The Middle English Subject-Verb Cluster [Reprint 2021 ed.] 3112415914, 9783112415917, 9783112415924

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THE MIDDLE ENGLISH SUBJECT-VERB

CLUSTER

JANUA L I N G U A R U M STUDIA MEMORIAE NICOLAI VAN WIJK DEDICATA

edenda curat

C.H. VAN SCHOONEVELD INDIANA

UNIVERSITY

SERIES PRACTICA 26

1969

MOUTON THE H A G U E • PARIS

THE MIDDLE ENGLISH SUBJECT-VERB CLUSTER by

A N D R E W MACLEISH U N I V E R S I T Y OF M I N N E S O T A

1969

MOUTON THE HAGUE • PARIS

© Copyright 1969 in The Netherlands. Mouton & Co. N.V., Publishers, The Hague. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers.

LIBRARY O F CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 68-23809

Printed in The Netherlands by Mouton & Co., Printers, The Hague.

microfilm,

ABBREVIATIONS

PT Mel Ast Wic App Pet BD KnT TC. V GP PardT NPT S Aux V Part Adv Adv Phr Adv CI IO Do (O) neg SubC (SC) X Inf OE EME ME MnE

The Parson's Tale The Tale of Melibee A Treatise on the Astrolabe Wiclif's Of Feigned Contemplative Life Usk's Appeal The First Petition to Parliament in English The Book of the Duchess The Knight's Tale Troilus and Criseyde, Part V The General Prologue The Pardoner's Tale The Nun's Priest's Tale Subject Auxiliary Verb Verb Participle Adverb Adverbial Phrase Adverbial Clause Indirect Object (dative or periphrastic) Accusative Object Negative Particle Subjective Complement Any element(s) following a verbal form Infinitive Old English Early Middle English Middle English Modern English

CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

.

.

5

1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

15

I. The Patterns of Subject and Verb in Independent Clauses . . . . II. The Patterns of Subject and Verb in Dependent Clauses . . . . III. Interrogative Clusters IV. The Position of the Indirect Object in Independent Clauses . . . A Description of Charts Charts

15 26 35 36 38 39

3.

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

I. The Patterns II. The Patterns III. Interrogative IV. The Position Charts 4.

9

of Subject and Verb in Independent Clauses . of Subject and Verb in Dependent Clauses . Clusters of the Indirect Object in Independent Clauses

100

. .

.

.

.

.

100 118 132 134 136

CONCLUSION

202

I. Common and Uncommon Order in Prose II. Synthetic Order III. The Differences between Prose and Poetic Word Order Norms IV. Some Temptations in Chauceriana Summary Charts

204 209 216 222 224

APPENDIX

235

BIBLIOGRAPHY

274

1 INTRODUCTION

In his chapter entitled "Fluctuation of Forms", Leonard Bloomfield makes a suggestion about the quantitative recording of fluctuations in frequency of occurrences over a given period of time: Fluctuations in the frequency of forms could be accurately observed if we had a record of every utterance that was made in a speech-community during whatever period of time we wanted to study. We could then keep a tally-sheet for every form (including grammatical forms, such as the type he ran away, he fell down in contrast with away he ran; down he fell);

whenever an utterance was made, we could score a point on the tally-sheet of every form in this utterance. In this way we should obtain tables or graphs which showed the ups and downs in frequency of every form during the time covered by our records. Such a system of scoring will doubtless remain beyond our powers, but this imaginary system gives us a picture of what is actually going on at all times in every speech community.1 Bloomfield's imaginary system approached reality in 1940 with the publication of the American English Grammar,2 a book in which Fries demands formal rather than semantic identity of sentence elements and emphasizes the idea of frequency of occurrence. By implication he suggests that the task of formal grammar is also quantitative: the development of methods for observation and classification of the frequencies of occurrence of qualitatively defined structural units. In his chapter on The Uses of Word Order Fries' implications for earlier stages of the language are obvious. While the results of qualitative analysis furnish the indispensable basis upon which quantitative study must rest, linguistic analysis is still primarily qualitative. The descriptive techniques of phonetics, phonemics, morphology, and syntax aim generally to analyze the nature and variety of linguistic phenomena rather than their magnitude and frequency. Thus, many problems in the history of English syntax need careful reworking and a quantitative presentation of facts at narrowly defined synchronic stages. In his Chapter X Fries discusses the fixed, or grammatical, positions in the exocentric actor-action-goal sequence in MnE statements. But he does not describe the situation out of which these fixed positions grew. Accordingly, a study was undertaken to document as completely as possible, on a quantitative basis, the 1 s

Leonard Bloomfield, Language (New York, 1933), p. 394. Charles C. Fries, American English Grammar (New York, 1940).

10

INTRODUCTION

development of word order in the Subject-Verb cluster in Late East Midland. Since the ME Subject-Verb cluster is to some extent different from its MnE counterpart it needs definition. It consists, first, of the two immediate constituents which make up structures of predication. The subject is most frequently a noun or structure with a noun as its headword. It may, of course, be any part of speech up to included clauses. The predicate consists of the verb alone or a sequence which has the verb as its head. Because it is still somewhat synthetic in its patterning procedures, the ME Subject-Verb cluster sometimes contains within it, in pre-verb position, accusative objects, dative and periphrastic indirect objects, and adverbial elements. The position of these elements in relationship to the verb must also be described. Since the concern of this study is with the distribution and frequency of wordorder patterns it is frankly taxonomic in nature. The positions in which the constituents occur are, for the most part, shared, but little attempt has been made at formal description of the form classes or phrases that share the positions. Since the study concerns itself with word-order rather than element order, an effort has been made to account for discontinuous patterning of Subject and Verb, but no effort is made to generate a given phrase structure or show how this structure yields another by the application of transformational rules. Patterns of word-order are of two different ranks as they embrace the basic structure of the phrase or as they operate to connect modifiers to words modified. Linguists working in the field with language generally recognize the fact that, at times, word-order may not only be a structural signal but a physical feature of speech without being a structural element of any system. Accordingly, they delineate five kinds of order: random sequence, in which all possible patterns occur; preferential sequence, in which one of several patterns is favored; conventional sequence, in which all or nearly members of a speech community agree in using only one (or some small number) of the possible patterns; logical sequence, in which the order is determined by different organizations of reality and the like; and systemic sequence, in which the order of speech elements is no less a part of the signalling system than the elements themselves. The synchronic study which follows, since it deals with the written records of Middle English, recognizes various word-order sequences as being systemic. The work is synchronic in that it is first a study of how structures of predication pattern within a narrowly-defined limit of time regardless of their past or future shapes. This study, then, deals with patterning of subjectivals, auxiliaries, finite verbs, participles as well as those forms which are contained within the actor-action cluster in pre-verb position in any kind of permutation: accusative objects, dative and periphrastic indirect objects, and adverbials. Two large divisions of word-order are seen, common and uncommon. These terms are numerical in their meaning and include a large number of sub-categories. There are two clustering processes in common order: analytic and synthetic. Analytic order occurs when the Auxiliary and/or the Verb immediately follows the Subject, as is the case in over 90 % of the

INTRODUCTION

11

Subject-Verb clusters in MnE. Synthetic order occurs when an accusative object, dative or periphrastic indirect objects and/or an adverbial element occurs in pre-verb position within the cluster. The terms analytic and synthetic are quantitative and relative; they are used to indicate trends in linguistic drift rather than to serve as absolute counters. Analytic order clusters, both simple and compound, are, of course, most frequent and are thus useful as a statistical base against which every permutation of this order is, at one time or another, measured. Synthetic order clusters are classified as having the verb in end or mid position in the clause and are further described by means of the type of elements, accusative, dative, or adverbial, that are in pre-verb position in simple and compound tense clusters. And a description of the patterning of verbmodifying adverbials is, of course, the major problem. One can only agree with Sweet who remarks "that their position varies greatly. They show, indeed, almost the last remains of normal free order in Modern English." 3 Uncommon order clusters lend themselves to a three-part classification in both dependency and independency: inversions, with Verb or Auxiliary before the Subject; transpositions, with an accusative object, subjective complement or participle before the Verb; and inverted-transposed sequences, with Verb and Auxiliary or participle and Verb in inverted order before the Subject. Independent inversions are grouped according to the class of word which precedes them, as they invert by analogy without an introductory element, and by whichever of the three basic patterns they invert into. Independent and dependent transpositions exhibit four patterns with the Verb in either end or mid position and inverted-transposed clusters fall into two patterns, both with the verbal form at the head of the sequence. Dependent inversions are classified into six traditional functional classes. These are described by their introductory words and by the patterns which they exhibit. Eleven statistical charts have been constructed for each of the twelve works in the corpus. A description of the kinds of relationships these charts show may be found at the end of Chapter One. This study realizes three levels of quantitative analysis: (1) it provides a quantitative glossary of occurrences, for each work, within each word-order classification; (2) these occurrences are counted and tabulated in terms of raw numerical totals; (3) the numerical totals for each class are reduced to expression in terms of percentages of larger units as well as ratios between smaller units. Calculations were done on a machine to assure speed and accuracy. The goals of this book, then, are as follows: to describe the word-order norm in the prose Subject-Verb cluster; to describe the ways in which the poetic norm deviates from that of prose; to say something specific about a stage in the development of grammatical order in this cluster; and to present a detailed set of statistics for each of the twelve works in the corpus as well as for the total prose and poetic corpus. » Henry Sweet, A New English Grammar, vol. II (Oxford, 1898), p. 18.

12

INTRODUCTION

In an effort to achieve a broad chronological scope to this study, we attempted to formulate a diachronic statement culminating at 1400. But the result was only fragmentary bits of quantitative information in the period from 900 to 1400.4 This suggests that the 19th century pre-descriptivists, while admirable in their insistance upon an inductive procedure, had not as yet developed quantitative methodologies which would produce synchronic statements useful to the modern student. This situation forces a plea for a series of quantitative synchronic sketches in the history of English syntax by contemporary linguists. Diachronic descriptions are built up by comparison of synchronic descriptions of the same language at different historical periods. The recognized rules of linguistic change — sound change, analogical change, and borrowing — describe the beginning of change and the correspondences between different periods the language which result from such changes. But qualitative studies alone cannot attempt to describe the basic processes involved in the changes. For it is likely that the process of language change is largely a matter of fluctuation in the occurrence-frequency of linguistic forms and patterns. And such fluctuations in frequency require quantitative analysis if they are to be adequately described and understood. An adequate diachronic description of any phase of the language, therefore, must be based upon a comparison of both qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the language at different historical periods. The period covered by this study is the late 14th century from 1369 until after 1394. Aside from the fact that a large number of written records are available in the last half of the 14th century, this period is important in linguistic history for two reasons. First, it is a time when the grammatical changes in the language which had been going on since the tenth century are beginning to show resolution in the development of an analytic word-order. Second, a generalized written English first came into prominence during this period in the emergence of a single spoken dialect of the language. THE CORPUS OF THIS STUDY

At the end of the 14th century the London dialect still differed in writing from the dialects of the North, the West Midlands, the Central Midlands, and the South. And herein lies one of the problems in choosing a representative corpus. In order to be significant in a quantitative study, the corpus must be large as well as representative. And the ideal corpus is one which is close to the spoken standard. Private correspondence fills this condition best, for it is a type of writing in which no literary standards are attempted. Presumably, it reflects the informality of the spoken standard which is used to carry on the everyday business of a nation. The only 4 This complaint has been voiced before. E. Hermann in "Gab es im Indogermanischen Nebensatze?", Zeitschr. f . vergl. Sprachf., 33 (13). 1896 remarks on the difficulties involved in using early material because of the inadequate and differing approaches of his predecessors.

INTRODUCTION

13

available large corpus of informal correspondence in Late ME is the Paston Letters. 5 But these letters are written in the middle of the 15th century at a time when the order of words in the Subject-Verb cluster had presumably become grammatical. Thus, they exist at a time which no longer illustrates the degree of uncommon and synthetic order patterning that is evident in the last half of the 14th century. Aside from the literary mss. of the 14th century, various recipes, wills, appeals and governmental documents exist. The syntactic nature of much of this material is highly formulaic, thus it was felt unwise to limit the corpus to these materials alone. The use of any kind of written material for the purpose of investigating living language habits is always a compromise. For the historical linguist this compromise is unavoidable and the problem is thus one of determining the best type of written specimens for the purpose at hand. The wills, appeals, and other documents extant in the late 14th century are, as has been stated, normalized into constantly recurring word-order patterns which may be characteristic only of one particular type of document. Thus, the results of a study of these materials alone would not be representative of the norm. Business correspondence, where it is available, is too limited in respect to its range of situation to be in itself typical. With these considerations in mind, a mixed corpus was chosen. The bases for choice were, beyond the fact that the works should be predominantly East Midland in dialect features, that the corpus should consist of both literary and non-literary types and forms, and that the individual works should be capable of relatively precise dating. Chronologically the corpus covers the period of twenty-five to thirty years from 1369 until after 1394. Wiclif's Of Feigned Contemplative Life is a critical sermon which can be dated as early as 1375. Thomas Usk's Appeal before the Coroner of London is dated at 1384, and the anonymous First Petition to Parliament in English was written in 1386. Since one of the aims of this study is to point up the distinctive features of wordorder patterning in the poetry of the period, Chaucer was the obvious choice. And it is to be noted that the purpose of the work is to describe the patterning practices of the period, thus Chaucer is means rather than end of the descriptive process. It is generally the opinion that the prose of The Canterbury Tales and of The Treatise on the Astrolabe, with the exception of the Introduction, is undistinguished and rather formless. And it is precisely for this reason that The Astrolabe, The Parson's Tale, and Melibee were chosen. If they are formless in the artistic sense, they may well be closer to the spoken standard than are those works which are primarily artistic in purpose and execution. The choices in Chaucerian prose are limited, and the Boethius was rejected because of the fact that Chaucer used, in his translation, a heavily glossed French text alongside the Latin original. Thus, the style is loose and the language somewhat diffuse. Further, the fact that literal accuracy was recognized as the 14th century ideal of translation makes this work unfit material for a study of this kind. 5

Ed. James Gairdner, 6 vol. (London, 1904).

14

INTRODUCTION

Chaucer's influence upon the London dialect is at best uncertain. It is unlikely that the English used in official records and in the letters and papers of men of affairs was greatly influenced by the language and style of Chaucer's poetry. Chaucer was a court poet, thus his usage may reflect the speech of the court and to some extent the literary tradition. Chaucer found the dialect of his own city already in a position of superiority, and by using it as the vehicle for his own work he gave it added prestige. The choices from the Chaucer canon range from the earliest to the latest works and represent various types. Dating of the Chaucerian works is based on French's "Conjectural Chronology" 6 and on Robinson. 7 BD is of the years 1369-70; KnT and TC.V before 1387; GP 1387-88; PardT 1392-94; and NPT after 1394. PT and Mel were written in 1389-91, and Ast in 1392-94. The texts for the Chaucerian works are those of Robinson. The Text of Wiclif's sermon is found in Sisam ;8 Usk's Appeal is taken from Chambers and Daunt, 9 and the Petition is from O. F. Emerson. 10 The corpus is relatively large in size, 13,584 clusters having been counted and classified. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Professor Frederic G. Cassidy, who guided me in this work. His patient understanding and helpfulness in my study of Middle English encouraged me through the lengthy sifting of the data which compriss this study. The faults that remain are entirely my own.

6

In R. D. French, A Chaucer Handbook, 2nd ed. (New York, 1947), pp. 393-394. F. N. Robinson, The Poems of Chaucer (Cambridge, Mass., 1933), pp. xxiv-xxv. All Chaucerian citations refer to this text. 8 Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose, ed. Kenneth Sisam (Oxford, 1923), pp. 119-128. 9 A Book of London English, 1384-1425, eds. R. W. Chambers and Marjorie Daunt (Oxford, 1931), pp. 22-31. 10 Reader, pp. 232-237. 7

2 LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

I. THE PATTERNS OF SUBJECT A N D VERB IN INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

A. Common Order S-V/S-Aux-V In Late East Midland, as in MnE, Common Order is to be found more frequently than is any other order. The S-V/S-Aux-V order referred to in this work excludes verb mid and end-position clusters in which adverbial and/or dative and accusative elements intervene between S and V. This class is treated separately below. In the Late East Midland prose examined, S-V/S-Aux-V order occurs in 71.8% of all Independent clusters. Examples are too numerous to require citation.

B. Common Order: Verb is in mid-position in the clause1 This word order type consists of a sequence in which adverbials and accusative objects are shifted into position between S and V or between S and Aux or Aux and V. The Verb occurs before the end of the clause. Various elements shift within S and V to form the following patterns in the verb-mid position. 1. The Accusative Object is shifted into position(s) within the S-V cluster. a. In Simple Tense clusters. — In the prose examined this order occurs in only three instances in Independent clauses. 1) S-O-V. "I yow biseche as hertely as I dar ..." (Mel 1052). 1

Discussions of the verb end and mid-position clusters can be found in C. C. Fries, American English Grammar (New York, 1940), pp. 252-254; Otto Jespersen, A Modern English Grammar (London and Copenhagen, 1954), VII, 2.8; Leon Kellner, Historical Outlines of English Syntax (London, 1905), p. 292; E. Maetzner, An English Grammar (London, 1874), pp. 546-549; F. Mosse, A Handbook of Middle English, transl. J. A. Walker (Baltimore, 1952), pp. 122, 129-130; Henry Sweet, A New English Grammar (Oxford, 1898), II, pp. 15, 21; Jan Simko, Word-Order in the Winchester MS and in William Caxton's Edition of Thomas Malorys Morte Darthur - A Comparison (Halle, 1955), pp. 12-32.

16

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

b. Two patterns occur in Compound Tense clusters. — Occurrences are in Mel and Ast only. 1) S-Aux-O-V. I n'am but a lewd compilator of the labour of olde astrologiens, and have it translatid in myn Englissh oonly for thy doctrine. (Ast 70-73) 2) S-Aux-O-O-Adv-V and V. I may my persone and myn hous so kepen and deffenden. ... (Mel 1334) 2. An Adverbial element is shifted into position(s) between S and V. a. Three patterns occur in Simple Tense clusters. 1) S-Adv-V. The womman thanne saugh that the tree. ... ( P T 329) 2) S-Adv Phr-V. and the sonne twies every yer passing thorugh the cenith of hir heed, (Ast II, 26.20) 3) S-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-V. She in ful humble wise, whan she saugh hir tyme, seide to hym thise wordes:/ (Mel 1051) 4) The presence and position of the negative adverb(s) ne, no, never(e), nat, not and the frequently-agglutinated n' and ri+vowel within the S-V cluster causes occurrence of the following patterns.2 "Unique" patterns are those which do not occur in any given class of verb end and mid clusters with adverbial elements other than negatives. The "unique" patterns are starred*. a) Two patterns occur in B2a; One is unique. (1) S-neg-V; S-n'V. yet thar ye nat accomplice thilke ordinaunce, (Mel 1068) I «'am but a lewd compilator. ... (Ast 70) (2) Neg-S-neg-V*. ne we ne rede nat that evere he rood on oother beest. (PT 435) b) Ten patterns occur in Compound Tense clusters. (1) S-Aux-Adv-V. And the point of the label shal than declare to thee, (Ast II, 46.15-17) (a) S-Aux-Adv-Phr-V. for thou shalt in alle wise flee ydelnesse.'/ (Mel 1588) • See Samuel R. Levin, "Negative Contraction: An Old and Middle English Dialect Criterion," JEGP, LVII (1958), 492-501.

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

17

(b) S-Aux-Adv-Adv Phr-V. and ye myghte lightly in this wise gete yow a coveitous name,/ {Mel 1838) (c) S-Aux-Adv-V-Part. For ye sholde first have cleped a few folk. (Mel 1242) (d) S-Aux-Adv and Adv-V. "as yet into this tyme ye han wel and covenably taught me as in general, (Mel 1233) (e) S-Aux-Adv-Adv Phr-Adv-V. Ye shal first in alle youre werkes mekely biseken to the heighe God.... (Mel 1116) (f) S-Aux-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-V. And so thou may at that tyme by the point of thy label unremeved knowe. ... {Ast II, 46.35-36) (g) S-Aux-V-Adv Phr-Part. The speces of this paas shullen be moore largely declared. ... cPT 532) 2) S-Adv Phr-Aux-V. The whiche lyne,/ro the forseide ring unto the centre of the large hool amidde, is cleped the south lyne, (Ast I, 4.3-5) a) S-Adv-Aux-V-Part. Malisoun generally may be seyd every maner power of harm. (.PT 619) 3) Ten patterns occur in Compound Negative clusters, B2b. Six are unique. a) S-Aux-neg-V. we konne nought wyte in what manere. ... {Pet 235.31) (1) S-Aux-neg-Adv Phr-V. Crist wolde nat so soone have noted. ... {PT413) (2) S-Aux-neg-Adv-V. For he that seith fals may nat wel be conseilled {Mel 1204) b) S-neg-Aux-V. They ne wollen taken but litel reward {Mel 1371)

18

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

(1) S-neg-Aux-neg-V ; S-n'Aux-neg-V.* "The wratthe of God ne wol nat spare no wight, (PT 168) for sothe God nolde nat receyven us to his love. (PT 523) (2) S-neg-Aux-neg-Adv-Adv Phr-V.* for soothly he ne sholde nat thanne in al his lyf have corage to synne,(Pr314) (3) S-neg-Aux-neg-Aux-V.* "the wordes of the phisiciens ne sholde nat han between under- stonden in thys wise./ (Mel 1284) c) Neg-S-Aux-neg-V.* ne ye shul nat lene or bo we. ... (Mel 1447) (1) Neg-S-neg-Aux-V.* ne water ne shal yeve hem no moisture, {PT 220) (2) Neg-S-neg-Aux-neg-Adv-V.* ne thou ne hast nat wel ytaken kep (Mel 1414)

C. Common Order: Verb is in end-position in the clause This word-order type consists of a sequence in which Adverbial Elements and Object are shifted into a position between S and V or between S and Aux or Aux and V with V occurring at the end of the clause. 1. The Accusative Object is shifted into position between S and V. a. One pattern occurs in Simple Tense clusters. It occurs twice in prose. 1) S-O-V. he that precheth ... his sermon hem anoieth./ (Mel 1044) cf. Mel 1070. b. One pattern occurs in Compound Tense clusters. It occurs once in the prose 1) S-Aux-O-V. Thre of his olde foes han it espyed. ... (Mel 970) 2. An Adverbial Element is shifted into position(s) between S and V. a. Two patterns occur in Simple Tense clusters. 1) S-Adv-V. Seint Jame eek seith: (Mel 1119)

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

19

2) S-Adv-Adv Phr-V. The ascendent sothly, as wel in alle nativities as in questions and eleccions of tymes, is a thing (Ast II, 4.1-3) 3) One pattern occurs in Simple Tense negative clusters. It is unique because of the preceding negative particle. Neg-S-neg-V.* ne ye ne han bretheren. ... (Mel 1368) b. Six patterns occur in Compound Tense clusters. 1) S-Aux-Adv-V. For hir deeth shal alwey lyven, and hir ende shal everemo bigynne, (PT 215) a) S-Aux-Adv-V-Part. certes it may lightly been answered. (Mel 1065) b) S-Aux-Aux-V-Adv-Part. many of the worthiest of the town haue [be] ther-by enpesched, (App 109-110) 2) S-Adv-Aux-V. 'He that soone deemeth, soone shal repente.'/ (Mel 1030) a) S-Adv-Aux-Adv-V. thou than shalt esely knowe, &c. (Ast 46.24-25) b) S-Adv Phr-Aux-V and V. Youre doghter, with the grace of God, shal warisshe and escape./ (Mel 982) 3) Four patterns occur in Compound Negative clusters. Two are unique. a) S-Aux-neg-V. and f>an we prestis may not preche, (Wic 81) b) S-Aux-neg-Adv-V.* he that is irous and wrooth, as seith Senec, ne may nat speke but blameful thynges, (Mel 1126) c) S-neg-Aux-neg-V; S-n'Aux-neg-V. and this ne may noght be./ (Mel 1061) 'I «el noght soeffre; (App 186-87) d) S-neg-Aux-neg-Adv-V.* he ne may nat wel deme;/ (Mel 1125) Contrasting identical divisions in verb mid and end-position classes shows that the position of the verb in the clause has an effect upon patterning. Contrasting Bla

20

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

and Cla shows that they exhibit and share one pattern: Blal. Bib and Clb total three patterns one of which is not shared: Blb2. B2a and C2a have a total of five patterns three of which are not shared: B2a2; B2a3; C2a2. B2b and C2b have a total of sixteen patterns, ten of which are not shared: B2bla; B2bla; B2bld; B2ble; B2blf; B2blf; B2b2a; C2bla; C2blb; C2b2a. Bla and Cla (S-O-V), then, share 100%. Bib and Clb (S-Aux-O-V) share 66.6% of their patterns. B2a and C2a (S-Adv-V) share 40.0 % of their combined patterns, while B2b and C2b (S-Aux-Adv-V) share 37.5% of their patterns. In prose independent clusters the greatest variety of patterns occurs when the verb is in midposition in the clause and, obviously, the intervention of adverbial elements within the S-V cluster creates a greater variety of patterns than does the intervention of the accusative object. Patterns in the negative cluster in prose independent clauses may be summarized in the following manner.

Number of Pattern Types Number of "unique" Pattern types and their percentage in each class.

B2a 3

B2b 10

C2a 1

C2b 4

1:33.3%

6:60%

1:100%

2:50%

D. Inverted Order in Independent Clauses (V-S; Aux-V-S;

Aux-S-V)3

In describing inverted order in prose independent clauses we must take into account a number of different grammatical elements which initiate inversions in which either V, Aux, or both, are front-shifted into position before S. 1. Inversion is most frequently preceded by an Adverbial Element.4 a. Inversion is preceded by an Adverb of time, place, manner, or connection. 1) The V precedes the S (V-S). yet axed he hire conseil upon this matiere./ (Mel 1010) For wel woot every astrologien that. ... (Ast 85) cf. FT 139, App 171-172. • The cases of verbal inversion described here show Chaucer to have been in accord with general ME practice. One of the best discussions of independent clause verbal inversion is to be found in H. Henningsen, Über die Worstellung in den Prosasschriften Richard Rolles von Hampole, diss., (Kiel, 1911), pp. 7-51. Also available are discussions by Sweet, II, pp. 12-15; Mosse, pp. 122, 126-129; Kruisinga, 3, 2169 fF.; Maetzner, pp. 538-541; Jespersen, VII, 2.2!-«; Ewald Rothstein, Die Wortstellung in der Peterborough Chronik (Halle, 1922), pp. 3-29. 1 Kruisinga, 3, 2190; Mosse, p. 127; Maetzner, pp. 538-541. This section contains references to inversions effected by an adverbial element of any type; conjunctive adverbs; adverbs of time, manner, place, or connection; adverbial phrases. Distinctions between mono- and polysyllabic adverbial elements, simple and compound tenses, noun and pronoun subjects are drawn statistically on Chart VIII for each work.

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

21

2) Aux and V precede S (Aux-V-S). This pattern appears only once in prose independent inversions preceded by an Adverb. Thanne was acompliced the word of Ysaye, (PT 281) 3) Aux precedes S and V follows it (Aux-S-V). and thanne shal man doon his diligence (Mel 978) cf. Ast 47, PT 95, Wie 131-132. 4) There are six infrequent variations on the above three basic patterns of arrangement of Adverbial Element, Aux, V and S. a) Two Adverbial Elements precede V-S. Than afterward soghte I in my tables ... (Ast II, 45, 16) cf. Ast II, 46.18-19. b) An Adverb precedes and intervenes between V and S. Up roose thanne an advocat ... (Mel 1021) c) Two adverbs precede Aux-S-V. And afterward thanne shul ye taken conseil (Mel 1120) d) An Adverb precedes both Aux and V in Aux-S-V. Thanne shul ye everemoore countrewayte embusshementz (Mel 1319) cf. Mel 1322. e) Inversion is preceded by an Adverb and an Adverbial Phrase. With the pattern Aux-S-V: And after this thanne shul ye kepe yow wisely (Mel 1313); cf. Mel 1404. With the pattern V-S: After this, thanne cometh sweryng. (PT 587) f) Inversion is preceded by a Numerical Adverb. With the pattern Aux-S-V: First shaltow understonde. ... (TT318) With the pattern V-S: First wite thou certeinly. ... (Ast II, 46.1) b. Inversion is preceded by an Adverbial Phrase. 1) The V precedes the S (V-S). and as wel considre I thy besy praier in special to lerne the tretys. ... (Ast 4); cf. PT 114, App 162, Pet (232) 19-21.

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

2) Aux and V precede the S (Aux-V-S).6 and withinne the hertes of folk shal be the bitynge conscience, and withoute forth shal be the world al brennynge.j (PT 172); cf. Ast I, 8.1-3; App 104. 3) Aux precedes the S and V follows it (Aux-S-V). and in J>is manere schal eche prest be an aungel of God, {Wic 22-23); cf. Mel 1109, PT 116, Ast 73-74. 4) There are two infrequent variations on the above three basic patterns of arrangement of Adv. Phrase, Aux, V, and S. a) Adv. Phr.-V-Adv.-S: To this sentence answered anon dame Prudence (Mel 1265) b) Adv-Aux-S-Adv Phr-V: And yet shal he nat oonly bisie hym (Mel 1844) c. Inversion is preceded by a Sentence Modifier. 1) The V precedes the S (V-S). Thus ben there 6 degres of the zodiak. (Ast I, 21.49); cf. Mel 1180, PT 467. 2) Aux and V precede S (Aux-V-S). Sentence modifiers do not produce an inversion of this type in the prose which was examined. 3) Aux precedes and S and V follow (Aux-S-V). and herefore ben many proude lorelis founden (Wic 139-140); cf. Mel 1251, Ast 9-10, App 185-186. a) In one instance in the prose an Adverbial Phrase intervenes between the Sentence Modifier and Aux. And ]DUS, bi f>is nouelrie of song, is Goddis lawe unstudied and not kepte (Wic 164-165) d. Inversion is preceded by a Negative Adverb. 1) The V precedes the S (V-S). ne yeve thou nevere myght ne maistrie of thy body (Mel 1756); cf. Ast II, 3.71-72; Mel 1468. This pattern, preceded by an Adverbial Phrase, appears rarely. Only in Ast I, where there are large number of "passive" constructions, does it proliferate.

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

23

a) Two negative adverbs precede the inversion. ne nevere cam ther a vileyns word out of his mouth./ (Mel 1503) 2) The Aux and V precede the S (Aux-V-S). The negative adverb does not cause an inversion of this type in the prose. 3) Aux precedes the S and the V follows it (Aux-S-V). And certes rightfully ne mowe ye take no vengeance, (Mel 1385) a) A negative element precedes Aux and intervenes between S and V. Ne wol ye nat swere in all manere; (PT 589) cf. Mel 1033, 1402. b) A negative element precedes Aux and intervenes between Aux and S. "Ther ne shal no pledynge availle, (PT 166) e. In one instance in the prose, inversion is introduced by a prepositional clause. and by the azymut in which he stondith maist thou seen in which partie of the firmament he is. (Ast II, 33.3-4) 2. Inversion is preceded by a Predicate Element. (PE-V-S).6 a. The Predicate Element is a Direct Object. 1) V precedes S (V-S). This tree saugh the prophete Daniel. (PT 126) cf. Mel 1033; Ast II, 3.81-82; IVic 86-87. a) An adverbial element intervenes between V and S. And the same harm doon som tyme the smale dropes of water (PT 363) 2) Aux precedes S and V follows it (Aux-S-V). His wyf and eek his doghter hath he left. (Mel 969) cf. Ast 29-30, PT 169, App 179-180. b. In two instances the Predicate Element is an Indirect Object. 1) Aux precedes V and S follows it (Aux-V-S). "To wrecche caytyves shal be deeth withoute deeth" (PT 214) 2) Aux precedes S and V follows it (Aux-S-V). certes to hem shal men doon goodness ; (PT 527) c. The Predicate Element is an Adjectival. 6

For discussions of Predicate Elements which draw the verb after them see Jespersen, VII, 2.2 7, 2.3 1-2; Kruisinga, 3, 2186; Maetzner, p. 538; Mossé, p. 127; Sweet, II, 1814.

24

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1) V precedes S (V-S). Insolent is he that despiseth in his juggement alle othere folk (PT 399) cf. Mel 1568, PT 392. 2) In one prose instance of PE-V-S the Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). and naked shul they been of soule. (PT 197) 3. Inversion, taking place in the second proposition of a Comparative Construction,7 is preceded by: "in so much" (Mel 1500) "right in the same wise" (Mel 1544) "namoore" (Mel 1554) "as wel" (Mel 1620) "so" (Mel 1686) "the moore" (PT 191) "so muche" ( P r 384) a. V precedes S (V-S). For right as a soughe wroteth in everich ordure, so wroteth she hire beautee (PT 157) cf. Mel 997; Ast II, 12.20-22. b. Aux precedes S and V follows it (Aux-S-V). right as maladies been cured by hir contraries, right so shul men warisshe werre by vengeaunce./ (Mel 1017) 1) An Adverbial Element intervenes between S and V. right so withouten hire counseil shul ye nat accorden yow ne have pees (Mel 1782) 4. Inversion takes place by analogy without an introductory element.8 a. V precedes S (V-S). "Remembreth yow fro whennes that ye been falle", (PT 136) cf. PT 673, Mel 1104. b. An Adverbial Element immediately follows the inversion in the following prose instances. '

Curme, 28.2, calls this the "double demonstrative". See also Mosse, p. 128. Most frequently, of course, in the Imperative Mood. See Kellner, pp. 457-458; Mossi, p. 128. Cf. Sweet, II, 1817. In discussing this type of inversion in Word Order of the Ancren Riwle, with Special References to Word Order in Anglo Saxon and Modern English (Sundsvall, 1903), p. 20, A. Dahlstedt comments that "where inversion takes place with the finite word as the first word in the clause the inversion has kept its old function of being connective, there being no other means of introducing the clause". 8

25

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Speke we now of swich cursynge (PT 619) cf. PT 639, 664; Ast II, 46.13, 46.42. 5. In numerous instances the paranthetical "seyde he/seyde she" 9 type of inversion occurs before, between, or after direct quotations. 10 This pattern of inversion is very frequent in prose though there are some exceptions to it. 11 Following are some representative examples of the type. "Certes", quod Melibee, (Mel 1427)

"I se wel that ye enforce yow muchel by wordes. ..."

yet seyde he thus:/ ( M e l 999) And what that is moore, it is of yvel", thus seith Crist./ (PT 590)

e. Transposed Order (O-S-V;

SubC-V;

Part-V)12

Independent transpositions occur in the following nine instances in the prose. 1. The verb is in mid-position in the clause. a. O is front-shifted before S and V (O-S-V-X). And certes this disordinaunce and this rebellioun oure Lord Jhesu Crist upon his precious body {PT 267)

aboghte

cf. Mel 986; PT 508; Ast II, 44.19, 45.49-50. b. Subjective Complement is front-shifted before S and V in one instance in the prose. and the moore deedly hate ther is among hem. 1 3 (PT 206) c. Participle is front-shifted before V in the passive voice. and nought conlich unshewed or hidde it hath be by man (Pet (234) 21)

9 Various words are substituted for "seyde" in this pattern. The most frequent variations are exemplified by the following: "quod", "answerde", "seith", "seyden" and "thot" followed by a direct quote. 10 See Curme, 35.1 for an explanation of their independency. The best discussion of this inversion is Margaret Schlauch, "Chaucer's Colloquial English", PMLA, LXVII (1952), 1104. Also see Jespersen, VII, 2.2 8. 11 Exceptions are typified by Mel 1510, 1621. The Common Order and Inverted patterns are summarized in the statistical material at the end of the chapter and are listed in the Appendix at the end of the work. 18 For discussions of transposed order see Curme, 35.1; Jespersen, VII, 2.2 7, 2.3 1,2.3 6; Maetzner, p. 538; Mosse, p. 129; Stuart Robertson and Frederic G. Cassidy, The Development of Modern English (Englewood Cliffs, 1954), p. 286; Sweet, II, p. 6. 13 In this instance "ther" is, of course, only a Function Word which gets the sentence under way. The construction is difficult to classify, but it fits the pattern of poetic SubC-S-V transpositions.

26

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2. The Verb is in end-position in the clause in two instances in prose. a sory song we myghten alle synge./ (PT 315) cf. Wie 58.

II. T H E P A T T E R N S O F SUBJECT A N D VERB I N D E P E N D E N T CLAUSES 1 4

A. Common Order

(S-V/S-Aux-V)

As is the case with independent clauses, common order S-V/S-Aux-V is found more frequently than is any other pattern in dependent clauses. In prose, S-V/S-Aux-V order occurs in 84.4 % of all dependent clusters containing S and V. Examples are too numerous to require citation.

B. Common Order: Verb is in mid-position in the clause 1. The Accusative Object is shifted into position(s) between S and V. a. In Simple Tense clusters. In the prose this construction occurs in only one instance in dependent clauses S-O-V. "Thilke folk that me despisen shul been in despit." (PT 189) b. In Compound Tense clusters. In prose this construction occurs in three instances in dependent clauses. S-Aux-O-V. that whan he is deed he shal no thyng bere with hym (Mel 1616) cf. PT 623, Mel 1763. 2. An Adverbial Element is shifted into position(s) between S and V. a. Four patterns occur in Simple Tense clusters. 1) S-Adv-V. that eftsoone dooth thyng for which hym oghte repente."/ (PT 89) 2) S-Adv Phr-V. i 14

For word-order in subordinate clauses cf. E. Einenkel, Anglia, XVIII, 147-154 and XVII (1895) 515-520; H. Kreckmeier, Die Wortstellung im Nebensatz des Englischen (Giessen, 1915); Maetzner, pp. 460-474.

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

whil vittaillers hi sujfrauncejpresumen

27

thilke states upon hem; (Pet 236.1-2)

a) S-Adv Phr-V or V. eke whan that he by lightnesse or folie mysseyeth or scorneth his neighebor;/ (PT 379) 3) S-Adv-Adv Phr-V. many folk that prively in his eere conseilled hym certeyn thyng (Mel 1049) 4) The negative adverb occurs in four patterns in B2a. Three are "unique". a) S-neg-V; S-n'V. But considre wel that I ne usurpe not (Ast 68) that he nys nat to blame (Mel 1262) b) S-neg-V-neg-V* ]DOU]3

fei neifier¡preche ne teche }?e hestis of God (Wic 190-191)

c) S-Adv-neg-V* For al be it so that thou first ne telle thy conseil (Mel 1168) d) S-neg-V-neg, neg-V* that ye ne dispise nat, ne acounte nat (Mel 1315) b. Twelve patterns occur in Compound Tense clusters. 1) S-Aux-Adv-V or elles that God wole the rather enlumyne (PT 245) a) S-Aux-Adv Phr-V do no thyng which may in any manere displese God (Mel 1627) b) S-Aux-Aux-Adv-V that ... wolde have al destroyed it. (Mel 1099) c) S-Aux-Adv-Aux-V for theras ye sholden oonly have cleped (Mel 1244) d) S-Aux-Adv Phr-Adv-V that al strang[e] vitaillers sholden with thair vitailles frelich kome to the Cite, (App 38-39) e) S-Aux-Adv-V-Adv-Part whanne Jjei schulden ellis be betre occupied, (Wic 241-242) 2) S-Adv-Aux-V for he that oones hath greved thee, (Mel 1490) a) S-Adv Phr-Aux-V

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wherfore that youre enemys for drede sholde stinte to plede with yow, (Mel 1369) b) S-Adv-Aux-Adv-V Whoso thanne wolde wel understande thise peynes, (PT 228) c) S-Adv-Aux-V-Part that oonly sholde han been honoured (PT 278) d) S-Adv-Adv-Aux-V where as evere moo generaly is considerid (Ast I, 6.12) 3) S-V-Adv-Adv Phr-Part that al thilke trailyng is verraily as in effect wasted ... (PT 419) 4) The negative adverb occurs in ten patterns in B2b. Six are unique. a) S-Aux-neg-V Jjat J>ei moten neuere preie to plesynge of God, (Wic 108) b) S-Aux-neg-Adv-V* that ye wol nat wilfully replie agayn my resouns, (Mel 1236) c) S-Aux-neg-Adv Phr-V* somme conclusions that wol not in aile thinges parformen her bihestes ; (Ast 25-26) d) S-neg-Aux-V that he ne shal yeve of it a rekenyng."/ (PT 254) e) S-neg-Aux-Adv Phr-Y* that it ne may in his lyf be destroyed (PT 704) f) S-neg-Aux-neg-V that smallist fraccions ne wol not be shewid (Ast 85-86) g) S-neg-Aux-neg-V-neg-V* that a coveitous man ne kan noght deme ne thynke, (Mel 1131) h) S-neg-Aux-neg-Adv-V* and that he ne may noon ootherwise escape (PT 572) i) S-neg-Aux-neg-Adv-neg-Adv-V* that yow ne oghte nat sodeynly ne hastily proceden in this nede,/ (Mel 1341) j) S-Aux-neg-Aux-V-neg-V for thei sholde nought bë knowen ne contynued (Pet 234: 24-25) The Indirect Object is shifted into position(s) between S and V.

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29

a. In Simple Tense clusters. This pattern occurs once in prose, that hym sente a wyf of so greet discrecioun./ (Mel 1873) b. The Indirect Object is not shifted into the Compound Tense S-V cluster in which the verb is in mid-position. C. Common Order: Verb is in end-position in the clause 1. The Accusative Object is shifted into position(s) between S and V. a. In Simple Tense clusters. S-O-V. than dide they that hym crucifiede; (PT 643) cf. Mel 1070, 1304. b. In Compound Tense clusters. 1) S-Aux-O-V that hadde it biseged {Mel 1099) cf. Mel 1071. 2) S-Aux-Adv Phr-O as O-V so that they may as wel thy body as thyn hous defende./ (Mel 1027) 2. An Adverbial Element is shifted into position(s) between S and V. a. Two patterns occur in Simple Tense clusters. 1) S-Adv-V Upon the ende of this est lyne, as I first seide, is marked a litel eros, (Ast I, 6.10-11) 2) S-Adv Phr-V that the tribulaciouns of this world but litel while endure, (Mel 1508) 3) Two patterns occur in negative clusters in C2a. One is unique. a) S-neg-V and sheweth hym swich as he noght is./ (PT 394) b) S-n'V-neg-V* and swiche thynges as he woght ne kan, (Mel 1072) b. Six patterns occur in Compound Tense clusters. 1) S-Aux-Adv-V that youre goode name be alwey kept (Mel 1637) a) S-Aux-Adv-V-and-V as it is aboven expressed and declared,/ (Mel 1785)

30

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b) S-Aux-Adv Phr-V 'that where greet fyr hath longe tyme endured, (Mel 1185) c) S-Aux-Adv-V-Part that alle oure werkes shullen openly be knowe./ (PT 165) 2) S-Adv-Aux-V but grisly drede that evere shal laste."/ (PT 177) 3) S-Aux-Adv Cl-Aux-V that four poynt3 shulden, with al the lordship & Frendeship that they myghten, be kept & stablisshed; (App 33-35) 4) Five patterns occur in C2b negative clusters. Four are unique. a) S-Aux-neg-V that he may nat do./ (Mel 1124) b) S-Aux-neg-Adv-V* and he that may nat wel deme, may nat wel conseille./ (Mel 1126) c) S-Aux-neg-Part-neg-Part* whan it is nat newed ne renovelled.'/ (Mel 1846) d) S-n'Aux-neg-Part* so that it «as noght execut; (App 133) e) S-neg-Aux-neg-V* that ne may nevere been accompliced; (Mel 1132) 3. The Indirect Object is shifted into position(s) between S and V. a. There are three examples of one pattern, S-IO-V, in prose. whan ye han taken conseil in youreself, and han deemed by good deliberación swich thyng as you semeth best,/ (Mel 1138) cf. Mel 1236, PT 558. b. There is one example of IO in the verb end-position compound tense cluster, that he of oother folk hath receyved. Contrasting identical divisions in dependent verb end and mid-position classes shows that Bla and C l a share the one pattern in which they occur, S-O-V. B i b and C l b fail to share one of their three patterns: Clb2. B2a and C2a do not share one of their six patterns: B2a3. B2b and C2b exhibit a total of eighteen patterns nine of which are not shared: B2blb; B2blc; B2bld; B2ble; B2b2a; B2b2b; B2b2d; B2b3; C2b3. B3a and C3a share the one pattern in which they occur, S-IO-V, and

31

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the Indirect Object shifts into the compound tense cluster once when the verb is in end-position, C3b. Thus B l a and C l a (S-O-V) share their one pattern for 100% sharing. B i b and C l b (S-Aux-O-V) share 66.6% of their combined total. B2a and C2a (S-Adv-V) share 83.3%, while B2b and C2b (S-Aux-Adv-V) share 50.0% of their combined total of patterns. B3a and C3a (S-IO-V) share their one pattern. In prose dependent common order clusters the greatest variety of patterns occurs when the verb is in mid-position in the clause. Patterns in the negative cluster in dependent clauses are summarized as follows.

Number of Pattern-types Number of "unique" pattern-types and their percentage in each class

B2a

B2b

C2a

C2b

4

10

2

5

3:75%

6:60%

1:50%

4:80%

D. Inverted Order: V-S; Aux-V-S;

Aux-S-V

Dependent clause inversions in prose are, in most cases, initiated by a preceding element as is the case with Independent clause inversions. 15 In the Dependent inversion, however, the preceding element is frequently a structure group word. Further, dependent inversions exhibit the shift of Verb, Aux and Subject into the same three patterns occurring in independent inversions. The dependent clause is more averse to inversion than is the independent clause 16 and the patterning process differs somewhat in the two types of clauses. Patterns of dependent inversion exhibit a marked limitation in the variations they form on any basic pattern. The patterns appear to be almost invariable and this may be due, in part, to the formclass word function of the clause itself, a function which seems to preclude the introduction and shifting of Auxiliary, Adverbial or Nominal elements into and within the basic patterns. 17 Dependent clause inversions are classified here in accordance with the grammatical function of the clause in which they occur. Accordingly, we can distinguish between substantive clauses, 18 comparative clauses, all types of adverbial clauses, and adjective clauses. We will also consider two other clause classes which are determined by the nature of, or lack of, the introductory element. 16

For a discussion of elements which precede subordinate inversions see E. Einenkel, "Die Worstellung Im Englischen Nebensatze", Anglia, XVII (1895), 515-516. 16 Maetzner, p. 544, corroborates this fact. 17 N o t e , however, IIB and C above and the statistical sheets on dependent verb end and mid clusters. In C o m m o n Order patterns the shifting of adverbial or nominal elements within the S-V cluster is frequent. 18 N o t in the sense that Kellner defines it: "an object". Here the substantive clause is defined as nominal in function.

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1. Inversion takes place in clauses which function as substantives. In the prose the substantive clause usually patterns as an accusative object in the sentence in which it occurs. Frequently, the substantive inversion is introduced by a phrase preceded by "that". "Which" introduces the inversion in three instances characterized by PT 476; "what" is the preceding word in PT 475. A predicate element introduces inversion in PT 523; a prepositional phrase produces inversion in PT 292. a. V precedes S (V-S). upon thynges that newely bityden bihoveth newe conseil. (Mel 1225) cf. PT217; Ast II, 10.3. b. Aux and V precede S (Aux-V-S). This occurs three times in prose substantive clauses. Now shal a man understonde in which manere shal been his contricioun. {PT 292) cf. PT 521, App 112-113. c. Aux precedes S and V follows it (Aux-S-V). I seye, thyn enemy shaltow love (PT 523) cf. Mel 1454. 2. Inversion takes place in comparative clauses. Comparative inversion is most frequently introduced by "than" or "as". Adverbs in the comparative degree introduce inversion in PT 422; 459. An adverb phrase introduces comparative inversion in Ast I, 16.5-6. "That" introduces inversion in Ast II, 30.3. "As" followed by an adjective introduces inversion in three instances: Ast II, 15.5-6; II, 22.1; II, 22.4. a. V precedes S (V-S). as taughte Thobie his sone; (Mel1117) cf. App 231-232, Wic 266-267. b. Aux and V precede S (Aux-V-S). This pattern is not represented in comparative inverted clauses. c. Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). the moore moot it coste to the people (PT 420) cf. Mel 1667.

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

33

3. Inversion takes place in adverbial clauses of all kinds.19 In prose the greatest number of adverbial inversions are concessive introduced by "as": Ast I, 8.14. Adverbial inversions of "cause" are introduced by "for" {Mel 1170), "by cause" (Mel 1666) and "now" (PT 149). Adverbial inversions of "result" are preceded by an adjective in the comparative degree (Mel 1652), by "that unnethe" (PT 582) and by "J)e lesse" (Wic 115). An adverbial inversion of manner is introduced by "Right so" {PT 213). An adverbial inversion of place is introduced by "whereas" {PT 177). a. V precedes S (V-S). (Cause) for Latyn ne canst thou yit but small {Ast 31-32) (Concession) For, as seith Seint Gregorie, {PT 92) cf. Mel 993. b. Aux precedes V and S follows it (Aux-V-S). This pattern does not occur in adverbial inversions. c. Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). This pattern occurs four times in prose adverbial clauses: in Mel 1652, PT 149, and Wic 115 listed above with introductory elements as well as in PT 582. 4. Inversion takes place in adjective clauses. Adjectival inversions are preceded by "that" {Mel 991). "Of whom" introduces inversion in Mel 1873. "Upon which" introduces inversion in Ast I, 17.16-18. a. V precedes S (V-S). This is the only pattern in prose for adjective clauses, after the loore that techeth us Senek.j {Mel 991) cf. Mel 1873. 5. Inversion occurs in concessive clauses introduced by "al". a. V precedes S (V-S). All inversions of this class occur in this pattern. And al be it that ydel wordes been somtyme venial synne (PT 648) cf. Mel 1168. 6. Inversion takes place in conditional clauses in which the introductory "if" is omitted. 19

Cf. Curme, 25-34; Jespersen, II, 7.6-7; Kellner, pp. 71-76; Kruisinga, 3, 2299-2334; Sweet, I, pp. 171-172. The types of adverbial clauses listed here are not distinguished by differences in form. They are differentiated almost wholly on the basis of meaning.

34

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a. V precedes S (V-S). & William Essex wolden, wer it fals wer it trewe, {App 17-18) cf. PT 625; Ast I, 21.77; Pet (233) 27-28. b. Aux is before V and S is after it (Aux-S-V) & truly, had noght the aldermen kome to trete, (App 194-195)

E. Transposed Order: O-S-V; SubC-V;

Part-V

The old transposed order, formerly the rule in subordinate clauses, was, by Chaucer's time, well on the way to being replaced by the verb end- and mid-position Common Order construction. 20 Transposed order is found in less than 1 % of prose subordinate clauses. 1. The verb is in end-position in the clause. a. Y and Aux are transposed (V-Aux-X). And whan this folk togidre assembled weren, (Mel 1008) b. The Participle precedes the V (Part-V-X). the tribulaciouns of this world but litel while endure, and soone passed been and goon./ (Mel 1508) 2. The verb is in mid-position in the clause. a. O is front-shifted before S and V (O-S-V). the moore desir it hath to swelwe and devoure. (Mel 1618) b. V and Aux are transposed (V-Aux). Whan Melibeus retourned was in to his hous, (Mel 973) c. Subjective Complement precedes V (SubC-V). For Salomon seith that bettre it is and moore. ... {Mel 1638) cf. PT 325. 10

C. A. Smith, The Order of Words in Anglo-Saxon Prose, PMLA New Series, I, 2 (Baltimore, 1893), p. 25 writes that "3y the Middle English Period, transposition had disappeared entirely, dependent sentences being levelled under the order of independent". These examples from Chaucer disprove Smith and lead us to believe that by the ME period the older transposed order and endplacing of the verb are in the process of being replaced. A. Dahlstedt in The Word Order of the Ancren Riwle, with Special Reference to the Word Order in Anglo Saxon and Modern English (Sundsvall, 1903), p. 36 comments on the scarcity of examples of this word-order in this early 13th century work. The construction is still to be found in Spenser, perhaps as a feature of his deliberate archaism.

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

35

d. The Participle precedes V (Part-V). Which thyng parfourned was in dede./ (Mel 1800) cf. Mel 967. III. I N T E R R O G A T I V E C L U S T E R S

Interrogative S-V clusters occur in both Common and Inverted order. In prose we also find questions being asked by phrases in what might be called "colloquial" speech situations. Common and Inverted order interrogative statements are classified here as either Disjunctive or Pronominal. Following are samples of the interrogative S-V patterns and phrases in prose. 21

A. Pronominal

Interrogatives

Pronominal interrogatives are introduced by "what", "wheither", "whider", "whi", "why", "how", "hou", "who", "where", "wherto and why" (Mel 1612), and "for what cause or enchesoun" (Mel 1614-1616). 1. Common Order exhibits both simple and compound tense clusters. a. S is followed by V (S-V). But who ben more heretikis? (Wie 77-78) cf. PT 601; Ast II, 11.5-6. b. Aux intervenes between S and V (S-Aux-V). who shal delivere me from the prisoun of my caytyf body? (PT 344) cf. Mel 986, Wie 274-276. 2. Inverted order exhibits three patterns in simple and compound tense clusters. a. V precedes S (V-S). "why make ye youreself for to be lyk a fool? (Mel 908) cf. PT 601, Wie 49-51. b. Aux precedes S and V follows it (Aux-S-V). For how sholden they love hem togidre ...? (PT203) cf. Wie 195-197. 1) The Participle follows Aux-S-V. hou schulden riche men ben excused ... (Wie 233-238) 21

An Interrogative Summary for each work may be found in the statistical summary at the end of this chapter.

36

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

2) A n adverbial element intervenes b e t w e e n A u x and S. W h i d e r shal thanne

B. Disjunctive

the wrecched

interrogatives

synful

man flee to hiden hym? (PT

occur in six instances

173)

in prose

1. Inverted Order. a. V precedes S (V-S). Wolye

t h a n n e that I g o ...? ( M e l 1684)

1) A negative adverb intervenes b e t w e e n V a n d P r o n o u n S. Is nat this a cursed vice? (PT

560)

b. A u x precedes S a n d V f o l l o w s (Aux-S-V). "if the rightful m a n returne agayn ... shal he lyvef'

(PT 236)

1) A N e g a t i v e Adverb is shifted i n t o p o s i t i o n b e t w e e n S a n d V. Kan they nat remembren

h e m ...? (PT

702)

cf. PT 415.

C. A phrase

asks the question

in three

instances

A n d why? (PT 167, 213, 265)

IV. THE POSITION O F THE INDIRECT OBJECT IN I N D E P E N D E N T CLAUSES 22 W h i l e the indirect object appears infrequently in the prose i n d e p e n d e n t clauses, it occurs in a relatively large n u m b e r o f patterns 2 3 in relation t o Subject a n d Verb.

22 The best and most complete discussion of the dative indirect object is to be found in Frederic G. Cassidy's The Backgrounds in Old English of the Modern English Substitutes for the Dative-Object in the group Verb + Dative-Object + Accusative Object. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1938. See especially pp. 13-18; 20-22; 54-62. Other discussions of the indirect object may be found in Curme, 11.1; 12.2; Jespersen, III, 14.7 1-5; Essentials of English Grammar (New York, 1933), 11.7 1-3; Kruisinga, II, 2088, 2090-92, 2200-01. The "to + substantive" group is included as indirect object in this discussion because, since the dative object does not have frontposition, it is then replaced by the prepositional group with "to", occasionally "for". Fries, however, in Grammar, p. 253, n. 9, makes the point that his discussion does not include the dative object with the preposition since "If the relationship is expressed by a function word, it does not depend upon the word order".

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

37

A. Common Order 1. In a simple tense cluster the indirect object appears between S and V. The Apostle Paul unto the Romayns writeth, (Mel 989) a. It occurs in a simple tense cluster with coordinate verbs. A surgien ... up roos, and to Melibeus seyde. ... {Mel 1011) 2. In a compound tense cluster it appears between Aux and V. they han to yow doon al this wrong (Mel 1358) 3. The Indirect Object occurs in position preceding the Verb in imperative mood clauses. "Nevere in thy lyf to thy wyf, ne to thy child, ne to thy freend, ne yeve no power over thyself; {Mel 1060) cf. Mel 1141.

B. Inverted Order 1. The Indirect Object occurs between V and S in simple tense clusters, and therfore yeveth hym God pleynly his mercy;/ {PT 304) 2. The Indirect Object occurs between S and V in a compound tense cluster, therfore is the flessh to hym disobeisaunt {PT 338) 3. The Indirect Object precedes two patterns of compound tense inversion. 24 certes to hem shal men doon goodnesse;/ {PT 527) "7o wrecche caytyves shal be deeth withoute deeth {PT 214) 4. Four Indirect Objects precede a simple tense inversion. to thy sone, to thy wyf, to thy freend, ne to thy broother,/ ne yeve thou never myght. ... {Mel 1755-1756) 23

Fries, Grammar, p. 252, points out that the dative object could stand in any position in OE. "Even when an accusative object was also expressed, the order of the words in relation to each other and in relation to the verb seems to have n o bearing upon the grammatical relationship". The large number of patterns that the rtlatively few instances of the indirect object occupy in prose would indicate that Fries' statement would, of course, hold true for ME. 24 Cf. I D 2 b above and Mossé, p. 129.

38

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

A DESCRIPTION OF CHARTS

The statistics which follow are designed to illustrate numerical and percentual distribution of common and uncommon order patterns within a given work as well as the distribution of various elements within common and uncommon order patterns in both dependent and independent clauses. This material, therefore, supplements the description of patterns which precede it and is supplemented by the Appendix of all constructions which appears at the end of the work. Identical charts are included for each of the six prose works under discussion. The charts are numbered in the following order. I: Summary of S-V Clusters II: S-V Cluster Percentages III: Distribution of Preceding Adverbial and Predicate Elements, Including the Negative Adverb, with Patterns of Independent Inversion IV: Distribution of the Three Patterns of Independent Inversion within Dla, b, c, e; Did; D3 V: Distribution of Patterns of Inversion within the Six Classes of Dependent Clauses VI: Distribution of Common Order Patterns in Independent Verb end and mid classes; of Negative Instances within Each Pattern VII: Distribution of Common Order Patterns in Dependent Verb end and mid classes; of Negative Instances within Each Pattern VIII: Numerical Distribution of Subject Types Among Independent Simple and Compound, Inverted and Common Order S-V Clusters Preceded by an Adverbial Element IX: Distribution by Percentage of Subjects in Independent Inverted and Common Order S-V Clusters Preceded by an Adverbial Element X: Summary of Seyde he/he seyde and Variants Before, Between, and After Quotes XI: Interrogative

Summary

PT

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

39

Subject-Verb Cluster Summary

I

Common Order Clusters A.

B.

C.

Independent Analytic = 828 1. Synthetic Verb end a. Object = b. Adverb = 11 c. IO = 2. Synthetic Verb mid a. Object = b. Adverb = 49 c. IO = Dependent Analytic = 886 1. Synthetic Verb end a. Object = 12 b. Adverb = 21 c. IO = 2 2. Synthetic Verb mid a. Object = 2 b. Adverb = 85 c. IO =

Total Independent Common Order Uncommon Order Total Dependent Common Order Uncommon Order

A.

Independent Inversions 1. Adv-V-S = 211 1. PE-V-S = 40 3. Neg -V-S = 5 4. Comparative = 1 0 5. No Intro. Element = 8 6. Seyde he = 15

B.

Transposed Order 1. Verb end = 3 2. Verb mid = 1

C.

Inverted Transposed =

D. Dependent Inversions 1. Substantive = 12 2. Comparative = 12 3. Adverbial = 5 4. Adjectival = 5. Concessive = 55 6. Conditional = 1

Interrogative a. Pronominals = 2 b. Disjunctives =

D. Adv. Element, No Inversion = (Counted with Ind. Analytic) Total Clusters Independent Dependent

Uncommon Order Clusters

E.

Dependent Transposed 1. Verb end = 1. Verb mid = 1

F.

Inverted Transposed =

G.

Interrogative Inversions 1. Pronominals = 11 2. Disjunctives = 5

40 = 1898 = 890 = 1008

= 1199 = 890 = 309 = 1094 = 1008 = 86

Total Common and Uncommon Order = 2293

Total Clusters = 395 Independent = 309 Dependent = 86 Independent Inversions = 305 Dependent Inversions = 85

40

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

PT

Subject-Verb Cluster Percentages % Common

% Total

Uncommon Order

Independent Analytic Synthetic Verb end Synthetic Verb mid IO

43.6 .5 2.5

36.1 .4 2.1

Dependent Analytic Synthetic Verb end Synthetic Verb mid

46.6 1.8 4.5

38.6 1.5 3.7

Independent Inversions Adv-V-S PE-V-S Neq-V-S Comparative N o Intro, Seyde he Transposed Order Verb end Verb mid Inverted-Transposed Dependent Inversions Substantive Comparative Adverbial Adjectival Concessive Conditional Dependent Transposed Verb end Verb mid Inverted Transposed Interrog. Inversions Pronominals Disjunctives

Common Order

Common Order Interrog. Adv. Element, N o Inversion

.1 2.1

Tota! Independent Total Dependent

46.8 53.1

Total Common Order

1::dependent clusters: Common Order: 74.2% Uncommon Order: 25.7% Dependent Clusters: Common Order: 92.1 % Uncommon Order: 7.8%

82.7% of all clusters.

.08 1.7 38.8 43.9

Total Independent Total Dependent Independent Inversions Dependent Inversions Total Uncommon Order

II % Uncommon

% Total

53.4 10.1 1.2 2.5 2.0 3.7

9.2 1.7 .2 .4 .3 .6

1.0

.1

3.0 3.0 1.2

.5 .5 .2

13.9 .2

2.3 .04

.2

.04

2.8 1.2

.5 .2

78.2 21.7 77.2 21.5 17.2% of all clusters.

13.4 3.7 13.3 3.7

f-, ft, 00 35.1

64.1

67.3

fS

m

-

c>i so I oo Tt CN so 26.9

r»o

r- os | so SO 1 f-

co fS

Totals

S i 3 O 23.3

76.6

93.3

so SO

63.1

36.8

% of Total of Each Predicate Element in Each Pattern % 4 % 5 % 6

66.6

31.4

25.7

74.2

% o f I 'otal AE or PE in Each Pat tern Adverb | Predicate

00

Aux-S-V and Variants

60 ... H

Aux-V-S and Variants

T3 w ai > um » -o ^ 6

s

V-S and Variants

c « ga s c "c c o « _ u H g p 1> so 1 m 8 V, « "3 i- « oo Oh i- . -G s ^ ¿r - 3 « •S -Ê S s> u o s? -o « > > o •o < g < c O

Pattern

Adv. and PE Totals

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

o o

-

>n

ro\

-

CT)

Q

< A

a td Oh A

W •a

5

c 'w u

HcH W c l) •e ci Q a •» .32 •d Q C u* -a o cfl 5 C f-4 ÌT 3

i e -g S S < P>

> *

3

i « 1 3 «x 5




o H

55

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE Mel

Distribution of Synthetic Order Patterns; of Negative Instances within Each Pattern.

VI

Independent Pattern

Number

% of

% All End

% All Mid

No. Neg.

% Neg./Pattern

Bla

3

Bl: 75.0

3.0

Bib

1

Bl: 25.0

1.0

B2a

24

B2: 25.0

24.0

20

83.3

B2b

72

B2: 75.0

72.0

38

52.7

B3 : B3a B3: B3b End Position CI: Cla CI: Clb

1

100

6.2

C2a

3

C2: 20

18.7

1

33.3

C2b

12

C2: 80

75.0

6

50.0

C3: C3a C3: C3b E n d : 16 Mid: 100

% of Total Clusters: E n d : 13.8

% of Total Clusters : M i d : 86.2

Total: End: 7 Mid: 58

116 Totals

65

Neg. Instances Comprise 58.7% of all Synthetic Patterns.

56

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

Mel

Distribution of Synthetic Order Patterns; of Negative Instances within Each Pattern.

VII

Dependent Pattern

Number

%of

% All End

% All Mid

N o . Neg.

% Neg./Pattern

Bl: Bla Bl: Bib

2

100

2.7

B2a

31

B2: 44.3

42.4

19

61.3

B2b

39

B2: 55.7

53.4

23

59.0

B3a

1

B3: 1.3

100 B3:

B3b End Position

Cla

5

CI: 62.5

13.9

Clb

3

CI: 37.5

8.3

C2a

7

C2: 26.9

19.4

2

28.5

C2b

19

C2: 73.0

52.7

10

52.6

C3a

2

C3: 100

5.5

C3: C3b E n d : 36 Mid: 73

% of Total Clusters: E n d : 33.0

% of Total Clusters : Mid: 66.9

Total: E n d : 12 M i d : 42

109 Totals

54

Neg. Instances Com prise 49.5% of all Synthetic Patterns.

Mel

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

57

Numerical Distribution of Subjectivals Among Independent Clusters Preceded by an Adverbial Element

VIII

Common Monosyllabic Adverbial Element; Simple Tense.

Monosyllabic Adverbial Element; Compound Tense.

Polysyllabic Adverbial Element; Simple Tense.

Polysyllabic Adverbial Element; Compound Tense.

INVERTED

Inverted

Nominal Subject

0

7

Pronoun Subject

1

19

Nominal Subject

0

4

Pronoun Subject

0

16

Nominal Subject

6

32

Pronoun Subject

15

14

Nominal Subject

3

9

Pronoun Subject

13

28

SIMPLE TENSE CLUSTERS

COMPOUND TENSE CLUSTERS

Nominal:

100%

Common 23.3 %

C o m m o n : 21.9%

Pronoun:

95%

Inverted : 76.6%

Inverted: 78.1%

Nominal:

100%

Pronoun:

100%

1.

2.

Nominal:

84.2%

3. Pronoun:

48.2%

Nominal:

75.0%

Pronoun:

68.2%

4.

Total Common Order Clusters: 38 Total Inverted Order Clusters: 129 Total % Inverted:

77.2

13.4

61.5

17.3

Polysyllabic Adverbial; Compound Tense

r-

Polysyllabic Adverbial; Simple Tense

36.3

18.1

20.7

24.7

%of Inverted Pionoun Subjects

33.3

66.6

%of Common Order Nominal Subjects

59.7

40.3

44.8

51.7

%of Pronoun Subjects in All Inversions

%of Nominal Subjects in All Inversions

%of Common Order Pionoun Subjects

rn

Monosyllabic Adverbial ; Compound Tense

Monosyllabic Adverbial; Simple Tense

%of Inverted Nominal Subjects "

23.7

% of Nominal Subjects in All Common Order

76.3

% of Pronoun Subjects in All Common Order

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

X m oo in O

N

h

•a < D VI o a E u Vi eE E » a O O o >: C-i a H 0 >5 H O

0 1 2 E «

al

NO v o \ 0

ò\o\«\

o 3

a

C o "O p a e t ; E » uo £>

» « fi 2 £

C 0 c C E 1 O

• • vi o « a tj w o g ì S £ H

a «

•a

u VI o E -g a, E Ì> 5 1

o o 3

a

«u

c •• OD a « C ti E » o > U £

vi O o. vì 5 g H

60

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

Mel

Interrogative Summary Number

I.

II.

III.

Total Constructions Common Inverted Phrase Single Word Common Pronominals Inverted Pronominals Disjunctives how what wheither

11 6 5

6 4 1

Common Pronominals :

5 1

wheyfher

IV.

wher(e) wherefore whider who( o) Inverted Pronominals: hou how now whan what wheither wherto and why wher(e) whi(y) whider who whom

1

2 1

XI Percent

V.

VI.

Common Order: S-V (5) S-Aux-V (1) Inverted Order: V-S (5) Aux-V-S ( ) Aux-S-V ( )

Total Percent Common Total Percent Inverted Total Percent Phrase Total Percent Single Word

83.3 16.7 100

54.5 45.4

Ast

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

61

Subject-Verb Cluster Summary

I

Common Order Clusters A.

B.

C.

D.

Independent Analytic = 580 1. Synthetic Verb end a. Object = b Adverb = 3 c. IO = 2. Synthetic Verb mid a. Object = 1 b. Adverb = 15 c. I O = Dependent Analytic = 526 1. Synthetic Verb end a. Object = b. Adverb = 4 c. I O = 2. Synthetic Verb mid a. Object = b. Adverb = 21 c. I O = Interrogative a. Pronominals = 1 b. Disjunctives = Adv. Element, N o Inversion = (Counted with Ind. Analytic) Total Clusters Independent Dependent

Total Independent Common Order Uncommon Order Total Dependent Common Order Uncommon Order

= = = = = =

Uncommon Order Clusters A.

Independent Inversions 1. Adv-V-S = 188 2 PE-V-S = 6 3. Neg-V-S - 2 4. Comparative = 2 5. N o Intro. Element = 2 6. Seyde he =

B.

Transposed Order 1. Verb end = 2. Verb mid = 2

C.

Inverted-Transposed =

D.

Dependent Inversions 1. Substantive = 4 2. Comparative = 11 3. Adverbial = 8 4. Adjectival = 1 5. Concessive = 2 6. Conditional = 3

E.

Dependent Transposed 1. Verb end = 2. Verb mid =

F.

Inverted-Transposed =

38 = 1151 = 600 = 551

802 600 202 580 551 29

Total Common and Uncommon Order = 1382

G . Interrogative Inversions 1. Pronominals = 2. Disjunctives = Total Clusters = 231 Independent = 202 Dependent = 29 Independent Inversions = 200 Dependent Inversions = 29

62

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

Ast

Subject-Verb Cluster Percentages Common Order

y/o Common

Independent Analytic Synthetic Verb end Synthetic Verb mid IO

50.3 .26 2.7

Dependent Analytic Synthetic Verb end Synthetic Verb mid

45.6 .3 1.8

Common Order Interrog. Adv. Element, No Inversion Total Independent Total Dependent Total Common Order

Independent Clusters: Common Order: 74.8% Uncommon Order: 25.1 % Dependent Clusters : Common Order: 95.0% Uncommon Order: 5.0%

.08 3.3 52.1 47.8 83.2% of all clusters.

% Total

Uncommon Order

41.9 Independent Inversions .22 Adv-V-S PE-V-S 1.1 Neg-V-S Comparative 38.1 No Intro. .2 Seyde he 1.5 Transposed Order Verb end .07 Verb mid 2.7 Inverted-Transposed Dependent Inversions 43.4 Substantive 39.8 Comparative Adverbial Adjectival Concessive Conditional Dependent Transposed Verb end Verb mid Inverted-Transposed Interrog. Inversions Pronominals Disjunctives Total Independent Total Dependent Independent Inversions Dependent Inversions Total Uncommon Order

II % Uncommon

% Total

81.3 2.5 .8 .8 .8

13.6 .4 .1 .1 .1

.8

.1

1.7 4.7 3.4 .4 .8 1.2

.2 .7 .5 .07 .1 .2

87.4 12.5 86.5 12.5 16.7 % of all clusters.

14.6 2.0 14.4 2.0

SO OS m

m rt I h

MH

and Variants

2

3

4

5

6

24.4

CO

irj 45.2

11.9

43.8

56.2

33.3

66.6

% 6

42.8

% 5

% 4

% 3

% 2

% 1 t

> -o £


t ro

-

Totals

Aux-S-V and Variants

-

Aux-V-S and Variants

and Variants

m

v-s

Pattern

Total Instances of Occurrence

3

VI

-

76

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

Wic

Distribution of Synthetic Order Patterns; of Negative Instances within Each Pattern.

VI

Independent Pattern

Number

%of

% All End

% All Mid

No. Neg.

% Neg./Pattern

Bl: Bla Bl: Bib B2a

4

B2: 30.7

30.7

B2b

9

B2: 69.3

69.3

5

55.5

B3: B3a B3: B3b End Position CI: Cla CI: Clb C2: C2a C2b

C2: 100

2

100

C3: C3a C3 : C3b End: 2 Mid: 13 Totals

15

% of Total Clusters : End: 13.4

% of Total Clusters : Mid: 86.6

Total: End: Mid: 5

Neg. Instances Comprise 33.3% of all Synthetic Patterns.

77

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

Wic

Distribution of Synthetic Order Patterns; of Negative Instances within Each Pattern

VII

Dependent Pattern

Number

%of

% All End

% All Mid

No. Neg.

% Neg./Pattern

Bl: Bla Bl: Bib B2a

2

B2: 14.2

14.2

1

50.0

B2b

12

B2: 85.7

85.7

7

58.3

B3: B3a B3: B3b End Position CI: Cla CI: Clb C2: C2a C2: C2b C3: C3a C3: C3b End: Mid: 14 Totals

% of Total Clusters: End:

% of Total Clusters : Mid: 100

Total : End: Mid: 8

Neg. Instances Comprise 57.1 % of all Synthetic Patterns.

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

78 Wie

Numerical Distribution of Subjectivals Among Independent Clusters Preceded by an Adverbial Element

Monosyllabic Adverbial Element; Simple Tense.

Monosyllabic Adverbial Element; Compound Tense.

Polysyllabic Adverbial Element; Simple Tense.

Polysyllabic Adverbial Element; Compound Tense.

Common

Inverted

Nominal Subject

5

2

Pronoun Subject

5

0

Nominal Subject

3

0

Pronoun Subject

0

0

Nominal Subject

8

0

Pronoun Subject

5

0

Nominal Subject

5

5

Pronoun Subject

1

0

SIMPLE TENSE CLUSTERS

Nominal:

28.5°

Pronoun:

VIII

COMPOUND TENSE CLUSTERS

C o m m o n : 92.0%

C o m m o n : 64.2%

Inverted:

Inverted:

8.0%

35.8%

Nominal: 2.

Pronoun: Nominal: 3. Total Common Order Clusters: 32 Total Inverted Order Clusters: 7

Pronoun: Nominal: 4. Pronoun:

50.0% Total % Inverted:

17.9

14.2

38.0

23.8

Monosyllabic Adverbial; Compound Tense

Polysyllabic Adverbial ; Simple Tense

Polysyllabic Adverbial ; Compound Tense 71.4

Ô "O u c -o .2 8 3 S •s . 2 S3 O 2 23.8

45.4

45.4

•S2, « .E? (8

28.6

< 3 5 "O> •í

Monosyllabic Adverbial; Simple Tense

•s »

%of Nominal Subjects in All Inversions

g S3 8

%of Common Order Pronoun Subjects

o

%of Common Order Nominal Subjects

60

%of Inverted Pronoun Subjects

G O •O e« D. (D ^ "2 c ß o

% of Inverted Nominal Subjects

%of Pronoun Subjects in All Inversions

%of Pronoun Subjects in All Common Order

34.4

%of Nominal Subjects in All Common Order

65.6

LATE HAST MIDLAND PROSE

o\

80

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

Wie

Interrogative Summary

X

Number I.

II.

III.

IV.

Total Constructions Common Inverted Phrase Single Word

14 7 7

Common Pronominals Inverted Pronominals Disjunctives

7 7

Common Pronominals : how what wheither wheyther wher(e) wherefore whider who(o) Inverted Pronominals :

hou how now whan what wheither wherto and why wher(e) whi(y) whider who whom

1 4 2 3

2 1 1

Percent V.

VI.

Common Order: S-V (4) S-Aux-V (3) Inverted Order: V-S (5) Aux-V-S ( ) Aux-S-V (2)

57.1 42.9 71.4

Total Total Total Total

50.0 50.0

Percent Common Percent Inverted Percent Phrase Percent Single Word

28.5

App

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

81

Subject-Verb Cluster Summary

I

Common Order Clusters A.

B.

C.

D.

Independent Analytic = 88 1. Synthetic Verb end a. Object = b. Adverb = 3 c. I O = 2. Synthetic Verb mid a. Object = b. Adverb = 11 c. I O = Dependent Analytic = 97 1. Synthetic Verb end a. Object = b. Adverb = 6 c. I O = 2. Synthetic Verb mid a. Object = 1 b. Adverb = 10 c. I O = Interrogative a. Pronominals = b. Disjunctives = Adv. Element, N o Inversion = (Counted with Ind. Analytic) Total Clusters Independent Dependent

Total Independent Common Order Uncommon Order Total Dependent Common Order Uncommon Order

Uncommon Order Clusters A.

Independent Inversions 1. Adv-V-S = 11 2. PE-V-S = 1 3. Neg-V-S = 4. Comparative = 5. N o Intro. Element = 6. Seyde he = 1

B.

Transposed Order 1. Verb end = 2. Verb mid =

C.

Inverted-Transposed --

D.

Dependent Inversions 1. Substantive = 2 2. Comparative = 1 3. Adverbial = 1 4. Adjectival = 5. Concessive = 1 6. Conditional = 3

E.

Dependent Transposed 1. Verb end = 2. Verb mid =

F.

Inverted-Transposed =

G.

Interrogative Inversions 1. Pronominals = 2. Disjunctives =

50 = 216 = 102 = 114

= 115 = 102 = 13 = 122 =114 = 8

Total Common and Uncommon Order = 237

Total Clusters = 21 Independent = 13 Dependent = 8 Independent Inversions = 13 Dependent Inversions = 8

82

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

App

Subject-Verb Cluster Percentages % Common

% Total

Uncommon Order

Independent Analytic Synthetic Verb end Synthetic Verb mid IO

40.7 1.4 5.0

37.1 1.3 4.6

Dependent Analytic Synthetic Verb end Synthetic Verb mid

44.9 2.7 5.1

40.9 2.5 4.6

Common Order Interrog. Adv. Element, N o Inversion

24.0

21.9

Total Independent Total Dependent

47.2 52.8

43.0 48.1

Independent Inversions Adv-V-S PE-V-S Neg-V-S Comparative N o Intro. Seyde he Transposed Order Verb end Verb mid Inverted-Transposed Dependent Inversions Substantive Comparative Adverbial Adjectival Concessive Conditional Dependent Transposed Verb end Verb mid Inverted-Transposed Interrog. Inversions Pronominals Disjunctives

Common Order

Total Common Order

Independent Clusters: Common Order: 88.6% Uncommon Order: 11.4% Dependent Clusters: C o m m o n Order: 93.4% Uncommon Order: 6.6%

91.1% of all clusters.

Total Independent Total Dependent Independent Inversions Dependent Inversions Total Uncommon Order

II % Uncommon

% Total

52.4 4.7

4.6 .42

4.7

.42

9.5 4.7 4.7

.8 .42 .42

4.7 14.3

.42 1.2

61.9 38.1

5.5 3.4

8.8% of all clusters.

6

-

-

«

vo «

Totals

5

50.0

33.3

50.0

50.0

16.6

% 2

Each Pattern % 1

% 3

36.3

Adverb | Predicate % 6

% 5

% 4

Each Pattern

% o f l rotai AE or PE in Each Paittern

54.5

o o\

Aux-S-V and Variants

a) L H ni t-i PH J3 •o OH C "s IS "s t-l u 3 < > u •a > •a < < (N M •o G JtD -< •3 >i

co *

3




3

Aux-S-V and Variants

Totals

-

-

Aux-V-S and Variants

Pattern

Total Instances of Occurrence

'C

V-S and Variants

o

-

>o Instances in :

1 1 c 13 .2 v. a > p > T3 s < •S en

96

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

Pet

Distribution of Synthetic Order Patterns; of Negative Instances within Each Pattern.

VI

Independent Pattern

Number

%of

% All End

% All Mid

No. Neg.

% Neg./Pattern

Bl: Bla Bl: Bib B2a

4

B2: 50.0

50.0

B2b

4

B2: 50.0

50.0

1

25.0%

B3: B3a B3: B3b End Position CI: Cla CI: Clb C2: C2a C2b

C2: 100

1

100

C3: C3a C3: C3b End: 1 Mid: 8 Totals

9

% of Total % of Total Clusters : Clusters: End: 11.1 Mid: 88.8

Total: End: Mid: 1

Neg. Instances Comprise 11.1% of all Synthetic Patterns.

Pet

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

97

Distribution of Synthetic Order Patterns; of Negative Instances within Each Pattern

VII

Dependent Pattern

Number

%of

% All End

% All Mid

No. Neg.

% Neg./Pattern

Bl: Bla Bl: Bib B2a

3

B2: 50.0

50.0

B2b

3

B2: 50.0

50.0

B3: B3a B3: B3b End Position CI: Cla CI: Clb

C2a C2: C2b

5

100

100

C3: C3a C3: C3b End: 5 Mid: 6 Totals

11

% of Total Clusters: E n d : 45.4

% of Total Clusters: Mid: 54.5

Total: End: Mid:

Neg. Instances Comprise % of all Synthetic Pattern?.

98

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

Pet

Numerical Distribution of Subjectivals Among Independent Clusters Preceded by An Adverbial Element

Monosyllabic Adverbial Element; Simple Tense.

VIII

Common

Inverted

Nominal Subject

2

1

Pronoun Subject

4

1

Nominal Subject

1

2

Pronoun Subject

3

0

Nominal Subject Pronoun Subject

Monosyllabic Adverbial Element; Compound Tense.

Nominal Subject Pronoun Subject

Polysyllabic Adverbial Element; Simple Tense.

Polysyllabic Adverbial Element; Compound Tense.

SIMPLE TENSE CLUSTERS

INVERTED

COMPOUND TENSE CLUSTERS

Nominal:

Common : 75.0%

C o m m o n : 66.6%

Pronoun:

Inverted :

Inverted:

1. 25.0%

33.3%

Nominal: 2. Pronoun: Nominal:

33.3%

Pronoun:

20.0%

Nominal:

66.6%

3.

4. Pronoun:

Total Common Order Clusters : 10 Total Inverted Order Clusters: 4 Total % Inverted:

28.5

33.3

66.6

Polysyllabic Adverbial ; Simple Tense

Polysyllabic Adverbial; Compound Tense

Monosyllabic Adverbial ; Compound Tense

Monosyllabic Adverbial ; Simple Tense

%of Inverted Nominal Subjects

42.8

57.0

66.6

o o 33.3

%of Common Order Pronoun Subjects

%of Common Order Nominal Subjects

%of Inverted Pronoun Subjects

%of Pronoun Subjects in All Inversions

25.0

% of Nominal Subjects in All Inversions

75.0

30.0

%of Nominal Subjects in All Common Order

70.0

%of Pronoun Subjects in All Common Order

LATE EAST MIDLAND PROSE

3 LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

In Late East Midland poetry the S-V cluster exhibits considerably greater variety in patterning than it does in prose. S and V undergo a greater variety of permutations than they do in prose and the variety of positions taken up by adverbs and adverb phrases makes a complete descriptive statement very difficult if not almost impossible. This great variety of patterns formed by the intervention of adverbial elements in the common order cluster seems to be more chaotic than it probably is in actuality because of the way in which we group under the term "adverb" words which are functionally dissimilar and which occupy mutually exclusive environments.

I. THE PATTERNS OF SUBJECT A N D VERB IN INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

A. Common Order (S-V;

S-Aux-V)

In poetry, as in prose, common order is found more frequently than any other order. In the six Chaucerian poems examined, S-V/S-Aux-V order occurs in 62.0% of all independent clauses.1 Examples are too numerous to require citation.

B. Common Order: Verb is in mid-position in the clause As is the case in prose, this word-order type consists of a sequence in which adverbial elements and accusative objects are shifted into position between S and V or between S and Aux or Aux and V. The Verb occurs before the end of the clause. 1. The Accusative Object is shifted into position(s) within the S-V cluster, a. Four patterns occur in Independent Simple Tense clusters. 1) S-O-V. 1

This is in contrast to the 71.8% figure for prose Independent Clauses. See p. 15.

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

This Chauntecleer his wynges gan to bete, ( N P T 3322) a) S-Adv-O-V. My lady first me took unto hire grace. (TC.V 581) b) S-O-IO-V. 2 and he it me tok/To rede, (BD 48) c) S-Adj Phr-Adv Cl-Adv Cl-O-V. I, woful wyght, in everich humble wise That tonge telle or herte may devyse, As ofte as metere occupieth place, Me recomaunde unto your noble grace. (TC.V 1320-1323) b. Four patterns occur in Independent Compound Tense Clusters. 1) S-Aux-O-V. He hath a thousand slayn this pestilence. (PardT 679) a) S-Aux-Adv-O-V. I hadde unneth that word ysayd (BD 270) b) S-Adv Phr-Adv-Aux-O-V. He in a cronycle saufly myghte it write (NPT 3208) 2) S-O-Aux-V. Deiphebe it hadde rent fro Diomede (TC.V 1654) An Adverbial Element is shifted into position(s) between S and V. a. Seven patterns occur in Simple Tense clusters. 1) S-Adv-V. The peple out sterte and caste the cart. ... (NPT 3047) 2) S-Adv Phr-V. And daun Russell the fox stirte up atones, and by the gargat hente Chauntecleer, ( N P T 3334-3335) a) S-Adj Cl-Adv Cl-Adv Phr-V. This wydwe, of which I telle yow my tale, Syn thilke day that she was last a wyf, In pacience ladde a ful symple lyf, (NPT 2824-2826) b) S-Adv Cl-V. She, for that Grekis goone hire so despise, Wrak hire in a wonder cruel wise; (TC.V 1467-1468) See IVA lb, p. 135,

102

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

c) S-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-V. Unwar of this, Achilles thorugh the maille And thorugh the body gan hym for to ryve; (TC.V 1559-1560) d) S-Adv-Adv Phr-V. The mayster-hunte anoon, fot-hot, With a gret horn blew thre mot (BD 375-376) e) S-Adv Phr-O-V. Of Theseus; and he ful soone hem sente To Atthenes, to dwellen in prisoun ( K n T 1022-1023) 3) The presence and position of the negative adverb(s) ne, no, never(e), nat, not and the frequently-agglutinated ri and n + vowel3 within the S-V cluster causes occurrence of the following patterns. "Unique" patterns are those which do not occur in any given class of verb end and mid clusters with adverbial elements other than negatives. These "unique" patterns are starred *.4 Four patterns occur in B2a; three are unique. a) S-n'V and S-neg-V. he nolde no raunsoun. (KnT 1024) Alias! I ne have no langage to telle. (KnT 2227) (1) S-neg-neg-V.* This messager tok leve and wente Upon hys wey, and never ne stente (BD 154) b) S-neg-Adv-V.* And he nat yet made halvendel the fare. (TC.V 335) c) S-neg-Adv-O-neg-V.* He nevere yet no vileynye ne sayde (GP 70) b. Seventeen patterns occur in Compound Tense clusters. 1) S-Aux-Adv-V. I wol now han to do of swich mateere; (NPT 3251) a) S-Aux-Adv Phr-V. By God, men may in olde bookes rede Of many a man moore of auctorite (NPT 2974-2975) b) S-Aux-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-V.

' The relatively high frequence of agglutination is, of course, evidence of the pre-positive character of the negative particle. 4 In contrasting for "uniqueness", the negative adverb is equal to the adverb.

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

Wherefore they mosten of necessitee, As for that nyght, departen compaignye; (NPT 2992-2993) c) S-Aux-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-V. I shal to-morwe at nyght, by est or west, Out of this oost stele on som manere syde, (TC.V 751-752) d) S-Aux-Pron-Adv Phr-V. I shal myself to herbes techen yow ( N P T 2949) e) S-Aux-Adv-Adv Phr-V. I have heer with my cosyn Palamon Had strif and rancour many a day agon (KnT 2783-2784) f) S-Aux-Adv Phr-O-V. I hadde unneth that word ysayd (BD 270) g) S-Aux-Adv Cl-V. I wolde, as wys God Helpe me soo, Amende hyt, yif I kan or may. (BD 550-551) h) S-Aux-Adv or Adv-V and V. I had oones or twyes Ykoud and knowe the jeupardyes (BD 665-666) j) S-Aux-Adv Phr-Adv Cl-Adv-Adv Cl-V. I shal ryght blythely, so God me save, Hooly, with al the wit I have. Here yow, as wel as I kan. (BD 755-757) k) S-Aux-V and V and V and V-V-O-and Adv-V. He koude rooste, and sethe, and broille, and frye, Maken mortreux, and wel bake a pye. (GP 383-384) 2) S-Adv Phr-Aux-V. A coroune of a grene ook cerial Upon hir heed was set (KnT 2290-2291) a) S-Adv Phr-Adv-Aux-O-V. He in a cronycle saufly myghte it write (NPT 3208) b) S-Adv Phr-Aux-Adv Phr-V. The blysful goddes, thorough here grete myght, Han in my drem yshewed it ful right. (TC. V 1250-125 !) 3) S-Adv-Aux-V. This lettre forth was sent unto Criseyde, (TC. V 1422) a) S-Adv-Aux-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-Adj Phr-V.

104

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

He estward hath, upon the gate above In worshipe of Venus, goddesse of love, Doon make an auter and an oratorie; (KnT 1903-1905) b) S-Adv-Adv Phr-Aux-V. Adam oure fader, and his wyf also, Fro Paradys to labour and to wo Were dryven for that vice, (PardT 505-507) 4) The negative adverb occurs in nine patterns in B2b. Six are "unique". a) S-Aux-neg-V. I wol nat letten eek noon of this route; (KnT 889) (1) Neg-S-Aux-neg-V.* Ne I wol nat take on me so greet defame, (PardT 612) (2) S-Aux-neg-Adv Phr-V. But now no force, I kan nat in yow gesse (TV.C 1616) (3) S-Aux-neg-Adv-Adv-V.* I kan not now wel counterfete (BD 1241) b) S-neg-Aux-V. Alias, I ne hadde trowed on youre loore. (TC. V 736) (1) S-neg-Aux-Aux-V.* And yet moreover, thogh alle thoo That ever livede were now alyve, Ne sholde have founde to discryve Yn al hir face a wikked sygne; (BD 914-917) c) S-neg-Aux-neg-V; S-n'Aux-neg-V.* "For I ne kan nat fynde A man. ... (PardT 721-722) And that anon, ye nyl nat trowe how sone. (TC. V 902) (1) Neg-S-neg-Aux-neg-V.* Ne Deeth, alias! ne wol nat han my lyf. (PardT 121) (2) S-neg-Aux-neg-Aux-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-V.* and I ne kan nor may, For al this world, withinne myn herte fynde To unloven yow a quarter of a day! (TC.V 1696-1698) C. Common Order: Verb is in end position in the clause 1. The Accusative Object is shifted into position(s) within the S-V cluster.

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

a. Five patterns occur in Independent Simple Tense clusters. 1) S-O-V. I hem diffye, I love hem never a deel! (NPT 3156) a) S-Adv Phr-O-V. Criseyde unto that purpos lite answerde, (TC.V 176) b) S-IO-O-V.5 Quod Troilus, "Now Lord me grace sende, (TC. V 502) c) S-O-IO-V.6 Ye woot youre foreward, and I it yow recorde. (GP 829) d) S-Adv-O-V. But al for nought; his hope alwey hym blente. (TC.V 1195) b. Nine patterns occur in Independent Compound Tense clusters. 1) S-Aux-O-V. Out of the taas the pilours han hem torn, (KnT 1020) a) S-Aux-O-IO-V. And forth I wole of Theseus yow telle. (KnT 1662) b) S-Aux-IO-O-V.7 Noght for youre boost he wole him no thyng hyde. (PardT 764) c) S-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-V-and Aux-O-V. This Troilus, in wise of curteysie, With hauk on honde, and with an huge route Of knyghtes, rood and did hire companye, (TC.V 64-66) d) S-Aux-V-O and O-V. I wol doon sacrifice and fires beete. (KnT 2253) e) S-Aux-O-Adv Phr-V. Hire fader hath hire in his armes nome, (TC. V 190) f) S-Aux-O-Adv-V. And thus thow shalt the tyme wel bygile, (TC. V 404) g) S-Aux-Adv-O-V. 'No dreem', quod he, 'may so myn herte agaste (NPT 3088) h) S-Adv-Aux-Adv-O-V. She elliswhere hath now here herte apayed. (TC.V 1249) See IVAlb, p. 135. See IVAla, p. 135. Dative of Disadvantage, see Curme, 12.1Bb.

106

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

2. An Adverbial Element is shifted into position(s) within the S-V cluster. a. Eight patterns occur in Independent Simple Tense clusters. 1) S-Adv-V. A longe tyme, and after he up sterte, (KnT 1573) a) S-Adv-Adv-V. And with that cry Arcite anon up sterte (KnT 1080) b) S-V and Adv-V. My maydenhede thou kepe and wel conserve, {KnT 2329) c) S-O-Adv-IO-V. He nought a word ayeyn to hym answerde; (TC. V 1725) 2) S-Adv-Phr-V. The northren lyght in at the dores shoon, (KnT 1987) a) S-Adv Phr-O-V. This olde man ful mekely hem grette, (PardT 714) b) S-Adv-Adv Phr-V. And in this wise he neigh til day sojorneth. {TC. V 213) c) S-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-V. This man out of his sleep for feere abrayde; {NPT 3008) 3) The negative adverb occurs in four patterns in C2a. Three of these patterns are "unique". a) S-neg-V. But what they were, no thyng he ne woot. {KnT 1703) (1) S-neg-V-neg-V.* He ne et ne drank, for his malencolye, {TC. V 1216) (2) S-neg-V-neg-V-neg-V-neg-O-V.* He ne eet, ne dronk, ne slep, ne no word seyde, {TC.V 1440) (3) S-O-neg-V.* "But for t'asay", he seyde, "it naught ne greveth; {TC.V 783) b. Ten patterns occur in Independent Compound Tense clusters. 1) S-Aux-Adv-V. Cam, as hym thoughte, and seide, 'I am now slawe'. {NPT 3014)

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

107

a) S-Aux-Adv-O-V. 'No dreem', quod he, 'may so myn herte agaste ...' ( N P T 3088) b) S-Aux-Adv-Adv Phr-V. Thou shalt namoore, thurgh thy flaterye, Do me to synge and wynke. ... (NPT 3429-3430) c) S-Aux-Adv-Adv-V or V. We shal therwith so foryete or oppresse, (TC. V 398) d) S-Aux-IO-Adv-V. 8 And eek hir wyves wolde it wel assente; (GP 374) e) S-Aux-Intens. Pro-Adv-Adv Phr-V. I wol myselven goodly with yow ryde, (GP 803) 2) S-Adv Phr-Aux-V. And alle the walles with colours fyne Were peynted, bothe text and glose, (BD 332-333) a) S-Adv Phr-Adv-Aux-Adv Phr-O-V. The gold-ytressed Phebus heighe on-lofte Thries hadde alle with his bemes clene The snowes molte, (TC.V 8-10) 3) S-Adv-Aux-V does not occur in Independent end position Compound Tense Adverbial clusters. a) S-Adv-Aux-Adv-O-V. She elliswhere hath now here herte apayed. (TC. V 1249) 4) The negative adverb occurs in eight patterns in C2b. Four patterns are "unique". a) S-Aux-neg-V. The

gayler

sleep;

he

myghte

nat

awake;

(KnT

1474)

(1) S-Aux-O-neg-V.* That ye thus doon, I have it nat deserved". (TC.V 1722) (2) S-Aux-neg-Adv Phr-V. But hyt may never the rather be. ... (BD 562) (3) S-Aux-neg-Adv-V. Hyr lokynge was not foly sprad, (BD 874) b) S-neg-Aux-O-V-neg-V.* See IVA 2b, p. 135.

108

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

The vertu expulsif Ne may the venym voyden ne expelle. (KnT 2749-2751) c) S-n'Aux-neg-V.* And of this cry they rcolde nevere stenten (KnT 903) (1) S-neg-Aux-O-neg-V.* Alias! and I ne may it nat amende! (TC.V 692) (2) S-neg-Aux-Neg Adv Phr-V. And I ne may, ne nyght ne morwe, Slepe; (.BD 22-23) Contrasting identical divisions in verb mid and end position classes shows that the position of the verb in the clause has an effect on patterning. Contrasting the total of nine patterns of Bla and CI a, we can see that there are three patterns which they do not share: B l a l c ; C l a l a ; C l a l b . B i b and C l b total thirteen patterns, eight of which are not shared: Blb2, Blb2; C l b l b ; C l b l c ; C l b l d ; C l b l e ; C l b l f ; C l b l h . B2a and C2a total fifteen patterns, seven of which are not shared: B2a2a; B2a2b; B2a2d; C2ala; C2alb; C2alc; C2a2b. B2b and C2b exhibit a total of twenty-eight patterns only four of which are shared: B2bl; B2ble; B2b2; B2b3. Bla and C l a (S-O-V), then, share 66.6% of their combined patterns. B i b and C l b (S-Aux-O-V) share 38.4% of their combined patterns. B2a and C2a (S-Adv-V) share 53.3% of their patterns, while B2b and C2b (S-Aux-Adv-V) share only 14.2% of their combined patterns. A greater variety of patterns occurs when the verb is in the end position in the clause and, obviously, the intervention of adverbial elements within the S-V cluster creates a greater variety of patterns than does the intervention of the accusative object. Patterns in the negative cluster in Independent clauses may be summarized in the following manner.

Number of Pattern-types

B2a

B2b

C2a

C2b

4

9

4

8

6:66.6%

3:75%

4:50%

Number of "unique" pattern-types and their percentage in each class 3:75%

Quite obviously, for any one class the presence of the negative particle produces a relatively large percentage of patterns which are dissimilar to the patterns produced by non-negative adverbials.

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

D. Inverted Order in Independent Clusters: V-S; Aux-V-S;

109

Aux-S-V

The grammatical elements which initiate inversion in poetry are much the same as those which operate in prose. 1. Inversion is most frequently preceded by an Adverbial Element. a. Inversion is preceded by an adverb of time, place, manner, or connection. 1) V precedes S (V-S). I gabbe nat, so have I joye or blis— (NPT 3066) Thanne long en folk to goon on pilgrimages, (GP 12) cf. BD 640-641,

TC.V2U.

There are three variations on V-S preceded by an adverb. a) Adv-V-O-S. So priketh hem nature in hir corages; (GP 11) b) Adv-V-Adv-S. So thursteth ay myn herte to byholde (TC. V 1406) c) Adv-V-IO-S. Thus taughte me my dame; (PardT 684) 2) Aux and V precede S (Aux-V-S). This pattern does not appear in poetic Independent Clauses preceded by an Adverb. 3) Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). ther may no gold hem quite. (KnT 1032) Thanne wolde he speke no word but Latyn. (GP 638) cf. PardT 702, TC.V 351-352. There are seven variations on Aux-S-V preceded by an adverb. a) Adv-Aux-S-Part-V. And thanne shal al this gold departed be, (PardT 831) b) Adv-Aux-S-neg-V. And seyde, "Ther wol I nat lese my name, (PardT 611) c) Adv-Aux-S-IO-V. Now wol I yow deffenden hasardrye. (PardT 590) d) Adv-Aux-S-Adv-V. Unnethe myght y lenger dwelle, (BD 712)

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

e) Adv-Aux-S-Adv Phr-V. And yet hath love, maugree hir eyen two, Broght hem hyder bothe for to dye. (KnT 1796-1797) f) Adv-Aux-S-Adv Phr-O-V. Wei koude he in eschaunge sheeldes selle, (GP 278) g) A numerical adverb precedes Aux-S-V. And thries hadde she been at Jerusalem; (GP 463) Inversion is preceded by an Adverbial Phrase. 1) V precedes S (V-S). Up to the ancle foghte they in hir blood. (KnT 1660) Fro hennes rood my blisse and my solas', (TC.V 607) cf. GP 221, BD 966-967 There are six variations on V-S preceded by Adverb Phrase. a) V-neg-S. Withoute bake mete was nevere his hous (GP 343) b) Adv-V-Adv-Concess. Cl.-S. And at the brondes ende out ran anon As it were blody dropes many oon; (KnT 2339-2340) c) V-SubC-S. Of founes, sowres, bukkes, does Was ful the woode, and many roes, (BD 429-430) d) V-Adv-S. On hire was evere al that his herte thoughte. (TC. V 453) e) V-Adv-Phr-S. And by this bor, fast in his armes folde, Lay, kissyng ay, his lady bryght, Criseyde. (TC.V 1240-1241) f) Adv Phr-Inf-V-S. But on a day to lighten gan he wende, (TC.V 1240-1241) 2) Aux precedes V and S follows (Aux-V-S). In derknesse and horrible and strong prisoun Thise seven yeer hath seten Palamoun (KnT 1451-1452) cf. TC.V 1174-1175, 1751-1754; BD 605. There are three variations on Aux-V-S preceded by Adverbial Phrase, a) Aux-V-Adv Phr-S.

LATE EAST M I D L A N D POETRY

111

In curteisie was set ful muchel hir lest. b) Aux-Adv-V-S. Of eloquence was never founde So swete a sownynge facounde, (BD 925-926) c) Aux-neg-V-Part-neg-Part-S. "Alias! of me, unto the worldes ende, Shal neyther ben ywriten nor ysonge No good word. ... (TC.V 1058-1060) 3) Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). Heere in this prisoun moote we endure, (KnT 1185) cf. GP 406, PardT 734, BD 1146. There are four variations on Aux-S-V preceded by Adverbial Phrase. a) Adv Phr-Adv-Aux-S-Adv-V. And at a knyght than wol I first bigynne. (GP 42) b) V-S-Adv-Part. Ful wel depeynted, and with glas Were al the wyndowes wel yglased, (BD 322-323) c) Aux-Adv-S-V. Ryght on thys same, as I have seyd, Was hooly al my love leyd; (BD 1035-1036) d) Aux-S-O-V. ... .ful fayn wolde I yow plese. (NPT 3298) c. Inversion is preceded by a Sentence Modifier. 1) V precedes S (V-S). Thus rit this due, thus rit this conquerour, (KnT 981) cf. TC.V 155, 1833; PardT 767. There is one variation in V-S preceded by a Sentence Modifier, a) V-Inf. Obj.-S. ... and thus bygan to brede The cause whi, the sothe for to telle, (TC.V 1027-1028) 2) Aux- V-S does not occur on poetic inversions preceded by a Sentence Modifier. 3) Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). Thus may ye seen that wysdom ne richesse, (KnT 1947) cf. PardT 12S, TC.V 699, BD 1067.

112

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

There is one variation in Aux-S-V preceded by a Sentence Modifier, a) Aux-S-O-Adv-V. Thus hath youre ire oure lynage al fordo, (KnT 1560) d. Inversion is preceded by a Negative Adverb. 1) V precedes S (V-S). Nothyng ne liste hym thanne for to crowe, (NPT 3276) cf. KnT 2793-2794, GP 412, BD 984. There are three variations in V-S preceded by a Negative Adverb. a) ne-IO-n'V-S. Ne me «ys nothyng leef nor looth. (BD 8) b) ne-Adv Phr-V-S. Ne in al the welken was no clowde. {BD 343) c) Agglutination. To gete her love no ner nas he. (BD 888) 2) Aux precedes V and S follows (Aux-V-S). This pattern occurs once in poetic negative inversion. Nat was foryeten the porter, Ydelnesse, Ne Narcisus the faire of yore agon, (KnT 1940-1941) 3) Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). Noght wol I knowe compaignye of man. (KnT 2311) cf. KnT 2765-2766; TC. V 875, 1628-1629. The negative adverbial element is phrasal in KnT 968. No neer Atthenes wolde he go ne ride. Two negatives precede inversion in KnT 2306. Ne nevere wol I be no love ne wyf. The negative adverbial element is agglutinated in TC. V 342. Yet nyl he with hymself thus maken strif. A negative adverbial element intervenes in the phrase in TC. V 885. Nor thennes shal nat oon on-lyve come For al the gold atwixen sonne and se. 2. Inversion is preceded by a Predicate Element, a. The Predicate Element is a Direct Object.

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

1) V precedes S (V-S). Ful many a deyntee hors hadde he in stable (GP 168) cf. TC.V 85, KnT 1323, BD 731-732. There are seven variations in V-S preceded by the Direct Object. a) Neg Obj-neg-V-S. No wyn ne drank she, neither whit ne reed ; (NPT 2842) b) DO-V-neg-Cl-S. In aile thynges more mesure Had never, I trowe, creature. (BD 881-882) c) Neg-Inf. DO-V-S. Ne telle hir durste I nat my thoght. (BD 1186) d) DO and DO-V-S. A whit cote and a blew hood wered he. (GP 564) e) DO-V-Adv-S. Me kaughte first my righte lady dere. (TC. V 567) f) DO-Adv-V-S. Swich lif right gan he lede, (TC. V 629) g) DO-Adv Phr-V-S. Another NONNE with hire hadde she, (GP 163) 2) The Direct Object does not precede Aux-V-S in poetry. 3) Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). And every statut koude he pleyn by rote. (GP 327) cf. PardT 809, NPT 2951, KnT 1615. There are six variations in Aux-S-V preceded by the Direct Object. a) DO-Transposed Adj Cl-Aux-S-V. ... ."The plesance and the joie The which that now al torned into galle is, Have ich had ofte withinne tho yonder walles! (TC. F 731-733) b) DO-Adv-Aux-S-V. His parisshens devoutly wolde he teche. (GP 482) c) DO-Aux-S-Adv-V. Thy sovereyn temple wol I moost honouren (KnT 2407) d) DO-Adv-Aux-S-Adv-V.

1 14

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And present tyme ek koud ich wel ise. (TC. V 747) e) Noun Cl-Aux-S-IO-neg-V. But how this Meleagre gan to dye Thorugh his moder, wol I yow naught telle, (TC.V 1482-1483) f) O-Adj Phr-Adj Phr-Aux-S-V. An oratorie, riche for to see, In worshipe of Dyane of chastitee, Hath Theseus doon wroght in noble wyse. {KnT 1911-1913) b. In five instances the Predicate Element is an Indirect Object. 1) V precedes S (V-S). Yow write ich myn unresty sorwes soore, {TC.V 1355) Now I am gon, whom yeve ye audience? {TC.V 235) And to hym rennen thanne his wyves alle. {NPT 3183) But to that o man fil a greet mervaille : {NPT 3076) But sodeynly hym fil a sorweful cas, {NPT 3204) c. The Predicate Element is a Subjective Complement. 9 1) V precedes S (V-S). Whit was his berd as is the dayesye ; {GP 332) cf. TC.V 1744, KnT 1187, BD 1010. There are five variations in V-S preceded by a Subjective Complement. a) SC-Adv-V-S. So feble eek were his spiritz, {KnT 1369) b) SC-V-Adv-S. To lyven in délit was evere his wone, {GP 335) c) SC-Adj Phr-V-S. An housholdere, and that a greet, was he; {GP 339) d) SC-V-Adv Phr-S. Ful redy was at prime Diomede, {TC.V 15) e) SC and SC-V-S. Ful wel biloved and famulier was he {GP 215) 2) In one instance Subjective Complements precede Aux-V-S. ... .O pitous, pale, and grene '

Either Predicate Adjective or Predicate Nominative.

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115

Shal ben youre fresshe, wommanliche face {TC. V 243-244) 3) The Subjective Complement precedes Aux-S-V in three instances. And gladder oghte his freend been of his deeth, (KnT 3051) So cruel shal oure wreche on hem be seene. {TC. V 896) O, rolled shal I ben on many a tonge! {TC. V 1061) d. In three instances, all in Simple Tense clusters, an infinitive precedes inversion. Aprochen gan the fatal destyne {TC.V 1) Encressen gan the wo fro day to nyght {TC. V 1436) And lessen gan his hope and ek his myght, {TC. V 1438) In one instance in poetry inversion takes place in the second proposition of a comparative construction. And lightly as it comth, so wol we spende. {PardT 781) Inversion takes place without an introductory element. a. V precedes S (V-S). Ran Colle oure dogge, and Talbot, and Gerland {NPT 3383) cf. PardT 574-575, BD 41, TC.V 402. There are three variations in V-S without an introductory element 1) V-Adv Phr-S. Stood on a day in his malencolie This Troilus, and in suspecioun {TC.V 1646-1647) 2) V-Adv-S. Suffiseth heere ensamples oon or two, {KnT 1953) 3) The adverbial element follows inversion in KnT 2039. Suffiseth oon ensample in stories olde; b. In one instance Aux-V-S occurs without an introductory element. Was never herd so swete a steven, {BD 307) c. In three instances Aux-S-V occurs without an introductory element. "Kan I nat seyn what may the cause be, {TC. V 876) May noght make my sorwes slyde, {BD 567) "Mete unto wombe, and wombe eek unto mete, Shal God destroyen bothe," as Paulus seith. {PardT 522-523)

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5. In numerous instances in poetry the parenthetical "seyde he/seyde she" type of inversion occurs before, between, or after direct quotations. This pattern is very frequent in poetry though there are some exceptions to it.10 Following are some representative examples of the type. Quod Troilus, "Now Lord me grace sende, (TC.V 502) "Lordynges", quod he, "now herkneth for the beste; (GP 788) Ay "Questio quid iuris" wolde he crie. (GP 646) When this inversion occurs after a direct quotation it is usually preceded by the adverb "thus". God save yow, that boghte agayn mankynde, And yow amende!" Thus seyde this olde man; (PardT 766-767)

E. Transposed Order (O-S-V; V-Aux; SubC-V; Part-V) Transposition is frequent in poetic independent clauses. 1. The Verb is in mid-position in the clause. a. O is front-shifted before S and V (O-S-V-X). A COOK they hadde with hem for the nones (GP 379) cf. BD 769, TC.V 805, KnT 2316. b. V and Aux are transposed (V-Aux-X). And seyde, "I understonde have al amys. (TC.V 1186) cf. GP 847, BD 937, TC.V 1597-1598. c. Subjective Complement is front-shifted before V (SubC-V-X). Curteys she was, discreet, and debonaire, (NPT 2871) cf. PardT 773, BD 662, GP 405. d. The Participle is front-shifted before V in the passive voice (Part-V-X). His barge ycleped was the Maudelayne. (GP 410) cf. KnT 1951, PardT 791, NPT 3041. 2. The Verb is in end-position in the clause. a. O is front-shifted before S and V (O-S-V). 10

See, for example, TC.V, 506; 522; 689; 783; 932. In KnT 2843-45 both common and inverted order occur.

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117

An horn he bar, the bawdryk was of grene; (GP 116) cf. BD 883, TC.V230,

KnT965-966.

b. V and Aux are transposed (V-Aux). Another tyme ymaginen he wolde That every wight that wente by the weye (TC. V 625) cf. TC.V 112, 1618; PardT 865 A variant occurs in E2b in which V is transposed before Aux; O is transposed before S-Aux. And trusten hym she wolde. (TC.V 188) Fui evel rehersen hyt I kan ; (BD 1204) c. Subjective Complement is front-shifted before V (SubC-V). To been avysed greet wysdom it were, (PardT 690) cf. BD 733-734, TC.V 820, GP 99. d. The Participle is front-shifted before V in the passive voice (Part-V). For which this Emelye astoned was, (KnT 2361) cf. BD 378, TC.V 1699, GP 657. F. Inverted-Transposed Order (V-Aux-S;

Part-V-S)

This order is characteristic of poetry only. 1. V-Aux-S. Fui pale ywoxen was hire brighte face, (TC.V 708) cf. TC. V 507, 1079. A variation occurs in the patterning of Fl. a. V-O-Aux-S. Ne hele me may no phisicien, (BD 571) cf. KnT 1352. 2. Part-V-S. For on a Friday, soothly, slayn was he. (NPT 3352) cf. GP 607, KnT 2049, PardT 835. Three variations occur in the patterning of F2. a. Part-V-Adv Phr-S. Yet peynted was a litel forther moor How Atthalante hunted the wilde boor, (.KnT 2069-2070)

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b. Part-V-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-S. Acorded ben to this conclusion, And that anon, thise ilke lordes two; (TC.V 1310-1311) c. Part-V-Adv Cl-S. But torned is, for which my lif I warie, Everich joie or ese in his contrarie. {TC.V 1378-1379)

II. THE PATTERNS OF SUBJECT A N D VERB IN D E P E N D E N T CLAUSES

A. Common Order (S-V;

S-Aux-V)

This type of common order is found more frequently than any other order in poetic dependent clauses. In the six Chaucerian poems examined, S-V/S-Aux-V order occurs in 72.1% of all dependent clauses.11 Examples are too numerous to require citation. B. Common Order: Verb is in mid-position in the clause As is the case in poetic independent clauses, this word-order type consists of a sequence in which adverbial elements and accusative objects are shifted into position between S and V or between S and Aux or Aux and V. The indirect object 12 is more pattern-bound in dependent than in independent clusters, thus it is also included here as the third element which shifts into the dependent S-V cluster. The verb occurs before the end of the clause. 1. The Accusative Object is shifted into position(s) within the S-V cluster. a. Two patterns occur in Dependent Simple Tense clusters. 1) S-O-V. And though that I no wepene have in this place, (KnT 1591) a) S-Adv Phr-O-V. To thilke God that after his ymage Yow made, and thynketh al nys but faire (TC.V 1839-1840) b. Four patterns occur in Dependent Compound Tense clusters. 1) S-Aux-O-V. ... and this I dorste laye, Ther may swich cause ben in hire entente, (TC.V 1305-1306) 11 13

In contrast to the 84.4% in prose dependent clauses. See p. 26. Both the dative indirect object and the "to + substantive" group are included.

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

a) S-Adj Cl-Aux-O-Adv Phr-V. That she for whom they han this jolitee Kan hem therfore as muche thank as me (KnT 1807-1808) 2) S-O-Aux-V. That hym myghte helpen of his whelkes white, (GP 632) a) S-Adv Phr-O-Aux-V. Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote, (GP 1-2) An Adverbial Element is shifted into position(s) between S and V. a. Six patterns occur in Dependent Simple Tense clusters. 1) S-Adv-V. That litel wiste how my that was his care. (KnT 1489) a) S-Adv-Adv-V. In dede; for Juno ryght anon Called thus hir messager (BD 132-133) b) S-Adv Phr-Adv-V. Ne how the Grekes, with an huge route, Thries riden al thy fyr aboute {KnT 2951-2952) c) S-Adv Phr-V. For which his hors for fere gan to turne, (KnT 2986) d) S-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-V. Til they for woful ofte seyde "alias!" {KnT 1952) e) S-Adv Cl-V. O Gaufred, deere maister soverayn, That whan thy worthy kyng Richard was slayn With shot, compleynedest his deeth so soore, (NPT 3347-3349) 2) The negative adverb occurs in three patterns in B2a. Two are "unique" a) S-neg-V; S-n'V. That Theseus ne yaf him mete and wages, (KnT 1900) For which I «'axe in guerdoun but o bone, (TC. V 594) b) S-neg-Adv-neg-V. * That nevere yet ne felte ofFensioun (KnT 2416) c) Neg-S-neg-V.* Ne I ne axe nat tomorwe to have victorie, (KnT 2239)

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b) Thirteen patterns occur in Dependent Compound Tense clusters. 1) S-Aux-Adv-V. "I am ryght sory yif I have ought Destroubled yow out of your thought. (BD 523-524) a) S-Aux-Adv-Adv-V. I wil anoon ryght telle thee why. (BD 847) b) S-Aux-Adv Phr-V. That I wol, be processe of tyme, Fonde to put this sweven in ryme (BD 1331-1332) c) S-Aux-Adv Phr-and S-V. That clerkes had in olde tyme, And other poets, put in rime (BD 53-54) d) S-Aux-Adv-Adv Phr-V. That thou shalt hooly, with al thy wyt, Doo thyn entent to herkene hit." (BD 751-752) e) S-Aux-Adv Phr-Adv-V. That I may of yow here seyn (BD 1031) 2) S-Adv-Aux-V. "If ich aright have taken of yow hede, (TC.V 871) a) S-Adv Phr-Aux-V. That wynter, thorgh hys colde morwes, Had mad hyt suffre, and his sorwes, (BD 411-412) b) S-Adv-Aux-Adv Phr-V. But ther is no man alyve her Wolde for a fers make this woo!" (BD 740-741) c) S-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-Aux-V. That ech of yow, to shorte with oure weye, In this viage shal telle tales tweye (GP 791-792) d) S-Adv Cl-Aux-V. That ye for any wight that dwelleth there Sholden spille a quarter of a tore, (TC. V 879-880) e) S-Adj Phr-Adv Phr-Adj Cl-Aux-V. That alle the sovereyn actes, dar I seye, Of victories in the Olde Testament,

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121

Thurgh verray God, that is omnipotent, Were doon in abstinence and in preyere. (PardT 574-577) f) S-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-Concessive Cl-Adv-Aux-V. That she ful sone, in my thoght, As helpe me God, so was ykaught (BD 837-838) 3) The negative adverb occurs in six patterns in B2b. Three are "unique". a) S-neg-Aux-V; S-n'Aux-V. That she ne hath been a duchesse or a queene. (KnT 923) That he wolde don his peyne and al his myght (TC.V 115) (1) S-neg-Aux-neg-V; S-n'Aux-neg-V.* Or thow ne shalt nat loven Emelye. (KnT 1594) I may wel wite, it ny\ nat ben my prow. (TC. V 789) (2) S-Adv Phr-neg-Aux-V.* That yet men wenen that no mannes wit Of noon estaat ne koude amenden it. (KnT 2195-2196) (3) S-n'Aux-neg-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-V.* That, by my trouthe, y nolde noght, For al thys world, out of my thoght Leve my lady; noo, trewely!" (BD 1109-1111) b) S-Aux-neg-V. Syn that I may nat seen you, Emelye, (KnT 1273) (1) S-Aux-neg-Adv-V. This is to seyn, she may nat now han both, (KnT 1839) 3. The Indirect Object shifts into position(s) between S and V. a. There are two instances of this class in Dependent Simple Tense clusters. 1) S-IO-V. That she hym yaf the faire baye stede, (TC.V 1038) b. There are six instances of this class in Dependent Compound Tense clusters. 1) S-IO-Aux-V occurs four times as in TC.V 1064. Alias, that swich a cas me sholde falle! 2) S-Aux-IO-V occurs twice as in TC.V 1066. I have hem don dishonour, weylaway!

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C. Common Order: The verb is in end position in the clause 1. The Accusative Object is shifted into position(s) within the S-V cluster. a. Seven patterns occur in Dependent Simple Tense clusters. 1) S-O-V. In which he al the noble citee seigh, (KnT 1066) a) S-O-Adv Phr-V. That Arcita me thurgh the herte bere. (KnT 2256) b) S-Adv Phr-O-V. For evere in oon his herte pietous Ful bisyly Criseyde, his lady, soughte (TC. V 451-452) c) S-O-Adv-O-V. That both his soule and eek hemself offende, (KnT 3065) d) S-Adv-O-V. And ever hath doon syn ye first hym knewe, (KnT 3079) e) S-O-Adv-V. For nevere synthen he hire thennes broughte, (TC. V 780) f) S-Adv-O-Adv Phr-V. That syn I first honde on youre bridel leyde (TC. V 873) b. Fifteen patterns occur in Dependent Compound Tense clusters. 1) S-Aux-O-V. That may me hele; but that is don. (BD 40) a) S-Aux-Adv-O-V. That ye have thus youre blysse lore". (BD 748) b) S-Aux-Adv Phr-O-V. The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne Hath in the Ram his halve cours yronne, (GP 7-8) c) S-Aux-O-Adv-V. That by his fortune hath hire faire ywonne." (KnT 2659) d) S-Aux-O-Adv Phr-V. "That Grekis wolde hire wrath on Troie wreke, (TC. V 960) e) S-Adv-Aux-O-V. That she ne wolde hym holden that she hyghte; (TC. V 1636)

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f) S-Aux-Adv-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-O-V. How he may best, with shortest taryinge, Into his net Criseydes herte brynge. (TC. V 774-775) 2) S-O-Aux-V. If I conseil of wommen wolde blame, (NPT 3261) a) S-Concess. Cl-O-Aux-V. That, as he seyde, his capouns hadde yalawe, (PardT 856) b) S-O-Aux-Adv Phr-V. "And that ye me wolde as youre brother trete; (TC.V 134) c) S-O-Aux-Adv-V. Was mad swich wo, that tonge it may nat telle. (TC.V 1563) d) S-O-Adv Phr-Aux-V. That ye me for youre servant wolde calle, (TC.V 173) e) S-Adv Phr-O-Aux-V. Although he on his hed it hadde sworn, (TC. V 283) f) S-Adv-O-Aux-V. Thow wel this boor shalt knowe, and of what kynde (TC. V 1462) g) S-O-Adv-Aux-V. That Cristes gospel trewely wolde preche; (GP 481) 2. An Adverbial Element is shifted into position(s) within the S-V cluster, a. Six patterns occur in Dependent Simple Tense clusters. 1) S-Adv-V. Now draweth cut, er that we ferrer twynne; (GP 835) a) S-Adv-O-V. Herodes, whoso wel the stories soghte. (PardT 488) b) S-Adv Phr-V. To wynne silver, as he ful wel koude; (GP 713) c) S-Adv-Adv Phr-V. Er that I ferther in this tale pace, (GP 36) d) S-Adv Phr-Adv-V. That ye with salte teris so deface. (TC.V 915) e) S-Adv Phr-O-V. That in this contree al the peple sleeth, (PardT 676) 2) The negative adverb occurs in three patterns in C2a. Two are "unique", a) S-neg-V. "Yow first biseche I, that youre eyen clere, To loke on this, defouled ye nat holde; (TC.V 1338-1339)

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(1) S-neg-neg-V.* Ye shal wel knowen that I naught ne lye, (TC.V 900) b) S-neg-V-neg-V.* Men dreme of thyng that nevere was ne shal. (NPT 3094) b. Thirteen patterns occur in Dependent Compound Tense Clusters. 1) S-Aux-Adv-V. So good, that men may wel se (BD 485) a) S-Aux-Adv-Adv-V. That er she come, it wol neigh even be. (TC.V 1137) b) S-Aux-Adv-Adv Phr-V. Whom I have ay with al my myght yserved, (TC.V 1721) c) S-Aux-Adv-O-V. That ye have thus youre blysse lore." (BD 748) d) S-Aux-Adv Phr-V. But I mowe of my lord here!" (BD 94) e) S-Aux-Adv Phr-O-V. And how the hert had, upon lengthe, So moche embosed, y not now what. (BD 352-353) 2) S-Adv-Aux-V. I rede that oure Hoost heere shal bigynne, (PardT 941) That Cristes gospel trewely wolde preche; (GP 481) a) S-Adv Phr-Aux-V. Wherfore I rede that out among us alle Be drawe, ... (PardT 793-794) b) S-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-Aux-V. That in my chambre longe tyme hath be, (PardT 735) c) S-Adv Cl-Aux-V or V. That oother wher hym list may ride or go, (KnT 1351) d) S-Adv Phr-Aux-Adv-V. That she from Troie moste nedes twynne, (TC.V 1662) e) S-Adv Phr-Aux-IO-V. The lettres ek that she of olde tyme Hadde hym ysent, ... (TC.V470-471) 3) The negative adverb occurs in six patterns in C2b. Four are "unique", a) S-Aux-neg-V.

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125

Chees which thou wolt, for thou shalt nat asterte!" (KnT 1595) (1) S-Aux-O-neg-V.* That, by my trouthe, I wol thee nat biwreye." (PardT 823) (2) S-Aux-neg-Adv Phr-V. A1 be it that I may nat on yow ryde, (NPT 3168) b) S-neg-Aux-neg-V.* To come eyeyn, which yet ne may nat be. {TC.V 1601) (1) S-neg-Aux-O-V.* That she ne wolde hym holden that she hyghte; (TC.V 1636) (2) S-neg-Aux-O-Adv-V.* That he ne shal his lif anon forlete; (PardT 864) 3. The Indirect Object shifts into position(s) between S and V. a. One pattern occurs in Dependent Simple Tense clusters. 1) S-IO-V. To take oure wey ther as I yow devyse. (GP 34) b. Three patterns occur in Dependent Compound Tense Clusters. 1) S-Aux-IO-V. That hardily thow wolt thiselven see {TC.V 1306) That to the deth myn herte is to hire holde (TC. V 574) a) S-Adv Phr-Aux-IO-V. The lettres ek that she of olde tyme Hadde hym ysent, he wolde allone rede (TC.V 470-471) 2) S-IO-Aux-V. This pattern does not occur in poetry, a) S-IO-Inf-Aux-V. And syn she the to comen hath bihyght, (TC. V 354) Contrasting identical divisions in verb mid and end position classes shows that Bla and Cla share two of their total of nine patterns: C l a l ; Clalb. Bib and Clb share three of their total of nineteen patterns: Blbl; Blb2; Blb2a. C2a and B2a share three of their total of twelve patterns: B2al; B2alb; B2alc. B2b and C2b share seven of their total of twenty-seven patterns: B2bl; B2bla; B2blb; B2bld; B2b2; B2b2a; B2b2c. B3a and C3a share their one pattern, S-IO-V, in common and B3b C3b share one of their total of five patterns: B3b2. Bla and Cla (S-O-V), then, share 22.2% of their combined patterns. Bib and

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C l b (S-Aux-O-V) share 15.7% of their combined patterns. B2a and C2a (S-Adv-V) share 25% of their combined patterns. B2b and C2b (S-Aux-Adv-V) share 25.9% of their combined patterns. B3a and C3a (S-IO-V) have their one pattern in common for 100% sharing, and B3b and C3b (S-Aux-IO-V) share 20%. As is the case in poetic independent clusters, a slightly greater variety of patterns occurs when the verb is in the end-position in the clause. It is notable, however, that dependent common order clusters share a lower percentage of patterns between end and midposition classes than do independent common order clusters.13 In dependent clusters the variations in percentage of patterns shared between classes is considerably less than it is in independent clusters. These factors lead to the conclusion that the end or mid-position of the verb has less influence on pattern variety in dependent clusters than in independent. Further, dependent common order clusters exhibit a relatively greater versatility in patterning than do independent clusters. Certainly, by the end of the Fourteenth Century dependent word-order has become levelled under the influence of independent order. While it is more versatile in patterning in common order, it is certainly bound to a relatively limited number of patterns in uncommon order. 14 Patterns in the negative cluster in dependent clauses may be summarized in the following manner. 15

Number of Pattern-types Number of "unique" pattern-types and their percentage in each class

B2a

B2b

C2a

C2b

3

6

3

6

2:66.6%

3:50%

2:66.6%

4:66.6%

D. Inverted Order in Dependent Clusters (V-S; Aux-V-S;

Aux-S-V)

The same comments hold true for poetic dependent inversions as are true for these inversions in prose. 16 Again, most notable is the fact that patterns of dependent inversion are almost invariable within V-S; Aux-V-S; Aux-S-V. 1. Inversion takes place in substantive clauses. In poetry the substantive clause most frequently patterns as an accusative object in the sentence in which it occurs. Most instances lack the introductory function 13 See p. 108. In independent clusters Bla and Cla share 66.6%; Bib and Clb share 38.4%; B2a and C2a share 53.3%; B2b and C2b share 14.2%. 14 Note the relative lack of variation in patterns of dependent inversion in IID following. Contrast this with the pattern variants in independent inversions, ID, pp. 109-116. 16 See p. 108 for a summary of independent negative clusters. " See pp. 31-34.

127

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

word "that" unless this word patterns as the subject of the clause in which case it is drawn after V.17 Substantive inversions are introduced by the following: ne (KnT 2401); where (BD 262); and (PardT 811); how forth (7T.K389); ther (TC.V908); what (TC.V 876); so (TC.V 1363); that (TC.V 369-370); that therof {TC.V 374); a predicate element (GP 740) an adverbial phrase (PardT 790). a. V precedes S (V-S). And leches seyn, that of complexiouns Proceden they, or fast, or glotonye. (TC.V 369-370) cf. GP 740, PardT 810-811. b. Aux precedes V and S follows (Aux-V-S). This pattern occurs twice in the following variations. Aux-Adv-V-Part-S. And lat us caste how forth may best be dryve This tyme, ... (TC. V 389-390) Aux-Adv-V-S. He knew ful wel ther shal nat scapen oon (TC. V 908) c. Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). "Kan I nat seyn what may the cause be, (TC.V 876) Devyse, I prey to God so moot it be, (TC.V 1363) One variation occurs on this pattern in substantive clauses. ne-Aux-S-neg-V. And wel I woot, withouten help or grace Of thee, ne may my strengthe noght availle. (KnT 2400-2401) 2. Inversion takes place in comparative clauses. Comparative inversion is most frequently introduced by "than" and "as". An adverb in the comparative degree, preceded by a determiner, introduces inversion in PardT 598. "As" followed by an adverb precedes inversion in NPT 3370-3371. a. V precedes S (V-S). That lene he wex and drye as is a shaft; (KnT 1362) He sleep namoore than dooth a nyghtyngale (GP 98) ... ne knewe the art al, 17

Cf. Fries, Grammar, pp. 260-261 and Jespersen, MnE Grammar, for a discussion of the dropping of this function word.

7.1-7.8 ("contact clauses")

128

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

As koude Lamekes sone Tubal, (BD 1161-1162) b. Aux precedes V and S follows (Aux-V-S). This pattern occurs once in dependent comparative inversions in poetry. Nas seyn so blysful a tresor. (BD 854) c. Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). This pattern occurs once in dependent comparative inversions. And ever the hyer he is of estaat, The moore is he yholden desolaat. (PardT 597-598) 3. Inversion takes place in adverbial clauses of all kinds. The largest single class of adverbial inversions is concessive introduced by as (NPT 3360). In four instances concessive inversions occur without an introductory element: BD 784; 873; 1020; 1107. For introduces a concessive inversion in GP 373. Adverbial inversions of "result" are preceded by that (KnT 1432), wel (NPT 2876), so (BD 1065), ther (GP 326). Inversions of "cause" are introduced by for (TC.V 676-678), for elles (KnT 1228), for thider (KnT 1692), so (KnT 2693), thus (TC.F 1073). Inversions of "time" are preceded by namoore (KnT 1173), whan hennes (TC.V 653). An inversion of "place" is introduced by Ther (BD 157-158). a. V precedes S (V-S). Everich, for the wisdom that he kan, Was shaply for to been an alderman. For catel hadde they ynogh and rente, (GP 371-373) And therto also hardy be As was Ector, so have / j o y e , (BD 1065) I fele now so sharp a newe peyne, Syn that ther is no remedye in this cas, That bet were it I with myn hondes tweyne (TC.V 1269-1271) One variant occurs in this pattern in adverbial inversions in poetry. V-IO-S. (Concessive) And slayn hym, as seith us Eneydos, (NPT 3359) b. Aux precedes V and S follows (Aux-V-S). This pattern occurs once in adverbial inversions. Aux-Ad v-V-S. ... Alias! for now is clene ago My name of trouthe. ... (TC.V 1054-1055) c. Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). And to the launde he rideth hym ful right,

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

129

For thider was the hert wont have his flight, ( K n T 1691-1692) cf. PardT 957, BD 437-438. Two variations occur in this pattern. Aux-S-Adv-V. For shaltow nevere sen hire eft in Troie! (TC. V 28) Aux-S-O-V. Whan that ye wente, of which yit boote non Have I non had, but evere wors bigon (TC.V 1327-1328) 4. Inversion takes place in adjective clauses. Adjectival inversions are preceded by that (BD 667) and by function word ther (TC.V 1367). a. V precedes S (V-S). But God wolde I had oones or twyes Ykoud and knowe the jeupardyes That kowde the Grek Pithagoresl (BD 665-667) cf. BD 978-980. b. Aux precedes V and S follows (Aux-V-S). This pattern occurs once in adjectival inversions. A1 were they soore yhurt, and namely oon, That with a spere was thirled his brest boon (KnT 2709-2710) c. Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). "And if yow liketh knowen of the fare Of me, whos wo ther may no wit discryve, (TC.V 1366-1367) cf. KnT 2708-2709. 5. Inversion occurs in concessive clauses introduced by al. a. V precedes S (V-S). Al speke he never so rudeliche and large, (GP 734) cf. KnT 2264, NPT 3168. NPT 2948, the only instance with this introductory word, can be considered in this category. ... and for ye shal nat tarie, Though in this toun is noon apothecarie, b. There are no instances in poetry of concessive clauses patterning with Aux-V-S.

130

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

c. Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). A1 sholde I dye, I wol hire herte seche! (TC. V 797) d.KnTim,

GP 744.

There are two variants on this pattern. Aux-S-Adv-O-V. A1 mowe they yet tho dayes wel abregge. (KnT 2999) Aux-S-neg-IO-Appos.-V. A1 kan I naught to yow, my lady deere, Compleyne aright, for I am yet to leere, (TC.V 160-161) 6. Inversion takes place in conditional clauses in which the introductory if is omitted. a. V precedes S (V-S). "To knowe of this, yee, were it nevere so lite?" (TC.V 1290) cf. .Km!1 2111-2114, BD 912-913. b. There are no instances of conditional clauses patterning in Aux-V-S. d. Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). But myghte this gold be caried fro this place Hoom to myn hous, or elles unto youresFor wel ye woot that al this gold is ouresThanne were we in heigh felicitee. (PardT 784-787) cf. BD 679-681, 1130-1133. E. Transposed Order (O-S-V; V-Aux; SubC-V;

Part-V)

Transposition is less frequent in poetic dependent clauses than in those clauses in prose. 1. The Verb is in mid-position in the clause. a. O is front-shifted before S and V (O-S-V-X). This pattern occurs in one instance in poetry. O-Adv-S-V. That sodeynly, I nyste how, Such a lust anoon me took To slepe, ... (BD 272-274) b. V is front-shifted before Aux (V-Aux-X). Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth

131

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

Inspired hath in every holt and heeth The tendre croppes, ... (GP 5-7) cf. BD 406-407, TC.V 105. c. Subjective Complement is front-shifted before V (SubC-V-X) That many a dreem ful soore is for to drede. ( N P T 3109) cf. TC.V 892-893, PardT 597. In compound tense clusters Clc patterns S-Aux-SubC-V. And two of us shul strenger be than oon. (PardT 825) 2. The Verb is in end-position in the clause. a. O is front-shifted before S and V (O-S-V) only in TC.V. For which to chaumbre streght the wey he took,

(TC.V292)

cf. TC.V 387 There are two variations on this pattern. O-Adv Phr-S-V. That alle hire sikes soore adown he leyde. (TC. V 1034) O-S-IO-V. That hastily a lettre thow hire write, (TC.V 1393) b. V is front-shifted ahead of Aux (V-Aux). Whan that Arcite to Thebes comen was, (KnT 1355) cf. KnT 1933,

TC.V204.

c. Subjective Complement is front-shifted before V (SubC-V). He knew ful wel ther shal nat scapen oon That Troian is; ...

(TC.V908-909)

cf. NPT 2966, BD 858. d. The Participle is front-shifted before V in the passive voice (Part-V). But whi, lest that this lettre founden were, (TC.V 1602) cf. KnT 1246-1247, NPT 2991.

F. Inverted-Transposed

Order (V-Aux-S;

Part-V-S)

Inverted-transposed clusters occur less frequently in dependent than in independent clusters.

132

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

1. V-Aux-S. So lost have I myn hele and ek myn hewe, (TC. V 1403) cf. GP 4. Two variations occur in Fl. V-O-Aux-S. For seen his lady shal he nevere mo. (KnT 1357) IO-V-Aux-S. "Ther walken manye of whiche yow toold have I (PardT 530) 2. Part-V-S. Whan kyndled was the fyr, with pitous cheere (KnT 2295) cf. GP 111, TC.V 534. HI. INTERROGATIVE CLUSTERS

Poetic interrogative S-V clusters occur in both common and inverted order. Questions are also asked by phrases and, in BD, by single words.

A. Wh. Questions Wh-Questions are introduced by wher(e), wherefore, who(o), how, what, whi, why, wheither, wheyther, whan and whider. 1. Common order exhibits both simple and compound tense clusters. a. S is followed by V (S-V). ... what nedeth wordes mo? (GP 849) ... who wende Today that we sholde han so fair a grace? (PardT 782-783) cf.

TC.V232.

b. S-Aux-V. Who kan conforten now youre hertes werre? (TC. V 234) cf. KnT 1164. KnT 1083 patterns into S-Aux-IO-V. Why cridestow? who hath thee doon offence? (KnT 1083) 2. Inverted order exhibits both simple and compound tense clusters.

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

a. V precedes S (V-S). Why cridestowl (KnT 1083) O Troilus, what dostow now?" she seyde. (TC.V 734) A variant occurs in V-S. n'V-S; neg-V-S. Whi nyl ich it redresse? (TC. V 40) Why ne hadde I now thy sentence and thy loore The Friday for to chide, as diden yel (NPT 3350-3351) b. Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V) What wiltow seynl (KnT 1156) "How shal I dol whan shal she come ayeyn? (TC. V 225) cf. GP 184-187. Four variants occur in Aux-S-V. 1) Aux-S-Adv Phr-Adv Phr-V. What sholde I al day of his wo enditel (KnT 1380) 2) Aux-S-neg-Adv Phr-Adv-V. Why sholde I noght as wel eek telle yow al (KnT 1967) 3) Aux-Adv-S-V. What kan now fiare Venus doon above? (KnT 2663) 4) Aux-S-IO-V. What shal we doon? What shal we to hym seyeT (PardT 818) 3. Inverted-Transposed order occurs once. It seyth, 'Alias! whi twynned be we tewyne?'" (TC.V 679) B. Disjunctive interrogatives occur in thirty-seven instances in the poetry 1. Inverted order. a. V precedes S (V-S). Se ye that ook? (PardT 765) cf. NPT 2920, 2941. A variant occurs in V-S. V-neg-S. Now looketh, is nat that an heigh folye? (KnT 1798)

133

134

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

b. Aux precedes S and V follows (Aux-S-V). Shal I clepe hyt hap other grace That broght me there? (BD 810-811) cf. PardT 819, NPT 2921. Four variants occur on Aux-S-V. 1) Aux-S-neg-V. That I was born! Have I nat seyd er this, That dremes many a maner a man bigile?" (TC.V 1276-1277) 2) n'Aux-S-neg-V. "Nyl she not love yow? (BD 1140) 3) Aux-S-O-V. Lat se, konne ye youre fader countrefetel" (BD 3321) 4) Aux-S-Adv-V. "Shulde y now repente me To love? (BD 1116-1117) C. In eight instances, six of them in BD, a phrase asks a question And thogh wherto? (BD 670) but yet, what to doone? (BD 689) Why so? (BD 721; 742) With myn? (BD 1052) Alias, sir, how? (BD 1308) In prison? (KnT 1237) And whi? (TC.V 1276) D. In two instances a single word asks the question. Bet? (BD 1045) Now? (BD 1299)

IV. THE POSITION OF THE INDIRECT OBJECT IN INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

A. Common Order 1. Simple Tense clusters, a. S-IO-V.

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

1) V is in end-position in the clause. Suche sorowe this lady to her tok (BD 95) 2) V is in mid-position in the clause. His norice hym expowned every deel (NPT 3115)

b. s-o-io-v. Ye woot youre foreward, and I it yow recorde. (GP 829) e. S-IO-O-V. Quod Troilus, "Now Lord me grace sende, (TC. V 502) d. S-IO-Adv-Inf-V. This word to yow ynough suffisen oughte. (TC. V 994) e. S-O-Adv-IO-V. he nought a word eyeyn to hym answerde; (TC.V 1725) 2. Compound Tense clusters. a. S-Aux-IO-V. And of Arcite forth I wol yow telle. (KnT 1336) b. S-Aux-IO-Adv-V. And eek hir wyves wolde it wel assente; (GP 374) B. Uncommon Order 1. Simple Tense clusters, a. IO-V-S. Ne me nys nothyng leef nor looth. (BD 8) Now I am gon, whom yeve ye audience? (TC. V 235) 2. Compound Tense clusters. a. Aux-S-IO-neg-V. But how this Meleagre gan to dye Thorugh his moder, wol I yow naught telle, (TC. V 1482-1483) b. Aux-S-IO-V What shal we to hym seye?" (PardT 818) 3. Transposed Order cluster occurs once, a. O-IO-S-V. This noble ensample to his sheep he yaf, (GP 496)

136

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

BD

Subject-Verb Cluster Summary Common Order Clusters

A.

B.

C.

D.

Independent Analytic = 520 1. Synthetic Verb end a. Object = 8 b. Adverb = 12 c. I O = 2. Synthetic Verb mid a. Object = 3 b. Adverb =-- 29 c. IO = 3 Dependent Analytic = 353 1. Synthetic Verb end a. Object = 10 b. Adverb = 17 c. IO = 2 2. Synthetic Verb mid a. Object = 2 b. Adverb = 29 c. I O =

Total Independent Common Order Uncommon Order Total Dependent Common Order Uncommon Order

= = = = = =

Uncommon Order Clusters A.

Independent Inversions 1. Adv.-V-S = 31 2. PE-V-S = 16 3. Neg-V-S = 4 4. Comparative = 5. N o Intro. Element = 4 6. Seyde he = 37

B.

Transposed Order 1. Verb end = 15 2. Verb mid = 13

C.

Inverted-Transposed = 1

D . Dependent Inversions 1. Substantive = 1 2. Comparative = 8 3. Adverbial = 10 4. Adjectival = 2 5. Concessive = 6. Conditional = 4

Interrogative a. Pronominals = 8 b. Disjunctives = Adv. Element, N o Inversion = (Counted with Ind. Analytic) Total Clusters Independent Dependent

I

E.

Dependent Transposed 1. Verb end = 3 2. Verb mid = 4

F.

Inverted-Transposed =

G.

Interrogative Inversions 1. Pronominals = 8 2. Disjunctives = 7

76 = 996 = 583 = 413

719 583 136 445 413 32

Total Common and Uncommon Order = 1 1 6 4

Total Clusters = Independent = Dependent = Independent Inversions Dependent Inversions

168 136 32 = 92 = 25

BD Common Order

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

137

Subject-Verb Cluster Percentages

II

/o

Common

% Total

Independent Analytic Synthetic Verb end Synthetic Verb mid IO

53.2

27.0

2.0

1.7

3.3

2.8

Dependent Analytic Synthetic Verb end Synthetic Verb mid

36.1

30.8

3.0

2.5

3.2

2.7

.8

.7

7.8

6.6

59.7

50.9

42.3

36.1

C o m m o n Order Interrog. Adv. Element, N o Inversion Total Independent Total Dependent Total Common Order

.3

85.3%

of all clusters. Independent Clusters : Common Order: 81.0% Uncommon Order: 18.9% Dependent Clusters: C o m m o n Order: 92.8% Uncommon Order: 7.2%

.26

Uncommon Order

Independent Inversions Adv-V-S PE-V-S Neg-V-S Comparative N o Intro. Seyde he Transposed Order Verb end Verb mid Inverted-Transposed Dependent Inversions Substantive Comparative Adverbial Adjectival Concessive Conditional Dependent Transposed Verb end Verb mid Inverted-Transposed Interrog. Inversions Pronominals Disjunctives Total Independent Total Dependent Independent Inversions Dependent Inversions Total Uncommon Order

% Uncommon

% Total

18.4

2.7

9.5

1.4

2.4

.3

2.4

.3

22.0

3.2

8.9

1.3

7.7

1.1

.6

.09

.6

.09

4.7

.7

5.9

.9

1.2

.2

2.4

.3

1.8

.26

2.4

.3

4.7

.7

4.1

.6

80.9

11.9

19.0

2.8

54.7

8.0

14.9

2.2

14.7%

of all clusters.

§

oo r*l | -< — 1

3

4

5

6

33.3

66.6

m 25.0

25.0

50.0

23.0

76.9

% of Total of Each Predicate Element in Each Pattern % 4 % 5 % 6

58.0

o\

32.2

81.2

%on rotai AE or PE in Each Pa ttern Adverb | Predicate

r-

m

fc-£cà •g E fi cu « .Si,

2

G o

1

—

Pattern

c3 Tf ÛH ..*

% of Total of Each Adverbial Element in Each Pattern % 1 % 2 % 3

o 8

Numerical Distribution of Adverbial and Predicate Element Totals

•a eD O. « •a e

Adv. and PE Totals

160 LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

o o

oo

m

-

3


162

C 5/ V) 0) c/5 rs '" «rt §

i—i

»n m

2 5

VO

CN

!

m

TI

Instances in :

•is

-

-

>/->

(N

o (N

rs

00 fS

m

»n

Aux-S-V and Variants

u-i

o

Aux-V-S and Variants

n

>n

V-S and Variants

Pattern

X> 3 CA

Total Instances of Occurrence

•5 C -53 • p. o -2 e » E 3 > Su W fi •a c

J 60

"3 3 _ e

C O S3

0)

o 3 .S

§ S

E "3 —

«

s? > > -a

Ve C/3 O ^ " u c -o

.2 8

3 £h •O A

o rU •a i o fi

11 >. E «

CU

o

LATE EAST M I D L A N D POETRY

X

§•5 E . „, E «3 S o i £

o a s e « h s U £ H

u m

C ti »5 E § 5 o > e H

dM

05 •o o 3

a I » PQ

• •

C o c C E O o

o

• • 2 £ H

io

O-oti; \6 —< c4

e •• vt 0 •O o c « a c v B

'• 0) C • • e« O T3 O c w a c f w E £ 5 § > 2 U .5 H N? ON ON ON

u o 3

a pq

1

&

I

167

168

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

TC. V

Interrogative Summary

XI

Number

Percent

I.

Total Constructions Common Inverted Phrase Single Woi d

68 25 41 1 1

V.

Common Order: S-V (15) S-Aux-V (10) Inverted Order: V-S (18) Aux-V-S (23) Aux-S-V ( )

60.0 40.0 44.0 56.0

II.

Common Pronominals Inverted Pronominals Disjunctives

24 35 7

VI.

Total Total Total Total

36.7 60.2 1.5 1.5

III.

IV.

Common Pronominals:

how what wheither wheyther wher(e) wherefore whider who{o)

hou how now whan what wheither wherto and why wher(c) whi(y) whider who whom

6 1 4 1 12

Inverted Pronominals:

9 3 1 10 1 10

1

Percent Percent Percent Percent

Common Inverted Phrase Single Word

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY GP

Subject-Verb Cluster Summary Uncommon Order Clusters

Common Order Clusters A.

B.

C.

D.

Independent Analytic = 308 1. Synthetic Verb end a. Object — 7 b. Adverb = 8 c. IO = 2. Synthetic Verb mid a. Object = 3 b. Adverb = 8 c. IO = 2 Dependent Analytic = 181 1. Synthetic Verb end a. Object = 9 b. Adverb = 19 c. IO = 2 2. Synthetic Verb mid a. Object = 2 b. Adverb = 11 c. I O =

Total Independent Common Order Uncommon Order Total Dependent Common Order Uncommon Order

= = = = = =

Independent Inversions 1. Adv-V-S = 69 2. PE-V-S = 71 3. Neg-V-S - 3 4. Comparative = 5. N o Intro. Element = 3 6. Seyde he = 5

B.

Transposed Order 1. Verb end = 20 2. Verb mid = 33

C.

Inverted-Transposed = 1

D . Dependent Inversions 1. Substantive = 1 2. Comparative = 9 3. Adverbial = 4 4. Adjectival = 5. Concessive = 2 6. Conditional = 3

Interrogative a. Pronominals = 1 b. Disjunctives = Adv. Element, N o Inversion = (Counted with Ind. Analytic) Total Clusters Independent Dependent

A.

E.

Dependent Transposed 1. Verb end = 2. Verb mid = 5

F.

Inverted-Transposed = 1

G.

Interrogative Inversions 1. Pronominals = 3 2. Disjunctives = 1

58 = 561 = 337 = 224

546 337 209 249 224 25

Total Common and Uncommon Order = 795

Total Clusters = 234 Independent = 209 Dependent = 25 Independent Inversions = 151 Dependent Inversions = 19

169 I

170

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

GP

Subject-Verb Cluster Percentages % Common

% Total

Independent Analytic Synthetic Verb end Synthetic Verb mid IO

55.0 2.6 1.9 .3

38.7 1.9 1.4 .2

Dependent Analytic Synthetic Verb end Synthetic Verb mid

32.2 5.3 2.3

Common Order Interrog. Adv. Element, N o Inversion

.18 10.3

Common Order

Total Independent Total Dependent Total Common Order

Independent Clusters : Common Order: 61.7% Uncommon Order: 38.2% Dependent Clusters: Common Order: 89.9% Uncommon Order: 10.0%

60.0 39.9 70.5% of all clusters.

Uncommon Order

Independent Inversions Adv-V-S PE-V-S Neg-V-S Comparative 25.6 N o Intro. 4.2 Seyde he 1.6 Transposed Order Verb end .12 Verb mid 7.3 Inverted-Transposed Dependent Inversions 42.4 Substantive 28.1 Comparative Adverbial Adjectival Concessive Conditional Dependent Transposed Verb end Verb mid Inverted-Transposed Interrog. Inversions Pronominals Disjunctives Total Independent Total Dependent Independent Inversions Dependent Inversions Total Uncommon Order

II % Uncommon

% Total

29.5 30.3 1.3

8.7 8.9 .4

1.3 2.1

.4 .6

8.5 14.1 .4

2.5 4.1 .1

.4 3.8 1.7

.1 1.1 .5

.8 1.3

.2 .4

2.1 .4

.6 .1

1.3 .4

.4 .1

89.3 10.7 64.5 8.1 29.4% of all clusters.

26.3 3.1 19.0 2.4

n, TJ g U e -e S

X

(S

(2

cd * o. es

g o

Q I

oo 3

£ 33.3 33.3

m

66.6

g 3 66.6

VO

Totals

'g -e S g

c 5 fo

Aux-S-V and Variants

G g C T? ¡5 < a-â

i

Aux-V-S and Variants

o u O «n CO Ç?

i-H C4 co

as

185

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

PardT

Distribution of Synthetic Order Patterns; of Negative Instances within Each Pattern

VI

Independent % All End

% All Mid

Pattern

Number

Bla

2

Bl: 28.6

11.7

Bib

5

Bl: 71.4

29.4

% of

No. Neg.

% Neg./Pattern

B2: B2a B2b

B2: 100

10

58.8

4

40.0

2

50.0

B3: B3a B3: B3b End Position Cla

4

CI: 33.3

21.0

Clb

8

CI: 66.6

42.1

C2a

3

C2: 42.8

15.8

C2b

4

C2: 57.1

21.0

C3:

C3a

C3:

C3b End: 19 Mid: 17 Totals

36

% of Total % of Total Clusters: Clusters: End: 52.8 Mid: 47.2

Total: End: 2 Mid: 4 6

Neg. Instances Comprise 16.6% of all Synthetic Patterns.

186

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

PardT

Distribution of Synthetic Order Patterns; of Negative Instances within Each Pattern.

VII

Dependent Pattern

Number

%of

% All End

% All Mid

No. Neg.

% Neg./Pattem

Bl: Bla Bl: Bib

1

100

9.0

B2a

3

B2: 37.5

27.3

B2b

5

B2: 62.5

45.4

2

40.0

3

25.0

B3: B3a B3: B3b

2

100

18.2

Cla

7

CI: 46.6

20.0

Clb

8

CI: 53.3

22.8

C2a

6

C2: 33.3

17.1

C2b

12

C2: 66.6

34.3

C3a

1

C3: 50.0

2.8

C3b

1

C3: 50.0

2.8

End Position

End: 35 Mid: 11 Totals

46

% of Total Clusters: End: 76.0

% of Total Clusters: Mid: 23.9

Total: End: 3 Mid: 2 5

Neg. Instances Comprise 10.8% of all Synthetic Patterns.

PardT

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

187

Numerical Distribution of Subjectivals Among Independent Clusters Preceded by an Avderbial Element

VIII

Common Monosyllabic Adverbial Element; Simple Tense.

Monosyllabic Adverbial Element; Compound Tense.

Polysyllabic Adverbial Element; Simple Tense.

Polysyllabic Adverbial Element; Compound Tense.

INVERTED

SIMPLE TENSE CLUSTERS

Inverted

Nominal Subject

0

2

Pronoun Subject

7

3

Nominal Subject

0

1

Pronoun Subject

1

5

Nominal Subject

1

4

Pronoun Subject

13

4

Nominal Subject

0

2

Pronoun Subject

8

7

COMPOUND TENSE CLUSTERS

Nominal:

100%

Common : 61.8%

Common: 37.5%

Pronoun:

30.0%

Inverted:

Inverted:

Nominal:

100%

Pronoun:

83.3%

Nominal:

80.0%

Pronoun:

23.5%

Nominal:

100%

Pronoun:

46.6%

1.

38.2%

62.5%

2.

3.

4.

Total Common Order Clusters: 30 Total Inverted Order Clusters: 28 Total % Inverted:

48.2

.2 8

26.3

21.0

36.8

11.1

44.4

Polysyllabic Adverbial; Simple Tense

Polysyllabic Adverbial; Compound Tense

"2 2 £ £

O - T3 « E E e S o > 2 u £ H

o

a 3

c

«

-e 3

M

S

2 o H

195

CA S c a O Ü vo C u

C uo. ?! » »> SSi Q ° £ u O iH «ï . ~ u — S «

o o

f_ I> > c -a " < om en . ~ C v 18

SGj Uh e- «s & 0 E c Ou

VO >o Instances in:

o

tri

25.0

c

\o

75.0

CS

Percentage of Each Pattern in all Instances of :

LATE EAST MIDLAND POETRY

rs

-q
-a

39.5

J> C3 5

19.8

J< JD 3

Monosyllabic Adverbial ; Simple Tense

Q

86.8 13.2

63.1

36.8

62.5

37.5

51.6

48.4

%0f Pronoun Subjects in All Common Order

%of Nominal Subjects in All Common Order

% of Pronoun Subjects in All Inversions

%of Nominal Subjects in All Inversions

C

%of Common Order Pronoun Subjects

£or,1u

%of Common Order Nominal Subjects

T3

% of Inverted Pronoun Subjects

•a c a> D. O

%of Inverted Nominal Subjects

234 CONCLUSION

g W

APPENDIX

The following appendix lists, by line number, all synthetic and uncommon order clusters which were counted and classified in this study. Negatives are indicated by (n). Numbers in parenthesis indicate number of occurrences in the line. Prose Independent Clusters IB

Synthetic Order: Verb in mid-position Bla PT: No occurrences. Mel: 995, 1002, 1052. Ast: No occurrences. Wic: No occurrences. App: No occurrences. Pet: No occurrences. Bib

PT: No occurrences. Mel: 1334. Ast: 72. Wic: No occurrences. App: No occurrences. Pet : No occurrences.

B2a

PT:

Ast: Wic: App: Pet :

329, 345 (n), 370 (n), 435 (2), 558 (n), 586 (n), 591, 597 (n), 620, 685 (n), 696 (n), 711 (n), 716 (n), 720. 983 (n), 1039, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1068 (n), 1080 (n), 1136 (n), 1192 (n), 1292 (n), 1307 (n), 1321 (n), 1364 (n), 1366 (n), 1367 (n), 1375 (n), 1451 (n), 1520 (n), 1596 (n), 1634 (n), 1646 (n), 1651 (n), 1655 (n), 1783 (n). 70 (n); II: 17.47-48, 26.1-2, 26.20, 3415 (n). 18,119-20,201-02,310. 2-3, 176-77, 226, 251. 233: 5-6, 21-22; 234: 13, 30.

FT:

87, 97 (n), 167 (n), 168 (n), 173 (n), 216 (n), 219 (n), 220 (n),

Mel:

B2b

APPENDIX

Mel:

Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

225 (n) (2), 226 (n), 235 (n), 237 (n), 306, 314 (n), 328 (n), 335 (n), 340 (n), 342, 413 (n), 421 (n) 520 (n), 523 (n), 532, 548 549 (n), 588 (n), 595 (n), 619, 628, 672, 716 (n). 984 (n), 988, 1028 (n), 1047 (n), 1053, 1063, 1066, 1072 (n) 1074 (n), 1082 (n), 1089 (n), 1116, 1127 (n), 1134 (n), 1165 (n), (2), 1168, 1175, 1177, 1193, 1197, 1199, 1204 (n), 1210, 1233, 1242, 1243, 1248 (n), 1256 (n), 1275, 1278, 1284 (n), 1286, 1332, 1353, 1355, 1357, 1371 (n), 1383, 1413 (n), 1414 (n), 1423 (n), 1430 (n), 1447 (n), 1448 (n), 1449 (n), 1496, 1519 (n), 1521 (n), 1527 (n), 1531 (n), 1547 (n), 1554 (n), 1557 (n), 1588, 1592 (n), 1621 (n), 1623 (n), 1624, 1640, 1641 (n), 1655, 1665, 1674 (n), 1711 (n), 1712, 1722 (n), 1738, 1764, 1818, 1838, 1845. I: 4.3-5, 5.3-5, 5.7-8, 12.6-8, 14.7-8, 17.58; II: 19.11-12, 31.1, 40.51-53 (n), 46.16, 46.35-36. 29-30 (n), 85-86, 91-92 (n), 149-150, 162 (n), 268, 272-73 (n), 274-75, 301 (n). 14-15, 31, 50-51, 106, 123, 211, 214-216. 233:11-12; 234: 12, 14; 235: 31 (n).

Synthetic Order: Verb in end-position Cla

PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

No occurrences. 1044, 1070. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

Clb

PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

No occurrences. 970. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

C2a PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

No occurrences. 1119, 1135, 1368 (n). II: 4.1-3. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

C2b PT:

88 (n), 90 (n), 213 (n), 215 (n), 300 (n), 514, 604 (n), 627 (n), 707 (n).

APPENDIX

Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

237

982, 990, 1003 (n), 1030, 1063 (n), 1065, 1125 (n), 1126 (n), 1185 (n), 1356 (n), 1405, 1734, 1846. II: 46.24-25. 81 (n), 223-24 (n). 109-110, 186-187, 260 (apparent). 234: 23-26.

Inverted Order l D l a (Adverb) PT:

Mel:

Ast:

Wic: App: Pet:

V-S 92, 101, 129, 139, 147, 148, 162, 236, 243, 251, 276, 279, 282, 287, 295, 302, 332, 344, 346, 353 (2), 354, 357, 358, 366, 371, 387, 407, 409, 427, 464, 478, 486, 488, 491, 502, 504, 510, 511 (2), 512, 513, 515, 531, 542, 555, 556, 563, 577, 580, 583, 599, 625, 626, 631, 632, 635, 639, 642, 644, 645, 646, 647, 649, 658, 678, 681, 688, 691, 693, 698, 706, 710, 714, 717, 718, 720, 722, 723, 724, 725, 734, 735, 737. 999, 1035, 1037, 1049, 1064, 1083, 1107, 1139, 1220, 1221, 1223, 1336, 1345, 1373, 1389, 1435, 1458, 1468, 1491, 1503, 1538, 1549, 1561, 1632, 1655, 1681, 1687, 1694, 1706, 1711, 1739, 1756, 1765, 1773, 1779, 1854. 32, 85; I: 5.10, 10.13-14, 11.1-2, 13.1, 14.1, 17.25-26, 21.72-73, 21.94; II: 1.13, 1.22, 3.23, 3.29, 3.33, 3.36, 3.51, 3.54-55, 3.61-62, 3.71-72, 4.13-14, 4.25, 4.28, 4.34-35, 4.46, 4.61, 4.71, 12.13, 12.34, 12.40, 13.11, 15.4, 20.14, 20.15, 22.9, 22.11, 22.13, 23.37, 23.38, 25.18, 25.21, 25.26, 25.39-40, 25.47-48, 25.57, 30.4, 30.7-8, 30.12, 31.10, 35.17, 35.19, 35.23, 35.24, 37.1-2, 37.27, 38.32-3, 39.9, 39.22, 39.39, 40.14, 40.16, 40.20-1, 40.25, 40.26, 40.28, 40.31, 40.33, 40.41, 40.43, 40.44-45, 40.60, 40.62, 40.67, 40.68, 40.70, 40.78-79, 41.7, 41.9, 41.19-20, 42.5, 42.8, 42.9, 42.20-21, 42.26, 45.10, 45.12, 45.13, 45.16, 45.19, 45.23, 45.26-27, 46.1, 46.5, 46.39, 46.43, 46.45. 282. 163, 171. 235:19. Aux-V-S

PT: Mel:

281.

No occurrences.

APPENDIX

Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

No No No No

occurrences. occurrences. occurrences. occurrences. Aux-S-V

PT:

Mel:

Ast:

Wic: App: Pet:

95, 107, 143, 144, 149, 152, 166, 167, 170, 178, 190, 193, 223, 248, 252, 278, 280 (2), 291, 292, 317, 318, 331, 340, 350, 354, 356, 357, 382 (2), 387, 390, 450, 476, 497, 507, 515, 584, 589, 608, 618, 623, 645, 648, 669, 677. 978, 1033, 1097, 1120, 1121, 1143, 1148, 1159, 1162, 1166, 1172, 1201, 1207, 1209, 1212, 1220, 1234, 1257, 1282, 1295, 1305, 1322, 1329, 1385, 1386, 1402, 1407, 1446, 1465, 1588, 1648, 1844. 47; I: 6.6, 16.20, 21.54-55; II: 1.3-4, 3.14, 3.43, 6.4-5, 10.1516, 12.5-6, 12.33, 13.6-7, 14.12-13, 23.16, 23.32-33, 23.46, 29.23-24, 31.6-7, 31.19, 32.10-11, 34.21-22, 35.6, 36.3-4, 36.7-8, 36.11-12, 36.15-16, 36.19-20, 37.15-16, 42.24, 42.29, 44.36. 131-132. 12, 185-186. 235:10-11.

ID lb (Adverbial Phrase) V-S PT:

Mel: Ast:

Wic: App: Pet:

112, 114, 117, 119, 187, 188, 206, 238, 265, 306, 307, 322, 333 (2), 334, 351, 355, 361, 388, 442, 471, 493, 499, 528, 534, 562, 564, 566, 587, 627, 651, 652, 684, 697, 722. 1001, 1021, 1034, 1043, 1087, 1109, 1164, 1167, 1265, 1303, 1335, 1433, 1564, 1594. 4; I: 6.10-11, 9.1-2, 10.1-2, 17.5-7, 17.54-56, 20.1-3, 21.61-62; II: 3.40, 12.16-17, 12.44-45, 18.6-7, 19.22-23, 21.5-6, 32.13-15, 37.22-23, 39.35, 45.18. No occurrences. 49, 162. 232: 19-21. Aux-V-S

PT:

172, 198, 214.

239

APPENDIX

Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet :

No occurrences. I: 8.2, 12.2-3, 17.35-36, 18.1-2, 21.46. No occurrences. 104. No occurrences. Aux-S-V

PT: Mel\ Ast:

Wic: App: Pet:

115, 116, 172, 190, 192,273,275, 277 (2), 361,484, 533, 689, 700. 1163, 1283, 1306, 1308, 1313, 1314, 1319, 1359, 1404, 1466, 1555, 1661. 73-74, 119-120; I: 7.4-6, 16.4-5, 21.76, 21.97-98; II: 2.9-10, 3.70-71, 7.16-17, 9.5-6, 17.26-27, 17.42-46, 33.3-4, 33.5-6, 40.6-7, 40.49-50, 40.82, 44.1, 46.18-19. 22, 136-137, 164-165, 230-234. 116-117, 117-119, 190-191. 233:24.

lDlc (Sentence Modifier) V-S PT: Mel:

Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

135, 168, 176, 216, 227, 264, 268, 270, 271, 284, 286, 304, 349, 467, 517, 526, 539, 554, 590, 631, 661, 665, 668. 1176, 1180, 1186, 1191, 1291, 1339, 1480, 1517, 1531, 1536, 1556, 1566, 1571, 1578, 1595, 1602, 1617, 1621, 1643, 1651, 1679. 33-36; I: 21.49; II: 1.16, 3.65, 12.47, 29.28-29, 37.24, 39.11, 42.26-27. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. Aux-V-S

There are no prose occurrences of this pattern preceded by a Sentence Modifier. Aux-S-V PT: Mel:

179, 274, 335, 338, 357, 370, 643. 1094, 1156, 1251, 1274, 1379, 1484, 1575, 1670, 1814.

APPENDIX

Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

9; I: 17.7-8, 17.27; II: 7.14, 31.24, 42.30, 46.47. 139-140. 139-140. No occurrences.

ID Id (Negative Adverb) V-S PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

No occurrences. 1468, 1503, 1756. 32; I: 3.71-72. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. Aux-V-S

There are no prose occurrences of this pattern preceded by a Negative Adverb. Aux-S-V PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

146, 166, 193, 341, 589. 1033, 1385, 1402. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

IDle (Prepositional Clause) Aux-S-V Ast:

II: 33.3-4.

In the following instances introductory adverbial elements have not effected inversion of the verb. PT:

Mel:

116, 164, 188, 199, 267, 304, 314, 327 (2), 329, 364, 425, 437, 443, 461, 468, 472 (2), 473 (3), 475, 484, 485, 489, 494, 499, 505, 509, 518, 529, 559, 614, 621, 664, 683, 684, 694, 720, 733, 728. 988, 1004, 1016, 1042, 1051, 1110, 1118, 1146, 1153, 1202, 1203, 1205, 1286, 1331-1332, 1377, 1381-1382, 1405, 1524,

APPENDIX

Ast:

Wic:

App:

1529, 1539, 1546, 1597, 1624, 1636-1637, 1639, 1723, 1726, 1743, 1747, 1750, 1784, 1796, 1820-1821, 1827, 1841, 1855, 1858, 1878-1880. 12-13, 107; I : 5.2, 7.6-7, 7.9-11, 14.5, 17.45, 17.56-57, 19.1-2; II: 1.18, 3.45-46, 3.83-84, 4.4-5, 4.46-47, 4.63, 12.17-19, 12.30, 14.8-9, 14.10-11, 17.47-48, 25.27-28, 26.12-13, 26.18-19, 28.44, 31.4, 31.16, 37.2, 39.23-24, 39.25, 40.55-56, 41.15, 42.11, 42.18, 42.19, 43.3-4, 44.50-51, 45.11-12, 46.30-31. 3, 16, 21, 42, 69-70, 74, 76, 79, 81, 82, 96-103, 112, 125, 143, 175-176, 177, 181, 183, 191-192, 204, 207, 217, 225, 232, 239, 251, 268, 274, 285, 286, 301, 306. (Italicized instances are the formulaic " & h e r - o f I appele...") 1-3, 14, 29, 31, 40-41, 44-47, 51-52, 59, 61-63, 69-70, 73, 7577, 82, 83, 92, 94-95, 101, 102-103, 106, 108-110, 112, 119, 123, 125, 127-128, 130, 133-134, 135-137, 141-142, 147, 148149, 152-153, 155-156, 160, 163-164, 167-168, 178, 180-181, 183-184, 188, 193, 198, 199-201, 204, 227, 231, 233, 241, 258, 260, 263,

Pet:

ID 2

241

265-266.

233: 5-6, 10-12, 15, 21; 234: 13; 235: 5, 30-31, 236: 6-8, 12-13, 24-26.

(Predicate Element) ID2a (Indirect Object) V-S There are no prose instances of this pattern preceded by the Indirect Object. Aux-V-S There are no prose instances of this pattern preceded by the Indirect Object. Aux-S-V PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

527. No occurrences. N o occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. N o occurrences.

APPENDIX

ID2b (Direct Object) V-S PT: Mel\ Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

126, 269, 270, 272, 273, 363, 429, 581, 643, 651, 666, 709. 1033, 1057, 1167, 1568, 1848. II: 3.81-82, 4.37-38, 4.49-50, 26.22-23. 86-87, 279-280. No occurrences. No occurrences. Aux-V-S

There are no prose occurrences of this pattern preceded by a Direct Object. Aux-S-V PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

146, 169, 211, 221, 507, 517, 522. 969, 1102, 1318. 29-30; II: 11.18-19. No occurrences. 179-180. No occurrences.

ID2c (Subjective Complement) V-S PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

358, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 399, 401, 402, 494, 600, 633, 680. 1088, 1568, 1680. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. Aux-V-S

There are no prose occurrences of this pattern preceded by a Subjective Complement. Aux-S-V PT: Mel: Ast:

197. No occurrences. No occurrences.

243

APPENDIX

fVic: App: Pet: ID3

No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

Inversion in the Second Proposition of a Comparative Construction. V-S PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

157, 266, 310, 365, 384, 550, 552. 997, 1272, 1436, 1500, 1544, 1562, 1601, 1620, 1686. II: 12.22, 42.12-14. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. Aux-V-S

There are no prose occurrences of this pattern in a Comparative Construction. Aux-S-V PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet: ID4

Inversion with no introductory element. PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

ID5

191, 530. 1017, 1280, 1281, 1554, 1782. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

136, 150, 619, 634, 639, 664, 673, 700, 702. 1104. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

"Seyde he" and variants before, between, and after quotations. PT:

89, 92, 109, 130, 135, 142, 143, 144, 150, 166, 176, 198, 204, 208, 209, 214, 216, 221, 223, 227, 238, 253, 256, 274, 286, 287, 289, 302, 307, 309, 344, 346, 349, 355, 368, 383, 414, 442, 467, 497,

168, 229, 322, 517,

169, 230, 327, 526,

174, 236, 342, 540,

244

APPENDIX

Mel:

Ast: Wic: App:

Pet:

565, 566, 568, 590, 592, 597, 598, 629, 630, 631, 633, 640, 649, 658, 661, 671, 672, 673, 703, 709, 712. 980, 986, 992, 999, 1001 (2), 1002, 1012, 1038, 1048, 1052, 1053, 1057, 1065, 1070, 1115, 1180, 1185, 1186, 1191, 1233, 1236, 1265, 1266, 1279, 1283, 1284, 1335 (2), 1339, 1427, 1433 (2), 1444, 1447, 1467, 1501, 1517, 1518, 1526, 1531, 1540, 1556 (2), 1561, 1566, 1571, 1578, 1594, 1595, 1602. 1617, 1621, 1639, 1643, 1651, 1661, 1675, 1679, 1681, 1706, 1711, 1714, 1725, 1735, 1741, 1752, 1754, 1765, 1773, 1780, 1794, 1809, 1817, 1834. No occurrences. No occurrences. 186. No occurrences

IE

Transposed Order

IE1

Verb in mid-position. El a

O-S-V-X PT: Mel:

Ast:

267, 508. 986. 11:44.19,45.49-50.

Elb

V-Aux-X

There are no prose occurrences of this pattern of transposition. Elc

SubC-V-X PT:

206.

Eld

Part-V-X Pet:

IE2

234: 21.

Verb in end-position E2a

O-S-V PT: Wic:

E2b

315. 58. V-Aux

There are no prose occurrences of this pattern of transposition.

245

APPENDIX

E2c

SubC-V There are no prose occurrences of this pattern of transposition.

E2d

Part-V There are no prose occurrences of this pattern of transposition.

Dependent Clusters IIB

Synthetic Order: Verb in mid-position Bla

PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

189. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

Bib

PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

623. 1616 (n), 1763 (n). No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

B2a

PT:

89, 151 (n), 175, 202, 243 (n), 244, 246, 294 (n), 297 (n), 298 (n) (2), 313, 315 (n), 325 (n), 336, 363 (n), 366 (n), 371 (n), 379, 379 (n), 380 (n), 449 (n), 479 (n), 508 (n), 542 (n), 569, 586, 591 (n), 612 (n), 615 (n), 626, 655 (n), 657, 665, 723, 731, 735 (n), 601 (n). 1001, 1009, 1026 (n), 1031, 1039, 1049, 1076 (n), 1077 (n), 1135, 1168 (n), 1185 (n), 1225, 1262 (n) (2), 1267, 1290 (n), 1304 (n), 1315 (n) (2), 1386 (n), 1461 (n), 1486, 1511 (n), 1543, 1553, 1574, 1595 (n), 1683 (n) (2), 1690 (n) (2). 68 (n), II: 10.8-9, 25.36, 40.87 (n), 41.1, 42.2 (n), 43.2, 44.9, 44.24, 44.34, 44.48, 45.44, 46.25. 190-191 (n), 243. No occurrences. 234: 3-4, 234: 29 (n), 236: 1-2.

Mel:

Ast: Wic: App: Pet: B2b PT:

80 (n), 144 (n), 167 (n), 175 (n), 182 (n), 228, 250 (n), 251, 254 (n) (3), 264 (n), 270 (n), 278, 317, 326 (n), 337, 338 (n), 341 (n), 342, 345, 347 (n), 374 (n), 376 (n), 385, 400 (n), 401 (n), 403 (n), 413 (n), 419, 447, 515 (n), 552, 572 (n), 586 (n) (2),

246

APPENDIX

Pet:

589 (n), 593 (n), 636 (n), 641 (n), 649 (n), 686 (n), 688 (n) (2), 692 (n), 693 (n), 704 (n). 1020, 1040, 1048, 1080 (n), 1084 (n), 1099, 1131 (n), 1173 (n), 1188 (n), 1198 (n), 1214 (n), 1231 (n), 1236 (n), 1239 (n), 1244, 1254 (n), 1258, 1272, 1323 (n), 1324 (n), 1341 (n), 1369, 1402, 1427 (n), 1442, 1490, 1511 (n) (2), 1524 (n), 1547, 1553, 1615 (n), 1627, 1632, 1651, 1751 (n) (2), 1757 (n), 1853 (n). 25-26 (n), 85-86 (n), I: 6.12, 8.10-11; II: 23.8 (n), 42.2 (n), 43.2-3 (n), 46.31-32 (n). 9 (n), 26-27, 84-85, 88-89 (n), 108 (n), 201 (n), 207-208, 212213 (n), 235-236 (n), 241, 247-248 (n), 271. 8-9, 12-13, 23-24, 38-39, 81, 86-87, 111 (n), 121-122 (n), 158159 (n), 230. 233: 29, 236: 11-12, 236: 17-18.

PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

No occurrences. 1873. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

Mel:

Ast: Wic: App:

B3a

B3b There are no occurrences of B3b in the prose corpus. IIC

Synthetic Order: Verb in end-position Cla

PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

127, 183, 248, 252, 258, 436, 527, 639, 643, 705. 1070, 1161, 1215, 1304, 1321. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

Clb PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

253, 282. 1027, 1071, 1099. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

C2a

394 (n), 396 (n), 481, 490 (n), 490, 492, 514 (n), 630, 646. 1058, 1072 (n), 1082, 1191, 1456 (n), 1508, 1857. I: 6.10-11; II: 40.83, 40.89. No occurrences.

PT: Mel: Ast: Wic:

APPENDIX

App: Pet: C2b / T : Mel:

Ast: Wic: App: Pet-. C3a

IID

No occurrences. No occurrences. 165, 177, 368, 379, 382, 391 (n), 403 (n) (2), 514 (n), 576 (n), 577 (n), 585 (n), 670. 1015, 1030, 1054, 1124 (n), 1126 (n), 1132 (n), 1185, 1230 (n), 1311 (n), 1348, 1389 (n), 1404, 1466 (n), 1637, 1749 (n), 1780, 1785, 1846 (n), 1852 (n). 1:21.65-66. No occurrences. 13, 28, 33-35, 91-92, 133 (n), 220-221. 233: 2-4, 9; 234: 24-25 (n); 235: 29-30; 236: 1.

PT: Mel: Asf. Wic: App: Pet:

No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

C3b PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

466. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

558. 1138, 1236. 66.

Inversions D1

Substantive Clauses V-S PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

198, 217, 308, 387, 475 (2), 476. 1225. II: 10.3, 19.5-6. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. Aux-V-S

PT: Mel:

247

292, 521. No occurrences.

248

APPENDIX

Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

No occurrences. No occurrences. 113-114. No occurrences.

PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

260, 382, 523. 1454, 1549. I: 43-44; II: 40.49-50. No occurrences. 37. No occurrences.

Aux-S-V

D2

Comparative Clauses V-S PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

138, 185, 422, 458, 580, 599, 603, 682, 720. 1117, 1528, 1659, 1825. I: 16.5-6; II: 15.5-6 (2), 15.11-12 (2), 22.1, 22.3, 22.4, 29.7-8, 29.16-17, 30.3. 266, 290-291, 296. 232. No occurrences. Aux-V-S

Comparative clauses do not pattern in this manner in the prose corpus. Aux-S-V PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet: D3

420, 459. 1620, 1667, 1669. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences

Adverbial Clauses, all types V-S PT:

89, 92, 130, 142, 169, 174, 177, 204, 208, 209, 213, 214, 221,

249

APPENDIX

Mel: Ast: Wic: App : Pet:

229, 253, 256, 269, 274, 368, 381, 383, 414, 426, 470, 540, 551, 565, 592, 598, 619, 629, 640, 649, 658, 661, 679, 687, 688, 689, 690, 692, 694, 702, 712, 723, 725. 993, 1070, 1127, 1170, 1194, 1501, 1640, 1655, 1666. I: 8.14, 17.13-14, 17.59-60, 21.92; II: 12.12, 31.21, 31.32. No occurrences. 42. No occurrences. Aux-V-S

There are no adverbial occurrences exhibiting this pattern. Aux-S-V PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

149, 582. 1652. II: 5.30. 115. No occurrences. No occurrences.

Adjective Clauses V-S PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

No occurrences. 991, 1873. I: 17.16-18. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. Aux-V-S

Adjectival inversions do not occur in this pattern in prose. Aux-S-V Adjectival inversions do not occur in this pattern in prose.

250

APPENDIX

D5

Concessive Clauses introduced by al V-S PT: Mel\ Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

147, 218, 243, 295, 382, 407, 449, 511, 601, 648. 983, 1015, 1032, 1033, 1068, 1097, 1168, 1274, 1322, 1366, 1522, 1826, 1876. II: 17.37, 31.9. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

PT: Mel: Ast: Wic: App: Pet:

No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. 128-129 {altheigh). No occurrences.

Aux-V-S

Aux-S-V There are no occurrences of this pattern in Concessive constructions. D6

Conditional Clauses with introductory if omitted. V-S PT: 625. Mel: No occurrences. Ast: I: 21.77; II: 4.75, 16.13. Wic: No occurrences. App: 17-18. 233: 28. Pet: Aux-V-S There are no occurrences of this pattern in Conditional clauses. Aux-S-V

PT: No occurrences. Mel: No occurrences. Ast: No occurrences. Wic: No occurrences. App: 169, 194-195. Pet: No occurrences. Transposed Order la

O-S-V-X

251

APPENDIX

Mel: Wie:

1618. 84-85.

Mel:

973.

PT: Mel:

325. 1638.

Mel:

967(2), 976, 1800.

V-Aux-X

lb

SubC-V-X

le

Part-V-X

ld

V-Aux

2b Mel:

1008.

Mel:

1508.

Part-V

2c

III A

B

IV

Interrogative Constructions Common Order Pronominals 1 PT: 344, 601. Mel: 986, 1107 (2), 1108 (2), 1815 (2). Ast: II: 11.5-6. Wie: 64-66, 77-78, 149-151, 197-199, 265-267, 274-276, 289-292. Inverted Order 1 Pronominals PT: 144, 173, 197, 203, 303, 326, 578, 601, 605, 671, 705. Mel: 980, 1147, 1612, 1614-16, 1684. Wie: 36-38, 49-51, 62-64, 171-172, 195-197, 199-201, 233-238. 2 Disjunctives PT: 236, 415, 560, 700, 702. Mel: 1684. The Indirect Object A Common Order Mel: 986, 989, 1011, 1060, 1066, 1141, 1146, 1358. B Inverted Order PT: 214, 304, 338, 527. Mel: 1755-1756. Poetry Independent Clauses IB Synthetic Order: Verb in mid-position Bla BD: 48. KnT: 1206, 1818, 1825, 1841, 1887, 2282-2283, 2616, 2818, 2871, 3103, 3104

252

IC

APPENDIX

TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

469, 581, 1020, 1134, 1320-1323, 1440, 1517, 1632. 70. 802, 913. 3322.

Blb

BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

208,270. 1021, 1203, 1564-1565 56, 585, 609, 620, 888, 1654. 95, 169. 679, 694, 800, 881, 954. 3020, 3208.

B2a

BD:

57 (n), 154 (n), 237 (n), 256 (n), 320 (n), 375-376, 397, 887 (n), 1033 (n), 1261. KnT: 952, 1022, 1024 (n), 1122 (n), 1152, 1887, 2041, 2227 (n), 2680, 2813 (n), 2853-2854. TC.V: 83, 335 (n), 537, 1093 (n), 1467-1468, 1534-1535, 1559-1560, 1587-1589. GP: 70 (n), 371-372, 492 (n). PardT: No occurrences. NPT: 2824-2826, 2837 (n), 3047, 3102, 3335, 3340 (n), 3391, 33943395 (n).

B2b

BD :

3 (n), 18 (n), 34 (n), 42 (n), 92 (n), 216 (n), 270, 511, 550-551, 665-666, 754, 755-757, 764-765, 914-916 (n), 1020 (n), 10731074, 1127, 1241 (n), 1283-1284. KnT: 889 (n), 945 (n), 1142, 1170 (n), 1502, 1588, 1903-1905, 2040 (n), 2245, 2290-2291, 2393-2394, 2700-2701, 2783-2784, 2810 (n), 2924 (n), 2963 (n), 3012. TC.V: 22-24, 94 (n), 96, 103 (n), 262, 320, 328 (n), 697, 736 (n), 751752, 791 (n), 826 (n), 900, 902 (n), 962 (n), 1152 (n), 1210, 12501251, 1260, 1263, 1298 (n), 1303 (n), 1422, 1432-1433, 1578 (n), 1616, 1616 (n), 1696-1697 (n). GP: 233, 383-384, 490, 738, 809. PardT: 505-507, 511, 612 (n), 661-663, 721 (n), 727 (n), 737 (n), 795796, 868, 958. NPT: 2821-2822, 2911 (n), 2949, 2974, 2978, 2992-2993, 3208, 3240 (n), 3251 (n), 3305, 3312, 3355-3356.

Synthetic Order: Verb in end position Cla

BD: KnT:

397, 1077. 1217, 1394, 1444, 1766, 2088, 2171, 2594.

253

APPENDIX

TC.V:

90, 176, 321-322 (2), 481-482, 502, 766, 1018, 1084, 1195, 1212, 1414, 1713, 1761. GP: 279, 301, 498, 678, 769, 829. PardT: 608, 714, 715, 766-767. NPT: 3059, 3060, 3100, 3156, 3295, 3336. Clb

BD: KnT:

205,563,674,1101,1106,1132. 1020, 1346, 1662, 1745, 2052, 2253, 2330, 2410, 2414, 2417, 2449, 2478, 2542. TC.V: 64-66, 78, 190, 257, 350, 404, 695, 797, 1090, 1230, 1247, 1249, 1281, 1397, 1459, 1696, 1722, 1743, 1776, 1825. GP: 278. PardT: 561, 578, 756, 764, 765, 789-790, 884, 918. NPT: 3088, 3373, 3413.

C2a

BD: KnT: TC.V:

No occurrences. 1080, 1573, 1703 (n), 1987, 2329. 64-66, 213, 513, 603, 707, 883-884, 1033, 1195, 1198, 1216 (n), 1223, 1440 (n), 1625 (n), 1725 (n). GP: No occurrences. PardT: 476, 713, 714. NPT: 3008, 3059, 3060, 3336, 3410.

C2b BD:

22-23 (n), 205, 332-333, 384, 559 (n), 562 (n), 792, 874 (n), 877, 961, 1154 (n), 1187 (n). KnT: 885, 892, 903 (n), 1169, 1368 (n), 1474 (n), 1602, 1708, 2165, 2354, 2528, 2548, 2676, 2741, 2749 (n), 2998 (n). TC.V: 8-10, 190, 196, 227, 231, 270, 288, 296, 319-320, 398, 404, 471, 483, 692 (n), 768-769, 776 (n), 783 (n), 784 (n), 789, 980, 986 (n), 1138, 1249, 1257-1258, 1299, 1624. GP: 246 (n), 278, 320 (n), 374, 589, 608, 737 (n), 803. PardT: 601-602, 655, 788 (n), 918 (n). NPT: 2945 (n), 3014, 3088, 3146 (n), 3150 (n), 3412, 3429-3430.

Inverted Order Dia

(Adverb). BD: KnT:

V-S

180, 360, 451, 641, 644, 664, 998, 1047, 1070, 1117, 1119, 924, 1090, 1141, 1224, 1249, 1265, 1303, 1315, 1539, 1558, 1581, 1627, 1879, 1995, 2011, 2017, 2056, 2062, 2073, 2208, 2212, 2255, 2257, 2269, 2273, 2304, 2382, 2565, 2571, 2600, 2602, 2603, 2604, 2605, 2607, 2608, 2613, 2635, 2647, 2739, 2764, 2882, 2970, 2980, 2990, 3041, 3055, 3090, 3107.

1238. 1555, 2065, 2536, 2610, 3023,

APPENDIX

TC.V:

214, 356, 364, 425, 480, 540, 545, 565, 598, 669, 671, 738, 785, 786, 935, 1007, 1046, 1052, 1074, 1092, 1102, 1118, 1125, 1201, 1221, 1245, 1291, 1312, 1338, 1347, 1383, 1406, 1411, 1625, 1674, 1701, 1767, 1795. GP: 11, 12, 148, 160, 281, 298, 334, 348, 369, 375, 429, 505, 555, 595, 634, 823. PardT: 562, 620, 684, 728, 787, 946. NPT: 2858, 3066, 3204, 3045. Aux-V-S There are no occurrences of this pattern preceded by an adverb. Aux-S-V BD: KnT:

441, 705, 707, 712, 825-826, 1181. 1032, 1225, 1230, 1238, 1271, 1334, 1368, 1422, 1488, 1672, 1796, 1860, 1914, 1950, 2034, 2036, 2059, 2060, 2087, 2089, 2128, 2479, 2496, 2597, 2696, 2730, 2816, 3003, 3005, 3026, 3034, 3050, 3074. TC.V: 146, 222, 351, 551, 568, 571, 589, 658, 690, 907, 984, 993, 1130, 1132, 1705, 1711. GP: 31, 94, 106, 130, 236, 255, 278, 308, 382, 417, 463, 487, 562, 593, 602, 636, 638, 645, 652, 709, 715, 723. PardT: 521, 572, 590, 611, 629, 660, 702, 831, 833. NPT: 2910, 3018, 3063, 3130, 3186, 3214, 3300, 3324, 3353, 3374, 3408, 3411.

D l b (Adverbial Phrase) V-S BD: KnT:

370-371, 429-430, 602, 608, 738, 967. 872-873, 1151, 1201, 1227, 1449, 1479, 1550, 1660, 1754, 1875, 1963, 2009, 2027-2028, 2133, 2138, 2206, 2339-2340, 2448, 2490, 2494, 2562, 2566, 2575, 2580, 2621, 2807, 2850, 2874, 2905,2910, 3027, 3101. TC.V: 197, 202, 238, 453, 569, 573, 575-576, 605, 607, 617, 639, 682, 687, 741, 746, 818-819, 1119, 1142, 1194, 1240-1241, 1329, 1389-1390, 1429, 1480, 1553, 1566, 1677, 1749, 1761-1762. GP: 58, 110, 191-192, 210, 221, 258, 303, 323, 330, 343, 355, 398, 425, 435, 576, 619, 663, 677, 748, 820. PardT: 463, 477, 541, 553, 635, 878.

APPENDIX

NPT:

255

2885, 3012, 3267-3268, 3341, 3369, 3377, 3392. Aux-V-S

BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

605, 609, 925-926. 1452, 1975, 3094. 1058-1060, 1174-1175, 1751-1754. 23-24, 132. No occurrences. No occurrences. Aux-S-V

BD: KnT:

322-323, 1035-1036, 1146. 1185, 1236, 1391, 1395, 1413, 1482, 1687, 1918, 2098, 2344, 2593, 2623, 2641, 2904, 2965, 3097-3098. TC.V: 71, 272, 333-334, 514, 666, 995, 1471, 1718. GP: 42, 54, 56, 60, 61, 406, 474. PardT: 512, 544-545, 734, 851, 912. NPT: 3106, 3298, 3034.

Die

(Sentence Modifier) V-S BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

No occurrences. 981 (2), 1985, 2117, 2521. 155, 1027-1028, 1085, 1833. No occurrences. 767. No occurrences. Aux-V-S

There are no occurrences of this pattern preceded by a Sentence Modifier Aux-S-V BD: KnT: TC.V: GP:

1067. 1268, 1560, 1729, 1802, 1947. 504,699,1288. 48, 775.

256

APPENDIX

PardT: 725. NPT: No occurrences. Did (Negative Adverb) V-S BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

8, 343, 888, 984. 1430, 1570, 2793, 2960. 137, 148, 824, 1123, 1167, 1168. 412, 449, 693. No occurrences. 3383, 3385.

Aux-V-S BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

No occurrences. 1940. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. Aux-S-V

BD : KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

No occurrences. 968, 1396, 1576, 2306, 2311, 2557, 2765-2766. 341, 759, 875, 885, 1628. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

In the following instances introductory adverbial elements have not effected inversion of the verb. BD:

38, 60, 75, 80, 88, 104, 122, 166, 192, 211, 212, 238, 239, 265, 266, 267-268, 290, 292, 357, 381, 385, 388-389, 442, 445, 450, 459, 463, 474, 515, 536, 545, 558, 652, 659, 685, 771, 779, 785, 790, 792, 800, 804, 815, 818, 862, 878, 961, 981, 985-986, 9901001, 1006, 1015, 1087, 1108, 1132, 1147, 1156, 1158, 1166, 1171, 1183, 1185, 1195, 1199, 1215, 1252, 1273, 1287, 1292, 1294, 1296, 1300, 1312, 1314, 1321, 1324.

257

APPENDIX

KnT:

903, 927-929, 948, 957, 965-966, 970, 974, 986-987, 989, 991, 1003, 1026, 1028, 1052, 1055, 1080, 1103, 1112, 1114, 1117, 1167, 1172, 1198, 1264, 1282, 1299, 1322, 1336, 1356, 1372, 1398, 1399, 1408, 1414, 1415, 1426, 1437, 1442, 1444, 1446, 1475, 1506, 1509, 1513-1514, 1515, 1530, 1572, 1574-1576, 1621, 1633-1634, 1635-1636, 1653-1654, 1661, 1662, 1691, 1697-1698 (2), 1705, 1758, 1772, 1783, 1816, 1982, 2023, 20432044, 2048, 2072, 2077, 2101, 2217, 2219, 2220, 2253, 2265, 2270, 2276, 2296, 2346, 2358-2359, 2365, 2372, 2410, 2431, 2432, 2436, 2438, 2492, 2569, 2574, 2582, 2594, 2611, 2636, 2644, 2655, 2684, 2707, 2741, 2873, 2879, 2985, 2986. TC.V-. 19-20, 58, 59, 60, 78, 80, 82, 86, 166, 182, 183, 189, 191, 195, 200, 202, 205, 207, 211, 213, 216, 217, 253, 257, 262, 274, 286, 294, 372, 404, 434, 475, 482, 498, 499-500, 506, 509, 520, 522, 527, 528, 554, 581, 603, 610, 611, 612, 614, 615, 628, 636, 646, 648, 667, 668, 711 (2), 712, 714, 715, 716, 720, 725, 729, 778, 853, 857, 859, 925, 928, 929, 952, 955, 1005, 1014-1015, 1036, 1037, 1071, 1078, 1112, 1114, 1145, 1146, 1181, 1192, 1207, 1212, 1217, 1233, 1243, 1244, 1351, 1397, 1414, 1424, 1427, 1512, 1536, 1538, 1540, 1561, 1571, 1574, 1576, 1639, 1665, 1673, 1730, 1741, 1745, 1757, 1758, 1777, 1811, 1814, 1821, 1826, 1834. GP: 79, 82, 83, 97, 104-105, 108, 111, 122, 136, 137, 154, 204, 214, 235, 264, 271, 283, 321, 325, 356, 400, 411, 424, 447, 460, 465, 469, 496, 498, 529, 541, 554, 566, 613, 618, 622, 628, 642, 659, 669, 672, 701-703, 705-706, 710, 711, 725, 740, 741, 743, 756, 757, 758, 767, 771, 794, 802-803, 825, 856. PardT: 466-467, 490, 511, 527, 578, 643, 673, 677, 705, 706, 729-730, 737, 742, 743-744, 762, 763, 772, 775, 786, 788, 805, 830, 838, 851, 861, 874, 884, 915, 960, 968. NPT: 2828, 2850, 2855, 2906, 2961, 3004-3005, 3026, 3028, 3039, 3042, 3048, 3064, 3072-3073, 3074, 3098, 3101, 3110, 3114, 3145, 3151, 3159, 3172, 3174, 3180, 3221, 3277, 3306, 3381, 3406, 3417.

ID2

(Predicate Element) D2a (Indirect Object) V-S

BD: KnT:

No occurrences. No occurrences.

APPENDIX

TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

1355. No occurrences. No occurrences. 3183, 3076, 3204. Aux-V-S

There are no occurrences of this pattern preceded by an Indirect Object. Aux-S-V There are no occurrences of this pattern preceded by an Indirect Object. D2b (Direct Object) V-S BD:

221, 731-732, 881-882, 895, 904, 919-920, 938, 939-940, 943944, 1186. KnT: 920-921, 1102, 1219, 1323, 1347, 1359, 1519, 1525, 1673, 1854, 1959, 1964, 2005, 2081, 2085, 2153, 2179, 2207, 2237, 2292, 2812, 2984, 3025. TC.V: 85, 99, 291, 310, 357, 415, 515, 567, 629, 704, 763, 1105-1106, 1436, 1438, 1603, 1692, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831 (2), 1832. GP: 101, 109, 133, 146, 163, 168, 182, 206, 270, 304, 317, 349, 386, 387, 388, 392, 445, 477, 531, 533, 539, 558, 564, 567, 623, 639, 680, 684, 689, 747, 754. PardT: 483, 646, 872, 919. NPT: 2830, 2842, 2937, 3052, 3245. Aux-V-S There are no occurrences of this pattern preceded by a Direct Object. Aux-S-V BD: KnT: TC.V:

261, 541, 647. 864, 1615, 1630, 1862, 1911-1913, 2251, 2407, 3016. 51, 732-733, 747, 748-749, 754, 1080, 1169, 1252, 1482-1483, 1491, 1620, 1729. GP: 192, 327, 359, 396, 482, 523, 565, 610, 646, 648, 660, 666, 668, 685. PardT: 708, 809, 906. NPT: 2951,3118.

259

APPENDIX

D2c (Subjective Complement) V-S BD: KnT:

186, 626-627, 1010. 887, 1048, 1062, 1187, 1235, 1293, 1309, 1369, 1389, 1511, 1683, 1717, 1736, 1751, 1786, 1889, 1970, 2004, 2031, 2054, 2109, 2126, 2130 (2), 2456, 2457, 2458, 2463, 2467, 2483, 2827, 2968-2969, 2989 (2). TC.V: 15, 69, 1604, 1685, 1744. GP: 26, 47, 89, 93, 117, 157, 215, 222, 254, 262, 290, 307, 332, 335, 339, 342, 351, 385, 451, 458, 468, 486, 491, 591, 750, 846. PardT: 504, 524, 525, 536, 549, 551, 552 (2), 668, 957. NPT: 2827, 2832, 2853, 2862, 2864, 2877, 2903, 3184-3185, 3203, 3230, 3393. Aux-V-S

BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

No occurrences. No occurrences. 243-244. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. Aux-S-V

BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT: D3

No occurrences. 3051. 896, 1061. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

(Second Proposition of Comparative Construction) Aux-S-V PardT: 781.

D4

No Introductory Element BD: KnT:

V-S 41, 1330. 1953, 2039, 2244, 2743, 2806 (2), 2817 (2).

260

APPENDIX

TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

402, 1089, 1168, 1646-1647. 360, 674. 574. 3383, 3385.

Aux-V-S BD: KnT: TC. V: GP: PardT: NPT:

307. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

Aux-S-V BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT: D5

567. No occurrences. 876. 257. 523. No occurrences.

(Seyde he and variants) BD:

90, 109, 136, 181, 186, 213, 367, 369, 370, 448, 522, 527, 539, 542, 544, 560, 714, 720, 721, 742, 745, 749, 758, 759, 1042, 1045, 1046, 1112, 1115, 1126, 1137, 1139, 1144, 1187, 1298, 1299, 1330. KnT: 907, 1126, 1129, 1153, 1234, 1281, 1303, 1395, 1542, 2453, 2562, 2764, 2843, 2994, 3075, 3090. TC.V: 39, 295, 428, 430, 502, 731, 785, 1163, 1289, 1291, 1520, 1525, 1674, 1689, 1702, 1706. GP: 646, 658, 788, 837, 839. PardT: 572, 585, 620, 635, 667, 670, 685, 692, 751, 760, 767, 777, 819, 822, 824, 840, 882, 946, 947, 958. NPT: 2896, 2908, 2909, 2942, 2970, 3017, 3043, 3088, 3419, 3420, 3426, 3433. IE

Transposed Order

261

APPENDIX

El

Verb in mid-position la

O-S-V-X BD: KnT: TC.V:

23-24, 258-259, 769, 891-892, 1078, 1091, 1171, 1199, 1208. 1220, 1387, 1388, 1428, 1753, 1966, 2316, 2636. 77, 527, 744-745, 805, 847, 1040-1041, 1452, 1453, 1629, 18001801, 1856. GP: 104-105, 124, 190, 274, 285, 309-311, 379, 460, 475, 499, 688, 758. PardT: 911. NPT: 3024.

lb

V-Aux-X BD:

115, 937.

KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

1450, 1907, 2093, 2368, 2620. 167-168, 593, 806, 827, 1186, 1551, 1596, 1598, 1787-1788. 847. No occurrences. No occurrences.

lc

SubC-V-X BD: KnT: TC.V: GP:

662, 1064. 1365, 1666, 2078. 408, 1082. 229, 238, 239, 250, 314, 340, 405, 453, 475, 479, 546, 557, 559, 626, 751, 753. PardT: 773. NPT: 2871.

Id

Part-V-X BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

No occurrences. 1951, 1955-1957. No occurrences. 127, 410, 439, 816. 791. 3041.

262 E2

APPENDIX

Verb in end-position 2a

O-S-V BD: KnT:

95, 218, 859, 883, 928-929, 948, 952-953, 1011. 885, 900, 965-966, 1277, 1446, 2172, 2262, 2276, 2329, 2413, 2415-2417, 2427, 2430, 2609, 2611, 2713-2714. TC.V: 87, 168, 230, 293, 397-398, 423, 470-471, 644, 649, 852, 1013, 1048, 1253, 1304, 1609, 1755-1756, 1798, 1820. GP: 43, 116, 165, 197, 208, 496, 527-528, 535-536, 617, 842. PardT: 474. NPT: 2847, 3114, 3176, 3264.

2b

V-Aux BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

1204. No occurrences. 70, 112, 188, 624, 1376, 1618, 1635. 151, 365. 865. No occurrences.

2c

SubC-V BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

104, 341, 342, 734, 857. 1015, 1965. 383,418,820. 82, 99, 483, 503, 621, 625. 487, 690. No occurrences.

2d

Part-V BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

IF

378. 2079, 2361. 1219, 1335, 1699. 91, 657. No occurrences. No occurrences.

Inverted-Transposed Order F1

V-Aux-S

263

APPENDIX

BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

571. 1352. 507, 708, 1079. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

F2

Part-V-S BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

No occurrences. 1377, 1545-1546, 2049, 2069, 3020. 1310-1311, 1378-1379. 607. 503, 835, 893. 3352.

II

Dependent Clauses

IIB

Synthetic Order: Verb in mid-position Bla

BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

1052, 1168. 1591, 1601, 2210. 583, 701,737, 866,1189-1190, 1242,1326,1458,1734, 1839-1840. No occurrences. No occurrences. 3000, 3080, 3422.

Bib

BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

No occurrences. 1001-1002, 1248, 1297, 1481, 1624, 1735, 1807-1808, 1864, 2300. 1077, 1305. 1-2, 632. 493. No occurrences.

B2a

BD:

78 (n), 132-133, 244 (n), 695 (n), 718 (n), 839 (n), 996 (n), 11951196 (n), 1262 (n). KnT: 875 (n), 901 (n), 1246 (n), 1489, 1900 (n), 1952, 1988 (n), 2239 (n), 2343 (n), 2384, 2403, 2404, 2416 (n), 2686, 2844, 2951-2952. TC.V: 411, 489, 564, 594 (n), 595, 604, 673-674, 1039, 1070, 1165, 1489-1490, 1495-1496, 1782-1783. GP: 44, 119, 513 (n), 604 (n), 726 (n), 727. PardT: 485-486, 489, 526. NPT: 2883-2884, 2888, 2990 (n), 3081, 3104, 3135 (n), 3154 (n), 3188, 3191-3193, 3225, 3231, 3237, 3348-3349.

264

APPENDIX

B2b BD:

53-54, 227-228, 234, 411-412, 523-524, 537-538, 548-549, 735736 (n), 740-741, 751-752, 835, 837-838, 847, 897 (n), 10031004, 1031, 1109-1111 (n), 1160 (n), 1297 (n), 1331-1332. KnT: 923 (n), 1111, 1137, 1273 (n), 1290, 1584, 1594 (n), 1603 (n), 1744-1745, 1835 (n), 1839 (n), 2195-2196 (n), 2230, 2250, 2322 (n), 2324, 2446, 2653 (n), 2932 (n), 3007 (n). TC.V: 115 (n), 125, 177, 297 (n), 327 (n), 343 (n), 479, 486 (n), 512, 789 (n), 871 (n), 878, 879-880, 906 (n), 918, 944-945, 1000, 1191, 1294, 1314, 1404 (n), 1680. GP: 77, 161, 310, 671, 791-792. PardT: 574-577, 617-618 (n), 649 (n), 876-877, 923-924. NPT: 2887, 3055 (n), 3069 (n), 3194, 3216, 3281, 3288.

B3a

BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

B3b BD : KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT: IIC

No occurrences. No occurrences. 1038,1661. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. 1326. 1064, 1066, 1104, 1542. No occurrences. 853, 922. 3287.

Synthetic Order: Verb in end-position Cla

BD:

210, 547, 621, 681, 929.

KnT:

1066, 1123, 1371, 1384, 1445, 1548, 1617, 1648, 1765, 1898, 1924, 2087, 2097, 2237, 2256, 2374, 2398, 2915, 3065, 3079. TC.V: 7, 178, 406, 350, 386, 451-452, 539, 696, 742, 780, 784, 790, 816, 873, 965, 1032, 1092, 1111, 1187, 1236, 1237, 1271-1272, 1385, 1395, 1439, 1541-1542, 1609, 1633, 1655-1656, 1723, 1855. GP: 284, 698. PardT: 488, 676, 700, 754, 860, 901, 901-902. NPT: 3328.

Clb

BD: KnT:

40, 392, 563-565, 737, 748. 891, 964, 1085, 1089, 1097, 1232, 1318, 1436, 1473, 1477, 1517, 1597, 1816, 1822, 1872, 1989, 2067, 2096, 2126, 2472, 2659, 2714, 2800, 2852, 3046, 3099, 3100.

APPENDIX

265

TC.V:

114, 117, 134, 139, 141-142, 173, 283, 337, 349, 464, 550, 556, 658, 757, 774-775, 893, 960, 965, 972, 1002, 1008, 1060, 1209, 1387, 1389, 1413, 1416, 1445, 1462, 1465-1466, 1563, 1636, 1640, 1695-1696, 1748, 1846. GP: 7-8, 18, 134, 481, 644, 741, 805. PardT: 616, 710, 823, 845, 848, 854, 856, 864. NPT: 2931, 2936, 3099, 3182, 3261, 3280, 3323, 3390, 3396. C2a

BD: KnT:

517, 1054 (n), 1157, 1200 (n). 937, 999, 1762, 2275, 2327, 2355, 2388, 2637, 2666, 2715, 2846, 2940, 2945. TC.V: 19, 289, 375, 418, 456, 632, 709-710, 780, 843, 891, 900 (n), 915, 1021, 1115, 1133, 1178, 1187, 1284-1285, 1325, 1336, 1339 (n), 1351 (n), 1361, (n), 1364, 1402, 1450, 1485-1487, 1615 (n), 1722. GP: 36, 230, 713, 835. PardT: 488, 654, 676, 747, 754, 901-902. NPT: 2852, 3094 (n), 3126, 3378.

C2b

BD: KnT:

TC.V:

31 (n), 44 (n), 94, 224 (n), 352-353, 355, 485, 627, 748, 971-972, 1023, 1094. 923 (n), 1025, 1243, 1258, 1351, 1595 (n), 1610 (n), 1782, 1866 (n), 2230 (n), 2353 (n), 2526-2527, 2541 (n), 2705 (n), 2746, 2764, 2770, 2772, 2823, 2864, 2898, 2993 (n), 3043 (n), 3080. 32, 266, 444, 470-471, 487, 549, 560, 698, 774-775, 972, 986, 1077, 1096, 1100, 1137, 1215, 1292, 1348-1349, 1462, 1466, 1502-1503, 1504-1505, 1601 (n), 1613, 1636 (n), 1662, 1680, 1721, 1753, 1824 (n).

GP:

7-8, 27, 230 (n), 286, 299, 324, 450, 481, 594, 644, 690, 763 (n), 746, 795, 834. PardT: 588, 735, 793-794, 799 (n), 823 (n), 827, 848, 864 (n), 938, 940, 941, 950. NPT: 2858 (n), 2947 (n), 3095, 3132, 3168 (n), 3311, 3323 (n), 3338(n). C3a

BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

711, 1321. 1505. 510, 799, 1204, 1293, 1626. 34. 573. 2828, 3255, 3328.

C3b

BD: KnT: TC.V:

No occurrences. 1296. 354, 470-471, 574, 1306.

266

APPENDIX

GP: 779. PardT: 616. NPT: No occurrences. IID

Inverted Order D1

Substantive Clauses BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

V-S 262. No occurrences. 369-370, 374, 854, 1168, 1845. 740. 645, 811. No occurrences. Aux-V-S

BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

854. No occurrences. 389,908. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. Aux-S-V

BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT: D2

No occurrences. No occurrences. 876, 1363. No occurrences. 790. No occurrences.

Comparative Clauses V-S BD: KnT: TC.V: GP:

264, 283, 409, 987, 1065, 1081, 1118, 1162. 1036, 1064, 1308, 1362, 1531, 1658, 1810, 2338, 2455, 2614. 212, 385, 440, 1651, 1653. 92, 98, 207, 268, 287, 332, 471, 621, 643, 688.

267

APPENDIX

PardT: 497, 892. NPT: 2999, 3121, 3224, 3241, 3294, 3302, 3363, 3371, 3445. Aux-V-S There are no occurrences of Comparative Clauses in this pattern. Aux-S-V BD: KnT: TC. V: GP: PardT: NPT:

No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. 598. No occurrences.

Adverbial Clauses V-S BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

157-158, 476, 784, 873, 1020, 1065, 1080, 1107. 993, 1038, 1040, 1173, 1432, 1524, 1841, 2279, 2486, 2799-2800. 189, 284, 552, 608, 653, 676-678, 691, 1073, 1271, 1608, 1650. 373. No occurrences. 2876, 3359, 3360. Aux-V-S

BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

No occurrences. No occurrences. 1054-1055. No occurrences. No occurrences. N o occurrences.

Aux-S-V BD: KnT: TC.V: GP:

438. 1228, 1692, 1741, 2693. 28, 95, 129-130, 756, 780-781, 1328. 326, 832.

268

APPENDIX

PardT: 957. NPT: 3119. D4

Adjective Clauses V-S BD: KnT: TC. V: GP: PardT: NPT:

667, 979. No occurrences. No occurrences. 4. No occurrences. No occurrences. Aux-V-S

BD : KnT: TC. V: GP: PardT: NPT:

No occurrences. 2710. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. Aux-S-V

BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT: D5

No occurrences. 2708. 361, 1367. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences.

Concessive Clauses introduced by al V-S BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

No occurrences. 1171, 1837, 1840, 2033, 2264, 2451, 2475, 2703. 438, 706, 889, 1067, 1408. 734. No occurrences. 2948, 3168.

APPENDIX

269

Aux-V-S Concessive clauses introduced by al do not occur in this pattern. Aux-S-V BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT: D6

No occurrences. 2709, 2999. 34, 160,797,838,1081. 744. No occurrences. No occurrences.

Conditional Clauses with introductory if omitted V-S BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

677,912. 1675,2113. 1290, 1741. 420, 766, 844. 513. No occurrences. Aux-V-S

Conditional Clauses do not occur in this pattern. Aux-S-V BD: KnT: TC. V: GP: PardT: NPT:

680, 1130. No occurrences. No occurrences. No occurrences. 784. No occurrences.

HE

Transposed Order.

El

Verb in mid-position. la

O-S-V-X BD: KnT:

273. No occurrences.

270

APPENDIX

TC. V: GP: PardT: NPT:

No No No No

occurrences. occurrences. occurrences. occurrences.

lb

V-Aux-X BD: KnT: TC.V:

406, 1016. 1134, 1381, 1419, 2057, 2982. 105, 110, 303, 396, 399, 546, 626, 638, 711, 795, 990, 1185, 1418, 1447, 1460-1461, 1514, 1710, 1780. GP: 5-6, 135, 637. PardT: 862. NPT: No occurrences.

lc

SubC-V-X BD: KnT: TC.V:

107. 863, 939, 1192, 1256, 1261, 2201, 2931, 2981, 3004, 3009, 3053. 57, 277, 406, 427, 435-436, 654, 892, 1098, 1228, 1284, 1307, 1464, 1537, 1739. GP: 515, 851. PardT: 597, 738, 825, 937. NPT: 3109.

Id

Part-V-X BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

E2

No occurrences. 1079. 2078. 2267, 2373-2374, 2595, 2890, 2903. 437. No occurrences. 812, 814. 3049, 3189.

Verb in end-position 2a

O-S-V BD: KnT: TC.V: GP:

No occurrences. No occurrences. 292,387,1034,1293. No occurrences.

271

APPENDIX

PardT: No occurrences. NPT: No occurrences.

2b

V-Aux BD: KnT: TC.V:

No occurrences. 1059, 1208, 1355, 1512, 1933, 2278, 3045. 149, 204, 475, 645, 732, 829, 932-933, 991, 1203, 1317, 1409, 1463. GP: No occurrences. PardT: No occurrences. NPT: No occurrences.

2c

SubC-V BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

773, 858. No occurrences. 438, 909, 964, 976, 1297. No occurrences. No occurrences. 2966.

2d

Part-V BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

1210. 1247, 2631, 2854-2855, 2972. 907, 975, 1581, 1602, 1815-1816. No occurrences. No occurrences. 2991, 3441.

Inverted-Transposed Order F1

V-Aux-S BD: KnT: TC.V: GP: PardT: NPT:

No occurrences. 1357. 1403. No occurrences. 530. No occurrences.

272

APPENDIX

F2

Part-V-S BD: KnT: TC.V:

No occurrences. 877, 881, 1400, 1518, 1566, 1640, 1760, 2295, 2341, 2577, 2956, 3052, 3054. 534, 543, 681, 1045, 1451, 1650-1651.

Ill

Interrogative Constructions

IIIA

Common Order A1

Pronominals. BD: KnT:

91, 181, 185, 366, 448, 449, 745, 1034, 1088-1089, 1139, 1308. 1029, 1081-1082, 1083, 1164, 1307, 1313-1314, 1348, 1456, 1459-1460, 1715, 1799, 1870, 1871, 1872-1874, 2652-2653, 2777, 3035-3038. TC.V: 62-63, 218, 219, 233, 234, 236, 267-268, 330-332, 336, 371, 428-429, 586-587, 620-621, 735, 739-740, 1068, 1257-1258, 1260, 1263, 1266-1267, 1675 (2), 1676 (2), 1681, 1848. GP: 849. PardT: 782-783, 879. NPT: 2890, 3170-3171.

IIIB

Inverted Order B1

Pronominals BD: KnT:

546, 616, 650-651, 830, 1140, 1191, 1298. 905-906, 909, 1083, 1125, 1156, 1251, 1380, 1543-1544, 19671969, 2362, 2663, 2664 (2), 2777, 2820-2821, 2835-2836, 30583061 (2), 3062-3063, 3067-3069. TC.V: 40 (2), 43-44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 220, 225 (2), 235, 239, 241, 242-243, 344-346, 449, 466, 588, 620, 679 (inverted-transposed), 734, 786-788, 911, 946, 1157, 1161, 1256, 1261, 1268, 12791280, 1289-1290 (2), 1523-1524, 1592-1593, 1708, 1732. GP: 184-187, 187, 500, 573-575. PardT: 718, 719, 733, 818 (2), 900-903. NPT: 2918-2919, 3046, 3284, 3346, 3350-3351 (2).

B2

Disjunctives BD: 810-811, 1116-1117, 1140, 1141-1142, 1142, 1152, 1310. KnT: 907-908, 1163, 1798, 1801, 3064. TC.V: 41-42, 478-479, 484-485, 904-907, 1159, 1276-1277, 1688-1691.

APPENDIX

273

GP: 573-575. PardT: 693, 765, 815, 819. N P r : 2921, 2922, 2941, 3139-3140, 3285, 3321. B3

Phrases BD: 670, 689, 721, 742, 1052, 1308. KnT: 1237. T C . F : 1276.

B4

Single Words BD: 1045, 1299.

The Indirect Object. A.

Common Order BD: KnT: TC.V:

GP: NPT:

48. 95, 218, 651 1083, 1336, 1821, 1826, 1828, 2355-2356, 2391. 85, 109, 150, 203, 307-308, 502, 521-522, 557-558, 649, 847, 944, 952, 994, 1121, 1129, 1253, 1456, 1477, 1582, 1664, 1702, 1784. 374, 829. 3115.

B.

Inverted Order BD: 8. TC.V: 235.

C

Transposed Order BD: 773. GP: 496

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Criseyde

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