The Mesolithic in Northwestern Belgium: Recent excavations and surveys 9780860549536, 9781407350325

Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 3
BIBLIOGRAPHY
FIGURES

Citation preview

The Mesolithic in Northwestern Belgium Recent excavations and surveys

Philippe Crombe With contributions by P. De Paepe, A. Gautier, J. Heim, M. Meganck, F. Steenhoudt, M. Van Strydonck & C. Verbruggen

BAR International Series 716 1998

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 716 The Mesolithic in Northwestern Belgium © The author and contributors individually and the Publisher 1998 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860549536 paperback ISBN 9781407350325 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860549536 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1998. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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T h i sb ook i sd ed ica ted t om yp a r en t s , my w if e , V e ra ,a nd m yd augh t e r ,L ien .

C on ten t s P reface CHAPTER 1-EARLY MESOL ITH IC S ETTLE MENT AT OOST W INKEL 1 .I n t roduc t ion

3

2 .L oca l isa t ion

3

3 .S t ra t ig raphy

3

4 .A na ly ses 5 .F ea tures

3 4

6 .V er t ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h ea r t ifac t s

4

7 .H o r izon ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h ea r t ifac t s

4

8 .T he a r chaeo log ica l ma ter ia l 9 .I n terp re ta t ion

5 1 2

CHAPTER 2-EARLY MESOL ITH IC S ETTLE MENT AT VERREBROEK " DOK" I .R e sea rch h i s tory 2 .L oca l isa t ion

1 9 I9

3 .T he e xcava t ion 4 .T he m icro t opog raphy

1 9 1 9

5 .S t ra t ig raphy 6 .A na ly ses

1 9 2 0

7 .F ea tu res

2 4

8 .V er t ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e a r t if ac t s

2 7

9 .H o r izon ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e a r t if ac t s

2 9

1 0 . T he a rchaeo log ica l ma te r ia l

3 6

1 . G enera l i n te rp re ta t ion 1 2 . I n ter reg iona l c ompa r ison 1 3 . D is tr ibu t ion o fe xo t ic ma te r ia ls a nd s oc ia l t e r r i to r ie s

5 1 5 5 5 9

1 4 . C onc lus ion

6 2

CHAPTER 3-MIDDLE MESOL ITH IC S ETTLEMENT AT KRU ISHOUTE M " KERKAKKERS" 1 .R esea rch h i s to ry

6 5

2 .L oca l isa t ion

6 5

3 .T he e xcava t ion 4 .S t ra t ig raphy

6 5 6 6

5 .A na ly se s

6 6

6 . Fea tures

6 7

7 .V er t ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e i ndu s try

6 9

8 .H o r izon ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e i ndus t ry

6 9

9 .T he a rchaeo log ica l ma te r ia l

7 0

1 0 . I n terp re ta t ion

7 5

APPEND IX I-TYPOLOG ICAL I NVENTORY OF THE L ITH IC I NDUSTRY F ROM

7 9

VERREBROEK " DOK" APPEND IX 2-RESULTS OF AN AUGER S URVEY RESEARCH AT THE EARLY MESOL ITH IC S ITE OF VERREBROEK " DOK" 1 .O b jec t ive s a nd me thodo logy

9 1

2 .T he p a laeo t opog raph ica l e v idence 3 .T he a r chaeo log ica l e v idence

9 1 9 2

APPEND IX 3-I NVENTORY OF F INAL PALAEOL ITH IC AND MESOL ITH IC S ITES

9 4

I N NORTH WESTERN BELG IUM E ndno te s

1 03

B ib l iog raphy

1 07

F igur e s

17

P re fac e

T he p r e sen t c on t r ibu t ion d ea l s w i th t h e r e su l t s o f i n ten s ive Me so l i th ic f i e ld r e sea r ch r e a l ized b e tw een 1 990 a nd 1 995 i n n o r thw e s t er nB e lg ium , w he re l im i t ed a r chaeo log ica l e xp lo ra t ion h ad p r ev iou s ly o ccu r red . T h i sr e sea r ch w a sd on ea sp a r to fa P h . D . s t ud y ,w h ich w a sd e f ended a tt h eU n iv e r s i ty o fG hen ti n Ma r ch 1 996 . I nt h i s m onog raph t h e r e su l t s o fl a rg e sca le e x cava t ion s o rgan ized a tt h r ee Me so l i th ic o p en -a i r s e t t lem en t s l o ca ted o n s a ndy s o i l s —O o s tw inke l , V e r r eb roek a nd K ru i shou t em — w i l l b e d i scu s sed . I ts hou ld h ow ev e r b e e mpha s ized t h a t t h e p r e sen t ed r e su l t s a r e s t i l l l a rg e ly p r e l im ina ry , a sr e sea r ch o n m o s t l o ca l i t ie s i ss t i l l g o ing o n . A t t h e e x t en s iv e s i t e o fV e r r eb roek , f o r e xamp le , s a lvag e e xcava t ion sw i l lb e c on t inu ed u n t i l t h e t o ta l d e s t ru c t ion o ft h e s i te i n2 001 . T he a na ly s i s o ft h e e xcava t ion r e su l t st o o i ss t i l l f a r f r om c omp le t ed . A r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion s o f a r m a in ly f o cu sed o n t h e f o l low ing t op ic s : m o rpho t y po log ica l a na ly s i s o fl i th ic a r t i f a c t s , a b so lu te c h rono logy , s i t e taphonomy a nd p r e l im ina ry s p a t ia la na ly s i s . T h e l a t te rh a s s o f a r b e en r e s t r ic t ed t o av i sua l i n sp e c t ion o fd i s t r ibu t ion m ap s o f d i f f e ren t k i nd s o f a r t i f a c t s a nd e cof a c t s . A t t h e t im e t h i s monog r aph w a s s ubm i t ted f o rp ub l ica t ion h owev e rt h ef i r s tr e su l t so fm ic ro -wea ra na ly s i sa nd r ef i t t ing e xecu t ed o n as e r ie so f l i th ic sf r om V e r reb roek h ave b ecom ea va i lab le . D e ta i led e nv i ronmen ta li n f o rma t ion r e su l t ing f r om p edo log ica l , p a lyno log ica l , b o tan ica l a nd p a leon to log ica l a na ly s i st o o i ss t i l l t ob e e xp ec t ed i nt h e n ea r f u tu r e . I ts hou ld b e c l ea rt h a tt h e e nv i ronmen ta l d a ta p r e s en t ed i nt h i sv o lume a r et h er e su l to fr unn ing a na ly s e s . D e sp i te t h ep r e l im ina ry c ha r a c te ro ft h i sp ub l ica t ion w eh op e t h er e ad e rw i l lg e tc onv inced o ft h eg r ea tp o t en t ia lo ft h e s t udy a r ea f o rs t udy ing t h e Me so l it h ic i nt h e B e lg ian l ow land s . T h e o b ta ined r e su l t s p rov e t h a t e ven i na r ea s s e r iou s ly a f ec ted b y n a tu ra l ( e ro s ion , p edo tu rba t ion , e t c . ) a nd h uman a c t iv i t ie s ( e x t ra c t ion , s o i lc u l t iva t ion , c on s t ru c t ion , e t c . ) e x cava t ion s o fu n s t ra t if i ed s i t e s s t il c an o f e r al o t o fi n te r e s t ing n ew d a ta . We t h e re f o r eh op et h a t Me so l i th ic r e s ea r ch i nn o r thw e s t er nB e lg ium w i l lb ei n ten s if i ed i nt h en ea rf u tu r e . T h e a u tho r i sd e ep ly i nd eb ted t oP ro f . R . L angoh r , P rof . C . V e rb rugg en , P ro f . P . D e P a ep e , P rof . A . G au t ie r ( a l l o f t h e Un iv e r s i ty o f G hen t ) , M . V an S t rydon ck ( Roya l I n s t i tu te f o r C u l tu ra l H e r i tag e , B ru s se l s ) , P rof . J .H e im ( Un iv e r s i ty o f L ouva in -La -Neuve ) a nd F . S t e enhoud t , w ho a l c on t r ibu ted t ot h i s s t udy b y m ean s o fv a r iou s s c ien t if i c a na ly se s . F o r t h e p rac t ica la s s i s tance a nd s uppo r t Iw ou ld l i k et ot h ank J .A ng enon ,A . d eR u i j t e r , S .D ra lan sa nd M . Meg an ck . S p ec ia lt h ank sg o t oF .V an G lab ek ef o ri mp rov ing a nd c o r r ec t ing t h i sm anu sc r ip t . P rac t ica ln o te T he g r aph ica lr ep re sen ta t ion o ft h ea r t if ac td i s t r ibu t ion sh a sb e en d on eb ym ean so fc on tou rm ap s , s how ing e qu id i s tan tc on tou r l i ne s . T h i sw a s d on eu s ing t h ep r og ram S u rf e rf r om G o ld en S of twa r e . W i th t h e e xc ep t ion o ft h e s i t e o fO o s tw ink e l , a l d a ta w a sa na ly zed i n0 . 25 m2 u n i t s . A l lr e p r e sen ta t ion so fl i th ic a r t i f a c t sa r e p ub l i shed i n1 / 1 s c a le . Mo s t r a d io ca rbon d a te s i nt h i s v o lum ea r ec a l ib ra ted a c co rd ing t ot h e 1 993 S t u iv e ra nd P ea r son c u rve b ym ean so ft h eO x ca l2 . 0p rog ram .

CHAPTER 1 : EARLY MESOL ITHIC S ETTLE MENT AT OOST W INKEL "MOST MOLEN"

p r e sen t -day p l ough l a ye r ( Ap i;0 . 25 m ) a nd a n o l d , b u r ied

1 .I n troduc t ion

p l ough l a ye r ( Ap2;0 . 15 m ) , l i e s ab l eached g r ey i sh s andy l a ye r T he s i te o f O o s tw inke l "Mo s tmo len " w a s d i scove red b y J .

i n wh ich n ume rou s s ma l l c ha rcoa l f r agmen t s a nd t h r ee s ma l l

S emey a nd t h e a u tho r i n O c tobe r 1 991 d ur ing a s y s tema t ic

c i rcu la rc ha r coa l p a t che s ( d ia rn . 0 . 30 -0 .35 m ) a r e p r e sen t . T h i s

s u rvey o fd i tche s d ug a r ound s ome m a ize s i lo s . T he i n spec t ion

c i rca 0 . 10 t o 0 . 15 m t h ick a shy l a ye r c on ta in s s ome L a t e

o f t h e d i t ch w a l l s r e vea led a q ua s i -comp le te s podo so l p rof i le

N eo l i th ic a r t if a c t s , s u ch a s ap o l ished f l ake , s ome d eco ra t ed

c on ta in ing s ome Me so l i th ic a r t i f a c t s a ppa r en t ly i ns t ra t ig raph ic

s he rd s f r om ab e l l b eake ro fV e luwe t y pe a nd ap o l i sh ing s t one

p o s i t ion . I mmed ia te ly a f te r t h e d i scove ry i tw a s d ec ided t o

i nq ua r tz s and s tone ( d e term ina t ion H . Me s tdagh ) . J u s ta bove t h e

e xcava t e t h e s i t e c omp le te ly . T he e xcava t ion t o ok p l ace i n s e ve ra l p ha se s b e tween 1 991 a nd 1 993 b y m ean s o f t h ree -

c en t r e o f t h e a r t if a c t c oncen t ra t ion , m o re p r ec ise ly i n s qua r e s

d imen s iona l r e g i s t ra t ion o fa l l a r t i f a c t s a nd b y s i ev ing t h e t o ta l i t y o ft h ee xcava ted s o i l ' . T he t o ta l e xcava ted a r ea amoun t s t o

t wo t h in ( 0 .05 -0 .10 m ) s t rong ly b i o tu rb ed h umou s s andy l a ye r s w e r e f ound , a ppa ren t ly c ove red b y as ma l l r e s idue o f ap ea ty

3 26 m2 ( f i g . 3 ) . D ur ing t h e e xcava t ion c ampa ign s o f 1 991 a nd

A l-hor izon 3.

1 18 /26 -27 , i nb e tween t h i sa shy l a ye ra nd t h eo l dp l ough l a ye r

1 992 a s ma l l b u t e x t r eme ly d en se a r t if ac t c oncen t ra t ion w a s i n ve s t iga t ed . T he l a s tc ampa ign o f1 993 a imed a tt h e s u rvey o fa

4 .A na ly se s

n ea rby d ep r e s s ion ( c f . 2 )b y m ean so ft h r ee s ma l l t r enche s o f3 0 t o5 0 ml e ng th ( C romb 1 993b : 8 6 -87 ; 1 994 : 7 6 -77 ) .

4 . 1 . P a lyno log ica l a na ly s i s( C . V e rb ruggen )

2 .L oca l i sa t ion

Du r ing t h e e xcava t ion c ampa ign s o f 1 99 1 a nd 1 992 t h ree s o i l p rof i le s h ave b een s amp led f o r p a lyno log ica l i n ve st iga t ion s

T he s i t e ( f i g . 1 )i sl o ca ted i n ar e g ion c a l led " h e t Mee t je s land " ,

u s ing s t anda rd m e ta l b oxe s . On ly o ne s amp l ing -box ( f ig . 4 ,

s i tua t ed i nt h ew e s te rn p a r to fS andy F lande r s . T he g eog raph ica l

s amp le n ° I )h a sb e en f u r the ra na lyzed t a k ing s ma l l s amp le s a t

c o -o rd ina t e s a r e

t h ree d if e ren td ep th s .

:N .

5 1°08 '30"

E . 3 ° 31 '25" .

G eomo rp -

h o log ica l ly t h e s i te l i e s o n as ma l l p a rabo l ic d une r i dge a l ong t h e n o r the rn b o rde r o f t h e c ues ta o f Z ome rgem , at e r t ia ry

S amp le 1

o u t c rop ( c lay o fA s se ) w i th am ax imum h e igh t o f2 9 m TA W 2. A cco rd ing t ot h es o i l m ap ( Zome rgem 3 9 E;f i g . 2 )t h es and d une

C on tex t : a shy l a ye ra bove s podo so l

c on s i s t s m a in ly o f d r y t o mode ra t e ly d r y c ove r sand s w i th a

S pec t rwn : t h is b o t tom s amp le a ppea red t ob es t er i le .

b roken , d i scon t inuou s h umu sa nd /o r i r on B - h or izon ( Zbh /Zch ) . T o t h e w e s t a nd t h e e a s t , t h e s and d une i ss u r rounded b y t wo

S amp le 2

d ep r e s s ion s , t h e e a s t er nd ep re s s ion b e ing b y f a r t h e d eepe s t ( 1 0 m TA W ) a nd t h e l a rge s t o ne . I tc o r re spond s t o t h e a nc ien t v a l le y o f t h e D iepenbeek b rook , w h ich t a ke s i t s r i se f u r the r

C on t ex t : c omp lex o f h umou s t o p ea ty s e d imen t s a bove a shy

s ou th i nt h e c ues ta a nd wh ich i sf i l led u p w i th p oo r ly d r a ined s and loam s o i l s ( Lep ) . Due t o m oder n a g r icu l tu re t h e w e s ter n

S pec trum : A P ( 6 8 .5 % ) :O uercus 4 . 6% , B e tu la 3 . 3% , g ory /us 1 7 .2% ,A lnus 4 3 .1 % . NAP ( 3 1 .5 % ) :P oaceae 7 . 9% , E r icaceae

d ep r e s s ion ( 1 2 i n TA W ) i so nt h ec on t ra ry h a rd ly p e r cep t ib le i n

2 3 .8% . P o lypod iu in 3%

t h e p r e sen t -day t o pog raphy . T he a c tua l h e igh t d if e r ence b e tw e en t h i s d ep re s s ion a nd t h e t r unca ted d une t o p amoun t s t o

I n te rp re ta t ion : t h i s p a r t i s c ha r ac ter ized b y t h e r e la t ive d om inance o fa r bo rea l p o l len . T he d o minan t p o s i t ion o fa l de r

o n ly 0 . 50 m . A cco rd ing t ot h e e xcava t ion r e su l t s t h e Me so l i th ic

a mong t h e a r bo rea l p o l len c l ea r ly i n d ica te s t h e p r e sence o f a

l a ye r

s i t ei ss i tua ted o nt h ew e s tern d une f l ank .

m o i s t a f o r e s t ed e nv ironmen t w i th r e la t ive d en se h aze l g r ow th . T he n on a r bo r ea l p o l len type s a r e d om ina ted b y h ea the r p o l len .

3 .S t ra t igraphy

B a sed o nt h e se o b serva t ion sa nd t h et o ta l a b sence o fF agus , t h i s s amp le c an b e d a ted s omewhe r e w i th in t h e s e cond p ar t o ft h e

D ep end ing o n t h e t o pog raphy , t h e s i t e s t ra t ig raphy v a r ie s

S ubbo rea l , p r obab ly b e tween 3 500 B Pa nd 3 000 B P .

c on s ide rab ly . N ea rby t h e m a in a r t if ac t c oncen t ra t ion ( f ig . 4 ) a c omp le t e , c i rca 0 . 30 -0 .35 m t h ick s podo so l p r of i le i sp r e sen t ,

S amp le 3

c on s i s t ing o f at h in ( 0 .05 m ) b l a ck h umou s t op ea ty A1h or izon , al i gh t b r own t o p u rp le i r on - a nd h umu s e l uv ia l A2ho r izon

C on tex t : a c tua lp l ough laye r

( 0 .20 m ) w ith n ume rou s t h in h umu s i nf i l t ra t ion f i b re s a nd a

S pec t rum : A P( 2 3% ) :Q uercus 0 . 4% , T i l ia 1 . 3% , B e tu la 2 . 9% ,

d a rk b r own h umu sa c cumu lat ion B2h -hor izon o f0 . 05 t o0 . 10 i n

C ory /us 1 . 8% , P inus 7 . 6% ,A lnus 8 . 9% . NAP ( 7 7% ) :P oaceae

t h ickne s s . T he s o i l u nde rnea th t h e s podo so l i sc ompo sed o fa n

2 0% , C erea l ia 4 6 .7 % ,R umex 1 . 7% , I 4 a gopyrum 2% , E r icaceae

o r ange -ye l low i sh s a nd m a tr ix w i th n ume rou s o x ida ted i r on

3 . 1% , C henopod iaceae 1 . 3% , C argophy l laceae 0 . 9% .

n odu le s ( Bf e ) o fh yd romorph ic o r ig in ( f luc tua t ing g roundwa t e r

I n t e rp r e tat ion : t h is p o l len a s soc ia t ion , c ha rac ter ized b y t h e

t a b le )a nd , l o ca l ly a tt h et o ps ome t h in B2h -f ibe r s .

a b so lu t ed om inance o fC erea l ia a nd P oaceae , c l ea r ly r e p r e sen t s t h ep r e sen t -day v ege ta t ion .

A to t he rl o ca t ion so nt h es i te t h es t ra t ig raphy i ss i gn if i can t ly l e s s p r e se r ved . On t h e d une t o p a l t r ace s o f f onne r s podo so l a r e

4 . 2 . R ad iocarbon d a t ing ( M . V an S t rydonck )

c omp le te ly p l oughed a way , w herea s i n t h e w e s te rn d ep re s s ion o n ly t h e B2h -hor izon a nd e xcep t iona l ly t h e l owe r

Two o rgan ic s amp le s w e r e s ubm i t ted t oI r . M . V an S t rydonck

p a r to ft h eA , -hor izon a r ep re se rved . T he e xcep t iona l g ood p r e se rva t ion o ft h e s o i l p r of i le n ea rby t h e

f o r r a d ioca rbon d a t ing u s ing t h e AMS ine thod 4.T he f i r s t d a te

a r t i f a c t u n i t i sa ppa r en t ly a c on sequence o f t h e f o rma t ion o f

f r agmen t o r ig ina t ing f r om t h e b o t tom o ft h e a shy l a ye r ( s qua r e

p o s t spodo so l s e d imen ts o n t h e w e s tern d une f l ank . U nde r t h e

1 3 /26 ) i nw h ich s ome L a te N eo l i th ic a r t i f ac t sw e r ef o und .

( U tC -2634 )

3

i s o b ta ined

f r om

a r e la t ive ly

l a rge

c ha rcoa l

r e f e r ence U tC -2634

B Pd a te

c a l BC d a t e5

6 700 ± 1 20

5 583

r e l . a r ea u nde rp r obab i l i ty d i s t r .

c a l BC d a te 1 5 2 6

. 9 7

5 662 -5475 5 456 -5449 . ,

. 0 3

5 775 -5413

. 9 7

5 408 -5375

. 0 2

5 363-5339

. 0 1

T ab le 1 :c a l ib ra t ion o ft h ec ha rcoa ld a te . r e f e rence

B Pd a te

c a l BC d a te6

U tC -3438

9 250 ± 1 60

8 333 ,8308

r e l . a r ea u nde rp robab i l i ty d i s t r .

c a l BC d a te 1 8

8 436 -8076

1 . 00

2 5

8 919 -8876

. 0 1

8 856 -8794

. 0 3

8 703-8695

. 0 0

8 668 -7965

. 9 6

8 258

T ab le 2 :c a l ib ra t ion o ft h e h aze lnu ts he l ld a te . T he s e cond d a t e ( U tC -3438 ) w a s o b ta ined f r om t wo s ma l l

u nder ly ing

f r agmen t s o f c a rbon iz ed h aze lnu t s he l l s , c o l lec ted i n t h e n or thern h a lf o ft h em a in a r t if ac tc oncen t ra t ion ( s qua r e 1 2 /27 ) .

g radua l s ed imen ta t ion o f t h e w ind th row m icro d epre s s ion l ef t a f t e r t h e c omp le te d ecay o f t h e t r ee t r unk a nd r o o t s

f i l l ,

i s

mos t

p robab ly

r e la ted

t o

t he

( Langoh r 1 993 : 4 5 ) . 5 .F ea ture s T he h or izon ta l a nd v er t ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e l i t h ic s r e cove red T he e xcava t ion s r e vea led ac on s ide rab le n umbe r o ff e a tu re s o f

f r om t h e se n a tu ra lf e a tu re si n d ica t e sc l ea r ly t h a tt h eu p roo t ing o f

d if e r en t o r ig in a nd a ge ( f ig . 6 ) . Two l a rge s and e x tra c t ion p i t s

t h et r ee st o ok p l a ce a f t e rt h e E a r ly Me so l i th ic o c cupa t ion o ft h e

f r om r e cen t t ime s i ns qua re s 7 -9 /25 -30 d o n o t r e a l ly a f ec t t h e

s i te . I ndeed , t h eg ene ra l d i s tr ibu t ion o ff i nd s i nt h e " r iche s t " p i t s

a r t i f ac t d i s tr ibu t ion a st h ey l a yj u s t a tt h e n or the rn e dge o ft h e

WI a nd W3 ( t ab le 3 ) c or re spond s p e r f ec t ly t ot h a t o f o t he r ,

s i t e . O n t h e c on t ra ry , t h ed e s truc t ion c au sed b yd eep p l ough ing ,

mo re r e cen t w ind th row s a na lyzed i n t h e s t udy a r ea ( C rombe

i n o rde r

t o i mp rove

r o o t

p ene t ra t ion b y

d e s t roy ing

t h e

1 993a ) . Mo s t t y p ica l a r e 1 ° t h e t o ta l a b senc e o f f i nd s i n t h e

c on so l ida ted B f e -hor izon , i s m o r e r ad ica l . T h i s a g r icu l tu ra l

c en t ra l p a r t o ft h e f e a tu re c r ea t ing ah a lf -c i r cu la r t oh o r se sho e -

p r ac t ice a f ec t s t h e s o i l a nd t h e s i te i n c i rca 0 . 20 m l a rge ,

s haped h or izon ta l a r t if ac td i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn 2 °t h e p r e sence o f a r t if ac t s o ve r t h e c omp le te t h ickne s s o ft h e f i l l ing , f r om t h e t o p

p a ra l le l s t r ip sw i th a ni n te rva l o f0 . 80 t o1 . 00 m d own t o ad ep th o fc a . 0 . 70 m .

t ot h eb o t tom o ft h ef e a tu re . I nc onc lu s ion , o ne c a n s t a te t h a t t h e r e co rded n a tu r a l f e a tu r e s m o s tp r obab ly p o s t -da t et h e Me so l i th ic

t r ee -f a l l W1

Na r t if ac t s

o ccupa t ion b u t p r e -da te t h e s o i l f orma t ion a nd t h e f o rma t ion o f

2 03

t h e p ea ty A1h o r izon d a ted b y p a lyno logy t ot h e s e cond p ar t o f

W2

3 2

W3

2 73

W4

1 6

t h eS ubbo rea l ( c f .4 . 1) . 6 .V er t ica l d i s tr ibu t ion o ft he a r t ifac t s

T ab le 3 : c on ten t s o ft h et r ee f a l l p i t s .

T he v e r t ica l d i sp e r s ion o ft h e a r cha eo log ica l m a t e r ia l r e cove r ed

A no the rc a t ego ry o ff e a tu re s i sc l ea r ly r e la ted t on a tu ra l p r o c e s s e s .

o ft h es podo so l . I ti so n ly i nt h ec en t r eo ft h e m a in c oncen t ra t ion

g eo log ica l ly i ns i tu i sm a in ly r e s t r ic ted t ot h ee l uv ia l A7h or izon ( f ig . 5 ) , i n p a r t icu la r i n s qua r e s 1 4 -15 /26 -27 , t h a t t h e v er t ica l

W i th in t h el i m i t so ft h eg ene ra la r t i f a c td i s t r ibu t ion ' s om e7 ,m ayb e

d i s t r ibu t ion s e em ss omewha tg r ea t e r ,a s ar e la t ive ly c on s ide rab le

8t r e e f a l l f e a tu r e s , m o s t o f t h em o n ly p a r t ia l ly e xcava t ed , w e re

amoun t o fl i t h ic s w a s a l so f o und i nt h e a bove l y ing a s hy l a ye r

o b s e rv ed ( f i g . 6 ,7 ) . I n g ene ra l i tc once rn s o va l shap ed p i t s w i th

a nd t h e u nde r ly ing B f e -hor izon .

a s ymme t r ica lt r an sv e r sa ls e c t ion a nd a ver age m ea su r emen t so f 4m

c or re spond

l e ng th , 2t o2 . 5 i nw id th a nd 0 . 50 t o0 . 55 m d ep ths.D u e t ol a t e r

S pa t ia l ly

t h e s e s qua re s

p r ec i se ly t o a n a r ea i n wh ich t h e B f e -hor izon i s

c omp le t e ly b roken u p ( f ig . 7 ,t r an sec t C -D ) , i n d ica t ing a s s u ch

p od zo l i sa t ion o ft h es o i lt h e se f e a tu re sw e r eh a rd ly p e r c ep t ib le i nt h e

t h e p r e sence o f ap o ten t ia l t r ee -f a l l f e a tu re i nt h e c e n t r e o ft h e

f i e ld . T he i ro u t l ine c ou ld o n ly c l ea r ly b et r a c ed a f t e rr emova l o ft h e

m a in c oncen tra t ion , wh ich h a s b e come a lmo s t c omp le te ly

h umu se l uv ia l A2h o r izon a nd t h u sa f t e rc omp le te e xcava t ion o ft h e

i n v is ib le a s ar e su l to fl a te rp edogene t ic p roce s se s( c f . 5 ) .

s i t e . I nt h eu pp e rp a r t so ft h e al -ho r izon a nd t h eB f e -ho r izon t h e s e f e a tu re sb ecam ev i s ib le a sl o ca ld eepen ing so ft h e A2h o r izon a nd /o r

7 . Hor izon ta l d i s tr ibu t ion o ft h ea r t ifac t s

a sl o ca t ion s w he r et h ec on sol ida t ed B f e -ho r izon w a s m i s s ing . A t a h i gh e r s t r a t igr aph ica l l e ve l s ome o f t h e s e n a tu ra l f e a tu r e s w e r e

T he i n te rp re ta t ion o f t h e h o r izon ta l a r t i f ac t d i s t r ibu t ion i s c ons ide rab ly h amp e r ed b y t h e w ho le s a le d i s tu rban c ec a u s ed b y t h e

a l ready v agu e ly n o t ic ab le a ss h a l low d e epen ing s ( 0 ,10 -0 ,12 i n ) o f t h e h umou s t op ea ty A l -ho r izon . T h i s u ppe r p a r t o f t h e f i l ing ,

a b ov e -m en t ion ed p r o c e s s e s . N e v e r th e le s s , s om eh o r izon ta lp a t t e rn ing i s

w h ich s harp ly c on t ra s t sw i th t h e u n s t ra t i f ied , h omogeneou s

s t i l lr e cogn iz ab le i nt h eg en e r a ld i s t r ibu t ion o ft h er e cov e r ed l i t l ü c s . 4

J u dg ing b y t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f a l f i nd s , i n c lud ing t h o se r e cove red f r om t h e p o s t -depo s i t iona l p a la eo -w ind t lu-o w s ( t ab le 3 )9,t h e s i t ec on s i s t ed o r ig ina l ly o ft wo s p a t ia l ly s e pa ra ted u n i t s . O ne u n i t , s i t ua t ed n ea r t h e p a la eo -w ind th row W3 ( 2 73 a r t i f a c t s ) , i sc omp le t e ly d i s tu rbed , a s t h e s u r round ing s o i l d i d n o t r e vea l a n y i ns i tu a r t i f a c t s . T he s e cond a r t if a c t u n i t ( f i g . 8 1 0 ) , l y ing a ta bou t 8i nt ot h es ou th o ft h ef i r s tu n i t , i sa ppa r en t ly b e t t e rp re ser ved .T ak ing i n to a ccoun tt h et r e e -f a l ld i s tu rban ce o f t h e w e s t e rn b o rde r ( W1 ) , t h i s u n i t c ove r s a n o va l a r ea o f a pp rox ima t e ly 6x4m ( c i r ca 1 8 19 m2)w i th a nN -S o r ien ta t ion . H oweve r , w hen i n t e rp r e t ing t h e s pa t ia l p a t te rn ing o ft h i s u n i t , o ne h a st oc on s id e rt h ep o t en t ia ld i s tu rbance o ft h ec en t ra la r ea n ame ly s qua r e s 1 4 15 /26 -27 -b y ap a la e o t r ee -f a l l ( c f 6 ) . T h i s

t h eb a s i so fm a c ro scop ica lf e a tu r e s . T h em o s tf r equen t ly w o rked f l in t v a r ie ty i so f i n f e r io r q ua l i t y , d i sp lay ing f r o s t c ra ck s a nd h e t e rog eneou s i ni t sc o lou r a nd s t ruc tu r e . T he d om inan t c o lou r o ft h i s f l in tv a r ie s f r om l i gh t b r own , o ve ro ch r e t od a rk b r own ; t h em a in s t ruc tu r ei sf i n e -g ra ined w i th a l t e rna t ing s ma l l c o a r se g ra ined p a t che s '° .J udg ing f r om t h ec o r t ica l r emnan t sp r e se r ved

b e come s p a r t i cu la r ly e v iden t w hen i n t e rp re t ing t h e h or izon ta l d i sp e r s ion o ft h eb u rned f l in t s ( f ig . 8 ) . I ft h ed i s t r ibu t ion m ap i s

d oub t a bou t t h e e xa c t o r ig in o f t h e f l i n t v a r ie ty ; s im i la r w ea the red n odu le s w e r e f o und d u r ing s u r vey s a t s e ve ra l l o ca t ion s o n t h e a d jac en t c ue s ta ( C romb e 1 9 9 1 ) , w he r e t h ick

b e l ieved t og i v e ar e l iab le r ef l ec t ion o ft h eo r ig ina l s i tua t ion , t h i s u n i ts hou ld c on ta in t wo s e pa ra t e h ea r th sw i th am u tua l d i s tanc e o f 2m . H owev e r , k now ing t h a t t h e n o r ther n " hea r th " c o inc ide s s p a t ia l ly w i th t h ea r ea o ft h ea bove -men t ioned p o t en t ia l t r e e f a l l f e a tu re , s om ec a u t ion i sr e commend ed . I nd eed , r e f e r r ing t ot h e d i s t r ibu t ion m ap ( f ig . 8 )o ne c anno t e x c lude t h e p o s s ib i l i t y t h a t t h i s " hea r th " i s i n f a c t a p s eudo -h ea r th , c r ea t ed b y t h e w ind th row -d i s tu rbance o f t h e s ou th e rn h ea r th s i tua t ed i n s q ua re s 1 5 16 /26 -27 . I fw e a ccep t t h e s o u the rn h ea r th t ob e t h e o n ly t r ue f i r e -p lace o ft h i s u n i t , a l a c t iv i t ie s a ppa r en t ly t o ok p l a ce i nt h ea r ea t ot h en or th o ft h eh ea r th ( f ig . 9 ) . I ns p i t eo ft h e p o s t -depo s i t iona ld i s tu rbance ss ome h o r izon ta l p a t te r n ing i ss t i l l p r e se rved i nt h e g ene ra l d i s tr ibu t ion o ft h e d if e r en t t o o l typ e s . C ompa r ing t h e d i s tr ibu t ion o ft h e m ic ro l i th s o n t h e o ne h and ( f i g . 9 ) w i th t h a t o ft h e s c rape r s a nd t h e b u r in s o n t h e o t he r h and ( f ig . 1 0 ) , as t r ik ing s pa t ia l d i s c r epancy i sn o t iceab le . T he m a jor i ty o fm i c ro l i th sa r ef ound i nt h ei mmed ia t ev i c in i ty o ft h e s u ppo sed h e a r th , w he r ea s t h e s c rap e r s a nd t h e b u r in s h ave a m o re p e r iph e ra l d i s t r ibu t ion i nt h e n o r th o ft h e u n i t . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o fs ome d i sp e r sed f i nd s , m o s t s c rape r s a nd b u r in s a r e f o und i nt h ep a laeo t r e e f a l l W l .

o n m any a r t i f a c t s , o n ly r o l led n odu le s w i th am ax imum l e ng th o fa bou t 1 0c mh ave b e en w o rked . Mo s tp r obab ly am a jo rp a r to f t h i s r aw m a t e r ia l w a s b r ough t t o t h e s i t e a s i regu la r f r o s t c r a cked f r agmen t s , r a the r t h an c omp le t e n odu le s . T h i s i s i n d ica ted b y t h e r e la t ive ly f r equen t o c cu r r enc e o f u nmod if ied f r o s tf r agmen t s ( 4 3 e x . ) a nd o ff r o s t t r a c e s o n c o r e s p r e -da t ing t h e Me so l i th ic " deb i tage " ( 5 8 .51 % ) . T h e r e e x i s t s o n ly l i t t le

l a ye r s o f q ua t e rna r y g r ave l o u t c rop . T he n ea r e s t o u t c rop s a r e s i tua t ed b a r e ly 1km f r om t h e s i t e : o ne t ot h e s o u th -w e s t a tt h e " Ke iga tbo s " a nd a no the r t ot h e s ou th ea s t a tt h e " S te enbe rg " ( f i g . 1 ) . A s f a r a s c an b e i n f e r r ed f r om t h e a r t i f ac t s , m a in ly m ic ro l i th s a nd r e touched a r t i f a c t s h av e b e en p r oduced i nt h i s f l i n tt y p e . F o r t h e m anu f a c tu r e o fs c rap e r s a nd s om e b ur in s , i np a r t icu la r s ome b u r in s o n t r unca t ed e nd , o n t h eo t h e rh and ad a rk b r own g r ey i sh t ob l a ck c o lou red , f i ne -g ra ined f l i n t o fs uper io r q ua l i ty w a s u s ed . T he p r e senc e o f ar e la t iv e ly t h ick ( max . 1c m ) b u t r o l led w h i te c o lou r ed c ha lky c o r t ex o n s e ve ra l a r t if a c ts i n d ica t e s a p o s s ib le o r ig in s i tua ted o u t s ide t h e r e g ion o f " h e t Me e t je s land " . A l though t h e e xa c t p r ovenanc e r ema in s u nknown , i ti so bv iou s t h a t t h is f l i n tv a r ie t yp o s se s se s s t r ik ing s im i la r i t ie s w i th t h e s o ca l led " Obou rg " -f l in t o r ig ina t ing f r om t h e H a ine b a s in i nH a inau l t 1 .J udg ing b y t h e p r e sence o fs ome e xhau s ted c o r e s( f i g . 2 7 / 14 -2 , 1 5 ) , t h i sf l i n tv a r ie t y w a s p r obab ly k napped a tt h es i t e . At h i rd f l in tv a r ie ty o fd a rk g r ey i sh c o lou ra nd o fc oa r s e -g ra ined t e x tu r e i sw o rked t o am uch l e s s e r e x t end t h an t h e t wo f o rme r v a r ie t ie s . O n ly a l i m i t ed n umbe r o f a r t i f a c t s , i n c lud ing t h r ee T a rd eno i s p o in t s , o n e c o r e l ike e nd s c r ap e r , o ne c o r e a nd t woc r e s t ed b l ad e s , i sm anu f a c tu r ed o ft h i s f l i n t . I td if e r s f r om

8 .T he a r chaeo log ica l ma ter ia l I nt h i s c hap t e r a l f i nd s f r om b o th a r t i f a c t u n i t s w i l l b ej o in t ly a na lyzed , w i thou t m ak ing a ny d i s t in c t ion b e tw een t h o se r e cove r ed g eo log ica l ly i ns i tu a nd t h o se f r om t r e e f a l l f e a tu r e s . O n t h e c on t r a ry , b ecau se o f p o s s ib le c on tam ina t ion w i th y ounge ra r chaeo log ica l m a ter ia l , e . g . L a t e N eo l i th ic f i nd s , a nd s e le c t iv e g a the r ing , a l f i nd s f r om t h e a c tua l a nd t h e b u r ied

t h e t wo f o rme r f l i n t v a r ie t ie s b y t h e a ppa r en t t o ta l a b s enc e o f f r o s t c ra ck sp r e -da t ing t h e" d eb i tage " . A s t ot h e p o s s ib le o r ig in , s of a ra l li nd ica t ion sa r es t i l l m i s s ing .

p l ough l a y e r a nd f r om r e cen t d i s tu rbance s , w i th e x cep t ion o f m ic ro l i th sa nd b u r in s ,a r e n o ti n c lud ed i nt h i ss t udy .

8 . 2 .P hy s ica l a spec t T he r e cove red i n du s t ry p r e sen t s n ot r a c e so fn a tu ra l w ea the r ing p o s te r io r t o t h e k napp ing . T he p r e s enc e o f p r io r w ea the r ing t r a ce s , s u ch a s f r o s t c ra ck s , f r o s t su r f a c e s a nd a b r own i sh

8 . 1 . R aw m a te r ia l s T h e r e cov e r ed i n du s t ry i sa l mo s te x c lu s ive ly m ad eo ff l i n t . On ly

T he f o rme r r aw m a te r ia l o r ig ina t e s f r om t h e r e g ion o fT ienen

p a t ina , i sr e pea ted ly o b se r ved o n c o r e s . T h e n umbe r o fa r t i f a c t s d amaged b y h ea t ing a moun t s t o6 76 s p e c imen s , r e p r e sen t ing c i r ca 1 2% o ft h et o ta l i ty o ft h ef l in t i n du s t r y . O ft h i so n ly 7 . 85% p r e sen t s t r ace s o f i n t en s e a nd /o r p e r s i s t en t h ea t ing ( o ve rhea t ing ) , r e su l t ing i n at o ta ld ehyd ra t ion a nd f r agmen ta t ion

s ome 10 km t ot h es o u th -ea s to ft h es i t e , w he r ea s t h eo r ig in o f

o ft h ea r t i f a c t s . T he t h e rma l a l t e ra t ion o ft h e r ema in ing a r t i f a c t s

t h r e e a r t i f a c t s a r e n o t m ade o f f l i n t : ap r ox ima l b l ade le t f r agm en t a nd a b u r in o n at r un ca ted e nd i n Wonune r som q ua r tz i t e a nd a d i s ta l f r agmen t o f ab l ade i nc he r t ( p l i tan i t e ) .

t h e l a t t e r i sp robab ly s i tua t ed i nt h e C amb r iwn o u t c rop s n ea r

i sr e s t r ic ted t o aw eak c o lou r c hang e ( r edd i sh ) , ap o t l idd ing

O t t ign ie s a nd C e roux -Mou s t y i n t h e p rov in ce o f B raban t . I nd ica t ion s o f al o ca l " deb i tag e " o ft h e se e xo t ic m a te r ia l s a r e c omp le te ly l a ck ing o nt h es i t e .

a nd /o r ac r az ing ( P r ice e ta l . 1 9 82 : 4 69 ) o ft h e s u r f a c e o ft h e a r t if a c t s . R emnan t s o fc or tex a r e p r e ser ved o n 3 6 .84% o fa l l

A st ot h ek napped f l in t , t h ree m a in v a r ie t ie sc an b ed i sce rned o n

O nl e s st h an h a lf o ft h et o o lk i t( 4 1% )c o r t ex i so b s e r ved .

a r t if ac t s .Co r t ica l f l ake s , b ea r ing c or tex o n m o re t h an 2 / 3 o f t h e ir s u r f a c e ,a moun tt o2 9 .89% o ft h et o t a l i t yo fc omp le t ea r t i f a c t s .

5

N

° A

-c o re w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf orm -c o re w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p la t f orm s

3 5 1 9

3 7 .23 2 0 .21

-c o re w i th t wo c ros sed s t r ik ing p la tf orms

5

5 . 32

-c o re w i th mu l t ip le s t r ik ing p la tf orms

5

5 . 32

-c o re w i th c en t r ipe ta l n ega t ive s

3

3 . 19

-i n de te rm ina te f r agmen t s

1 9

2 0 .21

c ore t ype

-p repa red c o re /p re -co re TOTAL

8

8 . 51

9 4

1 00 .01

T ab le 4 :t y po log ica l c l a s s if i ca t ion o ft h ec o r e s . 8 . 3 . C ore sa nd h ammer s tone s

i n t en s ive ly w o rked , a s 8 5% b ea r s n ega t ive s o ve r 2 / 4 t o3 / 4 o f

T he r e la t ive ly h igh amoun t o fc ores ( 1 .67 % ) i n c ompa r ison

d i r ec t ion s i sp e r f o rmed o nt h es ame c o r es i de .

t oo t he r e xcava ted s i te s i nt h is s t udy a rea i sp robab ly i np ar t t o b e e xp la ined b y t h e i n f e r ior q ua l i ty o f t h e l o ca l f l in t

T he

e x t rac ted f r om q ua terna ry o u tcrops ( c f . 8 . 1) . T he s ma l l

r e p resen ted . C o re s w i th t wo c rossed s t r ik ing p la t f orm s ( f ig .

t h e c i rcumf e r enc e . U sua l ly ( 1 4 s p . ) f l ak ing i n t wo o ppo sed

r ema in ing

c o re

t y pe s

a re

m o re

o r

l e s s

e ven ly

d imen s ion s o f t h e o r ig ina l n odu les a nd f r os t f r agmen t s ,

1 3 /9 ; 1 4 / 1) u sua l ly b ear n ega t ives o f t h e s ame d i rec t ion o n

c omb ined w i th t h e p re sence o f many i n terna l i mpu r i t ie s -

o ne s i de . Among t h e c ore s w i th mu l t ip le s t r ik ing p l a tf orm s

e . g . f r o s t -c racks , d if e rence s i n t e x tu re , c or t ica l i n c lu s ion s ,

( f ig . 1 4 /2 ) , s ome d i sco ida l c o re s w i th c en t r ipe ta l n ega t ive s

-a r e r e spon s ib le f o r t h e f a c t t ha t c ore s b ecome e xhau s ted

e x is t . W i th o n ly t wo s pec imen s , h anune r s tone s a r e n ea r ly

o r i mp rope r p robab ly a f t e r r emova l o f o n ly a f ew f l ak ing

a b sen t o n t h is s i t e . O ne h amme r s tone i sm ade o fa n e xhau s ted

p roduc t s . T h is i sp ar t ia l ly i lu s t ra ted b y t h e p re sence o fs ome

c o re w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a t f orm , w he rea s f o r t h e s e cond o ne a n

e i gh t c o re s d i sp lay ing o n ly o ne n ega t ive o f r emova l o r o n ly

u nmod if ied c o r t ica l n odu le i su s ed .

t r ace s o fc ore p repa ra t ion . T he o ccur rence o ff i ve c ore sf r o s t f r ac tu red , p robab ly a cc iden ta l ly , d ur ing k napp ing w e l l i lu -

8 . 4 . C ore r e juvena t ion p roduc t s

s t ra te s t h e d i ff icu l t ie s p rope r t o t he " ddb i tage" o f t h is l o ca l f l in t v a r ie ty . T he m ean d imen s ion s o f t h e c o re s a r e : l e ng th

T he s c a rcenes s o fc o re r e juvena t ion p r oduc t s , e spec ia l ly o f

3 2 .55 mm ( c y 8 . 45 mm ) , w id th 2 7 .86 mm ( a 8 . 00 mm ) a nd

t a bu la r f l akes ( 4s p . ) a nd c o re s i de f l ake s ( 3s p .) , i sp r obab ly

t h ickne s s 2 0 .69 mm ( a 6 . 33 mm ) . L a rge ly 8 6% o f a l l c o r e s

d ue t ot h e s ma l l d imens ion s o ft h e k napped n odu le s , w h ich

a t ta in al e ng th s ma l le r t h an 4 0 mm ( f ig . 1 ) ; t h e l a rge s t c o r e

d o n o ta l low r e pea ted r educ t ion p roces se s . Among t h et a bu la r

m ea su r e s5 8 .5 m in . T he m ean a ng le , f o rmed b y t h e i n te r sec t ion

f l ake s o n ly o n e t y p ica l s pec imen ( f ig . 1 4 /6 ) o ccu r s , h av ing

o ft h e s t r ik ing p l a t f orm a nd t h e c or e s i de , a moun t s t o7 7 .96 °

r emoved a n o l d p l a tf orm c omp le te ly o ve r ac on s tan t t h ickne s s . T he o t he re xamp le sp o s se s at h in t r iangu la rs e c t ion a s ar e su l to f

( f ig . 1 ) . O n 4 / 5 ( 8 1 .94% ) o f a l l c o re s t h is a ng le i ss i tua ted

ap a r t ia l r emova lo ft h ep l a t f orm . One o ft h er e cove red c o r es i de

b e twe en 6 0 ° a nd 9 0 ' ; c o r e s w i th a n a ng le g r ea te r t han 9 0° a r e r a r e( 1 1 .11 % ) .

f l ake sb ea r sn ega t ive so fb l ade s .

T he a moun t o fc o re s b ea r ing n ega t ive s o fb l ade le t s ( 3 3 s p . ) o r

W i th 1 6 s pec im en s , c r e s ted b l ade s ( f ig . 1 4 / 3 -5 ) a r e a ppa r en t ly

f l ake s( 3 1 s p . ) i sa pp rox ima t e ly e qua l ; o n ly 1 4c o r e sp o s se sb o th

b e t te r r e p r e sen ted a mong t h e r e juvena t ion p r oduc t s , i n d ica t ing

n ega t ive s . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o fo ne c o re w i th r o ugh ly f a ce ted p l a tf o rm , a l c o re s p o s se s f l a t s t r ik ing p l a t f orm ( s ) . O n 2 6 c o r e s

a ss u ch f r equen t r e -or ien ta t ion o ft h e f l ak ing d i r ec t ion . O n ly 1 b l ade i sd oub le c r e s t ed .

( 3 4 .67% ) o ne o r s e ve ra l o l d f r o s t su r f ace s a r e u sed a s s t r ik ing p l a t f orm s w i thou t f u r the r m od if i ca t ion s . E dge r e gu la r isa t ion i s o b ser ved o n 5 2 .54% o f a l c o re s . I n mo s t c a se s " ddb i tage " i s

8 . 5 . Knapp ing p roduc t s

e xecu ted o n o ne o r s e ve ra l , n o t s e ldom w ea the red c o re s i de s .

T he f r equency o fb l ade le ts o n t h i s s i te ( c i r ca 1% ) i sr e la t ive ly

H oweve r , o n 2 c o re s k napp ing i s c l ear ly p e r f ormed o n a

h i gh . T he m ean d imen s ion sa r e : l e ng th 2 7 .31 mm ( a8 . 65 mm ) ,

n a tu ra lc r e s tc r ea ted b yt h ei n t e r sec t ion o f 2c or t ica la nd /o rf r o s t a l t e red s u r f a ce s .

w id th 9 . 60 m in ( c y 3 . 39 mm ) a nd t h ickne s s 3 . 94 mm ( a 2 . 70

F rom a t y po log ica l p o in t o f v i ew ( t ab le 4 ) c o r e s w i th o ne

T rue b l ade s w i th al e ng th g r ea te r t h an 5 0 mm a r e p a r t icu la r ly

s t r ik ing p l a tf orm ( f ig . 1 3 / 1-5 )a re d om inan tb y3 7 .23 % . On t h e

s c a rce ; t h e f l ak ing i sc l ea r ly o r ien ted t owa rd s t h e p roduc t ion o f

ma jor i ty o ft h e se ( 8 0 .49% ) h a rd ly h a lf o ft h e c i r cum f e r ence i s

i r regu la rb l ade le t s . T he m ean l e ng th /w id th r a t io amoun t s t o

e xp lo i ted ; o n 4 0% o f t h e se o n ly 1 / 4 o ft h e t o ta l c on tou r b ea r s n ega t ive s . Two c o re sd i sp lay t r ace so fu n i la te ra l n ega t ive sa l ong

2 . 98 mm . A cco rd ing t ot h e modu le sp ropo sed b yL e ro i -Gou rhan

o ne

l am ina ires ( 2 .L . /W . 2

1 45

1 4 ,276

9

0 . 06

1 47

1 . 03

7 5

-

-

-

3

0 . 01

6 1

1 0

± 25 ,000 ± 2 ,000

-

-

-

2 9

0 . 15

7 6

1

2 5 ,211

-

-

-

4 0

0 . 16

4 0

-V e r reb roek " Dok" a s semb l .type s 2 / 3/4

8

2 2 ,050

5 47

2 . 48

7 3

5

0 . 02

7 5

-V e r rebroek " Ambach te l i jke Z one" -K e lm is " Brenn H ag"

1 2

6 , 741

9 5

1 . 41

7 3

1 5

0 . 22

7 5

1 3

3 , 275

6 0

1 . 83

7 5

-

-

-U r se l "Wagenmake r sbeek 1 "

1 4

1 , 388

2 9

2 . 09

1 08

1

0 . 07

-Mendonk 1

1 5

1 , 732

1 3

0 . 75

8 7

9

0 . 52

9 3

-H o lsbeek " P iron"

1 6

1 , 236

1 4 .0

1 8

?

3 9 .40

2 3

-R oche -aux -Faucon s -H ennuye re s

1 7

± 10 ,000

? 4 1

1 1

0 . 01

2 4*

0 0 . 04

5 2

1 8

4 . 17

4 8 6 5

-T eve ren 15 ,1

1 9

± 29 ,000

-

4 . 17

-

2

0 . 01

10

-( Ho lsbeek "Ma r ran t" )

2 0

7 , 693

7 47

-

1 8

2 , 920

3 7 .96

2 3

7 5

7 3

" Verrebroek" a s semb lage type

5 8

15

9 . 71 " Ch inru / Meer" a s semb lage type -Mee r I

2 1

3 6*

-

-

-

1

2 . 78

-U kke l " Nekker sga t"

2 2

2 3*

5

2 1 .7

4 2

-

-

4 8

-Wee lde " Hooge ind s V oorhoof d 1 "

2 3

?

-

4

-

+

+

6 5

M WDL MESqL r nn " Sonn isse H e ide" a s semb lage type -K ru ishou tem " Ke rka l cker s"

1 , 591

-

-

-

2

0 . 12

1 07

-H e lch teren " Sonn is se H e ide 2 "

2 4

2 , 966

-

-

-

1 , 396

4 7 .07

4 1

-H o lsbeek " Boomkweker i j"

2 0

1 0 ,444

1 026

9 . 82

1 8

5 , 128

4 9 .10

2 3

2 5

8 41

-

-

-

1 80

2 1 .40

5 2

2 6

1 , 413

-

-

-

1 , 198

8 4 .80

3 2

7 , 439

-

-

-

5 33

7 . 16

8 8

5 73*

-

-

-

1 61

2 8 .10

8 0

2 , 665

-

-

-

2 9

1 . 28

8 8

"Ge lderhor s ten" a s semb lage type -L omme l " Ge lde rho r s ten" -Z onhoven " Bo lde rda l 1 " -N i jn se l 1 -O ir scho t V

2 7

-H aagakke r s -N e te r se l

2 8

6 8 1 , 375 4 03 2 9 .31 -Wach tebeke " Oudenbu r _sse S lu is" 7 48 6 0 . 67 9 3 1 0 1 . 34 • • • • • •• " • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • •• • • • ••••, . : ,,, - - • . : . . . v . . . . . . : , . . . . . . . . . . . v .. . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . „ . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . : ; . : , . , . . . . . . . . . . . „ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._

6 0

" Paardsdrank" a ssemb lage type -Oudenaa rde " Donk 1 "

2 , 173

-

-

-R emouchamps " S ta t ion L educ"

1 , 842

-

-

-

1 5

0 . 13

-Wee lde " Paa rd sd rank 1 "

2 9

± 2 ,500 1 ,877

-Wee lde " Paa rdsdrank 4 "

2 9

9 , 115

-Wee lde " Paa rd sdrank 5 "

2 9

9 , 298

-

-

2 , 590

-

5 43

-G od inne " Chaveau"

-N i jn se l I 3 0

-N i jn se l I I

4

0 . 18

1 02

> 2

> 0 .11

6 0

> 10

> 0 .40

5 4

6 8

2 , 142

1 8 .03

6 5

-

2 , 210

2 4 .25

6 5

2 , 579

2 7 .74

6 5

-

-

17

4 . 52

-

-

-

2 47

4 5 .49

8 8 8 8

0 . 02

6 5

2 26 2 , 683

4 . 10

5

1 .09

6 3

5 , 513

-

2 4 ,185

4

1 , 025 7 , 693

-

-

-

1 68

1 6 .39

6 3

7 47

9 . 71

1 8

2 , 920

3 7 .96

2 3

-A a l te r" S t ra tem"

3 , 316

-

-

-

5

0 . 15

16

-B rech t" Thoma s H eyve ld"

2 , 982

-

-

-

5 76

1 9 .32

6 3

9 00

7 7 .30

6 3

-

-

-

2 66

2 2 .11

6 3

2 02

9 . 61

4 8

-D i lsen " D i lse rhe ide I I" -B rech t "Moo rdenaa r sven 2 " -B rech t" Ove rbroek I " 2 0

-( Ho lsbeek "Ma r ran t" ) "Ru iter sku i l" a s semb lage type

-B rech t "Moordenaa r sven 1 "

3 1 3 2

-B rech t" Ove rbroek I "

1 , 165 1 , 203 2 , 102

-Opg labbeek " Ru i te r sku i l"

T ab le 4 5 : f r equency o f Womme r som a nd T ienen q ua r tz i t e w i th in d if e ren t a s semb lage typ e s o f t h e E a r ly , M idd le a nd L a te Me so l i th ic i nB e lg ium a nd a d jacen tr eg ion s . K ey : *o n ly t o o l s . V inde rhou t e a nd V er reb roek " Dok " ( a s semb lage type 1 ) , t h i s s pe c if i c e xo t ic ma ter ia l s e em s t ob e r e p laced b y Womme r som

I nc onc lu s ion t h e u se o fT ienen q ua r tz i te s e em s t ob e r e s t r ic t ed i n t ime ( Ea r ly Me so l i th ic ) a nd r e la ted t o o ne s p ec if i c

q ua r tz i t e . E xc ep t f o r b o th H o l sbeek s i t e s , t h e l a t te r m a te r ia l o n

a s s emb lage typ e , t h e " Ver reb ro ek" a s semb lage type . F i nd ing a

t h e o t he r h and i s o n ly i n c iden ta l ly r e p re sen t ed w i th in t h e

p l au s ib le e xp lana t ion f o rt h i s s p ec if i c p a t t er ns e em s n o t e a sy a s

" V er r eb roek" a s semb lage type .

l o ng a sw e d o n o t p o s se s ar e f ined a b so lu t e c h rono logy f o r t h e B e lg ian E a r ly Me so l i th ic . O n t h eb a s i so ft h ep r e sen t ly a va i lab le

J udg ing b y t h e p r e sen t ly a va i lab le d a ta , t h e d i s tr ibu t ion p a t tern

r a d ioca rbon d a t e s ( f ig .

o f Womme r som q ua r tz i te i sv e ry s im i la r t o t h a t o f T ienen q ua r tz i t e . S i t e s s i tua t ed w i th in a r a d iu s o f m ax imum 2 5 km

w he the r t h e f o u r E a r ly Me so l i th ic a s semb lage type s a r e o r a r e

a r ound t h e o u tc rop a t Womme r som , e . g . S chu len a nd D onk ,

d i ach ron ica l s t age s w i th in t h e E a r ly Me so l i th ic , t h i s w ou ld

n o t

9 1 ) o ne c anno t d ec ide f o r c e r ta in

c on t empo raneou s .

S uppo s ing

t h a t

t h ey

r e p re sen t

g ene ra l ly d i sp lay u p t o4 0 -45 % o f Wom rne r som q ua rz i te . Once

m ean t h a t T ienen q uar tz i te w a s o n ly u s ed f o r av e ry s hor t t i me

b eyond t h i sl im i tt h ef r equency q u ick ly d rop st ol e s st h an 1% .

d ur ing t h e E a r ly Me so l i th ic . Ap o s s ib le r e a son f o r t h i s m igh t

F u r thermo r e t h e g eog raph ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o fb o th q ua r tz i te s t o o s e em s t o b e r a the r u n if orm ( f ig . 8 8 , 8 9 ) . D ur ing t h e E a r ly

w h ich make s t h e k napp ing o ft h i s m a te r ia l l e s s e a sy , c ompa r ed

Me so l i th ic b o th e xo t ic ma te r ia l s w e r e s p read o ve r a lmo s t t h e

p r ove s t h i s h ypo the s i s t ob e t h e r i gh t o ne , t h i s w ou ld m ean t h a t

e n t i r e B e lg ian t e r r i to ry , w i th a c oncen t ra t ion i n t h e n or thern

t h e" V er r eb roek " a s semb lage type i nB e lg ium r e p r e sen t s as hor t

h ave b een t h e c oa r se -g ra ined s t ruc tu r e o f T ienen q uar tz i te . t o t h e f i ne -g ra ined Womme r som q ua r tz i t e . I ff u tu r e r e sea r ch

d i s t r ic t s . Womme r som q ua r tz i te w a s t r an spor ted e ven a b i t

p e r iod d u r ing w h ich Me so l i th ic m an t r i ed o u t t h e T ienen

f u r the r b eyond t h e a c tua l s t a te b o rde r s a s f a r a s t h e R h ine land

q ua r tz i te f o rt h e manuf ac tur ing o fh i s t o o ls . O ne m igh t w onde r i ft h i s h app ened b ef o re o r a f t e r l i e e xp lo i ted t h e o u tc rop o f

( e .g . a t H ambach a nd H ochenbu sch ) a nd G rea t D uchy o f L uxembu rg ( e .g . a t B e rdo r f ) . F rom t h e M idd le Me so l i th ic o nwa rd s t h e d ifu s ion o fT ienen q ua r tz i te a ppa ren t ly c ame t oa

Womme r som q ua r tz i te . A s P . G ende l ( 1 984 : 1 5 2 ) s ugge s ted w i th r e ga rd t o t h e s p r ead o f Womme r som q ua r tz i t e , t h e

c omp le t e s t and s t i l l . E xcep tf o rt h e s i t e s l o ca ted n ea r t h e s ou rce ,

c ha ra c ter i s t ic f a l l -of f p a t tern w h ich a l so c ha rac t er ize s t h e

e . g . H o l sbeek " Boomkweker i j" a nd H o lsbeek "Mar ran t" ,T ienen

d i s tr ibu t ion o fT ienen q ua r tz i te n ea r t h e 2 0 km r a d iu s a r ound

q ua r tz i te i sa lmo s t c omp le te ly l a ck ing i n M idd le a nd L a te

t h e o u tc rop m igh t i nd ica te a n o ppor tun is t ic u s e o ft h e s ou rce

Me so l i th ic a s semb lage si nt h eB ene lux ( t ab le 4 5 ) .

b y l o ca l g roup s o f h un te r s -ga the re r s i n l ow land B e lg ium ,

S imu l taneou s ly t h e d i f fus ion o f Wommer som q uar tz i te i s

e t hnog raph ica l e v idence ( B in f o rd 1 9 83b : 2 73 -275 ) w e a c tua l ly

i n t en s if ied a nd e n la rged ( Gende l 1 982 : 2 7 -28 ; 1 984 : 1 42 -

k now t h a t r aw m a te r ia ls u s ed i nt h e m anu f ac tu r e o fi mp lemen ts

1 4 3) . F rom t h e M idd le Me so l i th ic o nwa rds a nd e spec ia l ly

a r e n orma l ly o b ta ined i n c iden ta l ly t o t h e e xecu t ion o f b a s ic

d u r ing t h e L a te r Me so l i th ic ,

s ub s is tence t a sk s , m ean ing t h a t r aw m a t er ia l p r ocu remen t i s

p e rhap s a s p a r t o f a s e a sona l

Womme r som q uar tz i te

i s

s ub s i s t ence

s c hedu le s .

F r om

s p read b a s ica l ly t ot h e n or th o ft h e s ou rce . W i th in t h e a r ea

e mbedded

e nc lo sed b y t h e S che ld t i nt h e w e s t , t h e R h ine /Meu se i n t h e

o b se rved f a l l -o f fp a t ter n a r ound t h e s o u r ce i sn o t c ha ra c te r i s t ic

n or th a nd t h e Meu se i nt h ee as t ( f ig . 9 0 ) , movemen to fl a rge

f o r d i re c t p r ocu remen t e xped i t ion s .

q uan t i t ies o f Wommersom q uar tz i te , u p t o 3 0 -77 % , o ver

i n b a s ic

c yc le o f a c t iv i t ie s .

s t ra teg ie s

Mo reove r ,

c onduc ted

b y

t h e

s p ec ia l

d i s tance s o f mo r e t h an 6 5 km a r e n ow c ommon . E xamp le s Y e t , a no the r i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e d a ta m u s t a l so b e c on s ide r ed

h e reo f a r e t h e s i te s o f O i r scho t V , N e te r se l , Wee lde " Paa rd sd rank" , N i jn se l I Ia nd B re ch t "Moo rdenaa r sven

h e r e . A f te r a l s t a t i s t ica l a na ly s i s o f t h e a va i lab le " C -da t e s

6 1

( C rombd i n p r e s s b ) . A cco rd ing t o t h i s v i ew b o th q ua r tz i t e s c ou ld h ave b e en d i sp e r sed s imu l taneou s ly o ve r t h e a r ea . I ft h i s

t y p e , t h e l a t t e r c ha ra c t e r iz ed b y t h e e x c lu s ive u se o f T i enen q ua r tz i t e . O n t h e o t he r h and t h e " Ou r la ine " a s semb lag e typ e w i th i t s s pe c if i c u s e o f Wom rne r som q ua r tz i te p r e sen t s m uch m o r e t y po log ica l a f in i t ie s w i th mo r e s o u the rn t r ad i t ion s . U pon

w a s i n deed t h e c a s e t h e o b ser ved d if e r en t ia l u s e o f e xo t ic m a t e r ia l s i nr e la t ion t os p e c if ic a s semb lage type s i se ven m uch m o r e d if i cu l t t o e xp la in , s i nce b o th q ua r tz i t e s a nd r e la t ed a s s emb lage sa ppa r en t ly o ccu ri nt h es am eg ene ra l r e g ion .

c l o se r l o ok t h e B e lg ian t e r r i to ry i ss i tua t ed d ur ing t h e e a r l ie r Me so l i th ic o n t h ef r inge o ft wo l a rge t y po log ica l c omp lexe ss °, a n o r th E u rop ean "Mag lemo se " o ne d om ina t ed b y p o in t s w i th u n r e touched b a s e a nd /o r s c a lene t r iang le s a nd as ou the rn o ne

p r ove s t h a t i ti sp e r f e c t ly p o s s ib le t h a t t wo o r e ven m o r e E a r ly M e so l i th ic a s semb lag e type s a r e s t r ic t ly c on tempo raneou s

( n o r th a nd c en t ra l F rance ) d om ina ted b yc r e scen t s a nd i s o s c e le s t r i ang le s . K now ing f r om v a r iou s e t hnog raph ica l a nd a r chaeo log ica l s t ud ie s ( Hodd e r 1 982 ; W ie s sne r 1 983 ; G ende l 1 9 84 ; 1 989 ) t h a t s t y le i nm ic ro l i th ic a rma tu r e s c an b e u s ed i n t h e p roc e s s o f b ounda ry m a in tenan ce , e . g b y c onv ey ing i n f o rma t ion w h ich s ymbo l iz e s p ec if ic s o c ia l r e la t ion sh ip s s u ch

As im i la rp a t t e rn h a sb e en d e sc r ibed b yR .M . J a cob i ( 1 978 : 3 02 3 07 ) f o r t h e E a r ly Me so l i th ic i nn o r ther nE ng land . W i th in t h e r e g ion s o ft h e P enn in e s , N o r th Y o rk Moo r s a nd L inco ln sh i r e o c cu r t wo t y po log ic a l ly d if e ren t a s semb lag e type s , t h e " Deep ca r " a nd " S ta r C ar r " t y pe s , w h ich a r e p o ten t ia l ly

a s e t hn ic g roup , i ti sv e ry t emp t ing t or e la te t h e se " s ty l i s t ic " z one s w i th f o rme r s o c ia l t e r r i tor ie s . V e r if y ing t h is h ypo the s i s h ow eve r d emand s al a rge sca le a nd d e ta i led i n qu i ry f o cu sed u pon i nd iv idua l s t y l i s t ic a t t r ibu t e s o f t h e a rma tu r e , s u ch a s s h ap e , l a te ra l iza t ion a nd s i z e , r a the r t h an o n c l u s t e r s o f a t t r ibu te s( Gend e l 1 9 89 : 4 1-42 ) .

c on t empo raneou s a s s ugge s ted b y t h e s c an t r a d ioca rbon e v id enc e a va i lab le a t t h a t t ime 4 9 .B o th a s semb lage s a l so s i gn if ican t ly d if e r i n t h e r aw m a t e r ia l s e mp loyed . T he a s semb lage s o ft h e " De epca r " t y pe s e em t o b e d om ina t ed b y a r t i f a c t si nw h i t ef l i n t ,w h i le s em i t ran s luc en ts pe ck led g r ey f l i n t a nd t r an spa r en t h one y co lou r ed f l in t p r edom ina t e w i th in t h e " S ta rC a r r "a s s emb lage s . J a cob is ugge s t st ot r an s la t et h i sp a t t e rn i n to s o c ia l t e rm s . H ee nv isage s t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t i tr e f lec t s t h e a c t iv i t ie so f ap a i ro f" s o c ia l g roup ing s "w h ich e xp lo i ted c l o se i n t i me i d en t ica lt e r r i to r ia l r a nge s .

1 4 . C onc lu s ion D e sp i te t h ef a c tt h a t t h e i n t ra s i t ea na ly s i s i sf a r f r om c omp le t ed , t h e p r e sen t s t udy c l ea r ly p rove s t h a t t h e s i t e o f V e r r eb ro ek

A l though e x t r eme ly d i ff i cu l t t op rove , t h e i d ea o f at empo ra ry c o ex i s tence o fd if e r en ts o c ia l g roup ing sm igh ta l so b e v a l id f o r t h e B e lg ian s i tua t ion . Ap o s s ib le e xp lana t ion m igh t b e t h a t t h e g ene ra l d i s t r ibu t ion a r ea o fT ienen a nd Womme r som q ua r tz i t e d u r ing t h e E a r ly M e so l i th ic c o r r e spond s t o t h e a r ea o f o ve r lapp ing t e r r i to r ie so ft wo o rm o r e m ax imum b and s . I nt h i s c on t ex t t h e s e le c t ive u s e o f Womme r som a nd T ienen q ua r tz i t e m igh t s ymbo l iz e t h e s o c ia l g roup af i l ia t ion . Among h un t e r g a the r e r s t h e e x chang e o f m a ter ia l s a nd p roduc t s b e tw een s o c ia l ly r e la ted g roup s , i n p ar t i n o rder t o m a in ta in s o c ia l t e r r i tor ie s , s e em s t ob e av e ry c ommon p r a c t i se ( Gende l 1 9 82 : 3 2 ; 1 984 : 1 5 5 ) .

" Dok" c on s id e rab ly c on t r ibu t e s t o t h e u nd e r s tand ing o f t h e E a r ly P o s t -G la c ia l i n B e lg ium , a s w e l l o n t h e l e ve l o f t h e s e t t lemen t s y s t em s a s o n t h e l e ve l o ft h e a b so lu te c h rono logy . A c tua l ly t h e s i t e i s o ne o f t h e f ew Me so l i th ic o p en -a i r s e t t lemen t s i n B e lg ium t h a t o f e r s g ood a nd i n t e r e s t ing p r o spec t s f o r ad e ta i led p a laeo e thnog r aph ica l i n ve s t iga t ion . I n t h e n ea r f u tu r e w e h op e t ob e a b le t oe xpand t h e a na ly s i s w i th m ic rowea rr e s ea r ch a nd r e f i t t ing . O n t h e o t he r h and t h e c on t inua t ion o ft h e s a lvage r e sea r ch a t t h e l o ca l i ty o fV e r r eb roek h a s r e cen t ly b e en a s su red t h ank s t oa s u b s tan t ia l r e s ea r ch c r ed i t g r an t ed b y t h e R e s ea r ch C oun c i l o f t h e G hen t U n ive r s i t y . T h i s f und w i l l a low u s t o o rgan iz e a l a rge sca le a nd m u l t id i sc ip l ina ry r e sea r ch p r o jec t , i n c lud ing p edo logy , p a la eo -bo tany , a r chaeo -zoo logy a nd p e t rog raph y , i n o r d e r t o i n ve s t iga t e a s m uch a s p o s s ib le b e f o r e t h e c omp le t e d e s t ruc t ion o ft h es i t eu l t ima te ly i n2 001 .

O n t h e b a s i s o f as e r ie s o f i n con te s tab le t y po log ica l p a ra l le l s w i th in t h e m ic ro l i th s w e c ou ld d emon s t ra t e a n o r thern a f f i l ia t ion f o rt h e" Ne e rha r en " a nd -V e r r eb roek" a s semb lage -

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CHAPTER 3 : MIDDLE MESOL ITHIC S ETTLE MENT AT KRU ISHOUTE M "KERKAKKERS"

T h is h ypo the s i s w a s f u l ly c onf i rmed b y t h e e xcava t ion s o f

1 .R e search h i s tory

1 990 , w h ich r e vea led t r ace s o f al a rge ly p e r tu rbed M idd le Me so l i th ic o ccupa t ion ( C rom M 1 991b ) . F ur the rmo re f o r t h e f i r s t t ime w e s u cceeded i ng a the r ing i n d i spu tab le d a ta t h a t p roved t h e u n r e l iab i l i ty o f C zep iec 's i n f o rma t ion . T he

T he s i te o fK ru i shou tem " Ke rkakke r s " i sk nown a l ready f o r s ome t ime a nd h a s a t t rac ted t h e a t ten t ion o f s eve ra l a r chaeo log i s t s d ur ing t h e l a s t 3 0 y ea r s . T he s i te w a s d i scove red i n J une 1 967 b y J . V an Wambeke d u r ing t h e c on s truc t ion o f af oo tba l l f i e ld j u s t o u t s ide t h e c en t re o f t h e v i l lage o f K ru i shou tem . B e s ide s G a l lo -Roman g rave s t h e c on sequen t i n spec t ion o ft h e se w o rk s b y M . R ogge ( Rogge 1 973) r e vea led q u i te a n umbe r o f l i th ic a r t if ac t s , among w h ich s ome d i agno s t ic Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic t o o ls .

e xcava t ion s l e d t ot h e d i scove ry o ft wo m a jo r f a ls if ica t ion s . F i r s t i tw a s o b ser ved t h a t t h e s o -ca l led N eo l i th ic b u i ld ing w i th i t s u nde r ly ing o ccupa t ion l a ye r a nd s u r round ing p i t s n eve r e x is ted a nd w a s i n f a c t a n i n ven t ion o f C zep iec . I t t u rned o u t t h a tb o th l o ng s i de s o ft h i s c on s tr uc t ion p e r f ec t ly c o inc ided w i th t wo d i tche s o f G a l lo -Roman d a t e , w h ich w e re s t i l l p r e sen t a round a nd e ven u nde rnea th C zep iec 's t r enche s o f 1 973 ( f ig . 9 2 ) . F u r the rmo r e w e c ou ld c o r re la te t h e s o -ca l led N eo l i th ic l a ye r w i th t h e u ppe r f i l l ing o fo ne o f

A s ar e su l t o ft h e se d i scove r ie s i n 1 973 t h e f i r s t s chedu led e xcava t ion s w e re o rgan ized o n t h e s i te b y t h e P o l ish a r chaeo log i s t S t an is law C zep iec ; t h is w a s d one a s p ar t o fa d oc tora l r e sea r ch p ro jec t e n t i t led " The h uman o ccupa t ion a t H u ise a nd K ru ishou tem d u r ing p r eh is tor ic a nd R oman t ime s " . D u r ing t he se , t h ree t r enche s w e re e xcava ted . A cco rd ing t ot h ee xcava to ro n ly t wo o ft h em r e vea led i ns i tu t r ace s o fp r eh i s tor ic a c t iv i t ie sa tt h e s i te . T he m o s t i mpor tan t f e a ture s c ou ld b e o bserved i n t r ench A s i tua ted a l ong t h e b o rde r o f as andy h i l l ( f ig . 9 2 ) . T hey c on s is ted o f 1 3 p i t s , a n

t h e se R oman d i tche s . T he s e cond f o rge r y c once rn s t h e f i nd ing s . C on t ra ry t oo u re xpec ta t ion s t h e r e cen t e xcava t ion s d i d n o t r e vea l a ny s he rd b e long ing t o t h e M iche lsbe rg t r ad i t ion , i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e c e ram ic s i n c luded i nC zep iec 's c o l lec t ion d i d n o t o r ig ina te f r om t h e s i te . M eanwh i le b e tween 1 990 a nd 1 993 t h ree e xcava t ion c ampa ign s w e re o rgan ized , c onf irm ing t h e p r e sence o f as i ng le Me so l i th ic o ccupa t ion p ha se a tt h i s l o ca t ion ( c f . 3 ) . B e s ide s al i m i ted n umbe ro fL a t e N eo l i th ic /Ea r ly B ronze A ge f l in t s , e . g . s ome

o ccupa t ion l a ye r a nd a s ma l l r e c tangu la r c on s truc t ion o f 7 . 85x3 .50 m c ons is t ing o f af o unda t ion t r ench i n w h ich

t a nged a r rowhead s , n o c l ea r t r ace s o f aL a t e S t one A ge o ccupa t ion w e re f ound .

i n d iv idua l p o s tho le s w e r e s t i l l v i s ib le . A cco rd ing t o t h e r e t r ieved a r chaeo log ica l f i nd s t h e se f e a tu re s d a ted b ack t o t h e M idd le N eo l i th ic a nd c ou ld b e a t t r ibu ted t o a M iche lsbe rg o ccupa t ion a tt h e s i te . T he e xcava t ion o ft r ench B , s i tua t ed d own s lope t h e s andy h i l l , o n t h e o the r h and r e vea led as ma l l a r t if ac tc oncen t ra t ion ( 5x6 m ) a ppa ren t ly o f L a te Me so l i th ic o r ig in ( Czep iec 1 978 : 5 13 ) .

2 .L oca l i sa t ion T he m un ic ipa l i ty o fK ru ishou tem ( f ig . 9 3 ) i ss i tua ted i nt h e s ou the rnmo s t p a r t o f S andy F lande r s a pp rox ima te ly i n t h e c en t r e o f t h e i n ter f luv ia l r e g ion b e tween t h e r i ve r L y s a nd S che ld t . T he s i te l i e s h a rd ly 6 50 m t ot h e s ou thwe s t o f t h e v i l lage c en t re ( c o -o rd ina te s N5 0°53 '35" /E 3 °31 '27" ) i na n

H oweve r , i n t h e c ou r se o f h i s r e sea rch m anda te s e r iou s d oub t s w e r er a ised among t h e m embe r s o ft h eD epar tmen t o f A rchaeo logy o ft he Un ive r s i ty o fG hen ta st ot h ec ompe tence a nd r e l iab i l i t y o fS t . C zep iec ( De L ae t e ta l . 1 982 : 5 -6 ) . F o r e xamp le i th ad b een n o t iced t h a t s e ve ra l e xcava t ion p l an s w e re m ade o r a d ju s ted p o s t f a c tum . C on sequen t ly i n 1 978 C zep iec ' s d oc tora l d i s ser ta t ion w a s r e fu sed . N ever the le s s i n 1 982 a f t e r a t ho rough e xam ina t ion o f t h e a va i lab le i n f orma t ion P rof . D r . S . J . D e L ae t d ec ided t o p ub l ish i n

a r ea t h a t i sp r e sen t ly u s ed a s as por t s f i e ld . L y ing a t a n a l t i tude o f5 0 -53 m T .A .W . a l ong t h e s ou thea s te rn f l ank o fa g en t ly u ndu la t ing h i l l , t h e s i te f a ce s t h e d eep ly e r oded v a l ley o ft h e Mo lenmee r sbeek , w h ich r un s SW -NE . A cco rd ing t o t h e g eo log ica l a nd p edo log ica l m ap s ( Oudenaa rde 8 4E ) t h e s o i l c on s is t s o f at e r t ia r y s ub s t ra tum o fP an i se l ian s and s c ove r ed b y at h ick l o amy sand s e d imen t o f S cc (h ) type , i . e . m ode ra te ly d ry p r e -podzo l ic s o i l w i th a d i scon t inuou s t e x tu ra l B -ho r izon a nd i r on c onc r e t ion s . I n t h e a d jacen t v a l ley o n t h e o t he r h and t h ick c o l luv ia l s o i ls o ccu r .

e x tenso C z ep iec 's e xcava t ion s . A l l l i th ic m a te r ia l w a s s ubm i t t ed t oA . G ob f o ra na ly s is ; o nt h eb a s is o fh i s o b ser va t i on s a nd t h e c e ram ic f i nd s i tw a s c onc luded t h a t o n ly o ne o ccupa t ion p ha se , i . e . a M idd le N eo l i th ic o ne , w a s r e pre sen ted o n t h e s i te . F rom t h e p ub l ica t ion o f 1 982 o nwa rd s t h e s i te o f K ru ishou te in " Ke rkakke r s "

b ecame

3 .T he e xcava t ion

n a t iona l ly a nd i n te rna t iona l ly w e l l k nown a so ne o ft h e r a re M iche lsbe rg s i te s i nt h e n or thwe s te rn c on tex tt h a t r e vea led a c o mp le t eM idd le N eo l i th ic h ou se -p lan .

A s a l r eady m en t ioned b ef o re , a f t e r t h e f i r s t c on t ro l l ing e xcava t ion s o f 1 990 a no the r t wo f i e ld c ampa ign s t o ok p l ace

H av ing o u r se lve s r e -exam ined t h e f i nd ing s c o l lec ted b y C zep ie c w e d ec ided i n 1 990 t o u nder take s ome a dd i t iona l f i e ldwo rk a t t h is l o ca t ion i n o rd e r t o c heck a l l p re sen t ly

a t t h e l o ca t ion o f t h e " Ke rkakke r s " . A l toge the r 6t r enche s c ove r ing a s u r f a ce o f 1 3 11 .5 m2 c ou ld b e i n ve s t iga ted ( f ig . 9 4 , 9 5 ) . T he f i r s t c ampa ign t o ok p l ace i n 1 990 f r om J une t i l l

a va i lab le i n f orma t ion a nd e ven tua l ly t o o b ta in s ome n ew d a ta . A cco rd ing t oo u ro b serva t ion sa nd c on t ra ry t oA . G ob 's

S ep tembe r ( C rombd 1 9 91b ) . T he f i r s t o b jec t ive w a s t o l o ca l iz e C zep iec 's t r enche s f r om h i s 1 973 r e sea r ch , s i nce n o

c onc lu s ion s p a r t o f t h e f l in t i n du s t ry d i sp layed s ome c l ea r Me so l i th ic a ff in i t ie s , w h ich s ugge s ted a p o s s ib le o l de r

p r ec ise c o -o rd ina te s w e re a va i lab le a ny m o r e . O n t h e d i rec t ion s o fM . R ogge , t h e o n ly a r chaeo log i s t w ho v i s i ted

o ccupa t ion o ft h e s i te .

t h es i te d u r ing C zep iec 's d igg ing , at r ia l t r ench ( KK90 -1)

6 5

w a s m ea su red o u t i n as ma l l z one i nb e tween t wo f o o tba l l f i e ld s . A p er tu rba t ion i n t h e s ou thea s t e rn c o rne r o f t h i s t r en ch c ou ld b ec o r r e la t ed w i th C zep ie c ' s t r ench A , i n wh ich h e c l a imed t oh ave f o und t h e s o -ca l led N eo l i th ic c on s t ruc t i o n . F u r the r i n ve s t iga t ion o ft h i s t r ench a l so r e vea led t r ace s o f Me so l i th ic , G a l lo -Roman a nd m ed ieva l a c t iv i t ie s a t t h e s i t e . T he d i scove ry o f Me so l i th ic a r t if a c t s ( s ec to r 1 ) m o t iva t ed u s t o c on t inue t h e i n ve s t iga t ion a tt h i s l o ca t ion ; c on sequen t ly 2a dd i t iona l t r enche s ( K I (90 -2 , K I (90 -3 ) w e re s e t o u t i n t h e i mmed ia t e v i c in i ty . I n t h e c en t r a l p a r t o f t r ench I ( . 1(90 -3 as e cond Me so l i th ic a r ea ( s e c to r 2 )c ou ld b e l o ca t ed . Meanwh i le h andbo r ing s e xe cu ted s o u th o f t h i s t r ench p o in t ed o u tt h ee x i s tence o f at h i rd Me so l i th ic s e c to r , w h ich w a s i n ve s t iga t ed a f t e rwa rd s i n 1 992 ( C rombd 1 993b : 9 0 -91 ) a nd 1 993 ( C rombd 1 994 : 7 6 -77 ) b y m ean s o f 3 a dd i t iona lt r enche s ( K 1 (94 -4 /5 /6 ) .

5 . Ana ly se s 5 . 1 . P a lyno log ica l a na ly s i s( i n c o l labo ra t ion w i th J .H e im ) Du r ing t h e e x cava t ion c ampa ign s o f 1 9 90 a nd 1 992 t h ree p i t s o fp r e sumed n a tu ra l o r ig in ( c f . 6 ) -W5 , W6 /7 a nd W8 w e re s amp led b y t h e e xcava to r s f o r t h e p u rpo se o f p a lyno log ica l a na ly s i s . T he p i t f i l l ing s w e re s amp led o ve r t h e e n t i r e t h ickne s s w i th r e gu la r i n t er va l s ( f ig . 9 6 ) . T he a na ly s i s p e r f o rmed b y J .H e im r e vea led o n ly i n p i t s W6 /7 a nd W8 a c on s ide rab le amoun t o f p re se rved p o l len p e rm i t t ing a n i n t e rp r e ta t ion o f t h e d a t a ( t ab le 4 6 ) . I n b o th f e a tu r e s t h e b o t tom a nd t h e l ow e s t c on so l ida t ed l a ye r s ( s amp le s 1& 2 ) s e emed a lmo s t c omp le t e ly s t e r i le . O n t h e o the r h and t h e u ppe r l o o se r a nd h umous ( W8 ) l a yer , c o r re spond ing t ot h e a r t if ac t b ea r ing l e ve l , i se x t r eme ly r i ch i n p o l len . T he o b served p o l len c ompo s i t ion , c ons is t ing p r inc ipa l ly o f T i l ia , Q uercus , U lmus , F rax inus , A lnus , C ory lus , H ed e ra a nd V i scum , i s c ha rac te r is t ic f o r a n A t lan t ic f o re s t . Moreove r , t h e i mpor tance o f Mono le tes a nd P o lypod ium c l ea r ly i nd ica te s ar a the r m o is t e nv ironmen t . Mos t r ema rkab le i s h oweve rt h e p r e sence o fC erea l ia i nc e r ta in s amp le s , e . g . i ns amp le 3o fp i t W8 ( ± 1 3% ) , a nd t h e h igh A P v a lue s , w h ich amoun tt o am ean o f6 7 ,1 % .

T h e e xcava t ion o f t h e Me so l i th ic s i t e w a s c onduc ted b y c a r ef u l ly s hove l l ing t h e s i te s u r f a ce u n t i l o ne o r s e ve ra l a r t if ac tc oncen t ra t ion sc ou ld b e l o ca t ed . T he l a t t e rw e r e t h en i n ve s t iga ted b y m ean s o f at r ow e l a nd t h re e -d imen s iona l r e g i s t ra t ion o f a l f i nd s . A l l d i r t w a s d r y s i ev ed t h rough m e she so f 5mm w id th . 4 .S t ra t igraphy T h e s t ra t ig raph ica l c on s t i tu t ion o ft h e s i t e v a r ie s a c co rd ing t ot h e s i t e t o pog raphy . I n s e c to r 1o f t h e Me so l i th ic s i t e , l y ing a l ong t h e s ou thea s t e rn p l a teau b o rde r , t h e f o l low ing s e quence w a so b se rved :

E v iden t ly t h e a bove d e scr ibed p o l l en s p ec t ra c anno t b e c o r re la t ed w i th t h e u p roo t ing o f t h e t r ee s n o r w i th t h e d epo s i t ion o ft h ea r t if a c t s i nt h e u ppe rl a y e r s o ft h ep i t s . T he a ppa r en t ly t o o y oung s pec t rum c an b e s t b e e xp la ined b y p o l len i nf i l t ra t ion c au sed b y i n ten s iv e b i o tu rba t ion s i n t h e u ppe rl a ye r so ft h e se n a tu ra lf e a tu re s .

-ad a rk g r ey i sh b r own ( 1 0YR4 / 3 ) s andy p l ough l a ye r ( Ap i) w i th am ean t h ickn e s so f0 . 25 i n -a l i gh t g r ey i sh b r own s andy f o rme r p l ough l a ye r ( A p 2 ) w i th a m ean t h ickne s s o f0 . 10 m a nd s pade d i t che s a tt h e b a s e -ad a rk b r own ( 1 0YR4 /4 ) , s po t t ed a nd h umou s s a nd l a ye r w i th am ean t h ickne s s o f0 . 20 m . T he s po t ted a s pec t r e su l t s f r om m ic roba c t e r ia l a c t iv i t ie s . A cco rd ing t ot h e p edo log i s t s ( S y s &V andenhoud t 1 9 71 : 4 4 -45 ) t h i s l a ye r w a s f o rmed a s ar e su l t o fh umu s i nf i l t ra t ion , w h ich c hanged t h e s o i l i n to a c o lou r B -ho r izon . H ow eve r , j udg ing b y t h e a bundan t p r e sence o f a n ima l g a l le r ie s , i n p ar t icu la r o f e a r thwo rm s a nd m o le s , i t s e em s t h a t f a una l tu rba t ion i s a b e t te r e xp lana t ion f o r t h e f o rma t ion o ft h i s h umou s l a y e r . O n t h e b a s i s o f a r chaeo log ica l e v idence t h e c r ea t ion o f t h i s l a ye r c an b ew e l l d a t ed b e tw e en t h ee nd o ft h e R oman p e r iod ( 3 rd c en tu ry AD ) a nd t h e 1 0 th 12 th c en tu r y . -al o o se y e l low -g r ey i sh s and l a ye r( C -ho r izon ) p r e sen t ing a t ad ep th o f0 . 75 t o1 . 00 i n ad i scon t inuou s c l ay a c cumu la t ion h o r izon ( B 2t ho r izon ) o fo r ange -b rown i sh c o lou r . T he u ppe r 0 . 10 t o0 . 15 m o ft h i s l a ye r s t i l l d i sp lay s n ume rou s a n ima l g a l le r ie s f i l led u p w i th m a t r ix o f t h e a bov e l y ing b i o tu rba t ion l a ye r .

5 . 2 . A na ly s i s o fo rgan ic r ema ins 5 . 2 .1 . C har coa l ( i n c o l labo ra t ion w i th F .S t eenhoud t ) Sma l l a moun t s o f c ha r coa l f r agmen t s w e r e f o und o n ly w i th in a r t if a c t u n i t W6 /W7 s i tua t ed i n s e c to r I . T he h o r izon ta l a nd v e r t ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e se c a rbon ized f r agmen t s f u l ly c o inc id ed w i th t ha t o f t h e l i th ic a r t i f a c t s . B ecau se o f t h e n ume rou s b i o tu rba t ion s a nd t h e r a the r u ndeep s t ra t ig raph ica l p o s i t ion t h e s e c ha rcoa l f r agmen t s s e emed n o t a pp rop r ia t e f o r f u r the r a n th raco log ica l o r r a d iome t r ic a na ly s i s . A s ma l l c ha r coa l s amp le r e t r ieved f r om a h ea r th -p i t s i tua ted i n s ec to r 1o n t h e o ther h and s eemed w o r th a na lyz ing . T he r e su l t s o f a n thraco log ica l a na ly s is r evea led t h e p resence o f 3 4 Q uercus f r agmen t s a nd 3 P omord eae f r agmen t s . O n t he b a s is o f t hese o bserva t ions t h is f ea ture c an t en ta t ive ly b e s i tua ted a t t h e e nd o f t h e B orea l o r i n t he A t lan t ic p e r iod . 5 . 2 .2 . Haze lnu ts he l l s

As omewha td if e r en t s o i l s e quence w a so b ser ved i ns e c to r2 a nd 3o ft h e Me so l i th ic s i t e . H e re as t rong ly c emen ted i r on a c cumu la t ion h o r izon o f a p r e -podzo l ( Bf e -ho r izon )

B e s ide s f o u r s ma l l f r agmen t s w i th in u n i t W9 , a c oncen t ra t ion o f c i rca 2 0 g r am s o f c a rbon ized h az e lnu t s he l ls w a s f o und a mong t h e l i t h ic a r t i f a c t s w i th in u n i t W2 . A l l f r agmen t s c an b e d e te rm ined a s b e long ing t o t h e C ory lus a ve l lana s p ec ie s .

a ppea red i mm ed ia t e ly u nde rnea th t h e A pi a nd A p 2.On ly l o c a l l y at h in f r agm en to ft h eb i o t tuba t ion l a y e rs e em ed p r e s e rv ed .

6 6

P i t 8

P i t6 /7

S amp le 4

L aye r

2

3

1

7

6

4

3

2

1

4 83

3 10

19

7

2

7 24

4 22

P o l len A P

1 29

6 0

-

1

3 80

P o l len AP+NAP

1 41

8 8

2

2

5 92

Al nus B e tu la F rax inus

9

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

1 9 .9

6

6 . 8

-

-

9 3

1 5 .7

7 6

1 0 .5

1 41

3 .4

3 6

1 5 .0

1

-

-

-

2

2 . 3

-

-

2

0 . 3

0 . 1

-

-

3

1 . 2

-

-

3 6 .2

1 0

-

-

-

1 -

2 19 -

3 7 .0

-

1 .4 -

3

2 . 2

2

2 . 3

-

-

1

N

N

1

-

%

N

5

2 8 5 1

C ory lus

2 41 N

N

2 10 -

2 9 .0

7 8

1 8 .5

3 2

1 3 .3

3

1

-

-

-

3

1 . 2

-

-

0 . 3

2

0 . 5

3

1 . 2

-

1

6 . 2

1

-

H ed era 1 . 1

-

-

8

1 . 4

2 4 4

0 . 2

1 5

4 6

3 2 .6

3 9

4 4 .3

-

-

5 2

8 . 8

1 38

1 9 .1

3 7

8 . 8

2 1

8 . 7

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

9

1 . 2

5 1

1 2 .1

6

2 . 5

-

-

-

5 -

0 . 8

V i scum

-

-

2

0 . 3

-

-

-

-

-

-

% AP

-

9 1 .5

-

6 8 .2

-

-

-

6 4 .2

-

6 6 .7

-

7 3 .5

-

4 9 .4

-

-

C a l luna

1

0 . 7

-

-

-

1

6 -

1 . 0

-

-

2 2

5 . 2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

P inus

1

Q uercus T i l ia U /mus

CMnopod iacde s C ruc A r e s C omp . A r t em is ia

0 . 7

1

0 . 2

6 . 1

1

-

-

1

1 . 1

1

-

-

-

-

-

1

0 . 2

-

-

-

-

C omp . C i r s ium

-

-

1

0 . 3 0 . 7

-

-

-

-

-

1

2 4

1 . 4

0 . 7

-

6

1

-

-

C omp . C r ep is

1 . 1 1 . 1

-

1

0 . 2

1 5

6 . 2

-

-

G ram . w i ld

2

6

6 . 8

-

-

5 2

8 . 8

3

0 . 4

6

1 . 4

4 5

1 8 .7

1

1

G ram . c u l t iva ted

-

1 . 4 -

4

4 . 5

-

-

3

0 . 5

-

-

-

-

3 2

1 3 .3

-

P lan tago

-

-

2

2 . 3

-

-

-

-

-

-

3

0 . 7

3

1 . 2

-

2 -

R enoncu lacde s

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

0 . 2

1

0 . 1

-

-

1

0 . 4

-

-

R osacde s U r t ica

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

0 . 3

-

-

-

-

1

0 . 4

-

-

Mono läe s P o lypod ium

7

5 . 0

1

1 2 .5

1

-

5

9 . 3

1 43

1 9 .8

1 5

3 . 6

2 1

8 . 7

1

-

1

0 . 7

-

-

-

-

8 5

1 4 .4

9 4

1 3 .0

5 8

1 3 .7

3

1 . 2

-

P ter is

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

0 . 2

-

-

-

-

1

0 . 4

-

% NAP

-

8 . 5

-

3 1 .8

-

-

-

3 5 .8

-

3 .3

-

2 6 .5

-

5 0 .6

-

-

-

An thoceros T ab le 4 6 : p a lyno log ica l c o mpos i t ion o fs ome s o i l s amp le s t a ken f r om p i t l ike f e a ture s . 5 . 3 . R ad iocarbon d a t ing (M . V an S t rydonck )

6 .F ea ture s w ere

D ur ing t h e e xcava t ion o f t h e Me so l i th ic s i te a t r e pea ted

s ubm i t t ed f o r AMS a b so lu te d a t ing . T he f i r s t f r agmen t

o cca s ion s ac l ea r s pa t ia l c o inc idence b e tween t h e a r t if ac t

Two

o r gan ic

f r agmen t s

f r om

a r t if ac t

u n i t

W2

( U tC -2023(1) ) c ons t i tu ted a c ha rcoa l f r agmen t o r ig ina t ing

c oncen t ra t ion s a nd s ome v ague , l i gh t g r ey ish ( 2 .5YR6 /3)

f r om t h e u ppe r 0 . 10 m o f t h e f i l l ing s' .F or t h e s e cond s amp le ( U tC -2023(2 ) ) ac a rbon ized h aze lnu t f r agmen t f r om

s o i l d i sco lou ra t ion s c ou ld b e o bserved ( f ig . 9 7 , 9 9 , 1 00 ) . N ea r ly a l l Me so l i th ic a r t if ac t s c ou ld b e r e t r ieved f r om t h e se

t h e b o t tom o ft h e a r t if ac tb ea r ing l e ve l w a s s e lec ted .

l e ached f e a tu re s , w he rea s i n t h e s u r round ing y e l low ish C -

T he l a t e B o r ea l d a te o b ta ined o n s amp le U tC -2023 (2 ) i sf u l ly

s im i la r o bserva t ion s g a the red a tt h e E a r ly Me so l i th ic s i te o f

h or izon h a rd ly a ny a r t ifac ts w ere f ound . On t h e b a s is o f c ong ruen tw i th t h e t y po log ica l d a t ing o ft h e l i th ic i n du s t ry . T he

V inde rhou te "Mo lenbrug " , wh ich w e e xcava ted s ome t ime s

c ha r coa l d a t e o n t h e o t he r h and i sm an if e s t ly t o o y oung a s i ti s

e a r l ie r ( Bae s e t a l 1 987 : 1 7 -21) , t h e e x is tence o f a nc ien t

s i tua ted i n t h e l a te I r on A ge p e r iod . C ha rcoa l i nf i l t ra t ion o r

w ind th row f e a tu re s w a s s u spec ted a tK ru ishou tem . I n o rde r

p e rco la t ion i sap o s s ib le e xp lana t ion f o rt h i sa noma ly .

t ov er ify t h ep resence o f n a tura l f e a ture s a nd t od e te rm ine

r e f e rence

B P d a te

c a l BC d a te

U tC -2023(1)

2 310 ± 6 0

3 94

c a l BC d a te l a

2 c y

6 7

4 83-438

r e l . a r ea u nde r p robab i l i ty d i s tr .

4 23-354

. 1 5 . 5 5

3 05 -237

. 3 0

7 54 -702

. 0 5

5 33-198

. 9 5

U tC -2023(2 )

7 298

8 270 ± 8 0

1 6

2 a

7 424 -7246

. 7 5

7 219 -7204

. 0 6

7 177 -7144 7 117 -7099

. 1 3 . 0 7

7 477 -7460

. 0 2

7 440 -7130

. 8 2

7 130 -7046

. 1 6

T ab le 4 7 : l i s to ft h ec a l ibra ted r ad ioca rbon d a te s . f e a tu re

s hape

W1

i regu la r ly

o r ien ta t ion -

l e ng th

w id th

d ep th

f a l l ing d i rec t ion

2 . 30

2 . 20

0 . 85 /0 .90

NW -N

c i r cu la r NW -SE

3 . 50

1 . 60

0 . 80

W -S W

D shaped

E -W

>2 . 80

1 . 90

1 . 20 /1 .22

S SW

W4

i regu la r

NW -SE

7 . 50

1 . 60 / 1 .80

0 . 85 /0 .90

S SW

W5

s i ck le shaped

NW -SE

2 . 60

1 . 20

0 . 80

N -NE

W6 /7

i regu la r ly e l ip t ica l

NW -SE

4 . 30

2 . 80

0 . 85 /0 .90

E -NE

W8

e l ip t ica l

N -S

2 . 90

1 . 60

0 . 80 /0 .85

E

W9

e l ip t ica l

NW -SE

4 . 20

2 . 60

0 . 80 /0 .90

S SW

> 2 ,10

0 , 70

E

d ep th

f a l l ing d i rec t ion

W2

D shap ed

W3

W16

?

N -S

-

T ab le 4 8 : l i s to fl e ached f e a tu re so fp o s s ib le n a tu ra lo r ig in ( w ind th row s ) . f e a tu re

s hape

o r ien ta t ion

l e ng th

w id th

W10

h o r se shoe -

N -S

3 . 20

2 . 60

?

?

s haped W 11

i r r egu la r

N -S

3 . 00

1 . 90

0 . 50 /0 .60

?

W17

e l ip t ica l

N -S

> 4 .00

4 . 00

0 . 75 /0 .80

E

h o r se shoe s haped T ab le 4 9 : l i s to f"younge r " t r ee -f a l lf e a tu r e s ,w i th o rgan ic f i l l ing . t h e ir i mpac t o n t h e p r e serva t ion o f t h e Meso l i th ic r ema in s

f r equen t o ccu r rence o f d i sp laced B2t -mo t t le s

w e d ec ided t o c r o ss -cu t a l l l e ached f e a tu re s a nd a s soc ia ted

f i l l ings i nd ica te s t h a t t he c l ay a ccumu la t ion h or izon w a s

f l in t

p ar t ia l ly p er tu rbed d ur ing t h ef o rma t ion o ft h e p i t s .

c oncen t ra t ion s .

I n t h is

w ay

t he

e x is tence

o f p i t

i n t h e p i t

s t ruc ture s a tt h es i te o fK ru ishou tem c ou ld b e t e s t if ied . I n mos t p i ts a n a symme tr ica l p rof i le , t y p ica l f o r t r ee A l toge the r 1 3 p i t s ( t ab le 4 8 ) , among wh ich 4 s ha l low o ne s

f a l l s t ruc tures , i s a t tested . T he s t eep l e es i de i s g ene ra l ly

( W12 , W13 , W14 , W15 ) , w ere r eg is te red a tt h e s i te . E xcep t

o r ien ted t owa rd s t h e s ou thwe s t a nd t hu s i nt h e d i rec t ion o f

f o r 3 p i t s

s pa t ia l ly

t h e h i l l s l ope . T he b o t tom o f mos t p i t s i sr a the r i r regu la r ,

a s soc ia ted w i th Me so l i th ic r ema in s . R ef er r ing t o t h e d a ta

d i sp lay ing n umerou s s ubver t ica l p ocke t s a nd t ongue s ; t h e se

r e a ssemb le i n t a b le 4 8 , c ons iderab le me t r ica l d if e rence s

a r e mos t l i ke ly o l d r oo tg a l ler ie s .

(W12 ,

W13 ,

W16 )

t h ey

w e re a l l

b e tween t h e se l e ached f e a tu res c an b e n o t iced . N ever the le ss m o s t o ft hem (WI , W3 , W5 , W8 , W16 ) a re r e la t ive ly s ma l l ,

A l l f ea tu res h ave a n u n if orm h omogeneou s a nd c omp le te ly

h av ing a l e ng th b e tween 2 . 30 a nd 2 . 90 m a nd a w id th

l e ached s andy f i l l ing , wh ich i su sua l ly s t rong ly c emen ted .

b e tween 1 . 20 a nd 2 . 20 m . On t h e o ther h and f e a tu re s W6 /7

On ly t he u ppe r 0 . 20 -0 .30 m o f t he f i l l , w h ich g ene ra l ly

a nd W9 s t r ike b y t h e ir c on s ide rab le d imens ion s . B o th p i t s

c or respond s w i th t h e a r t if ac t b ea r ing l e ve l , h a s as i gn if ican t

a r e l onge r t h an 4 . 00 m a nd l a rge r t han 2 . 50 i n .

T he

l o o ser s o i l s t ruc tu re . T h is m igh t b e c or re la t ed w i th i n ten s ive

e xcep t iona l l e ng th o f W4 ( 7 .50 m ) p robab ly r e su l t s f r om a n

b i o tu rba t ion s . P rec ise ly i n t h e se u ppe r p a r t s i n c er ta in p i t s

o ve r lapp ing o f t wo f e a tu re s . R ega rd ing t h e o r ien ta t ion , a

(W7 , W8 , W9 ) ad a rk b rown t o g rey i sh b rown h umou s

d om inan t NS -SE o r ien ta t ion i sa t te s ted among t h ef e a tu re s .

l a yer , p os s ib ly a c o lour B -hor izon , h a s d eve loped . B o th f e a tu res , t h e l o o se s t ruc tu re a nd t he h umu s i n f i l t ra t ion , a r e

I ns e c t ion a l l s t ruc ture s a r e r e la t ive ly s im i la r ( f ig . 1 02 , 1 03) .

p robab ly r e la ted t o t h e p re sence o f am ic ro d ep re s s ion ,

W i th e xcep t ion o fp i t W3 ( 1 .20 m ) , t h e mean d ep th a moun t s

t y p ica l f o r w ind th row s t ruc tu re s i n t h e s t ab i l iza t ion p ha se .

t o 0 . 85-0 .95 m .

I n m os t c a se s t he b o t tom o f t h e p i t s

A no the r r ema rkab le f e a tu re i st he p re senc e o f mangane se

c o r respond s w ith t he t op o ft h e c ompac t B2t hor izon . T he

a ccumu la t ion s g ene ra l ly a l ong t h e s t eep l e es i de o ft h ef i l l .

6 8

O n t he b a s i s o f a l l a bove m en t ioned e v idence w e m ay

a s sume t ha t t h e Me so l i th ic a r t if ac t s w e r e d epo s i ted a t a

c onc lude t h a ta l l l e ached f e a tu re s e ncoun te red a tt h e s i te a r e w i thou t a ny d oub t o f n a tu ra l o r ig in . T he mo s t i mpor tan t c ha rac ter i s t ic s b e ing : t h e a symme t r ic s e c t ion , t h e p re sence o fo ld r oo t g a l le r ie s , t h e p er tu rba t ion o ft h e B2t ho r izon a nd t h e u ppe r f i l l ing . F ur the rmo re , t h e a b sence o f a ny

m omen t when t h e t r ee -f a l l p i t s w e r e a l ready l a rge ly f i l led u p , i . e . i nt h e s t ab i l iza t ion p ha se . 8 .H or izon ta l d i s tr ibu t ion o ft he i ndus try A s ar e su l t o ft h e s pec if ic p edo s t ra t ig raph ica l p o s i t ion i ti s

s t ra t ig raphy i n t he f i l l ing c l ea r ly i nd ica te s t ha t w e a r e d ea l ing w i th r e la t ive ly a nc ien t t r ee -f a l l p i t s . I t m ay b e a s sumed t h a ta l l t r ace s o fd i sp laced f r agmen t s o ff o rme r s o i l h o r izons p e r tu rbed d u r ing t h e u p roo t ing p roce s s v an ished a s ar e su l t o fi n t en se p os te r io r s o i l f o rma t ion p roce s se s . T race s o fd i s loca t ed s o i l h o r izon s a r e o n t h e c on t ra ry s t i l l p re served i n t h ree e v id en t ly y ounge r t r ee -f a l l s t ruc tu re s ( t ab le 4 9 ) ,

q u i te c l ea r t h a t t h e h o r izon ta l d i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn o f t h e r e cove red l i th ic i n du s t ry n o l o nge r g i ve s ar e l iab le p i c tu re o f t h e o r ig ina l s e t t lemen t s t ruc tu r e . T he o b ser ved d i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn c on s is t ing o f 8s pa t ia l ly s epa ra ted a r t if ac t u n i t s i n f a c t d oe s n o t r ef lec t am ean ing f u l b ehav iou ra l p a t te rn b u t r a the r g i ve s u s s ome i d ea o ft h e s i t e d i s tu rbance . I tm ay b e a s sumed t h a tt h e r e co rded u n i t sa r ep r e served t h ank s t ot h e ir s omewha t d eepe r s t ra t ig raph ica l p o s i t ion -i . e . i n am ic ro d ep r e s s ion o f a nc ien t t r ee -f a l l p i t s -c ompa red t o t h e

w h ich p e r f e c t ly r e semb le t h e t y p ica l h o r se shoe shaped w indb low p i t s d e scr ibed a tn ume rou s a r chaeo log ica l s i te s i n w e s te rn E u rope ( Koo i 1 974 ; N ewe l l 1 981 ; C rombe 1 993a ) . T he y ounge ro r ig in o ft h e se much l a rge rs t ruc tu re s i sc onf i r -

s u r round ing Me so l i th ic " l iv ing -f loo r " , w h ich i s p r e sen t ly t o ta l ly d e s t royed b y l a te ro ccupa t ion o ft h e s i te a nd b y p l oug h ing a c t iv i t ie s5 2. T he l a t te r s e em s c on f irmed b y t h e n ume rou s s ur f ace -f ind s c o l lec ted b y a ma t eu r a r chaeo log is t s a nd t h e m any a r t if ac t s r e t r ieved f r om t h e p l ough laye r d u r ing o u re xcava t ion s .

m ed e i th e r b y a rcha eo log ica l a nd s t ra t ig raph ica l d a ta . W ind throw s W10 a nd W17 c l ea r ly i n te r sec t t h e a bove m en t ioned l e a ched p i t s W9 a nd W6 /7 r e spec t ive ly a nd a r e c onsequen t ly p o s te r io r . S im i la r ly t h e d i scove ry o fs ome L a te N eo l i th ic c e ram ics i n f e a tu re W11 s ugge s t s t ha t t h e u p roo t ing t o ok p l ace r a the rl a te .

S ec tor 1( f ig . 9 9 ) c ove r ing a n a rea o f ±7 50 i n2 c ons is t s o fs i x s ma l l u n i t s , c on ta in ing m in imum 3 6 a r t if ac t s ( W1) a nd max imum 3 22 a r t if ac t s (W2 ) . S ec to r 2( f ig . 9 7 ) o n t h e c on t rary r e vea led o n ly o ne c l us te r ( W6 ) w i th h a rd ly 2 9 a r t if ac t s . T he e xcava t ions i n s e c tor 3 ( f ig . 1 0 1) r e vea led b e s ides s ome h eav i ly t r unca ted c l us te r s o ne r e la t ive ly l a rge e n d ense c oncen t ra t ion ( W9 ) c on ta in ing 4 73 a r t ifac t s .

B e s ide s t h e se n a tu ra l f e a tu re s as ma l l s em i -c ircu la r h ear th p i t ( S17 ) o f0 . 80 -0 .90 m d i ame t e r a nd 0 . 20 m d ep th w a s d i scove red w i th in s e c to r 1( f ig . 9 8 , 9 9 ) . T he i n ten s ive ly b i o tu rbed f i l l ing , wh ich w a s s i eved t h rough m e she s o f 1mm w id th , c on ta ined al a rge a moun to fs ma l l c ha rcoa l f r agmen t s e xc lu s ive ly b e long ing t oQ uercus ( c f . 5 . 2 .1 ) a nd n o a r t if ac t s . T he l a t te rc an l i ke ly b e e xp la ined b y t h e p e r if e r ic p o s i t ion o f t h e h ear th -p i ti nr e la t ion t ot h ea r t if ac tc oncen t ra t ion s .

T he a s soc ia ted n a tura l p i t s o f c ou r se l a rge ly d ef ine t h e d imen s ion s a nd c on tou r s o f t h e se a r t if a c t c l u s te r s . B e s ide s s ome i r regu la r e l l ip t ica l c l u s te r s ( e .g . W9 ) m o s t u n i t s d e sc r ibe a D shaped ( e .g . W2 -4 , W6 /7 ) o r as i ck le shaped ( e .g . W5 ) c on tou r . T yp ica l f o r t h e D shaped c l u s te r s i st h e e x t r eme ly s harp d e l im i ta t ion o f t h e s t ra igh t s i de , w h ich i s a lway s s i tua ted a l ong t h e l e e s ide o f t h e p i t . T h is m igh t i nd ica te t h a t a t t h e t ime t h e a r t if ac t s w e r e d epo s i t ed a r emnan to ft h e u p roo ted t r ee w a s s t i l l p r e sen t , c r ea t ing s ome

7 .V er t ica l d i s tr ibu t ion o ft he i ndu s try A l though t h e v er t ica l d i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn o f t h e a r t if ac t s ( f ig . 1 04 ) v a r ie s w i th in e ach f e a tu re , i na l l p i t s t h e a r t if ac t s a r e c l ea r ly r e s t r ic ted t ot h e u ppe r l o o se l a ye r o f t h e f i l l ing . W i th t h ee x cep t ion o f af ew s ma l le r a r t if ac t s , t h e u nde r ly ing c onso l ida t ed f i l l ing s e em sa r chaeo log ica l c omp le te ly s t e r i le . T he v er t ica l m ig ra t ion a moun t s t om in imum 0 . 30 /0 .35 m i n p i t s WI , W4 a nd W7 a nd m ax imum 0 . 55 /0 .65 m i np i t s W2 ,

s o r to fb ar r ier e i nt h e d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e a r t if ac t s .

W3 a nd W5 . I na l l c a se s a bou t 8 5% -95 % o ft h e i ndu s t ry i s f ound w i th in a n i n te rva l o f 0 . 30 /0 .35 m . T he d ep th o f t h e l e ve l w i th t h e h ighe s t a r t if ac t d en s i ty i sv a r iab le . I n s ome

A s f a r a s c an b e i n f e r r ed f r om t a b le 5 0 t h e r e a r e n o m a jo r d if e r ence s i nt h e t o o l typo logy , n o r i nt h e r aw m a t er ia l a nd t h e k napp ing t e chn ique b e twe en t h e d ef ined c l u s t e r s a nd s e c to r s . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o f W8 i ns e c to r 2 ,e a ch u n i t p o s se s s e s t h e

p i t s ( e .g . W2 , W6 ) ag radua l d ec l ine f r om t h e t o p l e ve l o nwa rd s i so b servab le , w he rea s i no the r s ( e .g . WI , W3) t h e g r ea tes t a moun t o f a r t if ac t s i s l o ca ted s ome 0 . 20 /0 .25 m b e low t h e t o p . I nd ica t ion s o f av er t ica l s i ze s o r t ing o f t h e

t r ad i t iona l k napp ing d ebr i s ( e .g . c o r e s , r e juvena t ion p r oduc t s , u n r e touched a r t i f a c t s )a nd av a r iab le a moun t o fr e touched t o o l s . U n f o r tuna t e ly t h e l i m i t ed n umb e ro ft o o l s o b ta ined w i th in e a ch

i n du s t ry w e r en o t n o t iced .

u n i t s e r iou s ly h amp e r s a n i n t erun i t t y po log ica l c ompa r i son . A s

I n ar e cen ta r t ic le ( Crombe 1 993a ) w e s t a ted o n t h e b a s is o f

w o rk ing h ypo the s i s w e c omb ined i nt a b le 5 1 t h e a r t i f a c t s f r om c l u s t e r s l y ing r e la t ive ly c l o s e t oe a ch o t h e r , i . e . W3 /W4 a nd

a n i n te r s i t ec ompa r ison t h a t t h e i ndu s t ry o fK ru ishou tem i s , d e sp i te t h e s p ec if ic s t ra t ig raph ica l c on tex t , m o s t l i ke ly s t i l l i ni t s p r ima r y p os i t ion . T h i s c onc lu s ion i sp r inc ipa l ly b a sed

W6 /W7 . R e f e r r ing t ot h e se d a ta w ec an s t a t et h a t t h e m ic ro l i th s r e p r e sen tw i th am e an o f5 6 .61 % t h ed om inan t t o o l typ e w i th in e a ch u n i t . T he t y po log ica l v a r ia t ion o f t h e i n ic ro l i th s i s

o n t he a b sen ce o fa r t if ac t s i nt h e l owe s tp i tf i l l ing s a sw e l l a s

g ene ra l ly r a the r l i m i t ed ; s ma l l b a cked b l ad e le t s a nd T a rdeno i s p o in t s c l ea r ly p r edom ina t e . B e s id e s m ic ro l i t l i s o t he r t o o l typ e s

a l ong t h es t e ep l e e s ide o ft h e p i t s . I np o s t -occupa t iona l t r ee f a l l f e a tu r e s p r ec ise ly t h e se p ar t s o f t h e f i l l ing u sua l ly

o c cu r , s u ch a s s c rape r s a nd r e touched b l ad e le t s a nd /o r f l ak e s .

c on ta in m o s ta r t if ac t s . B a sed o n t h e se o b serva t ion sw e may

T he a b senc e o f s cr ape r s i n u n i t s W3 /4 i sw o r th m en t ion ing .

6 9

s e c tor 1

s ec tor 3

s e c to r2

W1

W2

W3

W4

W5

C o re s

1

4

2

3

C ore r e juven ta ion

2

1

-

3

F lakes

1 4

1 21

6 8

6 0

5 3

1 08

B lade le t s

6

4 9

2 5

1 9

1 0

4 6

C h ip s

8

1 29

4 1

4 0

2 2

D eb r is

-

3

5

2

2

H amme r s tone s

-

2

1

-

-e nd s c rape r s

1

2

-

-r e touched f l ake s

-

1

1

-b u r in s -r e touched b l ade le t s

-

4

-m icro l i th s

4

-Mon tban i b l ade s -i n de te rm ina te t o o ls &

W9

i s .

W6 /7

i . s .

W8

2

3

_4

-

1

1

1

2

-

1

2

-

2 3

1 8

1 37

1 4

4

1 0

7 9

1 0

14

2

-

2 27

3

6

1

-

7

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

1

-

6

-

-

1

-

1

-

-

1 -

-

1

-

-

-

-

5

1

-

-

2

-

2

6

1 8

1 0

1

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

1

-

-

2

5

1 3

4

7

3

1 2

2

-

2 0

1

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

3 6

3 22

1 46

1 34

9 3

2 92

3 6

2 9

4 73

3 0

2

8

5

2

2

7

-

-

1

-

P roduc t s

T oo ls

-

f r ag . s ub to ta l " U t i l ized " a r t if ac t s TOTAL S ands tone f r agmen t s

T ab le 5 0 : g enera l i nven tory o ft h e l i th ic i ndu s t ry f ound w i th in d if e ren ts e c to r sa nd f e a ture s . W3 /4

W2

W6 /7

W9

-

1 5 .38

1 6 .67

3 0 .00

R e touched f l ake s

9 . 09

7 . 69

-

B ur in s

9 . 09

3 0 ,77

8 . 33

1 0 .00

4 6 .15

6 6 .67

5 0 .00

8 . 33

1 0 .00

1 00 .00

1 00 .00

E nd s c rape r s

R e touched b l ade le t s

-

M ic ro l i th s

6 3 .64 9 . 09

Mon tban i b l ade s l nde term ined t o o ls & f r ag .

-

9 . 09

TOTAL

-

1 00 .00

9 9 .99

-

T ab le 5 1 : g ene ra l t y po log ica l i n ven tory o ft h e l i th ic t o o l k i tf ound i nd i f f e ren tf e a tu re s . 9 .T he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l

9 . 1 . R aw ma ter ia l

I n o rde r t o a vo id a l l c on tam ina t ion w i th y ounge r f l in t

T he u se o fe xo t ic r aw m a ter ia ls a tt h e s i te o fK ru ishou tem i s

m a te r ia l ( e .g . f r om l a te N eo l i th ic o r ig in ) w e d ec ided t o

v ery r e s t r ic ted ( 0 .19 % ) . Two a r t if ac t s ( 0 .13 % ) -a m ed ia l

e l im ina te f r om t h e a na lys is a l l a r t if ac t s o r ig ina t ing f r om

b lade le t f r agmen t a nd as ma l l b acked b l ade le t -a r e m ade o f

s e conda ry c on tex t , e . g .

p l ough layer , b io tu rba t ion l a ye r ,

Womme r som q uar tz i te s' .T he u se o fp h tan i te i sr e s t r ic ted t o

p o s ter ior f e a tu re s a nd s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s . E xcep t ion w a s

as ma l l b l ade le t . I nd ica t ions o fa n i ns i tu k napp ing o ft h e se

m ade

e xo t ic ma te r ia ls a r e n o t p resen t .

f o r

s ome

t y po log ica l ly

p a r t icu la r t h e m icro l i th s .

d iagno s t ic

a r t if ac t s ,

i n

S o i n t h e f o l low ing s t udy t h e

d i s loca ted m ic ro l i th s w i l l b e i n corpora ted i n t h e t y po log ica l a na ly s is , b u t w i l l b e e xc luded f r om t h e s t a t is t ica l a na ly s is .

o f f l in t a r e u sed a t t h e s i te . T he mo s t i n ten s ive ly w o rked

T h is l a s t w a s d ec ided i no rder t oo b ta in a r e l iab le p i c tu re o f

f l in t v a r ie ty i sc ha rac ter ized b y a ma t d a rk g rey ish t ob l ack

A ccord ing t ot e x tu re a nd c o lour i ts e em s t h a t d i f f e ren t k i nd s

t h e r a t io b e tween t h e d if eren t m icro l i th t y pe ss 3 .A s ar e su l t

s po t ted c o lou r a nd a c oa r se -gra ined t e x tu re .

o f t h is c r i t ica l a pproach t h e s i ze o f t h e a na lyzab le s amp le

v ar ie ty o f r a ther s uper ior q ua l i ty , s how ing n o t r ace s o f

s hrunk

f o rme rf r os ta l tera t ion , r e presen t s ±7 0% ( s ec tor 1 )t o ±8 8%

c on s ide rab ly ;

u l t ima te ly

o n ly

1 591

a r t if ac t s

T h is f l in t

r ema ined . N ever the le s s t h e s amp le s e emed l a rge e nough f o r

( s ec tor 3 ) o ft h e t o ta l i ndus try . C on s ide r ing t h e d imen s ions

av a luab le s t a t is t ica l a na lys is .

o ft h ec ore sa nd f l ak ing p roduc ts t he o r ig ina l l e ng th o ft h e se

7 0

N . CORES -c o res w i th 1s t r ik ing p la tf orm

s e c to r 3

s e c tor 2

s e c to r 1 %

N .

N .

t o taa l

%

N .

%

6

0 . 57

-

-

-

6

0 . 38

-c o res w i th 2o pposed s t r ik ing p l a tf orm s

7

0 .66

-

-

-

7

0 . 44

-c o re sw i th 2c rossed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rms

2

0 . 19

-

-

-

2

0 . 13

-c ore sw i th mu l t ip le s t r ik ing p l a tf orms

1

0 .09

-

1

0 . 20

2

0 . 13

-c o res w i th c en t r ipe ta l n ega t ive s

1

0 .09

-

-

-

1

0 . 06

-i nde te rm ina te f r agmen t

1

0 .09

-p re -co r e

1

0 .09

-

1 -

0 . 20 -

2 1

0 . 13 0 . 06

1 9

1 . 79

-

2

0 . 40

2 1

1 . 32

-t a bu la rf l ake

1

0 .09

-

-

-

3

0 . 28

-

-

-

1 3

0 . 06

-c o re s i de f l ake -c r e s t ed b l ade

5

0 . 47

1

2

0 . 40

8

0 . 50

9

0 .85

1

2

0 . 40

1 2

0 . 75

1 3 5

8 4

1 6 .70 1 3 .32

3 22 2 94

2 0 .24

6 7 1 51

3 0 .02

6 16

3 8 .72

s ub to ta l CORE R EJUVENAT ION PRODUCTS

s ub to ta l F LAKES

0 . 19

2 1 .25 2 25

-c omp le te -f r agmen t

2 0 .96

2 22

1 8 .48

4 47

4 2 .21

1 8

-c omp le te -p rox ima l

5 9 4 9

5 . 57

5

2 0

3 . 98

8 4

4 . 63

2

4 1

8 . 15

9 2

5 . 28 5 . 78

-m ed ia l

2 3 2 8

2 . 17 2 . 64

1 2

5 2 3

0 . 99 4 . 57

2 9 5 3

1 . 82 3 . 33

1 59

1 5 .01

1 0

8 9

1 7 .69

2 58

1 6 .22

3 56

3 3 .62

4 5 .73

5 86

1 . 79

-

2 30

1 9

8

1 . 59

2 7

3 6 .83 1 . 70

s ub to ta l BLADELETS

-d i s ta l s ub to ta l Ch ip s D eb r is H amme r s tone s T oo ls " U t i l ized " a r t if ac t s TOTAL S ands tone f r agmen t s

3

0 . 28

2 1

3

0 . 19

4 . 34

-

-

4 6

4 . 17

6 7

4 . 21

1

0 . 09

-

-

-

1

1 , 059

9 9 .98

2 9

5 03

1

-

2 6

1 00 .00

0 . 06

1 . 591

1 00 .00

2 7

T ab le 5 2 : g ene ra l t y po log ica l i n ven to ry o ft h e l i th ic i ndus t ry f ound i ns i tu . f l in tn odu le sc an b ee s t ima t ed a t± 1 0c m . A l though t h ep r e senc eo f

f r os t

a n e x t rem e ly r o led a nd t h in c o r tex c l ea r ly r e f e r s t o as e conda ry

r e p re sen t ing 1 9 .8 % o f t h e t o ta l i ndu s try a r e h ea t a l tered .

o r ig in ,t h ee x ac ts ou rc es of a rr ema in su nknown .

C or tex i sp re served o n 1 97 a r t if ac t s ( 1 9 .6% ) .

As e cond f l i n t v a r ie t y , w h ich i sc on tr ar y t ot h e p r ev iou s o ne l e s s

9 . 3 . C ore s a nd h ammer s tone s

f r ac tur ing

d o

n o t

o ccur .

H a rd ly

f r equ en t ly k napped -7% i ns e c to r 3a nd 2 2 .5 % i ns e c to r 1-i s o bv iou s ly o f i n f e r io r q ua l i ty . I tc onc e rn s af i ne -g ra ined f l i n t o f

3 15

a r t if ac t s

N

%

p r edom ina t e ly b e ig e t od a rk b r own c o lou r , d i sp lay ing n ume rou s

-c o re sw i th 1s t r ik ing p l a t f orm

6

2 8 .57

f o rme r f r o s t f r ac tu re s . J udg ing b y t h e c o r tex a l o c a l o r ig in o ft h i s

-c o re sw i th 2o pposed s t r ik ing p l a tf orm s

7

3 .33

f l in t v a r i e t y , i . e . i ns om e n ea rby o u t c rop s o ft e r ra ce g r ave l s d a t ing

-c ores w i th 2c ro ssed s t r ik ing p la tf orm s

2

9 . 52

b a ck t ot h eM idd le P l e i s to cene M ind e lG lac ia la nd g ene r a l ly s i t ua t ed

-c o re sw i th mu l t ip le s t r ik ing p l a t f orm s

2

9 . 52

a t6 0 ma b ov es e a leve l( S y s&V and enhoud t 1 9 71 : 1 2 , 2 5 ) , i sm o s t

-c o re sw i th c en t r ipe ta l n ega t ive s

1

4 . 76

o bv iou s . O ne o ft h e m a jo r o u tc rop s i ss i t ua ted a tt h e " Ke imo len "

-i nde term ina te f r agmen t

2

9 . 52

s ome 7 50 m n o r th o ft h e Me sol i th ic s e t t lemen t

-p re -core

1

4 . 76

TOTAL

T he r ema in ing 5% t o 7% o ft h ei n du st ry i sm ade o f ac o a r s e -gr a ined f l in tv a r ie t yo r ig ina t ing f r om t h e s am e l o ca l t e r ra c e g r ave l s o ro fa

T he c ore s ( 2 1 s p .) r e pre sen t 1 . 32 % o f t h e t o ta l i n du s t ry .

9 .2 . P hy s ica l a spec t c o l lec ted

l i th ic

9 9 .98

T ab le 5 3 : t y po log ica l c ompos i t ion o ft h ec o re s .

d a rk g r e y i sh s p o t ted ,f i ne -g r a ined f l i n tv a r ie ty o fu nknown o r ig in .

T he

2 1

T he ir m ean d imen s ion s a r e : l e ng th 3 7 .97 m in ( s .d . 7 . 63 i ndu s try

g enera l ly

d i sp lays

mm ) , w id th 3 2 .11 mm ( s .d . 7 . 43 mm ) a nd t h ickne s s 2 7 .00

a n

mm ( s .d . 8 . 42 mm ) . T he l a rge s t s pec imen m ea sure s 4 9 mm ,

u ndamag ed a spec t . A l te ra t ion ss uch a sp a t ina t ion o rp o s te r ior

t h e s ma l le s t o ne 2 4 mm . T he m ean a ng le f o rmed b y t h e

7 1

i n te r sec t ion o f t h e s t r ik ing p la tf orm a nd t h e c ore s i de

mm ( f ig . 1 09 ) . T he m ean l e ng th /w id th r a t io amoun t s t o2 . 56

amoun t st o7 5 .6° .

( f ig . 10 ) . A cco rd ing t o t h e c r i te r ion o f L e ro i -Gou rhan ( 1968 ) 7 5 .51 % o fa l l b lade le t s b e longs t ot h e c l a ss o f éc l a t s

Mo s t c ore s ( 10 s p .) d i sp lay n ega t ive s o f g ene ra l ly s ma l l

l am ina ires

f l ake s . O n ly 6 s pec imen s b ea r n ega t ive s o f b l ade le t s . T he

( 31 _ , . /W . 10 , 1 Cf r l % 1 0% 2 0%

5 •%

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4 0%

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1 0 B2h 15 2 0

.B3

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> 1 cm

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C I V T o ta l 5

A 2 1 0 1 5 82h

2°

C I 2 c h ips A 2 B

5

1 0

2h

B3

M icroch i s

2 10 5

2 5

F ig . 3 9 : v e r t ica ld is tr ibu t ion o ft he l i th ic i ndus try w i th in d if eren t a r t if ac t u n i ts .

K 1 3 T ota l

C h ips %

2 .5

3 .7 .

> 1 cm

4,5

%

3%

4 .5

%

1 .5

2 'S

3%

5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5

T ota l

C h ips

K 1 4

> 1 cm

5_ 1 0 1 5 2 0 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0

F ig . 4 0 : v er t ica ld i s tr ibu t ion o ft he l i th ic i ndus t ry w i th in d if f eren tp re -pod zo lp i ts .

1 51

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5,5

5 0

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7 05

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K 4 0 C h ips

T ota l 0 7 .

1 07 .

2 07 :

5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0

K 4 T ota l

C h ips

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C h ips

T ota l

C h ips

> 1 cm

1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0

K 1 7 > 1 cm

5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5

K 1 6

> 1 cm

5 1 0

7

1 5 2 0

3 5

F ig . 4 1 : v er t ica l d i s tr ibu t ion o ft he l i th ic i ndus try w i th in d if eren t p re -pod zo lp i ts .

K 14

z i a

20

2 2 1

F ig . 4 2 : v e r t ica lb ackp lo to fl i th ic a r t if ac ts f ound w i th in t he p re -pod zo lp i tK 14 .

W 19 W 18 W 17 W 16 W 15 W 14 W 13 W 12 W 1 1

W 10 W9

W8

W7

W6

W5

W4

W3

W2 W 1 Z 18 Z 19 Z2 0 Z2 1 Z2 2 Z 23 Z 24 Z 25 Z 26 Z 27 Z 28 Z 29 Z3 0 Z 3 1 Z 32 Z 33 Z 34 Z35 Z 36 Z37 Z3 8 Z 39 Z 40 Z 4 1 Z 42 Z 43 Z 44 Z 45 Z 46 Z 47

I

1

1

1

i I

I

1

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I

I

1

I I

I

L

1

F ig . 4 3 : c on tour map o fa l la r t if ac tl a rger t han 1cm f ound w i th in t he s ou thern d epress ion .

1 53

Z 48

W 19

W 18

W 17

W 16

'W 15

'W 14

W 13

W 19

W 18

'W 13

W 19

W 18

T

W 17

1 -

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rW 15

'W 14

W 13

W 16

'W 15

'W 14

'W 13

A

W 19

W 18

W 17

'W 16

1W 15

W 14

W 17

F ig . 4 4 : c on tour maps o fu n i t C I . K ey : ( A ) a l l a r t if ac t s ; e qu id is tance 1 5 a r t . ( B ) i dem , w i th f ea ture s ( C ) b urn t a r t if ac t s ; e qu id is tance 1 0a r t . ( D ) b urn ta r t if ac ts ( expressed i np e rcen tage p e r1 /4 m 2) ;e qu id is tance 5% .

1 54

Z 42

Z 43

Z 44

Z 45

7 46

7 47 W 19

W 18

W 17

W 16

'W 15

'W 14

'W 13

W 19

W 18

W 17

W 16

W 15

W 14

W 13

A

Z 42

Z43

Z 44

Z 45

7 46

Z 47 W 19

W 18

W 17

1

W 16

W 15

W 14

W 13

F ig . 4 5 : c on tour maps o fu n i t C I . K e y : ( A ) a l l t oo l s ; e qu id i s tance 0 .25 a r t . ( B ) m icro l i ths ; e qu id is tance 0 .25 a r t . ( C ) s imp l if ied r econs truc t ion o ft he u n i tw i th t he p os i t ion o ft he s urf ace -hear th a nd t he ma in t oo lc oncen t ra t ion ( To ) .

1 55

Z 32 Z 33 Z 34

Z 34

Z 35

Z 35

Z 36

Z 36

Z 37

2 37

Z 38 Z 39 W9 A

W9

W8

W 8

W7

W6

W5

W4

W 3

W2

W 1

Z 32 7 33 7 34 Z 35 Z 36 Z 37 Z 38 Z 39 W8

W7

W 6

I

W5

IW 4

W3

W2

W8

W 1

W7

IW 6

I

W5

I

W4

W3

W2

W 1

F ig . 4 6 : c on tour maps of un i tC IL K ey : ( A ) a l l a r t if ac t s ; e qu id is tance 1 00 a r t . ( B ) i dem , w i th f ea ture s ( C ) a l l b urn t a r t if ac t s ; e qu id is tance 2 0a r t . ( D ) o ve rhea ted a r t if ac ts ; e qu id is tance 1 5a r t .

1 56

Z 32 Z 33 Z 34 7 35 Z 36 Z 37 Z 38

1 -

Z 39 W8

IW 7

IW 6

I

W5

IW 4

IW 3

I

W2

I

W 1

W8

I

W7

IW 6

I

W5

I

W4

IW 3

W2

T

W 1

A

1

1

1

1

Z 32 7 33 Z 34 Z 35 Z 36 Z 37 Z 38 7 39 W8

IW 7

IW 6

I

W5

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rW 3

I

W2

I

W8

W 1

I

W7

IW 6

1

W5

I

W4

IW 3

I

W2

I

W 1

F ig . 4 7 : c on tour maps o fu n i t ( ' I I . K ey : ( A ) b urn t a r t if ac t s ( expre s sed i np e rcen tage p er 1 /4 m9 ; e qu id i s tance 1 0% ( B ) c ore s ; e qu id i s tance 1a r t . ( C ) a l lt oo l s ; e qu id is tance 1a r t . ( D ) s c rape r s ; e qu id is tance 0 5a r t .

1 57

W8

I

W7

W6

I

W 5

I

W4

IW 3

W 2

W 8

W 1

IW 7

W 6

I

W5

IW 4

IW 3

W5

W4

W 2

I

W 1

A

Z 32

7 32

7 33

Z 33

Z 34

7 34

Z 35

Z 35

Z 36

Z 36

Z 37

Z 37

Z 38

Z 38

Z 39

Z 39 WB

IW 7

IW 6

W5

I

W4

W 3

rW2

I

W 1

W 9

W B

W 7

W 6

W 3

W 2

W 1

F ig . 4 8 : c on tour maps o fu n i t C IL K ey : ( A) m icro / i t / is : e qu id is tance 0 .5 a r t . ( B ) m icrobur ins ; e qu id is tance I a r t . ( C ) a r t if ac ts i n Wommersom q uar tz i te ; e qu id is tance 1 a r t . ( D ) s imp l if ied r econs truc t ion : s urf ace -hear ths ( ha tched ) a nd ma in s craper c oncen tra t ions ( Sc ) .

7 32

Z 32

Z 33

2 33

Z 34

Z 34

Z 35

Z 35

Z 36

Z 36

Z 37

Z 37

2 38

Z 38

Z 39

Z 39 W9

W8

W7

W6

W5

W4

W3

W2

W 1

W9

W8

W7

W6

W5

W4

W

1

W2

I

W 1

A

F ig . 4 9 : s imp l if ied r econs truc t ions o fu n i t CH . Key : ( A ) ma in m icro l i th (M i ) a nd m icrobur in (Mb ) c oncen tra t ions ( B ) ma in c ore ( Co ) c oncen tra t ions .

1 59

Z 37

I

Z 36

I

7 35

I

Z 34

I

Z 33

Z 32

A

F ig . 5 0 : c on tour maps o fu n i t C II I . K ey : ( A ) a l l a r t if ac ts ; e qu id is tance 5 a r t . ( B ) w eak l y b urn t a r t if ac t s ; e qu id i s tance I a r t .

1 60

2 24

Z 24 C . V2

Z 25 C . V3

Z 26

2 25 Z 26 Z 27

Z 27 Z 28

Z 28

C . V1

Z 29

2 29

Z 30

Z 30

Z 3 1

Z 31

Z 32

1 32

Z 33

2 33 W 14 A

W 13

11 W 12 W

W 10

W9

W 8

T

W7

I

W 14

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Z 24

Z 24

7 25

Z 25

Z 26

Z 26

Z 27

Z 27

Z 28

Z 28

2 29

Z 29

Z 30

2 30

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2 31

Z 32

2 32

2 33

Z 33 W 14

IW 13 1W 12

W 11

W 10

W9

W 8

IW 7 I

W6

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W 13

W 12 W 11

IW 13 1W 12

W 11

W 10

W 9

W8

W 10

W9

W8

W7

IW 7 I

W6

W6

F ig . 5 1 : c on tour maps o fu n i ts C IV a nd CV . K ey : ( A) a l l a r t if ac ts ; e qu id is tance 2 0 a r t . ( B ) i dem , w i th f ea tures ( C ) a l l b urn t a r t if ac t s ; e qu id is tance 5 a r t . ( D ) o verhea ted a r t if ac ts ; e qu id is tance 5 a r t .

1 61

Z 24

2 24

2 25

Z 25

Z 26

2 26

Z 27

7 27

Z 28

Z 28

2 29

Z 29

Z 30

Z 30

Z 31

Z 31

Z 32

Z 32

Z 33

Z 33 W 14

1W 13 1W 12

W 11

W 10

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1

1W 7 1

W6

0

W 14

1W 13 1W 12

W 11

W 10

W9

W8

1W 7

W6

A

Z 24

E D

Z 25 Z 26

Z 24

E D

0

Z 25 2 26

2 27

Z 27

E D

Z 28 2 29

Z 29

Z 30

Z 30

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Z 31

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E D

Z 33 W 14

1W 13 1W 12

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dci5.3D

7 28

0

Z 33 W7

1

W6

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W 13

W 12 W 11

W 10

W9

W B

'W 7

W6

F ig . 5 2 : c on tour maps o fu n i ts C IV a nd CV . K ey : ( A ) b urn t a r t if ac t s ( expre s sed i np ercen tage p e r 1 / 4 m2) ;e qu id i s tance 1 0% ( B ) c ore s ; e qu id is tance 0 .5 a r t . ( C ) a l lt oo l s ; e qu id is tance 0 .5 a r t . ( D ) m ic ro l i ths ; e qu id is tance 0 .25 a r t .

Z 24

Z 24

Z 25

Z 25

Z 26

Z 26

Z 27

Z 27

Z 28

Z 28

Z 29

Z 29

Z 30

Z 30

Z 3 1

Z 3 1

Z 32

Z 32

Z 33

Z 33 W 14

I

T

*W

W 13 W 12 W 11

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W 10

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°

W 8

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W 7

I

W 6

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1W 13

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W 10

W 9

W 8

1W 7 1

W 6

A F ig . 5 3 : c on tour maps o fu n i t s C IV a nd CV . K ey : ( A ) m icrobur ins ; e qu id is tance 0 .25 a r t . ( B ) s imp l if ied r econs truc t ion w i th s urf ace -hear ths ( ha tched ) a nd ma in m ic ro l i th (M i ) , m icrobur in (Mb ) a nd c ore ( Co ) c oncen t ra t ions .

Z 26 1

2 25

2 3

F ig . 5 4 : d i s tr ibu t ion map o f t h ree -d imens iona l ly measured f ind s w i th in u n i t CV 2 . T he h a tched a rea r epresen t s a d ense c oncen t ra t ion o f c arbon i zed h aze lnu t s he l l s . K ey : 1 . o ve rhea ted a r t if ac ts 2 .w eak ly b urn ta r t if ac ts 3 .u nburn ta r t if ac t s .

1 63

A

W7

1

W5

W6 E

I

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I W3

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I W6

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1

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W2

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Z 18

Z 19

e g o

Z 20

Z 21

Z 22

Z 23

Z 24 W7

I W6

I

W5

1

W4

1

W3

W2

I

W 1

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1

W6

1

W5

I

W4

I

W3

I

F ig . 5 5 : c on tour maps o fu n i t CV I . K ey : ( A ) a l l a r t if ac t s ; e qu id is tance 5 0 a r t . ( B ) i dem , w i th f ea tures ( C ) b urn t a r t if ac t s ; e qu id is tance 5a r t . ( D ) b urn t a r t if ac t s ( expre s sed i np ercen tage p e r 1 /4 m9 ; e qu id i s tance 5% .

W7

I

W 6 I W5

I

W4 I W3

I

W 2

I

W 1

W7

I W6

I

W5

I

W4 f W3

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W 1

A

1 Z 18 Z 19

Z 20

Z 21

Z 22

Z 23 Z 24 W7

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I W4

I

W3

W 2

I

W 7

W 1

I W6

1

W5

I

W4

I

W 3

I

W2

W 1

F ig . 5 6 : c on tour maps o fu n i t CV I . K e y : ( A ) c ore s ; e qu id is tance 0 . 25 a r t . ( B ) a l l t oo l s ; e qu id is tance 0 . 5 a r t . ( C ) b ur ins ; e qu id is tance 0 . 25 a r t . ( D ) m icro l i ths ; e qu id is tance 0 . 5a r t .

1 65

Z 18 Z 19

Z 20

Z 21

Z 22

Z 23 Z 24 W7

I W6

IW 5 I W4

1

W 3

IW 2

1

W 1

W7

W6

r

W5

1

W4

1

W3

1

W 2

I

W 1

A F ig . 5 7 : c on tour maps o fu n i t CV I . K ey : ( A) m icrobur ins ; e qu id is tance 0 .5 a r t . ( 8 ) s imp l if ied r econs truc t ion w i th s urf ace h ear th ( ha tched ) a nd ma in b ur in ( Bu ) , m icro l i th (M i ) a nd m ierobur in (Mb ) c oncen tra t ions .

1 66

1 Z 18

Z 19

5. 0

7 20 4 0. Z 21

C .V M

7 22

7 23 W 16

1

W 15

I

W 15

1

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W 13

1

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1

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1

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1

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1

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1

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1

WB

F ig . 5 8 : c on tour maps o fu n i t s CV II a nd CV I I I . K ey : ( A ) a l l a r t if ac t s ; e qu id is tance 1 0 a r t . ( B ) i dem ; w i th f ea ture s ( C ) a l l b urn ta r t if ac t s ; e qu id is tance 5a r t .

1 67

W 16

I

W 15

I

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I

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I

W 12

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W 10 I W9

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Z 18

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Z 20

Z 21

Z 22

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W 16

1

F ig . 5 9 : c on tour maps o fu n i ts CV I I a nd CV III . K ey : ( A ) o verhea ted a r t if ac ts ; e qu id i s tance 1 a r t . ( B ) b urn t a r t if ac t s ( e xpre s sed i np e rcen tage p e r1 / 4 m 2) ;e qu id is tance 5% ( C ) a l lt oo l s ; e qu id is tance 0 . 25 a r t .

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Z 19

Z 20

Z 21

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W8

F ig . 6 0 : c on tour maps o fu n i ts CV II a nd C U M Key : ( A) m icro l i ths ; e qu id is tance 0 .25 a r t . ( B ) m icrobur ins ; e qu id is tance 0 .25 a r t . ( C ) s imp l if ied r econs truc t ion w i th s urf ace -hear ths ( ha tched ) a nd ma in m icro l i th (M i ) a nd m icrobur in (Mb ) c oncen tra t ions .

1 69

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F ig . 6 1 : c on tour map o fa l la r t if ac t sl a rger t han 1cm f ound o n t he t r unca ted s and r i dge ; e qu id i s tance 1 0a r t .

1 70

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F ig . 6 2 : c on tour map o fa l l b urn t a r t if ac ts f ound o n t he t r unca ted s and r idge w i th i nd ica t ion o ft he c harcoa lf ea ture s ; e qu id is tance 2a r t .

1 71

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7 10

7 11

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Z 13

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F ig . 6 3 : c on tour maps o fu n i ts C IX ( A/B ) a nd CX ( C ) . K ey : ( A ) a l l b urn t a r t if ac ts ; e qu id is tance 5 a r t . ( B ) a r t if ac t s i n T i enen q uar t z i te ; e qu id i s tance 2a r t . ( C ) a r t if ac ts i n T ienen q uar t z i te ; e qu id is tance 2a r t .

W7

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F ig . 6 4 : c on tour maps o fs ome sma l le ru n i ts w i th in t he s ou the rn d epre s s ion . K ey : ( A ) a l la r t if ac t s ; e qu id is tance 5a r t . ( B ) a l lb urn ta r t if ac t s ; e qu id is tance 2a r t . ( C ) c ores ; e qu id is tance 0 . 25 a r t . ( D ) o ve rhea ted a r t if ac t s 2a r t .

1 73

1

3 2

-

4

5

-

-

6

7

F ig . 6 5 : l i th ic a r t if ac t s ( cores ) .

1 74

2

3

4

5

F ig . 6 6 : l i th ic a r t if ac ts ( cores ) .

1 75

2 1

I

3

4

4

5

7 t 6

F ig . 6 7 : l i th ic a r t if ac t s( c ore s , r e juvena t ion p roduc t s ) .

1 76

3

2

9

1 2

1 6

1 7

1 5

4 1 9

2 1

F ig . 6 8 : l i th ic a r t if ac ts ( s c rapers ) .

1 77

2

3

4

7

4

I

1

I

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F ig . 8 6 : d i s t r ibu t ion map o fs i tes t ypo log ica l ly r e la ted t o t he f i rs t a ssemb lage type o f V er rebroek . Key : 1 . V er rebroek 2 O ur la ine 3 .S e i l le s4 .D iek i rch S . Hochenbusch 6 .P iscop 7 .L ongprg les -Corps -Sa in t .

F ig . 8 7 : d i s t r ibu t ion map o fs i tes t ypo log ica l ly r e la ted t ot he s econd , t h ird a nd f our th a s semb lage type o fV errebroek . K ey : 1 . V e r rebroek " Dok" 2 . V errebroek " Ambach te l i jke z one" 3 .K e lm is 4 . He rgenra th 5 . Mendonk 6 . U r se l 7 . Ho l sbeek 8 . R oche -aux -Faucons 9 . L e z Mazure s 1 0 . I nzego t te 1 1 . B eauregard 1 2 . Hennuy &e s 1 3 . T everen 1 4 . Hespe range 1 5 . S ab lonn i&e 1 6 . Nan teu i l1 7 . P ep ins te r . 1 94

F ig . 8 8 : d i s tr ibu t ion map o fE ar l y Meso l i th ic s i tes w i th Womme rsom q uar t z i te . K ey : s ee t ab le 4 5 .

F ig . 8 9 : d i s t r ibu t ion map o f E ar l y Meso l i th ic s i tes w i th q uar t z i te . K ey : s ee t ab le 4 5 .

1 95

T ienen

F ig . 9 0 : d i s t r ibu t ion o f Midd le a nd L a te Meso l i th ic s i te s wh ich y ie lded more t han 2 0% o fa r t if ac t s i n Wommersom q uar t z i te . Key : s ee t ab le 4 5 .

1 96

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1 993 Radiocarbon 3 5(1 );

O xCal v 2.18 c ub r :4 s d :12 p rob(chron )

EARLY MESOLITHIC

O ostwinkel

Neerharen

9 250±160BP

9 170±100BP

Altwies-Haed

8 870±85BP

Verrebroek C II1

Verrebroek C I

9 100±13J A L4s imo

9 110±65BP

Ourlaine

9 200±130BP

Ourlaine

8 890±60BP

Verrebroek CVI

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9 150±100BP

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Verrebroek CVII

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8 920±130BP

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F ig . 9 1 : c a l ibra ted r ad iocarbon d a tes r e la ted t od if e ren tE ar l y Meso l i th ic a s semb lage type s i n t he B ene lux . K ey : ( A ) Nee rharen a s semb lage type ( B ) O ur la ine a s semb lage type ( C ) V er rebroek a ssemb lage type .

1 97

F ig . 9 2 : g enera l g round p lan o f s ec tor 1 w i th i nd ica t ion o f t he C zep iec 's t r ench . K ey : 1 . r ecen t p e r turba t ion 2 . b io turba t ion 3 . med ieva l d i tch 4 .R oman d i tch 5 .R oman g rave s 6 .C zep iec 's t r ench w i th s o -ca l led Neo l i th ic f ea tures 7 . h ear th -p i t ( S17 ) 8 .n o td a ted f ea ture s .

F ig . 9 3 :s imp l if ied t opog raph ica l map s how ing t he l oca t ion o ft he Meso l i th ic s i te .

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F ig . 9 4 :g ene ra ls i tua t ion o ft he e xcava ted t r enches .

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S ector1

S ector3

8 6

7

9

F ig . 9 5 :g ene ra ls i tua t ion o ft he d if eren t Meso l i th ic s ec tors a nd a r t if ac tc l us ters .

W8

W6 -7

F ig . 9 6 :p os i t ion o ft he p a lyno log ica ls amp le sw i th in t wo t r ee -f a l lf ea ture s .

2 01

0

S ECTOR 2

2m

• • •

•

•

• • • • • •• • •• • • • • • • •

0

•

•

2m

•

1

S ECTOR 2

F ig . 9 7 : d i s t r ibu t ion o fa l ll i th ic a r t if ac ts w i th in s ec tor 2 ,( A ) i nr e la t ion w i th t r ee -f a l lf ea ture W8 .

2 02

S E C TO R 1

F ig . 9 8 : d i s t r ibu t ion map o fa l ll i th ic a r t if ac ts w i th in s ec tor 1w i th i nd ica t ion o ft he n a tura lf ea tures . K ey : 1 .l e ached t r ee f a l l f ea ture s 2 . h ear th -p i t ( S17 ) 3 . d ark b rown h umous f i l l ing o f " recen t" t r ee -f a l l f ea ture s 4 . r ecen t p er turba t ions/C zep iec 's t r enche s .

2 03

S E C TO R 1

F ig . 9 9 : d i s tr ibu t ion map o fa l ll i th ic a r t if ac t sw i th in s ec tor 1 .

2 04

S ECTOR 3

L i m

F ig . 1 00 : d i s t r ibu t ion map o f a l l l i th ic a r t if ac t s w i th in s ec tor 3 w i th i nd ica t ion o ft he n a tura lf ea tures . K ey : c f .f ig . 9 7 .

2 05

S ECTOR 3

F ig . 1 01 : d i s tr ibu t ion map o fa l ll i th ic a r t if ac t sw i th in s ec tor 3 .

W1

W5 .

•

- ," " . •

-

I1 1IF I T 1111 11

11111 11111 II

...... 1111 1I 1 1111111111

111111

1111111111

111111

111111111I

.

. ....... ......

... •• ••.•

1

1111111

I li

11111111

1

W2

„.

.

....

. ..............

. .

IIIIIIIIIIII 1111111111111111111 1111111 111

IIII 1I111

III

2

1 1 ( 1 1111

3

4

5

8

6

9

F ig . 1 02 : v e r t ica l s ec t ion o fs ome t r ee -f a l lf ea tures . K ey : I . i n s i tu B t 2 . d i s loca ted B t 3 . l e ached s and 4 . manganese a ccumu la t ion 5 .i r on a nd / or h umus a ccumu la t ion f ibe r s 6 .b io turba t ion 7 .d ark b rown h umous s and ( co lour B -hor i zon? ) 8 .p er turba ted Bf e 9 .i ns i tu Bf e 1 0 . d ark b rown h umous s and (W 17 ) .

2 07

W17

W6-7

W8

I I

I ' ll

I I 1 11111 1 1

i

1 1 1111

W9

F ig . 1 03 : v er t ica ls ec t ion o fs ome t r ee -f a l lf ea tures . K ey : c f .f ig . 1 02 .

W i

W 2

W 3

W 4

W 6

W 7

77 1

7 1 00 1

F ig . 1 04 : v e r t ica l d i s tr ibu t ion o ft he l i th ic a r t if ac t s w i th in d if f eren t t r ee -f a l lf ea ture s ; d ashed l i ne i nd ica t ing t he l im i t b e tween t he c onso l ida ted a nd l oose f i l l ing .

1

2

3

5

4

F ig . 1 05 : l i th ic a r t if ac t s ( cores ) .

2 09

3

4

4

F ig . 1 06 : l i th ic a r t if ac ts ( core s , h amme rs tone , r e juvena t ion p roduc ts , b lade le t s ) .

2 10

1 0

I

1 0

4 _ . 4 -

1 1

F ig . 1 07 : &h ie a r t if ac t s( s c rapers , r e touched a r t if ac t s ) .

2 11

1 2

1 3

2

3

9 1 0

2 4

2 1

25

1 9

1 8

1 7

2 0

1 4

1 3

1

4 .1 6

1 5

7

6

2 3

2 2

2 6

2 7 28

F ig . 1 08 : l i th ic a r t if ac t s ( m ic ro l i ths ) .

2 12

2 5 ,00 %

2 0 CO%

1 5 CO%

1 0 CO%

5 .00 %

003 % 1 01.14

1 5 .19

2 0 . 2 4

3 31 . 34

A ota

3 0

4 51 4 4 3

5 0 . 5 4

55 l o t 50

e a.

8 4

A

2 1 00%

1 5 .03 %

1 0C 30%

5 CO%

0 , 03 % 3. 1 4

9 1e t o

5 .8

1 1

.12

1 3 .14

1 518 118

1 7 . 1 8

1 9l o t 2 3

2 118 2 2

2 314 4 2 4

2 5t o t 2 8

2 7 . 2 1 3

35 ,00%

3300 %

..00 %

2300 %

1 5 03 %

1 0 CO%

5O M .

0 CO % 4 .1

< =2

4 43

.2 ,5

» .3 ,5

› + 34

‚ .4 ,5

F ig . 10 : h is tog ram o ft he l eng th/w id th r a t io o ft he b lade le ts .

F ig . 1 11 : d i s tr ibu t ion map o fs i te s t ypo log ica l ly r e la ted t o K ru ishou tem . K ey : 1 . K ru ishou tem 2 . He lch te ren 3 . C haus sde -T irancour t 4 . Abd i s senbosch 5 . G en t 6 . Ho l sbeek 7 . Wee lde .

M .

S tuiver,

A .

L ong a nd R .S.

Kruishoutem

K ra e ds.

1 993 R adiocarbon 3 5(1);

8 270±80BP

Helchteren

8 000±110BP

Chaussäe

8 460±70BP

Chaussee

8 420±70BP

O xCal v 2.18 c ub r :4 s d :12 p rob[chron ]

e f lA ä d i e k -

1 .

Chaussee

7 770±80BP

Chaussäe

7 840±90BP

Weelde

2

8 870±85.äähj äL_

Verrebroek

8 9201-.11 1

Verrebroek

8 920 : 412ääLee _

Verrebroek

8 890.± 1 _9

6.

I

9 000B0

I

I

1

8 500B0

_

AL. &

8 890±60BP

I 9 50030

3

8 720±90BP

Altwies-Haed

Ourlaine

11 1 1 11

1

1

1

1

1

8 000B0

1

1

I

7 500B0

1

7 000B0

6 500BC

6 000BC

C alibrated d ate

F ig . 12 : c a l ib ra ted r ad ioca rbon d a te sf o r t h e " Sonn i s se H e id e" a s semb lag e t ype ( A ) i n r e la t ion t ot h ey oung e s tE a r l y Me so l i th ic d a te s( B ) w i th in t h eB ene lux .

2 15

F ig . 1 13 : p red ic t ive mode l l ing o ft he p a laeo topog raphy ( cove r sand l and scape ) a round t he Me so l i th ic s i te , u s ing t he C umu la t ive P robab i l i ty Me thod ( CP M ) . H ighes tl oca t ions i nd ica ted i nr ed ; l owe s tl oca t ions i ng reen ( p lo t t ing R . W ieme r , ARCH 'S , Amersf oor t ) .

F ig . 14 : p red ic t ive mode l l ing o ft he l i th ic b or ing f ind s , u s ing t he C umu la t ive P robab i l i ty Me thod ( CP M )( p lo t t ing l t W iene r , ARCHIS , Amer sf oor t ) . 2 17

1 00 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0 < =2

< =4

20

F ig . 1 15 : d i s t r ibu t ion o ft he f ind d ens i ty , h aze lnu ts he l l se xc luded , p e rb or ing p i t .

2 00 1 50 1 00 5 0 0 F l in t

Qua r tz i te

B one

H aze lnu t

F ig . 1 16 : n umber o fp os i t ive b or ing p i t sa ccord ing t od if f e ren tf ind c a tegor ies .

H aze lnu t

B lade le ts

B ones

V a r ia T oo ls

F l in t

F ig . 1 17 : d i s t r ibu t ion o f t he b or ing f ind s a ccord ing t o d i ff e ren tr aw ma te r ia l s

2 19

F ig 1 18 : t ypo log ica lc ompos i t ion o ft he l i th ic f ind s .

F ig . 1 19 : l oca t ion o ft he b or ing p i ts .

•• • 1 2

3

• 4

• 5

• 6

VERREBROEK -DOK SURVEY 1 996

F ig . 1 20 : d i s tr ibu t ion map o ft he c harred h aze lnu t s he l l s . K ey : n umbe r o ff ind s p e rb or ing p i t ( 1 ) 1 -3 ( 2 ) 4 -6 ( 3 ) 7 -9 ( 4 ) 1 0 -12 ( 5 ) 1 3 -15 ( 6 ) 1 6 -19 .

F ig . 1 21 : d i s tr ibu t ion map o ft he l i th ic a r t if ac t s . Key : n umber o ffi nd sp e rb or ing p i t ( 1 ) 1 -7 ( 2 ) 8 -14 ( 3 ) 1 5 -21 ( 4 ) 2 2 -28 ( 5 ) 2 9 -35 ( 6 ) > 36 .

F ig . 1 22 : d i s tr ibu t ion map o ft he l i th ic a r t if ac ts w i th d e l im i ta t ion o ft he s i te s .

2 21

F ig . 1 23 : d i s tr ibu t ion map o ft he ma in F ina l P a laeo l i th ic a nd Me so l i th ic s i te s w i th in t he r eg ion o fS and y F lande r s. K ey : s ee t ex t .

T he N e ther lands

N o rth S ea

/ /

F rance / /

1

/ /

/ / / 5 0 K m

2

. 1 1 3

4

/

F ig . 1 24 : s imp l i f ied p edo log ica l map o fn or thwe s tern B e lg ium . K ey : 1 .p o lder a rea 2 . s and y a rea 3 . s and loam a rea 4 . l oam a rea 2 22