ly i g no red b yt h eo ccupan t s o ft h e s i t e! S uch a s semb lag e sa r e ,t os a yt h el e a s t , r a r ea l though s ome o ft h e m a t e r ia l f r om H o r tu s m ay b e j u s t s u ch a se xamp le i fi tw e r e p o s s ib le t op r ov et h a tt h ei b ex i nq ue s t ion d i dn o td i en a tu r a l ly .

f r om s i t e s s u ch a sL e sC ana le t t e s , Mau ran a nd H o r tu s s how t h a t p l an tf o od s i n c lud ing w a lnu t ,h aze la nd v a r iou ss h r ub f r u i t sw e r e i na lp robab i l i ty a va i lab le . T he m idd le p a la eo l i th ic h un t ing s t r a tegy w a s t h e r ef o r e o ne o f ' d i spe r sed h un t ing ' , as t ra tegy i n vo lv ing s e ve ra l t y pe s o f s i t e s b o th p u rpo se spec if i ca nd g ene ra l s c a t t e r ed a c ro s s aw ide a r ea i n w h ich aw id e v a r ie ty o fb o th a n ima l a nd p l an t r e sou r ce s w e r e a va i lab le .C lu s te r so fs i t e sw h ich c an n o ta lb ea s sumed t o h av e b een o ccup ied a tt h es am et ime o ccu rs c a t t e r ed a c ro s st h er e g ion , l o ca ted s o a s t o e nab le t h e h un te r t o b enef i t f r om a m ixed r e sou r ce b a se . S i te s w e r e n o t l o ca t ed s pec if i ca l ly i no rde r t o e xp lo i t m ig ra t ing h e rd s : m any o ft h e s p ec ie s w e k now t oh ave b een a va i lab le a r en o tm ig ra t ing h e rd a n ima l s , a tl e a s tn o to nt h e s c a le o ft h e u ppe r p a la eo l i th ic r e indee r . T he m a jo r e xcep t ion m ay b et h eb i son .

I nc on t ra s tt ot h es ma l le rp r ey s pec ie sa tt h es ame s i t e ,l a rg e rt a xa a r e b e l ieved t oh av e b een f i e ld -bu tch e r ed a nd t r an sf e r r ed t ot h e s i t e i np i ec e s . T h i si ss ugg e s t ed f o rt h eh o r se a nd a u roch s a tL e s C ana le t te s ( P a tou -Ma th i s 1 993 ) . I f t h e s i t e o f Mau ran i s c on s ide r ed t ob e ak i l l o r b u tche ry s i t e o fs om e s o r t t h e l ow f r equen c ie s o f m ea t r ich b ody p a r t s c a n b e i n t e rp r e t ed a s r e p r e sen t ing t h o s ep a r t so ft h ec a r ca s ew h ich h ave b een r emoved f r om t h e s i t e -i np r e -bu tche r ed u n i t s . As im i la r p r a c t ice w ou ld e xp la in t h e l a ck o ft h e a x ia l s k e le ton a nd h ead , a nd t h e l ow f r equenc ie so ft h em ea t r ich h umer u sa nd f emo ra o ft h eh o r se . T he i mpo r tanc e o f m ea t t o n eand e r ta l m an i ss hown b y t h e a bundance o f b one s ( b roken a nd c omp le te , a r t icu la t ed a nd d i sa r t icu la t ed ) f o und a ts i t e s o fh uman o c cupa t ion ( O t te 1 996 ) . P roof o ft h i s i sa va i lab le i nt h e f o rm o fi s o tope a na ly s i s o ft h e

I ns umma ry ,N eand e r ta lc ommun i t ie se xp lo i t ed aw ide v a r ie ty o f p r ey s p ec ie s ,r a ng ing f r om l a gomo rph st oe l ephan t id s . T he r ea r e a s semb lage s w h ich a ppea r t o b e t h e r e su l t o f b o th a t l e a s t s e a sona l ly s p ec ia l i s t a nd o ppo r tun i s t ic p rocu r emen t s t ra teg ie s , i . e . h omog eneou s a nd h e t e rogeneou s a s semb lage s ; t h e r e i sa l so s ome e v idence f o r s c aveng ing , a l though t h i s i sn o t a bundan t H oweve r , a s semb lag e s o b ta ined a t s i t e s e x cava ted i n r e cen t y ea r s h ave b een i n t e rp r e ted a st e nd ing t owa rd s t h e s pec ia l i sed e nd o f t h e s p ec t rum . A t Mau r an f o r e xamp le t h e Q u ina Mou s t e r ian a s s emb lag e i s a s soc ia t ed w i th o ve rwhe lm ing ly d om inan t b i son ( 9 8% ) . A t L e s C ana le t t e s r e d d ee r f o rm s w e l l o ve r h a lf o ft h e r ema in s . T he i mpo r tance o fr e d d ee r a tL aza r e t d u r ing t h e L a t e A cheu l ian i sa l so r e ga rded a s s i gn if ican t . A t H o r tu s , w he r e i b ex f r equenc ie s v a ry b u t u sua l ly d om ina t e , a s semb lage s p robab ly r e su l t f r om s ma l l sca le s t a lk ing o f t h e r o ck -f a ce s p ec ie s . S uch a h un t w ou ld r e qu i r e a t l e a s t s ome c a r ef u l p l ann ing a s t h e i b ex i s an imb le s p ec ie s w h ich m igh t o f t en e s cape .

b one s( 51 5N v s . 51 3C )o ft h en eande r ta l sf r om t h em ou s te r ian s i t e o f Ma r i l la c i nt h eC ha r en t e (W . F r ance ) , d a t ed t oc .4 0 0 00 B P , w h ich p l a c e s N eande r ta l Man f i rm ly i nt h e c a rn ivo r e g roup . A cco rd ing t or e su l t s p r e sen ted b y B o ch e r en s e ta l . ( 1 99 1) t h e n eande r ta l i n d iv idua la na ly sed w a sm o s tc l o se ly r e la t ed , i nt e rm s o fd i e t , t ot h e w o lf a nd f o x a t Ma r i l la c , p a r t icu la r ly t h e f o rm e r ( t ab le 7 . 3 ) , a n i n t e re s t ing o b se rva t ion g i ven t h e s im i la r i ty o b se rved b e tween m idd le p a la eo l i th ic f a una l a s semb lag e s t ruc tu r e a nd w o lf a s semb lage s t ru c tu r e ( H+H ) /L .

n e a nd e r t a lM an W o lf F ox

51 3C 2 0 .2 2 0 .0 1 8 .5

a s m ea su r ed b y

81 5N 9 . 3 8 . 6 9 . 6

T h e r e i sh ow ev e r i n suf f i c ien t s u i tab le d a ta t o s ugge s t t h a t a n o ve ra l l s p ec ia l i s t h un t ing s t r a tegy o f t h e t y pe c ommon ly p r opo sed f o r t h e L a te U ppe r P a la eo l i th ic h ad b een a dop t ed b y t h i s p o in t . U n t i l w e h av e r e l iab le s e a sona l i ty d a ta f o r m idd le p a laeo l i th ic s i t e s w e c an g o n o f u r the r t h an s ugg e s t t h a t a s semb lage s w h ich a r e o ve rwhe lm ing ly d om ina ted b y as i ng le s p ec ie s ( o r s ma l l g roup o f s p ec ie s ) r e su l t f r om a s ub s i s t ence s t ra tegy w h ich m ay h ave b een s p ec ia l i sed a tt h et i me t h es i t ew a s u s ed a nd t h e a s semb lag e a s semb lag e f o rmed . As i ng le s i t e w i th o ne s p ec ie st e l l su so n ly t h a tt h es p ec ie s i nq ue s t ion w a st a k en a t t h a t l o ca t ion a tt h a t t i me . I td oe s n o t t e l l u s a ny th ing a bou t t h e o v e ra l ls t r a teg ya dop t ed b yt h eh un te r s . As i ng le h un t ing e p i sod e ( o r as e r ie s o fr e pea t ed s i ng le h un t ing e p i sode s a tt h e s ame s i t e ) w h ich t a k e s o n ly o ne s p ec ie s d oe sn o tt e l l u sa ny th ing a bou tt h e r e s t o f t h e s t ra t eg y . I n o rde r t o d ef ine a o ve ra l l s p e c ia l i s t s ub s i s t ence s t r a t eg yw en eed d a ta i n d ica t ing s p ec ia l i sa t ion w h ich c an b e a tr ibu t ed t oa c t iv i ty t a k ing p l a ce o ve r am o r e p ro long ed p e r iod o ft i me .

T ab le 7 3 I s o top ic c ompo s i t ion o fN eand e r ta l , w o lf a nd f ox b one sf rom t h e Mou s t e r ian s i t e o f Ma r i l lac ( Cha r en t e ) ( af t e r B oche r en se ta l . 1 991 :4 86 )

B oche r en s e ta l . a l so p o in t o u t t h a t t h e 81 3C r e su l t s d o n o t s uppo r tt h e i d ea o ft r ip s t ot h e c oa s t i no rde rt oe xp lo i t m a r ine r e sou r c e s . I n s ou the rn F r ance , e s pec ia l ly i n c oa s ta l o r Med i t e r ran ean F r ance a sw e k now i tt o day , t h e r o le o fm a r ine r e sou rc e s m ay h ave b een mo r e s ub s t an t ia l . F i sh r e sou r ce s h av e b een e xp lo i t ed i n s ou th w e s t E u rop e s i nce a t l e a s t t h e R i s s , e v id enc e c om ing f r om s i t e s i nb o th F r ance a nd S pa in . A na ly s i s o fw ea rp a t t er n so nh om in id t e e th a tt h eS pan i sh s i t eo fB anyo le s s how s t h a t d r ied f i sh w a s c on sumed . S he l lf i sh g a the r ing i s r e co rded a tt h e L ow e r P a la eo l i th ic s i t e o fT e r ra Ama ta ( N ice ) ( O t t e 1 9 96 : 13 )a nd t h e , a l be i tr a r e , o c cu r r ence so fT e s tud os p . a nd f i sh / sh e l lf i sh r e sou r ce s f ound a tm idd le p a la eo l i th ic s i t e s s ugge s t t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f s ome m a r ine r e sou r ce e xp lo i ta t ion . F r e sh w a t e rf i sh h av e a l so b een f o und a ts e ve ra l s i t e s , i n c lud ing O rg na c ( c ha r , b a rbe l a nd t r ou t ) a nd S a lpa r e d e P omp ignan ( t rou ta nd e l )( C leye t -Me r le 1 990 ) .

7 . 4N on -human ' m idd le p a laeo l i th ic 'a c t iv i ty N eande r ta l Man w a s n o t t h e o n ly c a rn ivo r e i nt h i s r e g ion o f s ou the rn F r an ce . T he a va i lab le f a una l d a ta i d en t if y an umbe r o f o t he r p o t en t ia l p r eda to r s , r a ng ing i n s i z e f r om t h e c ave a nd b r own b ea rt ot h e l y nx , w i ld c a t , w o lve r ine a nd b adge r . E a ch o f

D e sp i t e t h e c a rn ivo r e -o r ien ta t ion o f t h e d i e t , t h e p o t en t ia l p l an tf ood r e sou r ce b a se w h ich w ou ld h ave l i ke ly b een a va i lab le g i ven t h ep o l len d a ta w e h ave f o rt h er e g ion i su n l ik e ly t oh ave b e en i g no r ed a s as ou r ce o ff ood . T he p o l len s p ec t r a a va i lab le 5 9

s t ra teg ie s . I st h e p i c tu r e h e p r e sen t s , b a sed l a rg e ly o n m a t e r ia l f r om SW F r a nce ,t ob es e en t ot h es ou th e a s t?

t h em a ppea r s t oh ave p l ayed a s i g n if ican t r o le i na s semb lag e f o rma t ion ,e . g . t h el y nx i nt h er a bb i ta s semb lag ea tR igabe . H ya ena a nd o t he r c a rn ivo r e a c t iv i ty r e la ted s i t e s a r e o b se rv ed t h roughou t m uch o f o u r r e g ion , a l though g r ea t e r e v idence o f h ya ena a c t iv i ty h a sb een d e s cr ibed f o rc ave s i t e so nt h ew e s ts i de o ft h e R höne a ts i t e ss u ch a sM ia le ta nd C ampef i e l ( Fo s se 1 994 , 1 995a , b ;P au lu s 1 946 , 1 947a , 1 947b ; P au lu s a nd T ron 1 945 ;

C arn ivor el o ca t ion t y pe s

P ey r e( A v e y r o n ) C ampef i e l( G a rd ) P ond r e s( G a r d ) S a r t ane t t e( G a rd ) B onnaud ( G a r d ) C iga le s( G a r d ) C a r r ie r e( H a u t e s -P y r e n e e s )

U ly s se -Duma s 1 9 44 ; s e e A pp end ix I ) .F o s se ( 1 995b , 1 997 ) h a s d e sc r ib ed h ya ena a s semb lag e sf r om s u ch s i t e si ns om ed e ta i la nd h a s d i v ided t h e r e levan t s i t e s i n to f o u r t y pe s , b a sed o n a c omb ina t ion o fc r i t e r ia n o t ed i nt a b le 7 . 4 : C av e su s ed a sh ya ena d en s I C ave su s ed b yh ya ena sa nd m an I I C ave s u s ed b y o t h e r c a rn ivo r e s ( wo lf , b ea r ) w he r e h ya ena r ema in s a bundan t a nd t h e r e i s e v idence f o rh uman a c t iv i ty . I V A ven s o r n a tu ra l t r ap s w he r e h ya ena s a nd o t he rc a rn ivo r e sw e r ea t t ra c t ed b yd ead p r ey .

I : Hyaena a nd m an B aume L ong ue ( G a r d )( ? ) C a lme t t e( G a r d ) C rouzad e( A ud e ) F l and in ( A r d e c he ) L aza r e t( A lp e sMa r i t ime s ) I I :H yaena ,m an a nd o ther c arn ivore s ,e spe c ia l ly c ave b ear T ou rna l( A ud e ) B aume t t e( A r d e ch e ) Ma r s( A lp e sd eH t eP r o v e nc e ) N d ron ( A r d e c h e ) O u r s( A r d e ch e ) Ma lamaud ( A r i tg e ) M ia le t( G a r d ) V e r r e r ie ( G a r d ) E nf an t s( L igu r ia ) G ro t t eL a f f ray ( Aude ) C avema d e l le F a te ( L ig u r ia )

T o t h e se m ay b e a dded af i f th , as e r ie s o fs i t e s a tw h ich o t he r c a rn ivo r e s ( i nc lud ing o n o cca s ion m an ) w e r e a c t ive b u t w he r e h ya ena a c t iv i ty w a s e i the r m in ima l o fn on ex i s ten t . S i t e s i na l f i ve c a tego r ie sa r el i s ted i nt a b le 7 . 5 .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6

S i te s

I :H ya ena d en s

I d en t if i ca t ion c r i te r ia Mo s tb one sa r ei d en t if iab le t os p e c ie s V a r ied f a una ls p ec ie sl i s t M ed ium s i z eu ngu la te sd om ina te C a rn ivo r e sa r ea bundan t( MN Ia nd N ISP ) H ya ena a bundan t Y oung h ya ena s C op ro l i te s T yp ica lh ya en id -g ene ra t ed b one f r a c tu re s F ew ,l a rg e ,b one p i e ce s A x ia ls k e le ton r a r e S ma l lu ngu la te s :c r an ia l>po s t c r an ia l L a rg eu ngu la te s :c r an ia l 10

D en t icu la t e Mou s ter ian 2 5 .00 5 0 .00 2 5 .00

T he r e g ion i st h e c omb ina t ion o f s e ve ra l l a nd scape s a nd t h e c u l tu ra l -a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd s t h e r e in , i n t h i s c a se a r e g ion w h ich h a s y i e lded a bundan t m a te r ia l , s i t e s s u i tab le f o r c h ronome t r ic d a t ing a nd i t sf a i rs h a r eo fn eand e r ta lr ema in s( M . Ad eL um ley 1 973 ) . I no rd e rt oa dv ance b eyond t h ed e ta i led a na ly s i sa nd s ub sequen t s yn the s i s o f m a te r ia l f r om i n d iv idua l s i t e s w e h av e t o b e p r epa r ed t o l o ok f u r the r a f ie ld , s t udy c u l tu ra l a nd n a tu ra l l a nd scap e s , t a k ing a ccoun t o fb o th n ew a nd t h e a l r eady e x i s t ing a nd d o cumen t ed a r cha eo log ica lr e co rd .

% T yp ica l Mou s t er ian 4 . 17 8 . 33 1 2 .50

5 . 55 2 2 .22 1 . 11 1 . 11

2 9 . 17 2 1 .97 4 . 17

5 . 55 1 . 11

4 . 17 8 . 33

T ab le 7 . 7 T ab l e s how ing t h e p ropo r t ion o f C ha ren t ian , D en t ic u la te a nd T yp i ca l Mou s te r ian a s semb lag e s w i th v a r y ing d eg r ee so ft a xonom ic r i chne s s . 6 1

Append ix I

E xp lana tory N o te s

' A l t i tude 1 'r e f e r s t ot h e h e igh t o ft h e s i t e , i nm e t r e s , a bov e s e a l e v e l ; ' A l t i tude 2 't oh e igh t a bove r i ve r b ed , a l so m ea su r ed i n m e t re s . O r ien ta t ion d a ta a r e r e co rded a so n e o f t h e 8s t anda rd c ompa s sb ea r ing s ,e . g . S ou th , S ou th e a s te t c .

T he f o l low ing p ag e sr e p r e sen tm uch o ft h e d a ta c omp i led w h i le c onduc t ing r e sea r ch i n to t h e M idd le P a la eo l i th ic o f s ou the rn F r ance . I ti s am od if ied v e r s ion o ft h e d a taba se c omp i led u s ing MS A cce s s v e r s ion 7 . T he d a tab a se h a s b een s o r t ed a c co rd ing t od epa r t emen ta nd a r el i s ted i na l phabe t ica lo rde r . T he e n t ry b e low , f o rt h e s i t e o fB au d e l ' Aube s ie r , i sc i ted h e r e a st y p ica la nd i su s ed a sa ne xamp le f o re xp lana to ry p u rpo se s . •

S ITE :S ITE TYPE VALLEY :COM MUNE ALT ITUDE I ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

NOTES

R EFERENCES

AUBES IER ( BAU DE L ' ) R ock she l t e r N e sque Monn ieux 6 50 6 0 N o r th e a s t A u roch s( 5 1 %N ISP ) H o r s e( a bund . ,3 8% ) ,i b ex ( a bund . ) , r o ed e e r ,b oa r ,r e dd e e r( r e l .r a r e ) , c hamo i s ,r e inde e r ,w o lf ,b row nb ea r , r h ino ce ro s( Dh ) ,g i an td e e r( Mg ) , f a l low d ee r ,c ave b ea r ,c ave l i on ,b eave r : L ef tb ank ; E xc = 1 903 ;( un t i l 1 964 , s po r ad ica l ly ) ;s i nce 1 987 e xcava t ion o f S .L ebe le ta l . ; Mou s te r ian ; L eve l 1 =h ea r th ( s t ruc tu r ed ec ombu s t ion ) ; b u t che ry m a rk so nl a rg eh e rb ivo r e s ; 4 5x 15m s q . ;G o rge sd el aN e sque ; l i t h ic s> 5000 , 1 4m t h ick ;f a una i n u ppe rl e ve l sc omp r i s e sb rown b ea r , i b ex ,r e indee ra nd c hamo is ;b one sa r e b r ok en f o rm a r row e x t ra c t ion ;c u t m a rk so b se r ved o nb one s( Lebe !p e r s . : c omm . )h uman t e e th r e cove r ed ;h e a r th s d a ted t oc .2 00 0 00 B P B on if ay 1 97 1 ; d eL um ley 1 969 ; S e r r e 1 993

F auna ld a ta a r ei n c luded ( p r ima r i ly q ua l i ta t iv e ) i nt wo f i e ld s .T he ' Ma jo r S pec ie s ' f i e ld r e co rd s t h e n ume r ica l ly d om inan t s p ec ie s . T h i s i su sua l ly o ne b u t o n o cca s ion t wo s p e c ie s a r e l i s t ed w hen o ne i s a' sma l l ' s p ec ie s , u sua l ly r a bb i t . B o th c a rn ivo r e s a nd h e rb ivo r e s a r e i n c luded . T he ' O the r S p e c ie s ' f i e ld l i s t s t h e a dd i t iona lt a xa o r , i nc a se sw he r en o i n d ica t ion o fd om in ance h a s b een f o und ,a lt h es p ec ie sr e co rded . Mo s tt a xa a r e l i s t ed i nt h e i r E ng l i sh f o rm . S ome a r ef o l lowed b yt h ef o l low ing a bb r ev ia t ion s : r h ino c e ro s( R t ) r h ino c e r o s( Dh ) r hi n oce ro s( Dm ) g i an td e e r( M g ) c av eb e a r c ave b ea r( Ud )

R h inoce ro st i cho rh inu s D i c ero rh inu sh em i toechu s D ic e ro rh inu sm e r ck i Megace ro sg igan t eu s U r su ss pe laeu s U r su sd en ing e r i( e a r l ie rf o rm o fc ave b ea r )

T he ' No t e s ' f i e ld r e co rd s o t he r i n f o rma t ion i n c lud ing i n d ica t ion o ft h es i de o ft h e v a l ley w he r e t h e s i t e i sl o ca t ed ,t h e n ame sa nd d a te s o fe xcava to r s o rs i t e d i scove ry , a l te r n a t ive s i te n ame s , a n i n d ica t ion o fs t one t o o l a s semb lage t y pe a nd s i z e r e cov e r ed a t t h es i t e , d a ta c oncer n ing t h et a phonomy o ft h es i t e , i n d ica t ion o f b u t che ry a c t iv i ty a nd , w hen a va i lab le , s ugg e s ted s i t e f u nc t ion d a ta . ' R ef e r ence s ' a r e l i s t ed a c co rd ing t o( p r ima ry ) a u tho r a nd d a t e . T he f u l l d e ta i l sa r e l i s t ed i nt h e b i b l iog raphy . T h i s s e c t ion i sn o t e xhau s t iv e a nd t h e i n t e r e s ted r e ade r i sr e f e r r ed t ot h e s ou r ce s l i s ted i nt h e b i b l iog raph ie s o fe a ch o ft h e se e n t r ie s a nd f o r p r e 1 960 r e f e r ence s , t h e b i b l iog raphy o f mo r e t h an 3 000 t i le s i n B ou rd ie r 1 962 . T h e f i na l s e c t ion c omp r i se s al i s t o f ' m i sce l laneou s ' s i t e s f o r w h ich i n suf f i c ien td a ta h ave b een r e co rded . Whe r ep o s s ib le t h ey a r el i s t ed b yn ame a nd t y pe .

T he f i e ld s i nt h e d a taba se a r e l i s t ed a s a bove . T he t e rm ' S i t e ' r e f e r st ot h em o s tc ommon ly u s ed n ame o ft h es i t e ,' S i t eT yp e 't o t h ec a tego ry i nw h ich t h es i t e i sp l a ced . C ave sa r e ' l a rg e ' a tl e a s t s em i -enc lo sed c av i t ie s . R ock s h e l t e r sa r em o r eo pen s i t e s ,w i th a b a ck w a l l a nd ' r oof . O pen ( a i r )s i t e sa r e l a rg e o rm ed ium s i t e s l o ca t ed a way f r om r o ck f a ce sa nd c ave s . T hey a r ed ef ined o nt h e b a s i s o fs pa t ia l e x t en t ( > 9 m 2)a nd n umbe r o fa r t ef a c t s o ro t h e r m a te r ia l r e cove r ed . S u r f a ce o ccu r r ence s a r e s ma l l o rv e ry s ma l l o pen s i t e s w he r e o ne o ro n ly av e ry s ma l l n umbe r o fa r t ef a c t s

D u r ing a na ly s i s s e v e ra l o ft h e se f i e ld s w e r e c od ed ( s i t e t y pe , v a l ley , o r ien ta t ion , m a jo rs p ec ie s ) . O the rf i e ld sw e r e i n c luded i n t h e i n i t ia l d a taba se . T he se c on ta ined t h e d a ta w h ich h av e s ub sequen t ly b een s umma r i sed i n to t h e ' No t e s ' . T hey i n c lude l i t h ic a s semb lage t y pe a nd s i z e , r aw m a te r ia l t y pe , b i o tope / env i ronmen ta l t y pe r e vea led b y f a una l a nd n on -f auna l d a ta , n umbe r o fh e rb ivo r e , c a rn ivo r e a nd t o t a l s p ec ie s , n umb e r o fb i o top e s .T he se d a ta a r en o tl i s ted s epa ra te ly h e r ea so n ly v e ry r a r e ly a r et h ey a l a va i lab le a nd i tw a s c on s id e r ed t h a tt o o m any ' h o le s 'w ou ld b er e co rded .

h ave b een r e cove r ed , a lmo s ti n va r iab ly o nt h es u r f a ce a s ar e su l t o fr e cen t h um an a c t iv i ty . A ven s ' a r e ac av i t ie s , o f t en e n te r ed a t g r ound l e v e l ,w h ich l i eb e low t h es u r f a ce .T hey a r eo f t en b u tn o t i n va r iab ly n a tu ra ld epo s i t s . T he ' Va l ley ' f i e ld r e co rd st h ev a l ley i nw h ich t h es i t ei sl o ca t ed ; i nt h e c a se o fc oa s ta l s i t e s t h e p r ox im i ty o ft h e Med i te r r anean S ea i sn o ted w he r et h i s i sc l o s e rt h an ar i ve r . T he v a l ley sm ay b e m a jo r v a l ley s o rt r i bu ta ry w a t e r c ou r se s . S ome s i t e s a r e l o ca t ed i n d ry v a l ley s . T he ' Commune ' r e f e r s t o t h e a dm in i s t ra t iv e d i s t r ic ti nw h ich t h es i t ei sl o ca t ed . T he r ea r e3 6000 ' c ommune s ' i nF rance , s ome w i th a s f ew a s 2 5 i n hab i tan t s ( Ca rney 1 993 : 1 76 ) . 6 4

A lpe sd e Hau te P rovence

S ITE

BAU ME BONNE ( ABR I )

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l t e r

VALLEY

V e rdon

COM MUNE

Q u in son

ALT ITUDE 1

1 30 0 00 -17 °(10 B P ;e n semb le I V m o r er e cen t ;i s o tope s t age 9-5 ; E xcava t ion r e s ta r ted 1 988 ;r i gh tb ank ; a r ea= 3 6 x5 . 5 -1 3m ;l i t h ic s7 00 00 ; c ou che sK -G =p r emou s te r ian ,R i s sI I I ; c ouche sF -C R i s sI I ;t o po f C= R i s s - Wü rm R EFERENCES

B o t te ta nd d eL um ley 1 959 ; G agnepan e ta l . 1 996 ; S ei f e 1 993

4 10

S ITE

BRA ISSE I

ALT ITUDE 2

4 0

S ITE TYPE

O pen

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

VALLEY

B lione /C ombe

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r se

COM MUNE

D ig ne

OTHER S PEC IES

Ma rmo t =a bund an t ;i b ex ,r e dd e e r , m ammo th ,w o lf= Wü rm I . +r oden t s .

ALT ITUDE 1

6 90

NOTES

L a rg ec av i ty ; R i s s - Wü rm l a ye r =i s t U ppe rP l e is to cene l e ve l ; Wü rm 1 = c ouch e sn o i r e s &l i mon ss ab l eux ; Wü rm If a una= d ec a lc if ied ;s t a lagm i t e =Wü rm I-I ;f a una =Wü rm I ;f a una =c ouche A 19 -A 26 ;7 0 ,000 l i t h ic s ;i s o tope s t age 8i d en t if i ed ;a s semb le V = 1 25 0 00 ±

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

70 00 B P , 1 3 00 00 +17 " /44 c oo B P ; e n semb le I Vm o r er e cen t ;i s o top e s t ag e 9-5 ;e x cava t ion r e s ta r ted 1 988 ; r i gh tb ank ;a r ea= 3 6 x5 . 5 -1 3m R EFERENCES

NOTES

R igh tb ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

BRA ISSE I

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

B l6one /C ombe

CO MMUNE

D igne

ALT ITUDE 1

7 80

S ei f e 1 99 3

S ITE

BAU ME BONNE ( GTE )

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

V e rdon

CO MMUNE

Q u in son

ALT ITUDE 1

4 10

ALT ITUDE 2

4 0

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e

OTHER S PEC IES

Ma rmo t =a bundan t ;i b ex ,r e dd ee r , m ammo th ,w o lf— Wü r mI . +r oden t s .

NOTES

L a rge c a v i ty o nt h er i gh tb ank ;R i s s Wü rm l a ye r =I s tU ppe rP l e i s tocene l e ve l ; Wü rm I=c ouche sn o i r e s& l i mon ss a b leux ; Wü rm If a una = d eca lc if i ed ;s t a lagm i t e =Wü rm I-I ; F auna =Wü r rn 1 ;F auna =c ouche A l9 -A 26 ;7 0 ,000 l i t h ic s ;I s o tope s t age 8 i d en t if i ed ; e n semb le V = 1 25 0 00 ±70 00 B P ,

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

6 5

NOTES

S i t es ma l le rt h an L aB ra i s s eI ;l e f tb ank ; e v eno i s ian a s semb lage

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

CLAUSSES

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

L a rgue

COMMUNE

A ubena s

ALT ITUDE 1

6 50

ALT ITUDE 2

1 00

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t

S ITE

F ERME BAUD IN

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

VALLEY

D u r ance

CO MMUNE

B r i l lanne

ALT ITUDE 1

4 25

ALT ITUDE 2

3 0

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES OR IENTAT ION NOTES

R igh tb ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

L eva l lo i s ;E a r ly M idd le P a la eo l i th i c ; l e f tb ank ;L a te A cheu l ian

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

F IGU IER ( GROTTE )

ALT ITUDE 1

S ITE TYPE

C ave

ALT ITUDE 2

VALLEY

B aud ina rd

OR IENTAT ION

COMMUNE

Mon tpeza t

MA JOR S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 1

OTHER S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 2

S ITE

CONDA M INASSE

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

D u r ance

COMMUNE

Me lye

NOTES

Mou s t e r ian

OR IENTAT ION

R EFERENCES

B a la c&P ag e s 1 984

MA JOR S PEC IES

3 0

OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE

DEUX PORCHES

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

V e rdon

CO MMUNE

Mon tpeza t

ALT ITUDE 1

4 63 . 13

ALT ITUDE 2

7 0

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e

OTHER S PEC IES

I b ex ,r e dd e e r ,b ov id s( d ec rea s ing o rde r )

NOTES

R igh tb ank ;c .4 00m f r om Mu r e e

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969 ;S e r r e 1 993

NOTES

1 00m u p s t ream f r om Mu r 8e ;p a r to ft h e V e rdon c a tchmen t

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 959

S ITE

GLAC IS -DE -LA -FORtT

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

B lame

COMMUNE

D igne

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

6 6

NOTES

Mou s te r ian

R EFERENCES

D uba r 1 979

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES S ITE

GRAND GUB IAN

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

VALLEY

L a rgue

CO MMUNE

R eves td e sB rou s s e s

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

NOTES

Mous t e r ian l e va l lo i si n du s t ry

R EFERENCES

D 'Anna 1 980

6 70

S ITE

LA V IGNE REYBAUD

3 0

S ITE TYPE

O pen

OR IENTAT ION

VALLEY

B ldone

MA JOR S PEC IES

COM MUNE

D igne

OTHER S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 1

NOTES

R igh tb ank ; 1a r t ef a c t

ALT ITUDE 2

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE

J UST IN

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

VALLEY

B leone ;J u s t in r a v ine

CO M MUNE

D igne

NOTES

L ef tb ank ;r i ch l i t h ic a s s emb lag e ( l eva l lo i sf l ake sa nd b i f a c e s )

R EFERENCES

D uba r 1 979

ALT ITUDE 2

S ITE

LAC

OR IENTAT ION

S ITE TYPE

C ave

MA JOR S PEC IES

VALLEY

V e rdon

OTHER S PEC IES

CO MMUNE

Q u in son

ALT ITUDE 1

3 75

ALT ITUDE 2

4 0

OR IENTAT ION

N o r th e a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

I b ex

OTHER S PEC IES

R abb i t

NOTES

Mou s t e r ian ;r i gh tb ank ;e x cava t ed b yd e L um ley 1 962 ;C ha r en t i en d et y p e F e r ra s s i eO r i en ta l

R EFERENCES

S e r r e 1 993

ALT ITUDE 1

NOTES

R EFERENCES

Mou s t e r ian ;l e f tb ank ; 1r a c lo i r ;s i t e s im i la rt on e a rby ( s ame v a l ley )L e s Mo l l ie r e s( D ig ne )w i th o ne r ac lo i rs ur e c la tl e va l lo i s D uba r1 979

S ITE

LA BAU ME

S ITE TYPE

A b r i

VALLEY

V e rdon

COM MUNE

Q u in son

ALT ITUDE 1

5 40

ALT ITUDE 2

I 7 0 6 7

S ITE

LARGUE

NOTES

L e f tb ank ;l i t h ic s =1 95

S ITE TYPE

C ave

R EFERENCES

D uba r 1 979

VALLEY

L a rgue

CO MMUNE

B anon S ITE

L E ROCHER DE GL TÜR IN

ALT ITUDE 1

6 57 S ITE TYPE

R ock s he l t e r

VALLEY

L a rgue

COM MUNE

S a in t - Ma r ce l l 'Ob s e rva to i r e

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

N o r th e a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES ALT ITUDE 1 OTHER S PEC IES ALT ITUDE 2 NOTES

R EFERENCES

R ig h tb ank ; 1m ou s te r ian f l ak e ;d e L um ley i d en t if i e sa bund an te v idenc eo f f i r ew h ich h ec on s ide r si mp l ie s t h ep r e s enc eo fm an

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

LE CADE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

V e rdon

COM MUNE

Q u in son

1 00

OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

C ouche 4=Wü rm Iw i th al a rg e c o l le c t ion o fM idd l eP a la eo l i th ic a r t ef a c t s ,c ou che 4 3 = Wü rm I I I I ;t h i s i saw o rk shop s i t e( a t e l i er d et a i l l e )

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 9 59

S ITE

MURÜE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

B aud ina rd

CO M MUNE

Mon tpeza t

ALT ITUDE 1

4 05

ALT ITUDE 2

1 2

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r

OTHER S PEC IES

I b ex ,h o r se ,c ave l i on

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT IT UDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R igh tb ank ;l i t h ic so n ly

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

LE PUY ( SAINT P IERRE )

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

B leone

COM MUNE

D igne

NOTES

R igh tb ank ; 1 957 e xc ava t ion o fd e L um ley g ave 3e n s emb le s ; 2& 3= Wü rm I ;f a una =Wü rm I ;V e rdon G o rg e ;o ne o fm o r et h an 1 00 c ave si n B aud ina rd c anyon ;F e r r a s s ie Mou s t e r ian i nL eve ls 1 7 14

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 96 1 ; S e r r e 1 993

S ITE

P IC D 'OR IOU

MA JOR S PEC IES

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

OTHER S PEC IES

VALLEY

L auzon

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t

6 8

CO M MUNE

L aB r i l la nne /P ied d 'Au lun

S ITE

P LATEAU DE S T LAURENT

ALT ITUDE 1

4 70

S ITE TYPE

O pen

ALT ITUDE 2

3 0

VALLEY

L a rgue

OR IENTAT ION

CO M MUNE

R eve s td e sB rou s se s

MA JOR S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 1

6 50

OTHER S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 2

4 0

NOTES

L ef tb ank ;D u r anc ec a t chmen t ;v a l ley l o ca t ion

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

MTA a nd F i na lA cheu l ian ;r i gh tb ank ; I L=62 .4

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

P LA INE DE S IRENE

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

V e rdon

CO MMUNE

Q u in son a nd S tL au r en td uV e rdon

S ITE

PLATEAU DU CLOS

ALT ITUDE 1

5 65

S ITE TYPE

O p en

ALT ITUDE 2

VALLEY

L a rgu e

OR IENTAT ION

COMMUNE

R eve s td e sB rou s se s

MA JOR S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 1

5 80

OTHER S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 2

NOTES

R EFERENCES

O pen a i rw o rk shop s i t eo nt h eR i ez V a len so le p l a t eau ;2 3% o fa s s emb lag e =n uc le i

OR IENTAT ION

d eL um ley 1 969

OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE

P LAN DE GONDRAN

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

( T r ibu ta ry o f )L a rgue

CO MMUNE

R eve s td e sB rou ss e s

ALT ITUDE 1

5 80

We s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

NOTES

R igh tb ank ;c on t inua t ion o fP l an d e G ond ran

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

PORT DU P ÄTRE

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

L auzon

CO MMUNE

V i l leneuve

ALT ITUDE 1

3 60

ALT ITUDE 2

3 0

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES OR IENTAT ION NOTES

R EFERENCES

R igh tb ank ;A cheu l ian -Mou s te r ian ;a l so U ppe rP a la eo l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic

MA JOR S PEC IES

d eL um ley 1 969

OTHER S PEC IES

6 9

NOTES

D u r ance c a t chmen t ;l e f tb ank , c onf luence

R EFERENCES

C o t t e 1 920 ; d eL um ley 1 969

A LT ITUDE 1

6 00

A LT ITUDE 2

2 5

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES S ITE

S T ROBERT

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

J ab ron

COMMUNE

V a lbe l le

ALT ITUDE 1

NOTES

F i na lA cheu l ia n ;r i gh tb ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

9 10

S ITE

TU IL IÜRE

ALT ITUDE 2

4 00

S ITE TYPE

O pen

OR IENTAT ION

N o r th e a s t

VALLEY

L a rgue s

CO MMUNE

R eve s td e sB rou s s e s 6 10

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

C ave b ea r

ALT ITUDE 1

NOTES

Q u ina Mou s te r ian ;6 k rn f r om D u rance c on f luence ;r i gh tb ank ;9 m x3 4m

ALT ITUDE 2

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES S ITE

S TE MAX I ME

NOTES

F i na lA cheu l ian ;r i g h tb ank

S ITE TYPE

C ave

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

VALLEY

V e rdon

CO MMUNE

Q u in son S ITE

TU IL IÜRE DE BANON

ALT ITUDE 1

3 90 S ITE TYPE

O pen

ALT ITUDE 2

5 0 VALLEY

C a lavon

OR IENTAT ION

E a s t CO MMUNE

B anon

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e ALT ITUDE 1

6 70

OTHER S PEC IES

I b ex ,w o lf ,r o den t s +b i rd s ; r a bb i t sd om ina t e

ALT ITUDE 2

1 0

NOTES

E x cava t ed db yd eL um ley i n1 957 , 1 959 -62 ; l e f tb ank

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t

R EFERENCES

S e r r e 1 993

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE

SYLVABELLE

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

L a rgue

CO M MUNE

R eve s td e sB rou s se s

NOTES

F i na lA cheu l ian ;r i gh tb ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969 , 1 9 7 1

MISCELLANEOUS S t a t ion O l iv ie r( Op en -a i r ) 7 0

A lpe s Ma r i t ime s

CO MMUNE

N ice

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 S ITE

BARRAL

OR IENTAT ION

S ITE TYPE

O pen

MA JOR S PEC IES

VALLEY

A rgen t ir e

OTHER S PEC IES

N of a una

CO MMUNE

Mande l ieu la -Napou le

NOTES

c .6 00m w e s to fL an re t ,B d . F r ank P i la t te . ;a ka : L e sF l o t sB leu s ;f l i n ta nd q ua r tz i te r aw m a te r ia l( l oca l )

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

CARROS -LE -NEUF

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

V a r

COMMUNE

C a r ro s le -Neuf

ALT ITUDE I

15

ALT ITUDE 2

2 5 -7 5

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R EFERENCES

D en s ec oncen t ra t ion o fl i t h ic sf ound d u r ing c ons t r uc t ion o ft h eA 8 ;l e f tb ank ; Q u ina C ha r e n t ian ,a l so A u r igna c ian ; l o ca lr h yo l i t ea nd i mpo r t ed f l i n t D ef l eu r 1 990

S ITE

BAU ME OBSCURE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

L oup

COMMUNE

T ou r r e t t e s su r -Loup

ALT ITUDE 1

5 00

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

T h i ss i t ee x tend so ve r av a s ta r ea ,i t s a l t i tude r a ng ing f r om 1 00 t o1 20 m a bove s e al e ve l . Mo s to ft h es t one t o o l s l i eb e tween 12 a nd 1 20m a s l . T he s i t e l i e s2 5t o7 5m a bove t h eV a r ;r i gh tb ank ; t h i si sap a l imp se s ts i t ew i th A cheu l ian , Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a la eo l i th ic

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION R EFERENCES

D uba r 1 980 ; G oude t 1 975

S ITE

GROSSO

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

Med i te r ranean

COM MUNE

N ice

ALT ITUDE 1

1 0

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

R e indee r ,r o ed e e r ,l e opa rd ,b o a r , b ea r , r e dd ee r ,l y nx ,w o lf ,f o x

NOTES

A ka G ro t te d eB au R ou s ;m ou s t e r ian t o o l s :b i f a c e s ,r a c lo i r ss imp le sc onvexe s , p o in t e sl e va l lo i se tp s eudo leva l lo is , c ou t eau äd o sn a tu r e ! :a l so U ppe r P a la eo l i th ic ; 3c hambe r s

REFERENCES

G a s s in 1 986

ALT ITUDE 2 S ITE

BLEU R IVAGE

OR IENTAT ION

S ITE TYPE

O p en

MA JOR S PEC IES

VALLEY

Med i te r r an ean

OTHER S PEC IES 7 1

We s t

NOTES

R EFERENCES

3 800m w e s to fL aza r e t ;B d .G ro s so , c o l l ine d e sB aume t te s ;R i s s - Wü rm s e a l e ve la t+ 12m ;a tc l if f o o t ;6 00m f r om s e a B on if ay 1 975 ; d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

MARS

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

( T r ibu ta ry o f )L oup

CO MMUNE

V ence

ALT ITUDE 1

9 50

A LT ITUDE 2 S ITE

LA COLO MB IERE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

Me se la

COMMUNE

Ma lau s s ene

ALT ITUDE 1

1 000

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e as t

MA JOR S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 2

OTHER S PEC IES

C ave b ea r , l e opa rd , c a ve l i on , w o lf , d ho le ,r h inoce ro s( Dm ) ,r e dd e e r ,r o e d ee r ,b oa r ,a u ro ch s ,h ya ena ,b r own b ea r , w i ld c a t , h a r e

NOTES

c . 3800m f r om M e l l i ra ; 1 4 1 cm f r om s e a ; t h ep r e sence o fc omp le t ef e l id s k e le tons m a yi mp ly t h a tt h i si san on h om in id g ene r a t ed a s semb lag e

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; S e r r e 1 993

S ITE

MELL IRA

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l te r

VALLEY

L ub iane

CO MMUNE

V ence

ALT ITUDE 1

6 65

ALT ITUDE 2

3 50

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r s e , i b ex ( d om ina t ing i n Wü rm I )

NOTES

c . 7& 7 ; 9 .7km f r om s e a ; mou s t e r ian

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

M idd le P a la eo l i th ic ;2 00m l o ng

R EFERENCES

Ma s s i 1 990

S ITE

LAZARET

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

Med i t e r r anean

CO MMUNE

N ice

ALT ITUDE 1

2 6

ALT ITUDE 2

2 6

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th w e s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r s e ,i b ex ,c hamo is ,w o lf ,l y nx ,c ave l i on ,f o x ,m a rmo t ,a u roch s

NOTES

C lo s e s tr i ve r =P a i l lon ;8 00 m .sq . ;P l e is t . s up =E ( i so tope s t ag e5 ,6 1 0 00 B P a tt o p , 1 00 0 00 B Pa tb a s e ) , F( =i s o tope s t ag e4 ) ;b a se o fC I I : 1 70000±20000 B P , u ppe r l e ve l so fC I I I( Cu l tur e p r dmou s t d r i enn e ) : 1 30 0 00 ±1 5000 B P ; s t age 6

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969 ; S e r r e 1 993

L aa f a re ta l . 1 995 ;M iche l 1 996 ;V a len s i

S ITE

P IE LO MBARD

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

L oup

CO MMUNE

T ou r e t te s su r -Loup

R EFERENCES

l i t h ic s :p oo r :p o in t el e va l lo i s , r a c lo i r s imp l ec onv ex ep a rr e touche sm inc e ss u r l am el e va l lo i sa t yp iqu e , u nr ac lo i r d ' ang l eo b t enu p a rr e touche sa b rup t e s s u ré c la tl e va l lo i s .B l a de s =r e l . a bundan t . R ed d e e r=Wü rm I .H o r s e a nd I b ex = Wü r r nI ;9 . 7 1 (m f r om s e a

1 990 ; v an d en B r ink -Long 1 994

7 2

ALT ITUDE 1

2 00

ALT ITUDE 2

9 0

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

R abb i t ,r e dd e e r

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r s e ,e l ephan t c ave b e a r ,b row nb ea r , b oa r ,l y nx, i b ex ( r a r e ) ,w i ld c a t , w o lf ,f o x ,b eav e r ,m a rmo t ,c hamo is , l e opa rd

NOTES

A l so k nown a sP i ed L omba rd ;T yp ica l Mou s t e r ian ; Wü rm Il a y e r s =4 e 1 ,4 e ,4 d ; l a y e r so n t o po ft h is =( p e r iod ? )4 c , 4 b &4 a ;f a un a sr i ch ;h i gh % c a rn ivo r e s ; 6 7000 ±8 100 B P ; 1 08400 ±9 800 B P ; w o lf= Wü r rn I ;4 4 .2% =l a rg eb l ank ; 1 5km f r om t h es e a ;a c co rd ing t oG e rbe r ( 1 973 )i b ex m ak e su p> 56% o ft h el a rge h e rb ivo r ef a una

R EFERENCES

B ey r ie s 1 987 ; G e rbe r 1 973 ; d eL um ley 1 969 ; T ex ie r 1 974

7 3

A rdche

CO M MUNE

B a lazuc

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 S ITE

BA LAZUC

OR IENTAT ION

S ITE TYPE

C ave

MA JOR S PEC IES

I b ex

VALLEY

A rde che

OTHER S PEC IES

R e indee r ,g i an td e e r (Mg ) ,c hamo i s , h o r se ,b ov id s , r h inoce ro s ,c a rn ivo r e s

COM MUNE

B a la zuc NOTES

R i ch f a una I b ex v e ry a bundan t ; 5u ppe r l e ve l s-Mou s t e r ia n ;l e f tb ank ; Wü r rn I

R EFERENCES

Monce l 1 997

S ITE

BAU METTE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

I b ex

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r s e ,w oo l ly r h ino ce ro s ,r e indee r , g i an td ee r( Mg ) ,c hamo i s , b i son , l e opa rd ( a nd o t he rc a rn ivo r e s )

NOTES

R EFERENCES

VALLEY

A rde che

5Mou s t e r ian l e ve l s ,s im i la rt oH o r tu s ; r i gh tb ank

CO MMUNE

B anne s

D eba rd 1 988 ; Monc e l 1 997

ALT ITUDE 1

2 90

ALT ITUDE 2

4 0

OR IENTAT ION

We s t -No r th -We s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

C ave b ea r

OTHER S PEC IES

B rown b ea r ,h ya ena ,r e dd ee r( r a r e ) ; h o r s e( r a r e ) , r h ino c e ro s

S ITE

BAOU DE LA S ELLO

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

A rde che

COM MUNE

A iguez e

NOTES

ALT ITUDE 1

R EFERENCES

D eba rd 1 988

S ITE

CHARN IER

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

A rdeche

CO MMUNE

L ago r ce

ALT ITUDE 1

3 20

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

T he r ea r et wo s i t e ;a t t r ibu t ion o ft h e s e cond s i t et ot h e Mou s te r ian i s u nce r ta in ;s i t e Imou s te r ian c omp r is e s l e va l lo i si n du s t ry o fs c rape r s ,n o tche s a nd m ic rod en t icu la te s

ALT ITUDE 2 R EFERENCES

C omb ie r1 967 ; G i l le s 1 994 ; Monce l 1 997

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE

BARASSES

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

A rde che 7 4

NOTES

Mou s te r ian ;w o r k shop s i t e

R EFERENCES

B ou rd ie r 1 96 1-2

S ITE

F IGU IER

S ITE

FOREST IÜRE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

S ITE TYPE

C ave /aven

VALLEY

A rde che

VALLEY

A rde che

COM MUNE

S t Ma r t in d 'A rde che

CO M MUNE

O rgna c l 'Aven

A LT ITUDE 1

8 5

ALT ITUDE 1

A LT ITUDE 2

3 0

ALT ITUDE 2

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

OR IENTAT ION

MA JOR S PEC IES

R e indee r

MA JOR S PEC IES

OTHER S PEC IES

B ov id s ,h o r s e ,i b ex ,w o lf ,h ya ena ,c ave b ea r ,f o x , c hamo i s ,r e dd e e r ,b oa r ,a s s

OTHER S PEC IES

NOTES

L eve l s h1= Mou s te r ian ;f a una =l e v e l j ;a l so U ppe rP a la eo l i th ic ; 1 00m f r om Mu r ee ;l e f tb ank ; 1 500 m2;s i t ev i s ib le f r om 3 00m a way ;s e l ls h e l te r ed ; t wo h e igh t sa bove r i ve rl e ve l h a ve b e en q uo t ed :3 0m ( Ch i ron a nd G a i l la rd )a nd 5 0m ( Raymond ) ;Q u ina Mou s te r ian ; f l i n ti st h em o s tc ommon r aw m a te r ia l

R EFERENCES

C omb ie r 1 967 ;D eba rd 1 988 ; Monce l 1 997 ; R oud i l 1 994

S ITE

F LAND IN

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

A rde che

CO M MUNE

O rgna c l 'Aven

ALT ITUDE 1

2 50

NOTES

F auna e x i s t s ,s p e c ie sn o tr e co rded .

R EFERENCES

d e l la L ibe ra 1 97 1

S ITE

N IARAS

S ITE TYPE

R oc i c she l te r

VALLEY

A rdeche

CO M MUNE

S t Ma r t in d 'A rde che

ALT ITUDE 1

1 60

ALT ITUDE 2

I1 5

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th w e s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

R e inde e r ,h o r s e

OTHER S PEC IES

R ed d e e r ,b ov id s ,a s s ,w o lf ,i b ex

NOTES

3 6s q .m . ; 2m h i gh m ax ; 1 0m ou s t e r ian l e ve l s ; F auna : o ,m ,k , h= ho r se d om inan t o , k=a s s ,r e dd ee r

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

We s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d e e r

OTHER S PEC IES

H ya ena ( m jc am ) ;w o lf ,f o x ,l y nx ,c av e b e a r ;r o ed ee r ,h o r se ,a s s ,b oa r , a u ro ch s , i b ex , h a r e

j=r e indee r ( d om ) ,w o lf h=i b ex , r e inde e r ,l a rg eb ov id k=r e indee r d& e=h o r se ,b ov id s m =r e indee r

NOTES

Mou s t e r ian i nc ouche 1 ,s im i la rt ot h a t o fR anc P o in tu 2 ,i so fl o ca lr aw m a te r ia l

3 0m 2;d r yv a l ley s i t e ; F e r r a s s ie Mou s te r ian ,l am ina r Mou s t e r ian ;s i t el i e s i n as ma l lr a v ine i nt h eA rdeche v a l ley , 4 00m f r om t h eA rdeche r i ve r ;r aw m a t e r ia l -f l i n t ,q ua r tz ,b a s a lt .q ua r tz i te ; C omb ie r( 1967 : 1 46 )s ugg e s tt h a ti ti sa l o ca l i sa t ion d ec ha s se .

( f l in t ) ;o pen s3 00m NW o f Ma ca s sa rgue s ; e xpo su r et ow ind e xp la in sd i s t r ibu t ion o fa r cha eo log ica l m a t e r ia la ga in s tw a l l ;b one sf r agmen t ed , w i th c a rn ivo r em a rk sa nd /o r c u tm a rk s ;p l a teau l o ca t ion ;a l so k nown a sO rgna cI ;t wo c hambe r s R EFERENCES

R EFERENCES

D eba rd 1 988 ;G agn ie r ee ta l . 1 956 ; H ugue s 1 956 ; Monce l 1 997 ; R oud i l 1 994

7 5

B aude t 1 955 ; C omb ie r1 967 ;D eba rd 1 988 ;G i l le s 1 994 ; Me ignen 1 979 ; Monce l 1 996 , 1 997 ;R oud i l 1 994

S ITE

MOULA -GUERCY

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

R höne

COM MUNE

S oyon s

ALT ITUDE 1

c .2 4

ALT ITUDE 2

7 5

OR IENTAT ION

E a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

R e indee r( 1 0 MN I )

OTHER S PEC IES

Wo lf ( 4 ) ,f o x( 3 ) ,a r c t ic f o x( 1 ) ,b r ow n

NOTES

f l i n tr aw m a t e r ia l ;d a ted 4 30 00 ± 100 B P( G IF /LSM -9 132 ) ,c ouche I I ; c u t m a rk ss een o nm o s tp a r t so fh o r se a nd r e indee r ; a l so o nr e d d ee r , i b ex , c hamo is , r h inoce ro sa nd al a gomorph . R EFERENCES

C r egu t -Bonnou r ea nd G ue r in 1 9 86 ; D eba rd 1 988 ; D e f leu re ta l . 1 9 94 ;K oby 1 964 ; Monc e l 1 997 ; R oud i l 1 995 ; V ey r ie re ta l . 1 9 5 1

S ITE

ORGNAC I I

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l te r

VALLEY

A rdeche

CO MMUNE

O rgnac l 'Av en

ALT ITUDE 1

3 26

b ea r( 2 ) ,c ave b ea r( 3 ) ,b ea r ( 1 ) ,h ya ena ( 5 ) ,w i ld c a t( 1 ) E l ephan t ida e( 1 ) , r h ino ce ro s( Dh )( 1 ) ,h o r s e( 5 ) , a s s( 1 ) , b oa r( 1 ) ,r e dd ee r( 5 ) ,r o ed ee r( 1 ) ,b i son ( 2 ) ,a u roch s( 1 ) , i b ex ( 3 ) ,c hamo is ( 3 ) NOTES

L a rge s i te ( 300 s q .m . )o nt h ew e s ts i de o fR höne ; 3m ou s t e r ian l e v e l sa nd 1 p r o to -au r igna c ian ;h ya ena ,w o lf a nd b ea r c op ro l i te sa nd t h ea bundanc eo fg nawed p o in t st oa tl e a s to c c as iona lu s eb y c a rn ivo r e so fc a ve ;r e indee ri sb e s t r e p r e sen ted h e rb ivo r ew i th h ya en a ,3 j uven i le s( 10 , 1 2 , 1 5 mon th s ) ; v a l ley l o ca t ion ;Q u ina a nd T yp ica l Mou s t e r ian ;

6 3s q .m . ;r i gh tb ank ;v a l ley l o ca t ion ; T yp ica l Mou s t e r ian ;a l so Mou s t d r i en t a rd if ,l i t h ic st o ta l 107 ;f l i n td e r ived f r om b ed o fR höne a nd O rg na cr e g ion ; o t he rr aw m a t e r ia l si n c lude q ua r tz , q ua r tz i te a nd s c h i s t ;e nv i ronmen ta ld a ta : AP=9 .6% , NAP=80 .0% ,S p .= 10 . 1% , c o ld d r ye nv i ronm en t ;h om in id r ema in s f ound ;f a una f r om r e cen te xcav a t ion s l i s ted i nt h r e ep ha s e s :c ouche s XV I I -XX ( s tag e6 ) ,c ouche sX I I -XV I( s tag e5 e ) a nd I V -X I( s tage 4 )

A LT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

R EFERENCES

A s soc ia t ion d eR e che r che P a leo e co log ique e tA r cheo log ie ;B rune t L ecom te e ta l . 1 995 -6 ;C r egu t B onnou r ea nd G u e r in 1 986 ; D eba rd 1 988 ; D e f leu r 1 989 -90 ; D e f leu re ta l . 1 998 ; Monce l 1 997 ; R oud i l 1 995

S ITE

NüRON

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

R höne

COMMUNE

S oyon s

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e( 1 37 )

OTHER S PEC IES

R ed d ee r( 4 5 ) .f a l low ( 7 ) ,r o ed e e r( 1 1) , b ov id s( 82 ) , b oa r( 1 4 ) , r h ino ( 7 ) , c a rn ivo r e s( 3 )

NOTES

T he s i te w a so r ig ina l ly ar o ck sh e l t e r ; 1 0 o c cupa t ion l e v e l s ,n i v . 1=Mou s t e r ian ( ? ) ; R h ino =a ne vo lved f o rm ;l ow e r l e ve l s =M inde l .R i s sa tt o pw i th R i s sI I t o Wü r rn i nl e v e l 1 ;R ich l i t h ic s ;M idd le P a la eo l i th ic i n du s t r ie sa t3 00 00 B P . ; a l t i tude =3 00 t o3 50 m ;c e r v id s => 50% t o ta lf a una f r om a ll a ye r s ; p l a t eau s u r f a ce s i te ;e x cava t ed o v e r5 4m2. ;t o ta l o f> 5 0000 s t one a r t ef a c t s ,m o s ti s f l i n t ( s ou r ce 2 17 1 cm a way )

ALT ITUDE 1

R EFERENCES

A ou raghe 1 990 ; Monce l 1 992 , 1 997 ; R oud i l 1 994

S ITE

OULL INS ( BAU ME D ' )

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

E a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

H ya ena ( MN I >2 4 )a nd r e indee r

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r se ,m ammo th ,b i son ( ? ) ,w oo l ly r h inoce ro s ,r e dd ee r ,r o ed ee r ,g i an td ee r ( Mg ) . ,b oa r ,c ave b ea r ,b r ow nb e a r , b adg e r , p o leca t , w o lf ,f o x , b i rd s ,a r c t ic

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

A rde che

f o x ,l e opa rd ,h a r e ,a u ro ch s ( r a re ) , c hamo i s ,i b ex ,f a l low d ee r

COM MUNE

G a rn e tL aba s t ide d eV i ra c

7 6

ALT ITUDE 1

1 70

ALT ITUDE 2

1 60

OR IENTAT ION

E a s t -no r th -e a s t

l a gomo rph s ,e l ephan t NOTES

C ouche s E& D =i s o tope s t ag e5 ; c ouche s Fa nd G =s t ag e 6f a una =c . 1 ; t h e r ea r et wo s i t e s -P ay r e Ia nd I ; h uman t e e th h ave b e en r e cove r ed ;l o ca l f l i n tu s ed w i th R höne q ua r tz i te ,b a sa l t ; s i t el o ca ted a tt h ec on f luenc eo ft h e R höne a nd P ay r er i ver ,s t one t o o l sa r e l a rg e .n =>4000 ;r aw m a te r ia lf r om c . 1 0 1 (m ;l e ve l Fi n te rp re t ed a s ac a rn ivo r e l a i r

R EFERENCES

C omb ie r 1 967 ;D eba rd 1 988 ; Monc e l 1 996a , 1 996b , 1 996 c , 1997a , 1 997b , 1 997 c ; Monc e la nd C ondem i 1 996 : Monce le ta l . 1993 ;R oud i l 1 994

S ITE

P iCHEURS

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

H o r s e ,r e ind e e r ,r e dd ee r , i b ex ,h a r e . w o lf

NOTES

L a rg ec av i ty ;r i gh tb ank ; 3' e n s emb le s ' h ave b een i d en t if i ed , 2( U -Rb )a nd 3 ( RaN ) a r em ou s t e r ian ;m ou s t d r i en t a rd ifIm ic romou s te r ian ;f l i n t =m a jo r r aw m a te r ia l

R EFERENCES

B az i le a nd P ou i l leu r 1 995 ; D eba rd e ta l . 1 986 ; Monc e l 1 997 ; P au lu s 1 9 57

S ITE

OURS

S ITE TYPE

A b r i

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

C ha s s eza c

VALLEY

G ou le

CO MMUNE

B e r r ia s -e t -Ca s te l jau

COM MUNE

C hä teaubou rg

ALT ITUDE 1

ALT ITUDE 1

1 40

ALT ITUDE 2

2 6

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

MA JOR S PEC IES

B ea r

OTHER S PEC IES

OTHER S PEC IES

H ya ena

NOTES

R igh tb ank ; Mou s t d r i en a l p in ;b one c o l lec t ion a tT ouman ;R höne c a t chmen t

R ed d ee r ,i b ex .c hamo i s ,c ave b ea r , b r own b e a r ,w o lf ,d ho le ,r e df o x , h ya ena ,l e opa rd , c ave l i on , w i ld c a t , l y nx ,r e indee r ,m a rmo t ,h o r s e( ? ) , b eave r( ? )

NOTES R EFERENCES

C omb ie r1 956 , Monce l 1 997

2 9 m2. ;S o l F1 -F 6 = Mou s t e r ian ; s i t ea tf o o to fc l if f ; l e f tb ank ;d ug s i nce 1 976 ;a l so U P a l . ;h ea r th & b ur n ed b one s ;l i t h ic sa bundan t ;d i s cove r ed 1 973 ;s e ve ra l' f ond sd ec abane ' ; v a l ley l o ca t ion ;t r ibu ta ry v a l ley o ft h e

S ITE

PAYRE

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l te r

VALLEY

P ay r e

COMMUNE

R ompon

R höne ;l a t eM ic romou s t e r ian R EFERENCES

L Homme 1 979 , 1 984 ; Ma saoud ie ta l . 1 994 ; Monce l 1 997

S ITE

RANC DE L 'ARC

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l te r

VALLEY

I b ie

CO MMUNE

L ago r c e

A LT ITUDE 1

4 00

A LT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

6 0

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th s ou th w e s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r

OTHER S PEC IES

R h ino ce ro s( Dm ) ,h o r s e ,i b ex ,b ov id s , w o lf ,b rown b ea r ,c ave b ea r ,b eave r , h ya ena ,c av el i on ,m u s t e l id s ,

ALT ITUDE 2 7 7

OR IENTAT ION

4 982 a r tef a c t s ;c ou che e :2 9 30 ±6 50 B P .

MA JOR S PEC IES

R EFERENCES

OTHER S PEC IES

R ed d ee r ,h o r se ,b ov id s

NOTES

V a l ley l o ca t ion ;A rdeche d ra inage b a s in ; r i gh tb ank ; r e s cue e x cava t ion s 1 988 a nd 1 989 ; 7l e ve l so fw h ich t h eb o t tom 3a r e Mou s te r ian ; i n du s t ry s im i la rt oB aume d 'Ou l li n s

R EFERENCES

MISCELLANEOUS

Monce l 1 997 ; R oud i l 1 994

S ITE

RANC PO INTU 2

S ITE TYPE

C a ve

VALLEY

A rde che

COM MUNE

S t Ma r t in d 'A rdeche

B lanch is sag e( Open -a i r ) D oub le -Bo r ne ( Cave ) Mon t -Redon ( Open -a i r ) R am ie r e( Open -a i r ) S e r r e t -P luma ( Op en -a i r ) V in sa s( Op en -a i r )

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

4 5

OR IENTAT ION

N o r th w e s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d e e r

OTHER S PEC IES

R o ed ee r ,b oa r ,i b ex ,h o rs e( c .3 )

NOTES

1o f ag r oup o f 5s i t e s ;L eve l s =a-I ; C ha r en t ian Mou s te r ian i nl owe s tl e ve l ; l e f tb ank

R EFERENCES

C omb ie r1 967 ;D eba rd 1 988 ; Monce l 1 997 ; R oud i l 1 994

S ITE

S T MARCEL

S ITE TYPE

C a ve

VALLEY

A rde che

COM MUNE

S t Ma r ce ld 'A rde che

ALT ITUDE I

5 3

ALT ITUDE 2

4 0

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r

OTHER S PEC IES

R o ed ee r ,b oa r ,i b ex ( r a r e ) ,b r own b ea r , a u roch s

NOTES

8 7 .5m 2;3 mh i gh ; 1 979 e xcava t ion = p o r che ( 1 0m 2) ;f a una = E n s emb le 3 : v a l ley l o ca t ion ; l e f tb ank ;f l i n t ,q ua r tz a nd b a s a l tr aw m a t e r ia l ; 1 7l e ve l sy i e ld

D eb a rd 1 988 ;G i l les 1 994 ; Monce l 1 997 , 1 998

7 8

C la i r e t te s( Open -a i r ) L i b ian ( Open -a i r ) P i o lene ( Open -a i r ) S a laza c( Open -a i r ) T r e s couv ieux ( Open -a i r )

A r i4 e

S ITE

MALARNAUD

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

A r iz e

CO M MUNE

Mon t se ron

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

C ave b e a r

OTHER S PEC IES

D ho le ,l e opa rd ,b r own b ea r ,h ya ena f ox ,a r c t ic f o x ,w o lf ,b adge r ,c a ve l i on ,l y nx ,b ov id s( ? ) ,b i son ,h o r s e ,r e d d e e r ,b oa r ,> 7000 m ic rof auna lb one

NOTES

E a r ly Wü rm o rR i s s - Wü r rn ;N e ande r ta l m a t e r ia l( 1l umba rv e r teb ra ) ;g ood s t a te o fp r e se r va t ion

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; D e che le t te 1 908 ;D uf ou r 1 989 ;d eL um ley 1 97 1

S ITE

PORTEL

DEPARTE MENT

A r ieg e

S ITE T YPE

C ave

VALLEY

B an lou

COMMUNE

L ouben s

ALT ITUDE 1

4 10

ALT ITUDE 2

5 0

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s ea nd r e indee r

OTHER S PEC IES

R ed d ee r ,b ov id s ,i b ex ,r o ed e e r ,h ya ena , w o lf ,c ave b e a r ,c ave l i on ,c hamo i s , g i an td e e r( M g ) , f o x

NOTES

G ro t te O ue s t ;c a r n ivo r e >h e rb ivo r e s ; a ka :C ap d e lS au t

R EFERENCES

G a rde is en 1 994 , 1 996

7 9

A ude

VALLEY

O rb ieu

COM MUNE

R ibau te

ALT ITUDE 1 S ITE

ALDENE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

C e s s e

COM MUNE

C a s s e ra s

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

C ave b ea r

OTHER S PEC IES

H ya ena ,h o r s e ,r e indee r ,f ox ,r e dd ee r , c hamo is ,i b ex ,l y nx ,w o lf r a bb i t . B adge r ,b oa r ,l e opa rd ,m a rmo t

NOTES

' Advanced s t age o f Wü rm I 'o r Wü rm I ;s ome s t one t o o l sr e co rded ;f a una l i s t ed i no rde ro fa bundance

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

S ITE

RA MAND ILS

S ITE TYPE

O pen /Cave

VALLEY

R ieu /Med i t e r r anea n

COM MUNE

P o r t la -Nouve l le

ALT ITUDE 1

3

ALT ITUDE I ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

E a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

Mo s t e r ian f l ak ei n du s t ry (A 1) ;e a r ly Wü rm a nd R i s s - Wü rm ;a va i lab le d a te : 6 80 00 ±30 00 B P

R EFERENCES

Ambe r t 1 994

S ITE

CROUZADE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

G ou t ine ( Le R e c )

COM MUNE

G r u i s san

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

E a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e /r abb i t( 7 )

OTHER S PEC IES

A s s , i b ex ,r e inde e r ,r e dd ee r ,a u ro ch s , b oa r , w o lf

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

We s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e( 2 35 NR )

OTHER S PEC IES

Wo lf ,f o x ,c ave b ea r ,h ya ena , l y nx , l e opa rd , c ave l i on , b adge r ,r e indee r ,

G e rbe r1 973 :w o lf ( 1 ) ,c ave b ea r ( 1 ) , b rown b ea r( 1 ) ,b oa r( 1 ) ,r e indee r( 2 ) , r e dd ee r( 7 ) ,b ov id s( 6 ) ,h o r s e( 5 ) ,a s s ( 2 ) , s wan ( 1 ) ,t o r to i s e( 2 ) NOTES

3l i ne so fa sh ,r i ch f l i n ta nd f a una ; Mou s t ä r ien t y p iqu ed ed jb i tag e n on l eva l lo i s ;f a una v e ry a bund an t ; f a una = MN I ;c .9 0 00 B Pa tb a s e a tr ibu ted t of o s s i lb ea ch

R EFERENCES

B ou t ie 1 984 ; G e rb e r 1 973

S ITE

TOURNAL ( I IB )

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

C e s s e /D ouz e

COM MUNE

B iz e

r e dd e e r ,g i an td ee r( Mg ) , i b ex ,a u roch s , c hamo i s ,a s s ,r a bb i t NOTES

R EFERENCES

G a l le ry 7 5m l o ng ; L e f tb ank ; G e rb e rg i ve se l emen tc oun t s ; Mou s t e r ian =p a ra cha r en t ian ;t o o th m a rk sa r ev i s ib le o nb ea rb one s ,c u r m a rk so nr e indee r G e rbe r 1 973

S ITE

L af f ray

S ITE TYPE

C ave 8 0

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

We s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e( 499 )

OTHER S PEC IES

I b ex ( 123 ) , b ov id s( 1 59 ) ,r e indee r( 4 7 ) , b oa r( 1 1) ,r e dd e e r( 4 0 ) ,e l k( 6 ) , ( 4 ) ,c ave b e a r( 2 32 ) ,h ya ena ( 60 ) ,w o lf ( 1 3 ) ,c ave l i on 1 ) , f o x( 9 ) ,r a bb i t( 1 3 )

NOTES

E squ i l le s =4 6 4 1 ;r a bb i ta nd b ea rh un ted e xp lo i ted f o rt h e i rs k in /f u r ; l e f tb ank ;a ka G ro t t ed u Mou l in ;2 00m f r om t h eC e s se ; c l o s et ot h es o u r ce o ft h eD ouz e

REFERENCES

P a tou -Ma th i s 1 9 92 , 1 994

MISCELLANEOUS J onca s( Op en ) P l a teau d el aB a s t ide d 'An jou ( Open ) P o t te r ie s( Ca ve ) C aud io s( Op en ) R edone ( S u r f a c e ) S a in t -N a7 a i r e( Su r f a ce ) L ongue t

8 1

A vey ron

S ITE

CANALETTES

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l te r

VALLEY

D u rzon

COMMUNE

N an t

ALT ITUDE 1

6 80

ALT ITUDE 2

1 0

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th w e s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d e e r

OTHER S PEC IES

Mammo th ,r h inoc e ro s( Dh ) ,h o r s e , a u roch s ,a s s ,r o ed e e r ,i b ex ,c hamo i s , b oa r ,c ave b ea r ,b r own b ea r ,w o lf ,f o x , h ya ena , l e opa rd , l y nx ,l a gomo rph s

NOTES

l km f r om s ou r c eo fD u r zon ;C au s s ed u L ar z a cl o ca t ion ;f r e sh w a te rs ou r ce n ea rby ; m a jo r i ty l o ca lr aw m a t e r ia l

R EFERENCES

Me ignen 1 993a , 1 993b , 1 994

S ITE

P EYRE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

T hd ronde l s

CO MMUNE

C omp r egna c

ALT ITUDE 1

4 50

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

S ITE

CU IS IN IÜRE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

A vey ron

COMMUNE

V a i lhou r le s

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s ea nd h ya ena

OTHER S PEC IES

Wo lf ,f ox , l e opa rd ,b rown b ea r , m ammo th ,w oo l ly r h inoce ro s ,a s s ,b oa r , r e dd ee r ,g i an td e e r( Mg ) ,a u ro ch s ,i b ex , m a rmo t ,p o r cup ine ,h a r ep l u ss e ve ra l s ma l le rs pe c ie s

NOTES

L e f tb ank ; 1 5l a rg em amma ls p e c ie sa t P ey r eI ,> 28 s p e c ie sa tP ey re I ; 2f l i n t a r t ef a c t sf ound a tP ey r eI ; h ya ena d en s i t e( ma te rn i ty d en ) ;c a t a s t roph ic m o r ta l i ty p rof i le ,8 0% j uven i le

R EFERENCES

B ruga l 1 993 ;B r ug a le ta l . 1 997 ;V er n e t e ta l . 1 984

S ITE

RESCOUNDUDOU

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

A vey ron

CO M MUNE

C dbaza c -Concou r e s

ALT ITUDE 1

5 70

ALT ITUDE 2 ALT ITUDE 1 OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

F a l low ( 40% )

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r se ,a u roch s ,a s s ,r e dd ee r ,r h ino ce ro s , b ea r ,w o lf ,h ya ena ( ? )

NOTES

Ma in mou s t e r ian l e v e l s =l a y e rC l ( S tag e5 ao rc ) ; T yp ica l Mou s t e r ian o r F e r r a s s ie Mous t e r ian ; f a una= C ! ; C l f a una =t emp e ra te ; q ua r tz = 1 5 -20 % ;s t a lagm i te o fp l anche r Fd a t ed ( TL ) ( S tag e 5e )1 25000 -15000 B P .S i t e c on s ide red t ob e ak i l l -bu t che ry s i t e

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

B ov id s

OTHER S PEC IES

B ov id s ( N ISP > 1 0 ) ,h o r s e ( N ISP >7 )

NOTES

A ven G ro t te ; Mou s te r ian f l ake t o o ls ( L eva l lo is ) ;s i t e =al e ve l i nt h eb ed o fa n u nde rg round r i ve r ;m a te r ia lt h ough tt o d e r ive f r om a na sy e tu nknown s i t e f u r the ru p s t ream .

R EFERENCES

w he r ea l p a r t so ft h ec a r c a se a r e r e p r e s en ted ;l o ca lf l i n ts ou r ce s ,q u a r tz f r om p l a teau

C lo t t e s 1 977 R EFERENCES

8 2

G ene s te e ta l . 1 997 ; J a ube r t 1 993 ; J a ube r te ta l . 1 992 ; Me ignen a nd J a ube r t 1 984

B ouch e sd uR höne

S ITE

ADAOUSTE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

D u ra nce

CO M MUNE

J ouque s

ALT ITUDE I

4 00

ALT ITUDE 2

1 90

S ITE

LA GARDURE

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

D u ranc e

COM MUNE

P uy S a in t eR e mad e

ALT ITUDE 1

2 70

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

Wo rk shop ;l o ca lf l i n t ;l e va l lo i si n d ex = 1 2 .4 ;I Lt yr e e le l em =5 2 ,I R =5 0 ; d eb r i s( 194 ) ,f l ake s( 1 57 ) ,b l ade s( 2 0 ) , n uc le i( 2 9 ) ,p i e r ce r 1 ) ;d i s cove r ed b yJ . G au t ie ri n1 983 ;m o s to ft h em a t e r ia lh a s b een c o l lec ted f r om s u r f a ce s c a t t e r s ,i t s s t r a t ig r aphy r ema in ing u nk nown

R EFERENCES

D e f leu ra nd G au t ie r1 983 , 1 984 ; G i raud 1 985

S ITE

L ES P EYRARDS

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

Med i t e r ranean

COM MUNE

S ep teme s

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r( MN I=6 )

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r s e( MN I>=3 ) , i b ex ( 1 \ 4N 1=2 ) , c hamo i s ,r o ed e e r ,b i son ,r e inde e r ,f ox , b rown b e a r ,w i ld c a t ,l y nx ,l e opa rd , r a bb i t b i rd s ,

NOTES

Mou s t e r i an ( c ouche sF -D 1) ; a l so Magda len ian V ;v e ry l a rg es i t ea lmo s t o nt o po fp l a t eau ;> 45% o fh o r s e b one sa nd > 8% o fr e dd e e rb one ss how c u r -m a rk s ,a lmo s t 1 6% o fi b ex . C a rn ivo r e t o o th m a rk sa r ea l so s e en b u t u sua l ly o n t o po fc u t -ma rk s ;l e f tb ank

R EFERENCES

B ou rd ie r1 96 1-2 ; O no ra t in i 1 990

ALT ITUDE 1 S ITE

GRANDE B AU ME

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

H uveaune

COM MUNE

G emeno s

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES ALT ITUDE 1 NOTES

Wo rk shop s i t e ;5 93 t o o l ss t ud ied b y G i r aud ( 1 988 ) ;5 99 p i ec e sc o l le c t ed o ve r a na r ea o f5 000 m2.

R EFERENCES

D ef l eu r 1 986 ;G i raud 1 985

S ITE

N IAZET

S ITE TYPE VALLEY

S u r f a ce L a rgue

COMMUNE

S im iane

ALT ITUDE 1

5 90

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

S ou th w e s ta nd N o r th w e s t

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R EFERENCES

Mou s t e r ian ( Qu ina ? ) ;v a s tc a ve rn ,m a in c hambe r =3 00m 2;a ka .G ro t t ed e B r e tagne ; 2e n t r ance s d eL um ley 1 9 69

8 3

ALT ITUDE 2

6 00 00 B P ;l e ve l 3=Wü rm ian ; I I b= Wü rm I I I , Wü rm I l c =Wü rm I ,I I d= R i s s - Wü rm , I l e =R i s s

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 973

S ITE

TR EPER IE

S ITE TYPE

C av e

VALLEY

Med i te r ranean

CO M MUNE

C ap Mo rg iou

ALT ITUDE 1

1 5

ALT ITUDE 2

0

OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

F i na lA cheu l ian s im i la rt ot h o s es i t e si n L a rgue v a l ley ;r i gh tb ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

TONNEAU

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

T onneau /Me r lancon

CO MMUNE

L aB ou i l lad i s s e

ALT ITUDE 1

3 50

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES A LT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

NOTES

>6 00m 2. ;E n t r anc ea t1 5m i ;R i s s l e ve l sh ave y i e lded b one ;a l so R i s s Wü rm a nd e a r ly Wü rm

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 973

S ITE

V a lL avau

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

L ava u

COM MUNE

O rgnon

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

H ya ena ,h o r se ,r h inoc e ro s ,b oa r ,r e d d e e r ,b ov id s( a u roch s ) , i b ex ,f o x ,r o e d ee r ,H y s t r i xs p . ,f i sh ,b eave r ,r a bb i t , t o r to i s e

NOTES

Mou s te r ian =C ha r en t i en d e t y p e F e r ra s s i e ;r i gh tb ank ;a l so l c nown a s G ro t te d el aB ou r ine ;p o s s ib le c a rn ivo r e t o o th m a rk so n b one s ugg e s tt h a t s c aveng ing b yc a rn ivo r e so ccu r r ed a th i s s i t ea sw e l la sh uman h un t ing

R EFERENCES

G i raud 1 985 ; S e r r e 1 993 A LT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

S ITE

TRE M IÜS

S ITE TYPE

C a ve

VALLEY

Med i t e r ranean

CO MMUNE

C a s s i s

A LT ITUDE 1

1 5-17

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R igh tb ank ;s ma l ln umbe ro fa r t ef a c t s ; b l a ck f l i n t ; l i k eC oqu i l lade a nd B au d e l ' Aube s ier ,p a r to ft h eD u rance c a t chmen t

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

H o r se ,c e r v id s ,p r obo s c idean s , l a gomo rph s ,r o den t s ,b i rd s ,f i sh

S ITE

V auc la ire

B a s eo fl e ve l 1=a t -2 4m ,d a ted t o

S ITE TYPE

O pen

A LT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

NOTES

8 4

VALLEY

V auc la i r e

CO MMUNE

Mey r a rgue s

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

1 5 -2 0( ? )

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

Q ua r ry l o ca t ion ,2 1 (m s ou th o ft h e D u rance ;l e va l lo is p i ece f o und i ns i tu ; R i s s - Wü rm o re a r ly Wü rm

REFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

VEYRON

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

Med i t e r r ane a n

CO M MUNE

Ma r s e i l le

ALT ITUDE 1

20 -30

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

N oe v id ence o fm an ;c oa s ta l/ s ub m a r ine s i t e ; 2c hambe r s ;l e ve l s 1 ,2 , 3& 5a r eR i s so re a r ly Wü rm

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 97 3

MISCELLANEOUS C ap d uR ag non ( Rock she l te r ) Ma r ion n e( Cave )

8 5

D röme

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

6

OR IENTAT ION S ITE

BAS -GU ILLOTTE

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

O uvez e

CO MMUNE

B u is le s -Ba ronn ie s

ALT ITUDE 1

3 90

ALT ITUDE 2

2 5

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

Mou s te r ian ;r i gh tb a nk ;a l m a t e r ia ll o s t ; d r yv a l ley

R EFERENCES

G a l l ic ian 1 978 ; d eL um ley 1 969

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r

S ITE

MANDR IN

OTHER S PEC IES

I b ex ,a u ro ch s

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l te r

NOTES

F ound 1 9 11 ;E xcava t ed b y d eL um ley 9 56 ; i s o tope s t ag e4 ;f a una r a r e ;c ouche s 4 7a r e Wünn I ,c . 8i sR i s s - Wü r rn ; 4& 5 =Typ ica l Mou s t e r ian

VALLEY

D onz e r e

CO MMUNE

Ma la tave rne

ALT ITUDE 1

2 45

R EFERENCES

B ou rd ie r 1 96 1-2 ; d eL um ley 1 969 : S e r r e 1 993

S ITE

FOURNET

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

VALLEY

D röme

COM MUNE

S o lau r e

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

N o r th

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e

OTHER S PEC IES

A s s ,i b ex ,c hamo i s ,c e r v id s , b i son ,w o lf ,f o x ,f o x ,m a rmo t ,r a bb i t

NOTES

9 6s q .m .a r ea ;5 25 t o o l s ; 6l e ve l s ,s a nd , p ebb le s ,b loc s ;o p en e nv i ronm en t ,c o ld c l ima t e ,e spec ia l ly i nu ppe rl e ve ls ;s i t e l o ca t ed o nt h es i de o ft h eJ a sd e s C hev r e s ; D onz e r ei sat r ibu ta ry o ft h e R höne ;r aw m a te r ia lf r om 2t o1 5k m a way . Mo s ti sl o ca l ;c u t -ma rk sa nd g naw ing m a rk so nb one s , 1 7 -35% b u rned ;s i te o ve r look sR höne , p r om inen tp o s i t ion f r om w h ich t o o bs e r ve h e rd s

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

C ave b ea r

OTHER S PEC IES

R ed d ee r( a n t le rc u t )

R EFERENCES

NOTES

So fD ie ; L eva l lo i s ;L i th ic sr a r e( 1 a t yp ica l l e va l lo i sf l ak e ) ;

R EFERENCES

C omb ie r 1 956

S ITE

I NGU INT IÜRE

S ITE TYPE

O p en

VALLEY

B eauvo is in

COM MUNE

P rop r ia c

8 6

G i raud e ta l . 1 998

G a rd

S ITE

BAYOL

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

G a rdon c a tchmen t C o l l ia s

S ITE

BALAUZ IÜRE

CO M MUNE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

ALT ITUDE 1

VALLEY

G a rdon

ALT ITUDE 2

COMMUNE

V e r s

OR IENTAT ION

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

7 0

MA JOR S PEC IES 4 0

OTHER S PEC IES

B rown b ea r ,l e opa rd ,r e inde e r ,i b ex , h o r s e ,b ov id s ,c a ve b ea r , b eave r

NOTES

9 5m a bove G a rdon , 1 500m f r om t h e G a rdon

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

B ea r( 2 2 %MN I )

OTHER S PEC IES

Wü rm I a =w oo l ly r h inoc e ro s , m ammo th ,h o r se ,r e dd ee r ,a u roch s ; Wü rm I a I lb =r e dd ee r ,h o r s e ,a s s ; Wü rm l i b =r e indee r ,h o r s e ,r e dd ee r , a s s ;a l so l e opa rd Wü rm I I I I =a s s ,c ave b e a r ,r e inde e r

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; P au lu s 1 947 ; P au lu sa nd T ron 1 945

NOTES

C o l le c t ion B ayo l( N ime s ) ;b o th c u t m a rk sa nd t o o th -ma rk sa r es e en o n b one s ;l e f tb ank :Q u ina Mou s t e r ian

S ITE

BtZAL DE SOUV IGNARGUES

S ITE TYPE

C ave

B on if ay 1 960 ; B on if ay 1 97 1 ; B ou rd ie r 1 96 1 ; Me ign en 1 979 ; P au lu s 1 946 , 1 947

VALLEY

V idou r le

CO M MUNE

S ouv ig na rgue s

R EFERENCES

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 S ITE

BAU ME LONGUE

OR IENTAT ION

S ITE TYPE

C ave

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r

VALLEY

G a rdon

OTHER S PEC IES

A u roch s , h o r s e ,b ea r ,h yaena , r h inoce ro s( k )

COMMUNE

D ion s NOTES

2e n t r ance s ;T yp ica l Mou s t e r ian

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

S ITE

BONNAUD

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

G a rdon

COMMUNE

A le s

ALT ITUDE 1

1 90

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

N o r th

MA JOR S PEC IES

I b ex

OTHER S PEC IES

H ya ena ,c a v eb e a r ,c ave l i on ,l y nx ,w o lf , r e inde e r ,b r own b ea r , f a l low d ee r , c ave b ea r ,f o x ,s a iga ( ? ) a u ro ch s

NOTES

R EFERENCES

1 2s pe c ie s ;a ka .G ro t t ed eD ion s ; o ppo s i te P on td uG a rd ; Wü rm I B on if ay 1 97 1 ; d eL um ley 1 97 1 ; P au lu s 1 946 , 1 947

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION 8 7

S ou th w e s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

H ya ena

S ITE

C IGALES

OTHER S PEC IES

R oe d ee r ,r e dd e e r ,r e indee r .a u ro ch s . w o lf ,c ave l i on ,l a gomo rph s ,b e a r

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

G a rdon

NOTES

Mou s te r ian ( ? ) -h ya ena d en ?A ka . G ro t te d el ' E r rn i tage o rs t Ju l ien -de s C au s se s

CO MMUNE

N ime s

ALT ITUDE 1 R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

S ITE

BRUGAS

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

G a rdon

COM MUNE

V a l lab r ix

OTHER S PEC IES

H ya ena ,h o r se ,b ea v e r ,r a bb i t

NOTES R EFERENCES

P au lu s 1 946

S ITE

CROS DE P EYROLLES

S ITE TYPE

O p en

VALLEY

A uzon

COMMUNE

A l lege & R iv ie r e

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

N o r th e a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

n of a una

NOTES

6 90 00 ± 1 08 00 B P ,5 82 00 ±75 00 B P ,6 59 00 ±99 00 B P ,6 30 00 ±5 8 000 B P ; o r ig ina l ly p a r to f ar o ck she l t e r

R EFERENCES

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

G ene s t ee ta l . 1 997 ; Me ignen 1 98 1 ; V a l lada se ta l . 1 987

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE

CA MPEF IEL

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

G a rdon

CO MMUNE

S t eA na s ta s ie

NOTES

L oca t ed b e tween t h eC ez ea nd G a rdon r i ve r s ;r i g h tb ank ;3 1 an f r om c onf luence ; F i na lA cheu l ian a nd Mou s te r ian ( Typ ica la nd l e va l lo i s ian )

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

S ITE

DOL INE DE MACASSARGUES

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

N o r th

S ITE TYPE

A ven

MA JOR S PEC IES

L ynx ( MN I> 17 )

VALLEY

G a rdon

OTHER S PEC IES

H ya ena ,c ave b ea r ,w o lf , h a r e ,f o x( ? ) , b adge r ,r o ed ee r ,i b ex

COMMUNE

Mon tm i ra t

NOTES

7s p . ;a ka .C ampv ie l ;r i gh tb ank : > 1800m 2

ALT ITUDE 2

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; P au lu s 1 946 , 1 947

OR IENTAT ION

ALT ITUDE 1

R EFERENCES

MA JOR S PEC IES 8 8

OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R EFERENCES

S ma l ld o l ina i nu r gon ian l i me s tone b ed rock ;c .1 00m f r om V e r r e r ie ;b one b r ec c ia a nd as ma l ln umbe ro f m ou s te r ian s t one t o o l s( 6 )

NOTES

S eve ra lh ea r th s( 1 5 ) ;T yp ica l Mou s te r ian ;s i t ec ove r s 1 5h e c ta r e s ; w o rk shop s i t e

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

S ITE

I OTON

S ITE TYPE

A tc l if f oo t

VALLEY

d r y

COM MUNE

B eauca i re

d eL um ley 1 97 1

S ITE

E SQU ICHO -GF tAPAOU

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

G a rdon

COMMUNE

S t e .A na s ta s ie

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

4 5

OR IENTAT ION

We s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e

OTHER S PEC IES

A u roch s , r e dd e e r

NOTES

R aw m a te r ia lo n ly m e t re sa way ;e x cav 'n e nded 1 977 ' e np i ed d er oche d el o ton ' ; Q u ina Mou s t e r ian ;e xcava ted a r e a5 0m2; p o l len = s t eppe , AP=9 .6%

R EFERENCES

G ene s t ee ta l . 1 997 ; d eL um ley 1 9 7 1

S ITE

J EAN THO MAS

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

G a rdon

CO MMUNE

V auve r t

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

1 2

OR IENTAT ION

N o r th w e s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

R e inde e r

OTHER S PEC IES

Wo lf ( 9 ) ,h o r s e( a bund . ) ,a u ro ch s( 8 ) , ( r a r e ) ,r e dd e e r( r a r e )( 2 ) ,i b ex ( v .r a r e ) , l y nx

NOTES

Mou s t e r ian h e a r th s -BR 3 ,b r e cc ia ; BR2 =Q u ina Mou s t e r ian ( c o ld f a una ) ;a l so U ppe rP a la eo l i th ic l e ve l s ; BR3 S L2a & BR3 S Lb =Wü rm I( 1 s th a l f ) ; CC2 = Wü rm I-I I ;S LC ia =3 1850± 1700 B P ( MC I1 8 1) ,3 1850± 1300 B P( MC 1273 ) ; s o !d 'hab i ta t ;B one sb r oken f o rm a r row ; h ya ena a c t iv i ty a l so i d en t if ied ;l e f tb ank ; t e r ra c ed om ina t e sv a l ley f l oo r -g ood l o ca t ion

R EFERENCES

H ugue sa nd G ag n ie r e 1 926 -7 ; Me ig nen 1 979 ; R oud i l 1 976 , 1 978

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

S ITE

FO ISSAGUET

MA JOR S PEC IES

S ITE TYPE

O pen

OTHER S PEC IES

VALLEY

F o i s s ague t

NOTES

P ebb le t o o l s . R ich i nd en t icu la t e s ; a r tef a c t sf ound i n a1 . 20m t h ick d epo s it

COM MUNE

C o l lo rgue s &A ubu s sa rgue s R EFERENCES

Me ig nen 1 979

S ITE

LA CAL METTE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

8 9

VALLEY

G ou ta jon

ALT ITUDE 1

1 30

CO MMUNE

D ion s

ALT ITUDE 2

1 00

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th w e s t

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

1 0

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

OTHER S PEC IES

A s s ,b ov id s ,h ya ena ,i b ex

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r

NOTES

OTHER S PEC IES

B ov id s ,h o r s e , Mega ce ro s ,f a l low ,b oa r , c ave l i on ,h ya en a ,b r own b ea r ,c ave b ea r

T he e a r ly a u r igna c ian a s semb lag ef r om l e ve l 2m ay b eb r o ad ly c on tempo ra ry w i th s ome o ft h el a t em ou s te r ian a s s emb lage sa to t h e rs i t e si nt h ea r ea

NOTES

G ou ta jon -a f f luen to fG a rdon ;u s ua l ly d r yv a l ley ;h ya ena r a r eb u tm o r e a bundan tt h an o t he rs i t e si nv a l ley ;r e d d e e rd om ina t e sb u tf a l low d ee ra nd h o r s ea r ea l so i mpo r tan t

R EFERENCES

B az i le e ta l . 1 98 1

R EFERENCES

G e rbe r 1 973 ; Me ignen 1 979 ;P au lu s 1 946a , 1 946b

S ITE

L ES CHARLOTS

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

G a rdon

S ITE

LA TERRASSE Ä A IGUÜZE

CO M MUNE

S a in t eA na s ta s ie

S ITE TYPE

A ven

ALT ITUDE 1

1 000

VALLEY

A rde che

ALT ITUDE 2

5 0

COM MUNE

A iguez e

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t

ALT ITUDE 1

2 85

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e

ALT ITUDE 2

2 5 -6 5

OTHER S PEC IES

OR IENTAT ION

E a s t

NOTES

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d e e r( 3 MN I )

OTHER S PEC IES

L ynx ( 1 ) ,c ave b ea r( 1 ) ,w oo l ly r h inoce ro s( 1 ) ,h o r s e( Equu sc f . g e rman icu s? )( 1 ) ,i b ex ( 1 ) ,b i son ( 1 )

S i t ea tc l if f oo t ;s t on et o o l sa r es ma l l ; f a una p oo r ;o nt h eb a s is o fl i t h ic s im i la r i t ie s Me ig nan ( 1 979 )h a s s ugge s ted t h a tt h eo c cupan t so ft h i ss i t e w e r et h es ame a s ,o rp a r to ft h es am e l a rg e rg roup a s ,t h o s ea tl o ton ; Wü rm I b ;C ha ren t ian

NOTES

R igh tb ank ;t h ef l oo ro ft h i ss i t el i e s2 5 t o6 5 mb e low r i ve rl e ve l ;t h i sf a una l a s semb lag er e p re s en t s an a tu ra ld epo s i t ( b ea rs i t eo rd ue t og r av i ty / in -wa sh ? ) ; r e la t ive c on tempo r ane i ty o fm a t e r ia l h a s

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1 ; M e ig nen 1 979

n o tb een a s ce r ta ined : Wü r rn 1 Is l op e d epo s i t

S ITE

MACASSARGUES ( GRAND GROTTE DE M ...)

R EFERENCES

C omb ie r 1 967 ;C r egu t -Bonnou r ea nd G ue r in 1 979 -8 1

S ITE TYPE

C av e

VALLEY

G a rdon

CO MMUNE

Mon tm i ra t

S ITE

LAOUZA

ALT ITUDE 1

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l t e r

ALT ITUDE 2

VALLEY

G a rdon

OR IENTAT ION

CO MMUNE

S an i l h a c -Sag r ie s

MA JOR S PEC IES 9 0

E a s t?

OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

c . 10m e a s to fV e r r e r ie ;e xcava ted s po rad ica l ly b e twe en 1 9 14 a nd 1 945

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

S ITE

P ÄQUES

S ITE TYPE

C av e

VALLEY

G a rdon

COM MUNE

C o l l ia s

ALT ITUDE 1

S ITE

MIALET

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

G a rdon d eM ia le t

COMMUNE

M ia le t

ALT ITUDE 2

4 . 27

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

B rown b ea r ,w o lf , i b ex ,c hamo i s ,r e d d ee r ,r o ed ee r ,b ov id s ,h o r se ,b oa r , b eave r ,r e indee r

NOTES

2 6 .6m f r om w a t e r ;

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; P au lu s 1 947a , 1 947b ; P au lu sa nd .I ron 1 945

S ITE

POUDRES

S ITE TYPE

C ave

ALT ITUDE 1 A LT ITUDE 2

2 0

OR IENTAT ION

We s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

C ave b e a r

OTHER S PEC IES

L eopa rd ,h ya ena , c ave l i on , l y nx ,h o r se , i b ex ,r e dd ee r ,a u ro ch s ,b oa r

NOTES

G ood f a una lp r e s e r va t ion ;a ka .G ro t te d u F o r t

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; B ou rd ie r1 96 1 ;C r igu t B onnou r e 1 988 ; d eL um ley 1 97 1 ; P au lu s 1 946 , 1 947

VALLEY COMMUNE ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

S ITE

N ICOLAS

OR IENTAT ION

S ITE TYPE

C ave

MA JOR S PEC IES

VALLEY

G a rdon

OTHER S PEC IES

COMMUNE

S a in t eA na s ta s ie

H ya ena ,c ave b e a r ,c av el i on , h o r s e , a u roch s ,r h inoc e ro s

NOTES ALT ITUDE 1 A LT ITUDE 2

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; P au lu s 1 946 , 1 947

S ITE

ROQUETTE I

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

V idou r le

COMMUNE

C onquey ra c

5

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R EFERENCES

L ef tb ank ;2 00m u ps t r eam f r om E s qu icho -G r apaou ; 2g a l le r ie s ; C ha r en t ian ( Qu i n a ) d eL um ley 1 97 1

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

9 1

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

B ea r( 1 00% )

Ma c a s sa rgue s ;p o s s ib ly Wü rm I ;T yp ica l Mou s te r ian

OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

L oca ted af ew m e t r e sf r om L aR oque t te I ;n oa r cha eo log ica lm a te r ia l

R EFERENCES

G e rbe r 1 973 ; Me ignen a nd C ou la rou 1 98 1

R EFERENCES

B a z i le a nd Me ignen 1 974 ; Me ignen 1 979

S ITE

S ALPÜTRE -DE -POMP IGNAN

S ITE TYPE

C a ve

S ITE

ROQUETTE I

VALLEY

G rou s sane

S ITE TYPE

C ave

CO MMUNE

P omp igna n

VALLEY

V idou r le

A LT ITUDE 1

3 80

COM MUNE

C onquey ra c

ALT ITUDE 2

ALT ITUDE 1

OR IENTAT ION

ALT ITUDE 2

MA JOR S PEC IES

I b ex

OTHER S PEC IES

C hamo i s ,h o rse ,r e dd e e r ,r e inde e r ,

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e

OTHER S PEC IES

B ov id s ,r e dd e e r ,f o x ,c ave b ea r , l a gomo rph s ,r o den t s G e rbe r( 1 973 ) ;h ya ena ,r e dd ee r ,r a bb i t , a r e ,a u ro ch s

NOTES

1 60m 2;1 0k mf r om H o r tu s ;B i rd s ;c .3 0 k m No f Mon tpe l l ie r ;s ma l lv a l ley ; 1 0 l e v e l sc . 1 0 -7=Wü rm I ,c .3= 2 85 00± 1 0 00 B P ;C . 2=Magda len ian .

NOTES

F o r e s tp ha se ;Q u ina Mou s te r ian ; l e f t b ank ; f a un a s c ouche sI l( o f II V )5 40 00±5 7 00 B P ; 6 1 4 001 -6 0 00 B P ;2 0m 2;p e r ched h i gh a bove t h er i ve r ; s ome b one sf o und i na r t icu la t ion

R EFERENCES

Me ignen 1 979 ; V i le t t ee ta l . 1 983

R EFERENCES

G ene s t ee ta l . 1 997 ; G e rb e r 1 973 ; Me ignen 1 979 ; Me ignen a nd C ou la rou

S ITE

S ALPETR IÜRE

1 98 1

S ITE TYPE

R o ck she l te r

VALLEY

G a rdon

b ov id s ,r o ed ee r ,b r own b ea r ,c av eb ea r , f o x ,l y nx ,l e opa rd ,w o lf ,b i rd s

CO MMUNE S ITE

ROUZ IGANET

ALT ITUDE 1

S ITE TYPE

O pen

ALT ITUDE 2

1 2

VALLEY

G a rdon

OR IENTAT ION

N o r th n o r th w es t

COM MUNE

S t -H ippo ly te -d e -Mon ta igu

MA JOR S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 1

OTHER S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 2

NOTES

R igh tb ank ;f i r s tp a la eo l i th ic s i t et ob er e co rded i nt h eG a rd ;

OR IENTAT ION R EFERENCES MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

L i th ic s> 700 ,o fw h ich 1 27 a r e r e cogn is ab le t o o l s ;l e va l lo is m ou s te r ian , r i ch i nd en t icu la te s ;i n du s t ry s im i la rt o 9 2

P au lu s 1 947 ; R avoux 1 966

S ITE

S ARTANETTE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

NOTES

2e n t rance s ; l e f tb ank ; Mou s te r ian

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

S ITE

S A INTE ANASTAS IE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

G a rdon

CO MMUNE

S t eA na s ta s ie

VALLEY COMMUNE

S t eA na s ta s ie

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

H ya ena ,l y nx ,h o r se ,b ov i c i s ,r e dd e e r , c ave l i on , b r ow nb ea r ,c ave b ea r

ALT ITUDE 1

NOTES

D e s c r ibed a s' Wü rm A n c ien ' .

ALT ITUDE 2

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; P au lu s 1 946

OR IENTAT ION

S ITE

S T PR IVAT

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l t e r

VALLEY

G a rdon

CO MMUNE

V e r s

MA JOR S PEC IES

R e indee r

OTHER S PEC IES

Wo lf , l y nx ,h o r s e ,r e dd ee r ,e l k ,i b ex , b ov id s

NOTES R EFERENCES

H ugue se ta l .n d

S ITE

VALLAT DES MARCHANDS

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

G a rdon

COM MUNE

V auve r t

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

4 0

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES ALT ITUDE 1 NOTES ALT ITUDE 2 R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE

S AINT VEREDÜ ME

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

G a rdon

CO MMUNE

S an i lha c

NOTES

A bundan ts t one t o o li n du s t ry w i th al ow l e va l lo i si n dex ;n a tu ra l ly b a ck ed k n ive s a r ea bundan t .C hopp ing t o o l s .

R EFERENCES

Me ignen 1 979

S ITE

VER F IER IE Ä MACASSARGUES ,

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

G a rdon /V idou r le s

ALT ITUDE 1 A LT ITUDE 2

3 0

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th w e s t

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

9 3

COM MUNE

Ma ca s s a rgue s -Mon tm i ra t

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

E as t

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r se

OTHER S PEC IES

R ed d e e r( 2 ) ,h ya ena ( 3 ) ,w o lf ( 4 ) , a u ro ch s( 5 ) ,l y nx ( 6 ) ,c ave l i on ,l e opa rd , r o ed e e r ,i b ex .r a bb i t , b i rd s( 2s p . ) , t o r to ise

NOTES

1o fs e ve ra lg r o t t e s ; 3m ou s t e r ian h ea r th s . ;y oung h uman m o la r ; 1 2km f r om G a rdon ;c ouche 5

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; H ugue se ta l . 1 95 1 ; Me ignan 1 979

MISCELLANEOUS

B e lvez e t( Op en ) F on ta re che ( Open ) L a sB ou rgue t( Open ) L e sC ha ta ign ie r s( Open ) Mou l in d eC ave i ra c( Open ) P a r igna rgue s( Open )

P i c Mon ta igu ( Open ) L a Moned ie r e L eR ouqu i s( Open ) Ma rue jo l s( Op en ) Mou l in d eL au t ie r( Open )

9 4

H au t eG a ronne

S ITE

ABE ILLES

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

S eygouade

COM MUNE

Mon tmau r in

A LT ITUDE 1

3 20

ALT ITUDE 2

1 0

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th w e s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

S ITE

MAUF tAN

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

G a ronne

CO MMUNE

Mau r an

ALT ITUDE 1

2 75

ALT ITUDE 2

2 5

OR IENTAT ION

N o r th

MA JOR S PEC IES

B i son

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r se ,r e dd ee r ,b e a r

NOTES

S i t es i z ee s t ima t ed t ob ec .1 000 s q .m . ; e x cava t ed a r ea =25 s q .m .

R EFERENCES

F a r izy e ta l . 1 994

S ITE

N ICHE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

S eygouad e

CO M MUNE

Mon tmau r in

OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R EFERENCES

2 0ml o ng ;n o r th b ank o fr i v e r ; m ous t e r ian a nd a u r ig na c ian ;a l so l a t e r ;a t e n t ranc eo fg o rg e s ,p r om inen t p o s i t ion G i ra rd a nd R enau l t -M i skov sky 1 997

ALT ITUDE 1 S ITE

COUPE GORGE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

S eygouade ,a f luen to ft h eS ave

CO MMUNE

Mon tmau r in

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d e e r

OTHER S PEC IES

Wo lf ,f o x ,c ave b ea r ,c ave l i on ,l e opa rd , w i ld c a t ,r h ino c e ro s , h o r s e ,r o ed ee r , b i son ,a u roch s ,b adge r ,c ave l i on , c hamo is ,r e indee r( R is sI I? )

NOTES

P o l len i n d ica t e sf i na lR is s&R i s s Wü r rn ;g ood f a una l p re se r va t ion

R EFERENCES

T ava so e ta l . 1 990

A LT ITUDE 1 A LT ITUDE 2

2 5

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

C ave b e a r( Ud )( 4 1 .25% )

OTHER S PEC IES

C ave l i on ( 1 .25 ) , l e opa rd ( 1 .25 ) ,w o lf ( 2 .5 ) ,f o x( 6 .25 ,r e dd e e r( 1 3 .75 ) ,r o e d ee r( 6 .25 ) ,t h a r( 1 .25 ) ,b i son ( 1 .25 ) , a u roch s( 6 .25 ) ,h o r se ( 1 6 .25 ) ,A s s ( 1 .25 ) .( +1 40 u n iden t if iab le f r ag t s )

NOTES

L eve l 3=A cheu l ian -Mou s te r ian t r an s i t ion .( = n iv .3 z ,3 y ,3 x ,3 w , P S ,3 u , 3 t ,3 s ,P S? 3 r ) ;q ua r ry ;F auna = l e ve l3 , %N ISP ;d i s cove r ed 1 945

R EFERENCES

B i l ly 1 982 ; G uade l l i 1 990

9 5

H au te sP y r& ide s

ALT ITUDE 1

5 80

A LT ITUDE 2

2 7

OR IENTAT ION

We s t

S ITE

BOUHADtRE

MA JOR S PEC IES

C a rn ivo re s

S ITE TYPE

C ave

OTHER S PEC IES

VALLEY

P au

COM MUNE

S tp ed eB igo r r e

( Ea r ly Wü rm 1 ) :R h inoce ro s ,a u roch s , h o r s e , b oa r ,r e inde e r , r e dd ee r , g i an t d e e r( Mg ) , i b ex ,c h amo i s ,c av eb ea r , w o lf ,f o x ,h ya ena ,w i ld c a t ,c ave l i on ,m a rmo t . ( 1 6s p . ) Wü rm I= h ya ena ,f o x , Mu s t e la s p .

NOTES

F ound b yq ua r ry ing

R EFERENCES

C lo t 1 973 ; C lo ta nd D u r an thon 1 990

ALT ITUDE I ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

H ya ena

OTHER S PEC IES

C ave b ea r ,f o x ,w o lf ,r h ino ce ro s( N ISP = 1t o o th )

NOTES

A ka P u i t sa ux O u r s

R EFERENCES

C lo ta nd D u ran thon 1 990 .

S ITE

CAP DE LA B IELLE

S ITE TYPE

C a ve

VALLEY

N e s t e

COMMUNE

N e s t ie r

ALT ITUDE 1

5 25

ALT ITUDE 2

6 2

OR IENTAT ION

N o r th e a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r

OTHER S PEC IES

Mammo th ,w .r h ino ,b oa r ,r e indee r ,r o e d ee r ,b i son ,i b ex ,c hamo i s ,h ya ena ,c ave l i on ,w o lf ,f o x ,c ave b ea r( Ud ) , b adg e r ,w e a s e l ,r a bb i t ,h a r e

NOTES

F i na lA cheu l ian ,w i th L eva l lo i s .C .7

R EFERENCES

C lo ta nd Ma r san 1 986

S ITE

CARR IÜRE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

A dou r

COMMUNE

G e rde 9 6

H&au l t

CO MMUNE

Mon tpe l l ie r

ALT ITUDE 1

5 0

ALT ITUDE 2

3 0

OR IENTAT ION S ITE

ANTONÜGUE

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l t e r

VALLEY

G r ande G az e l le

CO MMUNE

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r

OTHER S PEC IES

B ea r ,w o lf ,h ya ena ,r h ino c e ro s ,h o r s e ( c o -dom inan t? ) ,r a bb i t ,b eave r

Mon tbaz in

NOTES

Wa s ac ave ,n ow o pen ;r i gh tb ank

ALT ITUDE 1

2 20

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 976

ALT ITUDE 2

2 0

OR IENTAT ION

E a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e( 2 8 =N ISP )

S ITE

CASTELBON

OTHER S PEC IES

R e indee r( 9 ) ,r e dd e e r( 5 ) ,a s s( 2 ) ,i b ex , r h inoc e ro s

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

VALLEY

A rda i l lon

NOTES

B auma s se ;l e f tb ank ; 1 00 s q .m . ; l i t h ic s =Mou s t ä r i en t y p ique ; 31 k m f r om H o r tu s ;s t one t o o la s s emb lag e p l a ce st h i ss i t ei nt h e' Ho r tu sC omp lex ' a sd ef ined b yd eL um ley

CO MMUNE

B ou jan su r -L ib ron

ALT ITUDE 1

5 8

ALT ITUDE 2

1 2

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 979 ; G e rbe r 1 973 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE

AURE ILLE

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

Q uar an t e

COMMUNE

C ape s tang

ALT ITUDE 1

2 5

ALT ITUDE 2

1 5

NOTES

T r ibu ta ry v a l ley

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

S ITE

CAYLA

S ITE TYPE

C av e

VALLEY

L ama Ion

COM MUNE

S t Ma r t in d eL ond r e s

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES ALT ITUDE 1 NOTES

L e f tB ank ; 1h e c ta r e

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

ALT ITUDE 2

5 1

OR IENTAT ION

S ITE

BOURGADE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

L ez 9 7

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e

OTHER S PEC IES

C av eb ea r

NOTES

C ha r en t i en a t yp iqu e ;w eak l e va l lo i s e l emen t ;l e f tb ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1 , 1 976

S ITE

CO MBE DE ROQUEVERTE

NOTES

L ef tb ank

S ITE T YPE

O pen

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

VALLEY

L ib ron

COM MUNE

B ou jan su r -L ib ron

ALT ITUDE 1

6 8

S ITE

FREN ILLOT

ALT ITUDE 2

2 0

S ITE TYPE

O pen

OR IENTAT ION

VALLEY

L ez

MA JOR S PEC IES

COMMUNE

Mon tpe l l ie r

OTHER S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 1

3 5 -4 0 1 5

NOTES

L ef tb ank

ALT ITUDE 2

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE

CO MPAR IÜS

NOTES

L e f tb ank ; Mou s te r ian

S ITE TYPE

O pen

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

VALLEY

L ib ron

COM MUNE

B dz ie r s

ALT ITUDE 1

8 8

S ITE

FURT INS

ALT ITUDE 2

4 0

S ITE TYPE

O pen

OR IENTAT ION

VALLEY

L ez

MA JOR S PEC IES

COMMUNE

Mon tpe l l ie r

OTHER S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 1

NOTES

R igh tb ank

ALT ITUDE 2

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE

FABRET CO MBE

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

VALLEY

L ib ron

CO MMUNE

B ou jan su r -L ib ron

ALT ITUDE 1

4 5

ALT ITUDE 2

5

C ave l i on ,r e dd ee r ,r o ed ee r , h o r s e , e l ephan t

NOTES R EFERENCES

B ou rd ie r 1 96 1-2

S ITE

GARD IES

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

VALLEY

B r e s ta lon

COM MUNE

C o rconne

ALT ITUDE 1

1 30

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES 9 8

ALT ITUDE 2

4 0

S ITE

LA S A IGNASSE

OR IENTAT ION

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

MA JOR S PEC IES

VALLEY

L ib ron

OTHER S PEC IES

COMMUNE

B ou jan su r -L ib ron

NOTES

L ef tb ank ;t r i bu t a ry o fV idou r le

ALT ITUDE 1

5

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

ALT ITUDE 2

1 5

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES S ITE

GRAND MUSCAT

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

L a i r e

CO MMUNE

L i eu r an le s -B ez ie r s

ALT ITUDE 1

7 5

ALT ITUDE 2

3 0

OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

S ou th b ank ( r igh tb ank )

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

S ITE

LE P ECH

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

L ib ron

COM MUNE

B ou jan su r -L ib ron

ALT ITUDE 1

7 0

ALT ITUDE 2

3 0

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

N o r th b ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES S ITE

HORTUS

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

T e r r ieu

CO MMUNE

V a l f laun e s

ALT ITUDE 1

4 00

ALT ITUDE 2

2 70

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

I b ex

OTHER S PEC IES

Wo lf ,l y nx ,l e opa rd , b ov id s ,h o r s e ,a s s , r h ino c e ro s , c ave b ea r , f o x , r e inde e r , r e dd e e r ,r o ed e e r

OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

NOTES

O n ly s ma l lp a r to fs i t ee xcava t ed ;i b ex c ommon ly e xc eed s9 0% N ISP a nd i st h e o n ly s p ec ie sp r e s en ti ns ome l a y e r s ;r e d d ee ri ss im i l a r ly i mpo r tan ti n as ma l l n umb e ro fl e ve l s

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

S ITE

LES CRESSES

S ITE TYPE

O p en

VALLEY

L ib ron

COM MUNE

B ou jan su r -L ib ron

ALT ITUDE 1

6 5

ALT ITUDE 2

1 5

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 972 ; P i l la rd 1 972 OTHER S PEC IES

9 9

NOTES R EFERENCES

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE

MONEST IER

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a c e

VALLEY

L ib ron

COM MUNE

B ou jan su r -L ib ron

ALT ITUDE 1

9 2

ALT ITUDE 2

4 0

NOTES

T r ibu ta ry o fL i b ron ;r i gh tb ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

S ITE

QUARANTE

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

VALLEY

L ez

CO MMUNE

S a in t -C lemen t

ALT ITUDE 1

9 0

ALT ITUDE 2

4 0

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R igh tb ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES S ITE

P LATEAU DE ROUCH

S ITE TYPE

S u r f ac e

VALLEY

L ib ron

CO MMUNE

L i eu r an le s -Bez ie r s

ALT ITUDE I

1 05

A LT ITUDE 2

6 5

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

S ITE

R IBAULT CAF tMELLE

S I TE TYPE

S u r f a ce

VALLEY

L ib ron

CO M MUNE

L i eu r an le s -Bez ie r s

ALT ITUDE 1

5 8

ALT ITUDE 2

1 0

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES OR IENTAT ION NOTES

R igh tb ank ,n o r th b ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

MA JOR S PEC IES OT I EER S PEC IES NOTES

R igh tb ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

S ITE

POUDEROUSSES

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

L a i r e

CO MMUNE

L i eu r an le s -Bez ie r s

S ITE

ROTHSCH ILD

ALT ITUDE 1

7 5

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l t e r

ALT ITUDE 2

3 0

VALLEY 1 00

CO MMUNE

C ab r ie r e s

R EFERENCES

B a rba za a nd Me ig nen 1 979

S ITE

SORB IER

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a c e

VALLEY

L ib ron

COMMUNE

B ou jan su r -L ib ron

ALT ITUDE 1

5 3

ALT ITUDE 2

8

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R EFERENCES

L a t e Mou s te r ian ;2 50 f l ak e s ;a l so A u r ignac ian ;f l i n t ,l y d ian ,q ua r tz i t e , b a sa l t Ambe r t 1 994 , R oud i l 1 982

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES S ITE

RU ISSEAU DE L 'A IRE

OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE TYPE

O pen

NOTES

VALLEY

L ib ron

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

CO MMUNE

L i eu r an le s -Bez ie r s

ALT ITUDE 1

5 8 S ITE

TOURASSE

ALT ITUDE 2

1 2 S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

Q ua r an te

CO M MUNE

C ape s tang a nd Mon t e l s

ALT ITUDE 1

2 2

ALT ITUDE 2

1 2

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R igh tb ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

S ITE

S AINT -PAUL -ET -VAL MALLE

OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE TYPE

O p en

NOTES

Q ua r an t eb a s in

VALLEY

C ou l azon

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

COMMUNE

S a in t -Pau l e t -Va lma l le

S ITE

V IGNE MADA ME

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

VALLEY

L ib ron

CO MMUNE

B ou jan su r -L ib ron

ALT ITUDE 1

5 5

ALT ITUDE 2

1 5

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

F l in ta sm a jo rr aw m a te r ia l ;r i gh tb ank ; s ome f l i n t sb u rned ( ? ) ;C ha r en t ian Mou s t e r ia n -s ugge s t ion o fs p e c ia l is ed a c t iv i ty t oe xp la in d if e r ence sb e twe en t h i sa nd o t he rr e g iona la s semb lage s

OR IENTAT ION

1 0 1

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

S ou th /r i gh tb ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1 , 1 89

M ISCELLANEOUS C avan i s B aume d eM on tp ey roux ( Cave ) C ave C oop e r a t ive d eC ab r ie r e s

1 02

S ITE

L igu r ia

CAS INO

S ITE TYPE

S ITE

BARMA D I BAOUSSO DA TORRE

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l te r

VALLEY

Med i t e r r anean

CO MMUNE

G r ima ld i

ALT ITUDE 1

7 . 2

ALT ITUDE 2

VALLEY

Med i te r r ane an

CO MMUNE

G r ima ld i

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r

OTHER S PEC IES 7 . 2

Wü rm I :A u roch s ,r h inoc e ro s( Dm ) , b oa r ,c av eb ea r ,r a bb i t ,i b ex

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

Wü rm I :i b ex , m a rmo ta dded

MA JOR S PEC IES

A u ro ch s( f oy e rE )

NOTES

T yp ica lm ou s t e r ian

OTHER S PEC IES

R h inoce ro s( Dm ) ,h i ppopo tamu s ,r e d d ee r ,l e opa rd ,r a bb i t ,m a rmo t ,r e indee r

R EFERENCES

V ic ino 1 976

NOTES

A ka : B au su d aT u r e ,B a rma d e l la C iappa d iP on t ea le T avo le ;s i t e d e s t royed b yq ua r ry ing ; Wü rm I& I S ITE

CAVERNA DELLE FATE

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969 S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

P onc i

COM MUNE

Man ie

ALT ITUDE 1

2 80

S ITE

BARMA GRANDE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

Med i t e r r anean

COMMUNE

G r ima ld i

ALT ITUDE 1

7 . 7

ALT ITUDE 2

7 . 7

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee ra nd a u roch s

OTHER S PEC IES

R h inoc e ro s( Dm ) , h i ppop tamu s ,r a bb i t , l e opa rd ,c a ve l i on ,h ya ena ,f ox ,h o r se , r o ed ee r ,i b ex ,h a r e ,m a rmo t

NOTES

1 82m 2;a ka :G r ande G ro t t e ; l i t h ic a s semb lage s im i la rt o Madonna d e l l 'A rma a nd C ave rna d e l le F a t e ; T yp ica l Mou s te r ian ;h ea r th si n A -E ; Wü rm I= 1 8 , Wü rm I=9 13 ;s t ag e4

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969 : d eV i l leneuve 1 906 ; V ic ino 1 976 ;Y amada 1 997

A LT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

S ou th w e s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d e e r

OTHER S PEC IES

H ya ena ,c ave b ea r ,l e opa rd ,c ave l i on , f o x ,w o lf , w e a s e l ,r h inoce ro s( Dm ) , m a r t en . ,a u roch s ,w i ld c a t ,r o ed ee r ,i b ex , h o r s e ,b oa r ,r a bb i t

NOTES

L ef tb ank ;a va i lab le d a te si n c lude : 2 3 IP a /235U= 7 50 00 + 2 1 ( 3 ° 4 3 / . 1 4m oB P , 2 30Th /234U=82 0 00 ±3 6G 3 0 _ 2 5o w B P , E SR= e chan t i l lon F-8 5 -2 : 4 00 00 ± 1 20 00 B P , e chan t i l lon F-8 5 -9 : 7 80 00 ± 1 30 00 B P , e chan t i l lon F-8 5 10 : 7 80 00 ± 1 30 00 B P ; h uman r ema in s ;r aw m a t e r ia l= qua r tz i t e , q ua r tz ,f l i n t ,r e da nd y e l low j a sp e r ;a ka G ro t t ed e sF ee s , Anna d eF a je , A nna d oZ embo ;T yp ica l Mou s te r ian

R EFERENCES

1 03

G ia cob in i ,G .e ta l . 1 982 ; d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

CAV ILLON

VALLEY

Med i te r rane an

S ITE TYPE

C ave

COM MUNE

G r ima ld i

VALLEY

Med i te r r anean

ALT ITUDE 1

1 6

COM MUNE

G r ima ld i

ALT ITUDE 2

ALT ITUDE 1

1 6

OR IENTAT ION

ALT ITUDE 2

1 6

MA JOR S PEC IES

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

OTHER S PEC IES

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee ra nd I b ex

NOTES

OTHER S PEC IES

R h inoc e ro s( Dm ) , e l ephan t ,f o x ,b oa r . h o r s e ,w o lf ,a u roch s ,r o ed ee r ,h a r e . m a rmo t

P a r to ft h eB a ou s s e -Rou s se c l if s i t e c omp lex ,i mm ed ia t e ly w e s to ft h e G ro t t ed e sE nf an t s ; Mou s te r ian

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

ENFANTS

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

Med i te r ranean

CO M MUNE

G r ima ld i

ALT ITUDE 1

1 7 .3

ALT ITUDE 2

1 7 .3

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

NOTES

R EFERENCES

1 7 1m 2. ;T yp ica l Mou s te r ian ; Wü rm I ; 3h ea r th s( I ,1 ,1 1 1 ) I :E l ephan t r h inoc e ro s( D in ) ,h o r se ,r e d d ee r ,f a l low d e e r ,b ov id s ,c a ve b ea r , r a bb i t I :E l ephan t , r h inoce ro s( Dm ) ,h o r se , f a l low d e e r ,i b ex ,b ov id s ,h ya ena ,r a bb i t I I :R h inoce ro s( Dm ) , , h o r se ,r e dd ee r , b ov id s d eL um ley 1 969 ; V ic ino a nd d eL um ley 1 976

S ou th

S ITE

COLO MBO

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

V a ra t e l la

COMMUNE

T o i rano

ALT ITUDE 1

2 48

NOTES

1 5s p ec ie s ; 1 26 m2;6mou s te r ian l e ve l s ;s t one t o o la s s emb lag ep oo r ,o f q ua r tz i te a nd f l i n t

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th w e s t

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969 ; V ic ino a nd d eL um ley 1 976

MA JOR S PEC IES

I b ex

OTHER S PEC IES

Ma rmo t ,b eave r ,c ave b ea r ,h a r e ,r e d d ee r ,b i rd s

NOTES

C ouche s3 10 a r e Wü rm I( l a= I 0 6 , l b=5 -3 ) ;a l ter na t iv e : R i s s - Wü rm ; C ha r en t ian

S ITE

GERBA I

B a i s sa se ta t . 1 986 ;d eL um ley 1 969

VALLEY

Med i te r ranean

CO MMUNE

G r ima ld i

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 2

R EFERENCES

R h inoce ro s( Dm ) , h o r se ,b oa r ,r e d d ee r ,r o ed ee r ,w o lf ,b r own b ea r ,c av e b ea r ,h ya ena ,c a ve l i on , l e opa rd , l y nx , f a l low d ee r , i b ex ,b ov id s

S ITE TYPE

ALT ITUDE 1 S ITE

CONSTANT IN I

ALT ITUDE 2

S ITE TYPE

C ave

OR IENTAT ION 1 04

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

Wo lf , h ya ena ,f o x ,f e l id s ,b ea r , r h inoce ro s ,b oa r ,h o r s e ,a u roch s , r e d d e e r ,r o ed ee r ,i b ex ,b i rd s

NOTES R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

MOCH I

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l te r

VALLEY

Med i te r ranean

CO MMUNE

G r ima ld i

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 S ITE

LA MAN IE

OR IENTAT ION

S ITE TYPE

C ave

MA JOR S PEC IES

VALLEY COMMUNE

Man ie

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r s e ,i b ex ,m a rmo t

NOTES

S i t ea tf o o to fc l if : i mou s t e r i en t y p ique r i che e nr ac lo i r s ' =Wü r rn I l a ; ' D en t icu la t e Mou s t e r ian =Wü r rn I b

R EFERENCES

V ic ino e ta l . 1 976

S ITE

P IETRA L IGURE

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l te r

A LT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

S ou th

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r s e ,a u roch sb oa r ,c ave b ea r , r h inoce ro s ,i b ex

NOTES

O ne o ft h el a rg e s ts i t e si nt h eF i na le p r ov inc eo fL igu r ia

VALLEY

d eL um ley 1 969

COMMUNE

P i e t ra L igu r e

ALT ITUDE 1

1

R EFERENCES

ALT ITUDE 2 S ITE

MADONNA DELL 'AR MA

OR IENTAT ION

S ITE TYPE

C ave

MA JOR S PEC IES

VALLEY

A rgen t ina

OTHER S PEC IES

COM MUNE

S an r emo

ALT ITUDE 1

9

ALT ITUDE 2

8

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th sou th ea s t

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

Ma rmo t ,b i rd sa nd ' t he u sua ls p ec ie s '( d e L um ley 1 969 ,9 )

NOTES

NOTES

R EFERENCES

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

R ed d e e r

S ITE

PR INCE

C ave b e a r ,b oa r ,a u roch s ,h o r s e ,h ya ena , e l ephan t , r h inoc e ro s( Dm ) , h i ppopo tamu s

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

Med i t e r r anean

R i s s - Wü r rn =l e ve l7 , Wü r rn I=6 top ; T yp ica l Mou s t e r ian ;h ea r th s ;f a ce ss e a : d i scove r ed 1 894

COM MUNE

G r ima ld i

A LT ITUDE 1

1 4

d eL um ley 1 969 ; I s e t t i .e ta l . 1 962

ALT ITUDE 2

1 4

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t

1 05

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d e e r

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r s e ,r o ed ee r , i b ex ,a u roch s ,w o lf ,f o x , b r own b ea r ,c ave b ea r ,c ave l i on , l e opa rd , l y nx ,m ammo th ,b oa r , r h ino ce ro s( Dm ) ,h ya ena ,h a r e / rabb i t , a s s ,r e indee r ,c hamo i s ,b i son ,f a l low d ee r ,h i ppopo tamu s ,e l ephan t

NOTES R EFERENCES

S ITE

VORONOV

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

Med i te r rane an

3 06m 2;T yp ica l Mou s t e r ia n( E )

COM MUNE

G r ima ld i

d eL um ley 1 969 ; V ic in i 1 976

ALT ITUDE 1

1 05

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION S ITE

S AN FRANCESCO

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

S an F r ance s co

COM MUNE

S an R emo

ALT ITUDE 1

1 8

S ou th e a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES R EFERENCES

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r( c . 7 0% )

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r s e( c .3 0% ) ,r o ed ee r ,r h inoce ro s

NOTES

S ou th e a s ts l ope so f Mon tP ig na ;r i gh t b ank ; " Mou s t ä r i en äd en t icu l d sd ef a c i e s l e va l lo i s i en r i che e nc ou t eaux äd o s n a tur e l" ; q ua r tz i t e ,f l i n t( r a r e ) ;e nd o f Wünn I o r Wü rm I I I I

R EFERENCES

I s e t t i 1 96 1 ; d eL um ley 1 969 ; S er e 1 993

S ITE

S ANTA LUC IA S UPER IORE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

V a ra t e l la

COM MUNE

T o i r ano

ALT ITUDE 1

2 11

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

S ou th w e s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

I b ex

OTHER S PEC IES

C hamo i s( a nd o t he r s )

NOTES

2 00m e a s to ft h eG ro t ta d e l C o lombo

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969 1 06

d eL um ley 1 969 ;V ic ino 1 976

Mona co

S ITE

OBSERVATO IRE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

Med i te r r anean

CO MMUNE

Mon te C a r lo

ALT ITUDE 1

1 04

ALT ITUDE 2

1 04

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r

OTHER S PEC IES

R h inoce ro s ,b oa r , r e indee r ,i b ex , b ov id s , w o lf , d ho le ,f o x ,c a ve b ea r , h ya ena ,a r c t i cf o x ,l e opa rd ,l y nx ,F e l t s o c r ea ta

NOTES

F auna =B ou le 1 9 10 ;3 50m f r om s e a

REFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 9 69 ; S e r r e 1 993

S ITE

OBSERVATO IRE , CRYPTE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

Med i t e r r an e an

CO MMUNE

Mon te C a r lo

ALT ITUDE 1

1 04

ALT ITUDE 2

1 04

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee r

OTHER S PEC IES

R h ino c e ro s ,b o a r ,r e inde e r ,i b ex ,b ov id s , m a rmo t ,w o lf ,c l ho le ,f o x ,c ave b ea r , h ya ena ,l e op a rd ,f o x ,l y nx

NOTES

F auna =B ou le 1 9 10 ;3 50m f r om s e a

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969 ; S e r r e 1 993

1 07

P y r& l& sO r ien ta le s

S ITE

M ITG

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

C ad i

COM MUNE

C o rne l lä -de -Con f luen t

ALT ITUDE 1

5 00

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

E a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

I b ex

OTHER S PEC IES

H a r e ,r a bb i t ,r e dd ee r ,b oa r( bov id s? f o x? )

NOTES

" Hun t e r si nt h em idd le p a la eo l i th ic p e r iod u s ed t ot r a ck d own ,a tt h eb a s eo f Moun tC an igo ,t h eP y r ene an g oa t ` b ouque t in tw h ich f ound s h e l te ro nb o th s i de so ft h eT e lp a s sa tV i l lef r anche " ( B la iz e 1 987 :9 3 ) .T he s i t el i e s I 000m f r om t h ec on f luenc ew i th t h eT e t ;i ti s1 o f 4s i t e s( 3c ave s , 1o pen ) ; Wü rm I ;8 68 l i t h ic s ;D en t icu la te Mou s te r ian ; l o ca l r aw m a t e r ia l ;r i gh tb ank ;p l a t eau l o ca t ion ( Ambu l le s )f a una lm a t e r ia lv e ry f r a gmen t a ry

R EFERENCES

B la iz e 1 987

S ITE

MONTOU

S ITE TYPE

C a ve

VALLEY

l e t

COMMUNE

C o rbe r e le s -Cabane s

ALT ITUDE 1

2 90

A LT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r se

OTHER S PEC IES

C a rn ivo r e s ,i b ex ( o rc hamo is )

NOTES

M idd le P a la eo l i th ic a nd B ronz eA g e o ccupa t ions h ave b e en i d en t if ied ;f a una l d a ta a r em in ima lv a lue s

R EFERENCES

B la iz e 1 987 ;T r e inen -C lau s t r e 1 987

1 08

A LT ITUDE 2

V a r

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES S ITE

A IRE DE L 'EOUVi

OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a c e

NOTES

VALLEY

L aB r e sque

A ka :G ro t t eP a t r ic ia ;3 5m2; Mou s te r ian ;a l so m e so l i th ic a nd n eo l i th ic ;r hyo l i t eb ed rock =s ou r ce o f l o ca lr aw m a te r ia l

COMMUNE

T ou r tou r R EFERENCES

D ef leu r 1 990

A LT ITUDE 1

6 50

S ITE

BEAU R IVü

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

B eau R ive

COM MUNE

Mon t rneyan

ALT ITUDE 1

3 75

A LT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

L eva l lo i sl i t h ic ( 1 ) ;

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

A LT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION S ITE

AL MANACH

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

I s so le

CO MMUNE

C aba s s e

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R igh tb ank ;m a jo rr i ve r =V e rdon ;r aw m a te r ia lu s ed i n c lude sf l i n t ,q ua r tz i t e a nd E s t e r e lr h yo l i t e ;l i t h ic a s s emb lage s i z e=20 ;5 00m f r om t h eV e rdon

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

BREU IL

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R EFERENCES

S i t el i e sa tt h eb a se o f ar o cky p romon to ry ;r i gh tb ank ;i n s ide a m eande r ;D en t icu la t e Mou s t e r ian

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l te r

VALLEY

B eau R ive

d eL um ley 1 969

CO MMUNE

Mon tmeyan

ALT ITUDE 1

4 50

ALT ITUDE 2

8 0

S ITE

BAU ME DE COLLE ROUSSE

OR IENTAT ION

No r th e a s t

S ITE TYPE

C ave

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e

VALLEY

A rgen s

OTHER S PEC IES

F auna =r a r e .I b ex

COMMUNE

L e Muy

NOTES

S i t el i e sa tt h ee n t r ance o ft h eG o rg ed u V e rdon ; 1 200m SW o fQ u in son ; d i s cove r ed b yd eL um ley 1 96 1 ;f a una i s p oo rd ue t od e ca lc if ica t ion ;8 0m 2;

ALT ITUDE 1 1 09

Mou s t e r ian [ l i ke H o r tu s ] : 1 00 150m f r om V e rdon R EFERENCES

S ITE

CHÄTEAUDOUBLE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

N a r tuby

CO M MUNE

C hä teaudoub le

d eL um ley 1 969 ; S e r r e 1 993

S ITE

CABRE

ALT ITUDE 1

5 00

S ITE TYPE

O pen

ALT ITUDE 2

2 00

VALLEY

G r enou i l le t /V a lbonne t t ec on f luence

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

COMMUNE

A gay

MA JOR S PEC IES

B rown b ea r

ALT ITUDE 1

1 5

OTHER S PEC IES

Wo lf ,c ave l i on ,f o x , l e opa rd ,r o ed ee r , r e dd ee r ,i b ex ,h a r e ,b i rd s ,e l k

ALT ITUDE 2 NOTES

L eve lb enea th s t a lagm i te = h omog eneou s ;r i gh tb ank ;a k a : G ro t te P u t r ide ,G ro t te d e sC ha uv e s S ou r i s ;g o rg e sl o ca t ion

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; D 'A rma 1 980 ; L um ley 1 969 ; S e r r e 1 993

S ITE

CHENE BOULE

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l te r / ca ve

VALLEY

V e rdon

CO MMUNE

S tJ u l ien

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R EFERENCES

Ma s s if E s td r e l ; 1 500m f r om s e a ;n ea r3 s t r eam s ;u s eo fl o ca lr h yo l i te ( E s t d r e l s ou r ce s )a sr aw m a t e r ia lp l u s' i mpo r t ed ' f l i n ta nd s ome b a sa l t ;T yp ica l Mou s te r ian .A l so U pp e rP a la eo l i th ic ( Uppe rP e r igo rd ian )a nd C ha lco l i th ic G a s s in 1 986 ; d eL um ley 1 969 ; O no ra t in i 1 975

d e

ALT ITUDE 1 S ITE

CEDRES

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

C ed r e s /B e t ton c onf luence

COMMUNE

P l an d 'Aup s

A LT ITUDE 1

8 20

ALT ITUDE 2

2

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

R abb i t

OTHER S PEC IES

I b ex ,b i rd s ,r od en t s

NOTES

R igh tb ank ; 1f l i n tt oo l -m ou s t e r ian

ALT ITUDE 2

f l ake ( l eva l lo i s ) ;t h ec ave e n t r an c ei sa r o ck she l te ri nt h er o ck s he l te r

OR IENTAT ION

N o r th

MA JOR S PEC IES

T ah r

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r s e ,w o lf ,b r own b ea r ,l y nx ,i b ex , w o lve r ine ,h a r e ,r a bb i t ,b ov id s ,o t te r , A pod emu ss y l va t i cu s

NOTES

C ouche 6h a sh ea r th s ;m ou s t e r ian = p oo r ;3 2m 2. ;a ka G ro t te d eB e t ton o r G ro t t eO va le

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; D e f leu ra nd C r dgu t B onnou r e 1 995 ; G i raud 1 985 ; S e r r e 1 993

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

COUDOUR IERE

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

Med i t e r r ane an

CO MMUNE

S i x -Fou r s laP lage

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 10

OR IENTAT ION

VALLEY

I s so le

MA JOR S PEC IES

COMMUNE

C ab a s s e

OTHER S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 1

NOTES

L i th ic so n ly ; Mou s te r ian ; q ua r ry s i t e ; Wü rm I I I

REFERENCES

B a rg e 1 978

ALT ITUDE 2

1 5

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES S ITE

COU MBO MALO ( BAU ME DE )

NOTES

L ef tb ank

S ITE TYPE

C ave

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

VALLEY

C oumbo Ma lo ( a ka :C ombe A rne r e )

COMMUNE

S a leme s S ITE

E SCANDAU

ALT ITUDE 1

3 50 S ITE TYPE

A ven

ALT ITUDE 2 VALLEY OR IENTAT ION COMMUNE

C uge s

A LT ITUDE 1

1 000

MA JOR S PEC IES

B ov id s

OTHER S PEC IES

R h inoce ro s

NOTES

Mou s te r i an ;l e f tb ank ;p oo ra s semb lag e ; B r e sque c a t chmen t

OR IENTAT ION

d eL um ley 1 9 69 ;S e r r e 1 993

MA JOR S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 2

REFERENCES

S ou t h

OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

Mou s te r ian ;o ns ou th s i de o ft h eC ha in e d eS a in t eB aume

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969 ;S e r r e 1 99 3

S ITE

GAUDRAN

ALT ITUDE 2

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

OR IENTAT ION

VALLEY

G aud ran ( T r ibu ta ry o fB r e sque )

MA JOR S PEC IES

COMMUNE

S a leme s

OTH ER S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 1

2 40

S ITE

DES E SPtCES

S ITE T YPE

S u r f a ce

VALLEY

B r e squ e

COMMUNE

V i l lec roz e

ALT ITUDE 1

3 05

NOTES

A rgen sc a t chmen t ;C ha r en t ia n( Qu ina ? )

ALT ITUDE 2

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 97 1

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE

DRABOUX

NOTES

1 900m SW o fS a leme s ; l e f tb ank

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a c e

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

11

S ITE

GROTTE AUX PUCES

MA JOR S PEC IES

S ITE TYPE

C ave

OTHER S PEC IES

VALLEY

1 s so le

NOTES

L e f tb ank o f at r i bu ta ry o ft h eI s so le ;s i t e l o ca t ed o nt h eG ou jonne sh i l l

CO MMUNE

C aba s s e R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

ALT ITUDE I

1 50

ALT ITUDE 2

2 0

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t S ITE

LA GRAV IERE

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e S ITE TYPE

O pen

OTHER S PEC IES

R e indee r ,m a rmo t ,a s s ,c ave l i on ,r e d d e e r ,l y nx , a u roch s , i b ex ,r e inde e r , l e opa rd ,b eave r ,r a bb i t , f o x ,c hamo i s , b r own b ea r ,w o lf

VALLEY

C ab a s s e

CO MMUNE

L uc

ALT ITUDE I

NOTES R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; S e r re 1 993

ALT ITUDE 2

2

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES S ITE

LA BAU ME

OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

NOTES

R igh tb ank o fC aba s s e ;F e r r a s s ie t y p e C ha r en t ian ;5 0m f r om w a t e r

VALLEY

B r e sque R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

COM MUNE

S a leme s

S ITE

LA MONTEE DE L A F E M ME MORTE

MA JOR S PEC IES

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

OTHER S PEC IES

VALLEY

A rg en s

COM MUNE

T a r adeau /V idaub an

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

NOTES

S ma l lo p en s i t ec l a s s if ied a s as u r f a c e o ccu r r ence

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES S ITE

LA FONTAINE

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a c e

VALLEY

I s so le

COM MUNE

C ab a s s e

OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

1 500m NE o fV idaubon ; r i gh tb ank ; 1 a r t ef a c t ;5 00m f r om r i v e r ;a tb o t tom o f s ma l lv a l ley

R EFERENCES ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION 12

d eL um ley 1 960 , 1 969

S ITE

LE LOG IS DU BORD DE L 'EAU

OR IENTAT ION

S ITE TYPE

C ave

MA JOR S PEC IES

VALLEY

D e s t e l

OTHER S PEC IES

R ed d e e r , i b ex ( r a r e ) ,a u roch s

CO MMUNE

E veno s

NOTES

A r ea : Ma s s if d ' E s t e r e l

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

MA JOR S PEC IES

S ITE

MAZAUGUES

OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

VALLEY

C a ram i

CO M MUNE

Mazaugue s

ALT ITUDE 1 A LT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

NOTES

1xr a c lo i r ; r i gh tb ank o fg o rg e ; 1 3 x7 m ;a l so U ppe rP a la eo l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic ; 1o f as e r ie so fa r cha eo log ica l s i t e si nt h eD e s te lv a l ley

ALT ITUDE 1 R EFERENCES

L aye t 1 955 ; d eL um ley 1 969 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

N o r th

MA JOR S PEC IES S ITE

MALLAVALASSE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

Ma l lava la ss e ,o nr i gh tb ank o f Ma lau r ic

COMMUNE

S t .J u l ien

ALT ITUDE 1

4 00

ALT ITUDE 2

7 0

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r se

OTHER S PEC IES

R ed d ee r( a bundan t ) ,i b ex ,a u ro ch s , w o lf ,h ya en a ,l y nx

OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

NOTES

R EFERENCES

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

M ICHELLES

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

( T r ibu ta ry o f )I s so le

COM MUNE

C aba s se

R igh tb ank ;d i s cove r ed b yE .O c tobon i n1 909 ;b r e cc ia ;m a jo rv a l ley =V e rdon ; a ka :T an te R o se

ALT ITUDE 1

2 30

d eL um ley 1 969 ; S e r r e 1 993

OR IENTAT ION

ALT ITUDE 2

MA JOR S PEC IES

S ITE

MALPASSET

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

R ey ran

CO MMUNE

F r e ju s

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 13

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r se ,b ov id s , i b ex ,r e dd e e r ,b oa r , ( + an t e lope ? )

NOTES

1 50 x8 0m ;m ou s td r i en d vo lud ; C ha r en t i en d et y p eF e r ra s s i e ;s i t eo n s ma l l p l a in ; 5l e ve ls

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 962 ; d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

NOTRE DA ME DE GLA IVE

MA JOR S PEC IES

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a c e

OTHER S PEC IES

VALLEY

I s so le

NOTES

R igh tb ank ; 1xr ac lo i rd e j e t d ;

CO MMUNE

C aba s s e

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

OR IENTAT ION

S ITE

RA INAUDE

MA JOR S PEC IES

S ITE TYPE

C ave

OTHER S PEC IES

VALLEY

R a inaude

COMMUNE

L e Muy

ALT ITUDE 1

2 50

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

3 15

NOTES

S i te l i e so np l a teau a bove t h eT rou d e s F ee sc l if

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

E a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES S ITE

P LAN DE CANJEURS

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

A r tuby

CO MMUNE

A up s

ALT ITUDE 1

8 70

OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

A rgens c a t chmen t ;t h em ou s t e r ia nl e ve l l i e sb enea th p r o to -au r igna c ian a nd o t he r u ppe rp a la eo l i th ic l e ve ls .T he r ei sn o f a un a ld a ta a va i lab le f r om t h e mou s te r ian l e v e l ;r i gh tb ank

R EFERENCES

O no ra t in i 1 986

S ITE

R IGABE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

R ian s

CO MMUNE

A r t igue s

A LT ITUDE 1

4 70

ALT ITUDE 2

3 0

OR IENTAT ION

We s t R abb i t /h o r se

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R EFERENCES

L a rg es i t eo nl i me s tone p l a teau b e tween V e rdon a nd A r tuby c anyon s ;o ne o f1 4 s i t e si na r ea o f2 000 x1 00m ;s i t e sa r e w o rk shop s ;r e g iona lr aw m a te r ia ls ou r ce D 'Anna 1 980 ; d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

PONT DE C I MAY

MA JOR S PEC IES

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

OTHER S PEC IES

L ynx ,w o lf ,c av eb e a r ,r e dd ee r ,b oa r , h ya ena ,w i ld c a t ,b r own b e a r ,a u roch s

VALLEY

C imay

COMMUNE

E veno s

NOTES

L ef tb ank ; f i r s te x cava t ed b y Ma r ion 1 960 ; l o ca t ion 8 00m E NE o fo l ds t a t ion a tA r t igue s ;2 00m2. ;T yp ica l Mou s t e r ian ( E )d epo s i ti nf r om o fe n t rance ;

ALT ITUDE I

e v idence o f b u t che ry o nh o r s e( c u t s ) ALT IT UDE 2 R EFERENCES OR IENTAT ION 14

B on if ay 1 97 1 ;G i r aud 1 985 , 1 986 ; S e r r e 1 993 ; Webb 1 9 89

S ITE

S AUZADE

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l te r

VALLEY

V e rdon

COM MUNE

S t .J u l ien

OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

C ha r en t ian ;s ma l ln uc le i -m ic ro -nuc leu s

R EFERENCES

B e ra rd 1 956 ; d eL um ley 6 9

S ITE

S TE ANNE D 'EVENOS

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

R eppe

COM MUNE

E veno s

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

1 00

OR IENTAT ION

N o r t he a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s ea nd i b ex

OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

REFERENCES

Mou s t e r ian ;r i gh tb ank ; E xc 'd 1 964 ; 3 0m 2. ;C ha r en t ian d et y p eF er ra s s i e o r i en ta l ; p oo rl i t h ic a s s emb lage ; o ppo s i te c onf luence w i th V auc la r e

ALT ITUDE I

1 40

ALT ITUDE 2

8

S e r r e1 993

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE

S TJ EAN

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a c e

VALLEY

S tJ e an ( I s so le )

CO MMUNE

C ab a s s e

ALT ITUDE 1

30

NOTES

R igh tb ank ;d eL um ley d ef ined t h e E veno is ian o nt h eb a s i so ft h e a s semb lag ef r om t h i ss i t e ;a tc onf luence o fR eppe a nd A r en ; l o ca ted i n a na r ea o fn ume rou s' a ven s '

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 962 ; G i r aud 1 985 ; d eL um ley 1 969 , 2 00 15 ; V a l lo i s 1 964

S ITE

TOUR DE MARE

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

R ey ran

CO MMUNE

F r e ju s

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

L ef tb ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

ALT ITUDE 1

S ITE

S T LOUP

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

l s so le

COMMUNE

C ab a s s e

A LT ITUDE 1

1 9 5

ALT ITUDE 2

1 4

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

A LT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES 15

NOTES

2 04 a r tef a c t s ;r h yo l i t ea nd q ua r t z

R EFERENCES

G a s s in 1 986

S ITE

TOURVES

S ITE TYPE

R o ck she l te r

VALLEY

B oneu r /Ca r am i

COMMUNE

T our ve s

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES ALT ITUDE 1 NOTES

4o f 8mou s t e r ian f l ake sa r e L , eva l lo i s

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 9 69

A LT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

No r th

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES M ISCELLANEOUS

NOTES R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

TROU DU RENARD

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

I s so le

COM MUNE

C aba s s e

C adenade ( Open -a i r ) C habaud s( Op en -a i r ) C r auy ( Open -a i r ) E g l i se ( Cave ) G age re s( Op en -a i r ) P o r ta ls ( Open -a i r )

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

1 00

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

R abb i t

OTHER S PEC IES

I b ex ,l e opa rd ,t a h r ,r e dd ee r ,h a r e ,b oa r , a s s ,r o ed ee r ,h o r s e ,w oo l ly r h ino ce ro s , w o lf ,c ave b ea r ,g i a n td ee r( Mg )

NOTES

8 00m NE o fP uce s ;r i gh tb ank ; Mou s t e r ian ;v a l ley l o ca t ion ;a nu ppe r d a t eo f 3 1 0 00 B Ph a sb e en o b ta ined ; e a r l ie rr e co rd ss ugge s tt h ee x i s t ence o f h ya ena ,w i th w e l l -gnawed b one o b se r ved .

R EFERENCES

C r egu t -Bonnou r ea nd G ue r in 1 986 ; d eL um ley 1 969 ; Monce l 1 997 ; S e r r e 1 993

S ITE

TUSÜLE

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

( T r ibu ta ry o f )I s so le

CO MMUNE

C aba s se

A LT ITUDE 1 16

u sua l ly d r yv a l ley ; f a una v e ry p oo r : a ge = d eba tab le ( Wü r r n I? ) ;a r t ef a c t s a b s en t

V auc lu se

S ITE

AUBES IER ( BAU DE L ' )

S ITE TYPE

R o ck she l te r

VALLEY

N e sque

COM MUNE

Monn ieux

ALT ITUDE 1

6 50

ALT ITUDE 2

6 0

OR IENTAT ION

N o r th e a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

A u ro ch s( 5 1 %N ISP )

OTHER S PEC IES

H o r s e( 3 8%) , i b ex ( a bundan t ) ,r o ed e e r , b oa r ,r e dd ee r( r e la t ive ly r a r e ) , c hamo i s , r e ind ee r ,w o lf ,b rown b ea r , R h inoce ro s( Dh ) ,g i an td ee r( Mg ) , f a l low d e e r , c a ve b ea r ,c ave l i on . b eave r

R EFERENCES

C r egu t -Bonnou r ee ta l1 983 ; P a c ca rd 1 983 ; P a cc a rd a nd L iva che 1 980

S ITE

BAU ME TROUCADE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

N e sque

CO MMUNE

Mu r s

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

NOTES

L e f tb ank ; e x cava t ion = 1 903 ;( u n t i l 1 964 ,s po rad ica l ly ) ;s i nc e 1 987 e xcava t ion o f S .L ebe le ta l . ;T yp ica l Mou s te r ian ; L eve l 1=h ea r th ( s t ruc tur e d ec ombu s t ion ) ;b u t che ry m a rk so nl a rg e h e rb ivo r e s ;6 75m2;G o rg e sd el a N e sque ;l i t h ic s> 5000 , 1 4m t h ick ;f a una i nu ppe rl e ve l sc omp r i se sb r own b ea r , i b ex ,r e indee ra nd c hamo i s ;b one sa r e b r ok en f o rm a r row e x t ra c t ion ;a bundan t c u t -ma rk so b s e r ved o nb one s( Lebe l p e r s .c omm . ) ;f ew g naw ing m a rk s ; h um an t e e th r e cove r ed ;h ea r th sd a t ed t o c . 200 0 00 B P

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; d eL um ley 1 969 ; S e r r e 1 993

OR IENTAT ION

We s t -no r th -we s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

C ave b ea r

OTHER S PEC IES

F auna c u r r en t ly b e ing r e v i sed

NOTES

d eL um ley d a t e st h i ss i t et o Wü r rn I

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969 ; R oud i l 1 994 ; S e r r e 1 993

S ITE

Bt 1R IGOULE

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

B d r igou le

COMMUNE

Mu r s

ALT ITUDE 1

7 20

ALT ITUDE 2

S ITE

AUZ IÜRES

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

N e sque

COMMUNE

Me tham i s

ALT ITUDE 1

3 70

ALT ITUDE 2

1 5

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th w e s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d e e r

OTHER S PEC IES

O n ly r e dd e e r ;p r e s e r va t ion a tt h i so pen a i rs i te i sn o tg ood .T oo th f r agmen t sa nd b one s p l in t e r sc ome f r om l e ve lI ;m any a r eb u r ned

NOTES

F oo to fc l if f( 1 80m ) ;a l t i tude i s a pp rox ima t e( f rom I GN 1 / 25 ,000 , n o .314 1 e s t ) ; t h r ee a r cha eo log ica ll e ve l s ( 0 , I ,I ) ,a lm ou s te r ian ;l e ve l I=m a in e xcava t ion ( 4 5m 2) ;t o ta ls i t ea r ea c . 450m 2;> 25 0 00 l i t h ic s ;f a una l p r e se r va t ion a tt h is s i t ei sn o tg ood

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e( c .2 5% )

OTHER S PEC IES

F ox ,h ya ena ,l y nx ,w oo l ly r h inoce ro s , r e dd e e r ,i b ex ,c hamo i s ,r a bb i t , 3c av i t ie s .T o ta lN ISP =3 0 ;r i gh tb ank ;

NOTES

R EFERENCES

17

R oud i l 1 994

S ITE

CO MBETTE ( ABR I )

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l te r

VALLEY

C ombe t te

COMMUNE

B onn ieux

ALT ITUDE 1

3 27

ALT ITUDE 2

2 1 .5

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

8 00m f r om r i v e r

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e

OTHER S PEC IES

R abb i te t c . S ITE

CRETE DU LUBERON

NOTES

Sma l lg roup o fh un te r s af ew h und r ed m e t r e sf r om t h es i t e

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

R oud i l 1 994

VALLEY

A iguebr un

CO MMUNE

S i ve rgue s

ALT ITUDE 1

8 53 4 00

R EFERENCES

S ITE

CO MBETTE ( GROTTE )

ALT ITUDE 2

S ITE TYPE

C ave

OR IENTAT ION

VALLEY

C omb e t te

MA JOR S PEC IES

COMMUNE

B onn ieux

01 1 1 :ER S PEC IES

ALT ITUDE 1

4 20

NOTES

1a r t ef a c t

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

S ou th w e s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

H o r s e( MN I=3 )

OTHER S PEC IES

I b ex ( 2 ) ,w o lf ( 1 ) ,r a bb i t ,m a rmo t

S ITE

CR ILLON -LE -BRAVE

NOTES

Mou s t g r i en d et y pe c ha r en t i en ;s i t e o ccup ied b y as ma l lg r oup o fh un te r s ; a l though t h ef a una i sp oo r ,t h eb r oken b one sa r ea tr ibu tab le t om an ( b u tche ry , f i r e ) . P a r t ly a r t icu la ted m a rmo ts k e le ton s a r ep robab ly n a tu ra l ;a r ea e xcava ted = 5 0 m2;m a jo rv a l ley =A igueb run ;l i t h ic u s ew e a ra na ly s is i d en t if i e sw ood ,m ea t , b one a nd s k in .

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a c e

VALLEY

L a Me rdaye

CO MMUNE

C r i l lon le -B rave

ALT ITUDE 2

R oud i l 1 994

OR IENTAT ION

R EFERENCES

ALT ITUDE 1 1 5

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES S ITE

COQU ILLADE A

NOTES

1 00m e a s to ft h er i ve r

S ITE TYPE

O pen

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

VALLEY

Mede

CO MMUNE

S a in tP i e r r ed eV a s so l s

ALT ITUDE 1 18

S ITE

F ALA ISE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

D u rance

CO MMUNE

Me r indo l

NOTES

R igh tb ank

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

LES S A BLONS

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

A uzon

COMMUNE

Mo r rno i ron

ALT ITUDE 1

2 45

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

2 00

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

REFERENCES

C ha r en t i en d et y p eF er ra s s i eo r i en ta l ,a s a tP ey ra rd s

ALT ITUDE 2

d eL um ley 1 969

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES S ITE

GRAND ABR I DES PUCES

S ITE TYPE

R ock she l te r

VALLEY

O uvez e

CO MMUNE

E n t r echaux

NOTES

T he A uzon i sat r ibu ta ry o ft h eS a rgue ; t h es i t ei sl a rg e ,e x tend ing o ve r 1 00 h a ; A cheu l ian a nd R omane l l ian a s semb lag e sh ave a l so b e en r e cove r ed f r om t h is Mou s t e r ian s i t e

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

MASQUE

S ITE TYPE

C a ve

ALT ITUDE I ALT ITUDE 2

2 0

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES

A u roch s ,h o r se ,i b ex

VALLEY

O uvez e

NOTES

Mou s te r ian ;v a s t

COMMUNE

E n t r echaux

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2

2 5

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t

S ITE

LA LOGE

MA JOR S PEC IES

S ITE TYPE

O pen

OTHER S PEC IES

VALLEY

N e squ e

COMMUNE

S au l t

ALT ITUDE 1

7 00

Wo lf ,b r own b ea r ,h ya ena ,l e opa rd , h o r s e ,r h inoce ro s( Dm ) ,r o ed e e r ,r e d d ee r ,b ov id s( s p .? ) ,c hamo i s . d eL um ley e xcava t ion s-b rown b ea r , h ya ena ,l e op a rd ,w o lf ,r e dd ee r ,r o ed e e r , h o r s e ,r a bb i t ,b oa r . T e s tudo s p . , r h inoce ro s( Dm )

ALT ITUDE 2

NOTES

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

R igh tb ank ;e xcava ted 1 886 -7 ,b yH . N ico la s ;b yd eL um ley i n1 959 ;h uman b one f r agmen t s . , ma le ;t h i ss i t ey i e ld sa n i mpo r tan t r h inoce ro s a s semb lag e ,p a r t o fw h ich i si na r t icu la t ion .

OTHER S PEC IES

R EFERENCES 19

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; S e r r e 1 993

S ITE

P EY IRARDS

S ITE TYPE

R o ck she l t e r

VALLEY

A igueb r un ( Comb ed eL ou r rna r in )

COMMUNE

B uoux

ALT ITUDE 1

4 30

ALT ITUDE 2

2 0

OR IENTAT ION

S ou th e a s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

R ed d ee ra nd h o r s e

OTHER S PEC IES

Wo lf ,i b ex ,b r own b ea r ,b oa r .a u ro ch s . r o ed ee r ,m a rmo t

NOTES

R igh tb ank ;b aume ; d ry v a l ley ; s t ra t ig r aphy c ove r sa lo ft h eR i s sI It o Wü rm 5 0m l o ng ;f i r s te x cava t ion b y Amaud 1 865 ;l o ca ll i t h ic r aw m a te r ia l( f l in t )

OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES OTHER S PEC IES NOTES

R EFERENCES

L i th ics s im i la rt oA ube s ie r ;I L=83 ,I L am=36 .4

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; B ou rd ie r 1 96 1 ;d e L um ley 1 9 56 ; R oud i l 1 994 ; S e r r e 1 993

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

PONT DE LA B LAGUE

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

VALLEY

C a lavon

CO M MUNE

O pp ede t te

ALT ITUDE 1

4 30

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES

S ITE

P EYROULL IER

OTHER S PEC IES

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

NOTES

R igh tb ank

VALLEY

A uzon

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

COMMUNE

Mo rmo i ron

ALT ITUDE 2

S ITE

PRA -ROUG IEN

OR IENTAT ION

S ITE TYPE

S u r f a ce

MA JOR S PEC IES

VALLEY

C a lavon

OTHER S PEC IES

CO M MUNE

O ppede t te & V a che r e s

ALT ITUDE 1

50

ALT ITUDE 1

NOTES

A t t r ibu t ion o ft h i ss i t et ot h e Mou s t e r ian h a sb een q ue s t ioned .

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION MA JOR S PEC IES O THER S PEC IES S ITE

P IED DE S AULT

S ITE TYPE

O pen

VALLEY

N e sque

CO MMUNE

S au l t

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 1 20

NOTES

2l e va l lo i sp i ece s

R EFERENCES

d eL um ley 1 969

S ITE

VALLESCURE

S ITE TYPE

C ave

VALLEY

S o rgue s

COMMUNE

S auma ne s

ALT ITUDE 1 ALT ITUDE 2 OR IENTAT ION

We s t

MA JOR S PEC IES

I b ex

OTHER S PEC IES

Wo lf ,f ox ,b r own b ea r ,c ave b ea r , h ya ena ,w o lve r ine , l e opa rd , i b ex , l y nx , w i ld c a t , c a ve l i on ,m a rmo t ,r e dd e e r

NOTES

E xcava ted 1 9 32 & 1 957 ;M idd le a nd U pp e rP a la eo l i th ic ; 1 0s pec ie sa r en o ted b ys ome a u tho r s ;D en t icu la t e Mou s t e r ian ;l a t e Wü r rn I i ;p oo rl i t h ic s

R EFERENCES

B on if ay 1 97 1 ; B u i s son -Ca t i l 1 994 ; d e L um ley 1 969 ; P au lu sa nd T ron 1 945 ; S e r r e 1 993

MISCELLANEOUS

B aume d eB uoux ( Cave ) B aume d eF on tbe ( Cave ) B aume d ou L uce ( Cave ) C ombe C um ie r C ombe d eS aume Mo r t e D ef f a rd d eS au l t( Open -a i r ) G a rga s J ade ( Ca ve ) L aB a la t e( Open -a i r ) L aB a r r e( Op en -a i r ) P on td eR edony ( Op en -a i r ) T r e ca s sa t s( Open -a ir )

1 21

Append ix I Quan t i ta t ive F auna l Da ta

K ey : ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e ) ( 0 ( g ) ( h ) ( i ) ( j )

1 23

m ammo th . 96% m ammo th 0 . 19% t a h r3 5 .39% t a h r 1 . 25% P a laeo loxodon a n t iquu s 1 . 00% a r c t ic f ox 0 . 09% m ammo th 2 . 27% , a r c t ic f ox 2 . 27% P a laeo loxodon a n t iquu s0 . 88% P a laeo loxodon a n t iquu s 1 . 30% e l k0 . 49%

0 . 62

c ,

__. 1 8 .07

A iguez e

0 . 00

3 .33

1 .11

0 . 00

1 .11

1 . 11

0 . 00

A n tonegu e

1 9 .57

1 0 .87

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

6 0 .87

0 . 00

B a lauz ie r e( a )

2 . 88

8 . 65

5 . 80

0 . 00

4 . 8 1

1 5 .38

0 . 00

C a lm e t t e4 +5

0 . 00

2 1 .95

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

1 9 .51

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

C a lme t t e4 S

0 . 00

2 2 .58

0 . 00

1 2 .88

0 . 00

0 . 00

C a lme t t e6

0 . 00

2 0 .83

. 00 0 . 00 ,0 0 . 00 0 . 00

0 . 00

3 .33

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00 0 . 00

C ana le t t e s 2( b )

0 . 00

3 .33

0 . 00

6 . 11

0 . 37

2 1 . 11

2 . 4 1

0 . 37

0 . 00

0 . 19

C ana le t t e s3

0 . 00

5 0 .55

0 . 00

5 . 88

1 . 18

2 .4 1

4 . 00

2 . 74

1 . 49

0 . 31

C ed r e sc . I I +I I( c )

0 . 00

8 . 43

0 . 52

0 . 00

0 . 00

2 . 8 1

3 . 93

6 . 74

0 . 00

1 . 12

C omb e t t e( g t e )

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

2 . 17

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

C oup eG o rg e( d ) C u i s in ie r e

0 . 00

1 3 .75

1 . 25

6 . 25

3 3 .33

0 .00 .5 1 6 .25

0 . 00

6 . 25

1 . 25

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

4 1 . 18

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

H o r tu s 1 5

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

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0 . 00

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0 . 00

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0 . 00

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0 . 00

0 . 00

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0 . 78

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S a lp e t r ed eP omp ignan 5

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S a lpe t r ed eP omp ignan 7 _ _ S a lp e t r ed eP omp ignan 8

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1 2 .50

0 . 00

2 3 . 0 80 . 0 0

0 . 00

R amand i l s

o . o ö o . 0 0

0 . 00

4 .1 7

. 0 . 00

i igab e( D -E ,z one I )

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

4 . 76

0 . 00

5 7 .14

R igabe ( F ,z one I )

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

3 . 00

0 . 00

9 3 .96

R igabe ( G )

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

6 9 .53

R igabe ( H )

0 . 00 0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

9 4 .12

R igabe C ( z on eI )

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 84

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00 I0 . 00

7 8 :20 .

R oque t t e1

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

S a lpe t r ed e-P omp ignan 5

0 . 00

0 . 00

4 . 76

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

§ a l pe t r e

d eP omp ignan 6

0 . 00

0 . 00

9 . 38

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

3 . 13

0 . 00

0 . 00

S a lpe t r ed eP omp ignan 7

I0 . 00

0 . 00

7 . 30

0 . 92

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 92

0 . 00

0 . 00

S a lpe t r ed eP omp ignan 8

0 . 00

0 . 00

7 . 80

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

S a lpe t r ed eP omp ignan 9

0 . 00

0 . 00

3 . 80

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

S an rance sco . _F T ou rna l I B 0 )

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 00

0 . 90

0 . 00

0 . 73 I0 . ÖÖ 11 5 . 16

0 . 00 11 2 .94

0 . 00

0 . 06

o . 0 0

1 26

0 . 0 .t w o

o . 0 0

0 . 00

Append ix I I P re sence /Ab sence F auna lD a ta

1 27

5 ,

I

I

w o lv e r ine

I I w i ld c a t

c i r d

t . 0

c av el i on

I

e i =

b r own b ea r

I

b ea r( u n spe c if i ed )

I 1 D ice ro rh inus h em i toechu s

I

I

1 P a laeo loxodon s p .

I

I mammo th

I

I

! woo l ly r h inoc e ro s

4 . 1

! r oe d e e r

I c o ,

I c hamo i s

. 2 .

! h o r se

1

I

I r ed d e e r

r e inde e r

=

ö e n

4 1 5 r i

A c iaou s t e

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

A n ton egue

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

A ube s ie r

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

A uz ie r e s

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0 0

BT roucade

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

B a lauz ie r e

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

B a lazuc

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0 ,0 0

0

0

0 1 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

B aou s s ed aT o r r e

1

L o

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

B a ra s se s

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1 0

B a rma G rand eI

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

B a rma G rand eI

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

B a sG u i l lo t t e

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

B aume B onne ( Ab r i )

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

B aume B onn e( G ro t t e )

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

B aume L ongu e

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

B aume O b scu r e

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

B aume t te

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

B ayo l

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

B e r igou le

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

B eza ld eS ouv igna rgue s

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

B onnaud

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

B ouhad e r e

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

B ou rgad e

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

B r eu i l

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C a lm e t t e4 +5

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

C a lm e t t e4 S

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

,

C a lm e t te 6

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C ampef ie l

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

C ana le t t e s

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

C ana le t t e s2

0

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

C a r r ie r e

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

C a s ino

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C avema d e l la F a t e

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1- 1

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

C av i l lon 1

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C av i l lon 2

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

C ay la

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C ed re s

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

C hä teaudoub le

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0 '1

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

C hen eB ou le

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C iga le s

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

C o lombo I

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

C ombe t te ( g t e )

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

_ J

C oumbo Ma lo

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C oupe G o rg e

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

C rouzade

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

—0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

D eux P o r che s

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

E n f an t s

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

E squ icho G rapaou

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0— 1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C u i s in ie r e

F

F igu ie r

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

F l and in

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

F oum e t

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

F u r t in s

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

I

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

G e rba i

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s 1 0A 3 11B

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s 1C

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s I 2A8 4 12B

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1 28

1 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0 0 4 0 0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

E 0

3 2 0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0-

0

0

1

0

0

0 -0

0

0

0

I

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0' 0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

H o r tu s2 1A

0

1

0

0

H o r tu s2 1B

0

0

0

H o r tu s 2C

0

0

0

H o r tu s2 3A

0

1

H o r tu s2 3B2+83

0

H o r tu s2 4

0

H o r tu s 1 3A& 13B

0

1

" 1 0

H o r tu s 1 4

0

1

0

H or tu s 1 5

0

0

0

H o r tu s 1 6A+B

0

0

H o r tu s 1 7

0

H o r tu s 1 8

0

H o r tu s 1 9A+B H o r tu s2 0

o

a u ro ch s

. . _ i m

=

r e dd ee r

a s s

1

c hamo i s

w o lv e r ine

0

c av el i on

0

w i ld c a t

m ammo th

0

w oo l ly r h inoc e ro s

b ea r( un sp ec i f ied )

0

b r own b ea r

3 1

c ave b e a r

D icerorh inus h em i toechus 0

h yaena

P a laeo loxo c lon s p . 0

0

[ 17 d ee r

t i .

x 2 . o 4, . =

0

e

H o r tu s2 6A+B

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 1 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s2 8A

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 I1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s2 9

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s8

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s9 10A2

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

I o ton

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

L aN ic eB

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

L aN iche CCl

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1 0

0

0

1

1

0

0

L aN iche C I I I

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0- 0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

L ac

0

0

0

0' 1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

L a f f ray

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

L aouza

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

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R anc d el ' A r c

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0

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0

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0

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S a lp8 t r ed e P omp ignan 5

1

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S a lpe r ed eP omp ignan 6

1

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S a lpe l r ed eP omp ignan 7

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S a lpe t r ed eP omp ignan 8

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S a lpe ' t r e d eP omp ignan 9

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0

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0

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S t Ma rce l 3

0

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S t Ma r ce l R -W

0

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1

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0

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T onneau

0

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T ouma lI i b

1

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0

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0

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A uz ie r e s

1

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BT roucad e

0

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7 3 2

h i ppopo t amu s

g i an td ee r( A lg)

m e r ck r h ino c e ro s

! r h ino ce ro s( u n spe c if i ed )

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1

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r a bb i t

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2

0

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7 ;

B a lauz ie r e

1

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B a lazuc

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B aou s se d aT o r r e

0

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B a ra s se s

0

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B a rma G rand eI

0

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B a rma G r and eI l

0

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B a sG u i l lo t t e

0

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B aume B onne ( Ab r i )

0

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B aum eB onn e( G ro t t e )

0

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B aume L ongue

1

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B aum eO b scu r e

1

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B aum e t t e

0

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B ayo l

0

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B e r igou le

0

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B eza ld eS ouv ig na rgue s

0

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B onnaud

0

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B ouhad e r e

1

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0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

B ou rgad e

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

B r eu i l

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C a lm e t t e4 +5

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

C a lm e t te 4 S

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

C a lme t te 6

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C ampef ie l

1 , 0

0

0

0

1

0

0

C ana le t t e s

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C ana le t t e s2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C a r r ie r e

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C a s ino

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

C av e rna d e l la F a t e

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

C av i l lon 1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

C av i l lon 2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C ay la

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C ed r e s

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

C hä t eaudoub le

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

C hine B ou le

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C iga le s

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C o lombo I

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C ombe t t e( g t e )

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C oumbo Ma lo

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

C oupe G o rg e

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C rouzad e

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

C u i s in ie r e

0

0

0

D eux P o r ch e s

0

0

0

0

0

E nf an t s

0

0

1

0

0

E squ icho G rapaou

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

F i gu ie r

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

F l and in

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

F oume t

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

F u r t in s

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

G e rba i

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0 I0

0

H o r tu s 1 0A 3 11 B

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s 1C

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s 1 2A& 12B

0

0

1

0

0 _0

0

0

0

0

0 _0_ 0

0

0

'

1 31

. x

7 2 › 0

h i ppopo tamu s

m e r ck r h inoce ro s

o w

r h ino c e ro s( un spe c if ied )

r abb i t

A g i an td e e r(

b adg e r

l e opa rd

a r c t ic f o x

. 2 o

0

1

0

0

u m i s 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

H o r tu s 1 4

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

H o r tu s 1 5

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s I 6A+B

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s 1 7

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s 1 8

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s 1 9A+B

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H or tu s2 0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

H o r tu s2 1A

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

H o r tu s2 1B

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

H o r tu s2 2C

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s2 3A

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s2 3B2+B3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s2 4

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

H o r tu s2 6A+B

0

0

0

0 '0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s2 8A

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s2 9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s8

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

H o r tu s9 I0A2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

I o ton

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

L aN ice B

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

L aN ich eC -C1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

L aN iche C I I I

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

L ac

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

L a f f ray

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

L aouza

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

L aza r e t

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

L aza r e t( Uppe r )

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Madonna d e l A nna

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Madonna d e l A rma

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

Ma la rnaud

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

Ma l lava la s s e

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Ma lpa s se t

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Man ie

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

Ma ra s

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Ma r ionne

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

Ma r s

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

I

0

1

0 0

H o r tu s 1 3A&13B

( . 1

. e a

Ma sque

0

0

1

0

0

Mau ran

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Me l l i ra

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

M ia le t

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

M iche l le s

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

M i tg

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Moch i

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Mon semp ron

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Mou la

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

Mu r ee

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

N e ron

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

O b ser va to i r ec r yp te

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

O b s er va to i r e Ic d „e f

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

O b ser va to i r e I1 b

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

I

0

0

0

O b ser va to i r eR -W h I

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

O rgna cI I

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

O u l l in s

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

O u r s

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P äque s

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

,P ay r e

1 32

x i o .2

0

, . - _ o

h i ppopo tamu s

m e r ck r h inoc e ro s

r h inoc e ro s( un spe c if i ed )

f a l low

L a h r

r a bb i t

g i an td ee r( Mg)

j

I b adg e r

l e opa rd

a r c t ic f o x

2

P ech eu r s

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

P ey ra rd s2 -3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P ey ra rd s2 0 -22 . 1 0 19

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P ey ra rd s4 -9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P ey ra rd ss o ld

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P i iL omba rd

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P oud r e s

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

P r in ce A

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P r ince B

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P r ince c . 6

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

P r in ce D

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

P r in ce E

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

P r in ce v e r t

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P r in ceC

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

P uce s( a b r i )

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P uce s( g te )B

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

11 0

P uce s( g te )D

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P uce s( g t e )F

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

P uce s( g te )H

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

R amand iI s

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

R anc d el ' A r c

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

R an cP o in tu 2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

R e scoundudou

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

R igabe B /2

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

R igabe C /3

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

R igabe D /E

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

R igabe F /G

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

R igabe G /7

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

R igabe H / J

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

R oque t t eI

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

S a lp 8 t re d eP omp ig nan 5

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

S a lp 8 t r ed eP omp ig nan 6

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

S a lp 8 t r ed eP omp ig nan 7

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

S a lp 8 t r ed eP omp ignan 8

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

S a lp 8 t r ed eP omp ignan 9

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

S an F rance sco

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

S a r tan e t t e

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

S auzad e

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

S t Ma r c e l

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

S t Ma r c e l3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

S t Ma r c e l R -W

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

S t eA nas ta s ie

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0 0

S t e Max i rn e

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

T onneau

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

T ou rna l I i b

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

T r em ie s

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

T rou d uR ena rd

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

V a l le scu re

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

V e r r e r ie

0

0

1

0

0

0

1i 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1 33

Append ix I V E lemen tR epre sen ta t ion D a ta

F igu r e sl i s ted a r e %MN I v a lue sc a lcu la ted a cco rd ing t ot h em e thod p ropo sed b yB inf o rd ( 1978 )

s k m an a t a x v er t p e l s c p h d h p r c d r c pmc d mc

s ku l l m and ib le a t la s a x is o t he rv er teb rae p e lv i s r i b s s c apu la p rox ima l h umerus d i s ta lh ume ru s p rox ima l r ad iocub i tu s d i s ta lr ad iocub i tu s p rox ima lm e ta ca rpa l d i s ta lm e taca rpa l

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A i tk en , M . J . , S t r ing e r , C .B . a nd Me l la r s , PA . ( ed s . ) 1 992 T he O r ig in o f Mod e rn H uman s a nd t h e I mpac t o f C h ronome t r ic D a t ing . R oya l S o c ie ty ( Ph i lo soph ica l T ran sa c t ion s o ft h e R oya l S o c ie ty , s e r ie s B , 37 , n o . 1 280 ) .L ondon A l len , J . , Ma s sey , D . a nd C och rane , A . 1 998 R e th ink ing t h e R eg ion .R ou t ledg e . L ondon Ambe r t , P . 1 994 T emo in s d u p a leo l i th ique moy en e ts upe r ieu r d u L anguedo c C en t ra l ( He rau l t , O rb , A ude ) d an s l e u r c on t ex t eg eo log ique .A rchäo log i ee nL angued oc 1 8 : 3 3 0 A n tune s , M .T . a nd C a rdo so , J . L . 1 992 Q ua ter n a ry e l ephan t s i n P o r tuga l :n ew d a ta . C iänc ia sd aT e r ra 1 : 1 7 37 A ou rag he , H . 1 990 . L e s c e rv ide s d u s i t e p l e i s tocene m oy en d 'O rg na cI ( A rd eche , F rance ) . Q ua te rna i r e 1( 3 -4 ) : 2 31-45 A rgan , J .1 994 C e q ue l ' on s a i td e l av eg e ta t ion e n V auc lu se ä P epoqu ed eP homme d en eande r ta l . I nJ .B u i s son -Ca t i l ( e d )L eP a ldo l i th ique Moyen e n V auc lu se . p p . 18 19 . A v ig non :N o t ice sd 'A r cheo log ie V auc lu s ienne 3 A rgan t , A . a nd C r egu t -Bonnou r e 1 996 F am i l ie d e s U r s i c la e . I n C l . G u e r in a nd M . P a tou -Ma th i s ( e d s . ) L e s G rand s Mamm if ä re s P l io -P l d i s toc äne s d 'Eu rope . p . 167 . Ma s son .P a r i s A s soc ia t ion d e R e che r che P a leo eco log ique e n A r cheo log ie . h t tp : / / pe r so .wanad oo .f iVa rpane t /a rpane t / cad r erh tm l A ugu s t e , P . 1 988 E t ud e d e s r e s t e s o s seux d e s g r and s m amm if e r e sd e sn i veaux D ,D 1 , IB a se .I nA .T uf f r eau a nd J .S omme ( e d s . ) L e g i semen tp a leo l i th ique m oy en d e B ia che -Sa in t -Vaa s t ( Pa s -de -Ca la i s ) . V o lume I . S t ra t ig r aph ie , e nv i ronnemen t , e t ude s a r cheo log ique s ( l e r ep a r t ie ) . Mdmo i re d e l aS oc id tä P rdh i s to r ique 2 1 : 1 3 3 -69 B a i s sa s , P . , B a r ra l , L . , S imon , P . a nd S imone , S . 1 986 L e p l e i s tocene m oyen äl ag ro t t e d uC o lombo . B u l l e t in d u Mu säe d 'An th ropo log i e P räh i s to r ique d e Monaco 2 9 : 5 24 B a la c , A . -M . a nd P ag e s , F . 1 984 A t la s P räh i s to r ique d u M id i M dd i te r ranäen :F eud l ed eS i s te ron . CNRS . P a r i s B a rb an , M a nd Me ignen , L . 1 979 L e s s t a t ion s p a leo l i th ique s d uC ou lazon ( Sa in t -Pau l e t -Va lma l le ,H e rau l t ) .B u l le t in d u Mu sd e d 'An th ropo log ie P rdh i s to r ique d e Monaco 2 3 : 5 18 B a rg e , H . 1 978 A t la s P rdh i s to r ique d u M id i Mdd i t e r ranäen . F eud l ed eT ou lon . CNRS .P a r i s B a rna rd , A . 1 996 S e t t lemen t s P a t t e rn s . I n A . B a rna rd a nd J . S pence r ( e d s . ) E ncyc loped ia o fS oc ia l a nd C u l tu ra l A n th ropo log y .p .5 04 .R ou t ledg e .L ondon B aude t , J . L . 1 9 55 L 'Abr i d u Ma ra s ( Sa in t -Ma r t in -d 'A rd eche ) . R e vue A rchdo log ique 4 5 : 1 16 B ax te r , M . J . 1 994 E xp lo ra to ry Mu l t i va r ia te A na ly s i s i n A rchaeo logy . E d inbu rgh U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .E d inbu rgh B az i le , F .a nd Me ignen , L . 1 974 L e g i semen t mou s t e r ien d e R ouz igane t( Ga rd ) .B u l l e t in d el aS oc iä td P rdh i s to r ique F ranva i se 7 1 : 1 70 -75 B az i le , F .a nd P ou i l leu r , C . 1 995 Mod if ica t ion s d e s s e d imen t s l i e s ä l ' h ab i t e , n ouve l le s p i s te s . A rchäo log i e e n L angued oc 1 9 :2 5 -34 B az i le , F . , B a z i le -Robe r t , E . , B ruga l , J P . , D j ind j ian , F . , G u i l le r au l t , P . , R enau l t -M i skov sky , J .a nd R og e r , L . 1 9 8 1 V Ab r i s ou s R oche d e l a L aou za ( S an i lhac S ag r i ä s -Ga rd ) . E t ude s Q ua t er na i r e s L anguedo c ienne s , Memo i r e I . 1 40

B e r a rd , G . 1 956 L ' Indu s tr ie m ou s te ro ide d e S a in t -Loup ä C aba s se ( Va r ) .R i v i s ta d iS t ud iL igu r i2 : 1 85 -99 B ey r ie s , S . 1 987 . V a r iab i l i td d e l ' Ind u s t r i e L i th ique a u Mou s t d r ian A pp roche F on t ione l l e s u r q ue lque s G i semen t s F ra ma i s . B r i t i sh A r cha eo log ica l R epo r t s , I n t er na t iona lS e r ie s3 28 .O x f o rd B ez , J . -F . 1 995 T r ace s d e b ouche r ie s u r l e s r e s t e s d e s g r and s m amm if e r e s . I n A . D e f leu r a nd E . C r egu t -Bonnou r e ( e d s . ) L e G i semen t P a l do l i th ique Moy en d e l a G ro t t e d e s C äd r e s ( L e P lan -d 'Aup s ,Va r ) . d Af 4 9 . p p . 4 3 -47 . E d i t ion sd el a Ma i son d e sS c ience sd el ' Homme .P a r i s B i l ly ,G . 1 982 L e sd en t sh uma in sd el aG ro t t ed uC oupe -Go rg eä Mon tmau r in . B u l l e t in s e t Mdmo i r e s d e l a S oc i ä t ä d ' An th ropo log ie d eP a r i s9 :2 11-25 B inf o rd , L .R . 1 97 3 I n te ra s semb lag e v a r iab i l i ty -t h e Mou s t e r ian a nd t h e ' f u nc t iona l ' a r gumen t . I n C .R enf r ew ( c d ) T he E xp lana t ion o fC u l tu r e C hange . Mod e l s i nP reh i s to ry . p p .2 27 -54 .D uckwo r th .L ondon B inf o rd , L .R . 1 9 78 N unam iu t E thnoa rcha eo logy . A cad em ic P r e s s . L ondon B inf o rd , L .R . 1 9 8 1 B one s . A nc i en t Men a nd Mod e rn My th s . A cadem ic P r e s s . L ondon B inf o rd , L .R . 1 9 82a T he a r cha eo logy o f p l a ce . J ou rna l o f A n th ropo log ica lA rcha eo logy 1 :5 3 1 B inf o rd , L .R . 1 982b C ommen t so n : R . Wh i t e( 1 982 ) R e th ink ing t h e M idd le /Uppe r P a leo l i th ic T r an s i t ion . C u r ren t A n th ropo logy 2 3 : 1 77 -8 1 B inf o rd , L .R . a nd B e r t ram , J . B . 1 977 B on e f r equenc ie s -a nd a t t r i t iona l p roce s se s . I nL .R . B inf o rd ( c d ) F o r T heor y B u i ld ing i nA rchaeo logy . E s say s o n F auna l R ema in s , A qua t i c R e sou rce s , S pa t ia l A na l y s i s , a nd S y s t em ic Mod e l ing . p p .7 7 153 .A cadem ic P r e s s .N ew Y o rk B in t l if f ,J .1 988 I n t roduc t ion t os e c t ion 2 :F r om m ic ro -t om a c ro r e g ion . I n J .B in t l if f , D .A . D av id son & E .G . G r an t ( ed s . ) C oncep tua l I s sue s i n E nv i ronmen ta l A rcha eo logy . p p . 9 3 -4 . E d inbu rg h U n ive r s i ty P r e s s . E d inbu rg h B la iz e , Y . 1 987 L e g i semen t m ou s ter ien d e l ag ro t te d e M ig . T r c r vaw cd eP räh i s to i r eR ou s s i l lonna i se 4 :9 3 -8 B lanc -Ve rne t , L . , F roge t , C . a nd S g a r e l la , F . 1 9 83 P a leo c l ima to log ie d ' une c a ro t t e d e l a Me r T y r rh en ienne .G do log i e Mdd i te r ran ä enne 1 0 :9 2 104 B o che r en s , H . , F i ze t , M . , Ma r io t te , A . , L ange r -Bad r e , B r . , V and e rmee r sch , B . , B o r d, J . -P . a nd B e l lon , G . 1 99 1 I s o top ic b i ogeog chem i s tr y ( 1 3C , 1 5N ) o f f o s s i l v e r teb ra t e c o l lagen : a pp l ica t ion t ot h e s t udy o f ap a s t f ood w eb i n c lud ing N eande r ta lm an .J ou rna lo fH uman E vo lu t ion 2 0 :4 8 1-92 B on if ay , E . 1 962 L e s T e r ra in s Q ua terna i r e sd an s l eS udE s td e l aF ranc e . Memo i r e d u Mu seum N a t iona l d 'H i s to i r e N a tu r e l le ,s e r ie C ,2 1 .P a r i s B on if ay , E . 1 9 73 C i r con sc r ip t ion d e s a n t iqu i t e s p r eh i s to r ique s s ou s -ma r ine s .G a l l ia P rdh i s to i r e 1 6 :5 25 -33 B on if ay , E . 1 975 S t ra t ig raph ie d u q ua t ema i re e t a g e d e s g i semen t sp r eh i s to r ique sd e l az on e l i to ra le d e sA lpe sMa r i t im e s . B u l le t in d e l a S oc id t ä P rdh i s to r ique F ranga i se 7 2 : 1 97 -208 B on if ay , M . -F . 1 960 E tud e P a ldon to log iqu e d e l aG ro t t e d e l a B a lau z i ä r e ( Ga rd ) ( f bu i l le s A bbé B ayo l ) . T he se d u 3 em ec y c le ,U n ive r s i te d eP a r i s B on if ay , M . -F . 1 97 1 C a rn i vo re s Q ua t e rna i r e sd uS udE s td el a F rance . Memo i r e d u Mu seum N a t iona l d 'H i s to i r e n a t u r e l le 2 1 . P a r i s

B o rd e s , F . 1 973 O n t h e c h rono logy a nd c on t empo r ane i ty o f d if e ren tp a la eo l i th ic c u l tu re si nF rance . I n C .R enf r ew ( e d ) T he E xp lana t ion o fC u l tu re C hang e . Mod e l s i n P reh i s to ty . p p .2 17 -26 .D uckwo r th .L ondon B on e t ,a nd d eL um ley ,H . 1 959 L aB aumeBonn e ,Q u in son ( B . A . ) C ah i e r s L igu re s d e P räh i s to i re e tA rchäo log ie 8 :

C amp r edon , R . a nd B ouca ru t , M . 1 975 A lpe sMa r i t ime s , Mau re s , E s te r e l . G u ide s G eo log ique s R eg ionaux . Ma s son e tC ie E d i t eu r s .P a r i s C ana l s , iS a lomo , A . 1 993 Mä thod e s e t T echn ique s A rchdo S t ra t ig raph ique s p ou r l ' E tud e d e s G i semen t s A rchdo log ique s e n S ed imen t H omog i .ne : A pp l ica t ion a u C omp l exe C I I I d e l a G ro t t e d u L a za r e t , N ic e ( A lpe sMa r i t ime s ) . ( I nf o rma t ique A pp l iquä e : B a se d e D onnd e se tV i sua l i sa t ion T r id imen s ionne l l ed 'En semb l e s A r chdo log ique s ) . T he se d uD oc to ra t . Mu seum N a t iona l d 'H i s to i r eN a tu r e l le .P a r i s C a rney , F . ( e d ) 1 993 G rand D ic t ionna i re . F ranca i s -Ang la i s / A ng la i s -F ranca i s I .F ranva i sA ng la i s . L a rou s se .P a r i s C aza l i s d e F ondou ce , P . 1 872 L 'Ag e d u R enne d an s l eB a s L angu edo c . Ma td r iaux p ou r 1 'H i s to i re P r im i t i ve e t N a tu re l l ed e1 'Homme e t I' E tud ed uS o l , d el aF aune e t d el aF lo r eq u is ' yr a t tachen t . 7 :2 82 -86 C ha l ine , J .1 972 L e s r ongeu r s d u Wü rm ien I d e l ag r o t t e d e l ' Ho r tu s( Va lf laune s ,H e rau l t ) . I nH .d eL um ley ( e d )L a G ro t te d e I' Ho r tu s ( Va lf launA s , H ä rau l t ) . L e s C ha s seu r s N dand e r ta l ien s e t l e u r M i l ieu d e V i e . E labo ra t ion d 'une C h rono log i ed u W ürm ien I d an sl e M id i Mdd i te r randen . E tude s Q ua t er na i r e s , Memo i r e 1 . p p .2 33 -40 . CNRS .P a r i s C ha se , P . 1 986 T he H un te r s o fC ombe G rena l : A pp roache s t o M idd l e P a l eo l i th ic S ub s i s tence i n E u rope . B r i t i sh A r cha eo log ica l R epo r t s , I n t er na t iona l S e r ie s 2 86 . O xf o rd C h a se , P . 1 987 S pec ia l i sa t ion d e l ac ha s se e tt r an s i t ion v e r s l e p a leo l i th ique s upe r ieu r .L 'An th ropo log ie 9 1 : 1 75 -88 . C ley e t -Me r le , J . J . 1 990 L a P rdh i s to i re d e l aP Oche . E d i t ion s E r rance .P a r i s C lo t , A . 1 97 1 L a g ro t t e d e l aC a r r ie r e äG e rde ( H . -P . ) . F ou i l le s 1 97 1 . B u l l e t in d e l a S oc i d td R amond . B agn ie r e s -de B igo r r e C lo t , A . a nd F .D u ran thon 1 990 . L e s Mamm if r e s F o s s i l e s d u Q ua te rna i re d an s l e s P y rdnd e s . Mu seum d 'H i s to i r e N a tu r e l le d eT ou lou se .T ou lou se C lo t , A . a nd G . Ma r san 1 986 L a g ro t t e d u C ap d e l aB ie l le ä N e s t ie r ( 1 lau t e s -Py r enee s ) , f e u i l le s M . D ebeaux 1 960 . G a l l ia P rdh i s to i re 2 9 :6 3 14 1 C lo t , A . . 1 973 L a g ro t te d e l a C a r r ie r e , äG e rde ( Hau t e s P y renee s ) : p r em ie r s r e su l ta t s e t m ecan i sme s d e r emp l i s sag e se td ev i dang e s . P i r ineo s 1 07 :25 -37 C lo t t e s , J . 1 973 C i r con sc r ip t ion d e M id i -Py r enee s . H au te s P y renee s , S a in t -Pe -de -B igo r r e . G a l l ia P rdh i s to i re 1 6 :

1 89 -92 B ou chud , J . 1 966 E s sa i s u r l eR enne e tl a C l ima to log i e d u P a ldo l i th ique Moyen e tS upd r ieu r . I mp r ime r ie Mag ne . P e r igueux B ou rd i e r , F . 1 96 1-2 L e B a s s in d u R höne d u Q ua te rna i r e : G do log ie e tP rdh i s to i r e . 2v o l s . CNRS .P a r i s B ou t ie , P . 1 984 G ro t t e d e s R ama nd i l s , c ommune d e P o r t la N ouve l le ( Aude ) . A rchäo log i e d u M id i Mäd i t e r randen 1 0 :5 2 B oy l e , K .V . 1 990 U ppe rP a laeo l i t h ic F auna sf rom S ou th W e s t F rance : A Z oog eog raph ic P e r spec t ive . B r i t i sh A r chaeo log ica l R epo r t s , I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 5 57 . O xf o rd B oy le , K .V . 1 993 U ppe r p a la eo l i th ic p rocu r emen t a nd p roce s s ing s t ra teg ie s i n s ou thwe s t er n F ran ce . I n G . L a r sen P e t e rk in , H . M . B r i cke r a nd P . Me l la r s ( e d s . ) H un t ing a nd A n ima l E xp lo i ta t ion i n t h e L a t e r P a laeo l i th ic a nd Me so l i th ic o fE u ra s ia . A r chaeo log ica l P ape r s o ft h e Ame r ican A n th ropo log ica l A s soc ia t ion , 4 :1 5 1-62 . B oy le ,K .V . 1 994 L a Mad e le ine ( Tu r sa c , D o rdogne ) . U ne e t ude p a leoeconom ique d u p a leo l i th ique s upe r ieu r . P a läo 6 : 5 -78 . B oy le , K .V . 1 995 I b ex e xp lo i ta t ion a t L aza r e t C av e , N ice , F r ance . P ape r p r e sen t ed t ot h e ' Cu r ren t a nd R ecen t R e sea rch i n O s t eoa r chaeo logy ' D ay s choo l ( O s teoa r cha eo log ica l R e se a rch G roup ) . L e ice s te r U n ive r s i ty . B oy le , K .V . 1 997 L a te Magda len ian C a r ca se Managemen t S t ra t eg ie s . T he P e r igo rd D a t a . A n th ropo zoo log ica 2 5 6 :2 87 -94 B ra in , C .K . 1 98 1 T he h un te r so rt h eH un t ed A nI n t rod uc t ion t o A f r ican C a ve T aphonomy . C h icago U n iv e r s i ty P r e s s . C h icago B ruga l ,J . -P . 1 993 U nr e pa i re d eh yene d e s c aveme se td e p o r c e p i c äP ay r e ( Comp r eg na c , A v ey ron ) . . I n P . Ambe r t a nd A . V er nhe t ( e d s . ) L e s H omme s e t l e u r s E n v i ronnemen t s Q ua t e rna i r e s d an s l e s C au s se s d e l ' Ave y ron .p p .4 7 -8 .A s soc ia t ion d e s Am i sd u Mu see d e M i l lau .A ix e nP rov ence B ruga l , J . -P . , F o s se , P . a nd G uad e l l i , J . -L . 1 997 C ompa ra t iv e s t udy o f b one a s semb lag e s m ade b y r e cen t a nd p l e i s tocene h y en id s . I nL .A . H annu s , L .R o s sum a nd R . P .W inham ( e d s . ) P roce ed ing s o ft h e 1 993 B one Mod if i ca t ion C onf e rence , H o tS p r ing s , S ou th D ako ta . T he E igh th Mee t ing o f W o r k ing G roup 1 o n B one Mod i f ica t ion . O cca s iona l P ub l ica t ion 1 ,A r cheo logy L abo ra to ry ,A ugu s tana C o l leg e .S i oux F a l l s B rune t -L ecom t e , P . , D e sc laux , E . a nd D e f leu r , A . 1 995 -6 L e s c ampag no l s s ou te r ra in s ( Rod en t ia , A rv ico l ida e ) d u P l e i s to cene m oyen e ts upe r ieu r d e l aB aume Mou la G u e r cy ( A rdeche ) . B u l l e t in d u Mu seum d ' An th ropo log i ep räh i s to r ique d e Monaco 3 8 :9 15 B u i s son -Ca t i l ,J .( e d ) 1 994 L eP a ldo l i th ique Moy en e n V auc lu se . N o t ice sd 'A r cheo log ie V auc lu s i enne 3 .A v ignon

4 86 C lo t te s , J . 1 977 C i r con sc r ip t ion d e M id i -Py r enee s . G a l l ia P räh i s to i r e2 0 : 5 24 -5 C o lomb , E .a nd R oux , R . -M . 1 978 L aC rau . D onnee s n ouv e l le s e ti n te rp r e ta t ion s . G do log i e Mdd i t e r randenne 5 :3 03 -24 C omb ie r , J . 1 956 L ag ro t te d e sO u r s äC ha teaubou rg ( A rdeche ) e t l e p rob leme d u ` Mou s te r ien A lp in ' . C ah i e r s R hodan i en s3 :3 14 C omb ie r ,J .1 967 L eP a l do l i th ique d el ' Ardkhe d an ss on C ad re P a ldoc l ima t ique .P ub l ica t ion d el ' I n s t i tu td eP r eh i s to i r e d e l ' Un ive r s i te d e B o rdeaux , Memo i r e 4 . D e lma s . B o rdeaux C omb ie r , J . 1 977 C i r con sc r ip t ion R höne -A lpe s . A rdeche : B a lazuc .G a l l ia P rdh i s to i r e2 0 : 5 72 C o rb e t , G .B . a nd O v enden , D . 1 980 T he Mamma l s o fB r i ta in a nd E u rope . C o l l in s . L ondon 1 4 1

C o t te ,V . 1 920 D dcou ve r t ss u rl aP rdh i s to i re d eP rovence . I :L a P rovence P lä i s tocäne . L ib ra i r ie d 'H i s to i r e d e l a P rov ence .A ix -en -P rovence C ou long e s , L . , L an sa c , A . , P ive teau , J .a nd V a l lo i s , H . -V . 1 952 L e g i s emen t p r eh i s to r iqu e d e Mon semp ron ( Lo t e t G a ronne ) .A nna l e sd eP a l don to log ie 3 8 : 8 3 120 C r egu t -Bonnou r e e ta l1 983 ' F aune d e s A uz ie r e s I äMe tham i s ( Vau c lu se ) . 'N ou ve l l e sA rch i ve sd u Mu sdum d 'H i s to i r e n a tu re l l ed eL yon 2 1 ( s upp l . ) : 5 3 -8 C r egu t -Bonnou r e ,E .( 1992 )L e sA n ima = d el aP rdh i s to i re e n t re P rovence e t T o scane . S o c ie t e d 'E tude s d e s S c ience s N a tu r e I le sd eV auc lu se .A ramon C r egu t -Bonnou r e , E . 1 995 L e s g r and s m amm if e r e s . I n A . D ef l eu r a nd E . C r egu t -Bonnou r e ( e d s . ) 1 995 L e G i semen tP a ldo l i th ique Moyen d el aG ro t te d e sC äd re s ( Va r ) . d Af 4 9 . p p . 5 4 142 . E d i t ion s d e l a Ma i son d e s S c ience sd el ' Homme .P a r i s C r egu t -Bonnou r e , E . 1 996 F am i l ie d e s C an ida e . I n C l . G u e r in a nd M . P a tou -Ma th i s ( e d s . ) L e s G rand s Mamm e re s P l io -P l d i s tocäne sd 'Eu rope . p p . 156 6 6 . Ma s son . P a r i s C r egu t -Bonnou r e , E . a nd G ue r in , C . 1 979 -81 L e g i semen t p l e i s tocene d el ' a ven d el aT ou r r as se äA igu ez e( Ga rd ) : p r em ie r e d ecouv e r t e d an s l eM id i m ed i te r r aneen d e Mu s t e la ( Pu to r iu s ) e ve r smanü ( Mamma l ia ,C a rn ivor a ) . B u l l e t in d el aS oc iä td d 'E tud e sd eS c ienc en a tu r e l l ed e V auc lu se 4 9 -51 : 1 35 -64 C r egu t -Bonnou r e ,E .a nd G ue r in ,C l . 1 996 F am i l le d e sB ov ida e . I n C l . G ue r in a nd M . P a tou -Ma th i s ( e d s . )L e sG rand s Mamm i f ä r e s P l io -P ld i s tocäne s d 'Eu rope . p p . 6 2 106 Ma s son .P a r i s D 'Anna , A . 1 980 A t la s P räh i s to r ique d u M id i Mdd i te r rand en : F eu i l l ed eD ragu ignon . CNRS .P a r i s D a r la s , A . 1 986 l ' Ind u s t r ie L i th ique d e l ' Acheu lä en F ina l ( P rdmou s td r ien ) d e sC ouche sS upd r ieu re sd el aG ro t t e d u L a za re t ( N ic e , A lpe s-Ma r i t ime s ) . T he se , Mu seum n a t iona ld 'H i s to i r en a tu r e l le .P a r i s D av id , F . 1 994 L e b i son : d e sc r ip t ion a u t r e s e sp ece s . I n C . F a r izy , F . D av id a nd J . J aube r t ( e d s . ) H omme s e t B i son s d u P a läo l i th ique Moyen ä Mau ran ( Hau te G a ronne ) . p p . 4 6 -56 . G a l l ia P r eh i s to i r e s upp l . 3 0 . CNRS .P a r i s d e L um ley , H . ( e d . ) 1 969 U ne C abane A cheu lä enne d an s l a G ro t te d u L a za re t ( N ice ) . Memo i r e d e l a S oc ie t e P r eh i s to r ique F r an9a i se 7 .P a r i s d e L um ley , H . 1 956 L a B aume d e s P ey r a rd s ( Vauc lu se ) C ampag ne 1 955 . C ah i e r s L igu re s d e P rdh i s to i re e t d ' Archäo log ie 5 :2 23 -7 d e L um ley , H . 1 959 F igu ie r . S oc ie t e d ' E tude s P a leon to log ique e tP a le thno log ique d e P rovence 1 958 . C ah ie r sL igu r e s d eP rdh i s to i re e td ' Archio log i e8 d e L um ley , H . 1 959 L e R oche r d e G ue r in . S oc ie t e d ' E tud e s P a leon to log ique e tP a le thno log ique d e P roven ce 1 958 . C ah ie r s L igu re s d e P rdh i s to i re e t d ' Archio log ie 8 : 1 93 -4 d e L um ley , H . 1 969 L e P a l do l i th ique I nf d r ieu r e t Moyen d u M id i Mdd i ter rand en d an s s on C ad r e G äo log ique . 1 . : P rovenc e -L igur ie . G a l l ia P r eh i s to i r e ,s upp l . 5 .P a r i s d e L um ley , H . 1 97 1 L e P a ldo l i th ique I nf ä r ieu r e t Moyen d u M id i Mdd i te r randen d an s s on C ad r e G do log ique . 2 . : B a s L anguedoc , R ou s s i l lon -Ca ta logne . G a l l ia P r eh i s to i r es upp l .5 .P a r i s d e L um ley , H . 1 979 ' L a B auma s se d 'An toneg-u e ( Mon tbaz in , H e r au l t ) . 'A rchäo log i ee nL angued oc 2 :1 6 1 42

d e

L um ley , H . a nd L i ch t , M . -H . 1 972 L e s i n du s t r ie s mou s t e r ienne s . I n H . d e L um ley ( c d ) L a G ro t t e d e l 'Ho r tu s ( V a lf launä s , H ä rau l t ) . L e s C ha s seu r s N äand e r ta l ien s e t l e u r M i l ieu d e V i e . E labo ra t ion d 'une C h rono log i e d u W ürm i en I d an s l e M id i Mäd i t e r rand en . E tud e s Q ua te rna i r e s , M emo i re 1 ,3 87 4 88 . CNRS .P a r i s

d e L um ley , H . , d e L um ley , M . -A . , B rand i , R . , G ue r r ie r , E . , P i l la rd , F .a nd P i l la rd , B . 1 972 H a l t e s e tc ampem en t s d e c h a s s eu r s n eande r ta l ien s d an s l eg r o t te d e l ' Ho r t u s ( Va l f laun e s , H er au l t ) . I nd e L um ley ,H .( c d )L aG ro t t e d e l 'H o r tu s ( Va l f launä s , Hä rau l t ) . L e s C ha s seu r s N dand e r ta l i en s e t l e u r M i l ieu d e V i e . E labo ra t ion d 'une C h rono log i e d u W ü rm i en I d an s l e M id i Mdd i t er rand en . E tud e s Q ua te rna i r e s , M emo i r e 1 ,5 27 6 24 . CNRS .P a r i s d eL um ley , H . , G agn ie re , S .& F ou rn ie r , A . 1 9 69 L ep ay sag ee t l ec l ima t äl af i n d u R i s s I I . I nd e L um ley , H . ( e d . ) 1 969 U ne C abane A cheu leenn e d a n s l a G ro t t e d u L aza re t ( N ice ) . Mdmo i r e d e l a S oc i ä td P räh i s to r ique F ran a i se 7 ,1 29 -34 . d e L t un ley , M . -A . 1 973 A n tändand e r ta l i en s e tN dand e r ta l i en s d uB a s s in Mäd i te r rand en O cc id en ta lE uropden .E t ude s Q ua te rna i r e s 2 . E d i t ion s d u L abo ra to i r e d e P a leon to log ie H uma ine e td eP r eh i s to i r e . Ma r se i l le d e V i l leneuve , L . 1 906 L e s G ro t t e s d e G r ima ld i ( Baou s se R ou s se ) . V o l . I ,p a r t 1 . H i s to r iqu e e t D e sc r ip t ion . I mp r im e r ie d e Mona co . Monaco D eba rd , E . ( 1 988 ) L e Q ua t e rna i re d u B a s -V i va ra i s d ' ap rä s ? E tud ed e sR emp l i s sag e sd ' Aven s , d eG ro t te se td ' Ab r i s s ou s R och e . D ynam iqu e S äd imen ta i r e , P a läoc l ima t ique e tC h rono log i e . L yon . D ocumen t s d e s L abo ra to i r e s d e G eo log ie d el aF a cu l t ed e sS c ien ce sd eL yon 1 03 D eba rd , E . , B az i le , F . , B a z i le -Robe r t , E . , G i l le s , R . a nd G u i l le r au l t , P . 1 986 L e s o sc i l la t ion s c l ima t iqu e se n t r e 1 25 00 a n s e t l em ax imum g l a c ia i r e d a r t s l eB a s V iva r a i s ( S -E , F r ance ) . B u l l e t in d e l ' As soc ia t ion F ranva i se p ou rl ' E tud ed uQ ua t e rna i re 2 3 ( No .2 5 -6 ) : 4 7 -5 D i che le t te , J . 1 908 Manue l d 'Archdo log i e . P räh i s to r ique , C e l t ique e t G a l lo -Roma ine . 1 : A rchäo log ie P rdh i s to r ique .L ib ra i r ie A lphon s eP i ca rd e tF i l s .P a r i s D ef leu r , A . 1 9 86 L a s t a t ion d e s P ey r a rd s p r e s d e Ma r se i l le ( Bou che s -du -Rhöne ) . T ravau x d u L abo ra to i re d ' An th ropo log i e , d e P räh i s to i r e e td 'E thno log i e d e s P ay s d e l a Mäd i t e r rande O cc id en ta l e . Un iv e r s i t e d e P rov ence .A ix en -P rovence D e f leu r , A . 1 9 89 -90 L e mou s t e r ien d e L 'Ab r i Mou la ( Soyon s , A rd e che ) .B u l l e t in d el aS oc id td d 'E tud e s d e sS c i ence s n a tu r e l l e sd e V auc lu se 5 9 -60 : 5 9 -85 D ef l eu r , A . 1 990 ' L e Muy : B aume d e C o l le R ou s s e . ' G a l l ia I nf o rma t ion s 1 990 , 1a nd 2 :2 32 D e f leu r , A . a nd C r egu t -Bonnou r e ( e d s . ) 1 995 L e G i semen t P a l do l i th ique Moyen d e l a G ro t t e d e s C äd re s ( Va r ) . d Af 4 9 . E d i t ion s d e l a Ma i son d e s S c ience s d e l ' Homm e .P a r i s D ef l eu r , A . a nd G au t ie r , J .1 983 U n g i s em en t mou s t e r ien ä l a G a rdu r e , c ommune d e P uy S a in t e R epa rade ( Bouche s d u -Rhöne ) . T ra vaux d u L abo ra to i re d ' An th ropo log i e , d e P rdh i s to i re e t d 'E thno log i e d e s P ay s d e l a Mdd i te r ranäe O cc id en ta l e . U n iv e r s i te d e P rovence . A ix en -P rovence

D ef l eu r , A . a nd G au t ie r , J .1 984 U n g i semen t m ou s t e r ien äl a G a rdu r e , c ommune d eP uy -Sa in t e -R epa rad e( Bouch e sd u -Rhone ) . B u l l e t in A rcheo log ique d e P rovenc e 1 3 : 1 5 -23 D e f leu r , A . , B ez , J . -F . , C r dgu t -Bonnou r e , E . , D e sc law c , E . , O no ra t in i , G . , R adu le s cu , C . , T h inon , M . a nd V i le t t e , P h . 1 994 L e n i veau m ou s td r ien d e l a g ro t te d e l ' Adaou s te ( J ouque s , B ou che s -du -Rhön e ) . A pp roche c u l tu r e l le e tp a ldoenv i ronnemen t . B u l l e t in d u Mu seum d 'An th ropo log ie P reh i s to r ique d e Monaco 3 7 : 1 -48 D ef leu r , A . , B ez , J . -F . , C regu t -Bonnou r e , E . , F on tugne , M . , J e anne t , M . , Magn in , F . , T a lon , B . , T h inon , M . a nd C omb ie r , J . 1 994 I n du s t r i e s , b i o s tr a t ig raph ie , r e s t e s h uma in s e t d a ta t ion d u g i s emen t m ou s t e r ien d e l a B aume N e ron ( Soyon s , A rdeche ) . C omp t e r end u d e l ' Acad em i ed e sS c i enc e sP a r i s( s e r ie H a )3 18 : 1 409 14 D ef leu r , A . , C r egu t -Bonnou r e , E . a nd D e sc laux , E . 1 998 P r em ie r em i se e ne v id ence d ' une s e qu ence e rn ienn ea r e s t e s h uma in s d an s l e r emp l i s sag e d e l a B aume Mou la -Gu e r cy ( Soyon s , A rd eche ) . C omp t e r end u d e l ' Acad em i ed e sS c ience sP a r i s( s e r ie I l a ) 3 26 :4 53 -8 D ef leu r ,M .A . 1 990 Mande l ieu la -Napou le . B a r ra l .P a leo l i th iqu e m oyen e ts upe r ieu r . G a l l ia I nf o rma t ion s 1 990 : 1 20 -2 1 d e l la L i be r a , J . 1 97 1 I nven ta i r e d e ss i t e s , g i semen t s e tt e r ro i r s d e l ' A rdeche . Z one d 'O rgna c , p r em ie r s r e su l ta t s . E tud e sP reh i s to r ique s 1 :3 5 -53 D e lpech ,F .1 983 L e sF aune sd uP a leo l i th ique S upe r ieu rd an sl e S ud -Oue s t d e l a F ranc e . C ah ie r s d u Q ua t ema i r e 6 . CNRS .P a r i s D e lpech , F .a nd P r a t , F . 1 995 N ouv e l le s o b se rva t ion s s u r l e s f a une s a cheu leenne s d e C ombe -G r ena l ( Domme , D o rdogne ) .P a l& 7 :1 2 3 -37 D e lpech , F . ,D ona rd , E . , G i lbe r t , A . , G uade l l i , J . L . , L e G a l l , 0 . , Ma r t in i Ja cqu in , A . , P aque r eau , M .M . , P ra t , F . a nd T oumep iche , J . F . 1 983 C on tr ibu t ion ä l al e c tu r e d e s p a leoc l ima t s q ua t ema i r e s d ' ap r e s l e s d onnee s d e l a p a leon to log ie e n m i l ieu c on t inen ta l . Q ue lque s e xemp le s d e f l o r e s e td e f a une s d 'ongu le s p r i s d an s l e p l e i s tocene s upe r ieu rd 'Aqu i ta ine . B u l l e t in d el ' In s t i tu t d eG eo log i ed uB a s s in d 'Aqu i ta ine 3 4 : 1 65 -78 D uba r ,M 1 979 L e s T e r ra in sQ ua te rna i r e sa uP i ed d e sA lpe sd e D igne ( Ba s s in d e l a Moyenne D u rance , P la teau d e V a l en so l e , Mon tagne d e L ine ) . T he s e d e d oc to r a t , U n iv e r s i te d eP rovence . Ma r s e i l le D uba r , M . 1 980 G i s emen t s e t i n du s t r ie s p a leo l i th ique s d e s l i mon s d e l a r e g ion d e N ice . L ' Archeo log i e e n P rovence . A lpe s . C ö t e d ' Azu r . C o r se . L e t t re d ' Inf o rma t ion 2 :1 2 19 D unn , G . a nd E ve r i t t , B .S . 1 982 A n I n t rod uc t ion t o Ma thema t ica l T axonomy . C amb r idg eU n iv e r s i ty P r e s s . C amb r idge E i senmann , V .a nd D av id , F .1 994 L ec h eva l d e Mau ran : f o rme d e t r an s i t ion e n t r e E quu s t a ubachen s i s a nd E . g e rman icu s ?I nC . F a r izy , F .D av id , a nd J .J aub e r t ( e d s . ) H omme s e tB i son s d u P a l eo l i th ique Moyen ä Mau ran ( Hau te -Ga ronne ) . G a l l ia P r eh i s to i r es upp l . 3 0 . p p .4 1 -5 . CNRS . P a r i s E sca lon d eF on ton ,M . 1 976 C i r con s c r ip t ion d eP rov ence -A lp e sC ö t e -d 'Azu r : A lpe sMa r i t ime s . G a l l ia P reh i s to i r e 1 9 : 6 02 E ve r i t t , B .S . a nd D unn , G . 1 983 A d vanced M e thod s o fD a ta E xp lo ra t ion a nd Mod e l l ing .H e inemann .L ondon 1 43

E v in , J . , Ma r echa l , J . a nd Ma r ien , G . 1 983 L yon n a tu ra l r a d ioc a rbon m e a su r emen t sI XR ad ioca rbon 2 5 : 5 9 128 E v in , J . , Ma recha l , J . a nd Ma r ien , G . 1 985 L yon n a tu ra l r ad ioca rbon m ea su r emen t s X . R ad ioca rbon 2 7 : 3 86 4 54 F ab r e , F . 1 984 L e s p a leo -c l ima t s d u q ua t ema i r e e n F r ance d ' ap r e s l e s f i b r e s e tl e s f a une s . B u l le t in d u Mu seum d 'H i s to i r en a tu re l l ed e Ma r se i l l e4 4 :3 9 -46 F a rbo s -Tex ie r , S . , M i skov s l cy , J . -C 1 . , Ma rque t , J . -C 1 . , Me ignen , L . a nd C ou la rou , J . 1 98 1 E tud e p a leo c l ima t iqu e e n L anguedo c o r ien ta l d ' ap r e s l e s r ü veaux p a leo l i th ique s d e l ag ro t te d u S a lpi tr e d e P omp ignan ( Pomp ignan , G a rd ) . B u l le t in d e l ' As soc ia t ion F ran9a i se p ou r l ' E tud ed uQ ua te rna i re 2( 7 -8 ) : 1 29 -47 F a r izy , C . , D av id , F . a nd J aube r t , J .( e d s . ) 1 994 H omme s e t B i son s d u P a leo l i th ique Moyen ä Mau ran ( H au te G a ronne ) . G a l l ia P r eh i s to i r es upp l .3 0 . CNRS .P a r i s F o s s e , P . 1 994 T aphonom i e P a l eo l i th ique : l e s G rand s Mamm if e re sd eS o l e i lhac ( Hau t e -Lo i r e ) e td eL une l -V i e l ( H e rau l t ) . T he s e d e d o c to r a t , U n iv e r s i t e d e P rov en ce . Ma r se i l le F o s se , P . 1 995a L e r o le d e l ' hy ene d a r t s l a f o rma t ion d e s a s semb lag e so s seux : 1 50 a n sd ec on t rove r se s . L 'appo r t d e sa nc ien st e x t e sd e sp r eh i s to i r ee td ep a leon to log ie d u Q ua t ema i r e ma e t ude st a phonom ique sa c tue l le s .P a l& 7 :4 9 -84 F o s se ,P .1 995b L e sh e rb ivo r e sd an s l e sg i semen t sp a leo l i th ique s e ng r o t te :p ro ie sd e sc a rn ivo r e so ug i b ie rd e sh omme s? P r eh i s to i re A n th ropo log ie Med i te r raneenne s4 :2 7 -39 F o s se , P . 1 997 V a r iab i l i t e d e s a s semb lag e s o s seux c r ie s p a r l ' hy dne d e sc av eme s .P a ldo 9 :1 5 -54 G agnepan , J . ,G a i l la rd , C . , A b a s s i , M . , A ja ja , 0 . , B aha in , J . J . , B oua ja ja , M . , E l H ammou t i , K . , F a lgue r e s , C . , H ong , M .Y . , L au r en t , M . , Me c i cu r ia , B . , Me s tou r , B . , P a tou Ma th i s , M . a nd P e r r enoud , C . 1 996 S yn th e se c h rono s t ra t ig raph iqu e e tc u l tu r e l le d u s i t e d e l aB aume B onne äQ u in son ( A lpe s d e H au t e P rovence , F r an ce ) . A b s t ra c t o fp ape r p r e sen ted t ot h e U ISPP C ong r e s s , F o r l i ,I t a ly ,v o lum e 1 ,p p . 1 54 -5 G agn ie r e , S . , G au th ie r , L .a nd H ugue s , C . 1 956 L e m ou s t e r ien d e l a B aume F l and in ä O rgna c l 'Aven ( A rde che ) . C ong re sP reh i s to r ique d eF ranc e . 1 5 :4 9 1-509 G a l l ic ian , A . 1 978 A t la s P reh i s to r ique d u M id i Med i te r raneen . F eu i l l ed eN yon s . CNRS .P a r i s G amb le , C .S . 1 986 T he P a laeo l i th ic S e t t l emen t o f E u rope . C amb r idg eU n ive r s i ty P r e s s .C amb r idge G amb le , C .S . 1 995 L a rg e m amma l s , c l ima te a nd r e sou r ce r i chne s s i nU ppe r P l e i s tocene E u rop e . A c ta Z oo log ica C racov . 3 8 : 1 55 -75 G a rd e i sen , A . 1 994 . R e s te s F aun ique s e tS t ra teg i e s d e C ha s se d an s l eP le i s tocene S upe r ieu r d e l a G ro t t e G ue s t d u P o r te l( Ar ieg e , F ranc e ) . T he se d ed oc to ra t , U n iv e r s i t e P au lV a ld ry , Mon tpe l l ie rI I . G a r se i sen ,A . 1 996 A na ly se d eq ue lque sc r i t e r e sd ec on ser va t ion d e s o s semen t s f o s s i le s : l ' exemp le d u P o r te l O ue s t ( A r ieg e ,F ran ce ) .A rchaeo zoo log ia 8 :1 4 1-66 G a s s in , B . 1 986 A t la s P reh i s to r ique d u M id i Med i t e r rand en . F eu i l le d eC anne s . CNRS .P a r i s G audz in sk i ,S .1 997 A sp ec t so ff a una le xp lo i ta t ion i nt h eM idd le P a la eo l i th ic : e v idence f r om Wa l le r the im ( Rhe inhe s sen , G e rmany ) .A n th ropo zoo log ica 2 5 -6 : 37 -42 G au th ie r , A . , C o rdy , J . -M . , S t r au s , L .G . a nd O t te , M . 1 997 T aphonom ic , c h rono s t ra t ig raph i c , p a leoenv i ronmen ta l

G uade l l i , J . -L . 1 996 L e s c e r f s d u Wünn i a n c i en e n A qu i ta in e . P a le° 8 :9 9 108 G ue r in , C l . 1 996a O rd re d e s P e r i s soda c ty le s . I n C l . Gu e r in a nd M . P a tou -Ma th i s ( e d s . )L e s G rand s Mamm if t r e s P l io P le i s toc ene sd 'Eu rope . p p . 1 07 -36 . Ma s son .P a r i s G u e r in , C l . 1 996b F am i l le d e s S u ida e . I n C l . G ue r in a nd M . P a tou -Ma th i s ( ed s . ) L e s G rand s Mamm i f e re s P l io P le i s toc ene sd 'Eu rope .p p .4 0 -3 Ma s son .P a r i s H ayne s , G . 1 983 A g u ide f o r d if e r en t ia t ing m amma l ian c a rn ivo r e t a xa r e spon s ib le f o r g naw d amag e t o h e rb ivo r el i mb b one s .P a leob io log y9 :1 64 -72 H igg s , E . S . ( e d ) 1 972 P ape r s i n E conom ic P reh i s to ry . C amb r idg eU n ive rs i ty P r e s s .C amb r idg e H igg s , E .S .( e d ) 1 975 P a laeoeconomy . C amb r idg e : C amb r idg e U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .C amb r idg e H o l t Jen sen , A . 1 980 G eog raphy , i t s H i s to r y a nd C oncep t s : a S tud en t -Gu id e .H a rpe ra nd R ow ( Pub l i she r s ) .L ondon H ugue s ,C . 1 956 .L e mou s t e r ien d el aB aume F l and in aO rgna c l ' Aven ( A rdeche ) . E xt . CPF . XV .P o i t ie r s -Angou leme . H ugue s , C . a nd S .G agn ie r e 1 926 -7 L ag r o t t em ou s te r ienne d e l ' E squ icho -G rapaou . B u l le t in d e l aS oc ie te d 'E tud e s d e sS c i ence s N a tu re l l e sd eN ime s2 8 :7 10 H ugue s , C . a nd S .G agn ie r e 1 9 31 L ' Indu s t r ie e tl af a une d e l a g ro t t e d e l ' E squ icho -G rapaou , c ommune d e S a in t e A na s t a s ie ( Ga rd ) . C ong re s P reh i s to r ique d e F rance . 1 0 : 1 07 19 I s e t t i , G . 1 96 1 U na s t az ione p a leo l i t ica n e l c en t ro d iS an r emo . R i v i s ta d iS t ud iL igu r i3 7 : 5 44 I s e t t i ,G . ,d eL um ley ,H . a nd M i skov s l cy ,J . C . 1 962 I g i a c imen to m u s t e r iano d e l la g r o t ta d e l l 'A rma p r e s so B u s s ana ( San r emo ) .R iv i s ta d iS t ud iL ig u r i2 8 : 1 114 J aube r t , J . 1 99 3 L 'Homme d e N eande r ta l a u R e s coundudou ( Sebaza c -Concou r e s ) . I n P . Amb e r t a nd A . V emhe t ( e d s . ) L e s Homme s e t l e u r s E n v i ronnemen t s Q ua t e rna i re s d an s l e s C au s se s d el ' Avey ron . p p . 9 13 . A s so c ia t ion d e s Am i s d u Mu see d e M i l lau . A ix e n P rov ence J a ube r t , J . , K e rva so , B . , Q u in if , Y . , B ruga l , J . -P . a nd W i l lf o rd , O 'Y l . 1 992 L e s i t e p a leo l i th ique m oyen d u R e scoundudou ( Avey ron , F rance ) : d a ta t ion s U /Th e t i n t e rp r e ta t ion c h rono s t ra t ig raph iqu e . L 'An th ropo log ie 9 6 : 1 0 3 12 J e an jean , A . 1 872 L 'Homme e tl e s a n imaux d e s c ave rne s d e B a s s e s C ev enne s . Ma te r iaux p ou r l 'H i s to i re P r im i t ive e tN a tu re l le d e1 'H omme e t1 ' E tud ed uS o l , d el aF aune e td el aF lo re q u is ' yr a t tachen t . 7 :3 15 -23 J u i l la r c l , E . 1 972 T he r e g ion : a n e s say o f d ef in i t ion . I n P .W . E ng l i sh a nd R .C . Mayf ie ld ( e d s . ) Man , S pac e , a nd E n v i ronmen t . C onc ep t s i n C on t empo ra ry H uman G eog raphy . p p . 4 29 -4 1 . O x f o rd Un iv e r s i ty P r e s s . O xf o rd K e l ly , R .L . 1 995 T he F o rag ing S pec trum . D i ve r s i ty i nH un te r G a the re r L if eway s . Sm i th son ian I n s t i tu t ion . Wa sh ing ton K oby , F . -Ed . 1 964 . L a f a unu le d e l ag r o t t e d eN e ron äS oyon s

a nd a n th ropog en ic i mp l ica t ion s o f t h e u pp e r p l e i s to cene f a una s f r om L e T rou Mag r i t e , B e lg ium . A n th ropo zoo log ica 2 5 -6 : 3 43 -54 G ene s t e ,J . -M . ,J aube r t ,J . ,L eno i r ,M . , Me ig nen ,L .a nd T u rq ,A . 1 997 A pp roche t e chno log ique d e s mou s t d r ien s c ha r en t ien s d u S ud -Oue s t d e l a F r ance e t d u L anguedoc .P a leo 9 :1 0 1-42 G e rbe r ,J . -P . 1 973 . L aF aune d eG rand s Mamm i f i re s d u W ü rm A nc i en d an s l e S udE s t d e l a F rance . T he s e d e d o c to ra t ,U n ive r s i t ed eP rov ence I ,Ma r se i l le G ez e , B . 1 9 79 L angued oc Med i te r rand en , Mon tagne N o i re . G eo log ique sR eg ionaux . Ma s son e tC ie E d i teu r s .P a r i s G ia cob in i , G . , d e L um ley , M .A . a nd V en tu r ino , M . 1 982 . L e s r e s t e sn eande r ta l ien sd e l a' C ave rna d e l le F a t e '( F ina le , L igu r ie i t a l ienne ) . R i v i s ta d iS t ud iL igur i4 8 :4 9 -74 G i l le s , R . 1 994 L aP reh i s to i r ed el aB a s se A rd eche . D e sG o rg e s äS a in t Ma rce l . A s soc ia t ion G roup e d e R e che r che s A r ch do log iqu e s d u B a s -V iva r a i s . S a in t -Ma r ce l d 'A rd eche G i ra rd , M . 1 994 A na ly se p o l l in iqu e . I nC . F a r izy , F .D av id a nd J .J a ube r t ( e d s . ) H omme s e tB i son s d u P a l eo l i th ique Moyen äMau ran ( Hau te -Ga ronne ) . G a l l ia P r eh i s to i r e s u pp l .3 0 .p p .5 7 -63 . CNRS .P a r i s G i ra rd , M . a nd R enau l t -M i skov sky , J .1 997 A na ly se p o l l in iqu e d u r emp l i s sag e d e l ag ro t te d e A b e i l le s ( Mon tmau r in , H au t e -Ga ronne ) .P reh i s to i re A r ieg eo i se 5 2 : 1 37 -46 G i raud , Y . 1 9 85 O r ig ine d e l a Ma t i e re P rem i e re u t i l i see a u P a l eo l i th ique I nf e r ieu r e t Moyen . E tud e d e 7S i t e s P reh i s to r ique s d e B a s se P rovence O cc id en ta l e . Memo i r e d e d i p löme d ' E tud e s a pp rof ond ie s s c ience s p r eh i s to r ique s .U n iv e r s i te d eP rovence . Ma r se i l le G i raud , Y . 1 986 I n du s t r ie s l i t h iqu e d e l a g ro t t e d e R igabe ( A r t igu e s -V a r ) . E tud e p r i l im ina i r e d e l a m a t ie r e p r em ie r e . T ravau x d u L AP MO . U n iv e r s i t e d e P rov ence .A ix en -P rovence : G i raud , Y . 1 995 O r ig ine d e sm a t ie re s p r em ie r e s l i t h ique s . I nA . D ef l eu r a nd E . C r egu t -Bonnou r e ( e d s . ) L e G i semen t P a leo l i th ique Moyen d el aG ro t t ed e sC ed r e s( L eP lan d 'Aup s , V a r ) . d Af 4 9 . p p . 3 9 -4 1 . E d i t ion sd e l a Ma i son d e sS c ience sd el ' Homme .P a r i s G i raud , Y . , B ruga l , J . -Ph . a nd J e a rm e t , M . 1 998 U n n ouveau g i s emen t mou s te r ien e n moy enne v a l lee d u R höne : l a g r o t t e Mand r in äMa la tav er n e ( D röme ) . B u l le t in d e l a S oc ie te P reh i s to r ique F ranva i se 9 5 :7 15 G o epf e r t , Y . 1 985 C anyon d u V e rd on . G u id e T ou r i s t ique . E d i t ion sA IO .L eC anne t G ooda l l , D .W . 1 954 O b jec t ive m e thod s f o rt h ec l a s s if i ca t ion o f v eg e ta t ion . I . A n e s say i nt h e u s e o ff a c to r a na ly s i s . A u s t ra l ian J ou rna lo fB o tany 2 :3 04 -24 . G ooda l l , B . 1 987 D ic t iona ry o fH uman G eog raphy . P engu in . L ondon G oude t , M . 1 975 L e g i semen t a cheu leen d e C a r ro s le -Neuf ( A lp e sMa r i t ime s ) . G eo log i e Med i te r raneenne 2 . 5 9 7 4 G ouveme t , C . , G u e r in , G . a nd R ou s se t , C . 1 979 P rovence . G u id e s G eo log ique s R eg ionaux . Ma s son e t C ie E d i t eu r s .P a r i s G ray son ,D .K . 1 984 Q uan t i ta t i ve Z ooa rchaeo logy . T op i c si nt h e

( A rd ech e ) . M i sve lanea e n H omena je a lA ba t e H en r i B reu i l( 1 877 -1 96 1 ) ,t omo . 1 ,4 73 -8 6 .B a r ce lona K ova ch , W .L . 1 990 MVSP P lu s . V e r s ion 2 . 0 . Wa r r en L . K ova ch .A be rmag v v r K uhn , S .L . 1 9 95 Mou s t e r ian L i th ic T echno logy : A nE co log ica l P e r spe c t i ve . P r ince ton : P r ince ton U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .

A na ly s i s o fA rchaeo log ica l F auna s . A cadem ic P r e s s . L ondon : G uade l l i , J . -L . 1 990 Q ue lque s d onnee s s u r l af a une d e C oupe G o rg e äMon t rnau r in ( Hau te -Ga ronne , F ran ce ) . P a l e° 2 :1 07 -26 1 44

K uhn , S .L . 1 99 1 ' Unpa ck ing ' r e du c t ion : l i t h ic r aw m a t e r ia l e conomy i n t h e Mou s t e r ian o f We s t -Cen t r a l I t a ly . J ou rna lo fA n t h ropo log ica lA rchaeo logy 1 0 : 7 6 106 . K uhn , S . L . 1 993 Mou s t e r ian t e chno logy a sa dap t iv er e spon se . I n G .L . P e t e r l c in , H .M . B r ick e r a nd P . Me l l a r s ( e d s . ) H un t ing a nd A n ima l E xp lo i ta t ion i n t h e L a t e r P a la eo l i th ic a nd Me so l i th i co fE u ra s ia . A r cheo log ica l P ap e r so ft h e Ame r ican A n th ropo log ica lA s soc ia t ion 4 , 2 5 32 K u r ten , B . 1 976 T he C a ve B ea r S t o ry . C o lumb ia Un ive r s i ty P r e s s .N ew Y o rk L aa f a r , S . , R ou s seau , L . a nd d e L um ley , H . 1 995 M i se e n e v id ence d e p a leo s truc tu r e s l i ee s a u f r o id p a r l a m ic romo rpho log ie d e ss o l s d an s l ag ro t te d u L aza r e t ä N ic e ( F rance ) . C omp t e r e nd u d e 1 ' Acad dm ie d e s S c i ence s , P a r i s( s e r ie H a )3 2 1 :2 09 14 L anda l s , A . 1 990 T he Map le L ea f s i t e : i mp l ica t ion s o f t h e a na ly s i s o fs ma l l sca le b i son k i l l s . I nL .B . D av i s a nd B .O .K . R eeve s ( ed s . ) H un t e r s o ft h e R ecen t P a s t . p p . 1 22 -5 1 .U nw in L yman . L ondon L a r te t , E . a nd C h r i s ty , H . 1 877 R e l iqu iae A qu i tan icae : b e ing C on t r ibu t ion s t ot h e A r cha eo logy a nd P a laeon to lo gy o fP e r igord a nd t h e Ad jo in ing P rov ince s o fS ou the rn F rance . H .B a i l l ie r e .L ondon L aye t , J .1 9 55 L e s l ame sd es i l ex d e sp l u sb a sn i veaux d uL og i s d u B o rd d e l ' Eau . A nna / e s d e l aS oc id td d e s S c ience s n a tu r e l le sd eT ou lon e td u V a r7 :9 15 L e T en so r e r ,J . -M . 1 98 1 L eP a ldo l i th ique d e l ' Ag ena i s . C ah ie r s d uQ ua ter na i r e3 . CNRS .P a r i s L ep ic , V icom t ea nd d eL ubac ,J .1 872 S t a t ion sp r eh i s to r ique sd e l a v a l lee d u R höne , e n V iva ra i s , C hä teaubou rg e t S oyon s . Ma td r iau x p ou r 1 'H i s to i re P r im i t i ve e t N a tu re l le d eI 'Homme e tl ' E t ud ed uS o l , d el aF aune e t d el aF lore q u i s' yr a t tachen t .7 :4 29 -43 L e son , A . 1 978 J e d dcou v re l e sA n imau xS au vage s . I . G rand s Mamm if d re sE u ropd en s .A .L e so t .P a r i s L homme , G . 1 979 . C ampagne s d e f o u i l le s 1 978 e t 1 979 d an s l ' ab r i d e s P e ' cheu r s äC a s t e l jau ( A rdeche ) . A rch i ve s N ou v e l le s d u Mu säum d 'H i s to i re n a tu re l l e d e L yon f a sc 1 7( s upp l . ) :6 5 -7 0 L homme , G . 1 984 L e g i semen t p a l eo l i th ique d e l ' Ab r i d e s P ech eu r s , c ommune d e B e r r i a s -e t -Ca s te l jau ( A rdeche ) . A rchdo log ie d uM id i Mdd i te r randen 1 0 :4 9 L yman , R .L . 1 994 V e r teb ra t e T aphonomy . C amb r idg e U n iv e r s i ty P r e s s .C amb r idge Ma saoud i , H . , F a lgue r e s , C . , B aha in , M . , Y okohama , Y a nd L homme ,G . 1 994 D a ta t ion d ' o s semen t se td ep l anche r s s t a lagm i t ique s p rovenan t d e l ' a b r i d e s P e s cheu r s ( A rd e che ) p a r l a m e thod e d e s d e sequ i l ib re s d e s fa m i l ie sd el ' U r an ium ( U /Th ) .Q ua t e rna i re 5 :7 9 -83 Ma s in i , F .1 9 85 Wü r rn ian a nd h o lo cene c hamo i s o fI t a ly . I nS . L ova r i( e d ) T he B io logy a nd Manag emen to f Moun ta in U ngu la t e s .p p .3 1-44 .C roon H e lm .B eck enham Ma s s i , R . 1 990 A t la s P rdh i s to r ique d u M id i Mdd i t e r randen . F eu i l l ed e Ca s te l lane . CNRS .P a r i s Me ignen , L . 1 976 L e s i t e mou s te r i en c ha r en t ien d e I o ton ( Beau ca i re , G a rd ) : E tude s ed imen to log ique e t

Me ign en , L . 1 98 1 L 'ab r i mou s t e r ien d u B r uga s ( Va l lab r ix , G a rd ) ; p r em ie r s r e su l ta t s . G a l l ia P rdh i s to i r e 2 4 : 2 39 5 3 Me ign en , L . 1 993a L 'Ab r i d e s C ana l e t te s . U n Hab i ta t Mou s td r ien s u r l e s G rand s C au s se s ( Nan t , A vey ron ) . Monog raph ie d u CRA 1 0 . CNRS .P a r i s Me ignen , L . 1 993b L e s i n du s t r ie s l i t h ique s d e l ' ab r i d e s C ana le t te s : c ou che 2 .I n L . Me ignen ( e d ) L' A b r i d e s C ana le t te s . U n Hab i ta t Mou s td r ien s u r l e s G rand s C au s se s ( Nan : , A vey ron ) . Monog r aph ie d u CRA 1 0 , 2 39 -28 . CNRS .P a r i s Me ig nen , L . 1 993c L e mou s t e r ien d e l ' Ab r i d e s C ana le t te s ( Nan t ) . I n P . Ambe r t a nd A . V e rnhe t ( e d s . ) L e s H omme s e tl e u r s E n v i ronnemen t s Q ua te rna i r e s d an s l e s C au s se s d e l ' Avey ron . p p . 1 5 17 . A s soc ia t ion d e s Am i sd u Mu see d eM i l lau .A ix e nP rovence Me ignen , L . 1 994 L 'Ana ly se d e l ' o rgan i sa t ion s pa t ia le d an s l e s s i t e s d u p a leo l i th ique moy en : s t r uc tu r e s e v iden t e s , s t r uc tu r e s l a t en t e s . P räh i s to i r e s A n th ropo log i e Mdd i t e r rand enne s3 :7 24 Me ig nen , L .a nd C ou la rou , J .1 98 1 L e G i semen t P a l do l i th ique Moy en -L a R oque t t e ( Conquey rac , G a rd ) . 1-E tud e A rchdo log ique . C en tr e d e R eche r che s A r cheo log iqu e s , N o te sI n t er n e s2 6 Me ignen , L . a nd J aube r t , J .1 984 R eche r che s r e cen t e s s u r l e p a l eo l i th iqu e m oyen d e s G rand s C au s se s . A rchdo log i e d uM id im dd i t e r rand en 1 0 :7 25 Me l la r s , P .A . 1 973 T he c ha rac t e r o f t h e m idd le -upp e r P a la eo l i th ic t r an s i t ion i n s ou th -w e s t F rance . I n C . R enf r ew ( e d ) T he E xp lana t ion o f C u l tu re C hange . Mod e l si nP r eh i s to ry .p p .2 55 -76 .D uckwo r th .L ondon Me l la r s , P .A . 1 996 T he N eand e r tha l L ega cy . An A rchaeo log ica l P e r spec t ive f rom W e s t e rn E u rope . P r in ce ton U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .P r ince ton M iche l , V . 1 996 D a ta t ion U -Th e tE SR c omb inee d e s n i v eaux a r cheo log ique s d e l a gone d u L a za re t ( N ice , F r an ce ) . A b s t r a c t o f p ape r p r e sen ted t o t h e U ISPP C ong r e s s , F o r l i ,I t a ly ,v o lume 1 ,p p .2 4 -5 M ich e l , V . , F a lgue re s , C . a nd Y okoya rna , Y . 1 997 T eneu r e n u r an ium e td a ta t ion U -Th d e st i s su so s seux e td en ta i re s f o s s i le s d e l ag r o t te d u L aza re t C omp t e R end u d e I ' Acad dm i ed e sS c ience s , P a r i s( s ide I a )3 25 : 3 8 1-7 M i skov s l cy ,J .C l . 1 969 A na ly se d e ss ed im en t s . I nd eL um ley , H . ( e d . ) 1 969 U ne C abane A cheu ld enne d an sl aG ro t t ed u L a za r e t ( N ice ) . Memo i r e d e l aS oc ie t e P r eh i s to r ique F r ança i se 7 ,2 5 -52 M i skov sky , J .C l . 1 974 L e Q ua ter na i r e d u M id i Med i t e r r aneen . S t r a t ig raph ie e t p a leoc l ima to log ie d ' ap r e s l ' e tude s e d im en to log ique d u r emp l i s sag e d e s g ro t te s e ta b r i s s ou r r o che ( L igu r ie , P rov ence , L angu edoc Med i te r raneen , R ou s s i l lon , C a ta logne ) . E tud e s Q ua te rna i re s . Memo i r e3 Monc e l ,M . -H . a nd C omb ie r ,J .1 992 . L 'Ou t i l lag es u re c la tc l an s l ' i ndu s tr ie l i t h iqu e d u s i t e p l e i s tocene m oyen d 'O rg ta c 3( A rdech e ,F r ance ) . L 'An th ropo log i e9 6 :5 -48 Monce l , M . -H . 1 996a L 'Ou t i l lage s u r g a le t a u p a leo l i th iqu e m oy en . L ' exemp le d e t r o i s s i t e s a r decho i s ( moyen v a l lee d uR höne ,F r ance ) .L 'An th ropo log ie 1 00 : 5 2 -54 . Monce l , M . -H . 1 996b U nh ab i ta td up a leo l i th ique m oy en a nc ien e n A rdeche ( F rance ) . L e s i t e d e P ay r e . B i lan d e 6 c ampagne s d e f o u i l le s 1 990 1995 . L 'An th ropo log ie 1 00 : 5 89 -93

a r cheo log ique . B u l l e t in d e l ' As soc ia t ion F ranga i se p ou r/ ' E tud ed uQ ua te rna i re 1 9 76 ( 1 ) : 3 17 Me ignen , L . 1 979 L a p a leo l i th ique m oyen e n L anguedo c o r ien t a L B u l le t in A nnua ld e l ' Eco l eA n t ique d eN ime s , n ouv e l le s e r ie 1 4 :2 7 -39 1 45

Monce l , M . -H . 1 996c U ne n ouve l le i n du s tr ie l i t h ique d u p a leo l i th iqu em oyen a nc ien : l es i t ed e P ay r e ( A rdeche , F r ance ) . C omp t e R end u d e l ' Acad em ie d e s S c ienc e s , P a r i s( s e r ie I a )3 23 :2 75 -82 Monce l ,M . -H . 1 997a O b se rva t ion ss u rl ar e pa r t i t ion s pa t ia le d e s v e s t ige s e t l ' o rgan i sa t ion d e l ' e spa ce c l an s l es i t e d e

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P a cca rd , M . a nd L iva che , M . 1 980 C omp te r e ndu d ' a c t iv i t e s d e c o r r e spondan t s d e l a d i r e c t ion d e s a n t iqu i te s p r eh i s to r iqu e s ,C ö t ed 'Azu re nV au c lu se .L 'A r cheo log ie

P ay r e ( A rdeche , F r ance ) . R ef l ex t ion s s u r l e s l i m i t e s d e l ' a na ly se s pa t ia le e n g ro t t e a u p a leo l i th iqu e moyen . P reh i s to i re E u ropeenne 1 0 :3 1-6 1 M . -H . 1 997b U nh ab i ta t mou s t e r ien a nc ien e nA rdech e : l es i t ed eP ay r e .A rdche A rcheo log ie 1 4 : 1 12 M . -H . 1 998 L e s n i veaux mou s t e r ien s d e l ag ro t te d e S a in t -Ma r ce l ( A rdeche ) . F ou i l le s d e R ene G i l le s . R econna i s sance d en i veaux äd eb i tag ed i sco ide c l an s l a v a l lee d u R höne . B u l le t in d e l aS oc ie te P reh i s to r ique F ranga i se 9 5 : 1 4 1-70 M . -H . a nd C ond em i , S . 1 996 D ecouve r t e d e d en t s h uma ine s c l an s l es i t e p a leo l i th iqu e moyen d e P ay r e ( A rdeche , F r ance ) . C omp t e R end u d e l ' Acad ém i e d e s S c i ence sP a r i s( s e r ie H a )3 22 :2 5 1-7 M . -H . ,B anan ,J . J . , F a lque r e s , C . , E lH a77a7 i ,N . ,K a la i , C . , Ma saoud i , H . , M jahad , M . , P a tou -Ma th i s , M . a nd R enau l t -M i skov sky , J . 1 993 L e s i t e d e P ay r e ( c ommune d eR ompon , A rd eche ) : u n s i t ep a leo l i th ique moyen a nc ien d an su nc on t ex t ed ' ab r ie f ond r e : p r em ie r b i lan d e s e t ude s p l u r id i sc ip l ina i re s : p o s i t ion c h rono log iqu e , p a leo env i ronn emen t , p a leo c l i rn a to log ie .

Q ua te rna i re 4 :1 54 -73 Monn ie r , J . -L . 1 982 L e p a leo l i th iqu e i n f e r ieu r e t moyen e n B r e tagne .H ab i ta t se te conom ic d e sm a t ie r e sp r em ie r e s . B u l l e t in d e l ' As soc ia t ion F ranva i se p ou r l ' E tud e d u Q ua te rna i r e 1 9 :9 3 104 Mon t iu r e ,S .a nd D e s c laux ,E .1 997 P a la eoeco log ica la na ly s i so f m amma l ian f a una s a nd e nv i ronmen ta l e vo lu t ion i nt h e s ou th o fF rance d u r ing t h eP l e i s to cene .B o rea s2 6 : 3 55 6 5 . Mou r e r -Chauv i r e , C . 1 972 L e s o i seaux d u Wü rm ien I d e l a g r o t te d e l ' Ho r t u s ( Va lf laune s , H e rau l t ) . I n H . d e L um ley ( c d ) L a G ro t te d e l 'Ho r tu s ( V a l f launs , H e rau l t ) . L e s C ha s seu r sN eand e r ta l i en s e tl e u rM i l ieu d e V i e . E labo ra t ion d 'une C h rono log ie d u W ü rm ien I i d an s l e M id i Med i te r raneen . E t ude s Q ua t e rna i r e s , Memo i r e 1 ,2 7 1-88 . CNRS .P a r i s Mun ro , D . ( c d ) 1 988 C hambe r s W o r ld G a ze t tee r . A n A -Z o f G eog raph i ca lI nf o rma t ion . 5 t he dn . W & RC hambe r s L td a nd C amb r idg eU n ive r s i ty P r e s s .C amb r idg e N ico l -P icha rd ,S .1 982 C on t r ibu t ion P a lyno log ique äl ' E tud ed e S ed imen t s Q ua t e rna i re s d e P rovenc e . Mu seum N a t iona l d 'H i s to i r e n a tu r e l le , Mu see d e l ' Homme . P a r i s O no ra t in i , G . 1 975 L a s t a t ion d e p l e in a i r d e l aC ab r e ( Va r ) . B u l l e t in d u Mu seum d 'H i s to i r eN a tu re l l e d e Ma r se i l l e 3 5 :2 59 -69 O no ra t in i , G . 1 986 D e couv e r te e n P roven ce o r ien ta le ( G ro t t e

e n P roven ce . A lpe s . C ö te d ' Azu r . C o r se . L e t t re d ' I nf o rma t ion 2 :8 11 P a tou , M . 1 984 C on t r ibu t ion ä l 'E tud e d e s Mamm e r e s d e s C ouche sS upe r ieu r e sd el aG ro t t ed uL a za re t( N ic e ,A . M) . T h e se Mu seum n a t iona ld 'H i s to i r en a tu r e l le .P a r i s P a tou -Ma th i s ,M . 1 992 L as ub s i s tance c h ez l e sn eand e r ta l ien sd e B iz e( Aud e ) .L 'An th ropo log ie 9 6 : 1 3 -20 P a tou -Mat h i s , M . 1 993 E tud e t a phonom iqu e e tp a le thno log ique d e l af a une d el ' ab r id e sC ana le t t e s . I nL . Me ig nen ( c d ) L 'Ab r id e s C ana le t t e s . U n Hab i ta t Mou s te r i en s u r l e s G rand sC au s se s( Nan t ,A vey ron ) . p p . 1 99 -237 . CNRS . P a r i s P a tou -Mat h i s ,M . 1 994 A r ch eozoo log ie d e sn i v eaux mou s t e r ien s e ta u r ig na c ien s d e l ag ro t te T ou rna l äB iz e ( Aude ) . G a l l ia P reh i s to i re 3 6 : 1 64 P a tou -Ma th i s , M . 1 997 L e s g r and s mamm if e r e s d e l ac ou che 5 d e Mu tz ig I ( Ba s -Rh in ) . L a s ub s i s tan ce a u P a leo l i th iqu e moyen e nA lsace .A n th ropo zoo log i ca 2 5 6 :3 63 -74 P au lu s , M . 1 946 E tude s s u r l af a me q ua t ema i r e d e l av an& i n f e r ieu r e d u G a rd o u G a rdon . B u l l e t in d u Mu seum d 'H i s to i re N a tu re l l ed e Ma r se i l l e6 :1 20 P au lu s , M . 1 947 E tude s s u r l af a une q ua t ema i r e d e l av a l lee i n f e r ieu r d u G a rd o u G a rdon . B u l le t in d u Mu seum d 'H i s to i re N a tu re l l ed e Ma r se i l l e7 :1 30 P au lu s , M . 1 947 E tude s s u r l af a une q ua t ema i r e d e l av a l lee i n f e r ieu r d u G a rd o u G a rdon . B u l l e t in d u Mu seum d 'H i s to i re N a tu re l l ed e Ma r se i l l e7 :6 7 -77 P au lu s ,M .a nd C .T ron 1 945 . E tude ss u rl af a une q ua t ema i r ed e l av a l l e e i n f e r ieu r e d u G a rd o u G a rdon . B u l l e t in d u MIL S am d 'H i s to i re N a ture l le d e Ma r se i l l e5 :1 1-40 P e r le ,A . a nd H am r ,J .1 985 F ood h ab i t so fc hamo i s( Rup i cap ra r up icap ra L . ) i n No r the rn T y ro l . I nS .L ova r i ( c d ) T he B io lo gy a nd Managemen t o f Moun ta in U ngu la t e . p p . 7 7 -84 .C roon H e lm .B eckenham P e rnaud ,J .1 990 N ouve l le sd onnie ss u rl e sc e r v ide sd el aC aune d e l ' A r ago ( Tau tav e l , P y r ene e sO r ien ta le s , F r ance ) . E tude d e sp opu la t ion s .Q ua te rna i r e 1 :2 13 -23 P e rnaud , J .1 993 L e s C er v idae d uS i te P l e i s tocäne Moyen d el a C aune d el ' Arago äT au tave l( P .-0 . , F rance ) . T he se d e d oc to r a t , Mu seum N a t iona ld 'H i s to i r en a tu r e l le .P a r i s P i l la rd , B . 1 969 L e s d onnee s p a le thno log iqu e s a ppo r t ee s p a r l a f a une d e couve r te s u rh es o l d e l ac abane d u L az a r e t I n d e L um ley , H . ( e d . ) 1 969 U ne C abane A cheu l eenne d an s l a G ro t te d u L a za re t ( N i c e ) . Memo i r e d e l a S oc ie t eP r eh i s to r ique F r ança is e7 ,1 77 -8 1 . P i l la rd , B . 1 972 . L af a une d e sg r and sm amm if e ' r e sd u Wü rm ien I . I n d e L um ley , H . ( cd ) L a G ro t te d e l 'Ho r tu s ( V a l f launa s , H e rau l t ) . L e sC ha s seu r sN eand e r ta l i en se t l e u rM i l ieu d e V i e . E labo ra t ion d ' une C h rono log i ed u W ü rm i en I d an s l e M id i Med i ter raneen . E tude s

R a inaude ) d ' une i n du s t r ie s ou che d e l ' Au r igna c ien . C e t te c i v i l i sa t ion e s t e l le mono l i th iqu e ?B u l l e t in d el a S oc ie te P reh i s to r ique F rança i se 8 3 :2 40 -56 O t te , M . 1 996 L e P a l eo l i th ique I nf e r ieu r e t Moyen e n E u rope . A rmand C o l in .P a r i s P a cca rd , M . 1 983 . L 'en semb le k a r s t iqu e d e s A uz ie r e s ä Me tham i s ( Vau c lu se ) . N ou ve l l e sA rch ive s d u Mu seum d 'H i s to i re n a tu re l l ed eL yon 2 1 ( s upp l ) :4 9 -52 1 46

Q ua te r na i r e s , Memo i r e 1 ,1 63 -2 05 . CNRS .P a r i s P o lun in , 0 . a nd Wa l t e r , M . 1 985 A G u id e t ot h e V eg e ta t ion o f B r i ta in a nd E urope . O xf o rd U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .O xf o rd R adu le scu , C . 1 9 95 L e s r ong eu r s . I nA . D ef l eu ra nd E .C r egu t B onnou r e ( e d s . ) L e G i semen t P a l eo l i th ique Moy en d e l aG ro t te d e s C äd r e s ( L e P lan -d 'Aup s , V a r ) . d Af 4 9 . p p . 1 4 8 -52 . E d i t ion s d e l a Ma i son d e s S c ience s d e l ' Homme .P a r i s

R avoux ,G . 1 966 L 'Ou t i l lag eo s seux p a leo l i th iqu ec l an sl eG a rd . C ah i e r s L igu r e s d e P reh i s to i re e td 'Archdo log i e 1 5 : 3 7 -78 R enau l t -M i skov s l cy , J .1 976 L ag ro t t e T ou rna l o u g r ande g r o t t e d e B iz e , A ude . I n H . d e L um ley ( e d ) P rovence e t L anguedoc Mdd i ter rand en . S i t e s P a ldo l i th ique s e t N eo l i th ique s . L i v re t -Gu id e d e I ' Exc u r s ion C 2 .N ice: U n ion I n t e rna t iona ld e sS c ien ce sP r e -e tP ro toh i s to r iqu e s R enau l t -M i skov sky , J .1 985 L 'En v i ronnemen t a u T emp s d e l a P reh i s to i r e . Md thod e se tMod e l e s . Ma s son .P a r i s . R enau l t -M i skov s l cy ,R . 1 972 C on t r ibu t ion äl ap a leoc l ima to log ie d u M id i Med i t e r randen p endan t l ad e rn ie r e g l a c ia t ion e tl ep o s t -g la c ia i r e , d ' ap r e s l ' e tude p a lyno log ique d u r emp l i s sag ed e s go t t e se ta b r i ss ou sr o che . B u l l e t in d u Mu se e d 'An th ropo log ie P reh i s to r ique d e Monaco 1 8 : 1 45 -2 10 R ob in son , G .M . 1 998 Me thod s a nd T echn ique s i n H uman G eog raphy .J ohn W i ley a nd S on sL td .C h iche s te r R o l land , N . 1 990 M idd le p a la eo l i th ic s o c io -econom ic f o rma t ion s i n We s t e rn E u ra s ia : a n e xp lo ra to ry s u rv ey . I n P .A . Me l la r s ( e d ) T he Eme rg ence o f Mod e rn H uman s . A n A rchaeo log ica l P e r spec t i ve . p p . 3 47 -88 E d inbu rgh U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .E d inbu rgh R oud i l , J . -L . 1 976 C i r con sc r ip t ion d e L angu edoc -Rou s s i l lon . G a l l ia P reh i s to i r e , C i rcon sc r ip t ion 1 9 :5 47 -79 R oud i l , J . -L . 1 978 C i r con sc r ip t ion d u L angu edoc -Rou s s i l lon . G a l l ia P r eh i s to i r e2 1 :6 6 1-94 R oud i l , J . -L . 1 980a C i r con sc r ip t ion d e L anguedoc -R ou s s i l lon . G a rd : P omp ignan - G ro t t e d e S a lp8 t r e . G a l l ia P reh i s to i re 2 3 :4 40 -2 R oud i l , J . -L . 1 980b C i r con s c r ip t ion d e L anguedoc -R ou s s i l lon . P o r t la -Nouve l le , S t a t ion d e R amand i l s . G a l l ia P reh i s to i r e2 3 :4 33 -4 R oud i l , J . -L . 1 982 C i r con sc r ip t ion d e L angu edoc -Rou s s i l lon . G a l l ia P reh i s to i r e3 5 :4 37 -68 R oud i l , J . -L . 1 995 P reh i s to i re d e l ' Ard eche . L e T emp s d e s C ha s seu r s e t l e u r A r t . I mp r imer ie d e s B eaux A r t s . S oub e s R ou i r e , J .a nd R ou s se t , C . 1 973 C au s se s , C e venne s , A ub rac . G eo log ique sR eg ionaux . Ma s son e tC ie E d i teu r s .P a r i s S e r r e , F .1 993 L e s G rand sH e rb ivo re sd el aG ro t te d uL a za re t , N ic e , A lpe sMa r i t ime s . F ou i l l e s H en ry d e L um ley , 1 962 - 1 99 1 . T he se Mu s eum n a t iona l d 'H i s to i r e n a t u r e l le .P a r i s S imone t , R . 1 994 O r ig ine d e s m a t ie r e s p r em ie r e s . I nC . F a r izy , F .D av id a nd J .J a ube r t ( e d s . ) H omme s e tB i son s d u P a l eo l i th ique Moyen ä Mau ran ( Hau t e -Ga ronne ) . P a r i s : G a l l ia P r eh i s to i r e s upp l . 3 0 , 1 00 103 . CNRS . P a r i s S l ap §ak , B . 1 9 88 D ef in ing t h e e conom i c s p a ce o f at y p ica l i r on a ge h i l lf o r t : R od ik ( Yugo s lav ia ) , ac a se s t udy . I n J . B in t l if f , D . A . D av id son a nd E . G . G r an t ( e d s . ) C oncep tua lI s sue s i nE nv i ronmen ta lA rchaeo logy . p p . 9 5 107 .E d inbu rgh U n iv e r s i ty P r e s s .E d inbu rgh S t ine r , M . 1 994 H ono r a mong T h ie ve s . AZ ooa rchaeo log i ca l S t ud y o f N eand e r ta l E co log y . P r in ce ton U n iv e r s i ty P r e s s .P r ince ton S t ine r , M .C . 1 99 1 T he f a una l r ema in s a tG ro t ta G ua t ta r i : a t a phonom ic p e r spec t ive . C u r r en t A n th ropo logy 3 2 : 1 0 3 17 . S t in e r , M .C . 1 993 Sma l l a n ima l e xp lo i t a t ion a nd i t sr e la t ion t o h un t ing , s c aveng ing , a nd g a the r ing i n t h e I t a l ian Mou s te r ian . I n G .L . P e t e rk in , H .M . B r icke r a nd P . 1 47

Me l la r s ( e d s . ) H un t ing a nd A n ima lE xp lo i ta t ion i nt h e L a te r P a laeo l i th ic a nd Me so l i th ic o f E ura s ia . A r cheo log ica lP ape r so ft h e Ame r ican A n th ropo log ica l A s soc ia t ion 4 ,1 07 -26 . S t r au s ,L .G . 1 982 C a rn ivo r e sa nd c av es i t e si nC an t ab r ian S pa in . J ourna lo fA n t h ropo log i ca lR e sea rch 3 8 :7 5 -96 S t r ing e r , C .B . a nd G amb le , C .G . 1 993 I n S ea rch o f t h e N eand e r tha l s : S o l v ing t h e P u z z l e o fH uman O r ig in s . T hame sa nd H ud son . L ondon T ava so ,A . , C regu t -Bonnou r e , E . , G ue r in , C . , P e rnaud -O r l ia c , J . a nd C amm a s , R . 1 990 . L a g ro t t e d e l a N i che ä Mon tmau r in ( Hau t e -Ga ronne , F rance ) . Nouv e l le s d onnee sb i o s t ra t ig raph ique se ta pp ro che t a phonom ique . C omp te R end ud e1 ' Acad em i ed e sS c i enc e s , P a r i s3 10 : 9 5 -1 00 T ex ie r , J . -P . 1 974 L ' Indu s t r ie m ou s t e r ienne d e l ' Ab r i P i e L omba rd ( Tou r e t t e s su r -Loup , A lpe sMa r i t ime s ) . B u l l e t in d e l a S oc id te P rdh i s to r ique F rança i se 7 1 , E tud e se tT ra vaux ( 2 ) :4 29 -48 T ex ie r , J . -P . 1 990 B onn ieux a ) L a C ombe t t e . G a l l ia I nf o rma t ion s 1 990 :3 59 -6 1 T ex ie r , P . J . 1 997 L e s s ou r ce s d ' app rov i s ionnemen t e n m a t ie r e p r em ie r e . I n J . B u i s son -Ca t i l ( e d ) L ube ron d e s o r ig ine s : D e s c ha s seur s -cue i l leu r s m ou s td r ien s a l c c p rem i e r s p ay san s . 1 00 0 00 a n s d e p eup l emen t p reh i s to r ique d an s l e p a rc n a tu re l r eg iona l d u L ube ron p . 19 .E d i t ion sA .B a r the lemy .A v ignon T hom a s , D .H . a nd Maye r , D . 1 983 B ehav iou ra l f a una l a na ly s i s o f s e lec t ed h o r izon s . I n D .H . T homa s ( e d ) T he A r cha eo log y o f Mon i to r V a l ley 2 : G a t e c l if f S he l te r . Ame r ican Mu seum o fN a tu ra lH i s to ry A n th ropo log ica l P ape r s5 9 : 3 53 -9 1 T r e in en -C lau s t r e , F . 1 987 F ou i l le s r e cen t e s äl a g ro t t e d e Mon tou ( Co rbe re le s -Cabane s , P y renee sO r ien ta le s ) . T rava zc cd eP rdh i s to i r eR ou s s i l lonna i se 4 :8 3 -9 1 T u rn e r , A . 1 996 T he B ig C a t s a nd t h e i r F o s s i l R e la t ion s . A n I lu s t ra ted G u id e t o t h e i r E vo lu t ion a nd N a tu ra l H i s to ry . C o lumb ia U n ive r s i ty P r e s s .N ew Y o rk U ly s s e -Duma s ,J .1 944 L aP reh i s to i r ed uG a rd L eQ ua te rna i re . S oc ie te d 'E tud e s d e s S c ien ce s N a tu r e l le s d e N ime s . N ime s V a len s i , P .1 99 1 E tude d e s s t r ie sd eb ou che r ie s u rl e so s semen t s d e c e r fe l aphe d e s n i veaux s upe r ieu r s d e l ag ro t t e d e L a za r e t ( N ice , A lpe sMa r i t ime s ) . L 'An th ropo log ie 9 5 : 7 97 -830 . V a len s i , P . 1 994 L e s G rand s Mamm if r e s d e l a G ro t t e d u L a za re t , N i ce . E tud e P a leon to log ique e t B io s t ra t ig raph ique d e s C a rn i vo re s . A rcheo zoo log ie d e s G rand e s F aune s . T he se Mu seum n a t iona l d 'H i s to i r e n a tu r e l le . I n s t i tu td eP a leon to log ie H uma ine . P a r i s V a len s i , P . 1 996 T aphonom ie d e s g r and s m amm if e re s e t p a le thno log ie ä l aG ro t t e d u L a7 a r e t ( N ice , F ran ce ) . A n th ropo zoo log ica 2 3 : 1 3 -28 V a l lada s ,H . ,C hade l le ,J . P . ,G ene s t e ,J .M . ,J o ron ,J . L . , Me ig nen , L . a nd T ex ie r , P . J . 1 987 . D a ta t ion p a r l a t h emo lum ine scence d e g i semen t s m ou s t e r ien s d u s ud d el aF rance .L 'An th ropo log i e9 1 :2 11-26 V a l lada s , H . , G ene s t e , J .M . , Me ignen , L .a nd T ex ie r , P . J . 1 988 D a ta t ion s p a r l a t h e rmo lum ine scence d e g i semen t s m ou s t e r ien sd us ud d e l aF r ance . I nH .P . S chwa r tz ( e d ) L' Homme d eN eand e r ta l 1 .L aC h rono log i e . p p . 1 2 1-4 E RAUL 2 8 .L i ege

V a l lo i s ,M . 1 964 A dd i t if äl al i s t ed e sg ro t te s ,a ven s ,r e su rgence s d u d epa r temen t d u V a r . A nna l e s d e l a S oc ie te d e s S c i enc e s N a tu re l le s e td ' Archeo log ie d e T ou lon e td u V a r 1 6 : 1 24 -6 v an d en B r ink -Long , S . 1 994 C on tr ibu t ion ä l ' E tud e d e s C e r v id e s d u P le i s toc ene Moyen : l e s C er v id e s d e s N i vea zc cS upe r ieu r sd el aG ro t te d uL a za r e t äN ice ( A . M) . P a leon to log i e e tT aphonom ie T he s e d e d oc to ra t d u Mu seum N a t iona ld 'H i s to i re N a tu r e l le .P a r i s V e r e sh chag in ,N .K . 1 959 T he Mamma l so ft h eC auca su s . USSR A cad emy o fS c ience s . Mo scow V e rne t , J . -L . 1 993 A na ly se a n th ra co log ique d e l ' ab r i d e s C ana le t t e s . I nL . Me ign en ( e d ) L 'Ab r id e s C ana l e t t e s . U nH ab i ta t Mou s te r ien s u rl e s G rand s C au s se s ( Nan t , A vey ron ) . p p .6 3 -9 . CNRS . P a r i s V em e t ,J . -L . 1 997 L 'H omme e tl aF o re t Med i t e r raneenne d el a P reh i s to i r e än o sf ou r s . E d i t ion sE r ranc e .P a r i s V er n e t ,J . L . , Ambe r t , P . , A nd r e , J . ,B ruga l , J . -Ph . , C a sanov a , J . , M ichaux , J .a nd S emah , F . 1 984 P a leo env i ronnemen t s q ua ter na i r e s d an s l a r e g ion d e M i l lau ( Bo rdu r e Med i t e r r aneenne d u Ma s s if C en t ra l , F r an ce ) ap a r t i r d e st r ave r t in s , d e s m a c rof lo r e s e td e s f a une s . G eob io s , Memo i re S pec ia l8 :1 25 -31 V ey r ie r , M . , B eaux ,E .a nd C omb ie r ,J .1 951 G ro t t ed eN e ron ä S oyon s ( A rd eche ) . L e s f o u i l le s d e 1 950 - l e u r s e n se ig nemen t s . B u l le t in d e l a S oc ie te P reh i s to r ique F ranva i se 4 8 :7 0 -8 V ic ino , G . 1 976 ' G ro t t e sd e G r ima ld i , B aou s s eR ou s s e o u B a lz i R o s s i ( G r ima ld i , L igu r i e I t a l ienne ) . ' I nd e L um ley , H . a nd B a r ra l , L .( e d s . ) S i t e s P a leo l i th ique s d e l aR eg ion d e N ice e t G ro t te s d e G r ima ld i . L i v re t -Gu id e d e l E xcu r s ion B 1 .U ISPP .N ice V ic ino ,G .a nd d eL um ley ,H . 1 976 ' G ro t te d e sE nf an t s . 'I nH .d e L um ley ,H . a nd L .B a r ra l( e d s . )S i te sP a l eo l i th ique sd e l aR eg ion d eN ic ee tG ro t t e sd eG r ima ld i .L i v re t -Gu id e d e? Excu r s ion B ] .p p . 5 3 -74 .U ISPP .N ice V ic ino , G . ,d eL um ley , H .a nd R enau l t -M iskov sky ,J .1 976 A b r i Mo ch i . I nH . d e L um ley , H . a nd L .B a r ra l ( e d s . ) S i t e s P a leo l i th ique s d e l a R eg ion d e N ic e e t G ro t t e s d e L i v re t -Gu id e d e ? Exc u r s ion B ] . U ISPP . N ice V i le t t e , P . , Mou r e r -Chauv i r e , C . a nd Me ignen , L . 1 983 . L e s o i s eaux d e l ag ro t t e d u S a lpe t r e d e P omp ignan ( Ga rd ) . N ou ve l l e sA rch i ve sd u Mu seum d 'H i s to i r en a tu r e l l ed e L yon 2 1 ( s upp l . ) :4 5 -8 Webb , R . E . 1 989 A r e a s se s smen t o ft h e f a una l e v idence f o r n eande r ta l d i e t b a sed o n s ome We s te rn E u ropean c o l lec t ion s . I n M . P a tou a nd L . G . F r eeman ( e d s . ) L 'Homme d e N eand e r ta t A c te s d u C o l loque I n t e rna t iona l d e L i eg e ( 4 -7 d ecemb r e 1 986 ) . 6 : L a S ub s i s tanc e . ERAUL 3 , 1 55 -78 . L i ege Wh i t e , R .K . 1 980 T he U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic O c cupa t ion o ft h e P e r igo rd : AT opog raph ic A pp roach t oS ub s i s tence a nd S e t t l emen t . P hD T he s i s ,U n ive r s i ty o fT o ron to Wh i t e , R .K . 1 985 U ppe rP a l eo l i th i cL and U se i nt h eP e r igo rd : A T opog raph ic A pp roach t o S ub s i s tence a nd S e t t l emen t . B r i t i sh A r cha eo log ica l R epo r t s , I n te rn a t iona l S e r ie s2 53 .O xf o rd Wh i t tow , J . 1 984 T he P engu in D ic t iona ry o f P hy s i ca l G eog raphy . P engu in B ook s . H a rmond swo r th W i l son , L .1 996 Mou s t e r ian r aw m a t e r ia l s t ra t eg ie s i n ar e g iona l c on tex ti ns ou ther nF r an ce .A b s t ra c to fp ap e rp r e sen ted a t t h e ` L i th ic t e chno log y : f r om r aw m a te r ia l 1 48

p rocu r em en tt ot o o lp rodu c t ion ' w o rk shop ( 12 ) ,U ISPP C onf e r en ce ,F o r l i ,I t a ly Wr igh t , L .W . a nd Wan s ta l l , P . J . 1 977 T he V ege ta t ion o f Med i t e r ranean F ranc e : A R ev iew . O cca s iona l P ape r N o . 9 . D epa r tmen t o f G eog r aphy , Q ueen Ma ry C o l leg e ,U n ive r s i ty o fL ondon .L ondon Y amada ,M . 1 996 L ' Indu s t r ie l i t h ique mou s t e r ienne d el aB anna G r and e a ux B a lz i R o s s i ( L igu re , I t a l ic ) . L 'An th ropo log i e 1 0 1 : 5 12 -21